Skip to main content

Full text of "The Monthly review"

See other formats 


This  is  a  digital  copy  of  a  book  that  was  preserved  for  generations  on  library  shelves  before  it  was  carefully  scanned  by  Google  as  part  of  a  project 
to  make  the  world's  books  discoverable  online. 

It  has  survived  long  enough  for  the  copyright  to  expire  and  the  book  to  enter  the  public  domain.  A  public  domain  book  is  one  that  was  never  subject 
to  copyright  or  whose  legal  copyright  term  has  expired.  Whether  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  may  vary  country  to  country.  Public  domain  books 
are  our  gateways  to  the  past,  representing  a  wealth  of  history,  culture  and  knowledge  that's  often  difficult  to  discover. 

Marks,  notations  and  other  marginalia  present  in  the  original  volume  will  appear  in  this  file  -  a  reminder  of  this  book's  long  journey  from  the 
publisher  to  a  library  and  finally  to  you. 

Usage  guidelines 

Google  is  proud  to  partner  with  libraries  to  digitize  public  domain  materials  and  make  them  widely  accessible.  Public  domain  books  belong  to  the 
public  and  we  are  merely  their  custodians.  Nevertheless,  this  work  is  expensive,  so  in  order  to  keep  providing  this  resource,  we  have  taken  steps  to 
prevent  abuse  by  commercial  parties,  including  placing  technical  restrictions  on  automated  querying. 

We  also  ask  that  you: 

+  Make  non-commercial  use  of  the  files  We  designed  Google  Book  Search  for  use  by  individuals,  and  we  request  that  you  use  these  files  for 
personal,  non-commercial  purposes. 

+  Refrain  from  automated  querying  Do  not  send  automated  queries  of  any  sort  to  Google's  system:  If  you  are  conducting  research  on  machine 
translation,  optical  character  recognition  or  other  areas  where  access  to  a  large  amount  of  text  is  helpful,  please  contact  us.  We  encourage  the 
use  of  public  domain  materials  for  these  purposes  and  may  be  able  to  help. 

+  Maintain  attribution  The  Google  "watermark"  you  see  on  each  file  is  essential  for  informing  people  about  this  project  and  helping  them  find 
additional  materials  through  Google  Book  Search.  Please  do  not  remove  it. 

+  Keep  it  legal  Whatever  your  use,  remember  that  you  are  responsible  for  ensuring  that  what  you  are  doing  is  legal.  Do  not  assume  that  just 
because  we  believe  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  the  United  States,  that  the  work  is  also  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  other 
countries.  Whether  a  book  is  still  in  copyright  varies  from  country  to  country,  and  we  can't  offer  guidance  on  whether  any  specific  use  of 
any  specific  book  is  allowed.  Please  do  not  assume  that  a  book's  appearance  in  Google  Book  Search  means  it  can  be  used  in  any  manner 
anywhere  in  the  world.  Copyright  infringement  liability  can  be  quite  severe. 

About  Google  Book  Search 

Google's  mission  is  to  organize  the  world's  information  and  to  make  it  universally  accessible  and  useful.  Google  Book  Search  helps  readers 
discover  the  world's  books  while  helping  authors  and  publishers  reach  new  audiences.  You  can  search  through  the  full  text  of  this  book  on  the  web 


at|http  :  //books  .  google  .  com/ 


^ 


THE 


MONTHLY   REVIEW; 

O    R, 
LITERARY    JOURNAL: 

From  January  to JukSi  xjyu 

WITH 

AN      APPENDIX 

Containing  the  FoRKlcN    LiteratcRS. 
Bv     SEVERAL     HANDS. 

VOLUME    XLVL 


LONDON: 
Primed  for  R*  G  a  I  F  F I T  H « : 

Ami  $olct  by  T,  fiicjcxT  tnd  P.  A.  I>eHoiidt»  in  ihe  Siriind. 


U^DQQ^XXIU 


240058 


•     •,%  ' 


T    A     B    L 

TO    T  H  B 


E 


Titles,  Authors  Names,  &c*  of  the  Book! 
and  Pamphlets  contained  in  this  Volume. 

N.  Bi    For  RBMARICABLE   PASSAGES,    fee  the   I  N  D  E  Xj 
at  the  End  of  the  Volume. 


British  Pubx.icatiok3. 

^%  For  tlie  CoMTtifTs  of  the  Foreign  articles,  fee  the  M  page  of 

this  TMt. 


A. 

ADDITIONS  CO  Price's  Obf.  on 
Anoatties,  Uc*  97 

Aodkiis  to  the  Kiag,  161 

— ^^-«^  to  the  Privy  Council  oq 

ihe  Affaiw  of  Jcrfey,  2  5  S 

AovAHTACics  of  Deliberation,  79 
Atcix'i  Thoaghta  on  HofpicaU, 

605 
AiTKiKi'i  Ei&yf  in  Surgery*  446 
Aloiizo*  537 

A  Ml?  SEME  NTS  for  the  Ladtcs,  262 
ArFfcJtotK  to  a  Sermon  on  Sub- 

fcnpiM>o.  6ti 

AiciiMENTS  for  aboli fhtng S ab f. 

(eriodily  cofifiderctt,  i6z 

ATLASITtC  Filot,  Cl6 

BA  ic  £  ft *— Opu  fcuU  Med .      2^3 
Bciiurui  of  the  Maga^iues, 
462 
BifcDOf  ofiiheETeflricFImd,  143 
■  oa  the  PudecciAgra,     A45 

Bt%tKGEA*s  Hiii.  of  iiorieman* 
(hi  Oft  ^1 

Bt«Mtf<CH  AU  Counierfrit«  ^40 
BLAiicaiK   oa 'Chiitid^U   Medt. 

Kl     »:•    ?i«  I   ncol^tir^o,  jyj 

^LiCX£  i/M  ilia  yjJo*v  Fever ^  ^^o 


Holland's  MeffloirSf 

*  genuine  Life  of. 


261 

ib. 

5<^ 


Bolts  on  India  AHairt, 
Bo5*s  Antiq*  ^i  Greece, 

Bossu'f  Travels,  ^_ 

BooOAiNYiLLs's  Voyage  ronnd 

the  World,  204 

Britain's  Ljfe»  166 
Brown  B,Win.  his  p^f  ticalWo.ks^ 

Britannia  Libera,  551 

Bu  irLaR*a  Imrodo^on  to  the  L^w 

of  Trials,  &c-  54a 

BoLKLBV  ft  Dillourf.t,  Vol  ft    i 

Vol*.  lli.>adJV.    127 

B u  K  G  /J  AN  h's  '\ccoaii i  of  the  Coo- 

verfjon  of  a  few,  68 

Bt;iiftow*s  Reports  in  theKi.j^'s 

Bench,  Vol.  11  r.  ^1^ 

CArdonni'i    Mlfcellany    of 
Ejllcrn  Lcarojncj,  614 

Carte R*f  Ex,  of  C>iai^;an,     ifi 

Ca    TY  -^  NafMra^  Wr.  613 

Cif  A  RACIER  o    the  Eii^Wiih  Na- 

tiott^  76 

CHESHfi>  B      See  MtiT:^. 
Cmaistjan^VKi^S  ut^tt  10  tW  , 

II  otCwmmonit  t^^ 

A  1  Qvk^\%^\Hi^ 


CONTENTS   nf 

J^^MsTiAit;V^J4^%  Secoadixua.  Jlfi.Veigy'a^A^^  of  the  Heaxt^ 
'     •■     "■  '      -   VohlV.  -164 

—  Lovers,  Vol.  IF.      263 
Dialogue  between  cvwo  Gentle- 
men on  Subfcription»,  164 

— 00  Diftrcfs  for  Rent^ 

257 
Dictionary  of  Chcmiftry, 
BiscoA/RSK^n  RtligJoDy 
Dx s  N  fc  Y  'i  Sermons, 
Do  c  7  k » K4} s  of  the  Tnd.  lee. 
Duitsch's  Converfion, 

17  DwA  R  Ds's  Letter  la  Hanbury^ 


•tothe  M.  ef-^emmons,  ■  "162 
Cl  A  K  K  on  (hoeing  Hori'es, ,  26 1 
CLBRGYMANVpL'ttertotlieArcb^ 

bifhopoFCsM'         ^  65 

Collection  of  Papers  on  Sub- 

fcription,  S47; 

CoLLEKioce's   Latin  Grammar^ 

*CbiiMtMT  on  CftnftVPl<vei',''5  ^8 

CoHPAkA.TlVB  View  of  the  pub-. 

lie  Burdens  of  Britain  and  de- 

^  -lard,    ,;  '  6a6 

Confusion    worfe    confounded^ 

Co K J E c T VREs  on  ihc  New  T«ll^  Ll h s  on  the  Gonorrhcca, 

555     Emblems  for  Youth, 

Conjugal  Love,  528* 

Con qu  t ST  ofCbrika-  a Trag'  1 68 

Considerations  on  the  projefl- 

^.:   ed  lleiormatioity  163 

■ on  thelndi^ity, 

&c.  of  the  D.  of  C/a  Marriage, 

166 

m^  on  India  Afiairi, 

.     .         on  Money,  &c. 

*43 
on  the  Mutiny 


195 

265 

61J 

68 


617 
252 
26a 

Emcyclopedie.    See  Select. 

fe  K  F I E  L  o"s  Pi-eachcr*s  Dhreftory ,  6S 

Epistle  from  Mrs.  B.  to  the  D* 
ofC ,  80 

Epocha,  45^ 


Aft, 


449 
on  the  Eaft  In- 


dies, ,    .  4>o 

■  »■  ^—  on  Cfim.  Law, 

■  on  Matrimony, 

616 
Contemplative  Man,  263 

CoRREsFOKDENCB  With  the  Re- 
viewers, i6v;,  272,  468,  5489 

Critical  Remaiks  en  Nowel's 
Sermon,  270 

Cumberland*^  Fiifhlonable  Lo- 
ver, 167 
D. 

DAliiymplb*8  Plan    for  ex- 
tending Commerce,        449 
JL/Ai  TON*s  6crmon^  268 

Dk  Brahni*s  Atlantic  Pilot,      ^56 
Dfscode  I  z*5  ancient  Buildings  at 
Rome,  1 40 

DfiTfCTXoN  of Dr»  C«  Sera*  61 1 


bssAY  on  the  Theory  of  Money, 

«  on  the  hmnan  Soul,    254 

■  ■  on  the  Right  to  fpeak  and 
write/ra^,  449 

■  on    fatirical    Entertain- 
ments, 549 

Essays,  moral,  phitof.  &rc.      382 
.•— —  by  the  Author  of  New- 
market,  460 

■  on  Song- writing,  558 
EwiNc'sSynopfts  of  Mathematics, 

536 

ExposTULATORY  Addrefs,    467 

Extract  of  WeQey's  Journal,  ib. 

F. 

FAl  K  *8  Ready  Reckoner,  69 
Far  MER^skxaminationof  Lc 

Moine,  466 

Fash  10  NAB  LB  Lover;  a  Com.  167 
Feelings  of  the  Hea^t,  62; 
Female  Frailty,  78 

Fine  Lady,  ^t^j 

FiTz  Steve Ns'sDefcript.  of  Lon^ 

don,  624 

Five  Letters  on  important  Sub* 

jeas,  492 

— -  ■     toMr.  F— T,  468 

Fleming  on  Gofpel  Revelat.  607 
Flbtcubr*    Sec  FztbL£ttbr». 

F&liB 


ihi   ENGLISH   BOOKS. 


Put  Resiifks  on  a   cfinoo,  i6i 
FitAi^  Gerund,  228 

■  concluded,        43  j 

FrtL  Refuution,  Arc.  cjf  tlie  P<?* 

ciuoiiei'Sy  162 

G. 

GOwkk'i  Sketch  nf  Materials 
for  theHif!,  of  CheJhit^,  199 
<>^  ec  I A  ic  Daughter;  aTrag,  259 
Gk£eii*s  HMixt\zn  Oration^     626 
H. 

HAlX  £  R  V  BihlhtkifMt  Sec. 
213 
JiiiLLjrAx'3  Three  Scrtnonr,  26'^ 
Ha MrraN*^  Polybius.Vol.lL  459 
,  HA»iWAY  on  the  DiiToiutcncfs  of 
the  People,  501 

Hakrixcton^s  AfDufcoiencs  for 
the  Ladicf,  ^62 

iHAftvE5Ti  LeUen  on  Siibfcrfp- 
tjonj*  165 

HiwsoN  on  ihc  Blood,  25  i 

^  HiaoiRT's  Enquiry  ioio  the  Stafe 
alter  De4th,  467 

jHiLi.  on  the  Pecafite  Root*  24S 
kHtliGE5TON^  Difcourfes,  1 14 
■  History  of L^dy  Barton,        165 

^ of  Friar  Gerund,  228 

-  concluded,  433 

-  of  Car.  Manners*     265 
of  Fern,  Favcuiitef,  ib. 

■  of  Ujc  Jour  bll  ^-i«c)ioiis 
for  Suffolk,  450 

HoLtowAv's  Letter  to  FicidsnVr, 

617 

HoftsC'SRoeiKc.     Sec  CLAItlC. 
iHou  a  before  Marna^e,  4  5  7 

IHvktcr*s  Naiaral  HiUory  of  the 


6^.3 
484 
See 


Teeth, 
|HuitD  00  the  Prophcri*?, 

—  concluded, 
I. 
¥Acos*s  Law  Di^lignary^ 

jAUt»'ftHillory  of  the  Herculean 

Scmrts,  618 

Jiaser.    See  Shbbbcarf.     See 

AooaifSi.     SeeTrnANKr* 

iLLiKcf  K*sG3u*e^  70 

gJiiratfOiitltK  r   for  Debt  conli- 

deicd.  J  67 

f'lteu  A&kh        356,  415,  535 


Indischeet  Connexion,         53^ 

Indolence,  a  Poem,  4^4 

Inqjuiiiy  into  the  Rights  of  lire 

India  Company,  450 

-  ■  ■  "    into    the    State    after 
Death,  467 

into    the  Lcgalicy    of 

Prcifing,  533 

IffTaonuCTiON  to  the  Theory  of 

the  Mind,  2^- 

TnvoluntahY  Inconftant,     456 

Jon  E s*s  Perfic  Grammar.  36 

^ , — , .  coniluded,  Hi 

Zoohgiit  Ethi^a^  267 

-  Diir,  t)n  Life  and  Death, 

464 
^  Poems  frooi  the  A  Cat.  ^ok 

— ' ^  on  Skating,  541 

Ju M 11/ £*— complete  Edition,     25^ 
Poems  by,  45^ 


t 


KEnkicott,    See  Lf TTPa» 
KiMO  on  the  Greek  Church* 
132 
Klofstock*!  MeHijh,  VoL  tH. 
tranHated,  467 

Knox's  Letter  to  Green,         266 
L- 

LAvfs  renting  to  Ecclef,  Sub* 
fcriptions,  66 

LiE^sTranfl,  ofTifTot  on  the  Dif- 
cafes  of  People  of  Fsfhion^  2^2 
LELAKu'i  £xam*  of  Macphtrfon*  • 

460 

LETTEa,  to  LotA  North,  on  the 

Ck'rgy%  Petition,  63 

• from  a  Clergyman  to  the 

Archb*  of  Cant*  66 

■  from  a  Cfcriftian  Whig  to 
I  h  e  H-  n  f  Com  mont ,  1 6i 

— -  —  Second  from  ditto  10  diito» 

16a 
■  toVVHitwvorth,  167 

■  to  Garrick,  26J 
—  to  Nowrll,  27a 

*—    occifiontd  by   a  Frencb 

Pamphlet  againil  Dr.  Kennicott^ 

461 

■----*    -  to  Dr.  lla'lSfajf,  4^5 

• to  \Jt^  Tucker,  ^66 

»  to  Lord  North  on  the  lf<* 

dja  B;U,  y'^ 


,    IiSTTBRto a Biifaop,  54^ 

^-r^-: —  to  Randolph,  547 

■  '  to  the  Bp.  of  London,  009 
■^  .  .  to  the  AiTociators  at  the 
•  Chapter  CofFeehoufc,  622 
tLsTTfiRsto  Dr.  Dau^fon,        67 

■  to  a  Member  ot'  Parlia- 
*'   mcnt,  159 

r— "    on   Subfcriptions,    by 

;    jPaulinaSy  163 

,■  on  ihcprercnt  State  of 

England,  438 

m.<  Five,  onidiportaQtSub- 

jc^s,     .  452 

r, from  the  E,  India  Com- 
pany's Servants,  539 
Li ND  on  the  Bengal  Fever,  6oz 
JLoTTHRY  Djfplayed,  74 
^OVE  in  a  Nunpery«  78 
Lovers.  SccDbVercy. 
LowTHER  on  th^  Dropfy,  252 
LuDLAM*5  Two  M^tb,  Effays*  72 

r-: Direflions  for  Hadley'a 

Qyadrtint,     .     .  75 

m' '  Supplennent  to  ditto,  74 

Ludlow's  Memoirs,. new  Edition 

of,  463 

LvsoNsonCamphire;  Sec.       216 

Lyttblton's  Hift,  of  Henry  11. 

Vol.  111.  408 

concluded,  517 

.        M. 

MAcPHERsoN.     See  Whit- 
AKER.    SeeLELAND.    ^ee 

REMARKS. 

Macq^uek's  Ch.  Di^.  19^ 

Ma  Dan's  Comment  on  the  39  Ar- 
i     ticie.s  i6j 

j^fARRIED  Vidlim,  79 

.KJarhal's  Travels,  ^6y 

Mason^s  Enp,  Garden,  219 

MfAsuRbs  to  be  purfued  in  India, 

;  4>o 

«Medical  Obf.  and  Inq.  Vol.  1 V. 
s   .  concluded,  43 

^Ibmoirs  of  Harriet  Mel vin,  264 
I  •■  of  an  Hermaphrod.  26^ 

y-'    ■ of  Mils  Williams,     457 

<<  of  Francis  Dillon,     ib. 

AliLLs'.s  Eflkys,  moral,  ^-c.  382 
TMii  roN*s  AnofagitUa,  witli  a 
#>'^aewfi€f.  259 


K  t  S    of 

Mistakes  of theHeart*    SeeDt 

Vergy. 
Monro  again  ft  HewfoD,         251 
N, 

Narrative  of  tfie -Affair  at 
Stock  weU,  78 

— —  of  the  Ruffian  Expe- 
dition, 138 
Nature  the  bed  Phyfician,    250 
Nautical   Almanac,   for  1773, 

Newton^s  TranH,  of  Vitruvioi, 

19J 
Nob  L  B  *8  Pcrfpcdli  ve,  255 

O. 

Observations  on  theOr^a 
and  Progreis  of  Alphabetic 

Writing,  494 

Ode,  on  the  Death  of  Gray,  168 
Ok  e  l  y's  Edit,  of  the  Greek  Poems 

bfSerranus,  544 

■  Tranfl.  of  Meriaa  on  the 

New  Creature,  ^48 

Original  Poems   by  a  young. 

Lady,  537 

Oxonian,  78 

P- 

.f)ANTHEON  Ruptare,  4^^ 

i  Paradise  Rcgain'd,  .  615 
Parry  on  the  Geneal.  of  ChriH, 

62 
Pate  r  son's  Travelling  Di£U  461 
Paulinus.     SeeLfiTXERS. 
Payne's  Trigonometry,  256 

Peg  G  e's  A  fie  mblage  of  ^ins,  619 
Pennant's  Tour  in  Scotland,   48 

concluded,  142 

Percjval's  Med.  EHays^  2d  Edit. 

167 
Perplexities  of  Riches,  79 
TbTERs's  Win icr  Riches,  119 

Philosophical  Tranf.  of  the  R, 

Society,  Vol.  LX.  177 

■■  concluded,  42 1 

Plan  for  thcGovi  of  Bengal,  449 
-r —  for  the  Abnlition  of  blavery 

in  the  Weft  indies,  533 

Political  Effays  on  the  prcfenc 
.    State  oF  the  Brit.  Ejmpire,      57? 

—  Poems  by  Junius^  455 

■     ■-'  Keiiufck^  09  Noweii'a 

Sern.  4^53 


ibi   E  N  G  I,  LS  H   B^O  O  K  S. 


^ 


Pott  00  the  Hydrocele,  -^147 

PilcifiTATE  Clhfice,  456 

Ptf  *E!«T  for  a  Servant  Miid,  463 
Pt£$s,  Liberty  of.  See  Rl  a  sons, 
Puci'i  Appeal  to  ibe  Public,  40^ 
PtiESTLEY'iPcrfpcQive*  71 

m  Inllitutcs   of  namul 

aikd  repealed  Rtligion,  498 

Paofosal  forParifh  Annaiticf,6z2 
P»oviiio*xj,  Trsdson,  257 

OUiRiff,   fcJatlng   to  Eccltr. 
Sobiciiptbns^  66 

R* 
RANDOLPHS  Charge^  65 

Real  Scriptural  Predefltna* 
tioiip  612 

Rfiisoff  s  againft  the  intended  Bill, 
^c.  1 66 

RecLAiuco  Proilittite,  165 

RirtLCTioffi  00  Cdibacy,  Stc, 


RttieiOK  Difplaycd, 
KivARKs  Oft  Macpherfon, 
on  price. 


45B 
609 
460 
53<3 


Rf  Yi«(»LDi*s  Dticourfe  to  the  K. 

Academy,  47^ 

Rights  of  Sailors  Vindicated*  461 
Risa  and  Praflke   of   Jmprifon- 

metii  for  Dcbt«  $40 

Rival  Beautki,  625 

RgoKi  OD  the  high  Price  of  Pio- 

vifiont,  621 

Roth  ej*i  Accouiit  of  the  Regency 

ofI>eD«iark,  542 

RowLfiY  on  the  Opthaloiia,  254 
KurraiAD^i  Edit*  of  Jicob's  L^w 

DifiU  457 

SAtttTAS  «>  0«  Garrick,  ^   168 
ScHiuK  for  the  Coalition  of 
Ptrtitf,  451 

|C0T%  Arithmetic,  74 

Scott'j  Tranil*of  Job,  574 

$tcoxn  Check  to  Aotinomlaniihi^ 

468 

Select  EiCiyi  from  thjc  Encycto* 

pedie,  a6i 

SiKATomSy  538 

Statoui   Addtef$   to    DiiTcnters, 

^6/ 


Sermons 

By  Uiiney, 
ByHalHlax, 
By  Hiogeflobt 
By  >Dooncr, 
By  W.*bb, 
By  Waccldon^ 
By  Wlute£eld. 
$ERM0ii9»  dngle, 
Servbtus.     SeeTAin. 
SEVEa*a  Addrefj, 


^ 


1^7 

26a 

i6§ 
465 

8o>27o.54a 


6i, 

Sii  E  B  B  E  •  R  £'s  Nar.  of  the  Opprct 

iions  uf  Jfrfeyt  1 12 

Sketch  of  Materials  for  a  Hiil.  of 

Chelhire«  1  oq 

■  of  a  Plan  for  redaclog  the 

Price  of  Provifjons,  2^7 

Smith's  HilU  of  England,  1 

Sp00  3<'ER*.Decad  of  Sermons,  214 

Socp  ^j  Fs  out  of  his  Scnfcs,  62 ^  1 

SOVUTHIN'C  Nciv,  166 

Steknet's  Remafkf  on  Addirg- 

ton,  614 

Stephen  on ImpriC  forDcbt>4j2^ 

SteveksN  Songs  4^5 

STOCKoALB'i'iranfl.  of  Bos,  465 

Stockwell.     Sec  Naiirat«v£. 

Storm,  a  Novel,  164 

SvDNaY*A,  Algernon,  Works*  ne^r 

Edit.  455 

Stm  e5*5  Fire  Analyfcd,  4435 

Sullivan's  Lecture*  on  the  Con* 

llicuuoti  of  England,  ^84 

T. 

TAl  BOT.Mifs,  her  EHays*  &c, 

Taldot,  Mr»  his  Narrative  cf  J* 
Britainp  625^ 

Tt  N  Mmutes  Advice  to  Horfe  Pnr- 
chaftrs^  462 

T«5t  of  Hlial  Doty,  165 

Theathical  Biography,        54^^ 
Thompson  on  the  Negro  Trade, 

541 
Thoughts  on  the  PoM/er  of  the 
Crown,  4^0 

Thrcnodia  Auguft^i$^  260 

TissOT,     Se&Lee* 
Tottie's  Charge,  6\% 

T«£M2Llim6«  Sec  AiLO^vuirrv* 


V«i    CONTENTS  tfthFonEioH  ARTici-if, 

Ti»iAi .  ^'^  H*A-  of  C  Horton,  7^) 
•Titi^  writ  o^  Bcutvtilcfice,      457 

—  <^^  s  537 

1  iH  K  t  k  s  A  pvl.  fur  the  Cnuich  of 

Eri^latid,  157 

TvnAKi^y  of  iht  MagiHraici  c*f 

t7^rA!»HiOK^Btf  Wife,  78 

Wi4t  iio*»  CommctiUry  on  the 

Warm  UN  on  Uic  Gotimrl^CBii  a^i 

WA'.ToN'sLifcofSifT.  fo0^%549 

WriLAvD,      Sec  SoCHATtS. 
WtSLCY.       Sec    ExTflACT.      Sec 
VlKDlCA^lOK. 


W|MPEv*8  Challenge,  5Jf 

■  tiiay  on  ihc  Price  of 

Provifions,  6iO 

W  J  X  c  ic  L  E  M  A  N*s  Accoiuit  of  Her-> 

colaneum,  46s 

WjicnprELD'iDcf.  of  ilic  Charity 

Ci«)tirtti,  ^4  J 

Whci  lion's  Two  Sermons,  465 

WHiTAit£R%  Hit^  of  Manchcilef, 

28 

■    ^ condii  ^cd»     104 

HhK  of  the  Buiom^  4t& 

2i8 

126 

(he 

610 


White  on  ihf  Bile* 
WiHiTtfct:!;*.^    ]oiifnal   of 

W.iOLS  L'  Mother, 

YV. 
Air's  Life  of  Seri/etut» 
YoutiC 


:6 


GEH  Brother^ 

tt^MERMAK  on  thcDyfen^  t  ^ 
1  —       -  on  National  i*ride,9z 


I 


CONTENTS  of  the  FOREIGN  ARTICLES, 
in  the  A  P  P  E  N  D  I  X   to  this  Volume. 


La  US  tQ  fCinzf.  €94 

See  LjiiAiT« 


Boymoi^*  Htil.  of  tbe  Houje  ol,  wtht 
Crown  cf  Spin*       ^  ^97 

Cot  i  f  iPOKOt KCS  wUh  the  Review fi»| 

h9 

P'AKiri&if,  oil  the  Sutei  farmed  in 
Eg  rope,  after  ihc  FUl  of  the  Ron>»n 

T  '  Stltinr,       (t7<i 

E)£  r  i  ^i  »  »  N  f  •  iiiid  4J b'^ef««Ur>8f  oil  ihf 

IfAti^ia'*?  t,  Vol.  n.       6^i 

cavffrU  »*>    M^  r, »  of,  c^sr^vr^^  dt- 

fx*iH^^  an<t  ptitUfhcd  by  the  Kinp  of 

HjttoiLy«  PhiJofopMcii  4ii4  Politicil^ 

■  of  iht  Ro'/i!  Aci'^cmv  of  /*• 

/t.;5rfwr,&<^.at  l*in/p  VtU.  XXXIV, 
41 J  XXXV,  dil 

p^  o'    t^e    Kcryal    A£id<mt)r    of 

iJ#«»iiJ»4c*  atB(rIinpV«il«XXiV.  669 


HuTOUv   of  The  Rortl    Amarmir   of 
-^— ~  of    tbc    fame  Audtmy,  for 


-  of  BoiiThon, 

L*  Htture  AuMchr  D^Treobno, 
Ltit  Atr  for  T^    " 

Ma*  KLAJ^O'- 
Mfv-'*'^   *  *f-  , 


657 
-i  to  ih€ 

ti-  .::  .n     Body,     <CC« 

MoKti«T*i  Soppkweni  t»  ^rt'^o,  69S 

Koi.1.1,  Kit  P^jWidti  n  ot  Trtijan'l 
Ttmrnphul  Af-h  Jt  Rfnfvfnttim,    69^ 

Of*  til'  Happinrfs  of  Mankind,  in  the 
r«ver«)  Pfrio<*i  of  Hrft.>ry»  *6l 

Q^vttTiOKi  fur  r  £ncyclr>pc4Ie,  Vdt, 
tV.  ind  V;  6«9 

HiccoooM,  MidAm,  her  LettCMp    697 

VoLTAtfel*     Seei^fStfom, 
'       SecAiAtMi 


4 
I 


d 


THE 


T    H    E  • 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For    JAN  UA  R  Y,     1772.         •  •■ 


AnT- 1.  The  Hiftorj  of  'England^  from  the  earlWp  Accounts  to  the  Rcvo^ 
lutiom  in  i6'?<8.  ^y  Wiliiam  Smith,  M.  D,  8vo.  2  Vols.  12  s. 
bound*    Owen.     1771* 

IT  is  pleafant  to  remark  the  acrimonious  cenfure  with  which 
this  hiUorian,  in  the  introdiKftion  to  his  work,  has  men- 
tioned thofe  learned  apd  ingenious  men,  who  have  gone  before 
him  in  delineating  the  hiftory  of  this  ifland.  We  are  curferl^  he 
obfervesj  with  a  variety  of  hiftorical  authors,  who  have  de- 
fcribed,  in  different  and  contradictory  colours,  the  mod  emi- 
nent perfbnages,  anfl  who  have  reprefented  the  moft  moment- 
ous tranfadlions,  with  a  train  of  falfe  and  inconfiftcnt  circuni- 
ftances.  He  accounts,  it  feems,  as  nothin:;  the  penetration  of 
Brady,  the  laborious  refearches  of  Tyrrcl,  the  industry  and 
knowledge  of  Cart^,  the  eloquence,  the  dignity,  and  the  pre- 
cifion  of  Hume*.  He  fancies,  that  he  has  gre-»tcr  capacity, 
and  has  had  better  opportunities  of  information,    than  thcfe 

•  Having  taken  occafion  to  difi'cr  from  Dr.  Robcrtfon  in  relation 
to  the  origin  of  the  Scots,  our  Author  expicflcs  his  opinion  of  that 
biftorian  in  the  following  modcfl  and  polite  terms : 

'  Indeed,  our  modern  ScottiQi  hiliorian.  Dr.  Robertfon,  is  ho 
romancer;  I  wifh  I  could  likewife  fay  no  llory-tcller,  for  he  gives 
himfelf  no  trouble  about  the  cncicnt  Scots  :  It  did  not  anfwcr  his 
porpofe  CO  dive  into  the  antiquity  of  the  ScotiiHi  nation  :  no  matter 
to  him  from  whence,  or  at  what  time  they  came  to  this  ifland ; 
iiifc  readers  may  believe,  they  came  from  the  moon  in  the  days  ot 
Noah  for  what  he  cares.  His  intention  certainly  was  to  ingratiate 
himfelf  with  the  LngliHi ;  and,  like  a  mercenary  writer,  tn  prefent 
the  public  with  an  account  of  a  few  modern  reigns,  in  which  he 
advances  many  well-drcfTed  falfchoods.  Indeed  his  fpurious  brats 
are  fet  off  with  all  the  fupcrb  trappings  of  elegance  of  (lyle  and 
pgricy  of  didtion  ;  but  thefe  will  not  excufe  him  in  the  eyes  o(  Vvv% 
dilberning  reader?,  when  he  attempts  to  impofe  upon  their  uivdet- 
fiaadjBgs,  fAl4e,  fcaaidaloas,  and  malicious  reports.' 

Vol.  XLVL  B  ^  cdtbmeA. 


t  Smith'i  HiJJory  of  En^iqnJ. 

celebrated  writers ;  and  he  does  ngt  tjcrufflc  to  infinuate  that 
his  performance  will  corre(Sacrf»/iippJy' their  defe6is  and  omif- 
fions,  and  explain,  witlx^'ftef^kbity  hitherto  unknown,  the 
nature  and  form  of  oj^^^oftitbtion,  with  the  controverted  and 
problematical  parts  Vf  jouf'hiftory. 

But  not^vitbftanti^ng  the  lofty  exordium  with  which  our 
Auih^iiiU'i(4<t)duced  his  performance,  we  fcruple  not  to  pro- 
rioiinc;^5^*t4fat  it  poflcfles  no  k'\^  of  merit.  Unaided  by  re- 
.  /jpcCrSs'or  ability,  and  even  without  the  afliftance  of  prior  com- 
*  •;  :poTitions,  which  he  has  ventured  to  condemn,  he  has  haflily 
*  thrown  together  a  compilation  of  Englifh  afFairs  ;  in  which,  to 
extreme  vanity,  and  grofs  ignorance,  he  has  joined  the  moft 
unmanly  and  illiberal  prejudices.  As  T^n  advocate  for  the  di- 
vine and  indefeafifole  right  of  kings,  he  inculcates  the  moil 
(lavifli  principles*  A  fovereign  he  confiders  as  the  vicegerent 
of  the  Deity,  and  he  imagines,  that  no  afls  of  oppreffion, 
'however  atrocious,  can  invaFidate  his  authority.  The  fubje£t 
muft  yield  to  him,  in  every  inftance,  the  moft  fubmiffive  obe- 
dience. In  confequence  of  thcfe  bafe  and  exploded  maxims, 
he  aflerts,  that  the  liberties  we  enjoy  were  extorted  from  our 
monarchs.  The  ancient  and  inconteftable  privileges  of  the 
people  he  rcprefents  as  grotindlefs  and  vifionary.  The  transfer 
of  the  crown  to  the  duke  of  Normandy  he  treats  as  a  conqueft. 
The  Magr.d  Charta  and  the  Charta  de  Forefla  were,  in  his  opi- 
nion, the  fruits  of  impiety  and  rebellion.  The  revival  of  the 
reprcfcntation  of  tlie  Commons  under  Henry  III.  he  mentions 
as  an  ufurpation.  The  foundation  of  our  excellent  conftitu- 
tion,  he  afcribes  to  conccifions  exacted  by  force,  or  purchafed 
by  fraud. 

While  his  narrow  prcpoflcflions  have  feduced  him  to  run 
counter  to  the  whole  tenor  of  our  hiftory,  he  has  not  been 
able  to  give  any  value  to  his  wojk,  by  elegance  of  manner,  or 
the  charms  of  compofition.  Under  every -afpeft  in  which  it 
can  be  viewed,  it  exhibits  the  moft  glaring  marks  of  incapaciry 
and  weaknefs. 

As  a  fpecimcn  of  its  execution,  we  (hall  prefent  to  our 
readers  the  account  which  it  gives  of  the  trial  and  death  of 
Charles  I. 

*  The  Independents  being  mafters  of  all,  a  committee  was 
appointed,  23d  December,  to  draw  up  a  falfe  and  treafonr.ble  . 
tharge  againft  the  king.  Now  the  height  of  all  iniquity  and 
fanatical  extravagance  draws  on.  But  the  narration  of  fuch 
daring  impiety^  fuch  ftiocking  barbarity,  as  the  public  trial  and 
execution  of  fo  pious,  fo  juft,  fo  merciful,  fo  brave  a  prince, 
by  the  hands  of  his  own  fuhjedts,  is  too  giievous  and  iAfup- 
portable  a  fubjetS  to  dwell  long  upon  it.^ 

«  After 


Smiths  Hiflory  cf  ^n^lanJ*  J 

*  After  the  charge,  colonel  Harrifon,  the  Ton  of  a  butcher, 
a  moft  furious  cnthufuft  of  the  army*  was  feat  with  a  ftrong 
guard  lo  condaifk  ihe  king  to  London,     In  the  mean  time  an 
ordinance  had  paflcd  in   the  Lower  Houfe*  for  a  High  Court  of 
Juftice  fo  called*  to  try  the  king  for  high  treaf-*:!,  thougi  he 
himlclf  was  the  only  pcrfon  againft  whoji  high   trcafon  coulJ 
be  committed.     But  the   Lords,  then  remain in;^  to  fit  in  thfi 
houfCy  few  and   weak  as  they  were,  unanimoully  rejedled  it.! 
However,  the  Rump  of  the  Commons  proceeded  without  them  J 
and  locked  up  their  door  againft  them  j   who,  by  this  tiine^f 
through  their  many  other  weak  and  wicked  compliances,  had] 
rendered  themfclves  uf^kfs,  as  ihcir  fellow-rebels  m  the  Lower^ 
Houfe  vored  them. 

*  And  now,  wilh  unparalleled  unprecedented  impudence,  a 
pacit  of  dcteftable  mifcrcantF,  with  Bradfliaw  their  prcfident, 
prcfumc  to  fit  in  judgment  upo:*  their  fovcreign,  and  to  con- 
demn him  to  death  for  high  ireafoa,  who,  by  our  law,  caa 
perronally  do  no  wrong,  and  is  exempt  from  any  earthly 
puntfiimenr. 

♦  The  king's  behaviour,  during  the  laft  period  of  his  life^ 
does  great  honour  to  his  memory.     In  ail  his  appearances  before 
rhofc  infimous  villains,  and   moft  execrable  of  all  created  be- 
ings, who  called  themfclves  his  judges,  (for  three  time^  was  h^ 
produced   before  them,  and  a^  often   he  declined  their  jurtfJic* 
rion,  and  pleaded    his  own  caufc,)  he   never  forgot  his  part, 
either  as  a  prince  or  as  a  man.     Firm  and  intrepid,  he  main* 
taincd,  in  each  reply,  the  utmo{^  perfpicuity  and  ju({ncfs,  both 
of  thought  and  exprcfnon*     Alild  and   t-quitable  he  rofe  into 
no  paffion  at  that  unufual  .luthority,  which  was  aflumcd  over 
him.     His  foul,   withour  effort   or  aftcclition,  fecmed  only  ia 
remain  in  a  fituation  familiar  to  it,  and  to  look  down  with  con* 
tempt  on  all  the  efforts  of  humm  nulscc  and  iniquity.     The 
rooll  fhocking  inftances   of  rudcnefs  and  famslursty    he  bore 
with  meckneis  and  fcrcnity.     The  foldicrs,  inttigatcd   by  iheir 
ftipej-iors,  and   being  inciiflantly   plied  with   prayers,  fcrmons^ 
and   exhortations,    were  brought,    thou-h   with   dilUculcVj  to 
cry  out  for  juftice.     Poor  ff>uls  !  iiH  the  king  tu  one  of  his 
astendant-,  for  a  Jiitlc  money  they  would  do  as  much  againit 
their  commanders.     Some  of  ihcm  were  permitted  to  go  lo  the 
iitmoil  length  of  brutal  infolencc,  and  to  fpit  in  his  face  as  he 
W^  conveyed  along  the  paflage  to  the  court. 

•  To  the  indelible  fc.ind4l  of  this  nation,  and  amazement  of 
all  the  world,  that  fo  much  virtue,  in  a  civilized  Country, 
could  ever  meet  with  fo  fatal  a  cataftrophe,  the  royal  martyr, 
of  whom  the  world  wa*^  not  worthy,  was  condemned  lo  fa?f« 
dc-ith.  ^jjJ  the  unjrarslkxd  murder  and  parricide  WAi  cumm'vi- 


4  Smlth'x  Hijlory  of  Etjglana. 

ted,  30th  January,  1649,  O.  S,    Wonder,  O  heavens!  and 
be  aftunifheJ,  O  earth  ! 

*  Yet  itmiift  be  remembered,  that  fome  of  the  mod  eminent 
of  the  nobility,  namely  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  the  Duke  of 
Richmoiid,  the  Marquis  of  Hertford,  and  the  Earl  of  Lindfay, 
to  their  immortal  honour,  did  not  only  offer  themfelves  as  hof- 
tages,  but  even  to  fuffcr  in  his  ftead. — 

*  Amidft  all  the  convulfionsof  this  kingdom,  we  find  nothing 
to  be  equalled,  to  be  mentioned  with  the  trouble,  rebuke  and 
blafphcmy  of  this  day.  There  has  been  a  wcaknefs  and  a  ty- 
ranny of  princes  ;  there  have  been  murmurs  and  a  madnefs  of 
the  people.  Tumultuous  times,  infurrciSiions,  civil  wars,  and 
dreadful  battles  ;  plots,  aflaflinations,  poifons,  and  the  graves 
of  princes  made  in  prifons ;  but  no  court  of  law,  no  palace- 
gate,  no  fcafFold,  axe,  and  nc/Dn-day  fun  :  thcfc  were  the  accom- 
plifliments  of  wickednefs,  that  were  rcfcrvcd  to  blacken  this 
epoch.  The  crime  of  this  day  was  beyond  all  example  of  an- 
cient or  modern  times,  and  was,  as  the  voice  of  the  nation  in 
parliament  declared  it,  a  mod  impious  and  execrable  murder* 
We  do  renounce,  abominate,  and  proteft  againft  that  imoious 
faS,  the  execrable  murder,  and  moft  unparalleled  treafon, 
committed  againft  the  facred  perfon  and  life  of  our  fovereign  ; 
and  as  :i  lafting  monument  of  our  inexprcflible  detcftation  and 
abhorrence  of  this  villainous  and  abominable  fadV,  we  meet  on 
this  anniverfary  day  of  fading  and  humiliation,  to  implore  the 
mercy  of  God,  that  neither  the  guilt  of  that  facred  and  inno- 
cent blood,  nor  thofe  other  fins  by  which  God  was  provoked 
to  deliver  up  both  us  and  our  king  into  the  hands  of  cruel  and 
unrcaibnable  men,  may  at  any  time  hereafter  be  vifited  upon 
us  or  our  poflerity, 

*  Murder,  where  it  is  fimple,  and  of  the  meaneft  of  our 
fellow- creatures,  is  the  moft  unnatural  and  moft  inhum^an 
offence.  To  fticd  innocent  blood,  was  what  the  law  of  Nature 
and  reafon  of  mankind  did  ever  abominate  and  reftrain  :  no  na- 
tion, ever  fo  barbarous,  looked  upon  murder  with  indifference. 
Among  our  Saxon  anceftors,  there  were,  indeed,  pecuniary 
compofitions  for  fhcdding  oi  blood,  a  cuftomary  fVcregild  or 
Blodewite,  a  muKt  and  forfeiture  of  goods  or  money,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  quality  or  value  of  the  dead  perfcn,  Luitur 
itiam  homicidium  cej  to  armentorum  aui  pecorum  numero  \  recipitque 
fatUfaSitonem  tottts  *  domus.  Tacitus  de  Mor.  German.  But  the 
true  caufe  of  accepting  /gch  a  flight  compenfation  for  life,  was 
grounded  on  the  mean  ftate.  of  villains  and  bondmen,  whofe 
blood  was  not  thought  to  deferve  the  blodd  of  the  lord  or  the 

*  Tacitus  fays  unimtrfa  domus. 

free 


SmlthV  Hijhry  &/  England.  $ 

ixtt  tenant.  And  when  the  blodewlte  did  afterwards  extend 
to  making  fine  for  ihc  death  of  freemen,  and  even  of  ihancs  or 
nobles,  yet  then  it  was  for  the  cafual  misfortune,  and  the  min- 
ibiughter,  not  the  deliberate  malice  of  plotting  to  take  away 
a  life,  ^ui  vcUrjs  hmintm  Hcuii^lt  mortt  multatur  Leg.  Ahurtdi 
figlu      C(tdii  manifejla  Junt  jure  humans  imxpiabtUa^     Canuti 

*   By  our  prcfcDt  conftitution,  the  life  of  every  fubjetS  is  a 
pubhc  truft,  and   ibc  party   himfcif  cannot  difpofe  of  it.     So 
lender  arc  our  hiws  in  cafes  of  bluod,  that  for  a  private  perfon 
of  the  greateft  dignity  to  kill,  except  in  fclf-defcnce^  the  vileft 
beggar,  the  moft   notorious  malcfador,    the  very   condemned 
crimtnal,  h  murder  in  the  eye  of  the  law*     In  cafes  of  murder, 
there  is  no  mitigation  in  being  only  acceflary*  ihcy  all  become 
prinLip!c$  in  it ;  and  lift  there  Ihould  be  any  connivance  by  the    , 
relatix^ns  of  the  murdered  perfon  with  the  murderers,  the  pro-    , 
fectition  lies  in  the  name  of  the  common  parent*     And  lell  by 
Ibaie  default  in  the  fitil  procefs,  the  guilty  (hould  hi^ppcn  to  be 
acquitted,  there  lies  a  remedy  of  appeal,  by  the  wife  or  heir- 
tnale^    to   fecure    the   execution   of  juftice   on    the  notorious 
offender,  not  to  be  obftruflcd  by  a  pardon,  pending  the  ,ippeaL 
Such  a  fafeguard  to  the  lives  of  m^n^  are  the  laws  of  England, 
above  any  other  cooftitution  in    the  world.     And  when  the 
Bucaiieft  fubjc£l  is  fo  defended  and  pfcferved,  what  grearer  re- 
gaid  muft  needs  be  had  to  the  life  of  the  fupremc  magiflrate? 
The  firft  adl  upon  our  rolls,  declarative  of  trcafonable  uffcncesj 
makes  it  undoubted  treafon  to  compafs  or  imagine  the  death  of 
our  Lord  the  king.     So  nicely  tender  are  our  laws  of  the  fovc- 
rcign  prince's  life,  above  all  other  confidcraiions  in  the  world, 
that  the  very  thought  or  imagination  of  fo  doing  would  be 
IvMc  to  all  the  penalties  of  trealon.     But  thofe  horrid  mifcrc- 
ants,    in  ridicule  of  our  laws,  pretended  to  try  and  condemn 
their  noyal   mafler,  by  forms  of  Idw,  and  executed   their  fen- 
tence  in  the  face  of  ihe  fun,  as  a  fpcdacle  to  the  whole  world, 
and  in  defiance  of  Heaven, 

•  ffo  prince's  charadcr  is  more  varioufly  defcribcd,  accord- 
ing to  the  diflcrcnt  princfplcs  on  the  one  fide,  and  prejudices 
oa  the  other.  But  it  is  no  wonder  that  thofe,  who  brandiil^ed 
rebellious  arms  in  the  field,  and  aftL-rwards  dipped  their  hands 
in  the  blood  of  the  Lord's  anointed,  did  endeavour  to  blacken 
/oj  reputation.  In  excufe  of  their  own  actions  agarnfl  him. 
Nor  U  it  ftrange,  if  mrn  of  the  fame  diabolical  fpirit  do  ftill 
load  bia  memory  with  the  moft  odious  calumnies  of  popery  and 
arbitrary  power ;  and  impudently  ridicule  his  fufferings^  bc- 
canfe  he  l»ved  the  ornament,  and  died  the  martyr  of  the  I'nglifti 
d^iireb  and  monarchy.  ^ 

B  3  *  Ga^ 


6  Sniith*i  Htjlcry  zf  Englandm 

«  GcJ  alone  is  an  infallible  judge  and  difccrncr  of  die  heart  : 
h^  vTil/  beholds,  with  an  unerring  eye,  the  uprightiKfs  or  ob- 
11: J.  V  cf  hunian  thoughts  and  intentions;  therefore  none  but 
he  c^n  2*:^l'v!utc^j  and  decifively  pronounce  of  any  perfon,  that 
he  ir  e  :"cr  holy  or  fincerc,  or  wicked  or  profane.     But  we  muft 
forir:  our  ji.Jgaient  from  the  outward  aclions  ;  and  wherefoever 
we  f.:'.d  a  regular  conduit,  where  all  the  duties  to  God  and  man» 
G.?  :~ir  as  we  can  obferve,  are  rxa<Bly  and  pun^ually  difcharged  ; 
\»  here  there  are  no  vifible  infra£lioRS  of  divine  or  human  laws> 
V.  e  are  to  look  upon  the   perfcn  fo  qualif-cd  as  a  great,  good^ 
and  virtuous  man.     Whoever  irapartialiy  con(iders  the  royal 
rrirtyr*s  condu^  from  hii  afcending  the  throne  to  his  martyr- 
ed r.^,  muft  be  forced  to  give  him  the  charaScr  of  great,  good, 
and  glorious.     His  devotion  to  God  was  regular,  and  conilant 
both  in  public  and  private,  and  that  not  cold  and  formal,  but 
with  an  inflame  J  zeal  and  afieclion.     The  fplendor  cf  an  earthly 
croxa  di3  not  make  him  negiecl  preparing  fcr  a  heaven'y  one. 
In  the  miuii  of  the  hlghcft  plenty,  ar«*i  ^'I  the  means  of  grati- 
fying a  ftnfual  a;  petite,  he   was  remarkably  temperate,  chafte 
and  lobcr.     His  conjugal  afiVilion  has  been  even  imputed  as  a 
crime;  fr  he  was  an  in\iolable  obicrvcr  of  the  matrimonial- 
v^w.     AnJ  if  wc  confidcr  him  in  the  la^l  fcene  of  his  life,  in 
his  behaviour  both  before  and  z\  the  fcaffold,  wc  may  obferve 
an   admirable    compolition   of  Chrillian   meeknefs   and    royal 
gr::ndeiir  ;  hv-^w,  unJcr  the  rxtrrmc}t  prcirures,  he  ne\'er  could 
be  prevailed  wi;h  to  do  any  thm^  ur.l'^ccoming  either  the  Chrif- 
tian  cr  the  King.     Thi  r,:nli  if  r\i  pnKci,  bztb  in  public  and 
pr:i\:u  .Vj'/',  r:.:v  xtit!?  tf^'c\;\f»rr,-  hf  /«/  ;«  cppcfyizn  ts  any  msnarch 
$f  ::t:^^::^  u''\h  tlv  <:»;?!<♦. 'j  rf  .7'v  agt  sr  natter  cr.n  prefent  t§  us. 
IJf  M..v:-\  /.v,;Va/,  i-  h  tW  iV;.^\'..v  n:.itl  cf  tLit  perftQ  cbara^tr^ 
xihl.h^  kTti'r  itf  «/.r.-'r I /;,;//.:;  ••/*  j  fj^f  c?:J  iv'/f  mcn^  pbihfofbns 
f.Hv  k\'7i  fc'iJ  :/*it  i^f.JiKy^  f\:ri\»-  ..\c  a f"»sn  cftbeir  imagmaUon^ 
ti^i"^  i^s  f:ftS  cf  r;vr  //\/';c  ''   r-:iv.J  U  /r<;<7itY  ;  fo  bsppily  weri 
cli  '.is  virtues  t.'np^rfj  U\i^fih.f\  h  ui>\ly  %i£re  they  bUnaiJy  andfi 
ftv.vr**'    J:i    dwb  pn^wt  t-^    c:\'r  fr:m  txcee^i-ng  its  proper 
i.  .:.  /  .     lie  hmv  t:tv  t^  c:r:Jtii7te  the  rr:  ?  e^te'pri2Jf:g  fpint  with 
the  *i  u,^  m:.Uf\uUu^.     His  ch.radcr,  both   in  public  and  pri- 
vate litc\  is  iilmoll  without  bciiiih.     He  feem:»  to  have   pof- 
fviltvi  cvciy  ;»ccon\pliihir,cr.t  boih  of  hvdy   and  mind,    which 
m.  kc5  a  nun  ciihcr  ciUaul  Ic  or  an  iabK.     His  elocution  was 
eaf),  peiluaiivc,  ai\J  «t  command.     He  was  a  finccre  friend, 
an    cafy^  pv^lite^   and  atrablc   cv^mpanion ;    carried    a   princely 

•  TIk*  J^ufVa^  in  lulicj  is  copied  fnMn  Hame,  and  forms  a  part 
of  iho  vluKixicror  Aln^^.  Our  .\u:hor,  though  a  copious  tran- 
Riibcr,  make*  uo  AckuowIe^l^r.;eiu  of  cbiigaiions  of  this  kind. 

S  dignity. 


Smith'i  Ilijhry  cf  EngUnd.  f 

dtgmty,  without  pndc  and  hatij^htinefs ;  was  learncJ  without  1 
pedantry  ;  was  ortHodox  without  fupetfliiior} ;  was  brave  in  the 
field,  and  wife  in  council  j  compofcd  in  the  moft  perplexed  ■ 
CDtfcs;  tnodef!  in  profperity,  and  grcut  in  advcrfity*  But  (hotild  I 
I  attempt  to  enumciate  his  virtues,  they  would  fill  up  mnny 
pages  ;  therefore,  without  entering  farfhcr  into  the  particubrs 
of  fo  exemplary  a  chara£ier,  v/hich  cannot  he  comprehended  in  J 
a  few  words,  wc  may  venture  to  fay  with  Clarendon,  That  he  I 
WIS  ihe  worthieft  gentleman,  the  beft  mafter,  th-  beft  friend*  I 
tlic  beft  hufband^  the  hzR  father,  the  beft  chrirtian,  that  the  I 
age,  in  which  he  lived,  produced.  VVc  have  the  warrant  of  I 
authority,  both  in  church  and  Oate,  to  pronounce  him  inno^  ■ 
cent,  and  a  glorious  martyr;  while  his  enfmrcs  are  declared  a  I 
pack  of  mifcreants,  as  far  from  being  true  proteftants,  as  they  ■ 
were  from  being  good  fubjedts.  And  this  may  fcrvc  for  a  ccr-  I 
tain  left  of  the  true  friends  and  enemies  of  the  church  of  Eng-  I 
land,  that  he  cannoi  be  a  friend  to  our  chuich  or  flate,  who  is  I 
an  enemy  to  the  royal  martyr  Charles  I*  ^ 

*  I  have  told  you,  in  a  few  words,  what  Charles  I.  was : 
now  I  tell  you,  in  as  few,  what  he  was  not.  He  was  no  wax 
or  ftraw  king :  he  was  not  a  prince  that  is  the  dupe  of  his  fer- 
vancf,  and  undcrftands  neither  bis  own  wcakntfu  norftrcngth! 
a  prince  incapable  of  making  himfclt  cither  feared  or  btlovcd* 
He  was  cafy  and  gentle  ;  but  was  nor  led  by  his  minifters  as  a 
flock  of  fliccp  by  their  flicphcrd.  He  was  not  a  child  in  coun- 
cil }  a  ftran^er  to  the  army.  In  fine,  he  was  not  a  prince. 
With  few  vices  in  his  heart,  or  raiher  in  his  confticution,  but 
withal!  manner  of  defeats  in  his  underhand. ng. 

*  The  king's  ftatue,  in  the  Exc h.mse,  was  thrown  down, 
and  on  the  pedeftal  thefc  words  were  infcribcd  :  Exit  Tyrmtnut, 
ft^um  tdnm*tt\  The  tyrant  is  goncy  the  lafl  of  ihe  kings,  J 

*  To  run  over  all  the  mifcries,  all  the  fcencs  of  diftra<5lton    I 
and  confufion  that  followed  this  abomination  of  wickcdncfs,    I 
would  be  a  new  fufFcring,  unlcfs  it  were  to  admire  and  adore    ■ 
the  goodnefs  of  God   in  our  deliveran^^ei  that  our  legal  mo- 
fiirchy,  deftroycd  ar.d  drowned  U\  blood,  ftiould  rife  up  in  peace, 
and   long  continue  to  flourifli ;  that  our  p;:rliaaientary  confti- 
fution,  broken  in  pieces,  and  patched  up  into  feveral  deformed    J 
flupes,  (hould    realTumc  ifs  ancient  gh^ry  ;  that   our  national    I 
chttrch,    pcrfccuted,   rorfakcn,    and  extindt  to  all   appearance,    I 
(houtd  recover  its  ori;:inal  beauty  of  h^ltnct's  5  that  the  laws  of    ■ 
Hti^Udd  be  brought  back  from  the  point  of  the  fword  to  the 
council  of  juftice,  and  flow  in  their  wonted  bnunds  and  chan- 
lick ;  that  our  nobility  and  gentry,  infultcd   by  the  rubble,  and 
cnflaved    by  armed    men,    fhould   be   reinflated    in  hereditary 
weitth  and   honour  -,  that  alt   tne  pci-^ple,  opprclT^d  and  vexed 
Witb  fc^ucftration^  piunder,  free  quarter,    couulbuuoft,  \oan^ 

B  4  ^u^ 


9  SmithV  Hijiory  of  England. 

and  all  manner  of  arbitrary  demands  and  impofitions,  (houldl 
once  more  be  frep  men,  and  enjoy  their  own  with  comfort  and 
fecurity  !  I  fay,  that  the  iniquity  of  thofe  times  ihould  diflblve 
the  whole  fabric  of  our  church  and  ftate,  and  put  the  founda- 
|;ions  out  of  courfe,  and  tarn  our  world  upfide  down  >  and  yet 
that  God  fhould,  as  it  were,  create  us  a  new  heaven  and  a  new 
farth,  a  reftoration  of  peace  and  truth,  and  all  that  is  dear  to 
us.  i  nat  was  a  furprifmg  light  that  arofe  out  of  darknefs  ;  but 
long  was  ihe  darknefs,  and  terrible  were  the  miferies  which 
this  nation  fufFcred,  as  we  (hall  fee  in  the  next  chapter,  before 
the  reftoration  put  an  end  to  all  our  mifery.  The  murder  of 
the  royal  martyr  was  a  reproach  to  the  nation,  as  it  was  com- 
initted  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  it,  when  in  h&.  it  was 
jdone  by  a  few  defperate  villains  ;  the  two  houfes  of  parliament 
fay,  *^  By  this  horrid  adion>  the  people  of  England  have  re- 
ceived the  moft  infupportable  fliame  and  infamy,  whilft  the 
fanatic  rage  of  a  few  mifcreants,  ftands  imputed  by  our  adver- 
faries  to  the  whole  nation,  l^y  this  horrid  action,  the  proteft- 
ant  rcli«iion  has  received  the  greateft  wound  and  repjx)ach  that 
was  p(flible  for  the  enemies  of  God  and  the  king  to  put  upon 
it.  Chfillianity  itfclf  has  fufFered  under  the  load  of  the  guilt 
and  fcandal  of  this  nefarious  aftion.  For  the  troubles,  tu- 
mults, and  diftradlions  of  that  time,  changed  the  face  of  reli- 
gion, and  filled  the  heads  of  men  with  political  notions,  anJ 
the  noife  of  them ;  and  as  this  abominable  adion  was  the  refult 
of  fading,  and  as  an  anfwer  to  the  feeking  of  God  in  prayer, 
this  naturally  put  religion  out  of  countenance,  and  tempted 
men  to  be  profane,  for  fear  of  being  hypocrites.  And  the  prin- 
ciples of  government  and  obedience  fuffered  extremely  in  the 
fatal  causes  and  confequences  of  this  impiety.  Before  the  con- 
vulfions  of  thofe  times,  the  authority  of  princes,  and  the  fub- 
je£lion  of  people,  ftood  upon  their  right  bottom ;  the  power  of 
governing,  and  the  duty  of  obeying  and  fubmitting,  was  the 
will  of  God,  and  the  ordinance  of  man.  It  was  the  breaking 
down  this  fence,  that  laid  open  the  fcenq  of  rebellion '  and 
anarchy.' 

In  the  appendix,  which  our  Author  has  annexed  to  his  perr 
formance,  he  endeavours  to  explain  the  nature  and  fpirit  of  the 
iPrefbyferian  church-government.  But  his  zeal  for  Epifcopacy 
has  not  allowed  hirn  to  inquire  difpaiTionately  into  this  fubje^t. 
When  men  renounce  moderation  and  decency,  and  are  carried 
away  by  the  violence  of  prejudice,  they  only  flxciie  pity  or 
pontenipc. 

1*^^  For  an  account  of  Dr.  Smith's  treatifc  on  the  Nature  an{f 
fnfiifution  of  Government y  f^ec  oi<r  laft  month's  I^eyicv^, 


C    9    ] 


I 


A^T.  n*  Di/ccur/is  en  I  hi  Farahlit  of  cur  Ihjftd  ZaitUur^  and  the  Mi^ 
rmlei  tf  bis  holy  Ge/peL  With  ucafianal  lUuJlrathm,  In  feur  Fo* 
km4s.  By  Charles  Bulklcy.  Vol,  XL  8vo,  5  s.  fewed.  Horf- 
fieJd,  he,     177 1- 

N  our  Review  for  June,  17711  we  gave  fome  account  of 
Mr*  Bulkley*s  firft  volume.  The  Iccond  has  fince  ap- 
peared, and  confifts  of  thirteen  difcourfcs  j  the  fubjefls  are^ 
The  two  Debtors,  the  good  Samaritan,  the  rich  Man,  the 
barren  Fig-tree,  the  Builder,  the  Joil  Sheep,  the  Prodigal 
Son,  the  unjuft  Steward,  Dives  ariJ  Lazarus,  the  unprofitable 
^cnranr,  the  importunate  Widow,  the  Pharifcc  and  the  Publican. 

The  Author  continues  to  write  upon  thcfe  parables  in  a 
ienfible,  agreeable,  and  pradical  manner,  though  fome  of  hb 
rxplkatjons  and  remarks  are  very  different,  jiot  only  from 
commonly  received  opinion^  but  alfo  from  what  fome  men  of 
learning,  ability  and  candour,  will  allow  to  be  cntiiely  con- 
formable to  the  fpirit  and  n> caning  of  the  parable,  conlidered 
in  conjunction  with  what  appears  to  them  the  general  tenor  and 
fenfe  ot  fcnpture. 

It  is  not  an  cafy  matter  to  do  jufticc  to  topli  s  of  this  fort ;  at 
Icafl  there  is  danger,  that  while  the  preacher  is  explaining 
ihcm,  or  enlarging  upon  fome  particular  points  at  which  they 
Uxm  to  aim,  he  ftiould  lofe  that  power  and  energy  with  which 
parables  are  intended  to  operate,  and  with  wh^ch  thofe  of  the 
baly  fcripture  are  evidently  calculated  to  convey  fome  moral 
and  pious  admonition  to  the  heart.  The  main  bufnieis  in  this 
Itind  of  enquiry  feems  to  be,  firft  to  attend  to  the  occafion  on 
which  ihe  parable  was  delivered,  and  illyflrate  thofe  circum- 
fiances  which  refer  to  ancient  ufagcs,  without  fome  knowledge 
of  which  the  propriety  and  ftrength  of  the  allegory  may,  ia 
a  great  mcafure,  be  overlooked  ;  after  this,  it  is  farther  re- 
quifttc  to  inculcate  and  enforce  that  truth  which  may,  by 
thii  means,  be  imprcfl'cd  on  the  hearer.  Our  ingenious  Au- 
thor keeps  this  point  carefully  in  view:  pofHbly  he  may  give 
too  great  a  fcopc  to  fpcculation  and  refinement  on  fome  fub- 
jeds«  though  he  argues  in  a  nervous  and  fpiriied  manner.  But 
it  does  not  appear  that  the  introduction  of  fpcculation  and  phi- 
lofophy,  at  lead  co  the  degree  in  which  they  have  been  often 
employed  of  hte,  hath  greatly  advanced  the  real  bilercils  of 
piety  and  virtue  :  may  it  not  rather  be  queftioned,  from  ob- 
fcnation  upon  fa6l,  whether  this,  among  other  caufes,  has  not 
contributed  to  weaken,  if  not  fomctimes  to  deftroy,  the  im- 
prcifions  of  religion,  and  by  this  means  alfo  to  loofen  the  prin- 
ciples and  foundation  of  Ch  rift  ran  moral  ity. 

In  the  fermon  on  the  piirable  of  the  prodigal^  which  rs  indeed 
^  luifmatcd  difcourfe,  Mr.  B,  endeavours  to  ei\2kbU{h  lYvcfe 


JO  BulklcyV  DifcQurfes  on  the  Parables,     Vol.  II. 

two  points, — on  the  one  hand,  the  grand  efficacy  of  repentance, 
as  the  certain  infallible  method  for  (ecuring  to  us  an  interefl  in 
the  compaffions,  and  in  thefavourof  the  Almighty  ;  and  en  the 
other,  the  placability  of  the  divine  nature,  Ajid  here  he 
(rather  covertly  indeed)  attacks  fome  high  Calviniftical  no- 
tions upon  iheie  heads  ;  and  he  alfo  feems  to  oppofe  the  opi- 
nions of  many  others,  who  are  far  from  running  into  thofe 
extremes.  Juftice  and  candor  may  here  require  us  to  obferve, 
that  there  are  numbers  of  Chriflians  who  are  equally  ready^ 
with  this  rcfpedlable  Author,  to  admit  and  infift  upon,  the 
clivine  placability  and  the  neceffity  of  repentance  ;  but  are  at 
the  fame  time  perfuaded,  that  revelation  gives  us  fome  farther 
▼icws  upon  thcfc  fubje6)s,  and  points  out  to  us  a  particular  me- 
thod which  fupreme  wifdom  and  goodnefs  has  appointed  for 
conveying  and  fecuring  forgivenefs  to  the  penitent,  in  a  way 
the  moft  honourable  to  the  almighty  Governor,  and  mofl  com- 
fortable to  mankind. 

In  reading  the  difcourfe,  entitled,  The  importunate  TfldoWj 
wc  were  led  naturally  to  refled  how  much  wife  and  worthy  men 
may  differ  in  their  opinion,  or  rather  in  the  reprefentation  of 
their  opinion,  upon  the  fame  fubjed.  One  author*,  of  whofe 
fcrmons  we  gave  a  brief  account  in  a  former  Review,  is  foli- 
citous  to  eftablifh  the  perfuafion,  that  prayer  may  have  fome 
influence  with  the  Supreme  Being  5  and  apprehends,  that  the 
fuppofition  of  its  being  only  ufeful,  as  it  may  excite  fome  good 
difpofitions.in  our  own  minds,  is  likely  to  enervate  greatly,  if 
it  does  not  entirely  remove  the  motive  to  its  praflicc.  Mr, 
Bulkley,  on  the  other  hand,  rejects,  with  a  kind  of  abhor- 
rence, any  imagination  that  the  humble  entreaties  of  his  crea- 
tures can  have  any  prevalence  with  the  divine  Majefty,  and  fup- 
pofes,  rhat  the  good  fruit  of  prayer  is  the  beneficial  eftc6t  it 
may  have  upon  our  own  minds  ;  at  the  fame  time,  he  fcems  iq 
allow,  that  fome  particular  advantages  may  be  imparted  to 
thofe  who  by  fuch  exercifes  arc  brought  into  a  proper  fVate  to. 
receive  and  improve  them.  From  hence  wo  may  infer,  not 
merely  that  men  of  ability  and  piety  may  differ  la  their  views  of 
the  fame  fuhjed^,  but,  more  than  this,  that,  could  they  pro- 
perly and  fully  explain  their  meaning  to  each  o^her,  they  would 
be  found  to  intend  much  the  fame  thing.  We  are  alfo  led  to 
this  farther  conclufion,  that  where  the  obligation  to  any  parti- 
cular duty  is  clear  and  certain,  as  in  this  inftance  of  prayeir, 
it  is  the  bufinefs  of  mankind  to  apply  themfelvcs  to  its  praftice, 
without  regarding  thofe  reafonings  and  objc6tions,  which  men 
of  fpcculation  and  leifure  may  fometimes  advance.  Chiiftianity 
is  no  fc.h^m^  of  philofophy  or  difpute^  it  is  defigned  for  prae- 

•  Dr.  Ogden  :  fee  Review,  vol.  xlii.  p.  214.    - 

ticc  ; 


BullOey'i  Dlfcourfes  on  thi  ParabUs.     VoL  II,  \i 

lice  •  and  alJ  its  peculiar  truths,  fo  far  as  they  concern  us^ 
have  a  praQical  tendency  ;  whereas,  it  is  too  apparent,  that  ^ 
great  deal  of  fpeculation  and  refinement  do  fometimcs  ratheiT 
pave  the  way  to  fcepticifm,  infidelity  and  even  to  atheifm,  thaa 
produce  any  folid  efie<9:s  for  the  fervice  of  our  fellow-creaturcSt 
Thcfe  refteiBion?,  with  others,  naturally  arofe  in  our  minds 
while  perufing  this  volume  : — but  we  fhall  now  cJofe  the  ar- 
lirlc  by  pfcfenting  to  our  readers  feme  extra<5tt>  from  thefe  dif- 
courfcs,  which  we  are  perfuadcd  writ  be  recivc J  with  pleafure* 
In  ihe  conclufion  of  the  fermon  on  the  parable  of  the  Rich 
Mas,  arc  the  following  reflections : 

"  Eat    God  fays   onto     him.    Thou   fool»    this  night  thy  fi>ul 
ftiill  be  required  of  thee  ;  then  whofe  Hiall  ihofe  things  be,  whiciv 
thou  ba^  provided  r'*    not  thiue  osvn  moft  cerLiinly  ;  and  yet,  having 
made  eo  oiher  provifion  for  thyfeif  than  thofe  earthly  goods,  which 
?Tc  thU  very  night  to  be  retlgncd  forever,  what  muilBeccfidrily  be 
thy  portion^  but  difappoiotntcnti  rcmorfe,  ihame,  vexation  and  tni-r 
{^':r  »    •*  In  the  place  where  ihe  tree  fallctli,  there  it  fhall  lie.'*     j^ 
Solomon,  which,  if  it  be  applied  at  all  to  the  future  Hate? 
nd,  mull  neceffarily  carr/>  in  it  this  important  meaning; 
to  ihe  prevailing  tallc  and  rclifh,  with  which  a  man  leaves 
^         nt,  and  enters  upon  an  invillbleilate  of  being,  muft  be  hij 
}<tApplncf»  or  his  mifcf/V  there*     If  it  be  a  temper,  a  taSle,  a  rclilh, 
fcfed  to  the  enjoyments  and  pJcafures  of  that  other  Hate,  then  will 
happincfi  undoubtedly  be  his  lot.     If  it  be  a  talk,  a  difpofition  of 
ftjlnd,  accommodated  only  to  the  prefcnc  w^rU,  how  is  it  poflible 
liiat  he  fhonld  b-  happ/V,  when   the  pre  Tent  world  is  with  rcipeL^  to 
1  ,^,  ^  -.  ^.Qj(.  ?    Or  how  can  lie  be  otherwife  than  miflrable,  in  con- 
of  the  reflexions,  which  be  will  then  be  forced  to  make 
^i^T  .!♦  iTi>  own  egregious  fo!l/V  in  faffl'ring  himrelf  to  enter  upon  an- 
other ftntc  without  having  once  con  fide  red,  wherein  his  happincfs  ht 
(uch  a  date,  could  only,  i^nd  muJt  nced^   coniilli    Were  any  of  us 
to  think  <^ly  of  removing  in  a  litilc  time  into  fome  other  part  of 
'  '    "    '  'f:tble  globe,  where  the  feafons  of  the  year  arc  extremely  dif- 
m   v^hat  they  are  in  thefe  BritiEh  iJks;  the  heat,  or  th^ 
Jy  more  inienfc;   fiiould  vve  not  be  vc^y  folicitons  to  make 
:rr*tionf  accordingly  ?    And  Ihould  we  not  nnd  our  ncgl<;d 
:r^/  lu,  |'»   'igtQuily  inconvenient  when  we  arrived  there  ?  TJiis 
!  '        I  Ml  ;         :  i'^  faint  illuilration  of  the  nccc^Tit/^  of  n  man's  bt^ing 
>  and  virtuous  temper  at  the  time  of  his  quitting 
r  CO  his  participating  in  tliehappincfs  of  the  ne.^t, 
14  tiUt  we  could  in  this  world  be  equally  happi*:  j  what- 
:  o«r  internal  or  moral  chnradcr ;  yet  ilill  bow  evident, 
uncn  u'c  take  into  confijcration  another  liatc,  in  which  neither  thtf 
love  of  plctfure,  nor  the  bvc  of  wealth,  can  have  any  other  influ- 
mce,  but  to  heighten  our  mifcr/V  and  dijlrefs  and  into  which  wc  ar^ 
t%cu4  moment  liable  to  be  fummoned,  that  virtue  mu'l  be  our  only 
nife  Atid  confident  choice,    the  grand  and   u  hi  mate   objed.  if  w^ 
m  M  ronfult  aright  our   own  truefl  felicit/>  and  good,  of  aU  our 
.  all  our  wiflies  j  and  that  this  n  a  purfuic  to  be  inUantly  en- 
^-^  '-.'  VLQi  already  entered  upon,  and  with  jnabaiing  diligence 


12  BulklcyV  Difcour/es  on  the  Parables.     Vol.  II. 

and  perfevering  aIacrit/>  to  be  profecated  and  carried  on  ?  May  it 
never  be  the  lot  of  any  one  here  prefent,  when  this  awful  fummons 
fliall  be  given,  to  fay  to  himfelf,  "  thoa  fool,  whofe  fhall  thofc 
things  be,  which  thou  haft"  fo  anxioufly  **  provided!*' 

On  the  parable  of  the  builder  we  find  the  following  juft  and 
animated  obfervations : 

— *  If  ferious  reflexion  and  mature  deliberation  be  indeed  of  fuch 
vaft  importance,  in  order  to  our  engaging  with  confiftenc/^  and  pro- 
prietiV  in  the  profelfion  of  religion,  and  in  the  purfuit  of  virtue, 
then  certainly  and  upon  the  fame  general  foundation  fuch  reflexion 
and  deliberation  muft  be  highly  neceflar/>  before  we  rejed  religion 
and  difcard  the  obligations  of  moralit/V.  Whether  religion  be  true 
or  not,  it  is  at  leaft  infinitely  dcfireable,  that  it  fliould  be  fo.  Who, 
that  makes  any  prerenfions  to  being  a  reafonable  creature,  can  pof« 
fibly  quellioTi  or  difpute  the  wide  and  boundlefs  difference  between 
the  government  of  a  wife  and  eternal  deit/>,  prefiding  over  all  the 
affairs  of  the  world,  fuftaining  its  order,  direding  its  events,  able 
to  uphold  our  fouls  in  exlRcnce  throughput  the  endlefs  ages  of  im- 
mortalit/V,  and  difpofed  by  the  free  and  inexhauftible  benevolence  of 
his  natare  to  make  us  everIa(lingl/>  happ/>;  and  the  blind  dominion 
of  univerfal  chance  ?  Confcious  as  we  muft  be  of  our  abfolute  inabi- 
lit/>  to  fupport  our  own  exiftence  for  a  fingle  moment,  what  inex- 
preflible  horror  muft  there  be  in  the  imagination,  that  there  is  no 
other  being  in  nature,  upon  whom  we  can  depend  for  the  prcferva- 
tion  of  it  ?  Is  it  poiTible  then,  that  any  one  fhould  give  a  more  fla- 
grant proof  either  of  his  ftupidit/>  or  of  his  madnefs,  than  muft  ap- 
pear in  his  entertaining  fuch  an  imagination,  without  paving  made 
the  fubjed  of  a  deit/>  and  of  a  providence,  the  matter  of  his  moft 
diligent  and  thoughtful  enquiriV  ?  But  is  there  fo  much  as  any  ap- 
pearance of  this  in  numbers,  who  fpeak  and  feem  to  think  upon  this 
fabje£t,  as  if  they  believed  in  neither  ?  The  implicit  fubmiifion  of 
the  undcrftanding  to  the  diretlion  of  others,  fo  much  exclaimed 
againft,  as  fuppofed  to  be  the  method  in  ufe  among  the  believers  in 
religion,  and  with  which  indeed  many  fuch  are  but  too  juftly 
chargeable,  is  however  far  from  being  peculiar  to  them.  An  impli- 
cit intidel,  whether  with  refpe£l  to  Chriftiaoit/V  in  particular,  or  re- 
ligion in  genera],  is  now  no  uncommon  charader.  Numbers  there 
are,  who  by  no  means  think  it  neceflfar/V  to  enquire  into  this  matter, 
but  take  it  for  granted  upon  the  folemn  word  of  their  guides  and 
leaders,  that  Chriftianit/V  is  a  fable  and  religion  a  jeft.  But  furely 
fuch  perfons  as  thefe,  if  they  will  acknowledge  no  other  obligation, 
muft  be  bound  at  leaft  for  their  own  fakes,  unlefs  they  have  given 
op,  along  with  other  principles,  even  that  of  felf-love  and  a  con- 
cern for  their  own  happinefs,  not  to  trifle  in  a  matter  of  this  infinite 
moment,  nor  to  think  of  difcarding  religion  by  a  few  witty  fayings 
founded  upon  principles,  which  they  ihemfelves  have  never  made  the 
fubjed  of  one  ferious  or  deliberate  thought.  If  poflibly  I  ftiould 
now  be  addrefling  myfelf  to  any  fuch',  I  moft  folemnly  admonifh  you, 
that,  if  you  muft  be  unbelievers,  you  be  fo  upon  principle.  And 
for  your  own  fakes  let  the  fault  lie  wholly  in  the  error  of  your  un- 
dcrftanding, and  not  in  the  corruption,  pride,  vanit/V  and  prefump- 
uon  of  your  hcarirs.    ••  Count"  well  "  the  coft/'  ere  you  pretend 

*       '  •       ■         19 


Bulklcy*/  Difcour/es  on  th  Paraileu     Vol  IL  i  j 

b'j.nd  your  hopes,  or  rather  your  rcjei^ion  of  all  hope,  upon  the 

cicaufc. 


bul  of  ftlig^Jon.     As  a  profelfed  and  public  ad 
1  ara  &ot  afraid  to  call  you  co  ihc  ftceil  cxaminatic 
i^drrdy  all  that  f  fear  ii,  that  you  will  not  be  free  i  thatfonie  ab 


ocatc  u 
nauon  of  its  priuciph 


moU  as  in 


fucb 


th 


a  C2lc  as  this,  wc  mu 


ft  call 


ity  impious. 


aJFec* 


Son  of  iingtitirit//,  ihould  biafs  yonr  inquiries,  or  the  prevailing 
Uk0acnc^  of  lomc  fcnfual  and  inordinate  ai^dion  (hould  incline  you 
to  ••  (ky  in  your  he^ts,**  even  before  you  can  hav  c  had  time  to 
(ay  it  in  the  real  convidlon  of  your  undcrftanding,  "  that  there  is 
no  God.**  And  having  mentioned  this,  let  me  conclude  my  ihort 
but  finccre  addrefs  to  yon,  with  obfervlng,  that  how  great  focvcr 
miy  have  been  your  former  iins,  or  Is  the  prefent  depravitiV  of  your 
temper*,  this  is  fo  far  from  being  a  reafon  for  your  renouncing  a 
dei:/r,  that  on  the  contrary,  you  may  think  with  infinite  pleafure 
of  rrfering  yourfelves  to  his  forgivin^^  mercy.  For,  if  there  be  in- 
deed i  God,  he  is  a  God  merciful  and  forgiving.  You  cannot  avert 
kismath  by  preftimptuoafly  denying  his  cxiftcnce.  But  you  may 
doit  o  rnce,  and  the  denial  of  your  own  irregular  andviti- 

O'Jf  It]. 

in  ihc  uUwurfe  on  the  parable  of  Dives  and  Lazarua,  among  other 

tikingt,  it  is  obfcrved,  that  one   particular  which  it  plainly  points 

Oct  to  our  obfervation  is,  *  the  rmmtdiati  traniitioa  of  the  foul  at  our 

departure  out  of  this  world,  into  a  ftate  either  of  happinefs  or  mi^ 

fefi^;— *  I   know,   indeed,    (the   Author  fiys)    that   the   argument 

fin.vn  from  this  parable,  in  favour  of  the  feparaie  confciaufoefs  oi 

ce  of  the  foul   in  a  future  (late,  has  been  conlidercd  by  fomo 

ng  no  way  conclufive,  on  account  of  its  being  deJuced  froia 

a  pinbolical  reprefentation.     But  it  is  to  be  remembered,  that  ther« 

ire  in  icripture  two  kinds  of  parables.     Of  the  one  kind  are  thofe^ 

Khich  are  formed  by  way  of  allufton  or  fimiiitudc  to  the  commoa 

ofcfjcdi  or  common  occurrences  of  life  ;  fuch  as  that  of  the  niarriagc-» 

feail,   the  talents,  the  vine-yard,    and  the  like.      Others  of  them 

ire  formed  a  tcr  the  narrative  manner,  and  confjil  of  fome  fi^itioui 

fior/jfor  relation,  fuch  as  that  of  the  man  wbofe  goods  were  increa/ed, 

— ind  this  of  Dives  and  Lazaruv.     In  the  foimcr  there  are  reveral 

circam&inccs    introduced,    that    are   purely  ornamentaJ ; — in   the 

OLhcr,  there  is  no  nece0it/>of  introducing  thefe  merely  ornamental 

Of  purely  conneiling  circ  jrallances :  they  therefore  feem  to  require  a 

ftrianefs  in  the  explication  of  them  :  though  it  is  not  to  b© 

cd,  that  even  in   thefe,  cver/>  minute  circumJlancc  of  the  Ho- 

intended  to  convey  fome   diftinil  or  fcparate  truth*     It  i) 

r  to  be  obfcrved,  that  in  parables  of  cvenV  kind  there  arc  al- 

AJpal  and  leading  ci/cumilanccs,  which  are  pointed 

1-  formation  and  ftrudlure  of  the  parable  itfelf,  and 

r.tl  maxims  of  religion  and  fentiments  of  Chrif- 

M  they  arc  all  ui  common  founded.     Now,  as  ro 

ji,  it  iiiiiit  furely  be  evident  to  ever/V  one,  that  a  maia 

J  point  intended   to  be  rcprefcnted  by  it,  is  that  wide* 

e,  which  15   to  take  place  in  a  future  ftate  between 

cenliouf*  or  avaricious  rich,  and  the  fobcr,  honeft, 

r.     In  defcribin^  thh  differencCt  our  Saviout  ^\vc^ 

■imstion  of  2x1  y  dillzni  period,    at  which  il  Cuoo\4 

CQ^itcvetice, 


14  Bulkley'i  Difcourfes  on  the  ParqlUs.  .  Vol.  It. 

commence,  nor  hints  at  any  circnmftance  or  event,  which  can  at  all 
contribute  towards  direding  our  thoughts  to  any  fuch  period.  But 
thus  he  exprefTes  himfelf :  *'  The  beggar  died,  and  was  carried  by 
the  angels  into  Abraham's  bofom.  The  rich  man  alfo  died,  and  wat 
baried ;  and  in  hell,  he  lifted  up  his  eyes,  being  in  torments,"  Can 
any  thing  more  naturally  or'flrongly  than  this  impl/V  the  fuppofidon 
of  a  continued  confcioufnefs,  no:with(landing  the  diflblution  of  the 
body  by  death,  as  of  a  well-known,  univerfally  received,  and  on* 
doubted  truth  ?' 

On  the  concluding  words  of  this  parable,  •*  If  they  believe  not 
Mofes  and  the  prophets,  neither  will  they  be  perfuaded  though  one 
Tofe  from  the  dead,"  we  find  fome  very  ftriking  and  pertinent  re- 
flections, of  which  our  limits  will  allow  us  to  give  our  readers  only 
a  brief  fpecimen.  '  The  words  (fays  our  Author)  convey  to  us  this 
important  fentiment ;  that  whatever  difHcuIties  there  may  be  attend- 
ing this  or  that  particular  and  extraordinanV  inflitution  of  religion, 
whatever  may  be  our  own  doubts  concerning  it,  there  are  ftill  cer- 
tain plain,  common  and  univcrfal  principles  and  obligations  of  a 
religious  nature,  which  are  abundantly  fuiiicient  for  the  moral  regu- 
lation of  our  condudl,  and  for  being  a  juft  at;d  equitable  ground  of 
our  condemnation,  if  we  negledi  to  govern  it  accordingly.  From 
hence  the  corrupt  and  profligate  part  of  mankind,  who  may  be  dif- 
pofed  to  licentious  principles  for  the  fake  of  giving  the  better  coun- 
tenance to  their  licentious  praflices,  may  very  ufefully  learn,  that 
they  will  by  no  means  be  able  to  furnifh  themfelves  with  any 
fofficient  excufe  or  palliation  for  their  wickednefs,  merely  by  throw- 
ing away  their  bibles.  Can  they  obliterate  the  perftftions  of  the 
eternal  Deit/>?  Can  they  deflroy  that  relation  which  they  (land  ia 
to  him  as  his  creatures,  and  as  the  fubjedls  of  his  moral  govern- 
ment f  Can  they  throw  a  veil  over  the  face  of  nature,  fo  as  to 
fcreen  from  their  own  eyes  the  evidence,  which  it  affords  us  of  the 
divine  exiftence,  perfeAions  and  providence  ?  Can  they  deflroy  their 
own  rational  and  moral  conilitution,  and  make  themfelves  anew? 
Can  they  give  the  mighty  dream  of  happinefs  a  dilFerent  courfe 
from  that  in  which  God  himfelf  has  ordained  it  to  How  ?  or  alter 
his  eternal  law,  that  virtue/  virtue  only  fhall  be  our  fovereign  good  f 
Are  they  able  to  prove,  that  Deit/>  neither  will  nor  can  continue  the 
exiflence  of  mankind  beyond  the  grave  ?  let  them  .do  this,  and  let 
them  enjoy  the  honour  of  being  confiilent  proiligatcf;.  But  let  them 
not  imagine  that  they  can  vacate  the  obligations  of  religion,  or  the 
importance  of  its  principles,  by  furnifhing  themfelves  with  a  few 
trite  and  infignificant  objections  againll  the  ChriiUan  inflitution  of 
it.' 

It  is  farther  added  in  connexion  with  the  above  mentioned  text:— 
^  Though  the  gofpcl  of  Chrifl  did  not  firft  conflitute  religion,  yet  is 
it  the  highefl,  the  nobled,  the  befl  adapted  means  we  can  pofFibly 
conceive  of  inculcating  its  principles,  of  enforcing  its  obligations, 
and  of  imprefling  them  with  their  proper  influence  and  all  their  vital 
energ/V  upon  the  mind  ;  fo  as  to  enlighten,  to  purif/>,  to  exalt  it ; 
to  raife  it  above  mean,  worldly  and  fordid  pafiionsft  to  infpire  it 
with  an  heavenly  tafle  and  relifb»  and  to  promote  onr  perpetually 
^vuaciag  mccinck  for  the  realms  of  heavenXy  aud  ev tiV^ti^Vi'^  •• 


Zimmcrman'i  Trtatift  m  the  Dyfniery, 


is 


•^^  Smoe  this  anlclc  was  drawn  op,  Mr.  B.  has  ptihlifttcl 
th  volumes  i  but  we  have  not  j^et  had  an  oppor- 
^   lufmg  them* 

AtT.  IVU  A  TffAtife  Mr  the  Dyftntery  :  ivrtk  <v  Dcjcr^pfum  pf  tJk 
E^idfmi<  DififtUry  that  kttpptnfd  m  S*wiiiurland  /v  thV^ar  1 71*5, 
Tfioflaft  "  "  ;'  original  German  of  John  George  Zi mine r- 

cian,  Vk  t^n  in  Ordinary  10  bis  B-iunnk  ^:!aicfty  at 

Hnaovcrt  b|  U,  K,  Hopron,  M.  D.     fevo.     4  s,  bound*     Riviag^ 

"IP  ROM  thifitrcatirc  it  appears*  that  a  putrid  fever  had  ragci 
JP  fur  i  ccMifidcrablc  time  in  fcvefiil  parts  of  Switzerland^ 
and  pan«cti1ir}y  in  the  canton  of  Hern  :  that  the  dyfentery 
fu;cecded  this  fever,  and  was  likewife  accompanied  with  the 
fever :  that  thi*rc  w«s  an  evident  analogy  between  the  dyfen- 
(tfj*  and  the  preceding  putrid  fever  :  that  ihc  caufe  of  both 
was  a  putrefaction  of  trie  juices  ;  and  that,  in  the  dyfentery,  a 
corrupt^  putrid,  and  bilious  matter  was  lodged  in  the  ilomach 
aod  imcftints* 

The  following  b  Dr.  Zimmerman's  hiftory  of  the  epidemic 
dyfcivterjr : 

Mt  mide  its  lirft  appearance  in  the  month  of  Jane ;  In  Aiiguft 
aoi September  rofc  to  its  higheft  pitch  ;  in  the  beginning  of  O-flober 
Mgroirnd  in  all  paru  ;  and  in  the  middle  of  this  monih,  generally 
fff^Li  its  exit.     Though  llill,  in  the  middi.*  oF  Xovenibcr, 

Umt  h.  ifc  were  fctzed  with  this  diforder ;  and  even  daring 

Ae£ev  in  December,  and  January  J76>,  I  ftw  people  who 

•ere  .  y  a  gentle   dyfentcry  :     in  like  manner,  about  this 

t  r  the  fame  conllitutioa  of  the  air,  the  ptit rid  fever,  as  it 

\  n^  us,  and  particulirly  the  puirid  pleurily,  beg aq  their 

illy  in  L:iafiinne»  and  extended  them  wide  around 
^  ,^  ^-  .^,  vinttiii,  and  the  neighboufinjj  provinces  of  Uppcr- 
AaJbia  and  S^vaUia. 

*  Many  were  ;*U*n  with  this  malady,  without  the  lertll  preceding 
f^mptoin,  and  that  chicHy  in  drfptrate  cafes ;  in  othersi  it  gave 
tokcsi  ot  iU  approach  before-hand,  and  c:«:nc  on  by  degrees. 

•  AU  thcrfc  who  ^CTC  violently  ditbrdcred,  were  feized  at  firft  with 
■D  nnivcfial  chiil,  which  had  ditfjfcnt  degrees  of  duration ;  fomc- 
tJem  it  wa*  lopg  and  very  violent,  many  had  only  a  fmall  paroxv fm, 
w%  many  it  returned  in  the  coorfc  of  the  f<:vcr,  and  went  off  in  a 
hof  €f.     ASl  of   them    fell  like  wife  an  extreme  lalfitude  over  the 

',  *ii  the  fird  coming  on  of  the  dlfordcr,  and  that  gcnc- 
back  and  hnns.     The  cholic   came  on  immediately  at 
I  v/ith  j;Teat  violence;  but  the  evacuation*  with  iamc 

I  '.  folbw   fo  quick  ;  many  were   at  firft  even  boun  !g 

I-  Lit  tormina,  and  were  in  a  much  worfe  conditiont 

t  were  obliged  dircdiy  to  hurry  to  t!ooU 

ly  one,  on   their  ^t}\  being  fci jtcJ,  cnmplamti  oT  m 
f  '-^  jm^oth,    and  a  contiuQAl   inclinaucu  to  vomxt* 

Uiiif  bii^^^i  itp,  JtjJ  ofler  the  coJJ  £t,  a  bilious  tn alter  ;  t.mi« 


l6  Zimmerman 'i  Tnctlfe  ch  the  Dyfentery^ 

vomited  very  violeutly  the  firfl  day,  and  were  relieved  by  it  %  mny 
had  this  propeniity  to  vomit,  even  in  the  progrefs  of  the  difeafe,  and 
continued  to  call  up  with  great  benefit  till  the  fourth  day.  Slick 
as  from  the  firfl  had  fought  for  refuge  in  wine,  and  other  hot  things, 
brought  up  every  thing  they  took  into  their  flomachs,  almod  every 
day,  complained  of  the  heartburn,  and  were  in  the  greateft  danger, 

*  The  hot  fit  followed  immediately  after  the  cold ;  and  in  very 
bad  cafes,  fome  had  the  firfl  day  an  intolerable  head-ach.  The 
fever  at  firfl  appeared  to  be  fmall  in  mofl,  but  in  the  courfe  of  the 
diforder,  was  flill  more  and  more  confiderable  ;  yet  in  the  mofl  vio- 
lent fpecies,  and  where  there  was  the  mofl  danger,  it  was  at  times 
not  obfervable,  and  the  pulfe  infinitely  weak  ;  in  lefs  violent  kinds» 
the  fever  was  often  \try  high  :  I  faw  too,  in  fome,  even  at  the  firft 
day,  a  perfedl  delirium  ;  in  others,  a  continual  lethargy,  which 
accompanied  many  in  defperate  cafes,  and  was  particularly  conflanc 
in  children.  The  difeafe  was  very  favourable  in  fome,  after  a  flight 
attack :  thefe  had  little  fever  in  the  beginning,  and  their  flools, 
even  the  third  day,  continued  to  be  yellow,  and  very  little  ofFenfive  ; 
but  after  that  time,  they  began  to  complain  of  a  bitter  tafle  in  their 
mouths,  and  the  violence  of  the  fever  increafed  with  the  increafing 
difcolouration  of  their  flools. 

I  always  foUnd  the  excrements  thin  ;  but  very  often  vifcous,  and 
that  even  at  the  beginning  of  the  diforder.  With  fome,  they  were 
quite  bloody  the  firfl  day,  with  others,  later:  in  thofe  that  were 
feverely  attacked,  as  well  as  young  children,  they  were  mixed  from 
the  bej^iirning,  with  grumous  blood.  I  have  feen  children,  from 
whom,  in  the  firfl  days  of  malady,  the  blood  has  flowed  in  flreams 
down  their  legs  ;  jufl  after  appeared  a  quite  green  matter,  and  this 
gave  place  to  a  red ;  with  mofl,  the  excrements  were  at  the  fame 
time  white,  red,  yellow,  brown,  green,  and  fomctimes  even  black, 
for  the  mofl  part  yielding  a  very  bad  fmell,  which  was  at  times  p«r- 
fedlly  cadaverous.  The  excretions  in  fome,  who  had  taken  no  mt- 
dicine,  remained  for  a  whole  week  quite  white,  and  came  away 
without  pain;  a  week  after  that,  red,  with  great  pain;  and 
throughout  fevcral  fucceeding  weeks,  red,  white,  and  very  little 
painful, 

*  In  flight  indifpofitions,  the  patients  went  to  flool  about  fifteen 
or  twenty  times  a  day,  and  many  forty  or  fifty.  ^  I  faw,  and  even 
cured  fome,  that  in  the  fpace  of  twelve  hours,  had  from  an  hundred 
and  fifty  to  two  hundred  flools,  and  whofe  evacuations  came  fo 
quick  one  upon  another,  that  one  would  have  thought  their  whole 
infide  was  coming  out. 

*  The  tormina  were  always  more  violent  before  going  to  ftool, 
and  I  thought  my  patients  very  well  off,  when  the  pains  remitted 
after  evacuation  ;  in  many  they  were  very  fharp,  and  in  fevere  ill- 
neffes  drove  the  patient  almofl  to  defpair.  They  were  accompanied 
in  the  courfe  of  the  diforder,  by  a  fmart  pain  in  the  back,  ibmetimes 
a  heat  of  urine,  and  in  mofl  perfons  by  atenefmus. 

^  In  the  worfl  fpecies,  the  chefl  was  opprefTed.  In  all  kinds  I 
found  the  appetite  and  natural  flccp  entirely  gone  :  moft  had  an  in- 
extinguiihable  thirfl,  and  the  greatefl  part  were  obliged  to  keep 
their  beds^   by  reafon  of  their  extreme  feeblenefs ;  many  were  in- 


Zimmerman V  Tnatife  on  iht  DjfenUry,  17 

conceivtbly  weak,  and  at  times  ^nted  away.  There  were,  how- 
ever* {bme  who  were  able  to  fit  ap  out  of  bed  ;  and  many,  in  light 
indifpofitioosp  walked  about.     Many  fweaccd,  but  without  benefit. 

*  The  bad  forts  of  this  dyicntery  lafted  fometimes  from  fourtcea 
to  fixteen  days,  efpecially  when  proper  evacuations  could  not  be 
made  daring  the  firft  days  of  the  diforder ;  though  mod  of  my  pa- 
tients recovered  in  five  or  fix  days.  There  appeared  in  fome,  that 
were  very  hard  befet  with  the  diforder,  a  raih  on  the  mouth  and 
tODSue,  in  others,  all  over  the  abdomen,  and  in  others,  all  over 
the  body  ;  though  the  difeafe,  in  reality,  was  as  good  as  cured.  In 
one  fingle  fubjett,  I  faw,  after  a  happy  and  perlefl  cure,  a  prolap- 
fos  of  the  redlum.  I  have  not  experienced  a  rclapfc  in  any  of  my 
patients,  excepting  two  in  one  pcrfon ;  the  fird  proceeding  from  a 
violent  fit  of  anger,  and  the  other,  bccaufe  he  got  out  of  bed  in  the 
night,  and  was  forced  to  run  about  the  ftrcets  fevcral  times  in  a  hard 
fiiower  of  rain. 

*  They  who  were  the  moll  dangeroufly  ill,  had  a  regular  miliary 
eruption  $  and,  at  the  fame  time,  ulcers  about  the  body  at  a  time 
when  the  diforder  was  at  its  greated  height,  if  tlicy  had  not  takea 
the  purging  medicine  that  was  ordered.  Tiie  grcatcll  misfortune 
that  attendra  very  young  children,  who  were  very  feverely  feized  by 
this  malady,  confiited  in  the  fpafmodic  contractions  of  the  nerves, 
which  came  on  at  its  firft  commencement,  and  by  which  they  were 
immediately  deprived  of  all  fenfation. 

*  When  the  difeafe  terminated  fatally,  the  tormina  did  not  remit 
after  going  to  ftool,  but  were  every  day  more  and  more  intolerable, 
and  the  ftools  remained  equal  in  number ;  a  hiccough,  at  rime.s  a 
vomiting,  and  fwelling  of  the  abdomen  next  followed,  and  hilly, 
the  cholic  pains  ceafed.  Death  brought  up  the  rear,  (efpecially  with 
them  who  had  drink  freely  of  winef  as  early  as  the  nt:h,  eighth, 
ninth,  and  fourteenth  day,  and  fometimes  larcr. 

*  They  that  in  fevere  cafes,  only  took  medicines  in  the  beginning 
of  the  diftemper,  and  afterwards  laid  them  afide,  were  in  vciy  great 
danger;  and  though  they  took  to  them  ag.iin  in  fix  or  eip.ht  days, 
yet  Itill  they  continued  along  time  ill,  if  ac  length  they  di;i  not  hap- 
pen to  die.  Many  that  tooK  no  medicines  at  ail,  hc'.d  a  •r-jutlc,  but 
tedious  dy fentcry  ;  gripes^  tenefmus,  and  aifo  blood  iiiixod  wiih 
their  excretions,  which  otherwife  had  only  been  iViaiy  ;  g'.t'aJ  weari- 
ncfsin  the  members,  frequent  returns  of  the  cold  fit,  violent  fwcais, 
indigeilion.  aud  pains  in  the  fcoir.ach  from  every  thinrj  they  ate. 
Others  were  haraflcd  with  a  Hying  gojt ;  o:h'.T.s,  arron:;  wJiom  wjre 
likewifc  children,  with  a  dropfy  ;  othjri,  ii«;ain,  \wih  obllinatc 
fwellings  in  the  feet ;  :ind  with  othcrfs,  from  whom  the  evil  fL'cmed 
to  go  away  of  itf.lf,  ilill  remained  a  great  pain  in  the  loins,  and  a 
rheum acifm  in  the  joints. 

*  The  more  favourable  fpccies  of  th?  dyfcntcry,  fhc.vcd  them- 
felvcs  by  an  univcrtal  languor,  a  ihivciiig,  fomc  pjpr.iry  to  vo- 
mit, a  cholic  of  no  very  long  continua-iCv-,  and  niujh  lifi  fr':qtient, 
as  well  as  Icfi  griping  ftools.  The  excrcm-jnts  v»'crc  ior  the  nv»lt  part 
white,  and  their  food  came  away  ur.dij>':lcd ;  the  blood  did  not  ^- 
p?ar  till  after  fomc  days,  or  clfe  the  iikns  of  it  v>c:e  hardly  to  be  per- 
ceived. 

Rav.  Jan.  1772.  C  Some, 


1?  Zjmmcrman'i  Treatffe  on  the  Dyfenteryi 

*  Some,  in  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  epidemy*  efpecially  tEoic^ 
^ho  lived  towards  the  boundaries  of  its  ravages,  were  only  troublecf 
with  a  violent  griping,  which  continued*  five  or  fix  days,  and  fome-' 
times  a  fortnight,  without  purging^  but  rather  a  conitipation  of  the 
belly  :  though  whea  I  had  given  them  fomething  opening,  I  foimdt 
their  excretions  mixed  with  blood  and  white-like  pus.  Such  as  hid^ 
taken  no  medicine  in  thefe  circumAances^  fell  inta  a  moil  dreadfbl 
dyfentery. 

*  Many  had  a  mere  griping  diarrhoea,  which  fiaid'whh  moft  per- 
fons  but  a  few  days,  in  which,  however,  I  found  the  excrements 
frothy,  and  mixed  with  gall.  A  purging  of  this  kind  remained  fix 
weeks  with  a  lad,  to  whom  I  purpofely  gave  no  medicines,  as  1 
hoped,  that  by  means  of  this,  he  would  be  rid  of  a  different  kind  of 
diilemper,  which  returned  upon  him  every  year;  which  accordingly 
happened. 

*  Some  tliat  were  not  attacked  by  the  dyfentery  where  it  had 
raged,  but  had  attended  on  thofe  that  were  fick  of  this  diforder,  or 
lived  in  the  houfe  with  them,  at  the  end  of  the  epidemy  were  plagued 
with  large  boils  on  the  bread,  under  the  arms,  on  the  knees,  and 
legs ;  fome  had  them  on  the  head,  and  over  their  whole  body ; 
many,  indead  of  boils,  had  great  white  bladders :  yet  none  of  thefc 
people  kept  their  beds.' 

The  curative  indications  laid  down  by  our  Author  are,  as 
quickly  as  pofTible  to  expel  the  putrid  matters,  and  to  correft" 
the  tendency  to  putrefaftion.— fhcfe  ends  are  to  be  anfwered 
by  emetics  and  cathartics,  and  by  mild  acids  ufed  as  antifep- 
tics.  The  pains  aro  to  be  relieved  by  foft>  mucilaginous  It* 
quors,  rather  than  opiates. 

'  After  having  given,  fays  Dr.  Zimmerman^  the  vomit  in  iho 
morning,  I  ordered  them  to  fet  out  in  the  afternoon  with  the  fbl^ 
lowing  drink  :  Take  two  ounces  of  barley,  and  boil  them  up  with 
an  ounc^  of  cream  of  tartar,  in  two  pints  and  a  half  of  water,  ttli> 
the  barley  burds ;  then  drain  it  through  a  linen  cloth,  and  fet  the 
liquor  by,  which  will  amount  to  about  a  quart,  to  be  drank  warm 
at  proper  intervals,  during  the  fird  afternoon,  and  the  whole  fuc* 
ceeding  night  throughout.  I  lefiened  the  dofe  of  the  cream  of  tartar 
according  to  the  age  of  the  patient,  though  I  modly  duck  to  the  pro* 
portion  before-mentioned.. 

*  On  the  fccond  day  in  the  morning,  I  gave  to  adults  three  ounces- 
of  tamarinds,  boiled  up  for  the  fpace  of  two  minutes,  with  half  a 
pint  of  warm  water,  and  drained  off;  to  children  two  ounces,  and 
to  very  fmall  infants  one.-  .  This  gently- opening,  medicine  dire£lly 
brought  on  the  flools  more  copioufly  than  be^re,  but  after  this 
their  number  was  generally  diminidied ;  fometimes  the  tormina  went 
quite  away,  but  for  the  mod  part,  were  at  lead  greatly  alleviated. 
A  large  copious  excretion  produced  by  this  medicine,  had  always  aa 
excellent  ed'e6h  Indead  of  tamarinds,  I  fometimes  gave  Sedliz  falts^ 
to  the  quantity  of  one  ounce,  or  an  eunce  and  an  half,  with  the  like 
fuccefs.  During  the  night,  I  repeated  the  barley-water  with  the 
cream  of  tartar.  On  the  third  day,  1  gave  dill  the  umarind  decoc- 
tion,., if  the  malady  was  not  fufiiciently  diminidied ;  otherwife  I  pot 


^immermaiiV  Trntttfi  on  the  Dyfeninji  i$ 

it  off  till  the  fonrth  day,  and  ordered  nothing  farther  in  the  mean 
time,  than  barley-water  with  cream  of  tartar. 

*  I  ^ve  the  peafantj  pretty  often  after  the  emetic,  on  the  after- 
toon  of  the  firft  day,  a  drachm  of  cream  of  tartar,  with  the  like 
qaantity  of  rhubarb  :  the  fame  dofe  in  the  morning  and  evening  of 
tke  iecond  day,  and  the  morning  of  the  third.     Sometimes  1  divided 
this  into  fix  dofea,  and  ordered  the  whole  iix  to  be  taken  by  the 
Ibtirth  day,  while,  at  the  fame  time,  I  prefcribcd  the  barley*water 
in  the  fame  manner ;  I  diminifiied  the  ilofes  like  wife  in  proportion 
to  the  patient's  age.     The  fuccefs  was  not  bad  ;  for,  by  means  of  a 
Tomit  giirea  at  the  beginning,  two  drachma  of  powdered  rhubarb, 
nitfa  the  like  quantity  of  cream  of  tartar,  and  the  common  barley- 
water.  with  an  ounce  of  the  fame  fait,    1  have  done  many  people 
great  fervice  in  three  days  time,  and  have  in  this  manner  even  per- 
feftly  cnred  a  woman  fourfcore  years  old,  of  thR  dyfentery.     By  this 
nnhod,  however,   the  pains  did  not  fo  foon  remit ;   but,  on  the 
coatrary.  grew  much  more  violent ;  which  did  not  happen  when  f 
omitted  the  rhubarb. 

*  The  cream  of  tartar  and  tamarinds  did  not  only  occafion  no 
pun,  but  very  mnch  diminiflicd  it  when  they  proved  fuffic'icr.cly 
purgative.  They  had  alfo  this  advantage  over  rhubarb,  that  by 
means  of  their  acidity,  they  adled  very  powerfully  againll  the  putrid 
fever ;  while,  on  the  contrary,  rhubarb,  except  a  deterfive  and  {^ 
it  appears  to  me)  not  vexy  antifeptic  power,  can  boafl  of  nothing 
more,  than  of  beine  capable  of  contracting  the  fibres. 

'  In  obftinate  and  tedious  cafes,  by  means  of  an  opening  medicine, 
coofiding  of  three  ounces  of  tamarinds,  the  flools  became  lefs  fre- 
quent in  the  very  height  of  the  diforder,  and  the  patients  were  al- 
«rays  relieved.  So  far  from  being  weakened  by  this  purge,  I  per- 
erivcd  that  they  grew  flronger  and  more  alert  than  they  had  been  be- 
Ibre,  when  their  bowels  were  diilended  with  putrid  matter. 

'  In  general,  the  tamarinds  had  a  much  quicker  and  better  efFeft 
than  rhabarb  alone.  So  far  from  caufing  pain,  they  alleviated  it 
very  much,  and,  accompanied  mth  the  cream  of  tartar  during  the 
intervals,  finiflied  the  difeaie  in  three  or  four  days,  even  when  the 
aoack  was  very  violent.  Notwith (landing  the  emetic,  the  ilooJs 
grew  very  copious  and  of  a  bad  appearance  fome  hours  afterwards, 
the  piin$  great,  and  the  wearinefs  of  the  members  very  confiderable. 
Bot  very  often  all  thefe  fymptoms  fuddcnly  vamflted  on  purging  the 
patient  with  tamarinds. 

'  As  fall  as  each  fy mptom  of  the  dyfentery  decreafed,  and  at 
length  vaniflied,  1  perceived  that  the  fever  in  like  manner  decreafed 
andvaniihed.  It  took  a  faft  hold,  and  even  grew  very  confiderable, 
when  the  putrid  matter  was  not  evacuated  in  fufhcient  quantities 
diitfUy  at  the  beginning.  I  made  ufe  of  no  other  remedy  for  it, 
than  thofe  which  I  have  already  indicated.  They  were  fi^fHciently 
capable  of  correding  and  evacuating  the  bilious  matter,  and  thus 
likewife  of  putting  an  end  to  the  k\eT, 

*  After  the  emetic  1  fometimes  too  gave  cream  of  tartar,  rhubirb, 
and  tamarinds  by  turns,  with  good  fuccefs.  But  1  was  guilty  of  an 
error  in  doc  being  content  with  tamarinds,  and  the  other  medicines 
akmei  when  1  had  omitted  the  rhubarb. 

e  2  i  iti 


to  Zimmerman*!  Treatife  on  the  Dyfenteiji 

'  In  general,  at  the  beginning  of  the  dtdemper,  ipecacuanha, 
cream  of  tartar  given  in  great  quantities  with  barley-water,  and  ca^ 
jnarinds,  were  my  principal  remedies,  Againft  the  tormina,  I  made 
ufe  of  chamomile  and  linieed-^tea,  almond- emulfions,  gum-aral»c 
clyfters,  and,  but  fcldom,  and  that  with  the  greateii  cantion,  of 
laudanum.  Towards  the  end  of  the  difeafe,  rhubarb  was  of  iinga*  . 
lar  fervice.' 

The  great  evils  arifing  from  aftringents,  conftipating  medi- 
cines, fpices,  brandy  and  wine,  are  earneftly  reprefented. 

The  remainder  of  this  treatife  is  employed  in  obfervations 
and  more  determinate  conclufions,  refpe£ling  the  diagnofis  and 
cure  of  moft  fpecics  of  the  dyfentery. — The  fpecics  which  our 
Author  chiefly  enlarges  upon,  are  here  pointed  out.    . 

*  However,  we  mud  diflinguifh  from  all  thefe  fymptomadcal 
fpecies,  fuch  as  do  not  depend  upon  another  diforder,  and  of  theft 
only  we  here  treat  at  prefent,  and  ihall  take  four  fpecies  into  confi* 
deration,  though  there  are,  perhaps,  more ;  if  there  be,  however^ 
they  are  but  feldom  feen.  The  moft  ufual  are,  the  fpecies  which 
accompanies  an  inflammatory  fever  ;  that  which  attends  a  bilious  or 
putrid  kvcFf  the  moil  common  of  any  ;  that  which  is  concomitant 
on  a  malignant  fewer  i  and,  laflly,  (if  it  may  be  admitted,)  the 
chronic  dyfentery.' 

The  charaders  of  thefe  four  fpecies  are  thus  marked  out : 

*  An  inflammatory  dyfentery  makes  its  appearance,  at  the  begin*- 
ning,  with  a  very  violent  fever,  a  very  hard  pulfe,  which,  in  other 
dyfenteries,  is  moflly  fmall,  and  but  feldom  (and  that  only  in  the 
progrefs  of  the  ficknefs)  becomes  full ;  an  almoft  continual  and  in- 
tolerable pain  in  the  belly,  which  increafes  on  the  part's  being 
touched,  and  flill  more  after  vomiting;  flools  very  inconflderable 
with  refpedl  to  quantity,  a  head>ach,  red  face,  and  foinetimes  a  dif?- 
tended  abdomen.  A  putrid  dyfentery  difcovers  itfelf  by  a  bitternefs 
in  the  mouth,  that  appears  direflly  on  the  firfl  attack ;  a  vomiting 
of  a  bilious  matter,  which  is  fometimes  alfo  mingled  with  worms,  a 
fhivcring  that  returns  in  the  courfe  of  the  diforder,  the  fometimes 
apparent  flightnefs  of  the  fever,  the  commonly  pale  colour  of  the 
countenance,  the  eafe  that  is  found  after  vomiting,  the  variegated 
colour  of  the  excrements,  and  fometimes  by  the  worms  contained 
in  them.  We  may  always  fuppofe  a  priori  the  prcftnce  of  a  malig- 
nant dvfentery  ;  where  many  people,  flck  of  the  dyfentery,  are 
croudcd  together  in  a  fmall  fpace ;  but  this  diforder  may  likewife 
proceed  from  many  other  external,  as  well  as  internal,  caufes:  its 
lured  pathognomonic  figns  are,  the  quick  approach  of  a  more  than 
natural  weaknefs,  great  anxiety  about  the  pit  of  the  flomach,  a 
heavinefs  in  the  hcnd,  a  wild,  and  yet  at  the  fame  time,  a  dead-like 
look,  fpirits  extremely  dcprcflcd,  or  a  pcrfeft  indiflerence  to  every 
thing  in  the  world,  fitqutnt  flight  convulfions,  a  very  weak  voice, 
a  great  many  fainting  iitf ,  fomenmes  a  miliary  eruption,  patcchise, 
aphthse,  a  very  weak  pulfe,  a  vail  ficknefs  at  the  flomach,  and  the 
other  ufual  fymptoms  in  mslignant  fevers,  wtnch  have  been  above 
related.  The  flow,  or  chronic  dyfentery,  it  maniieft  enough  of 
itrcif,  and  requires  no  defcriptioiu' 

8  For 


Berengef  i  KJiorf  of  thi  At(  of  Horfmanjhip.        ,^\, 

For  the  other  prafiical  obfcrvationsy  and  the  diflferent  me- 
thods of  cure  which  are  adapted  to  the  different  fpecies  of  dy- 
fcnteiy,  wc  muft  reFer  to  the  treatife  itfelf,  which  we  can  aflure 
our  medical  readers  will  be  found  well  worth  their  perufal. 

Dr.  Zimmemnan  is  a  moft  happy  and  judicious  obfcrver  of 
difeafes. — The  prefent  treatife  is  a  very  valuable  work  ;  it  con- 
tains many  important  diftin£tions,  and  ufeful  remarks. — It  is 
not  drawn  up,  however,  with  that  great  accuracy  and  concife* 
nels,  which  are  expected  from  the  pen  of  a  Zimmerman. 

Art.  IV.     Berenger'j  Hiftory  of  the  Art  cf  Hor/emanjbip^  concluded : 
See  our  lail  Month's  Review,  page  468. 

ALTHOUGH  the  art  of  riding  ought  to  meet  with  encou- 
ragementf  yet,  in  its  fulleft  extent,  it  is  proper  that  only 
diftiaguifhed  perfonages,  and  military  gentlemen,  who  ride 
horfcs  of  g;reat  price,  fhould  aim  at  exhibiting  all  the  various 
graces  which  the  equeftrian  figure  is  capable  of  difplaying. 
But,  if  Voltes  and  Caprioles  are  confefTedly  beyond  the  fphere  of 
common  riders,  every  man  who  mounts  a  horfe  ought,  never- 
thelefs,  to  know  enough  of  the  art  to  form  the  creature  to  cor- 
rcA  movements,  and  to  habituate  themfelves  to  fit  eafily,  be- 
comingly, and  fecurely. 

To  the  tranflation  of  Xenophon*s  treatife,  our  Author  has 
occafionally  added  judicious  notes,  to  (hew  the  agreement  or 
improvements  of  modern  horfemanfhip,  compared  with  that  of 
the  time  of  the  Greek  general.  He  particularly  cenfurcs,  in 
fevcre  terms,  the  modern  ignorant,  abfurd,  and  cruel  praiStice 
of  cropping  the  ears,  and  of  docking  and  nicking  the  tails  ; 
thereby  torturing  and  deforming  a  graceful  animal,  and  inhu- 
manly depriving  him  of  the  aid  and  relief  which  the  natural  long 
tail  affords  againft  the  teazing  of  flies« 

In  the  diflertation  on  the  ancient  Chariot,  among  other  curi- 
ous particulars.  Governor  Pownall  gives  an  ingenious  and  na- 
tural folution  of  the  difficulty  that  occurs  in  the  ancient  race, 
when  it  was  exhibited  on  a  Ihort  courfe,  arifing  from  the  un« 
equal  wheelings  of  the  outer  and  inner  chariots,  if  the  fame 
order  was  preferved  in  doubling  the  courfe. 

This  injuflice  be  clearly  (hews  to  have  been  obviated,  by  their 
running  acrofs  between  the  termini^  or  goals,  alternately,  in  the 

form  of  a  figure  of  eight,  as  thus:    (•^!^^^^  by  which 

means  an  equality  was  preferved  among  the  compctitc  r  .  the 
outermoft  on  one  wheeling  being  innermoft  on  the  next,  ai.J  the 
other  chariots  in  proportion. 

In  the  fecond  volume,  we  come  to  the  principles  of  hnrfe- 
luxzihipi  and  firft  Mr.  B,  direS^s  the  nd^:r  to  his  pro^-^cr  feat. 


^ 


Bcrcngcr'j  Hfji&ry  of  the  Art  ofH&rfemanJblp, 


The  following  arc  h\l 


ftn  airtjcle  of  the  titmoll  importance 
inftruftions  on  this  head  : 

.  *  The  principles  and  rules  which  have  hitherto  been  givca  for  tb^ 
feman's  feat  arc  various,  aod  even  oppofite^  according  as  they 
h^en  adopted  by  different  maders,  and  taught  in  diitercnt 
countiics;  al moll  each  mailer  in  particular,  and  every  nauon,  hav- 
ing ccriJn  rules  and  notions  of  their  own.  Let  m  fee,  however,  if 
art  C'M%  difcover  nothing  to  us  that  is  certain  and  invariably  true* 
The  Irall.ms,  the  S^^aniards,  the  French,  and,  in  a  ivord,  every 
country  where  riding  is  in  repute,  adopt  each  a  poiture  which  ist  pe- 
culiar to  themfdves ;  the  foundation  of  their  general  notions  is,  if 
I  tnay  to  fiy,  the  finic,  bu:  yet  each  country  has  prefcrtbed  rulci 
for  the  pjacio^  of  the  man  in  the  {w^6\c.  This  contrariety  of  opi- 
jiions,  which  have  their  origir^  more  in  prejudice  than  in  truth  and 
reality,  has  given  riTo  to  many  vain  rcalbnrags  and  fpcculations, 
each  fyfteni  having  its  follovvers  j  and,  as  if  truth  was  not  always  the 
fiimc  and  unchangeable,  but  at  liberty  to  aifunie  various  and  evea 
<»ppoiite  ap}H;arances,  fomctlnies  one  opaion  prcv..ilcd»  ibmeuaies 
another  d^jizlcd  j  inroniuch,  that  thofe  who  underiiand  nothing  of 
the  fiibjcdl,  bu:  yet  are  deiiroua  of  informing  themfelvcs  by  fc arch- 
ing it  to  the  bottom,  have  hitherto  been  io(t  in  doubt  and  perplexity, 

*  There  is,  neverthelefj  a  fure  and  infallible  method,  by  th«  aflifl- 
anccof  which  it  would  be  ^cry  eafy  to  overturn  all  thcfc  fytlems  ; 
but,  not  to  enter  into  a  necdlef^  detail  of  the  c^travag:;jit  notions 
which  the  feat  alone  has  given  rife  to,  let  us  trace  it  from  principles, 
by  fo  miich  the  more  folid,  as  their  authority  will  be  fuppgrtcd  by 
the  moil  convincing  ati  fclf  cndent  rcaTons. 

*  In  order  to  fuccced  in  an  art  where  the  mcchanifni  of  the  body  i^ 
abfolutcly  neccf^iiry,  and  where  each  part  of  the  body  has  \u  proptf 
fur^iTlions  which  are  peculiar  to  that  part,  it  ii  moll  certain  that  ;iU 
and  c\ciy  part  of  the  body  lhou)d  be  in  a  natural  poiuirc*  Were 
they  in  an  impcrfed  fjtuatioo,  they  would  want  that  cafe  and  free- 
dom which  is  infcparAble  from  grace  ;  and  as  every  motion  which  is 
conlh'aint:d  being  falfc  in  itfelf,  and  incapable  of  juftnefs,  it  i^  clear 
that  the  pirt  io  CQnitrained  and  forced  would  throw  the  whole  into 
Jirord^x,  becaufe  eacli  part  belonging  to,  and  depending  upon  thi; 
whole  body,  and  the  body  partaking  of  the  conltraint  of  its  parts, 
can  never  iecl  that  fixed  point,  that  jail  couutcrpoill:  and  equality,  m 
wiiich  rJonc  a  fine  and  ju(l  execution  coufifts. 

*  It  is  not  fuiTicicnt  then  alone,  in  giving  dircdtioni  for  the  feat^ 
to  k-fcp  altogether  to  trivial  and  common  rules,  which  may  be  fol- 
lowed or  left  at  pleafure  ;  we  ought  to  weigh  2nd  examine  them  with 
ikill  and  jadtitr.ent,  in  order  to  know  how  to  apply  them  properly 
and  fuitably,  m  the  fhapc  and  £gurc  of  the  perlbn  vy  whom  we  un- 
dertake to  give  a  feat  will  allow;  for  many  moiio:;s  an  J  attitudes 
that  appear  t:k{^  and  natural  to  one  man,  in  another  uii  auk  ward 
and  ungraceful,  whence  all  thofe  faults  and  difficultiea  which 
many  perfona  have  been  thought  infuperabic  ;  whereas  a  little  mofi^ 
Jcno.vkdgc,  a  little  clofer  attention,  would  concert,  in  the  fame 
iubjctt,  an  aukward  and  d I fp leafing  apf»earance  into  ancafy,  Daturaf 
«^d  giaccful  figure,    capable  of  drawing  the  eyes  even  of  judgc'^ 

thcimelvffi 


Bcrcnger's  Hifory  efthe  Art  cf  Harfematijhip^  23 

(hemfelves.  Indeed  the  objedls  to  which  a  maRer,  anxious  for  the 
advancement  of  his  pupil,  ihould  attend,  arc  infinite.  To  little 
purpofe  will  it  be  to  keep  the  ilridell  eye  upon  all  the  parts  and 
limbs  of  bis  pupil's  body  ;  in  vain  will  he  endeavour  to  remedy  all 
the  defedks  and  faults  which,  arc  found  in-  the  poflurc  of  almod  every 
fcholir  in  the  beginning,  unlcfs  he  is  intimately  acquainted  with  and 
apprifed  of  the  dofe  dependence  and  connci^ion  thai  there  is  betvveen 
the  motions  of  one  part  of  the  body  with  the  reil ;  a  corrcfpondcnce 
caufed  by  the  reciprocal  adion  of  the  mufcles,  u'hich  govern  and 
dircfi  them  :  unlefs,  theKfbre,  he  is  mailer  of  this  fecrct,  and  has 
this  ckie  to  the  iabyf  inth,  he  will  never  attain  the  end  he  propofcs, 
particularly  in  his  hrll  Icflbns,  upon  which  the  fucccfs  of  the  rell  al- 
ways depends. 

•  Thcfc  principles  being  cflablilhed,  let  us  reafon  in  confcquence 
of  them ;  we  (hall  difplay  them  with  great  force  and  dearnefs. 

*  The  body  of  a  man  is  divided  into  three  parts ;  two  of  which 
are  moveable,  the  other  immoveable. 

'  The  firH  of  the  iwo  moveable  parts  is  the  trunk  or  body,  down 
to  the  waift ;  the  £bcond  is  from  the  knees  to  the  feet ;  fo  that  the 
xexDaining  immoveable  part  is  that  between  the  waill  and  the  knees. 

'  The  parts  xhen  which  ought  to  be  without  motion,  are  the  fork 
cr  twift  of  the  horfeman  and  his  thighs ;  now,  that  thefe  parts  ihould 
be  kept  without  motion,  they  ought  to  have  a  certain  hold  and 
center,  if  I  may  fo  fay,  to  reft  upon,  which  no  motion  that  the 
horfe  can  make  can  difturb  or  loofen  ;  this  point  or  center  is  the 
ba£s  of  the  hold  which  the  horfeman  has  upon  his  horfe,  and  is  what 
is  called  the  ^at :  now  if  the  feat  is  nothing  elfe  but  this  point  or 
center,  it  mull  follow,  that  not  only  the  grace,  but  the  fymmetry 
and  erne  proportion  of  the  whole  attitude  depends  upon  thofe  parts 
of  the  body  that  are  immoveable. 

'  Let  the  horfeman  then  place  himfelf  at  once  upon  his  twift,  fit- 
tbg  exa£Uy  in  the  middle  of  the  faddle ;  let  him  fupport  this  podure 
ia  which  the  twift  alone  fecms  to  fuilain  the  weight  of  the  whole  body, 
by  moderately  leaning  upon  his  buttock  ;  let  his  thighs  be  turned  in- 
ward, and  reil  flat  upon  the  iides  of  the  faddle;  and,  in  order  to 
this,  let  the  turn,  bf  the  thighs  proceed  direi^tly  from  the  hips,  and 
let  him  employ  no  force  or  iirength  to  keep  himfelf  in  the  faddle, 
but  tnifb'to  the  weight  of  his  lx)dy  and  thighs ;  this  is  the  exacl 
cqoilibre  ;  in  this  coniills  the  firmnefs  of  the  whole  building,  a  firm- 
Bsis  which  young  beginners  are  never  fenfible  of  at  fird,  but  which 
is  to  be  acquired,  and  will  always  be  attained,  by  exercife  and 
pradice. 

*  I  demand  but  a  moderate  flrcfs  upon  the  buttocks,  becaufe  a  man 
that  fits  full  upon  them  can  never  turn  his  thighs  flat  upon  the  faddle ; 
and  the  thighs  ihould  always  lie  flat,  becauie  the  fleihy  pare  of  the 
thigh  being  infenflble,  the  horfeman  would  not  otherwife  be  able  to 
feel  the  motions  of  his  horfe ;  1  infill  that  the  turn  of  the  thigh 
Awald  be  from  the  hip,  becaufe  this  turn  can  never  be  n'atural,  but 
ii  it  proceeds  from  the  hollow  of  the  hip-bone  ;  I  infill  further  that 
the  horieman  never  avail  himfelf  of  the  flrength  or  help  of  his 
lUghs,  becaafe,  befides  that  tbev  would  then  be  lefs  fleady,  the 
dflSu*  he  prciTed  them  to  the  faddle,  the  more  would  he  be  lifted 

C  4  abovf 


i%  Berengcr'x  Hijhrj  of  the  Art  of  H^rfemanjhip^ 

above  ihc  fadd!c ;  and  with  rcfpcfl  to  his  buttocks  and  thighs,  he 
ought  :i)wuys  to  be  in  the  middle  of  the  faddle,  and  fit  doMrn  fuiJ 
and  clofe  up6nit* 

*  Having  thus  firmly  placed  the  immoveable  parts,  let  us  pafs  on 
to  the  firil  of  the  Mavcabhs,  which  is,  as  I  have  already  obferve<J» 
ihc  body  or  trunk,  as  far  as  to  the  waift.  I  comprehend  in  the  body, 
or  trunk,  the  head,  the  (boulders,  the  breall,  the  arms,  the  hands^ 
the  reina,  and  the  wailt  of  the  horfeman. 

*  The  head  fhould  be  free,  firm  and  eafy,  in  order  to  be  ready  for 
all  the  naturrJ  motions  that  the  horfeman  may  make  in  turning  it  to 
one  fide  or  the  other*  It  fhould  be  firm,  that  is  to  fay,  ftrait,  with- 
out leaning  to  the  right  or  left,  neither  advanced  nor  thrown  back  ; 
it  (hould  be  eafy,  becaufc  if  oiherwife,  it  would  occafion  a  iUCacfa, 
ind  that  ftiffhcfs  affecting  the  different  parts  of  the  body,  efpecially 
ihc  back-bone,  they  would  be  without  eaft,  and  conllrained. 

*  The  Jhoulders  alone  influence  by  their  motions  that  oftliebreai(» 
the  rein  J  and  the  wairt. 

*  The  horfeman  (hould  prefcnt  or  advance  his  bread  ;  by  that  his 
ivholc  figure  opens  and  difplays  itfelf :  he  (hould  have  a  I'mall  hollow 
in  his  reins,  and  pufh  his  waift  forward  to  the  pommel  of  the  faddle, 
becaufc  this  pofuion  correfponds  and  unites  him  to  all  the  motions 
ofthchorfe.  Now  only  throwing  the  ihoulders  back,  produces  all 
thcfc  efftils,  and  gives  them  exad-Uy  in  the  degree  that  is  requiiitc  } 
whereas,  if  we  were  to  look  for  the  particular  poijtion  of  each  pan 
fcparatcly,  and  by  itfelf,  without  examining  the  connexion  that 
there  is  between  the  motions  of  one  part  with  thofc  of  another, 
there  would  be  fuch  a  bending  in  his  reins,  that  the  horfeman  would 
be,  if  I  may  fo  fay,  hollow-badied  ;  and  as  from  that  he  would  force 
his  bread  forward,  and  his  waift  towards  the  pommel  of  the  faddle, 
hje.  would  be  Hung  back,  and  mull  fit  upon  the  rump  of  the  horfe. 

*  I  he  arnu  fliouM  be  bent  at  the  clbovvs,  and  the  elbows  ftiould 
?cft  cqunlly  upon  the  hips ;  if  the  arms  were  ftraight,  the  confe- 
quence  would  be,  that  the  hands  would  be  infinitely  too  low,  or  at 
much  C!*o  great  a  iJittancc  from  the  body  ;  and  if  the  elbows  were 
not  kept  ilcady,  they  wouki  of  confequencc,  give  an  uncertainty^ 
and  ficklenefs  to  the  hand,  fufficient  to  ruin  it  for  ever, 

*  his  true  that  the  BridUAx^n^,  is  that  which  abfolutely  ought  to 
b<»  fteady  and  immoveable;  and  one  might  conclude  from  thence, 
tliiit  the  left  elbow  only  ought  to  reit  upon  the  hip  ;  but  grace  con- 
iitts  in  I  he  cjcuiSt  proportion  and  fymmetry  of  all  the  pans  of  the 


ih 

bu 


it 

ar. 


avc  the  arm  on  one  ii^^  raifed  and  advanced,  and 
r  kept  down   nnd  clofe  to  the  body,  would  prefcac' 
id  and  difagret^ublc  appearance, 

which  detcruiincs  the  fituation  of  the  hand  which  holds 
^c  lefc-hind  bcin^  cf  :in  equal  hclghth  with  the  eJbow  ; 
knuckle  of  the  little  finger,  and  the  tip  of  the  elbow  be 
inc  ;  this  hand  then  biing  rounded  neither  too  much  nor 
LiUt  jujl  fo  that  the  wrill  may  dirc«^  all  ic5  motions,  place 
iiand,  or  the  whip- hand,  lower  and  more  for>^ard  than 
and*  It  ftiould  be  lower  than  the  other  hand»  becaufe  if 
a  Ic'vc!  wiih  it,  it  would  rcilrain  orobilru(:l  it*  motions}; 
10  be  higher^  as  it  cannot  take  io  great  a  compafs  as  thf 

biidlf^ei 


Bcrengec'i  Hiftorf  rfthe  Art  ofH9rfi$panfitpk  a$ 

loikidle-liand,  which  muft  always  be  kept  over  againft  the  hoifeman's 
body ;  it  is  abfolutely  neceflary  to  keep  the  proportion  Of  the  elbows^ 
that  it  ihoald  be  lower  than  the  other. 

*  The  legs  and  feet  make  up  that  fecond  divifioH  df  what  I  caU 
the  moveable  parts  of  the  body. 

*  The  legs  ferve  for  two  pnrpofes ;  they  may  be  ofed  as  aids  or 
corredions  to  the  animal.  They  fiiould  then  h^  liLfpt  near  the  fides 
of  the  horfe,  and  in  a  line  with  the  man's  body ;  for  being  near  the 
part  of  the  hoHe's  body  where  his  feeling  is  moft  delicate,  they  arp 
ready  to  do  their  office  in  the  inflant  they  are  wanted. 

'  Moreover,  as  they  are  an  appendix  of  the  thighs,  if  the  thigh 
is  npon  its  flat  in  the  faddle,  they  will  by  a  neCefTary  confequence 
be  tamed  j  aft  as  they  ought,  and  will  infallibly  give  the  fame  tarn 
to  the  feet,  becanfe  the  feet  depend  upon  them,  as  they  depend  upon 
the  thighs. 

'  The  toe  fhonld  be  held  a  little  higher  than  the  heel;  for  the  lower 
the  toe  is,  the  nearer  the  heel  will  be  to  the  fxles  oi  the  horfe,  and 
jnuft  be  in  danger  of  touching  his  fiank.  Many  perfons,  notwith- 
ftanding,  when  they  raife  their  toe,  bend  and  twilt  their  ankle,  aa 
if  they  were  lame  in  that  part.  The  reaibn  of  this  is  xtry  plain  ;  it 
is  becaufe  they  make  ufe  of  the  mufcles  in  their  legs  and  thighs, 
whereas  they  fliould  employ  only  the  joint  of  the  foot  for  this  pur« 
pofe  ;  a  joint  given  by  nature  to  facilitate  all  the  motions  of  the  foot, 
ind  to  enable  it  to  turn  to  the  right  or  left,  upwards  or  downwards. 

*  Such  is,  in  (hort,  the  mechanical  difpofuion  of  all  the  parts  of 
the  horfeman's  body.  I  will  enlarge  no  farther  upon  a  fubjed  treat- 
ed on  already  (b  amply  by  t\CTy  writer ;  it  is  needlefs  to  write  what 
has  been  already  handled.  I  have  had  no  other  defign  in  this  chapter, 
than  to  give  an  idea  of  the  correfpondence  that  there  is  between  all 
the  pans  of  the  body,  becaufe  it  is  only  by  a  jufl  knowledge  of  this 
mutual  relation  of  all  the  different  parts,  that  we  can  be  enabled  to 
prefcrib;:  rules  for  giving  that  true  and  natural  feat,  which  is  not 
only  c.^e  principle  of  juilnefs,  but  likcwife  the  foundation  of  all 
grace  in  the  horfeman.' 

Mr.  B.  then  treats  of  breaking  colts  to  the  bitt  and  faddle^ 
and  of  the  feveral  exercifes  and  airs  proper  to  be  taught  them : 
and  we  were  particularly  pleafed  to  find  him  occafionally  re- 
commending gentle  treatment,  and  cautioning  the  lider  againft 
paffionate  corredtions.  There  is  great  addrefs  required  ia 
breaking  and  exercifing  a  horfe  with  judgment ;  and  it  is  to  be 
lamented  when  he  fails  into  inconfidcrate  and  brutlih  hands* 
Such  teachers,  if  a  horfe  does  not  at  once  comprehend  and 
obey  what  is  required,  will  ufe  him  unmercifully ;  and  thus 
both  teacher  and  fcholar  are  equally  rendered  incapable  of 
knowing  what  they  are  about.  On  the  contrary,  a  cool  judi- 
cious mailer  will  take  care  to  difcompofc  himfcif  and  the  horfe 
as  little  as  poilible.  In  the  manege,  as  in  every  other  art,  there 
are  many  circumdances  to  be  attended  to,  and  as  our  conft* 
rierate  Author  cbferves,  the  (Jifobedicnce  of  a  h<.ilc  does  not 
always  fprin^  fjpiu  obliinac/  pr  rcftiyencfs ;    a  couVV\tui\oi\.A 


5t5  Bercngtr^s  Hiflory  of  the  Art  of  Horfimanfi^ip, 

iiniitners  for  fo|ne  airs  he  is  put  to,  or  the  inconflderate  con* 
dud  of  his  tcacbaCj.  are  very  often  (he  caufes  bf  what  is  attri- 
l>uted  to  a  flubborjiiie£(jX>f  dirpo(^U|9>n.  Indeied,  c^onQilfrijQg  the 
jodd  tricks  the  maf^igedLborieis^roy.e  to,  perforin^  the  animal 
is  much  to  be  admiitd  for  proviog;iQ:.tn)&able  as  we  find  hioi  i 
^and  there  is  nionftrous  barbacity  in  ufihg  ill  Jki  fine  a  creature, 
of  whofe  powers  we  fo  greatly  avail  ourfehres. 

At  the  clofe  of  the  voluiney  Mr.  B. 'Acknowledges  that  he 
derive  the  rules  of  the  manege,  principally  from  Mohf.  fiour- 
jgelat. 

The  methods  and  fafhions  of  this,  like  every  other  art^^  alter 
according  as  impiovements  are  difcovered,  and  indeed  often  as 
liumour  djdates,  which  has  great  afcendance  over  us,  and  leads 
us  inccfraiiUy  in  the  fearch  of  variety  :  hence  the  Duke  of  New«> 
xaftle's  magnificent  treatife  and  fyftem  is  in  a  great  oiealiire 
grown  obfolcre,  and  the  work  now  before  us  rendered  neceflary. 
No  reformations  can  juftly  be  cenfured  that  tend  to  fimplify 
any  art,  and — if  we  might  dai:e  to  hazard  an  opinion  without 
dani^cr  of  the  lajb^  we  (hould  be  inclined  to  doubr,  whether 
one  half  of  what  is  taught  in  the  riding- fchool  has  any  con« 
nexion  with  utility. 

What  cur  Author  fays  of  bitts,  which  he  treats  of  diftinfljy 
at  the  end  of  the  laft  volume,  appears  to  merit  peculiar  atten- 
tion, at  Icaft  in  our  opinions,  who  are  difpofed  to  think  favour- 
ably of  any  attempts  to  lighten  the  hand  of  fcverity  over  a 
faithful,  willing  Jcrvant.  The  following  extrad,  from  this 
part,  is  therefore  gladly  given  with  the  fanflion  it  bears. 

*  Tiic  proiligious  varic:y  oi  Bitts  which  were  ufed  in  former  times, 
Joudly  procldm  the  difHculty  of  adapting  thefc  machines  to  the 
piouihs  of  hor!cs,  fo  as  to  anAvcr  the  wifties  of  the  rider;  for  aU 
though  much  vvantonnefs  was  indulged  in  the  iuveotion  of  >^  ffonx* 
and  of  fuch  llrangc  forms,  the  greater  part  of  them  mufl  nevertheiefs 
be  confidcred  as  purely  calculated  for  the  fervice  of  the  horfeman, 
wMle  the  prodigious  number  of  them»  and  the  difference  of  their 
figures  and  dimeniions,  prove  the  uncertainty  of  the  means  em* 
ployed. 

'  To  form  a  conjedore  of  the  intentions  of  the  ancient  horfemen 
^m  the  bitts  they  ufedy^ey  feem  to  have  had  little  more  in  view 
than  to  awe  and  command  the  horfcs  by  force  and  violence,  fo  as 
to  be  mailers  of  them  at  all  events ;  and  the  bitts  which  they  pot 
into  their  mouths,  and  the  Cavtfins  over  the  no(e,  plainly  confefs 
that  they  placed  all  their  hopes  in  the  fcverity  of  their  tools,  and 
the  flrength  of  the  hand  which  held  them  ;  whife  all  fenlibility  in 
the  horfe,  and  exadnefs  and  delicacy  in  the  man,  were  either  dif- 
regarded,  or  unknown.  Thefe  reproaches,  however,  are  now  no 
more,  and  the  prefent  times  are  fo  enlightened,  as  to  poflefs  the  art 
of  bitting  horfes  in  its  fblleft  extent,  and  to  be  able  to  difplav  it  in 
its  utmolt  force,  purity,  and  elegance :  unfortunate  and  miftaken  at 
;he  fame  tin;e !   For  (he  Sitt^  with  all  its  imprpvemeAts  and  boaile4 

virtues* 


BercngerV  Hiflory  of  the  Art  of  Horfetnanjhlp.^  ay 

virtues,  can  never  operate  fo  as  to  reconcile  R'eftrdmt  with  Liberty^ 
raijt  and  bend  2X  the  fame  time,  fb  as  tq  drav^  up,  and  place  the 
horfes  bead  and -neck  in  a  poftnie  which  mtiHf^ftAi re  him  to  be  upoi| 
ills  haunches,  without  BoHit^^  liowcvcr,  or  tarnihg  his  Najl-  upward, 
bat  mpropoitioji  to  his  mtdaire  and"  mould,  keeping  the  mouth 
coot-and  freOi,  and  enablinfr  the  horfe  to  perform  his  bufinefs,  be  it 
what  it  will,  with  that  freedom,  brilliancy,  and  juilice,  which  con* 
itituce  the  perfediofi  of  boriemanihip  ;  unlefs,  perhaps,  in  the  in* 
iUoccs  of  a  few  horfes,  which  may  be  fo  pcrfcdi  in  mind  and  body, 
as  to  be  properly  called  the  Phccnixcs  of  their  kind. 

*  An  hombler,  plain,  and  hitherto  defpifed  inftrument,  can 
neverthelefs  do  the  feat;  and  that  with  fuch  certainty,  readinefs, 
and  cafe,  that  to  prefer  a  Biff  to  it,  feems  to  be  as  llrange,  as  to 
make  ufe  of  the  huge,  complex,  and  intricate  machine,  called  by 
the  ingenious  Hogarth^  a  new  Invention  to  draw  a  cork  out  of  a 
bottle,  in  (lead  of  a  common  Scren*} ;  than  which,  in  a  good  hand^ 
nothing  can  be  more  ciFedual. 

*  This  ioftrument  is  called  the  Snaffle  ;  ^nd  if  ever  there  was  a 
Panacea^  or  univerfal  medicine,  the  Snaffle  is  one  for  the  mouths  of 
horfes ;  it  fuits  all,  it  accommodates  itfelf  to  all,  and  cither  £nds 
tijem  good,  or  very  fpeedily  makes  them  fo ;  and  the  mouth  once 
madtf  will  always  be  faithful  to  the  hand,  let  it  ad  with  what  agent 
it  will.  This  bridle  can  at  once  fubjeft  the  horfc  to  great  rcftraint^ 
or  indulge  it  in  cafe  and  ft-ccdom  ;  it  can  place  the  head  exactly  a« 
the  horfcman  likes  to  have  it,  and  work  and  bend  the  neck  and 
flHMilders  to  what  degree  he  plcafes.  He  can  r::ife  the  head,  by 
holding  up  his  hand ;  by  lowering  it,  will  be  brought  down ;  and 
if  he  chules  to  fix  and  confine  it  lo  a  certain  dccrree,  he  mud  ufe  for 
this,  as  well  as  for  the  purpofe  of  henUingy  double  Reins^  that  is,  two 
on  each  fide  ;  the  ends  of  which  muil  he  faltcncd  in  a  llaple  near  the 
pommel  of  the  faddJe,  or  to  the  Cinbsy  higher  or  lo^er,  as  the 
mouth,  propoitions  of  the  horfe,  and  his  manner  of  going  require; 
and  if  properly  meafured  and  adjuUcd,  they  will  form  and  command 
the  hori'e  io  clfedually,  as  in  a  great  degree  to  palliate  many  im- 
pcxfedions  of  the  mouth,  and  many  faults  in  the  mould  and  figure. 

*  The  reins  thus  fattened,  or  even  one  only,  for  the  fake  of  work- 
ing one  jaw  and  fide,  will  operate,  more  or  Icfs,  as  the  Branches  do 
10  a  biu,  and  the  fnaiiie  will  almoll  be  a  Bitt,  a  Bridon^  a  caveibn, 
ahd  martingcil  in  one.  When  the  horfeman  would  bend  his  horfe, 
he  mufl:  pull  therein  of  th?t  fide  to  which  he  is  going,  and  lengthen 
that  of  the  oppofite,  that  they  may  not  countera«^  c«ich  other.  No- 
thing will  awaken  a  dull  mouth,  and  bring  it  to  life  and  feeling, 
fo  loon  as  this  bridle.  If  the  mouth  is  hard  and  callous,  the  iron 
fnould  be  twifled  fo  as  to  havie  a  fort  of  edge,  which  will  fearch  the 
lips,  ai.d  when  they  will  permit,  the  Bars ;  and  if  gently  moved, 
cr  drawn  from  fide  to  fide,  keep  the  mouth  frcih  and  cooJ.  If  the 
t^jiiftedy  or  rough  fnafiie  is  thought  too  harlh,  and  the  hand  not  fkiU 
ful  enough  to  moderate  its  eftcds,  a  fmooth  fna^e  may  be  ufed ; 
or  if  a  bit  of  linen  be  wrapped  round  the  twilled  fnaffle,  it  will  make 
it  eafy  and  fmooth,  and  the  mouth  once  made  £ne  and  delicate,  will 
be  true  to  its  feelings,  will  obey  the  Snaffle,  and  follow  tVvc  Vi;itui 
V^ith  as  much  cxa^tads  aad  prccHon  as  thv  £i*i  kaows  to  demand* 


jtS  Whilakcr*^  f^Jcry  of  Manchejfir. 

but  with  more  freedom  and  boldnefs  than  it  ever  can  allow.  Nor 
need  the  Aiiis  of  the  horfeman  be  ruder,  or  more  apparent,  than 
^hen  uiing  a  bitt ;  for  if  the  horfe  be  quick  in  bis  feeling,  has  a 
siovth  well- worked  and  feafoned,  and  is  adive,  fupple,  and  willing, 
that  is  to  fay,  be  compUuij  drtjfedj  the  rider  may  turn  and  wind  him 
at  pleafurc,  with  as  much  grace,  eafe,  and  fecrcfy  as  the  btit  can 
lioa^.  To  conclude,  the  Bitt  is  certainly  more  graceful,  and  the 
loric  appears,  when  furniflicd  with  it»  to  more  advantage ;  it  like- 
wHie  is  more  flrong  and  coercive  than  the  Snaffie-y  but  its  power  caik 
be  wanted  only  in  the  circumftances  of  hard  mouths,  and  rude  handsy 
where  mere  violence  is  preferred  to  gentlenefs  and  art ;  as  in  the  in- 
iance  of  coach- horfes,  and  many  others,  under  the  management  of 
common  grooms,  and  other  ignorant  people. 

*  To  fuch  perfons  1  do  not  addrefs  this  diCcourfe ;  yet  I  conld  tell 
fbcm,  if  they  wifh  to  know,  that  it  is  the  mouth  alone  in  which  they 
fikould  put  their  truth,  and  not  in  the  flrength  of  their  arms,  nor  in 
the  rigour  of  the  bitt ;  and  when  this  is  formed,  and  reduced  to  a 
joft  temper,  and  the  hand  knows  how  to  play  upon  it,  they  will  find» 
that  not  only  a  Snaffle^  but  even  a  Ribband,  or  Packthread  will  be 
lofficient  to  guide  and  controul  the  animal  in  all  its  motions.  The 
mouth,  therefore,  being  made,  and  without  it  there  can  be  no  riding, 
the  SnajgU  will  be'as  effedual  as  the  bitt,  and  in  all  other  particulars 
jH^reatly  fuperior  to  it ;  while  it  flands  doubly  valuable  and  recom- 
snendcd  from  the  plainnefs  and  fimplicity  of  iss  compofition,  and 
iota  the  eafe  and  readinefs  with  which  it  may  be  ufed.* 

The  firft  volume  is  decorated  with  nine  plates,  bcfide  the 
cixiblematic  frontifpiece,  which  is  a  centaur,  dcfigned  to  illuf- 
trate  the  hiftory  of  ancient  horfcpianfhip.  7'he  fecond  volume 
has  fix  plates,  exclufive  of  a  frontifpiece  \  in  thefe  are  dcfcribed 
the  art  of  working,  or  training  horles  by  the  hand,  by  methods 
which  have  the  fanftion  of  Mr.  Berenger's  very  refpe^able  and 
fufficicnt  recommendation. 

Art.  V.  Thi  Hifiory  of  Mancbefier.  In  four  Books,  By  John 
Whitaker,  B.  D.  F.  S.  A.  and  Fellow  of  C.  C.  C.  Oxford. 
4to.     15  s.  Boards,     Dodiley,  &c.     17710 

THE  Hlftory  of  Manchefter  is  here  attempted  (as  the 
Author  informs  us  in  his  Preface)  on  a  plan  which  ap- 
peiared  to  him  the  only  rational  fcheme  for  a  work  of  antiqui* 
ties.  He  (ketched  it  out  fix  or  feven  years  ago;  and  he  has 
))ad  the  patient  refolution  (as  he  declares]  to  work  upon  it 
(cver  fince.  The  whole  is  divided  into  four  Books,  containing 
9$  iQaOT  periods, — the  Britiih  and  Roman- Britlfli, — the  Saxon, 
— the  Danifli  and  Norman-Danilh, — and  the  Modern.  Of 
ihefe,  tYitfirJi  only  is  here  prefented  to  the  public. 

The  Reader  is  told  not  to  expeft,  in  this  work,  merely  the 
private  hiftory  of  a  fingle  town,  but  whatever  curious  parti- 
culars can  with  propriety  be  conncfted  with  it.  *  Whatevc^r 
ferves  to  UlMilr^te  the  general  aati^uities  of  (he  kingdom  or  the 

CQunty^ 


Whitakcr'x  Hijiory  of  Mamltfier.  29 

county,  whatever  ferves  to  mark  the  general  polity  of  our 
towns,  whatever  ferves  to  lay  open  the  caufes  and  the  circum* 
fiances  of  any  momentous  events  that  a(FeA  the  interefts  of 
Mancheftcr^  ail  thefe  the  Author  propofes  to  examine,  to 
afcertain  the  doubtful,  to  retrench  the  falfe,  and  to  clear  up 
the  obfcure  in  them/ 

He  «tfo  promifes  to  exert  his  heft  endeavours  to  fix  the 
pofition  of  tit  the  Briti(h  tribes,  and  to  define  the  extent  of 
all  the  Roman  provinces  in  the  ifland;  as  well  as  to  inveftigate 
the  firft  commencement  of  our  prefent  towns,  and  to  trace 
back  Manchefter  and  various  others  to  the  rude  ftations  of 
the  Britons  in  the  woods.  By  a  new  argument  he  hopes  to 
lay  opeR  the  whole  fyftem  of  polity  eftabliflied  among  the 
Britons,  and  to  follow  the  commencement  of  our  domeftac 
oeconomy  up  to  its  earlieft  origin.  He  farther  promifes  ^  at* 
tentively  to  mark  the  progrefs  of  the  Roman  genius  on  the 
fubjedion  of  the  Britons,  in  planting  fortrefles  and  coitftr«i&- 
ing  roads,  in  order  to  command  the  country;  in  erediog; 
towns  and  introducing  civility,  in  order  to  humanize  the  na- 
tives.*  r*  He  wilhes  to  catch  the  general  appearance  of  the 

ifland,  the  county,  and  the  town,  as  it  varies  in  the  fever  J 
ftages  of  their  biftories.  He  defigns  to  delineate  the  gradual 
progrefs  of  the  arts,  and  to  trace  the  fuccelHve  growth  of 
civility  in  alL  And  he  propofes  to  mark  the  public  and  the 
private  manners  of  every  period,  as  they  rife  before  him. 

Thus  has  the  ingenious  and  elaborate  Author  endeavoured, 
by  a  judicious  diftribution  of  general  difquifitions  and  digrei^ 
fionary  narratives,  throughout  the  work,  to  prevent  that  dif- 
gufting  uniformity,  and  to  takeoff  that  unincerefting  iocality, 
which  almoft  neceifarily  refult  from  the  merely  private  annals 
of  a  Angle  town. 

Chap.  I.  opens  with  an  aflfertion  that  '  no  doubt  has  ever 
been  ftartcd  concerning  the  well-known  claim  of  Mancheftcr 
t.>  the  character  of  a  Roman  ftation,' — under  the  dcnominatiaa 
of  Mancunium.     But  the  origin  of  this  Mancunium  is  not, 
in  Mr.    Whitaker's    opinion,   Roman,    but   Bricifh.      This 
jiame  therefore  muft  probably  have  been  communicated  to  the 
f:tc    by    the  Britons,    before    the   Romans    conftruSed   their 
ftation  upon  it;  as  it  fignifies  a  fortrcfs  or  town,  he  fays,  in 
the  language  from  whence  it  is  derived,  which  (hews   the  fite 
of  this   R%  man  ffation  to  have  been  previoudy  the  area  of  « 
l^ritilh  town  or  fortrcfs.     In  thcfe  cafes,  he  thinks,  the  Ro- 
mans ufually  continued  the  original  Britifh  names,  only  foften- 
ing  them  to  the  Roman  ear  by  giving  them  a  Roman  termi- 
nation.— In  the  prefent  Caftle-iicld,   the  fite  of  the  Roman 
Caftrum,   prcvioufly  ftood  a  Britifli  town,    diftinguiibed   (as   . 
Mr.  W,  aflcrts}  among  the  Britons  of  this  region  b^   tVvt 


jO  WhitakcrV  Hi/l^ry  of  Manchtfler. 

general  appellation  of  Man-cenioit,  or  the  Place  of  Tcft<r.- 
— The  dimenfions  of  Mancenion  are  ftill  very  difcernible^ 
having  filled  the  whole  area  of  the  prefent  Caftle-field,  except 
the  low  fwampy  part  of  ft  on  the  weft,  aino<Unting  to  up- 
wards of  twelve  acres.  Terminated  by  the  Medlock  on  tl»ef 
fouth,  fouth-eaft,  and  fouth-weft;  it  was  botmded  on  th6 
caft  by  a  foffee,  on  the  weft  by  the  prefent  lofty  bank,  and  on 
the  north  by  a  broad  ditch.  The  natural  advantages  of  ther 
river  and  the  bank  would  he  great  inducements  to  iAtSt  this 
particular  fituation ;  but  the  principal  one  feems  to  have  been» 
that  its  pofition  on  a  gentle  declivity  to  the  fouth  would  give  its 
inhabitants  the  whole  refledted  warmth  of  the  fun>  which  the 
coldnefs  of  our  clinrate  required;  and,  furrounded  as  the 
Britifli  fortrcflcs  then  were  by  the  hovering  damps  of  the 
neighbouring  woods,  fuch  a  pofition  feems  to  have  been  <lic- 
tated  by  prudence;  and  fuch,  he  adds,  were  moft  of  the  Bri<* 
tijQi  fortrefles  mentioned  in  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus* — This 
feems  to  have  been  the  ftate  of  the  Britifh  Mancenion,  and  the 
condition  of  the  country,  when  the  Romans  firft  advanced  into 
Lancafliire.  But  in  vain  did  it  prefent  to  their  arms  the  fteep^ 
mound  of  its  rivulet,  the  rifing  eminence  of  its  bank,  or  the 
broad  extent  of  its  deep  ditch.  About  the  year  79,  Juliutf 
Agricola  entered  the  country  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army, 
to  whom  the  Siftuntii  and  their  more  northern  neighbours 
were  obliged,  after  ^me  unavailing  efforts,  to  fubmit. 

Chap.  2.  The  Siduntii  of  Lancalhire  being  fubdued  in 
79,  Agricola  fet  aboat  eflablifhing  forts,  and  planting  gar** 
rifons,  in  I'everal  parts  of  their  country;  one  in  p^ticularr  at 
Mancunium.  But  the  area  of  this  Roman  caftrum,  we  are 
informed,  was  much  fmaller  than  the  compafs  of  the  Britifh 
town,  upon  the  fite  of  which  it  is  fuppofed  to  have  been 
erc6ted:  the  one  containing  near  13  acres,  and  the  other  in-* 
eluding  little  more  than  five.  The  ncw-erefted  fort,  however, 
retained  the  name  of  the  old  one;  Mancenion  betn^g  only 
changed  into  Mancunium. 

in  this  chapter,  befide  a  detail  of  the  manner  of  conftru(ft-A 
ing  the  Roman  caftrum  in  the  Caftle-field,  as  minute  and  cir* 
cumftantial  as  if  the  Author  had  fuperintended  the  workmen, 
we'have.alfo  an  account  of  feveral  urns,  altars,  and  coins, 
that  have  at  diirerent  times  been  found  about  the  ftation ;  but 
few  of  the  latter  feem  to  have  been  uncommon, 

Mr.  W.  informs  us,  (chap.  3,)  that  in  the  year  1757  the 
fcience  of  Roman  antiquities  ^  received  an  extraordinary  illu- 
mination' from  the  difcovery  of  a  work  which  contains  a  cu<» 
rious  account  of  Roman  Britain,  and  exhibits  a  new  Itinerary 
for  the  whole  of  it.  And,  what  enhances  the  value  of  the 
work,  this  Itinerary  is  faid  to  be  more  ancient  than  that  of 

Antonine^ 


Whiiakcr'i  Hijhry  of  Mancbifler:  ^ 

Antoniae,  as  well  as  more  cxtenfive  and  circumftantiaT.  Ic 
appears  to  have  been  colleAed,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  b^ 
one  Richard,  a  native  of  Cirencciier,  buc  a  nrunk  of  Weli:^ 
minfter.  Whence  the  v(^hole  colledion  was  made  v¥e  arc  noe 
fuficftBtly  informed ;  though  the  itinerary  in  particular  is  AiJ,' 
by  Richard  bimfelf,  to  have  been  collected  from  feme  remains 
of  records  drawn  up  (betwixt  the  years  138  and  170)  by  aucha* 
rity  of  a  Roman  general;  whom  Mr.  W.  conjcdares  to  havs 
been  i/ollius  Urbicus,  governor  of  Britain  under  Antoninus 
Pius. 

Thefe  invaluable  remains  were  in  the  moft  imminent  danger  of 
periihing  for  ever,  bad  not  Mr.  Bertram,  an  £n^i(h' gentleman, 
fortunately  difcoveved  the  manufcript  at  Copenhagen  in'  1747^ 
A  copy  having  been  tranfmitted  to  the  late  Dr.  Stukelcy,  he 
publilned  a  tranilatioa  of  the  Itinerary  part  witb  a  comment, 
m  1757;  and  in  tho  fubfequent  year  the  whole  work  was 
printed  at  Copenhagen,  and  a  few  copies  fent  to  England  as 
prefeots.— Our  Author  having  frequently  referred,  in  thc^ 
courfe  of  bis  work,  to  this  Itinerary  of  Ricardus  Corinenfisy 
has  fubjoined  it  to  his  hiftory,  together  with  the  parallel 
parts  of  Antonine's  celebrated  Itinerary,  that  one  may  illudrate 
the  other.  He  hath  alfo  annexed,  in  diftinft  columns,  the 
inodem  places  correfpondent  to  each  ancient  nanie,  as  ailigned 
by  Gale,  Horfeley,  and  Stukeley. 

Under  the  guidance  of  Richard's  and  the  other  Itinerary, 
with  the  occafional  affiftance  of  Ptolemy,  the  Notitia,  and 
Ravenms,  our  Author  proceeds  to-  point  out  the  fites  of  the 
Roman  fbtions  in  general  within  the  county  of  Lancafter, 
and  others  bordering  upon  it,  as  well  as  to  trace  the  roads 
which  extend  betwixt  them. 

In  the  hiftory  of  the  Roman  people,  he  remarks,  <  there  are 
few  particulars  which  fo  ftrongly  bttray  their  native  grandeur  of 
IbttI,  as  the  roads  which  they  profecuted  over  all  the  ample  ex- 
tent of  their  empire.'  Though  the  Romans,  doubtlef&,  found 
many  roads  previoufly  laid  out  for  public  ufe,  yet  thefe,  he 
thinks,  were  fcarce  likely  to  anfwer  all  their  exigent jes.  They 
therefore  conftruSed  new  ones,  two  of  them  indeed  in  the  line 
of  two  ancient  Britifli  ways,  (the  Watling  and  Ikcning  (Ireets) 
and  perhaps  others ;  but  aH  upon  plans  better  calculatc;d  for 
convenience  and  duration.  Mr.  W.  is  of  opinion,  that  thefe 
loads  were  not  carried  on,  as  is  frequently  imagined,  by  the 
ibldiery,  but  that  the  Romans  were  merely  the  dire£lors,  and 
that  the  more  laborious  employ  was  impofed  upon  the  natives  ; 
which  feems  no  improbable  conje£lure. 

It  has  been  queftioned  by   antiquarians,  whether  the  Na- 
tions or  the  roads  of  the  Romans  were  prior  in  time.      And 
Aough  no  determination  bath   hitherto  been  given  to  \Yi\ft 
2  queftion^ 


32  Whitaker'f  Hifiory  §f  Mancbeflen 

queftion,  jret  the  decifion  of  it  appears  to  be  very  obvious  ta 
Mr.  W«  who  abfolutely  affirms^  that  *  the  ftatioDS  were  £yr-^ 
tainfy  prior  ;*  and  that  the  roads,  being  only  the  channels  (rf*- 
communication  between  them,  could  not  (well)  have  been 
conftruded  till  after  the  peace  of  the  country  (wherein  the 
fiations  were,  fixed,  probably,  during  the  conqueft  of  it)  was 
tolerably  fettled.  The  Roman  n>ad  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Caftle- field,  ihe  fite  6f  ancient  Mancunium,  <  was  cut  down 
from  the  fur£aice  to  .the  bafe,  in  1765,  and  the  materials  of  it, 
we  are  told,  lay  plainly  diftinguifhed  from  the  natural  eraveL 
of  the  ground  by  the  melted  bricks  and  brdceh  niilt-ftones 
which  were  found  incorporated  with  them*  It  appeared  tQ 
be  conftru£led  with  a  Arong  gravel  mingled  with  large  boulderai 
and  .rocky  fragments.  The  whole  road  was  about  fourteen 
yards  in  breadth,  and  a  yard  and  an  half  in  depth.' — From 
Mancunium  he  traces  this  road  to,  and  determines  (what  be 
efteems)  the  genuine  fite  of,  Cambodunum,  originally  fixed 
at  Almondbury,  and  fince  removed,  by  Horfeley,  to  Gretland- 
moor.  But  the  former  lying,  he  thinks,  too  much  to  the* 
ibuth,  and  the  latter  equally  too  much  to  the  north,  of  the 
vifible  Roman  road,  Mr.  W.  declares  he  has  at  laft  been  for«> 
tunate  enough  to  difcover  the  ground  whereon  to  fettle  this 
long-loft  town,  which,  be .  now  fixes  at  a  place  called  Slacks 
in  the  townfliip  of  Longwood,  and  parifli  of  Huthersfield,  in 
Yorkfhire.  Here  he  found  four  dofes  called  the  Yeld  Fields, 
(/.  ^.  the  Eald  or  old  fields)  adjoining  to  the  track  of  the  Ro- 
man road  from  Mancunium,  and  at  the  proper  diftance  froih 
thence.  In  thefe  fields  many  large  foundations  of  buildings 
have,  been  difcovered,  compofed  of  ftrong  ftone  and  mortar. 
Alfo  a  great  quantity  of  bricks,  (apparently  Roman)  urns^ 
bones,  coins,  and  feveral  other  things,  particularly  a  Roman 
altar,  now  in  Mr.  Whitaker's  own  pofTeiTion,  a  figure  of 
which,  and  the  infcription,  are  given  in  a  plate. — >Thefe  re« 
main;  appearing  to  be  what  he  fuppofes,  he  exultingly  concludes, 
in  the  genuine  fpirit  of  antiquarianifm,  *  Thus  have  we  clearly 
{bund  what  induftry  has  vainly  toiled,  and  genius  has  inefEi^iSlually 
fchemed,  to  difcover  through  the  long  extent  of  a  century  and 
an  half,  the  real  lite  of  Cambodunum.' 

The  pofition  of  Condate  hath  alfo  embarraflTed  the  antiquar 
rian  critics  \  fettled  originally  at  Congleton,  it  has  fince  been 
fixed  at  or  near  Northwich ;  but,  according  to  this  wricei',  it 
was  neither  at  one  nor  the  other,  but  at  Kinderton  in  Chefhire. 
For  the  reafons  however  of  this  change,  which  appear  plaufible 
enough,  we  muR  refer  to  the  work  itfelf. 

Chap.  5.  is  employed  in  pointing  out  feveral  other  Roman 
ftations^  and  tracing  the  roads  of  communication  betwixt 
them.    In  thefe  refearche^  pur  Author  fometimes  differs  froo) 

preceding 


WhitakcrV  Hiflinj  of  Manchtfter.  3  J 

^recedin^  writers :  For  inftance,  though  Baxter  fuppofcs  the 
PcrtMS  Stjluntitrum  to  have  been  the  mouth  of  the  Merfey,  and 
Stukdey  fixes  it  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lune,  yet  Mr.  W.  deems 
them  both  miftaken,  and  agrees  in  opinion  with  Horfeley,  that  it 
rauft  hire  been  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kibble :  « And  from  the  great 
fingufau-ity  of  the  name  which  the  Romans  conferred  upon  ir. 
The  Hakbour  of  Lancashire,  it  appears  to  have  been  the 
odly  river  in  the  county  which  was  employed  as  an  harbour  by 
diem.  Faffing  throuen  the  center  of  the  Sifluntian  country, 
and  opening  with  the largeft  mouth  into  the  Tea,  the  Romans 
naturally  preferred  it  to  the  Merfey  or  the  Lune,  and  made  it 
the  one  port  for  the  county  of  Lancafter.' — But  it  was  then, 
he  obferves,  a  much  more  confldernble  acftuary  than  it  is  at 
preient;  for  he  acknowledges  *  that  it  now  affords  a  much  worfe 
harbour'  than  either  of  the  laft-mentioned  rivers. 

Chap.  6.  opens  with  the  following  judicious  remarks.-* 
*  Thefe  are  the  Roman  roads  that  courfed  from  Mancunium  to 
the  neighbouring  ftations.  And  fuch  as  they  are,  they  muft 
ftare  in  the  great  admiration  and  the  high  praife  which  anti- 
quartans  have  beftowed  upon  the  roads  of  the  Romans  in  genc« 
ral.  But  furely  thofe  critics  have  been  too  lavifh  in  their 
eulogiums  upon  them.  Antiquarianlfm  is  the  younger  fifter  of 
biftny,  lefs  fcdatc  and  more  fanciful,  and  apt  to  become  ena- 
moured of  the  face  of  time  by  looking  (o  frequently  upon  it. 
But  let  not  this  be  the  condud  of  her  fobercr  difciples.  Let 
not  the  fenfible  antiquarian  difgrace  himfclf'and  his  profeflion 
by  admiring  greatly  what  is  merely  ancient,  and  by  applauding 
fondly  what  is  only  Roman.  The  pencil  of  age  mav  juftly  be 
allowed  to  throw  a  fliade  of  refpedablenefs,  and  to  difFufe  even 
an  air  of  venerablencfs,  over  the  produflions  of  very  ancient 
^t*  And  we  may  appeal  to  the  native  feelings  of  every  fen- 
fible beholder  for  the  truth  of  the  obi'crvation.  Hut.  this  is  all 
that  can  be  allowed  to  the  mere  i;iflucncc  of  time.  And  the 
antiquarian  that  once  overfteps  this  reafonable  limit,  facrlHces 
the  dignity  of  fentiment  to  the  dreams  of  anciquarianifm,  and 
gi'.'cs  up  the  realities  of  hiftory  for  the  fahles  of  imai;ination.' 

The  Cqftra  /Eftiva^  or  fummcr-camps  of  the  Romans,  were, 
he  obfcrvcs,  a  requifite  addition  to  their  retiuiar  fta:ions.  *  As 
the  latter  were  generally  fixed  upon  the  fouthcrly  flope  of  an 
bill  or  bank,  they  were  well  calculated  for  the  kecnnefs  of  ouc 
winters,  and  as  ill  for  the  warmth  of  our  fummers.  The  Ro- 
mans therefore  naturally  conftrui^ed  an  additional  camp  for 
their  ftation  in  the  fummer.*  For  this  purpofc,  he  fuppofes 
they  neceflarily  felc(^ed  fomc  fitc  in  the  ncignbcurhood  of  the 
regular  Itation,  which  was  fully  open  to  the  north.  Such  was 
apparently  the  general  reafon  fi)r  wh'ch  the  Romans  conftrudcd 
their    fummer«camps,   and   iuch   the  general   principle  upon 

RiV.  )jj).  1^/2.  JJ  Y?\uO\ 


34  Whitaker'j  Hijlory  of  Manchejltr. 

which  they  feleded  the  proper  pofitioos  for  them^  On  (his 
principle,  *  a  fummer-camp  was  abfolutcly  necefiary  at  ^^buw 
cunium,  as  the  warm  beams  of  fummer  are  uDCommbi^  fer* 
vid  and  fcorching  upon  the  flope  of  the  Caftle-field.*— To  the 
queflion,  <  But  where  would  the  Romans  moft  probably  fettle 
the  fummer  ftation  ?*  Mr.  W.  replies,  Its  real  ute  appears  to 
hs^e  been  pretty  near  to  the  rcHular  (lation^  about  a  mile  to 
the  north  of  it,  and  is  nr^w  the  hte  of  the  Collegiate  Church, 
and  other  buildings.  ^  This  (he  immediately  ados)  is  infimutf 
the  prtfpereji  fite  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  that  caQ  pretend 
to  attradi  the  notice  of  the  enquiring  antiquarians/  This  is 
abfolutily  the  only  fite  in  the  vicinity  of  the  (Nation  that  couU 
pretend  to  attra£l  the  notice  of  the  examining  Romans/ 

With  refpc£l  to  the  number  of  troops  kept  up  here,  it  is 
fuppofed  by  Horfcley,  '  that  the  Roman  garriCon  in  Britain, 
during  the  fecond,  third,  and  fourth  centuries,  amounted  only 
to  three  legions,  the  fixth  Victorious,  the  twentieth  Valeriaa 
and  Victorious,  and  the  fecond  Auguflan,  and  the  auxiliaries 
regularly  attendant  upon  them.  And  with  this  fuppofition  the 
Hiftory  of  Dio,  the  Geography  of  Ptolemy,  and  the  Itinerary 
of  Antonine,  feem  all  to  concur,  as  they  all  mention  thdc 
three  and  only  thefe  three  legions  to  be  lefident  in  the  iiland. 
This  number  of  legions,  as  appears  from  the  complement  of 
a  Angle  legion  during  thofe  centuries,  which  was  61 06  foot 
and  726  horfe,  and  from  the  dated  pr<>portion  of  the  auxiliary 
to  the  legionary  troops,  which  was  equal  in  the  infantry  and 
double  in  the  cavalry,  muft  have  contained  about  36,600  foot 
and  6,534  horfe.' — *  But,  thus  confidered,  three  legions  and 
their  auxiliaries  are  plainly  infufficient  for  the  purposes  of  gar« 
rifoning  the  ifland.'  The  Rations  mentioned  in  the  Itineraries 
arc  not  fewer  than  14c,  but  rather  more,  even  after  the  Ro« 
i|)ans  had  retired  to  the  valium  of  Antoninus,  and  had  aban* 
doned  all  the  ftations  from  Invernefs  to  the  Friths.  But  it 
would  be  evidently  ridiculous  to  diflribute  a  body  of  about 
43,000  men  into  140  principal  ftations,  as  fuch  a  diftribution 
could  ^  allot  only  307  for  a  flation,  and  its  attendant  caftelleu;' 
-7-and  each  ftation  is  fuf  pofed  to  have  had  fcvcral  fuch  depen- 
diant'Upon  it. 

flrtie  garrifon  therefore  of  each  ftation,  with  its  caftellets, 
Coiild  not,  Mr.  W.  thinks,  have  been  lefs  than  400  efie£^ive 
men:  and,  even  upon  this  diipofition,  the  total  amount  would 
have  been  56,000.  But  ij^iuch  greater  number  probably  re- 
fidcd  in- the  kingdom,  as,  during  the  difperfion  of  the  reft,, 
fpme  confiderable  bodies  muji  have  been  kept  together,  the 
rnore  ^e£tually  to  overawe  the  conquered  Britons  within  the 
walls,  and  the  unconquered  without.  ^  And  fuch  bodiea, 
%Aually  appear  to* have  been  thus  kept  tog^ether,  one  large  corpt 

l>cing 


WhitaterV  Htjiory  of  Manchcfler.  35 

teiflg  quartered  ac  York,  another  at  Chefter,  and  a  third  at 
Caerleon  in  Monmouthfhire.  This  being  the  cafe,  there  mujl 
Certainly  have  been  more  than  three  legions. within  the  ifland :' 
and  the  pofitive  teftimorty  of  Jofcphus  aflurcs  us,  th:it  in  the 
rrign  of  Vefpafian  there  were  foier.  The  account  of  Richard, 
as  well  as  feveral  infcriptions  that  have  been  difcovercd,  ^nce 
^hat  there  were  more  afterwards.  Infcriptions  have  been  tounJ 
in  Wales  which  clearly  exhibited  the  name  of  the  tenth  legion  5 
and  to  this  we  may  add  the  feventh,  or  Claudian  >egion,  which 
was  fettled  iat  GlOucefter,  where  it  muji  have  remained  for  a 
toniiderable  period,  as  the  town  was  denominated  from  it  Clau^ 
Sut/hria,  Thus  zxtfiue  legions  difcovered  to  have  been  refiJent 
within  the  ifland;  two  additional  to  the  number  fuppofcd  by 
Horfeley. 

Chap.  7. — *  Regularly  as  the  Romans  extended  t^cir  con- 
quers in  the  ifland,  they  appear  equally  to  have  erected  (larions 
for  themfelves,  and  to  have  conftrudted  cities  for  the  Hritnns.' 
— •  By  this  means  the  progrefs  of  their  arms-  was  diftindily 
•marked  by  the  progrefs  of  cultivation,  and  the  face  of  the 
country  gradually  brightened  up,  as  the  line  of  their  conqucfls 
mdvanced.* — As  the  Romans  prevailed,  they  carried  along  with 
them  all  the  ufcful  refinements  of  civil  life.  •  Thefe  they  intro- 
duced,  not  with  the  godlike  defign  of  foftening  the  rough 
genius  of  Lahcaftiire,  and  of  difFnfing  the  fvvccts  of  focial 
iappinefs  among  its  inhabitants,  but  merely  to  promote  the 
little  porpofes  of  their  own  felfifh  policy.  That  eternal  wif- 
dom  however,  which  gave  all  the  central  regions  of  the  globe 
to  the  Romans,  and  gave  them  for  reafons  worthy  the  great 
Father  of  Humanity,  direftcd  *  the  low  cunnini;  of  man  to 
his  own  exalted  ends,  the  higher  cultivation  of  the  rational 
powers*  and  the  better  propagation  of  the  fyllem  of  redeeming 
benevolence.' 

Aericola  fubdued  Lanca(bire  in  79,  and  immediately  or- 
dered ftationary  forts  to  be  crefted.  This  was  neceflarily  the 
firftobjeA  of  his  attention  :— The  fccond  h?.d  a  dcf'per  reach 
and  more  permanent  confcquences.  Aduatcd  by  principles  of 
policy,  he  exerted  all  his  addrcfs  to  invito  the  Siduntii  fromi 
their  original  habitations  amidft  cxtcr.fivc  forelis  and  ma'fhes 
(where  thev  mi5»ht  have  kept  up  fome  kir.d  of  indepenHency) 
to  a  common  rcfidencc  in  tovvn?*,  and  his  aiidrefs  picvailed. — 
Such  was  the  firft  commencement  of  the  preftnt  towns  of  Laii- 
caflllre  in  general,  and  of  Manrheller  in  panicu]:^r. 

The  rife  of  Manchclier  is  thus  dcrcil-^ed:  *  The  town  was 
originally  conftruded,  not  as  the  old  central  parts  of  it  nre  now 
pkntfJ^  at  the  diftance  nearly  of  a  mile  from  the  Caft\c-fic\A, 
but  in  the  more  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  ftation.     "No 
mdiiiao 'bowevcr  sWccruins  the  particuJiir  fite.     In  ihc  vicvmtv 

D  2  o« 


S6  Jones*x  Grammar  of  the  Pirpan  Languagu 

of  a  great  town,  and  in  a  multiplicity  of  commercial  avodl* 
tions,  little  attention  is  generally  paid  to  the  remains  of  aati- 
.quity,  or  to  the  whifpers  of  tradition  concerning  them/ 

But  there  is  a  Ymall  diftrid  adjoining  to  Uie  Caftle-field, 
which  is  frequently  mentioned  in  records,  and  denominated 
Ay)PORT  or  Old  Borough.  '  Within  the  compafs  of  this 
dilTriiSl  mti/i  the  town  have  originally  ftood.  And  a  little 
fold  of  houfes  remains  in  this  diftrid  to  the  prefent  period^ 
which  carries,  in  all  the  records  of  the  place,  the  adlual  appel- 
lation of  Aldportton,  or  Old  Boroueh-Town :  though, 
'  from  fome  conftrtkdions  made  here  about  forty  years  ago  by  a 
gentleman  of  the  name  of  Hooper,  the  old  appellation  has  beea 
popularly  altered  into  Hooper-ton.  On  the  ground  therefore 
contiguous  to  thefe  houfes  mu/i  the  town  have  been  originally 
plantid.  And  betwixt  the  Caftle-field  and  the  fold  is  an  area 
of  1 6  or  17  acres,  which  was  certainly  the  original  area  of  the 
ancient  Manchefter.* — And,  as  a  proof  thereof,—*  the  foil  of 
the  fouthern  part  of  this  area  is  abfolutely  one  great  body  of 
adventitious  earth,  fragments  of  bricks,  pieces  of  hewn  ftones, 
ard  remnants  of  urns.  Huge  blocks  of  a  millftone-grit  have 
been  recently  dug  up  within  the  circuit  of  the  area  with  their 
mortar*  firmly  adhering  to  them:  and  the  whole  level  of  the 
ground  appears  to  have  been  traverfed  with  ftreets  of  regular 
pavement  in  a  variety  of  direSions  acrofs  it.'—-*  Such  was  the 
fpot  which  Agricola  feleded  for  the  town  of  Mancuniuro, 
And  fuch  was  the  commencement  of  a  town  that  was  to  be- 
come fo  confpicuous  afterwards,  to  lengthen  out  into  fair 
ftreets,  and  to  open  into  graceful  fquares,  to  contain  aflembled 
thoufands  within  her  ample  circuit,  and  to  extend  her  varied 
commerce  beyond  the  barriers  of  the  ocean/ 
[To  be  concluded  in  our  wat/.] 

Art,  VI.  A  Grammar  of  the  Perfian  Language.  By  William  Jones. 
Efq;  Fellow  of  Univerfify  College,  Oxford.  4to.  10  s.  6d.  in 
Boards      W.  and  J.  Richardfon.     1771. 

MR.  Jones obferves,  in  his  preface  to  this  Grammar,  that 
the  Perfian  language  is  rich  and  elegaiu,  that  it  has 
been  fpoken  for  many  ages  in  the  politeft  courts  of  Afia,  and 
that  a  number  of  admirable  works  have  been  written  in  it  by 
hidorians,  philoibphers,  and  poets,  who  found  it  capable  of 
expreGing,  with  equal  advantage,  the  moft  beautiful  and  the 
mod  elevated  fentimcnts. 

*  Mort/7r  is  the  name  of  a  warlike  inflrument  for  throwing  bombs, 
but  the  matter  ufed  to  cement  (lones  in  building  (hould  be  wrote 
IWort/r.— This  remark  may  perhaps  appear  trivial  to  sl  common  reader i 
^i$i  A  //US  ea/jguarian  is  expelled  to  attend  to  fach  minutia. 

8 


Jones'i  Grammar  of  the  Ptrftan  Language,  jy 

Every  candid  Reader  may  fatisfy  himfelf  with  refpeS  to  the 

truth   of  (his  aflcrtion,  by  pcrufing  a  difiertation,  lately  pub- 

jlrflied  by  tblJ  ingenious  Writer*  on  OrUntal  Lit/r4ih4re\  and  of 

Lvrhich  we  have  given  a  very  ample  account  in  the  forty-fourth 

Dlume  of  Qur  Review,  p.  425. 

As  the  Perflan  language  is  nch  and  etegant,  and  as  the  EiiS- 
m  writers  have  diltinguiihed  thtmfelve^  in  their  Mltorical, 
bilofophical,  and  poetical  wiitings,  it  mufl  appear  Orange  to 
ftany  of  our  Readers  that  the  ftuJy  of  the  Pejfic  fliould  be 
I  little  cultivated  at  a  time  when  the  tailc  for  general  and  difi^'u- 
ifC  learning  feems  fo  univerfally  to  prevail  ;  and  that  the  lite* 
iry  productions  of  a  celebrated  nation  ftiould  remain  in  nia- 
jiufcript,  on  the  (helves  of  our  public  libraricSi  quite  negkded 
vcn  by  men  of  taftc  and  learning  ! 
Our  learned  Author  has  fug^cfted  a  variety  of  caufes  which 
ivc  concurred  to  obftrudl  the  progrcfs  of  Eaflcrn  literature  : 
veryjuftly  rcprefents  the  general  ignorance  of  the  Oriental 
inguages  as  one  great  fuurce  of  the  neglect  of  the  Afiatic  wri- 
tt%*  borne  will  not  be  convinced  that  there  iii  any  thing  va- 
iibte  in  tbefe  languages,  and  others  diflike  chcm  btrcaufe  they 
not  underhand  them*  But  the  moft  obvious  rcafon  for  the 
gle£l  of  the  Perfian  tongue»  is  the  great  fcarcity  of  books 
tiich  arc  neceflary  to  be  read  before  the  knowledge  of  it  can 
perfectly  acquired.  Our  Author  indeed  obfcrvcs,  that  we 
ivc  many  Perfian  books  prcferved  in  the  different  libraries  of 
Europe,  but  that  they  are  exhibited  more  as  objefls  of  curiofity 
ban  as  fourccs  of  information  ;  and  are  admired  like  the  cha- 
ftd^ers  on  a  Chinefe  fcreen,  more  for  their  g:jy  colours  than 
for  their  meaning.  What  pity  !  nay,  what  a  ihame  is  it,  that 
proper  perfons,  under  public  patronage,  arc  not  employed  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  to  give  us  editions  ^x\d  liberal  traofla- 
tions  of  the  moA  valuable  and  ufeful  manufcripis  extant  in  thofe 
univerfuics. 

Thus,  while  the  writings  of  Greece  and  Rome  a  e  ftudied, 
a«d  diffufe  a  general  refinement  through  our  part  of  the  world, 
the  works   of  the  Perfians   (a  nation   ccjtiilly  diftingui/hed    \\\ 
ancient  hlftory)  are  either  wholly  unknown  to  us,  or  confi- 
ileicd  IS  entirely  deititute  of  tailc  and  Invention. 
B  If  is  affo  remarked  by  Mr.  Jones,  that  the  progrefs  of  Oricn- 
Kl  literature  has  not  only  been  checked  by  the  ignorant^  but 
Bkrwife  by  thofe  of  the  learned,  who  have  confined  iheu  fiutlies 
■I&  the  minutiae  of  verb;i1  criticifin,    miftuking  reajing  for  learn- 
Pug,  'M\d  fatisfying  themfelves  with  running  over  a  great  num- 
bcf  of  manufcripts,  in  a  fuperficial  manner,   withnuc  conde- 
l^ending  to  be  ftopt  by  their  difficulty,  or  to  dwell  upon  ihcit. 
Bpaaty  and  elegance. 


38  Joncs'i  Grammar  ofth  Pirfian  Langmge^ 

He  gives  due  praife  indeed  to  the   unwearied   induftry  c^ 
thofe  who    have  compiled  grammars  and  di£Uonaries  in  the* 
Kaftern  languages;  but  he  obferves,  tha^  fuch  learned,  men 
would  have  gained  an  higher  reputation  if  they  had  contributed, 
to  enlighten  the  v^ft  temple  of  learning,  inftead  of  fpending; 
their  lives  in  adorni  g  only  its  porticos  and  avenues.     He  alfo 
juftly  obferves,  that  the  total  inienfibility  of  commentators  and* 
critics  to  the  beauties  of  authors  they  prolefs  to  illuftrate,  )iat 
contributed  not  a  little  to  check  the  prngrefs  of  Eaftern  learn-? 
ing;  and,  he  adds,  ^  it  is  a  circumflance  equally  unfortunate 
that  men  of  the  mod  refined  tafte,  and  the  brighteft  parts,  are. 
apt  to  look  upon  a  clofe  application  to  the  (ludy  of  languages  ^ 
as  inconfiftent  with  their  fpirit  and  genius  :  fp  that  thq  fl^te  bf  i 
letters  feems  to  be  divided  into  two  claffes,  men  of  learning, 
who  have  no  tade,  and  men  of  tafte  who  have  no  learning.' 
We  are  afraid  that  the  number  of  the  latter  is,  greater  in  the  ' 
prelent  age  than  it  was  in  the  laft ;  though  we  muft  obferve, 
at  the  fame  time,  that,  it  had  been   happy  for  the  republic  of . 
letters,  if  the  literati  of  the  lad  age  had  been  as  didinguifhea « 
for  their  tade  as  for  their  learning. 

Anothci  citufc  which,  our  Author  apprehends,  has  operated  . 
more  llrongly  than  any  before  mentioned  to  the  prejudice  of  ^ 
Oriental    literature,    is  the    fmall    encouragement    whicii.  the , 
princes   and   nobles  of  Europe  have  given  to  men   of  letters. 
*  It  is  an  indifputable  truth,  fays  he,  that  learning  will  always 
flpurifh  mod  where  the  amplcft  rewards  arc  propofcd  to  the  , 
indudry  of  the  learned  ;  and   that  the  mod  fhining  periods  it)  : 
the  annals  of  literature  are  the  reigns  of  wife  and  liberal  priaccs^ 
who  know  that  fine  writers  are  the  oracles  of  the  world,  from- 
whofc  tedimcny  every  king,  datcfman,  or  hero,  mud  expeft 
the  cenfnre  or  approbation  of  poderity.     In  the  old  dates  of  . 
Gicece  the  highed  honours  were  given  to  poets,  philofophers,  . 
and  orators;  and  a  fingle  city  (as  an  eminent  writer  *  obferves) 
in  the  memory  of  one  man  produced  more  numerous  and  fplen- 
did  monuments  of  human  genius,  than  m.od  other  nations  have 
afforded  in  a  courfe  of  ages/ 

Here  our  Author  takes  occafion  to  mention,  with  becoming 
praife,  the  munificence  and  liberality  of  the  Ptolem'-cs  in  Egypt,  , 
r^f  Augiijim  in  Rome,  of  the  Caliphs  in  Afia,  and  of  that  of  the 
illudrious  family  o^ Media ,  who  allured  to  Florence  the  learned 
Greeks  whom  the  Turks  had  driven  from  their  country;  ia 
confequcnce  of  which,  a  general  light  fucceedcd  to  the  gloom 
which  ignorance  and  fuperdition  had  fpread  over  Europe.  Our 
Author  laments,  however,  that  this  li:;ht  fcems  to  have  been 

gradually 


Joncs'j  Grammar  of  the  Peyjian  Language.  3^ 

gradually  decaying  for  the  laft  century  ;  he  thinks  that  it  grows 
very  fiint  in  Italy  ;  that  it  feems  to  be  wholly  extinguiOied  in 
Yiuict ;  And  that  whatever  fparks  of  it  remain  in  other  coun- 
tries, they  are  confined  to  the  clofets  of  modeft  men,  and  are 
not  generally  feen  enough  to  have  their  proper  influence. 

Mr.  Jones  regrets  that  the  nobles  of  our  days  feem  to  be  in- 
fenfible  of  the  value  of  learning,  and  the  many  advantagies 
which  the  ftudy  of  polite  letters  would  give  to  pcrfons  of  emi- 
nent rank  and  high  employments ;  that  they  facrifice  that  leifure 
to  unmanly  pleaUirrs,  or  ufelefs  diverfions,  which  they  might 
rationally  fpend  in  the  ftudy  of  police  tetters,  and  in  improving 
their  knowledge  by  convcrfing  with  the  grcateit  llatefmcn,  ora- 
tors, and  philofophers.  He  does  juflice,  at  the  fame  time,  to 
the  character  of  one  foreign  nobleman  :  *  I  take  a  Angular 
pleafure,  fays  he,  in  confeffing  that  I  am  indebted  to  a  foreign 
nobleman  for  the  little  knowledge  which  I  have  happened  to 
acquire  of  the  Per(ian  language,  and  that  my  zeal  for  the  poetry 
and  philology  of  the  Afiatics  were  owing  to  his  converlation, 
and  to  the  agreeable  correfpondcnce  with  which  he  fiill  honours 
ok/ 

Our  Author  juftly  obferves,  that  as  learning  in  general  has 
met  with  little  encouragement  in  the  prefent  age,  ftill  lefs  may 
be  expeded  for  that  branch  of  it  which  lies  fo  far  removed 
from  the  common  path  ;  and  that  if  pains  and  want  be  the  lot  of 
a  fcholar,  the  life  of  an  Oricntalift  muft  certainly  be  attended 
with  peculiar  hardfbips.  In  fupport  of  this  remark,  he  cites 
the  cafe  of  Meninfki,  whofc  labour?  immortalifed  and  ruined 
him  :  he  laments  that  the  celebrated  Hyde  did  not  meet  widr 
fuitable  encouragement  to  promote  the  projefls  he  had  formed 
for  advancing  the  interefts  of  Oriental  learning,  and  that  the 
learned  Gentius  lived  obfcurely  in  Holland,  and  died  in  mjfery, 
Monf.  D'Herbelot  is  indeed  an  exception,  for  he  was  not  only 
entertained  in  Italy  by  Ferdinand  the  Second,  duke  of  Tuf'cany, 
with  that  uncommon  munificence  which  always  diflin/^uiihcd 
the  family  of  Medici,  but  alfo  enjoyed  the  fiuits  of  his  labour, 
in  an  honourable  and  eafy  retirement,  by  means  of  the  iiludrious 
Colbert ;  *  but  this,  adds  Mr  Jontrs,  is  a  rare  example  :  the 
other  princes  of  turope  have  not  imitated  the  duke  of  Tufcany  ; 
and  Chriftian  VII.  was  refcrved  to  be  the  protedor  of  the  Eaft- 
cm  mufes  in  the  prefent  age/  Thus  Orient al  learning  has 
been  neglefled  till  their  intereft  and  emolument,  as  our  Author 
juRIy  obferves,  pointed  out  to  the  nations  of  Europe  the  real 
and  folid  importance  of  a  competent  knowledge  of  th;:  lan- 
guages of  the  Eaft. 

The  Perfian  tongue  was,  by  an  amazing  revolution,  intro- 
duced into  India,  fo  that,  at  prefenr,  it  u  not  only  the  \j^u- 
guagc  of  the  courts  but  nlfo  of  the  mer^iliants  in  ^^^x  pait  ol 

D  4  l\^fc 


40  Jones'^  Gramnar  of  the  Pirfian  Language. 

the  world  :  hence  the  importance  of  the  knowledge  of  the  Pbr* 
fian  tongue  to  the  £aft-India  Company,  and  confequentiv  ta 
Great  Britain,  muft  appear  in  the  moft  ftriking  fight.  Tnere 
are  important  affairs  to  be  tranfa<3cd  between  us  and  nations 
to  whom  we  were  unable  to  convey  our  fenuments.  The  fer- 
vants  of  the  Company  daily  received  letters  which  they  could 
not  read ;  they  at  the  fame  time  found  it  tedious,  and  evea 
dangerous,  to  employ  the  natives  as  interpreters.  Hence  thqr 
difcovered  the  abfolute  neceffity  of  applying  themfelves  to  the 
ftudy  of  the  Perfian  language.  The  treachery  of  Poniapa,  the 
linguift  to  the  Engllfli,  during  the  war  in  theCaroatic  in  1745s 
plainly  demonftrated  how  neceflary  it  was  for  the  India  Com- 
pany to  have  their  own  fervants  acquainted  with  the  languages 
of  India,  and  particularly  the  Perfic. 

Mr.  Jones  farther  informs  us  in  his  preface,  <  That  with  a 
view  to  facilitate  the  progrefs  of  Oriental  literature,  he  had  re« 
diiced  to  order  the  following  inftrudions  for  the  Perfian  lan« 
guage,  which  he  had  colleded  feveral  years  ago ;  but  would 
not  prefent  his  Grammar  to  the  public  until  he  had  confidem* 
biy  enlarged  and  improved  it.'  He  modeftly  adds,  that  he  luu( 
endeavoured  to  lay  down  the  cleared  and  moft  accurate  rules 
which  he  has  illuftrated  by  fele£t  examples  from  the  moft  ele- 
gant writers.  In  this  refpecl  undoubtedly  he  merits  the  higheft 
praife  and  encouragement  of  the  public.  It  muft  be  allowed 
that  he  has  contributed,  in  a  great  degree,  to  facilitate  the  ac- 
quificion  of  the  Perfic,  by  giving  a  very  clear  and  difti^dl 
view  of  its  genius  and  conltitution  m  the  declenfion  of  nouns, 
pronouns,  and  verbs,  and  bf  illuftrating  and  confirming 
his  rules  by  examples  extraded  from  a  variety  of  the  beft 
writers  in  that  language.  He  has  particularly  (hown  the  for- 
mation of  the  tenfes,  and  illuftrated  their  proper  fignification 
by  a  number  of  examples  from  the  beft  Perfian  writers,  fo  that 
his  Grammar,  on  this  account,  muft  prove  very  ufeful  to  every 
ftudenc  of  that  language. 

He  proceeds  to  give  us  a  rational  account  of  the  feeming  ir* 
regularities  in  the  Perfian  verbs.  The  imperative  mood,  which 
is  often  irregular  in  the  modern  Perfian  was  anciently  formed 

from  the  infinitive  by  rejefling  the  termination  ^j<-\{  ieJtrt. 
*  For  originally,    to  ufe  his   words,  all  infinitives  ended    in 

(^<3  rUn^  till  the  Arabs  introduced  the  harfli  confonants  before 
that  f)  liable,  which  obliged  the  Perfians,  who  always  afteded 
a  fwectnefs  of  p'or.ounciation,  lo  change  the  old  termination 

of  fome  verbs  into  {^  ten^  and,  by  degrees,  the  original  infi- 
nitives grew  quite  obfolcte  :  yet  they  ftill  retain  the  ancient 
imperatives,    and  the  aorifts  which   are  formed   from  them.* 

The 


Jones  V  Grammar  of  the  Pgrjian  Langusii*  ^ 

The  Pcrfiauis,  in  this  refpcft,  fcem  to  have  followed  the  man- 
Ber  of  the  Greets  ;  for  there  arc  many  Greek  verbs  which  J 
form  their  firft  and  fecond  futures  from  old  prcfents,  not  u(ct\  1 
when  the  Greek  language  was  refined  and  brought  to  a  ftatc  of  J 
perfcAion.  Thus  trii^w,  bibs^  I  drink,  has  its  future  ira?(rw  from  J 
the  old  verh  ir^w\  fo  alfo  X«pp«F»,  capisy  has  A*?^o/xat  and  | 
>Xk^»'^  from  Atj(3w.  Thus»  in  the  ancient  language  of  Perfia,  ' 
there  were  very  few  irregularities.  The  imperative,  which  is  j 
often  irregular  in  the  modern  Pcrfian,  was  anciently  formed  I 
from  the  iiifinitivc  by  rcjcding,  as  our  Author  obfctvesj  the  I 

termination  O^-V.  itden^  and  Is  flill  formed  from  the  fame  an-  1 

dent  inBnitivc,  notwithftanding  the  modern  infinitives  differ  a   I 

Kttlc  in  found  from  ihem.    This  fliould  be  particularly  attended  I 

lo  by  thofe  who  would  learn  this  language  in  a  rational  and  in-    ] 

[  tcUigiblc  manner,  as  the  greater  part   of  the  Munfhys,  who    I 

may  be  their  inftruflors,  are  not  only  very  ignorant  of  etymo-    j 

logy«  hut  alfo  of  grammar  in  general.  I 

^      This  remark  on  the  formation  of  the  Pcrfian  Imperatives    J 

■  from  an  obfoleie  verb,  will  alfo  be  ufeful  to  thofe  who  are  cu*-   1 

fious  in  ancient  dialeffls,  and  will   enable  them  to  trace  out  a   | 

confiderablc  part  of  the  old  Pcrfian  tano;uage»  which  has  the    \ 

I  fame  relattoa  to  the  modern  Perfic  as  the  Saxon  has  to  the 
£ngU{ht  and  which,  according  to  Mr.  Jones,  was  fpoken  In 
the  days  of  Xenophon.  This  is  the  language  into  which  the 
fables  of  Pilp^ii  ucre  firft  tranflatcd  from  the  Indian  ^  but  as  we 
jcjedted  the  Saxon  alphabet  to  admit  the  Roman  \  fo  the  Per-  ' 
liins,  when  they  embraced  the  religion  of  Mahomet,  adopted 
v\it  characters  in  which  the  Koran  was  written,  and  incorpo-* 
'     rated  into  their  language  a  muhitudc  of  words  and  phrafcs. 

I  In  order  to  facilitate  this  irregularity  in  the  Pcrfian  language, 
Mr,  Jones  has  divided  the  irregular  verbs  into  thirteen  claires, 
putting  the  learner  in  mind  that  the  old  infinitive  may  be  found 
by  adding  Q^-V-  ^'"^^'»  to  imperatives,  and  the  aor ills  by  adding 
to  I  hem  the  perfonal  terminations. 
One  of  the  chief  bcautits  of  the  Pcrfian  language  confifls  la 
the  frequent  ufc  of  compound  adjeftives,  in  the  variety  and 
•  elegance  of  which  it  furpafles  not  only  the  German  and  Eng- 
liftT,  but  even  the  Greek,  Thclc  compounds  may  be  niultr* 
plied  without  end,  according  to  the  laite  and  plcafure  of  the 
writer,  and  they  are  formed  cither  by  a  noun  and  the  coniradcd 

participle,  as  4^-?  t^    J<^  del  firib,   or  ^-f^NxJci    delfirib^ 

ETi  alluring ;  or  by  prefixing   an    adjcflivc   to   a    noun,   as 
IffJi*^^  chufhbui,  ftvea  fmillh^  I    or,  laftly,  by  placing 
one 


Jotics'i  Grammar  9/  the  Piffittn  Lmgunir* 
■one  fubftantivc  before  another,  as  y^'^3sXAJ   gubytar> 

ihitkid. 

Our  Author  hatb  obfcrvcti,  with  grc^t  propriety,  that  fine 
one  of  the  nouns  and  a  compound  word  Is  often  b-irrowed  frog 
the  Arabic,  a  man  who  willies  to  read  and  undcrfland  the  i\t 
fian  books,  ought  to  have  a  competent    knowledge   of  botS 
languages:  and  he  has  given  a  lift  of  the  mod  cJeganI  com- 
pounds he  could  recolle£F,  but  informs  uj  that  he  mu(l  expre^JH 
moA  of  them   in  Eoglifti   by  circumlocutions  \  for  though  >*^H 
have  fome  compound  epithets,    which  gtvc  a  grace    to   our 
poetry,  yet  the  crtrnius  of  our  hnguage  fcems  avcrfe  to  them* 

In  this  collc£lion  of  elegant  compourK^T-s,  Mr»  Jones  is  mort* 
fnll  afid  copious  than  any  grammaHan  whom  we  have  hsd  an' 
Oftpcrt^tunity  ef  confuliing ;  and  he  merits  due  praife  for  his  in- 
duftfy  and  taftc  in  the  £xh'ibtiion  of  them. 

He  has  fubjoiricd  a  Perfian  fable  as  a  pi^axts  for  this  GtaK 
mar;  a  literal  tranflauon  of  which  he  has  given,  with  gran 
maiical  notes  on  for^c  parts  of  it :  and  it  had  un  JoubtcJIy  bte^ 
for  the  intcreft  of  the  learner,  that  he  had  added  a  glouary  i 
ana!yfis  of  tbe  whole  parts  of  fpeech  contained  in  it. 

1  he  Author  profeflcs  that  he  has  care  fully  compared  hi 
work  with  every  coaipofition  of  the  fame  naiute  tMlt  has  falle^^ 
into  his  hands ;  and  adds,  *  though  on  fo  general  a  fuhjed  f 
muft  have  made  feveral  obfcryations  whith  are  common  to  a!!^ 
yet  I  flatter  myfelf  that  my  own  remarks,  the  difpofition  of  thj 
whole  book,  and  the  paifagcs  quoted  in  itj  will  fufficicntf 
diftinguiOl  it  as  an  oi'iginal  p;odu^ion/ 

In  this  declaration  the  learned  Author  has  arrogated  nothiii 
to  himfclf  but  wh^t  every  candid  and  intclMgent  Itudcl^t  of  ili 
Perfian  language  will  chearfullv  allow  him. 

He  informs  us  that  his  firft  defign'wasto  prefix  to  chcGrar 
mar  an  account  of  the  Perfian  languape,  from  the  time  of  Xe 
nophon  x^  our  days}  and  to  add  a  copious  praxis  of  tales  anct 
poems  cxtra^^ed  from  the  cbfTical  wi iters  of  Pcifu  ;  but  as  ihufc 
sidditlons  would  have  delayed  the  publication  of  the  Grammar, 
be  thought  it  more  advifablc  to  rcfcrvc  them  for  a  fcparaic 
lumc,  which  he  promifcs  to  lay  before  the  public  in  the  courti; 
of  this  winter.     Every  learner  of  thjs  language  muft  be  img 
lient  for  this  collciftlon^on  account  of  the  great  fcarcity  of  Pc 
fian  books ;  and   we  are  informed  that  it  ts  no  where  mt 
eagerly  cxpcflcd  than  by  the  ftudcnts  of  the  Univcrfity  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  a  regular  courfc  of  k£lurcs  is  given  on  the  Ara- 
bic and  Perfian   languages.     The  learned   world   will   alfo  be 
obliged  to  Mr,  Jonci  fur  the  General  Hilary  of  Afia,  aod  an 

atccpuni 


vo* 

lurfe^ 


Afidi^^  Obfervaii$fuandJfiquirUs.     Vol.  IV.  43 

account  of  the  geography»  philofophy,  and  literature  of  the 
£aflern  nations. 

{^Tobe  alluded  in  our  next.'] 

Kkt.  VH.  Conclufion  of  oar  Account  oi Medical  Ohfer^ations  and 
Ic^uirus^  Vol.  IV.  bcgua  in  our  Review  for  December,  1771. 

WE  are  now  arrived  at  the  XlXth  article  of  this  volume, 
which  is,  by  foTic  miftake,  printec|  as  the  XVJIIth; 
and  the  error  continues  through  all  the  remaining  numbers ; 
but  it  is  of  no  confequence.     This  article  is  entitled, 
hnuirks  om  the  V/e  of  Bal/ams  im  the  Cure  of  Confumptions^  hj  J.  Fo- 
thergill,  M.  D,  F.  R.  5. 
'  An  idea,  fays  Dr.  Fothergill,  that  nil  bnlfams  arc  healing,  and 
that  in  all  ulcers,  not  excepting  thofe  of  the  lungs,  they  are  indi- 
cated, has  fo  greaily  prevailed,  that  to  doubt  of  its  propriety^  would 
f«m  to  betray  a  want  of  phyncai  knowledge.     Yet  1  cannot  but 
fufpecl.  nay  more  than  fufped,  that  this  idea  has  been  the  means  of 
p.tci  pi  eating  too  many  of  thef^   unhappy  invalids  prematurely  to 
their  grave.' 

Tq  confirm  the  propriety  of  this  apprehcnfion,  our  Author 
begins  with  obferving  what  eiFedts  chefc  remedies  have  when . 
applied  externally  :  he  then  traces  out  their  feife&s  when  inter- 
nally admini(l,.'red  ;  and  thua:'Mkavours  to  form  an  impartial 
judgment  of  their  real  virtues.  ^ 

An.  XIX.-  yi  Defence  of  Sydenham*/  Method  of  treating  the  MeaJIes. 
2?yThomas.Dickfon,  Af.  i>. 
This  vindication  of  Sydenham's  practice,  with  refpeS  to 
blood- letting  in  the  cure  of  the  mcafles,  is  occafioncd  by  an 
uiijiift  cenfure  thrown  out  by  Mead  in  his  book  De  Variolis  it 
Aj9rbiliir^  c.  vi.  p.  89,  90. 

Arc.  XX.  A  Defence  of  Sydenham'/  Hiftory  of  the  Meajlesy  agaiufi 
Morton.  By  Thomas  Dickfon,  Af.*Z>. 
Morton,  in  the  appendix  to  l^rs  Pyretologia^  mentions  a  fatal  . 
epidemic  meaflcs  which  occurred  in  the  autumnal  months  of 
the  year  1672,  and  that  about  three  hundred  died  weekly.— 
Sydenham  defcribes  an  epidemic  meafles  of  the  years  1670  and 
1674,  but  takes  no. notice  of  any  during  1672.  It  appears 
highly  probable  that  Morton's  is  only  a  hearjay  account,  and 
not  depending  on  his  own  proper  obfervation ;  and  that  Syden* 
ham  has  given  the  juft  hiftory  of  this  epidemic,  as  it  occurred 
at  different  periods. 

The  two  following  papers  contain  the  hiftory  of  an  unhappy 
cafe,  in  which  the  Cafarean  o^/r^/i^'z  was  determined  upon  as  the 
lafi  dreadful  refource. — The  operation  was  performed  ;  and  the 
event  was  fatal.  There  are  added  a  defcription  and  engravings 
of  the  deformed  pelvis,  and  a  general  review  of  the  fubjed  as 
(reaied  by  preceding  autbour 


44  Msdical  Objeroations  and  Inquiries.     Vol.  I V. 

Act.  XXIII.   Riomrks  •m  the  Cure  •/  Con/uMtioms,  h  J.  Fothef^ilL 
M.D.    F.R.S. 
There  are  no  cafe»  in  which  the  adyke,  frinctplus  obfla^  h 
more  indifpenfably  neceflary,  than  the  confumptive. 

*  We  cannoty  fays  our  Author,  I  think,  be  too  induftrioas  in  pro- 
pagathig  the  following  do^rine  :  That  the  time  at  which  a  phyficiis* 
cao  be  of  moft  ufe  in  the  cure  of  confansptions,'  is  at  their  firft  be- 
planing.    The  flighted  catarrhal  deflii^on  ought  not  to  be  Mg- 
k^ed,  if  it  does  not  go  off  in  a  few  days.— *- 

*  1  know,  gentlemen,  that  you,  as  well  as  myfelf,  often  have  oc- . 
cafton  to  look  back  at  the  fatal  negled,  committed  both  hy  the  fick  ' 
tbemfelves,  as  well  as  thofe  who  ought  to  have  had  their  fttnra 
heakh  more  at  heart.    With  what  eafe  would  many  of  the  moft  in- 
curable confumpave  cafes  have  been  prevented,  or  cured,  at  their 
firi!  commencement  ?  A  perfon  whofe  emaciated  figure  fbikes  one 
with  horror,  his  forehead  covered  wkh  drops  of  fweat,  his  cheeks 
painted  with  a  livid  crimfon,  his  eyes  funk,  all  the  little  fat  that 
laifed  them  in  their  orbits,  and  every  where  ehe,  being  wafted ;  hit 
pttlfe  quick  and  tremulous,  his  nails  bending  over  the  ends  of  his 
fogers,  and  the  palms  of  his  hands  as  dry  as  they  are  psonfolly  hot 
to  the  touch,  his  breath  ofRmfive,  quick,  and  laborious,  his  cough ' 
inceffant,  fearce  allowing  him  time  to  tell  us,  that  fome  months  ago 
\t  go€  a  cold,  but  he  knew,  perhaps,  how  he  got  it ;  he  negledra 
%t  for  this  very  reafon,  and  negleded  t^icTy  means  of  afliftance,  till 
the  milchief  was  become  incurabl^^d  fcarcely  a  hope  left  of  pal- 
liation.   You  fee  multitudes  of  fu wubbjedls  daily,  and  fee  them  with 
a  mixture  of  anger  and  companion  for  their  neglect  and  their  fy^^n  .' 
icrings.* 

We  have  in  this  pajser  fome  ufeful  obfervations,  both  with 
refpetEl  t9  the  manner  of  diftinguifhing  and  the  method  of  treats 
iog  a  fecent  pulmonary  affedlion. 
AiCf  XX|V.  J^n  Account  of  a  late  tpidemical  Diftemper^  extraQed  frem 

a  letter  rnddnjeii  to  Gedaey  Clarke,  Efyi  ^William  Sandiford, 

J(f.  £).  ^Barbadees. 

This  epidemic  was  a  putrid  remitting  fever,  which  prevailed 
in  the  ifland  of  Barbadoea,  during  the  months  of  May ^  J^^^^^  > 
and  July^  of  the  year  1769,— Our  Author  gives  a  plain  and 
pertinent  defcriptiun  of  the  difeafe ;  and  his  method  of  cure  ap- 
pears to  have  been  judicious  and  fuccefsful. — His  obferva- 
tions  coincide  with  thofe  of  Sir  John  Pringle,  who  has  treated 
this  fubjed  more  at  large.  Dr.  Sandiford  thus  briefly  points 
out  the  external  caufes  of  this  epidemic  : 

*  It  may,  however,  not  be  unworthy  notice,  that  for  thefe  two 
years  laft  paft,  it  has  been  remarkably  warm  and  moift  in  this 
ifland  :  that  great  quanticies  of  rain  have  fallen  :  that  the  days  have 
been  very  hot  and  fultry,  whilft  the  nights  have  been  fo  damp  and 
chilK  as  to  (Irike  perfons  with  great  coldneffes  and  fhiverings  who 
have  been  expoied  to  them:  that  moft  of  thofe  who  have  been  at-  > 
tacked  with  this  fever,  were  fuch  as  lived  in  the  lowell  and  moift  ii- 
tuauons ;  in  places  thick  befec  with  treesa  and  furrounded  with  wa* 

ter. 


MiSctil  Ohfirvatimtt  atdlnquirus.    VoL  IV.  4J 

ter.  Mid  wkefe  the  fpriags  lay  neareft  to  the  farfaccr:  that  fifhermei*^ 
and  fuch  as  were  mofk  expoled  to  the  cold  and.  moilhieis,  as  aiib» 
thoie  of  the  weakeft  and  moft  lax  conftitutions,  were  particalarif 
obje^  of  it.  In  all  the  epidemics,  as  they  have  of  lace  ieverallf 
obrained  here,  there  was  ever  to  be  obferved  fomething  of  a  putre* 
£idive  tendency/ 

Art.  XXV.  ApfinJix  f  m  Paper  ««  the  Hydrocephalas  Intenms^  iy 
William  Watfon,  M.  D.   F.  H.  $. 

This  appendix  contains  another  hiftory  of  a  fuppoied  hjtlro^ 
cephalus  internus. — An  healthy  boy,  of  fix  years»  received  a 
itoart  blow  from  a  ftone  oA  the  top  of  the  head.  About  a 
fortnight  after  this,  a  very  dangerous  difeafe  fuccceded ;  from 
which  the  patient  at  laft  recovered.  It  does  not  however  ap- 
pear quite  certain  that  this  was  a  cafe  of  the  hydrocephalus  ii>- 
ternus  ;  for  all  the  fymptoms  here  mentioned  might  arife  froai 
an  injury  of  the  brain,  or  its  membranes,  without  there  bcua^ 
any  cxtravafation. 
Art.  XXVI.  Jn  Extras  o/a  Letttr  from  Dr.  Willhim  Thomfon,  P/j^ 

£mm  mt  Worccfter,  to  William  Hanter,  M^  D,  giving  an  Jcccunt  <f 

m  fatol  Ejffujidn  of  BUcd  into  tbi  Cofuitf  nftbt  Pericardium. 

It  is  very  probable  that  this  extravaiation  wa^s  flow  and  gra- 
dual, both  from  the  length  of  time  which  the  patient  lived  af- 
ter the  oppreifive  fymptbms  came  on,  and  from  there  being  n« 
rupture  difcoverable  by  an  attentive  infpsdiion  of  the  parts* 
The  heart  was  remarkably  pale  and  flaccid. 
Art.  XXVir.  An  Jcccunt  of  the  good  Effeds  of  dividing  the  Aponearfv* 

fis  of  the  Biceps  Mulclc,  in  a  painjul  lacerated  f^Vomndy  iy  Mr,  B. 

Wilmer,  Surgeon  at  Stony  Stratford,  in  a  Lfiter  tc  Dr.  Hwr>ter. 

This  wound  was  a  little  above  the  inner  condyle  of  the  £«• 
merus.  The  fafcia  of  the  biceps  mufclc  wias  lacerated,  and 
acled  as  a  tight  and  painful  bandage  upon  the  wounded  parts: 
As  foon  as  this  fafcia  was  fufliciently  divided,  the  flridure  was 
removed,  and  the  unfavourable  fymptoms  difappeared. 
Art.  XXVill,  An  Ohfervation  on  the  Inftnfibiltty  of  Tendons,  hy  Mr, 
JohnTcckel,  Surgeon  ;  *with  an  Introdutlion  by  Dr,  Hunter. 

•  A  labouring  man,  rervanflo  Henry  Bates  near  Bovintong,  in 
Buc'cinghamthire,  by  feme  accident  in  loading  a  cart,  cut  oft*,  the 
ends  of  the  middle  and  ring  fingers ;  the  lutt^r  in  fuch  a  manner, 
that  about  half  an  inch  of  the  tendon  of  the  perfrani  projeftsd.  in 
this  condition  I  fa-.c  him,  about  ten  minutes  atcer  the  accident. 

*  it  immediately  occurred  to  me,  that  I  no^  had  a  fine  opportu- 
nity to  convince  myfclf  of  the  truth  or  fallacy  of  your  opinion  con- 
cerning the  inl<:nfibility  of  tendons,  &c,  I  therefore  pafTed  a  piece  of 
firing,  about  the  fize  of  the  tendon,  round  his  wrilc,  from  thence 
brought,  it  about  the  injured  finger,  and  placed  it  io  fuch  a  m;in- 
ner,  as  to  make  it  projeA  parallel  to,  and  beyond  the  /lamp,  of 
equal  length  with  the  expofcd  tendon.  1  then  told  my  patient  that 
1  intended  to  cut  the  one  or  the  other  of  thefe  projefling  parts,  with 
my  fcifTjrs,  while  he  fhould.turn  his  head  away  ;  but  he  w&s  to  le.'J 
nc  which  I  cut,  without  feeing  what  was  done.     He  laughed,  and 

ak(;d 


^  •/fi  mi£ta! Xyhfif-vatisns  and  Inquirhs,     Vol.  H^. 

\  ^flccd  fflc  whether  I  thought  he  had  no  feeling  ;  however,  lie  cottf* 
plied,  I  then  divided  the  tendon  with  my  fciiiars :  he  was  sJkcd 
.  ^hich  I  had  cut;  he  anfwercd,  "  the  iiring ;"  but  when  he  turned 
^  Jtu  head  around,  and  fouDd  it  was  aduajly  ihe  tendon,  he  was  mach 
furprifcd  that  he  had  felt  no  pain  ;  and  when  I  talked  to  him  after- 
wards, he  declared  he  felt  not  the  kail  pain,  and  abfoJutd/  thoughc 
J  had  cwt  the  (Iring  only/ 

Let  it  be  remembered,  that  many  p.^rts  are  infenfjblc  in  the 
iiolthyf  which  acquire  a  very  exquihte  fenfibility  in  the  difeaftd 
dilate. 

.  Art,  XXIX.  An  Accmnt  of  a  fucctfsful  MetM  eftrmtin^  fire  Le^s,  fy 
f  Mr,  Jofeph  Elfc,  Surgeon  to  Sf.  Thomas  x  Hnjpital, 

This  method  is  fo  exceedingly  efficacious,  that  Mr,  Elfe  fays^ 
it  will  feldom  fail  where  there  is  not  a  carious  bone.^-Thc  mc* 
ihod  is  tbis : 

*  The  firft  thing  we  do,  if  the  ulcer  be  foul,  is,  to  endeavour  to 
'make  it  clean,  by  the  application  of  a  bread  and  milk,  or  ibmc  other 
emollient  poultice.  When  we  have  obtained  this  end,  we  apply  ^ 
linen  cloth  moiilencd  with  tindure  of  myrrh  or- Gou/ar J' $  eau  v/^r- 
iau  mimrah^  ai  from  experiment  we  may  find  bell  to  agree.  If  ihefe 
fhould  give  pain,  we  then  firil  apply  dry  linr,  and  upon  that  a  piece 
of  cloth  fpread  with  the  teratum  iptthticMm,  or  lerittum  mham^  Over 
this  we  lay  a  very  thin  plate  of  lead,  cut  to  the  Jigure  of  the  fore, 
Ind  juft  large  enough  to  cover  its  edges.  This  is  fecured  upon  the 
part  with  a  bandage  drawn  as  tight  ai  the  patient  can  bear  it,  even 
fo  as  to  make  the  leg  feel  numb,  which  is  rolled  from  the  toes  to 
above  the  knee.  In  proportion  as  the  fore  contrat^s  we  leflcn  the 
iize  of  the  plate.  When  the  patients  are  well,  we  recommend  it  to 
ihem  for  the  future,  to  keep  the  leg  confiantfy  rolled  tight  in  the 
day-time, 

*  Now,  though  this  method  be  exceedingly  efficacioui,  yet  it  is  not 
mithout  its  diladv^intages,  I  have  faid  that  it  is  fomctimes  dange- 
rous to  heal  thofe  old  fores :  when,  therefore,  frojii  the  long  con- 
tinuance of  this  driiin,  or  from  the  bad  habit  of  body,  we  apprehend 
ill  confcqucnccs  from  healing  the  ulcer,  we  content  ourleivcs  with 
bringing  it  into  a  better  condition,  and  with  keeping  it  lo,  by  a 

I  judicious  application  of  ihe  bandage.  Even  where  we  have  no  great 
fears  about  healing  the  ulcer,  it  may  be  prudent  to  advifc  an  iflue 
in  the  other  leg,  to  order  now  and  then  a  dofe  of  fomc  laxative  me- 
didne,  and  to  confine  the  patient  to  a  fpare  diet  for  fomc  lime  after 
the  fore  is  well.  But  if,  notwithllanding  thcfe  precautions,  any  ^i^- 
©rdcr  (hould  fupcrvenc,  which  may  be  imputed  to  the  healing  of 
the  ulcer  (fuch  as  pulmonic  complaints,  which  are  the  moil  frc» 
quent)  we  immediately  endeavour  to  open  the  fore  again.' 

I  Art  XXX.  An  umommon  Cafe  of  a  fatal  Hernia,  hy  Mr.  Jofeph  Elfe, 
Surg€CH  to  Sr*  Thomas 'j  HofpitaL 
From  this  hiftory  and  dillVdion  we  learn,  that  a  fatal  ftran- 
gulation  may  happen,  though  the  whole  circumference  of  the 
gut  is  not  inclofed  in  the  Hriclure  \  and  thut  where  only  a 
very  fmall  portion  of  the  inteflioe  ha^dtfccndcJ,  an  hernia  may 

be 


Medical  Ohfevvaiions  and  tniuhus.    Vol.  IV.  4y 

be  formed,  and  yet  the  external  appearances  be  either  very  in* 

confiderable  or  none  at  all. 

Art.  XXXI.  An  jfcceitnt  of  the  EfeSls  of  the  Cicuta,  and  a  Carrot  P$ul* 

fid  mfcn  a  Cmm  er  of  the  'Breajl^  in  a  Letter  from  Arthur  NicoifoDt 

hU  A  fhyfidan  at  Berwick,  to  Richard.Huck,  M.  A  S.  R,  S. 

This  was  undoubtedly  a  genuine  cancer  of  the  breaft.  Tlie 
carrot  rouhice  was  firft  applied  alone,  and  afterwards  joined 
with  the  boiled  tops  of  the  cicuta  j  and  with  fuch  good  QfFedl, 
that  tlie  cancerous  cavity  was  filled  up,  and  the  ckatrix  ad- 
vanced fu  far,  that  from  a  fore  four  inches  broad,  and  two  inches 
deep,  it,  in  the  fpace  of  fix  weeks,  would  not  receive  an  al- 
tnond.  But  foon  after  the  ulcer  was  brought  into  this  ftatc, 
behold  the  cataftrophe  ! 

•  She  was  fetzed  with  violent  fits  of  anxiety,  orthopnceaj  globus 
hj/terieus^  and  the  moft  horrid  ftridor  dentium  I  had  ever  heard  ;  fo 
that  I  really  thought  her  teeth  mull  have  been  ground  to  pieces. 
When  fhe  recovered  from  the  fit,  (he  faid  this  grinding  of  her  teeth 
was  to  keep  down  the  lump  in  her  throat.  Thcfe  fits  were  fo  fevere, 
that  we  often  thought  her  expiring.  They  lailcd  for  a  itw  hours  at 
firft,  but  increafed  gradually  in  lengch,  till  the  15th  of  February, 
when  Ihe  died  in  one  of  them.' 

Is  there  not  fome  little  degree  of  probability  that  thefe  fatal 
appearances  might  be  the  eie<Sls  of  a  meiajlafis^  in  confequencc 
of  thedifcafed  part  being  brought  into  a  healing  (late?  This, 
however,  could  be  no  obje£tion  to  the  ufe  of  the  remedies  ;  for 
had  the  difeafe  been  left  to  itfelf,  it  muft  nccelTarily  have  proved 
irortal. 
Art.  XXXII.  Ah  Account  of  the  Vfefulnefs  of  Wort  in  fome  ilUconditicned 

Ulcers^  in  a  Z,r//^r /r^/«  Benjamin  Rufh,  hLD.  Profejfor  of  Clj» 

miftrj  in  the  College  ^Philadelphia,  to  Dr.  Huck. 

The  great  efficacy  of  tuort^  as  an  alterative,  has  frequently 
been  pointed  out,  and  is  confirmed  by  the  cafes  here  related. 
Art.  XXXm.  Cafe  of  an  incifted  Tumor  in  the  Orbit  of  the  Eye,  cured 
hyMeffn,  Bromfield  ««</ Ingram*  Surgeons  in  London. 

This  cure  was  performed  by  evacuating  the  fluid,  extrafling 
the  cyft,  and  afterwards  treating  it  as  a  common  fuperficial 
wound. — A  fimilar  cafe  is  related  by  St.  Yves. 

The  two  fuccecding  papers  contain  two  hiftories,  which  are 
a  faitsfa£tory  conf'.rmation  of  what  has  been  very  ufefully  and 
ingenioufly  fuggcfled  by  Dr.  Hunter,  in  the  preceding  volumes 
of  thcfe  Obfervations,  concerning  the  ar.euryfmal  varix. 

In  the  next  article,  Mr.  Lynn  gives  us  the  hiftory  of  a  retro^ 
verted  utirus,  accompanied  with  Tome  important  obfervations 
by  Dr.  Hunter.  In  this  difeafe  the  gravid  uterus  falls  back- 
wards into  the  pelvis,  and  is  lodged  witii  its  fundus  down- 
wards between  the  return  and  vagina.  Dr.  Hunter  hjs  feen  fc 
veral  of  thefe  cafvs,  and  they  all  occurred  about  the  third  month 
of  pregnancy.     When  taken  early,  the  uterus  may  eafWy  be 

tcftotc4 


48  Ptnnant  V  T^irr  in  Scotland  in  1 769. 

reflored  to  its  natural  pofition ;  but  if  allowed  to  remain  tilf 
tbe  impregnated  uterus  is  fo  much  enlarged,. as  to  be  locked 
within  the  grafp  of  the  pelWs,  no  efiedual  relief  can  be  ad« 
HiinifteredL 

Art.  XXXVn.  and  lad.  Am  Acc9unt  ofajimfti  Fraaun  tf  tbt  Tibia 
ina^npumt  Woman^  in  nuhicb  Cafi  tbg  Callns  'was  not  fwrmtd  titt^ 
€tfiir  Dili'verj  :  By  Mr,  Edward  Allanfony  Snrgeon  at  LiveqpooL 
The  contents  of  this  paper  merit  the  attention,  both  of  the 
phyfiologift  and  of  the  pradical  furgeon. 

Ili^  !■!  11  ■■  ■■■■■H...I.I  — 

Art.  Vra.  J  Tour  in  Scotland.    MDCC  LXIX.    8vo.     ;••  6d. 
Cheder  printed,  and  fold  by  White  in  London.     1771. 

WE  have,  on  fcveral  occadons,  with  pleafure  recom* 
mended  the  works  of  this  eminent  naturaliS,  to  the 
notice  of  our  Readers,  His  Britifli  Zoology,  and  SynopGs  of 
Quadrupeds,  are  now  become  very  generally  known,  and  4^- 
fervedly  efteemed :  but  if  any  perufer  of  this  article  is  unac- 
quainted with  thofe  ingenious  and  enteruining  produSlions,  we 
refer  him  to  the  works  themfelves,  or  to  what  we  have  faid  of 
them  in  the  39th  volume  of  our  Review,  p.  403,  and  in  our 
number  for  Odtoberlaft,  p.  328. 

Mr. Pennant  takes  his  departure^  from  Downing,  in  Flint* 
fliire,  the  place  of  his  abode,  and  begins  his  defcriptions  with 
that  of  Chefter,  where  the  narrative  of  his  Tour  properly 
commences.  Hence  the  courfe  of  his  Itinerary  carries  him 
through  the  counties  of  Derby»  Lincoln,  and  York,  the 
biihoprick  of  Durham,  Newcaftle,  Northumberland,  and  fo  on 
to  Berwick,  and  to  Scotland  ;  giving  an  account  of  every  town, 
^nd  place  of  note,  or objed  of  curiofity,  that  lay  in  his  rout;  or 
that  he  thought  it  worth  his  while  to  quit  the  dired  line  of  hia 
way  to  vifit.  And  as  he  undertook  this  Journey  from  only  the, 
laudable  view  of  perfecting  his  Britifli  Zoology,  by  an  adual 
vifit  to  a  part  of  the  ifland  which  he  had  noc  feen,  he  was  in 
no  difpofitiqn  to  injure  his  dcfign  by  hurrying  along,  after  the 
manner  of  thofe  who  make  tours  for  pleafure  and  improvemont^ 
as  though  they  were  riding  exprefs. 

It  has,  for  a  few  years  paft,  been  the  fafliion,  with  a  pa» 
pular  party  in  this  kingdom,  to  ridicule  and  vilify  the  Scots 
and  Scotland,  in  the  keeneft  and  grofleft  manner ;  but  more 
di(honourabIe,  however,  to  the  abofers  than  the  abufed.  The 
natives  of  North  Britain  have  been  reprefented — we  need  not 
fay  how  they  have  been  reprefented  ; — and  the  country  itfelf 
defcribed  as  the  feat  of  indigence  and  mifery  ;  as  (in  the  ftrong 
cxpreffion  of  the  acrimonious  Churchill)  the  land 

"  Where  half-ftarvM  fpiders  feed  on  half-ftarvM  flies/' 

*  lu  tbe  month  of  Jane. 

But 


Feiitiant*i  3W-  in  S^nland  in  1 769.  4^ 

But  the  lAore  candid,  the  more  gentlemanlike  writer  of  the 
preientTour,  gives  us  a  very  different  idea  both  of  the  people 
and  of  the  country,  in  general ;  Jo  different,  indeed,  that  the 
penilil  of  bis  book  is  fufficient  to  excite,  an  earned  defire  in 
his  readers  to  make  the  fame  excurfion  ;  and  we  are  verily  i>er- 
fuaded  that  it  will  produce  that  effedi :  to  the  mutual  ad- 
nsxtkgt^  perhaps^  of  b(,th  nations  :^(  the  diftin£iion  be  ftill  al- 
lowable. 

ItUy  however,  certain,  that  North  (as  well  as  South)  Bri- 
tain wore  a  face,  a  century,  or  half  a  century,  acn,  very  dif* 
knvx  from  that  which  the  benevolent  citizen  of  the  world  will 
behold  with  pleafure,  in  thefe  more  flouriQiing  days.  But  al- 
though the  cave  of  Poverty  might  formerly  be  found  in  the 
bkak  reccfics  of  Scotland, 'we  can  no  longer  trace,  even  there, 
the  abode  of  the  hungry  godde fs,  fmce  Freedom  and  Trade 
hare  baniihed  thence  the  infeparable  companions  Slavery  and 
Skth.  •'  Rich  Induftry,"  as  Pope  happily  exprcifes  it,  '*  now 
fits  fmiling"  on  thofe  plains^  where  once  only  Want  was  to  be 
iecn  \  her  keen  eye,  and  meagre  vifage,  fcowling  toward  the 
happier  South,  with  a  prepofterous  mixtuie  of  envy  and  dif- 
dain. 

But  kt  us  attend  our  ingenious  Traveller,  now  arrived  at 
the  borders  of  Scotland,  and  proceeding  in  the  road  from 
Berwick  to  Dunbar  — ^  The  entrance  into  Scotland,  fays  he, 
has  a  very  unpromifiog  look;  for  it  wanted,  for  fome  miles, 
the  cultivation  of  the  parts  more  diftant  from  England  :  but 
the  borders  were  neceflarily  neglected  ;  for,  till  the  acceffion  of 
James  VI.  and  even  long  after,  the  national  enmity  was  kept 
up,  and  the  borderers  of  both  countries  difcouragco  from  im- 
provement, by  the  barbarous  inroads  of  each  nation.  This  in- 
mttention  to  agriculture  continued  till  lately;  but  on  reaching 
the  fmall  village  of  Eytown,  the  fccne  was  greatly  altered  ;  the 
wretched  cottages,  or  rather  hovels  of  the  country,  were  va- 
aifliing;  good  comfortable  houfes  arifc  in  their  ftead ;  the 
lands  are  inclofinjg,  and  yield  very  good  barley,  oats,  and  clo- 
ver;  the  banks  are  planting  :  I  fpeak  in  the  prefent  tenfe ;  fot 
there  is  ftill  a  mixture  of  the  old  neglii;encc  left  amidft  the  re- 
cent improvements,  which  look  like  the  works  of  a  new  colony 
in  a  wretched  impoveriibed  country/ 

After  defcribing  Coldingham,  Dunbar,  and  that  tremendous 
rock  the  Bafs  Ifle,  &c.  and  not  overlooking  the  Solan  geefe 
which  fwarm  fo  wonderfully  at  the  lafl-naaicJ  place,  we  ar- 
rive St  Edinburgh.  Of  this  capital  we  have  en  entertaining 
account;  thecaftle,  the  refervoir,  the  advocute^s  library.  Holy- 
rood- boufe,  Herriot's  hofpital,  the  college,  the  infirmary,  the 
Rbv.  Jan.  1772.  £  buUuv^ 


50  P^hnantV  Tour  In  Scotland  In  l^fsg* 

botanic  garden,  the  public  walks,  \\it  mw  town*^  iic.  hcltlg 
the  principal  obje(£)s  in  detail.  The  new  town  lies  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  old  city,  to  which  ft  is  conneded  by  a  very 
beautiful  bridge,  whofe  principal  arch  is  95  feet  high.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  Edinburgh,  befide  the  town  of  Leith,  is  fi«* 
tuated,  I.  Newbottle,  the  feat  of  the  Marquis  of  Lothian, 
where  our  Author  faw  many  valuable  pidu res, .  which  he  de- 
fcribcs  ;  II.  Dalkciih-houfe,  the  fcatof  theDuke  of  Buccleugh, 
where  i^  alio  a  numerous  collection  of  portraits  by  Vandyke, 
Holbtin,  and  other  maflers ;  III.  Smeton,  another  feat  belong- 
ing to  the  Duke  of  Buccieugh  ;  but  of  this  laft  ediiice  the  Au- 
thor takes  no  other  notice  than  merely  mentioning  three  pic« 
tures  in  it. 

Leaving  Edinburgh,  he  fpeaks  of  the  country  through  which 
he  pafled  as  well  cultivated.  The  fields,  he  fays,  are  large, 
but  moftly  inclofed  with  ftone  walls.  Hedges,  he  Qbferves,  are 
not  yet  become  univerfal  in  this  part  of  the  kingdom ;  it  not 
being  a  century  fince  they  were  known  here.  V^e  are  not  fur- 
prized  to  hear  this  account  of  the  Jione  hedges  of  Scotland,  as 
they  are  dill  almoft  the  only  fences  we  meet  with  in  the  moor-. 
lands  of  StaiFord(hire,  ancf  on  the  hills  of  Derbyfhire;  and 
farther  northward,  long  before  we  reach  the  Tweed,  they  are 
yet  more  commonly  to  be  feen  :  affording  but  a  barren  and 
cheerlefs  view  to  the  eye  of  the  traveHer,  accuftomed  to  the 
richer  fcenery  of  the  more  cultivated  parts  which  lie  tovrard  the 
warmer  end  of  the  ifland. 

The  country  (Fifcfhirc)  as  far  as  Kinrofs,  Mr.  P.  fays,  ia' 
very  fine,  confifting  of  gentle  rifings :  much  corn,  but  few 
trees,  except  about  a  gentleman's  feat  called  Blair,  where  are 
great  and  flourifliing  plantations.  And  we  rejoice  to  find  that 
the  fpirit  of  planting  is  fo  generally  and  laudably  difFufed  through 
almoft  every  part  of  North  Britain  :  of  which  our  poflerity  will 
amply  enjoy  the  advantages. 

After  defcribing  Kinrofs  houfe,  built  by  the  famous  architefi/ 
Sir  William  Bruce;  and  alfo  that  magnificent  piece  of  water. 
Lough  I^ven  ;  the  fi(b,  the  birds,  the  rumbling  brig  at  Glen- 
dow,  and  Cawdron  Glen,  we  arrive  at  Caftle  Campbell :  which 
our  Author  thus  piiiur'tfes : — ^  It  is  feated  on  a  (leep  peninfulated 
rock,  between  vaft  mountains,  having  to  the  South  a  boundlefs 
view  through  a  deep  glen  (hagged  with  brufh  wood ;  for  the 
foreils  that  once  covered  the  country  are  now  entirely  deflroyed. 

*  A  large  and  magnificent  addition  to  this  city,  in  which  the 
houfes  are  all  built  on  the  modern  plans  of  elegance  and  convenience. 

S  Formerly, 


PennantV  Tour  in  Scot/and  in  1769*  51 

Formerly,'  from  its  darkfome  fituation,  this  pile  was  called  the 
caftle  of  G/oGmi  and  all  the  hames  of  the  adjacent  places  were 
fuitable:  it  was  feated  in  the  pariOi  of  Dolor,  was  bounded  by 
the  glens  of  Carey  and  waihed  by  the  birns  of  Sorrow.  This 
caftif,  with  the  whole  territory  belonging  to  the  family  of  Ar- 
gyle,  underwent  all  the  calamities  of  civil  war  in  1645  ;  for  its 
rival,  the  Marquis  of  Montrofe,  carried  fire  and  fword  through 
the  whole  eftate.  The  caftle  was  ruined  ;  and  its  magnificent 
reliques  exift,  as  a  monument  of  the  horror  of  the  times.  No 
wonaer  then  that  the  Marquis  experienced  fo  woeful  and  igno* 
minious  a  fate,  when  he  fell  into  the  power  of  fo  exafperated 
a  c!>ieftain/  ' 

Before  bf  arrives  at  Perth,  he  mentions  Ochil  hills,  *  whofe 
fides  were  covered  with  a  fine  verdure,  and  fed  great  numbers 
of  cattle  and  (heep.  The  country  below  full  of  oats,  and  in 
a  very  improving  ftate  :  the  houfes  of  the  comrtlon  people  de- 
cent, but  moftly  covered  with  fods  ;  fome  were  covered  both 
with  ftraw  and  fod.  The  inhabitants  extremely  civil,  and 
never  failed  oftering  brandy,  or  whey,  when  I  flopt  to  make 
enquiries  at  any  of  their  houfes. 

^  In  the  afternoon  crofied  a  branch  of  the  fame  h!IIs,  which 
3nelded  plenty  of  oats ;  defcended  into  Straith-carn,  a  beautiful 
vale,  about  thirty  miles  in  length,  full  of  rich  meadows  and 
corn  fields,  divided  by  the  river  Earn,  which  fcrpentines  finely 
through  the  middle,  falling  into  the  Tay,  of  which  there  is  a 
fight  at  the  eaft  end  of  the  vale.  It  is  prettily  diverflfied  with 
groves  of  trees'  and  gentlemen's  houfes  ;  among  which,  to- 
wards the  weft  end,  is  Caftle  Drummond,  the  forfeited  feat  of 
the  Earl  of  Perth. 

*  Caftle  Duplin;  the  refidence  of  the  Earl  of  Kin  noul,  feated 
on  the  north  fide  of  the  vale,  on  the  edge  of  a  fteep  glen. 
Only  a  fingle  tower  remains  of  the  old  caftle,  the  reft  being 

I.  modernized.  The  front  commands  a  pleafing  view  of  the  vale ; 
behind  are  plantations,  extending  feveral  miles  in  length  ;  all 
flouriOi  greatly,  except  thofe  of  afh.  I  remarked  in  the  woods, 
Ibme  very  large  chefnuts,  horfe-chefnuts,  fpruce  and  filver  firs, 
cedar  and  arbor  vitae.  Broad  leaved  labernum  thrives  in  this 
country  greatly,  grows  to  a  great  fize,  and  the  wood  is  ufed 
in  fineering. 

*  Fruits  fucceed  hcr.e  very  indifferently ;  even  nonpareils  re- 
quire a  wall  to  ripen :  grapes,  figs,  and  late  peaches,  will  not 
ripen :  the  winjers  begin  early  and  emi  late,  and  are  attended 
with  very  high  winds.  I  was  informed  that  labour  is  dear 
here,  noiwithftanding  it  is  only  eight-pence  a-day;  the  com- 
mon people  not  being  yet  got  into  a  method  of  working,  fo  do 
▼ery  little  for  their  wages.  Notwirhftanding  this,  Vrnptwe- 
mtDtM  Mre  carried  on  in  thcfc  parts  with  great  fpirvt,  WVv  vfk 

£  2  ^\^x^\^vi% 


52  Pennanfi  Tour  in  Scotland  in  1769. 

planting  and  in  agriculture.  Lord  Kinnoul  planted  lafl  year 
not  fewer  than  eighty  thou(and  trees,  befides  Scotch  firs ;  fo 
prpvicies  future  forefts  for  the  benefit  of  his  fucceflbrs,  and  the 
embellifliment  of  bis  country.  In  refpedl  to  agriculture,  thece 
are  difficulties  to  ftruggle  with ;  for  the  country  is  without 
either  coal  or  lime-ftone;  fo  that  the  lime  is  brought  from  the 
ettate  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  near  Dumferline,  who,  I  was  told, 
drew  a  confiderable  revenue  from  the  kilns.' 

Our  Author  gives  an  account  of  the  paintings  at  Cafile  Dup-. 
lin ;  after  which,  afcending  the  hill  of  Moncrief,  he  gives  us 
from  thence  a  profpedi  which,  from  the  variety  and  richnefs  oC 
its  fcenery,  he  ftyles  the  Glory  of  Scotland.  *  On  the  South  and 
Weft,  fays  he,  appear  Straith-earn,  embelliflicd  with  the  feats 
of  Lord  KiQnoul,  Lord  Rollo,  and  of  feveral  other  geDtlemen^ 
the  Carfe,  or  rich  plain  of  Gowrie,  Stormont  hills,  and  the  bill 
of  Kinnoul,  whofe  vaft  cliff  is  remarkable  for  its  beautiful 
pebbles.  The  meanders  of  the  Earn,  which  winds  more  than 
any  river  I  at  this  time  had  feen,  are  mod  enlivening  additions 
to  the  fcene.  The  lafl:  turn  it  takes  forms  a  fine  peninfuU 
prettily  planted,  and  juft  beyond  it  joins  the  Tay>,  wbofe  aeftuary 
lies  full  in  view,  the  fca  clcjfing  the  profpedl  on  this  fide. 

*  To  the  North  lies  the  town  of  Perth,  with  a  view  of  pait 
of  its  magnificent  bridge;  which,  with  the  fine  woods  cailled 
Perth  Parks,  the  vaft  plain  of  Straith-Tay,  the  winding  of  that 
noble  river,  its  iflands,  and  the  grand  boundary,  formed  by 
the  diftant  highlands,  finifh  this  matchlefs  icenc.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Perth  are  far  from  being  blind  to  the  beauties  of  their 
river  \  for  which  fingular  pleafure  they  relate  the  tradition  of 
the  Roman  army,  when  it  came  in  fight  of  the  Tay,  burfling 
into  the  exclamation  of,  Ecce  Tiberim. 

*  On  approaching  the  town  are  fome  pretty  walks  hand- 
fomely  planted,  and  at  a  fmall  diftance,  the  remains  of  fomo 
works  of  Cromwell,  called  01ivcr*s  Mount. 

*  Perth  is  large,  and  in  general  well  built ;  two  of  the  ftrects 
are  remarkably  fine  ;  in  fome  of  the  leffcr  arc  yet  a  few  wooden 
boufes  in  the  old  ftyle  ;  but  as  they  decay,  the  magiftrates  pro^ 
bibit  the  rebuilding  them  in  the  old  way.  There  is  but  one 
pari(h,  which  has  two  churches,  befides  meetings  for  feparatifts, 
who  are  veiy  numerous.  One  church,  which  belonged  to  a 
monaftery,  ia  very  ancient :  not  a  veftigp  of  the  laft  is  now  to 
be  feen  ;  for  the  difciples  of  that  rough  apoftle  Knox  made  a 
general  defolation  of  every  edifice  that  had  given  (belter  10  the 
worfhippers  of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  it  being  one  of  his  maxims^ 
to  pull  down  the  nefis,  and  the  rooks  would  fly  away. 

^  The  flouriOiing  ftate  of  Perth  is  owing  to  two  accidents  : 
the  firft,  that  of  numbers  of  CromwelTs  wounded  officers  and 
foUicrs  chuUng  to  rcfide  here,  «ftef  he  left  ihe  kingdom,  who 


Liitirs  of  ihi  Alarchiomfi  of  Pompadour.  5  3 

introduced  a  fpirit  of  induftry  among  the  people :  the  other 
caufe  was  the  long  continuance  of  the  Earl  of  Mar's  army  hefe 
in  17159  whicB  occafioned  vad  Turns  of  money  being  fpent  in 
the  place  :  but  this  town,  as  well  as  all  Scotland,  dates  its  pro- 
fperity  from  the  year  174S»  ^^^  government  of  this  part  df 
Great  Britain  having  never  been  fettled  till  a  little  after  that 
time.  The  rebellion  was  a  diforder  violent  in  its  operation^ 
but  falutary  in  its  effefis. 

*  The  trade  of  Perth  is  confiderable :  it  exports  annually 
one  hundred  and  fifty  thoufand  pounds  worth  of  linen>  ten 
thoufand  of  wheat  and  barley,  and  about  the  fame  in  cured 
falmon.  That  fi(h  is  taken  there  in  vaft  abundance;  three 
thoufand  have  been  caught  in  one  morning,  weighing,  one 
with  another,  fixteen  pounds ;  the  whole  capture,  forty-eight 
thoufand  pounds.  The  fifhery  begins  at  St.  Andrew's  day,  and 
ends  Auguft  a6th,  old  ftylc.  The  rents  of  the  fiflieries  amount 
to  three  thoufand  pounds  per  annum. 

*'  I  was  informed  that  fmclis  come  up  this  river  in  May  and 
June. 

*  There  has  been  in  thefe  parts  a  very  great  fifliery  of  pearl, 
got  out  of  the  frefli-water  mufcles.  From  the  year  1761  to 
1764,  10,000 1.  worth  were  fenc  to  London,  and  fold  frona 
10  s.  to  1 1.  16  s.  per  ounce.  I  was  told  that  a  pearl  has  been 
taken  there  that  weighed  33  grains  ;  but  this  £{bery  is  at  pre- 
fent  exbaufted,  from  the  avarice  of  the  undertakers.' 

[7i  be  ccminuid.li 

Art.  IX.  Letters  of  the  Marcbiont/s  of  Pompadour  ^  from  1753  to  lyOz, 
inelufi've.     Small  ijvo.     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewed.     Owen,  &c.     177*. 

THE  Editor,  who  is  alfo  the  Tranflatpr  of  thefe  Letters, 
publifhes  them  as  genuine  ;  declaring  that  he  purchafed 
the  authenticated  copies  of  them,  •  of  the  executor  to  the  Mar- 
chionefs's  fecretary,  who  died  lately  at  Amllcrdam,  and  who, 
for  whatever  reafons  of  delicacy,  had  forborn  their  publica- 
tion*.*— We  have. our  fufpicions,  however,  although  we  are 
unable  to  prove  the  negative  of  this  aflerted  authenticity  ;  but 
the  Tranflator's  afErmative,  too,  vyants  proof.  He  appeals  to  no 
witnefs,  he  mentions  no  authority  (befide  that  of  a  namelefs 
executor  of  a  namelefs  fecretary)  nor  does  he  even  give  us  the 
fanflion  of  his  own  name.  Does  he  refer  us  to  internal  evi- 
dence ?  There  is  not  a  fufficiency  of  it  to  convince  the  mfidd 
Reviewers,  as  they  are  fometimes  fagacioufly  and  candidly 
ft}'!cd.  We  had,  on  the  contrary,  among  ether  qucftionable 
palfages,  remarked  the  fufpicious  anecdote  in  nnc  of  thefe  Let- 
■       I  ■■  ■     .   ■  ■  i  .11  I...  I    I  ^  . < 

*  The  originals,  in  French,  were  publiHicd  at  the  fame  iLcue  wuti 
the  EogliOi. 


54  Litiers  Qfihe  Marchlonefs  of  Pompadour.  ^ 

ten,  of  2,  jolly  travelling  Duchefs,  by  whom  ber  Grace  of  N,  '• 
feems  to  be  meant,  and  whofe  travels,  as  a  Ducbefs^  did  not 
commence  till  after  Madame  de  P/s  deceafe  :  but  we  were  an« 
ticipated  in  regard  to  this  circumftance,  by  a  critic  *  in  a  pub- 
lic paper;  to  whom,  and  to  his  anfwcrer,  we  refer  the  final 
adjuftment  of  this  myderious  particular. 

We  grant,  however,  that  if  thcfe  Letters  are  forged,  they 
arc  wrought  by  the  hand  of  an  artift ;  that  the  workmanihip  is 
rare;  and  that  if  it  be  not  the  manufadure  of  the  perfon  whofe 
name  is  ftamped  upon  it,  it  may,  perchance,  htfometHing  better. 
But,  it  will  be  faid,  that  '*  excellence  is  not  here  the  point, 
nor  any  of  the  requifites  of  perfedtion  in  epift^lary  writing; 
that  we  have  no  idea  of  Madame  de  Pompadour  in  a  literary 
capacity,  hut  2S  z  Jiatefwoman  (pardon  the  exprcflion^  ye  who 
guide  the  helms  of  empires  and  kingdoms  !)  as  the  mifinji^tytn 
in  thc/uperior  fenfe  of  the  word,  of  a  mighty  monarch,  and  as 
the  arbitrcfs,  in  a  great  meafure,  of  the  fate  of  Europe,  far 
many  years  ;  that  the  remarks  and  fentiments  of  a  perfon  thus 
loftily  fituated,  would,  no  doubt,  greatly  gratify  the  curiofity 
of  the  political  world,  who  will  be  eager  to  know  what  fecrets, 
what  hints,  or  what  anecdotes  (he  may  have  thought  proper  to 
communicate  to  her  confidants  ;  that  thcfe,  in  whatever  terms 
conveyed,  if  well  auth€niicated^  will,  piincipally,  be  the  obje£ts 
of  attention  with  the  inquifitive  public  :  and  that  the  grand 
queftion  will  be.  Does  the  elevated  Dame  vouchfafe  to  open  the 
door  of  the  cabinet,  or  even  fhew  us  but  a  crevice  through 
which  we  may  gain  an  infight  of  what  pafl'es  there  ?" — The 
queftion  is  already  anfwered.-^-As  nothing  is  authenticated, 
whatever  we  fee  may  he  all  a  deceptio  vifus^  or  mere  gallanty- 
fhew, — As  fuch,  therefore,  we  leave  it,  for  the  amufcment  of 
the  young  people  in  the  republic  of  Letters  ;  who,  we  doubt 
not,  will  readily  acquiefce  in  the  Editor's  opinion,  that  in  thef^; 
little  volumes  we  may  trace  the  great  charadcr  of  Madame  de 
Pompadour  :  *  Her  ardour  for  her  country,  her  fondnefs  for  her 
friends,  her  9fCa]  as  well  as  ability  to  promote  merit  and  pa* 
tronize  genius,  tp  provide  for  the  uiiprovided,  and  to  protect 
virtue.' 

We  {hall  likewife  tranfcribe  the  Editor's  fine  difplay  of  the 
beauties  of  ilyle  and  nianner  difcoverable  in  thefe  Letters  ;  in 
which  there  is  fome  truth,  though  allowance  mud  be  made  for 
fhe  warmth  of  commendation  with  which  a  vender  is  allowed 
to  fet  off  the  value  of  the  commodity  in  which  he  d^als  : 

•  That  critic  was  anfwcrcd  by  another  writer,  who  docs  not  ad- 
mit that  the  identy  of  the  Duchefs  mendoned  in  the  letter,  is  fuf- 
iciently  poino^  ou;  to  julUfy  the  critic's  application  of  the  anec- 
flpte,      ^  . 

\  Thef^ 


LiUtrs  ofihi  Mardhmfi  of  Pompadour*  55 

efe  epiftlcs, — as  cafy  as  ever  flowed  from  human  pen,  are 

eich  perhaps  as  accurate  a  httic  effay  as,  without  OiaJow  of  me** 

thgd,  ever  took  thccpiftolary  form  ;  nor,  though  v i fib) y  unintended 

/eithe  public  eye,  arc  they  the  lefs  impregnated  with  native  wit, 

rfjf  Icfs  fwcetcned  with  delicacy  of  fentiment.     No  wonder  then 

I  jf  their  ilytc  be  cafy  as  it  is  natural,  and  elegant  as  it  is  eafy  ; 

\M  each  letter  be  a  model  in  matter  and  manner,  with  due  zU 

iJowancc  to  patriot-partialiiy ;  nay  if  the  very  turn  of  the  origi* 

I  j;al  remain  with  the  thought,  unviolated  in  the  verfion/ 

After  fo  much  encomium,  fomc  fpccimen  may  be  thought  ne- 
cffiry  J  and  we  Ihall  give  the  wcil^written  letter  to  Mr.  Vol- 
ajre,  on  the  famous  fubjciSt  of  the  fuffcrings  infii^Sed  by  bigotry 
1  the  Calas  family* 

*  I  thank  you  much  for  the  book  you  fcnt  me ;  every  thing 
It  is  beautiful,  everything  true;  and  you  are  always  the 
xft  man  in  the  world  for  writing  and  for  thinking.  You  have 
U  rcafon  to  preach  toleration  j  but  the  iirnorant  cannot,  and 
be  hypocrites  will  not  underOand  you.  When  ihz  execurion 
the  unfortunate  Galas  was  mentioned  to  me,  1  thought  at 
tb£  fccne  had  pafled  among  cannibals  :  but  I  was  toid  it 
juft  happened  among  the  ravages  of  Touloufc,  in  a  city 
rbcre  the  holy  inquifition  has  been  founded  ;  and  I  no  longer 
rendered.  I  read  fome  pafTages  of  your  wr»rk  to  the  king,  who 
ras  touched  with  them*  He  is  firmly  rcfolvcd  to  avenge  and 
tftore  the  memory  at  leaft  of  that  venerable  old  man  :  for  my 
irt,  I  (hould  not  be  forry  that  his  judges  were  fent  10  the 
Jlcys.  The  good  town  of  Touloufc  is  faid  to  be  wondrous 
Yout :  God  prcferve  me  frotii  ever  being  devout  in  fuch 
nnef ! 

To  feturn  to 
iih  fo  much  fpirit  at  your 

nd  ;  great  is  the  need  :  9s  for  me,  I  fliall  not  ceafe  to  read 
and  to   admire  you.     Somebody  had   the  infolencc  t'other  day 
addrefs  to  me  verfcs  moft  injurious  tg  the  king  and  to  my fclf. 
ne  perfon  would  infift  that  it  wa.^  you  who  bad  written  them. 
fetorted  that  they  could  not  be  yours,  becaufe  they  were  bad 
,  and  becaufe  I  had  never  done  you  any  harm;  you  thus 
what  I  think  at  once  of  your  genius  and  your  juflicc,     I 
illlngly  forgive  my  own  enemies,  but  do  not  lb  eafily  forgive 
c  cncmiet  of  his  majciiy  j  nor  fliould  [  greatly  grieve,  if  the 
author  of  ttjofc  hmt  verfcs  were  to  fpend  fome  time  at  Bicctre^ 
mourn  his  fins,  his  calumnies,  and  his  poetry  together. 
'  Is  it  true  thst  you  have  been  dangeroiifly  ill,  and  received 
facramrnt  with  an  exeinplary  devotion  ?  The  h*xvni-x  piece 
new*  I  leafnt  with  concern,  the  latter  with  faiisfaclion  ;  be- 
lt confirms  me  In  the  gooil  opinion  I  ever  cntcn2L\t\^  kH 
ibe  fcQie  of£cI%hn.    Yci  do  what  you  wU\,  ^ou  t\tMtt 
E  4  Vi'^i"^ 


you,  my  dear  fir;  is  it  pofllble  to  write  on 
t  at  your  ajje  ?  Continue  to  irjftruft  man- 


I 


56  BofTu'i  Travils  through  Louifiaiia. 

will  (but  the  mouths  of  yourdefpicablc,  but  dangeroiis  enemies, 
Mf •  d'Argouge  dropt  on  the  fubjedl :  Ah  /  the  &U  finmr  :  hi 
MiV£r  belttvn  in  God^  but  whin  hi  has  the  fiVir.  I  rated  him 
ibundly,  -declaring  that  there  was  neither  truth  nor  charity  in 
fttch  infmuacion.  Farewell)  my  Phebus  ;  the  good  accounts  I 
have  of  your  health  are  fupremely  pleafing  :  my  pleafure  were 
complete^  could  I  do  you  any,  and  fee  France  in  better  con? 
dition.* 

The  Letter- writer, — whoever  the  Writer  may  really  be,— 
appears,  every  where,  an  admirer  of  M.  de  Voltaire,  to  an  c:?- 
ccis  that  does  not,  we  apprehend,  in  all  refpe£^s,  coincide  with 
the  indifferent  terms  on  which  this  celebrated  genius  hs^th,  for 
fo  many  years,  remained,  with  the  court  of  his  natural  prince. 

Art.  X,  Travels  tbrcugh  that  fart  of  Norib  Atnerica fomurfy  cmBe4 
LcHifuwa.  By  Mr.  Bollu,  Captain  in  the  French  Marines.  Trant 
l«:eJ  from  the  French  by  John  Reinhold  Forftcr,  F.  A.  S.  Illut 
trated  with  Notes  relative  chieHy  to  natural  Hiftory.  To  which 
is  abided,  by  the  Tranllator,  a  fyllematic  Catalogue  of  all  the 
known  Plants  of  Engliih  North  America,  or  a  Flora  Ameriat  Sif^* 
tditrhnalii,  Tof,cthcr  with  an  Abraft  of  the  mod  afcful  and  nc- 
ccffary  Articles  contained  in  Peter  Locfiing's  Travels  through 
Spain  and  Cum  Ana  in  South- America.  Svo.  2  Vols.  10  s.  6d. 
ill  Boards.     Davics.     I7"i. 

THE  provinces  of  North  America  arc  no.v  become  a  very 
intercAing  object,  particularly  to  the  inhabitants  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  a  country  which  atlords  ample  matter  for  em- 
ploying the  pens  of  literary  men,  and  accordingly  publications 
of  this  kinvl  have  of  late  been  pretty  numerous  ;  they  fccm  to  be 
alw^iyci  acceptable  to  the  public,  and  when  executed  with  fidc« 
lity  by  per  tons  of  ability  and  judgment,  muft,  without  doubt^ 
prove  both  entertaining  and  ufeful. 

Mr.  Bc^«i>  account  of  Louifiana  i$  contained  in  twenty-two 
letters.  addrefltJ  to  the  Marquis  de  Y  Ellrade,  the  tirft  dated  in ' 
February,  17S^>  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  Notixmber,  1762.  During  this 
pciiiv)  he  was  enga^j^e^l  in  two  expeditions  to  this  country,  but 
tHoujth  fiom  hU  own  iclation  he  appears  to  have  been  faithful 
M^t  tfcalou^  in  the  French  fer\*ice,  his  vopges  do  not  fecm  tc^ 
have  been  very  beneficial  to  hinUclf :  after  the  firft,  indeed,  we 
are  t\JJ  that  he  recvi\*cd  a  gr*:ulty  from  the  king  of  France^ 
but  the  fccond  was  finiihcd  br  his  being  recalled,  and  broke» 
t^;:t'thcr  with  other  fuper:cr  ar.J  inferior  officers. 

'Vhe  letters  were  writtc.i  a:  the  requcil  *  f  M-  de  r£(fan«ie»  At 
the  vUmc  k^^  o:)C  of  them,  the  AathvV  tells  tbe  Marquis,  that 
«  if  he  caunc:  amufe  him  with  hii  .lile,  at  leaft  he  Ihall  make 
hijt  nattAtwT  btencilin;;,  th.vu^h  the  ungulantr  of  the  fade  bei 
i(^:xud$  to  iitla;c^^    Aa^  ;a  aaother  p^ac^  iilMai  %cdLuig.oS 


Boflti'x  Travels  through  Louijiand.  57 

his  obfervations  on  the  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  the 
gcnious  of  the  native,  &c,  he  adds,  *  I  think  this  ftudy  not 
beneath  a  traveller.  You  are  a  foldier  and  a  philofopher ;  t 
am  perfuaded  that  what  I  {hall  give  you  an  account  of  wiU 
pkafc  you  :  for  I  flmttcr  myfelf  that  you  depend  upon  the  fide- 
lity of  your  hiftorian  ;  indeed  I  mean  to  affert  nothing  but  what 
lam  eye-witnefs  of;  for  I  can  neither  invent  nor  exaggerate/ 

Some  accounts,  however,  which  this  writer  gives,  relate  to 
circumftances  and  events  many  years  prior  to  his  vifit  to  this 
part  of  the  world  5  for  thefe  therefore  he  muft  have  depended 
upon  the  teftimony  of  others  ;  but  as  to  the  many  particulars 
which  he  atlcrts  from  his  own  knowledge,  he  generally  appears 
(0  be  worthy  of  entire  credit. 

Among  various  other  matters  Mr.  Boflu,  as  is  cuftomary 
with  Authors  who  have  written  concerning  the  Indians,  fome- 
times  prefenrs  us  with  the  fpceches  which  were  made  on  dif- 
ferent occafions,  by  the  chiefs  and  elders  of  thefc  nations.  It 
is  well  known  that  it  has  not  been  uiiufual  with  other  hifto- 
riaos  to  amplify  and  cmbellifh  this  part  of  their  fubje£l  in  order 
to  recommend  their  work ;  and  we  muft  acknowledge  that  wc 
pnerally  read  thefe  Indian  harangues  with  a  degree  of  diffidence^ 
Mr.  Forfter,  the  tranflator,  fecms  to  intimate  a  little  fufpicron 
of  the  fame  kind.  The  Author,  in  relating  fome  of  the  argu- 
ments which  an  old  warrior  ufeJ  to  animate  the  foldiers  who 
were  going  out  againft  the  enemy,  Jimong  other  things  we  are 
toW  he  faid,  '  Go,  my  comrades,  as  men  of  courage,  and 
with  the  heart  of  a  Hon.*  Upon  which  the  tranflator's  note  is, 
•  An  hyperbole  no  Indian  in  America  would  make  ufe  of,  not 
knowing  that  creature,  which  is  not  to  be  met  with  in  that 
country.' 

Mr.  BoflTu  give  an  account,  as  other  travellers  have  done,  of 
the  difcovery  of  the  fkeletons  of  elephants  in  North  America, 
from  whence  he  argues  for  the  junction  of  Louifiana  with  Afia : 
after  telling  us  that  his  bad  ftate  of  health  prevented  his  goirig 
fo  take  the  command  of  Fort  du  Quene,  he  obfervcs,  <  this 
-  voyage  would  have  enabled  me  to  examine  the  place  on  the  road, 
where  an  Indian  found  fpmc  elephants'  teeth,  of  which  he  gave 
me  a  grinder,  weighing  about  fix  pounds  and  a  half.'  After 
which  he  proceeds  as  follows  :  *  In  1735,  the  Canadians,  who 
came  to  make  war  upon  the  Tchicahas^  (Chickihaws,)  found, 
near  the  Obio^  the  fkeletons  of  fcven  elephants  ;  which  makes 
me  believe,  that  Loujiana  ]o\ns  to  Afia,  and  that  thefe  elephants 
came  from  the  latter  continent  by  the  weftern  part,  which  we 
are  not  acquainted  with :  a  herd  of  thefe  animals  having  loft 
their  way,  probably  entered  upon  this  new  continent,  and 
having  always  gone  upon  main  land  and  in  forefts,  iVve  \t\d\- 
an9  of  tbar  time  not baving  the  ufe  of  fire-aims«  have  uot  \)^«tv 


^  Bi'J^'j  Trrobj  zi^a/ri  L  rinJiBW& 

t^'st  to  ccflfoj  thfs  rsrirtV.  i:  Is  po£i>k  that  feren  anived  at 
thr  plarr  near  the  Oi^r^  vibich^  in  oar  maps  oi  Lti'jfimui^  it 
p.2rk.ni  wA  a  cjdTs.  Tte  ckph^nts,  accordixig  to  all  appear- 
accc,  ȣ7e  ia  a  fa.un7T  eronod^  wt>cie  thej  fnnk  in  by  the 
monDGos  wG^i  c:  t^st-ir  bodies,  aiid  coaU  coc  get  out  again^ 
\\ji  TTt-e  fcrc3cr  tt>  3*7  ThcTc.' 

Ths  t  ar.fla:cy  rcir^r^s  upoa  t}ils  pai&ge,  that  modern  geo- 
^rijLici"  obierraiccE  roiitT  Imis  A-.ibor's  fuppc^fitioo  iniprob- 
z'zM  i  bdides  wtkh  be  adils  that  tbe  tcetb  of  the  animalst 
{c'i  iz,  be  fouod  oa  the  American  cvAiiBrnt^  appear,  upon  exr 
kT.:aitik'j^  :o  ^s  irry  d^ercnt  from  thc-fe  cf  the  cooudoq  eler 
»  Lic:,  ir;^  r:.-Vc ::?:.:>  ibey  c«nno(  be  cf  the  iamc  fpecics* 

Mr.  Sccj  his,  rticrtbtjtij,  iki-cral  rt£e^ons  on  the  popuh- 
:  DTI  of  /i^,fr;c2,  znd  i:s  conr-edion  «ith  Aua  on  the  fide  of 
T:-rurT,  il  ihis  hii  sin:h  iciter,  axid  in  the  twenty- £rft.  Among 
otritr  ic— .i:'iL£,  be  likrs  nc^ce  of  a  conJ»edaie,  which  has  by 
UyT.c  pc:  f:  r,s  been  exr.:;r.Lced,  thu  there  is  a  part  of  America 
vr.kh  w*i  peopled  by  the  Welch,  and  that  their  language 
;::r.ci  z  cjn:Iicrib!e  part  of  the  Izngu^rcs  of  the  Anericyi 
i:-t:Oi5>.  Though  he  does  no:  appear  to  lay  any  great  ffrefs 
M'^L'Z  tht.c  iclitioiis,  he  ttl^s  us  that  *  the  Dutch  brought  % 
Viiw,  i*i::i  a  vh^te  head,  f.om  ihc  i:rc*ght£  of  Ala^fUan^  which 
X'.L  r£t:»e-  cillcd  Ax^iT*  ;  this  wcri  i>  an  c.'i  Welch  one,  and 
C^r.inci  u  J..V  hi^J  ;  from  hence  they  cor.c:i;Ci  that  the  natives 
cr.ginally  cao^e  fiom  Wales/  The  tranuatoi's  note  upon  this 
pi^'-gc  fcrms  a  \tT\  juft  cne,  when  be  tells  us,  *  This,  how* 
c\  €rz^  i?  a  wrong  fuppohdon  ;  for  it  appears,  that  the  bird  in 
q.tfiton  iias  a  black,  an«^  nor  a  white  bead ;  but  its  name  it 
Sf anllb,  and  iigni£es  a  tJC  bird,  the  Paspcu^  or  rather  Phh' 
^a.«?,  being  very  fat,* 

We  dill  DOW  add  a  few  extracts,  by  which  our  readers  may 
be  cD:.'r'!ed  :o  form  fome  jud^cni  boih  of  the  original  and  of 
the  traail2i:oa.  There  are  many  inicretting  relations  which 
we  mi^ht  feled,  but  as  they  aie  generally  of  a  greater  length 
ihjji  cur  limiis  will  allow,  we  muft  be  contented  with  ipmo 
firrter  ctziriiiliwns* 

^!r.  Bc£ii  gives  the  following  account  of  the  ceremony  of 
£iop*Jcn  among  the  M^rzes^  to  «  hich  be  himfclf  fubmitied : 

*  The  jitarsdis  have  adopted  me ;  diey  ha%*e  adopted  me  at 
a  tranior  ar.d  a  chief,  and  ha\*e  given  me  the  mark  of  it,  which 
h  the  figure  cf  a  roe-buck  imprinted  on  my  thigh.  I  have 
i«Ii'is2^y  undergone  this  painful  operation,  «hich  was  per* 
formed  in  the  folic  wing  manner :  I  u*as  feated  on  a  t\  ger*s  (kin ; 
an  Indian  burnt  fome  firaw,  the  athes  of  which  he  diluted 
w::h  wate:  :  be  made  ufe  of  this  fimple  mixture  to  draw  the 
roe- bock;  he  then  followed  the  drawing  with  great  ntedles, 
/-icktDj  :h:ai  deep  into  the  ficfli,  till  the  blood  comes  out; 


BoflTu'i  Travels  through  Louifiana.  59 

this  blood  mixing  with  the  aihes  of  the  draw,  form<:  a  figure 
which  can  never  be  eftaceJ.  1  fmoked  (he  calumet  after  that ; 
they  fpread  white  (kins  under  my  feet,  on  which  I  walked ; 
tbey  danced  before  me,  crying  out  for  joy  ;  they  tolJ  me  after- 
wards, that  I  could  go  to  all  the  people  that  were  their  allies, 
prefent  the  calumet,  and  fiiew  my  mark,  znd  I  wculd  be  well 
received ;  that  I  was  their  brother,  and  that  if  any  one  killed 
QC,  they  would  kill  him ;  now  I  am  a  npble  Jianza.,  Thefe 
people  think  they  have  done  me  all  the  honour  due  to  a  defender 
of  their  country,  by  thus  adopting  me  :  and  I  regard  this  ho- 
nour almoft  like  that  which  the  Marjiial  de  Richeliiu  received, 
when  his  name  was  infcribed  in  the  golden  book  at  Genoa  among 
the  noble  Genoefe.  It  is  true,  there  is  forne  difference  between 
an  infcriptipn  and  the  operation  I  have  undergone ;  I  cannot 
expreis  to  you  how  much  I  have  fuflpcred  by  it ;  I  did  all  I 
^uld  to  prevent  (hewing  how  much  I  was  afFeded ;  on  the 
contrary,  I  joked  with  the  Indian  women  that  were  prefent; 
an4  All  the  fpe£lator$,  amazed  at  my  infcnfibility,  cried  out  for 

?'  y,  and  danced  round  about  me,  faying,  I  was  a  true  man. 
'he  pain  has  been  very  violent,  and  I  have  had  a  fever  from  ic 
for  a  week  together.  You  cannot  believe  how  fond  the  Akan* 
zes  are  of  me  fince  that  time.' 

One  of  this  writer's  letters,  dated  at  the  Illinois^  concludes 
with  the  following  relation  :  '  I  (hall  {ini(h  my  letter  with  the 
dcfcription  of  a  very  odd  and  extraordinary  ceremony,  performed 
by  the  Mijffiurisy  who  came  hither  as  ambaifadors  at  the  time 
when  the  Chevalier  de  Boijbruint  commanded  here.  This  tra- 
gic ftory  will  at  the  fame  time  ferve  to  teach  officers, — that  both 
the  theoretical  and  the  pradlical  part  of  geography  ought  to  be 
underftood  by  them ;  and  that  ic  is  neceflary  they  (hould  care- 
fully ftudy  the  interior  fituation  of  a  country  where  they  are  at 
war. — 

*  In  1720,  the  Spaniards  formed  the  dcfign  of  fettling  at  the 
Miffiuris^  who  are  near  the  li/rmis,  in  order  to  confine  us  ^the 
French)  more  to  the  weft]ivard. — They  believed,  that  in  order 
to  put  their  colony  in  fafety,  it  was  neceflary  they  (hould  en- 
tirely deftroy  the  Mijfouris  ;  but  concluding  it  would  be  impof« 
fible  to  fubdue  them  with  their  own  forces  alone,  they  refolved 
to  make  an  alliance  with  the  Ofages^  a  people  who  were  the 
neighbours  of  the  Miffourisy  and  at  the  fame  time  their  mortal 
enemies. — With  that  view  they  formed  a  caravan  at  Santa- Fe^ 
confifting  of  men,  women  and  foldiers,  having  a  Jacobim 
prieft  for  their  chaplain,  and  an  cqgineer-captain  for  their  chief 
and  condudor,  with  the  horfes  and  cattle  neceflary  for  a  per* 
manent  fettlement. 

*  The  caravan  being  fet  out,  mifiook  its  road,  and  arrived 
9t  the  Aftjfouris^  taking  them  to  be  the  Ojagti.    ImmcdvalcX'f 


6o  BafTu'j  Travels  through  Lcuijiana* 

the  conductor  of  the  caravan  orders  his  interpreter  to  fpcak  to 
the  chief  of  the  Mijfourh^  as  if  he  had  been  that  of  the  Ofaget^ 
and  tell  him  that  they  were  come  to  make  an  alliance  with 
them,  in  order  to  deftroy  together  the  Mijfouris  their  enemies. 
The  great  chief  of  the  Mijfouris  concealed  his  thoughts  upon 
this  expedition  ;  (hewed  the  Spaniards  figns  of  great  joy,  and 
promifed  to  execute  a  dcfign  with  them  which  gave  him  fo  much 
pleafure.  To  that  purpofe  he  invited  them  to  reft  for  a  few 
days  after  their  tirefome  journey^  till  he  had  aflcmbled  his 
warriors,  and  held  council  with  the  old  men  :  but  the  refult  of 
this  council  of  war  was,  that  they  fhould  entertain  their  guefts 
very  well,  and  afFecl  the  iincereft  friendfliip  far  them.  They 
agreed  together  to  fet  out  in  three  days.  The  Spanifli  captain 
immediately  diftributed  fifteen  hundred  muHcets  amongft  them, 
with  an  equal  number  of  piftols,  fabres,  and  hatchets  ;  but  the 
very  morning  after  this  agreement,  the  Mijfcuris  came  by  break 
ofday  into  the  Spanifh  camp,  and  killed  them  all,  except  the- 
yacobine  prieft,  whofe  fmgular  drefs  did  not  feem  to  belong  to 
a  warrior  ;  they  called  him  a  Mag-pie,  and  diverted  themfelves 
with  making  him  ride  on  one  of  the  Spanifh  horfes,  on  their 
days  of  afTembly. 

*  All  thefe  tranfaflions  the  Mijjouris  themf.lves  have  related, 
when  they  brought  the,  ornaments  of  the  chapel  hither.  They 
were  dreflcd  out  in  thefe  ornaments :  the  chief  had  on  thfc 
naked  fkin  the  chafuble,  with  the  paten  fufpended  from  his 
neck,  having  driven  a  nail  through  it,  and  making  ufe  of  it  as 
a  breaft  plate ;  he  marched  gravely  at  the  head  of  all  the  others, 
being  crowned  with  feathers  and  a  pair  of  horns.  Thofe  that 
followed  him  had  more  chafubles  on ;  after  them  came  thofe 
who  carried  the  ftole,  followed  by  thofe  who  had  the  fcarfs 
about  their  necks  \  after  them  came  three  or  four  young  Indi- 
ans, fome  with  albs,  and  others  with  furplices  on.  The  Aco- 
lothifls,  contrary  to  order,  were  at  the  end  of  the  proccHion, 
not  being  adorned  enough,  and  held  in  their  hands  a  crofs  or 
chandelier,  whilft  they  danced  in  cadence.  Thefe  people,  not 
knowing  the  refped):  due  to  the  facred  utcnfils,  hung  the  chalice 
to  a  horfc's  neck,  as  if  it  had  been  a  bell. 
*  *  The  firft  Frenchman  who  faw  this  mafqueradc  arrive,  ran 
laughing  to  give  M.  de  Boifiriant  intelligence  of  it :  this  officei', 
who  is  as  pious  as  he  is  brave,  was  overcome  with  grief  at  the 
fight  of  the  Indians,  and  knew  not  what  to  think  of  the  event ; 
lie  feared  they  had  deftrpyed  fome  French  fettlements ;  but 
when  he  faw  them  nearly,  his  .fadnefs  vanifhcd,  and  he  h^d 
much  to  do.  to  keep  himfelf  from  laughing  with  the  reft.  7  iie 
Mijfouris  told  him,  that  the  Spaniards  intended  to  have  de* 
ftroyed  them  ;  that  they  brought  him  all  thefe  things,  as  bdng 
of  no  ufe  to  tJiem^  and  that,  if  he  would,  he  might  give  therti 


Boflu'x  Travih  through  Louifianai  it 

fuch  goods  in  return  as  were  more  to  their  liking.  According- 
ly be  gave  them  fome  goods,  and  fent  the  ornaments  to  M.  de 
BitmjiUiy  who  was  then  governor-general  of  the  province  q( 
Lmfwna.  As  the  Indians  had  got  a  great  number  of  Spanilli 
faorfes  from  this  caravan,  the  chief  of  the  Mijfouris  gave  the 
fifleft  to  M.  ^  B&jjbriant* 

In  his  laft  letter,  M.  Boflu  tells  us  of  a  method  which  was 
employed  to  impofe  upon  the  Spaniards  :  '  The  inhabitants  of 
Ciidy  fays  he,  who  were  plagued  by  the  Spaniards  to  difcovcr 
the  gold  mines,  being  defirous  of  getting  rid  of  thefe  importu- 
nate guefts,  told  them,  that  befides  the  gold  which  they  would 
find  in  the  ifle  of  Biminiy  there  was  likewife  a  river  and  a  foun- 
tain which  made  old  men  young  by  bathing  in  it.  This  ac- 
count was  immediately  tranfmitted  to  the  court  of  Madrid^ 
where  it  engaged  many  Spaniards  to  embark  at  Cadizy  in  order 
to  go  to  the  If^efi  Indies  to  fee  this  wonder,  which,  if  it  had 
really  exifl-ed,  would  have  been  worth  more  than  all  the  gold 
in  the  world.  When  thcfe  Spaniards  returned  to  Cadiz,  every 
one  found  that  they  had  been  deceived  ;  inftcad  of  being  young, 
they  were  grown  older,  and  the  people  laughed  at  their  long 
and  troublefome  voyage.' — Uur  Author  and  his  company  had 
agreed  among  themfelves  to  make  the  trial,  had  they  been  car- 
ried to  Biminiy  which  now  belongs  to  the  Englijb,  and  is  called 
the  Ifli  of  Providence, 

Theiecond  volume  of  this  work  contains  only  the  Author^! 
lafi  letter,  which  is  followed  by  a  catalogue  of  plants,  (hrubs 
and  trees  in  North  /America.  1  o  this  is  added,  *  an  abftract 
of  the  moft  ufeful  and  nccefTary  articles  mentioned  by  Peter 
Lee/Brtg,  botanift  to  his  Catholic  majefty,  in  his  travels  through 
Spain,  and  that  part  of  South  America  called  Cumana,  confin- 
ing in  his  life,  and  in  fyftematical  defcriptions  of  the  plants  of 
both  countries,  referring  to  the  pages  in  the  original  SwediQt 
edition.' 

Peter  Loefling  was  a  native  of  Sweden,  and  difciple  of  Dr. 
Linnaeus  ;  he  was  a  moil  induftrious  botanill,  and  a  kind  of 
enthuiiaft  in  the  fcicnce.  He  was  employed  by  the  king  of 
Spain  to  colled  the  various  fpccies  of  plants  in  that  country 
and  in  South  Americ;i,  where  this  ingenious  and  worthy  young 
man  prematurely  ended  his  days,  on  the  22d  of  February  1756, 
to  the  grcit  regret  of  all  who  knew  him,  and  of  all  the  lovers 
of  that  branch  of  knowledge  to  which  he  was  devoted. 

The  tranflator  finishes  the  life  of  Peter  Loefling  with  cxpref- 
fing  his  laudable  and  ^  moft  ardent  wi(h  that  £ni;lanJ  may 
never  be  without  difmterelied  and  patriotic  men,  whs  f.^r  the 
increafe  of  ufeful  learning  and  the  knowledge  of  uauxic^  vu\\\ 
exert  their  influence,  gtniusL  and  weahh,  to  pronr\oic,  cncovx* 
ngc  Mod  protc3,   tbc  invcAigraon  of  natural  hiliorv  in  t\\n 


6i  Parry  V  Geneahgies  ef  Jefus  Cbriji. 

Weft  Indies  ahd  America,  on  the  Senegal  and  Gambia  rivers 
in  Africa,  and  the  great  and  excenfive  pofTeffions  which  the 
£ngli(h  enjoy  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  and  wherever  their  navigation 
extends.* 

Art.  XI.  The  Genealogies  of  Jefus  Cbrift,  in  Mattbrw  and  Luke^  ex- 
flaintd\  and  the  Jenvijb  OhjeQions  rcmo*vid.  By  Richard  Parry, 
D.  D.  Preacher  at  Marlcet-HarhoroQgh.  8vo.  i  s.  6d.  Davies, 
&c.     177 1. 

IT  is  well  known,  that  to  reconcile  the  different  genealogies 
of  our  Saviour,  given  by  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Lulce,  and 
to  remove  the  difficulties  feparately  attending  them,  hath  long 
and  often  been  the  bufiners  of  divines  ;  who  have  been  the 
more  folicitous  upon  this  head,  as  both  Jews  and  Infidels  have 
hence  formed  objeftions  to  Chriftianity,  In  the  prefent  trad. 
Dr.  Parry  chiefly  encounters  the  Jews  \  in  oppofition  to  whom, 
he  hath  undertaken  to  (hew,  that  Jefus  Chrift  was  indeed  of 
the  houfe  and  lineage  of  David.  With  this  view,  he  reduces 
the  fubje£^  to  fix  propofltions,  which  are  as  follows :  i.  The 
line  from  David  to  Jofeph  is  filled  up  with  a  fucceffion  of  diffe- 
rent names,  two  only  excepted.  2.  It  is  the  plain  and  obvious 
defign  of  each  Evangelift  to  fhew,  that  Jefus,  the  Son  of  Mary, 
was  the  Son  of  God,  and  not  of  Jofeph.  3.  It  muft,  there- 
fore, have  been  the  intention  of  both  Evangelifts,  In  proving 
the  relationfliip  of  Jefus  to  the  houfe  of  David,  to  (hew,  that 
his  fnother  was  defcended  from  that  houfe.  4.  The  pedigree 
in  St.  Matthew  is  the  natural  line  from  David  to  Jofeph,  the 
hufband  of  Mary,  who  was  likewife  of  the  houfe  of  David. 
5.  The  pedigree  in  St.  Luke  is  the  natural  line  from  J^avid, 
through  Nathan,  to  Jefus  the  fon-in-law  of  Jofeph,  who,  as 
the  hufband  of  Mary,  was  the  fon-in-law  of  Heli.  6.  Si- 
lathiel  and  Zorobabel  in  St.  Luke  are  different  perfons  from 
thofe  of  the  fame  name  in  St.  Matthew. 

The  three  laft  of  thefe  pro^ofitions  are  the  principal  objects 
of  Dr.  Parry *s  attention.  In  order  to  reconcile  the  three  ferics 
of  fourteen  generations  given  by  St.  Matthew,  our  Author 
makes  the  laft  perfon  of  one  feries  the  firft  of  the  next ;  *  and 
thus,  fays  he,  we  have  a  remarkable  perfon  at  the  head  of  each 
clafs — Abraham  who  had  the  Promifes — David  the  King — Je- 
CHONf  AH  the  Captive.  We  have  alfo  a  remarkable  perfon  at 
the  foot  of  each — David  the  King -^JucHosi ah  Captive — Je- 
sus tbe  Chrijl.  As  the  fccond  feries  contains  fifteen  perfons, 
and  is  on  that  account  faulty.  Dr.  Parry  excludes  Joram  from 
it;  in  which  he  is  fupported  by  the  authority  of  one  manu- 
icripty  and  the  Glojfa  ordinaria^  as  well  as  by  the  reafon  for 
which  Ahaziah^  Joojbj  and  Anunuab  are  fuppofcd  to  have  been 
excluded.     What  is  alleged,  to  prove,  xViax.  xh^  Sa^(6iWand 


MoKTHtY   CATALOCtJE, 


65 


)r4dil  in  St*  Luke,*  are  different  pcrfons  from  thofe  of  the 
ni  St.  Matihcw,  is  worthy  of  notice,  though,  per- 
. alter  will  not  yet  be  confidered  as  cleared  of  all  its 

Author  has  illuftratcd  his  work  by  a  number  of  notci, 

fcvcfll  olf  which  are  mr  nious   and  valuable.     His  interpreta- 

on  of  Luke  vii,  id*  .(//^  that  is  Uajl  in  the  kingdom  ef  heaven) 

Ebich  he  applies  to  the  Meffiah,  is  fo  Angular,  that  we  fliould 

^ye  been  gJai  to  have  fecn  his  rcafons  for  it  at  large.     But 

ever  may   be   thought  of    this  particular  criticifm.    Dr. 

remarks  will*  we  doubt  not,  in   general,  obtain  the 

itiurt  of  his  learned  readers. 


MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    JANUARY,      ijyt. 

Religious  ^jt^Contiioversial^ 

la.  ^  Letter  to  thi  Right  Honourabii  L^rd  Norths  concern* 

ing  the  intended  Application  to  Parliamctit  for  Relief  in  tlie  Mat- 

itr  of  Sobfcriptioii  to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  and  Liturgy  of  the 

Church  of  England.     By  a  Layman*     410*     j  s.     Bladen.     1772. 

h  I  7  E  may  fafcly  venture  to  pronounce^  that  this  letter  is  what  it 

fVv     profefles  to  be,  the  Compofition  of  a  Layman.     It  is  not 

itien   in  the  manner  that  might  be  expeftcd,  and  would,  indeed, 

_^_  almoil  unavoidable  in  a  Divine*  but  with  the  liberal  ipiritcfa 

peffoA  wbo  convcrlVs  much  in  the  world,  and  is  entirely  free  from 

CBckfiaiiical  reiUaints.     Though  the  Author  appears  to  be  well  ac- 

with  the  fubjcfk  of  Sobfcriptions,  hetmers  no  farther  into 

ological  part  of  it  than  is  neceifary  to  his  principal  purpofe, 

^dl  isf  to  oflFcr  fuch  con fi derations  with  regard  to  the  application 

rthe  petitioning  clerg^%  as  will  be  likely  to  have  an  cffcd  upon 

Ibtcfflaen  and  members  of  parliament* 

After  a  genteel  introduftion  to  Lord  North,  our  Letter- waiter  pro- 
poCes  CO  ihew,  that  Subfcription  to  the  Thirty -nine  Articles  and  Li- 
uiTgv  of  cur  church  is  extremely  prejudicial  to  the  caufc  of  genuine 
ChfiJlianityt  ^^d  to  the  interefts  of  truth  and  virtue ;  that  no  re^d 
idftttUge  if «  or  poflibly  can  be,  derived  from  it ;  and  that  there  is 
ootlUAe  ID  the  l^irit  of  the  times,  or  temper  of  the  people^  that  is« 
iocbe&a^*  unfavourable  to  the  petitioners,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
ejctmoely  friendly  and  favourable  to  them*  Having  reprefentcd 
tite  ociibrtuiutc  fttuation  of  many  of  the  clergy,  in  being  obliged  to 
drcUre  their  AfTent  to  forms  which  they  cannot  approve,  and  having 
poiDted  out  fome  few  of  the  abfurd  doi^lrine?  contained  in  the  Ar- 
ticStf,  the  Author  adds  the  following  animated  reflexions : 

*  Good  God  !  that,  in  a  philofophic  age,  in  a  Protellant  Country^ 
s  Coontry  famed  over  the  whole  Globe  for  having  given  birth  to  tbo 
gfcatelt  oialleTf  of  leafon  that  ever  appeared  among  men,  a  CoMt\\tv« 
wiiefe  the  writings  of  a  Z^i/v  ^  iJoadiif,  a  Clarki,  a  Enrlrr^  a^Te m 
(k  hModt  ofttcumdi  SMd  tea  thoufaods,  that  in  fuch  a  Coutivt^ ,  \ 


64  MOHTHLY   CATAtOGlTB^     ' 

fay,  it  ihould  be  i^uired  of  Chriftian  Preachers,  of  the  authbmed" 
Teachers  of  morality,  to  profefs  their  belief  In  fuch  doftrines  m 
thefe !  Every  puny  Infidel*  every  Mite  of  Scepticifm  fees  and  laagka 
at  the  Abfurdity  of  them,  pours  out  alt  his  (lores  of  wit»  ridicaie», 
and  contempt  on  the  Clergy,  raves  againft  Priefts  and  their  craft, 
calls  religion  a  cheat*  riots  m  unrighteoufnefs,  and  plunges 'into  all 
the  horrors  of  Infidelity.  The  friends  of  religion  fee  this  and  weep  i 
Its  enemies  exolt  and  triumph*  and  oar  Ecclcnaftical  Governors  look 
on»  and  do  nothing.     O  ttmpora  !  O  mores  /* 

As  to  the  quelhon,  *  Does  ChrilHanity^   does  the  church,  does 
fociety  derive  no  advantage,  no  benefit  from  the  Subfcription  of  oar ' 
Clergy  to  the  Thirty-nine    Articles r*.  the  writer  aniwers*  That, 
after  the  moft  attentive  confideration  of  the  fubjefl  he  is  capable  of, . 
he  cannot  pofiibly  perceive  a  fmgle  advantngc  that  either  is,  or  can 
be  derived  from  it,  whether  it  be  coniidcred  in  a  religious,  moral,' 
or  political  view.     That  it  cannot  be  p rod u dive  of  any  real  benelt« 
he  (hews  in  a  fatisfaflory  manner ;  and  then  comes  to  what  politic 
cians  will  pay  the  mod  regard  to,  the  temper  and  fpirit  of  the  times. 
An  cxtradt  or  two,  from  this  part  of  the  letter,  will  be  pleafing  to 
many  of  our  readers. 

*•  But  it  is  faid,  that  the  times  are  not  ripe  for  reformation,  that 
it  would  be  dangerous  to  attempt  it,  that  it  would  be  ftrenuoufly 
oppofcd  by  the  people,  that  it  could  not  pofllbly  be  efie&ed  without 
breaking  in  upon  the  public  peace:  in  a  word,  that  a  reformation 
is.  at  prefent,  impra^icabU,  This  notion  is  propagated,  with  great 
diligence,  by  a  certain  order  of  men  ;  with  what  views,  and  for 
what  purpofei,  it  requires  no  great  difcet  nnient  to  perceive  ;  bot  it 
has  not  the  lead  Hiadow  of  reafon  to  fupport  it.  Were  an  attempt 
to  be  made  to  deftroy  our  ecclefiaflical  conditution,  to  introduce  m 
new  mode  of  worflup,  to  take  away  the  ufe  of  their  Bibles,  or 
Prayer-Books  from  tht  people,  to  edablilh  the  do£trine  of  tranfub- 
llantiation,  &c.  by  afl  of  Parliament,  there  would  be  a  very  juft  and 
reafonable  foundation  for  fuch  an  alarm ;  but  to  fuppoie  that  the 
people  would  make  any  oppofition  to  the  Petitioning  Clergy,  that 
Wilkes,  Junius,  or  the  whole  Bill  of  Rights  could  poifibly  procure  a 
Petition  or  Remonilrance  from  any  county  in  the  kingdom,  in  fup- 
port of  the  thirty-nine  Articles,  were  they  iii  fboliili  as  to  attempt  it, 
is  fo  abfurd  and  ridiculous  a  fuppofition,  that  it  fcarce  deferves  a 
ferious  refutation.  What,  in  the  name  of  common  fenfe,  have  the 
Laity  to  do  with  the  thirty-nine  Articles  ?  Every  Layman  in  the 
kingdom  is  very  well  fatisfied  with  believing  $is  much  as  he  cun^  and 
leaves  it  to  the  Clergy  to  believe  more,  without  envying  them  lb 
diftin^uiflied  a  priinlege.  When  the  affair  of  Subfciiption  to  Articles 
of  Faith,  or  the  caA:  of  the  Petitioning  Clergy  is  mentioned  in  any 
company  of  Phyficians,  Lawyers,  Gentlemen  of  the  -^rmy  or  Navy, 
Merchants  bhopkccpers.  Artificers,  or  any  promifcuous  Company* 
the  language  of  atmoft  every  man  is, — Civi  the  Cler^y^gocd  LivtMgs^ 
and  tbffU  fubfcribt  any  thing.  There  is  not  a  Layman  in  a  Thou- 
fand  who  has  ever  read  the  thirty- nine  Articles  ;  and  of  thofe  wbo: 
have  read  them,  it  may  fafcly  be  afiirmed  that  there  is  not  one  in 
ten  thoufand  who  either  underdands  them,  or  gives  himfelf  any  con-^ 
ccm  about  thcm»* 

6  *  1V^ 


Religious  tfW  CoNXROvERsiAt. 


6s 


•  TV  Clergy  thcrofclves,  whcu  the  fubjcd  of  reformation  Is  out 
tf  Uu,  compikia  loudly  and  frequently,  of  the  great  coldncO  and 
itdwencc  tiiat  prevMib  among  all  ranks  of  men  in  matters  of  rcU* 
{miiadit  oiuft  be  acknowledged,  that  there  i«  too  much  rcafon 
tordii  ttOipfaiat.  Thi*  being  the  cafe,  what  ground  is  there  19 
mfutt  that  the  public  peace  can  poflibly  be  interrupted,  by  rc- 
flwiM  tKr-  Petitioning  Clcrgv  in  regard  to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles? 

nccs  for  the  fake  of  the  dthaitafian  Cretd^  the  doc- 
.„^  ^.  ..,^.,J.  fin,  Frtdtftinathn^  i^c.  f  .The  very  fuppofuion  is 
mo^  to  make  the  graveU  Philofof^hcr  in  the  kingdom  fmile.  Qi- 
vit  comfDOttims,  in  fuch  an  age  as  the  prefent,  and  among  fuch  a 
people,  on  account  of  the  Articles  oF  our  Church,  would  be  iuch  a 
PhxoaneDon  in  the  moral  and  political  world,  my  Lord,  as  I  am 
omrinced  is  not  to  be  paralleled  in  any  hiilory  ancient  or  modern. 

*  But  though  the  Gentlemen  of  the  prefent  age  are  unfortuoaicly 
Ttnr  cold  and  indifferent  in  matters  of  religion,  yet  many  of  the* 
Ocfpy  tell  us,  and  their  tertimony  muft  be  admitted  in  this  cafc^ 
tiitill  the  fcniible  Women  in  the  kingdom,  cfpccially  the  old  onci, 
617  and  many  of  the  young  ones  too,  are  great  friends  to  the  thirty- 
nir>f  Articles,    and  particularly  fond  of  the  Athanatian  Csecd  ;    to 

-e,  indeed,  that  if -this  Creed  were  to  be  dikardcd,  and 

illcred,  there  is  great  rcaA^n  to  fear  that  many  of  them 

£--ntcr  a  Church  Again,  but  ihuc  themfelvcs  up  in  their  clo- 

iayi  appointed  for  public  worfhip,  and  amufe  themfolvcs, 

intiie  beii  m^inncr  they  could,  with  the  Prophets  and  Apollles ;  or» 

with  what  would  probably  be  ilill  more  to  their  Tnfte,  Bilkop  Bcve- 

rii^r,  and  the  other  reverend  Devotionalills«  who  love  to  expatiate 

00  the  Trinity,  and  the  reft  of  the  tficomprfhit:/tl/U  my^ttM  of  reli- 

|ioii.    Thia  would  be  a  ferioua  affair,  indeed  !    for  if  a  reformation 

lid  take  phcc,  our  Churches  might   be  in  great  dnnger  of  being 

II y  deferred,  and  the  molt  dreadful  confci^ucnces  might  cnfuc, 

of  fuch  a  calamity,  however,  the  wifdom  of  Government 

tU,  no  doubt,  take  cafe  to  fecure  the  public  tranquillity  :   the 

'  refj»e^ful  attention  would  be  paid  to  the  Petitions  and  Re- 

;iTi.ANccs  of  the  good  Ladiej,  and  if  any  notice  (houjd  be  taken 

from  the  throne,  as  there  is  every  reafou  to  think  there  would, 

would  be  looked  upon  ns  of  etjual  importance,  at  leail, 

lat  of  the  HNKNtn  cattle  ;  though  this  fccms  to  be  a  grow- 

ingfvi!,  and  likely  to  bal^c  the  united  Ikill  of  all  the  Low-Dodors 

lit  ^am/ 

^»r,  having  paid  his  refpcfts  to  the  Ladici,  proceeds  to  the 
C!.  rit  milks  and  orders,  whofe  peculiar  charaitcrs  he 

hi.  fiminatcd; — but  we  mull  refti-  our  readers  to  the 

u  %vhtch,    being  convttc,  lively,   ana  entertaining,  will, 

prr  pcrufed  by  manv  j  cilous,  who  hab'e  no  laile  for  more 

cLbOr^xe  ^'x^  more  folcmn  d:l,:juJjtions. 
Art,  f  J,   TIh  RrafdfiQiUrftfi  c/r  pthing  St^lffirif^fhn  19  Ariuks  ef 

Rthgnm  ftvm  i*€rfoti$   to  bt   admitted  /#   AWr   Orders ^  »r  «  Citrt  of 

-  ^v.  rv^,  10  a  Charge  deJivcrcdfO  the  Clergy  of  the  Dio- 

.  ia  the  Year  i'^:*!-     By  Thomav  Ranf^olph,  D.  D. 

1  Cw  C  C*  Lady  Margarc:'*  IVafcflar  of  Divinity ^  atbd 

on  of  Oxfo/d,     t\o,     ^d.  ,  Riff^n^toa* 

It  J  y,  jjJi,  iy/U  h'  VbWlk 


u 


66 


MOHTHLV   CaTALOCUB, 


{ 


When  we  fay  tliai  Or^  RancSolpli  is  as  able  ao  advocate  for  fub- 

fcnption  as  there  who  have  gone  before  him  upon  the  i'amc  fubje^t* 
we  pay  no  coitiplrment  &a  the  caufe  in  which  he  is  engaged  j   for  wc 
thinlc  him  equ^illy  uDfuccefsfa)*     iJe  has  alleged  do  arguments  bjt 
what  have  been  urgrrd  again  and  again,  a!id  which,  Tn  our  opinion, 
have  been   unaafwerably   refuted,     Oa   this   account,  wc  ate  iorrjf 
rhat  the  Dr*  s  thurgt  mcc  with  fo  united  an   approbzicion  from   ihtf 
clergy  of  the  diocele  of  Oxford,  among  whom*  wc  knoiV»  are  man/ 
very  refpc£lable  charaders ;  but  it  may  naturally  enough  be  fuppofcd» 
that  they  have  not  given  a  minute  and  critical  attention  to  the  argu- 
ments which  have  been  ufed  on  both  ftdes  in  this  controverfy*     Dr» 
Randolph  contends  that  the  thirty-nine  Articles  ought  to   be  fab* 
fcrit^d  in  the  fccfi;  of  the  impotcrs.     Thif  notion  will  accord  very 
well  with  his  extreme  zeal  for  the  AthanaGati  doclnnea,  but  it  dor> 
toot  coincide  with   the  latitude  whicii    he  fccms  willing  to  allow  in 
other  refpcds.     It  is,  indeed,  with  concern,  and  almoil  with  fur- 
prize,  that  we  perceive  fuch  numbers  ct  the  Arminlan  cleigy  to  bft^ 
eager  for  a  continuance  of    fubfcription   to  the  prefent  AniclesiB 
though  thefc  Articles  muft  eternally  cxpofc  them  to  infuperablc  dif'* 
ficulties,  and  aftbrd  great  occafion  of  triumph  to  the  Mcthodills. 
Art.  J4<   A  Letter  IQ  his  Grace  thi  Archbtjhp  of  Canterbury^  oa 
the  Subjetl  of  the  intended  Pcatibn  to  Pailiament,  for  Relief  in 
the  M^iticr  of  Subfcription  to  th^  Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  the 
Liturgy,   of  the  Church  of  England*     By  a  Clerg)iaaii  of  tbo 
Church  of  England*     iivo,     6  d.     Johnfon.  9 

This  letter  is  written  in  favour  of  tlic  petitioning  clergy,  sn^M 
hath  fuggclled  fcvcral  conhderations  to  th«r  Archbithopof  C  /■ 

iBi'hich,  from  the  well-known  cMnd^ar  of  his  Gr;»ce,  and  th  .-■ 

tlon  of  His  principlej,  will,  it  h  to  be  hoped,  meet  with  due  r^iM 
gard,  *    .    J 

Art.  15,  A  fummmy  Vitw  of  the  Laws  relating  to  Sfih/cripthni^ 
Stc*  with  Rem;irk%  humbly  offeied  to  the  Confideratioa  of  thifl 
Bntifh  Parliament,     8vo.     £>d.     Willie.     n7Z*  ^ 

As  Subfcriptions  are,  at  prefent,  an  oojeQ  of  public  attention^  fU 
fuxmuary  wlew  of  ihe  laws  j elating  to  them  is  very  fealonable  in^M 
ufeful ;  and  the  Author  hath  added  a  number  of  judicious  remarklfl 
all  of  them  calculated  to  promote  thedrftrable  fcheaicof  the  PetitioilM 
ing  Clergy.  S 

Artt  16.  ^ueriefy  recommended  to  the  ConriJcrafion  of  tl^fl 
Public,  with  regard  to  tic  Thirty  nine  Articles*  J  vo.  t  Jfl 
johnfon.     177  !•  ^1 

The  abfurd  and  falfc  do^rincs  cotita^ned  in  fcveral  of  the  ^H 
Articles,  cannot  he  better  cxpoicd  than  in  this  little  tract,  i^hith,  wM 
a  ferics  of  perfpicuous  and  uell-digefted  cjuellions,  is  titted  to  ilrH^I 
conviflion '  00  every  ingenuous  and  rational  mind.  The  AathH 
fays,  that  he  cannot  thiftk  an  apology  neccffar)*  for  fo  free  a  din 
cuflion  of  Articles  of  human  invention,  artd  hringiug  them  to  twM 
tetl  of  a  drift  comparifon  with  the  word  of  Gtd ;  w^hich  Ariclc^ 
upon  the  mofl  fericus  confider^ition,  he  has  been  determined,  majfl 
ycari  ago,  never  again  to  fubfcribe,  and  he  heartily  lamaiti  his  fulS 
fcription  to  them,  though  an  afl  done  la  bis  yourgcr  dayfj  at  fl 
time  when  he  jugcd  it  not  otiUwfat,  fl 


^ELjfiiQvnuid  Cai«r!toy£MiAL.  67 

Tbe  writer  hath  fubjoined  a  colledion  0/  texts,  taken  out  of  the 
Old  and  New  Teftameot,  which  it  mav  be  proper  for  clergymen  to 
f^  publicly,  and  to  declare  their  relolution  of  adhering  to  them, 
when  they  a£ume  the  charge  of  a  Chrillian  congregation.     To  this 
h-s  thinks  may  be  added,  a  folemn  proted  againll  the  grofs  currup- 
tioDs  of  popery^  apd  all  im portions  upon  confcience,  not  warranted 
by  the  exprefs  declarations  of  Chrift  and  his  apoftlcs. 
Art.  17.  Letters  u  the  Reverend  DUhr  Benjamin  Dawfon,  occa- 
fioned  by  a  late  Publication  of  his,  intitied,  *  Free  Thoughts  on 
the  Subjeds  of  a  farther  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England* 
with  Remarks.'   To  which  is  prefixed.  An  Addrefs  to  both  Houfct 
of  Parliament.     By  Philalethes.     8vo.     1 6.     Biadon. 
pr.  Prieftly,  fpcaking  of  Dr.  Balguy,  faid,  *  I  have  fo  good  ait 
opinion  of  Dr.  Balguy's  good  fcnfe,— as  to  think  it  a  thoufand  to 
one,  bnt  hehimfelfisan  unbeliever  in  many  of  the  39  Articles  ;' and 
he  Has,  likewife,  thrown  out  the  following  aucftion,  •  Who  among 
the  dergy,  that  read  and  think  at  all,  are  luppofed  to  believe  one 
third  of  the  jg  Articles  /* 

*  Thefc  two  pa/Tages  gave  great  offence  to  Dr.  Dawfon,  and  drew 
from  him  fome  fcvere  ftridures,  in  a  late  publication  ;  which  (Iric- 
tores  have  provoked  the  wrath. of  the  prefcnt  writer,  who  is  a  warm 
and  fpirited  advocate  for  Dr.  PrieAly.  The  Author  appears  to  us 
to  have  fucceeded  in  proving,  that  the  fuggcflions  complained  of  by 
Dr  Dawfon  are  actually  to  be  met  with  in  the  Free  Thoughts,  and 
even  in  the  Dr."s  own  writings,  though  exprefled  in  different  lan- 
guage. In  ether  refpeds,  Philalethes  hath  (hewn  himfclf  a  notable 
Controveriialifl ;  but  we  can  by  no  means  compliment  him^uponhis 
cacdoor,  or  his  knowledge  of  human  nature.  What  arc  we  to  think 
of  his  acq uainunce  with  the  worJd,  when  he  calls  upon  the  houfes 
of  parliament  to  *  down  with  all  human  eltabliihmcnts  r'  His  ob- 
lervacions,  in  his  33d  page,  concerning  the  fail  related  of  a  prelate 
and  a  clergyman, >- are  uamanly,  and  illiberal.  Hn  fliort,  he  is  one 
of  ihofe  zealous,  we  had  almoft  faiJ,  furicus  Diffcnrcrs,  who  may 
poTIbfy  pleafe  liie  nerfoiis  who  arc  already  as  warmly  devoted  to  the 
ientixLert  embraced  by  hlin  as  he  is  himiclfi  bat,  wc  are  pcrfuadcd> 
Us  method  of  Writing  will  never  gain  him  a  fingle  profclyte. 

The  Petitioning  Clergy  are  engaged  in  fo  good  a  caufe,  that  we 
Aoald  be  iarr^  to  have  them  interrupted  in  the  courfe  of  their  under- 
taking. As,  on  this  account,  we  would  not  have  them  go  out  of 
tlieir  way  to  attack  the  Diffenters,  fo,  on  the  other  hand,  we  could 
■riih  tbe  Oiffcnters  to  avoid  reproaching  ihcm  for  having  fubrcriht;d 
tile  30  Articles,  and  to  confider  them  in  the  true  light  wherein  rhey 
ippcar,  which  is,  that  of  generous  advocates  for  religious  liber.;. 
^c  arc  old  enough  to  remember  the  time  when  Clarke,  HoaJley, 
^r'ke?,  and  other  eminent  men,  in  the  ellabliihed  c!;urch,  who,  at 
toe  bc:ginning  of  the  prefcnt  century.  Hood  up  in  the  c.iufe  of  truth, 
•t'c  fpoken  of  in  the  higheil  terms  of  rcfptU,  by  the  dlilcnting 
dcf^-.  1'hc  (ame  regard  is  due  to  the  gentlemen  who  now  exert 
iWfflfeives  /or  the  rients  of  confcicncc ;  and  the  ianie  regard  will, 
n  doobt  not^  be  paid  them,  by  the  Cifndid  and  liberal  part  of  the 
fiiJentert* 

P  ^  An% 


6S 


MoNTHtY  CATALOGUr, 


Art.  tS.  J  Jhort  Jaount  of  the  imndirful  Convffji&n  to  Chrijitarm 
$/  Solomon  Duitfch,   lately  a   learned  Rabbin   and  Teacher  d 

■  ieveral  Synago^cs,     Ettraaed  from  the  Original   publiibcd  n 
W     the  Dutch  Language  by  htm/eif^  and  improved  with  a  Pirfucc  iM 

Remarks,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bargniann,  Minillcr  of  the  P/oicllaj 
Lutheran  Chapel  in  the  Savoy.     Now  firlt  tr«in(lated  into  Eo^Ufl 
t      izmo.     2%.  ^s.     Wilkic. 

W  Mr.  Rabbin  Duitfch's  convtrfion  is  rightly  ftylcd  W^ndtrful^  a« 
Bjjrocecded,  origrnally^  not  from  reafon  and  argumcnc,  ^^ut  from  oC 
Kaia  agniiic'&  and  dHlrefles  both  of  mind  and  body  ^^  which,  indee 
-^wllil  feme  cnthufjafts*  are  denominated  ConuiilUns :  They  arc  a 
^eidted  iwrhngs  of  /he  Spirit^  (llill  more  prefumptuouAyJ  God*s  dU 
Wi^gff  &c.  On  the  whole,  it  may  be  queflioncd  whether  Mr.  Bui] 
Kjnann  will  gAtn  much  reputation  by  introducing  into  Mh  couniryj 
BfranAation  of  a  vifioriary  performnnce  ;  which  can  only  be  accepts 
Kftmong  certain  of  our  Se^aries,  who  may  think  it  fomcwhat ;« /jj 

■  Art,  iq,  Thf  Pnachir^s  Dtr^nttry ;    or  a   Series*  of  Subje^ 

■  proper  for  public  Difcourfes^  with  texts  under  each  Head : 

■  which  Is  added  a  Supplement,  containing  fclcdl  PaiFagcs  from 
W     Apocrjpha.     4to.     Ds.     Johnfon.     1771* 

■  Though  no  author's  name  appears  in  the  title-page  of  this 
Enx  find  the  preface  fubfcribcd-  by  that  of  William  Enf:dd,  who! 
^M ready  known  to  the  world  by  fome  ingenious  and  ufeful  public 
Fsion^.  Wc  mud  clafs  the  prcfeni  cotjipilcmcnc  under  the  fame  ded 
Kmination  ;  as  it  may  prove  peculiaHy  ferviceable  to  perfons  in  the  i( 
Jliidcnal  office:  thou;»h  others  may  iind  benefit  from  it  in  convcrfii 

with  the  fubjr^s  of  fcripture.  There  may  polTibJy  be  a  fmal]  objeflil 
or  two  raiied  againli  the  writer's  method  :  fomc  may  think  that^^ 
Uib  work  is  folely  confined  lo  the  declarations  of  holy  writ,  a  fufficii 
Megard  h  hardly  paid,  in  his  plan,  to  ihofe,  not  merely  dillinguiihin 
Bdui  efrentt;il  and  important  peculbrities  to  which  its  other  parts  bq 
Rui  immediate  regard.  Thus,  when  our  Author  introduces  virtues! 
^fac  general,  they  may  wifh  that  it  ihuuld  not  have  appeared  as 
fit  was  fepnrated  from  it*  tttie  foaiidation  in  piety,  or  from  the  pi 
per  cbsnuTtcr  to  he  given  by  us,  a&  believers  in  the  New  Tcilamcii 
_  of  every  good  dffpofiiion  and  a^ion,  a^  Chri/Hmn  virtues.  He  do4 
bioikvever,  pay  a  particular  attention,  as  indeed  he  ought,  to  1 
BChrtlUan  fchcme  ;  and  notwicKllanding  any  fuch  objcftion  as  tl 
Epientioncd  a(>ovc,  the  performance  if,  upan  the  whole,  execul 
Bi^idi  care  and  judgnient,  and  wilt,  we  doubt  not,  be  very  | 
Bccptablc  to  thofe  for  whom  it  was  dcfigncd 

m  Wc  fliall  cxt<in4  this  article  no  farther  than  by  inferiing  the  fi 
PfCigc  with  which  the  Author  concludes  his  prcface. 

*  To  i^ew  (iayi  he)  how  far  preaching  is  capable  of  an  agreeat 
md  L^fcful  variety,  ;ind  to  afford  thofe  who  compofc  fei  mens  (oi 

^;  '  '  in  thtf  choice  of  (ybjcdis  and  texts,  is  the  defign  of  t 

P|.  \vork.     If  it  be  ^x'ccutcd  with  any  degree  of  accuracy^ 

•  Whether  there  wai  any  degree  of  mental  diraffgemcmt  in  the  ^ 
4eciXiS  w  bcsL  isatrer  of  fi^me  daubt. 


.  MaTHEM  ATICAI.  69 

claim  to  myfelf  no  other  merit,  than  that  of  one  who  preients  the 
public  with  a  ufeful  map  of  a  country  much  frequented  by  travellers. 
I  pretend  not  to  be  myfelf  particularly  acquainted  with  the  whole 
of  the  country  which  I  have  dcfcribed,  much  Icf*  to  be  mafter  of  any 
part  of  it.  I  am  ienfible  that  I  may  poflibly  have  omitted  many 
paths  which  are  .well  known  to  others,  and  that  the  plan  is  capable 
ctf"  being  much  farther  enlarged  and  improved.  But  the  prindpai 
lines  are,  I  hope,  right,  ancf  may  ferve  to  fhew  thofe  who  are  enter- 
ing npon  this  jonrney,  what  avaft  extent  of  country  lies  before  them, 
and  to  aflili  them  in  chufing  fuch  paths  as  ihall  afford  them  the 
greaceft  pleafure  and  advantage. 

Mathematical. 
Art.  20.  The  Ready  Obfervator.  By  N.  D.  Falck.  4to.  3  s. 
Welles  and  Grofvcnor,  Sationers.  1771. 
This  treatife  is  intended  to  affift  the  feaman  in  determining  his 
latitade  by  any  altitudes  of  the  fun  at  any  time  of  the  day,  inde- 
pendently of  a  meridional  altitude.  The  object  is  undoubtedly  of 
importance  ;  and  the  inilrudlions  and  tables  here  given  for  that  pur- 
p#fe  will  be  generally  acceptable.  The  Author  difclaims  the  merit 
of  invention,  and  candidly  confeiTes,  that  the  method  here  propofed 
was  firft  fuggeded  by  Mr.  Douives^  a  mathematician  of  Amfterdam  ; 
and  that  it  was  publi(hed  in  England  by  Mr.  R.  Harrifon  of  IVhite- 
hpvtm  under  the  title  of  Harn/on's  Sola:-  Tables.  This  pamphlet, 
thoo^h  eagerly  pnrchafed  at  its  firil  publication,  was  not  fo  ufeful  as 
it  might  hare  been,  becaufe  it  wanted  feveral  tables  which  were  ne- 
ceflary  to  facilitate  the  computation.  Thefe  tables  are  here  fup- 
plicd  ;  their  ufe  in  determining  the  latitude  from  given  obfervations, 
and  the  general  rule.for  this  purpofe  arc  ftated  and  explained  by  feveral 
eumples.  The  tables  are,  logarithmic  folar  tables  of  half-elapfed 
time,  middle  time,  and  ridng,  for  fix  hours,  to  every  minute  and 
half-minuce  ;  a  cable  of  the  fun's  declination ;  a  table  of  natural 
fines  and  fecants  lefs  radius,  and  a  table  of  common  logarithms. 
The  Author  has  likewife  given,  in  his  introduftion,  a  table  of  re- 
fraction, and  another  of  the  dillances  of  the  vifibie  horizon  coir- 
lefponding  to  altitudes  above  the  furface  from  i  to  §0  feet.  The 
general  rule  is  as  follows : 

•  Adju{(  your  quadrant,    take  precifc  (or  as  near  as  yon   can) 

to  a  minute   on  your  watch,    the  altitude ;    which   correA   from 

TefraAIon,  dip,    and  the   fun*s  femidiameccr,   ^d  call   it  the  true 

alricude.     Subtract  the  houjs«    minutes   and  feconds  of  time  when 

each  alritude  was  taken,  from  cadi  other ;  and  half  the  remainder 

is  half-elapfed  time.     Subtract  the  natural  fines  of  both  altitudes 

from  each  other ;    and  the  d'iference  call  the  remainder.     To  the 

iecant    leG    radius   of   the  latitude   by  account  01;  fuppofed   lati- 

tode,  add  the  fecant  lefs  radius  of  the  fun's  declinatiori  (whether  they 

are  of  one  denomination  or  in  oppofuion  ;}  and  that  fum  is  the  lo> 

garithni  ratio.     Add  the  logarithm  ratio,  the  common  loga*richm  of  • 

the  remainder,  and  logarithm  of  hal'-elapfed  time  into  one  fum» 

which  gWes  the  logarithm  of  middle  time.     The  hours,  minutes  and 

Jecondi,  anfwering  to  the  logarithm  of  middle  time,  fubtrafi  from 

ki^lf  el^pkd  time  ;  the  remainder  is   that  time  which  the  fun  had  to 

i}k  or  a/ccnd  to  the  meridian,  when  t\\c  grca'teH  alutadc  was  taken ; 

F  3  and 


70 


Monthly  Catalogue, 


and  15  called  Riflng«     Compare  the*  hours  and  minutes  of  riiiag  wtti 


the 


red 

>n, 

I 


apparent  time  by  the  watch,  and  the  difference  will  fliew  whethci 
the  watch  is  too  fail  or  too  ilow.  From  the  logarithm  of  riftng  fab 
tfic^  logarithm  ratio,  the  remainder  is  a  common  logarithoi,  Th# 
number  of  this  lall  logarithm  is  a  natural  fine,  whole  degrees  and 
minutes  is  that  fpace  which  was  wanting  of  the  fun*3  meridian  alti- 
tude, whfn  the  grcateft  altitude  was  taken.  To  the  natural  line  laft 
found,  Kdd  the  natural  fine  of  the  fun's  greateil  altitude  taken  :  and 
their  Turn  is  the  natural  fine  of  the  fun^s  meridional  altitude  that  day» 
and  at  the  place  where  the  greatcil  altitude  was  taken.* 

'    t  he  probkm  ts  an  approximation  ;  and  a  meridian  obfervatioi 
when  opportunity  offers,  will  prove  the  truth  of  the  method  bcft  oj 
any  thing,* 

This  work,  our  Author  tells  us,  is  only  an  inirodm^ion  to  a  roorc 
con fidtriible publication  ;  and  ir'he  meets  wiih  encouragement  in  any 
degree  like  that  with  which  the  generous  public  has  abcady  honoured 
him  in  his  firfl  attempt,  we  apprehend  it  will  not  long  be  delayed. 
We  feldom  hear  of  *  1 1  ^o  copies  fubfcribed  for  in  i  days  application, 
and  without  a  fmgle  advcrtilcmenr/     *  This  is,  iudccd,  an  inflaaci 
of  generofity,  as  well  as  of  approbation/  fcarce  conceivable.     Wi 
are  duly  fcnUble  of  the  liberality  and  candour  of  the  publtc^  and  ai 
ready  to  join  with  Mr,  F*  in  acknowledging,  that  *  k  not  Britain 
jaltly  hmcd  for  encouraging  every  laudable  undcrijiking,*     And  yet 
we  have  h^.d  occafion  to  oblervc»  that  pubttcations,   as  '  laudable  in 
their  dcfign,  and  as  faithful  in  their  execution,*  as  that  now  before 
us,  have,  with  all  the  aiJ^of  connection,  corrcfpojidencc,  and  advcr* 
tifetnent,  circulated  much  more  flowly, 

*.*  The  rule  for  refolving  the  problem,  which  occafioned  this 

publication,  tt>gether  with  the  ncctdary  tables  for  that  purpofe,  mxf 

be  found  in  the  NautLal  Almajtack  for  1771,  and  the  TabUj  rtfkijst^ 

'  to  it  ufcd  ^ivith  ihs  Ephimtris* 

Aft.  21.   Evay  Alan  hisottn  Ganger,     By  J.  Illcnden,     is,  6  A 

Lanterbury.     Frintcd  for  the  Author |  and  fold  by  Ba.td(¥ii],  kt^ 

London. 
*  This  fmall  trcatife  contains  five  tablet  with  their  cxpHcationi*  ta« 
Vcthcr  with  Tome  previous  iniWuc'tiuns,  that  may  be  ufcfui  to  tbc^A 
Svho  wiih  cu  be  able  to  eHimate  the  capacity  and  contents  of  di^eri 
kinds  of  vcfleb.  Tn<*  tables  arc  calculated  on  the  fuppoihion  *tbai 
all  ve0eU  arc  of  acylindric  figure*  whofe  diameters  axe  ;{iwaYS  lOf 
gular  ;  but  the  Author  has  prcuiifcd  rules  for  pradice,  in  order  t^ 
ir.d  a  mean  di.imcter  of  other  vcifcls,  whofe  diameters  are  irregular  a 
and  he  Jias  a  oidcd  every  thing  tAat  might  prevent  his  b-jok  fron| 
bcin^  of  general  ufc  to  the  public.  Tiie  ill  table  contains  the  fupcr« 
fivi   '  :n:%  of  diamc?tt:r*,   from  1  inch  i^iih  their  tenths,  fo   la 

in  XI ;  trom  tiicrtce*  iucUts  and  i^uartcis^  to  4;  inches  di** 

Tabll  2*    is  the   inches  contained  la   wine  and   beer  g^Udoak 

wli'  '  *i ^If' pints  ;  ;ilfo  in   di^r 

W  '  ,    qaart  and  pint. 

il*^  cuuc:*i-,  in   u*vhv^,  of  the  fcvcral  diameter*^ 
,  \  inches  with  their  tenths ;  and  fram  1  inch  to  to 


T^blfl 


M  A  T  H  E  M  A  T  I  C  A  X.  71 

Table  49'  'giv,es  the  contents  in  wine  and  beef  meafure  from 
4I  inches  to  12  inches  diameter,  with  their  tenths;  and  from  i 
inch  to  20  inches  deep,  in  gallons,  quarts,  pints  and  odd  inches. 

Table  5,  (hews  the  contents  in  gallons  and  odd  inches,' in  wine  and 
beer  mea^'ure,  from  12  to  24  inches,  with  their  quarters ;  from 
thence  Co  40  inches  diameter ;  and  from  i  inch  to  60  inches  deep. 

The  Anchor  obferves,  that  the  calculation  of  thefe  tables  has  been 
a  laborious  t£{k,  and  chat  they  are  the  fird  of  the  kind,  which  were 
ever  auempced,  or  at  lead  publiQied. 

Art*  22.  A  Familiar  Inttoduciion  to  the  Theory  and  PraSftce  of 
Per/pta'i'vt.  By  Jofcph  PrielUy,  LL.  D.  J?\  R.  S.  8vo.  5  s. 
boards.    John  ion. 

Perfpedlive  is  an  art  equally  entertaining  and  important ;  and, 
like  all  others,  whofe  foundation  is  mathematical  fcicnce,  its  prin* 
dples  and  practice  are  capable  of  the  Hri^ell  demonilration.     It  is 
.  jaftly  to  be  regreted,  that  thofe  who  are   tolerably  well  (killed  in 
the  theory ^  find  themfelves  greatly  at  a  lofs  in  reducing  their  know- 
ledge to  pradict  in  particular  cafes  ;  and  that  others,  who  arc  adepts 
10  the  mechanical  part  of  this  extenfive  fcience,  know  little  of  the  geo^ 
eaetrical  principles  on  which  it  is  founded.     Neither  the  unikilful- 
Be&  of  the  former,  nor  the  ignorance  of  the  latter,  can  be  reafon- 
ably  afcribed  to  the  want  of  r.eceffary  indrudion  in  both  refpedls. 
But  it  may  be  fairly  prefumed,  that  the  principles  and  praflice  liave 
aot  been  fo  regularly  conneded,  or  comprized  within  fo  fmall  a  com-    . 
pafs,  as  to  render  the  attainment  of  both  fufficiently  plain  aud  eafy* 
Some  writers  have  been  immoderately  diffufe  in  explaining  the  t beery ^ 
whilft  others  have  been  equally  prolix  in  illullrating  the  fra£iice  of 
perfpedive  ;  fo  that  thofe  who  wiihed  to  arrive  at  a  clear  idea  of 
both,  in  a  fummary  way,  haveilill  laboured  under  considerable  difad- 
Tantages.     Dr.  P.  propofes  to  obviate  thefe  difncuUies  and  inconi^e* 
nteocies  :    and  though  we  are  not  of  opinion,  that  his  attempt  for 
this  purpofe  is  fo  well  executed  as  his  abilities  and  application,  had 
he  allowed  himfelf  more  time,  might  have  rendered  it ;    yet,  we 
are  pcrfuaded,  it  will  fupply  thofe,  for  whofe   ufc  it  is  intended, 
with  very  ferviceable  hints  of  inHrudion  and  improvement.     It  is 
not  improperly  entitled  a  familiar  IntroduSion  :  and  his  drawings 
are  well  calculated  to  reprefent  the  general  grounds  of  this   ufeful 
art  to  the  capacity  of  the  youngefl.     *  It  is  by  no  means  intend<-d, 
fays  the  Author  himfelf,    to  fuperfedc  other  valuable    works  that 
contain  a  greater  variety  of  examples,  and  a  detail  of  particular  pro- 
cnles,  which  are  highly  ufeful  to  thofe  who  have  much  pradice  in 
this  art,*"  *  I  flatter  my felf,  adds  he,  that,  by  the  help  of  this  intro- 
daction,   thofe  books  will    be  much    better  underilood,   and  more 
ufef jI  than  ever.'  ^ 

Our  readers,  perhaps,  who  employ  themfelves  in  the  art  of  draw- 
ing, will  be  pleafed  with  a  tranfcript  of  the  following  advsrtifement: 
•  1  have  feen,  fays  Dr.  Priefl!/,  a  fabllance,  excellently  adapted  to 
the  purpofe  of  wiping  from  pa{>€r  the  a.arks  of  a  black  lead  pencil. 
IcmnA*  therefore,  be  of  angular  ulc  to  thofe  who  praiitife  drawing. 
It  is  ioldi  by  Mr.  Nairue^  mathematical  indrument-makcr,  oppofite 
the  Royal-Exchange.  He  fells  a  cubical  apiece,  of  about  half  an 
icch.  for  three  ihiliings;  and,  he  fays,  it  will  laiHeveral  years.' 

F  4  KU. 


72 


Monthly  Catalogue, 


Art,  23,  Twi>  Aliithtmathnl  EJfayf :  the  firft  on  Ukimate  Ra- 
tios, the  fecond  on  t\it  Power  of  the  Wedge.  By  the  Rev.  Mr, 
Ludlam.     !?vo.     2  s,  6  d.  fcwed,     CadclL 

Thefe  ejrays  contain  fevcral  juft  and  ufeful  obfcrvationf.  In  the 
Erfl,  the  Author  makes  ft>me  general  remarks  on  the  methods  ufcd 
by  ancient  and  modern  mathemjticians  in  comparing  rectilinear 
wuh  curvilinear  6gures ;  and  he  obrervcs,  thai,  as  no  part  of  a 
curve  line  cun  ever  coincide  with  .1  ft  rait  line,  they  were  obliged 
to  recur  to  other  principles  than  thoie  which  are  dcrit^ed  from  the^ 
clejnents  of  common  geometry.  The  ancients  made  uie  of  the  inc*f 
thod  of  ^jkr/»/?w/?/(j/ri,  ot  wbich  we  have  an  e>aniple  in  the  fecond  pro- 
pofition  of  the  twelfth  book  of  EuJtd  The  argument  adopted  in 
this  method  is  called  ret/a^io  nd  ahjurdumy  which,  though  llri(511y  lo- 
gical, is  always  tedious ;  inafmuch  as  every  propofltion  rouft  be 
divided  into  two  cafes,  in  one  of  which  you  arc  to  fhcw,  that  the 
former  of  the  quantities  to  be  compared  together  is  not  greater  ckaJi 
the  latter,  and  in  the  other,  that  it  is  not  Icfs,  CafvaUritti  *»  inj 
order  to  contraft  this  tncthod  of  reafoning,  propofed  what  is  calicdT 
the  method  of  Indi^njihlest  in  uhich  he  was  followed  by  Dr.  WaiiU\ 
'      f  and  others  of  the  laft  century.     In  this  method  every  line  is  fuppofed 

to  conilfl  of  a  number  of  other  lines  of  the  JmalUfi  JfoJ/shU  length  \ 
every  curve  was  confidcred  a^  a  polygon,  each  of  whofc  fides  is  one 
of  tiiofe  itfdivifihlt  lines ;  with  other  like  fuppofitioni  equally  abfurd 
and  ungeometricaL     Thefe  principles  foon  led  their  lollowcrs  into 
perplexity,   and  oftcntiiTies  into  err<>r  ;  nor  was  it  rafy  to  fix  boundi 
to  thofc  liberties  when  once  introduced.     To  avoid  both  the  tediouf- 
fief«  of  the  ancients,  and  the  inaccuracy  of  the  moderns.  Sir  L  New- 
ton introduced  what  he  called  the  method  of  primt  and  ulumatt  ra^ 
ffot,  the  foundation  of  which  is  contained  in  the  iirik  L'*rama  of  thej 
firll  book  of  the  Frinctpia.    Our  Atithor  apprehends,  that  the  diiHcui-. 
ties  and  controverfics  whkh  hive  hten  raifid  on  this  fubjed,  have  been 
owing  to  the  wantof  confidering  that  Sirlfaac  is  in  this  Lemma  laying] 
down  rhe  drfiniiUn  of  a  term,  and  mr.frf^'viiii  a pr&pQjitwn.    He  proceed! I 
10  explain  this  Lemma  after  the  following  manner  :  '  Let  there  be  two  J 
quantities,  one  fixed  and  the  other  varying,  fo  related  to  each  other! 
that,    ift,   the  vafying  quantity  continually  approaches  to  the  fixed 
q*jantity.  sdiy,  That  the  varying  quantity  doi-s  never  reach  or  pafs  be- 
yond that  which  is  fixed,     sdly.  That  the  varying  quantity  approachctJ 
nearer  to  the  6xcd  quantity  than  by  ^Tsy  aJigne^d  difference ;  then  isl 
fuch  a  fixed  quantity  calltrd  tiie  Limit  of  the  varying  quantity  :  or  inJ 
a  looter  way  of  fpeakisjg,  the  varying  quantity  may  befaid  to  be  «(//iJ 
matdy  iqual  to  the  fixed  qpAntity  :  which  phrafe  is  not   lo  be  takeal 
in  an  abfoi^ie  literal  feitfc,  there  being  no  uUiniatt  ftate,  no  particulafi 
majjnitude  that  is  the  ultimnft  magnitude  of  fuch  a  varying  qyantity/     I 
The  three  properties,  above  l^id  down»   arc   illultratcd  in  fevcralj 
numerical  at)d  geometrical  examples,  lor  which  we  refer  to  the  book! 
itfcif.  ^1 

'in  the  fecond  cfTay,  the  Author  premifes  and  deroon0ratCM 
federal  principles,  by  mcan^  -  of  which  he  afterwards  exatnincsl 
the  m^ichincs  commonly   m^de  ufe  of    in    determining  the  powcrl 

♦  ^Q^G^Q/ntiita  indivifihUitui  pf9mct4$^    Ed.  1635.  I 


MilTHEMATICAt* 

oflU  wedi^e^  aud  gives  what  he  apprehends  to  be  the  foltition 
of  this  problem*  And  be  conclgdes,  that  the  whole  force  on 
both  fidci  of  the  wedge,  ss  to  the  whole  force  on  the  back  as  the 
iqsitre  of  the  £ctc  of  the  wedge  to  the  rcd;3agle  under  h^f  the  back 
and  the  perpendkular  height.     The  problem »  he  adds,  as  it  is  here 

kpropofed,  perhaps^  will    not  fuit  an/  cafe  in  which  the  wedge  can 
H  fru^<uUy  inuoduced^  but   mull   ever  remain   z  muicr  ot  tt/flt/s 
The  appendix  contains  a  defcriptjon  of  two  machlnet,  intended  to 
^w  the  power  of  the  wedge  in  the  cafe  before- mentioned. 
Art.  Z4*   Dirf/Jiem  pr  thi  lift  of  Hadleyt  ^wtlrant^  with  Rc- 
»    nark}  on  the  Conllruction  of  that  InlUument,     ^y  the  Rev,  Mr. 
Ludlain.     8vo.     3  s.  fci^ed.     CadcU.     1771. 
Ha^lfj'i  quiidj^nt,  or  as  foreigners  call  it,  the  Englifti  Oiflant, 
h       wii  firil  dcfcribrd  by  John  Hadlcy,  Efq;  in  a  paper  given  in  to  the 
l^fcftoyaJ  Society^   Mfty   t?;!.     See  Phil.  Tranf.  No.  42:},      In  this 
^K  paper  he  dcfcribcs  two  re  Heeling  oft  ants,  the  latter  of  which  does 
fiat  elTcotially  differ  from  thofc  now  commonly  made.     He  likewife 
pCxpUiflf  the  principles  on  which  thefe  inlUumcnts  were  conllrufled. 
I  A  fabicqueot  paper,  Mr.  H.  gives  a  very  circuraftantial  account 
'  a  great  number  of  trials  made  on    board  the  Chatham  yatch» 
Ifhereby  the  great  ufcfalncfs  of  thefc  inilruments  at  Tea  was  fu0ict- 
Rtly  proved  ;  and  yet  it  was  at  Icail  tweniy  years  before  they  bc^^aa 
>  come  into  ufc  :  fo  llow  are  even  the  bell  improvements  in  making 
V  2gain{l  old  prejudices  1     It  appears,  from  a  paper  in  Sir 
I's  hand -writing,  found  in  Dr*  Had  ley's  colle^ion  after  his 
flcAiii,  and  pubUlhed  in  No.  4.6^  of  the  PhiloiophicdTranfadions^ 
he  was  the  /fr-//  inventor  of  thefe  rcHcfling  octants;  though  Mr, 
"  T**  g*^'^'  -'^^^^  particular  Ikill  in  c^ptic5  leave  no  room  to 

but  th:,:  ,fi^  was  an  original  inventor;  and  accordingly 

m  L  ha*  al was  borne  his  name*     After  this  fhort  abflra<i 

tl  of  their  invention,  Mr,   Ludlam  proceeds  to  give  an 

tfQt  of  the  fcvcral  forts  of  rcflcfliug  inHiiimcRU  ufcd  in  ta*:ing 
[4ei.     And,  he  obfervc*,  that  the  bell  ii  e  and  fort  for  general 
cms  to  be  thofc  of  fifteen  inches  radius,  made  ofmahogony, 
I  brafe  plate  on  the  iimb   for  the  divifio:!?.     The  following 
es  contain  a  minute  and  accurate  dcfcnption  of  the  fevers!  parrs 
the  reflcding  odanr,  together  with  the  appar.uus  belonglog  to 
The  Author  has  ILkcwife  laid  down  particular  rules  for  cxamin* 
pg  and  adjulltng  the  glaffej  and  other  psns  of  this  inlhument;   far- 
aktng  obfcrvations  both  at  fca  and  land,  and  for  applying  it  to  the 
urpofes  of  .furve)iag  andof  mcafuring  ihc  heights  of  lerreilrial  ob- 
To  the  whole  is  fubjoincd  a  poilfcript,    noting  the  errors 
arife  from  tiot  adjuring  the  Indcx-glaG.     It  is  no  inconfider- 
'recommend  at  ion  of  the  inllrudions  and  rules  here  given,  that 
Dg  is  direvlcd  to  be  done,  but  ^vhut  has  been  afluilly  executed  ; 
ihere  will  be  ;ilways  fome  doubt,  that  what  is  propofed  upon 
Ooly^  may  not  be  fcafible,  when  it  cnmes  to  be  tried.     And 
tAJti,  that  thiJ^  publication  will  be  as  ferviccabic  in  may  cafca 
wlia  moAf  i4s  to  thofe  who  itfi  this  iulirument. 


7* 


MoKTHLY  Catalogue, 


Art  25.  Thi  Ihtmy  if  Hudlfjs  ^adrant^  or  Rules  for  the 
Con&ru£lion  and  LTc  of  that  Inilrutnent  detnoniUatei,  By  Mr. 
Luilhm.     Svo.     IS.  6d»     Cidell,     1771* 

The  Atithor's  own  adveriiremenc  will  be  a  fufficient  accatmt  of  tKU 
'  fmal!  trafl,  •  The  folloving  (bffets  are  defigned  a&  a  fupplcmem  ro 
r'thc  Din^^i.Ms  fer  tht  U/e  ttf  HaMiy$  ^tidramt^  &c.  Thiit  tra-^'k  is 
I  Irtendcd  tn  fhcw  the  practical  part,  this  to  Ihew  the  theory.  Each 
I  jf'Azi  being  thus  printed  fcparateiv,  the  ma[:cr  aod  practical  abfcrvcr 
I  Vill  not  be  perplexed  with  abllrufe  demon Ibations  in  novvjltf  neceflfary 
I  iov  tt»eni  ;  nor  the  man  of  Icience  find  the  rcafoning  interrupud 
I  and  obfciJtcd  by  ina.iur^  foreign  to  the  theory,' 
f  AfU  26*  A  mxv  Syltrm  of  Pra^hfA  Jrithmetk^  in  three  Piirts, 
&C.  cakaUtcd  fur  the  Ufe  of  Swhoo!^  and  Men  of  Bufmcfi*  B/ 
William  Scott.  3va.  ;  s.  ^^  d.  Hr>oper.  1771- 
i  Ev T*y  mn.vjyfiim  of  ArtihmitU  has  foro^ thing  pfCuHar  to  itfclf^  tt>. 
I  jlcid  in  jt5  fsvour.  Antliori  generally  antklpiti!,  and  atcftript  to  ob- 
I  viatc,  the  objeClTons  that  may  be  offered  againft  every  fuccefiive  pub- 
flfcation  of  the  fame  nature.  The  plan  is  more  rational  and  better 
[  ;idiipted  to  frrm  an  arithmetician  ;  or  greater  care  haf  been  taken 
I  in  the  txtrtition  \  the  rales  are  more  concifely  or  more  clcajly  cx- 
I  prefled  i  and  the  parchafcr  either  favt^s  estpence  or  gaini  proportion- 
fable  improvements.  We  mean  not  to  urge  thcfc  remarks  in  Ueroga- 
I  tion  from  the  merit  cf  the  work  before  us.  The  Author,  it  moft  be 
I  acknowledged,  has  comprized  a  \^ry  rtfafonable  quantit>  in  a  fmall 
f  cr^ropafs ;  and  has  fubjoincd  fcvcral  tables,  wh>ch  may  be  of  great 
I  life,  not  only  to  young  fcholnrs,  but  to  proficients  in  arithmetic ; 
■  lie  ha*  li*tewTrc  added  the  method  of  their  conftrudlion  together  with 
cx^mplcj  of  their  ufe. 

M  I  8   C   r  L  L  A  N  £  O  tr   S. 

^Art,  27.  72':?  Lmery  difp^nyed^  or  the  Advcr^turer's  Guide. 
r  ■  8vo.  \  s,  Printed  for  Caldwell  and  Co,  and  fold  by  Toweri, 
I"     Cripplegatc, 

I  Wf  arc  forry  that  the  freqoent  returns  of  lotteriei  in  this  kingdoin 
l&ould  render  ncwclfary  pnbIic;iUons  of  this  kind  ;  *  ihewing  the  en- 
I#<J9,  mature^  and  mamtgfment  of  the  State  Lonrrj ;  the  trr^rs  and 
17^' incident  to  the  ^/*ia'/«|,  rrgijferiftg^  i^nA  txamtxiff^  ;  the  me- 
[thud  of  pu^fding  againft  their  pemicious  eflVfls,  and  of  recovering 
lW/:i^j,  hithcrti)  funk  through  iiupcrfcft  intelligence  or  lofs  ot  tkhtM  : 
Ijalfo,  the  nature  of  ififvrift^  thJtefi%  with  rvifi  for  eflimatlng  the /r#- 
[  jwunv,  at  any  prriod  of  thi*  drawing  ;  to  which  is  added,  a  cnncife  view 
I  pf  all  the  S(fi/e  Lotttriei  to  the  prcicnc  time/  The  title,  we  acknow- 
l  ledge,  Ird  Ui  to  cxpedt  fomfthirg  fcicntific  and  Jntere'ting  :  the 
I  the  :  rinciplcs  on   which  htUrui  are  founded  ;  the  calcuU* 

ilioi:,  tfic)   arc  formed  ;  lh»;   end*  they  are  defigned  to  an- 

yKcr ;  li**  iftvOuveDienccs  ^trending  them;  the  real  value  of  the  ad- 
&ti;iu;cr*s  expedition,  acccrdiag  to  the  diilerent  fchcmes  propDied  ; 
und  a  vaitety  of  fuch  fubjcdts  occurred  in  u*,  when  this  pamphlet 
U^io^  tohrTT''.  V't  hope  that  thrfc  aremt  fomc  of  the  materials  which 
our  Ac:!  '  cu  much  time  and  labour  in  colletling,  and  which, 

from  a  i;  :■  of  more  ufcful  matter*  he  was  obliged  to  exclude, 

1  a    rcadcfj  *ill  very  much  re^'et,  that  the  multiplicity  of  other  con- 
cerns and  the  hurry  of  pubUiitijo,  (lo  fcrvc  adventurers  in  the  lift 

loucr 


H 


Ml  9  CELL  AH  EOUS. 


75 


fhttery*)  hould  have  prevented  his  intermixing  fuch  articles  a$  thcfe, 
bv  which  the  pre  lent  work  might  hav«r  bcrti  rcnicred  mOi'c  genc/ally 
inilnjclivc  Had  entertaining*  ThoTe,  however,  who  arc  curiou*  to 
mtKMii^  auending  the  conduft  of  lotrcnc*.  from  the  firft 
r.  for  tickets,  to  the  £nal  decifion  cf  ihcir  l^te,  will  find 
it  n  in  thit  effay.  To  the  prcbce  of  thcAuihor,  in  its 
—  ,aQ.  the  editors  likcAvile  add,  th«it,  *  bciides  ihc  c.rpi- 
md  mtfchk^  this  dhy  i$  calculated  to  prevent  wuh  re- 
*■'  ^"•-  and  iitfurat^ce,  the  adventurer  (how  wjell  fcevcr  he  m^y 
already  acquairtid  with  the  nature  of  the  lottery)  tvill 
n  ua  illU  jnflrudiot)ji  ip  it,  as  will  fav?  him  more  than  the  triflt: 
bii  parnphl^rt  will  coll  him,  it' he  has  (or  fiiould  ever  purchafe)  but 
brec  cymbers  in  the  lottery.' 

The  pubiic»  in  general,  will  unire  with  os  in  lamenting,  that  the 
ncthcJ  *  "  lupplie*,  by  fublcripuons  and  lotteries,  »egan  foon 

fief  the  .  ;  (the  firft  State  Latttry  being  in  the  year  i6q4  ;) 

Vet  they  uiU  imd  many  rcafons  to  extenuate,  though  »^ne  are  fuiH- 
aent  to  j^itifv',  fach  mifgutd^d  pi^licy :  and  they  will  be  reail^  to 
Bffaw  a  veil  over  the  errors  and  ^sciskncfTes  of  the  reign  of  VVilliani  IFL 
i£it!ead  of  fpeakitig  comcmptuuurty  ,3*  this  Author  does)  of  '  the 
fBComium*  romc  v. tijrrs  haic  laviilicd  on  this  prince/  afid  running 
an  odioiJi  par  Jkl  btrween  thai  period  and  the  prtjcnty  by  way  of 
faoe^yric  on  the  !attcr, 

2b*-  An  Ejjiy  on  the  Thiory  of  Mwcf^     8vo.     i  s.    Almon* 

1771, 

The  profeiTed  defign  of  thi*  well  written  effay  is  to  illuftratc  the 
dbticaj  itiHucnce  of  moftey,  and  to  point  out  ics  various  t^t^d,^  upon 
nnanncr^,  and  t/ie  diffctent  ipecies  of  gov*'rniv-Ci.t^  ttiub* 
t\^  mankindt  Money  the  Author  calls  Unrver/al  Mer^ 
jj(t  becaufc  it  can,  in  all  civilized  nr.cioti*,  be  cxclanfed  for 
rry  fpecici  ot*  produciions ,  and,  he  rbf^rrvci,  that  it  th.ntd  h4vc 
fotlowing^  qualities :  *  id,  It  (hauld  bc'  rare  and  uncommon; 
bai  a  fir  .ill  ijuantity  of  it  may  fcrvc  as  an  equivalent  to  z  nuch 
greater  of  any  other  proda;*ioii  ;  and  be  enfily  tranfpnrted  fmrn  one 
Dtiiatry  to  another,  ad,  That  it  thould  nor  wc-aror  be  cr.fily  coan- 
~^'  cd.  fd^  That  it  be  divifible,  in  order  to  facilitate  i:s  ufe  ; 
r*:!fbn»  m^tnl?  arc  preferred  to  precious  t^ones,  which  cannot 
i  >uablc  p*triP,* 

11  the  Inl lowing:  abtlrail  of  the  fubjcfts  treated 

y,      lit.  The   nature  of  public  bank*,  together  with 

..i  and   difi*d vantages  of  them,      :d.  Circulation  |  its 

1  Its  effects  upon  narrjnal  in^uitry,  the  different  fpecics  of 

_^at,  arts,  fciencei  and  mo  rah  of  a  radon.     3d,  The  pro- 

n  the  quAtliy  of  circulation  and   the  price  of  provt* 

4lh«  Thi  proportion  between  metals.  ^^neraJlf 

the  theory  of  coinage  will   be  deduced.  •5th, 

.s  w,v;wccn  the  quantity  of  circulation  and  that  of  the 

•'■•^v/ledged,  that  the  Atithor  of  this  cflfay  is  an  inge- 

U.T,  ;*od  that  he  has  thrown  out  fevcral  obfcrva- 

ii.i ta  tJic   public  cttenrion.     But    we  arc    fotr^f,    «, 

to  Tcwjukf  t}m  Iw  wntes  too  much  Uke  a  ifctortjt  % 


z 


^o^^^^^         Monthly  CatalooSw^^^^ 

advancing  many  pofitions  which  are  very  dotibtfal^  and  fome  which 

arc  unquclUonably  contrary  to  facl  and  experience.     There  is  one 

principle,  in  particular,  that  feems  to  lie  ac  the  foundation  of  a  great 

pan  of  his  rcafoning^,  and  oftc«  recurs  in  fcveral  parts  of  his  elabo- 

fate  perfoi inance,    which,  in  our  opinion,  is  evidently  groundtcfs. 

PopuUticiR  (and  he  repeats  the  ferstiment  once  and  again)  depend* 

on  circuiition  ;  and  as  the  latter  increafes,  the  former  incrcafes  lilcc- 

wife.     '  The  number  of  inhabitants,  fnys  he,  will  be  in  proportion 

Lto  the  facility  of  fubhiling  ;  and  the  facility  of  fubfilHng  m  propor- 

ption  to  that  of  exchanging  one   commodity  for  another  ;  and  this 

£iial]y  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  cifcntation  either  of  money 

or  of  paper  currency.'— *  Every  country  in  Europe  is  peopled  in  pro- 

Lportion  t^">  the  quantity  of  circulation.* — *  There  arc  now  ten  towns 

fibr  one  that  was  ten  centuries  ago  ;  we  are  therefore  furprifed,   how 

fo  many  learned  men  could  imagine  that  our  population  df^clines.* 

We  are  fully  perfuaded,    however  furprifing  it  may  b^*   to  this 

I  writer,  th.K  it  h  indeed  the  lamentable  faft,  (and  we  believe  it  ii 

Icapable  of  the  i^ridell  demon llration,}  that  population  has  been  upon 

hhe  decreafe  in  this  country  for  feveral  years  paiU  and  that  this  dc- 

t  crcafc  has  been  very  confiderablc. 

Our  limits  will  not  allow  a  critical  examination  of  the  Author*3 

reafoning  in  other  particulars*     We  will  iherefcrc  conclude   with 

jufl  mentioning  another  fentiraent,  which,  to  fay  the  leaft  of  it,  is 

t  very  controveitible,  and  which,  it  is  certain,  will  not  hold  univer- 

rfiiUy,  viz.    *  The  induiiry  of  a  nation   will  be  in  proportion   to  the 

quantity  of  circulation,*     We  apprehend,  that  in  fomc  degree,  and 

within  certain  limits,  this  may  be  the  cafe.     But  there  is  a  vtaxmum^ 

L  bt-yond  which  it  faii«, 

^■Art,  29.  CbaralUr  9/  th  EngHJh  Nation^  drawo  by  a  Ffcnch 

Pen.     In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend,    ^vo.   6d,    Bach.     Hazard,     1771» 

This  French  pen  is  that  of  the  Abbe  Richard,  wbofe  Natural  Hif* 

Ll^ry   ef  the  Atr  and  Mtieerj^    in    6  vols.     izmo.     we    fummarily 

L#nalifed   in   the  Appendix  to   oar  4;u    volume,    page  ;34.      This 

tphiloiophical  goilip,  as  w4  there  obferved,  not  conJining  himfclf  to 

k  to  the  atmofphcre,  frequently  enters  ^vithin  doors,  and  draws,  at  his 

I  Jeifure,  the  phyfical,  moral,  and  even  political  characters  of  his  nu- 

Lmcrous  hofts.     In  the  article  above  relerrcd  to,  we  amufed  ourfelvei, 

Kand  poilibly  omt  readers,  by  copying  a  feature  or  two  of  the  pidlure 

^  which  he  gives  of  our  countrymen.     Thofe  who,   after  the  view  of 

this  fpccimcn*  may  be  lUU  curious  to  fee  the  figure  of  an  Engliihman 

drawn  at  full  length*  and  properly  fhaded  and  coloured,  we  refer  Co 

the  prcfcnt  pamphlet. 

Art.  30.  7/j^  Life  of  Sirvifus.  By  Jaqucs  George  dc  Chauff- 
pie.  Being  an  Article  of  his  Hiilorical  DiOionary,  printed  at 
Amilcrdam,  &c.  in  the  Year  i;;^*  Tranilated  from  the  trench, 
by  Jamea  Yair,  MiniJlcr  of  the  Scot's  Church  in  Campvcrc,  Svo, 
41.     Baldwin*     it7i« 

The  cruel  fate  of  this  unhappy  Spaniard,  hath  drawn  down  a 
Lgencral  odium  on  the  character  of  that  famous  reformer  John  Calvin, 
If  til  tvhoie  intolerant  fpirit  it  was  chieilv  «nd  inconteilably  owing  that 
fp^jor  Servcttis  was  brought  to  his  Fieitv  trial,  for  maintaining 
r  the  anity  of  the  Bttpreme  Being,  in  cppolitioa  to  the  Aihana&an 
doctriac  of  the  Trjjjity* 


Miscellaneous. 


n 


Ji is  <}|f^ctilt  to  determine  wlicthcr  the  principle  of  rcH^tous  per 
rrcatioo  be  moll  wicked,  or  molt  weak*— Calvin,  imagining  iierve- 
tyjto  be  ^^ndering  in  darkaefs  and  error,  icems  to  have  concluded, 
tktDo  light  would  To  furely  guide  hitn  to  the  truth,  as  th.ir  of  s 
botiiiit,  in  which  the  convert  htmrelf  was  to  be  the  principal  fag^oti 
Hoti' abominable,  and^  at  the  fame  tinic,  how  abfurd  ! 

The  de£gti  of  this  performance  feeniff  to  be  grounded  on  the  ho- 

ueft  maxim  of  giving  the  Devil  his  due.     The  Author  is  a  moderate 

ipologiil  for  Calvin  ;    whofc  infamy  he  endeavours  to  IcfTcn,    by 

piadag  the  whole  weight  of  the  odium  incurred  by  this  diabolical 

oriaiadion,  in  equal  proportions,  on  the  ihoulders  of  the  civil  ma- 

giilrites  of  Geneva,  in  connexion  with  Calvin,  as  joint  agents  in 

tft?  fame  a6  of  pcrfecution  and  tyrany.    It  is  certain  that  Calvin^ 

great  as  his  power  and  influence  was   in  that  cit>%  did  not^  and 

cotild  HOT,  alone,  bring  the  unfoj-tunate  heretic  to  the  ftake  ;  bt*t 

cxtcnuition  of  his*  crime  can   be  drawn  from  this  circum^ 

'}    As  much  as  might  with  equal  r^afon  have  been  pleaded  by 

iy  ««ir  of  the  Jews  lately  executed  for  the   robbery  and  murder  at 

l.Chciica,  •  I  did  not  lingly   perpetrate  the  fatl,  for  we  were  all  an- 

[  itrwtJ  ^  ! 

in  £nc,  we  fee  candour  itfclf  may  be  eogagcd  in  a  bad  caafc  ; 

f  Sftd  we  muft  add,  that,  with  our  ilrong  feelings  and  extreme  abhor- 

[jftrcc  of  religious  persecution,  we  cannot  but  think",  that  itext  to  the 

,£utltof  an  adual  commilHon  of  this  horrible  crime  is  that  of  cndea- 

rouriog  to  Icflen  it*  odium,  by  any  degree  of  palliation  :  for  what  is 

it,  but  an  apology  for  the  worll  kind  ofMUkOEft  f 

Art.  31.  Thi  Lift  of  Larmnthtr.     A  true  Hiftory.     Containing 

ajult  Account  of  the  many  Misfortunes  fhc  underwent,  occafioned 

by  the  ill  Treatment  of  an  unnatural  Fa  TH&a,     gvo,     5  s.  half 

lK>afid.     Evans,     1771. 

Lamenther  (or  Lammt-herJ  is  the  name  a/Tamed  by  the  writer, 
who  appears  to  have  bceui  from  her  infancy*  the  mifcrabJe  objeil  of 
ierow a  parent's  unrratural  perfecution.  She  does  not  mention  her 
father's  n.imc  it  length,  but  tlyles  him  *  Mr   VV-^,  of  C —  lnii.» 

•  This  apologitl  acknowledges,  that  '  the  Reformer  had  kept  th© 
s  he  had  imbibed  in  the  church  of  Rome,  concerning  the 
nt  of  hcrctici ;  and  that  he  was  perfuaded,  in  gaod  carneit, 
ibcy  were  to  be  extirpated  by  the  fword.*     But,  it  feems,  the 
Btion  of  the  fword^  literally  fpeaking,  was  a  method  too  mild 
|nd  gentle  to  be  \^(td  by  thcfc  h&ly  exth-pat&n  / 
f  Calvin*;  rirnjogiil  \iTgt5^  very  ftrongly,  the  general  prevaleocy 
the  7  principle,  in   the  time  of  this  rctbrmer*     So  far 

m  bciii^  ^  r  to  Calvin,  he  fays,  *  it  was  the  reigning  opinion 

the  moA  celebrated  and  the  moll  maderau  divines;    it  was  the 
ifiion  of  all  PiotcflAnt   churches/ — We  arc  afraid  there  is   too 
truth  in  this.     But  how  little  rcafon,  then,  have  we,  in  a  more 
»r.,    .1  Mrt^^  to  look  with  a  blind  reverence,   upon  everything 
I ./  by  ttic  early  reformers  of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  who, 
i.  i  \sctt.  fo  zealouily  employed  in  abolUhiiig  mere  extcTi\%l 
eies,  coii/J  noi^nd  in  their  hearts  to  renounce  her  latsAwMit, 
If/ prtndplc  oi' r£  ,i  sEQv  J loh  /or  coMCi££(C&-SAKi.  V 


I 


78  MoMTHLY  Catalogue, 

This  nriorjftcr  is  here  reprcfent^d  as  haviog  ircatf<J  his  child  ^'vh 
fach  deie? mined  and  continued   barba^my   as  e;ccced$  all   that  Uory 
ever  related  *,  or  that  imagination   can   coaccive  1  inHi^iog  opon 
her  every  tormeat  that  hunger,  ijiikednefs,  and   blows  cao  prodacCj 
without  total  depravation  of  life :  and  even  tlwf  Teems  to  havx  been 
nearly  hazarded  at   times,  when  (he  wretched  fuffercr  hardly  cfcaped 
f^iih  ^^Jten  ribi,  and  other  injuries,  of  which  (he  fays  (he  can  m^fver 
recover.— Poor  Lameniher  telJa  us,  indeed,   fuch  a  talc  as,  in  U^va^ 
of  its  cirtumlUnccs   of  cruelty,   I'ceins  beyond  eredibility  ;  and  yet 
Viz  fear  there  is  but  too  much  truth  in  it.     We  hope,  however,  for 
t^iC  Credit  of  human   natiir^:,  that  ihc  fuiTcririg  writer**  fefeQinieut 
of  the  irreparable  injuries  fhc  has  received,  may  have  hurried  her 
on  to  reprefent  her  wicked  and  worfc  than  brutitt  parent,  in  coloofi 
ibraewhat  blacker  than  his  natural  hae  :    though   there  fcems  but 
little  room  to  doubt  that  his  complcflion  is  ttatfc  enough. 
Art-  32.  An  authentic  and  dnumjlanttal  \ar rathe  of  the  aft&ntjh^ 
tMg  Tranfit^ktts  ai  Stockiveli^  in  the  County  of  Surrey,  on  the  Mh 
and  7th  of  January,   1772- — Publiflicd  with   the  Confent  of  the 
Family  and  other  Parties  concerned,  to   authenticate  which  the 
original  Copy  is  figned  by  them*     8vo.     6d.     Marks, 
The  rcfurreilioti  of  the  Cock- lane  Ghof^, 
Novels, 
Art.  33.  Lsve  In  a  Nunnery  \    or,  the  fecret  Hiftory   of  Mifj 
Charlotte  Hamilton,  a  young  Lady  ;  who,  after  a  variety  nf  uncom- 
mon Incidents*  was  farced  into  a  Convent^  &:c.  &c,    tzmo.  z  Vols. 
5  5.    Rofon* 

A  ihamcic fs  catch-penny  jobb,  meanly  pilfered  from  old  ncvclst 
and  nunnery-tale  books.  The  flory  of  the  pictcndcd  Mifs  Hamilton 
is  wholly  tranfcribed  from  the  Englifti  iranflation  of  a  well-known 
French  Romancer,  by'the  Chevalier  de  Monc!iyi  entitled  Tht  Forru' 
n»3te  CcuntrjMaid, 

Art.  34k,  1  hi  Oxonian:  or,  the  Adventures  of  Mr.  G.  EdtBundj^ 

Student  of  Oxford,     By  a  Member  of  the  Univcriiiy.     1  zmo* 

Vols.     5  s.     Rofon. 

Another  produ<^ioo  of  equal  merit  with  the   foregoing  article  ; 

partly  Holen  from   the  Adventures  v^i  CfiarJes  Carelcfa  tt  ^^qj      ^^c 

fuppofc  the  Buokfcller  has  been  taken  in  for  thefe  two  pretended  ^mu 

fiecis^  by  fore  genius  who,    perhaps    would  have  ottt-curtd  Curl 

himfclf.  had  ihcy  been  co-tempt  rarics. 

Art.  35.  The  unfafinonabl^y^'iic.   i2mo.  2  Vols.  6  s.  Lowndes, 

17-2. 
Thefe  volumes  contain  fo  much  intrigue  and  bufincfs,  that  they 
cannot  Li!  of  bciig  highly  acceptable  to  a  nuihitulc  c»f  rt\'^der5* 
Art.  3b,     Femaii  Frailty \  or,  the  Hillory  of  Mils  Wiaugh* 
ton.     izmo.     2  V*3ls.     6  Si     177^:.  '  NoUle, 
To  judge  from  this  performance.  One  would  itnaginet  that  ^-o* 
jiu-«i  weic  mere  objects  of  luxury  and  VM«uptutaifnekV;  a'ld  UmI  bmh 
the  f^xcs  had  nothing  to  which  tluy  IheulJ  a;:cnJ  but  the  jryljry  of 

•  HU  horrid  barbarity  naturally  remind?  ui  of  the  cruellies  pracW* 
ed  by  the  Bmwnriggs,  on  amiferable  orphan  ;  but  this  wretch  ueiuv 
10  have  lar  out-done  even  the  Brow  nnggs  I 

f  SecRevkW)  vol,  j(xx,  p.  ^28, 


MiSCB  LL  AHEOUS. 


79 


conqaeAs  tlie  rivalthip  of  beauty,  the  garniture  of  drefs,  and  the 
arts  of  (edu6^ion  ;  and,  in  fine,  to  pradice  all  the  allurements  that 
work  npon  the  ienfes.  It  malt  be  allowed,  however*  that  the  wri- 
ter has  related  an  afi^fting  (lory,  the  moral  of  yyhich  is  comprized  ia 
the  following  cautions  to  readers  of  both  fexes : — '  The  woman  who 
thinks  herfelf  the  moft  virtoous  of  her  fex,  and. who  prefumes  upon 
her  own  ^ngth,  may,  by  granting  the  man,  whom  Hie  fondly  loves* 
improper  (though  feemingly  trifling)  liberties,  be  led  into  a  iituatioa 
which  Ihc  can  never  remember  but  with  horror  and  Ihame: — Never 
put  yonrfelf  into  any  man's  power  ;  nor  let  any  man  wilh  to  try  the 
woman  whom  he  intends  to  marry/ — The  virtuous  fair,  we  appre* 
faend,  will  not  think  the  Writer  meant  any  compliment  to  the  fex  by 
the  latter  part  of  this  advice ;  or,  indeed,  by  the  general  plan  oif 
bis  work;  which  affords  a  melancholy  exhibition  of  Female  Frailty^ 
Art.  37.     ^hi  Advantages  of  Deliberation  \     or,   the   Folly  of 

Indifcretion.      1 2 mo.     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewed.     Robinfon  and  Ro- 
berts.    I7:2» 

To  render  his  performance  interelling,  our  Author  has  ventured 
i>eyond  the  bounds  of  probability  and  nature:  But  though,  by  this 
means,  he  may  create  the  furprize,  and  roufe  the  curioiicy,  of  vul- 
g^  readers,  the  extravagance  of  the  events  he  has  produced  will 
neccffarily  difguft  thofe»who  can  jndgc  of  v/hat  may  happen  in  real 
life,  and  who  Know  the  principles  and  motives  of  human  condud. 
Art.  38.  The  Ptrplexities  cf  Riches.  i2mo.  5  s.  fewed. 
Robinfon  and  Robeits.     1771. 

In  this  publicativ^n,  there  is  nothing  that  bears  the  mofl  diftant 
allaiion  to  its  title.  The  perplexities  which  i:s  hero  is  represented  to 
have  nndergonc,  were  evidently  the  confequences  of  vicious  and  un- 
happy paflions,  and  did  not  flow  from  the  pofleflion  of  wealth.  For 
.  riches  and  moral  turpitude  are  not  ncceflariiy  conned\ed.  The  ftyle 
in  which  it  is  written  i;  feeble  and  languid  ;  it  difplays  no  knowledge 
of  falhionablc  life  ,  aud,  afcer  the  moft  diligent  perufal,  we  caa 
find  in  it  no  circomdaixes  that  render  i:  in  the  fmallefl  degree  in- 
tcrefling  or  viiluable. 
Art.  39.     7 he  marricH  ViSi!m\  or,   the  Hiftory   of  Lady  Vil- 

lars.      A   Narrative   founded  on   Fads.      i vmo,     2    vols.      5  s. 

fewed.     Kookham.      f'/i^. 

In  thcfe  volumes,  the  reader  is  prcfented  with  fcenes  of  diflrefs  ; 
bat,  as  they  are  jx)Uftr'ayed  without  pafuon,  they  make  no  imprcflion 
on  his  heart.  The  Author,  without  Icndbiliiy  or  genius,  fhould  not 
have  entered  on  the  tafic  of  defcnbing  the  human  mind  under  the 
agitation  of  anxieties  and  emotions  which  he  could  not  feel.  Sen- 
timents delliiu:e  of  d-'licucy,  adventures  dKlrefsfuI,  but  unnatural, 
and  without  propriety,  and  expreflions  coarfe  and  inelegant,  can 
never  awakci;  the  afi^edion?,  and  excite  a  tender  iympathy. 
Art.  40.  The  Trial  J  or  the  Hiftory  of  Charles  Horton,  Efq, 
By  a  Genilctran,     izmo.     5  Vols.     gs.    Vernor.     1772. 

This  perforn^ance  recommends  iifelf  by  the  chaflity  of  its  fcnii- 
mcnts,  the  varierv  of  »ts  charaders,  and  the  propriety  of  its  ex- 
preflion.  It  is,  indeed,  a  beautiful  difplay  of  the  judgment  and 
kofibility  of  its  Author. 


8o 


Sermons, 


PoETfCAt*  ♦ 

in.  41.  En  Eplflkfnm  Mn.  B^^^'y  to  hh  R^**l  ^••••yl 
thi  D*^*  6/  C****^*'*ii:  ot  Btaufj  fcourging  Ruttk*     4to.     1  a. 

Batiefon*     1771*.  - 

Some  catcJi* penny  Rhlmer  has  made  the  pr>or  ahandonctJ  •  Mrs. 
[ Sally  fcoM  and  abufe  her  royal  deft-ftcr  moft  oucr.igiou%  :  the  viru- 
tlcncc  of  tjHtingfgiUe  in  the  numbers  of  GrubArect. 


I 


SERMONS. 

Reptfitance  iht  cnh  Condithn  ef  final  Accept ance^^httf^t^  the  dit 
fen  ting  Clergy,  at  Mill-hill  Chapel,  in  Leeds,  Sept,  18,  i77'» 
By  W.  Graham,  M,  A.  1  *.  Johnfon. 
^rll.  ^^^  NtceJJiiy  e/  Charity,— vLt  St.  Bartholomew's  Chapel,  for  the 
Benefit  of  the  Children  of  the  Charity  School  in  Birmingham, 
May  1 1>  I77I*  l^y  John  Adamthwaite,  A.  M.  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  Birmingham  printed,  and  fold  by  Am»  fold  alio 
by  Becket,  &c.  in  London.  r 

^1IL  At  the  new  Meeting- houfc  near  Chclwood  in  SoincrietiKire, 
Nov-  1771,  on  the  Death  of  the  Rev,  Mr,  David  Lcwif,  DiCeivt- 
jng  Miniller  at  French  Hay,  near  Brillol.  By  Lewis  Lewis. 
8vo.  6d.  Cadcll,  &c, 
^^V^  At  WilJiariiiburg,  May  ^,  177 '•  for  the  Benefit  of  a  Fund  10 
fjppf>rt  ^he  poor  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Clergymen  in  Virginia. 
By  S.  Henley,  ProfcJlor  of  moral  Philofophy,  in  William  and 
Mary  College.  4to.  6d.  Payne.  Uavics,  S;c. 
^^Art.  42.  An  Aitcmpt  td  rejfbn  ihi  true  reading  and  rendering 
of  the  lafl  V'^crfc  of  the  4th  Chapter  of  Nehemiah.  Before  the 
Univerfuy  of  Oxford,  at  St  Mary's,  Sept,  :q,  1771.  By  John 
Hopkins,  B.  D.  V  icar  of  Croprcdy,  and  late  Fellow  of  Pembroke 
College,     fcro.     6d.     Rivjngton* 

•,•    The  word*  which  the  Author  has  cndeavour-^d  to  iUuftfatc 

ftand  thus  in  our  prefent  tranfiation  :    So  miiher  /,  nor  my  ifrtthrtm^ 

^n^r  my  ftrnjauts^  jncr  the  mtn  of  the  guar {i  ^v^hkh  fdU'wni  me\  mnt  r.fut 

yfitt  c^  sur  (hthet^  Ja^ing^  that    evtry  tnt  pat  tl^m   9ff  for  *u.ajhiitg, 

A^  the  lafl  claute  of  this  vcrfc  conveys  a  fcnfe  whrcn  appears  \crf 

f'lriiling,   and   even   abfu^d,  Mr.  Hopkins  fecks  {or  a  more  comtuo* 

idious  fignihcation,  and  fuppofes  that  it  ought  to  be  rendered,  t^i^fj 

P^dv  *With  hts  jkvQtd  its  the  right  hatiJ^  or  (more  griimm.aliMny)  ^f  thi 

^tight  hand.     This  conUruihon  he  hath  fo  well  fupportcd  by  a  Siffb- 

^leiii  translation  of  one  word,  a  conjcdural  emjfndi*tion   of  another, 

and  A'vcrjtl  tnllateral  obfi?rvalion»,  chat  there  can   ho  little  doubt  of 

fhc  jullncii  and  truth  of  his  crincimi.     fie  has  added  fome  jmlicioas 

LicjnArks  concern irij^  the  text  oX  the  Old  Tcilament,  ihc  importance 

I  6f  (ludyiug  the  Hebrew  langua|;e,  and  ihc  manner  in  which  the 

ilcaowkdge  of  it  ought  to  be  applied. 

.  Ttrafa  in,  this  Month's  Review,  viz.  In  the  account  of  Mr.  Jones's 
t'Pertian  Grammur,  p*  ^q,  par.  ^,  L  21,  dele /^^;V.  P»  jj,  I.  3d, 
Iroai  the  batlom,  for  del,  r,  #///;  and  fortldiirib,  r.  Jti/trth^  P.  42, 
tp^r.  3.  r  and  it  would  undoubtedly  have  bcea  tor  the  intcuil  of 
►  |lic  learner.  If  he  had*  adddd»  Ic, 


4 


I 


M 


'  'ihctc  U  iin  iimbiguity  b  thli  vv'Ofd,  011  wiiidi  Uie  reader  b  left 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For    FEBRUARY,     177a. 


llT-  L  ComcUfam  if  ih$  A<t^uni  of  Mr*  JoncsV  Ptrfian  GrAmmor^ 

TAVING^  in  our  laft  month *s  Rcvfew,  given  a  general 
idea  of  the  dcfign  of  this  Oriental  Grammar,  and  done 
fi*t  jui^kc  to  rhe  learned  and  very  ingenious  Author,  Co 
is  amply  entitled,  we  think  ourfclves  obliged  alfo» 
-J  10  the  public^  to  obfervc  that  his  work  fcenjs 
re  deficient,  with  refped  to  proper  and  adequate  inftruc- 
ai  to  the  fylJabication  and  reading  of  the  Pcrfian  Inn- 
gc»  than  in  any  other  circumftance.  We  apprehend  chati 
the  principles  of  common  fenfe,  there  Is  no  language  but 
uii  have  Tome  rules  to  direct  the  learner  in  this  refpeft ; 
fid  wc  have  been  furprifed  to  hear  t^entlcmen,  who  have  vifited 
lindo(lan,  alledge^  that  no  one  can  read  the  Pcrfian  language 
ntil  be  is  thoroughly  mafter  of  it.  Wc  imagine  that  ihelc 
ong  conceptions  miift  have  proceeded  from  their  having  be* 
^un  cu  learn  the  Perfian  without  being  initiated  in  the  prmci* 
pics  of  the  Arabic  grammar, 

Wc  have  already  fecn  that  the  Pcrfijns,  on  the  introdu£lioti 
^f  M^homedifm  into  their  country,  reUnquifhed  their  ancient 
^habeC,  and  adopted  that  of  the  Arabians  \  and  h^nce  we  con- 
nve  chat  a  man  wpo  can  read  Arabic^  has  made  confidcrabic 
■trances  towards  reading  the  Perfian.  All  the  letters  in  the 
Brabic  alphabcc  are  conionants :  the  Arabians  have,  from  the 
fttglnal  of  their  language,  had  certain  ^Wi,  or  vowel  point^^,  to 
■uk  ihe  founds  a^  ^,  /,  9,  £/»  as  hath  every  other  nation,  as 
■  as  we  know. 

B  The  Pcrfians,  on  adopting  the  Arabic  alphabet,  muft  natu- 
Hly  have  ufed  thcfc  very  marks,  or  dots,  10  p.  int  out  their 
Biwclf.  The  Arabians  call  the  mark  of  the  fliort  a  and  e  phatay 

mt  PcrAans  ufe  the  fame  dot,  and  call  it  j£^  zeh^r^  abo^re,  (a 

■iiicd  from  Its  GtuMihn,  bccaufc  it  is  pluced  above  Oat  \ettet 


82  Jones*i  Grammar  of  the  Perfian  Language. 

to  which  it  is  fubjoined.     The  Arabians  call  the  {hort  i,  hfra ; 

the  Perfians  ufe  the  fame  dot  to  mark  theiir  (hort  /,  but  call  it 

« 

by  the  name  of  j^  z/r,  bccaufe  it  is  placed  below  the  confo* 

nant  to  which  it  is  annexed.    The  Arabians  call  the  dot  which 
marks  the  ihort  u  and  o^  zamma^  or  damma  as  fome  pronounce  it : 

the  Perfians  call  the  very  fame  dot  by  the  name  of  (J**^.  p^ifit 
which  fignifies  before.  The  Arabiahs  mark  the  long  a  by  their 
fhataj  with  a  quiefcent  alif  following  ;  their  long  i  with  a  fi- 
lent  je  following  ;  and  their  long  o  and  u  with  a  quiefcent  wow 
following :  and  we  imagine  that  this  is  the  fame  method  prac- 
tifed  by  the  Perfians  ;  for  it  is  certain  that  the  Arabian^  and 
Perfians  caufe  their  children  to  write  out  all  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet  with  thcfe  dots  placed  properly  under  and  above  the 
letters,  in  order  to  teach  them  the  nature  of  pure  or  Ample 
fyllables,  as  their  Grammarians  call  them.  And  in  like  man- 
ner they  proceed  to  teach  them  to  read  the  alphabet  where  two  ' 
confonants  concur  in  a  fyllable  with  only  one  vowel  annexed.; 
there  being,  properly,  no  diphthong  in  the  Eaftern  languages  i 
for  wherever  two  confonants  meet  together  in  the  fame  fyliable« 
t^re  is  a  gezm  or  gezma  put  over  the  letter,  to  fliew  that  ic 
makes  a  mixed  (yitable.  The  reader  may  fee  this  fully  iliuf« 
trated  in  Meninfki's  Perfian  Grammar,  publiflied  in  quarto,  aff 
Vienna,  in  1756. 

Now  as  all  the  letters  in  the  Arabic  language,  as  well  asthe 
Perfic,  are  confonants,  every  one  may  fee  what  a  difficult  and 
laborious  talk  it  muft  be  for  a  learner  to  read  Arabic  or  Pcrfic,- 
unlefs  the  vowel  points  are  annexed  to  the  letters.  True  it 
is,  indeed,  that  the  children  in  Arabia  and  Perfia,  after  hav-^ 
ing  learned  the  nature  of  fyllabication  with  the  vowel  points 
annexed,  and  after  having  thus  made  fome  progrefs  in  read-, 
ing  a  language  which  is  their  mother  tongue,  learn  to  read 
words:  which  occur  in  common  life  with  greater  facility  than 
we  Europeans  can  eafily  comprehend  ;  but  every  one  may  fee* 
that  this  muft  be  the  cR'ccX  of  great  labour  and  pra6tice  :  for,  as 
far  as  we  can  learn,  the-  Arabians,  from  a  fenfe  of  the  danger  of- 
miftakinc:  the  meaning  of  the  words,  by  Siffixing  different  dots,- 
have  their  Koran  always  writcn  with  the  vowel  points  fub- 
joined, left  the  reader  fhould  miftake  the  fenfe  of  their  prophet*' 

That  all  the  letters  in  the  Perfian  as  well  as  Arabic  aiphabetsi 
are  confonants,  is  atiefttd  by  ihe  cckbratcd  Chardin,  who 
fpeaks  with  the  grcatcft  confidence  en  this  fubjcfl.  "  Les. 
vingt-huit  lettres  font  touies  confones,  n'y  ayant  point  de« 
voyelles  dans  I'alphabet  Fcdan,  non  plus  que  dans  TArabe^^ 
quoique  I'alif,  qui  eft  premiere  lettrc,  &  qui  a  la  force  d^. 
notie  a  avcc  un  accent  uflemblaut  a  uos  accens  graves  ou  ai**' 

7  &«»?• 


Joncs*i  Gfammar  of  the  Verfian  Language^  83 

Ks,  (bitefiime  de  plufieurs  grammariens  ctre  une  lettre  voyellc# 
ur  alif  eft  V  aUph  Hebreu,  "&  il  repon J  a  cet  accent  dont  Ics 
Gfccs  fc  fervent,  &  qu'ils  appellent  rfprit  doux.  J'ai  dit  que 
tout  leur  alphabet  eft  de  confones  :  il  y  a  pourtant  trois  lettres, 
alef^  vau^  ye^  qui  ont  fouvent  h  force  dc  voycllcs,  a  c^iufe  de 
quol  ils  les  appellent  Uttres  de  repos.  Lour  voyelles  font  pro- 
premeot  des  accens.  Les  Pcrfans  nommcnt  en  general  l^s  ac-* 
ccns,  herketf  c'eft-a-dire,  mGuv:mej:t^  puree  que  les  accens  don- 
Dcnt  le  branle  aux  autres*  lettrcs.  lis  en  ont  de  trois  fortes; 
les  plus  communs  font 'ceux^  qu'ils  appellent  zebn-^  zcr,  pich^ 
c*eft-d-dire»  diffuiy  d^Jfom^  druant :  le  pich  eft  un  accent  hiit 
comme  une  virgnle,  les  deuX  autres  font  de  accens  aigus.  lis 
apprcnnent  ainfi  a  les  lire :  B  avec  zcber,  Ea  ;  avcc  zer,  Bi  ; 
vtc  pUb^  Bou  i  &  ainfi  des  autres  Icrtre?.  Ces  accens  font 
les  memes  que  les  Arabes  ont  deux^  accens  plus  que  les  Perfans 
nVn  cmploycnt  dans  leur  ecriture/' 

The  ingenious  Author  of  the  Grammar  fays,  that  the  din  in 
Perfiaa  is  a  fort  of  vowel,  and  anfvvers  generally  to  our  broad  a, 

as  S-^ j^  Arab,  the  Arabians ;  fomctimes  (fays  he)  it  has  a 

found  like  our  o^  as  in  the   word  '  ~^  otr,  rj/i-jjcr.     Here  we 

cannot  but  differ  from  this  learned  Gentleman  ;  for  the  letter 
Ai  is  really  a  confunant  as  much  as  any  letter  in  the  Arabic 
orPcrfic  alphabets  :  and  for  proof  of  this,  we  would  obfcrve, 
that  this  letter  ain  has  in  the  Koran  the  difttrent  points,  pkatn^ 
itjroj  and  dammoy  marking  the  different  vowels  ^,  e^  «,  which 
could  never  be  the  cafe,  were  it  a  real  vowel. 

The  above-mentioned  word  ^ ^  's  marked  with  the  vowel 

points  in  Arabic  Sr^j^  and  written  by  Meninf]:!  in  Fomrrn 
charaAers  arth^  with  an  ain  put  r.bove  ^,  :md  the  other  word 

J^  is  pointed  by  Golius  thus  ?-^>  -nd  v/riitcn  by  Meninflci 

jfr,  with  an  ain  put  over  the  y. 

To  fhew  that  the  letter  ain  has  the!  vr.rious  vowel  points  de- 
noting tf,  r,  I,  •,  w,  fubjoined  to  ir,  v/e  refer  the   Reader  to 
Golius*s  Arabic,  and  Mcninlki's  Peifian  Dii.'ticnary,  where  he  . 
may  find  various  inflances  to  prove  what  we  h.^vc  faid. 

Mr.  Jones  acknowledges  that  the  lettr-s  «  v:aiv  and  CjS  J^ 
are  often  ufcd  as  confonants,  like  our  v  and  y ;  wc  apprehend 
that  they  are   always  confonivms.     Mr.   J/)n  s    fays    the   long 

vowels  arc    '  alif^    5  a-^w;,  (^  ;V,    m-.l  m-.y  be   pronounced 

hh^»  «»  the  yiford:>  ra//j  yP^/r^ /?r.'/,  as  ir  v^^^^^  chan.fl  Io>^J\ 

G  2  but 


?4  Joncs'x  Grammar  efthe  Pirfsan  Languagu 

but  here  the  alifis  quiefcent,  and  ferves  only  to  difb'nguifli  t&e 
long  tf,  from  the  Ihort  one :  tbbs  alfo  in  the  word  \jy  va^ 
the  quiefcent  or  filcnt  wow  diflinguifhes  the  long  u  from  ik..  < 
ihort,  fo  alfo  >n  the  word  j^  meZj  the  iilent  je  diftinguiflwi 
the  long  /  from  the  fbort. 

Thus  the  learned  John  Gravius,  in  his  PerCc  Grammar,  if-  < 
ter  enumerating  the  ffaort  vowels  a,  /,  i,  o^  k,  in  the  Perfiift 
language,  fays,  ^  Earum  produ£lione  tres  etiam  confonac  qui-  ' 

efccntes  inferviunt,  nempc  (J^J^  quae  amifla  fua  poteftite 
iiaturam  vocalium  piaccedentium  induunt,  cumque  iis  in  uoaoi^ 
longaoi  coalcfcunt  '  alif  cum  phata,  ^  waw  cum  damma,  (^ 
cum  Icefra,  et  tunc  phata  valet  a  clarum,  ut  /^V.y^r,  feciuH 
KJv  P^^y  rubigoy  Sic.*"  damma  cum  J  valet  oa,  fepe  4>  ut 
ij^^  got4jJ)jaunsyy-J^  TMr^  vioUntia^ 

Kefra  cum  (^  valet  i  five  //  AngUcum,    ut  vy     aaltvh 

{^y\y^  fuaiie,  equitati9.     Vid.  Gravii  ElementaLing.  Per& 

4to,     Londini.     P.  ii,  12.     Anno  1649. 

T  kus  alfo  Ludovicus  l)e  Dieu  alfcrts,  that  the  long  vowdf 
are  didinguifticd  from  the  ftort  ones,  hy  adding  the  filenl 
or  quiefcent  letters  ail/j  ivaWj  and  y>.     **  Quum  vocales  pel    J 

litera  iSj^  producuntur,  nempe  phatah  per  I  ali/y  kefra  per   ^ 
4^  damma  p^r^  &c.     Vid.  De  Dieu  Gram.  Perf.  p.  3.   4tOi 
Lugduu.  Batavorum.  1639.     Magnam  quoque  (fays  De  Dieu) 
in  libris  MSS.  parit  difHcultatem  abfentia  vocalium.     Muhc  j 
enim  didiones,  confofiantibus  aecdem,  folis  vocaliBus' diveriae|.' ^ 

diverfa  fignificant,  ut  cM  gify  lutum,  clay,  cM^  gulf   rofti  ' 


Lt     '^  O      ^ 


a  roffy  flos  qulvis.    (^jsA^iKSs  ge/fin  vcrtere,  ire,  ^j^^*f=a 

/ifiin^  fcminarc,  ferere,  to  fowj    {^j^^^i^^^zD  iu/htcfij  occider^ 
interficere,  to  kill^  jlay^  &c.  Vid.  I>c  Dieu  Gram.  p.  3. 

There  are  a  vafl  number  of  words  in  which  the  confonanti, 
are  the  very  fame,  and  they  are  diftinguilhcrd  only  by  the  voweb 
£ibjoined  to  them.      The  Author's  rule  in  this  cafe  is  verjj 
vague,  and  muft  perplex  the  learner.     See  Jones's  Grammar^ . 
p.  II.  lin.  14. 

Let  us   hear   the  learned   Erpenius  on  thjs  fubjcar:—— 
Harum   vocalium   produ£tione    inferviunt^   propria  poteftatt' 

a  confide 


Jones'/  Grammar  of  the  Person  Language.  gj 

confonaDtiutn  amifla,  unde  et  quiefcere  turn  dicuntur,  tres  li«» 
Viot  CS^'  cum  ipHae  vocalibus  dcftirurae  immediate  iis  poft 
ponuncur:  '  quidem  primx,  j  fccundic,  et  (^  tertiap :  va^ 
letqoe  ca  eafu,    fatha  a,  feu  ^^  nofirunii  vcl  %^  feu  Anglicum 

aproduflum,  ut^^  nar  vel  v»y. 
Damma  «  feu  #<  noftrum,  vel  £ir  GaHicum,  uf  jj->  >Jp. 

iCefra  T  feu  ie  noftrum  ut  >^  y:p.  Vid.  Erpenii  Rudiment. 
Ling.  Arab.  p.  8.  4.to.  Lugduni  Batavorum.  173J. 
■  Aleninfki  alfo  fhews  the  truth  of  what  we  have  aflerted 
I  above,  although  he  nientions  onlv  the  TurkiOi  languatre,  as 
I  be  conAders  the  rules  for  reading  Aiabic,  Peific,  and  Turkiili 
I  CD  be  the  fame  tn  that  chapter,  De  Vocalibus  littTarum,  aiiif- 
[  que  m>tis,  et  <le  combinatihne  a^  le^lione  fyllabarum  immc^iiate 
*  j»ft  alphabctum  fubdunt  l*urc;e  in  fnis  ahccedariis  iineani  hujuf- 
jn  )di  cum  his  vocalibus,  aliifquc  no'.is,  ^c.  Vid.  Meninflci 
GfSL.xv.   p.  i8.     4to.     Vindoboniae.     1756. 

Mr.  Jones,  page  12,  adds,  *  The  omiilion  of  the  fliort  vowels 
will,  at  fifft,  perplex  the  iludent,  fince  many  words  that  are 
compouaded  of  the  fame  confonants  have  dilFercnt  fcnfes,  ac- 
cording CO  the  difference  of  the  vowels  omitted  ;  but  until  he 
lias  learned  the  exa&  pronounciation  of  every  word,  from  a  na- 
tive, he  may' give  every  (hort  vowel  a  kind  of  obfcurc  found, 
iFcry  cooimon  in  Englifli,  as  \k\  the  words  fiiny  bird^  &c.  which, 
a  Mahomedan  would  write  without  any  vowel  fn^  brd ' 

The  Author  here  candidly  acknowledges  that  many  word?, 
which  are  compounded  of  the  fame  confonants,  have  difterenc 
feoies,  according  to  the  difference  of  the  vowels  omitted,  l^iis 
indeed  cannoc  be  denied,  either  with  refped  to  Hebrew,  Ara- 
bic, ox  Pcrfic,  by  thofe  who  are  in  the  fmalleft  deq^rce  ac- 
quainted with  thefe  Eaftern  languages;  fo  that  the  fen fc  not 
only  of  one  word,  but  of  the  whole  (cnt.  nee,  mufl  neceflarily 
depend  on  the  different  vowels  fupplied  by  the  reader,  if  the 
word  has  not  the  vowel  dots  fubjoincd.  This  can  be  eafily 
paired  from  a  variety  of  examples  which  might  be  brought  from 
[  Arabic  and  Perfic  books.  The  Reader  needs  only,  to  be  c<»n- 
tinced  of  what  we  affirm,  look  into  Golius  or  Menindci^s  Lexi- 
cons, ifrhere  he  will  find  numberlefs  examples  confirming  what 
X  have  advanced. 

The  Reader  will  plainly  perceive  the  force  of  our  reafoning, 
two  of  the  examples  exhibited  by  Mr.  Jones  in  the  words 
)b,  hrd^  and  he  will  eafily  fee  how  ambiguous  they  are :    thus 
h  may  be   read  fnn^  fitly  fon^  foen^  furt^  Jyne  \  and  the  word  bri 
■aj  be  read  bard,  beard,  breads  breed,  board,  broads 

G  2  From 


86  Joncs'j  Grammar  of  the  Pcrftan  Language* 

From  the  above  view  of  the  Arabic  language,  and  from  the 
Perfians  having  adopted  not  only  the  Arabic  alphabet,  but  alfa 
their  dots  or  vowel  points,  it  mud  appear  to  be  the  moft  ra- 
tional, and  alfo  the  moft  expeditious  method,  to  begin  firft  with 
learning  the  principles  of  the  Arabic  language,  and  then  to 
proceed  to  read  the  Perfian  with  leflbns,  or  a  book  having  the 
vowel  points  fubjoincd  to  the  confdnants.  If  the  Arabians, 
Turks,  and  Peifians,  pra<Slife  the  method  now  recommended, 
and  find  it  nccefl'ary  to  teach  their  children  in  this  manner  to 
learn  their  mother  tongqc,  furely  there  is  a  great  degree  of  ab- 
furdity  in  Europeans  pretend in;x  to  learn  thcfc  languages  in  a 
different  manner;  for,  wiihdut  this  natural  method,  a  learner 
muft  read  and  pronounce  with  the  greateft  difficulty  and  uncer- 
tainty. We  apprehend  that  one  of  the  principal  caufes  why  the 
Europeans,  who  have  leen  in  Jndia,  have  made  fo  little  pro- 
grefs  in  learning  the  Perfian  language,  has  proceeded  from 
their  attempting  to  Icarn  to  read  the  Perfian  before  they  were 
taught  the  principles  of  the  Arabic.  True  it  is,  indeed,  that 
many  hiftorical  books  are  written  in  the  Arabic  language  witK« 
out  the  vowel  points  j  hut  many  of  their  poetical  and  other 
writings  have  the  vowel  dots  joined  to  the  confonants,  to  pre- 
vent obfcurity  and  miftake. 

In  various  Perfian  books,  and  written  letters,  which  we  have 
fecn,  ihefe  vowel  points  are  wanting  ;  yet  they  may  be  under*, 
flood  by  thofe  who  have  made  themfelves  matters  of  thefe  lan- 
guages; but  this  muft  be  the  effevl  of  great  labour. 

The  late  Prufeflbr  Schuhens,  who  not  only  read,  but  wrote 
with  Ijis  own  hand,  more  manufcripts  than  any  other  Euro- 
pean of  the  prefent  age,  aflcrts,  in  the  (Ironeeft  manner,  that 
no  man  could  pretend  to  read  maiiy  of  the  Arabian  poets,  or 
the  works  of  Hariri,  without  b-  ing  in -danger  of  miftaking  the 
Icnfc  of  the  Authors,  if  the  ccpies  were  n<»t  pointed. 

**  Miiiitjs  fcmpcr  fui  (lays  Schiiltcns)  confidentiam  viro- 
lum  quorunJani  dcwtifiimoruin,  nimis  liberaliter  et  magnifice 
hie  loqucf.tijni,  quamvis  eiiani  fccpe  imperitiam,  jejunitatem, 
aliorum  filer im  qui  ne  unani  quidcm  periodum  fine  pun£li9| 
Icgi  pollc  dic^ldr  t.  Si  lir.ririi  confclfiis  quinquaginta,  totius  vc- 
teiis  lingnre  floribiir.  ct  geminis  context!,  fine  punflis  leftioni 
Arabun]  f.iiiicnt  tra-Jiti,  nc  cci.tiTuna  quidem  pars  corum  luce- 
let,  non  dicam  nobis,  fid  vti  linguae  patriae  callcntiflimis. 
Alcorani  Irdlio  ct  ienfus  fir.e  puncHis  nufpiam  fatis  conftaret. 
Prifco:,  Ar-;bes  poetas,  in.cr  qiicis  multi  qui  non  ultra  Moham- 
nictiis  folum,  fed  cii.im  ultra  Ciuilli  domini  a^tatcm  afcendunt, 
hau  fquaquam  vencrata  tftlt  r.nivcrfa  natio,  tanquam  eloquen- 
titC,  e:  giammaticac  fimul  fupremos  arbitros  ct  magittros,  ni 
vocalts  ecrum  carminibus  appic^ae  fuifl'ent,  quae  ad  utrumque 
praluctrent,  atquc  nihil  iicc  in  fcnfu  obfcure  nee  in  pronuii- 

ciand^ 


Jones'j  Grammar  cf  thf  P.rf.'in  Lo}i?uo;^e.  S7 

ciaiiJi  ratione  ambigue  patcrcntur/*  Sec  on  this  fubjccl  Cla- 
visPcntateuchi,  &c.  cui  praemittunturDiircrtationes  duas,  I.  De 
antiquitate  Lingux  Arabics,  xcjufque  convenientia  cum  Lingua 
Hehraea.  II.  De  genuina  Punftorum  Vocalium  apud  Arabes 
cc  Hebraeos  antiquitatey  &c« 

Dc  Dieu,  therefore,  from  a  fcnfe  of  the  neceffity  of  having 
the  vowel  points  fubjoined,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  reading  and 
learning  of  the  language,  printed  the  vowel  points  with  the 
confcnants  f. 

The  learned  Gravius  has  followed  De  Dieu's  footftcps  in  this 
point,  in  his  Grammar. 

Meninfki  has  not  in  his  Grammar  the  vowel  points  or  dots ; 
but  he  has  added  the  pronunciation  of  every  word  in  Roman 
cbaraflers. 

It  is  very  remarkable,  that  the  Arabic  words  adopted  by  the 
Perfians  flow  in  the  channel  of  the  Perfic  language  without  any 
change,  except  it  be  In  fome  few  nouns  and  adjecflives,  which 
have  the  Perfic  as  well  as  the  Arabic  terminaiion  in  the  plural 
number. 

'  This  is  one  argument  (fays  Mr.  Jones)  out  of  a  great 
number,  to  prove  the  impoffibility  of  learning  the  Perfian  lan- 
guage accurately  without  a  moderate  knowledge  of  the  Arabic; 
and  if  the  learner  will  follow  my  advice,  he  will  perufe,  with 
attention,  the  Arabic  Grammar  of  Erpcnius,  before  he  attempts 
to  tranflate  a  Pcrfian  MSS/ 

Wc  have  obfcrved,  that  the  Perfians  by  no  means  incorporate 
their  language  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  Italians,  French,  and 
Englifli,  who  have  introduced  the  Latin  words,  by  making  them 
Jow  with  their  own  terminations  in  the  channel  of  their  refpec- 
tivc  languages.  Mr.  Jones  gives  the  following  candid  repre- 
fentation  of  what  we  have  aflerted  : 

'  But  if  he  (the  ftudent)  defires  to  diftinguifti  himfelf  as  an 
nninent  tranflator,  and  to  underftand   not  only  the   general 
purport  of  a  compofition,  but  even  the  .graces  and  ornaments 
of  it,  he  muft  neccflarily  learn  the  Arabic  tongue,  which   is 
blended  with  the  Perfian  in  fo  fingular  a  manner,  that  one  pe- 
riod often  contains  both  languages  wholly  difhncl  from  each 
other  in  cxprcfiion  and  iJiom,  but  perfectly  uni-ed  in  fenfe  and 
conllrudlion.  This  muft  appear  fl range  to  an  European  reader, 
but  he  may  form  fome  idea  of  this  uncommon   mixiu.e,  when 
he  is  told  that  the  two  Afiatic  languages  are  not  mixed  like  the 
words  of  Roman  and  Saxon  oiigin  in  this  period,  The  true  lavj 
h  right  reafcn  conformahU  t7  the  nature  of  tl'vigs^  which  calls  us  to 
ikty  by  commanding^  deters  ::s  from  fm  by  fdrbldd'ihg  \  but  as  wc 

f  Etl  ergo  confonantium  ct  vocaiium  caJcm  hie  ratio,  c^ux  a'^^ud 
ibsbes.    Yid*.  De  "Ditn  Graw.  p.  /. 

G  4  m^^ 


88  Jt)ncs'j  Grammar  of  the  Ptrftan  Languagi^ 

majr  fuppore  the  Latin  and  £bg!i(h  to  bo  connc^ed  in  thefol* 
lowing  ientence  :  Tnc  true  Ux  is  re£la  ratio  conformable  na/irrirr 
which  by  co.nmanding  voat  ad  ojicium^  by  forbidding  a  frmdi 
deterreat.  Here  we  have  in  this  fencencc,  confifting  of  nine* 
teen  words,  ten  which  are  pure  Latin,  viz.  icx,  ret^a  ratioi 
jiaturaer  vocet  ad  officium,  a  fraude  deterreat.' 

It  muft  evidently  appear,  to  every  attentive  reader,-  from  tbr 
above  rcprefentation  of  the  Perfic  and  Arabic  ^languages,  that 
they  are  as  diflferenr  from  one  another  in  their  original  geniui 
and  conditution,  as  the  Latin  is  from  the  Saxon,  or  any  othef 
European  language.  And  the  truth  i$,  that  the  eifential  confti-* 
tuent  parts  of  each  language  are  entirely  different  \  for  the  de- 
clendon  of  nouns,  the  perfonal  pronouns,  the  cardinal  and  or-i 
dinal  numbers,  and  the  inflexion  of  verbs,  have  the  (lamp  of 
two  different  nations  :  the  truth,  of  this  affertion  will  appear  ta 
every  one  who  will  look  into  a  Perfxc  and  Arabic  Grammar* 
Befide,  the  language  of  addrefs  and  complinr>ent  is  almoft  all 
Arabic,  fo  that  one  unacquainted  with  Arabic  is  in  the  greateft 
danger  of  ufing  fuch  words  without  a  juft  idea  of  their  mean- 
ing \  which  plainly  (hews  the  neceffity  of  the  learner's  being  ac- 
quainted with  the  principles  or  rudiments  of  the  language.  From 
hence  it  muft  plainly  appear,  that  the  learning  of  the  Perftan 
language,  without  a  previous  acquaintance  with  the  Arabic* 
mult  not  only  be  a  very  difficult  tafk  to  the  ftudcnt,  but  alfo 
confound  and  retard  his  progrefs,  by  having  two  different  lan- 
guages, different  from  each  other  in  exprefiion  and  idiom,  to 
learn  at  the  fame  time,  while  he  is  utterly  unacquainted  with 
the  genius  and  conflitution  of  either  :  and  this  ignorance  mufi 
render  the  ftudent  wholly  incapable  of  judging  what  worda 
are  of  Arabic,  and  what  are  of  Periic  extradion.  Befide,  if 
the  ffudent  is  tolerably  verfed  in  the  powers  of  the  Arabic 
letters,  he  will  very  foon  get  acquainted  with  the  powers 
of  fuch  letters  in  the  PerAan  alphabet  as  differ  from  thofe  of 
the  Arabians,  and  by  this  means  he  will  fooner  and  more  fully 
comprehend  the  powers  of  thefe  letters  when  pronounced  by  a 
native,  who  too  frequently  confounds  the  name  of  the  letter 
with  the  power  thereof.  The  fa£l  is,  that  they  can  do  this 
only  by  founding  the  word,  they  being  utterly  ignorant  of  the 
powers  of  the  letters  in  the  European  alphabet.  Mr.  Jones  ad- 
vifes  the  ffudent,  after  be  has  thoroughly  learned  the  charac- 
ters, and  the  true  pronunciation  of  the  letters,  to  proceed  to 
perufe  the  Grammar  with  attention,  and  to  commit  to  memory 
the  regular  inflexion  of  nouns  and  verbs.  He  fuggefts  alfo  that 
the  learner  need  not  burden  his  mind  with  thofe  which  deviate 
from  the  common  form,  as  they  will  be  infenfibly  learned  in 
a  ihort  couife  of  readings 

Bo 


JooesV  Grammar  of  the  Perfiam  Language:  89 

He  now  recommend*,  with  great  propriety  and  juflice,  Me* 
oinfki's  Dictionary,  which  he  aflerts,  from  a  long  experience^ 
will  be  fufficient  for  any  who  would  learn  the  i^ctfian  tongue  ; 
and  he  inftruds  the  learner  to  proceed,  by  the  help  of  this 
work,  to  analyfe  the  paflages  in  the  Grammar,  and  to  examine 
an  wnat  manner  they  iiluftrate  the  rules.  In  the  mean  time,  how* 
ever,  the  ftudent  muft  not  neglett  to  converfe  with  his  living 
inftruAor,.  and  to  learn  from  him  the  phrafes  of  common  dif- 
courfe,  and  the  names  of  vifible  objedh,  which  will  be  fooxi 
impnnted  on  his  mi-mory,  if  he  will  take  the  trouble  to  look 
for  them  in  the  Didtionary. 

The  firft  book  that  Mr.  Jones  recommends  to  the  ftudent  of 
the  PerGan  language  is,  Muflade  Saadi's  Guliflan,  or  Bed  of 
Rafs^  publiflied  by  Gcntius,  with  a  Latin  trandation,  folio, 
Amflerdain,  1651,  which  indeed  is  remarkable  for  the  purity 
of  its  language.  He  recommends  alfo,  very  properly,  the  compa- 
ring of  a  manufcript  with  the  printed  edition  of  Gentius,  <b 
that  the  ftudent tnay  the  more  expeditioufly  learn  to  read  Eaft- 
ern  manufcripts. 

Our  Author  then  advifes  the  learner  to  read  fome  (hort  and 
eafy  chapter  of  this  work,  to  tranflate  it  into  his  own  native 
language  with  the  utmoft  exadtnefs,  and  then,  laying  afide 
the  original,  after  a  proper  interval,  to  turn  the  fame  chapter 
back  into  Perfian,  by  the  aififtance  of  the  Grammar  and  Dic- 
tionary ;  and  let  him  afterwards  compare  his  fccond  tranfla- 
tion  with  the  original,  correding  its  faults  according  to  that 
model.  This,  indeed,  is  moft  rational  and  ufeful  advice ;  for 
fuch  exercife  will  enable  the  {^udent  gradually  to  acquire  the 
ftyle  and  manner  of  any  Author  he  detires  to  imitate  ;  and  by 
this  means  Mr.  Jones  thinks  almoft  any  language  may  be 
learned  in  iix  months,  with  eafe  and  pleafure. 

TTie  exercifes  recommended  by  Mr.  Jones  will  furely  be  at- 
tended with  great  benefit  to  the  learner  ;  but  wc  arc  afraid  that 
fix  months  is  too  (hort  a  fpace  for  learning  a  language  with 
*  eafe  and  pleafure.' 

Our  Author  alfo  recommends  the  reading  of  that  colledion 
of  rales  and  fables  by  Anvoar  Sohtli  HufTein  Vaez^  furnamed 
Ca/beii,  who  took  the  celebrated  work  of  Bidpai,  or  Pilpai, 
for  bis  text,  and  has  comprifed  all  the  wifdom  of  the  Eaft  in 
fouxteea  beautiful  chapters. 

We  heartily  wi(h  that  the  application  and  induftry  of  our 
countrymen  who  refort  to  India  may  be  fuch  as  fl>*ill  confirm  and 
verify  what  Mr.  Jones  is  fo  fully  perfuaded  of,  viz.  that '  who- 
ever will  ftudy  the  Perfian  language  according  to  my  plan,  will, 
10  lefs  than  a  year,  be  able  to  tranflate,  and  to  anfwer  any 
letter  from  an  Indian  prince,  and  to  converfe  with  the  natives 
of  liidi3>  oot  only  with  fluency  but  with  elegance.'    We  are 


fO  Jones 'i  Grammar  of  ike  Perjtan  Language* 

afraid  that  Mr.  Jones  meafures  the  affiduity  of  other  ftudents 
by  his  own,  and  that  his  expectations  are  rather  too  fanguinei 
lor  fuppoling  the  learners  to  be  poflfeflfed  of  the  genius  and  abi- 
lities of  Themiftoclcs  %  ;  yet  we  apprehend  that  there  arc  not 
fuch  preceptors  in  Hindoftan,  as  were  then  in  the  court  of  Perfia. 

Mr.  Jones  enumerates  a  variety  of  advantages  which  will  ac* 
crue  to  thofe  who  attain  the  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  and  Per- 
Aan  languages.  The  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  will  affift'tbe 
iiudent  of  the  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Chaldaic,  and  Ethiopian  tongues^ 
which  are  dialedts  of  the  Arabic,  and  bear  as  near  a  refemblanoc 
to  it  as  the  Ionic  to  the  Attic  Greek.  The  knowledge  of  thefc 
two  languiiges  will  alfo  facilitate  the  learning  of  the  native  lan- 
guagecf  Hindoftan,as  this  hit  contains  fo  great  a  number  of  Ara- 
bic and  Perfian  words.  Thefe  two  languages  alfo  will  open  the 
way  to  an  acqaintance  with  the  Turki(h,  which  contains  ten 
Arabic  or  Pcrfic  words  for  one  original  Scythian.  In  (hort; 
there  is  fcarce  a  country  in  Afia  or  Africa,  from  the  fourceof 
the  Nile  to  the  wall  of  China,  in  which  a  man  who  under- 
ftands  Arabic,  Perfian,  and  Turkifti,  may  not  travel  with  fa- 
tfsfa£tion,  or  tranfadt  bufincfs  with  advantage.  The  attain- 
ment of  the  Perfian  language  would  alfo  enrich  Europe  with 
a  more  accurate  knowledge  of  the  geography,  not  only  of  Per- 
fia,  but  alfo  of  Afia  in  general.  Many  learned  men  have  fhewn 
that  an  acquaintance  with  the  Perfian  language  would  enable 
the  learned  antiquarian  to  undcrftand  a  great  number  of  paf- 
fages  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  claffics,  as  there  are  many  Greek 
and  Latin  words  plainly  derived  from  the  Perfic :  and  it  would 
throw  light  upon  the  Greek  and  Roman  hiftories,  as  they  arc 
evidently  interwoven  with  that  of  Periia.  The  names  of  the 
Perfian  kings  are  corrupted  by  Agathias,  Procopius,  Cedrenus, 
and  others.  The  celebrated  Hyde,  in  his  book  de  ReVighne  ve* 
ierum  Perfarum^  has  corrcdted  the  notions  of  many  learned  men 
v/ith  rcfpedl  to  Zoroafter.  It  is  afferted  by  fome,  that  Hero- 
tlotus,  Xenophon,  Athssneus,  Plutarch,  and  others,  cannot  be 
fully  underftood  by  thofe  who  are  ignorant  of  this  language,  as 
many  Perfian  wqrds  and  rites  are  mentioned  by  thefe  writers, 
the  thorough  underftanding  of  which  require  a  competent  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Perfian. 

There  is  one  remarkable  circumftance  with  rcfpeft  to  the 
Perfic,  viz.  that  it  has  remained  i  he  fame  for  many  ages;  fo  that 
words  that  were  pure  P^^fian  two  thoufand  years  ago,  are  at 
this  prefent  time  ufed  in  Perfia.     We  might  cite  a  va(t  number 

■     ..    .  II    ■     ■     I  ■  ■■■.,■11.         .1  I     III    n 

J  Cornelius  Nepos  informs  us  that  ThcmiHocles,  havine  fpenta 
year  in  the  books  and  language  of  the  I'eriians,  was  fo  perTe^y  in- 
Arufted  in  their  language,  that  he  is  faid  to  have  fpoken  before  the 
King  with  more  elegance  than  they  could  who  were  bosn  io  Perfia. 


Jones'j  Grammar  of  the  Perjian  Language. '  9 1 

of  examples  in  proof  of  this  afTertion ;  let  the  few  following 
fuffice  at  prefent : 

Every  one  acquainted  with  the  Grecian  and  Roman  hiftoriet 
lus  heard  of  the  names  of  Xerxes,  Tiribazus, 

Xerxes  in  the  Perfian  language  is  oLiy>j;w  Xirfliah,  or 
Shfiihah,  which  fignifies  the  LionKing^  juAly  tranflated  by  He- 
rodotus, acijiop,  bellator,  the  Warrior.     Thus  alio  Tiribazus^ 

isTiribaz,  throwing  away  the  Latin  termination  us^  is^y  j^ 
Tiribaz,  the  Arrow-player,  the  flcilful  Archer ^  Shooter.       -^ 

The  modern  Perfians  ufe  the  above  words,  and  alEx  the 
fame  ideas  to  them  that  their  ancient  progenitors  did ;  which 
items  to  point  out  the  excellency  of  the  language.  And,  what 
is  moft  amazing,  though  Perfia  has  undergone  many  revolu- 
tions; has  been  fubjeS  to  various  kings,  fprung  from  different 
nations  ;  has  had  its  confiitution  altered  ;  has  even  loft  its  an- 
cient letters,  and  has  adopted  the  Arabic  alphabet,  with  many 
tboufand  words  out  of  that  language,  not  only  in  religion  and 
philofophy,  but  even  in  common  converfation  ;  yet  it  retains 
tbefe  words  in  their  native  original  form ;  fo  that  an  Arabian 
an  underftand  them  at  firfl;  fight. 

Our  Author  remarks  that,  perhaps,  *  the  literature  of  Afia 
will  not  be  eflentially  neceflary  to  the  greater  part  of  mankind  ;' 
apd  he  adds,  *  but  the  civil  and  natural  hiftory  of  fuch  mighiy 
empires  as  India,  Perfia,  Arabia,  and  Tartary,  cannot  fail  of 
delighting  thofe  who  love  to  view  the  great  picture  of  the  uiii- 
verfc,  or  to  learn  by  whut  degrees  the  moft  obfcijre  ftatcs  have 
rifen  to  glory,  and  the  moft  flourifhing  kin2:'loms  have  (unk  to 
■  decay.  The  philofopher  will  confider  thoib  works  as  highly 
valuable,  by  which  he  may  trace  the  hum.m  mind  in  all  its 
various  appearances,  from  the  rudeft  to  the  m:)ft  cultivated 
ftate;  and  the  man  of  tafte  will  undoubtedly  He  plcafed  to  un- 
lock the  ftures  of  native  genius,  and  to  gather  the  flowers  of 
unreftrained  and  luxuriant  fancy.' 

Having  thus  given  a  general  review  of  this  Perfiin  Grammar, 
we  heartily  recommend  it  as  the  moft  ufeful  work  that  has 
hitherto  appeared  on  the  fubjefl,  notwithftandin^  the  Author's 
having  pafftd  over,  in  too  curfory  a  manner,  the  rules  with  re- 
fpcfi  to  the  fyllabication  and  reading  of  the  language.  Its  de- 
ficiency, in  this  refped,  muft  indeed  ftrike  every  one  who  be- 
gins to  perufe  the  Grammar  in  order  to  learn  the  language.  It 
were  to  be  wifhed,  alio,  that  the  Author  had  lecommcndtid  to 
his  ftuJent  to  begin  learning  the  Arabic  lan'^ua.!;e  firft,  as  a 
little  acquaintance  with  it  would  not  only  firilitatc  the  reading 
of  the  Perfian,  but  funiifh  him  with  a  ftock  of  words  which 
he  will  find  In  every  page  of  a  Perfian  writer,  cloathed  in  thcic 
native  drcft.    We  are  fMy  pcrlundcd  of  the  truth  of  wVvax.  vje 


92  Zimmermann'i  Ujfay  on  Naiianal  Pridi. 

have  now  aflertcd,  by  late  accounts  tranfmitted  to  their  friendr 
from  young  gentlemen  appointed  interpreters  of  thePcrflan  lan- 
guage, who  declare,  that,  after  having  fpent  a  confideraUe 
time  in  ftudying  the  Perftc,  they  found  themfelves  under  a  ne-^ 
ceifity.to  begin  to  learn  the  Arabic. 

From  the  known  candour  of  the  learned  Author,  we  flatter 
ourfelves  that  he  will  not  be  offended  by  any  of  our  obfervations^ 
as  they  proceed  entirely  From  a  view  to  promote  the  intereft 
of  the  ftudent,  and  perhaps  may  give  Mr.  Jones  an  opportunrty 
to  reconfider  fome  things,  and  to  fupply,  in  a  future  edi- 
>  tion  of  this  Grammar,  any  defe£ls  that  may  appear  to  him  of 
importance.  This  tafk  we  have  performed  with  the  greater 
pleafure,  from  the  modeft  manner  in  which  the  Author  exprefies 
himfelf  with  refpeft  to  hisAvork :  '  Though  I  am  not  confciotiSy 
fays  he,  that  there  arc  any  eflential  miftakes  or  omiflions  in  it^ 
yet  I  am  fenfible  that  it  falls  very  {hort  of  pcrfeftion/ 

We  are  glad  to  find  that  a  fecond  edition  of  Meninfki^s  e|a« 
borate  Diflionary  will  be  publiflicd,  under  the  direction  of  our 
learned  Author,  who  propofes  alfo  to  colleft  fuch  words  as  he 
thinks  will  improve  it  from  Xit'Ld}:>rQ(^tt*sGazoph)lacium  Lingua 
Perfaruni'y  and  alfo  to  add,  in  their  proper  place,  an  appendix 
fubjoined  toGehanaguire's  Perfic  Diftionary.  It  is,  obvioufly, 
a  work  of  the  greateft  importance  to  the  Eaft  India  Company,' 
as  it  will  enable  our  countrymen,  employed  in  their  fervice,  to 
qualify  themfelves  for  tranfaAing  bufmefs,  and  managing  a 
correfpondence,  in  the  moft  advantageous  manner,  with  the  fe- 
vcral  powers  in  the  Eaftern  parts  of  our  globe. 

N,  B.  For  fome  errata  in  the  former  part  of  this  article,  fee  the 
laft  page  of  the  Review  for  January. 

Art.  II.   ZimmerniannV  EJfay  on  National  Pride^  concluded :  See  our 
Review  for  December,  p.  491. 

WE  have  already  given  our  Readers  a  view  of  Dr.  Zim* 
mcrmann's  character  of  the  French,  and  we  now  pro« 
ceed  to  his  obfervations  on  the  Italians. 

*  The  modern  Italians  have  the  conAdence  to  place  themielves  oa 
a  level  with  the  ancient  Romans,  not  recollefling  that  the  nation 
which  anciently  reduced  all  others  onder  it«  yoke,  is  now  feen  to  be 
the  Have  of  all  others,  and  that  the  grafs  grows  in  the  ftreets.of  cities, 
not  long  fince,  eminent  for  power  and  opulence.  Many  fmall  towns  . 
in  the  Campania  of  Rome  were  the  native  places  of  Roman  emperors, 
and  on  that  account,  forfooth,  the  modern  inhabitants  of  thofe  petty 
places,  talk  of  thofe  emperors  as  their  townfmen  and  relations,  and 
in  every  town  or  village  the  emperor  who  was  born  there,  is  reputed 
the  greated  prince  that  hiftory  makes  mention  of. 

*  The  fenator  of  Rome,  who  tries  without  appeal,    the  petty  . 
cau(es  and  wranglings  among  the  commonalty,  now  conlUtates  that 
tribunal,  to  which,  in  modern  Rome,  the  majefty  of  the  ancient  ie«> 
nate  and  Roman  people  is  dwindkd.     He  has  for  afleflbrs,  four 


Zimmennann'i  EJpiy  9n  Naticnal  Prtie.  9} 

mfirval^Sf  who  are  chofen  foar  times  a-year.  The  conjervatort^ 
like  the  fcBator  himfelf,  are  nominated  by  the  Pope,  under  whom 
tbe  Roman  people  are  not  allowed  that  fmall  remnant  of  liberty  of 
dmiing  their  own  magiilrates,  which  many  towns  In  monarchies  cn-> 
jot;  yet  this  fenator  and  his  confervators  imagine  themfelves  inved- 
ed  with  all  the  rights,  privileges,  and  dignities  of  the  ancient  fcnate, 
aod  that  a  greater  glory  there  cannot  be,  than  for  the  Pope  to  fee  at 
Jus  feet  that  aiTembiy  which  has  feen  fo  many  monarchs  in  the  like 
hnmiiiatinf^  poilure  before  them. 

*  The  Trafaveriai^  i.  e.  the  wretched  militia  of  the  Traftaverii 
ward,  in  modern  Rome,  abfolutely  hold  themfelves  genuine  defcend- 
ami  from  the  ancient  Trojans,  looking  on  the  inhabitants  of  the 
other  parts  of  Rome  only  as  a  mob ;  and  thefe,  amidft  indigence* 
and  floth,  and  poltroonery,  which  is  fuch,  that  the  execution  of  a 
nalefador  almoll  frightens  them  into  fits,  confider  themfelves  aa 
citizens  of  ancient  Rome. 

*  All  Romans,  with  fcarce  a  rag  on  their  backs,  are  ftrangely 
poffed  up  with  this  imaginary  lineage,  that  exceflive  pride,  and  the 
Doft  beggarly  poverty  are  often  ieen  together.  A  baker  woman'* 
ion,  in  Tralbvera-ward,  having  been  killed  in  an  infurredion  on  ao- 
coant  of  the  dearoefs  of  com,  the  Pope,  apprehending  fome  ill  con- 
ieqoences  from  this  vnlucky  accident,  immediately  deputed  a  cardi- 
nal, with  two  nobles,  to  quiet  the  mother,  and  a!k  her  what  fati(^ 
&tiion  fhe  required  i  to  which  the  Roman  matron  replied,  /  Jou't 

'  At  the  approach  of  a  public  fedival  at  Rome,  a  family  (hall  half 
Unre  themfelves,  that  they  may  have  wherewith  to  ride  about  in  a 
coich ;  and  fuch  families,  which  even  fuch  an  expedient  would  not 
enable  to  hire  a  coach,  have  another  refource:  The  mother  pranks 
Dp  the  daughter  as  fine  as  her  pocket  will  reach,  fhe  walking  by  he? 
£de  as  chambermaid,  whilH  the  father,  in  proper  habiliments,  per- 
sonates the  lackey.' 

In  another  paflage,  after  celebrating  Italy  as  the  reflorer  of 
the  polite  arts,  he  adds, 

*  But  Italy,  once  the  queen  of  the  world,  is  now  the  field  of  battle, 
wd  the  prey  of  nations  formerly  its  flavcs  ;  once  the  nurfery  of  alf 
Uti  andiciences,  is  now  accufed  of  deeping  over  its  wiihered  hurcls, 
and  of  being  fallen  from  that  lo.ty  reputation  to  which  Columbo  and 
Galileo  had  raifed  it ;  the  former  by  his  difcoveries  of  new  worlds 
00  earth,  and  the  latter  in  the  aerial  expanfe ;  if  the  feeds  which 
produced  thefe  jpen  be  Oill  exiting,  yet  are  they  now  uncultivated 
and  torpid,  nor  yielding  fo  much  as  any  (boots  or  leaves.    The  Ita- 
lians, for  a  century  palt,  are  no  longer  the  fame  people ;  they  have 
in  the  performances  of  their  anceftors,  mailer-  pieces  and  models  of 
food  tafte  before  cheir  eyes,  but  thofe  valuable  remains  have  loft  all 
their  influence  on  them,  no  longer  inflaming  the  genius,  or  awaking 
lay  talent.     Italy,  now,  ini^ead  of  being  viiircd  by  travellers,  for 
(he  fake  of  its  inhabitants,  is  viuted  only  for  the  fajce  of  the  places 
vhich  they  inhabit. 

*  Thefe  reproaches,  however,  are  cxcefllve,  ard  to  the  Italians 
the  JDOre  unpolite  andoUcnfive,  few  luticws  being  fo  fenfiblc  to  the 


54  ZimmcrmannV  EJfay  %n  National  Prldi. 

cflccm  o*"  ^  rcT^ncrs:  In  philofophy,  mathematics,  nttnral  htftoiy, 
niedici:.'  i'  iine  arts,  Italy  rivals  France  and  Engjland.  Mcft 

Itaii:.i:  :  .      i:c  i.-^v  intent  on  rcfcuin^  the  fciences  from  jejune 

diici:^  .  .  .J  ^-.f :  ';i"S  hem  to  whe  ncccHities  of  mankind.  The 
iiol'i'/.  }  .lu  dij'.nitaiies  of  the  church  account  it  not  in  the  lead  an- 
bccomiiig  their  dip^nity,  to  lay  iLcmfclvcs  out  in  furpaffing  each  other 
in  every  Tkiiid  of  human  fcience,  whiift  in  the  meantime,  the  com- 
monility  at  Rome,  a^.d  all  over  Italy  is  without  knowledge  or  prin- 
ciple, and  ihcir  oiils  inllrui^Vion  is  now  and  then  the  puuifhments of 
malefactors.  A  taftc  for  folid  lludits  is  fprending  all  over  Italy  s 
many  authors  ^ri:e  wi.h  fingular  freedom,  and  their  thoughts  deviate 
greatly  from  the  old  flandard.  The  latcll  Italian  philofophers  have 
broken  the  fetters  of  the  hierarchy  and  defpotifm,  with  a  boldncfs 
fcarce  to  be  parallelled.  He  who  has  perufed  the  Refermo  de  Italic^  9, 
new  prodo^ion,  by  a  nobleman  \  the  immortal  Baccaria's  Trtatifi^f 
Crimes  and  Pcnahiei  ;  the  Coffee  bcu/c,  an  Italian  weekly  paper,  com- 
pared with  which  the  celebrated  Englifii  S/e^iUcy  appears  to  be  writ? 
ten  only  for  frivolous  women  ;  ReJicSl.'ens  cf  an  Italian  on  the  Cburck 
in  general  I  the  regular  andfecular  Clergy  and  the  Pope^  will  be  afham- 
cd  at  having  even  imagined  that  genius  was  extinct  in  Italy/ 

What  is  this  m^re  than  faying  and  unfaying  ?  But  notwith- 
ftanding  this  vcrdift  paffcd  on  our  Sf^^/fntor^  let  any  impartial 
perfon  compare  Italy  and  England  colleflively,  and  then  let 
it  be  deicrmineJ  whether  our  Author  has  not  fpoken  the  truth, 
"when  he  fays  that  *  Italy,  inftead  of  being  vifited  by  iravcllcn 
for  the  (like  of  its  inhabitants,  is  vifited  only  for  the  fake  of  the 
places  they  inhabit.' 

There  is  no  nation  Mr.  Zimmermann  treats  fo  feverely  as  the 
Chinefe,  but  his  remarks  extend  to  a  length  tof>  gicat  for  our 
infertion.  His  account  of  religious  pride  confifts  chiefly  of 
general  and  common  obfervations,  foniething^/rr  the  manner 
of  Voltaire  :  but  he  has  treated  that  fuhjecl  much  better  under 
another  head,  where  he  confidcrs  the  hatred  that  fprings  from 
contempt.     For  this  wc  refer  to  the  book,  from  p.  140  to  152. 

We  have  a  (Iriking  pidure  of  ambition  and  defpotifm  in  the 
following  extract. 

*  In  dates,  defpotifm  is  like  malignity  in  dificmpers.  In  fome  it  if 
the  malady  itlelf;  in  others,  an  advcntiricus  exaccrbatipn.  But.  in 
general,  every  indiv  idual  is  in  danger  of  becoming  a  dcfpo:  if  in  his 
power,  man  being  too  fond  of  fetting  up  his  will  for  law.  A  defire 
of  commanding  over  our  equals  is  the  predominant  pafTion  of  the 
foul.  Ambition  afFefls  all,  but  moilly  the  weakell.  livery  republic 
would  fc'on  be  under  the  yoke  of  a  del'pot,  when  once  become  fo 
mean-fpirited  as  to  fnew  a  fcrvile  fubmiir.on  to  any  fingie  individual. 
Indanccs  arc  not  wanting  of  petty  llatef,  attediir.jr  to  be  zealous  af* 
iertors  of  liberty,  but  of  which  the  collcclive  naiiou^l  bodies,  fuch 
as  they  were,  have  tamely  truckled  to  the  will  of  a  fingle  perfon^ 
have  accounted  defpotifm  an  hereditary  right,  and  even  looked  upon 
it  as  a  fee-taiU  a  tenure,  defcending  even  to  women  in  failure  of 
male-iiFue,  but  one  may  fee  with  half  an  eye  what  flamp  tl;ey  are 

of. 


Zimmerxnann'i  EJfajf  en  National  Pride.  ^  j 

of,  who  take  a  pleafare  in  molcfling,  ridicu1in.fr,  and  thwarting  ir« 
ivproachable  patriots,  and  who,  with  a  fupercilious  iheer,  give  the 
Dame  of  rebel  to  thofe  who  dare  efpoufe  the  conflitational  liberty^ 
eiYn  in  a  frtt  country. 

*  But  I  here  mean  only  that  defpotifm  which,  furroundcd  witk 
gcards,  is  feated  on  the  throne,  or  very  near  it,  whilft  in  the  meam 
time  aU  the  fubjeds  maft  bo\v  to  an  iron  fcepcre,  and  comply  with 
pnndples  and  meafures,  however  oppredive. 

'  In  fuch  countries,  the  defpoc  alone  has  a  will ;  accordingly  he 
to  whatever  he  wills,  and  what  he  wills  is  Aire  to  be  injurious  to  the 
rights  of  mankind.  Wh^t  he  defires  mull  be  lawful  in  the  eyes  of 
Gcdand  man,  yet  are  his  defires  generally  illicit.  Cambvfes,  Cy* 
mi's  focceiTor,  being  difpofed  to  marry  his  own  fider,  confulted  hu 
lawrers  whether  fuch  a  marriage  was  permitted  by  law  ?  Thcfe  fagc» 
bdag endned  with  an  acntenefi,.of  which  our  days  are  not  without 
iofbnces»  returned  for  anfwer,  Tl^at  tkert  ttjas  no  laiv  nuhich  permitttd 
muriMgt  bttnuetn  a  broiber  and  Jifitr^  but  tbert  *was  a  ^jutll- JcMo<wn  iaim 
Koiiib  tdlo^*ed  tbt  king  to  do  'wbatfvcr  be  t  bought  fit, 

'Now,  this  is  the  whole  law  of  an  enthroned  dcfpot,  or  of  the 
iBtennediate  defpots  beti^'een  the  monarch  and  the  fubjcd,  or  of  thofe 
right  honourable  and  hon6ur^bIe  defpots  who  have  an  unlimited 
pover  of  life  and  death  over  their  boors.  Such  a  dcfpot,  unac- 
aiainted  with  the  feelings  of  humanity,  looks  on  his  vafTals  as  brought 
forth  for  wretchednefs,  defHned  to  live  and  die  under  the  yoke; 
like  cattle  fed  only  that  they  may  befit  for  labour,  taken  care  of 
vben  fick.  only  that  they  may  be  ferviceable  when  in  health,  and 
crammed  only  that  they  may  eat  the  better,  and  at  lafl  ficaed  to 
make  harncfs  for  other  beads  in  the  fame  yoke. 

'  Hence  the  (brdid  appearance  of  fubjcdcs  in  a  dcfpotic  (late; 
didr  fmall  houfes,  their  wretched  furniture,  their  beggarly  appareU 
ud  both  they  and  their  cattle  half  Harved  :  not  fo  much  as  a  dog  in 
any  tolerable  plight.     Hence  it  is,  that  fcarcc  afingle  note  of  a  bird 
is  to  be  heard  :  tilence  reigns  in  gardens,  woods,  groves,  and  bufhes, 
the  poor  birds  betaking  themfelves  to  other  countries  from  the  ra- 
vages of  the  peafunts,  whofe  own  diHrcfs  puts  tlicm  -on  every  mea- 
fure  to  make  a  prey  of  them.     Hence  the  naked  fields  lie  wirhout 
inclofures,  and  it  is  tven  with  reludancy  and  grudgingly  that  they 
are  tilled.     Few  or  no  meadows,   or  plowed  landi,  or  cow-houi'es 
for  dunghills,  a  very  necelTHry   article,  however  coarfo  the  found; 
aodinftead  of  horfes  and  oxen,  tillage  is  fomciimcs  performed  oul/ 
by  an  afs,  with  a  he-gr.at  or  a  lame  cow.     Hence  it  is,  thn:  the  poa- 
fants,  quite  wore  out  unJt.T  ihc  dillrcfs  occafioiir'J  by  :Iic  cp^^rc.Son 
cf a  rigid  government,  fall  into  infanity,  or  arc  driven  to  more  f^ital 
ezrreiriei. 

•  How  (hould  the  prince  amiJft  the  affluence,  the  p'>n?p  nnrl  re- 
T«lry  of  flate,  fee  the  Jijlrrfi,  ihe  afniuions,  tir;  l:i:it-uij  dcl^nn- 
dency-of  his  famiihed  provinLCS  ?  While  his  revenues  dul;.  coiuc  in, 
little  thinks  he  of  the  Lard  .iieans  by  which  thc-y  are  levied;  c;'c:y 
circnmflance  about  him  coni'pircs  to  (liut  his  e}L:i  .v'^>'^l^  ^-^^  tc-^^^  <^f 
his  peoplie,  that  the  moll  mo Jl* rate  co.-nnhiiiti  aijj.iinil  hi.-  cour.i-.i- 
lors.  are  pnnilhcd  as  trcafon  agiinll  thenn^i  pc:i'oi).  Hi.s  viziers 
arc  continually  fuggcflinfj  to  him  h/j  poMvcr  ro  ilo  :;;■  v  iV\uv.;,  0.\:^x  \\t 
my-invcfl  them  with  a  like  power.     They  re]);aicuW   a'Auvo  Www 


^6  Zrmmermann^i  EJfay  on  National  Pride. 

that  his  people  are  happy,  when,  at  the  fame  time,  they  are  em« 
ployed  in  extorting  fiom  them  the  Jaft  drop  of  their  blood*  atlol 
the  lad  fruits  of  their  induftry  i  and  if,  at  any  time,  they  take  die    ; 
abilities  of  the  people  into  coorideracioQ*  it  is  onJy  to  compute  boir    ; 
long  they  can  yec  hold  out  under  theft  opprefEons,  without  exp^    - 

»g-'  *  : 

This  is  the  language  of  a  free  man,  and  expofct  tyranny  fai  \ 

its  proper  colours  ;  the  nioft  diftanc  advances  to  ftrengthenyf 
the  hands  even  of  legal  power,  ought  therefore  to  be  check- 
ed in  all  governors,  by  every  people  who  mean  toprefcrve  their 
lights  from  the  iiifidious  fchemes  of  arbitrary  magifirates} 
though,  by  fo  doing,  they  may  fuflfer  the  reproach  of  turbu- 
lence, fiiftion,  and — even  of  patriotifm. 

This  treatife  is,  on  the  whole,  however,  more  umufing  than  ' 
in(lru<3ivc ;  for,  though  there  are  many  good  refledions  in  it, 
they  may  be  faid,  in  general,  to  occur  rather  incidentally,  thifl 
to  How  from  a  thorough  confideration  of  the  fubjedl  of  which  it 
profcfles  to  treat.  VVe  have  as  yet  faid  nothing  of  the  method 
v\  which  the  fubjedl  of  National  Pride  it  difcuflfed  ;  but  it  is 
branched  out  into  a  number  of  chapters,  the  heads  of  which 
rather  perplex  the  train  of  reafoniiig,  than  appear  in  the  light 
of  a  firid^  analyfis.  By  doing  too  much,  the  Author  appear^ 
like  many  foreign  cflaytlls,  to  be  more  defultory  than  fyftemi- 
xical.  I'he  following  paflage  is  an  inftance  of  that  intricate  vcr* 
bolity,  which  is  difpleafing  to  an  Englifli  reader : 

*  The  pride  arifing  from  the  national  form  of  government,  is  a 
^nfe  of  the  fuperior  value  of  that  conftitucion.  A  violent,  heady, 
untra^able  temper  cries  up  for  democracy  ;  he  who  is  fond  of  to- 
nour  declares  for  monarchy.  A  common  mind  gives  the  preference 
to  that  form  where  the  political  conftitution  is  mod  pregnant  with 
peribnal  advantages  to  hinifelf ;  a  generous  fpirit  efpoufes  that  form 
of  government  which  he  fees  moft  productive  of  public  happinefs* 
)n  general,  moR,  and  in  my  opinion,  the  beft  grounded  pride,  is  xa 
thoie  countries  where  a  man  depends  mod  on  the  difchai^  of  bis 
duty,  and  leail  on  men  }  that  is,  where  every  one  retains,  as  much 
of  civil  freedom  as  comporu  with  the  tranquil  fubfiftence  of  fociety/ 

In  this  paflage  the  nrft  fentence  comprehends  the  fenfe  of  the 
whole ;  or,  if  it  needs  explanation,  we  have  it  well  exprelled  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  lail  fentence;  though  no  one  but  the 
writer  would  have  deduced  that  pofition  from  the  words  that 
precede  it.  Perhaps,  indeed,  the  tranflator  may  be  partly  ^ti^ 
fwcrablc  here,  there  being  many  faults  throughout  the  whole 
book  chargeable  to  his  account.  The  intermediate  fentencea 
are  nocbing  to  the  purpofe;  the  enquiry  here  being,  not  what 
f^>ccics  of  government  is  beft  for  thofe  who  exeicife  it,  or  who 
enjoy  particular  emoluments  derived  from  a  participation  of 
the  power  of  it ;  but  what  fpecies  of  government  thofe  who 
live  uvidcr  it  have  moft  reafoa  to  be  proud  olU 

Th© 


Price'/  Obfiroations  en  RiVirJtmary  Payments^  l^c.         97 

The  Author's  obfervations  have  fomctimes  an  afFc£)ation  of 
poignancy,  which  the  premifes  will  not  warrant.     Thus, — 

*  Newton  will  often  be  called  an  Almanmc'tnuker^  and  Montef^ 
qoieo  ^' Biwckbtad^  while  the  French  and  Hnglifh  go  on  to  leave  no 
fione  aotomed  for  over-reaching  one  another  in  their  American  trade. 
Bat  pride  and  ignorance  ever  go  hand  in  hand.' 

Now  can  any  man  of  refle<£iion  conceive  that  interfering 
commeFcial  interefts  influence  the  judgment  of  either  nation  in 
fcientifical  inveftigations  I  Neither  the  Engiifli  nor  the  French 
9re  fi>  ignSrant  as  to  furnilh  matter  for  the  fupport  of  this  re- 
mark* It  is  not  every  efTayift  who  can  happily  contr<ift  objc£ls 
in  fuch  firiking  points  of  view  as  the  phiiofopher  of  Ferney^ 
chough  many  attempt  it. 

As  the  Author  juftifies  a  laudable  pride,  fo  he.  gives  a  very 
good  account  of  the  difadvantages  of  a  man's  having  too  much 
humility,  or  of  having  too  mean  an  opinion  of  himiclf:  but  it 
is  time  to  finifli  the  article ;  and  there  are  few  perfons  who 
need  to  be  cautioned  againft  this  fault. 

The  origin  of  national  charaders  is  thus  affigne(}  in  the  foI« 
kving  (hort  cxtrad : 

^  We  often  pride  onrielves  on  qualities  and  advantages  which  are 
act  oving  to  oarfeives.  The  heat  and  cold  of  a  country ;  the  heavy 
or  light  air;  the  nature  of  the  foi]»  even  of  the  water  and  the  windsj 
the  manner  of  living  and  cuftoms,  have  fo  confiderable  an  influence 
00  the  qaalities  of  whole  nations,  that  very  little  can  be  originally 
attributed  to  themfelves.  A  worthy  man  may  indeed  be  proud  c^ 
Ills  virtues,  as  per(bnally  his  own;  but  why  pride  yourfelf  on  your 
iateUe^,  when  liable  to  be  irretrievably  difordercd  by  fo  mar.y  ac- 
cidents, apparently  inconfiderable  ?' 

One  queftion  more  may  be  added.  Why  fhould  we  be  proud 
of  our  virtues,  when  the  conftitution  may  influence  them, 
nore  than  we  are  aware,  or  may  be  willing  to  fuppofe  \  and 
wbea  this  pride  ipfifa5lo  injures  ^ne  of  them  ? 

*  The  diflF'rencc  is  too  nice 
Where  ends  the  virtue,  or  begins  the  vice/ 

ilaT.  in.  Ohfimiaihns  em  Rtverjtonary  Payments,  ^c.  To  <which  is 
siddeJ^  a  Smfplemeni^  containitig  additional  Oltfervations  and  Tables^ 
By  Richard  Price,  D.  D.  F.  R.  S.     8vo.     2d  Edit.     6  s.   Cadell. 

OF  the  vaft  variety  of  publications,  which  are  daily  ifluing 
from  the  prefs,  and  the  merits  of  which  it  is  our  pro- 
vince, as  monitors  to  the  public,  carefully  to  examine,  and  im* 
fonially  to  report,  there  arc  many  which  we  arc  bound  to  pc- 
nifc  ex  officio^  and  from  which  we  derive  no  other  information 
than  that  they  arc  not  worthy  the  pcrufal  of  any  befidc  our- 
felves.  This  is  a  barren  wafte  in  the  Reviewer's  track,  which 
nothing  could  induce  us  to  explore,  but  the  juftice  due  to  every 
Author,'  and  the  refpedl  we  owe  to  the  public,  to  whom  we  are 
accountable.  In  regard  to  p rodi/^ions  pf  this  na^ure^  v^e  v^o<^ 
R«y.  F^k  Jj/^f  H  c\a\m. 


9?         Price*/  Ohferuations  on  Reverjicnary  PaymentSy  bfc^^ 

claim  our  own  difappointment  as  a  warning  to  our  Readers ; 
and  we  confider  ourfelves  as  happy  in  ere£ling  landmarks  oa 
Che  field  of  fcience,  to  prevent  any  curious  and  unwary  rover 
from  ftraying  beyond  the  boundaries  either  of  pleafure  or  im- 
provement. There  are  other  publications,  of  a  fuperior  qua- 
lity, which  contain  a  ftrange  mixture  of  the  uninterefting  an4 
ttfeful ;  in  forming  a  judgment  of  which  we  endeavour  Co  fepa- 
rate  and  diftinguifh  with  the  utmofl  accuracy  ^nd  precifion ) 
and,  having  weighed  the  feveral  parts  of  the  heterogeneous 
mafs  in  an  equal  balance,  we  prefent  our  Readert  with  the 
refulc  of  our  care  and  labour.  This  part  of  our  province  is 
peculiarly  difficult  and  unpleafing^  as  we  always  wifh  rather 
to  commend  than  cenfure,  and  never  condemn  without  abib- 
]ute  neceffity.  But  in  judging  of  fuch  produ£iions  as  the  work 
now  before  us,  the  merit  of  which  is  unqueflionably  eftabliib* 
ed,  and  univerfally  allowed,  we  are  free  from  all  anxiety  or 
rcfiraint.  To  applaud  is  the  lead  tribute  we  owe  to  the  ^uibtr 
for  the  inftrudlion  and  entertainment  we  have  derived  from  the 
perufal  of  his  very  ingenious  and  elaborate  perfomance;  and 
to  renew  our  warmefl  recommendations  of  it  to  the  publii  is 
nothing  more  than  an  a6t  of  jyftice  to  which  they  are  entitled. 

The  only  difficulty  we  find  in  giving  an  account  of  this  pub- 
lication, is  to  confine  our  extradls  within  proper  linrits;  for 
were  we  to  prefent  our  Readers  with  every  thing. interefttng 
and  valuable,  we  (hould  tranfcribe  the  whole  of  it. 

We  have  already  given  a  particular  view  of  the  defign  of 
this  worky  together  with  feveral  curious  fpecimens  of  its  exe- 
cution ♦.  The  Author  has  added,  to  this  fecond  edition,  a 
very  valuable  Supplement,  in  which  are  contained  many  h&Sy 
obfervations,  and  tables,  that  render  it  ftill  more  intereftiog 
and  complete.  And  we  may  venture  to  affirm,  that  this  is  a 
work  which,  befide  its  feafonablenefs  and  prefent  utility,  wiU 
retain  and  acquire  growing  reputation,  as  long  as  any  traces 
fliall  remain  of  that  fcience  to  which  it  relates. 

The  Author  has  now  publifhed  five  tables,  (hewing  thepro^ 
babilities  of  life,  in  the  diftri«5l  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  in  a 
country  paiifh  in  Brandenburgh,  in  the  parifhof  Holycrofs  near 
Shrewfbury,  at  Vienna,  and  at  Berlin*.  '  My  chief  purpofe 
(fays  he)  in  giving  thefc  tables  is  to  exhibit,  in  the  moft  ftriking 
)ight,  the  difference  between  the  ftate  and  duration  of  humali 
Kfe,  in  great  cities  and  in  the  country.  It  is  not  poiSble  to  make 
the  comparifon  without  concern  and  furprize*  I  will  here  beg 
leave  to  lay  it  in  one  view  before  the  reader,,  defiring  him  la 
take  with  him  this  confideration,  that  (for  reafons  elfewhere 
explained)  it  can  be  erroneous  only  by  giving  the  difference 
much  too  Uttle, 

*  5ceJie views /(V  OAob^r  and  November,  177U 


Piicc*i  Oijhrvationi  4n  RiVirfionary  Payments^  t^c% 
Proponion  of  Inhabitants  dying  annually  in 


99 


Piisae 
Vaud 


Cotinlry  Pa 
rifh  in  BrAti* 
deaburgh 


110  45 


Holy  ."rofs, 
nrar  Sbrewf- 
bury 


im45 


I  in  33 


London 


I  in  20^ 


Vienna 


I  in  ly-i 


Berlin. 


I  in  26|- 


Ages  to  which  half  the  born  live. 


Paisde 
Vayd 

Countiy-  Pa- 
riih  in  Bran- 
dsoburgh 

H«lr  craft. 

London 

Vienna 

Berlin. 

41 

25:- 

27 

2-1 

2 

2-i 

Proportion  of  the  Inhabitants  who  reach  80  Years  of  Age. 

CoDntry  Pa- 

riih  in  Bran-    Hdycrola        London  Vienna  Beilin. 

denburgh 


Paiade 
Tiod 


I  in  214  I  in  22^  1  in  1 1     i  in  40    i  in  41     i  in  37 
The  Probabilities  of  living  one  Year  in 


<M<) 

Paitde' 
Vaa4 

Coantry  Pa- 
riih  in  Bran- 

Holj-croff 

London 

,    Vienna 

dcnborgh 

Atbih 

4j  »  I 

3*  to  1 

4i  to  I 

2  to  I 

if  to  I 

Mm*. 

160  to  I 

•112  to  1 

144.  to  1 

75  to  I 

84  to  I 

•$ 

117  to  1 

no  to  1 

100  to  1 

gb  to  I 

66  to  I 

30 

III   to   1 

107  to  1 

96  to  I 

4)  to  I 

56  to  I 

40 

83  to  1 

78  to  I 

5S  to  1 

31  to  I 

36  to  I 

t 

49  to  I 

50  to  1 

SO  to  I 

24  to  I 

27  to  I 

23  to  1 

2^    to    I 

26  to  1 

18  CO  I 

19  to  I 

70 

9i  «>  I 

II   to   I 

16  to  1 

12  to  1 

11  to  I 

80] 

4  to  1 

6  to  1 

9  to  I 

7  to  1 

7  to  1 

Berlin; 


Ij  to 

123  to 
50  to 
44  to 
32  to 
30  to 
18  to 

12    to 

7  to 


ExpeSations  of  Life. 


■ 

VMd 

Conntry  Pa- 
rifli  in  Bran- 
•ieabursh 

Atfairai 

37  yean 

32^  years 

Ag/t  12 

44i 

^*. 

*i 

*♦? 

35* 

30 

3ii 

3ii 

35 

a7i 

^8 

40 

*4 

25 

■   45 

ioh      . 

'^ii 

SO 

«7t 

18 

1^ 

Ml 
i» 

12J 

65 

9i 

9? 

70 

74 

7i 

ii 

i 

i 

Holjr-crof* 

London 

Vitnnt 

Berlin. 

13J7«» 

iSyeari 

1 6|  years 

18  years 

Mi 

334 

lU 

^^t 

3S 

26 

28, 

^■f 

32 

i5i 

*5»- 

^4 

28i 

J"i 

22i 

22| 

^sl 

•9i 

ici 

zoi 

23i 

'7i 

'7:i 

tSJ 

20 

16 

16 

16} 

«7 

•4f 

'3i 

'4 

Hi 

I2i 

9I 

i2i 

>>i 

lOi 

lOi 

10 

8J 

8i 

8i 

S 

7 

61 

7 

5«. 

5 

S4 

6 

103       FrfccV  Obfirvattons  in  Re^nrjionary  Paytmnts^  £fc 

<  From  this  comparifon  it  appears  v;ith  how  much  truth  great 
cities  have  been  called  the  graves  of  mankmd.  It  muft  alfo 
convrnce  all  wl)o  confider  it,  that  rt  is  by  no  means  ftri^iry  pro- 
per to  confides  our  difcafes  as  the  original  intention  of  Nature. 
1  hey  are,  without  douht,  in  general,  our  own  creation.  Were 
thvrc  a  country,  where  the  inhabitains  led  lives  entirely  natu- 
ral and  virtuous,  few  of  thera  would  die  without  meafuring  pat 
the  whole  period  of  prefcnt  exigence  allotted  them  ;  pain  and 
ciilempers  would  be  unknown  among  them  ;  and  the  di(miffioa 
of  death  would  come  upon  them  like  a  fleep,  in  confequence 
of  no  ot&cr  caufe  than  gradual  and  unavoidable  decay^  Let  us 
then,  inftead  of  charging  our  Maker  with  our  miferies,  feam 
more  to  accufe  and  reproach  ourjtlvti. 

*  The  reafoiK  of  the  baleful  influence  of  great  towns,  as  it 
has. been  now  exhibited,  are  plainly,  fiid,  the  irregular  modes 
of  life>  the  luxuries,  debaucheries,  and  pernicious  cufioms, 
which  prevail  more  in  towns  than  in  the  country.  Secondly^ 
the  foulnefs  of  the  air  m  towns,  occafioned  by  uncleanline&y 
fmoak,  the  perfpiration  and  breath  of  the  inhabitants,  and  pu- 
trid fleams  from  drains,  and  kennels,  and  common  (bWers.  It 
is,,  in  particular,  well  known  that  air,  fpoiled  by  breathings  is 
rendered  fa  noxious  as  to  kill  inftantancoufly  any  animal  that  is 
put  into  h.  There  mult  be  caufes  in  nature^  continually  op^. 
rating,  which  reftore  the  air  aficr  being  thus  fpoited.'  But  in. 
towns  it  is,  probably,  confumed  fafter  than  it  can  be  adequately 
reltored  ;  and  the  larger  the  town  is,  or  the  more  the  inhabi- 
tants arc  crouded  together,  ihe  more  this  inconvenience  muft 
take  place.' 

The  ingenious  Author  proceeds  to  collcift  from  Mr  Muret^ 
Su^milch,  and  other  wriiers  on  this  fubjeft,  feveral  fads  and 
ebiVrvations,  which  abundantly  confirm  the  pofition  advanced 
in  hi&  fourth  elFay,  viz.  ^  that  the  probabilities  of  Life  are  higher 
among  females  than  males.'  And  it  appears  farther,  *•  that 
marritd  women  live  longer  than  fingU  women  j*  for,  of  equal' 
numbers  of/ingU  znd  marriad  vton\tTi  between  15  and  25$  mote* 
of  the  former  died  than  of  the  latter,  in  the  proportion  o#  a  to- 
]•  One  reafon  of  this  difference  may  be,  that  the  women  who 
marry  are  a  felc£ted  body,  confiltiog  of  the-  more  healthy  and 
vtgoruua  part  of  the  fex.  Rut  this,  our  Author  apprehends,  is 
not  ilie  only  reafon  ;  for  it  may  b'w-  cxpe^^edthitt  in  this,  as  well 
as  in  all  other  iniTances,  the  coniequences  af  folloVMg  Nature 
mull  be  favourable. 

Ic  ib  an  undeniable  fa£^,  that  there  is  a  difference  between 
the  mortaliry  of  males  and  femaics;  in  favour  of* the  btter.  But 
this  diflcrencc  Dr.  Price  imagines  i«  not  natural \  and  head- 
diKTCs  ieveral  inftances  to  fliew,  that  it  is  much  lefs  if)  thea^iMK 
trj  panjbes  itid  viUagss  than  tn  the  uwns  ^  and  likewife  that  tbe 

nmnbcfi- 


Price V  OifirvatiMs  on  Reverfionary  Paymerrts^  £fr.       fcr 

luiTibcr  of  males  in  thc;t}puntry  comes  much  nearer  to  tlic 
number  of  femiilcs.  Tl>cfc  \)k^%  iic  adds,  Teem  to  fiiew  Tuffi- 
cientlj  that  human  life  in  n]nles«h  more  brittle  than  in  femalts^ 
•nly  in  confcquence  of  advt:a*ifiifj«kJs  paules,  or  or  fjmc  particu- 
lar debility*  chat  takes  place  in  po1i{&^':ii)4  Itixuri.)is'ibcieties, 
aad  efpeciJly  in  great  t.^wns.  '     /  .'  /' 

The  {Jubjedit,  which  our  Author  next  ibV^a^igice.s  'S  the  ftate 
ef  population  in  this  kingdom  ;  he  begins  witl>p'iintjn-:r  out  the 
|irincipal  caufes,  which  obflm^i  prxpulation  in  any  cpuutry^  and 
then  examines  the  truth  of  the  i^ck  with  fcfjieci  to' tfji/i^yn . 
country.     Luxury  and  the  tngnjini^  ^f  farfm  are  two  uMqucftSon^'    . 
able  fourccs   of  national   depopulation    ajid    mifcrv.       Luxury:  /./ 
enervates  and  debiiitatcs  the  inhabitants  of  any  kingdom^  de-     - 
ftroys  virtuous  in  lu4hy,  and   brin;;s   on   poverty,  depen^'ence 
and  venaJity.     With   rcfpcdt  to  the  ciftom  of  e ngr offing  farms ^ 
Mr.  Muret   (a  writer  of  whofe  remarks  our  Author  has  made 
confiderable  ufe  in  this  part  of  his  fupplement^  obforves,  with 
Che  higheft  reafon,  that  a  Urge  tr^uSt  of  lan^,   in  the  hands  of 
one  nun,  does  not  yield  fo  great  a    return,   as  when   in    the 
hands  of  feveral,  nor  does  it  employ  fo  many  people,  an  i,  as 
a  proof  of  this,  he  mentions    two  pariflics  in  the  diftriiS  of 
Vaud,  one  of  which  (once  a  li'tle  village)  hav:ng  been  bought 
by  feme  rich  men,  w^s  funk  into  a  i\i\g\z  demefne^  and  the  other 
(once  a  iingle  dtn.^fne)  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  fome 
peafants,  wa»  become  a  li;tle  village.     By  (he  laws  of  Liciniuf 
no  Romaa  was  to  hold  more  than  (tvcnju^era  of  land.     ^  Only^ 
revive,  fays  Mr.  SufmiLby  this  law,  or  th«it  of  Romulus,  which 
limited  every  Roman  to  two  jugera,   and  you  will  toun  convert 
a  barren  defart  into  a  bufy  and  crowded  hive'     Both  Mr.  Muret 
and  SufmiUb  obfervc,  that  the  increafe  of  paflurage  has  the  Tame 
eAe<3  with  the  engroffing  of  farms  ;  much  more  ground,  whea 
employed  in   this  way,  being  necefTary   lo  maintain  the  fame 
■umber  of  people,  than  when  employed  in  tillage.     However 
the  opulent  farmers  and  landlords  may  find  their  account  in' this 
evil,  it  is  private  bencfic  derived  from  public  calamity,  and  the 
iacrifice  of  the  nation  to  a  temporary  advantage.     We  have, 
for  many  years,   been  feeling  the  truth   of  this  oSfcrvacion. 
The  high  price  of  all  the  means  of  fubfillencc,  occafioncd  cer- 
tainty by  this  practice  as  well  as  by  the  heavy  weight  of  our  taxes, 
has  long  been  the  object  of    univerfal  compLint ;  and    it  is 
growing  lAore  fo  every  day,  and  fpreading  every  where,  check- 
mg  marriage,  loading  our  manufadurcs,  and  diminifhing  the 
Bucnber  of  our  people. 

That  this  is  more  than  groundlefs  declamation  will  appear 
from  the  fullowing  eftimate.  *  Dr.  Davenant  (the  beft  o\  all 
political  writers)  tells  us,  that  at  Michaelmas^  in  the  year  1685, 


102      Pricc*^  Olfervattons  on  Reverjsonnry  Payrmnts^  lie. 

it  appeared  by  a  furvey  of  the  hcnrth'books  ♦,  that  the  numbef 
of  houfes  in  all  England  and  Walvs  was  1,300,0009  of  which 
554,631  were  houfes  of  only  o\l€.cMmney,  and  the  number  of 
houfes  in  1690  was  i)3i^&/.5--V^At  the  rejloratim^  it  appeared 
by  the  fame  hearth  bopki,ttjS  the  number  of  houfes  in  the  king- 
dom was  i,230,fGrqf,'-.h^  the  interval,  therefore,  between  the 
reft  oration  2^^  tte'r^VA//;^?^,  the  people  of  England  had  increafed 
above  3po,opo  :'  ^nd  of  fmalltr  tenenuntsy  Ur.  Davcnant  ob-  ' 
fervqS|'jJVerp.*h:K\  been,  from  1666  to  1688,  about  70,000  new 
foinvlSp^Kfns  laid.  But  what  a  melancholy  rcverfc  has  taken 
p^pe  Tince?  in  1759,  the  number  of  houfes  in  England  and 
'•Wales  was  986,482;  of  which  not  more  than  330,000  were 
cottages  having  lefs  than  feven  windows.  In  1766,  notwith- 
itanding  the  increafc  of  buildings  in  London,  the  number  of 
houfc;s  was  reduced  to  980,692.  According  to  thefe  accounts 
then,  our  people  have,  fince  the  year  1690,  decrcafed  near  a 
mllion  and  a  ha'f.  And  the  wafte  has  fallen  principally  on  the 
inhabitants  of  cottages ;  nor  indeed  could  it  fall  any  where 
xnorc  unhappily  ;  for,  from  cottages  our  navies  and  armies  are 
fupplied,  and  the  lower  people  arc  the  chief  ftrength  and  fecu- 
lity  of  every  Hate.— What  renders  this  calamity  more  alarm- 
ing is,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  cottages  thrown  down  in  the 
country,  fly  to  London  and  other  towns,  there  to  be  corrupted 
and  perifli.  I  know  1  (hall  be  here  told  that  the  revenue  thrives* 
But  this  is  not  a  circumftance  from  which  any  encouragement 
can  be  derived.  It  thrives,  by  a  caufe  that  is  likely  in  time  Cd 
dcfiroy  both  itfelf  and  the  kingdom;  I  mean,  by  an  increafeof 
luxury,  producing  fuch  an  increafc  of  confumption  and  irnporta-^ 
iiorty  as  fecrctly  accelerates  ruin»  while  at  prejent  (as  far  as  the 
revenue  is  concerned)  it  overbalances  the  effefis  of  depopulation. 
—What  remedies  can  be  applied  in  fuch  circumftances  ? — This 
is  a  queftion  of  great  importance,  which  requires  a  more  deep' 
and  careful  difcuffion  than  I  am  capable  of  giving  it.  I  will 
therefore  anfwcr  generally  and  briefly  in  a  ftyle  and  language 
fimilar  to  Mr.  Muret's. 

♦  Enter  immediately  into  a  deciRve  enquiry  into  the  ftatc  of 
population  in  the  kingdom. — Promote  agriculture. — Drive  back" 
the  inhabitants  of  towns  into  the  country. — Eflablifli  fomo 

•  At  this  time  there  was  a  tax  of  two  (hillings  on  every /re.  heanJbf^ 
which  was  taken  off  at  the  revo/tuiox,  bccaufe  reckoned  *  not  only 
a  great  opprefllon  to  the  poorer  fort,  but  a  badge  of  flavcry  on  th^ 
whole  people  ;  expofing  every  man's  houfe  to  be  entered  into  and 
fearchcd  at  pleafurc  by  pcrfons  unknown  to  him.'  Preamblg  ter  tb€ 
0£ifor  taking  axvay  the  revenue  (trififtp;  h  hearth  t^nev,  i  WiHiam  tod 
Wvy^  cha|>.  iQ« 


PriccV  QlfirvaiUm  m  Rtvtrfimary  PaymenUj  tfr. 

'feguUtions  for   prcfervmg   the   lives  of    inTants. — Difcouraae 
ht\it)\  aji^i  celibacy,  and  the  cngrollJag  of  farms* — Let  there 
be  entire  libcrrty  i  ^^ni   maintain  public  peace  by  a  government 
ftJundeJ  not  in  ^mji^auity  bat  fn  the  rtfptfl  and  the  hearts  of 
the  pccplr*— But  above  all  things,   if  it   be  not  now  too  late  i 
find  out  means  of  avoiding  the  mireries  of  an  impending  bank- 
ruprc),   and  of  cafing  the  nation  of  that  burden  of  debts  and 
twci  under  which  it  is  finking,— But  1  am  crying  in  vain.^^ 
Corruptions  and  follies  of  the  worll  foft  have,  1  am  afraid, 
taken  Coo  deep  root  among  us/ 
To  this  long  extraiul  we  may  properly  fubjoin  our  Author's 
Lrfimatc  of  the  number  of  people  in   England  and  Wales.     It 
rippears,  that  the   number  of  inhabitants  to  a  houfe  at  Lreds, 
Shrewftury,  Holycrofi  and  NorthaniJton   is  f%  4J,  4I  and  41 
^icfpcdtivtly.     Whence  it  foll)ws,  that  five  perfons  to  a  houfe 
mh  an  allowance  large  enough  far  Londan,  and  too  Lirge  for 
^England  in  gcmrral.     And    jf  the    number   of  houfes  in    thsr 
Kingdom  be  ftateJ  at  a  million,  the  number  of  people  in  Eng- 
Hind  and  VVales  will  be  four  millions  and  a  half,  allowing  4! 
Ito  ahoufe;   and  five  millions,  allowing  five  to  a  houfc*      The 
Bwincr   is  frsbiUy  too  large  an  allowance ;  but   the  latter  is 
^ffiaintf  fo.      The  number   of  people   in   the   kingdom    may^ 
Pbcrcfore,  be  dated  ^%  prcbaUy  not  more  than  four  millions  and 
1  hilf  J   but  certainly  nut  five  millions. 
This  fupplcment  contains  additional  obfervations  concerning 
■be  fvhemes  of  the  focieties  far  providing  annuities  for  widows 
^nd  for  pcrfons  in  old  age ;  and  we  are  of  opinion  that  the  au- 
thor has  happily  fuggeftcd  a   (hort  and  a  very  cafy  method  of 
■Kaminin;:;  the  fufficiency  of  thofc  ^nflitutions  that  prnpofc  the 
^BO^t  of  widows.     Nor  can  we  conceive,  how  any,  who  pay 
^^Hteft  regard  to  juftice  or  humanity,  can  perfift  in  fupportin^ 
^HM  fchemcs,  which  were  originally  founded  in  ignorance,  and 
^nd  which^  in   their  confequcnccs,  are   produdlive  of  fo  much 
^^fchief.    Thofe  who  have  begun  to  rt^form  their  very  defe^iitivc 
Bans  do  well ;  but  unkfs  they  proceed  far  enough  in  thetr  re- 
fonoacion,  others,  that  have   actually    broken    yp«  have   <jone 
nucll  better.     There  are  fome  of  theic  focieties  ftill,  which  are 
Mind  to  the  evidence   laid  before  them,  and  *ie-if  to  every  re- 
jponftrance^     *  Is  it  polTible  then  to  fpeak  of  thefe  afibciations 
Bbhichenjobi  contributions  on  their  mcmbtrs  near  a  A^z^below 
Hhat  they  ought  to  be)  with  too  much  fe verity  ?   Can  any  be* 
^F^olrnt   perfon    fee  them,  without  concern,    going  on    with 
fcfaemes,  that  have   been   dcmonftnited  to  be   infufiicient,  and 
^rc  to  end  in  confufion  and  calamity  ?    One  focieiy  boafts,  that 
Bcofififts  of  1 1  CO  members;  and  another   that  it  pofiefles  an 
Bcome  of  8500  1.  pfT   annum.     What  is  this   but  {hamckfslY 
K^wg  of  \hc  excenfive  mifchkf  they  arc  doing^    ^Qm^  vvme 


104  WhitakerV  Hjjlory  of  Manchijter. 

ago  they  might  have  pleaded  ignorance  y  but  this  is  a  plea  thcf 
cannot  now  make/  The  Author  has  fuggefted  the  following 
reafons  to  prove,  that  the  interpofition  of  the  iegiflacure  would 
•  be  highly  proper,  (hould  thefe  focieties  continue  much  longer 
deaf  to  the  calls  of  juftice  and  humanity. 

*  Firft,  They  arc  laying  the  foundation  of  much  future  mif- 
chiefs ;  and  no  government  ought  to  fee  this  with  a  carelefs  eye* 
Secondly,  The  principle  by  which  they  are  upheld  \^  baf^  and 
iniquitous.  Thirdly,  There  are  many  honed  men  in  there  fo- 
cieties, who,  having,  through  mifinformation,  had  the  misfor- 
tune to  enter  into  them,  now  repent,  and  would  be  glad  to^ 
withdraw.  But,  having  made  conf&derable  payments  which 
they  cannot  get  back,  they  are  forced  to  go  on  with  further 
payments,  in  order  to  avoid  lofing  all  their  former  ones.  Thefe* 
perfons  wi{h  for  afliftance  from  the  legillature  ;  and  their  cafe?^ 
I  think,  icquire  afliftance.  Fourthly,  The  fufFcFcrs  by  thefe 
aflbciations  mJiy,  perhaps,  fome  time  or  other,  come  to  be 
burdens  on  the  public.  Such  was  the  cafe  both  of  the  charitaUe 
corporation  and  of  the  company  of  Mercers.  I  will  add,  that 
it  ieems  to  me,  that  were  thefe  focieties  indeed  formed  on  du- 
rable plans,  there  would  be  reafon  for  fubjCifting  them  to  fome 
regulations.  In  all  of  them  the  annuities  are  to  commence  many 
years  before  old  age;  and  in  fome,  at  almoft  every  age.  Such 
,  annuities  were  they  to  become  very  common  in  a  ftatr,  might 
have  a  bad  eife£l,  by  weakening  the  motives  to  induftry,  and 
promoting  diffipation  and  idlenels.* 

The  Author  concludes  thefe  remarks  with  the  plan  of  ah  af- 
fociation  for  the  benefit  of  age,  together  with  a  table,  (hewing 
the  value  of  the  annuities  defcribed  to  purchafers  of  all  ages 
from  15  to  40.  To  his  obferviltions  on  the  eftabliihnient  of 
this  kind  in  Scotland,  he  fubjoins  this  general  inference,  which 
vft  (hall  tranfcribe  in  juftice  to  thofe  that  are  concerned  ;  '  Upon- 
the  whole,  I  am  fatisfied  that  there  it  no  reafon  for  being  in  pain 
about  this  fcheme.' — And  then  adds,  *  Caution  and  vigilance, 
however,  will  be  always  proper.  Events  have  hitherto  favoured 
it.  Hereafter,  perhaps,  they  may  try  it ;  and  deviations  from 
probability  may  take  place  which  cannot  now  be  fufpeded.' 

Art.  iV.  Whitaker's  Hiftory  of  Manchefter  concluded .     See  our  laft 

Month's  Review. 

THEN  towns  are  ereSed,  their  increafing  inhabitants  art 

,  .     to  look,  for  a  fupply  of  provifions,  to  the  country  around 

them :  and  the  confequence  of  an  increafed  demand  will  natu^ 

rally  bean  improved  culture  of  the  earth,  as  themoft  rational. 

means  of  producing  a  greater  quantity  of  grain,  and  other  kinds 

of  vegetables,  for  the  better  fuftenance  of  man  and  beaft.     Ac* 

cordingly)  the  ufeful  arts  of  agriculture  (we  find}  had  bee* 


w 


Whitdker'j  Hsjlory  tf  MaKchcJfir,  loj 

hug  focccfsfally  profecuted  among  the  Romans  ;  ant!  the  fame 
irrs  bid  brcfi  as  iuccefsfuUy  puriucd  by  all  the  tribes  of  the 
&Ik  ^n6  many  of  the  Britifh  Celts.  ^  But  as  the  Celtx 
virttd  from  the  leilians  in  fame  p^irttcu'ars  of  their  rural  con- 
<hj(^,  rhc  two  different  modes  of  management  compiled  twj> 
f  lyffems  of  agrrjculture.  Of  thefc  the  Britons  of  iVlan- 
T>  might  be  narurally  cjtpe£tcd  In  have  adopted  rhc  Ro- 
mm;  but  t 'ley  aSually  adoptt-d  the  Celtic,  The  lartcr  had 
hftn  lung  tried  in  ihcfc  northern  ciimarcs,  KaJ  been  long  ap- 
proved by  their  brethren  oF  G^ul  and  South- Brhain,  and  wai 
therefore  fuppofcd  to  be  beft  adapted  to  the  latitude  of  LancR- 
(hirc/ — Biit  ^  among  the  various  manures  with  which  the  Ro- 
t[\^n  farmers  enriched  thctr  bnds^  they  were  totally  unacquaint- 
ed with  the  ufc  of  marie.  The  Celtx  of  Britain  and  of  Gaul 
wercthc  firft  th^t  had  marked  this  unduous  clay  in  the  bofon 
ol  the  earthy  and  the  firti  that  had  drjwn  ft  out,  an<f  applied  it 
toihf  purpofcs  of  agrjculftifc.  Thi>  they  had  fouod  the  moft 
ible  and    laiiing  of  all  manures,  and  had  given  it  the   ho- 

jfe  appellation  of  marrow,  marg,  margil,  or  marL^ 

*  Thif  maftun  was  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  ftrangcly  contra- 
riant  nature  of  the  Mancunian  foil,  which  a  a  compa(3  clay^ 
t  light ^morafs,  a  ftronjj  gravel,  or  a  deep  fand.  T?;//  manure 
iBk/f  have  been  now  firjl  introduced  into  the  precin<5ls  of  the 
town,  where  »t  is  (till  the  one  principal  manure  of  (h«  lands, 
and  the  one  principal  caufe  of  their  great  fertility.  This  ma^ 
urtmuf}  have  been  nrwv  Ji^/i  introduced  into  the  county,  where 
id  in  the  adjoining  Chefhire,  the  ule  of  it  is  better  underftooJ 
tban  in  any  other  part  <jf  the  kingdom,  and  in  both  whtch  it 
haschangcd  the  broad  extent  of  our  [formerly]  barren  heaths  and 
turfy  motfcs  into  fume  of  the  beft  hnds  within  them/ 

The  remainder  of  this  chapter  is  employed  in  defcribing  the 
fndiial  alteration  that  took  place  In  thcdrefs  and  way  of  hving 
amongft  the  Britons,  after  they  became  fubjc(^  to  the  Romju 
power:— they  foon  adopted  the  more  civilized  manners  of  their 
contjucrors,  and  were  thereby  better  qualified  to  partake  of  the 
virions  advantages  of  focial  life,  to  many  of  which  they  had 
hitherto  been  abfoluic  ftrangcrs. 

Chdp.  8»  treats  of  the  ccconomy  of  the  Roman  government 
here* — '  The  conquered  regions  of  Britain  were  divided  inta 
fix  provinces, and  were  governed  by  fix  pra-tors  and  fixquacftors, 
£ach  province  formed  a  diftinft  government  of  iifelfv  and  each 
w#s  governed  by  a  diftlndl  prxtor  and  qu^eftor.  But  they  all 
ickitowWged  one  head  within  the  illjnd,  and  were  all  lubjeft 
to  the  one  authority  of  the  proconful^  the  legate  or  the  vicar  of 

Bfuam.' *  The   taxes   impofcd  upon  the  provincial  Britoiif 

coiillftcd  of  four  or  five  different  articles/  vix.  an  impofition 
opoti  btirials^ — a  capitation*taX| — a  laad-tax^  amouoting  to  n 


lo6  WhitakcrV  Hj/lsry  of  Manchejler, 

tenth  of  the  annual  produce  of  things  raifed  from  feed,  and  a 
fifth  of  what  was  raifed  from  plants,— -an  impofition  upoa, 
cattle, — and  all  commercial  imports  and  e5cports  were  fubjed  to 
particular  charges.  Such  were  the  taxes  of  ourBritifh  ancef*. 
tors :  and  as  they  were  badges  of  the  Roman  dominion^  they 
were  naturally  difliked  by  a  newly  conquered  people.  <  But. 
they  were  by  no  means  oppreHive  in  themfelves/  and  fcarcely 
adequate  (in  our  author's  opinion)  to  the  neceiTary  expences  d[ 
the  civil  and  military  eftablithments  within  this  ifland. — But 
even  after  the  conqueft  of  the  ifland,  many  of  the  petty  fove* 
Teigns  of  the  Britifh  tribes  were  allowed  by  the  Romans  tocoti- 
tinue  in  poflefHon  of  their  former  "Sauthority;  and  under  all  the 
jigbur  of  the  provincial  regimen,  they  were  ftill,  in  gcHrieraV- 
allowed  to  remain.  *  This  antiquarianifm  has  never  fuppofed 
before.  The  reverfe  of  this  has  been  univerfally  believed  by. 
the  critics.  But  iht  fa^  [fays  Mr.  W,]  \%  fufficiently  autbm^ 
iicated,* — 

He  then  proceeds  to  enquire  into  the  nature  and  conftituttoa 
of  tbefe  Britifh  fovereignties,  which  he  fuppofes  to  have  been 
hereditary,  but  limited,  monarchies.  To  rhefe  Britifh  mon 
narchies  he  attributes  the  origin  of  feudal  tenures  in  England^ 
long  before  the  Norman  conqueft,  to  which  period  they  have 
been  falfejy  referred  by  many  writers.-^He  alfo  thinks  that  tho 
cuftom  of  Gavelkind  was  the  prefcribed  mode  of  defcent  foi 
lands  at  this  period. — The  origin  of  townfhips,  hundreds,  courts  . 
of  judicature,  and  the  methods  of  proceeding  therein,  are  next 
inveftigated,  and  (hewn  to  have  been  rational,  and  worthy  of 
imitation ,  for '  evtvy  adlion  was  profecuted  with  the  iunplefl; 
forms,  and  decided  in  a  fummary  manner.' 

In  Chap.  9.  we  are  told  that  Cunobeline  was  the  firft  mo« 
xiarch  in  the  ifland  who  minted  money,  the  whole  comoierc* 
tl^ereof  having  before  that  time  been  carried  on  merely  upon  the 
foot  of  exchange  only.  On  the  coming  of  the  Romans  they 
ilopt  the  provincial  mints,  and  they  became  coiners  for  theBrir 
tons.  The  Roman  coins  (Mr.  W.  fuppofes)  muft  have  been 
current  here,  in  great  numbers,  as  the  incredible  quantities  difr 
covered  within  the  ifland  feem  to  demonflrate. — The  primscval 
Britons,  fays  he,  *  whatever  hiftory  has  aflerted  or  antiqui^ 
rianifm  believed,  were  not  unacquainted  with,  the  mechanical 
arts  in  general.'  Of  this,  their  ability  to  confirud  the  military 
chariots  of  the  country  Mr.  W.  thinks  a  fufficicnt  indication. 
They  were  alfo,  he  fays,  intimately  acquainted  with  fevcra) 
of  the  more  occonomical  arts  in  particular;  fuch  as  the  labours 
of  the  pottery,  the  bufinefs  of  the  turner  and  carpenter,  ^he 
making  of  glafs,  and  the  working  of  metals,  as  brafs  and  iron. 
But  though  providence  had  repleniflied  the  hills  of  Britain^witt^ 
Ibatpoftufeful  ofe^yet  were  its  inhabitants  long  unapprifed  of  their 


WhitakcrV  HiJIory  of  Manchifler.  107 

ntive  wealth ;  for  it  was  late  before  any  mines  of  iron  w.re 
opened  in  this  ifland,  a  few  years  only  prior  10  the  defcent  of 
Cjpfar,    They  had   alfo  their  mines  of    coal,    lead,  and   tin, 
which  appear  to  have  been  worked  to  advsuicage,  even  in  thofe 
early  ages. — For  the  grinding  of  com,  hand  mills  were  chiefly 
ufed  amon^  the  Britons,  and  for  the  more  ufeful  invention  of 
water  milli  we  are  *  pretty  certainly  indebted  to  the  improving 
powers  of  the  Roman  genius  '     As  to  the  productions  of  the 
earth,  befides  the  beech,  the  Romans  introduced  a  great  variety 
of  other  trees,  amongft  which  the  vine  appears  to  be  the  moft 
curious :  and  the  black  mufcadine  (Mr.  W,  fays)  has  been,  by 
experience,  found  the  fitteft  for  this  climate. — With  regard  to 
animals,  the  original  breed  of  Britifh  horfes  was  at  once  dimi* 
nutive  in  its  fize  and  fwift  in  its  motions.     This  breed  flill  fub- 
fifts  in  Che  garrons  of  Scotland,  the  ponies  of  Wales,  and  the 
liobbies  of  Xomc  forefts  in  England  ;  but  it  appears  to  have  been 
inproved   into  the  much  larger  race  of  our  prefent  horfes  by 
the  introduction  of  a  fuperior  breed  from  the  Roman  continent. 
But  if  the  horfe  was  originally  an  inhabitant  of  Britain,  the 
aTs  was  certainly  a  foreigner.     The  Romans  and   Spaniards 
traflkked  much  in  this  ufeful  animal,  which  bore  a  confidcrable 
price  among  them*     For  though  its  milk  was  not  then  applied 
to  the  purpofes  of  medicine,  yet  was  it  early  applied  to  the  ufes 
of  vanity,  being  fuppofed  by  the  Roman  ladies  to  contribute 
much,  as   a  wafli,   towards  whitening  the  (kin. — The  reft  of 
this  chapter  is  taken  up  in  enumerating  and  defcribing  the  dif- 
ferent fpecies  of  dogs  peculiar  to  this  ifland,  amongft  which, 
he  remarks  that  *  the  bull-dog  enjoys  equally  a  fagacity  of  nofe 
and    9  bravery  of  fpirit.     The  latter  indeed   is  fo  peculiarly 
eminent,  that  this  dog  has  perhaps  a  larger  (hare  of  true  ge- 
nuine courage  than  any  other  animal  in  the  world.     The  bold- 
flefs  of  its  fpirit  is  remarkably  enterprizing,  and  the  refolution 
of  its  temper  aftonifhingly  ieitxmxnate.     The  native  gallantry 
of  the  breed  has  gained  them  the  credit  of  a  frequent  mention, 
and  the  honour  of  an  high  commendation,  in  the  records  of  an« 
tiqurty  ♦/ 

The  following  fenfible  remark,  with  which  the  xoth  chapter 
begins,  may  ferve  at  once  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  writer's  ftyle  and 
judgment.—*  In  the  whole  circle  of  intelle£lual  entertainments, 
few  particolars  carry  fo  agreeable  an  appearance  to  the  curious 
mind  as  the  hiftory  of  human  manners.  And  that  lower  fpecies 
of  patriotifm  which  (hoots  up  inftinftively  in  every  breaft  makes 

*  It  is,  however,  a  dangerous  and  cruel  animal — the  nfual  aflbciate 
of  vagiUBU  and  thieves  ;  and  therefore  the  breed  onght  to  be  pro-^ 

Hhitcdj 


IC»  Whitaker'j  Hljlory  ofMambeJler. 

it  pMticuhrly  pleafing  to  view  our  own  national  mannecs  ge* 
nuine  as  they  rife  in  the  pages  of  our  national  records^  and  to 
fee  faithfully  reprefenrted  in  the  mirrourof  hifiory,  chofe  acci*' 
dental  combinations  of  ideas,  or  thofe  rational  modbs  of  optnicm 
which  prevailed  in  the  more  diftant  ages  of  our  fathers.  Nor 
h  this  fatisfadion  confined  merely  to  their  fublimer  exenions  of 
the  underftanding,  their  theories  of  political  fcience^  or  their 
principles  of  literary  tafte.  It  is  even  better  felt  on  the  furvey 
of  their  little  fa(hions  and  fancies  in  the  more  charaderizing 
fcenes  of  lower  life,  in  the  faithful  exhibition  of  their  private 
manners,  and  in  the  authentic  detail  of  their  domcflic  ccco- 
nomy/ 

jn  this  view  we  are  prefented  with  a  detail  of  the  provifioni 
for  the  table  among  the  piimitive  Briton^,  and  how  greatly 
their  bill  of  fare  was  afterwards  enlarged  by  the  Romans^  not 
only  by  the  introduction  of  many  [before]  prohibited  articles, 
but  alfo  by  the  importation  of  many  foreign  animals  ;  as  rab- 
bits,  pheafants,  pigeons,  partridges,  &c. — Among  the  diyer- 
iions  of  both  Britons  and  Romans,  he  enumerates  the  pleafurcs 
of  the  chace,  for  which  the  numerous  and  extenfivc  woods, 
wherewith  the  country  then  abounded  would  naturally  furnifli 
plenty  of  game,  both  of  the  timid  and  ferocious  kind  :  for  at 
that  time  wolves  and  other  beads  of  prey  were  no  ftrangers  here. 
In  honour  of  our  country,  Mr.  W.^is  clearly  of  opinion  that 
the  cruel  and  favage  pradtice  of  cock-fighting  was  not  the  na« 
tive  production  of  the  Britifii  genius,  but  that  it  was  introduced  • 
by  the  Romans,  ever  fond  of  barbarous  diverfions. 

The  following  account  of  the  formation  of  the  Mojfes  where* 
with  Lancafhire  abounds,  feems  very  plaufible.  *  The  light 
fand  and  the  ftrong  tenacious  loam  of  a  wooded  dingle,  or 
fome  hollow  on  the  fide  of  a  hill,  accidentally  received  the 
waters  of  fome  obftruAed  brook,  or  drank  in  the  falling  (bowers 
of  winter,  till  the  trees  were  unable  to  fupport  themfelves  upon 
the  fpungy  foil/ — ^  Every  drain  for  the  moifture  being  thus 
gradually  choaked  up,  and  the  ground  being  ,couftantly  fupplied 
with  a  recruit  of  ftagnated  water,  the  principles  of  putrid  ve- 
getation would  begin  to  a&  with  vigour,  and  a  rank  harvef^ 
would  overfpread  the  face  of  the  ground.  This  dying  ever]^ 
year,  and  being  every  year  fuccecdedw/VA  [by]  a  frefli  crop, 
a  coat  would  gradually  rife  upon  the  furface,  and  the  matted 
mafs  would  in  a  century  form  a  confiderable  cruft.  This  is 
[now]  found  upon  [fome  of]  our  mofles  two,  three,  or  four 
yards  in  thicknefs.  And  as  the  great  body  of  ftagnated  witer 
was  fed  with  regular  fupplies  from  the  original  current,  addi* 
ttona)  influxes,  or  both,  the  mofly  trad  would  gradually  extend 
itfelf,  defert  the  natural  or  artificial  hollow  in  which  it  was 
originally  formed^  and  (pread  over  the  neighbouring  grounds* 

Tbna 


^^P  WhitaterV  Hijloij  of  Mamhiflifl,'  109 

Thus  the  broad  wafte  of  Chatmofs  mujl  have  begun  at  firft 

in  ihc   hollow  of  a  valley,  and  muj}  have  afterw^irJs  ufurpcd 

upQr-'he  loftier  gfoancJs  around   it ;  a  confiderable  region  of  k 

Bv  higher   than   many  pirti  of  the  contiguous   country, 

Bd  ;itrc  being  ftill  higher  than  the  relL     In  theCc  efforts 

^B  trppnloned  waters  have  fometimcs  To  violently  dKlcnded  the 

4R|,  that  the  texture  of  it  has  been  broken,  the  country  de*- 

luged  with  an  inky  torrent,  and  the  cuhrvatcd  fields  overfprearf 

with  a  dcftruftivc  (lime.     Thus  our  own  Hough's  n^ofs  burlt 

on  Nevv-yeaf*5-day  in    1633,   fpiead   a   deep  bed  of  fihh  over 

the  neighbouring  tands^  and  poifoncd  all  the  fifli  in  the  neigh- 

ring  rivulets.     And,  upon  any  long  continuance  of  rain  ac 

"  nt,  the  cruft  of  Chatmofs  is  vjfibly  hftcd  up  by  ihe  heaving 

b<k>w,  and  ffomctimes]   even   riles   fo  confiderably  ^5 

cly  to  intercept  tome  extended  profpCiSts  acrofs  it/ 

he  foregoing  extrail  may,  perhaps,  fcrvc  10  fliew  that  the 

itccnt  accoun's   we  have  lately   had,  in   the  public  papers,  of 

^fcbuffting  of  the  SoKvay-mofs  in  Cumberland,  on  the  borders 

^rScoiland,  are  by  no  means  fo  incredible  as  many  have  thouorht 

e^ein  to  be.     A  fjmi!ar  cataftrophe,  we  find,  hath  heretofore 

ppcned  in  Lancafliire  :  why  then  ftiould  we  think  a  pha:;no- 

cion  abfoluicly  incredible,  merely  becaufc  we  ouifclves  have 

\tx  experienced  the  like  ? 

Vs  the  mode3  of  Roman  civility  gradually  prevaifed  among 
i Stfhintianf ,  they  would  niUarally  be  more  and  more  in- 
td  to  quit  their  poor  habitations  in  the  woods,  and  to  fettie 
^towns;  fo  that  the  dimcfifions  of  Mancunium  would*  of 
orfe  be  enUrged  by  the  fucceilive  acce (lions  of  in habi Lints, 
f  the  progrefEve  additions  of  buildings,  erccicJ  probably  up:>ii 
Roman  plan. 

"he  riles  of  marriage,  caull^s  of  divorce,  and   njoJe  of  in- 

ent,  amongft  the  primitive  Britons,  are  ticxt  treated  of  j  ts 

itlast'he  ufc  of  letters,  which  Mr.  W.  attributes  to  r.u  rrra 

'fo  thofe  that  are  commonly  fixed  for  the  introd^^ion  of 

for  he  fuppofes  that  *  all  the  various  conibitutS^iis  uf  the 

chidar  at  Babel  muJ}  have  prried  a  regular  alphabet  aw.iv 

Ith  them  to  the  places  of  their  various  difperfions/    The  walir 

;  1  Bntifh  alphabet  naturally  gave  a  ready  admiitancc  to  that 

fthe  Romans  ;   and  their  long  refidcncein  Britain  as  nattiraJly 

1  free  admifllon  to  their  language-     And,  in  fad^,  though 

rtie  Roman  could  never  fjpeifede  the  original  language  of  the 

HUnd,  yet  it  appears  to  have  been  grcjjy  incorporated  w;th 

J^  and   to   have  furnifiied  e  large  proportion   of   its  prefent 

^■In  Chip.  II*  we  have  fome  account  of  the  IntrodufHon  of 
tkc  lirft  aiiemprs  at  exchanging  the  original  drcfs  of  our  an- 
ceftofs^  (formed  from  the  (kins  cf  anlmalf)  for  vefturts  con\^c»^ed 


112        An  authentic  Narrative  of  the  OppreJJlons  rf^effif* 

iic  appears  to  have  imbibed  no  final  I  (hare  of  this  kind  of  en* 
thufiafm  from  the  poems  of  OiHan>  which  he  greatly  admiicSy 
and  to  which  he  frequently  refers. — NotM^ichftanding  he  is  very 
accurate,  in  general,  with  regard  to  his  authorities,  which  are 
given  at  the  end  of  every  feSion ;  yet  he  fpeaks  rather  too  dog- 
matically on  many  occaftons,  and  roundly  affirms  that  a  thou- 
find  particulars  (of  which  we  can  now  form  little  more  than 
vague  conjectures)  mu/f  have  been  tranfaded,  and  cerUimlf 
came  to  pafs,  and  were  ahfolutely  brought  about,  juft  as  be  bath 
keen  pleafed  to  relate  them,  fo  many  ages  afterwards.  Our 
Readers,  we  doubt  t\Qt^mu/i  have  ohkrvcd  fomething  of  this  turn^ 
even  in  our  quotations. — On  the  whole,  however,  the  work 
bath  unqueliionably  a  great  deal  of  merit,  and  appears  worthy 
o(  the  public  approbation,  in  regard  to  its  main  defi;;n,  of  in- 
▼cftigating  the  antiquities  of  our  country;  notwith (landing 
tbcy  are  fometimes  too  much  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  exuberant 
and  pumpous  di£t:on« 

Ar  r.  V.  Aft  authentic  Narrati<ve  of  the  Oppreffiem  tf  the  l/ianders  rf 
Jerjey.  To  nuhicb  is  prefixed^  a  fuccin3  bliftory  •/  the  Miliiary  i#(f- 
tioniy  CouJIituticn^  Latvs^  Cuftoms^  and  Lomn^erce  rf  that  Ifimad* 
avo.     2  Vols.     12  5.     Hooper.     1771.  • 

THIS  advocate  for  the  iflandcrs  of  Jerfcy  appears,  from  fan 
own  account,  to  be  entirely  (iinntereiled,  and  to  be  ac« 
ttiated  merely  by  motives  of  benevolence  and  companion.  *  To 
lie  of  fervice,  he  fays,  to  two  and  twenty  thoufand  huraaa 
beings  (the  number  at  which  the  inhabitants  of  this  ifland  arc 
jated)  is  an  opportunity  that  feldom  happens  to  a  private  man 
among:  the  millions  that  IK'C  and  die.'  With  fuch  a  view  he 
has  publifhed  thefe  two  volumes  ;  the  firft  of  which  is  confined 
to  the  h*r(lory  of  the  country,  the  military  anions  of  its  inhabi- 
tants, its  original  conftitution,  the  feveral  changes  this  confti- 
fufion  has  undergone  in  the  reigns  of  different  princes,  its  prefent 
Hate,  the  royal  court,  the  laws  and  cuftoms,  commerce  and  pri- 
vile^^es  of  the  ifland,  together  with  its  importance  to  Great  Bri- 
t.iin.  la  the  fecond  volume  he  prcfents  us  with  a  view  of  the 
biirdens  and  diftreflcs  under  which  the  inhabitants  of  Jcrfey  !&• 
bour,  all  which  he  chiefly  attributes  to  the  bad,  and,  \(  we  may 
dt'pcnd.on  the  fidelity  of  our  Hiftorian,  the  infamous  condu^ 
of  its  magitlrates :  two  of  them,  againft  whom  the  charge  is  prin- 
cipally biought,  arc  brothers,  Charles  and  Philip  Lempfiert^  Hea- 
icnant-baitly,  and  attorney- general  of  the  ifland.  Of  the(e 
pcrfons  this  Writer  gives  a  particular  account,  and  of  the  max« 
jm^  hy  which  they  have  governed.  He  then  lays  before  the  pub- 
lic the  origin  and  the  immediate  caufi  of  the  tumult  in  Jcrfiey^ 
uUich  happened  on  September  28>  1769. 


^^^       An  ^uthmk  NafT&ihi  dfthi  Oppnjftmt  of  J^rpy.        a  I J 

—^  The  cafe  of  Nicholas  Fiocc,  merchant  of  Jerfcy^  who,  ac* 

■ordtng  to  this  relatiorit  appears  Co  have  been  treated  in  the 

Hbnft  intquitMua  manner,  is  next  dcfcnbed  :  after  which  there 

Kte  two   farther  chapters ;    the  one,  concerning  Rudolph  Ben* 

BiVri,  by  fpectat  commilfioa  of  his  M;ijet^y,  commander  in  chief 

Kf  the  iHznd  ;  the  otiier,  on   the  impradicabiltty  of  removing 

■he  opprefljons  of  Jerfcy,  while  the  conftitation  rem-^ins   in  its 

^rcfcni  form.     At  the  clofc  of  an  adverlifcment   prctixcd  to  the 

iVcord  volume*  the  Writer  acknowledges  himfcif  ohliged   to 

Mr.  Fallc's  Hiftory  of  Jcrfcy  for  many  bc>s  ;  but  did  jiL>t,  he 

iclli,  us,  aflc  ihit  gcntlenian*s  leave  for  thus  m3kin<^  ufe  of  bis 

I    lunnance,  becaufe  he  would  not  riftjuc  a  fcfufAl;   *  and  I  am 

rijt  afraid^  {^yt  he,  of  ofFending  him,  In  endeavouring  to  explain 

I  and  avert  thofemifchiefs  which  he  fo  long  laboured  to  fubduCp' 

K     The  Author  iti^ms  to  us   to  be  a  fen  fib  !e  man  :  he  writes 

B%ith  fpirtt,  arid  appears  to  be  very  zealous  in  the  caufc  of  tratti 

andjuftkci  but  furely  hiszealis  fomctimes  intrmpcra'x  !  How* 

ever,  though  it  is  not  in  our  pnwer  to  decide   upon  the  main 

<|uc[lton  ;  yet  it  is  certainly  to  be  wiflied  that  thofc  with  whom 

_    auihofity  is  lodged,  fliould,  without  trufling  to  partial  or  in- 

■  tercfted  accounts,  employ  the  moft  effe^^ual  methods  to  remove 
and  extirpate  whatever  caufes  ihcfe  ifl.inders  have  for  real  and 
Juft  complaint.  We  are  here  told,  that  *  a  hie  fpecial  commif 
fion^r  has  been  fcnt  to  examine  their  grievances,  and  to  redrcft 
them/     But  it  is  addcd^  that  *  he  has  difguircd  the  truth,  and 

Vtancealed  their  real  iituatton,  and  that  their  mifiriei  are  yet  un-^ 

■•telicircd.' 

P  The  Writer,  with  great  confidence,  afTerts  the  authenticity  of 
hii  accounts,  and  declares,  with  refpc^t  to  the  magrftratcs,  *  If 
tHcyire  blamclefs,  1  will  refign  myfclf  to  punifhmcnt :    if  not, 

L  the  applaufe  of  every  virtuous  man  is  my  due,— ^-The  intent 

■  «f  this  publication,  fays  he,  in  another  place,  is  abfolutely  free 
■'from  the  fprrit  of  party  and  of  political  contention* — I  have  tio 
Barcifion  to  the  perfons  whofc  mildecds  I  relate,  except  that  ho* 

■  lieft  indignation  which  all  men  ought  to  cheriih  for  the  nefa- 
■noos. — Not  an  individual  in  the  ifland  had  ever  he;ird  from  me, 
B©r  hjmj  means,  that  this  work  was  undertaken,  till  more  than 
Bitte  firft  volume  was  printed  ;  nor  more  than  two  of  the  infular 
Bfihabttants,  who  arc  now  in  England,  Yet  a*  ic  feems  to  be  a 
■prorJc  intended  for  the  body  of  the  conftitucnts,  and  againft 
W"^^  jftratcs,  it  may  be  imagined  I  am  purchafcd  by  pecu- 
1/  uence  to  this  undert.^king.  But  fuch  is  the  trt/tlv,  I 
Ihi^e  never  received  the  value  of  a  Ihilltng,  nor  the  promifc  of 
III :  and  I  have  not  the  leaft  expedition  of  lucrative  reward. 

It  if  the  progeny  of  human  kindnefs  to  the  iiihabiiants,  and  of 
aUtgijincf  to  the  King, — My  views  are  houeft  and  humane,  and 
mijr  the  liTue  be  furh,  whether  for  me^  or  for  ibo(evf\iomV 
jrra^,  ;»*  Are  ex^iy  corrcfpopding  with  the  vokc  qI  XTXiCft 


1 14        Hingcfton'j  Dlfcourfes  upon  the  Divine  CavenanU. 

and  the  ili  IJatos  cf  jiiftice.  If  what  (hall  be  related  in  the  -fc- 
toiui  voltn^.e  b.:  f\ju:id  unf'atisfailory,  no  conclufion  can  bejuftl]^ 
t^buiiie  1  b»t  by  ?a\  examination  into  the  condudl  of  thefe  meD, 
on  eviucnvC  e  ;uji  to  the  charge.  A  permiHion  of  taking  depo- 
fttions  ca  oath,  <nnd  an  authority  of  fubpcenaing  witnefles  in 
Jcrfcy,  wi  I  Jecermine  the  affair  beyond  all  power  of  contradic- 
tion;  aod  afceirain  the  Innocence  or  culpability  of  thofp  who 
are  accufed,  or  of  him  who  is  their  accufer.' 

As  we  (zQ  no  reafon  to  queftion  the  integrity  of  this  Writer'i 
defign,  we  cann  t  but  highly  applaud  the  fpirit  and  zeal  with 
which  he  hath  To  liuJabiy  exerted  his  refpeiElable  abilities  in  fup- 
port  of  a  caufe  which  he  confiders  as  that  of  an  injured  and  fuf- 
fcring  people. 

Art.  VL  Di/ccnr/es  upon  the  DMne  Covenants:  Or^  an  Empa^ 
into  tbf  Origin  and  Frogrefs  of  Religion,  natural  and  nveakd* 
Part  ■.  By  the  Rev.  lames  Hingefton,  M.  A.  Vicar  of  Raydon  in 
Suffolk      8vo.     ^  s.  bound.     Hiogeilon,  Cadell,  89c.      1771. 

TH  IS  volume  confids  often  liifcourfes  and  fix  diflertattonif 
all  bearing  a  relation,  though  fometimes  it  may  appear 
but  a  didant  one,  to  the  principal  defign  :  Should  the  Author, 
as  he  proceeds,  think  it  neceflary  to  digrefs  to  every  topic  which 
feems  to  have  fomc  connexion  with  the  original  fubje<^,  he  may 
render  his  work  very  voluminous. 

He  appears  to  be  a  fcniible  and  ingenious  writer,  a  man  oT 
learning,  enquiry,  and  candour,  who  is  perfuaded  of  the  im- 
portance of  religion,  and  is  defirous  of  advancing  its  influence 
and  its  practice.  As  ihc  prefent  volume  prefcnts  us  only  with-a 
part  of  his  plan,  his  readers  cannot  be  fully  enabled  to  pro* 
nounce  upon  its  merit.  It  appears  r^her  favourable  to  the  Cil- 
viniflicai  tenets : — but  let  us  attend  to  what  the  Author  himfclf 
fays,  in  tiicionclufion  of  his  preface  : 

*  The  defign  of  the  prefent  work  is  to  fliew,  that  there  hath 
always  been  a  perftct  uniformity  in  all  the  revelations  God  hath 
made  of  himfclt  to  mankind;  that  all  the  expe£)ations  of  man 
arc  founded  upon  the  covenants  which  God  hnth  vouchfafcd 
him;  that  the  (ccminir  diveifity  in  the  difpenfations,  and  irre- 
guhirity  of  the  p:«nidcncc  of  God,  have  arifcn  from  man  alone 
difturhing:  thnt  (»rilrr,  and  confounding  that  harnv^ny,  which  is 
every  wl-cic  tlfe  cbfcrvable  in  the  works  of  God.  If  what 
is  here  oftcrjJ  is  fo.ndcd  upon  truth,  it  will  certainly  outlive  ill 
trifling  cavil. s  and  criticifms  :  if  not  true,  it  will  (ink  with  the 
common  m<ifs  of  i.^mgin.iry  hypothcfes.  The  Author  will  in 
either  cafe  have  to  ur^c  in  his  behalf,  thnt  he  does  not  olFcr  it 
as  an  hafty  comp.>fition,  or  a  matter  of  mere  fyftcm  ;  but  that, 
however  incorr<:cl,  it  is  the  refult  of  many  years  confiderati^ 
as  perfect  as  rhe  interruption  of  ill  health  and  his  abilities  Ipotfld 
allow  it  to  be:  7  hat  he  hath  propofed  the  udvai^ccmenr of  t^e 
honour  of  Gody  and  the  light  oi  ic\^^\o>i&  u>ak\.Vv)  v^Ui^  ultim^e 


HiogeftonV  Difcoutfa  upon  the  Divine  Covenanti.        115 

defire:  That  he  hath  had  no  bias,  as  far  as  he  underftands  his 
own  heart,  to  any  thing  but  truth  itfelf;  the  evidence  of  which 
he  hath  endeavoured  with  a  fin  cere  defire  to  follow.  Let  it 
endurci  or  let  it  perifh  by  the  judgment  of  him  who  feeth  iw 
fccret.  If  God  approves  it,  the  opinion  of  good  men  will  not 
be  wanting.' 

Although  fuch  fentiments  as  the  above  are  by  no  means 
fuflicient  to  eftablifli  the  truth  and  validity  of  any  particular 
fcheme,  yet  they  manifeft  a  laudable  difpofition  in  thq  Author; 
and,  when  united  with  good  fenfe  and  abilities,  certainly  call 
for  our  attention  to  what  he  has  to  offer. 

After  a  few  obfervations  on  the  general  nature  and  obliga- 
tion of  covenants,  he  proceeds  to  confider  the  covenant  of  na- 
turtf  or  the  compact  which  arifes  from  t'ne  relation  of  creature 
and  creator.  With  regard  to  the  privileges  derived  from  hence, 
he  concludes,  that  man's  natural  preienfions  cannot  be  ad- 
vanced very  high,  fince  being  formed  out  of  the  duft,  he  had  a 
fcafonable  caufe.  of  apprehenfion  of  returning  to  it  again/ 
fince  alfo  exigence  itfelf  is  a  free  gift  which  all  rational  uncor- 
niptcd  beings  are  obliged  to  thank  the  creator  for:  yet  he  re- 
narks,  thatto  every  creature  there  arifes  fomefortofexpe£lation, 
nay  even  a  kind  of  claim  for  maintenance  and  fupport  during  its 
finite  exigence.  Befide  which,  he  adds,  '  there  is  a  long  train 
of  privileges  arifing  from  man's  rational  capacity,  by  which  he  is 
^pable  of  deriving  to  himfelf  the  incftimable  advantages  which 
flow  from  focial  union,  and  alfo  of  making  free  ufe  of  that  im- 
portant perroiffion  of  acccfs  to  the  Fountain  of  Being,  in  prayer 
>ad  adoration.  In  fliort,  tak-c  the  example  of  an  innocent  and 
upright  man,  pailing  his  days  in  health  and  temperance,  fecurc  in 
the  moderate  enjoymenr  of  the  good  things  of  the  world,  and  en- 
livened continually  with  the  unfpeakablc  benediction  of  the 
ftvour  of  God  j  compare  this  with  the  happic^  ftatc  of  any  other 
raimalj  and  you  will  perceive  upon  what  advantageous /^nv:j 
God  entered  man  into  the  covenant  of  nature,* 

As  the  fan^t ions  of  this  covenant,  he  apprehends,   were  /j/?/- 

foral felicity,  or  temporal  infelicity y  fo  he  fuppofes  its  c'jnditi:?:s  to 

havel>ccn,  a  conformity  to   whatever  hath  been  j:i/7ly  con.pre- 

bended  under  the  title  of  the  religion  of  nature.    '   The  two  laws, 

iayshe,  which  are  efleniial  to  the  clhblifhmcnt  of  z^vtue  and 

piety^  the  law  of  Marriage  and  the  fan6lification  rf  the  frjentb  day 

Were  undoubtedly  given    immediately   after  the  crcr.tlcn  ;  arid 

appear  to   be  pofitive   conditions    of  the  covenant  <\  natare; 

teng  fundamental  of  the  happinefs    and  the  duty  of  n.ip,  as  a 

ficialznd  rrligious  bein^.     And    we  nny    couclud;;   i;ni\t:i.ily, 

rhatGod.did  reveal  to    Ad::n  all  the  neccfTiry  iiivvs  of  moial.ty 

ii<arly  as  bis  creation.' 

1  2  TYve 


Xl6         Hingeflon'j  Dtfcourfcs  upon  the  Divine  Covenarifs. 

The  next  difcourfe  confifts  of  remarks  on  what  this  Author 
calls  the  Eden  ccver.a*:t^  or  the  covenarit  of  incorrupftbiltty,  Kc 
fuppofcs  it  to  have  been  the  divine  intention,  from  the  beginning, 
•  to  raifc  man  to  an  exalted  rupcr-cmrncri^t  bfifs,  although  he 
difplaycd  not  the  whofc  of  his  gracious  purpofes  at  the  firft;' 
conformably  to  that  progrcfllve  order  of  prov.dence,  which  is  ia 
other  inflances  obfcrvabte,  in  its  dealings  with  mankfnd. 

*  The  firf!  advance,  he  Cays,  in  this  glorious  plan,  at  Ifaft 
accordi-ng  lo  my  idci  of  it,  leems  to  have  been,  that  of  better- 
ing man's  earthly  condition,  .by  givii>g  him  the  covenant  of  in» 
iOtrupt'ihiiity\  by  which  he  was  placed  in  a  garden  of  delights, 
enjoying  the  pKafures,  plenty,  and  repofc,  which  an  earth  fruit- 
ful cf  every  blefling  could  yield  him  ;  and  was  moreover  fur- 
nifhcd  with  the  means  of  tafting  thole  enjoyments,   without  the 

'difqualifymg  reflediion  of  being  forced  one  day  to  leave  thtm  all 
behind,  aiuJ  fink,  like  the  healths  into  decay  and  corruption.* 

In  farther  nnfwer  to  tlie  qutrti-  n.  What  was  the  felicity  of 
man  in  this  ftate  of  innocence  and  incorruptlon  ?  he  obferves  j 

*  The  matter  is  too  far  removed  from  us  to  afford  us  perhaps 
full  fatisfadlion;  yet  furcly  ihe  freedom  from  fin  and  the  fear  of 
death  ;  the  being  harafied  with  no  defires  beyond  the  bounds  of 
irrarification  j  with  no  wants  for  which  there  wa;s  nor  a  readj 
lupply;  and  the  feeling  none  of  that  laflitude  and  decay  to 
which  a  pcrifhable  body  is  hourly  fubjcit,  and  makes  old  age  in 
par  icular  a  burcicn  ;  on  the  contrary,  the  bieffing  of  the  tran- 
quil and  fir.ccrc  delight  which  flows  from  vigoioui  health,  per- 
petual youth,  lerene  paflions,  fcrenc  fkics,  a  fruitfuF  e«irtb,  a 
peaceful  coiifcicnee,  and  the  bcaign  mfl^uence  of  an  indulgent 
God  ;  I  fay,  tills  is  a  degree  of  happineCs  whieh  wou^d  fill  the 
uimod  limits  of  the  prefcnt  faculties  of  man.  What  further  in* 
crcafecf  felicity  God  dcfigricd  him  under  this  covenant,  whether 
the  enjoyments  and  gtories  of  heavci^  itfdf,  is  not  revealed  to 
us  r'  •  ' 

As  we  cannot  take  particular  notice  of  the  feveraJ  refledioos 
which  this  writer  makes  upon  the  conditions  and  fandtion  of  this 
covenant,  or  upon  thetranfgreflion  of  the  firft  human  pair^andthe 
ientcnce  denouriCed  on  them  ;  we  Ihall  only  extrad  the  paffagc 
'w-ih  which  this  difcourfe  is  concluded  :'  *  Thus  fuak,  fays'  he, 
ihc  firit  unhappy  Pair  into  mifcry  and  mortality.  An  alteration 
is  fipipofed  to  have  cnfiK;d  in  the  (trength  and  beauty  of  their 
bodies,  ai-d  the  pcrfc6\ion  of  ihcir  minds.  But  an  alarming 
change  they  found  in  the  favour  of  their  God,  and  the  quiet  of 
tncir  confciences.  Their  innocency,  their  future  hopes  %tA 
p:cfent  peace  were  gone  5  conviction  followed  guilt,  and  fen - 
tence  convi(5iicn,- and  a<51ual  punilhmcnt  acquainted  them  with 
the  extent  of  their  lofs  ;  which,  but  for  the  mercy  of  God,  they 
iiMit  ;ri£cc;yeiablj'  have  fuffefcd  \  and  borne  a  toilibine  load  of 


HingcRon*/  Difcourfa  ttfon  the  Divine  Cyvviants. .       117 

life  unb'cfled,  to  finlc  at  length  into  nothing,  like  tin  heajli  %u])uh 
f^rijh: 

It  is  not  till  the  eighth  difcourfc  that  this  writer  fpeaks  of 
tno  her  covenant,  which  he  denominates  the  c':vcnant  of  refur- 
ream.  A>  it  is  rcil-rved  to  fomc  future  puMication  to  canvafs 
thJ!  lubjcdl  more  diltindly,  it  will  not  be  necriiVy  for  ws  at 
prcfcnt,  to  fclecl  ai>y  of  ihofe  remark?,  which  are  l«erc  made 
upon  it :  one  thing  only  we  obferve  with  a  degree  of  concern, 
vit.  that  our 'A  nth  or,  if  we  millalcc  not,  feems  to  intimate  fome 
k4nd  oi  Jhperliitious  notion  concerning  a  chriftian  pr'iefthoodz 
Forh4vi;ig  menMoned  it  as  one  benefit  of  the  covenant  of'rejur^ 
liS.in^  or  in  other  woid?,  of  the  cl)rijlian  fcheme^  that  men, 
though  finners,  may  now  pray  for  each  ather^  he  adt's,  that  *  an 
order  of  men  hath  been  appointed,  and  continued  through 
every  age,  and  in  every  country,  to  lervcin  this  important  matter 
tothc  welfare  of  minkind  ;'  and  he  farther  obfcrvcs  that,  *  whde 
the  great  Author  of  faUation  fittcth  in  heaven,  to  prefer  his  own 
ir.o(t  ctte<5tual  interpoial,  his  prle/ls  and  minifters  upon  earth 
hiTccommilTion  to  ufc  his  name  before  the  throne  oF  iiis  Father, 
fending  up  to  him  the  fpecial  and  particular  intcrceltions  which 
he  haih  promifed  to  render  fucceGfu!  and  cfRcacious.'  Now 
though  wc  have  the  trueft  refped  for  the  chriftian  miniftry,  if 
tiitfe  expreffions  imply  any  inherent  fand^ity  which  is  fuppofcd 
to  belong  merely  to  that  order,  or  any  fuperior  excellence  or  effi- 
cacy in  their  prayers  at>ove  thofe  of  any  other  good  men,  wc  can- 
not but  coniidtfr  it  as  a  fentiment  unworthy  of  a  chriftian,  and 
proteftant  divine,  and  utterly  unfupportcd  by  rcafon  or  chriftia- 
aaity. 

Toghre  our  readers  a  fuller  view  of  this  writer's  foheme,  it 
appears  ncccfliry  to  add  a  ihort  extraft  from  the  fixth  difcourfe, 
which  treats  o/tbe  change  the  firji  fair  underwent^  and fome further 
i^jequgncis  of  their  tranf^rejjion.     *  The  privileges,  he,  obferves, 
which  Adam  enjoyed    before   his  fall  were  certainly  not  in  re- 
ward of  his  obcdienre,  though  continued  to  him  upon  condinon 
•fit;  confequently  he  could  convey  to  hi^  chi'dren  no  higher 
title  to  them,  fuppofing  he  had  not  tranfgrcfled,  than  th>it  upon 
which  he  held  them  himfelf,  a  title  upon  a  covenant.    When  by 
kisfolly  that  covenant  was  broken,  his  title  toits  privilfgesceafcd 
of  courfe.     Children  toendlcfs  generations  may  be  at-.aiateci  by 
aforefiKber's  treafon,  and  the  prince  is  not  accountable  fo  i^ich- 
kolding  their  ancient  honours  from  tnem.     For    w^at  claim 
can  they  make  out  to  pofleftions  which  they  have  no  right  to  by 
inheritance,  or  fervice,  or  purchafe?  They  can  plc^d  r.d  merlto- 
ffiout  title  CO  honours,  which  were  at  firft  the  free  gif  tcf  the 
BTtnce,  and  which   were  moreover  forfeited   before  tbey  were 
Mni  i  nor  can  they  pretend  a  covenant  title  to  privileges  wiiNew 
Ckc  tcima  of  th9tcQv€naat  were  long  Ance  erafed,  and  txp\xi^%^<^> 


1 1 8        Hingefton'j  Difcourfes  upon  the  Divine  Covenaniu 

by  the  wilful  obftinacy  oiF  their  anceftors.-^And  furely  there 
will  need  no  further  confideration  to  prove  how  pitiable  our  na- 
tural upxovenanted  condition  is.  As  outlaws,  born  with  an 
attainder  from  our  parents  oSence ;  born  to  undergo  a  life  of 
^  forrow  and  corruption;  continually  aflaul ted  with  the  falfe  to* 
ticcments  of  the  world  ;  and  tormented  with  lufts,  and  fuffinr* 
ing  inceflant  vexation  from  the  goad  in  gs  of  confcieoce;  bereft 
of  »he  illumination  of  the  fun  of  the  moral  world  ;  the  good 
Sf  iric  of  God,  and  therefore  incapable  of  doing  or  tailing  good  i 
having  no  confcioufnefs  of  divine  favour,  no  aflurance  of 
divine  protection,  no  hope,  no  expedation  from  divine  promifes ; 
in(lru6ted  in  the  ways  of  virtue  by  the  declaration  of  God,  and 
convidlcd  of  their  reafonablenefs  from  their  apparent  and  mani- 
feil  iitnefs,  but  incapable  of  purfuing  them  ;  mifled,  and  drawn 
afide,  and  forced  out  of  the  way  through  the  variety  and 
ilrength  of  contrary  temptations  ;  having  to  combat  a  violent 
propenlity  towards,  and  increafing  defire  of,  forbidden  gratifica-^ 
tions  ;  and  difheartened  with  the  profpedl  of  having  all  the  toil  ' 
and  labour  of  virtue  rendered  vain  by  (inal  mortality  ;  fucb,  Co 
unbleffed,  is  the  natural  Hzic  of  the  human  race  I  Wretched  foni 
6f  Adam  !  whojhatl  deliver  you  from  the  body  of  this  death  ?* 

This  is  a  melancholy  pidure,  and  very  poffibly,  on  a  ferious 
review,  the  Author  himfelf  may  think  it  rather  too  highly  co-^ 
loured  J  every  perfon,  however,  has  a  right  to  judge  and  deter- 
mine for  himfelf  on  thefe  fubjeds,  as  fa£t  and  fcripture  may 
dired  him  :  and  we  apprehend  it  is  not  our  province  to  pro- 
nounce concerning  the  validity  of  the  above  account,  which  we 
have  tranfcribed,  in  order  to  afTill:  the  reader  in  forming  his 
judgment  of  Mr.  Hingcfton's  produdions. 

The  fubjeds  of  thofc  difcourfes  which  we  have  not  particu- 
larly mentioned  are,  The  feveral  grants  of  food  to  mankind  ; 
the  fentence  pronounced  upon  Eve  \  the  mortality  to  which 
the  race  of  mankind  was  made  fubjed  ;  the  nature  of  the  faith 
and  facrifice  of  Abeh^  the  corruptions  of  mankind  before  the; 
ficod. 

Two  of  the  difTertations  with  which  this  volume  is  concluded 
are,  on  the  ufc,  intent,  and  caufes  of  the  obfcurity  of  prophecy^ 
'i  here  are  alfo  two  more  on  Kxodus  xxxiv.  6,  7.  and  £zek« 
xviii;  we  have  another  on  the  origin  and  fandions  of  the  reli- 
gion of  nature ;  and  the  lail  treats  on  the  two  fundamental 
kwsof  the  religion  of  nature,  the  law  of  the  fabbath,  and  the 
law  of  marriage. 

We  fhall  conclude  this  article  with  a  ihort  extrad  from  the 
laft  differtation,  viz. 

*  The  obfcrvation  of  the  fabbath  (fays  our  Author)  is  founded 
upon  a  reafon  which  relates  tq  ail  mankind  :  and  by  the  divffioa 
of  days  into  fcvcn,  it  appears  that  aU  u'vbc^  v^^i^ow^t  ^^^^\nt- 


Pcters'j  Tf^nter  Rhkcs,  119 

d  with  It.— The  obvious  relation  of  this  inftitution  to  the  crca- 
tiooof  the  world  in  fix  days,  need  not  be  infiilcil  npon  :  It  has 
no  evident  reference  to  any  peculiar  of  the  ciiriUi.in,  mofaical, 
or  patriarchal  fyftems.     Uader  any  fuppofeaMe  fyltcni  of  a  reli- 
gion founded  on  the  belief  of  a  Creator  an  J  G«>vcrnor  or  the 
world,  there  would  be  an  undoubted  neccflity  of  it,  to  preiVrve 
diat  religion   pure  and  entire.     The  fame  GuJ  who  m  idc  la- 
bour neceflary  for  the  fubfiftence  of  manicir.J,  n;*  /ht  h:ivc  mido 
continual  unremitted  labour  nccciTary.     l^ut  he  hris    ;b  r>r«icrcd 
the  frame  and  oeconomy  of  the  world,  that,  lik.j  his  m.ijin.i  in 
the  wiJdernefs,  he  giveth  hi  fix  days  fuffirient  to  rupi)!y  aiJ  the 
oeceflities  of  feven;  leaving  to  men  that  fcventh  ponion  of  ih  .ir 
lime  to  reft  and  rejoice  in.     They  may  pervert  tljis  gracious 
purpofe ;  obeying  the  calls  of  their  ambition,  their  av;tiicc,  or 
their  pleafures,  may  toil  on  the  feventh  alfo :  or  tl^t^y  may  he 
fedull,  and  incapable  of  the  generous  pleafure  of  rejoicing  in 
the  Lord,  as  to  account  thankfgiving  a  toil,  and  devotion  a 
labour.     But  God  meant  it  otherwifc  ;  and  the  go-^d  an  J  the 
grateful  feel  the  joy  of  relaxation  from  the  woild,  and  commu- 
nion with  the  fource  of  bleflednefs.* 

The  learned  Author  concludes  this  DifTertation  with  a  num« 
ber  of  juft  and  fenfible  obfervations  on  the  Law  of  Majriage,  on 
Polygamy,  and  on  the  Prafticc  of  Divorces ;  which  laft,  being 
at  tnis  time  a  faihionable  fubjedl,  may  pollibly  excite  peculiar 
attention. 


Art.  VI L  ff^inter  Riches  ;  er^  a  Mifcellany  of  Rudiment s^  DircSliijiSy 
emd  Qh/eriiotions^  necejliry  for  the  laborious  Farmer  ;  on  a  f:env  v*- 
gttable  Syjltm  of  Agriculture^  on  Principles  of  Fail  and  Dem^nff  ration  ; 
txibereby  Eafe  and  Profit  may  be  obtained ^  and  the  i-jiUifig  Fanner  be^ 
€6me  an  Hufbandinan,  By  Matthew  Peters,  Member  ot'  the  Dublin 
Scx:iety  for  the  Encouragement  of  Hafbandry  and  other  ufcful 
Arcs,  and  Author  of  "  The  Rational  Farmer."  8vo.  3  s.  6  d. 
fcwed.     Flcxocy.     1771. 

K  S  utility  and  experimental  improvement  arc,  or  ought  to  b?, 
Xx,  the  great  ends  which  agricultural  writers  have  iu  vic.v,  wc 
^ali,  without  farther /r^/i^f^,  ox  fcrm,  proceed  dircclly  to  the  ma:- 
Ur  contained  in  the  ircatife  now  before  us. 

In  chap.  I.  fed.  i,  Mr.  Peters  prefers  the  Norfolk  turnip,  and  the 
red  and  white  tankard  turnip,  cultivated  in  the  callern  am!  n>iLiuin 
.  parts  of  Eagland,  to  the  common  red  and  green  turnips,  cultivated 
chiefly  in  the  fouthern  and  wefiern  parts,  for  three  rcxifons,  viz.  that 
they  arc  cleaner  food  for  cattle,  of  a  clofer  texture,  and  riner  grain, 
as  ;!rowing  much  out  of  the  ground. 

lie  advifes,  as  fome  writers  have  lately  done,  to  fow  onc-nfth  of 
raddiih  feed  with  that  of  the  turnip,  to  prcfervc  the  plants  from  the 
fly.  He  recommends  that  turnips,  for  winter  K'cd,  llia.l  be  fowcd  in 
the  jniddJe  of  June,  the  beginning' of  3uly>  ar»d  tiie  Vic^'.iix^xtv^  csl 

J  4  .\:.^vk'ftL^ 


xao  Peters *j  TUntn  RicJhs*' 

Angaft,  and  rolled  (to  dcftroy  the  fly)  and  hoed  twicr.  He  tdvi(«s 
alio  to  fow  on  fallows,  for  fummer  feed,  from  the  end  of  April  ta 
the  middle  of  May,  and  not  to  hoe  them  ;  and  he  reckons  that 
thev  will  come  into  feed  in  the  beginning  of  July. 

He  tightly  advifes  never  to  feed  turnips  on  wet  ground*  nor  to* 
pen  (heep  upon  it,  or  in  wet  weather;  and  obferves,  that  turnip» 
eaten  on  dry  poor  land^  efpccially  if  fcarified«  will  greatly  improve 
it.  He  eflimates  that  a  Iheep,  weighing  20  lb.  per  quarter,  will  eat 
20  lb.  of  turnips  in  24  hour;-,  and  therefore  a  man,  by  weighing  a 
perch,  may  know  how  to  proportion  his  crpp. 

He  obferves,  that  Mr.  Wynne  Baker  is  the  firfl  who  has  attempted 
to  calculate  the  quantity  of  turnips  proper  for  difFcrent  fpecics  of 
horned  cattle  ;  and  adds,  on  this  curious  fubjc6t,  that  the  bead  eat?, 
in  24  hours,  about  561b.  for  every  cwt.  of  beef  which  he  carries; 
and  that  his  (lore  cattle,  cows,  and  plough  oxen,  have  72  lb.  of 
turnips,  cxclufive  of  ftraw.  He  aflerts  alfo,  on  the  fame  and  other 
authority,  that  turnips  give  no  difagreeable  talle  to  milk,  cream,  or 
butter,  although  others  aii'ert  the  contrary  ;  and  if  fatting  bealls  have>. 
7  lb.  of  hay  per  day,  they  cat  no  fewer  turnips.  He  alfo  notes* 
what  is  a  matter  of  no  faiall  confequence,  that  in  HampGiire,  borfes 
are  kept  all  winter  with  turnips,  and  a  link  boy,  without  pats.  He 
obferves,  too,  that  Mr.  Young  is  the  only  aiTcrter  that  turnips  do  not 
agree  well  with  hogs. 

He  advifes  the  farmer  of  llrong  heavy  land  to  throw  it  "into  alter- 
nate ridges  of  four  and  two  feet,  with  one  and  three  rows  of  turnips  ; 
and  calculates  that  an  acre,  thus  fown,  will  produce  above  77  tons, 
and  maintain  100  fheep  above  three  months.  He  afiirms  that  rape 
or  coUf  thus  fown,  will  produce  a  v(^qight  equal  to  thsfe  turnips,  and 
has  often  produced  above  loo  tons.     This  is  a  noble  (lore  indeed  ! 

Chap.  II.  feft.  I,  Mr.  Peters  gives  an  account  of  Mr*  Wynne  Ba- 
ker's culture  of  the  turnip-rooted  cabbage,  and  thinks  its  produce 
fomewhat  above  i  <;  tons  to  the  Englifh  acre,  five  times  lefs  than  what 
might  be  produced  by  an  acre,  and  that  Mr.  Baker  is  too  fanguine 
a  cultivator  of  this  plant,  which  (according  to  Mr.  Peters)  is  a  great 
robber  of  the  foil.  We  have  cultivated  this  plant,  bat  cannot  joia 
with  Mr»  Peters. 

In  fedl  2,  Mr.  Peters  condemns  Reynolds*s  turnip  cabbage  as  a 
dirty  root,  and  a  great  robber.  We  have  tried  this  plant,  bat  not 
long  enough  to  determine  its  worth. 

He  recommends  to  fow  in  Auguft,  and  prick  out  in  September^ 
the  large  I>utch  cabbage  and  Siberian  bore  cole,  or  Scotch  kale, 
and  in  March  to  plant  them  in  alternate  rows,  diHant  three  feer» 
and  dunged,  and  to  horfe-hoe  them  in  May  or  June.  He  avers,  on 
Mr.  W.  Baker's  authority,  that  two  acres,  thus  planted,  will  pro«^ 
duce  48  tons,  tec,  (each  cabbage  weighing  15  lb.)  and  maintain  five 
bullocks  four  months,  at  170  lb.  weight  each  every  day.  He  af- 
firms that  the  kale  will  throw  out  fprouts  equal  to  the  Dutch  cab- 
bage. But  experiments  feem  to  evince  that  the  uue  dofe  Scotch 
'    cabbage  is  much  fuperior  to  this  Scotch  kale. 

He  juftlv  decries  two  methods  of  wintering  fallowing,  viz.  laying 
the  ground  level,  and  ridging  fo  as  only  to  plough  half  the  land, 
and  recommends  ^  thorough  ploughing^  and  a  thorough  ridging  in 

botb 


Peters V  JVinter  Riches.  t2f 

both  winter  fallowings,  to  expofe  as  much  Turface  as  poflible  to  fun, 
nin,  uindt  frod,  &c. 

He  rcccm mends,  what  we  entirely  agree  with  him  in,  the  layiti^; 
his  horned  cattle  dry  ;  and  he  extends  the  advice  to  (heep  and  hogs. 
He  recommends  rearing  the  latter  on  clover,  an  acre  of  which, 
he  fays,  will  keep  three  fows  and  twenty-four  pigs  fix  months.  He 
^recommends  for  the  winter  feed  of  this  lall  animal,  carrots,  parfnips, 
.potatoes,  Jerufalem  artichokes,  turnips  and  cabbages  of  all  forts; 
aiui  affirms  that  an  acre  will  produce  above  17  t^ns  of  carrots. 

He  malxcs  the  produA  of  one  acre  of  jerufalem  artichokes 
70ortfo  tons;  and  in  the  9th  he  fhews,  that  feven  acre^,  in  the 
above  cnlturcf,  will  yield  396  tons  of  roots,  which  will  keep  100 
fwine  fix  months,  allowing  each  head  ^^Ib.  daily,  at  an  advance 
of  raloe  from  109.  to  1^  s.  efpecially  if  they  are  boiled  with^^u^tf 
liog  wa(h ;  for  he  advifes  the  fnmmer  waih  to  be  thsown  on  the 
draj^hilL 

For  faorfes,  he  wafhes,  cuts,  and  grinds  the  artichokes  in  an  apple 
xniil,  and  gives  each  H  lb.  with  two  ounces  of  common  fait,  and  one 
pint  of  bock  wheat  meal,  thrice  daily,  with  a  bite  of  hay.  He  thea 
produces  a  c:Jci:]ation,  by  which  he  ihews  that,  in  keeping  10  horfi» 
161  days,  above  24  I.  are  faved  by  keeping  them  with  carrots,  &c« 
rather  than  oats.  But  this  calculation  (eems  unfair.  The  expenccs^ 
however,  of  keeping  an  horfc  tolerably  with  oats,  is  here  ihewn  to 
be  very  great,  even  to  the  amount  of  22  or  25  quarters*  A  national 
objcft,  furely,  for  redudion  ! 

In  ehap.  HI.  fe£>.  1,  Mr.  Peters  recommends,  per  acre,  the  fow- 
iigof  two  bu(he!s  two  pecks,  or  three  bu(hels  of  buck-wheat,  ia 
March  or  April,  to  be  plowed  in,  and  two  bufhels  for  feed-crop.  He 
calls  Mr.  Young  uncandid,  for  not  feeding  lot  3  *  of  hogs  with  huok- 
^htSLimiaiinttesLdof*wMe;^raiff,  and  prefumes  it  would  have  ex- 
•  ceded  carrots.  We  leave  Mr.  Y.  to  anfwer  this  charge.  Indeed, 
Mr.  Peters  appears  to/hier  at  Mr.  Y.'s  account  of  rearing  and  fat- 
temng  pigs^  when  he  calls  it  famous ;  for  he  charges  Mr.  Y.  with  a 
chain  of  1  ^  experiments,  without  conduiions ;  and  aflirms,  that  no 
attempt  to  fatten  pigs  with  carrots  alone  (hould  be  made. 

Mr.  Peters  afferts,  that  by  five  ploughings,  after  wheat  for  barley, 
fereo  quarters  ioftead  of  three  or  four  are  obtained.  We  agree 
with  him  that  one  man  and  two  horfes  will  often  do  as  much  in  bar- 
ley tilth  as  one  man,  one  boy,  and  four  horfes  ufually  do.  He  ad- 
viiet  never  to  fow  later  than  March,  and  thinks  that  barley  fown  la 
Odober  may  do  well,  and  will  ripen  fooner. 

He  recommends  vetches,  or  tares,  to  be  fown  in  Oflober,  with 
rye  for  foiling  in  May ;  and  the  Author  affirms  them  to  be  equal  to 
lucerne  for  one  cutting  for  cows. 

Sed.  6  enumerates  th^  feveral  kinds  of  wheat ;  and  having  ob* 
fenred  that  cuHom  is  the  chief  guide  for  the  time  of  fowing,  Nlr.  ?« 
maintains  that  a  thin  fowing  in  September  will  produce  more  than  a 
thick  one  in  December ;  a^d  he  adds,  that  early  fowing,  roots  the  crop 
veil  in  light  lands,  and  forwards  its  ripening  in  heavy  ones*     He  is 

^  See  Mr.  Young's  Eflay  on  the  Maoagement  of  Hogs* 


122  Peters 'i  JFinicr  Richa. 

an  •ncmy  to  thick  fowing,  but  rationa]]/  fows  in  the  ittverfi  rafUtS 
goodnefs  of  foil.  In  fupport  of  thin  fowingy  Mr.  Peters  refers  to  an 
experiment  of  Mr.  Baker's,  where  wheat,  on  rye  land,  g^ve  an  in- 
creafe  of  above  9^0  fold.  He  thinlu  that  Icfs  than  one  buihel,  if  half 
W  deilroycd  by  birda,  mzy  yield  above  ^o  budaels  ;  and  recommends 
fjwing  under  furrow^,  as  lutlc  will  be  loi):  by  birds,  and  calculates  the 
i^ving.  He  adviles  10  prepare  for  wheat,  by  fowi*ig  in  September 
rye  and  black  oats,  or  barley,  feeding  oiF  tliii  crop,  or  ploaghing 
k  in,  and  repeating  another  vegeuble  crop  in  Auguil.  He  coo* 
eludes  this  important  fc^tii^  by  a  quotation  from  Camillo  Tarello* 
to  prove  that  the  hufbandman  is  the  only  caufe  that  wheat  yields  not 
30  fold.    But  his  rcafons  fccm  not  conclufive. 

The  Author  begiiis  f^^.  i,  of  chap.  IV.  with  quotations  from  M. 
Chatcauvicux,  to  prove  the  efficacy  cf  repeated  plooghings,  and  of 
Hubble  ploughed  in  ;  and  thence'enforces  the  excellence  of  his  owa 
fyftem  of  green  vegetable  manures,  which  he  calls  the  medium  be- 
twixt the  diir.glnll  and  drill  awriciihure ;  and  he  is  very  fevcre  on 
the  drillers.  He  quotes  I.J.  Bilbc;:3['s  Occonomy  of  Natarc  for  a 
proof  of  the  rationality  of  nis  vcj;ccable  lyllem,  and  conliruas  it  by 
the  theories  of  the  famoas  Carthaginian  Mago,  and  of  Vir;ril ;  alfo  of 
the  Fieuaings,  who  begun  to  plough-in  living  crops,  -.a  the  opening 
of  the  i7lh  century. 

He  quotes  Duhamel  againU  laying  dung  to  hot  lan3,  and  refers  to 
Pliny  as  fhewing  that  wc  arc  below  the  Uandard  of  the  Romans  in 
the  knowlecije  of  marie  in  this  iiland.  Indeed  it  is,  according  to 
them,  a  p?.n:icea,  cooling  hot  land,  warming  cold  land»  and  Eliiog 
the  vacuities  in  fandy  land. 

Mr.  Peters  gives  fo  advantageous  an  idea  of  fpu'ry,  cultivated  by 
the  Flemings  and  Hollanders  on  their  poored  fand,  as  to  make  the 
Reader  glad  to  know  that  it  (hould  be  (own  12  lb.  to  the  acre,  at. 
two  feafons,  viz.  April  or  May,  and  November  or  December. 

He  recommends,  on  the  experience  of  tJie  Flemings,  to  (bw  the 
Frencli  honcyracklc  in  March,  and  feed  it  in  July  and  Auguft,  and 
from  May  the  next  year,  then  plough  it  down  in  June,  and  leave 
it  to  rot  till  near  tlic  fcafon  of  fowing  wheat. 

In  fc^.  I,  of  chap.  V.  he  propofes  to  give  an  analyfis  of  the 
change  of  green  vegetables  (turnips,  buck-wheat,  cole,  tares  aud 
peas)  into  putrefied  m.anure$,  and  their  powers. 

\\z  confirms  his  fyllem  by  tiic  approved  practice  of  ploughing-in 
clover,  and  obllrvo,  that  any  thick  crop  enriches  the  earth,  even 
whilit  it  flands,  by  caufir.g  the  air  about  the  furface  to  corrupt  and 
excite  a  fermentation,  alfo  by  the  plants  imbibing  the  air,  and  other 
nourilhmcnt  ::t  \\s  loavtfj. 

His  account  of  the  change  is,  that  *  tender,  green,  fucculcnt  ve- 
getables, acid  or  alkaline,  preilVJ  in  an  heap,  contract  heat,  gra- 
dually, and  acquire  a  putrid,  Itercoraccous, cadaverous  talie  and  odour, 
and  turn  to  a  fuf:,  pappy  mafs,  refembiing  human  excremeot  in 
odour,  putrefied  lleih  in  i-ilie.'  Hence  may  be  obtained,  by  diiUlla- 
tion,  ftnl,  ai'.iri.al  f^iiis ;  fcconGly,  volatile,  alkaline,  oily  falts; 
thirdly,  volatile,  thick,  fcstid  oil.  In  ihort,  *  putrefadtioo  cfTecls  a 
change  in  ve^ctublcj  neariy  the  lame  as  their  pafiing  through  a  found 

animal 


Pcters*j  lyinier  Riches.  iij 

taiinal  does.  LoTs  of  the  oil  in  the  plant  paillng  through  the  animal, 
b  proportioned  to  the  nourilhment  given/ — This  is  certainly  a  very 
iageuoas  defence  of  vegetable  manures  as  fuperior  to  dungs. 

In  fed.  2,  Mr.  Peters  dates  the  arguments  of  the  oppofite  parti- 
tans  on  the  queftion,  *  Is  the  food  of  plants  one  or  various  ?'  and 
^dares  for  the  former;  as  we  do.  Manuring  and  fallowing  reple- 
ufii  the  land  with  neutral  falts,  and  nitrous  particles  from  the  air, 
wlucht  joining  the  acids  of  the  earth,  caufe  new  fermentation,  and 
;   ^QS  produce  new  food. 

The  3d  fedion  is  delUned  to  a  comparifon  of  the  vegetable  fyflem 
with  drill  hnfbandry.  The  Writer  had  before  obferved,  that  the 
litter  fyftem  breaks  the  harmony  of  giving  to  and  receiving  from  th» 
orth,  as  it  reftores  nothing  bnt  flubLle. 

Seed  in  vegetable  fyftem  broadcail  of  wheat     —        62  lb* 
Produd     —        —        —        —        —        —    3267 

Neat  prodady  firft  year,  —        —        ~     3205 

Barley,  fecond  year,  neat  product,         —        —     16025 
Vegetable  crops,  third  year  equal  10     —        — 


Next  three  years,  ditto. 
Next  three  years,  ditto. 
Wheat,  tenth  year,         -* 


Total  produce  of  ten  years,        —        —        —  ^243 5  lb. 

Seed  in  drill  hofbandry,  —        —        ~        62lbw 

Produft,  ■ —        —        —        — I        .^     1408 

Notprodud,       —        —        —        — .        _     ,^46 

10 

13460  ib. 

Balance  in  &Your  of  vegetable  fyilem,  —      8975  ^^* 

f  i*  upwards  of  40  bufliels  per  year,  equal  to  3500 1.  at  10 1.  per 
load  on  100  acres,  for  10  years. 

Sttch  is  the  refult  of  Mr.  Peters'  comparifon.  He  allows  only 
^2  lb.  of  feed  in  the  drill  hufbandry,  produd  22  bu(hels,  although 
Mr.  Young  "makes  it  80  lb.  feed,  and  produd  only  16  buihels;  in 
Yorkfliire. 

Mr.  Peters  obfcrves,  that  the  odorifa-cus  oil  is  the  prefiding  /pirit  of 
plaotSy  and  therefore  only  the  aqueous  port  fhoold  be  exuded  from 
phots,  and  hay  l^hthr  dried,  and  (lacked  while  the  oil  continues, 
and  cat  while  in  bl6fllom.  Hence  biick-v/heat  fliould  be  cut  while 
hi  bloflbm,  and  herbs  decoftcd  Ihculd  not  be  boiled  too  long. 

In  fefl.  I,  chap.  VI.  Mr.  Peters  enumerates  empty  ears^  parched ot 
PrivtUid tortiy  alwrtiifi  or  rickety,  /mulled  ones,  and  afcribes  ^V  xViefc 
tofa/^  to  bad  fojj  ;md  had  cillage.    In  this  indifcrim'malc  «ytcouwt 


124  Peters V  fFinUr  Riches. 

we  cannot  acquiefcc ;  but  our  necefTary  brevity  allows  jis  not  to  be 
particular.  * 

He  recounts,  from  ancients  as  well  as  modems,  many  fteeps,  cfpe- 
cially  brines  and  lixiviums.  and  thinks  their  chief  virtue  to  be 
that  of  forwarding  vegetation  ;  in  which  we  a^rce  with  him.  He 
would,  however,  have  thefe  deeps  applied  to  barley  and  oats  as  well 
as  wheat. 

In  fed.  2,  Mr.  Peters  recommends  four  ploughs ;  viz.  firft,  the 
Norfolk  wheel-plough,  for  its  (hortnefs  and  ftreogth,  with  which  a 
man  and  two  horfes  do  from  one  to  two  acres  per  day ;  (econdly, 
the/NR/rjr,  rotberam^  or  patent  plough,  which  docs  well  v\ith  a  man 
and  two  horfes,  and  is  called  alfo  the  Surry  plough,  introduced  bv 
Mr.  C.  Baldwin,  and  made  at  Clapham  for  2 1.  lOs.  but  may  be 
made  for  1  1.  ics.  •  ;  thirdly,  the  tijo  rung  Kentijb  plough,  withont* 
mould -board,  to  pulverife  couchy  fallow  ;  and,  fourthly,  thebroad- 
call  fowing  plough  for  one  horfc,  which  does  one  acre  and  a  half  in 
common  hours. 

Mr.  Peters  is  fo  fanguine  an  advocate  for  thefe  ploughs,  that  he 
thinks  half  the  rent  of  the  farm  may  be  favcd  by  them.  Indeed, 
when  a  farmer  comes  to  reduce  half  his  draught  horfes,  his  favings 
muft  be  great. 

He  clofcs  this  feftion  by  exprcfling  his  furprize  that  oxen,  two  of 
which  do  an  acre  per  day  in  fome  parts  of  Efiex,  are  not  more  ofed. 
We  join  with  him. 

He  well  explains,  from  various  authors,  how  lime  and  marie  pro- 
mote tillage,  viz.  not  only  as  ilimuli,  but  as  fertilizers,  by  bring- 
ing falts,  which,  joining  with  acids  in  the  canh,  become  the  food 
of  plants  ;  and  juilly  explodes  the  farmers  who  indifcriminately  de- 
cry iime  as  a  manure.  He  obferves,  from  Dr.  Home,  that  Ihell 
marie  is  moft  powerful,  as  it  contains  oil. 

Mr.  Peters  execrates  the  farmer  who  feeds  down  his  wheat  by 
(heep  in  fpring,  on  the  principle  that  perfpiration  is  necefiary  to 
plants,  and  that  leaves  are  the  organs  of  it.  But  we  may  obferve, 
that  the  leaves  eat  down  by  (heep  early  in  fpring,  arc  what  would 
ceruinly  decay,  that  a  fucceffion  comes  quickly,  that  it  is  not  cer- 
tain that  the  perfpiration  by  the  old  leaves  is  always  neceifary^  that 
thefe  give  good  food,  and  that  the  dung  and  treading  certainly  im- 
prove the  crop.  Hence  it  is  not  with  us  a  cle.ir  cafe  that  feeding 
down  wheat  is  always  a  pernicious  cuilom.  Experiments  mull  de-' 
termine  this  important  point. 

In  fed.  I,  chap.'VXI.  Mr.  Peters  colle6b  feveral  methods  of  re- 
lieving cattle  btwen  by  eating  of  clover  (efpecially  when  wet}  lioth 
from,  the  Mufxum  Ruflicum  and  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Agriculture  at  Tours,  which  (hew  that  this  diilemper  may  be  cured 
by  the  well  known  incifion  in  the  fide,  and  that  a  clyfier  is  ufcfnl; 
alfo  that  a  quart  of  new  warm  milk  often  proves  a  cure ;  and  that 
ft  quill  iaferted  in  the  incifion,  renders  the  repetition  of  it  unne* 
ceflary. 

f  What  a  difference  I 


Peters V  Winter  Riches.  1 25 

In  fcft.  2,  Mr.  Peters  defcribes  three  kinds  of  worms  pernicions  to 
torn,  viz.  "firll,  the  red  or  che/nut  worm,  about  three-fourths  of  an 
loch  lon;» ;  fecondly,  the  large,  white,  fofc  rook-worm,  which  be- 
comes the  tlack  or  dung  beetle-;  and,  thirdly,  the  fmall  white  mag- 
got, fmailer  than  the  fcrfl.  He  relates  an  Irifti  farmer's  deftroying 
ail  thefe  forts  in  furze  lands,  by  four  bufhels  of  fait  to  an  acre,  and 
improving  the  fertility  of  his  grounds ;  alfo  Mr.  Wynne  Baker's  ex- 
periments ofdellroying  the  red  worms  by  lime,  fait,  and  foot,  ef- 
pccially  the  two  lail. 

He  clofes  this  fedion  by  an  account  of  a  rich  manure  prefcribed 
by  the  jullly  famous  Glauber,  viz.  compofed  of  4  cwt.  of  Jime  and 
1  cwt.  of  common  fait,   mixed  and  calcined,  which  will  only  colt 
•  12  s.  6  d.  and  fufiice  for  one  acre. 

In  lect.  3,  he  falls  upon  Mr.  Young,  in  a  violent  manner,  for 
tflerting  that  •*  without  much  cattle  cannot  be  much  corn." 

Wc  acknowledge  great  merit  in  the  'vegetable  J^flem^  and  beKeve 
-that  there  are  hot  foils  for  which  dung,  not  well  putrified,  may  be 
improper ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  wc  are  convinced  that  the  dung- 
hill may  generally  be  well  employed  in  tillage,  and  we  wifh  to  fee 
'Mr.  Peters  and  his  friends  unite  with  Mr.  Young  and  his  friends,  the 
colleflors  of  dung  from  cattle,  without  purfuing  exclufive  interefts., 

Mr.  Peters,  in  this  fe^tion,  exprcf&ly  entitled,  "  On  Mr.  Young's 
Haibandry,"  avers  that  his  farmer  need  not  be  at  half  the  expence 
which  Mr.  Young's  pupil  is  generally  at.  If  Mr.  Peters  can  always 
effcft  Mr.  Young's  crops  with  half  the  expence,  the  world  is  indeed 
noch  obliged  to  him.  However,  he  fhonld  not  fuppofe  Mr.  Young's 
ideas  (b  narrow,  that  he  knows  no  ufe  for  dung  except  in  tillage. 
He  has  (hewn,  in  various  wo^ks,  that  he  knows  well  its  ufe  on 
'paftures  t  • 

Mr.  Young,  wc  dare  fay,  will  agree  with  Mr.  Peters  that  the  true 
principles  of  farming  are,  firil,  to  low  corn  judicioufly  in  due  Tea- 
ICD ;  fecondly,  to  manure  land  with  vegetables ;  thirdly,  to  keep 
laod  clean  and  rich ;  and,«fourchly,  to  reduce  exptiijive  horfes  and 
idU  Jirvants,  Mr.  Young  has  aimed  at  the  execution  of  all  thefe 
principles  in  fe\eral  works,  efpecially  his  Tours  ;  but  he  adds  others* 
Mr.  Peters  lays  down  the  quantities  of  various  crops  which  Mr. 
Young  deems  fufficient,  and  only  fufficient,  for  the  maintenance  of 
certain  numbers  of  various  cattle,  and  calls  them  *  vague  aflerrrons/ 
(p.  168)  and  particularly  aiTerts,  that  40  acres  of  turnips  Ihould 
niiotain  nearly  ^00  fneep  through  winter,  without  20  acres  of  bur- 
aet,  which  Mr.  Young  adds. 

\Ve  mull  leave  that  gentleman  to  fettle  thofe  quantities  with  Mr. 
.Peters,  and  can  only  add,  that  we  did  doc  expert  from  Mr.  Peters 
I0  angentlcmanlike  an  expreffion  as  thw,  viz.  •  he  [Mr.  Young] 
icems  quite  ignorant  of  the  foundation  and  principles  of  that  fcience' 
[Agriculture.]  We  only  wi(hMr.  Young  to  learn,  from  hence,  how 
very  eafy  it  is  to  make  quite  an  ignorant  of  the  man  who  does  not 
chiok  entirely  as  we  do,  and  how  little  honour  fuch  indifcrlminate 
cenfure  does  to  its  Authors. 

f  Mr.  Young  has  done  as  much  or  more  than  any  modern  writer 
■0  explode  wafiefui  fallows,  Mr.  Paten's  great  objcfiU 


126  PctcrsV  Winter  Richs* 

Ouf  AiUbor  controverts  another  declaration  of  Mr.  Young*Sy  vi2* 
that '  two  mowings  of  clover  do  more  good  to  the  ground  than  feeding 
it  off  with  cattle  ;'  and  thinks  he  (hould  have  explained  fb  iingolar 
an  opinion*  Whether  this  opinion  be  right  or  not,  muft.  we  appre^ 
hendy  be  determined  by  experiments  ;  but  Mr.  Young  has  certainly 
explained  his  opinion,  viz.  that  *'  the  fermentation  created  in  the 
earthy  by  two  thick  crops,  contributes  more  to  prepare  the  foil  for 
wheat,  than  the  dung  of  cattle,  which  muft  be  tbialj  (pread»  and 
therefore  cannot  raifc  much  fermentation." 

Mr.  Peters  declares  that  Mr.  Baldwin  of  Clapham  is  ^convert  (X» 
the  broadcailing  of  lucerne^  and  makes  above  16  tons  (value  i81.) 
of  an  acre:  and,  in  fc^.  5,  affirms,  that  fiinty  unprofitable  ground* 
by  fainfoin,  yields  from  5  1.  to  6 1.  per  acre :  and,  in  fe£t.  6,  h& 
obferves,  that  fuch  lands,  about  Dunllable  in  Bedfordfhire,  would 
anfwer  nobly  under  fainfoin,  which  now  produce  little,  although 
dearly  manured  with  woollen  rags :  and,  in  fedt.  7,  he  notes  the 
Spaniards  giving  fait  to  fhccp,  and  its  ufe  in  hay  for  oxen  or  horfet. 
in  fed.  1,  of  chap.  VDI.  Mr.  Peters  laughs  at  Mr.  Young  for  re- 
commending burnet  as  a  late  fpring  food  for  fhcep,  and  refers  to  his 
own  provifions  in  the  beginning  of  this  work.  He  alfo  ridicnlei 
Mr.  Rigal  of  Heidelberg,  Tor  giving  burnet  to  his  goat ;  and  affirois 
(he  would  have  thanked  him  for  a  beilyfui  of  good  grafs. 

He  recommends  the  method  of  dipping  a  turkey  chick  as  foon  ^M 
hatched  in  cold  water,  and  forcing  it  to  fwallow  a  pepper-corn. 
Thefe  prefcriptions  our  Englifh  houfe wives  have  long  known :  oor 
are  they  ignorant  of  the  method  of  relieving  them  in  mature  age, 
by  drawing  three  or  four  bloody  feathers  at  their  rumps :  nor  are 
they  (bangers  to  the  feeding  yoimg  chicks  with  eggs  herd  boiled. 
We  know  not,  indeed,  that  they  arc  acquainted  wiih  feeding  them 
with  oatmeal  and  treacle. 

In  fe£i.  4,  Mr.  Peters  (hews,  from  the  premiums  of  the  Dublin  So- 
ciety, that  1 6  lb.  of  wheat,  fown  on  a  plantation  acre,  has  produced 
124,  137,  nay,  195  fold. 

On  mention  o\  the  Dublin  Society  he  obferves,  that  France  has  13 
principal  Societies  for  Agriculture,  and  19  co-operating  ones;  that 
in  Sweden  and  the  German  Univerfities,  the  art  of  agriculture  is 
taught  as  a  fcience,  and  an  academy  for  it  is  cHabliflicd  in  Tufcany. 

In  fed.  5,  Mr.  Peters  cop.iiders  an  acre  of  land  as  Debtor  and  Cre- 
ditor, and  produces  a  proiit  of  4I.  12s.  3d.  Sec,  for  one  year,  Qf 
profit  on  100  acres  for  one  year  461 1.  95.  9d.  or  for  ten  years 
4614 1.  17  s.  lod.  'a  very  refpeclabie  fum,'  as  he  calls  it ;  but  then 
he  adds,  '  It  is  not  what  land  aoes,  but  what  land  may  be  brought  to 
to  do.'     But  how  (hall  we  i:now  v.  hat  it  may  do,  if  it  does  it  not  \ 

Tlie  lail  fedion  difplays  the  inconvenience  of  thick  fowing  of 
wheat,  from  its  lodging  in  A.  D.  1770. 

in  his  Addenda^  Mr.  Peters  has  mafiy  ufeful  hints  on  fea-tjuater^  as 
yielding  different  quantities  of  fait  in  difibrcnt  places;  on  change'^ 
Jud^  from  foils  oppofite  to  that  on  which  it  is  to  be  foivn ;  oh 
choofiug  feed  {\A\^  thin-coated,  uninfeded  with  fmut,  weeds,  i^c, ;  on 
the  ulefulnefspfyi?r«r;/Jtfpijr,  viz.  a  diary,  a  ficU  ^^A  I'Ct.r.,  a  llQck- 
book,  a  book  of  debtor  and  creditor  tor  e.u  !■  r!  :  ,  :i,m  i  l-.t'ger;  on 
the  hcceffity  oi/cwwi  wheat  early,  bjih  i-^  '.  ..:  .1  ";  crj  ,;rcaad^(a5yl 

'  hcr« 


Bulklcy'j  DJficurfts  on  the  Parables.    Vols.  III.  IV.     iij 

hat  he  advifes  a  penal  law  againd  fowing  after  November  30) ;  on 

tables  of  the  number  of  grains  of  dil}'ereut  kinds  in  an  ounce,  and 

plants  on  an  acre,  at  various  diflances,  in  order  to  calculate  the 

qnantity  of  feed  ;  on  ivilJ  oats,  which  he  rightly  fuppofes  to  be  feedi 

ortginnlly  created  and  mixed  with  the  earth,  and  brought  to  vc{;e» 

tare  after  long  ploughing  \- ;  on  the  expsnccs  and  hfs  ofland  in  .fmall 

incloiures  ;  on  an  itaprovement  of  a  circular  coulter  to  prevent  the 

wheat  Uubble  from  gathering  ;  on  a  fwelling  near  the  udder  ofnewlf 

hmb*d  ewes  ;  on  j'tcit  (a  kind  of  corn  betwixt  wheat  and  barley ;) 

on  the  value  of  a  rye  cnp  on  many  lands  nearly  that  of  wheat  per 

buihcl  I ;  and  on  correal ng  the  hmax  plough.     He  concludes  thefc 

Addtnda  by  a  declaration  that  he  propofcs  to  lay  before  the  public 

the  caufe  of  the  high  price  of  proviiions ;  and,  in  a  Pollfcript,  he  de- 

fcribes  a  ftilht  and  cannula,  which  he  recommends  to  be  ufed  in  the 

relief  of  hoven  cattle:    but  we  regard  the  Complete  Farmtr*%  remedf 

for  this  diftetnper,  viz.  raking,  as  fuperior  to  all  others. 

With  refpeA  to  onr  Anthor*s  language,  it  is  too  fanciful,  and  fa- 
VQors  too  much  of  x\ic  hombaft,  efpccialiy  for  works  of  this  kind  j; 
which  require  a  plain,  manly  llyle,  fuitabic  to  the  gravity  and  im-  ' 
portaoce  of  narrative  fubjccls.  There  is,  indeed,  an  appearance  of 
CQQceitednefs  in  Mr.  P.'s  manner,  which  many  Readers  may  coniider 
asiDdicatiog  a  want  of  jui'gment.  We  do  not,  however,  abfolately, 
pronoucce  10  fcverc  a  fesuence  on  our  Author,  who  has  judicioufly 
colleded  a  variety  of  afeful  obfervations  from  other  Writers,  an4 
sdded  fome  good  ones  of  his  own. 

AlT.  VIII.  Difccurfes  9a  the  Parabkj  cfonr  blfjjid  Sa^viouramii  the'Mi^ 
rmcletff  bis  My  Go/piL  With  GC€(4jii.nal  llibj}riitir.7is,  ^y  Charlci 
Bttlkley.     Vols.  III.  iV.     8vo.     jcs.     Horof.cid,  iVc.     1771. 

IN  thcfe  two  volumes  ♦  ihis  Author's  prefrnt  defign  is  com- 
pleted. The  contents  of  the  third  volume  arc,  FheMar- 
-ritge  in  Carta  \  the  Buyers  and  Sellers  in  the  l^cmpie ;  the  good 
-Centurion  ;  the  miraculous  Cure  of  a  Leper  ;  the  miraculous 
Draught  of  Fifhes  ;  the  Storm  rebuked ;  the  Demoniacs  ;  the 
-Cure  of  the  Paralytic  ;  the  miraculous  Incrcafc  of  the  Loaves 
■sad  Fiflies  ;  the  Pool  o^  Bcthefda\  our  Lord^s  F ran s figuration  ; 
the  Cure  of  the  Man  born  blind;  Chriil  the  Light  of  the 
World  ;  together  with  an  Introdudlory  Difcourfe,  containing 
general  Obfervations  on  bur  Saviour's  Miracles. 

The  fubjcfts  of  the  fourth  voiu'i^c  are.  The  Refurrcftion  of, 
Lazarus  I  the  curfmq;  the  barren  Kig-tree;  Peter's  cuttmg  off 
the  Right  Ear  of  Makbus  ;  the  Rcfurrcftion  of  Cbr.iji\  the  Af- 

+  Mr.  peters  feems  to  afcribc  the  vcgeiaiion  to  the  poverty  of 
the  foil;  but  we  think  i!i.it,  by  b-itig  \ovig  cxpofi-d  to  thu  air,  x\\cy 
fcccome  c^^palilc  of  \'Cj^c;»;:ion,  :;khcap,h  the  ioil  be  not  cxhaullcd,  as 
lithe  c«tfc  in  rc^»ard  Lu  kcil^^cki  in  old  groiTnc!,  ho.vcvcr  tili-jfi. 

i  Viz.  3';.  o  d.  v.hcn  wiuat  was  4  s  3d.  in  Februaiy  Isft  in 
Northuinberl.iPi.'. 

*  ice  R'Jkicwi  for  jL*nc  i;;i,  and  for  J.'.auary  1772. 


128     Bulklcy'j  Difcourfes  on  the  Parables.    Vols.  III.  IV. 

cenGon  of  our  blefled  Saviour  ;  the  miraculous  EfFufion  of  the 
Spirit ;  the  Abufc  of  the  miraculous  Gifts  among  the  Ctrvh 
thians  ;  Si.  Peter*s  miraculous  Cure  of  the  lame  Man  s  Jnamtt 
and  Sappkira ;  Elpnas  the  Sorcerer  ;  the  Popiih  Miracles ;  ail 
a  concluding  Addrefs. 

After  the  remarks  we  have  curforiljr  made  on  the  former  v(h 
lumes,  we  have  now  little  more  to  add,  than  that  the  Author 
continues  to  write  as  becomes  an  ingenious  and  fenfible  man» 
and  in  an  agreeable,  inftrudiive,  and  practical  manner.     The 
particular  fubjedis  which  he  has  chofen  have  afforded  him  an 
opportunity  of  infifting  and  enlarging  upon  the  credibitiij  of  the 
golpel  hiAory,  and  aifo  of  cftablifhing  and  illuflrating  thenv* 
^igttce  of  its  truth.     He  does  not  fail  to  give  proper  attention  t» 
tbefe  puints,  which  are  here  prefented  to  our  view  with  ftrength 
and  folidity ;  whilc^  at  the  fame  time,  he  offers  a  variety  of 
other  conftderations  (as  they  arife  from  his  different  fubje&r) 
which  rcfpccl  the  temper  and  behaviour  that  becomes  the  pro» 
feflbrs  of  Chriftianity,  and  which  he  recommends  with  con- 
\idion  and  energy.     Although  he  may  in  fome  refpe£ls  difier 
in  fentimcnt  from  fcveral  ochers  who  believe  the  gofpel,  we  ap- 
prehend that  perfons  of  every  denomination  may  perufe  tbdb 
Difcourfes  with  fatisfadion  and  improvement. 

The  miracles  of  Chrift  were  of  divers  kinds,  performed  in  i 
public  manner,  and  in  a  fbort  fpace  of  time^  as  well  as  upon 
fudden  occafions  :  they  appear  with  a  real  dignity,  and  are  oom- 
monly  directed  to  fome  immediate  and  important  ufc,  while 
they  bore  an  illufliious  teilimony  to  the  divine  authority  of  the 
per  ion  by  whom  they  were  effvd^ed  ;  in  their  different  kinds 
and  circumflances,  they  alfo  lead  to  fevcral  reflections  of  a 
practical  and  profitable  kind.  Particulars  of  this  nature  aie 
fiequently  infilled  upon  in  thefe  Difcourfes. 

Toward  the  clofc  of  the  fermon  on  the  miraculous  Curt  cfm 
Leper y  the  Writer  obferves  that,  *  We  have  here  two  difiereqt 
rpecies  of  humility  in  a  very  lively  manner  exhibited  :  that  of 
the  recipient,  and  that  of  the  donor.  And  then  only  is  it,  that 
benefits  appear  in  all  the  perfedion  of  their  grace  and  lovelineftt 
when  humility  adorns  alike  the  per  Ton,  who  receives  and  he  who 
confcfo  them.  Sometimes  the  humility  of  the  one  exprelung 
itfelf  in  petitioning  for  the  favour,  is  apt  to  excite  the  arrogance 
of  the  other  rn  bcilowing  it.  But  in  fuch  a  cafe,  it  rnuA  fureljf 
lofe  more  than  half  its  merit ;  and  on  the  other  hand  a  favour 
received  with  haughtinefs  is  fure  to  be  received  with  lofs;  bt« 
caufc  it  cannot  in  that  cafe  be  received  with  innocence  and  ho- 
nour. And  yet  there  are  thofe,  who,  though  they  love  the  be- 
nefit, cannot  bear  the  thoughts  of  the  obligation,; — and  have 
even  that  malignity  of  fpirit  as  to  envy  the  goodnefs  by  which 
they  arc  daily  cherifhed.     And  this  accounts  for  a  wonderful 

("ioMOxomeiMMi 


EiOiOfntnon  m  the  moral  world,  which  would  otherways  per- 
ps  be  altogether  inexplicable  :  that  1  mean  of  meii*s  behaving, 
A  deliberately  chufing  to  behave,  with  the  greateft  infolencc 
and  arrogance,  contempt  and  ingratitude  towards  thofe»  to 
whom  of  all  others  they  arc  moft  obliged.  And  yet  thofe  there 
arc  of  that  evil  nature,  that — the  goodncfs  of  which  they  are 
made  deeply  fcnfible,  is  that  which  gives  them  the  greateft 
piin  :  and  confequenily  it  tnuft  be  their  owh  bcnefa£iors,  ort 
whom  they  look  with  the  moft  malignant  eycj  and  thus  the 
generous  bencfaflor  himfelf  is  fometimes  not  a  little  embarraf- 
fed.^-Upon  the  whole,  however,  his  duty  h  plainly  this,  to  go 
on  in  aditng  towards  them  the  kind  and  friendly  part,  and  to 
ka?e  iheir  fouls,  and  their  future  account,  to  God  and  them- 
Ljfelvcs,  For,  from  our  Saviour's  own  example,  we  learn,  that, 
hough  there  arc  many  too  vile  to  be  the  objefls  of  our  efteem^ 
plerc  arc  none  either  fo  depraved  in  temper,  or  fo  defpicable  in 
Itondition,  as  to  be  beneath  the  notice  of  cur  benevolence  and 
■Dinpaflion,  The  fervant  of  one  centurion  fliared  alike  in  h\$ 
Tftiracuious  compaflion  with  the  fon  of  another  j  and  even  the  un- 
clean detcfted  leper  feels  the  refloring  touch  of  his  friendly  hand. 
Nay,  fuch  was  the  uncon^^ucrablc  force  of  his  benevolence, 
that  he  laboured  mceffantly  for  the  higheft  good  of  thofe  who 
vere  ever  making  him  the  bafeft  returns.  In  imitation  then  of 
Wspure,  fpotlefs  example,  let  us  neither  grudge  our  favours 
BOthc  worft,  nor  difdain  to  bcftow  them  on  the  mcancfi  of  man- 
Kml,  And  in  the  manner  of  conferring:  them  let  us  remember 
Bat  there  is  a  grace,  humility,  and  condefcenfion,  that  at  once 
Bttoeafes  the  merit  of  our  compaflion,  and  enhances  the  joy  of 
Km  towards  whom  we  excrcife  it.  Let  us  not  infult  and  re- 
wfftxhe^  while  wc  feem  to  commiferatc  and  rtlicve.  And  let  ua 
P'oid  With  deteftation  all  that  afluming,  haughty  air  in  conTer- 
fcg  our  favours,  which  may  feem  to  indicate,  that  wc  rathcf 
■■jbr  the  fake  of  (hewing  our  rupcrlorityj  than  of  exeicifm^ 
HHRieMcnce,  Let  the  humble  language,  even  of  our  moft 
fctieficial  and  ufcful  ad^ions,  be  the  fame  with  that  of  oxir  Sa- 
■iour's,  *•  fee,  thou  tell  no  man.'*  For  to  the  perfect  humility 
If  his  temper,  I  think  we  are  plainly  led  by  the  evangelical 
Bftory  iifclf  to  afcribe  ihiy  injunftion/ 

I  The  fermon  entitled  the  Dnnmaa  is  founded  upon  the  mira* 
Be  df  the  d.^mons  entering  into  the  fwtne.  The  Author  de- 
HaTes  his  apprehenfion  that  the  accounts  of  the  demoniacs  in 
Be  i^ofpe!  hiftory,  *  are  (o  many  indances  of  a  rc^l  diabolical 
Btifiotu  and  that  the  feveral  dlllempers  under  which  they  la- 
^^H,  were  truly  owing  to  a  diuboiical  ir^Huencc  and  agency* 
^Hff  [lat  every  one  muft  a!Iow  to  be  the  moft 

^Btf  Sng,  of  the  bnguage  made  ufc  of  by  the 

Bangehfts  in  te\2ung  the  fcvm^kl  inftances  refcttcd  to      Vt\^^o- 
nf^K  Feb.  ///-2*  K  l&u^ 


BalkleyV  Difcmrfes  m  the  Paralles,     Vol.  IIL  IV.      119 


fc 


1 30     Bulkley';  Dijcourfcs  on  the  Parahks.     Vols.  Ill,  IV. 

niuch  that  nothing  but  the  total  incredibility  of  the  thing  itfelf 
can  reconcile  the  mind  to  any  other  account  of  it.*  The  prin-. 
cipal  part  of  the  difcourfe  is  therefore  employed  in  confidering' 
thofe  arguments  which  fupport  his  opinion,  and  endeavouring 
to  obviate  the  objccHons  raifed  againft  it.  But  for  thefe  parti* 
culars  we  muft  refer  our  Readers  to  the  Author  himfclf. 

In  the  fcrmon  on  the  miraculous  Increafe  of  the  Loavei  and 
F'ljhes^  our  Author,  alter  fome  general  reflcdlions,  principally 
applies  himfelf  to  explain  and  inculcate  the  virtue  of  frugality. 
We  fliall  tranfcribc  what  he  fays  in  introducing  this  part  of  the 
difcourfe,  as  wc  think  it  crn tains  an  hint  that  may  be  ufeful  ia 
this  age  of  luxury  and  extravagance. 

*  Never  furcly,  he  obfervcs,  could  there  have  been  Icfs  oc- 
cafion-than  at  fuch  an  entertainment  as  this  for  the  excrcife  of 
frngaliiy-  Little,  wc  may  prefume,  did  any  of  the  muhitude  . 
think  of  "  gathering  up  the  fragments  which  remained"  after 
.fo  miraculous  a  icpaft.  With  more  probability  may  we  ima- 
gine-, th:it  mr.ny  of  thrm  might  be  almoft  tempted  to  think  of 
living  for  ever  by  miracle  alone,  But  to  prevent  any  prefump* 
tuous  cxpcOations  of  this  kind,  efpccially  among  his  own  im- 
mcuiaio  di'ciples  and  Hated  attendants,  our  Lord  cxprefsly  or- 
ders them  ''  to  gather  up  the  fragments  which  remained,  that  • 
nothing  mi^ht  be  Inlt  "  Frugality  has  been  the  Icffonof  wif- 
dcm  in  every  a2,c  ;  and  it  has  ever  been  the  labour  of  her  fons 
to  make  men  fenfiblc  of  iis  importance.  But  never,  furely,  . 
could  it  have  been  with  fuch  peculiar  energy  inculcated  as  here 
by  our  blcfled  S.iviour;  and  that,  not  only  on  account  of  his 
extraordina'^y  mifGun  \\\  general,  but  like  wife  the  particular 
nature  of  that  very  miracle  itfwlf  with  which  the  rccommendar 
titn  of  the  duty  is  fo  immvdiaiely  connciled.  It  is  a  duty 
which  we  arc  extremely  apt  to  oveilo'>k,  in  confcquence  of  the 
vail',  ima'iinau'on  we  entertain  of  a  pKnteoufncfs  and  abundance 
that  renders  ic  unneceiTary.  We  think  that  wc  {hall  always  be 
fine  of  a  com;;elerjcy  without  it  ;  and  that  it  is  a  virtue  fit  only 
for  thofe  whole  penurious  and  fcanty  circumltances  confirain 
them  to  the  obfervancc  of  it.  But,  furely,  if  fuch  a. plea  as 
this  could  ever  have  had  iiny  force,  it  muft  havQ  been  in  the 
cafe  before  iij.  (iather  up  the  fragments  !  why,  what  occa* 
fion  can  there  be  for  that,  ir.i;^ht  fome  be  ready  to  fuggeft, 
upon  hearing;  fuch  an  irjujf^ion  given,  when  we  may,  at  any 
time,  be  thus  miraculoiilly  fupnlJL'd  ?  vet  fueh  were  the  orders 
given  by  our  divir.c  InfiruvMor,  j;iJ,  :is  in  the  wifd  m  of  his  pro- 
phetic chariicier  he  h/is  chofen  v^ir'i  fuch  ii  pt:culiAr  cmphafis  and 
force  to  inculc'itc  upon  us  this  duty  of  fru-^ality,  it  is  that 
which  I  propol'c,  in  the  remaining  part  of  our  difcourfe,  more 
didlndlly  to  treat  of.  Jt  is  a  Tulj.dt  that  may  not  at  firft  view 
appear  to  be  of  a  very  ekvjting  or  pathetic  nature.  Yet  C/- 
aro,  I  i-ijocj/jcr,  breaks  out  in  raptuus  u^cw  it^  **  Ye  gpds^ 


■  BulkleyV  Dlfcourfcs  on  the  Purables.     Vols.  lU.  IV.      131 

libw  little  do  men  underftand  what  an  amazing  fund  of  riches 
tfiere  is,  even  \n  frugality  alone  !'* 

In  the  fcrmon  on  the  Refurre6lion  rf  Lazarus  we  find  the  fol- 
lowing pa  flagc,  tending  to  obviate  a  Imall  difHcuJty  which  feme 
perfons  have  found  in  one  particular  of  the  relation  given  of  ic 
by  the  Evangelift  :  *  Our  Saviour  cries  out  with  a  loud  voice, 
a  voice  fo  naturally  fuitcd  to  the  dignity  of  the  occafion,  *'  La- 
zarus, come  forth  ;  and  he  that  was  dead  came  forth,  bound 
hand  and  foot,  wi;h  grave  clothes  ;"  or,  as  the  pafTige  might  be 
rendered,  with  hii  grave  clothes  ;  in  his  fcpulchial  garments  ;  in 
the  very  drefs^of  a  buritd  corps  :  and  his  hands  and  feet  are  faid 
to  have  been  bound  with  thcfe  **  grave  clothes,"  or  fepuichral 
garments,  becaufc  the  manner  of  drciling  the  body  for  inter- 
roeni  among  the  Jews,  was  the  wrapping  a  certain  quantity  of 
linen  around  both  the  trunk  and  limbs  ;  fo  that  ue  are  not  to 
imagine  that  his  hands  were  tied  t02:cthcr,  and  in  like  manner 
hbTeet,  for  then  how  could  he  have  come  out  of  the  erave  ? 
but  the  linen  was  fwathed  or  bound  about  each  arm,  and  each 
leg  apart,  to  the  very  extremity  of  the  limbs  :  and  this  accounts 
for  our  Saviour's  following  injun£tion,  **  loofe  him,  and  let 
him  go."  Though  his  burial  garb  did  not  abfolutely  hin- 
der bis  walking,  yet  it  muft  needs  have  been  a  great  obftnic- 
tion  to  it,  as  well  on  account  of  the  napkin  that  was  bound 
about  his  face,  as  the  entanglement  of  his  feet  in  the  refpec- 
tivc  covering  of  each."  This  may  ferve  for  the  fatisfaclion  of 
fuch  who  imagine  there  is  fomewhat  oH:<5lIonablc  in  thij  par- 
ticular part  of  the  account ;  but,  in  truth,  when  once  we  are 
convinced  that  any  perfon  had  this  power  of  rai/mg  the  dcad^  any 
other  difficulties,  relating  to  the  bandages  and  grave-clothes, 
muftdireQly  vanifii  ! 

All  that  we  fiiall  farther  feleft  from  thefe  volumes  is  a  fwv  of 
the  obfervations  in  the  difcourfcs  on  the  refurreSiion  of  CoriJL 

*  Inconfiftencies  and  contradictions  (this  Author  remarks) 
^faid  to  occur  in  the  accounts  that  have,  by  the  feveral  Evan- 
[jclifls,  been  given  of  the  refurreflion.  But  this  is  a  charge 
/bunded  only,  fo  far  as  I  am  able  to  difccn.,  upon  the  relation 
of  feme  circumftarice  by  one  or  more  of  thefe  hiftorians,  tliat 
i»  not  to  be  met  with  in  another  of  them,  or  upon  fome  !i:tle 
^icty  in  recorring  the  fame.  But  if  differences  of  thib  kind 
we  to  be  confidered  as  contradictions,  what  hiflorian  will  be 
free  from  them?  And  if  in  this  view  allcvvcJ  to  inva'iJcite  the 
biiloric  teftimony,  what  narrative  can  pjfs  for  authentic  ?  And 
yet,  to  give  all  puflible  indulgences  to  the  delicacy  of  unbelief, 
fnppofing  there  had  been  fome  flight  vari  iiion  in  thefe  narra- 
tives of  the  Evangelifts,  amounting  to  v.hat  v/c  cr»\l  a  eonua.- 
^iidiooy  and  tn  relation  to  fome  ni/nutc  circmrift.^.i^vic  ot  \\\^ 
^oi,  fo  Jong  as  thev  all  concurred  j„  rcl  tiiiir  tVu-   l".MT\t  '^t;xi\A 


1 32    itingV  Rites  and  Cenmcnies  of  the  Greek  Church  in  Rvfiei* 

h£k^  and  agreed  in  all  the  principal  and  leading  ctrcumftaoces 
cf  it,  I  fee  not  how  this  could  any  way  have  diminiflied  tte 
validity  of  their  evidence  upon  the  whole.     For  example,  whit 
if  one  of  the  Evangelifis  had  told  us,  that  John  outrun  Peter  ia- 
going  to  the  fepulchre,  and  another  of  them,  that  Peter  outrun 
John,  would  the  main  fa£l  have  been  at  all  the  lefs  credible  on 
account  only  of  this  trifling  difference,  though  really  contra* 
didory  i   As  to  that  other  objedion  which  has  commonly  been 
looked  upon  as  of  principal  confideration  in  this  argument,  our 
Saviour's  not  appearing  after  his  refurreftion  to  the  Jewith  ru- 
lers, and  to  the  people  of  the  Jews  in  common. — His  affeding 
to  do  this  would  have  been  manifeftly  inconfiftent  with  the  per- 
fedlion  of  his  moral  charader,  and  the  native  humility  of  hil 
temper; — the  Jewifli  rulers  might  have  feen  our  Saviour  after 
his  rerurre<Slion,  if  they  would,  and  the  Evangelifts  no  where 
fay  that  they  did  not ; — however,  they  plainly  appear  by  their 
conduft  to  have  been  fully  fatisfied  of  the  reality  of  that  event  i 
— and  this  is  all  the  advantage  we  could  have  reaped  from  his 
formally  prefenting  himfelf  in  their  aflemblics.     And,  as  to  the 
Jewifh  people,  confidering  the  fplendor  of  his  preceding  mira'^ 
cles,  thus  heightened  by  that  of  his  own  refurrcfiion,  there  was 
the  greateft, danger  imaginable  of  exciting,  by  an  unreflraHneJ 
and  public  appearance  among  them^  fuch  a  commotion,  as  muft 
have  been  in  the  highelt  degree  obnoxious  to  the  ruling  powersp 
and  confequently  have  been  a  prejudice  inftead  of  any  real  fier- 
vice  to  that  very  caufc  which  it  was  the  main  defign  of  the  rc- 
fiirreftion  itfelf  to  abet.' 

Might  it  not  here  be  added,  that  the  miraculous  effufion  of 
the  fpirit,  foon  after,  was  a  fufHcient  public  teftimony  to  the 
reality  of  Chrift's  refarreflion  and  afcenfion. 

Art.  IX.  T/je  Rites  and  Cermonies  of  the  Greek  Church  in  Ruffia} 
containing  an  Account  r.f  its  Dotlrine^  Worjhip^  and  Di/cipline,  BjT 
John  Glen  King,  D.  D.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  So- 
cieties, and  Chaplain  to  the  Britifh  Fadory  at  St.  Pcterfburgh. 
i|to.     1 1.  IS.     Dodfley,  Sec,     1772. 

WE  have  here  a  curious  and  inftruflive  work,  upon  a 
fubjedl  hitherto  but  very  imperfectly  known.'  The 
divine,  the  philofophcr,  and  all  who  have  a  tnfte  for  ecclefiaf* 
tical  antiquities,  may  derive  coufiJcrable  advantages  from  an 
attentive  perufal  of  it.  The  generality  of  readers,  indeed,  will 
find  little  to  gratify  their  curiofity  in  a  work  of  this  kind  ;  bul 
to  him  who  views  the  various  appearances  of  fuperftition  with 
a  philofophic  eye,  who  makes  human  nature  his  ftudy,  anc 
who  attentively  confidcrs  what  an  extenfive  and  powerful  in* 
£ucncc  the  attachment  to  religious  \iv&v\uuous  has  had  on  hu- 


Emg'i  Ritis  midCiremoniis  oftbt  Greek  Church  in  RuJJia.    r  jj 

nan  iflfairs,  in  every  period  of  the  world,  it  will  afford  both 
pkaTure  and  inftrufiion. 

Dr.  King,  by  his  fituation  as  chaplain  to  the  Britifli  faftory 
It  Peterfburgh,  and  from  other  very  favourable  circumftances, 
has  been  enabled  to  throw  more  light  upon  his  fubjed,  and  to 
give  a  clearer,  more  diftlnd,  and  more  fatisfadory  account  of 
the  Greek  church,  than  any  of  chofe  who  have  written  con- 
cerning it  before  him.  He  appears,  through  the  whole  of  his 
work,  to  be  well  qualified  for  the  tafk  he  has  undertaken,  and 
writes  in  a  candid,  judicious,  and  liberal  manner. 

We  cannot  give  a  better  account  of  his  plan  than  by  tran* 
fcribiog  his  own  words  : 

•  The  Greek  church,  fays  he,  as  it  is  at  prefcnt  eftablifhed  in 
Raffia,  may  be  confidered  in  refpedt  of  its  fervice  as  a  model  of  the 
Ugbe^  antiquity  notv  extant;  notwithilanding  any  immaterial  varia- 
doBs  from  other  Greek  churches,  which  may  have  crept  into  it ;  as 
ikey  all  di^r  from  each  other  perhaps  in  feme  inconfiderable  cir- 
comlUnces.  I  imagined  therefore  it  might  be  a  good  (lep  towards 
illadrating  the  antiquities  of  the  Chriftian  church  at  large,  to  give 
an  account  of  the  ceremonies  of  this  :  and  I  rcfolved  to  fludy  them  in 
the  Slavonian  language,  the  language  in  which  they  are  performed, 
that  my  materials  being  taken  from  the  books  of  the  fervice  might 
beaothentic,  and  that  veracity  and  exadlnefs  might  ccmpcnfate  for 
dK  defects  which  may  be  found  in  the  execution.  One  peculiar  ad- 
nitigc  my  fituation  has  afforded  me,  was  being  a  fpcftator  of  the 
fiaAice  of  thefc  ceremonies ;  which  otberwife  would  not  eafily  be 
inderuood  by  any  perfon  accuflomed  to  fo  few  ceremonies  as  are  re* 
lued  in  either  of  the  Britifh  churches  ;  fo  that  a  bare  relation  of 
ihem  would  have  been  almod  ufelefs  to  an  Englifh  reader.  If  I 
fhoold  reckon  the  circumflance  of  being  a  Granger  as  another  advan- 
iaee,  it  would  perhaps  be  thought  extraordinary  ;  and  yet  it  is  cer- 
tim  that  objects,  which  make  a  fcnfible  imprefTion  from  their  no- 
Tdty,  are  often  paflcd  over  without  attention  by  thofe  who  are  ac- 
caAomed  to  them  ;  whereas  the  ilranger  naturally  enquires  the  mean- 
ing of  every  thing  he  remarks  unlike  the  ufages  of  his  own  country. 

•  The  proteU  I  have  obferved,  in  the  following  undertaking,  is 
this.  In  giving  an  account  of  the  do^rine  of  the  Greek  church,  1  have 
JBendoned  only  its  diflinguilhing  articles  \  for  it  did  not  Teem  ne- 
ccflary  to  mention  thofe  general  points  in  which  all  ChrilHan  churches 
are  agreed,  fuch  as  the  redemption,  the  refurredtion,  &c.  In  order 
to  give  a  clear  idea  of  its  rices  and  ceremonies,  I  have  dcfcribed  the 
chnrches  and  their  ornaments,  the  veHmerts  of  the  clergy,  and  the 
'iacred  utenfils  ;  all  which  arc  illuftratcd  by  prlius.  After  which  is 
given  a  fpecimen  of  all  the  fcrvicf  s  in  one  day,  viz.  the  v.^fpers,  the 
a£ter-vefpers,  the  mefonyciicon,  the  matins,  the  canoriual  hou  5., 
lad  the  communion  ofiicrs ;  in  all  v  hich  I  iu.vc  been  1  rrful  tJ  >:- 
plun  the  moil  remarkabi :  circuinwanccs  by  notes  ;  a  h  .  i>  j  .Jl  .- 
vonred  alfo  to  give  fome  account  of  the  mo  '.  particu  ;■«  leiviccj  in  .i 
Aort  introduction  to  each  :  thefe  fervices,  I  am  afrai. ,  1  .'y  r-*  j.^ia 
leaders  appe.j:  too  long,  but  1  thought  prcfcnting  them  ;;( their  full 

K  3  ktk^^k 


1 34.    King'i  Rites  and  CcremcnUs  of  the  Greek  Church  In  Rujfta. 

length,  as  they  are  really  performed,  was  the  bed,  the  only  method 
of  giving  an  adequate  idea  of  them  ;  and  other  readers  maybe  cu- 
rious to  fee  an  exad  rcprefentacion  of  fo  ancient  a  worlhip.    In  the 
fame  manner,  1  have  given  the  ofiices  and  ceremoniei  ot  biptifiD, 
confefiion,  marriage,  ordination,  extreme  undUon,  burial ;  (he  font    fr  ^ 
of  admitting  monks  ;  the  benedidion  of  the  water  ;  the  co^nnuoatiGA, 
.orfervicc  of  orthodox  Sunday ;  the  lavipedium  ;  and  the  confecn* 
tion  of  the  ointment  for  the  chrifm:  which  are  elleemed  theaflft 
lingular  rites  of  this  church.     This  method  appeared  to  mc  mA 
eligible,  from  obfervin^  the  difficulty  there  is  to  comprehend  theje- 
fcr'pticn  of  the  offices  in  Goars  Kuchologion  •  ;  in  order  to  which, 
it  ii  nectll'ary  to  have  a  previous  knowledge  of  many  particular  parts, 
if  not  a  general  idea  of  the  whole  :  whereas  the  intention  of  the  fol- 
lowing pages  is  to  explain  thcfe  things  to  perfons  who  want  to  be 
inf'^rincd  of  ihcin,  and  to  be  a  fort  of  introdudion  to  ecclefiallical 
antiquities.    As  almoll  all  fucceeding  writers  have  drawn  the  greatet 
infjrmation  on  this  fubjcd  from  Goar,  it  is  neceflary  to  remark  that 
he  fonictimesrdcviatcs  from  exadnefs,  by  endeavouring  to  make  all 
the  Oriental  ceremonies  fquare  with  thofe  of  the  Wellern  church,  he 
having  btcn  one  of  the  miillonaries  fent  by  the  fociety  de propaganda 
fide  imo  the  Eall ;  one  great  objcd  of  which  inflitution  was  to  recon^ 
cile  the  Greek  church  with  the  Latin,  and  no  way  was  fo  likely  tC 
prevail,  as  to  pcifu.'iJe  the  former  that  they  had  altogether  the  iuoC 
ceremonies  as  the  latter,,  only  under  difl'crent  names.     Our  learned- 
countryman  Bingham  is  very  greatly  eftecmed  by  the  Ruffian  clergy^ 
and  indeed  it  is  ailonithing  he  Ihould  have  been  able  to  penetrate  k^ 
far,  by  mere  dint  of  reading.    Had  he  had  the  opportunity  of  obfenr-r 
ing  the  EaJlern  churches,  he  would  at  one  view  have  fcen  many 
things,  which  he  has  taken  infinite  pains  to  difcover  from   books 
alone,  and  fometimcs,  as  might  naturally  be  expelled,  is  a  little 
xnillakcn  in  immaterial  points;  him  therefore  among  modern  authors 
I  have  chiefly  confultcd:  and  alfo  that  excellent  work  MoJheMs  Ee" 
i,UftoJilcalUijlory\  for  producing  which  to  more  general  knowledge, 
the  literary  world  will  own  its  obli;;ations  to  the  ingenious  tranflator. 
bonic  aftiilance  1  have  like  wife  had  from  the  laborious  refearches  of 
thi;  learned  Dr  Covcl  f  ;  but  as  he  wrote  with  a^particular  view,  to 
enquiie  into  the  dodrine  of  tranfubllaniiaiion  in  the  Eaftern  church, 
hi.  plan  was  more  confined  than  my  own.     Mr.  Smith's  v^foir«/  pf 
the  Grt\Ii  Churil\  though  fiifiiciently  cxa6t  as  far  as  it  goes,  is  mucih 
too  ftiort,  and  too  confufed  in  itj  method,  to  have  been  of  great  ufe. 
Bclidcs  ihei'c,  I  have  had  rccourfe  to  the  works  of  the  beft  and  moft 
approved   KulTian  authors,  particularly  The  Catechijm  of  Theopbanes. 
ArchSijhop  rf  Ncurgcrrd  \  a  man  of  true  penetration,  moderation,  and 
Jcarnin:*^ ;   and  the  Spiriiunl  Rtjulation^^  which  contains  the  plan  of 

*   *   Y.vy^ft^r.yi'jif ,   Stvc  Riluale  Gracorum  a  Goar  J* 

t  *  An  Account  of  the  prcfcnt  Greek  church,  with  reflexions  on 
their  profc-it  donrine  and  difcipline,  particularly  in  the  eucharift/ 

t  *  This  piece,  with  fome  others  from  the  Slavonian,  well  worth* 
the  perufal,  is  iranflated  into  Englilh  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Confett,  for- 
jncily  chaplain  to  the  Britifh  congregation  in  Ruffia  i  and  was  printed 
in  the  year  1729.' 

ecclefiallical 


KingV  Rites  andCermmies  of  the  Greeh  Church  In  Ruffla.  135 

MlefialHcal  difcipline  Peter  the  Qreat  framed,  chiefly  by  the  advice 
ifidafliftance  of  the  author  jud  mentioned  ;  a  very  judicious  perfor- 
mance*  and  very  curious,  as  it  gives  at  the  fame  time  a  ftriking  pic- 
"Inre  of  the  unhappy  flatc  of  darknefs  and  fuperflition,  wherein  the 
clergy  as  well  as  people  were  involved  before  that  fublime  Genius, 
IxMn  for  the  glory  of  his  nation,  arofe.  To  thcfe  mull  be  added  a 
treatiie  by  the  celebrated  Father  Plato,  preceptor  for  religion  and  the 
LatxQ  tonjgoe  to  the  Grand  Duke',  archimandrite  of  the  Trinity  mo- 
naflery,  and  memberof  the  Holy  Synod,  publifhed  in  the  year  17*^5, 
and  intitled,  Orthodox  Learning ;  or,  A  Sum7nary  of  Chrijfian  Div'i* 
nitj,  which  he  wrote  for  the  ufc  of  his  Imperial  Highnefs :  a  mofl  ra- 
tional and  ingenious  performance,  worthy  the  didinguilhed  talents 
ind  erudition  of  its  author. 

•  To  this  gentleman  I  have  p^irticular  oblij^ations  for  the  infor- 
mation and  aOiflance,  he  has,  at  all  times,  given  me  in  the  profe- 
cation  of  my  work.     I  have  alfo  been  greatly  aflilled  by  many  others 
of  the  clergy  of  the  hisheft  (lation.  and  moll  acknowledged  abilities : 
lod  I  (hall  take  the  liberty  of  availing  myfelf  of  this  opportunity  of 
doing  juAice  to  <;hara£ters,  which  are  too  often  mifreprcfented.     I 
can  fay  with  truth  of  thofe  with  whom  I  have  the  honour  of  a  per- 
ibnal  acquaintance,  and  I  believe  in  general  of  the  tc[\^    that  the 
foperior  clergy  of  Ruflia,  at  this   time,  are  men,  whofe  candour, 
modclly,  and  truly  primitive  fimplicity  of  manners  would  havcilluf- 
trated  the  firft  ages  of  Chriftianity.     Their  way  of  living,  from  the 
natarc  of  their  order,  being  all  monks,  is  very  rigid  ;  and  as  it  pre- 
dodes  them  from  mixing  in  the  world,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at 
that  few  of  them  (hould  have  that  freedom  of  addrefs,  which  a  fre- 
<)aent  intercourfe  with  fociety  alone  can  give  ;  but  their  manners  are 
gentle,  as  their  life  is  auftere.     Biaffcd  by  the  prejudices  of  educa- 
tion, they  are,  perhaps,  a  little  too  partial  to  the  ceremonies  of  their 
own  church,  which,  if  not  commendable,  is  at  lead  a  pardonable  er- 
ror; but  they  arc  far  from  being  bigotteJ,   or  thinking  there  can  be 
nofalvation  out  of  the  pale  of  their  communion.     At  the  b:^inning 
of  this  century,  it  muft  be  confclfed,  too  many  of  the  faperior  clergy 
^erc  nearly  in  the  fame  degree  of  ignorance,  and  probably  as  much 
^Jldifted  to  drinl^ing,  as  the  inferior  and  illiterate  part  of  that  order 
are  at  prefent:  it  was  then  the  fafhion  of  the  times,  an  J  drunken - 
wfswas  fcarcely  looked  upon  as  a  vice.     This  evil  fune  has  ilown 
overall  countries,  and  ill  imprcffious  arc  hard  to  be  ef*".iced  :  but  no 
nwn  can  be  more  exemplarily  fober,  or  more  niodcraffe  at  their  ta- 
We,  than  the  clergy  of  dilliniVion  now  are,  or  indeed,    than   the 
Raffisns  of  quality,  in  general      As  to  their  learning;,  it  m.iy   be 
fiiJ  their  (ludies  are  a  good  dj.il  confined,  being  wholly  turned   to 
their  own  profeflion  :  not  one  divine  of  this  country  lias  ever  diliin- 
guifhcd  himfelf  in  the  knowledge  of  natural  philofophy,  mathc-.na- 
lics,  chymiftry,    civil  law,  poetry,    paintino;,    mulic,    archir'.:^j.irc, 
or  natural  hiftory ;  or,  in  a  word,  a-iy  of  the  branches  of  polite  li- 
terature, which  conflitutc  the  amufemcnt  of  men  of  education   aiid 
Icifure  in  other  countries.    But  in  general  tliey  undcrftand  the  Gi;.'t)c 
and  Latin  languages,  and  fo.-ne  alfo  the  Ihbrew  :    they  are  much 
Ferfed  in  the  Fathers,  and  in  t*cclciiaiVical  hillory  and  antic[ui:ic;.  : 


1 36   King'5  Rites  and  Cenmonus  of  the  Greik  Church  in  Ruffku 

and  as  they  are  very  afliduous  and  panflaal  in  their  attendance  on  chf 
pubb'c  worfhip,  and  the  datics  of  their  calling,  which  take  up  a  larsf 
portion  of  their  time,  they  have  but  little  left  for  fodety  and  amnfi- 
inent.  I  pretend  not  to  afTert,  that  there  may  be  no  exceptions  IQ 
this  charader ;  for  where  is  that  order  of  mortals,  amongft  whom 
there  are  no  exceptionable  chara£lers  I  or»  who  is  the  individaal  lo 
perfect,  as  to  have  no  defed  ?  )  n  the  pidure  I  have  here  drawn,  I 
have  followed  nothing  but  truth  ;  this  honeft  report  it  is  but  jadioe 
to  make;  and  it  is  cruelty  in  the  higheft  degree  to  {Bj^atize  per* 
ions  of  probity  and  real  merit  in  the  grofs,  as  a  luxurious,  flochfiil, 
ignorant  fct  of  men.  For  my  own  part,  wherever  I  meet  fuch  gene- 
ral refledions  in  any  traveller  on  any  country  whatever,  I  always  at* 
tribute  it  to  his  own  felf-fuiHciency,  and  want  of  better  information; 
or  to  his  temerity  in  taking  up  the  opi[iions  of  others  at  a  ventnie, 
without  having  the  opportunity  of  examining  on  what  fovndatioii 
they  are  grounded. 

'  The  many  falfehoods  and  ridiculous  ftories  reported  of  this 
church,  and  fprcad  over  all  countries,  perfuaded  me  that  this  is  a 
fu|;>jed  hitherto  little  known :  nor  (hall  we  wonder  at  the  number 
of  thefe  falfehoods,  if  we  reflcdl  that  the  accounts  we  have  had,  for 
the  moil  part,  have  been  given  by  travellers  who  knew  nothing  either 
of  the  language  or  of  the  matter;  but  went  into  a  church,  flared 
about  them,  and  then  came  home,  and  publilhed  an  account  of 
what  they  faw,  according  to  their  own  imagination ;  frequently 
t«iking  an  accidental  circumlrance  for  an  eflabiifhed  cudom,  and  not 
feldom  totally  mifunderftanding  whatever  they  beheld:  the  conie- 
quence  has  been,  that  their  millakes,  for  want  of  being  contradidbed. 
and  cut  off  at  fird,  have  grown  and  multiplied,  by  being  copied  and 
tra^flated  from  one  language  to  another.  It  is  thus  our  countrymali 
Mr,  Perry,  who  was  engaged  by  Peter  the  Great  to  enter  i|ito  his 
fervice  as  an  engineer,  thought  proper  to  publifh  a  long  detail  of 
the  cexemonies  of  the  RuiTian  church,  which  is  one  continued  ferie^ 
of  blunders  and  abfurdiiies.  The  author  of  the  compilation  of  Ce^ 
remon'zis  et  coutumes  religieif/es  de  tcus  Us peuples  dm  mond$ has  tranforibed- 
the  errors  of  Perry,  Olearius,  Lc  Brun,  and  others.  The  perfon» 
who  was  charged  with  the  article  RufTia  in  the  Uni^ir/al  Hijiiy^ 
having  no  belter  materials,  could  fucceed  no  better  than  the  reft  ^ 
what  he  has  faid  indeed  on  tl^e  fubjeft  cf  religion  is  chiefly  taken 
from  Olearius,  and  therefore  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  there  is 
fcarccly  one  page  of  truth.  The  writers  of  that  ufeful  work  fccni 
to  have  examined,  with  gre^t  care,  the  beft  authorities  thiey  could 
find  on  whatever  fubjed  they  treat,  but  were  neccflarily  obliged^ 
from  the  nature  of  fo  extenfive  an  undertaking,  to  employ  fuch  ma- 
terials as  had  been  provided  :  and  therefore  one  may  reafonably  in- 
fer, that  the  Greek  church  is  a  fubjed  on  which  good  materials  are 
hitherto  wanting. 

*  It  would  require  too  long  a  digreffion  here,  to  refute  all  the 
xniftakes  which  aie  found  in  the  writers  op  this  pountry,  with  refpeft 
to  iis  rt'ligion  ;  but  it  may  be  proper  to  mention  fome  of  their  moft 
gJHrir.g  abfurdities,  in  proof  of  my  aflertions.  They  tell  us,  one  of 
the  chief  qualifications  neceHary  in  a  candidate  for  holy  orders,  is  tp 


KlngV  RiUi  and  CenmonUs  pf  the  Greek  Church  in  RuJJla,  i  jj 

be  able  to  repeit  the  •  flojpoifi  femiiui.  Lard ba^e  rmrty  mfam  vs^  many 

tiflies  to  a  breath  f  ;  the  miltake  arofc  from  hence ;  this  ejaculatton 

if  rrpc&ted  after  fome  prayers  a  great  many  times,   12,  lomctimcs 

5C1  40,  or  50  times ;  and   the  oificiating  clerks,  to  make  difpatch, 

aie  apt  to  borr>*  it  over  with  great  rapidity  ;  but  thi^  is  evidently  an 

ib«lct  and  therefore  hardly  retjui red  as  a  qualJEcation.     They  tell 

mioo,  there  are  only  three  facrameots,  bnptifm,  the  eucharilt,  and 

extreme  unflion  % ;  and  fo  tbey  omit  the  chrifm,  confeflion,  marriage, 

umI  ordination,  which  the  Greek  church  reckons  in  the  number  of 

her  facramcntj  or  rayftcrics.     The  accounts  of  the  ceremonies  of 

btpiifm*  marriage,  and  burial  are  full  of  abfurdities  and  fjllities. 

h  the  funeral  fervice,  we  are  told  that  a  paQ-port  is  put  into  tbc 

hand*  of  the  deceafed,  figned  by  his  conf-fTor  and  a  biftiop  ;  and  ad- 

dreircd  to  St.  Nicholas  j|»  fome  fay  to  St.  Peter  ^ ;  defiring  him  npoa 

h'\\i  of  that  certificate  to  open  the  gates  of  heaven  to  the  bearer* 

Y\.i]  this  been  true,    it  might  well  be  thought  the  opinion   of  the 

»ij',Ki:k  church,  concerning  a  future  Hate,  was  as  extravagant  as  that 
•f  thofe  Indians,  who  bury  a  bow  and  arrow  with  the  dead  for  their 
ifcin  the  next  world,  if  fach  indeed  be  a  juft  reprefentation  of  Uie 
H^nneTs  even  of  thofc  favage  nations :  perhaps^  a  bow  and  ;>rrow  is 
in  ufual  apj^endagc  to  their  drefs,  and  it  is  common  in  molt  coun* 
tnts  to  inter  the  dead  in  their  befl  apparel,  as  it  was  alfo  in  our 
own,  till  the  aft  of  parliament  for  promoting  the  woollen  manufac- 
ture required  people  to  be  buried  in  {heep*i»  wool.  This  pafs-port, 
however,  as  thcfe  authors  call  it,  is  no  other  than  a  paper  containing 
uvo  prayer* ;  one  conceited  in  the  firft  pcrlbn,  as  fuppofed  to  have 
:Tuycr  of  the  deceafed  to  God  for  forglvenefa  ot  his  fias; 
li  a  prayer  of  abfolutiont  which  the  prlt^it,  whofe  name  is 
IS  fuppofed  to  have  pronounced  to  him  before  his  depar- 
ert:  they  are  read  at  the  grave  to  tciUfy  to  the  people  thai  the  party 
^iedin  the  true  faith  of  the  orthodox  church.  I  have  inferted  the? 
fcrm  at  length  at  the  end  of  the  burial  fervice  ;  but  it  oujjht  to  be 
^icstarked,  that  the  ufc  of  this  paper  is  by  no  means  prefer! bed  by 
i church  ;  it  is  barely  permitted  to  thofc  who  choofe  it  in  fome 
in  others  the  cultom  is  utterly  unknown  :  yet  thus  hAve  the 
IttioQ  and  abufes  of  the  lowcft  of  the  people  been  reprcfented 
iedc^Oia^of  the  church,  through  the  ignorance  of  travdiers.* 
r)r.  King  introduces  his  work  with  a  Ihort  account  of  tbc 
i:nt  of  the  Greek  church  in  Ruffia,  and  concludes  it 
..,*v  Tiiitory  of  the  Ruffian  church,  and  its  refurrrMtJon  by 

thcfirft 


P^tcr  the  Great. — ^Thc  engravings  arc  mentioned 
Ijpige  of  this  extradt,  and  arc  well  executed. 


IQ 


•  *  I  have  ivritlen  this  word  with  an  h  rather  than  a  g ;  beciufc 
^e  Slavonian  ghgoU^  which  atifwers  the  Greek  >,  is  foonded  lik^ 
^D  ifprratc  bcfr»tt  a*  vowel/ 

(t  *  perry*/  StaU  9/ Rttjjyut     Ctrimmht  it  t&ttiumis  rtlighufu^ 
1  •  IjMi'Vtrjsd  MtJIery^  *oL  Xxxv.  8fO.' 
J  *  Perry/ 
i  *  UnivcrfaJ  Hiftory.     Crull's  Account  of  the  siicient  and  pre- 
It  State  of  Mufcovy,     Glearius'e  Travels  into  Mufcovy  and  Perha/ 


C    138    J 

iJlRT.  X.  Ai  autbewtic  Narrative  pf  the  Ru/fum  ExpuHtint  4igmmfi  At 
furis  hy  Sia  and  Laud.  C§miaining  awry  material  Ciremm/tmme  ^ 
their  Preeeedings,  from  their firft  faiUng  from  Peterfemrgb^  to  the  De^ 
firudion  of  the  Turkijb  Fleet  in  the  Archipelago,  Compiled  fitMa 
ieveral  authentic  Journals,  by  an  Officer  on  board  the  Roftto. 
Fleet*     8vo.     3  s.  fewed.     Hooper.     1772. 

UNQUESTIONABLY  we  have  here  an  authentic,  as  well  a^ 
curious  narrative,  evidently  written  by  a  BritiQi  officer^ 
lervtng  in  the  Ruffian  fleet ;  who,  in  a  dedication  to  the  Ear&. 
cf  Effingham,  appeals  to  his  Lordlhip  for  the  truth  of  his  ac — 
count :  this  gallant  Nobleman  having,  as  he  obferves,  not  onl)^ 
been  a  witneis  to  almoft  every  important  tranfafiion  of  the  flcei^ 
but  a  judicious  obferver  of  the  particular  condud  of  the  officersi* 

The  events  here  recorded^  of  this  adonifhing  Expedition  f ^ 
sre  equally  firiking  and   important ;  particularly  that  memo* 
table  one,  the  total  deftrudtion  of  the  whole  Turkifh  fleet,  \tl 
the  Bay  of  Chiefma,  July  7,   1770. 

The  Awihor  appears  to  have  been  accurate  in  his  Journal  ; 
and  his  manner  of  relating  the  feveral  particulars,  {hews  not  only 
bis  ability  as  an  officer,  but  even  a  refpedlable  talent  as  a  writer. 
We  are  much  pleafcd,  too,  with  the  frequent  proofs  of  his  be- 
nevolence, as  exprefled  in  his  occadonal  reflections  on  the  ca- 
lamities brought  on  his  fellow-creatures  by  the  complicated 
cruelties,  horrors,  and  defolation  of  war.  Feelings  of  this  fort 
are  feldom  thus  manifeftcd  by  the  writers  of  military  memoirs  ; 
whofe  faculties  arc,  generally,  too  much  abforbed  in  the  din 
of  war,  the  fplendor  of  vidtories,  and  the  acquifitions  of  con- 
quell,  to  attend  to  the  fmall  {lill  voice  of  Humanity.  There 
is  one  anecdote,  in  particular,  by  the  perufal  of  which  we  were 
greatly  afFcded. 

In  defcribing  the  engagement  between  the  Ruffian  and 
Turkiib  fleets,  fo  fatal  to  the  latter,  as  above-mentioned,  he 
itlates  the  following  incident  which  enfued  from  the  def- 
perate  confli6t  between  the  admiral -(hips,  on  each  fide,  in 
which  both  periflied,  under  the  moft  {hocking  circumftances 
attending  that  horrible  kind  of  warfare  :  admiral  SpiritdoflF's 
Ibip  being  blown  up,  with  all  on  board  *,  except  SpiritdoflF 
bimfelf,  Count  Orloff,  and  25  other  perfons  ;  and  the  Turk  alfo 
dcftroyed  by  the  lame  dreadful  conflagration,  with  twelve  hundred 
men  on  board,  very  few  of  whom  were  faved,  in  endeavouring 
to  cfcape  from  the  rage  of  one  element,  by  plunging  into  the 
other. 

f  Tlie  Author's  narrative  commences  with  the  failing  of  the  Ruf- 
fian fquadron  under  admiral  SpiritdoiF,  in  the  fummer,  1769. 

*  The  who^e  number  on  board,  when  th?  fhip  blew  up,  was  abou|: 
750. 

7  l^ 


A  Narrative  tfthe  Ruffian  Expedition  againJI  the  Turh.    139 

In  this  fcene  of  diftrefs  and  horror,  the  gallant  captain  of 
the  Turkiih  admiral  behaved  with  the  utmoft  bravery  and  for- 
titude ;  and  was  one  of  the  laft  that  left  the  fhip. <  His  hard 

fate,  fays  our  humane  Writer,  will  never  be  crafed  from  my 
memory,  and  I  ihall  make  no  apology  for  giving  it  a  place  ia 
this  narrative. 

*  We  were  near  the  Turkifh  wreck,  and  counted  thirty  fouls 
upon  it ;  at  the  fame  time,  we  faw  a  Greek  veflel  near  it,  fir- 
ing grape*fhot  at  the  Turks  on  (bore,  which  made  them  retreat 
with  great  precipitation,  and  prevented  them,  for  Come  time, 
annoying  us  with  their  fire. 

*  Lieutenant  Mackenzie  came  along  fide  of  our  boat,  and 
told  us  he  had  taken  up  a  man,  who  called  himfelf  the  captain 
of  the  admiral  Bafliaw's  fhip,  who  was  going  to  be  thrown 
over-board.     I  mod  earneflly  rcquefled  he  would  deliver  him 
up  to  my  care  ;  he  anfwered  that  the  count  Orlo?  had  given 
orders  not  to  fave  one  Turk.     I  replied,  he  muft  be  mifinform- 
ed, — that  it  was  ImpofTible  an  order,  fo  inconfifl:ent  with  huma- 
nity, could  come  from  his  excellency,  who   had    the  diftin- 
guifbed  charader  of  a  brave  officer,  and  a  man  of  liberal  fen- 
timents  ;  and  that  admiral  £lphingflon*s  orders  weie  to  fave  all 
we  could. 

*  During  this  altercation,  I  often  beheld  this  unhappy  gen- 
tleman, who  was  fenfible  he  was  the  objcft  of  our  difcourfe. 
He  was  fhot  through  the  right  arm  and  left  leg,  naked,  and  a 
prifoner :  yet  in  this  fituation,  he  prefcrved  that  noble  air  and 
manner,  fo  fuperior  to  all  thofe  about  him,  2s  convinced  me 
that  he  was  a  man  of  diflindion.  He  feemed  greatly  intcreft- 
cd  in  our  difpute,  and  made  me  underftand  by  the  moft  expref- 
five  looks,  that  he  knew  I  was  pleading  for  his  life. 

'  But,  alas  !  my  pleadings  were  in  vain  \  for  juft  as  I  had 
feafon  to  think  the  humanity  of  the  lieutenant  would  give  up 
the  point,  and  yield  to  my  requefl:,  a  Greek  boat  came  up  with 
us.  Unfortunately  one  of  them  knowing  the  Turk  from  the 
others,  by  a  particular  lock  of  hair,  leaped  fuddenly  into  the 
hoat,  and  puflied  him  into  the  fea.  Another  at  the  fame  time 
fired  his  mufket  at  him— the  ball  grazed  deeply  between  his 
fhouldcrs — my  heart  was  pierced  at  this  fcene  of  barbarity.  I 
ordered  our  boat  from  them  that  inflant,  calling  out  to  him  in 
French,  Come  to  me,  and  be  alFured  of  pntecrion*  This  gave 
him  new  vigour.  He  turned  immediately,  held  up  his  right 
hand  above  the  water,  firil  kifling  it,  in  token  of  acknowledg- 
n»cnt  for  my  intention  to  fave  him.  He  fwam  towards  us  with 
ail  his  might,  and  my  people  pulled  hard  to  meet  him.  I  ran 
to  the  bow  of  the  boat  to  take  him  in  ;  but  whilil  I  had  him  by 
the  hand,  a  cowandly  lieutenant,  whom,  during  the  heat  of 
the  engagement,  I  found  hid  behind  the  capftcrn  on  the  lowec 


140  Dcfgodetz'j  Ancient  Butldtngs  of  Romi. 

gun*d«ck,  and  drove  with  my  fword  to  his  duty,  infenfible  io 
the  feelings  of  humanity,  this  dctelled  villain  ordered  one  of  the 
foldiers  to  fire  on  him ;  the  ball  very  luckily  miffed  me^  biiC 
unhappily  went  through  his  netk.  His  countenance  immedr- 
atdy  changed  from  a  pleafing  complacency,  filled  with  hope, 
to  that  of  the  moft  ftern  ajid  expreffivc  contempt :  fnatching.hl's 
hand  from  mine,  he  plunged  again  into  the  waves.  All  my 
ieul  was  [hocked  at  this  more  than  favage  infenfibility. 

*  I  was  greatly  diftreflcd  left  he  (houid  think  1  had  betrayed 
him  J  but  my  anxiety  was  foon  removed — I  faw  him  again, 
and  kept  my  eyes  fixed  upon  him — he  kifled  his  hand  once 
more,  and  gave  me  every  other  proof  in  his  power,  by  which 
I  might  underftand,  that  he  was  fenfible  how  defirous  I  was  of 
(kving  him — he  turned  and  feemed  refolved  to  try  for  (hore.* 

What  became  of  this  unfortunate  Turkifli  gentleman,  after 
our  Author  loft  fight  of  him»  is  not  faid  :  but  there  is  no  room 
for  hope  that  he  did  not  perifli  in  the  general  deftrudion  of  the 
day  :  the  Rufiians  having  been  provoked,  by  the  firing  from  the 
ihore,  to  fhoot  or  knock  on  the  head  all  the  unhappy  wretches 
who  efcaped  from  the  burning  wreck  of  the  Turkifli  admiral^ 
and  endeavoured  to  fave  their  lives  by  fwimming. 

Our  Author's  narrative  is  accompanied  by  three  engravefl 
plans,  ferving  to  illuftrate  the  operations  of  the  Ruffian  fleet, 
in  this  ever  memorable  expedition. 

Art.  XL  The  Ancient  BuiUings  of  Rome.  By  Anthony  De(godetz. 
Publifhed  in  two  Volumes,  by  George  Marftiall,  Architect.  Vol.  1, 
Fol.    Royal  Paper.    2 1.  123.  6d.  in  Sheets.    Robfon.     1771. 

HI  S  prefent  Majefty's  tafte  for  architeflure,  as  well  as  fot 
other  polite  arts,  and  the  princely  encouragement  which 
he  has  afforded  to  many  deferving  artifts,  will,  of  courfe,  give 
cxiftence  to  new  works  and  new  publications,  as  naturally  as 
the  genial  warmth  of  the  fun  calls  forth  the  flowers  and  fruits 
of  the  earth. 

But,  in  this  age  of  general  improvement,  even  in  thofe  pro- 
vinces which  are  not  immediately  cheered  by  the  enlivening 
beams  of  court  fun-(hine,  the  wonder  is,  that  (notwithftanding 
the  later,  more  extenfive,  and  juftly  admired  performances  of 
the  elegant  Piranefi)  fo  fpiendid  a  work  as  this  of  Monf.  Def- 
godetz,  was  not  long  ago  naturalized  among  us.  It  is  near  a 
century  fince  it  firft  appeared,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Grand 
JlAonarch  j  and  it  relates  to  fome  of  the  moft  capital  objefts 
that  can  attra£^  the  iiocice  of  the  claflical  connoifleur,  the  an* 
tiquarian,  and  the  man  of  tafte  ♦. 

The 

*  We  do  not»  however,  mean  to  commend  this  work  as  a  inatc^* 
lefs  produdion,  iince  it  has  been  undoubtedly  excelled,  particularly^ 
«  in 


DcfgodctzV  AncUnt  Buildivgs  ef  Rontt*  141 

The  name  of  M*  Dcfgcdctz^  fays  Mr.  Marfhail  in  his  pre- 
face, *  is  well  known  to  the  profcffors  of  Arcbitedlafe^  and 
loocDuch  rcvcfcnccd  by  all  lovers  of  the  art,  lu  require,  at  this 
day,  either  account  or  encomium.  Himfelf  ha^  afforded  the 
gne;  bis  works  h^ve  long  precluded  the  other.' 

M.  Dcfgodctz  himfclC  in  his  prefatory  difcourfc,  gives  the 
following  account  of  his  uadert^ktng  ; 
^L  *  M*  Colbert,    fuperintendant  of  the  Royal   Buildings,    in 
Hvder  to  execute  his  majefly'd  dtfign  of  caufmg  the  fcienccs  and 
arii  10  be  cultivated  in  hia  kingdom,  with  a  care  and  magnifi- 
cence worthy  of  hss  grcatncL,  having  eftablilhed  an  academy 
of  archiiccture  in  the  palace  royal    where  his  majcfl:y*s  archi- 
'Icils  affcmhlej  I  obtained,  in    1672,  the  permlffion  of  being 
fprcfcnt  at  their  conferences;  where,  affer  almoft  two  years  im- 
Ipovjng  the  advantages  that  arife  from  hearing  per  Tons  confuni- 
frmtdy  fkilled  in  all   parts  of  architeiluic,  1  was,  about  the 
[end  of  the  year  1674,  fent  to  Rome,  with  the  academicians 
iwbom  the  king  maintains  there,  for  the  ftudy  of  archire<^ure, 
rpaiflting,    and    fculpture ;    and   propofed    to   employ,    in   this 
[*ovage,  all  the  pains  and  patience  necelTary  to  accomplifli  that 

dcfign  :  nor  did  I  want  for  matter' 

It  happened,    however,    un fortunately ,    that  thefc   fens  of 

Ifciencc  were  interrupted  in  their  voyage,  by  ihe  Algcrines,  who 

detained  them  in  captivity  for  the  fpace  of  16  months  : — at  the 

I  of  which,  being  redeemed  by  the  king  their  maf!er,    they 

tJaft  proceeded  to  the  place  of  their  original  dcllination. 

But  when  they  arrived  at  Rome,  they  had  yet  farther  obfta* 

^rics  to  encounter,     *  i  faw,  fays  M,  Dcfgodctz,  that  to  unbury 

^prhat  was  bid,  and  get  near  as  I  wiihcd  to  what  was  high,   [ 

^"hjuft  be  at  cxpcnce  and  pains  much  beyond  my  power.     My 

xcal,  however,  and  petfcverance,  furmounted,  at  length,  every 

lifiiculty;  for  1  foufid  means,  during  16  months  that  I  was  at 

lome,  to  draw,  with  my  own  hand,  all   thofc  ancient  flruc- 

urcs  of  which  I  have  given  the  plans,  elevations,  and  profiles, 

mh  all  the  meafures,  which  1  have  exactly  taken,  having  ob- 

rifcd  the  contours  of  the  ornaments  in  their  own  tailc,  and  in 

incrs  which   arc    reinarkabte  there*      I  have 

over  and  over,  in  order  to  obtain  a  certainty 

&ich  liquid  anTwcr;  having  caufcd  thofe  to  be  cleared 

were  under  ground,    and  cre£led  ladders  and  other  ma- 

Mpes,  io  get  near  tbofc  that  were  very  elevated,  that  I  might 

cw  them  clofely,  and  take,  with  the  compaires,  the  heighths 

,  by  publications  of  a  firoilir  kind,  executed 

[1  .        A  :    we  refer   to  the  Antiquities  of  P^ilmyra, 

fBjJUc,   ol  .\.^.ri^,   of  Ionia,  and  of  Pjctlum;   of  all  wlikVv^  VNtt 

ivcn  SLCcounis,  in  Uie  couitc  of  our  Kcvlcvv, 

%t^4 


■ 


id 


1*1^2.  PennantV  Tour  in  Scotland  l-i  1769. 

and  projc£ling  of  every  member,  as  well  in  general  as  in  parti-^ 
cular,  even  to  the  fmalleft  parrs.'  ,. 

On  his  return  to  Paris,  orders  were  immediately  given  that 
thefe  defigns  fliould  be  engraved,  and  the  whole  work  printedy' 
at  the  royal  expence,  that  nothing  might  be  wanting  to  the 
perfedion  of  this  elaborate  performance. 

The  engravings  here  given  are, 

1.  The  Pantheon,  in  23  plates. 

2.  The  Temple  of  Bacchus,  at  Rome,  in  5  ditto. 

3.  The  Temple  of  Faunus,  at  Rome,  in  2  ditto. 

4.  The  Temple  of  Vefta,  in  Rome,  in  3  ditto. 

5.  The  Temple  of  Vefta,  at  Tivoli,  in  4  ditto. 

6.  The  Temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis,  at  Rome,  in  4  ditto. 

7.  The  Temple  of  Peace,  at  Rome,  in  2  ditto. 

8.  The  Temple  of  Antoninus  and  Fauftina,  at  Rome,  in  5 
ditto. 

9.  The  Temple  of  Concord,  at  Rome,  in  3  ditto. 

10.  The  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  at  Rome,  in  3  ditto. 

11.  The't'emple  of  Jupiter  the  Thunderer,  at  Rome  in  3 
ditto. 

12.  The  Temple  of  Mars  the  Avenger,  at  Rome,  in  4 
ditto. 

The  drawings  here  given  of  thefe  fine  remains  of  ancient  Ro- 
man fplcndour,  appear  to  be  very  elegant,  as  well  as  minutely 
accurate.  In  a  word,  here,  as  our  tranflator  obferves,  M. . 
Defgodetz  has  happily  preferved  thofe  mafter-pieces  which  fpoke 
Rome  at  the  heighth  of  art,  when  at  the  heighth  of  empire; 
and  denying  them  any  farther  decay,  hath  faved  them  from ' 
the  power  of  time,  as  models  to  all  future  generations. 

With  refpeft  to  the  prcfcnt  edition,  Mr.  Marfhall  informs 
his  readers,  that  he  undertoook  the  work  9  years  ago ;  and 
that  neither  trouble  nor  expence  have  been  fpared  to  render  it 
worthy  of  the  original.  The  deicriptions  and  explanations  arc 
given  in  the  author's  own  words,  as  well  as  in  an  Englifti  tranf- 
lation,  on  oppofitc  pages,  for  the  purpofe  of  companion,  and  to 
accommodate  readers  of  the  difterent  countries  in  which  the 
French  and  Engliih  languages  are  underftooJ. 

Akt.  XII.    Pennant*j  Tour  in  Scothind^    concluded:    fee  Review  for 

lalt  Month. 

N  our  laft  we  accompanied  this  agreeable  and  entertaining 

Traveller  as  far  as  Perth. 

The  palace  of  Scone  is  the  next  place  dcfcrriicd  by  Mr.  Pen* 

nant ;    who,    from  thence  repafled  the   Tay,  and    proceeded 

through   a  country  abounding   in  barley,  ojts,  and  flax  ;  but 

which,  after  a  few  miles  travelling,  is  fuccc(;'Jed  by  a  black 

heath  : 


I 


PennantV  Tqut  In  Scotland  in  ijSq*  ^Ai  ' 

*  Ride  throagh  a  beautiful  plaatation  of  pinest  and  after  deA:eiMi« 
tng  an  cafy  ilope,  the  plain  beneath  fuddenly  contrads  itfelf  into  a 
narrow  glen :  the  profpeft  before  me  ftrongly  marked  the  entrance  • 
into  the  Highlands,  the  hills  that  bounded  it  on  each  fide  being  lofty 
aind  rude.  On  the  left  was  Birnam  wood,  which  feems  never  to  have 
recovered  the  march  its  anceftors  made  to  Dunfinane:  I  was  (hewn, 
at  a  great  diftanee,  a  high  ridge  of  hills,  where  fome  remains  of  that 
famous  fortrefs  (Macbeth*s  caftle)  are  faid  yet  to  exifl« 

*  The  pafs  into  the  Highlands  is  awefully  magnificent ;  high^ 
CTaggy9  and  often  naked  mountains  prefcnt  themfelves  to  view,  ^p^ 
p roach  very  near  each  other,  and  in  many  parts  are  fringed  witk 
wood*  overhanging  and  darkening  theTay,  that  rolis  with  great  ra- 
pidity beneath.  After  fome  advance  in  this  hollow,  a  moll  beauti- 
ful know!,  covered  with  pines,  appears  full  in  view  ;  and  foon  after 
the  town  of  Dunkcld,  fcated  under  and  environed  by  crags,  partly' 
caked,  partly  wooded,  with  fummits  of  a  vail  height.' 

Crofiing  the  Inver  in  a  boat,  our  Author  landed  in  the  I>akc  of' 
Athors  gardens ;  •  which  are  extremely  pleaiing,  wafhed  by  the 
river,  and  commanding  from  diiFerent  parts  of  the  walks  the  moR: 
beautiful  and  pidturefque  views  of  wild  and  gloomy  nature  that  can 
be  conceived.  Trees  of  all  kinds  grow  here  extremely  well;  and- 
even  fo  fouthcrn  a  iluub  as  Portugal  laurel  flouriihes  greatly,  la 
the  gardens  arc  ihc  ruins  of  the  cathedral,  once  a  magnificent  edifce^ 
as  appears  by  the  beautiful  round  pillars  Hill  Handing  ;  but  the  choir 
is  preferved,  and  at  prefent  ufcd  as  a  church. 

•  On  the  other  fide  the  river  is  a  pleafing  walk  along  the  banks 
>      of  the  water  of  Bran,  a  great  and  rapid  torrent,  full  of  immenfe 

ftcnes.  On  a  rock  at  the  end  of  the  walk  is  a  neat  building,  im- 
pending  over  a  moil  horrible  chafm,  into  which  the  river  precipi- 
taws  itfelf  with  great  noifc  and  fury  from  a  confidcrible  height* 
The  windows  of  the  pavillioo  are  formed  of  painted  glafs ;  fome  of 
the  panes  are  red,  which  makes  the  water  refemble  a  &cry  catarad* 

*  The  town  of.Dunkeld  has  a  fmall  linen  manufaclure.  Aduck 
company  rcforts  here  in  the  fummer  months,  for  the  benefit  of  drink- 
ioe  goat's  milk  and  whey  :  I  was  informed  here,  that  thofe  animals 
will  eat  ferpents  ;  as  it  is  well  known  that  (lags  do.* 

From  Dunkeld  Mr.  Pennant  had  a  ride  of  two  miles,  along 
a  narrows  firait,  amidd  trees,  and  often  in  fight  of  the  river 
Tay.  When  the  ftrait  began  to  widen,  a  wcll-pcoplcd  valc^ 
plentiful  in  oats, bat  ley  and  flax  prefented  itftlf.  DueNorih  is  the 
foad  to  Blair,  and  Fort Auguftus,  through  the  noted  pafsofKilH- 
crankic.  Reaching  Taymouth,  the  feat  of  the  Earl  of  Breadalbine, 
we  have  a  defcription  of  that  place,  together  with  Loiigh-Tay» 
a  beautiful  lake,  about  one  mile  broad,  and  fifteen  long.  Here 
ho  met  with  fcvcral  animals  and  birds,  of  which  he  gives 
an  account;  and  then  proceeds,  (July  31)  to  Glen  Lion. 
Fording  the  river  that  gives  name  to  this  place,  he  arrived  at 
Rayjiack,  a  meadowy  plain,  tolerably  fertile;  the  lake  of  the 
hmc  name  is  about  eleven  miles  long ;  the  fouthc;a  banks  of 
which  arc  fin^iV  cjvcrcd  with  a  forcft  of  pine  and  birch.     He 


I 


1 44  Pennan t V  T&ur  tn  Satland  in  1 769. 

rode  ^  good  wav  into  this  foreft,  but  obfcrvcd  no  trees  of  an 
fize,  except  a  birch  fix  teen  feet  in  circumference.     The  grounil 
beneath  the  trees  is  covered  with  heath,  bilberries,  and  dyrarf* 
arbutus,  whofe  glofTy  leaves  make  a  pretty  appearapce. 

Being  now  advanced  into  the  Highlands^  we  are  entertained 
with  various  accounts  of  the  inhabitants,  their  peculiar  man^ 
ners,  and  extraordinary  fuperftitions  :  but  for  tbcfe  we  (hall 
refer  to  his  work  at  large,  and  confine  our  Review  chiefly  to  his 
defcriptions  of  the  face  of  the  country,  the  ilriking  prufpefts, 
and  the  progrcfs  of  thofe  improvements  fo  happily  introduced  of 
late  years,  into  this  heretofore  wild,  uncultivated,  and  barba*- 
rous  part  of  our  ifland. 

Arriving  at  Blair,  the  feat  of  the  Dtike  of  Athol,  in  giving 
U9  a  view  of  that  nobleman's  demcfnes,  he  notices  the  valt  fo- 
rclls,  or  rather  chaccs ;  (for  they  are  cjuite  naked)  and  thence 
takes  occafion  to  mention  the  great  huntings  formerly  celebrated 
in  the  Highlands^  fomewhat  in  the  manner  of  the  caftcrn  mo- 
narchs:  thoufands  of  vafTats  furrounding  a  great  tradt  of  coun- 
try, and  driving  the  deer  to  the  fpot  where  the  chieftains  were 
ftationcd.  Of  one  of  ihcfe  magnificent  hunts  he  gives  an  en- 
tertaining account  from  Sir  David  Lindfay,  and  another,  equal- 
ly curious,  from  John  Taylor,  the  noted  water-poet  j  who^  in  I 
j6i8»  made  hh  pemtl/ajs  pilgrimage  into  the  Highlands,  ai\d  def-  " 
cribes  the  rural  luxury  which  he  met  with  at  one  of  thefe  grand 
hunts^  (as  Mr.  P.  oblcrves)  with  all  the  glee  of  a  Sancho  Panfo, 

We  are  now  come  to  Invercauld^  feated  in  the  centre  of  the 
Grampian  hills,  in  a  fertile  vale,  washed  by  the  large  and  rapid 
river  Dee  :  nothing,  he  tells  us,  can  be  more  beautiful  than  the 
different  views  which  here  prefent  themfclvcs. 

*  On  the  northern  entrance,  fays  he^  immenfe  ragged  and  broken 
crags  bound  one  fide  of  the  profpeft  ;  over  whofe  grey  iidei  and  (am* 
mlts  is  fcfttccred  the  melancholy  green  of  the  pii^urefque  pine,  which 
grows  put  of  the  naked  rock,  where  one  would  think  nature  would 
have  drnidd  vegetal  Jon. 

*  A  little  lower  down  is  the  callle  above  mentioned  •  ;  fortnerly  « 
ncccflary  carb  on  the  little  kings  of  the  country;  buc  at  prcfeot 
fvfves  fcnr*  e  any  rtal  purpofc,  but  to  adorn  the  landfc;tpe» 

*  The  viewi  from  the  Ikirts  of  the  plain,  near  Invercauld,  utc  very 
great;  the  hilis  ihat  immediately  bound  it  are  cloathcd  with  ticet, 
particularly  with  birch,  whofe  long  and  pendent  bough*,  vv.iving  n 
vail  height  above  the  head,  furpafs  the  bcautic*  of  the  weeping 
Hillow. 

'  The  fcmhern  extremity  is  pre-eminently  magni^cent  ;  the 
mountains  form  there  a  vaft  theatre,  the  botbm  of  which  i*  corctctf 
with  exfenfive  forcfU  of  pines  ;  above,  the  trees  grow  fcajcer  trud 
fcarcer,  atid  i^ten  ilcm  only  to  fprtnkle  the  furface;  ui^er  wkicli^v^ 


•  Brae-mtr. 


getauon 


Cennant*/  Tear  In  Scotland  in  1 769* 


US 


(tuyun  Cttifei,  and  naked  Tammits  of  a  furpriring  height  fuccecd, 
»Any  of  them  topped  with  perpetual  fnow  :  and,  a*  h  li ft e  contrail 
I  \ht  £bcac,  the  gtt^i  cacaraf^  of  Garval^bourn,  \^hich  fccms  at  a 
to  divide  the  whok,  foams  amidll  the  dark  forcft,  fuftiing 
I  rock  to  rock,  to  a  vafl  dUlancc. 
^*  Some  of  thefe  htllt  arc  fuppofed  to  be  the  highcfl  part  of  Great 
ritaio  :  their  height  has  not  yet  been  taken,  but  the  conje^^urc  ia 
JefiQtn  the  great  dcTccnt  of  the  Dee«  which  runs  from  Erae-mar 
Uhc  fca,  above  70  miles,  with  a  moll  t^^id  courfLV 

*  Rode  10  ukc  a  nearer  view  of  the  environs  ;  crofled  th**  D<?e  on 
l^d  ftone  bridge,  built  by  the  govcrofi^cot,  and  entered  on  eXccl- 

roadi  into  a  mH^oiHccnt  fore[(  of  pines  of  many  milc^  extent* 

k»me  of  tlie  tree*  arc  of  a  vaft  fize  ;  I  mcafured  fevcral  that  \vf:c  ten* 

jcvcn>  and  even  twelve  feet  in   circun^fcrence,  and  near  fixty  ftt% 

fcigh,  fornyng  a  moll  beautiful  column,  with  a  jftni*  vcrtiant  capival* 

liffc  trees  arc  of  a  great  age,  having,  as  i$  fuppofed,  (<t€^t\  (vvoccn* 

jttfiri.     The  %'alue  of  thcfe  trees  ii  con  uderable;   Mr.  Fnrquhartcn, 

finvcrcauld,  informed  me,  that  by  uwing  and  rctailtnt;  tf  f*m»  he 

I  got  for  eight  hundred  trees  iive-and-twenty  ihillrnp;!i  v^ch:  they 

fia'^cd  in  an  adjacent  faw-miU,  into  pLnk  ten  fccL  lor-g*  eleven 

tcbrs  brood,  and  three  thick,  nwA  fold  (or  two  ihi}|inf>5  apiece* 

*  Near  thi^  ancient  foreft  is  another,  confining  of  fmjllcr  trees* 
'  oil  u  high,  but  very  llender ;  one  grows  in  a  finguUr  manner  out 
'  tilt  top  of  a  great  itone»  and,  notwithdanding  it  (Vcms  to  have 
> other  nourilhinenl  than  what  it  gtti  from  the  devvs^  h  above  thirty 
set  high, 

*  The  profpefl  above  thefe  forefb  is  very  extraordinary,  a  diflant 
fifwof  htlls  over  a  furfacc  of  verdant  pyrainids  of  pine.i. 

*  This  whole  trad  abounds  with  gstme :  the  Ifags  at  this  timewertf 
ito^ng  in  the  mountains;  but  the  little  roebucks  were  perpetually 
bo«aidinj(^  before  us ;  and  the  black  game  often  fprung  under  ouf 
fcfU  The  tops  of  the  hills  fwarmed  wxih  gr&ui  and  ptarmigsms* 
CfMCn  ploveri,  whimbrcls,  and  fnow-fleclcs,  breed  here:  the  lafl 
aftmbie  in  great  Hocks  during  winter,  and  collect  fo  clofely  in  their 

'djfiog  flight,  a*  to  give  the  fportfmao  opportunity  of  killing  num- 
i  at  a  l^Yot,    Eagles,  peregrine  falcons,  and  golhawks,  breed  here: 
ans  :n  rocks,  the  golhawks  in  trce-i :  the  lail  purfues  its  prey 
and  daihcs  through  crcry  thing  in  purfuit;  but  if  it  mifles 
■  -^.t%  alter  two  or  three  hundred  yards  flight*    Thcia 
MiX  \  half  A  crown  is  given  for  an  eagle,  a  fliillia^ 
rahaw^'k,  or  hooded  crow, 
►  '  foJtes  are  in  thtlc  parts  very  ravenous,  feeding  on  rocs,  fliecp^ 
1  e^cn  ftic-goat^. 
_►•  Jtookt  viut  thefe  vales  in  autamn,  to  feed  on  the  diifcrent  forti 
cCbrrriej  ;  but  neither  winter  nor  breed  here, 

'  I  Um  Bying  tn  the  forelh  the  greater  buldrch  of  Mr.  Edward i^ 
nk  tx;,  124.  the /.durt'tf  enutUatQr  oi  Linnaeus,  whofe  food  is  the 
fed  of  pine  cones ;  a  bird  comnton  to  the  north  of  Europe  and 
Aoerica. 

'  rctttrn  paHied  under  fome  iiigh  c lifts*  with  large  woods  of 
iiermixfd.     This  tree  is  irred  for  aJl  forts  of  itti^UmeTvU  til 
r(^£ag  of  ImiUI  Jiooies,  whet^li,  fuel  i  die  Hi j^^^oi^tm 
BK  Feb*  1/2**  L  iMk 


14^  Pennar/v'i  Tc:!r  In  Scotland  In  i/'g. 

alfo  tan  tlicir  Ovvn  leather  with  the  bark  :  and  a  great  deal  of  cxc  '*^'- 
knc  wine  is  cxtradcd  from  the  live  tree.  ObfcrVed  among  lYi^^f^ 
focks  a  forr  of  projccling  fh^If,  on  which  had  been  a  hot,  acceffifcr^^^c 
only  by  the  help  of  feme  thongs  faHened  by  fome  wtty  expert  climbc-  -^h 
to  which  the  family  r.ot,  in  time  of  danger,  iir  former  days,  wBc  th 
their  molt  valunblc  m ./."cables. 

*  The  houfcs  of  the  common  people  in  thcfe  parts  are  (hocking  ^■ 
humanity,  formed  of  loofti  Hones,  and  covered  with  clods,  whi  ^^ 
ihey  call  dcj.p^  or  with  heath,  broom,  or  branches  of  fir:  they-  loa^  kr 
at  a  dillancc,  like  fo  many  black  malc-hills.  The  inhabitants  li  ^ 
vcrv  poorly,  on  oatmeal,  barley-cakes,  and  potatoes ;' their  drigr^k 
tvhifl:y  Avcctcned  with  honey.  The  men  are  thin,  but  ftrong  ;  i^K  Ic- 
and  lazy,  except  employed  in  the  chace,  or  any  thing  that  loo-^E^' 
like  amufcmcnt ;  are  content  with  their  hard  fare,  and  will  n-^^^^ 
fcxcrt  thcmfclvcs  fnrtlicr  than  to  get  what  they  deem  neccflarie-  ■*• 
The  women  arc  m on?  indullrious,  fpin  their  own  huibands  doatk  -^» 
and  get  money  by  kniiiing  llockings,  the  great  trade  of  the  county*'* 
The  common  women  are  in  j;encral  moll  remarkably  plain,  and  fot^  ^ 
fccquirc  an  ola  look,  nr.d,  by  being  much  expofed  to  the  wcath^'  ^ 
U'iih'  lit  h:i:.s  iuch  a  p^rin,  nr.d  contraction  of  the  muicles,  as  heightcr^  ^ 
prjatly  thiir  natural  hiiivi-ui's  of  Icaturcs :  1  never  faw  fo  much  plaiiE  ^ 
ncf:  amoiig  the  lo'.vcr  ran);  of  females :  but  the  nt  plus  ultra  ox  har^c:^ 
features  is  nOt  found  till  v.  n  arrive  among  the  lifh-womcn  of  Abcr  - — " 
iSccn.' 

Purfuing  his  jcurne];,  Eafl,  :iloni;  a  beautiful  road,  by  th^ 
i-iver  fide,  in  fi-ht  (^f  ihc  pine  f^i^fh,  he  obVcrvcs  that  the  val^ 
grow.s  narrow,  and  is  iilied  with  birch  and  alJer.  As  he  ad- 
v.incc5,  the  glen  contia3s,  anJ  the  mountains  approach  each 
other.  He  now  proceeds  between  two  great  rocks*  called  the 
Pafs  cf  UcUitir '^  a  very  n*inow  ibdlt,  wliofe  botiom  is  covered 
with  t!)c  trcmcnJous  ruins  of  i\\'^  precipices  that  bound  the  road.- 
.  *  1  was  informed,  i'lys  Mr.  Pennant,  that  hire  the  wind  rages 
niih  great  fury  duiinir  vvintc?r,  ar.J  catcliing  up  the  fnow  in  eddies,- 
whirls  ic  aboutv. iih  fuch  impetnori(y,  as  makes  it  dangerous  for 
man  or  boall  to  l>o  out  at  tiiut  time.  Rain  alfo  ponrf  down  fome- 
times  in  deludes,  and  carries  with  it  a  one  and  gravel  from  the  hills 
in  fuch  quantity,  that  1  have  fcen  tholc  fpatu^  as  they  are  oalled, 
lie  crofs  the  roaJs,  as  the  avch^icha^  or  fnow-fall;,  do  thole  of  tlie 
Alps..  In  many  parts  of  the  ii-ghhnjs  were  bafpiiia  for  the  recep- 
tion of  travellers,  called  by  tlie  Scotch,  Spittlt:^  or  hofpitale :  the 
fame  were  uru:il  in  VvV.Ies  where  they,  are  lliled  yjpUty\  and,  in 
both  place?,  were  maintained  by  the  religious  houli^s  :  as  iimilar 
^jyhw.'s  arc  to  tliis  cvj  fupportcd,  in  many  parts  ef  the  Alps. 
^  *-  This  pals  is  the  caltcrn  entrance  into  the  Highlands,  The 
country  now  airjinci  anew  (jcc ;  the  hills  grow  lefs  ;  but  the  land 
more  barren,  and  is  chiofiy  covered  with  heath  and  rock.  The 
edges  of  the  Dee  arc  cultivated,  but  the  red  only  in  patches,  among 
which  is  generally  a  groupe  of  fmali  houfes.  There  is  alfn  a  change 
of  trees,  oak  being  the  principal  wood,  but  not  much  of  chat.  R«- 
freihed  my  hojfcs  at  a  hamkc  called  Tulloclv  and,  looking  V|Ccft» 

fa* 


Pcnnant*J  Teur  in  Scotlmd  in  1769*  t+7 

faw  the  great  mountain  Lagbin  y  gair^  which  is  always  covered  witk 
fnow. 

•  Obferved  fcveral  vaft  plantations  of  pines,  planted  by  gentlemen 
near  their  fcacs :  fuch  a  laudable  fpirit  prevails,  in  this  relpe^,  chat 
in  another  half-century  it  never  fiiall  be  faid,  That  to  fpy  the  iial;fd- 
Bc(&  of  the  land  are  you  come* 

l*hc  nearer  to  Aberdeen,  he  obfervcs,  the  lower  the  country 
becomes,  and  the  greater  quantity  of  oats  nnd  barley  grows. 
Aberdeen  he  ftylcs  a  fine  city.  He  defcribes  its  college,  to- 
gether with  i!)at  of  O/^/ Aberdeen,  about  a  mile  dift.uit  fu^ni 
the  New,  Ho  alfo  gives  a  particular  account  of  the  other  pub- 
lic buildings,  the  trade,  provifions,  &c. 

The  country  now  grove's  very  flat ;  produces  oats ;  but  the 
crops  extremely  poor.     Bowncfs,  or  Buchanefs,  th?  feat  of  the 
Earl   of  Errol,  gave  our  Author  the  idv^a  of  a  falcon's  neft, 
perched  on  the  edge  of  a  vaft  clift  above  the  fea.     The  draw- 
ing-room, a  large  and  elegant  apartment,  han^^s  over  the  boif- 
trous  eleincnt ;  the  waves,  fays  he,  run  in  wild  eddies  round 
the  recks  beneath,  and  the  fca-fowl  clamour  abnvc  and  below  ; 
forming  a  ftrange  profpcdl  and   fingular  chorus.     This  place 
was  formerly  defenfibic,  thrre  having  been  a  ditch  and  draw- 
bridge on  the  accefTiblc  fide.     A  caftic  thus  fituated,  muft  have 
had  a  very  romantic  and  formidable  appearance, 

Tne  Bullcrs  of  Buchan,  a  very  Itrilcing,  natural  curiofity, 
come  next  in  defcription.  And  here  the  Auihor  relates  the  fol- 
lowing pleafant  anecdote. — On  the  clifis  in  this  neighbourhood 
arc  bred  vaft  numbers  of  kittivvakes,  a  fort  of  fea-guil.  Their 
young  arc  a  favourite  difti  with  the  inhabitants,  who  ferve  them 
iip  a  little  before  dinner,  as  a  whet  for  the  appetite  ;  though  from 
Ihc  rank  fmell  and  taftc,  our  Author  inclines  t  >  think  they  muft 
have  a  contrary  efFefl.  I  was  told,  favs  he,  of  an  honeft  gen- 
tleman who  was  fet  down,  for  the  firft  tim?,  to  this  kind  of 
luirt,  as  he  fupp  >fed.  But,  after  demoliftiing  half  a  dozen,  he, 
•with  .much  impatience,  declared,  that  he  had  eaten  fax^  and 
did  not  find  himfclf  a  bit  more  hungry  than  before  he  began. 

The  Lnd  profpeft  here  is  extremely  unpleafant ;  for  here 
•  no  trees  will  grow,  in  fplie^  fiys  olt  Author  (not  with  his 
ufual  accuracy)  of  all  the  pains  thnt  bav^  bjcn  taken.* — The 
people  live  hardly:  a  common  food  wi:h  them  n  faujus,  the 
hulks  of  oats,  firft  put  into  a  barrel,  with  water,  in  order  to 
grow  four,  and  then  boiled. 

Crofling  the  country,  and  fordina;  the  Dcvron,  a  fine  river, 
our  Author  cr.mc  to  the  town  of  B.jmf;  plt-ififjily  fea'.cd  en 
the  fide  of  a  hill,  with  an  handfome  tovvn-hnu'c,  bu:  a  bad 
.  harbour. — Here  is  a  good  e.xport.ition  traJe  for  r.\!rr.on.  Lord 
Finlater  has  an  houfc  near  the  town,  .'!'=;r:^.:iV)y  lit!ijLir/i  o^  ^tv 
cpiincncc,  v.:th  (uuvj  pUnt^^tions  ol  fhru^s,  auA  todW  \^«ic%n 

L  2  Ni^^Ox 


*43 


PcnnantV  7*«r  in  Scatknd  tn  1 769. 


I 

I 


which  have  a  good  cflccl  in  fo  bare  a  country.     The  profpfcft^ 

commanJs  ihe  fine  meadows  near  the  town,  the  Cmall  but  well* 
tmilt  fiihilig  town  of  Down,  the  grc^  promontory  of  Troop* 
head,  and,  to  the  NorUi,  tl)e  hills  of  Roiiffl^iic,  Sutherland,  and 
Caitnnrfs, 

Duft^houfc  is  a  vaO  pile  of  building  near  B.imf,  affording 
fonic  piiilurcs,  of  which  our  Author  gives  an  account,  Therr 
h  i\\o  a  ft-ubbery,  wi  h  a  walk  of  two  mites  leading  to  the 
river.  At  Culler*  houic,  alTo,  be  L\w  fume  pictures  by  Van- 
dyke Kncllcr*  ice.  This  houfc  i-*  ft^aied  at  ihc  edge  of  a  deep 
grn*-,  fuJI  of  vtry  1  irp^c  trec?=,  which  being  out  of  the  reach  of 
the  fca. winds  profper  greatly,  Tbc  country  round  about  Cu I* 
Icn  has  all  the  marks  o(  imp;ovcmcnf,  owsng  to  the  Indefatir 
gable  pains  pi' the  fate  nobfc  owner,  in  advancing  the  art  of 
^giicultyie,  }jliintlng>  ^*c.  Hh  Li-ri-Ajip  bioughc  wear  2C0O 
pcopPe  to  hi6  new  town  at  Keith,  by  ftuing ;  i.  e.  fiiving  in 
perpetuity »  on  prrjyment  of  a  0*ght  acknowledgment^  Und^  fuf- 
fiiient  to  buiW  an  hf  u  e  on,  uiih  a  garden,  hiQ* 

Aug,  1  J.  Paliing  rhtough  a  fine  open  cojntry^  full  of  gentle 
ftfings,  and  rich  in  corn  ;  \  iib  a  few  clumps  cf  trees,  fpa- 
rjn^ly  Itattcred' over  it ;  lie  arrived  at  Caflle  Gordon,  of  whicb» 
tf'rti  rhc  piftures,  &c.  he  gives  a  brief  account.  Here  ar^ 
fomc  large  wcil-grown  vronds  ^  and  here  the  Duke  of  Gordoa 
Aill  keeps  up  (he  ancient  divL-rfion  of  /yaw/iMg^ 

The  next  day  fce  reached  tigin,  a  good  town,  remarkable 
fur  ri5  cecitfiafitcal  antiquities.  Heme  he  caine  lo  the  rich 
pl^'ixi  of  Murray,  fertile  in  cor».  The  view  of  the  f:rth  of 
j\^i4tra)\f  with  a  (M  piofpt<lt  of  the  high  raountarns  of  Rofs- 
fhirc  ancf  SuiKcrLnd,  and  the  mag ni Scent  eiitrajicc  inio  the  bay 
of  Cromartic,  between  two  lof<y  hilU,  form,  fa)s  our  Author-^ 
a  fine  piece  of  fcettery.  At  Fortes  he  had  alfu  *  a  tic w  of  a 
rich  country,  intcrfper fed  with  groves;  together  with  a  pra- 
fpct^  of  the  bay  of  Fmdorn,  a  liue  bafoa,  almoii  rounds  with 
a  narrow  ftratt  into  the  fca.' 

Au^.  15.  Cfofs  tbc  Findorn,  and  arrive?  atTarwaway  Caftle, 
tlic  ancient  feat  of  the  Earls  of  Muiray.  At'tcr  dcfcribing^  in- 
hiti  connpcndious  but  judicir>us  manner,  which  dues  not  afford 
fbc  reader  time  for  JaiKtuJe,  he  reaches  Calder  Caftic,  or  Caw- 
dor,- as  Shtiltcfpcaic  cAls  it,  uncc  the  property  of  its  Tbanef* 
fKte  he  explored  rhe  wood?:,  containing  fine  birch  trees,  axid 
a  dcrs,  a  lew  oaks,  grtfat  broom,  and  juniptr.  Thcfc  give 
.^^Jbchcr  K>  (heiviW  rocs,  wnjch  arc  numerous  in  fonic  of  the 
ScmtHh  woodj. 

CroHing  the  Narrn,  keeping  due  North  along  the  nnilitar/ 

mod  frotn  Prrth*  and   paffing  along  a  low  piece  of  land,  pto- 

jt^Ving  far  into  the  /rr/j  called  Jrdirfur^  forming  a  ftrait  fcarce^ 

M  miU  over,  betwtxn  rbi^  county  and  that  c^f  Croniartic, — He 

^  X  aiiiveib 


Pcrihanf  i  Toitr  In  Scotland  in  i  ^69*"  t%(f 

mved  at  Fort  George,  fit-aatcd  at  the  end  of  this  point.  Thin 
isaftrong  and  regular  fortrefs,  built  fince  the  year  174.5,  as  a 
fUcetamss.  It  is  kept,  Mr.  P.  feys,  in  excellent  order  ;  but» 
l>f  reafon  of  the  happy  change  of  the  times,  is  almoll  delerted* 
The  barracics  are  very  handfonie,  and  focm  fcveral  r-egular  go(Hl 

Aug.  16.  *  Pafled  over  Cdlodtn-M<»or,  the  ph'-e  th.it 
North  Britain  owes  its  prefent  profpcr  ty  to,  by  the  viA  »ry  of 
April  1 6,  1746.*  Mr.  P.  gives  a  ihort  account  of  OuUoden- 
hi)u''c,  wiih  Tome  anecdotes  of  the  young  pretender's  defeat, 
iic.  Hence  he  con<iu<5ts  us  to  Invernds ;  a  iarjje,  well-built, 
populous  to\*n  ;  the  latt,  of  any  note,  in  Scotland.  Be  dc» 
Icnbes  this  town,  with  its  not  unpleal^nt  environs ;  and  then^ 
CToffing  the  Nefs,  he  proceeds  North,  ar;d  has  a  fine  view  of 
the  Firihy  which  widens  from  Kellbck  into  a  large  bay,  fome 
oiilesin  length.  *  The  hills  flt>pe  down  to  the  water  fide,  and 
a/c  finely  cultivated  ;  but  the  oiiUnt  profpcf^  is  of  rugged 
nouotaios,  of  a  flupendous  heio,ht,  as  if  created  as  guards  to 
^  rtft  of  the  ifland,  from  the  fury  of  the  boiftrous  North.* 

Caftie  Dunie,  once  the  feat  of  the  late  famoies  Lord  Lovat^ 
>^  the  next  objeft  of  our  Traveller's  notice.  From  hence 
'^  goes  on  to  Caflle  Hraan,  the  feat  of  Lord  Fortrofe;  a  good 
i> -uftr,  pleafantly  (ituaicd  ;  where  Mr.  P*  met  with  fome  pic* 
tores;  of  which  he  gives  an  accouflt.  He  next  pafles  through 
Dingwall,  a  fmaW  town,  the  capital  of  Rofsfhire,  fitiiated  near 
Ac  head  of  the  Firth  of  Cromartie.  This  Kirth  aff  .rds  a  hay, 
*hc  moft  capac'ou^  and  fccure  of  any  in  Great  Britain,  Our 
^holc  navy,  we  are  told,  might  lie  there  with  eafe  j  the  en- 
^ce  is  narrow ;  and  the  pn jecling  hills  defcnJ  it  from  all 
^inJs :  fo  ckac  it  juflly  merits  the  name  given  it  of  Perins 
Salmis. 

For  the  fake  of  orevity,  we  muft  omit  the  mention  of  feve- 
fal  caftlcs  and  gentlemen's  fca?s ;  with  many  agreeable  and  en- 
^taining  remarks  and  anecdotes  ^  and  quitting  our  fenfxble 
'  faveller's  Company,  for  a  little  way,  while  he  continues  his 
*our  through  the  country  of  Suthtrland  *,  we  rejoin  him  upon 
t^Wvaft  promontory,  the  Ord  of  Caitkmfs.  Inhere  is  a  good 
f'^  winding  up  the  ftecp  fides  of  this  lofty  cape,  impending 
^^  many  parts  over  the  fea,  '  infinitely  more  high  and  horrible 
*ao  our  Ptnmaen  Mawr  :*  (a  conceilion  which,  from  a  fVelch'^ 
'^  cannot  be  too  much  admired)  ^  Beneath  were  numbers 

*  This  country,  as  well  as  Caithnefs,  abounds  in  cattle,  and  fend# 
Ottt annually  above  ?^oo  head»  Stags  are  here  fo  numerous,  in  th« 
Ulf,  cfaac  it  is  faid  there  are  not  leh  than  1 600  on  the  Earl  of  Su« 
tkeriand*s  cflate.  Bofides  thefe,  there  are  roes,  grous,  black  ^;m^% 
M  ptarmigiosy  and  w^tcr^fowJ,  ia  plenty^ 

-^3 


I5«  Pennant^  T(9ttr  m  Scotland  tn  1769/ 

of  feals  floating  on  the  waves,  and  fca-fowl  fwimmmg  among 
them  with  great  lecurity/ 

At  Dung{by-bay  (the  ultima  Thule  cf  Wal'acc  f )  our  Author 
bad  a  full  view  of  feveral  of  the  Orkney  Iflands,  to  the  Weft 
the  Skerries,  and,  within  two  miles  of  land.  Stroma^  famous 
for  its  natural  mummies,  or  the  entire  and  uncorrupted  bodies 
of  perfons  who  had  been  dead  60  years.  Mr.  P:  was  informid 
that  they  were  very  light,  had  a  flexibility  in  their  limbs,  and 
were  of  a  dufky  colour ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  faw 
them. 

Having  thus  penetrated  to  th&  northward  extremity  of  the 
Britifli  ifland,  our  Tourift  returned  by  the  fame  road  ;  and 
meeting  with  multitudes  of  gannets,  or  folan  geefe,  in  vaft 
flecks,  on  their  pafl'agc  farther  North,  he  has  given  us  a  good 
print  of  this  fowl. 

Returning  by  many  of  the  places  he  had  vlfited  before,  till 
he  came  back  to  Invcrncfs,  he  now  entertains  his  readers  with 
his  remarks  on  the  various  cuftoms  of  the  country,  and  the  man- 
ners of  the  inhabitants.  Thefc  parts  of  his  Journal  arc,  un- 
doubtedly, vciy  entertaining ;  but  we  cannot  pretend  to  give 
any  abftracl  of  them,  without  lengthening  this  article  beyond 
the  bounds  which  muft  be  afligned  to  it :  although  we  perceive 
that  it  will,  almod  unavoidably,  exceed  the  ufual  limits. 

After  a  ride  of  about  fix  miles  from  Invcrnefs,  he  reached  Lou^b 
K'/s,  and  *  enjoyed  along  its  banks  a  moft  romantic  and  beautiful 
fcenery,  generally  in  woods  of  birch,  or  hazel,  mixed  with  a  few. 
holly,  wbite-thorn,  afpin,  afh  and  oak,  but  open  enough  in  all  parts 
to  admic  a  fight  of  the  water.  Sometimes  the  road  was  flrait  tor  a 
confiderable  diftance,  and  rcfcmbled  a  fine  and  regular  avenue ;  ia 
others,  it  wound  about  the  fides  of  the  hills  which  overhung  the  lake : 
the  road  was  frequently  cut  through  the  rock,  which  on  one  fide 
formed  a  folid  wall ;  oa  the  other,  a  deep  precipice.  In  many  partif 
we  were  immerfed  in  woods ;  in  others,  they  opened  and  gave  a  view 
of  the  fides  and  tops  of  the  vafl  mountains  foaring  above:  fome  of 
thcfc  were  naked,  but  in  general  covered  with  wood,  except  on  the 
mecr  precipicci,  or  where  the  grey  rocks  denied  vegetation,  or  where 
the  heath,  now  glowing  with  purple  blofibms,  covered  the  furface* 
The  form  of  theie  hills  was  very  various  and  irregular,  cither  broken 
into  frequent  precipices,  or  towering  into  rounded  fumnrits  cloathcd 
with  trees ;  bat  not  fo  clofe  but  to  admit  a  fight  of  the  (ky  between 
them.  Thus,  for  many  miles,  there  was  no  poffibility  of  cultivation  ; 
yet  this  ^radi' was  occupied  by  diminutive  cattle,  by  Iheep,  or  by 
goats :  the  lad  were  pied,  and  lived  moft  luxurioufly  on  tne  tender 
branches  of  the  trees.  The  wild  animals  that  poffeflfed  this  piftu- 
rcique  fccne  were  Hags  and  roes,  \)\\Kk  game,  and  grous ;  and  on  the 
fummits,  white  hares  and  ptarmigans  J.' 

■»   ■      '  '■     II       ■  ■         ■  t         ■!■■  I       ^^-^m^  I  ■ 

+  Orkney  Iflcs,  p.  33. 

X  A  kind  of  grous;  and  fa  ms,  frcm.the  print,  to  be  of  a  lai^ 
fort.  


Vtnnzn^sTour  in  ScothrJ  m  1769.  ^S^ 

The  north  fide  of  this  lake,  our  Author  fays,  is  far  Icfs  beau- 
tiful than  the  fouth.  The  hills  are  not  fo  high,  but  very 
fcep,  and,  in  general,  quite  naked,  from  the  Aiding  of  the 
flrata  down  their  fides. 

Foxes  arc  here  fo  numerous  and  voracious,  that  the  farmers' 
irc  fometimes  obliged  to  houfe  their  fheep,  as  is  done  in  Fiance, 
for  fear  of  the  wolves. 

The  mention  of  thefc  beafis  of  prey  has  drawn  from  our* 
Author  a  note,  which  may  have  fomc  tendency  to  excite  a  de- 
gree of  fcepticifm,  in  the  minds  of  many  leade.-s,  with  regard 
to  the  authenticity  of  the  poems  afcribed  to  Offian.  He  cx- 
prcffcs  his  furprize  that  no  mention  is  made,  in  thofe  cele- 
brated p^ms,  of  our  greater  beafls  of  prey,  which,  he  thinks, 
muft  have  abounded  in  UiSan's  time. 

*  The  wolf,  fays  he,  was  a  peft  to  the  country  fo  late  as  the  reigrf 
cf queen  Elizabeth,  and  the  bear  exi lied  there  at  Icall  till  the  year 
IC57,  when  a  Gordon,  for  killing  a  fierce  bear,  was  dircfled  by  the- 
king  to  carry  three  bears  heads  in  his  banner.  Other  native  animals 
are  often  mentioned  in  ieveral  parts  of  tke  work;  and  in  the  five 
little  poems  on  night,  compodtions  of  as  many  bards,  every  modern 
Britifh  bcaft  of  chace  is  enumerated,  the  howling  dog  and  howling 
^defcribed;  yet  the  howling  wolf  omitted,  which  would  have 
l&ade  the  bards  night  much  more  hideous.' 

The  fail  of  the  river  Fyers,  near  Lough  Ncfs,  furnifhes  a 
fcene  horribly  romantic : 

'  It  is  a  vaft  catara£l,in  a  darkfome  glen  of  a  ilupendous  depth  ; 
tie  water  darts  far  beneath  the  top  through  a  narrow  gap  between 
two  rocks,  then  precipitates  above  forty  feet  lower  into  the  bottom  of 
ihcchafm,  and  the  foam,  like  a  great  cloud  of  fmoke,  rifes  and  fills^ 
^cair.  The  fides  of  this  glen  are  vail  precipices  mixed  with  trees 
wer-hanging  the  water,  through  which,  af:cr  a  fliort  fpace,  the  wa- 
ters difchargethemfelves' into  the  lake. 

'  About  half  a  mile  fouth  of  the  firll  fall  is  another,  paffing  through 
«  narrow  chafm,  whofe  fides  it  has  undermined  for  a  conhderable 
way:  over  the  gap  is  a  true  Alpine  bridge,  of  the  bodies  of  trees, 
covered  with  fods,  from  whofe  middle  is  an  aweful  view  of  the  water 
roaring  beneath.* 

Fort  Auguflus,  which  the  rebels  dcftrcycd  in  1746,  Is  feated 
on  a  plain  at  the  head  of  Lough  Kefs.  From  an  eminence  near 
this  fort,  is  a  full  view  of  the  whole  extent  of  this  beauiiful 
water,  which  runs  perfcclly  ftrait,  from  Eaft  to  Weft.  It  is 
22  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  two  broad;  except  near  C«llle 
Urquhart*,  where  it  fwells  out  to  three,  lis  c'cpth  is  very 
great,  in  fome  places  140  fathoms.  Hcdcc  it  is,  thit  this  lake- 
n^yer  freezes.  Our  Author  reports  thit,  durinjj  c»iKl  wea- 
ther, a  fleam  rifes  from  it  as  from  a  furnace ;  and  he  iidds,  that 
ice  brought  from  other... parts,  and  put  into  Lough  Nefs,  in- 

r-*^ — — — 

?  This  callic  Hands  on  a  rock  projedling  into  ilie  lake. 


Ijl  Pcnnant'i  Tcur  m  Scotland  in  yjBi)* 

ftanily  thawg.  Yet  no  water  freezet  fooner  than  that  of  tilif 
lake,  when  brou-ht  into  an  lu.ufc.  It  is  eftcemcJ  (o  very  fj- 
lubrittU',  that  people  come  or  fend  30  nulcs  for  it.  In  proof 
of  the  excellence  at  this  water,  or  of  the  air  of  thcfe  parrs,  or 
of  both.  Ue  mentions,  as  a  fj£t,  that  for  fcvcn  years  foge.hct^ 
the  paritfan  of  Fort  Au^uftus  had  not  loft  a  iln^lc  man, 

A  circumflance  which  nniW  add  Confidcrably  to  th^r  beau;]( 
of  the  profpedt  of  this  lakc>  in  the  winter,  is,  Ui  being  frc* 
qucntcd  bv  fv/ans,  and  other  wild  fowl. 

Lough  Nefs  is  fubjcft  to  violent  agiiations  f;oni  the  wtnds  ; 
/o  that,  a^  timc5,  the  waves  arc  (juiic  mount^inotis.  Mr.  P* 
Jias  reccrdcd  fame  extraordinary  agitations  of  its  water.*;,  wliich 
happened  in  1755?  at  the  time  of  the  ^feat  earihquajic  ai  Lif- 
l)on.  We  have  an  indeterminate  recolk<?lion  ut  fame  what  iimi- 
lar  accounts  from  other  parts  of  the  globe. 

Lovgb  Lo(hy '\^  another  fine  piece  of  water^  14  miles  long, 
and  from  one  to  two  broad- 
Arriving  at  Fort  WilUarti,  at  the  wcfl  end  of  what  is  called 
ihi  Cba'tu  cf  Forts^  fmm  Tea  to  fea,  Mr,  P.  defcribts  thl*  place, 
anJ  endeavours  to  gtve  us  an  idea  of  its  vaft  lurrgvmdinj;  moun- 
tains. And  here  our  Author's  countrymen,  zealous  (or  the 
honour  of  Cambro-Briiain,  will  meet  wiih  a  fccond  morttfica- 
liont  from  his  laudab'c  impaftialiiy,  in  fairly  yielding  ihc  fu- 
pcriority  to  Benevifh  J*  He  confenes  however,  like  a  true  and 
lioneil  fon  of  St.  David,  that  his  candour,  in  this  inftance,  coft 
him  a  pang*  ^  As  an  ancient  Briton,  fays  he^  1  lament  the 
dtfgracc  of  Snowdon,  once  eftecmcd  the  higheft  hi!I  in  the 
ifland^  but  tiow  muR  yield  the  palm  to  aCakdunian  mountain** 
The  badncfs  of  the  weather*  Mr.  P»  fays,  prevented  his  vrfit- 
Uig  the  celebrated  p^iallel  roads  in  Ghn  R&y  ;  but  he  has  givcn^ 
in  hii  Afptndix^  the  beft  account  he  cauld  cuUc£l  relating  to 
thofe  amazing  works. 

After  defcribing  Lochaber,  and  its  inhabitants,  our  TravcJlcF 
advances  lowatds  Argylcfhire.  At  a  piace  called  Hamt]tott*s 
Pafs*  *  in  an  inOantburft  on  a  view  of  L^ttgh-aw^  which  makes 
i  beautiful  appearance i  is  about  a  mile  broad,  and  (hews  at 
leaft  10  miles  of  its  length  j  but  its  whole  e.vtent  is  30  miles. 
It  is  prettily  varied  with  iflcs,  fomc  fo  fmaU  as  merely  to  peep 
above  ihe  furface ;  yet  even  thefc  ate  tufted  with  trees  ;  fomc 
are  large  enough  to  afford  hay  and  paClyfage  \  and  In  one  arc 
the  remains  of  a  convent/ 

Inverary,  the  town  and  caflle^  with  Lough-Fine,  in  which 
they  arc  fituatcd,  are  next  defcribed.  The  caftle  \h  the  feat  of 
the  Dukes  of  Argylc ;  the  lake  is  remarkable  for  its  great  hcr» 

X  The  height  of  this  moantain^  from  the  d'a^  is  faid  to  be  14;^ 
yards. 


I 

I 
I 


■  Penn^nf  J  T^ur  in  SiotlopJirt  1765.  15J 
kn;  fifliety.     It  is  ibove  30  miles  long^  but  its  breadth  Tcarce 

■  Lou^b  Loiiond  is  another  f  magnificent  piece  ofwztcr^ 

■  '  The  6rfl  view  of  it  from  Tarbat  prcfents  an  cxtcnfivc  ferpcn^nc 

fr-  ': 'tiill  lofty  hills  1  en  ibc  noirh,  barren,  blc^ik  and  rock/^ 

I  m  v^ith  their  Ihadc  that  contrijflcd  pajt  of  the  water. 

L^i  t  It:  ucr:  ^dc^  the  mountains  are  cloachcd  near  the  boifon^s  wrtk 
■rc*}dt  cifojik  ^nue  to  the  water  cd^e ;  their  J'unimits  lofty,  naked  an4 

l*  Od  the  calk  fije,  the  tnoontalns  arc  equally  high,  hot  the  inpt 
^^Hpiore  even  ridge  parallel  to  the  lake^  accept  whejc  Ben  Lo- 
^^Blike  S^ul  aniidlt  his  coaipanions,  overtops  the  relh  The  upper 
BSi«kcrc  black  and  barren;  and  the  lower  had  great  marits  of 
ttilility,  or  at  Icnlt  of  indullry,  for  the  yellow  corn  wa&  ilocly  con- 
Killed  mill  the  verdure  of  the  groves  jnicrmixed  with  k. 
I  *  Tbe  eallcrn  boundary  is  part  of  ihe  Gmmpian  hills,  which  cx- 
Ptnd  from  hence  through  the  counties  of  Perth,  An^ui,  Meajns,  and 
fcberilcen.  They  take  their  name  from  only  a  fmgJe  hill,  the  Moo* 
Kfaajpius  of  Tacitus,  where  Galgicus  waited  the  approach  of  Agri- 
ni|and  where  the  batile  was  fought  to  fatal  to  the  brave  Cdcdonian^« 
^^Hiriaoi  ha^c  not  agreed  upon  the  particular  fpot ;  but  the  iible 
HRordon  places  it  nc.ir  Comerie^  at  the  upper  end  of  Sirathern, 
m  1  place  10  thi5  day  called  Galgathan  Moor.     But  to  return, 

■  *  The  road  runs  fomctimes  through  woods,  at  others  is  cxpofcd* 
kd  naked  ;  i:j  foine,  fa  tteep  as  to  require  the  fuppon  of  a  wallt 
■k^liole  the  woikof  the  ToMicry  ;  bleifed  exchange  of  in ftrumcni* 
fef  cenruthon  for  ihofc  that  give  fafecy  to  the  traveller,  and  a  poliili 
BO  the  once  inaccelTiblc  native. 

m  *  A  great  headland  covered  with  trees  feparates  the  firil  fccjjc  from 
imetoully  dilTercnti  On  patfing  this  cape  an  expanfe  of  water  burlU 
Btcmcc  on  your  eye,  varied  with  aJI  the  fofter  beauties  of  nature, 
^^■di^tely  beneath  i»  a  fiar,  covered  with  wood  and  corn  ;  beyond^ 
^^Bdiands  llretch  far  into  the  water,  and  coofUl  of  gentle  ri^ijgs; 
^^Hhave  thi'ir  fur^ces  covered  with  wood,  others  adorned  wick 
^^^kofdy  fcatiered  either  over  a  fine  verdure*  or  the  purple  bloom 
^^Kkc^th.  Numbers  of  libads  are  dijperfed  over  the  lake  of  the 
P^Bcvaced  foiiQ  as  the  little  capes,  and  wooded  in  the  fame  man* 
pfr;  others  juft  peep  above  the  fur  face,  and  arc  tuficd  with  trees  j 
ttftvi  nutnbc/3  arc  fo  difpofcd  as  to  farm  magnificent  viJlos  between. 
I  *  OppofiLc  Ltifs,  at  a  final  I  dil^ancc  frooi  ihort%  is  a  mountainous 
Bfi«  ilitioil  covered  with  wood;  is  near  half  a  mile  long,  and  has  & 
RboftnceeffeO,  1  could  not  count  the  number  of  illands,  but  wa» 
rfold  there  are  twenty-eight:  the  largell  two  miles  long,  and  liockcd 
*itii  deer. 


f  Mr.  p.  obferves,  that  it  is  an  idle  obferv^tion  of  fomc  travcllors 
t  to  thefe  lakes,   that  feeing  one  is  the  fame  as   feeing  all 
L»  waters ;  but  he  ihuws,  in  a  pretty  review  of  all  thofc  he 
tcJiivcly  dcfcribed,  that  each  has  its  proper  and  dillin^l  cha- 
and  that  their  appearances  arc  all  happily  and  ib iking  1/ 
dt  CO  the  e}T  of  a  nice  and  judiuous  obfervcf , 


154  Pennant'/  Tour  in  Scotland  in  1769. 

*  The  length  of  this  charming  lake  is  twenty-four  Scotch  mifef  t 
its  greateft  breadth  eight :  its  greatefl  depth  a  handred  and  twettf.. 
fathoms.    BeHdes  the  fidi  Qommon  to  the  loughs  are  Guiniads,  calM 
here  Poans. 

*  The  country  from  Lufs  to  the  fonthern  extremity  of  the  lak^* 
concinunliy  improves  \  the  mountains  fink  gradually  into  fmall  hills; 
the  land  i&  liighly  cultivated,  well  planted,  and  well  inhabited.  I 
was  {Iruck  with  raptuic  at  a  fight  fo  long  new  to  mc:  it  would  have 
been  without  alloy,  had  it  not  been  dalhed  with  the  uiKertainty 
whether  the  mountain  virtue,  hofpitality,  would  flourifh  with  equal 
vigour  in  the  foAcr  femes  I  was  on  the  point  of  entering  on  j  for  ia 
the  Highlands  every  houfc  gave  welcome  to  the  traveller. 

'  The  v;ile  between  the  end  of  the  lake  and  Qunbarton  is  unfpeakt 
ably  bc.'utilul,  very  fertile,  and  finely  watered  by  the  great  and  ra-. 
j.itl  river  J.cvin,  the  difcharge  of  the  lake,  which,  after  a  fhort" 
courfe,  drops  into  the  Firth  of  Clyde  below  Dunbarton :  there  is. 
fcaictly  a  Ipjt  on  its  hanks  but  what  is  cultivated  with  bleacherics, 
pLintatiors,  zvA  'viUas.  Nothing  can  equal  the  contraft  in  this  day's 
journey,  bctv.een  the  black  barren  dreary  glens  of  the  morning  ride, 
and  the  iv'ft  fccnes  of  the  evening,  iflands  worthy  of  the  retreat  of* 
Armida,  and  v.  hieh  Rinaldo  himfclf  would  have  quitted  with  a  figh.^ 

Our  Authijr^takcs  leave  of  the  Highlands,  by  obferving  tnat 
every  entrance  into  them  is  ftrongly  marked  by  Nature;  viz. 

'  On  the  South,  the  narrow  and  wooded  glen  near  Dunkcld  in^ 
fiantly  (hews  the  change  of  country. 

'  On  the  Lad,  the  craggy  pafs  of  Collitir  gives  a  contracted  a4't 
iniflion  into  the  Grampian  hills. 

*  On  the  Nor:h,  the  mountains  near  Lough -Moy  appear  very  near, 
and  form  what  is  properly  ilyled  the  threlhold  of  the  country  ;  and 
on  the 

*  Wed,  the  narrow  road,  impending  over  Jjough-Lomond  forms  a 
moil  charaderiltic  entrance  to  this  mountainous  trad.' 

After  dcfcribing  Dunbarton,  town  and  caftle,  our  Author 
(Sept.  8\)  p-fl'cs  *  by  the  ruins  of  Dunglas  caftle,  near  the  bank* 
of  the  Clyde,  which  meanders  finely  along  a  rich  plain,  fall  of 
>)arley  and  oats,  and  much  inclofed  with  good  hedges^  a  raritf 
Jn  North  nrliain.  At  a  diftance  arc  fome  gentle  rifings,  inter-- 
fp^Tf.'d  with  woods,  and  villas  belonging  to  the  citizens  of 
iGlafgow. 

Our  Author  joins  with  all  who  have  feen  Glafgow,  in  be- 
flowing  great  praifes  on  its  buildings,  in  which  rerped  it  is  cer« 
tainly  fuperior  ti)  any  fecond-rate  city  in  the  ifland.  He  def^ 
crlbcs  its  handfome  ftrccts  and  market  places;  its  flourifliing. 
trade,  its  collc^^c,  churches,  &c.  and  then  proceeds,  (through 
a  rich  and  bwMuciful  corn  country,  adorned  with  fmaii  woods^ 
arid  gentlcrMcn  s  ftat^)  to  Hamilton-houfe,  about  twelve  mile$ 
f.om  Gbfgovv.  Here  he  faw  many  good  pidiures,  fome  by  tho 
firii:  nul^crs ;  but  the  building  ittclf^  he  fays,  is  a  large  ancl 
diia^rccablc  file.  .  •'  •  ' 

?leturnLD|j^ 


Pcnnani'x  Tour  in  Scotland  in  1769.  155 

Retarning  to  Glafgow,  he  crofled  the  country,  and  arrived 
IK  Stirling.  In  refpeS  of  fituation,  this  town,  he  fays,  is  z 
pintature  of  Edinburgh :  being  built  on  a  ridged  hill,  rifing 
«otof  a  plain,  having  the  caftleat  the  upper  end,  ^  on  an  high, 
precipitous  rock.' 

■  From  the  top  of  the  caftle,  'fays  Mr,  P.  is  by  far  the  fincft  vien* 
k  Scotland.  To  the  Eaft  is  a  vaft  plain  rich  in  corn,  adorned  with 
VQodsy  and  watered  with  the  river  Forth,  whofe  meanders  are,  be* 
ibit  it  reaches  the  fea,  io  freqncnt  and  fo  large,  as  to  form  a  multi- 
tode  of  mod  beautiful  pcntnfulas ;  for  in  many  parts  the  windings 
•pproximate  fo  clofc  as  to  leave  only  a  little  idhmus  of  a  few  yards, 
k  this  plain  is  an  old  abbey,  a  view  of  Alloa,  Clackmannan,  FaU 
kirk,  the  iirth  of  Forth,  and  the  conntrj'  as  far  as  Edinborgh.  Oa 
the  north,  the  Ochil  hills,  and  the  moor  where  the  battle  of  Dum- 
blain  was  ibught.  To  the  weft,  the  ftratb  of  Montcith,  as  fertile  as 
theeaPiCrn  plain,  and  terminated  by  the  Highland  mountains,  amon^ 
vkichthefummit  of  Bcn-Lomond  is  very  confpicuous.' 

Falkiric  is  the  next  object  of  the  traveller's  attention.  This 
town  is  no  Icfs  famous  for  its  great  fairs  for  black  cattle,  from 
the  Highlands,  than  for  the  battles  that  have  been  fought  here 
with  the  Englifti.  Our  Author  feldom,  if  ever,  fails  to  note 
the  principal  fields  of  battle,  in  this  part  of  the  kingdom ;  but 
'  fcarce  a  fpot,  fays  he,  has  cfcapcd  unflaincd  with  gore,  for 
had  they  no  public  enemy  to  contend  with,  the  Scots,  like  the 
Welflj  of  old,  turned  their  arms  agqinft  each  other/ 

Proceed  to  Hopetonhoufe,  the  feat  of  the  Earl  of  Hopeton^ 
and  the  boaft  of  Scotland.  It  was  begun  by  the  famous  Scottifl) 
architefi.  Sir  William  Bruce,  and  fini(hed  by  Mr.  Adams. 
This  building  Mr.  P.  pronounces  the  handfomeft  he  faw  ii^ 
North  Britain. 

*  The  front  is  enriched  with  pilaflcrs ;  the  wings  at  fome  diftance 
jnncd  to  it  by  a  beautiful  colonade :  one  wing  is  the  ftables,  the 
cdter  the  library. 

*  The  great  improvements  round  the  houfe  are  very  extenfive ; 
bat  the  gardens  are  flxll  in  the  old  taftc :  trees  and  ihrubs  fucceecl 
kre  greatly;  among  o:hcrs  were  two  Portugal  laurels  thirty  feec 
high.    Nothing  can  equal  the  grandeur  of  the  approach  to  the  houfe, 

«  or  the  profped  from  it.  The  fituation  is  bold,  on  an  eminence, 
commanding  a  view  cf  the  firth  of  Forth,  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  COD nty  of  Fife ;  the  middle  is  chequered  with  idands,  fuch  as 
Gar\'ey,  Inch  Keith,  and  others  ;  and  to  the  foutheaft  is  a  vaft  com* 
in  and  of  Bail -Lothian,  and  the  terminating  object  the  great  coaic 
lill  of  North-Berwick. 

*  The  whole  ride,  Mr  P.  fays,  from  Stirling  to  QuecnVferry  (near 
Hopeton  houfe)  is  not  to  be  parallelc.l  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of 
itsprofpedls  :  the  whole  is  a  compofition  of  all  that  h  great  and  heau- 
lifd:  towns,  viibges,  feats,  and  ancitr.t  towers,  decorate  each  banic 
pf  that  fine  cxpanfe  of  water  the  Fir:h;  while  the  bufy  fcenes  of 
cwnmercc  and  rural  ccconomy  are  no  fm.-iil  addition  to  the  dVA  Vvfc, 
The  loft>'  mocntflns  of  the  Highlands  form  adillanibui  a\i£u^\>o>aL\\-' 


15^.  Pennant*;;  Tour  in  Scotland  in  1 769. 

dary  towards  the  North  weft ;  and  the  Eaftrrn  view  is  enlivened  wkb 
ihips  perpeiaally  appearing  or  vanishing  amidll  the  numerous  iilrs.* 

Pafling,  Sept,  12.  by  Queen 's-ferry,  our  traveller  now  fellla 
into  the  ildinburgh  road,  and,  '  in  that  capiral,'  fays  he,.  •  thisH 
evening,  finiffied  a  moft  agreeable  and  profperous  lour.  J 

He  now,  very  naturally,  allotts  a  few  moments  to  *  recall  thc« 
idea,*  of  what  he  had  feen  ;  to  imagine  the  former  conditioQx^^ 
of  this  part  of  the  kingdom;  to  compare  it  with  the  prcfcnt^ 
ftate  \  and,  by  a  fort  of  fecond  fight,  make  a  probable  conjec^t^ 
Cure  of  the  happy  appearance  it  will  aflume  in  a  very  ttn  > 
years.*  Nor  could  he  forbear  repeating  the  prophetic  lints  t  of-  ^ 
Aaron  Hill>  who  feemed  fcized  with  a  like  rcvirie,  f  '^ 

"  Once  more !  O  North,  1  view  thy  winding  fhores. 
Climb  thy  bleak  hills,  and  croG  tiiy  dufky  moors. 
Impartial  view  thee  with  an  heedful  eye, 
Yec  lUll  by  nature,  not  by  cenlbrc  try.  1, 

England  thy  fifler  is  a  gay  coquet, 
.Whom  art  enlivens,  and  temptations  whet : 
Bich|.proud,  and  wanton,  ihe  her  beauty  knows^ 
And  in  a  confcious  warmth  of  beauty  gJowo  :  | 

Scotland  comes  after  like  an  unripe  fair,  | 

Who  ijghs  with  anguiih  at  her  li.ler's  air ; 
Unconicious,  that  ihe'll  quickly  have  her  day,  ,. 

And  be  the  toall  when  Albion's  charms  decay." 
Aft^r  a  few  days  experience  of  the  fame  hofpitality  in  Ediil* 
burgh  which  our  traveller  gratefully  acknowledges  he  had  md: 
with  in  the  Highlands,  he  continued   his  journey  South;  def**- 
cribing,  tn  pofjanty  the  mod  remarkable  places  he  met  with  in 
his  return  through  the  fouthern  border  of  Scotland,  and  the! 
North  of  England,  till  he  happily  arrived  at  the  place  from 
whence  he  fct  out :  fee  Review  for  laft  month,  p.  48. 

His  Appendix  contains  I,  a  curious  account  of  the  conftitution. 
of  the  church  of  Scotland  ;  II.  An  account  of  the  failing  wo- 
man of  Rofsfhire;  an  extraordinary  phenomenon  I  111.  A  def* 
cription  of  the  amazing  parallel  roads  in  Glen  Roy;  IV.  A 
coiledtion  of  Galic  (or  £rfe)  proverbs,  with  Engliib  traniU- 
tions  ;  alfo  epitaphs,  and  fmall  pieces  of  Englifli  poetry,  tranf* 
lated  into  the  Galic.  V*  An  account  of  fome  remarkable  pil*  < 
)ars  in  Penrith  Church-yard,  wiih  an  engraving;  VI.  A  re-* 
capitulation  of  the  animals  mentioned  in  the  Tour^  with  addi- 
tional remarks  in  Natural  Hiftory,  and  engravings  of  fame' 
beaftsy  birds»  and  fifhes :  VII.  Queries,  addrefled  to  the  gen* 
tlemen  and  clergy  of  North  Britain».refpe£ling  the  antiquities  * 
or  Natural  HiAory  of  their  refpe^ive  parifhes :  to  thefe  are. 
added,  an  Itinerary,  and  an  Index  to  the  Tour. 

+  Written  on  a  window,  in  North  Britain. 
*  Our  Author  has  never  failed  to  give  as  fatisfa^ry  an  account 
of  the  feveral  antiquities  he  met  with  in  his  Toiur>  9a  could  be  cx:' 
jK&cdAom  4  cran£enc  vifitor» 


McwTHLY  Catalogue,  ReUgkusj  &cr;  157 

We  fhall  now  bid  adieu  to  this  pleadng  publication,  but  we 
WaA  not  forget  to  mrntioii,  that  Mr.  Pennant  has  iliuftrated 
¥naniber  of  his  defcrippons  by  feveral  prints,  befide  thofe  a1- 
jidy  Tpoken  of,  v/'z.  Views  of  Dunkeld  Cathedral,  of  a  caf- 
(ple'nejr  Taymouth,  of  Blair,  of  Brae-Mar- Caftle,  of  Inver- 
pW^  of  Fre(hwick-caftle,  of  Caftic  Urquhart,  of  the  upper 
Ulof  Fyers,  of  Stirling  Caftle,  and  of  ibme  antiquities:  ail 
fBgraved  oo  O^avo  plates,  fuitable  to  the  fize  and  form  of  the 

kok. 


MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    FEBRUARY,     ijjz. 

Religious  tf»^ Controversial. 
^Art.  13.  jfn  jlpohgyfor  the  prefent  Church  cf  England^  as  by  Lavr 
^    eftabiiibcd,  occalioacd  by  a  Petition,  5fC.   for  abolilhing  Subfcrip- 
I     lioDs ;  in  a  Letter  to  one  of  the  Petitioners.     By  Jofiah  Tucker, 
;     D-D.  Dean  of  Glouceitcr.     Svo.     is.  6d.    Blalion.  *  1772. 
iTTaDDOt  admit  of  a  doubt,  that  Dr.  Tucker  is  by  far  the  ableft 

1  of  all  the  writers  who  have  hitherto  appeared  in  oppoiition  to  the 
Mtiontng  Clwrgy  ;  and  he  hath  treated  his  fubjv:<5l  with  a,  fpiric  of 
iberalicy  and  candour,  not  eafily  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  perfons 
tbtbave  been  engaged  on  the  fame  fide  of  the  qucition.  The  'Dv* 
kfips  his  letter  with  fcte«^ng  two  polluhta,  v/hich  he  hopes,  and 
bmves,  will  not  be  controverted.  The  firft  is,  '  That  all  ibcieties 
wA  have  (bine  comraon  center  of  union,  and  be  governed  by  fome 
Tfitt^  either  exprefled  or  implied,  written  or  traditionary.  And  the 
fcooad;  That  thofe  perfons,  who  are  admitted  members  of  fuch  (b- 
ckcies.  and  more  efpecially  thof^  who  propofc  themi'v^lvcs  co  be  can« 
didnesfor  otiices,  and  honourable  ditlinclioiis  iu  the  fame,  are  to  be 
fappofcd  to  approve  of  this  rule  in  the  main,  and  this  center  of 
uion,  whatever  it  may  happen  to  be.* 

From  theft  pofculata  the  ingeaious  and  worthy  D'^an  has  drawn  » 
BBinber  of  coocluiions  favourable  to  his  caufe,  fome  of  which  will 
bf  no  means  be  aflented  to  by  the  gentlemen  who  with  to  exclude 
SaMcriptions  co  human  Formulatries  from  ChrllHan  and  Protcllanc 
divrcbcs*  Indeed,  we  are  clearly  of  opinion,  chat  in  feveral  re- 
rpe&,  he  hat  laid  himfelf  open  to  jult  animadverlion  and  criticifm  ; 
MiU  inftcad  of  pointing  out  the  places  wherein  we  do  not  concur 
■icb  him,  wc  fball  gr^itify  our  judicious  and  candid  readers  with 
la  extrady  a  conftderable  part  of  wiiich  thjy  will  pcrufc  with  great 
ilcmfure. 

'  As  CO  the  Athanaiian  Creed,,  it  \%  really  fupcrAuous  in  our  pre- 
rat  ienrice ;  becaulc  the  very  iamc  doclrine  is  as  llrongly,  though 
01  IS  fcholatlrcally  maintained  in  the  Nicene  Creed,  the  litany*  and 
■  mao/  other  parts  of  oar  public  o£ices :  and  as  the  damnatory 
hnics  are  feldum  riorKtly  underllood,  and  therefore  coo  liable  to 
ire  ofience,  it  were  to  be  wilhed  that  the  whole  was  omicced*  In- 
eed  there  is  another  weighty  rcafon  for  leaving  this  creed  out  o'^  oux 
icfcat  fboDs  vf  public  wordii^,  vfhlch^  as  it  is  pcrfe^ly  found  atid 


J58  Monthly  Catalogue,  ReVgUus^  &c. 

orthodox,  ought  to  be  diilinftly  xneDtioned.     The  reafon  I  mean  ij 
this :  one  principal  part  of  the  controverfy,   which  gave  birth  to  the 
Athanafian  Creed,  is  now  'generally  and  very  happily  forgot,  viz. 
the  errors  oi  SabeUius : — there  beinc;  few  at  this  day  that  ever  heard 
of  his  name,  and  fewer  (Ull,  who  have  a  clear  conception  of  his  fin- 
•galar  notions  and  opinions.     And  yet  the  creed  itfelf  can  never  h% 
properly  onderftood,  till  thefe  tenets,  by  being  previoafly  known 
4re  contralled  with  their  oppofite  extremes.     For  all  thofe  ftriking 
an(it}iefes,  which  to  ignorant,  or  to  prejudiced  minds  appear  like  fo 
many  paradoxes  or  contradi£lions,    will    be  found  to  be  nothing 
more^  when  truly  undcrftood,  than  fo  many  cautions  or  prcfervatives 
againll  falling  into  the  errors  of  Sabeltius  on  one  fide,  or  into  thofe 
oi  Arius  on  the  other.     Now  as  the  Nicenc  Creed  was  particularly 
intended  as   an  antidote  againll  Arianijm^ — and  as  Salelliauijm  is 
utterly  unknown  to  our  common  congregations,  reafon  good  it  feems 
to  be,  that  a  creed  which  was  intended  to  guard  againll  both  ex- 
tremes at  the  fame  time,  and  by  the  fame  context,   ought  to  be  laid 
afidc,  when  there  is  only  one  of  thefe  errors  now  remaining  : — efpe- 
'cially  as  that  one  is  already  as  well  guarded  ngaintl  as  human  prudence 
tan  devife.     For  undoubted  fa6t  it  is,  that  that  Arian^  whofc  con- 
fcicnce  can  digell  the  Niccne  CrecJ,»  will  make  nj  fcruples  at  fwal- 
lowing  the  Athanalian.     Lailiy,  we  will  iilfo  allow,  that  the  great 
principles  both  of  natural  and  revealed  religion,  might  have  becQ 
expreffed  in  a  more  methodical  manner,  and  with  greater  precifion, 
'than  they  are  expreffed  in  our  prcfent  Thirty-nine  Articles  :—alfo, 
that  a  new  fet  offiril  lefibns  mii;;ht  ha.c  been  more  judicioufly  chofcn 
out  of  the  Old  "lellament  than  the  prcfent  arc  : — that  fomc  ufeful 
abbreviations  might  be  made  in  our  liturgy  ;   and  fome  exprcflions 
altered  and  amended.     All  thefe  things  every  candid  and  impartial 
man  will  readily  allow  ;  and  he  would  b;:  glad  to  lend  an  helping 
liand,   as  far  as  his  abilities  and  influence  extended,   towards  re- 
moving thefe  few  real  blemilhes,  fpots,  and  impcrfetlions,  when  a 
proper  opportunity  (hall  oHer. 

*  But  nevcrthclcfs,  be  it  duly,  and  folemnly  obfervcd,  that  im- 
pR0viN&,---and  DEsrROYiNC,  are  very  dillVrcnt  things  :  and  that 
the  man,  or  the  fet  of  men,  who  would  gladly  engage  in  the  one^ 
would  not  wifh  to  appear  to  give:  the  lead  countenance  to  the  other. 
Therefore  fuch  men  will  chearfully  fubmit  to  the  prcfent  inconveni- 
ences, were  they  greater  than  they  are,  rather  than  be  the  co-adju- 
tors,  and  fellow- labourers,  in  fuch  a  deihuclive  de;jgn  as  yours  fecmt 
to  be. 

'  As  to  the  cafe  of  thofe  young  j^cntlcmcn,  who  arc  to  be  mat|i- 
culated  in  our  two  univerfiiies  of  Oxford^  and  Catnlridge^  and  alfo 
t)f  all  perfons  commencing  graduate",  either  in  arts,  law,  phyfic,  or 
muhc ; — there  doth  not  appear  any  llri^t  propriety,  in  the  reafon  of 
things,  for  requiring  their  fubfcriptions.  And  therefore,  wdTt.  they 
to  be  permitted  to  be  on  the  fame  footing  with  the  rcll  of  our  lay- 
congregations,  or  with  the  members  of  univjriitijs  in  cthir  countries^ 
1  do  not  fee,  I  muft  ingenuouily  confefs,  any  danger  that  would  at- 
tend their  non-fubfcribing.  Confequenily,  as  {oiac  of  them  uiih  to 
"be  delivered  from  an  injundlion  which  they  fay  is  giievous  to  them, 
and  vyhich  1  allow  is  not  ngceiiary  j-^ki  iheiu  ia  the  naiae  of  cha- 

lity, 

7 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Reli^lous^  &c,  159 

rity,  and  good-will,— and  more  efpecially  let  the  xniniilersofdifrcr.:- 
(og  congregations,  if  they  will  chufe  to  apply,  be  heariily  wilhed  :: 
good  deliverance  from  the  burden  of  our  fubfcrintions,* 
•  We  believe  that  Dr.  Tucker  has  had  the  honour  (for  fuck  he  will 
undoubtedly  think  it)  of  contributing  more  eile«5lually  to  the  iJ- 
facccfs  of  the  clerical  petitioners,  than  any  other  writer  agsiiift  thenu 
We  hope,  too,  that  he  will  have  the  much  fuperior  honour,  ia  c:'r 
if:mai2eny  of  promoting  the  abolition  of  fubldi^^cions  in  the  c^fcs  he 
iMCh  mentioned. 

Art.  1 4.   Letters  t9  m  Alemhtr  of  Pa^ilj:}7:cnt^  in  which  the  Dc* 
fign  of  removing  Subfcriptions  to  hum^n  Articles  of  Faith  ii  vin- 
dicated, in  Oppofition  to  Arch-Deacon  Randolph's  Ciiur^c,  MrV- 
Toplady's  Free  Thoughts,  and  Dean  Tucker's  Apology.     With 
a  Card  to  MeflVs.  Ibbcfton  and  Powcl.     By  a  Clergyman  of  tha 
Church  of  England.     Svo.     as.     Wilkie,     1772. 
This  Author  has  more"  than  once  palled  in  review  before  u 7 :  t.t.I 
wchave  always  fpoken  of  him  in  terms  of  warm  approbition.    Cl'-vir, 
concife,  and  elegant  in  his  il)'le,  judicious  and  liberal  in  his  t>nri- 
mcnts,  he  cannot  but  be  read  with  pleafure  by  every  cnIar4*od  jrii'n  J 
Wreliiiious  liberty.     After  faying  thus  much  concerning  him,  ir  is 
buta  i'mall  encomium  to  add,  that  he  has  obt^ned  a  oiTiple:-  lic- 
tory  over  Dr.  Randolph  and  Mr.  Toplady.     We  could  gladly  traii- 
fcribe  fever al  fenfible  and  fpiritcd  paffages  from  his  performance ; 
but  we  Hiall  content  ourielves  with  the  conclufion  of  the  la!l  letter. 

*  Bat  is  Religion  fo  far  the  daughter  of  Time,  as  to  ht  fufccptible 
of  daily  improvements?  The  queilion,  perhaps,  may  be  amended. 
h  (hould  have  been  afked,  whether  the  knowledge  of  mankind  in  the 
ihisry  of  religion  is  not  fufceptiblc  of  daily  improvement  ?  To  fuch 
aqucHion  I  cannot  hefitate  to  anfwer,  Tes,  Such  knowledge  in- 
dudes  a  variety  of  Languages^  an  cxtenfive  acquaintance  with  11*/- 
toy.  Geography,  Chronology,  and  is  indeed  connedtcd  with  every  art 
andfcience  under  heaven.  What  period  then  fhali  we  fix  to  its  pro- 
jrcfi  ? 

'  •  Had  it  been  poflible  to  communicate  religion,  at  a  fngle  glincc, 
(ofuch  a  creature  as  Man,  fo  as  to  leave  no  interclling  enquiries  to 
Cxercife  his  mind,  it  would  have  proved  fatal  to  his  viriue,  the  end 
and  eflenceof  all  religion.  For,  though  convidlion  might  a:  firft 
lave  been  the  confequence  of  fuch  communication,  ye'  this  convic- 
tion would  have  become  weaker  and  weaker  in  each  fuccecdir.g  ge- 
neration, for  want  of  thofe  new  and  fuccciTivcdifcoveriei,  which  now 
ix  the  attention  and  raife  the  admiration  of  mankind. 

*  We  are  all  exquilitely  fenfible  of  pleafure  in  the  dlfcovery  of 
Truth  ;  but  the  heart  warms  and  expands  in  a  peculiar  manner, 
when;  after  clofe  attention  to  the  oracles  of  God,  we  h:Mr  thcrti  more 
audibly  than,  before,  in  confequence  of  a  new  langjr.r^e  acq'iired,  or 
any  other  difcovcrv  mide,  in  the  mornlor  the  nj/.i::\;.i  v;j:]d. 

*  And  ;hereJl>re  the  wifdom  and  bercvolcnce  c>  Go:i  hv:z  been 
juftly  traced  in  iwz  fi:c:ejji-je  difcoverics  of'hi;nl"-If  tD  nianki..  1,  in  all 
wiiiih  the  quantity  of  communicaLcd  Hj;!:i  has  bern  srir/r.vJj'y 
idapttfd  to  the  eyes' which  were  to  receive  ir.  Ch.-i:ii.ir.:ty  irfcif, 
the  lad,  Lci^  gift  of  Henven,  though  loii';jccmfnuriva\Ov:,  and  r.i  th« 
ijte.^feafon,  coatain-^  prophecies  ye:  to  b:  fulhiied,  ?c\\  b=i\vv.\,r.  vt^ 


i6o  MdJCTHtY  Catalogue,  Religious,  &c. 

t»  be  dilcovered.  Fh  this  difcovery  it  is  our  duty,  and  oar  intereH 
to  laboar :  yet  Mr.  T^pUtdy  wou!d  put  an  unnatural  flop  to  our  im- 
yforement,  and  fix  us  for  ever  in  the  Divinity  of  an  age,  the  di(^ 
tance  of  which  from  the  prefent,  bears  a  considerable  proportion  to 
the  time  elapfed  fmce  the  birth  of  Chri  (1. 

'  I  am  ot  an  opinion  fo  oppoiite  to  thi?,  that  I  wi(h  to  iee  cvnj 
Geotleman,  whofe  fortune  can  purchafe  leifure,  aflerting  his  right 
to  inreftigate  the  Scriptures,  w.ith  a  view  to  the  improveneDt  of  our 
icltgious  Theory.  The  enquiry  would  help  his  morals,  and  his  iflii- 
pxoved  morals  would  aflifl  the  enquiry. 

^  T\ax  fonae  order  of  men  (hould  be  fet  apart,  cxprefsly^  to  fearch 
into  and  teach  ChriAianity,  is  I  believe  efTentially  neceiTary  in  the 
preicnt  (late  of  fociety.  But  that  ihei^  only  ihould  ^o  this,  that  it 
fltottldbe  left  to  them  as  exclujhfe  propertv,  is  pernicious  in  every  view 
cfits  confcquences.  The  people,  in  fuch  a  cafe,  are  liable  to  be 
jftbafed  by  falfe  reprcfcntations  of  their  religion  ;  the  Clergy  them- 
Uvcs  are  deprived  of  a  (bong  incentive  to  excellence  ;  and  Tome  of 
the  moib  laborious  and  fuccefisfnl  enquirers  into  truth  may  be  mifre- 
preieated.  by  their  bigotted  brethren  to  t!ieir  ignorant  fuperiors,  by 
fihich  a  heavy  clog  is  rixed  to  every  fcheme  of  reformation* 

'lam  firmly  perfuaded,  that  when  our  Articles  are  put  into  your 
lands,  many,  vtry  many  members  of  your  honourable  houfe,  wjU 
be  difgulled  at  their  contents.  Yet,  perhaps,  a  wcH-inflrudcd 
Priefi,  with  his  palliatives,  diiiinflions,  and  quibbles,  may  raife  a 
mill  about  them,  not  eafily  to  be  diflipaccd  ;  in  which  llate^  that  M^ 
armament  will  be  produced  which  would  have  fupprcfTed  Chrtflianity» 
would  have  flopped  the  Reformation,  and  would  defer  every  great 
mdrrtaking  to  eternity — the  danger  of  inmvaticn 

*  But,  it  theie  be  any  danger,  it  mull  arife  from  a  continuance  of 
ear  piefent  forms.  A  man  mull  be  blind  if  he  do  not  fee  the  rapid 
improvements  of  the  human  mind  which  are  yearly  making. 

'  If  the  religious  theory  of  this  country  be  not  adequately  ini«  . 
proffcd,  it  will,  it  mult  fink  into  contempt ;  and  that  contempt  wil!^ 
coo  probably,  be  extended  to  Cbrijiianiiy  iti'elf ;  for,  fcnfe  enough 
to  ke  flriking  error  is  not  always  accompanied  with  refolutioQ 
cnoogh  to  purfue  real  truth.  The  theory  of  reiioion  is  no  lefs  com- 
plex  a  fabje^l  than  the  theory  of  government ;  relied  then  upon  the 
ilate  of  government,  as  having  liherty  for  its  objed,  at  the  time  thefe 
articles  were  publifhed,  and  you  will  be  a  judge  of  our  religioua 
forms,  as  having  truth  for  their  objc£l  at  the  prefent  time. 

*  The  improvement  of  which  our  clergy  have  partaken  in  common 
with  the  nation,  has  led  ihcm  to  drop,  if  not  to  oppofe,  the  articles* 
They  have  become  filent  upon  the  dciinfd  points  of  fpecuktion,  and 
they  have  lolk  their  popularity.  The  Meth^ifis  are  followed  by  the 
jtrc'pir,  and  they  boail,  not  without  reafon,  that  we  are  ail  Mnif- 
£Jli  by  profeiEoR. 

*  '1  hi!>  may  he  denied  ;  but,  will  it  not  be  at  the  expenceof  that 
£mpiicicy  which  narks  the  gofpel-charadcr  ?  I  know  the  power  of 
^uibblfng->bat  how  facat  the  ncceility  which  compcUs  us  to  look 
l:ke  enthufialls  or  prevaricators  ! 

*  If  then  the  clergy  be  confidered  as  an  ufeful  bod^  of  meq  ; 
if  itvy  zre  not  to  lot  degraded,    the  articles  mtft  be  repealed ;' 


MoKTHLY  Catalogue,  Rtilrlcusy  &c.  iti 

if  rclig'on  be  worth  the  cire  of  Govj:r:^ir;e:i;,  the  artlcl'.!s  nu:{l  I:.2 
rtpealcd.  A!l  human  gond  T:\r.y  have  its  inccnvciT5tp'cc  ;  yet  V/ifdom 
vill  not  reject  the  good  becanfi^  of  incorvcnicrco,  triliircj,  f^iture, 
ar.d  perhaps  i.T.aginary ;  bac  will  excr:  itfvdr*  in  proviJir'^  a  rcintdy 
again il  it.' 

Dr.  Tucker's  apolo;^)*  is  only  occafiOnaliy  confiJcrcd  in  the  pre- 
leht  U'tsrk,  a  more  complete  attention  to  i:  bj'r.<»  promifcd  hereafter. 
Art.  15.  A  fcripturd  Czmmcnt  en  ft):  Thirty -tUn'  ^{tticlrs^  &:c. 
Bv  M.  M.idan,  A,  B.  ChapLiiii  to  the  Ri^h:  Hop..  //;•/;;■/  Lori 
J/ifli}\  i-ord  Hi';;^h  Chancellor  of  (jrr.ii  Driuun,  and  to  the  Lcck- 
Htj^ral.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Rivin;c:ton« 

With  refpcft  to  the  comment  here  clfcred  to  the  public,  it  is  fuHi- 
cient  to  fay,  that  the  Author  hath  thrown  t  ^;;'j:hcr  a  numbjr  of  fcrip- 
lore  paifages,  for  the  moll  part  wi-hou:  judgment,  oriier,  or  regard 
to  their  ^true  coniie^lio.i  and  rrtf/ meaning  ;  but  the  preface  and  cp* 
//Wijtarc  too  extraordinary'  to  pafs  unnoticed. 

To  aflert  that  it  would  be  dilficult  to  find  a  more  dbmpletc  union 
of  igaorancc  and  bigotry,  is  cxprelfinQj  ourfclves  in  a  cold  and  lan- 
gdid  manner.  We  had  fcarce  a  conception  that  any  clergyman 
cdald  polfibly  have  been  infpired  with  fo  antichriilian  and  diibblical 
afpirit.  With  (hamelefs  effrontery,  Mr.  Madan  treats  the  petition- 
ing clergy  as  a  let  of  infidcb,  who  have  formed  "themfeWes  into  a 
pdWic  fociety  to  attack  the  Chriilian  religion.  He  has  retailed>  from 
the  London  Evening  Poft,  a  ilory  of  Dr.  Clarke's  having  retri;6lecl 
liis  notions  conteruing  the  Trinity,  though  the  Dr.'s  fon  has  pub- 
licly refuted  that  ftory  ;  but  the  infcrting  of  Mr.  Clarke's  advertife- 
nent  would  not  have  anfweri'd  the  piom  purpofe  of  our  Author.-^ 
His  attempt  to  prove  that  rubfcrloiion  ought  to  he  exadled  r^f  difient- 
ing  teachers,  and  of  the  profeffors  of  law  and  phylic,  is,  to  the  la.'l 
^cg^'fti  ridiculous. — Is  it  not  allonifliin?,  that  fuch  a  perfon  ihould 
be  able  to  entitle  himfelf  ^'i&a://ff/»  tot  he  Lord  High  Chr.ncellor  of  Great 
Britain?  But  enough  of  Mi.  Madan — whofc  abfurd  reafonings,  and 
intolerant  principles,  can  only  exciic  the  contempt  or  indignatioti 
of  every  honeil  and  liberal-minded  .man. 

An.  16.  An  Aildrefs  to  the  King^  as  Defender  of  the  Faith  ; 
upon  the  intended  Application  to  Parliament  for  Relief  in  the 
Maner  of  Eccleiiafdcal  Subfcri prions,  tv  a  Member  of  the  Eila- 
blilhcd  Church.     Svo.     6  d,     Dilly.         ' 

Wchavc  here  the  raving?;  of  an  cnthufhtft,  who  15  as  abfurd,  and 

ilmoft  as  bigotted  a3  Mr.  Madan ;  but  happily  docs  not  fecm  pof- 

fefled  of  a  heart  capable  of  the  fame  malignity. 

Art-  XT*  A  LetUr  to  the  Alfmbcrs  of  tlz  l-hufe  of  Comm'im  ;  re-- 

fpefting  the  Petition  for  Relief  in  the  Matter  of  Sabfcripiion.     By 

a  Chrlltian  \\  hig.     8vo.     i  f .     Bowyer. 

\\  is  with  pteafure  that  we  turn  from  fuch  wretchci  performances, 
as  ibofc  which  are  mentioned  ih  the  two  prc^elip.'^  ;iiiirl.'s,  to  an 
Author  of  true  good  feme  and  genuine  n;odt'r..tijn.  This  Ivitir- 
writer  is  not  one  of  the  petirioniiig  clergy,  nor  iiot  s  h'?  ;ip;^iov'e  of 
their  node  of  application.  Ke  tni?;k?  that  the  bilhops  hive  not,  in 
the  prelent  ftrUggic^  been  refp^ttfuliy  :i?:.ti.\l  ;  and  that  it  has  iiiju- 
rioody  been  taken  for  granted,  that  ny  Liellirgs  could  ccxHw  fnxa 
Kiv.  Feb.  i'jnz.  M  xia* 


1 62  Monthly  Catalogue^  Rtligicus^  &c. 

the  bench »  no  reformatioii  from  the  prelacy ^  no  good  out  of  Gaiilee^ 
His  arguments  for  the  removal  of  Sabfcriptiod,  and  for  a  revifion 
of  the  articles  of  the  Church  of  iiogland,  are  dear,  judicious,  and 
unanfwerable.  In  fonie  points  he  feems  to  have  carried  hit  candour 
to  an  excefs  that  may  be  thought  {carce  confif!ent  with  an  extenfive 
knowledge  of  the  world.  But,  perhaps,  it  was  his  real  ac(|uaintance 
with  mankind  which  dictated  to  him,  that  no  conccflions  can  be  ob- 
tained from  our  fuperiors  unlefi  they  be  treated  with  the  utmoft  poA 
iible  deference  and  rcfpcd. 

Art.  18.  Afecond  Letter  to  the  Mimhersoftbe  Honourable  Houfi  of 
Commons ;  relating  to  the  Subfcription  required  of  Graduates  in  the 
Univerfities.     By  a  Chriftian  Whiij.     8vo.     6d.    Bowyer. 
The  chafad\er  we  have  given  of  the  former,  will*  in  general,  fuic 
the  prefent  letter.     Befides  confidering  the  cafe  of  graduates  in  the 
univerfities,    the  Author  hath  added  a  pathetic   acUrefs  to  the  bi- 
ihops,  on  the  fubjed  of  a  farther  reformation  of  the  Church  of  £ngland. 
Notwithdanding  the  quotation  from  PufFendorf,  we  totally  dif* 
agree  with  the  Chrillian  Whig  in  his  vindication  of  a  compliance 
with  oaths  and  engagements  which  cannot  poflibly  be  petrormed.  ' 
The  latitude  he  contends  for,  cannot,  in  our  apprehenfion,  be  re- 
conciled to  any  found  principles  of  morality  and  jurifprudence. 
Art.  19.  Argumefits  ufed  for  aholijking  Subfcription  to  the  Tbsrtj" 
nine  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England^  by  AB  of  Parliament^  feri- 
oufiy  confidered ;  and  fome  Rcafons  offered,  that  the  Continuance 
of  fuch  Subfcription  will  be  no  Inconvenience  to  tbeDefigns  of  the 
Fititioners^  for  Relief  in  that  Mattter.     By  Trcmeliins.   8vo.    6  d« 
Kvans. 

An  attempt  at  ironical  wit;  but  Mr.  Tremellins  will  never  rank 
with  5wi//,  or  even  with  fome  of  S^ntift^s  humble  imitators. 
Art.  20.  Ajull  Refutation  of  the  Reafons  advanced  in  Defence  of 
the  Petition^  which  is  intended  to  be  offered  to  Parliament  by  fome 
of  the  Clergy,  for  the  Abolition  of  Subfcription  to  the  Articles^ 
&c.  By  no  Bigot  to,  nor  againfl,  the  Church  of  England,  ^to. 
6d.     Baldwin. 

An  intelligent  and  judicious  reader  of  this  fuperficial  pamphlet 
will  fmile  at  Hnding  it  entitled  a  full  Refutation  of  the  Reafons  of  the 
Petitioning  Clergy.  A  talent  for  reafoning  is  not  one  of  the  prin- 
cTpal  qualifications  of  the  prefent  writer,  and  the  abilities  he  is 
aftually  poffeiTcd  of  feem  to  be  very  much  tindurcd  Virith  arrogance 
and  ftlfconccit.  lie  has  treated  the  arguments  of  the  petitioners 
with  great  contempt,  aud  yet  he  is  himfelf  no  bigot  to  ttc  Church 
ci  Rn^land,  but  willies,  under  the  fan,!tion  of  the  biihops  and  dig- 
nitaries, to  have  the  liturgy  revifed  aud  am:ndcd^  and  the  number  of 
the  articles  h£€ncd. 

Art.  21.  Free  Remarks  on  a  Strmon  entitled^  *  The  Requifition 
of  Subfcription  to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  and  Liturgy  of  the 
Church  of.  En;>i::nd  not  inconliiknt'with  Chriilian  Liberty.  To 
which  are  prefixed,  Reafons  agairft  Subfcribing  a  Petition  to  Par* 
liament  for  the  Abolition  of  fach  Subfcription.  In  a  Letter  to  the 
Author.  By  a  Friend  to  religious  Liberty.  8vo.  is.  Johnfon. 
This  performance  contains  a  jufl  and  fpiritcd  cenfure  of  the  into* 
krant  principles  advanced  in  the  fcrmon  referred  to,  intermixed  witl^ 

many 


^OKtHLV  CATALOGUC,  Rilighus^  &C«  163 

hunjr'fenfiUe  and  important  obfervatlons  on  the  fubjefl  of  religious 
liberty. 

Aft.  22.  Litters  0n  the  SubjeSf  of  Suhfcriptton  to  the  Liturgy^  bfe, 
Krft  piinted  in  the  Whitehall  Evening  Poll,  under  the  Signature 
of  FiutliMMi ;  now  xeprintedy  with  N3tes  and  Additions.  8vo« 
1  s.    Bladon. 

Tbefe  Letters  conftitote  one  of  the  mod  maderly  produ£lions  the  V* 
^blic  hith  yet  feen  in  fupportof  the  petitioning  Clergy.  The  Au-  -A 
tiior  it  completely  acquainted  with  the  fabjedl,  and  he  has  accord- 
ingly treated  it  with  difHnguifhed  accuracy  and  judgment.  Ouf 
Reiuien  will  here  meet  with  a  full  view  of  the  fchcme  of  the  Peii- 
tiooert,  and  fee  how  far  it  was  intended  and  wiftied  to  be  carried  ; 
(rOffl  which  it  will  appear  that  the  clamours  raifed  againil  it,  as 
threatening  danger  to  the  Church,  are  groundlefs  and  imaginary. 
Tlwaddreii  of  Paulinusi  to  the  Under-graduates  of  the  univeriity 
of  Cambridge  deferves  particular  attention,  and,  were  it  duly  con- 
Uatdf  could  not  fail  of  contributing  towards  procuring  relief  with 
ngard  to  the  Subscriptions  required  at  the  matriculation  of  Students 
at  Oxibrd,  and  at  the  taking  of  the  firfl  Degree  in  Cambridge. 
Such  relief  will,  we  doubt  not,  in  a  little  time  be  obtained. 
Art.  23.  Confiderations  $n  the  proje^ed  Reformation  of  the  Church 
tfEMgland.  In  a  Letter  to  Lord  North,  ^y  a  Clergyman,  4to, 
I  s.    Robinfon. 

£afe  and  elegance  of  (lyle,  a  happy  talent  at  imagery  and  a1Iu{ion» 
together  with  a  confiderable  portion  of  vivacity  and  wit,  charade^ 
'i^the  preient  performance;  but  the  arrogance  with  which  the  pe* 
^Bing  Clergy  are  treated,  and  the  uncandid  and  unjufl  conllruc- 
^«  that  are  put  upon  their  defign,  merit  a  fevere  rfprelienfion. 
^^  is  fomething  in  the  whole  turn  oi  this  letter  which  feems  to 
■plicate  that  the  Author  of  it  is  one  of  thofe  fortunate  Clergymen 
^  is  either  already  fowell  provided  for,  or,  at  lead,  is  fo  Aire  of 
^g  eomf§rta6Iy  fettled,  that  he  cannot  but  look  with  a  fovereign 
tOBteaipton  any  endeavours  to  alter  a  Church  which  he  finds  to  b^ 
J'cxceiiently  conftituted. 

w.  24.  The  Re^finiblenefs  and  N x-Jftty  of  Suhfcribtlon  to  explanj- 
'^  Articles  of  Faith  demonftrated :  in  two  Letters ;  the  one  to 
^e  Author  of  the  Confeflional;  the  other  to  the  late  Mr.  Samuel 
Chandler,  now  re-publiihed  By  George  Harveft,  M.  A.  Fellow 
^Magdalen  College,  Cambridge.     8vo.      2s.  6d,     Ncwbery. 

After  having  heard  nothing  of  our  old  acquaintance,  Mr.  HarVeft, 
^r  oore  than  twenty  years^  we  are  glad  to  hnd  th^t  he  u  alive^ 
^henhis  letter  to  Dr.  Chandler  firll  appeared,  we  read  it  with  atten- 
tion; bu.t  were  not  convinced  by  it  oF  the  majjity  of  fibioriptiorv  to 
explanatory  articles  of  faith.  Neither  are  we  cjnvinLci  of  the 
rtatcnabltne/s  of  fuch  fubfcriptiori,  by  the  letter  nov?  adJei>  a.-^i  ad- 
'SreiTed  to  the  Author  of  cr.e  Conjcificn^l. 


M  1  Art, 


J  6+  McwTHiY  Catalocue»  Nmnls. 

At.  2;.  A  Dialogue  betweeen  two  GentUmen^  concermng  tht  laU 
/pplicatiom  to  Purhament,  for  Relief  ia  the  Matter  of  Subfcripdon^ 
&c.     8vo.     6d.     Towers. 

This  is  the  lafl  pablicadon  *  that  has  appeared  is  the  fnbferiptioff 
controverfy,  but  though  k(l,  not  leaft  in  merit.  It  is  in  fiivour  of 
the  petitioners,  and  contains  many  pertinent  obienratioDs.  The 
Author  has  condefcended  to  take  fome  notice  of  Mr.  Madan,  and 
Mr.  Samuel  Roe. 

N  a  V  E  t  s. 
Art.  26.  The Mtftahes  of  the  Heart:  or.  Memoirs  of  Lady  Ca- 
roline I'elham,  and  Lady  Vidloria  Ncvil.  In  a  Series  of  Lettersjr 
pnblifhcd  b»  M  I  rtyfac  de  Vergy,  Counfcllor  in  the  Parliafcenttf 
<»f  Paris  and  Bourdeaux.  Vol.  IV.  and  lafl  J.  i2mo.  2s.  bdJ- 
fewed.    Shatwell.     1771. 

Our  principal  objections  to  this  volume,  are.  ift,  The  difgufting 
famenefs  of  llyle  in  all  the  various  letters  fuppofed*  to  be  wnttetf 
Ly  the  fcveral  charadcrs  employed  in  this  imaginary  corrdpondence. 
2dly,  The  afieftation  of  a  superiok  air  and  Hue  of  expreffion» 
i\rhich,  inllead  of  being  a  true  reCemblance  of  the  happy  freedom  and 
cafe  which  always  accompany  true  politenefs,  often  gires  us  a  pre- 
poftcrous  ochibition  of  high-life  in  hmkram.  3dly,  Tne  eternal^  ri- 
diculous thee^in^r  z^tid  thouing.  in  this  poMte  epHlolary  intercouHe ; 
from  whence  a  reader,  wholly  unacquainted  with  the  prevailing 
manners  of  people  in  the  higher  ranks  of  life,  might  conclude  that 
our  nobility  and  gentry  were  all  turned  Quakers.  If  Monfieurde 
Vergy  had  ever  been  really  acquainted  with  perfons  of  diftinftioa 
in  this  country,  or  had  feen  any  of  their  letters,  he  could  not  have  ia 
Cf^rrp;ioufly  niiftakcn  their  flyle  and  manner.  He  h<i 9,- perhaps,  ob- 
fcrved  the  coiree-houfc  converfation  of  fome  of  our  bucks  of  quality, 
in  the  ufu^al  fanHl:;irity  of  *  Harry  andCharles ;'  and  he  has,-  front 
thence,  concluded,  that  evory  man  and  woman  of  rank,  and  every 
well-bred  pcrfon  in  the  kingdonr.,  obferved  no  other  forms  of  addrefs 
ttian  thte  and  thcu^  and  llolert  and  Mary^  and  Richard  and  ]fan9  f . 
'i'hf!  mijiokes  of  iha  pen,  however,  may  be  pardoned  in  a  foreigner^ 
although  we  aic  quite  wearied  with  their  perpetual  repetition, — and 
the  frequent  inilanccs  of  broken  Mnglifh,  into  the  bargain.^ 
Art.  27.  lie  .Stormy  or,  the  Hifiory  of  Nancy  and  Lucy. 
i2mo.  2  Vols.  6s.  bound.  Noble.  1772. 
'J  his  prododlion  is  in  the  ncrrarive  form  ;  and  there- is  a  vivacity 
in  it  which  renders  it  more  intcrciling  than  the  comnjon  run  of 
novels. 

*  All  rf  which  have  been  pundually  noticed  in  our  Review,  ex- 
cept the  fermons  of  Dr.  Hallifax;  of  which  we  have  not  yet  bcctt 
;.hie  to  procure  a  copy. 

1  See  Review,  vol.  40,  p.  <;ii. 

f  We  are  not  ignorant  that  tiiis  kind  of  the  familiar^  is  by  fome 
mziiijh  pcxfons,  afeSled  as  the  true  kon  ton  ;  but  De  Vergy  has  ridden 
the  poor  hobby- iiorfe  to  death,  and  made  up  fuch  a  ridiculous  mix- 
ture of  the  flippant  and  the  Jiatelj^.  that  one  is  at  a  I6fi  whether  vty 
lau^h  at  or  be  angry  with  him. 


MoirrhLY  Catalogue,  Methemattcal.  i^S 

Art.  28.  The  Hjhry  of  Lady  Bart:ny    in    Letters.     By  Mrs. 

Oriffith.     i2mo.     3  vols.     7  s.  6d.  fcwcd.     Davis,  &c. 

Mrs.  G.'s  Ulents  for  compofitions  of  this  kind,  arc  fo  well  known, 

x\il  ourxraders  will  require  little  infcrir.aiicn  v.ith  refpcd  to  the  pro- 

IcDtDOvel.     To  fay  that  it  is  fupcrior  to   the  generality  of  iuch  pro- 

doitions,  ii  certainly  needlefs ;  and.  to  tliis  rcnLirk,  we  ilwJl  ouly 

add,  that  the  work  abounds  with  affecling  iiicicien:'.,  iiuerefting  fitua» 

tions,  and  fuch  rational  obfervations  as  m.^y  bu  rxpcitcd  from  a  pcrfon 

whoonverrcs  with,  and  knows,  the  Y,-or\d      Ic  aiiords,  however,  no 

fteu-  or  cxa-acrdinary   charaders ;    and  exhibits  rather  a  pidure  of 

real  life,  than  a  view  into  the  regions  of  Romance:  to  that,   peihaps, 

tiieilory  of  Lidy  Barton,  cxclufiveofihe  epifodical  parts  of  tnc  work, 

has  no;  enough  of  the  marvellous,  to   plcafe  the  young  people  who 

»iad  10  fcarch  of  od'UfM/urej, 

Art.  29.  Tb^  RecUi'uned  ProJIUuU ;  or.  The  Adventures  of  Ame  • 
lia  idaey.     imo.     2  vols.     ss.     Rofon. 

Another*  defpicable  and  fcandaious  attempt  to  impofe  on  the 
pabhc,  by  a  wretched  pioce  of  patch-work,  the  (hainclef-i  plunder  oS 
fuperaoouaied  and  worthlefs  novelf.  The  adventures  here  trump'4 
Bp,  and  publifhtd  as  originals,  are  chiefly  Ilolen  from  an  old  llory- 
^k,  printed  by  Curl,  above  forty  years  ago,  entitled  Spanijh\ 
^M/tme»is;  a  few  alteiations  being  made  todifguife  the  impollure. 
Art.  30.  Thf  7eji  of  Filial  Duty,  In  a  Series  of  Letters  be- 
tween Mif&  Enr.ilia  Leonard,  and  Mifs  Charlotte  Arlington.  1 2roo« 
» Vols.  r-s.  bound.  Carnan.  I7"'2. 
'  The  excellent  lefTons  of  morality,  which  this  work  inculcates,  will 
not  be  able  to  fave  it  from  oblivion. 

Mathematical. 
Art.  31.  TTjt  nautical  Almanack^  and  ajlronomical  Eph:meris^  for 

the  Year   1773.     Publi.hed   by  Order  of  the  Commiflioners  of 

Longitude.     3  s    6d.  fewed.     Nourfe.     177 1. 

To  this  Epbemeris  are  added  new  tables  of  equal  altitudes,  more 
^tenfucand  coniplcte  than  any  extant,  computed  by  Mr.  H'illiam 
'^'^let^  together  with  an  account  of  their  conftru^ion  and  ufe  ;  alfo 
*5*^*^^gue  of  the  places  of  3^:7  £xcd  liars,  in  right  alccnfion,  de- 
c^Daticn,  longitude,  and  latitude,  adapted  to  the  Year  1770,  with 
^Wir  magnitudes  and  annual  variations  in  right  afcenfion  and  decli- 
'^^tjon,  calculated  from  the  late  Dr.  Bradly  s  oblcnations,  by  Mr. 
^ barks  Ma/oMy  formerly  his  affiftant ;  to  which  are  likcwifc  annexed. 
Memoranda,  fnewing  the  extreme  difiercnccs  of  the  right  alcenlions 
^f ftars,  fettled  from  diricrent  days  obfervations. 

*  See  the  accounts  ofLovr  in  a  Nunnery,  and  the  Oxonian,  in  our 
lift  month's  Catalogue;  both  of  which  have  the  lame  publilher's 
aame  with  the  prefent  article :  from  whence  it  may  not  nnreafonably 
be  concluded,  that  they  are  all  the  workmanfhip  of  one  and  the  fame 
njfeHahle  hand.  Wcknow  not  who  this  indudrious  n.anufai^turer  is, 
fcat,  after  being  fo  fully  detetlcd,  we  hope  he  will  have  the  grace  to 
betake  him  fclf  to  foniehonefler  means  of  gaining  a  fubfiilence. 

+  Written  originally  in    Spanilh: — if  wc  may    believe    Curr* 
preface. 


i66     Monthly  Catalogue,  PeHtualy  MfaSmhinm 

Political. 
Art.  32. .  Confiderations  on  tlie  Indignity  fuffered  by  the  CroWM, 
and  the  Di(honour  broujB;bt  upon  the  Nation^  by  the  Marriage  01 
bis  R^yai  Highnefs  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  with  an  ENOLifif 
Subjed.     By  a  King's  Friend,    ^to.     1  s.  6d.     Almon.     177a. 
An  artful  produdlion   of  '  A  Duke   of  Cumberland's  Friend/' 
covertly  intended  to  divert  the  refentxncnt  of  both  king  and  people^ 
occafioncd  by  the  Duke's  indifcreet  marriage,  into  fuch  a  ckannel,  m  ' 
may  *fin ally  iofe  itfelfin  the  full  tide  of  popularity ;  and  we  ilioold' 
not  wonder  to  fee  the  ilream  (in   time)  take  this  coorie,  notwith- 
flanding  the  pail  irregularities  in  the  condudtof  his  Royal  Highne^ 
by  which  he  hath,  for  the  prefent,  fo  juftly  forfeited  the  efteem  of  the 
p\iblic. 

Art.  33.  Reafons  again/I  the  intended  Billfer  laying  fime  Rtftrahit; 
upon  the  Liberty  of  the  Pre/s  Wherein  all  the  Arguments  yet  ad»^ 
vanced  by  the  Promoters  of  it,  are  unanfwerably  anfwered.  8vo. 
IS.  6d.     Wilkie. 

This  pamphlet  is  written  in  a  ftrnin  of  eontinaed  irony,  and  ia 
intended  as  a  fatire  againil  the  friends  of  liberty.  The  jfieedom  of 
the  prefs  inilead  of  being  defended  is  attacked ;  and  the  Author  ia 
aukvvardly  pleafant,  to  make  our  patriots  aihamed  ofhavinefup- 
portcd  our  natural,  inherent,  and  conftitutional  rights.  It  diroovera 
but  a  very  flender  fhare  of  ability;  and  (enfible  men  and  good  citi*. 
zens,  if  they  happen  to  perufe  it,  will  feel  that  degree  of  contempt, 
which  it  is  proper  they  fliould  feci,  when  the  partizans  of  a  court 
employ  themfelves  in  weak  attempts  to  impoie  on  the  underftandinga 
of  the  people,  and  to  infinuate  the  detellable  maxims  of  tyranny. 

Miscellaneous. 
Art.    34.    Something   New.     In  two   Volumes.     12010.      6  s. 
Dilly,  &c.     1772. 

A  fcries  of  original  cffays,  obfervations,  remarks,  &c.  by  a  man  of , 
parts  and  literature;  written  a /////r  in  the  Shandy-way,  and,  pro- 
bably, by  the  pen  of  the  ingenious  writer  of  Sterne's  pofthamoiia 
works ;  of  which  fee  our  cenfure.  Review,  vol.  xlii.  p.  360. 
Art.  35.  The  Hijiory  of  the  Life  of  Jonathan  Britain^  continued 

down  to  his  prefcnt  Confinement  in  Reading  Jail.     Written  by 

himfelf.     8vo.     is.  6  d.     Printed  for  the  Author,  and  fold  by 

Rofon. 

Jonathnn  Britain  appears,  from  his  own  account  of  his  adventures, 
to  have  been  as  unprincipled  a  rogue  as  Jonathan  Wild,  though 
his  villainies  have  been  of  a  diiFerent  ftamp  from  Wild's.  His  rc- 
prefentations,  however,  of  the  fads  contained  in  his  narrative,  are 
not,  in  any  degree,  to  be  depended  on  ;  and  it  is  more  than  proba- 
ble that  his  ftory  of  the  fire  in  Portfmouth  dock-yard  (the  partica* 
lars  of  which  he  has  fo  often  Inferted  in  the  news-papers)  together 
with  the  plot  to  aHaHinate  his  Majcil}s — may  be  all  fiflion,  devifc4 
so  anfwer  his  particular  ends:  yet  it  will  feem  very  odd  if  his  pre*- 
tended  treafon  (hould  operate  in  bar  of  every  other  title  to.  the  gal« 
lows.    He  is  yet  to  be  tried  for  feveral  forgeries* 

Law, 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Lawy  Medical^  Dramatic.   167 

Law. 
Art.  36.  Imfrifinmmt  fir  Debt  confidend^  with  rcfpc£l  to  the 

bad  Policy,    Inli]Qmaiiicy»   and  evil  Tendency  of  that  Praftice. 

Tranflated  from  the  Italian.     8vo.     is.    Newberry.     1772. 

It  is  time,  that  the  fcverity  of  the  treatment  of  debtors  fhould  be  re- 
Bitted.  Long  caftom,and  an  idle  refpefl  for  ancient  times,  (hould  not 

five  a  £ui6tioD  to  injnftice  and  oppreffion.  The  prefent  advocate  for  the 
ooeft  ban kropt  has  proved  very  ably  the  cruelty  and  dangerous  con- 
(cqQences  of  imprifonment  for  debt.  But  is  there  a  roan  of  common 
hnmanity  and  nnderilanding  in  the  dominions  of  Great  Britain,  or 
indeed  in  thofe  of  any  other  country,  who  is  not  ready  to  defend  the 
iane  pofitions  ?  The  members  of  our  legillature  fhould  blufh  for 
their  continuing  to  give  aothority  to  proceedings,  which  are  found 
fametbocflt  to  (hock  the  feelings  even  of  catchpoles  an  J  pettifogging 
ittorneys ! 

Art.  37.  A  Litter  to  Richard  IVhitworth^  Efq\  Member  of  Par- 
liament for  the  Town  of  Stafford  ;  on  his  publishing  a  Bill,  pro* 
poied  to  be  brought  into  parliament,  for  amending  the  Laws  re<» 
Ittine;  to  Game^  Skwd  pretended  to  he  for  the  Eafe  and  Liberty  of  the 
People.     8vo.     1  s.     Wilkie.     1772. 

We  have  here  feveral  valuable  flridlures  on  a  bill  for  amending  the 
lawi  relaring  to  the  game.  The  Author  fcems  to  be  a  friend  to  li« 
bertjT  and  his  country.  ■ 

Medical. 
Art.  38.  EJfays  Medical  and  ExperimentaL     The   Second  Edi- 
tion*, revifed,  and  confiderably  enlarged.     To  which  is  added 
«Q  Appendix.     By  Thomas  Pcrcival,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.     8vo.     6  s. 
bound  '  Johnfon.    1772. 

Thefe  valuable  EfTays,  are,  in  this  fecond  edition,  rendered  dill 
noreufeful  and  complete  by  fome  additional  experiments,  fadls,  and 
oUervationt. — ^The  Appendix  contains  our  ingenious  Author's  efTays 
^  Water  f ,  and  on  Inoculation  J. 

There  is  a  fhort  article  at  the  end  of  the  Appendix,  which  we  have 
act  yet  reviewed.;  and  in  which  Dr.  Percival  judicioufly  recommends 
^e  efficacious  external  rttnedies  in  the  angina  maligna  or  ulcerous 
fore  throat.  Thefe  are  efpecially  to  be  had  recourlc  to  in  the  cafes 
of  children,  where  the  adminillration  of  fuch  internal  remedies ^  as  are 
firoogly  indicated,  often  becomes  impracticable. 

Dramatic. 
Art.  39.  The  Fa/hoinable  Lovtr  \  A  Comedy:   As  it   is  afted  at 
die  Theatre  in  Drury-lane.     8vo.     is.  0  d.     Griffin.     1772. 
Having,  in  the  Review  for  February  1771,  given  our  opinion  of 
the  merit  of  this  Writer,  in  our  ample  criticifm  on  his  Ifejl  In- 
dian^ a  comedy,  we  (hall  only  remark^  in  few  words,  that  his  Fa- 
fiionabli  Lover  has  not  ill  fupported  the  reputation  which  he  gained 
by  his  former  piece.     Perhaps  there  is  lefs  fpiric  in  this  than  in  the 
Jaft  winter's  production  ;  bat  it'  is  more  corrccl,  more  chade,  and, 
confeqacntly,  on  the  whole,  a  more  moriil   performance ;  yec  it  is 

♦  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xxxviii.  p.  21. 
■'    \'Y)o.  foL  xi, p.  60.  X  T)o  vol.  xxxvm.  p.  \^i% 

M  4  i^^V. 


i6S   .  Monthly  Catalogue,  Poeticak 

not  wanting  in  vivacity,  nor  totally  void  of  humour,  and  well-ainicd 
fatire.  It  is  principally  deficient  with  refped  to  originality  of  ch*^- 
raftcr;  b.at  for  tliis  the  Author  has  made  a  very  allowable  apology 
in  his' preface.  In  brief,  Mr.  Cumberland  has  fo  much  improved 
iiis  acquaintance  with  the  Comic  Mufe,  that  we  {crople  not  to  pro- 
nounce him  ope  pf  the  bed  of  our  prefent  dramatic  writers. 

Poetical. 
Art.  40.    Sariittis^  Daughter  of  Mfculapius^    to  David  Gartick^ 

Efq;  a  Poem.  4  to.  2  s.  Kearfly,  &c.  1772. 
Sanitas^  or  ''iygeia,  prefents  herfcif  before  Apollo,  to  receive  his 
commands  tcUtive  to  the  prayers  of  Mortals.  Amopg  other  Petif- 
tioners  (whofc  requeils  are  all  particularized,  with  various  touches 
of  charatlcrldic  fatire)  the  Tragic  and  Comic  Mufes  appear  as  (ap^ 
pliants  in  U-liuii  of  their  farjourite.  In  confcquencc  of  their  requeJi» 
the  daughter  of -/EfcuLipius  receives  the  following  comman4  i 
Fly,  Saiiitas^  this  Mortal  find 

Re-animate  and  clicir  his  mind  ; 

Reflore  his  priilinc  health  and  llrcngth. 

And  give  his  days  a  happy  length  1 

Bid  him,  in  LuJI^^nan  and  Lcar^ 

Call  fcrth  from  cv'ry  eye  the  tear. 

In  Lc'jn,  BcraJi.)},  and  Bays^ 

Contiiiual  peals  of  laughter  raif<r ; 

And  let  his  face,  as  woi:r,  impart 

The  llrong  conceptions  of  his  heart. 

This  pocm»  the  Author  fays,  in  his  prefatory  advertifcment,  waa; 
Cent  to  Mr.  Garrick,  in  his  la:c  iUnefs;  and  the  polite  reception 
which  that  gentleman  (the  fuvourhcy  perhaps,  in  fome  degree  of 
^'very  mufe)  DiTordtd  to  this  afr'ectionate  compliment,  induced  the 
Author  to  fubmi:  It  to  the  infpc^lion  of  the  public. — We  could  sot 
pcrufc  this  piece  without  frequently  rccoUedling  the  late  Mr.  Rbbert 
Lloyd,  of  wliofe  manner  feveral  parts  of  it  bear  fome  refenxblacce,; 
though,  perhaps,  it  feldoms  equals  him,  either  in  flrcpgtli  or  tcrfc- 
rcfs. 

Art.  41.  An  irregular  Ode  en  the  Death  cf  Air.  Cray^,     4to.    i  $. 
White.      1772. 

There  is  confidcrablc  merit  in  this  litde  elegiac  poem,  although 
it  is  by  no  means  a  faultltfs  piece  : — but  when  the  Mufe  feeliugly  la- 
ments the  lofs  of  a  "ivouritc,  it  were  impertinence  of  cruelty  to  cri- 
ticife  thcexprcffions  of  her  grief. 

V/c  arc  very  glad  to  hear  th  it  juftice  will  be  done  to  the  fame  of 
this  eminent  bard,  by  his  furviving  friend,  the  ingenious  Mr.  Ma- 
fon  ;  who  has  advertifed  his  defign  of  giving  to  the  public,  "  The 
Life  c/Mr.  Gray:' 

Art.  42.    The  Conqucji  ef  Corf.ia  by  the  French  j  a  Tragedy.    By 
a  Lady,     izmo,     6d.     Printed  for  the  Author.     Sold  by  Chatcr. 

Although  this  piece  is  entitled  to  no  praife,  it  is  too  humble  for 
cenfurc.  The  Writer  is  probably  an  objedl  of  compaaion  ;  as  wc  are 
led  to  infer,  not  only  from  her  H;  le,  but  from  Iccing  a  iix-pcnoy 
pamphlet  printed  hy /ul'/cr if  tion^ 


[     i69    3 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

To  Arthur  Young,    Efquire. 
SIR, 

WE  will  here,  according  to  our  promife  +,  fAirly  lay  before  yo^ 
and  the  Public,  ihofe  motives  on  which  we  en^a^ird  in  the  re- 
view of  your  ."  Ctur/e  of  Exptrimental  Agricmturc^^*  iind  ihe  manner 
ia  which  we  conducted  ic. 

V/e  knew  the  experimental  method  to  be  the  only  one  in  whick 
agriculture  can  be  ftudied  as  a  i'cier.cc  *,  lamented  its  having  been 
io  long  general  1/  neglected,  and  wc  rejoiced  at  a  moie  confidcrable 
opening  than  ufual,  in  this  walk,  being  made  by  a  perlun  of  your 
fappofed  actual  pra:licet 

VVc  rcf^ved,  Sir,  therefore  to  give  your  work  an  accurate  review  ; 
and  we  reafonably  believe  we  arc  the  only  pcrfons  who  have  fo  at- 
tectii-ely  perufcd  it- 

Ihat  we  might  properly  execute  this  laborious  taHc,  we  deter- 
xaipcd  to  lay  before  the  Public  the  ftate  and  refult  of  many  of  your 
mod  important  experiments,  and  not  to  JeltSl  but  take  them  in  courfe^ 
that  our  Readers  might  be  the  better  enabled  to  form  their  judgment 
of  the  whole.  We  refolved  alio  to  confider  you  as  z  fanner y  not  as 
z  fine  *u:r  iter  y  unlefs  you  forctJ  us  upon  a  review  of  your  ftyle  ;  and 
we  arc  not  ccnfcious  of  bavin:^:  rnilreprefcnted  any  part  of  any  one 
of  your  experiments  through  dcJJgn,  or  even  through  innttentiom, 

Jn  order  to  do  juflice  both  to  the  Public  and  to  you,  wc  faw  it  neceP* 
iiry  to  begin  our  review  with  your  promifcs  in  your  preface,  ^hat  the 
public  might  form  neither  too  high  nor  too  low  expectations,  both 
4iiadrantageous  (and  perhaps  alir.otl  equally  fo)  to  any  Author, 

V/c  found  you.  Sir,  conJtiling  fcveral  great  impertections  in  your 
*ork,  and  chara6terifing  it  as  **  an  imperfe£tjkcteh,**  which  you  was 
^^Mtmnlof  giving  to  the  Public  ;  and  we  thought  it  would  be  inja- 
rictts  to  you  co  conceal  from  that  Public  this  rare  teflimony  of  your 
nodefly,  efpccially  as  tlie  work  was  fo  voluminous,  and  the  price 
wry  hijh. 

Bat  how.  Sir*  do  you  recompence  us  for  this  record  of  your  judg- 
rcentand  modedy?  In  your  ufual  manner,  by  grofs  abofe !  *v  If  i 
had  not  told  the  Monthly  Reviev/ers  (fay  you)  that  my  work  was 
z^impvrfiQ  Jketcby  they  could  not  have  found  out  its  imperfcdions.'* 
—Really,  6ir,  this  vindication  of  yourfelf,  by  a  confeflion  of  your 
faults,  is  a  pieafant  effort  of  your  wit !  You  arc  an  adroit  apologilt  ! 
Bat  (not  CO  flatter  your  vanity)  if  you  had  not  owned  this  great  and 
glaring  truth,  we  could  have  fccn,  without  pretending  to  extraor- 
ciinary  diicernment,  that  a  courfe  of  experiments,  many  of  which 
were  undertaken  under  a  full  convi^ion  that  they  could  not  anfwer 
thepropofed  end  (particularly  attempts  to  get  crops  without  manure 
oo  poor  worn-out  land)  leaving  a  farm  when  it  began  to  come  into 
onier,  burning,  or  loling,  or  never  recording  many  experiments, 

+  l^bis  Letter  iJQas  intended  for  the  iajl  Appendix  ;  but^  on  fecond 
tffngbts^  it  luas  Jttu^ed  imprcper  to  mingle  an  article  of  this  kind  nuith 
fUTMecouMt  ^Foreign  Li  :  e:-.atuk£. 

•  bcp  Home  on  Vc^c cation. 


170  Correspondence* 

whofc  refult  might  have  been  contrary  to  what  is  recorded,  trailing 
a  bailiff,  &c.  muH  occafion  a  very  imperfedt  (ketch,  and  afford  a 
ftron^  and  clear  proof  that  you  have  been  often,  as  you  confefs,  a 
ntsryvad  hufbandman  ! 

What  will  a  judge  fay  to  a  culprit,  who,  in  arreft  of  judgment* 
pleads  only  his  confeHion  of  guilt  ?  Will  he  not  anfwer,  *'  If  yon  bad 
xelicd  on  the  formality  of  trial,  your  jury  would  certainly  have  coB- 
\i6lcd  you.  Your  confeilion  was  prudent,  and  may  have  its  force  ia 
fibateTnent  of  fcnience^  but  cannot  acquit  you.'*  Thus  may  the  Public 
reply  to  Mr,  Young. 

Entering  on  the  detail  of  your  long,  uniform,  Qnentertainiajg 
work,  we  owned  ourfelves  glad  that  your  review  of  a  group  of  agri- 
cnhural  writers,  chiefly  ancient  ones,  might  afford  your  readers  foiae 
little  amui'ement,  by  the  variety  of  their  llyle,  manner,  and  fubjefb. 

But  here,  to  our  furprize,  we  found  you.  Sir,  afiuming  the  cba- 
rafter  of  critic  in  ftyU  (which  you  frequently  affeft  to  defpife,  as  old 
maids  defpife  beauty,  and  dull  men  wit)  and  lafhing  your  predecef- 
fors  with  unmerciful  feverity. 

When  we  faw  you,  Sir,  thus  quitting  the  exferimemtal  pmth^  m 
which  you  might  walk  with  dignity,  and  gather  ufeful  fruits,  and 
beheld  you  deviating  into  that  of  the  BilUs  Leitrtt^  where  you  nfaally 
pluck  toteds  for  JUwers^  we  thought  it  an  aft  of  common  juftica 
to  the  old  agricultural  writers,  and  charity  to  you,  to  whifper,  ' 
*"•  Sir,  you  are  out  of  your  way  !"  ]n  return  for  this  gentle  admoni- 
tion you  have  (in  the  Appendix  to  the  Eailern  Tour)  poured  upon  as 
fuch  a  torrent  of  abufe,  as  feldom  flows  even  at  Billingfgate.  But  «te 
have  contented  ourfelves  with  calmly  fliewing  the  injnliice  of  your 
hypcrcriticifms,  in  cvtry  inftance,  in  notes  to  our  review  of  theEaftcin 
Tour. 

You  exclaim,  "  The  R don't  go  to  the  bottom  of  om  experi- 
ment in  my  Courfe."  Principles  of  natural  philofophy  are  the  ^ar- 
/0jif,  or  ground-work,  of  all  judicious  experiments  in  agriculture. 
Thcfe  we  ftudied  in  an  Englifh  Univcrfity,  famous  for  improvements 
in  this  part  of  knowledge,  while  you.  Sir,  were  othtr^wijt  employed ; 
and  we  ha\*e  always  applied  them  to  the  fludy  of  agriculture.  But 
to  tell  a  plain  truth,  which  you  appear  not  even  to  irtam  about,  a 
judicious  Reviewer  can  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  hottnn  of  experi- 
ments :  it  is  his  duty  to  flate  only  the  experiment  and  the  refult  from 
it.  He  adopts  your  princsplts^  credits  your /kSj,  and  has  no  objeftion 
to  your  coudufionsy  unlefs  they  do  not  refult  from  your  premifcs.  But 
wc'beg  your  pardon  :  this  is  the  language  of  an  univerfity,  not  of  a 
farmer. 

And  now,  Sir,  you  avow  your  preference  of  the  M.  R rs 

of  amcitHt  days  to  thofe  of  the  prefent.  It  is  a  dale  trick  of  cmlprtti 
to  praife  deceafedyv^T^/,  from  whom  they  have  nothing  to  fear.  In 
the  opinion  of  true  gentlemen,  comparifons  are  always  tf^/oir/,  becanfe 
invidious  ;  and  we  mean  not  to  compare  ourfelves  with  our  predecef- 
fors  oi  immortal  fame.  That  we  may  not  fccm  infeftcd  with  that/rwfr 
of  vanity,  under  which  you  fufier  fo  much,  we  will  only  fay,  ••  Our 
prcdeccfibrs  could  not  have  reviewed  your  Ccurfe  with  more  care  tx 
iandour  than  we  have  done.  Probably  they  would  not  have  beftowtd 
^  '  ^      on 


CORRESPOVDEMCE.  ffl 

M  it  half  fo  mach  pains.  Forgive  ns  this  generous  tvrotrg,  and  we 
fikmnly  promife  never  to  offend  again  in  the  fame  way. 

It  is  really  iudicroot  to  hear  you,  Sir,  dare  us  to  change  our 
tote  on  your  productions,  from  that  of  the  general  tenor  of  our  re- 
new of  your  Co^r/e,  if  we  do  change,  it  mull  be  from  diftingHiJhing 
frmfi  to  iudi/criminate  ce^fiir^^  fucl^  as  you  have  fo  iliibcra^iy  be-* 
lowed  upon  us ! 

The  otnoft  efbrt,  however,  of  your  ridicule,  is  the  old  worn -out 
doll  cant,  that  our  **  praife  is  damnation  !"  To  this  noble  inlUnce 
€f  gratitude,  our  fole  anfwer  (hall  be,  <*  Your  two  mighty  volume# 
An  are  the  fevereft  fatire  on  yourfelf ;  for  we  have  liberally  praifed 
ciery  eomfidtrahU  part  of  them,  except  your  dodrine  of  averages^ 
vUch  we  have  calmly  refuted  in  our  account  of  the  Eaftern  Tour." 

Let  us  flate.  Sir,  with  you  the  account  of  boneft  fraife  by  whicb 
Toa  ve  debtor  to  us :  you  are  better  acquainted  with  figures  than 
Mr/. 

K  One  moft  important  part  of  your  Qturfe^  is  an  examination  of 
Ae  hrwdzaft  and  drill  hufhandry.  In  order  to  do  julHce  to  the 
psini  you  had  taken  on  this  head,  we  went  accurately  through  your 
experiments  in  all  kinds  of  crops,  in  both  methods;  the  coniparifoii 
of  dkem,  and  the  refult ;  and  gave  you  a  liberal  ihare  of  praife. 

2.  Another  important  part  of  your  Courje  is  that  where  you  gtv« 
■t  yoor  experiments  concerning  the  moft  proticable  quantity  of  Iced 
iaill  kinds  of  ci:ops.  We  proceeded  through  the  examination  and 
leprefentation  of  the  refult,  with  equal  pains  and  accuracy,  and  be- 
towed  on  yon  dui  fraife^ 

3.  Your  experiments  alio  about  the  mod  proper  time  of  fo  wing  aro 
veiyconfiderable  ;  and  thcfe  we  have  represented  with  care,  and  juilly 

4*  A  principal  point  of  management  which  you  recommend  is, 
Maiim  t§  the  cofUiliom  ffmmnures.  Here  again  wc  praife  you  11  be* 
rally. 

5.  Another  material  point  is  the  introduflion  o^  fullvw  crops  in- 
icidof  *waft ef ml  fallows ^  In  praife  of  this  in^provcmenc  too  much 
can  hardly  be  laid,  and  we  have  fignified  omx  full  approbation  of  it. 

6«  Aaoiher  capital  branch  of  improvement  in  agricuhure,  which 
70a  recommend,  is  the  hoeing  both  of  beans  and  turnips;  and  to 
ifciiyou  have  our  entire  fi^'rage. 

7.  Although  your  experience  is  much  confined  in  the  article  of  oxen 
(^z.  to  two  pairs,  one  oi  which  failed)  yet  yuu  incline  evidently  to 
prvfer  an  ox  draught  to  horfes  ;  and  in  this  you  have  our  ^jL-armsfi  ap" 
pLufi. 

•  )!.  Nor  have  we  confined  our  praife  of  you,  Sir,  on  all  the(e  im- 
portant articles,  to  our  account  of  your  Ceurfe  only,  but  extended  ic 
ttoifbrmly,  without  one  exception,  to  our  review  of  cv^ry  agricul- 
turaj  writer  finoe.  We  have  taken  every  opportunity  to  explain  and 
defend  thefe  your  principles  and  doctrines  when  mifunderilood  or 
cppofcd  by  other  writers. 

Now,  Sir,  if  all  thcfe  great  things,  for  which  we  have  liberally 
conmended^  yoa,  be  no  parts  of  far  mi  ag^  then  we  have  not  reviewed 
yoo  z%z^farmer\  and  if  we  have  praifed  you  amifs  on  thcfe  fub- 
jeos,  then  your  two  quarto  volumtz   Itond  jultly  coudemut^,  I3 

xhixt 


172  Correspondence, 

thiir  Author^  to  oblivion  and  the  paftry-cooks.  If,  on  the  contrary,. 
all  thelc  your  doctrines  arc  of  importance  to  the  Public,  and  wc  have 
^iven  them  diftinguiihing  encomiums,  you  are,  Sir,  an  unjuil  and 
ungrateful — Gentllman,  ot' Squire y  Ihall  we  fay  ?  Or  ihall  wc  leave 
you  to  crown  the  period  with  a  chaplct  of  your  own  flowery  elo- 
quence ?  ' 

indeed,  Sir,  you  are  one  of  the  ftrangeft  Gentlemen  wc  ever  en- 
gaged with.  You  afnrm  that  we  have  praifcd  you  for  commonplsci 
merit  only.  I'hus  you  defraud  yourfclf  of  jull  praifc,  in  order  to  ■ 
deprive  us  of  the  credit  of  bellowing  it :  like  the  man  who  hangs 
Limfelf,  to  cheat  his  creditors  of  their  honell  debts.  Read  over  the 
9bove  eight  heads  of  our  praife,  and  aHc  yoorielf  if  the  merit  there 
celebrated,  be  of  the  common- place  fort  ?  Then  bluih,  if  you  can  !> 
Indeed,  Sir,  in  this  palTage,  you  Ihew  that  you  underiland  E/igliJo 
as  well  as  you  underfland  Greei» 

And  now.  Sir,  with  a  grave  face  you  dare  to  tell  your  readers 

that  the  R rs  have  criticifcd  about  a  fifteenth  part  of  your  wqrk. 

If  you  have  any  concealed  meaning  of  the  word  criticijcdy  and  allow, 
nothing  of  your  works  critici/ed  but  what  is  praifed,  wc  have  criti- 
cifcd much  more.  If  by  criticiftd  you  mean  cenfurcdy  we  have  criti- 
cifed  much  Icfa  ;  but  if  by  critici/ed  you  mcdn  /airly  re-vieived,  we 
maintain  that  we  have  critici/ed  all  its  confiderabie  parts. 

And  here,  in  anfwer  to  your  ridiculoufly  defying  us  to  produce  4  1 
better  fet  of  experiments  than  yours,  we  challenge  you  to  ihew,  in 
any  public  account  of  books,  in  any  modern  language,  half  (b  muck 
pains  taken  to  rcprcfent,yii7V/y  and  advantageou/y^  any  bookof  agri-. 
culture,  AS  we  have  taken  with  your  Cour/e^  its  nature  juftly  con- 
£dered  ;  for  which  our  remorfc  arifes  only  from  our  dilcovery  tba( 
you  fo  little  dcfcrve  the  recommendation  we  gave  to  your  oi/ori. 

But  we  forefee  that  you  have  prepared  a  back  door  to  efcape 
at.  You  xv/7y  fay,  that  ^'  although  your  Appendix  to  the  iallcrn 
Tour  was  publiihcd  a/tcr  wc  finilhed  the  review  of  your  Coitr/e^  yc^ 
you  wrote  it  long  ht/cre^  when  we  had  not  critici/ed  above  a  fifteenth 
part  of  your  work."  If  you  chufe  to  fay  this  now,  you  ihould  have  ■ 
had  the  honelly  to  add  a  fingle  line  at  the  lime  of  publication,  to 
fave  you  frci.i  the  reproach  of  a  dijingenuoui  ambiguity  as  to  time. 
Indeed,  you  ilxw  that  your  Appendix  was  wrote  before  our  re- 
view of  your  Cour/e  was  finilhed  :  for  in  it  you  propbe/y  (ftrango 
thatjjcii  Ihould  turn  prophet!)  what  wc  will  do.  We  Ihall,  yon 
fey,  *'  not  anah/e  ,::ii\y  piece  of  management  fufiiciently  to  convince 
our  Readers  that  wc  really  underiland  iarming."  Wc  know,  Sir,  that 
you  hate  the  harbi.rous  Greeks^  and  moll  probably  do  not  know  that 
CO  analyji  is  '*  to  reduce  any  thing  to  its  component  partsJ*'  Look  into 
any  tolerable  Englilh  didionary,  and  when  you  find  this  to  be  the 
meaning  of  the  word,  tell  us  what  you  mean  by  analyjing  an  expert^ 
ment  \  wc  will  then  undertake  to  ihew  that  we  have  aualyfed  all  your 
experiments,  as  far  as  they  are  capable  of  being  annlyjed. 

And  here,  good  Sir,  accept  a  word  of  admoniiion.  Violate  the 
rules  of  an  Englilh  grammar  as  often  as  you  will,  but  be  cautious 
of  niing  words  derived  from  the  Greeks  of  whofe  meaning  you  have 
BO  tolerable  idea,  as  you  have  juft  (hewn  us  in  your  ufe  (or  rather 
abuTe)  oicritici/m  and  Malyjlng.    $e  o^atious  efpecially  to  avoid  sl| 


Correspondence.  17  j 

Mempts  to  analyfe ;  for  your  genius  appears,  from  your  doclrinc  of 
averages,  to  be  adapted  to  a  contrary  operation,  confijlon. 

We  mull  now.  Sir,  take  notice  of  one  of  your  in:.i^inations,  the 
vildell,  furely,  that  ever  came  into  the  mind  of  man,  viz.  that  *'  the 

It rs  were  fomc  months  employed  in  examining  your  cxpe- 

fiaents,  in  order  to  determine  whether  your  temper^  under  1: and ingf 
and  frinciptesy  are  fuch  as  render  your  experiments  credible." 

joll  the  contrary  of  ail  this  is  the  plain  truth  !  Wc  thought  that 
«  knew  enough  of  your  temper^  undfrftanditigj  and  principles^  fafely 
ID  conclude  that  we  might  give  credit  to  your  experiments :  we 
tiwrefbrc  employed  part  of  our  Review,  for  fome  months,  to  lay  be- 
fore the  Public,  for  their  approbation,  many  of  ihcfe  experiments: 
bit  in  this  Appendix  to  the  Eallern  Tour  you  have  given  us  reafoa 
f>  to  judge  of  your  Umper^  Uc,  that  if  we  could  have  forefcen  you 
capable  of  writing  it,  wc  fhould  have  been  more  cautious  of  trufling 
their  suthenticity.     But  we  pretend  not,  like  you,  to  prophefy. 

In -fupport  of  this  curious  charge  (viz.  our  judging  of  the  au- 
thenticity of  a  man's  experiments  from  their  face,  and  ex:imining  them 
three  or  four  months,  in  order  to  determine  whether  he  has  a  good 
M»/fr,  undtrflanding^  and  principles)  you  Ihrcwdly  inquire,  **  May 
aoc  a  villain  pubiilh  ufcful  experiments  r"  We  anfwer,  Certainly. 
He  may  make  them,  and  it  may  be  his  interefl  to  lay  them  fairly  bc- 
6rethe  Public  :  but  it  may  alio  be  his  intcreil,  for  ends  which  we 
cannot  difcover,  to  lay  before  the  Public,  as  authentic^  experiments 
which  he  never  made,  or  unfairly  dated.  Charity  teacher  us  not  to 
lB{|ped  without  reafon  ;  and  we  may  hope  that  a  man  is  hanfji  who 
is  indeed  a  knave :  but  fools  only  trull  the  man  whom  they  kno'vj^  or 
*^fimklj/yjpea^  to  be  a  villain. 

Weblulh  indeed.  Sir,  th.it  you,  whom  wc  have  praifed,  can  ad- 
Wnccfach  z, paraUgifm  undt^r  the  name  of  argument. 

And  now.  Sir,  you  attack  us  with  ;;  covp  dc  main,  and  pretend  to 
fccwthat  "  we  co'itradift  ourUlvcs.*' 

This  method  of  demolilhing  an  adverfnry  is  dccifive,  when  the 
i&ilanthas  a  quick  hand  and  eye;  but  in  crher  cafci  rcbjunds  on 
his  OH'n  head.  Let  us  try^  Sir,  uhctlier  you  iiic  thus  prepared  for 
the  encounter  :  indeed  we  dread  you  not. 

You  quote  formally,  from  our  Review,  two  paflagcs,  which,  you 
fay*  fct  together,  coKfrtnt  and  confound  each  other  ;  for  in  one  of 
them  we /rtfi/^  you  for  giving  real  not  i.aLznal  ^ncf:%,  and  ia  the 
fXthcr  eenacmm  you  for  doing  fo. 

Yon,  Sir,  have  given  the  Public  manv  proofs  ihat  rccfniing  is  not 
JO^T  fort.  We  cannot,  ho-.vtvcr,  j"ud^!;e  fo  conrt'r.iptuoully  of  your 
ndonal  powers,  as  to  fuppofc  you  iinccre  in  this  cliargc.  Ah  !  no, 
Sir,  You  had  a  f.rong  n^oiive  to  milVeprcrcrnt  tiiem.  V  'i  cleariy 
iawihat  one  of  ihcm  ftruck  at  all  your  confuil-d  averages,  and  ihac 
you  might  pofiibly  take  out  its  llin^.  if  you  couKl  t:.- fully  sinyl  pluu- 
jfify  m'urcpTci'cnt  it  as  contradictory  to  fomc  other  of  our  ..librtions. 

In  one  place  we  praife  you,  Sir,  for  giving  real  not  imaginary 
«  (as  they  are  called)  national  prices ;  and  in  the  o:hcr  wc  blame 
yon  for  confounding  real  prices ;  or,  in  other  words,  wc  praifo  you  for 
giving  tm/  expcnces  and  returns  of  bad 'Ol%  uell  as  j^W  crops ;  but 
we  jalUy  blame  you  for  dragging  thcfe  real  cxpenccs,  and  returns 
^i3an§erdfM0iy  good  or  bad  crojni  iato  £^'n^;<d  averages  q£  c^p^iv^w 


174  COXRESPONDENCE* 

f  and  rtftanis  of  crops  in  ordinary  culture.**  Thcfc  two  things  ire,  8il)  j 
as  diltindl,  nay,  as  diihint  from  each  other  as  any  two  can  be«  viz;  j 
as  yoQ  are  from  a  grateful  friend  or  a  juft  mdver/ary^ 

It  is  to  no  purpofe  that  you  talk  of  the  quality  of  corn»  aadtb 
natural  connediion  of  quality  with  price.  All  this  we  readily  illoir. 
It  is  to  no  purpofe  that  yon  affure  us  '*  that  bad  land,  or  badly  dllei 
will  have  crops  proportionably  bad  in  quantity  and  quality;"  wliidi 
alfo  we  freely  admit.  It  is  to  no  purpofe  that  yon  a^ert,  ''  experi- 
inents  evincing  this  truth  are  as  ufeful  as  thofe  which  evince  thit 
good  land,  and  well  tilled,  will  produce  crops  proportionably  good  ' 
m  quantity  and  quality.'*  To  this  lall  aflertion  we  may  juftly  oppofe 
that  thcfe  former  experiments  are  not/o  ujtful^  becaufe  nQifinmidi 
every  bad  farmer  making  thefe  experiments  every  year.  Bat  if  we 
ihouid  allow  this  afTertion,  we  muft  add,  that  fuch  experiments,  if 
nJtfuU  muft  be  kti^t/efaratiy  and  not  fulFered  to  enter  into  averages 
of  regular  culture,  to  confound  all  reafonabie  dedudions,  meitly 
for  the  fake  of  adding  a  few  pages  to  two  bulky  vx)lumes»  and  a  fc«^ 
pence  to  their  price. 

But  now  you  aim  a  clinching  blow!  "  My  averages  have  no- 
thing to  do  with  national  prices^  and  my  experiments  have  oo 
relation  to  this  nation  or  country^  any  more  than  to  the  moon*'  la- 
deed,  Sir,  you  force  one  to  fmile!  While  you  bring  into  yoorifc- 
rages  the  prices  and  effedls  of  extravagant  cultures,  either  mifirMf 
foor  or  ridiculottjly  expenJivo\  while  many  of  your  experiments  uC 
/uch  as  you  were  pre-convinced  could  never  anfwer  the  end  propofed^ 
fuch  parts  of  your  book  are  not  worth  one  farthing  for  your  friends 
on  earthy  but  they  may  be  for  thofe  in  the  moon! 

But  if,  Sir,  you  would  y^^^;7y  da(h  out  of  your  book,  for  the  next 
edition,  all  extravagant  experiments,  or  at  lead  confufcd  averages^ 
the  reil  might  anfwer  many  important  purposes,  when  the  refaltof 
your  experiments,  as  to  the  prices  of  labour  and  proviAoos,  are 
compared  with  national  ones* 

It  is  defircd,  by  every  true  politician,  to  know  the  quantity  of  ou? 
home  confumption  of  corn  compared  with  the  exported,  and  the  ge- 
neral expeuces  and  prices,  in  order  to  determine  rightly  the  expe* 
dicncy  of  exportation  with  or  without  the  bounty,  and  the  neceffity 
of  inclofurcs,  &c.  Now  in  all  thefe,  and  many  other  points,  he  mull 
have  rccourfe  to  general  national  accounts:  yet  he  well  knows  in 
what  manner  thcle  are  colle£led,  and  how  uncertain  they  are.  He 
muil  therefore  wi(h  for  books  oi  authenticated  experiments ,  lo  confirt^ 
or  correct  general  national  accounts  of  prices.  Books  of  experiments 
*  in  agiiculture,  unlcfs  thus  adapted,  are  of  no  ufe  to  the  readers;  but 
urc,  on  ihe  contrary,  an  impofition  on  them. 

What  is  it.  Sir,  to  the  Public,  whether^.  Toung^  Efq;  gain  or 
lofe  12  o  guineas  by  a  fctt  of  experiments,  unlcfs  they  can  be  en- 
abled by  them  (allowance  made  for  difference  of  circumftances)  to 
gain  or  fa\»c  fuch  a  fum,  or  in  proportion  to  their  experiments  ? 

Really,  Sir,  wc  forgive  and  pity  your  want  of  temper  on  this  fub- 
jeft.  Confufion  about  averages  is  the  only  great  error  in  the  manage- 
ment of  your  CoHr/tf  and,  doubtlefs,  a  confiderable  dcdudion  from 
its  merit :  but,  without  treachery  to  the  Public,  we  could  not  pal's 
ir  unnoticed.  We  pointed  to  it  as  uninvidioufly  as  podible;  and  if 
j^ou  had  givca  up  its  defence,  you  v<Ott\d  \ivi<  Ci^viUVvcd  your  true 


CCRltBSPONDEKCE.  1 75 

iBtertft.    Bat  you  were  hurried  by  paflion  to  your  only  remaining 
i&orce,  viz.  grofs  abufe  ! 

One  of  your  pleafanteft  cfForts  is,  your  challenge  to  us,  "  to  pro- 
dpce  a  fete  of  experiments  in  agriculture  better  than  your  Cour/e,  and 
loafligii  our  reafons  why  they  are  fo."  And  you  engage  to  ihc\r 
fr^tljf  that  others  are  fraiftd  for  what  is  condemned  in  you,  and 
Wiver/a.  This  challenge  exa^ly  refcmbles  a  Tounjl  M^untebanlC^ 
deiance  to  his  regularly  bred  medicinal  brctlircn. 

However,  to  check  your  vanity,  we  accept  the  challenge,  and 
we  name  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Arhuthnct^  lately  pablilhed  by  bis 
loanuenfis  A,  Youngs  Efq;  and  we  give  thei'e  rcalons  for  preferring 
liwni  to  your  Courje  : 

ift^  He  retails  no  ridiculou?  experiments  which  his  rcafon  afTured 
\m  before- hand  could  not  poflibly  fucceed.' 

2dlyy  He  draws  no  abfurd  averages  of  things  that  arc  abfolutcly 
iiconipatible. 

3dlY,  He  gives  not  his  experiments  with  the  prolixity  of  vcur 
Cw/i.  ^ 

4tbly,  He  levies  no  tax  on  the  Public  to  reimburfe  him  for  his 
iailuig  experiments. 

jdily,  He  does  not  judge  of  his  experiments,  thus  pnblifhed,  that 
&ey  are  at  fit  for  the  moom  as  for  this  world  :  whence  fon>e  men 
may  think  of  a  fubfcription  there  for  a  new  edition. 

In  (bort,  we  were  content  with  *  Squirt  Toung  till  we  knew  Mr. 
ArMnot ;  as  we  arc  thankful,  in  a  dark  night,  for  z  farthing  eandUt 
y(t  sever  think  of  comparing  it  to  the  /un. 
And  now.  Sir,  perform  your'boaft ! 

Indeed,  Sir,  fuch  hypercritics  as  you,  provoke  no  emotions  in  men 
of  fenfe  who  are  the  objects  of  your  fcurrility,  but  contempt  and  com- 
fttfu;  the  former  when  you  are  confidered  as  the  Author  of  the 
Appendix  to  the  Eaflcrn  Tour,  the  latter  when  confidered  as  the  Au- 
thor of  the  Tour  itfelf. 

If  yoareuin  enough  of  your  fchool  Latin  to  underHand  the  poci't 
pidnrep 

■  •'  turf  iter  imum 

Dtfinet  in  pi/cem  mulitr  formofa  /upern^,'** 
n^  will  honelHy  apply  it  to  the  four  volumes  of  the  Eallern  Tour 
>od  ici  Appendix^  you  may  thank  us  for  the  compliment. 

Snch  attacks  as  yours,  :)ir,  on  the  Monthly  Reviewers  can  have: 
no  other  cffedt  than  to  coniirm  that  favourable  opinion  which  thi- 
Pablic  has  long  and  juflly  formed  of  its  condu6\ors,  viz.  that  thc^' 
piy  fuch  regard  10  juftice  2X\^  candour^  that  even  the  moll  tcurrilv)u^ 
abafe  cannoty^rrr  them  to  deny  jufl  praife. 

If  we  were  indeed.  Sir,  your/cf/,  as  you  a^J?  to  apprchcn  1,  ".  e 
wodU  provoke  you  to  tagg  fuch  an  Appendix  as  ih4t  which  you  l.^%  - 
gircn  totheE'iIlern  Tour,  to  every  one  of  your  works.  B-it  as  -.%■:. 
txtfevem  noTf,  .irr.cn;^  \our  wcilvvilhcrs,  we  advife  your  booklllle:  l.* 
five  you  from  yourfolf,  ycur  and  ijis  worH  enemy. 

We  have  this  oucw*  aiiAvercd  your  grcfb  abufe  wiih  fuch  calirr/!i' 
as  nuil  convince  the  impartial,  that  it  is  very  cal'y  to  wijr  .^fl  ;;.  : 
dirt  you  throw  en  ns :  but,  if  you  refolvc  to  fcolJ  on,  wj  .n-j/  .\ 
ii&itation  9f  ^  LnuLlc  ra'tic- ccilcm)  v'.Cwl  a  bro«>ni,  a- u  :.::i.c  ^•.-.: 


tyG  Correspondence. 

«>i)je6l  towards  which  the  Farmer  may  dire£l  his  petulant  declamatioiu 
We  arc.  Sir, 

Tour  ill  ufed  Enccmiafls, 

The  Reviewers  of  the  Agrfcaltural  Department 
ill  the  Monthly  Review, 
P.  S.  Common  ferife  diif^ates  that,  as  we  have  behaved  genteelly 
toward  you,  in  ihe  Monti  i,  Review,  and  only  diilented  from  yoii 
in  one  material  point  in  yrar  two  large  volumes,  the  real  motive  to 
the  fcurrility  with  which  you  jhave  treated  us,  cannot  be  a  fincere 
pcrfuiffion,  on  youy  pare,  that  we  are  your  foes.  Yoar  ii^^advertency, 
iowcver,  having  caufed  you  to  drop  the  rr.afque  juft  before  you  drop- 
ped your  pen,  wc  arc  no  longer  at  a  lofs  to  difcovcr  yourde£gn; 
and,  at  a  more  proper  feafon,  we  may  compliment  you  upon  it. 

TH  E  ihort  hiftorical  account  of  the  ori:^in  of  a  modern  theory 
formed  co  explain  the  nature  of  Evapcraticn  ;  which  we  were" 
lately  induced  to  draw  up,  in  confequence  of  a  ftmilar  hypotbeiis 
having  been  ;  rcfcntt^d  to  u\e  public  a.  a  new  idea  proper  to  one  of 
the  v/riters  in  n  late  mifccllancous  publication  *,  has  been  the  occafion 
of  our  hav::.,::  been  f;.voured  with  a  letter  on  the  fubjcft  of  that  ar- 
ticle, from  ?/1r.  Ja.  Hill,  furjcon  at  Dumfries ;  who  there  claims  the 
light  cfbt^in^i:  confid  .rtd  its  *  the  /:rlr  pitblijher^  at  lead,  *of  this' 
hypothcii?  in  Dritain  or  Ireland.*  Tlioi-gh  we  cannot  exhibit  the  ■ 
letter- writer's  proofs  a:  lar^j;e,  we  (hall  fo  far  promote  his  intention  in 
addrefling  Ub  upon  this  occafion,  as  briefly  to  obferve  that  the  priority 
fjr  which  he  contends  isYounded  on  a  paper  fent  by  him  in  17634 
;.nd  coi.feaiuntly  before  the  publication  of  Dr.  Hamilton's  theory^ 
to  the  editors  c  f  the  Medical  Mufeuni ;  and  which  was  publiflted  m 
the  7 2d  number  of  the  2d  volume  of  that  work.  Our  prcfent  cor- 
refpondcnt  there  coafidcrs  *  Alr^  as  *  the  umTJufal  menjlruum^*  bf  . 
which  animals,  vegetables,  and  moil  pa'-t  of  minerals,  but  efpeciall/ 
mercury  and  «:cv:/*t,  are  dj^invtd.  \Vc  Ihall  only  add  that,  though 
we  rcf.dily  admit  the  lettcr-wi  iter's  claim  of  priority  of /«^/rVtf/i««, 
fhe  reafoRS  fpecificd  in  this  letter  Jo  not  appear  to  us  futiicient,  to 
induce  us  to  adopt  %vith  cqunl  rccdinels  his  ctmclufion— that  Dr.  H. 
moll  probably  derived  the  hint  of  I'lis  theory  from  the  aforefaid 
paper  in  theMufeum:  as  we  think  it  requires  no  great  ftretch  of 
candour  or  charity,  to  fuppofc  that  the  contents  of  the  faid  paper 
might  then,  and  may  llill,  be  as  perfectly  un'icnown  to  Dr.  H»  as  they 
certainly  were  to  the  writer  of  the  hiilorical  account  abovementioned. 
— After  all.  Dr.  Franklin's  paper  on  this  fubjec\  was  nvritten,  prior 
to  both  thefe  publications ;  Lud  M.  Le  Roi's,  pulilijhid  long  before 
all  of  theiu. 

*  In  ihc  account  of  Mr.  White's  paper  on  the  Ri/e  of  Vapours^  pub* 
li{hed  in  the  Iccond  volume  of  dorguul  EJ/ays.  tec  Monthly  Review 
for  November  latl,  pairc  394. 

ERRATUM. 

The  reader  is  requefted  to  correal  the  following  tran/pcfition^  in  the 

account  of  Father  Bcccaria's  experiments,  in  ojrlaft  Jptpendix,  page 

^^6.  line  12  j  where,  for  *  this  it  docs,  in  the  common  manner,  even 

*  after  it  has  been  difchiirged.' — he  is  dcitred  to  read,  *  this  it  doesj 

'  even  sJicrit  has  betn  difchargcd  in  vie  wxaBBioiiisaSk^tx? 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For     MARCH,     1770. 


Art.  I.    Continuation  of  the  Philosophical  Transactions  ; 
from  the  Review  for  December  laj}y  Page  455. 

Pa  p  E  R  s  relating  to  Natural  History. 
Article  I .    An  Account  of  a  journey  to  Mount  Etna^  in  a  Lettir 
from  the  Honourable  William  Hamilton,  bis  Majefifs  ^nvoy 
Extraordinary  at  Naples^  to  Matthew  Maty^  M.  D.  Sec.  R.S. 

TH  £  public  owe  to  the  very  intelligent  Author  of  this 
article  many  curious  and  interefting  obfervations,  rela- 
tive to  the  eruptions  and  natural  hiftory  of  Mount  Vefuvius, 
which  have  been  publiihed  in  the  preceding  volumes  of  the 
Tranfadions  *.  The  prcfent  paper  contains  an  account  of  a 
vilic  which  he  made  in  the  year  1769  to  another,  probably 
more  ancient,  and  Aill  more  confideraBle  volcano ;  that,  qf 
Mount  Etna.  He  had  here  the  fatisfa<51ion  of  meeting  .with 
many  convincing  proofs  of  the  judice  of  his  former  opifiion, 

•concerning  the  origin  and  formation  of  veryconfidcrable  moun- 
taips,  merly  in  confequcnce  of  large  and  frequently  repeated 
fubterraneous  explofions.  The  cavities  which  muil  neceflarily 
be  formed  in  the  earth,  by  the  immenfe  quantities  of  matter 
thrown  up  by  volcan6s,  are  nowhere,  perhaps,  fo  numerous 

.and  remarkable  as  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Etna.  In  its  lower 
region,  a  new  mountain  was  thrown  up  by  the;  i^^rril)]e  erup- 
tion in  1669,  which  is  no  lefs  than  half  a  mile  perpendicular 

.height)  and  at  leaft  three  miles  in  circumference  at  its  b'aft^. 
At  the  foot  of  this  new  mountain,  the  Author,  by  means  of  a 
rope,  dcfccnded  through  a  hole  communicating  wi:h  feveral 
of  thefe  cavi(ie<:,  branching  out  in  various  diredtions,  apd  ex- 
tending  much   farther  and  deeper  than  he  choCc  j^o  venture. 

•  See  Monthly  Review,  vol.  xjcxix.    December   i-'^S,    p.  418  ; 
■  VoLxlii.  fcbiuary  .1770,    p.  1C5  ;    and  vol.  aUv,  March  1^71,  p. 

.?DI.  ' 

,     Vol.  XLVL  N  Oti^ 


X78         Philofophical  TranfaSflons^  for  the  Year  ITJOm 

One  fingular  reafon  prevented  him  from  profecuting  this  fub- 
terraneous  expedition.  In  thofe  parts  of  the  earth  from  which 
undoubtedly  thofe  fiery  torrents  formerly  iflued  forth,  fonmng 
a  river  of  melted  lava  14  miles  in  length,  and,  in  many  'parts* 
fix  in  breadth,  which  extended  to  the  fea,  and  deftroycd  part 
of  Catania,  there  now  rages  the  moft  exceffivc  cold,  accompa* 
nied  with  a  violent  wind,  that  frequently  extinguKhed  fome  of 
the  torches.  Some  of  thefc  cavities,  which  have  been  difcovered 
in  different  parts  of  Etna,  are  now  ufed  as  repofitories  for  fnow ; 
and  the  whole  iflands  of  Sicily  and  Malta  are  from  thence  fup- 
plicd  with  that  article,  deemed  cflentially  neceflary  in  thofe 
climates. 

In  the  fecond  or  middle  region  of  Etna,  which  is  covered  and 
adorned  with  the  moft  beautiful  and  majeftic  woods,  are  moun- 
tains, or  fragments  of  mountains,  on  every  fide,  that  have  been 
thrown  up  by  cxplofions  of  ancient  date,  fome  of  which  are 
nearly  as  high  as  Mount  Vefuvius.  Now  it  is  certain  that  a 
confiderable  time  is  requifite  to  convert  lava  and  a(hes  into  a 
fubftance  proper  to  fupport  even  the  fmaHeft  plants.  In  the 
fpace  of  two  or  three  miles  round  the  mountain  raifed  by  the 
eruption  in  1669,  there  are  as  yet  not  the  leaft  appearance)  of 
vegetation.  The  high  antiquity  therefore  of  the  expTofions, 
which  have  formerly  ravaged  this  part  of  Etna,  is  very  juftly 
deduced  by  the  Author  from  the  prefent  ftate  of  its  furface  and 
produfls  ;  there  being  now  a  fufficient  depth  of  vegetable  mould 
over  the  lava  to  fupport  the  largcft  oak,  chefmit,  and  fir  trees 
he  ever  faw  any  where.  But  the  very  ancient  date  of  thefc 
eruptions  is  dill  farther  afcertained  from  hiftofical  information; 
from  whence  it  appears  that  this  part  of  Etna  was  celebrated 
for  its  timber,  fo  far  back  as  the  time  of  the  tyrants  of  Syracufe. 
Thefe  ancient  woods  therefore  grew  on  places  either  originallv 
formed  of  lavia  and  afhes,  or  at  leaft  formerly  covered  witfii 
thefe  fubftances,  in  confequence  of  explofions  which  rnuft  bftvf 
happened  ip  times  anterior  to  all  hiftory. 

Our  inquifitive  Traveller,  not  fatisned  with  explbrmg  the 
lower,  and  this  laft  mentioned  or  middle  region  of  this  *  re- 
fpe£table  mountain/  where  he  pitched  his  tent  for  the  nighty 
attempted  its  fummit ;  and  was  gratified  at  fun  rifing,  after  reach- 
ing and  feating  htmfelf  on  its  very  higheft  point,  with  the  fpien- 
did  view  of  an  eitenfive  and  beautiful  landfcape  that  baffles  til  de« 
fcription.  Tim  a|»ex,  we  flioald  obferve,  is  the  top  of  a  rmallei 
mountain,  al^t  %  quarter  of  a  mile  perpendicular  in  height,  and 
nine  miles  in  circumference,  which  has  been  thrown  up  from 
the  great  crater  at  the  top  of  Etna,  within  the  laft  25  or  « 
years*  His  enlarged  horizon  being  gradually  lighted  op,  ^  he 
difcovered  the  greater  part  of  Calabria,  and  the  fea  on  the  othei 
fidf  of  it :  tfaf  Pban  of  Meffina^  the  Lipari  iflands,  and  Sttatt* 

Vii 


PhiUfaphual  Ti  anfa^hns^  fsr  tht  Tear  IJ'jfO*  Ijg 

loll  with  Jfs  fmoakiog  top,  though  at  above  70  miles  diftance, 
kmcdto  be  juft  under  bis  feet.  He  faw  the  whole  ifland  of 
icily,  it*  rivers,  towns^  harbours,  &c,  as  if  he  bail  been  look^ 
j  00  a  map/  In  fliort,  as  he  has  fince  found  by  mcafuring 
ligood  chart,  the  eye  took  in,  from  this  one  point  of  view, 
of  above  rtim  hundral  P^nglifti  miles.  The  pyramidal 
^ of  the  mountain  was  likewifc  ften,  reaching  acrofs  the 
whole  ifland^  and  far  into  the  fea  on  the  o.her  fide.  Here  he 
.counted  no  Icfs  than  44  little  mountaijis  (To  called  only  in  com- 
irifon  with  their  great  and  ancient  common  parent,  Mount 
btaaj  though  they  would  appear  great  out  of  her  con>pany)  in 
he  middle  regioOj  on  the  fide  of  Catania  ;  together  with  many 
others  on  the  oppofitc  fide,  all  of  a  conical  form,  and  each  hav- 
ing its  crater ;  without,  and  even  wiihin  which,  many  timber 
trceiwerc  fecn  flouriflving. 

A  Cinon  who  accompanied  the  Author  in  this  e.xcurfion,  af* 
furd  him  that  the  perpendicular  height  of  this  remarkable 
i\T\  was  fomething  more  than  three  Itafian  miles  :  a  mea- 
hich  nearly  corrcfponds  with  that  which  may  be  col- 
lected from  the  Author^s  barometrical  obfervations,  made  at  the 
foot  and  the  top  of  it.  In  the  firft  of  thcfc  ftations,  the  mer- 
cury ftood  at  27  inches  4  lines;  and  at  the  ht^er,  funk  to  18 
iiHhei  10  lines.  In  (hort,  the  Magnificent  and  the  Terrible  are 
difpliycd  here  on  a  larger  fcale  than  in  Mount  Vefuvnis.  The 
^iiwft  cxtenfivc  lavas  which  have  flowed  from  the  latl-mentioned 
oitanohave  not  cxcerdcd  fsvcn  miles  in  length  :  whereas  thofe 
Etna  arc  very  commonly  15  or  ao  miles  in  length,  fix  or 
*tii  in  breadth,  and  50  feet  or  more  in  depth.  Nay,  on  his 
l^iwOj  the  Author  faw  the  whole  courfe  of  an  ancient  eruption^ 
"htfcihe  lava  ran  no  kfs  than  30  miles,  from  the  crater  whence 
tiflucd,  to  the  fea  near  7>ormina,  extending  in  many  parts 
J  miles  in  breadth. 

The  laft  circumftance  which  wc  {hall  extrafl  from  this  arti- 
ihat   the  fame   kind   of  flafhes  refembling  Jjghteoing^ 
fcJch  the  Author  noticed  as  a  phemmemn  attending  the  lait 
at  eruption  of  Vefuvius,  and   which,  as  we   formerly  ob- 
Tcd,  F4iher  Beccaria  conftders  as  eledrical  appearances,  ar« 
quently  fecn  to  proceed  from  the  great  crater  of  Etna,     To 
eircumftancc  Mr,   Hamilton    fuppofes   Seneca   to  allude^ 
treating  of  one  of  its  eruptions,    he  adds,  ilh  ttmpon 
plurima  fuijfe  ismtrua  t^  Julmina^     Quaeft.  Nst.  Libr,  2» 
lide  2.     0«  tht  Inhabitants   cf  ihi  Coaft  o/*  Patagonia  ;    in  ^ 
4iUr  from   Philip  Carteret^  Efq\    Captain  of  iht  Swallow 
'  ^     f^  Matthew  Maty»  M.  D.  Sec.  R.  S. 
In  criticiftng  ao  opinion  of  the  lively  and  ingenious  Author 
rf  the  Rtchtr4hci  Pbikjophiques  fur  Us  Jm/rUaim*^  we  p\ea4i4 

'  Stc  ^^rjrai^jF  to  our  ^zd  volume,  page  527  and  ;2§. 

N  2  ^^  - 


I 


180  Philofiphical  Tranfa^ions^pr  thi  Year  fjj^* 

fomewhat  carncftly  for  an  allowance  of  two  or  three  feet  ex* 
traordinary,  to  the  inhabitant!?  of  Patagonia,  above  the  ufual 
flandard  of  us  and  the  other  bomuncioties  difperfed  over  the  reft 
Ot  the  glotc.  To  this  we  were  induced  by  confiding,  in  the 
fimplicity  of  our  heans,  in  the  tefttmony  of  the  gentlemen  of 
his  Majcfty's  (hip  the  Dolphin  \  and  particularly  on  the  fcem- 
ingly  fober  and  explicit  afTevcrations  contained  10  a  very  cir- 
cumihntial  letter  of  Mr,  Charles  Clarke's,  addreffed  likewife  to 
Dt*  Maty,  and  ptibhfiied  in  the  57th  volume  of  thefc  Tranfac- 
fions  f.  We  now  more  than  furpc<5tthat  our  formtr  informmti 
have  fomewhat  abyfed  the  acknowledged  privilege  of  travellers, 
2nd  that  we  muft  accordingly  make  very  conlidcrablc  abate- 
ments in  the  mcafures  for  which  we  lately  contended.  On  ^ 
fubjeft  which  has  made  fo  much  noife  throughout  Europe,  we 
willingly  embrace  this  opportunity  of  acknowledging  our  falli- 
bility, and  of  extracting  the  moil  cflential  particulars  relating 
to  thcfc  people,  from  the  prefent  letter;  which  was  written  on 
the  fpot  by  the  commander  of  one  of  the  fliips  employed,  to- 
gether wiih  the  Dolphin,  m  the  fubfeqQcnt  expedition  to  the 
Jouth  Seas  %%  and  who  undoubtedly  here  defer ibcs  the  very 
fame  people,  who  were  fcen  by  the  officers  of  that  fliip,  during 
its  firrt  vr>)age  in  1764.  From  the  prefent  *iccount  however  it 
appears,  that  ihcfe  Patagonians,  though  not  of  the  fuperlativc 
dimenfions  before  afcribcd  to  them,  are  a  very  extraordinary 
#ace  of  men,  with  refpe^t  to  fizej  cfpcciaHy  when  it  is  confi* 
dertd  that  they  inhabit,  or  rather  perhaps,  as  we  formerly  fug* 
gcfled,  wander  over  one  of  the  moft  defolate  and  barren  regions 
ef  the  habitable  earth.  Such,  at  leafl,  are  thofe  parts  of  it, 
we  prefume,  where  they  have  hitherto  been  feen  by  voyagers* 

In  many  of  the  circumftances  here  related  concerning  thefc 
people,  Captain  Carterci's  account  contims  that  before  given 
of  them.  They  were  firft  feen  to  the  number  of  60  or  70^^* 
tiding  upon  horfes  about  14  or  15  hands  high,  near  the  moutK 
of  the  nvcr  Gallegoes,  which  is  not  far  from  the  caflcrnmoft 
entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  In  the  fpace  of  a  day  they 
were  increafed  to  fevcral  hundreds,  men,  women,  and  children. 
♦  We  meafured,  fays  the  Captain,  many  of  thelc  people ;  ihty 
were,  in  genera',  at!  from  fix  feet  to  fix  feet  five  inches,  al- 
though there  were  fomc  who  came  to  fix  feet  kvttx  inches,  but 
none  above  that.'  Upon  the  whole,  he  reprcftnts  them  as  the 
fincH  fct  of  men  he  ever  faw  any  where  before.  They  arc  well 
proper tioned,  have  large  and  pretty  regular  features,  and  com- 

^ : ' J 

,t  See  Monthly  Review,  vol,  xxxix*  December  i;6H»  page  417,    M 
'   t  The  prcfcnc  article  i*  a  copy  of  the  Author's  original  letter,  fcnt 
from  Pori  ramine,  by  the  HorcJhip,  to  Dr*  Matv,  but  which  did  not 
come  to  li4fi.d. 

6  plcfiions 


I 


PbUfffiphUal  TranfaffUnsy  for  the  Ytar  lyyo.  i8i 

pkdions  nearly  as  clear  as  thofe  of  Europeans ;  but  altered  by 
the  life  of  paint,  and  by  their  expoiing  themfeives  to  the  incle- 
mency of  the  weather. 

The  principal  obfervations  contained  in  this  letter  appear  to 
hive  been  made  on  the  firft  conference  with  thefc  people,  who 
fcr  feveral  days  afterwards  followed  the  (hip,  to  the  number  of 

i\or  ^OOf  and,  by  the  moft  friendly  figns,  invited  the  crew  to 
wd  J  giving  them  the  moft  unequivocal  proofs  of  their  good 
intentions,  and  confidence  in  them,  by  withdrawing  themfeives 
from  the  fea-(hore,  and  leaving  their  childrtn,  as  pledges,  by 
the  water-fide.  Capt.  Wallis,  however,  of  the  Dolphin  had 
now  given  orders  that  nobody  (hould  go  on  fliore  to  them.  Of 
tiiis  prohibition  the  Author  pretty  plainly  exprefles  his  difappro- 
bation  ;  as  in  confcquence  of  it  ^  a  favourable  opportunity  was 
kft  of  knowing  more  of  thefe  |)eopIe  and  of  their  country ; 
the  knowledge  of  which,  in  all  probability,  might  be  of  fcr- 
vioe  to  Great  Britain/  It  was  thought  fo  formerly,  he  adds, 
when  Sir  John  Narborough  was  fent  out  by  Charles  II.  to  en^ 
ileavoiir  to  ^pen  a  communication  with  thefc  Indians  ^  whom 
be  takes  to  be  the  very  fame  nation  called  by  the  Spaniards  the 
BravoeSy  and  who  have  often  made  them  feel  their  courage  and 
icfolution  in  the  kingdom  of  Chili. 

At  the  conclufion  of  the  vifit  above-mentioned,  moft  of  the 

Patagonians  fcemed  defirous  to  go  on  board  the  fhip,  and  fomc 

were  fuffered  to  do  fo  ;  where  they  behaved  themfeives  with 

Rropriety,  drank  water  plentifully  after  the  fait  beef  and  bif- 

'«uit  with  which  they  were  regaled,  but  did  not  appear  to  relifli 

wine  or  ftrong  liquors.     They  likewifc  fmoaked,  and  did  not 

fen  ftrangers  to  that  cuftom  ;  and  were  fo  much  at  their  eafc 

while  on  board,  that  fome  little  difficulty  was  found  in  making 

them  return  to  the  (bore.     We  fliall  only  adJ,  that  it  appears 

*^i<lcnt  that  thefe  people  have  a  trade  or  other  communication 

with  the  Spaniards  5"  as  one  of  them  had  a  Spanifli  broad -fword, 

and  others  had  metal  fpurs,  and  iron  and  other  metal  bits  to 

their  bridles.     The  reft  in  general  had  bridles,  faddles,  flirrups, 

>wi  whips,  offlcins,  all  of  their  own  making. 

Article  6-  jfn  Account  of  the  Refult  of  pme  Attnrtfti  made  to  afcef'- 

tain  the  Temperature  of  the  Sea^  in  great  Depths^    tffc.     By 

Charles  Douglafs,  Efq;  F.  R.  S.  &c. 

From  thefe  experiments,  vfhkh  were  made  between  the  lati- 
tudes of  65  and  71  degrees  nearly,  and  in  the  months  of  May, 
June,  and  July,  we  colletSt  that,  in  May,  the  thermometiT 
ibnding  in  the  open  air  at  27  degrees,  (Kahrenheit's  fcale) 
fofe  at  the  furface  of  the  fea  to  36,  and,  at  the  depth  of  78  la- 
tboms,  to  39  degrees.  In  other  trials  during  the  fame  mcnth, 
all  other  circumftances  being  nearly  the  fame,  cxcc\it  tUat  tl\c 
heat  of  the  air  was  now  4c,  the  immcrfcd  xhcimomelcr  ft.oQi^ 

2V  3  \\Vw 


1 8l  Philofophical  Tranfadiloni^for  the  Ytar  1 7  JO. 

likewife  at  39.  In  June  and  July  the  warmth  of  the  water,  at 
the  depth  of  between  70  and  90  fathoms,  appears  to  have  in« 
creafed  with  the  increafed  heat  of  the  air,  and  of  the  furface 
of  the  water.  On  July  8,  the  thermometer  (landing  in  the 
open  air  at  46,  being  funk  100  fathoms  below  the  furface, 
ftood  Itjcewife  at  the  fame  height;  but  on  being  funic  to  the 
depth  of  260  fathoms,  though  not  to  the  bottom,  it  rofe  to  52. 
We  obferve  the  refulis  of  other  trials  to  have  been  nearly  fiaai- 
lar,  Thefe  experiments  are  not  fufficiently  numerous  to  juftify 
general  conclufions :  but,  from  the  whole,  it  may  be  inferred, 
that  the  warmth  of  the  fea  water  increafed,  in  a  flow  propor- 
tion, as  the  thermometer  was  funk  to  greater  depths.  Fifty- 
two  degrees  was  the  higheft  term  to  which  it  was  obferyed  to 
rife  in  the  deepeft  water. 

The  Author,  during  his  ftay  in  Lapland,  made  all  poffible 
inquiries  with  regard  to  Bifhop  Pontoppidan's  fea  mqnfter,  called 
the  Kraaken  ;  but  could  not  meet  with  any  perfon  who  had 
either  converfed  with,  or  who  had  heard  of  any  one  living  that 
Jhad  feen  fuch  an^nimal.  He  met,  neverthelefs,  with  an  intelli- 
gent mailer  of  a  Norwegian  veflel,  who  declared  that  he  had, 
at  different  times,  feen  four  of  thofe  other  Norwegian  prodi- 
gies, the  Stoor  or  Sea- worms,  as  they  are  here  called  ;  one  of 
which,  floating  upon  the  furface  of  the  water,  he  judged  could 
not  be  lefs  than  25  fathoms  long,  and  about  one  in  thicknefs. 
Article  7.    De  Modo  MarmorU  alb'i  producendi ^  Dijfertatio  Epifta" 

larls.     Au^o^e  R.   E.  Rafpe,   Sertnijf,   Hajfta  Landgrgv'iQ  a 

Cofiftliis,  ^  R.  S.  S. 

It  is  well  known,  and  we  have  lately  had  occafion  of  {hew- 
ing in  particular  *,  that  waters,  even  the  pureft,  contain  a  cal- 
careous or  other  earth,  held  in  folution  by  feme  of  the  acids, 
or  by  fitted  air,  and  which  is  precipitated  from  them  on  the  avo- 
lation  of  the  folvent.  The  ftoney  concretions  in  our  tea-kettles 
fu^ilh  a  familiar  inftance  of  the  frequency  and  great  quantity 
of  this  earth,  even  in  common  waters.  This  paper  contains  a(i 
account  of  Tome  curious  obfervations,  made  a  few  years  ago  by 
the  Abbe  Vegni,  relating  to  this  particular  quality  in  the  war 
ters  at  the  bath  of  St.  Philip  at  Radicofani,  in  the  grand  dutchy 
of  Tufcany  ;  and  of  the  Abbe's  practical  and  ufeful  application 
of  his  diicovery,  to  the  improvement  of  fomc  of  the  arts. 
Thefe  vi^aters  ilfue  from  a  hill,  which  appears  to  confift  whplly 
of  while  and  fliining  marble,  and  which  the  Abbe  fuppofes  to 
have  been  intirely  formed  by  the  fucceffivc  precipitations  of  the 
tophaceous  fubilatice  evidently  contained  in  thefe  waters.  This 
remark  of  the  Abbe's  the  Author  applies  and  extends,  in  con- 
firmation of  his  own  fvftem,  concerning  ihe  formation  of  moun- 
tains in  general ;  and  further  fuppofes  that  the  various  quarric|S 
J — —  ' 

^  Sac  A  opendix  to  vol.  xlv,  ]f  ng,^  v  S*. 


Y^fhical  Tranfafflms^  fir  ihi  Yior  1770.  iSj 

marbte,  alabal>er,  and  frveral  other  fiones,  o>^e  likewife 
icjr  origin  to  difFcreni  earths^  depofitcd  by  waters  that  have 
imcrly  flowed  through  thcic  placts. 

The  Abbe  obfcrving  the  copious,  white,  and  fliining  topha- 
u^  incruttations,  with  which  the  waters  at  Radtcofini  very 
n  covered  bodies  expofed  to  them  even  for  a  very  fhort  time; 
d  the  very  exact  and  neat  impreffions  which  ihe  precipitated 
bftance  received  Jrom  them  \  thought  that  this  property  might 
ufctully  applied  to  the  produdion  and  tWrnation  of  pieccb  of 
fflJirhlc  of  various  figures,  as  ornaments  in  architecture,  as  well 
for  fevcral  other  purpofes.  His  expeclaiions  on  this  head 
avc  been  fully  realifcd  ;  and  a  manufadory,  if  we  may  To  caJl 
(where  art  indeed  forms  the  mould,  but  nature  finds  the 
indtcrial.%  and  executes  the  reft  of  the  work)  has  been  cfta- 
L  bliflied  upon  the  fpot,  at  hisexp^nce,  whtch  is  already  in  the 
^^  molt  flouriihing  coj;dicion,  Pfcpcr  moulds  are  made  of  plaif* 
^F  tcr,  which,  after  being  varni(hed,  and  flighlly  fmejfcd  with 
oil  or  fome  other  unctuous  fubftance,  are  im merged  in  the 
biihs,  or  in  the  courfe  of  the  waters.  Jn  Icfs  than  a  w^sck  a 
tnifble  concretion  js  found  to  be  formed  \n  the  cavity  of  the 
mould,  two  lines  in  thickncfs;  which  is  fufficient  for  fmaller 
•forks,  as  bas-reliefs,  medallions,  &c,  la  the  fame  manner 
arc  produced  marble  jambs  (poJUs)  and  the  different  members 

P«f  chimney  pieces,  windows,  and  ornaments  in  building ; 
wbichj  if  the  mould  is  well  formed,  are  equal  to  the  moft  ex- 
telJcnt  works  of  the  fincft  Carrara  inaibic,  executed  with  the 
chi^icl*  Wc  fhould  add,  that  the  marble  ornaments  thus  not 
**"iy  formed,  but,  at  the  fame  time,  as  it  were  created,  or  pro- 
duced d£  n&voy  afc  afforded  at  cheaper  riates,  than  thofe  fur- 
niflied  by  the  archite(5t  or  fculptor. 

I  To  draw  the  greateft  advantage  from  this  dtfcovcf y,  M,  Rafpe 
popofcs  that  trbb  may  be  made  in  other  waters  ;  particularly 
m  thofe  which  are  jlready  known  to  produce  ftalaflites  of  a 
good  colour  and  fine  grain.  He  has  accordingly  fent  varioui 
tnoulds  of  medallions,  to  be  put  into  fome  of  the  fprings  in 
Germany;  and  recommends  to  Dr,  Maty,  to  whom  this  epif- 
toUry  dilFertation  is  addrelTcd,  the  making  experiments  of  the 
fame  kind  throughout  the  wide  extended  dominions  of  the  Bri* 
^  ilfll  empire^ — the  J/ma  Maitr^  as  he  politely,  and,  we  hope, 
^^tOly  terms  it,  of  all  the  ufeful  arts. 

^Hlrcicle  1 3.  lowrnal  df  a  Vo^agt^  made  by  Ordtr  of  ihi  Royal  So- 
^B  tiiiy^  to  Churchill  River^  on  the  North-tVeJl  Coaft  of  Hudfons 
^B  Bay ;  of  thirUtn  Minthi  RefuUnce  in  that  Country  ;  and  cf  the 
^P  F§y4igi  back  io  England  i  in  ihe  Tears  1768  and  1769.  By 
^    William  Wales. 

'         This  article  contains  n^nriy  ufeful  nautical  and  XLRtotvottviciX 
^fcnst/oas,  interfpcrfcd  with  others  rcUung  10  "SaXuvA ' ' ^ 


1 84  Pbikfopbical  Tranfa^iom^fot  the  Year  1 770. 

tory.  Among  thefe  laft  are  prefented  fome  feemingly  (atisftio^- 
tory  data^  with  a  view  to  explain  the  formation  of  thofe  nil* 
merous  and  prodigious  iflands,  or  rather  mountains,  of  ice^* 
which  are  fo  dangerous  to  veflels  that  navigate  the  feas  near 
Hudfon's  Straits  ;  and  which,  according  Co  his  ideas,  owe  their 
origin  to  large  mafTes  of  frozen  fnow.  On  this  occafion  Mr. 
Wales  contraverts  the  hypothefis  concerning  the  long  durati<H|- 
and  flow  motion  attributed  to  thefe  iflands  by  Capt.  Middleton  i 
who  fuppofes  that  they  are  fome  hundreds  of  years  in  diflblving, 
and  travelling  into  the  latitude  of  50*^.  One  evening  the  Au-i 
thor  counted  58  of  them,  going  at  the  rate  of  feveral  miieiB  pit- 
hour;  and  fays,  that  their  motion  and  diflblution  are  apparently 
iq  very  quick,  that  he  is  of  opinion  that  it  muft  be  a  pretty 
large  ifland  which  is  not  diflblved  in  one  fummcr. 

The  horizontal  refradlion,  in  confequcnce  of  the  refradive 
power  of  the  haze,  fo  frequent  in  thofe  Teas,  is  fo  very  great, 
that  ice  fcarcely  higher  than  the  furface  of  the  water  is,  at  the 
diftance  of  eight  or  ten  miles,  lifted  up  two  or  three  degrees* 
Another  more  fmgular  appearance  noticed  by  the  Author  is 
that,  in  this  ftate  of  the  air,  the  land  which  was  fcen  ex- 
tremely plain,  and  appeared  highly  elevated,  from  the  deck; 
could  not  be  fcen  at  all  by  ihc  man  at  the  mart  head.  Of  the 
truth  of  this  fingularity  he  was  convinced  by  going  up  to  the 
main-roaft  head  himielf.  It  appears  froHFi  an  obfervation  here 
incidentally  mentioned,  that  the  procefs  of  evaporation  in  cer- 
tain fluids  goes  on  even  during  the  moft  violent  frofts  in  this 
climate.  At  a  time  when  the  cold  was  fo  intenfc,  that  a  bifou 
of  brandy  expofed  to  the  open  air  became  in  lefs  than  two  mi^ 
imtes  as  thick  as  treacle,  and  in  hve  had  a  flrong  ice  at  the  top, 
the  fpirit  of  wine  which  lie  was  obliged  to  ufe  for  the  plum«> 
met  of  his  quadrant,  was  evaporated  to  about  half  the  quan- 
tity in  the  fpace  of  a  fortnight ;  the  fpirituous  part  (hooting 
up  along  the  plumb-line,  and  fides  of  the  glafs,  like  whit€ 
coral.  A  fmall  quantity  inclofed  in  a  vial  during  the  whole 
winter  had  not  its  fluidity  altered  in  the  leafl.  We  omit 
the  mention  of  fome  other  curious  remarks  contained  in 
this  journal,  which  fhews  the  Author  to  be  a  very  intelligent 
obferver. 

In  the  35th  article  an  account  is  given  of  a  folid  piece  of  the 
rock  of  Gibraltar,  lately  blown  up,  and  now  in  the  pofleiEoq 
of  Dr.  Hunter,  which  was  originally  about  ten  feet  from  th^ 
nearefl  furface,  and  in  which  fome  bones  were  found,  fuppofed 
to  be  petrified  ;  being  blended  with  pieces  of  the  marble,  oi 
which  the  entire  rock  of  Gibraltar  is  faid  to  be  co'mpbfed:* 
Thefe  bones,  the  Dodor  obferves,  are  thofe  of  quadrupeds, 
iyiif  arc  not  petrified  in  any  other  fenfc  than  that  the  waters 
haSshg  through  the  cavern  in  y?b\cVv  ih^^.  ^txt  \<j^^t.^^  >m* 


PbibfipbicalTrMfaeftonSj  for  the  Year  1770.  18  j.^ 

finked  into  the  porous  fubftance  of  every  bone,  and  there  depo-» 
lited  graouUted  chryftallifations  of  the  calcareous  earth  or  fta- 
lifiite,  with  which  they  were  impregnated. — M.  Rafpe,  whofs 
ftftem  we  have  alluded  to  above,  would  probably  attribute  the 
ronnation  of  the  whole  rock  of  Gibraltar  to  this  caufe. 

Zoology  and  Botany. 
Article  3.  A  Letter  on  a  Camelopardalis,  found  about  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hofe^  from  Capt.  Carteret  to  Matthew  Maty,  M.  D. 
Sec  R.  S. 

The  exiftenceof  this  fcarce  and  fingular  animal,  which  owes 
its  name  to  its  fomewhatrefembling  the  camel  in  its  figure,  and 
the  panther  in  its  fpots,  has  been  doubted  by  many  ;  as  none, 
the  Author  apprehends,  have  been  feen  in  Europe  fince  the  time 
ofjulius  Caefar.  It  exigence  has  been  completely  afcertained 
by  one  of  the  parties,  which  the  prefent  governor  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  has  of  late  fent  out  to  make  difcoveries  in  the  in- 
terior parts  of  Africa ;  fome  of  which  have  been  abfent  two  . 
fears,  and  have  difcovered  many  curiofities,  that,  it  is  hoped, 
will  be  comnnunicated  to  the  world*  One  of  thefe  parties  dif-: 
covered  two  of  thefe  creatures,  but  caught  only  the  youngeft, 
which  unfortunately  died  before  they  reached  the  Cape-town. 
They  took  off  its  (kin,  which  has  been  fent  to  Holland  ;  where 
Dr.  Maty  faw  it  laft  year,  in  the  cabinet  of  natural  hiftory  at 
Leyden.  A  drawing  of  this  large  and  elegant  animal  is  here' 
given ;  from  a  cable  annexed,  to  which  we  coIle£l  that  its 
height,  which  is  its  grcateft  dimenfion,  taken  from  the  lower 
foiotof  the  fore-leg  to  the  top  of  its  head,  which  it  holds  al- 
BoftereA,  13  17  feet:  behind,  it  meafures  in  height  only  about 
10  feet. 

Another  rare  and  fingular  animal  is  defcribed  and  delineated 
in  the  5th  article.  It  is  a  new  fpecies  of  the  Manis^  or  fcaly 
lizard,  a  German  ell  and  five-eighths  in  length,  and  was  dif« 
povcred  in  the  wall  of  a  houfe  at  Tranquebar  ;  where,  colling 
itielf into  an  oval  forni,  it  was  killed  with  difficulty  :  its  hard 
snd  impenetrable  fcales  refilling  the  repeated  (Irokes  of  wooden 
poles  (hod  with  iron,  fo  as  to  flrike  fire  at  each  blow. 
Article  i6*  On  a  Method  of  preparing  Birds  for  P refer valion.    In 

a  Letter  from  Capt.  Davies/^  John  Ellis,  Efq;  F.  R.  S. 

Article  26.  On  the  Preftrvation  of  dead  Birds*     In  four  Letters^ 

addrejfed  to  the  Royal  Society^  byT,  S.  Kuckahan. 

With  a  view  to  enlarge  the  funds  of  natural  hidory,  and  in- 

periiK  the  colle£tions  of  the  curious,  the  Author  of  the  firfl  of 

thefe  articles  g^ives  fome  ihort  diredions,  and  the  recipe  of  a 

drycompofition,  the  ufe  of  which  he  recommends  to  thofe  who 

pmy  have  opportunities  of  thereby  preferving  and  bringing  over 

any  extraordinary  pTf>iu&tons  of  nature,  in  the  atv\n\i\  VXt^^ 

^4teN  which  they  may  mtet  with  abroad  :  a  t?^(k.  ¥iV\\c\i  C«» 


1^6  Pbihfophicat  TranfaSfions,  for  the  Tear  1 7  70. 

Uavies  ve  y  properly  recommends  to  the  officers  of  the  nivf 
amd  army  in  particular. 

The  Author  of  the  fecond  article  treats  the  preceding  fubje«3 
more  methodically  and  difFufely,  and  with  greater  talte.  He 
not  only  attends  to  the  prefcrvation  of  the  carcafes  and  plumage 
of  birds  or  other  animals,  from  putrefadion  and  the  devalUtioo 
of  inrc(^s,  fo  as  to  afford  proper  fpecimens  for  the  (ludy  and 
gratification  of  the  Naturalift  and  Viituofo;  but  aims  likewife 
at  prefcrving  their  natural  graces.  In  fliort,  his  fcope  is  tore- 
animate  them,  or  at  leaft  to  give  them  the  appca;ancc  of  life 
and  motion,  by  putting  them  into  expreffive  attitudes :  talcing 
tbfe  word  in  a  fenfe  which  comprehends  every  pofiiion  of  the 
bead,  body,  legs,  wings,  or  feathers,  which  may  contribute 
to  exprefs,  in  the  moii  pidlurefque  manner,  fume  particular 
action  or  paffion  bed  adapted  to  the  peculiar  quality  of  each 
Bird.  The  Author  difplays  his  tafte  and  fancy  on  this  part  of 
his  fubjefl,  particularly  in  defcribing  the  manner  o? grouj'ing  of 
dead  birds,  (o  as  to  be  expreilivc  of  iheir  particul.u  hr.bi.udcs  or 
paffions  ;  fuch  as,  the  grouping  of  eagles  or  hawks  with  their 
lefpeflivc  prey,  fo  as  to  exprefs  the  cruelty  and  audacity  of  the 
former,  with  the  extreme  terror,  and  the  feeble  and  dving  ef- 
fcrts  of  the  latter.  The  Author  refines  fo  far  on  this  fubjcil  as 
to  obfervc,  that  regard  (hould  be  had  to  the  particular  part  it 
which  the  bird  begins  to  devour  its  prey.  We  cannot,  how- 
ever, approve  the  choice  of  fuch  horrid  fubjccts  ;  and  think 
that  the  Virtuofo,  whofe  ftudies  have  tint  dcftroyed  his  feelings, 
will  turn  away  his  eye  from  *  this  fine  contraft,'  as  the  Authoi 
terms  it,  to  contemplate  another,  and  more  pleafingly  affe<Sling, 
fubjc(Sl  ;  a  bird  feeding  its  young,  *  whofe  clamorours  hungci 
is  exprefl'ed  by  their  gaping  mouths  and  extended  pinions ; 
while  the  anxious  perplexity,  and  tender  joy  of  the  mother** 
bird,  is  Arongly  marked  by  the  fpreaJing  tail,  the  drqoping 
wings,  and  peculiar  pofiiion  of  the  head.' 

Obl'ervations  of  this  kind  form  the  fubjefl:  of  the  two  firft 
letters.  In  the  two  remaining,  the  Author  gives  particulai 
directions  for  the  difledion  of  birds  or  other  animals,  and  the 
preferving  them  afterwards,  by  means  of  two  compofitions, 
which  are  a  liquid  varnifh  and  a  ^ry  powder.  After  the  lofs  of 
much  time,  and  of  many  fine  fubjeds,  by  ufing  the  methods 
hitherto  publifhcd  and  prad^ifed,  he  here  gives  the  refult  of  his 
bcft  experience  on  this  fubjed.  Referring  the  Naturalift  to 
the  pcrufal  of  the  directions  and  recipes  here  given,  we  (hall 
only  obferve,  that  the  curious  collector  may  pollibly  be  deterred 
fiom  the  ufe  of  the  Author's  laft  mentioned  precious  condite- 
mcnt ;  \  hich  is  rendered  moft  formidably  coftly,  by  the  addi« 
tion  of  no  lefs  a  quantity  than  a  quarter  of  a  pound  of  muflc  to 
J  pounds  and  a  half  of  the  other  n\2Lietu\^.  TVv^  tiwxCiL  ixa^ 
po&bly  after  sM  not  be  a  neccffaty  Ingctaitux:,  ^tv^\^c^\\a^»N 


Phihfophical  Tranfa^kns^  f^r  thg  Tiar  1 7  70.  1 87 

'1  very  expcnfivc  one  ;  as  the  prime  coft  of  that  drug,  we  appre- 
hend, in  the  quantity  here  dirccled,  will  not  amount  to  much 
Vsthan  fix  guineas. 

f Article  22,  An  /tcaunt  of  the  Manna-Tree  ^  and  of  the  Tarantula  T 
£y  Domiaico  Cirillo,  M,  D.  &c. 

I    The  procefs  by  which  manna  is  procured  has  been  greatly 
mifundcrrtood   by  thofc  who  have  hitherta  defcribed  it.     Dr« 
Ciriilo  here  particularly  relates  the  manner  in  which  it  is  ob- 
iJincd  in  Calabria  an«i  Sicily,  from  the  OrnuSy  a  fpecies  of  the 
|fh,  fJcnominated  Fraxinm  Ornus  by  Linneus.     It  is  not  pro- 
cure J  from  the  leaves,  but  is  an  exudation  and  fudden  concre- 
tion of  the  juice  naturally  Sowing  from  incifions  made  in  the 
iody  of  this  tree»  after  a  fmill  oblong  piece  of  the  bark  has 
been  tiken  off*     The  juice  very  quickly  thickens   and  hardens^ 
anti  does  not  undergo  any  prep-^rafion  whatever.      In  the  fubfe- 
\^mn  part  of  this  article,  the  Doctor  adds  his  teftimony  agajnft 
the  f4bulous  relations  of  the  diforders  fuppofed  to  be  produced 
Ij  the  bite  of  the  Tarantula,  and  their   miraculous  cure,  by 
nutc.     The  Calabrian  Tarantifm^  it  fecms,  lofes  grounl  daily, 
W  is  now  praclifed  only  by  ignorant  en^hufiafts,  or  by  others 
Jlihowaat  to  get  a  little  money  by  the  exhibition  of  the  extra* 
Wintry  fccnes  fo  grave'y  dcfcribed  by  the  learned  Baglivi  and 
Others. 

In  the   ijth  article  fome  rare,  and  one  non-defcrlpt,  fperi- 

^tr\tn  of  Spott^i ay  from  the  coaft  of  ltaly»  are  dcfcribed  by  Mr. 

jBtfinge.     The   irth   article  contains  Mr.  James   Robertfon's 

Ncfcriptinn  of  a  whale,  termed    by   the  Naturalifts  the  biunt- 

!fccjded  Cachelot^  which  was   ran  on  Ihore  near  Leith.     In  the 

[37^  arc  contained  fome  mifccllineous  obfervatiotts  made  in  the 

lEaft  IndicSj  by   the  late  Capt,  Rofe.     Tnc  44th  article  is  a 

ICOpy  of  a  letter,  addreiTcd   by  John  Ellis,  Efq;  to  Linneus, 

I  with  the  figure  and  charaviters  of  that  elegant  American  Ever- 

l|tccii  tree,  called   by   the  garJincrs   the  Lob!oHy-Bay,  or   the 

Alcca  Floridana,  in  Catefby's  hidory  of  Carolina;  the  culti- 

^vition  of  which   has   lately  been  fiiccef  ful  ; 'fome  well -blown 

bwtra  having  lately  been  produced   near  London.     Mr.  Ellis 

TiC\*s  it  is   not  of  the  genus  of  Hibifcusy  under  which  Mr* 

tiller  has  placed  it ;  nor  is  it  an  Hypericum^  asLinncus  fuppofes 

but  an  entire   new  genus,  to  which  he   ^^tves  the  name  of 

Tima.     In  the  next  article  Mr.  Ellis  defcribes  a  new  fpecies 

t(  lluciifm  anifatum  Fiaridanum^  or  the  ftarrv  an i feed- tree  lately 

lliicovcrcd  in  Weft  Florida,  raifed  here  by  Mr.  Ailon,  botanic- 

|2n!cner  to  the  late  Princefs  of  Wales  ;  and  which,  thtrc  is  rca- 

bn  to  fuppofc,  will  ftand  the  feverity  of  our  winters,  atjd  beco  tic 

I  highly  ornamental  addition  to  our  plantations  of  ever  greens. 

"Is  cbfs  is  terminated  by  the  ufual  catalogue  of  the  50  ^Ui\.% 

jlv  p: vie n ted  to  the  Royal  Scocicty 

ff^ff  h  c^atistdedift  iii  n^jfi  Number^ 


(    i88    ) 

Art.  II.  A  Di/cour/e   upon  Religion.     In  two  Parts.      Svo.      { i^ 
Edinburgh,  printed.     London,  fold  by  Cadell,  &c.     1772* 

THE  information  we  receive,  in  the  previous  advertift" 
ment,  concerning  the  origin  of  this  work,  and  the  de* 
fig»  with  which  it  was  compofed,  is  fuch  as  naturally  excites  a 
kind  of  prejudice  in  its  favour.  The  deceafed  Author  appears  tQ 
bave  been  a  North-Briton ;  and,  probably,  was  a  clergyman. 
He  did  not,  the  Editors  obferve,  intend  this  performance  foi 
the  world,  as,  they  add,  is  evident  from  the  introdudory  addrefi 
to  bis  children.  ^  For  them,  only,  he  wrote,  unambitious  ol 
fame,  and  carelefs  of  profit.  At  an  early  period  of  life,  being 
thrown  into  melancholy  rei)e£) ions  by  the  death  of  a  beloved 
wife,  and  afraid  left,  by  an  event  of  the  fame  nature,  bis  chil- 
dren might  be  left  orphans  in  the  hands  of  ftrangers,  he  thought 
himfcif  naturally  called  upon  to  employ  the  leifure  his  fituation 
then  afforded,  in  putting  on  paper  his  thoughts  on  fome  fub- 
jefts,  the  confideration  of  which  he  reckoned  highly  intereftioig 
to  their  prcfent  and  future  hnppinefs.* 

We  agree  with  the  editors  of  this  volume,  that  it  breathes  a 
fpirit  of  charity,  mildnefs  and  humanity  ;  that  the  fiyle  is 
marked  by  an  agreeable  fimplicity ;  and  that  the  language  is 
generally  pure,  except  where  fome  few  peculiarities  announce 
the  land  of  its  nativity  :  yet  we  cannot  fay  that,  on  the  perufal 
ef  its  contents,  our  expectations  were  entirely  anfwered.  Wc 
apprehended,  that  it  would  have  prcfented  us  with  afTedionatc 
addrefles,  judicious  obfervations  and  plain  advice,  to  guards 
direct,  and  affift  his  children  in  the  hazardous  progrefs  of  life; 
but,  inftead  of  thefe,  we  have  rather  a  kind  of  philofophical  dif- 
fertations,  with  reafonings  that  require  much  attention,  toge-> 
ther  with  fingular  notions  in  religion,  verging  fomettmes  to- 
ward the  borders  of  whim  and  fancy.  The  performance  dif- 
covers  the  author  to  have  pofteiTed  a  very  fpeculative  turn ; 
and,  it  is  probable,  that  he  had  been,  at  times,  greatly  per- 
plexed with  fome  of  the  difficult  fubjedts  of  divinity,  it  alfo 
manifefts  his  good  fcnfe  and  ingenuity,  and,  at  the  fame  time, 
his  great  and  folid  piety,  and  re^S^itudc  of  heart :  yet,  though 
we  can  by  no  means  rank  him  among  our  modern  enthufiaus 
and  rhapfodiUs,  his  difcourfe  fcems  to  have  a  confiderable  ten- 
dency towards  myfticifm. 

As  the  writer  (hews  that  he  was  not  unacquainted  with  either 
4tncient  or  modern  learning,  fo  it  was  evidently  his  defign  and 
endeavour,  (a  defign  highly  worthy  of  a  parent,  fenfible  of  the 
"ObjeiSions  that  are  too  frequently  raifed  againit  religion,  and 
the  difcouragements  which  his  children  might  meet  with  in  its 
practice,)  to  fix  deep  the  foundations  of  their  faith,  and  arm 
them'  beforehand  with  fufficient  reafons  for  its  fupport,  that 
they  might  be  eAabied  to  maintain  its  $t\ticv^\^^  uiv&v»k.^ti^  xxH 

XI4 


A  Difcwrfi  upon  Rtligiw.  189 

to  adhere  clofely  to  them  in  the  whole  conduA  of  their  lives. — 
But,  though  we  meet  with  many  juft  and  ufeful  refledions  in 
bis  difcourfe,  the  work  does  not  i'eem,  in  our  apprehenfion,  to 
be  fo  happily  adapted,  as  were  to  be  wiftied,  to  anfwer  its  lau- 
dable intention }  as  we  think  it  more  ingenioufly-  than  judici- 
oufly  executed. 

'l*be  firft  part  of  the  volume  is  intended  to  give  a.diftind 
view  of  the  divine  condu£l,  fo  far  as  it  is  comprehenfible  hf 
nan,  in  order  to  prevent  fome  miftakes  and  prejudices  upon 
the  fubjeds  of  Creation,  Providence,  &c.  In  the  fecond  part, 
the  writer  propofes  to  fet  religion  in  a  true  light  with  regard  to 
pra&ice,  taking  notice,  as  they  come  in  his  way,  of  fome  fup- 
pofed  dangerous  and  not  uncommon  opinions. 

In  his  difcourfe  concerning  the  nature  of  man,  he  diftin- 
guilhes  (as  others  alfo  have  done)  betwixt  the  foul  and  fpirit ;  the 
latter  he  confiders  as  a  divine  principle^  by  which  we  are  to  have 
communication  '  with  God  ;  to  this,  the  Creator,  he  fays, 
*  added,  or  rather  built  upon  ic,  fenfes,  faculties  and  powers, 
of  an  inferior  nature,  by  which  the  creatures  were  made  ca» 
pable  to  ad  upon  one  another,  and  mutually  to  communicate 
what  they  (bould  receive  from  God :  and,  by  confidering  thefe 
asdiftindt  from  the  fpirit,  and  making,  as  it  wrre,  a  particular 
fyftem  by  themfelves,  you  will  have  an  idea  of  that  part  in  man 
which  is  properly  called  the  Soul^  and  is  the  feat  of  all  the  fen- 
^ilities,  faculties,  and  powers,  by  which  we  are  capable  to 
feceive  impreflions  from  the  creatures,  animate  and  inanimate, 
or  to  a&  upon  them.' — 

We  have  tranfcribed  the  above  lines  as  a  fmall  fpecimen  of 
afingularity  in  thi$  Author  ;  but  there  are  feveral  other  in* 
fiances,  and  fome  much  more  peculiar ;  one  of  which  is,  his 
fuppofition  *  that  Adam  had  begun  to  fall  away  from  God, 
act  only  before  he  ait  of  the  tree  of  knowledge^  but  even  before 
the  creation  of  Eve.  By  what  argument,  it  may  be  afked,  can 
he  fupport  fuch  an  hypothefis  ?  By  nothing  Icfs  than  the  well* 
known  text,  //  is  not  good  that  manjhould  be  ah  fie.  ^  Now  what, 
(ays  he,  is  the  meaning  of  this  ?  Was  it  not  good  for  Adam  to 
jbe  as  God  had  created  him  ?  Does  God  need  to  mend  his 
work  I  And  was  he  midaken  when  he  faw  that  all  was  very 
gout?  No,  certainly:  but  Adam  had  finned,  he  had  already 
withdrawn  his  affections  from  God,  and  could  no  longer  reliih 
the  pure  and  (jpiritual  delights  of  an  immediate  communication 
.with  him. — Now  feeing  by  a  natural  confequcnce  he  would  fall 
into  groflheds  proportionable  to  his  inward  dilbrder,  by  de^rrees 
be  might  have  funk  fo  very  low  as  altogether  to  forget  Cod, 
^nd  uke  up  with  fuch  happinefs,  or  rather  alleviations  or  mi- 
fcry,  as  could  be  got  from  the  inferior  creation  — ^"TVvtTtl^T^^— 
.God,  Mlways  wdtchful  over  his  creatures,  tdoUei  vo  u\^\l^  a 


190  Jl  Difcoiirfe  Upon  Religioft. 

The  Writer  forefccs  a  liiile  objeftion  to  this  opinion,  arid' 
apprehends  it  may  be  afked,  how  was  the  earth  to  be  peopled  i 
*  As  if)  adds  he,  God  had  forgot  his  deiign  of  having  the  earth 
peopled  when  he  refted  from  his  work,  or  could  not  have  given 
man  a  power,.  Angly,  to  produce  his  like.  It  was  this  power^ 
and  not  a  rtbj  that  was  taken  from  him,  when  Eve  was  ere* 
ated.* — Our  readers  will  probably  fmile  at  this  fancy,  upon 
which  we  (hall  make  no  farther  rcfle6lion,  than  that  fuch  con- 
ceits greatly  difgrace  and  injure  a  performance,  which,  in  fooie 
views,  is  by  no  means  deftitute  of  merit. 

In  farther  treating  on  the  fall  of  man,  and  its  efFe£ls,  our 
Author  inclines  to  the  hypothefis  of  a  pre-exiftent  ftate,  and  to 
imagine  that  the  fouls  of  men  were  angelic  fpirits,  who  fell 
from  their  happinefs.  And  here,  with  a  view  to  alleviate,  as 
he  fuppofes,  the  difficulty  that  arifes  from  the  fufFerings  to 
which  /tdarri$  pofterity  became  liable  in  confequence  of  his 
ofFence,  he  offers  a  farther  and  whimfical  conjcSure  ;  which 
is,  '  that  the  fouls  of  men,  formerly  angelic  fpirits,  might  all 
have  been  contained  in  Adam^  each  in  his  own  particular  body^ 
and  fo  placed,  or  ritua,ted,  as  to  appear  on  the  ftage  of  this 
world  in  the  fitted  time  and  manner,  or  to  pafs  into  another 
(late  without  appearing  at  all/ 

*  When  God,  he  fays,  formed  the  body  of  Adam  of  the  duft 
•fthe  ground^  we  are  now  to  conceive  (and  we  can  eafily  do  it) 
that  be  formed  in  the  fame  manner  the  bodies  of  all  his  chil- 
dren, placing  them  in  one  another,  each  in  its  own  order,  and 
all  in  the  body  of  Adam  \  and  when  he  joined  the  foul  of  Adam 
to  his  body,  or  as  Mofei  expreffes  it,  breathed  into  his  noftrils  the 
breath  of  life^  we  are  to  conceive  likewife,  that,  by  the  fame 
t6l,  he  joined  the  fouls  of  all  men  to  their  refpedive  bodies. 
Thus  all  exifted  in  Adam^  really  exifted,  every  foul  in  its  own 
body ;  and  by  this  union  the  impetuofity  of  the  bent  to  evil, 
contra£ted  in  a  former  ftate,  was  fo  lelTened,  that  it  was  poffible 
for  them  not  to  fin,  perhaps  eafy.  This,  if  pre-exiftence  be 
true,  was  the  (late  of  innocence  in  which  man  was  created  ;  and 
I  think  the  fcripture  does  not  oblige  us  to  believe  otKerwi(e. 
In  this  ftate  it  was  poffible,  yea  much  more  than  poffible,  to 
contradi<Sl  and  reftrain  every  tendency  to  evil ;  and  by  an  eaCy^ 
1  had  almoft  faid  a  natural,  felf-denial,  the  pofterity  of  Adam 
might  have  been  purified  from  every  fpot  of  corruption,  and 
confirmed  in  good.  But  then,  if  Adam^  by  his  own  mifma- 
nagement,  loft  the  advantages  of  this  ftate,  bis  children,  by  un- 
avoidable confequence,  might  be  involved  in  the  fatal  cataf- 
trophe.' 

We  cannot  lay  before  our  rea'ders  the  reafonings  by  which 

this  Writer  fupports  his  opinion,  and  endeavours  to  render  it 

rationsd  ^d  piuiofopbical  i  and  mu&  Ua.N^  x\v^ta  \^  ms^«  i^tvtVt 


^^^^^  A  Difcmrfi  upon  RiUghn*  15 1 

mr^  refltflions  upon  it*  But  there  are  occafions  on  wliicli  he 
difcourtcs  in  amorc  juft  and  (oliij  manner,  a^i  particularly  when 
hf  tikes  notice  of  the  necelTuy  of   a  rcvelaiion^  from  which 

:wc  (JjaJi  extradi  the  following  pafTjge  : 
[  *— If  rhe  rtli^kn  of  nQtun^  he  fays,  has  been  dillntatid  in  a 
rfcdland  uniform  way  by  later  authors,  it  is  becaufcthey 
"  better  liclps  :  and  however  un willing  fome  may  be  to 
tno%vlcdgc  that  they  have  taken  a  guide,  they  can  hardly 
link  t>f  putting  their  books  upon  the  world  for  originals,  while 
every  one  ha^  in  his  hand  that  book  whence  the  purcft  and  bc-ft 
art  of  them  is  drawn ;  at  leait,  it  is  only  when  religion  is  the 
ilj«d  that  theyV  expedt  to  be  ufcd  with  fo  much  gotd  ^^^ture* 
-What  progrefs  one  of  a  pure  heart,  unbiafied  by  paOion  or 
eft,  could  make  in  fearching  after  the  truth  by  the  alone 
cngth  of  rcafon,  is  not  cafy  to  be  determined  ;  the  ncceffary 
pwlifications  arc  fo  rare,  it  is  much  \i  ever  the  trial  has  been 
dcj  and  the  precepts  that  fuch  a  perfon  might  give  from  hr» 
ifmma  htt9  the  nz^ture  and  will  of  God,  would  have  weight  only 
withthcfew,  who,  bya  happy  getiius  and  difpofition,  were  wil- 
ling md  capable  to  follow  him,  ftrp  by  ftep,  in  the  way  to  know- 
dgc.  The  reft  of  mankind,  unable  to  diftinguilh  betwixt  him 
and  the  pretenders  to  truth,  would  probably  fancy  themfelves 
uwonccrned  in  the  difputc ;  as  was  the  cafe  with  the  precepts^ 
I  well  as  the  fyftems  of  the  old  philofophers  :  every  fuSt  aCert- 
ingthc  truth  to  be  on  their  fide,  the  world  was  left  uncertain^ 
^nereto  find  it,  or  if  it  was  to  be  found.  But  if  things  arc 
Liklivercd  as  immediate  revelations  from  God,  by  men  who  dc- 
ibcthcy  arc  fent  by  him  to  teach  the  world,  the  inquiry  comes 
)  bcof  a  quite  different  nature ;  for  if  the  proofs  of  their  mif- 
00  are  clear,  whatever  is  thus  ftamped  with  the  divine  autho- 
itv,  is  infallibly  true,  and  muft  be  received  as  fuch/ 
There  i^,  perhaps,  an  undue  feverity  in  the  former  part  of 
ttiiiquotati^'n  :  but  we  proceed  to  obferve,  that  the  remainder 
the  fif ft  part  of  this  volume  is  principally  employed  in  the 
ribltjtion  of  the  ditBcuhies  fuppofed  to  attend  revealed  religion. 
h  the  fccond  p.irt,  we  find  fomc  fcnfible  refiedlions  on  virtue^ 
''^oril  fitnefs,  and  beauty,  difinterefted  benevolence,  &c.  in 
^hkh  the  Writer  oppcjfes  Hutchefon,  Shaftefbury,  and  other 
oralifts.  He  writes  like  a  man  of  thought  and  learning,  but 
ominues  to  difcover  fome  great  peculiarity  while  he  trean 
of  faith,  of  the  loveof  God^  and  of  what  heconttafts  with  ir, 
iHotlcf  the  term  *  Propriety^  or  the  defirc  of  appropriating/ 
hich,  we  are  told,  is  the  true  fource  of  impurity  and  corrup- 
ttn  in  every  fallen  creature.  This,  it  is  added,  may  be  con* 
'red  as  dividing  into  three  ft  reams,  fcnfualtty,  curiofity,  and 
tide,  called  by  St,  Johu  The  luft  oftbipp,  the  I14JI  afxht  t^i^  ontl 
tpriJi  rf  li/i.   To  one  Of  Other  of  fhcfe,  he  (ays,  a\\  Q\it  N\ct% 


« 


I 


k 


192  A  Dtf<9urfe  up6n  Religim* 

may  be  reduced.     And  of  c^ch  of  thefc,    we  arc  remind' 
ihcrc  arc  two  kinds. 

In  treating  upon  the  lovre  of  God,  he  can  hardly  allow  the 
principle  which  is  called  Gratitudey  or  which  arifcs  from  a  fcnfe 
pf  favours  reccivtdj  to  be  really  a  pait  of  it :  *  When,  fays  hc^ 
the  eye  is  found,  and  the  taAc  of  beauty  as  it  ought  to  be,  a 
perfedl  objcdt  appears  amiable  at  alt  timtS|  and  in  every  point 
of  view  i  and  wc  love  without  rcafoning  or  rci!eftion»  as  we 
breathe  the  air  :  for  fiich  hss  been  the  will  of  our  Creator. 
The  functions  of  the  fpiritual  life  arc  as  natural  as  thofc  of  the 
animal,  and  when  all  is  righti  are  performed  with  the  fame 
rafe:  and  as  it  would  be  an  undoubted  proof  of  fome  bodily 
sndifpofition,  ifonecoutd  not  breathe  but  in  this  or  that  par- 
ticular pofturci  not  to  Jove  God  but  when  we  confidcr  him  as 
our  benefatlor,  fliews  as  plainly  a  diforder  in  the  mind/ 

In  fome  refpe£ls  this  Author  Ucm$  to  be  rather  in  Calvinifti- 
cal  fentimcnts ;  but  when  he  fpcaks  of  faith,  of  juftification, 
of  good  works,  of  grace,  of  elc£iion  and  predeftioation,  he  dif- 
fers from  them  vtry  widely  5  and,  on  fome  of  thefc  points,  his 
remarks  are  very  jull  and  pertinent.  His  difcaurfeon  Providence 
contains  alio  a  number  of  judicious  obfervations,  and  fevera] 
animated  as  well  as  ufcful  reflexions. 

7  he  laft  fe£lion  of  this  volume  is  of  a  praftkal  nature*  The 
notions  of  a  folttary  life,  or  fevere  bodily  aulterities,  is  rejected 
^s  unferviceable  to  religion,  which  the  Author  rationally  inCits 
•may  be  attained  aod  cheriflicd  in  any  ftatc  of  li!e.  Farther,  he 
obferves*  *  That  it  is  Very  poflible  not  only  to  live  in  the  world 
.without  being  corrupted  by  it,  but  even  to  make  the  perform- 
ance of  whatever  is  neceiTiry  becaufc  of  a  focial  life,  a  mean  or 
.help  to  attain  per  fed  ion.' 

♦  To  enter,  fays  he,  into  the  detail  of  what  belongs  to  de- 
cency and  good-breeding,  were  to  no  purpofc: — ufe  makes 
them  fo  natural,  that  they  are  practifed  without  trouble,  almoft 
.without  thought.  Neither  are  they  inconfiftcnt  with  morality  or 
with  rchgion  ;  and  yet  they  arc  all  the  pofiiive  demands  the  world 
makes  upon  us  :  if  we  will  give  it  more  than  it  afks,  it  is  our 
own  fault.  We  may  be  imniora],  if  we  pleafe ;  wc  may  treat 
religion  with  contempt,  and  may  find  people  to  herd  with,  to 
whom  it  will  be  rtgreeable :  but  if  it  is  not  our  cuflom,  none 
will  expe£l  it  of  us,  or  think  thcmfelves  ill-ufcd  though  wc 
^ake  no  compliances  of  that  kind.'  I 

'     In  another  place,  concerning  converfaiion,  he  obferves,  that    ■ 

common  fubjefls  are  fitteft  for  common  men  ;  and,  in  mixed 
companies,  thofeare  the  bed  on  which  every  one  can  fay  fome- 
thing.  Though  inftruftion  is  one  end  of  converfation,  it  is 
not  the  only  •  to  cafe  people  of  the  burden  of  thcmfelves^  and 
to  take,  #s  it  were,  a  litite  breath  from  the  cares  and  aniucties 

of 


Newton 'j  Tranjlatkn  ofVltruvluCs  Archi tenure*         193 

of  life,  is  another  ;  and  words  that  contribute  to  either  of  thcfc 
ends  are  not  idle.  When  we  are  in  company,  whether  by  sc- 
cideot  or  choice,  it  were  not  !a  bad  way,  I  think,  to  confider 
ourfclvcs  as  met  for  one  or  both  of  thefe  purpofcs.  If  it  natu- 
rally falls  in  our  way  to  give  or  receive  inrtrudtion,  it  is  very 
?¥cH  ;  but  though  the  preference  is  due  to  that,  if  by  faying  ar^ 
agreeable  thing  we  can  help  to  keep  up  good-humour,  it  is  very 
well  too;  and  if  neither  fhould  happen,  it  will  be  but  fuch  a 
difappointment  as  may  be  eafily  fufFered.  By  this  means,  with- 
out taking  upon  us  to  give  rule  to  others,  every  converfation, 
as  to  us,  may  be  curried  into  a  work  of  charity  ;  and,  though 
our  words  may  not  be  always  profitable,  the  gooJiiefs  of  our 
intention  will  make  them  not  /V.>.' 

We  (hall  only  obfcrvc  farther,  that  it  appears,  at  the  end  of 
the  volume,  that  the  laft  copy  of  it  was  written  bv  the  Author 
^"  '73 5»  ^"^  ^^  was  that  idcaiical  copy,  we  are  allured,  which 
uras  delivered  to  the  printer. 

^HT.  III.  The  ArcbitcSure  cf  M.  Vitrwvius  Pollio,  t  ran  Hate  J  from 
the  original  Latin,  by  W.  Newton,  Archited.  Fv)l.  Royal  Pa- 
per.    I  1.   II  s.  6d.  in  Sheets.     Dodlley.     1771. 

MR.  Newton    quotes  a  juft  remark  made  by  M.  Pcrault, 
in  the  preface  to   his  grand  French  tranflation  of   this 
celebrated  Roman  archited,  viz.  That  the  neceflary  qualifica- 
tions for  a  trar;fla:ion  of  Vitruvius,  very  rarely  meet  in  one  per- 
Ibn  i  and  that  from  hence  arifes  the  difficulty  of  executing  fuch 
ai  performance.     *  An  archite<Sl,  fays  M.  Peranlt,  bred  to  the 
knowledge    of  his  profellion,    is  feldom  fufficiently  (killed  in 
language,  and   feveral   other   requifite   fciencesi'  on  the  other 
hand,  *  very  few  men  of  literature  have  a  knowledge  of  archi- 
te<2ure,  and  a  genius  for  the  fine  art?,  fuHicient  to  ciuhle  them 
to  undertake  the  tafk  :   the  turn  of  mind  adapted  to  ihe  one,  fecm- 
ioe  unfuited  to  the  other  kin:l  of  ftjdics.*      VVc  may  aJJ,   like- 
Wife,  Mr.  Nevvton  obfervcs,  *  that   in  ihoi'e  who  may  be  fnfH-    , 
ciently  qualified,  the  inclination  and  opportunity  to  exert  their 
abilities  in  fuch   a  work,  do   no:  always  concur.'     Yo  wait, 
therefore,    he  moJeHly   aJJs,    *  till   all   thefe   retiiiifiCcs  unite, 
might  be  endle  s ;  and  it  njiiy  be  prcfcr.iblc  to  L'v.;il  ourrdvcs  of 
an   inferior   performance,     in    ionu:   d;i:rec   uiVinl,   th.ui   to   be 
wholly  witbGUt  ihe  hicw-€>^^c  *  of  this  author,' —  I  hcic  rcafons 

^nd 

•  Left  this  lall  cxprefTion  iV.ou!.!  appc::r  too  fironr*,  (as  t])C  mnjo- 
lltyof  thofe  who  have  wiitttn  cu  arc  Lire  :lur«i  have  tliravn  ihcir  priti- 
dplts  from  Vitruvius,  aijd  iheir  writi::;;?  arc  in  a  great  incafuio 
xranfcripts  of  his  woik)  we  mu'l  rhilivc,  that  Mr.  "Ixcvn^ixx  \v A 
premired  our  res)  nant  of  a  ccu.plere  trnnfi-tii^n  of  Oaxs  eyccWtiiV  \\m- 
ihor,  *  To  have  rccourfc,  h\s  li?,  to  ihc  ori^vuaA,  cu  -^W  <"^^3.- 
Kgv.  Mar.  tyyz.  '        Q  '^  ^v^^* 


194        NewtonV  7ranjiation  of  Vitruvius^s  Jrchlunure. 

and  feeing  it  neglef^ed  by  others,  have  induced  me  to  attempt 
this  arduous  undertaking ;  not  wholly  prefuming  on  abilities 
equal  to  the  tafk,  but  hoping  that  in  the  knowledge  of  the 
principal  fubjed,  and,  in  Tome  degree,  at  leaft,  of  the  feveral 
neceflary  qualifications,  I  may  not  be  found  deficient/ 

The  lovers  and  prbfcflbrs  of  architedure,  of  this  country^ 
are  certainly  obliged  to  our  tranflator,  for  attempting  an  edition 
of  Vitruvius  in  our  own  tongue ;  in  which,  befide  a  good  vcr- 
fion  of  this  great  author,  we  have  a  valuable  feries  of  notes^ 
.partly  colleded  from  the  remarks  of  the  various  commentators, 
and  the  reft  fapplied  from  the  tranflator's  own  fund  of  archi* 
tedura}  erudition. 

It  were  needlefs  to  enlarge  on  the  fame  of  Vitruvius,  and  the 
high  efteem  in  which  his  writings  are  fo  juftly  held;  as  this 
would  feem  impertinent,  to  every  one  who  is  even  but  mode« 
rately  acquainteo  with  the  hiftory  of  the  fine  arts. 

Mr.  Newton  has  given  an  account,  in  his  preface,  of  the 
various  editions,  comments,  and  tranflations  of  this  celebrated 
author,  which  have  appeared  in  various  parts  of  Europe ;  and 
the  lift  is  very  numerous.  The  editfons  of  which  he  has  chiefly 
availed  himfelf,  in  executing  the  prefent  tranilation,  are  the 
following  : 

I.  The  Italian  Edition,  firft  printed  in  1556,  by  the  learned 
£).  Barbaro ;  alTifted,  it  is  faid,  by  the  famous  PaUadio. 

II.  That  of  De  Laet,  publifhed  at  Amfterdam,  in  1649;  to 
which  was  annexed,  the  Elements  of  Architefture,  by  our 
ingenious  countryman  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  Maibonius's  Com- 
ments on  Vitruvius,  Baldus's  Lexicon,  and  other  improve- 
ments. 

III.  The  Edition  given  by  the  Marquis  Galiani,  printed  at 
Naples,  in  1758  ;  in  which  the  original  Latin  is  accompanied 
by  an  Italian  tranflation  y  together  with  new  and  afeful  illuf- 
trations :  and  Mr.  Newton  fo  highly  efteems  the  comments  of 
the  learned  Marquis,  [efpecially  as  they  chiefly  relate  immedi- 
ately to  the  principal  fubjed  ( Architedure)  which  former  com- 
mentatorj>  had  loo  much  negleded,]  that  he  pronounces  Galiani 

*  to  have  edipfed  all  the  preceding  Editors,' 

fions,  IS  not  fufficiently  expeditious  in  bufinefs  for  thofe  who^are 
not  well  vcrfed  in  the  Latin,  nor,  indeed,  for  thofe  who  have  not 
particularly  lludied  the  ftyle  and  terms  of  this  writer.'  He  had  al(b 
remarked,  that  while  all  the  poliOicd  nations  in  Europe  po/Tefs  a 
tranilation  of  Vitruvius,  the  architects  of  this  country  have  hitherto 
remained  without  an  opportunity  of  perufing,  in  their  own  language, 

*  The  F-atber  of  their  Art.'  bo  that,  with  refped  to  thtm^  it  roay» 
indeed,  beju^ly  faid,  that  they  have  had  no  kuo^wkage  of  the  moft 

eminen t  writer  on  that  fu  bj  e^ . 


J  DlSlionary  of  Chemljtry.  i^f 

Befide  the  printed  editions  of  this  author,  Mr.  Newton 
aflfures  us,  that  when  occafion  required,  he  has  alio  confulted 
fundry  MSS.  of  which  a  confiderable  number  are  in  being.  In 
£oe,  he  feems  to  have  fpared  no  pains  to  render  his  tranflatioti 
a  truly  acceptable  prefent  to  his  country. 

As  the  draughts,  which  Vitruvius  annexed  to  his  book,  are 
all  loft,  his  commentators  have  been  obliged  to  reftore  them, 
as  well  as  they  could,  from  his  defcriptions.  In  regard  to  this 
ufeful,  and,  in  fome  meafure,  ornamental  part  of  his  perform* 
ance,  our  tranflator  appears  to  have  been  no  lefs  attentive,  both 
to  his  author's  credit  and  his  own,  than  in  the  language  of  his  ' 
verfion,  and  the  criticifms  and  explanations  contained  in  the 
notes.  The  engravings,  indeed,  are  not  fo  numerous  as  thofe 
in  Perault's  pompous  edition  ;  but  they  appear  to  be  fufficient 
for  the  illuftration  of  the  author,  and  to  be  well  executed: 
which,  not  excluding  elegance,  is  all  that  utility  requires. 

There  is  a  fhort  account  of  Vitruvius  prefixed ;  in  which  * 
Mr.  Newton  agrees  with  thofe  who  contend  that  this  celebra- 
ted man  (of  whofe  life  it  is  aftooifhing  that  fo  little  is  known) 
did  not  live,  as  others  have  fuppofed,  fo  early  as  the  Auguftan 
age ;  and  he  concludes,  from  an  impartial  ftate  of  the  evidence 
on  both  fides,  that  Titus  was  the  Emperor  to  whom  Vitruvius 
addrefles  his  excellent  work. 

^*^  It  is  proper  to  obferve,  that  this  volume  contains  only 
the  firft  five  books  of  Vitruvius  ♦ ;  a  circumftance  which  Mr, 
Newtoni'orgot  to  note,  in  his  title-page;  but  it  has  been  men- 
tioned in  fome  late  advertifements. 

AaT,  IV.  A  DiSionary  of  Chemiftry,  Containing  the  Theory  emi 
PraQice  of  that  Science ;  its  Application  to  Natural  Philofothyy  A/^#»> 
ral  Hijiory^  Medicine,  and  Animal  Qeconomy  :  luith  full  Expiama' 
iions  of  the  ^alitiesy  and  Modes  of  aQing,  of  chemical  Remedies  ;  ami 
ibe  fundamental  Princip^ep  of  the  Arts^  Trades  ^  and- Manuf azures  de* 
pendent  on  Chfmiftry,  Tranflared  from  the  French.  With  Platei, 
Notes,  and  Additions,  by  the  Tranflator.  4:0.  2  Vols.  1 1.  8s. 
in  Boards.     Cadell.     1771. 

ALTHOUGH  the  alphabetical,  or  diSionary-form,  is  • 
not  fo  happily  adapted  as  that  of  a  regular,  fyftematic. 
treatife,  for  teaching  the  knowledge  of  any  fcience,  yet  nothing 
is  more  obvious  than  the  great  convenience  and  utility  of  thdC 
method,  not  only  to  learners,  but  to  adepts  ;  efpecially  in  regard 
to  praiSiical  fcienccs  and  arts,  fince  no  connective  plan  is  equally 
capable  of  comprehending  every  thing  relative  to  the  particu* 
lar  ftudy,  to  which  fuch  a  compilation  may  be  confidercd  as  a 
well  contrived  and  truly  important  Index-Raifonnee. — Hence  the 

♦  The  original  is  in  Ufi  books. 

O    2  i2i\OMt^\^ 


196  A  Di^Ionary  of  Chemijlry* 

favourable  reception  that  has  been  given,  not  only*  to  feparate 
dictionaries  of  almoft  evjsry  branch  of  knowledge,  but  to  thofe 
voluminous  colle6lions  which  have  been  offered  to  the  public, 
and  gratefully  accepted,  as  compreheniive  bodies  oi  arts  and 
fciences  in  general. 

With  refpeil  to  Chemiftry,  indeed,  it  is  obferved,  by  the 
ingenious  and  accurate  Tranflator  of  this  work,  that  tWisfciena 
is  at  prefcnt  fo  imperfcftly  known,  as  fcarcely  to'  be  entitled  to 
the  namcy  if  we  define  it.  The  knowledge  of  the  relations  of 
certain  things  to  each  other.  Our  proficiency  in  this  branch 
•  of  knowlcdj;e  he  confiders  as  amounting  to  *  little  more  than 
a  colledtion  of  fa6ts,  the  caufes  of  which,  with  their  relations 
to  each  other,  are  fo  imperfcdlly  underftood,  that  it  is  not  yet 
capable  either  of  the  fynihetic  or  analytic  modes  of  explanation/ 

Among  the  advantages  attending  the  alphabetical  diftribution 
of  materials,  the  Author  mentions  this  great  one,  viz.  That 
many  articles  have  been  inferted  in  this  dictionary,  which  could 
not  have  been  introduced  in  any  other  method  ;  from  whence 
the  tranflator  infers,  that  ^  the  connexion  of  thefe  with  the 
other  parts  of  chemiftry  was  not  perceptible,  and,  confequent* 
)y,  that  chemiftry  is  incapable  of  a  more  fyftematical  arrange- 
mcnt.' 

In  fuch  a  flate,  therefore,  of  this  branch  of  knowledge,  be 
concludes,  ^  that  ho  kind  of  book  could  be  more  defirable  than 
a  dictionary  with  references  to  connected  articles,  in  which 
the  feveral  parts  of  chemiftry  are  treated  feparately,  and  fo  dif- 
pofed,  that  any  article,  concerning  which  information  may  be 
wanted,  may  be  eafily  found,  and  in  which  every  thing  relating 
to  chemiftry  may  be  inferred.* 

Notwithftanding  that  there  is  no  author's  name  prefixed  to  the 
original  of  this  dictionary,  in  the  French,  nor  inferted  in  the  title- 
page  o\  the  prefent  translation,  yet,  in  his  preface,  the  tranflator 
fcruples  not  to  afcribe  it  to  the  celebrated  Mr.  Macquer  ♦;  of 
whofe  Elements  of  Chemijiry  we  gave  an  account  in  the  19th  vo- 
lume of  our  Review.  But  fromfbme  hints  i hat  we  have  received, 
we  think  it  is  very  probable,  that  this  work  is  the  joint  production 
of  that  learned  gentleman,  and  of  M.  Beaumc,  another  eminent 
French  chcmift,  whofe  name  often  occurs,  as  well  as  that  of  M. 
M.icquer,  among  other  authorities  referred  to  in  thefe  volumes. 

We  agree,  however,  with  our  tranflator,  that  the  work,  as 
far  as  ^we   have  had  leifurc  and  opportunity   of  examining  it. 

In  confirmation  of  this,  our  Tranflator  appeals  to  the  interna]  evi- 
dence afTorded   by  the  work  itfelf.     •  Whoever,  fays  he,  compares 
the  flylc  and  doctrines  of  this  writer,  in  the  works  to  which  his  name 
is  prefixed,  with  thofe  of  the  pre(et\i  didvoivary,  will  not  hefitatc  to 
£iyc  bis  affent  to  ihc  general  opiuiou  coucwxvvs^^  \V^  ^>3L>i\<iI^ 


A  DiSilonary  of  Chemifiry.  197 

docs  does  not  feem  unworthy  of  Mr.  Macquer.  It  appears  to 
contain,  as  he  obferves,  *  a  very  cxtenfive  knowledge  of  che- 
mical hiftory,/ Tads,  and  opinions,  and  cxadt  defcriptions  of  the 
operations  and  inftruments  of  chcmiilry.  The  fadis  and  ope* 
rations  are  weil  and  fully  explained,  fo  far  as  the  prefent  ftate 
of  chemical  knowlege  permits.  The  author  has  farther  ren« 
dcrcd  his  work  of  very  extenfive  utility,  as  well  as  curiofity,  by 
the  applications  which  he  has  made  of  chemiftry,  to  natural 
hiftory,  medicine,  pharmacy,  metallurgy,  and  all  the  numer- 
ous arts  and  trades,  the  operations  of  which  depend  on  chemi- 
al  principles.  In  this  comprehenfive  plan  is  included  what* 
ever  relates  to  chemiftry  ;  and  1  believe  we  may  jiidly  affirm, 
that  this  dictionary  contains  more  chemical  knowledge  than 
any  one  book  extant.'    . 

Thus  far. may  fuffice^  with  refpeft  to  the  general  merits  of 
this  original  work;  but,  as  the  tranflator  himfelf  veryjuftly 
reqiarks,  in  a  fubjedt  perhaps  too  extenfive  for  the  labours  of 
one  man,  (we  may  add,  of  more  than  one^)  many  articles  muft 
have  been  omitted,  which  ought  to  be  found  in  fuch  a  work  as 
the  prefent ;  and  fome  errors  committed.  Of  the  latter,  a  few 
are  noticed,  and  apologized  for,  as  proceeding  from  the  au- 
thor's not  having  been  acquainted  with  fome  very  late  difco- 
vcrics,  efpecially  thofe  important  ones  concerning  fixahle  air^ 
made  by  Dr.  Black,  Dr.  Macbride,  and  the  Hon.  Mr.  Caven* 
di(h:  See  Review,  vol.  37.  p.  440. 

In  fupplying  the  defedts,  and  correftirig  the  errors  of  the  ori- 
ginal, the  tranflator  feems,  indeed,  to  have  taken  uncommon  pains,  * 
and  therefore  he  merits  uncommon  praife.  His  additions  are  not 
confined  even  to  fa£ls  and  difcoveries ;  for  he  has  added  the  ne- 
ceSzry  plates  to  this  edition,  of  fuch  chemical  inftruments,  &c. 
as  are  requifite  to  the  obtaining  an  exad  knowledge  of  their 
forms  :  but  which,  however,  were  omitted  in  the  original. 
And  his  many  and  very  pertinent  notes^  fhew  that  he  has  exe- 
cuted  his  undertaking,  not  merely  as  a  laborious  tafk,  (the  too 
common  cafe  with  tranflations)  but  in  the  truefpiritof  aLOVES. 
and  FRIEND  of  the  art. 

To  copy  any  particular  article,  in  order  to  give  a  fatisfaflory 
idea  of  the  merit  of  fo  multifarious  a  work  as  a  didionary, 
would  prove  as  little  to  the  purpofe,  as  to  produce  a  fmgle 
word  by  way  of  fpecimen  of  a  language.  A  general  charadcr 
of  fuch  a  performance,  therefore,  is  ail  that  will  be  cxpedled, 
and  all  that  we  fliould  attempt — unlefs  there  were  fomething 
new  or  Angular  in  its  plan,  or  method  :  which  is  not  the  cafe 
^1  regard  to  the  prefent  compikment. 

We  (hall  clofe  this  article  with  an  obfervation  or  two,  which 
cafually  occurred  to  us,  on  tun.ing  over  the  fecond  oixVv^fc  x>Nii 
Tolumei>  and  peruSng  one  of  the  tranfl,aior's  noUs>  V^  vj\\v:V 


198  A  Ht&Unarj  of  Chmiflry. 

Dnention  is  made  of  a  manufadure,  which,  of  late  yean,  is  be- 
come of  much  greater  confequence  to  this  countrj,  tban  it 
known,  perhaps,  to  many  of  our  readers;  and<wbicb,  injuf*' 
tice  to  the  merit  of  fome  of  its  greated  improvers,  we  embrace 
this  opportunity  of  recommending  to  their  attention. 

In  the  article  Porcelain,  we  obferve,  the  author  of  the  dic- 
tionary mentions,  with  honour,  the  names  of  all  the  chemifta 
or  aitifts  who  have  contributed,  either  by  their  chemical  re- 
fearches  or  their  tafte,  to  improve  or  cmbellifli  this  valuable 
article  of  refinement  and  commerce;  and  we  have  frequently 
obferved,  in  the  courle  of  our  reading,  that  French  au- 
thors feldom  mention  any  new  difcovery  or  improvement  made 
by  their  countrymen,  without  informing  the  world  to  whom 
they  are  indebted  for  it. 

This  is,  at  the  fame  time,  a  reward,  an  incitement,  and  a 
piece  of  juAice ;  and  we  cannot  but  Wiih  this  honour  were  as 
duly  and  publicly  paid  to  merit,  in  Great  Britain  as  in  France. 

In  the  article  before  us,  for  initance,  when  the  tranflator 
(in  a  Note,  page  560)  informs  us,  that  he  hears,  with  plea* 
fure,  that  an  ingemoui  gentleman  has  found  a  true  kaolin  and  pi» 
tuntfe  in  Devonfliire  and  in  Cornwall ;  and  that  he  ha«  lately 
cftablifhed  a  manufactory  of  genuine  porcelain  ; — would  it  not 
have  been  an  agreeable  piece  of  intelligence  to  the  world,  to 
liave  feen  the  honour  of  this  difcovery  given  to  its  real  author, 
Mr.  Cookworthy  of  Plymouth:  an  excellent  chemift,  whofe  inde- 
fatigable application  to  this  fubjed,  merits  at  lead  the  tribute 
of  that  fame  and  public  honour,  which  may  probably  be  the 
principal  reward  he  will  ever  receive,  for  labours  that  may  fup- 
port  multitudes,  and  greatly  redound  to  the  benefit  of  his  country? 

The  fame  reflexions  occur  again,  under  the  article  Pottery^ 
where  the  tranflator  likewife,  in  a  note,  mentions  that  faibion- 
able  and  truly  elegant  kind  of  pottery,  called  ^een's  H^arg^ 
and  omits  the  name  of  Mr.  Wedgwood^  to  whom  this  kingdom 
is  indebted,  not  only  for  that  beautiful  manufadture,  but  alfo 
for many  other  improvements  in  this  curious  and  valuable  art* 
and,  we  apprehend,  thofe  which  he  has  produced  in  the  way  of 
ornament,  \w  company  with  his  colleague  Mr.  Bentley,  may, 
.with  propriety,  be  enumerated  under  this  head,  as  they  are  nev^ 
and  valuable  difcoveries  belonging  chiefly  to  the  chemical  de- 
partment.— We  have  feen,  from  this  ornamental  manufadory, 
which  has  been  edablifhtd  but  a  few  years, 

Vafcs  and  urns,  in  imitation  of  Jafper^  and  other  variegated 
ilones. 

A  fine  black  forcelaln^  of  which  very  beautiful  vafes  and  bas- 
reliefs  are  made,  after  antique  patterns. 

Etrufcan  vafes,  ornamented  with  encauftic  paintings,  after 
ihe  Mtidque* 


Sititb  ffflh  Materidbf9r  a  New  Hijhry  of  Chejhlre.     1 99 

Bas-reliefs,  of  a  new  white  compofttion^  with  coloured  grounds, 
fb  as  to  have  the  efFedl  of  enlarged  cameos.— 

Thefc  arc  new  difcoveries  in  the  art  of  pottery,  which  may 
be  added  to  the  various  kinds  already  known,    both  for  ufe 
aod  for  ornament;    and  which  are   properly  noticed  in   this 
di^onary. 
>  I       ■    .■■■■■«■  I  ■  ■  ■  ■  ■  ■ 

AtT.  V.  J  Sketch  ef  the  Materials  for  a  Neiu  Hiftory  of  Chejlnre  : 
Withfliort  Accounts  of  the  Genius  and  Manners  of  its  Inhabitants ,  and 
rffome  local  Cuftoms  peculiar  to  that  dijlinguijhed  County.  \r\  a  Let- 
ter to  Thomas  Falconer,  Efquire,  of  the  City  of  Chefler.  410. 
as.  6d.    Bathurfl.     1771. 

TO  the  circumftance  of  its  having  been  a  Palatinate,  du- 
ring many  centuries,  Cheihire  is  indebted  for  pofleffing, 
in  the  public  rcpofitory  of  its  caftle,  more  traces  and  memorials 
of  its  ancient  records,  than  any  other  provincial  diftricSt  can 
boafl;  and  on  this  account  it  is  furprifing,  that  it  has  hitherto 
been  fo  unfortunate  as  not  to  have  found  an  hiftorian  capable 
of  doing  jiiftice  to  fuch  ample  materials. 

The  Author  of  the  letter  before  us  appears  to  be  able  and  in- 
telligent, to  have  a  tafte  for  inquiries  into  ancient  times,  and 
to  be  pofleflTed  of  thofe  talents  which  are  neceffary  to  render  them 
iagrceable;  yet  he  feems  averfe,  notwithftanding,  to  the  thought 
^  engaging  in  this  undertaking.  He  dreads  that  wade  of  mid^ 
'^l^  0/7  which  muft  be  expended  in  fo  laborious  a  fervice,  and 
tbatgreat  demand  it  will  make  upon  him,  both  in  conftitutinn  and 
fortune.  *  For  my  own  part  (fays  he  with  a  rare  modefty)  it 
^ill  be  fufficient  praife,  if  I  endeavour  to  wreathe  an  honorary 
thtfUt  that  may  adorn  the  brows  of  the  chofen  hiftorian,  with- 
W  prefuming  on  the  vanity  of  placing  it  on  my  own.* 

In  the  view  of  alluring  fome  able  antiquary  to  take  upon 
bim  the  honour  of  giving  a  regular  hiftory  of  Chefhire,  he 
bas  (ketched  out,  with  Angular  precifion,  and  in  a  feries  al- 
moft  flriflly  chronological,  the  rich  collections  and  mat-rials 
from  which  this  fuperftru£lure  may  be  raifed.  And  from  thcfe, 
be  ii  of  opinion,  that  a  hiftory  might  be  formed  of  his  native 
county,  •  infinitely  fuperior  to  any  hiftory,  yet  exifting,  of.  any 
county  in  Great  Britain  ;  a  hiftory  that  (hall  as  much  excel 
Dugdale's  Warwickfliire  as  ibis  celebrated  hi/iory  is  fuppofcd  to 
Wcel  thefi  of  all  our  provincial  diftri«£ls  :  fince  at  prefent  it  cer- 
tainly ranks  among  them  in  the  fame  diftinguiftied  manner,  as 
^auon  is  poetically  faid  to  Jhine  amongji  the  lejfer  luminaries,^ 

Thcfe  exprcflions  are  forcible  and  ftrong,  and,  to  be  under- 
wood in  their  full  extent,  require  the  enthufiafm  of  a  Pact  cr  a 
•Mrian:  but  we  muft  yet  acknowledge  that,  after  a  ferious  pc- 


200      Sketch  cf  the  Materials  for  a  New  Hiftory  of  Chejhtre. 

rufal  of  the  prcfent  publication,  we  arc  difpofed  to  allow  t':.eai 
a  confiderablc  fliarc  of  authority  and  weight. 

In  the  courfe  of  his  Sketch,  our  Antiquary  has  made  (bmc 
remarks  on  *  the  Royal  Charter  of  the  Chefliire  Empire;' 
and,  on  this  occafion,  he  gives  his  fanflion  to  the  opinion 
of  Camden,  which  fuppofes  that  Palatinates  cxifted  not  in 
England  till  the  age  of  William  the  Norman,  and  then  were 
conftitutcd  on  the  frontiers  of  the  kingdom  for  their  defence 
againfi:  invafions.  We  have  all  due  deference  for  the  venerable 
authority  of  CamJen,  and  are  by  no  means  deficient  in  point  of 
rcfpe^t  for  our  Author  ;  and  yet,  with  regard  to  ihcfe  opinions, 
we  muft  beg  leave  to  difTcnt  from  them. 

That  the  words  Palatine  and  Palatinate  were  not  known  in 
Fngland  till  after  the  Norman  invafion,  we  are  ready  to  admit. 
The  powers,  however,  inveftedin  an  Earl  Palatine  were  poiTefled, 
during  the  Saxon  times,  by  the  higher  nobility ;  and  we  had 
then  Palatinates  xnfatl^  though  not  in  name.  The  S>ixon  Earls, 
who  had  \\it\x  Counties  or  Earldoms  to  their  own  ufe^  (and  fuch,  if 
we  miftake  not,  were  Godwin,  Siward,  Morcar,  and  Edric  •) 
exerted  a  jurifdi£iion  no  Icfs  regal  and  unbounded,  than  that 
which,  in  the  Norman  times,  was  exercifed  by  the  Earls  Pala* 
tineofChefter  and  Lancafter.  Fortunately,  alfo,  in  the  pre- 
fent  cafe,  we  can  fupport  our  opinion  by  the  teftimony  of  Scl- 
dcn.  This  juflly-admired  antiquary  informs  us,  in  his  titles 
cf  honour,  *'  That  the  power  of  the  greater  Saxon  Earls  was 
fo  confiderable  and  independent,  that  the  Kings  writ  of  ordinary 
jujlice  did  not  run  in  their  territories.**  And  this  was  exprefsly 
one  of  the  privileges  of  Earls  Palatine. 

It  is  not  therefore,  perhaps,  without  reafon,  that  we  imagine 
that  the  jurifdidion  of  Earls  Palatine  was  known  in  Englan^ 
before  the  age  of  William  the  Norman  ;  and,  if  there  be  a 
f(junJation  for  this  opinion,  it  is  obvious  that  they  were  nojL 
con(Htuted  for  the  mere  purpofe  of  defending  the  kingdom 
ag*»inft  the  incurfions  of  the  Scotch  and  Welch.  Their  being 
Ihitioned  on  the  frontiers  was  political,  and  a  confcqucnce  of  the 
turbulence  of  the  times ;  and  the  danger,  which  threatened 
England  from  Scotland  and  Wales,  was  not  the  circumftance 
which  gave  rife  to  their  creation. 

In  the  fliort  accounts  which  our  Author  exhibits  of  the  genius 
and  manners  of  the  inhabitants  of  his  county,  and  indeed 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  letter,  he  writes  in  fuch  a  (train, 
that  we  cannot  but  regret  his  reluctance  to  engage  in  the  prp- 
jcc:t,  which  he  has  propofed  for  the  refcarches  and  the  induflry 
of  another.     As  the  friends  of  literature,  and  of  our  country, 

*  See  Hume,  vol,  i.  p.  146. 

•WO 


SJteidf  rfthi  Mattriahfir  a  New  Hiflory  of  CheJbtUn      ao I 

wc  fincercly  wifli  that  a  work  of  fucb  high  importance  were  ac- 
compltfhed  ;  and  to  encourage  fome  able  inveiligator  into  our 
national  antiquities,  to  centre  bis  labours  in  this  point,  to  de- 
dicate them  to  a  History  of  Cheshire,  we  (hall  communi- 
cate to  the  public,  through  the  channel  of  our  Review,  thq 
fuofflary  of  that  richflore  of  materials  for  this  undertaking 
vhicb  our  Author  has  given  in  the  Poftfcript  to  his  Letter. 

'  Let  me  now,  fays  our  ingenious  Antiquary,  prefent  you  with 
a  fonunary  view  of  ihofc  Cbefljire  Manufcripts^  which  arc  either,  at 
preient  in  my  pofTeffion,  or  of  which  I  have  been  favoured  with  th^ 
obliging  promife. — The  latter  are  printed  in  Italics. 
.  •  The  Chefhire  Domefday,  peculiarly  fo  called. 

'  The  mod  material  parts  of  the  Chefter  Annals. 

*  Ditto  of  the  Hiftory  of  the  Earldom  of  Chefter. 

*  Several  ^xtrads  from  BradQiaw's  Life  of  St.  Werburgh. 

'  A  very  improved  ^nd  authentic  Copy  of  the  Vale  RoyaI« 
'  A  Tranfcript  of  Laurence  Boftoke's  Collections. 
'  Ditto  of  Sampfon  Erdefwicke's^ 

*  Ditto  of  Ralfe  Starkie,  the  Antiquary. 

*  Heraldical  Yilitation  of  Ralfe  Starkie,  Merchant. 

*  Heraldical  Hiftory  of  Roger  Wilcoxon  ;  another  ditto*  ' 

*  Very  material  Parts  of  the  Holmes's  CoUeAions. 

*  Dr.  JVilliam/on  s  Compend  of  thefe  ColleSions, 

*  Bijbop  GaftreVs  of  ditto  ^  in  a  large  folio  nfolume, 

*  Tranfcript  of  Bilhop  Stratford's  Letters. 

*  Ditto  of  Catherall's  Colleftions. 

*  Tranfcript  of  Mr.  Vernon's. . 

'  Sir  William  Brereton's  Letters  and  Tranfaflions  in  5  foUo  vo^ 
lames. 

*  Mr,  Booth  cf  Tnvemlowe^ s  Colle^ions. 

^  Aihmolc's  Drawings  of  a  Variety  of  Antiquarian  Remains,. 
'  Sir  Peter  Leycefter's  Colledions,  in  20  volumes. 

*  Mr.  Wiibraham's,  for  the  diftridl  of  Namptwich. 
'  Rev.  Mr.  ^tones's,  in  ^  volumes. 

*  Mr.  W^rburton^s^  Somerfet  Herald^  i/t  4  ^volumes, 
'  Mr.  Carrington's. 

*  Dr.  Gower's. 

*  The  late  Recorder  of  the  City  of  Chefter. 

*  Liber  Petri  Dutton,  armigeri. 

*  Ledger  Book  of  Valt-Royal  Abbey. 

*  The  following  Manufcripts  have  not  been  mentioned  in  the  pre- 
ceding Sketch  of  Materials ;  becaufe  the  authors,  and  the  coljectors 
of  them,  were  equally  unknown.  But  I  am  fufficiently  happy,  either 
in  the- promife,  or  the  poiTeftlon  of  them. 

*  I.  A  large  folio  of  631  pages,  containing  a  variety  of  very  cu- 
rious Mifcellancous  Obfervations,  relative  to  the  County  and  City  of 
Chefter ;  digefted  alphabetically. 

*  %.  Another  volume  in  folio,  containing  the  Inquijitions  poft  mor- 
tm,  from  the  3^d  year  of  Edward  the  Third  to  the  24th  of  Henry 
the  Seventh. —  Both  which  have  been  communicated  to  me  through 
the  extreme  kindnefs  of  Mr.  Lowe,  of  ChiiiUeion. 


202      Sketch  of  the  Materials  for  a  Nnv  Hijiory  ofCkflHri^ 

*  3.  AFaedar^in  folia  of  all  the  Ten  ares  in  Ci^e^  dnnng  tk9 
reign  of  Philip  and  Mary ;  tranfoitted  to  me  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pricey 
Bodley-Iibrarian,  with  that  commnnicative  zeal  which  is  peculiar 
to  the  literary  friend  of  every  intended  publication. 

*  4.  Another  volume  in  folio,  of  the  mod  ancient  and  famous 
CityofChefler. 

*  ^^  tn  Two  quarto  volumes,  treating  of  Chefter ;  fent  to  me  in 
the  mod  obliging  manner  by  Mr.  Speed,  Deputy  Rcgifter.-^One  of 
them  is  arranged  under  38  chapters. 

*  7.  Another  volume  in  quarto,  upon  the  fame  fubjefl. — This 
too  was  tranfmittcd  through  the  favour  of  Mr.  Price,  Bodley-Libra^ 
rian. 

*  8.  A  thin  quarto  volume,  on  the  fiiege  of  Chefter,  communi- 
cated through  the  very  friendly  civility  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  HarwOod. 

*  9.  A  curious  Treatife  in  quarto,  infcribed  Liber  B,  containing 
many  valuable  materials ;  and  entrufted  to  me  with  the  greateft  in- 
fiances  of  benevolence  and  regard,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Allen,  Reder 
of  Torporley. 

*  10.  A  fair  Manufcript  in  oftavo,  of  200  pages,  principally  re* 
lating  to  the  City  of  Cheftcr ;  but  including  a  variety  of  Mifcella- 
neous  Remarks — very  kindly  and  obligingly  fent  to  me  by  Mifs  Til- 
Aon  of  Chefter. 

*  II.  Several  Manufcript s  in  the  fojfejpon  of  Mr.  Orme  sf  Cbgfter ; 
nvhich  he  has  genteely  promifed  me  the  u/e  of 

*  12.  ATranfcript,  in  a /-ar^/ folio  volume,  of  Mifcellaneous  Ar» 
tides,  und.r  the  following  Titles  : 

*  The  Family  and  Defcent  0/  Hugh  Earl  of  Chefter. 

*  The  Ads  of  the  Seven  Earls*of  Chefter. 

*  Extrafts  from  the  Chronicles  of  Roger  of  Chefter. 

*  Extrads  from  the  Chronicles  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Werburgh.. 

*  Ot  the  Holy  Virgin  St.  Werburgh. 

*  Extrads  from  the  Chronicles  of  the  Ecclefiaftical  Hiftory  of 
Chefter,  brought  down  from  the  earlieft  Times  to  the  year 
1 4 1  c ,  by  Joh  n  Roch^ord . 

*  Some  Hiftorical  Accounts  of  the  Abbey  of  Stanlaw,  founded 
by  John  Lacy,  Conftable  of  Chefter,  and  Baron  of  Halton, 
A.  D.  X 172  ;  with  a  Catalogue  of  the  Abbots. 

*  Some  Particulars  of  the  Abbey  of  Stanlaw,  and  of  the  Family 
oftheLaceys,  the  Founders  of  it. 

*  Of  the  Genealogy  of  the  Founders  of  the  Abbey  of  Stanlaw. 

*  A  Chronicle  of  the  Abbey  of  Stanlaw. 

*  The  Charter  of  the  Abbey  of  Pulton  1 15^ 

*  The  Charter  of  Roger,  Covfalfle  of  Chcdcr,  to  the  Priory  of 
Norton. 

*  The  Pedigrees  of  the  Families  of  Boftoke  and  Egerton  In  Chelhir^ 

*  13.  Another  Tranfcript  in  folio,  containing  Charters  of  Confir- 
ination,  of  the  Dignity  of  Earl  of  Chefier,  to  the  King's  cldeft  Son, 
in  the  following  jnftances— Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  Son  of  Ed- 
ward ihe  Third — Prince  Edward,  Son  of  Henry  the  Sixth — Prince 
Arthur,  Son  of  Henry  the  Seventh— with  a  particular  account  in 
what  manner  the  ufual  Miss  of  3000  Marks  was  raifcd  by  the  Palati- 


Siiicb  cf  ibi  MaUriahfor  a  New  Hijlory  cf  Chejhire.     203 

Mie,  as  a  kind  of /r«f  Gift  fh>m  the  SubjeSs  to  their  Prince,  upon 
his  oSmmI  luveftiiure  with  the  dignity  of  this  Earldom.— In  this  vo- 
liune  is  an  old  Map  of  CheQiire>  printed  about  the  year  1579,  and 
ekgantly  coloured ;  on  the  fides  of  which  are  feveral  curious  Memo- 
nndums,  with  the  nani'es  of  all  the  Juices  of  the  Peace  at  that  time 
in  the  County. 

•  14.  CtSTRiA  illusteata  ;  w.  The  Armorial  Bearings  zf  every 
kHvidwal  CentUman  in  the  Ceuntj  tf  Cbejier ;  taken  about  the  year 
1730. 

'  1  ^.  A  Tranfcript  of  many  Chefhire  Particulars  from  the  Couchi  a 
BooKsof  theDutchy  ofLancafttr;  more  efpecially  from  torn.  i.  in« 
fcribed  Comitac.  Ceftriz. 

•  16.  Sea;eral  Chishike  Mauu/eriftSf  in  the  Hand-'writing  0/  thai 
fTut  Antiquary  Sir  William  Dugdale,  now  in  the  Library  of  the 
very  ancient  and  difiinguiOied  Family  of  the  Mainwarings  of  Fe- 
wer; defcendantSy  by  the  Female  Line,  from  Hugh  Cyvelioc,  the 
fifth  Earl  of  Chcfter.  Which,  the  prfefent  Baronet,  Sir  Henry 
Mainwarinc,  has  offered  me  the  liberal  ufe  of,  as  well  as  of  hit 
wiKile  Colle£Uon»  in  a  manner  the  moft  polite>  and  the  moil  en* 
giging  that  is  poffible, 

'  17.  Underjimilar  circumftances,  with  the  preceding  article,  is 
the  following^ Some  Delineations  of  ancient  Ceilrian  Remains,  by 
the  elegant  Draughtfman  of  my  efteemed  Friend,  Thomas  Pennant, 
£%  of  Downing  in  Flintfliire  i  the  fenfibie  and  ingenious  Author 
ofBaiTisH  Zoology. 

'  18.  Upon  this  head  of  Delineations,  may  it  not  be  too  much  of 
theEgotift,  to  add  ? — Several  hundred  Drawings  of,  curious  Seals, 
Coals  of  Arms,  and  Antiquarian  Remains,  copied— from  \ery  an- 
cient and  authentic  Draughts  flill  exilUng — by  an  ingenious  Artiil 
owler  my  own  infpedlion. 

*  Such,  my  dear  Friend,  is  a  Summary  View  of  the  enlarged  and 
copoos  Treafure  of  Materials  for  a  Hiitory  of  Chefhire.' 

In  concluding  the  notice  which  we  have  taken  of  the  pre- 
fent  performance,  it  is  perhaps  proper  that  we  remark  the  il- 
liberal remiiTnefs  with  which  government  has  almoft  con- 
ft^ntly  aded  with  regard  to  literary  projects  of  a  general  nature 
and  importance.  The  book  of  Domefday  is  ftill  withl^eld  from 
publication ;  other  valuable  records,  which  might  throw  the 
pcaicft  light  on  our  ftory,  arc  alfo  left  to  moulder  in  repofitories 
and  libraries;  we  have  yet  no  regular  and  connefted  edition  of 
our  ancient  hiflorians;  and  the  projedled  publication  of  the  la- 
bours of  Meninflci  is  forwarded  by  no  proportion  of  national 
''with.  Ye  ftatefmen  !  who  watch  over  public  concerns,  is  it 
fit  that  every  expenfive  work,  of  general  moment  and  utility, 
ftould  owe  its  exiflence  folely  to  the  munificence  of  private 
pcrfoos  ? 

%•  Since  the  above  was  written,  we  have  feen  an  advertife- 
wcnt,  importing  that  the  Hiftory  of  Chefliire  is  undertaken,  by 
FootcXjower,  M.  D.    But  we  are  ignorant  whethei  or  uotXit*  ^ 
p.  is  the  zuthor  of  this  Sketch. 


I  204  ] 


Art,  VT*  j/  yeyegi  round  the  World.     Ftrfirmtd  hj  Order  of  hh 

ChrifttanMajtfiy^  in  tht  Tears  1766,    1767,    176M,  and  ij6g. 
Lewis  de  Bougainvillcj  Colonel  of  Foot,  and  Comniodore  of  the 
Expedition  in  the  Frigate  b  Boudeufe,  and  the  Storcihip  L'Etoile,  M 
4to,     tL   I  s.  Boards*     Noarii,  &rc.     1772*  | 

NO  fubje^Sls  arc  more  curious  and  few  arc  more  impor- 
taot,  than  an  enquiry  into  the  progref;^  of  mankind,  from 
their  rudt-ft  condition  to  the  moft  perfe»ft  ftate  in  which  they 
have  appeared.  But  though  the  higheft  advantages  accrue  to 
literature  and  fcience,  from  a  companfon  of  the  different  ftdf^ef 
of  civilization  and  reiiriemcnt,  which  pafs  between  the  age  of 
the  untutored  favage,  and  that  of  the  polilhcd  citizen  ;  it  is  al- 
moft  perpetuiilly  to  be  regretted  that  the  materials  on  which  atl 
fuch  enquiries  are  to  be  founded^  are  colle^ed  by  men  who 
poill  fs  but  an  inferior  degree  of  penetration,  who  perceive  not 
the  imjwrtance  of  this  knid  of  knowledge,  nor  delcribc,  with 
fufficient  prccifion,  the  ufages  and  manners  of  the  nations  they 
have  vifited  ;  and  who  are  unable  to  diflinguifh  between  thofc 
particulars  which  arife  from  the  influence  of  ph)ifical  qualit^eSt 
and  thofc  which  are  to  be  acci>ynted  for  by  the  operation  of 
monil  c^Tufcs. 

The  pubiication  before  us  is  diffyfe,  and  afTumes  an  impor* 
tarKc  in  its  in*«nner;  but  if  accurately  examined  inio,  it  will  be 
found  to  contain  lili!c  of  that  information  which  chiefly  merits 
the  attention  of  the  philofophcr.  We  admire  and  rcfpcdk  ibc 
fpirit  of  cntcTpri/.e  fo  jtrojigly  manifcfted  in  its  Amhori  but  th« 
candour  with  which  we  wiih  cnnfl^ntly  to  condud  ourfclvcs, 
win  not  albw  us  to  affirm,  that  the  more  inquifnive  of  our 
Readers  will  be  highly  inftru^^ed  by  his  difcovcries  or  his  re* 
flc<fitons.  It  is  to  be  remarked,  however,  that  his  work  is  rich 
in  thofe  details  which  may  prove  of  great  ufe  to  future  naviga- 
tors ;  and  that  it  is  by  no  means  deftitute  of  merits  with  refpc£t 
to  natural  hiflory  :  hut  it  is  on  thcfe  particulars  that  M*  dc 
Bougainville  muft  chiefly  reft  his  claim  to  approbation. 

The  moft  valuable  iniorm?tion  which  he  has  communicated 
to  the  public,  is  his  dercripTinn  of  the  people  of  Otahitce,  or 
Gcorgc*s  I  (land,  Frum  this  part  of  his  work  we  Ihall  therefore 
prtfenr  our  Readers  with  fome  extract*,  accompanied  with  1 
icw  incidt  ntul  remarks. 

After  having  defcribed  the  geographical  pofition  of  this  iflandj 
its  afpedt  and  producljons,  our  Author  gives  an  account  of  the 
manners  of  its  inhabitants;  and  the  following  fliort  cxtra^  is 
t^iken  from  what  he  has  ohfcrvcd  concerning  their  iiiterior 
policy  : 

•  The  rharaflcr  of  the  nation,  fays  he,  has  appeared  miH 
and  beneficent  to  us.     Though  th:  ijle  is  dividid  inta  m-iry  iittU 

di/lriiff^ 


I 

I 

I 
1 


Bougainvillc'i  f^^oyoge  round  the  IVorld.  I05 

^itBi^  each  <sf  which  has  its  own  mafler^   yet  there  does  not 

cm  to  be  any  civil  war,  or  any  private  hatred  in  the  iflc»     U 

probable  ihat  the  people  deal  among  each  other  with  unquef- 

^tioned  fmccrity.    Whether  they  be  at   home  or  no,  by  day  or 

by  nii;ht,  thetr   houfes  arc  always  open*     Every  one  gathers 

'uit  tfom   the  6rft   tree  he  meets  with,  or  takes  fomc  in  any 

ufe  into   which  he  enters*     //  fl)Quld  Jam  ai  ij\    in  regard 

)thlngt  ohfmtfly  Hifeffary  for  iht  malnUnamt  ef  ilfi^  there  was  n§ 

tfjm&l  propei  ty  amon^jl  ihem^  and  that  they  all  had  an  equal  ri^ht 

boji  articiis.     In  regard  to  u^,  they  were  expert  thitves  j  btit 

rfaU  as  to  run  away  at  the  leaft  menace.     It  like  wife  ap- 

that  the  chiefs  disapproved  of  their  thefts,  and  that  they 

tfired  us  to  kill  thoic  who  committed   them,     Ereti  f,  how- 

vtr,  dtd  not   himfelf  employ  that  ftverity   which  he  rccom- 

Dcaded  to  us.     When  we  pointed  out  a  thief  to  him,  he  him- 

ii  purfucd  him  as  fall  as   poiliblc  ;  the   man  iled  ;  find  if  he 

overtaken,  which  was  commonly  the  cafe,  for  Ereti  was 

ndcfiiti gable  in  the  purfuit,  fomc  lalhes,  and  a   forced  rcrticu- 

on  of  ibe  ftolen  goods,  wjs  all  the  punifliment  infli<Sed  on  the 

lilty.     I  at  firft  believed  ihry  knew  of  no  greater  punifliment  ^ 

rwbcn  they  (aw  that  fome  of  our  people  were  put  in  irons^ 

hey  cxprcil'ed  great  concern  for  them  ;   but  I  have  fmce  learnt, 

hat  they  have  undoubtedly  the  cuflom  of  hanging  thieves  upon 

Ifws,  as  it  i:!i  pradtifcd  In  our  armies. ■ 

h  matters  sf  coriftqumce  the  lord  of  the  diflri^  does  nst  give  his 
kljian  withQUt  (hi  advice  of  a  council, — A  dilihercttion  tf  tht  people 
fmte  in  the  nation  was  required  on  the  fubje^  of  cur  e/labUjhing  a 
Untbejh:re,^ 

Fram  thefe  patticulars,  though  they  are  vague  and  imperfcf^^ 
may  gather  the  condition  in  w^hich  men  arc  found  when 
'bave  grown  into  t/ibcs,  and  may  form  a  conclufion  con- 
^nlog  the  origin  of  civil  government  very  different  from  thofe 
irhich  have  been  drawn  by  the  generality  of  authors  who  have 
liicourfed  concerning  the  nfc  of  jurifdidlion  and  of  laws* 
We  may  perceive  thit,  from  the  natural  authority  which  the 
_£*thcr,  in  the  infancy  of  fociety,  exerts  over  the  members  of  his 
ftily,  men  in  the  more  enlarged  circle  of  tribes  and  nations 
ncto  fubmit  to  particular  rulers  \  and  that  thefe,  while  they 
trcifc  a  delegated  and  limited  authority  over  their  particular 
Jiridi^  form  a  c^unciU  in  which  thofe  matiers  arc  decided 
rtlch  are  of  ucneral  concern  to  the  community.  The  circum- 
;inccs  which  entitle  to  comm-iad,  in  thi*.  ihte  (jf  n>annersi,  vt\c 
jtrfonal  qualides ;  and  on  the  demife  of  one  leadtrr  another  i^ 
l^d,  who  IS  pofli:flVd  of  fimiUr  accomplifhments.  The  fir  (I 
Urrangrment?,  arcoidingly,  arife  out  of  th.!  Ib^rtv  of  t\\e- 


I 


f  One  of  their  chiefs. 


b\\z^\t%. 


ao6  Bougainville'/  Voyage  round  thi  World. 

collective  body  of  individuals,  and  are  favourable  to  it:  and 
thofe  who  fancy  that  the  kingly  government  is  the  firft  that  wat 
knov/n  among  men,  are  under  the  impreffion  of  prejudice,  and 
cannot  fupport  their  opinion  by  the  teftimony  of  hiftory. 

The  dominion  of  particular  chiefs  over  particular  boundaries, 
and  the  deliberation  of  thefe  chiefs  in  a  general  council  for  the 
management  of  national  affairs,  conftituted  the  mode  of  g(^ 
vernment,  which  regulated,  in  their  native  feats,  that  crowd 
of  nations  which  overturned  the  empire  of  the  Romans ;  and 
to  this  circumftance  it  is  owing  that  the  kingdoms  they  eredcd 
are  fiill  diftinguiflied  by  an  air  of  independence,  and  by  thie 
forms  of  a  legal  adminiftration.  Even  at  this  day  this  mode  of 
government  fubfifts  in  A^nerica ;  and  in  every  country  where 
men  appear  in  the  fame  age  of  fociery  with  the  inhabitants  of 
this  quarter  of  the  globe,  we  may  conclude  that  they  are  go- 
verned by  fimilar  inftitutions.  In  this  free  condition  of  mjia- 
kind,  alterations,  however,  are  produced  by  the  progrefs  of 
time,  and  the  force  of  particular  caufes.  The  dignity  o(  dnof, 
from  being  eledive,  grows  to  be  hereditary  ;  and,  under  this 
lad  appearance,  it  continues  till  a  fovereign  is  conftituted  over 
an  extenfive  territory;  after  which  ftep,  in  the  natural  courfe 
of  things,  the  corruption  of  manners,  and  the  refped  for  wealthy 
lead  to  the  eftabliihmcnt  of  fervility  and  defpotifm. 

In  the  pafTage  cited  above,  the  Author  has  tranfiently  alluded 
to  the  ideas  of  property  which  prevail  among  the  people  of 
Otahitee,  or  Taiti :  and  it  were  to  be  wifhed  that  be  had  eiv* 
tered  more  particularly  into  this  interefting  fubjedl.  The  ftate 
of  property  in  rude  nations  is  of  fuch  extenfive  influence,  in 
regard  to  their  ufages  and  manners,  that  it  is  perhaps  the  moft  , 
capital  circumftance  which  ftiould  attra£l  the  curiofity  of  tra- 
vellers. If  M*  de  Bougainville,  for  example,  bad  c^lained 
whether,  in  this  ifland,  the  landed  property  was  vefted  in  the 
nation,  or  was  occupied,  and  could  be  acquired  by  the  indivi- 
dual, a  multitude  of  important  reafonings  and  conclufions  might 
have  been  made  and  formed  concerning  its  inhabitants  *. 

On  the  fubjed  of  the  religion  of  this  people  our  Author  has 
obferved,  that  in  the  houfc  of  one  of  their  chiefs,  *  there  wtre 
too  wooden  figures,  which  he  took  for  idols  :  one,  which  was 
their  god,  ftood  upright  againft  one  of  the  pillars  ;  the  god- 

*  The  idea  that  in  a  rude  age  of  fcciety  the  property  of  the  land 
poflefTed  by  a  tribe  is  veiled  in  that  tribe,  and  not  occupied  pro- 
mifcuouiiy  by  the  individuals  compofing  i:,  was  firft  remarked  by  the 
author  of  a  **  Diflertation  concerning  \he  Antiquity  of  the  Enghfh 
Conftitution  ;'*  and  it  has  fince  been  employed  by  the  ingenious  Pro- 
feffnr  Miliar  in  his  *'  Obfervacions  on  the  DiiliLt^ion  of  Ranks  in 
Society, " 


3oug;iinville^i  yoyagi  r&und  iht  JFcrU* 


toy 


{he  furpa 


icfs  was  oppofite,  leaned  agalnil  the  walJ,  which  ine  lurpatica  m 
height,  and  was  fattened  to  the  reeds  of  which  their  walls  iitc 
made.  Thefc  figures,  which  were  ill  made,  and  without  any 
proportiun,  were  about  three  (ect  high,  but  flood  on  ^  cyUn* 
nca]  pcdeilal,  hollow  within,  and  carved  quite  through*  This 
icfiai  WiS  made  in  the  (hape  of  a  tawer^  was  fix  or  leven  feet 
and  about  a  foot  in  diameter*  The  whole  was  made  of  a 
and  very  hard  wood/ 
In  another  p^irt  of  his  work  he  gives  the  following  paJTagc: 

Wc  have  afited  Aotourou  f  many  queftions  concerning  his 
UgioD ;  and  believe,  we  under ftood  that,  in  genera!,  his 
intrymen  are  very  fuperftitious  v  that  the  prietb  have  the 
ghcft  authority  among  them;  that  befidcs  a  fuptrkr  hang 
med  Erit-Era^  king  of  the  fiin  or  of  light,  and  whom  they 
\sm  reprcreat  by  any  maUr^al  imag€^  they  have  fevcral  divini- 
tiei;  fome  beneBccnt,  others  mitchievous  ;  that  the  name  of 
ihdc  dirinitief  or  genii  is  Eatoua  ;  that  they  ftippofe  that  at  each 
important  a£lion  of  human  life  there  prefides  a  good  and  an  evil 
[cnius  ;  and  that  they  decide  its  good  and  its  bad  fuccefs.  What 
tundcrltand  with  certainty  is,  that  when  the  moon  has  a  ccr- 
tiia  afpecil,  which  ihcy  call  Maiama  Tamal^  or  moon  m  ftsie 
of  war  (an  afped  in  which  we  have  not  been  able  to  diftinguilh 
ny  charaffceriftic  mark  by  which  it  could  be  defined)  they  fa- 
rtficc  human  vi£lims.  Uf  all  their  cufloms,  one  which  mofl: 
fcrprizcd  me  is  that  of  faluting  thofc  who  fnecxc  by  faying, 
Evar$uQ't  ianua^  that  the  good  eatsua  may  awaken  thcc^  of 
tbt  the  evil  tat  ua  may  not  Jul!  thee  afleep.' 

Thefe  extraiSls  furniih  an  example  of  that  want  of  prccifion 
which  we  complain  of  in  travel krs.  It  is  impofliblc  cert;iinly 
kcondude  from  them,  whether  idolatry,  or  impure  th^ifm,  is 
\  religion  of  this  people.  H  jw  pernicious  are  fiich  lame  and 
BDfltradiciory  relations  !  They  give  authority  to  opp.rftte  opi- 
I  on  the  fame  fubjeii,  and  confound  the  pbilolupher  while 
'  QeiQi  to  reft  his  ipeculations  on  experience  and  f^idts*  But 
tQfdaaon  to  the  prefcnt  cafe,  as  well  as  to  others  of  ftil)  higher 
ice,  it  is  with  real  plcafure  wc  refic^  that  the  public  1% 
to  be  enlightened  by  the  difcoveries  and  enquiries  of  Mr» 
aoks  and  Dr,  bolander. 

The  following  particulars   arc  related  by  our  Author  con- 
iniug  the  women  of  ttiis  iiland  : 

I  *  — As  the  woujcn  of  Taiti  never  go  out  into  the  fun,  with* 

being* covered,  and  always  have  a  liulc  h^t  made  of  canes» 

I  adorned  with  fl«i>wu^  to  defend  their  faces  ag^iinil  its  raysj 

complexions  arc,  of  courle,  much  fairer  than  thofc  of  the 


The  uaiiic  of  one  of  the  iiAtivci,  whoni  the  Auihot  cattiicd  \s> 


J 


ao8  Bougainville*!  Voyage  round  the  World. 

men.  Their  features  are  very  delicate  ;  but  what  diflinguiflies 
them  is  the  beauty  of  their  bodies,  of  which  the  contour  has  not 
been  disfigured  by  a  torture  of  fifteen  years  duration. 

*  Whilft  the  women  in  Europe  paint  their  cheeks  red,  thofc 
of  Taiti  dye  their  loins  and  buttocks  of  a  deep  blue.  This  is 
an  ornament,,  and  at  the  fame  time  a  maik  of  diftindtion.  The 
men  are  fubjecl  to  the  fame  faihion.  Another  cullom  at  Taiti, 
com  iron  to  men  ar.d  women,  is  to  pierce  iheir  cars,  and  to 
wear  in  them  pearls  or  flowers  of  all  forts.  The  greateft  de- 
gree of  cleanlinefs  further  adorns  this  amiable  nation  ;  they 
conftantly  bathe,  and  never  eat  nor  drink  without  wafhing  be- 
fore and  after  it. 

*  Polygamy  fcems  eftabliftied  among  them  ;  at  Icaft  it  is  fo 
amongft  the  chief  people.     As  love  is  their  only  pafiion,  the 
great  number  of  women   is  the  only  luxury  of  the  opulent^ 
Their  children  are  taken  care  of,  both  by  their  fathers  and  their 
mothers.     It  is  the  cuftom  at  Taiti,  that  the  men,  occupied 
only  with  their  filhery  and  their  wars,  leave  to  the  weaker  fex 
the  toilfome  works   of    hufbandry  and    agriculture.     Here   at 
genile  indolence  falls  to  the  fliarc  of  the  women  5  and  the  en- 
deavours to  pleafc  are  their  moft  ferious  occupation.     I  cannoC 
fay  whether  their  marriage  is  a  civil  contraft,  or  whether  it  i » 
confecrated  by  religion ;  whether  it  is  indiflbluble,  or  fubjeci 
to  the  laws  of  divorce.     Be  this  as  it  will,  the  wives  owe  their 
hufbands  a  blind  fubmiHion  ;  they  would  wafli  with  their  bloa^ 
any   infidelity   committed    without   their    hufband's    confent^ 
That,  it  is  true,  is  eafily  obtained  ;  and  jealovfy  is  Jo  unknown  i^ 
fnjpon  herCy  that  the  hujbar.d  is  ccmmonly  the  firji  who  perfuades  hi 
wife  to  yield  to  another.    An  unmarried  woman  fuffen  no  confiral 
on  that  account ;  ivery  thing  invites  her  to  follow  the  inclination  of  he^ 
hearty  or  the  injiinlf  of  her  fofuality ;  and  public  applatfe  bincnr^ 
her  defeat :  nor  d:es  it  appear^  that  hew  great  fever  the  number  ofhe^^ 
previous  lovers  may  have  heen^  it  foouU  prove  an  ohjlacle  to  ht^ 
meeting  with  a  hujband  afterwards.     Then  wherefore  fhould  fli^^ 
refift  the  influence  of  the  climate,  or  the  fedu<aion  of  exam-' 
pies  ?  The  very  air  which  the  people  breathe,  their  fongs,  thci^ 
djnces,  almoft  conftantly  attended   ui(h  indecent  pollures,  alX 
confpire  to  call  to  mind   the  fwcets  of  love,  all  engage  to  giv'^ 
themfclvcs  up  to  them.     They  dance  to  the  fouiid  of  a  kini 
of  drum,    and  when  they   fing,    they  accompany  their  voices 
with  a  very  foft  kind  of  flute,  with  three  or  four  holes,   which 
they  blow  with  their  nofc. 

*  Thus  accuftomcd  to  live  continually  immerfed  in  pleafure, 
the  people  of  Taiti  have  acquired  a  witty  and  humorous  tem- 
per, which  is  the  oftspring  of  eafe  and  of  joy.  They  likewife 
hsLvc  contraded,  from  the  (amc  fauic^:^  2l  charadcr  of  hcklenefs. 


fiougainvillc'j  Voyage  round  the  World.  a  09 

$iiihich  confiantly  amazed  us.  Every  thing  ftrikes  them,  yet 
nothing  fixes  their  attention  :  amidfl  all  the  new  objedts  which 
^c  prefented  to  them,  we  could  never  Tuccecd  in  making  them 
attend  for  two  minutes  together  to  any  one.  It  feems  as  if  the 
kaft  reflection  is  a  toilfome  labour  for  them,  and  that  thev  are 
ftill  more  averfe  to  the  exercifes  of  the  mind  than  to  thofe  of 
the  body.'  * 

From  this  detail,  it  is  not  incurious  to  remark  the  power  of 
habit  and  fuuacion  in  what  has  a  reference  to  virtue  and  vice. 
In  one  country,  chaftity  is  difgraceful ;  in  another,  it  is  meri- 
torious.    The  Greek  loves  and  marriages  are  thought  of  with 
aftonifhrnent  by  the  moralift  of  the  prcfcnt  age ;  and  the  ex- 
pofing  of  their  children,  which  prevailed   among  that  people, 
js  perfedily  (hocking  to  his  humanity.     We  fhould  beware, 
however,  of  judging  of  other  ages  and  nations  by  the  fenti- 
nents  of  our  own.     Circumftancc  and  accident  are  perpetually 
altering  the  ufagcs  and  opinions  of  men;  and  in  the  different 
periods  of  their  barbarifm  and  refinement,  wc  (hould  apply  to 
tbem  different  ftandards  of  approbation  and  cenfure.     To  the 
tcalot  it  muft  be  left  to  pronounce  from  pre-conceived  opinion!. 
But  the  philofopher,  a  citizen  of  all  countries,  enters  into  and 
underfiands  their  manners  \    and   determining  himfelf  by  the 
JOoft  enlarged  maxims,  judges  of,  and  afcertains  the  charader 
lod  conduct  of  nations  and  individuals. 

To  the  quotations  already  given  from  the  prefcnt  work,  we 
Hull  fubjoin,  for  the  entertainment  of  our  readers,  a  few  addi- 
tional particulars  concerning  the  people  in  queftion.  By  this 
means,  they  will  be  enabled  to  conceive  a  tolerably  diftind  idea 
of  them,  and  to  form  for  ihemfclves  an  opinion  of  the  merit  of 
the  performance. 

*  Vegetables  and  fi(h,  fays  our  Author,  are  their  principal 
food  J  they  feldom  cat  flelh  ;  their  children  and  ycufig  girls  mver  eat 
^\  and  this,  doubtlefs,  ferves  to  keep  thtm  free  from  almoft 
all  our  difeafes.  /  mujl  fay  the  fame  of  their  drink  ♦;  they  know  of 
IK)  other  beverage  than  water.  I'hc  very  fmcll  of  wine  and 
brandy  difguffed  them;  they  likewifc  fhewcd  their  averfion  to 
tobacco,  fpices,  and  in  general  to  every  thing  ftroni^. 

*  The  inhabitants  of  Taiti  confift  of  two  races  of  men,  very 
different  from  each   other,    but  fpcaking   the  fame  languai:^e, 

■having  the  fame  cuftoms,  and  fccmingly  mixing  without  dii*- 
tinflion.  The  firft,  which  is  the  »molb  numerous  one,  pro- 
duces men  of  the  greateft  fize  ;  and  it  is  very  co?nmon  to  r..c 
them  meafure  fix  (Paris)  feet  and  upwards  in  height.     1  never 

*  Wc  arc  not  fond  of  multiplying  criticifms  unncccfTarily  ;  but  we 
cannot  poflibly  let  pafs  the  cxpreiTions  in  Italicj,  wuhout  i;:m3Lx\C\Yv^ 
thtir  aniWi>u/f/. 

RsY.  AJfar.  1772^  P  i?c« 


"^  10  Bougainville'^  Voyage  round  the  World. 

faw  men  better  made,  andwhofe  limbs  were  more  propordMater: 
in  order  to  paint  a  Hercules  or  a  Mars,  one  could  no  when 
find  fuch  beautiful  models.  Nothing  drftinguiflies  their  featmei 
from  thofe  of  the  Europeans :  and  if  they  wei^  docbed,  ii 
they  lived  lefs  in  the  open  air,  and  were  lefs  expofed  ta  the  fun 
au  noon,  they  would  be  as  white  as  ourfelves :  their  hair  in 
general  is  black.  The  fecond  race  are  of  a  middle  fize,  ban 
frizzled  hair  as  hard  as  bridles,  and  both  in  colour  and  featum 
they  diflFer  but  little  from  Mulattoes.  The  Taiti  man  wha 
embarked  with  us,  is  of  this  fecond  race,  though  his  father  ii 
chief  of  adiftridi;  but  he  poflefles  in  underftanding  what  he 
wants  in  beauty. 

^  Both  races  let  the  lower  part  of  the  beard  grow,  but  thn 
all  have  their  whi&ers,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  cheeks  fliavea. 
They  likewife  let  all  their  nails  grow,  except  that  on  the 
middle  finger  of  the  right-hand.  Some  of  them  cat  their  hail 
very  (hort,  others  let  it  grow,  and  wear  it  fattened  oo  the  top 
of  the  head.  They  have  all  got  the  cuftom  of  anointing  oi 
oiling  it  and  their  beard  with  cocoa-nut  oil.  I  have  met  witi 
only  a  fingle  cripple  among  them ;  and  he  feemed  to  have  been 
maimed  by  a  fall.  Our  furgeon  afTured  me,  that  he  had  ofi 
feveral  of  them  obferved  marks  of  the  fmall-pox ;  and  I  took  all 
poffible  meafures  to  prevent  our  people's  communicating  die 
other  fort  to  them  \  as  I  could  not  fuppofe  they  were  alread] 
infected  with  it. 

*  The  inhabitants  of  Taiti  are  often  feen  quite  naked,  having 
no  other  clothes  than  a  fa{h,  which  covers  their  natural  farts  *. 
However,  the  chief  people  among  them  generally  wrap  them- 
felves  in  a  great  piece  of  cloth,  which  bangs  down  to  theii 
knees.  This  is  likewife  the  only  drefs  of  the  women  ;  and  tfaa 
know  how  to  place  it  fo  artfully,  as  to  make  this  fimple  dreli 
fufceptible  of  coquetry,— 

^  The  manufacturing  of  that  fingular  cloth,  of  which  tbeii 
drefs  is  made  up,  is  one  of  their  greateft  arts.  It  is  prepai«d 
from  the  rind  of  a  fhrub,  which  all  the  inhabitants  cultivate 
around  their  houfes.  A  fquare  piece  of  hard  wood,  fluted  on 
its  four  fides  by  furrows  of  different  fizes,  is  made  ufe  of  in 
beating  the  bark  on  a  fmooth  board  :  they  fprinkle  fome  viratei 
on  it  during  this  operation,  and  thus  they  at  laft  form  a  verj 
equal  fine  cloth,  of  the  nature  of  paper,  out  much  more  pli- 
able, and  lefs  apt  to  be  torui  to  which  they  give  a  great  breadth. 
They  have  feveral  forts  of  it,  of  a  greater  or  lefs  thicknefs,  but 
all  manufactured  from  the  fame  fubfiance  :  I  am  not  acquainted 
with  their  methods  of  dying  them. — 

*  Are  not  all  their /^r//  natural?    The  tranllator,  with  a  veiy 
Ikdc  atteDUon,  might  have  found  au  exj^reffion  more  marked,  and 

equally  decent. 


i 

I 

i 


Boagainvillc'j  Ftya^i  rsund  tht  IVorld,  21 1 

*  I  have  mentioned,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Taiti  fcemed  to 
live  in  an  enviable  happlnef^.  We  look  them  to  be  almoft  equal 
ID  rank  among  themfelvts ;  or  at  Icaft  enjoying  a  lihcny  which 
was  only  fubjcft  to  the  laws  eftablifhed  for  their  common  hap- 
piocfe,  1  was  miAaken  j  the  diftinflion  of  ranks  is  very  great  at 
Tjtti,  and  the  difproportion  very  tyrannical.  The  kings  •  and 
grandees  have  power  of  life  and  death  over  their  fervants  and 
Lvc$  t,  and  I  am  inclined  to  believe,  that  they  have  the  fame 
birbarous  prerogative  with  regard  to  the  common  people,  whom 
tkcy  caJl  Tafaginouy  vile  men  ;  fo  much  is  certain,  that  the  viflims 
for  human  facrifices  arc  taken  from  this  clafs  of  the  people. 
Flefli  and  fifii  are  refervcd  for  the  tables  of  the  great ;  the  com- 
monalty live  upon  mere  fruits  and  pulfe.  Even  the  very  manner 
of  being  lighted  at  night,  fhews  the  difference  in  the  ranks  ;  for 
the  kind  of  wood,  which  is  burnt  for  people  of  dlftinction  is  not 
the  fame  w*ith  that  which  the  common  people  arc  allowed  to  make 
yfcof.  Their  kings  alone  arc  allowed  to  plant  before  their  houfes, 
the  tree  which  we  call  the  H^eeplng-wilhw ,  or  Babyhman-wH^ 
bfw%.  It  is  known,  that  by  bending  the  branches  of  this  tree, 
and  planting  them  in  the  ground,  you  can  extend  its  fliadow 
as  far  as  you  will,  dnd  in  what  dirciftion  you  pleafe ;  at  Taiti, 
their  Ciade  affords  the  dining-h?ll  of  their  king?), 

*  The  grandees  have  liveries  for  their  fervants.  In  proper* 
tion  as  their  mafter's  rank  is  mote  or  Icfs  elevated,  their  fcr- 
Vinti  wear  their  fafhes  more  or  lefs  high.  This  fa(h  is  faftened 
clofe  under  the  arms,  in  the  fervantf  of  the  chiefs,  and  only 
covers  the  loins  in  thofe  belonging  to  tJic  loweft  clafs  of  nobi- 
lity. The  ordinary  hours  of  rcpaft,  arc  when  the  fun  paffes 
the  meridian,  and  when  he  is  (tu  The  men  do  not  eat  with 
the  women  ;  the  latter  fervingup  ihcdifties,  which  the  fervantfl 
hive  prepared. 

*  At  Taiti  they  wear  mourning  regularly,  and  call  it  Ceva^ 
The  whole  nation  wear  mourning  for  their  kings.  The 
mourning  for  the  fathers  is  very  long.  The  women  mourn  for 
their  hufbands  ;  but  the  latter  do  not  do  the  fame  far  them.  The 
maiks  of  mourning   are  a  head*drefs  of  f<rathers>  the  colour  of 

hich  is  confec rated  to  death,  and  a  veil  over  the  face.     When 
the  people  ir>  mourning  go  out  of  their   houfes,  they  are  pre- 

I    •  By  kingif  our  Author  probably  means  no  more  than  (hUfs  or 
Hud€rt. 

f  The  fame  diAin^ton  of  ranks  was  known  among  the  ancient 

isations  inhabiting  Gaul  and  Germany*    Thert,  the   nobility  cxcr- 

icifed  the  fame  despotic  power  over  their  fervants  and  flaves  ;  and  yet 

the  government  fuboiiitcd  to  by  tbefe  con^munitics  was  free  and  Ji* 

miled.     Sec  Cjtfar,  de  JB.  G,  1.  6,  ^  Tacit,  dc  M.  G, 

1  Arbrc  da  Grand  Seigneur. 

*  Pa  ^^^^^ 


212  Bougainvillc*i  Voyage  round  the  World. 

ceded  by  feveral  flaves,  who  beat  the  caflfanets  in  a  certain  €»* 
dence  :  their  doleful  found  gives  every  body  notice  to  clear  cbc 
way,  whether  out  of  refpedl  for  the  grief  of  the  perfons  in 
mourning,  or  bccaufe  meeting  them  is  feared  as  an  unlucky  and 
ominous  accident.  However,  at  Taiti,  as  in  every  othei 
part  of  the  world,  the  mod  refpe3able  cuftoms  are  abufed : 
Aotoarou  told  mc,  that  this  pradice  of  mourning  was  favour^ 
able  to  the  private  meetings  ;  doubtlefs,  as  I  believe,  of  lovers 
with  wives,  whofe  hufbands  are  not  very  complaifant  The 
snflrument,  whofe  found  difperfes  every  body,  and  the  veH 
which  covers  the  face,  fecure  to  the  lovers  both  fecrecy  and 
impunity. 

*  In  all  difeafes,  which  are  any  way  dangerous,  all  the  near 
relations  affemble  in  the  fick  perfon's  houfe.  Tbey  eat  and 
ileep  there  as  long  as  the  danger  lafts ;  every  one  nurfes  hioi^ 
and  watches  by  bim  in  his  turn.  They  have  1  ike  wife  the  cuf- 
torn  of  letting  blood ;  but  this  operation  is  never  performed  at 
the  foot  or  arm.  A  Tuoua^  i.  c.  a  doflor,  or  inferior  prieft^ 
firikes  with  a  (harp  piece  of  wood  on  ^ke  cranium  of  the  pati- 
ent ;  by  this  means  he  opens  the  fagittal  vein ;  and  when  a  fu& 
ficicnt  quantity  of  blood  is  run  out,  he  furrounds  the  head  with 
.»  bandage,  which  fliuts  up  the  opening  \  the  next  day  he 
vaflics  the  wound  with  water.' 

it  only  remains  for  iis  to  remark,  that  M.  de  Bougainville 
has  difcovcred  an  extreme  jealoufy  of  Englifh  navigators  ;  a 
circumftance,  which,  while  it  docs  them  the  higheft  honour^ 
will  not  imprcfs  his  readers  with  very  favourable  fentiments  of 
his  veracity  and  candour. 

Of  the  tranflation,  we  fliall  obferve,  that  if  it  is'not  executed 
in  the  molt  corre<5l  manner,  its  inaccuracies  of  expreffion  will 
be  deemed  the  more  cxcufable*,  as  the  tranflator  is  not  a  na- 
tive of  this  country.  And  of  the  plates,  with  which  it  it 
adorned,  we  muft  not  forget  to  mention,  that  they  are  more 
remarkable  for  neatnefs  and  accurr.cy,  than  thofe  which  appeaur 
in  the  original  public^ition. 

*  The  Englifh  reader  will,  however,  think  bimfelf  much  obliged 
to  \ir.  Forilcr  for  his  explanatory  notes ;  on  which  account,  all  tliit 
learned  gentleman's  tranilations  will  be  deemed  preferable  to  thoie 
bald  performances  of  our  cotintrymA,  in  which  we  fcidom  fee  a  de- 
i:tX  fupplied,  or  a  miflake  rcftified.  For  this,  however,  we  are 
'c!:ief!y  to  blame  the  inattention  or  the  avarice  of  the  bookfellers,  who 
tco  ofren  employ,  for  fniall  lure,  fome  needy  perfon,  pofle/Ted  of  n6 
t>Lh?r  qualification  than  a  mere  knowledge  (and  tbat^  perhaps,  not 
very  dsef)  of  the  language  in  which  the  original  work  is  written ;  while 
hid  acquaintance  wim  the  fubjeft  Is  little,  or  not  at  all,  regarded. 


[      213      3 

Ait.  Vir.  Bsllt§fhica  MtMiin/e  et  Hijlorla  Kr^turnlis.  Tomus  primus. 
CialtMiMS  Bihiio/hccam  Botanicam  ;  qua^  fcripta  ad  Rem  H.ihnnnm^ 
fmmia.  a  Rtrum  initiis  re'.en/entur.  .  uc.^cre  Alitrto  Von  IlaUcr^ 
tf(f.  ^€.  Pars  prima,  9'emtora  itnte  Tcurn(fr.r:iu7n  — \  Biblio- 
ckqoc  of  Medicine  and  Natural  Hiilory.  Vol.  1.  Containincr 
the  firfl  Part  of  the  Box  an  ica  BiDLiornFf^ri; ;  or  tlic  Botanical 
Writers,  from  the  Commencement  of  the  Science  down  to  Tournc- 
fcrt.     4to.     15  s.  in  Boards.     London.     Ilcydinger-     1771. 

THE  very  learned  and  indefatigable  Hallcr,  has  alrealy 
fioiOicd  his  great  phyfiological  work  *  ;  comprehending 
every  thing  hitherto  advanced  on  phyfiological  fubjeits,  and 
accuted  on  fuch  a  plan,  as  cannot  fail  of  rendering  it  ex- 
tremely ufeful  to  the  medical  fludent. 

The  Baron's  defign^  in  his  Bibluibeque  of  AUcdicine  and  /Vtf- 
twrtdHijhryy  is  to  point  out  the  diicoverie^  inventions,  a. id 
improvements  in  the  fcveral  branches  of  the  medic.1l  art;  and 
to  give  a  fhoit  review  of  the  authors,  in  the  order  of  limc. 
When  this  very  extenfive  plan,  therefore,  is  carried  into  cxccu- 
tioa,  it  will  furnifli  a  general  and  valuable  rnedicaHihrary, 

Our  Auihor  propofes  fiift  ro  review  the  botanical  writers  ;— 
next  the  anatomical ; — afterwards  the  chirurgical ; — then  the 
clinical  or  pradiical  ; — and  ladly  the  writers  on  thefe  parts 
of  natural  philofophy,  which  are  more  immediately  connected 
with  medicine.  To  each  divinon  is  to  be  added  a  fliort  cata- 
logue of  fele£l  authors,  for  the  ufe  of  thofc  \^ho  would  form  a 
library.  And  if  two  indexes  likewife  were  drawn  up  for  each 
divifion,  the  one  of  noma ^  the  other  of  Jubjfiis,  in  the  nanner 
of  thofc  at  the  end  of  Vander  Linden's  Scripta  ALij'.j^  they 
would  be  a  valuable  addition  to  the  work. 

Our  learned  Baron  has  ben  collecting  m?terial«,  and  h^9 
followed  a  regular  plan  of  reading,  ever  fmce  the  year  1725.  Hi 
h«  made  himfelf  mafter  of  moft  of  the  modern  languages,  that 
he  might  read  the  works  in  their  feverul  originals.  Me  has 
reviewed  above  eleven  thoufand  volumes,  and  digeftcJ  his  obllr- 
vanons  in  his  Adverfaria. 

With  refpccl  to  the  prefent  publication,  it  contains  only  a 
PWtof  the  Botan'ual  Billlothrque  \  comprehenuine  tl^e  botanical 
literature  from  the  earliell  writers  down  to  Tourneforr. — I'his 
part  is  divided  into  eight  b:oks.  The  Greek  and  Arabian  writers 
form  the  two  firft  ;— ^thc  Arah'ijlir^  or  thofe  who  adopted  the 
<Jocirinfs  of  the  Arabians,  and  vvhofc  learning  was  chiefly  de- 
'i'^ed  from  them,  are  included  in  the  thnd  book; — the  re- 
arers, inventors,  and  collectors,  make  the  fourth,  fifth  and 
fath  books  ; — the  next  proceeds  from  the  two  Bauhins  to  Ray  ; 
and  the  laft  includes  the  botanical  wi  iters  from  Ray  to 
Tournefort. 

•  in  eight  volumes  410. 


214  Spooner'j  Decad  of  Sermons ^ 

In  executing  this  work,  our  Author  mentions  the  different 
editions,  gives  a  fliort  and  pertinent  review  of  the  authors; 
and  points  out  what  doftrines  and  obfervations  arc  original,  and 
what  arc  adopted  from  preceding  wrttcra. — Upon  the  wholct 
Baron  Hallcr  is  in  every  refpcft  abundantly  qualified  for  com- 
plcti ng»  in  a  maflerly  manner,  this  very  cxtcnfive  dcfign, — ^Wc 
earneUIy  wilh  him,  therefore,  health,  fpirits,  and  length  of 
days. 


I 


I 

I 


AiiT,  VII.  A  Decad  nf  Ztrmons^  preached  at  Chtjham  in  BuckiftghaM' 
Jhire:  intitled^  h  The  At  trade  of  Languages .  IL  Saivation  hrokghg 
fy  Grace.  II L  IV.  The  returning  Fleck  of  CbriJ}.  V.  The  Alleg^rj 
tf  ne^  Wine,  Vf.  The  Allegoty  tf  comtaled  Jemeh,  VU.  The  ■ 
Requejh  cf  the  Righteouj  granted,  VUL  IX.  Haffj  Aj^iSidm,  ' 
X.  Qlorious  Jdoption,  By  Thomas  Spooner,  MiJiiilcr  of  tlic  Gof- 
peL     8vo.     5  s.  boand,     DiJIy.     1771* 

ALTHOUGH  this  peculiar  little  befpeaks  fomc  fingulajity 
in  the  Author  of  thcfe  difcourfes,  yet  we  muft  acknow* 
ledge  that  he  appears  to  be  warmly  aftVflcd  by,  and  interefted 
in,  religious  truth,  however  he  may  be  miftaken  as  to  his  par- 
ticular views  and  exptication  of  fomc  parts  of  it. 

With  regard  to  the  ftyle  of  thefc  fcrmons,  it  is  diffufe,  in- 
accurate, and  fuch  as  a  perfon,  who  had  any  tolerable  know* 
ledge  cif  language  and  fonie  readiocfs  in  expreflioo,  might  be 
fuppofcd  to  ufe  in  exietnpcre  difcourfes  \  yet,  we  muft  own,  tr 
feems  to  us  belter  calculated  10  inflru^fJ,  imprcfs,  and  improve 
the  greater  part  of  Chrlftian  audiences,  than  that  which  is 
more  carefully  formed  according  to  the  rules  of  art,  and  is 
therefore  fitted  to  pleafe  a  nicer  ear,  or  to  pay  an  implicit 
compliment  to  the  underjhmditig  ov  taile  of  the  hearer  1  for,  if 
merely  to  amufc  or  entertain,  be  all  that  is  aimed  at,  or  effect- 
ed by  a  public  fpeaker,  the  great  end  of  preaching  is,  no  doubt, 
loft. — Not  that  It  would  be  right  for  thofc  who  appear  in  the 
chara6!er  of  religious  inflruftors,  to  be  utterly  carelefs  of  their 
ftyie  J  which,  thoui^h  phurty  fiioiild  not  be  low  ;  but  properly 
animated  by  the  importance  of  the  fubjcct,  fo  as  to  unite  true 
di;/nity  with  a  freedom  approaching,  occafionally,  to  the  cafe 
of  converfation,  Such  a  manner,  we  apprehend,  promifei 
much  fairer  f>r  ufcfulncfs,  than  thofe  cold  and  ftiff,  though 
wcIl'Corrcfted  periods,  witli  which  perfons  of  the  clerical  cha- 
ri£ter  apf)ear  often  folic itous  to  addrcf:;  their  auditors.  —  We 
do  not,  however,  propofe  to  recommend  this  writer's  manner 
as  a  model ;  fince,  befide  other  defc£ts,  he  is  too  much  ad- 
«Ji(5ted  to  tautology  and  repetition  \  efpecially  tor  difcourfea 
which  arc  committed  to  the  prefs.  And  yet,  even  as  to  this 
point,  it  may  be  juftly  queftioncd  whether  there  is  not  too 
^rcat  for  and  caution  in  many  preachers  y  for  a  repetition  of  the 


I 


Spooncr*!  Decad  of  Sir  mom.  ai  J 

fame  thought,  m  proper  parts  of  a  dircourfc,  and  when  it  \s 
imporunt  either  for  information  or  deep  impreiTion^  may 
greatly  contribute  to  the  ailiftancc  and  benefit  of  a  congrega- 
tion, or,  at  leaft,  to  many  of  the  individuals  of  which  it  is 
compofcd. 

We  were  led,  almoft  undefignedly,  into  thefc  reBeftlons  by 
the  prefent  publication  i  to  fome  farther  account  of  which  it 
wWl  proper  we  ihould  now  proceed. 

As  to  the  manner  in  which  this  writer  treats  the  particular 
fubjccls  he  has  chofen,  and  the  fcntiments  which  he  difcovers, 
wc  may  in  general  obferve,  that  he  appears  to  have  fome  ac- 
([uaintance  with  particular  branches  of  learning,  with  ancient 
writers,  and  ccclefialHcal  hiftory  ;  but  he  is  confined  and  limit- 
ed in  his  views,  and  will  not  allow  himfclf  any  free  fcope  of 
thought  and  enquiry,  beyond  that  particular  fcheme  and  fyf- 
tcm  which  he  has  adopted.  He  is  in  the  high  Calviniftical 
principles,  and  no  doubt  Jirm/y  perfuadid  oi  their  truth.  His 
fermons  are  defigned  for  the  tte^  j  to  them  they  are  addrefled  j 
and  by  this  term  he  means,  fuch,  from  among  mankind,  whom 
*  God  predeftinated  or  decreed,  from  all  eternity,  through  his 
own  power,  to  make  holy,  and  unfpeakably  blefled,  world 
without  end/  As  to  other  perfons,  they  have  little  (hare  in 
thcfc  difcourfes,  except  the  being  briefly  reminded,  that  dying 
in  that  which  he  calls  a  natural  Ji ate ^  they  muft  endure  the  di- 
vine vengeance,  and  will  fuffer  the  wrath  of  God  to  all 
ITERNITY  !  Indeed  it  would  have  been  very  con  trad  i<5tory  in 
|Our  preacher,  (though  a  contradiction  that  has  been  fometimes 
"lllcninto,)  to  endeavour  at  exhorting  and  pcrfuading  the  im- 
and  irreligious  to  repent  and  reform,  when  he  knows> 
[or  at  lead  believes,  that,  if  they  ^T2  chflt^^y  they  will  certainly^ 
tfomc  time,  be  reclaimed-,  and  if  they  are  not  among  the 
chofen  vcflels,  it  IS  impoffiblc  that  they  ever  fliould  be  re- 
Jaimed. 
We  may  farther  remark,  that  thcfe  fermons  arc  much  in  the 
ac  ftrain  with  the  writings  of  foveral  ancient  divines,  at  and 
ac  lime  rt/Ur  the  Rffonfi^ilsn  ;  and  we  are  fully  pcrfuadcd, 
at  Mr.  Spooncr  mighc,  confclcntioufly,  and  with  a  cordial 
Unt  and  confent^  fubfcribe  the  Articles  of  the  Church  of  Eng* 
and  \  that  is,  with  the  refcrvation  of  thofe  few  which  arc  rela- 
Bve  to  church  ritfs  and  difcipline,  which  it  is  known  cannot 
agreed  to  by  a  diflcnter  r  and  fuch  we  take  this  gentleman 
"to  be.  But  we  muft  adJ,  that  when  wc  compare  thcfc  dif* 
courfcs  with  others  that  are  preached  or  publifhcd  by  modern 
bifhops  and  other  minifters  of  our  church,  we  find  fucJi  a  dif- 
jreement,  that  wc  cannot  but  wonder  h^w  the^  could  fub- 
and  at  the  fame  time  difcourfe  fo  d'ljfermih! 

.P  4  Art. 


[    1.6    ] 

Art.  IX.  An  E£ky  ufn  tbeEfeas  ofCampbirt  and  Calomel  in  t^fUi- 
uual  Fe*uers,  lUuftrattd  by  fe<veral  Cajes,  To  ivbicb  is  added,  an 
occafioftai  Ob/er*uation  upon  tbe  modem  PraSice  of  luocnUuiom.  Jm 
from  the  Whole  is  deduced  an  Argument  in  Support  of  tbe  Opikin^ 
that  tbe  alimentary  Canal  is  tbe  principal  Seat  of  a  Fe^ver.  By  Ot- 
niel  Lyfonsy  M.  D.  Phyfician  at  Bath,  and  late  Fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford.     8vo.     is.  6d.     WilUic.     1771* 

ABOUT  ten  years  ago  an  epidemical  fever  prevailed  in 
Glouceflerfliire,  and  in  feme  of  the  adjacent  counties. 


( 


Its  firft  fymptoms,  fays  our  Author,  were  heavincfs,  great 
laflitudc,  pains  in  the  head  or  back,  and  a  lofs  of  appetite.  The 
patient,  having  continued  in  this  (late  for  a  day  or  two,  was 
then  deprived  of  all  his  flrcngth  on  a  fudden ;  infomuch  that 
the  flrongeft  men  have  been  rendered  as  helplcfs  as  children  ill 
fo  (hort  a  fpace  of  time  as  four  days.  This  fever  frequently 
run  through  whole  families,  efpecially  amongft  the  poor;  and 
was  fo  well  known,  that  every  body  dreaded  the  event  of  it 
upon  the  very  appearance  of  its  firft  fymptoms. 

*  The  fymptoms  attending  the  firft  ftagc  of  this  fever  were 
fufficicnt  inducements  for  me  to  believe  that  the  perfjpiration 
was  obftrufled.  And  the  weak  irregular  pulfcs,  fudden  pro- 
ftration  of  ftrength,  fetid  colliquative  flools,  and  purple  fpots, 
which  were  often  obferved  in  its  more  advanced  ftate,  have  ge- 
nerally been  allowed  to  be  certain  indications  of  a  vtiy  confi- 
derable  tendency  to  a  putrid  habit. 

*  Upon  this  occafion  no  medicine  appeared  to  me  fo  propec 
as  camphire,  which  is  efteemed  by  HoS'man  as  the  principal  o{ 
all  alexipharmacs,  and  therefore  recommended  by  him  in  ma- 
lignant and  petechical  fevers;  and  alfo  againft  fuch  violent  in- 
ternal inflammations  as  are  productive  of  fphacelation,  and  the 
greateft  danger. 

*  In  the  laft  inflance  we  are  advifed  to  join  nitre  with  the 
camphire,  which  1  have  found  an  excellent  addition  tipon  all 
occafions,  as  it  makes  the  camphire  fit  eafy  upon  the  ftomach 
in  much  larger  dofes  than  it  otherwife  will  by  any  means  thai 
I  am  acquainted  with.  ^'^ 

*  A  variety  of  forms  for  the  exhibition  of  camphire,  eithei 
in  a  liquid,  or  folid  ftate,  are  given  us  by  Hoffman  as  elixirs, 
effenccs,  powders,  &:c.  But  as  thcfe  are  compounded  with 
other  ingredients,  that  might  render  the  operation  of  the  cam- 
phire rather  dubious,  I  chofe  to  give  it  without  any  other  ma- 
terial addition  than  that  of  nitre. 

^  As  to  the  time  of  the  difeafe  moft  proper  for  the  admini- 
juration  of  camphire,  inftanccs  are  produced  from  Riverius, 
where  it  had  wonderful  fucccfs  in  malignant  fevers,  when  gTven 
in  the  quantity  cf  twelve  grains,   on  the  eighth,  ninth,  ^nd 

eleventh 


Lyfons  en  the  EffeSli  ofCamphlre  and  Calomel.  2ij 

eleventh  days  of  a  fever,  to  patients  labouring  under  deliria^ 
floxes,  hapmorrbages,  pctechiae,  and  other  dreadful  fymptoms. 
But  Hoffman  himfelf  lays  the  greateft  Arefs  upon,  and  very 
much  urges,  the  giving  it  either  in  the  beginning  of  fevers,  or 
when  a  crifis  is  apprehended  to  be  juft  at  hand. 

*  A  crifis  rarely  happened  in  the  fever,  which  is  the  obje<3: 
of  our  prefenc  enquiry,  which  perhaps  was  the  rcafon  that  I 
bad  not  the  fatisfadlion  to  obferve  any  fignal  benefit  arifing 
from  camphire  when  given  in  its  advanced  flate ;  but  in  the 
eirly  days  of  it  1  had  the  happinefs  to  experience  the  mofl  de- 
Stable  iuccefs. 

*  In  that  firfl  flage  of  the  diforder,  proper  evacuations  bein'*- 
premifcd,  where  necefTary,  my  practice  was  to  order  twenty 
grains  of  camphire,  and  ten  grains  of  nitre,  with  a  little  con- 
fcrve,  or  fome  other  inofFenfive  glutinous  fubflance,  to  be  made 
up  in  a  bolus.  This  bolus  being  taken  at  night,  and  repeated 
wriy  the  next  morning,  many,  who  have  not  been  able  to  lift 
their  heads  from  thtir  pillows,  and  in  all  appearance  were  upon 
the  verge  of  a  long  and  dangerous  fever,  have  been  fo  entirely 
recovered  within  the  fhort  fpace  of  twelve  hours,  as  to  go 
about  their  ufual  bufmefs  as  foon  as  they  rofe  in  the  morning. 

*  Whenever  I  gave  this  bolus  I  ordered  a  draught  of  white 
wine  whey  to  be  drank  after  it,  going  to  bed,  and  that  a  quart 
of  balm  tea,  or  fomc  other  weak  liquor,  (hould  be  laid  [fctj  by 
thebcdfide,  becaufc  the  camphire  commonly  made  the  patient 
thirfty,  and  a  copious  fweat  was  the  moft  ufual  and  falutary 
tncuation  in  fuch  cafes.  However,  it  frequently  happened 
that  the  fever  was  removed  without  any  thirlf,  or  fenlible  eva- 
cuation enfuing,  but  the  patients  found  themielves  cured  as  it 
were  by  a  charm.' 

Dr.  Lyfons,  agreeable  to  the  opinion  of  many  pradlical  phy« 
ficians,  fuppofes  that  a  morbid  matter  lodged  in  the  ftomach 
and  fifft  paffages,  is  a  very  general  caufe  of  fever  ; — that  cam- 
phire, adminiftered  at  the  beginning  of  the  difeafe,  expels  this 
wattcr  by  perfpi ration ;  and  that  it  produces  this  effe£t,  by  its 
iojmediate  action  upon  the  itomach,  and  the  fympathy  which 
taicei  place  between  the  ftomach  and  the  whole  furface  of  the 
body. 

Calomel  is  recommended  by  our  Author  in  the  more  ad- 
^nced  ftages  of  fever,  wheri  the  fame  advantages  arc  not  to  be 
cxpeded  fronl  camphire  and  perfpiration,  and  when  the  morbid 
Qtatter  is  to  be  expelled  by  ilool. 

Without  making  any  particular  obf^^rvations  on  the  phyfiolo- 
gical  or  pathological  reafonings  of  Dr.  Lyfons,  wc  ihall  refer 
«ur  Readers  to  the  tflay  itfelf. 


Kt.t, 


I  218  ] 

AnT.  X.  jfft  EJJay  on  thi  Di/ea/ts  tfthi  Bili,  m&rt  particularly  in  €aU 

fuictit  Coftcrtfioftt ,  calUd  Gall'Stonts,     By  WilJiam  White,  F*  A.  S# 
Svo.     I  8»     York  printed,  and  ibid  in  London  by  Be li.     1771. 

AFTER  fome  pertinent,  but  not  many  new  obfervattons 
on  the  nature,  ufes,  and  difeafes  of  the  bile  j  and  on  the 
^ompofition,  fymptoms,  and  method  of  cure,  of  bilbry  calculiy 
we  come  to  the  moft  important  part  of  this  little  eflay,  viz,  the 
means  of  diffolving  ihcfc  calculi  while  in  the  body. 

*  Dr.  C0C3  fays  our  Author,  and  other  phyficians^  have  not 
defpaired  of  curing  this  dreadful  diforder^  but  place  all  their 
hopes  in  endeavouring  to  force  their  paflage  through  the  biliary 
du£l5  into  the  inteilmes*  This  is.  always  uncertain  and  dan- 
gerous, generally  imprafticable* 

*  It  is  therefore  furprizing,  that  praflitioncrs  have  not  at- 
tempted to  diflblve  them  whiUt  in  the  body.  Solvents  arc  uni- 
vcrfally  given  in  cafes  of  urinary  calculi  i  flonea  in  the  gall* 
bladder  are  peihaps  as  frequent  a  difeafc,  generally  more  pain* 
ful,  always  more  dangerous  to  Iffe, 

*  I  have  however  fome  reafon  to  believe,  that  they  may  be 
eafity  diflblvcd  when  in  the  body  ;  for  in  the  courfe  of  a  fcries 
of  experiments  made  upon  them  out  of  the  body,  I  found  out 
a  method  of  effecting  it  with  great  cafe  and  rapidity.  I  have 
only  had  an  opportunity  of  reducing  it  to  pra£lice  in  one  cafe^ 
but  with  a  happy  effect  ;  but  if  I  have  the  fatisfaflion  of  find- 
ing it  anfwer  upon  further  trials,  it  will  give  ma  great  plcafure 
to  make  it  known. 

*  A  gentleman  of  rank,  between  fifty  and  fixty  years  of  age, 
after  being  in  an  aftive  fphere  of  life,  and  for  many  years  ex- 
po fed  to  the  influence  of  different  climates,  too  fuddenly  took 
to  a  fcdentary  way  of  living.  This  gradually  brought  on  a  de- 
clining flate  of  health,  and  for  the  laft  nine  months,  he  la- 
boured under  many  of  the  fevercft  fymptoms  of  the  fecond  ftage 
of  this  diforder.  The  fit  was  exceeding  violent,  continuing 
feveral  hours,  and  came  on  with  much  regularity  about  eight 
in  the  evening.  He  had  indeed  frequent  attacks  at  uncertain 
times  between  whiles,  which,  though  pretty  fcvere,  were  fhort 
and  tranfient  if  compared  with  the  other.  All  means  were 
tried  that  (kill  and  prudence  could  fuggeft,  notipvithftanding 
which,  he  grew  daily  worfe,  opiates  being  the  only  remedies 
which  procured  any  conftdcrable  relief. — Chancing  to  mention 
to  him  the  refuft  of  my  experiments,  he  was  very  preffing  that 
I  would  try  its  cfte6ls  in  his  cafe,  which  was  at  lall  confentcd 
to»  On  the  third  day  af  er  beginning  the  ufe  of  the  medi<- 
cine,  his  urine,  from  a  facurated  blackifh  brown  colour,  be- 
came more  natural;  depofitiug, -when  cold,  a  pinky,  and  at 
length  a  latcritious  fediment.     This  gave  me  great  hopes,  not- 

4  WUhftanding 


I 


I 


MafonV  EngUJb  Gardifu 


ti9 


lithfbnding  his  pain  and  other  fycnptoms  continuing  as  be- 
fore* The  fits  weie  much  dimmifhed^  both  as  to  violence  and 
duncion,  in  a  few  days  after  this^  and  in  a  fortnight  qv^ite 
pioe  off;  a  fudden  bilious  diarrhoea  came  on«  and  lalled  two  or 
tbfcedays,  which  was  tinged  with  blood,  though  without  the 
Icili  pain.  This  was  undoubtedly  cau fed  by  the  difcharge  of 
ibe  bile,  the  dufls  being  now  open  and  pervious  ;  fmcc  this  be 
b»  never  required  the  afliftance  of  an  opening  medicine,  which 
be  bid  been  before  long  ncceiritated  to  ufe.  It  is  now  upwards 
of  two  months  fince  his  fits  ceafed,  is  in  better  heahh  than  for 
feme  years  laft  pall,  is  able  to  ufe  a  great  deal  of  excrcifc, 
tnd  iVems  in  every  rcfpe<^^  cured, 

*  The  medicine  never  difagreed  in  the  leaft  with  the  patient; 
biit,  on  the  contrary,  cau  fed  a  fcnfe  of  warmth  in  the  ftamach, 
.which  was  very  agreeable,  and  djftyfcd  itfclf  to  the  extremities, 
irbith,  during  the  courfc  of  the  difeafe,  were  always  colder 
than  when  in  perfect  heahh/ 

We  wi{h  our  Author  fuccefs  in  hla  experiments,  but  are 
ferry  to  find  his  expe<5lations  have  as  yet  no  better  foundation 
thin  thar  o^  zfeliiary  and  fomewhat  equivocal  Qz(^t, 


Alt.  Ja.    The  EngUJh  Garden  ;  a 
M.  A.    4to,     2  5. 


Poem.     Book  L    By  W.  Mafoii, 
Horsfield.     1772. 


WHATEVER  may  be  the  cafe  with  rcfpea  to  the  other 
arts  in  general,  England  certainly  claims  pre-eminence 
of  tafte  in  that  delightful  one  which  is  the  fuhjetEt  of  this  di* 
iib^z  poem  \  an  art  which  was  held  in  fuch  high  eftimation  by 
.the  great  Lord  Bacon,   that  he  fcrupled   not  to  ftyle   it    the 
[•*  pureft  of  human  plcafures,"  and  **  the  greateft  refrcihment 
ithc  fpirit  of  man/* — We  have,  inconteftibly,  taken  the  lead 
foiher  nations,  in   cultivating,  on  natural  principles,  the  or* 
iirncntal,   if  not  the  u fef ul   parts  of  this  elegant  and  rational 
nufement ;  and  have  been  the  fuft  to  banilh  a!l  that  frivolous 
m:fm  which  heretofore  difgraccd  the  gardens  of  the  great, 
ind  left  Nature  to  ihe  cabbage  ground  of  the  fimplc  cottager. 
The  long  unbending   line,  the  dead   brown  terrace,  the  acute 
flgle,    the   trim    ftrait   alley,    the   butter- print   parterre,    the 
plat- form  fqja^c,"  the  *^  tonfiled  box,"  the  fculptor'd  cvcr- 
|fctn,  with  "  at]  the  mournful  f-tmtly  of  yews/*  have  at  length 
[ivcn'  place  to  that  elegant  fimplicity  which  we  fo  much  admire 
»thc  improved  fccncry  of  Richmond  gardens;  where  Nature, 
tt*:ndtfd  by  her  handmaid  Art,  hath  now  fixed   her  chief  re- 
pdcnce ;  and  where  we  fee,  happily  exemplified,  thofc  exccilerit 
FWiand  principles  tjf  dcfi^n   m  gardening,  which  arc  fo  juflly 
eaed  in  this  new  proJu^Stion  of  a  mufc,  to  whofe  melting 


220  Mafon'i  Englijh  Garden. 

ftrains  the  public  have  often  liftened,  with  approbation  and 
delight. 

In  reviewing  this  poem,  we  do  not  feel  ourfelves  inclined 
to  fcrutinize  it  with  the  cold  and  rigid  eye  of  a  critic  in  the 
liUle  proprieties  *  of  compofition ;  for  we  confefs  that  either  the 
jfiumbers  of  the  bard,  or  the  fedudive  nature  of  the  fubjed,  or 
the  combined  influence  of  both,  have  agreeably  lulled  us  into 
that  placid  difpofition  and  temper  which  our  Author  feems  to 
wifh  for  in  his  readers,  when  he  hails  the  *^  ingenuous  youth" 
who,  liftening  to  his  lay,  feels  his  soul  assent  to  what  be 
£ngs. 

In  his  prefixed  advertifement  our  Author  informs  the  public, 
that,  *  as  this  firft  book  contains  the  general  principles  of  the 
fubjed,  it  may  be  confidered  as  a  Whole ;  if  he  (hould  not  find 
leifure  or  inclination  to  finifh  the  remainder  of  his  plan/ 

The  poem  opens  with  an  invocation  to  Simplicity  ;  who 
may,  (as  the  idea  by  no  means  includes  rudemfs^  or  want  of 
culture)  with  great  propriety,  be  fuppofed  the  tutelary  goddcfs 
of  pleafure-grounds* 

The  fifter-powers  of  Poetry  and  Painting  are  alfo  invoked. 
And  here,  if  the  confcious  Author  fliould  be  thought  to  have 
made  (after  the  example  of  fome  of  his  mod  diftinguifheJ  po- 
etical predeceflbrs)  a.fmall  facriiice  to  vanity,  his  benignant 
readers  will  gratefully  indulge  him,  in  return  for  the  pleafurc 
they  have  received  from  the  fuccefsful  cultivation  of  one,  at 
leafl,  of  thofc  laudable  propenfities  which  Nature  had  kindly 
bellowed  on  the  infant-bard  : 


*  yc  filler  powers !  that,  at  my  birth, 

Aufpicious  finird,  and  o*er  my  cradle  drop'd 
Thofe  magic  feeds  of  fancy,  which  produce 
A  Poet's  feeling,  and  a  Painter's  cyci 
Come  to  your  votary's  aid  ;  for  well  you  know 
How  foon  my  infant  accents  lifp'd  the  rhyme. 
How  foon  my  hands  the  mimic  colours  fpread. 
And  vainly  hop'd  to  fnatch  a  double  wreath 
From  Fame's  un^ding  laurel - 


He  next  proceeds  to  claim  the  attention  of  the  ingenuoiis 
few  of  Albion's  fons, 

•  Who,  heirs  of  competence,  if  not  of  wealth, 

Preferve  that  vcftal  purity  of  foul 

Whence  genuine  tafte  proceeds.     To  you,  bleft  youths, 

I  fine ;  whether  in  academic  groves 

Studious  ye  rove,  or,  fraught  with  learning's  flores. 


*  Some  trivial  defers  are,  doubtlefs,  obfervable  in  this  poem ; 

.  but  we  (hall  not,  by  dwelling  upon  them,  take  up  any  of  that  room 

which  we  would  appropriate  to  a  much  more  agreeable  purpofe*    ^ 

Yifi 


Maibn'i  EngUJb  Gardiiii  22 1 

Vlut  the  Latian  plain,  fond  to  tranfplant 
Thofc  arts  which  Greece  did^  with  her  liberty, 
Refign  to  Rome,-       ■     ■ 

*  Yet  know,'  he  adds, 

the  art  I  fing 


£v'n  there  ye  (hall  not  learn  ;  Rome  knew  it  not 
While  Rome  was  free  ;  ah  !  hope  not  then  to  find 
In  (lavifh  fuperiiitious  Rome,  the  fair 
Remains.' ' 

ftr/,  however,  he  fays,  though  fruitlefs  would  be  the  fcarch 
after  old  and  claiHc  aid^  their  enraptured  eyes  may 

*  Catch  thofc  glowing  fcenes  that  taught  a  Claude 

To  grace  his  canvafs  with  He(perian  hues. 
And  fcenes  like  thefe,  on  Memory's  tablet  drawn. 
Bring  back  to  Britain  ;  there  give  local  form 
To  each  idea,  and,  if  Nature  lend 
Materials  fit  of  totrent,  rock,  and  (hade. 
Produce  new  Tivolis' ■■ 

Cautioning,  then,  the  travell'd  connoifleur  againft  violating 
Nature  by  introducing  foreign  beauties  unfuitable  to  the  fpot, 
lod  foil ;  and  giving  fome  proper  hints  for  rightly  adapting 
our  improvements  to  the  nature  of  the  fituation,  at  the  fame 
tiae  enforcing  his  precepts  by  the  charms  of  poetry,  he  goes 
on  to  point  out,  to  *  the  docile  pupil  of  his  fong,'  the  con- 
nexbn  between  the  principles  of  the  art  here  celebrated,  and 
tbofe  on  which  the  painter  conduds  his  defigns  : 

*  Of  Nature's  various  fcenes  the  painter  culls 
That  for  his  fav'rite  theme,  where  the  fair  whole 
Is  broken  into  ample  parts,  and  bold  ; 
Where  to  the  eye  three  well-mark'd  dift^nces 
Spread  their  peculiar  colouring.     Vivid  green. 
Warm  brown,  and  black  opake  the  fore-ground  bears 
Confpicuous  ;  fober  olive  coldly  marks 
The  fccond  diftance  ;  thence  the  third  declines 
In  foftcr  blue,  or  IcfT'ning  ftill  is  loft 
In  fainteft  purple.     When  thy  tafte  is  call'd 
To  adorn  a  fcene  where  Nature's  felf  prefents 
All  thefe  diftin£l  gradations,  then  rejoice 
As  does  the  painter,  and  like  him  apply 
Thy  colours  ;  plant  thou  on  each  ieparate  part 
Its  proper  foliage.     Chief,  for  there  thy  ikiil 
Has  its  chief  fcope,  enrich  wich  all  the  hues 
That  flowers,  that  (hrubs,  that  trees  can  yield,  the  iides 
Of  that  ^ir  path  from  whence  our  fight  is  led 
Gradual  to  view  the  whole.     Where'er  thou  wind'ft 
That  pathf^  take  heed  between  the  fcene,  and  eye. 
To  vary  and  to  mix  thy  chofen  greens. 
Here  for  a  while  with  cedar  or  with  larch, 
Th^t  from  the  ground  /prcad  their  clofe  foliage,  \adt 

2  nc\L« 


122 


Mafon'x  Engltfl)  Garden* 


The  view  entire.     Then  o'er  Tome  lowly  tuft. 
Where  rofe  and  woodbine  bloom,  permit  its  charms 
To  burll  upon  the  fight ;  now  throu^^h  a  copfe 
Of  beech,  that  rear  their  fmooth  and  llatcly  trunks* 
Admit  it  partially,  and  half  exclude, 
And  half  reveal  its  graces  ;  in  this  path. 
How  long  foe'er  the  wanderer  roves,  each  Aep 
Shall  wake  freih  beauties ;  es-ch  fliort  point  prefent 
A  different  picture,  new,  and  yet  the  fame/ 

The  Poet»  next,  with  the  flrongeft  exprcJlion  of  cenfure, 
marks  the  abfurdity  of  thofe  who>  in  oppofition  to  the  fore- 
going precept,  root  up,  without  mercy,  every  tree  which,  as 
they  falfly  fancy,  mierruptt  the  view.  This  is  admirably  illuf* 
trated  in  the  following  comparative  fyppofition  : 

*  O  great  Poussin!  O  Nature's  darling,  Claude! 
What  if  fome  rafh  and  facnlcgious  hand 
Tore  from  your  canvafs  thofe  umbrageous  pi  net 
That  frown  in  front,  and  give  each  azure  hill 
The  charm  of  contraft  J  Nature  fuffers  here 
Like  outrage,  and  bewails  a  beauty  loft 
Which  Time  with  tardy  hand  ihall  late  reflore.* 

An  inftance  of  falfe  tafte,  of  a  contrary  kind,  is  pointcil 
out,  in  the  equally  miftaken  procedure  of  him  who  unfortu- 
nately feeks  to  impr^ve^  as  he  calls  it,  fome  wide  extent  of  fine 
champian  ground  : 

'  There  on  each  bolder  brow,  in  fliapes  acute, 
His  fence  hc/catters ;  there  the  Scottilh  fir 
In  murky  file  lifts  his  inglorious  head. 
And  blots  ihc  fair  horizon.     So  (hould  art 
Improve  thy  pencil  s  favagc  dignity 
Salvatoh  *  if  where,  far  as  eye  can  pierce, 
Rock  pit'd  on  rock,  thy  Alpine  heights  retire 
She  flung  her  random  foliagc>  and  diHurb'd 
The  deep  repofe  of  the  majefUc  fccne. 
This  deed  were  impious— ■ 

Should  it,  herc»  be  demanded, 

*  Does  then  the  fong  forbid  the  planter's  hand 
To  clothe  the  dilbnt  hills,  and  veil  with  woods 
Their  barren  fummits  V 

*  No,*  he  replies  ;  ^nnd  burfts  into  a  moft  animated  and  truljr 
poetical  difplay  of  what  the  planter  ought  to  aim  at,  in  a  fuua- 
tion  capable  of  fuch  greatnefs  of  delign,  and  allowing  fuch 
ample  fcopc  to  fancy  ; 

' •  No— but  it  forbids 

All  poverty  of  clothing.     Rith  the  robe. 

And  amply  let  it  flow,  that  Nature  wears 

On  htr  thronM  eminence  :  where'er  (he  takes 

Her  horizontal  march,  purfue  her  Ikp 

With  fwceping  uain  of  foreil;  hill  to  hill 


Mafon'i  Engltjb  Garden*  aaj 

Dnltc  wich  prodigality  of  ihadc* 

There  plant  ihy  clm»  thy  chefnut.    Noarifh  there 

Thofc  fapling  oaks,  which,  at  BritaitTiia's  call, 

May  heave  their  trunks  mature  into  the  maiDf 

And  float  the  bulwarks  of  her  liberty  : 

Bat  if  the  fir«  give  it  its  ilation  meet. 

Plant  it  an  ontguard  to  th'  aiTaiUng  North, 

To  {hield  the  infant  fcious,  till  polfell 

Of  native  ftrength»  they  learn  alike  to  fcorn 

The  blafl  and  their  protestors.     Foikr'd  thus. 

The  cradled  hero  gains  from  female  care 

His  future  ?igour;  but  that  vigour  felt. 

He  fprings  indignant  from  his  nurfe's  arms. 

He  nods  the  plumy  creft,  he  ihakes  the  fpear. 

And  h  that  awful  thing  which  Heav*n  ordain'd 

The  fcourge  of  tyrants,  and  his  country's  pride.* 

Our  Poet  direfls  the  whole  force  of  his  ridicule  agaJnft  the 
M  mfcrmityf  quaint  contrivance,  and  laboured  littUnefi  of  the  old 
toilc,  fo  much  commended  by  Rapin*  in  his  celebrated  poem  on 
gJrdens.  Nor  docs  he  fparc  the  venerable  vifta,  the  long  ca- 
thedral ifle  of  (hade  %  nor  even 

•  Thofe  fprcadlng  oaks  that  in  fraternal  files 
Have  pair*d  for  centuries' ■ 

Yet»  doomed,  as  they  are,  to  the  axe,  or  that  prodigy  of 
ttiechinifm,  the  removing  engine,  by  which  the  largeft  trees 
>rc  forced  up  by  the  roots,  our  rural  Bard  exprefles  great  regret 
[  ilKl  farrow  for  their  fate  :  his  foul,  he  fays, 

•  Holds  dear  an  ancient  oak^  nothing  more  dear  i 
It  is  an  ancient  friend. 


ftay  then  thine  hand, 


And  try  by  faplines  tdl>  difcreetly  plac'd 
Before,  be  twee  n»  behind,  in  fcatter*d  groups. 
To  break  th'  obdurate  line.     So  may'll  thou  fave 
A  chofcn  few ;  and  yet,  alas,  but  few 
Of  thcfe,  the  old  proiedors  of  the  plain. 
Yet  Ihall  thefc  tew  give  to  thy  opening  lawn 
That  (hadowy  pomp,  which  only  they  can  give; 
For  parted  now*  in  patriarchal  pride. 
Each  tree  become  the  father  of  a  tribe; 
And>  o*er  the  tripling  foliage,  rifmg  roundp 
Towers  with  paternal  dignity  (up  re  me.* 

An  exception  follows,  in  favour  of  thofe  peculiar  fpots,  rcn- 

fccd  venerable  by  the  ruins  of  old  caftles  arid  abbics.     In  fuch 

fccDci,  where  once  reigned  *  fell  tyranny,*  or  '  ruthlcfs  fuper- 

"*hioD,'  he  obferves,  we  trace  with  delight  the  fooiftcps  of  an- 

QtAaT  (however  juftly  now  exploded)  and 

plcas'd  revere 


WhaiQRce  wc  Qiould  hare  hatedi— Bui  to  Tiiatt 


UsA., 


224  Mafon'j  Englijh  Garden. 

Not  HERy  the  praife  is  due*:  his  gradual  toacli    * 
Has  xnoulder'd  into  beauty  many  a  tower. 
Which,  when  it  frown'd  with  all  its  battlemcDti^ 
Was  only  terrible  :  and  many  a  fane 
Monadic,  which  when  decked  with  all  its  fpires, 
Serv'd  but  to  feed  fome  pamper'd  Abbot's  pride. 
And  awe  the  unletier'd  vulgar. — 

Dwelling  with  delight  on  this  romantic  fcenery,  our 
fondly  imagines  a  fituation,  which  he  thus  beautifully  deline 

— — *  Happy  if  thou  can 'ft  call  thine  own 

Such  fcenes  as  thefe,  where  Nature  and  where  Time 
Have  work'd  congenial ;  where  a  fcatter*d  hoft 
Of  antique  oaks  darken  thy  fidelong  hilh  ; 
While,  rufhing  through  their  branches,  rifted  cliffs 
Dart  their  white  heads,  and  glitter  through  the  gloom* 
More  happy  Hill,  if  one  fuperior  rock 
Bear  on  its  brow  the  lhivcr*d  fragment  huge 
Of  fome  old  Norman  fortrcfs ;  happier  far. 
Ah,  then  moll  happy,  if  thy  vale  below 
Wafh  with  ihc  cryftal  coolnefs  of  its  rills. 
Some  mouldering  abbey's  ivy-veflcd  wall.* 

We  muft  not  omit  to  give  our  Readers  a  fpecimcn  o( 
Poet's  farcaflic  reprcfcntatiun  of  that  miferably  artificial  tal 
gardening  which  prevailed  in  the  time  of  our  forefathers, 
in  England  only,  bur  all  over  Europe  ;  and  for  her  exceUn 
which,  Father  Rapin  has  fo  highly  complimented  France; 

*  O  how  unlike  the  fcene  my  fancy  forms. 
Did  Folly,  heretofore,  with  Wealth  confpire, 
To  plan  that  formal,  dull,  disjointed  fcene. 
Which  once  was  cat  I'd  a  Garden.     Britain  ilill 
Bears  on  her  brcaf}  full  many  a  hideous  wound 
Given  by  the  cruel  pair,  when,  borrowing  aid 
From  geometric  iki!l,  they  vainly  flrovc 
By  line,  by  plummet,  and  unfeeling  flieers. 
To  form  with  verdure  what  the  builder  form'd 
With  flone.    Egregious  madnefs ;  yet  purfu'd 
With  pains  unwearied,  with  expence  unfumro'd. 
And  fciencc  dealing.     Hence  the  fidelong  walls 
Of  (haven  yew  ;  the  holly's  prickly  arms 
TrimmM  into  high  arcades;  the  tonfilc  box 
Wove  in  Mofaic  mode  of  many  a  curl, 
Around  the  iigur'd  carpet  of  the  lawn  ; 
Hence,  too,  deformities  of  harder  cure. 
The  terrace  mound  uplifted  ;  the  long  line 
Deep  delv'd  of  flat  canal ;  and  all  that  toil, 
Wifled  by  taflelefs  fafhion,  could  atchievc 
To  mar  fair  Nature's  lineament!  divine,' 

Our  Author  takes  occafion  to  celebrate  the  prophet  oi 
bvui  Science^  as  he  ftylcs  ihegct^^l  VwvxUm^whofc  taftc,  a 


MafonV  Englijh  Garden.  Si^" 

tqual  to  his  wifdom,  was  able  to  pervade  the  darknefs  of  the 
age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  who,  in  his  defcription  of  the  p!at». 
farm  of  a  princely  garden^,  gives  a  remarkable  difplay  of  what  the 
real  merit  of  gardening  would  be,  when  its  principles  were 
afcertained. 

As  he  has  ftyled  Bacon  the  Prophet,  fo  he  calls  Milton  the 
Herald  of  true  tafte  in  gardening  ;  and  he  here  copies,  from  the 
Paradife  Loft,  the  charming  defcription  of  the  garden  of  Eden. 

Yet  in  vain  did  the  firft  of  our  philofophers,  and  the  foremoft. 
of  our  poets,  aim  at  the  eftablifhment  of  true  tafte  and  defign 
in  gardening.  No  progrefs  was  made  towards  reforming  the 
unnatural  modes  which  ftill  prevailed, 

*  Alike,  when  Charles,  the  abjeft  tool  of  France, 
'Came  back  to  fmile  his  fubjedls  into  flavcs  ; 
Or  Belgic  William,  with  his  warrior  frown. 
Coldly  declar'd  them  free ;  in  fetters  dill 
The  goddefs  pin'd,  by  both  alike  opprefs'd. 

Tn  fupport  of  the  latter  part  of  this  charge,  he  appeals  to  (he 

Jiiff'  and  artificial  idea  given  of  a  perfefH  garden,  by  Sir  William 

Temple ;  who,  we  apprehend,  wa?,  in  his  day,  the  great  di- 

refitor  of  tafte,  in  this  country.     Yet  even  Temple  could  ac* 

knowledge  that 

**  There  is  a  grace  in  wild  'variety 
Sarpafling  rule  and  order^* 

Here,  with  the  happieft  enthufiafm,  the  Poet  exclaims  ] 

-_ . . *  Yes, 

There  is  a  grace ^  and  let  eternal  wreaths 
Adorn  their  brows  who  fixt  its  empire  here. 
The  Mofe  (hall  hail  the  champions  that  hcrfelf 
Led  to  the  fair  atchicvement ;  Addison  *, 
Thou  polifh'd  Sage,  or  (hall  [  call  thee  Bard, 
I  fee  thee  come  ;  around  thy  temples  play 
The  lambent  flames  of  humour,  bright'ning  mild 
Thy  judgment  into  fmiles ;  gracious  thou  com'H 
With  Satire  at  thy  fide,  who  checks  her  frown 
But  not  her  fecret  ding.    With  bolder  rage 
Pope  next  advances ;  his  indignant  arm 
Waves  the  poetic  brand  o*er  Timon's  ihades 
And  lights  them  to  dellruftion  f.' — 

*  Our  Author  fixes  the  beginning  of  an  adtual  reformation  in  this 
pleafing  art,  at  the  time  when  the  Spectator  firft  appeared ;  and  he 
^^fcrs,  particularly,  to  an  excellent  chapter^  as  he  (lyles  it,  on  this 
f^bjc^t,  in  t\it  Plea/wes  of  the  ImaginatioHy  Sped.  N*^4i4:    alfo  to 
Another  paper,  by  the  fame  hand,  N^  447.     But,  perhaps,  fays  he» 
'Nothing  went  further  toward  deflroying  the  abfurd  tallc  of  clippfd 
evergreens,  than  the  fine  ridicule  upon  them  in  the  173d  Guardian, 
Written  by  Mr.  Pope, 
t  See  his  Epiftle  to  Lord  Burlington  on  FalfcTatle. 
Rev.  Mar.  1772.  Q^  Ki^xst^ 


ii6  Whitcficld'j  Sermons. 

Kent,  the  famous  defigner,  is  alfo  celebrated ;  noi'  af§ 
SouTHCOT.T  and  Shenstone  forgotten  :  nor  he  whole  maf* 
terly  hand  hath  fo  wonderfully  transformed  the  dull  flatncfiiy 
the  confined  views,  the  unmeaning  viftas,  and  the  heavy  gra- 
velled terrace  of  the  old  Richmond-gardens,  into  the  fweetcft^ 
fofteft,  and  nobleft  fccncry,  of  the  kind,  in  Europe*  This  ad- 
mirable improvement,  however,  is  not  once  fpoken  of  by  onr 
Bard  ; — but,  peihap;:,  he  thought  that,  by  introducing  the  name 
of  Brown,  he  had  faid  enough  to  fuggeft  the  idea  of  it. 

It  is  now  time  to  dole  our  account  of  this  poem ;  to> 
which,  however,  we  mull  not  bid  adieu,  without  gratefully 
acknowledging  the  uncommon  entertainment  which  we  have 
found  in  perufmg  it ;  nor  without  exprefling  our  fincere  wifli 
that  the  ingenious  Author  n:ay  profecute  and  complete  the 
whole  of  his  plan. 

It  is  alfo  with  great  fatisfaftion,  as  lovers  of  the  art,  that 
we  learn,  from  one  of  our  Author's  notes  f,  that  *  the  Hi/Inj 
ef  modem  Gardenlngy  of  which  the  nature  of  didadlic  poetry  woold 
admit  here  only  an  epifodical  (ketch,  will  (hortly  appear,  in  a 
more  extenfive  and  methodical  form,  written  with  that  peculiar 
tafte  and  fpirit  which  charaderizes  the  pen  of  Mr*  Walpole/ 

Art.  Xll.  Eighteen  Sermons  preached  by  the  late  Re*v,  Ge§rge  fFhitT'' 
fields  A.  M.  Taken  verbatim  in  Short-hand,  and  faithfully  traii'^ 
icribcd,  by  Jofcph  Gurney.  Revifcd  by  Andrew  Gifbrd,  D.D^ 
8vo.     5  s.  Boards.     Carney.     1771. 

TH  E  refpeftable  name  of  Dr.  Gifford  is  fufiicient  to  an-* 
thenticate  thefe  difcourfes;  but  if  other  tedimony  wo^P 
required,  there  is  a  fufHciency  of  internal  evidence,  to  fatisf]^ 
every  perfon  who  is  acquainted  with  the  peculiar  turn  and  fpiric: 
of  Mr.  Whitcfield's  public  orations.  The  following  remark-^ 
able  detached  pafl'ages  are  iirongly  charaSeriftic  of  this  celebratecS 
itinerant  preacher : 

'  O  what  will  you  do  when  the  elements  (hall  melt  with  fenreaC 
heat ;  when  this  earth,  with  ail  its  nne  furnitare,  (hall  be  burnt  up  * 
when  the  archangel  fhall  cry,  time  Jhall  be  no  more  !  whither  theih^ 
ye  wicked  ones,  ye  unconverted  ones,  will  ye  Hee  for  refuge ?'0^ 
fays  one,  I  will  fly  to  the  mountains  :  O  filly  fool,  O  filly  fool.  flfF 
to  the  mountains,  that  are  themfelves  to  be  burnt  ap  and  moved  £ 
O,  fays  you,  I  will  flee  to  the  fca  ;  O  you  fool,  that  will  be  boiling 
like  a  pot :  O  then  I  will  flee  to  the  elements ;  they  will  be  meltbgl 
with  fervent  heat*  I  can  fcarce  bear  this  hot  day,  and  how  can  joiC^ 
bear  a  hot  element  ?  tiere  is  no  fan  there,  not  a  drop  of  water  V^ 
cool  your  tongue.  Will  you  fly  to  the  moon  ?  that  will  be  tame^S 
into  blood :  will  you  fland  by  one  of  the  itars  ?  they  will  fall  away  ^ 
I  know  but  one  place  you  can  go  to,  that  is  to  the  devil. 

f  We  muft  not  forget  to  oblcrve,  that  this  poem  is  accompanied 
\^y  a  number  of  curious  and  valuable  notes. 

*  I  rem?mbei^ 


WhiteficIdV  Sermons. 


2Z7 


*  I  remember  to  have  heard  a  ftory  of  a  poor  indigent  beggar,  wha 
'ted  %  clergyroan  to  give  him  his  afms ;  which  being  rcfufed,  he 
di  Will  you  plcafe,  Sir,  to  give  me  your  blelling ;  fays  he,  God 

%  you;  0>  replied  the  beggar.  You  would  not  give  me  that  if  it 
worth  any  thing. 

*  As  for  you  who  arc  quite  negligent  aboot  the  profpenty  of  your 
lis,  who  only  mind  your  bodies,  who  arc  more  afraid  of  a  pimple 
your  facesy  than  of  the  rotten nefs  of  your  hearts ;  that  will  i^y, 
give  me  a  good  bottle  and  a  fowl,  and  keep  the  profperity  of  your 

to  yourfelves,     Voa  had  better  lake  care  what  you  fay,  for  fear 

fliould  take  you   at  your  word.     I  knew  fome  tradefmcn  and 

,  and  one  had  got  a  wife,   perhaps  with  a  fortune  too,  who 

they  might  be  excufed,  the)'  never  came  to  the  fupper,  and 

(cnt  them  to  hell  for  it  too  ;  this  may  be  your  cafe. 

It  is  not  his  being  a  whore- monger  or  adulterer  that  will  damn 
liim,  but  bis  unbelief  is  the  damning  Hn  \  for  this  he  will  be  con* 
demnedi  for  ever  banilhcd  from  the  prcfence  of  the  cver-blefled 
God :  and  how  will  you  rave,  how  will  you  tear,  and  how  will  you 
mnfing  your  hands,  when  you  fee  your  relations,  your  friends,  thofc 
whom  you  dcfpifcd,  and  were  glad  they  were  dead  out  of  your  way^ 
^  thtm  i9  AhrahAm^i  ho/omt  and  jQur/elves  lifting  up  jaur  i^€s  in  /cr- 
ma^? 

*  If  a  true  Methodiil  was  to  go  to  hell,  the  devil  would  fay.  Turn 
tbt  Mcthodilt  out,  he  is  come  to  torment  us* 

*  Some  don't  care  what  becomes  of  their  children  ;  O,  I  thank 
I,  I  have  left  my  boy  fo  much,  and  my  daughter  a  coach,  per- 

ips;  ah!  well  your  fon  and  daughter  may  ride  in  that  coach  pofl 
to  the  devil, 

*  I  reaJly  believe  a  difputing  devil  is  one  of  the  word  devils  that 
tin  be  brought  into  God's  church,  for  he  comes  with  his  gown  and 
Mt  in  kis  hand,  and  I  (hould  always  fufpe^l  the  devil  when  he 
ttuio  ta  his  gown  and  band, 

'  Iieoiember  when  X  was  preaching  at  Eifeter,  a  flonc  came  and 
aide  my  forehead  bleed,  I  found  at  that  \tiy  time  the  word  came 
witli  double  power  to  a  labourer  that  was  gazing  at  me,  who  was 
lotnded  at  the  fame  time  by  another  Hone  ;  I  felt  for  the  lad  more 
tUa  for  myfclf,  went  to  a  friend,  and  the  lad  came  to  me  ;  Sir,  fays 
1^»  the  man  gave  me  a  wound»  but  Jefus  healed  me ;  1  never  had  m/ 
ioadf  broke  till  I  had  my  head  broke 

*  When  I  was  fixtcen  years  of  age  I  began  to  fall  twice  a«wcek  for 
Jliifty^JbE  hours  together,  prayed  many  times  a^day,  received  the 
^Kriment  every  Lord's- day,  failing  myfelf  almoil  to  death  all  the 
fcny  days  of  Lenty  during  which,  I  made  it  a  point  of  duty  never 
^  £0  lefs  than  three  times  a -day  to  public  worlhip,  be  fides  feven 
time*  a*day  lo  m'^  private  prayers,  yet  1  knew  no  more  that  I  was 
to  be  born  again  in  God,  born  a  new  creature  in  Chriil  Jefus, 
tiaa  tf  1  was  never  born  at  alL     I  had  a  mind  to  be  upon  the  llage* 

then  I  had  a  quaira  of  confcience  ;  I  ufed  to  aik  people.  Pray, 
1  be  a  player,  and  yet  go  to  the  facrament  and  be  a  Chrif< 
?  Ot  ii^y  they,  fuch  a  one,  who  is  a  player,  goes  to  the  facra- 
\i\  though,  according  to  the  law  of  the  land,  no  player  fhould 
ihe  ficrament,  unlefi  they  give  proof  that  they  repent  i  that 
(^a  Via* 


tbt 


228  Thi  Hyi&ry  of  Friar  Gerund  de  Campazas, 

.was  ArchbiihopTtllotfon's  dotlrine  ;  well  then.  If  that  be  the  cat 
[faid  If  I  Will  be  a  player,  and  I  thought  to  ad^  my  part  for  the  dcvH 
las  well  as  any  body  ;  but,  blcfitd  be  God,  he  lloppcd  me  iu  my 
I  journey.  I  mull  bear  tdiiniony  to  my  old  friend,  Mr.  (Jharles  Wefley  s 
1  he  put  a  book  into  my  bands,  called,  the  Life  of  God  in  the  Soul  of 
[Man,  whereby  God  ihewed  me,  that  I  muil  be  bora  again  or  be 
I  damned.  1  know  the  places  it  maybe  fupcrlUtious,  perhaps,  but 
\  whenever  1  go  to  Oxford,  I  cannot  help  running  to  that  pkcc  where 

itfui  Chrift    firil  revealed  himfelf  to  me,   and  gave  mc  the  ne^ 
irth. 

*  1  remember  I  heard  good  Dr.  Marr^^at,  who  was  a  good  market* 

[langiji:gc  preacher,  once  fay  at  Pinner's -hall  (1  hope  that  pulpit  will 

be  always  filled  with  fnch  preachers)  God  has  got  a  great  dog  tofttcb 

\  his  jhtep  hack^  fays  he.     Don't  you   know  that  whcii  the  ih«*ep  wan* 

I  der,  the  Oiepherd  fends  his  dog  after  them  to  fetch  them  back  again  ? 

ib  when  ChriJVs  fheep  wander,  he  lets  the  devil  go  after  thenip  and 

iiiffers  him  to  bark  at  them.' 

In  one  place  where  Mr.  W.  reprehends  the  fiur  unamiable 
Chriftian,  he  ufcs  the  ludicrous  metaphor  of  '  grace  grafted  oa 
,  a  crab  ftock  ;'  but  ihis  is  not  new. 

Thcfe  fermons  feem  all  to  have  been  delivered  not  long  be- 
[fore  Mr.  Wbitefield's  laft  departure  for  North  America  j  where 
I  he  died,  and  *'  has  not  left  behind  him  his  feUow." 


I 


AnT*  XI I L  Tbt  HijUry  ef  the  famms  Preacher  Friar  Girund  df  Citm* 
pa-zas  ;  itherwije  Gerund  ZoUs.  Tranflated  from  the  Spanifh.  In 
two  Volumes.     8vo.     ios»  6d.     Davies,  &c.     1775. 

f^l^*  H  E  work  before  us  was  written  with  a  view  to  cxpofc, 
J[  and,  if  pofiible,  to  exterminate,  a  futile,  bombaft,  con- 
temptible kind  of  preaching,  which  has  prevailed  in  many 
Pdrts  of  the  Spanifh  dominions^  and  poiTibly  too  in  fome  other 
bpifli  countries  ;  though  the  happy  reformation,  aided  by  the 
firogrcfs  of  folid  learning,  may,  in  a  great  meafure,  have  kept 
t  out  of  our  own. 

The  hiftory  of  Friar  Gerund,  neverthclefs,  at  the  fame  time 
that  it  amufes,  may  aiford  many  ufefu)  hints,  not  only  toperfons 
engaged  in  the  minillerial  function^  but  to  thofe  of  different 
profeiTtons,  even  in  this  nation. 

Mr.  Barctu  is,  we  think,  the  writer  who  firft  excited  cur 
curioiity  about  this  diverting  performance.  In  the  third  volume 
of  his  Journey  frcm  London  to  Gema^  5rc,  when  fpeakiog  of 
Spanifh  literature,  he  appUuds  this  publication,  gives  a  brief  _ 
account  of  the  work^  and  makes  fome  ohfervations  upon  it^fl 
which  arc  nearly  the  fame  with  thofe  contained  in  an  advertife- 
nient  prefixed  to  the  Englifh  tranllation- 

The  firfl  vobmc  of  this  hiftory   was  publlftied  at  Madrid,  la 
1758,  under  the  name  of  Francis  Lobon  de  Salazar,  miniftcr   j 
,  of  the  pariih  of  St.  Peter  in  Villagarcia,  &c.  but  it  was  reallv  ■ 
written  by  Father  Jofeph  Ijhi  a  Jefuit^  according  tv  the  tranA-^ 

ktor*9 


I 
1 


J 


^^         The  Htjcry  ^f  Friar  Gerund  de  Campazas,  229 

Htor's  account  5  tho\  we  obferve,  Mr.  Baretti  has  before  called 
^m  Di  LiJJa*  His  book,  we  are  told,  obtained  the  approba- 
tion of  fcvcral  of  the  moft  learned  and  refpediable  people  m 
Spain,  to  whom  be  had  communicated  it  in  manufcript.  It  had 
even  the  encouragement  of  the  Inquifuion.  A  revijlr  for  that 
cfficc  fpcaks  of  ic  as  *  one  of  thofe  lucky  expedients  which  in- 
;nadon  and  hard  necclTity  fuggcft,  when  the  bed  means  have 
ed  incfFedlual  ;*  and  he  farther  obferves,  that  we  are  not  10 
*find  fault  if  the  dofe  of  caafttc  and  corrofive  falls  is  fomcwhat 
too  ftrong ;  as  cancers  are  not  to  be  cured  with  rbfe- water/ 
But,  notwithftanding  thefc  favourable  circumlbnccs,  we  are 
Tjed,  that  fome  rcligioua  orders,  efpeciaily  the  Mendicant 
Jominrcan,  exclaimed  vehemently  againft  it^  as  foon  as 
it^as  printed  ;  which  produced  a  fuppreffion  of  it,  rather,  it 
is  Cud»  for  the  fake  of  peace,  than  from  any  other  motive, 

Mr*  Baretti  flyles  this  writer  The  modern  Cervantes^  but 
complains  that  he  *  has  ftuffed  fome  of  his  chapters,  unfeafon- 
lAljf  interrupting  the  ftory,  with  too  much  declamation  againft 
guefe  book  not  worth  a  long  confutation,  and  with 
ifodical  criticifms  on  foreign  learning,  in  which  he  talks 
with  too  much  pcrcmptorincfs  of  what  he  was  but  indiFercntly 
«jualificd  to  talk  of.'  The  tranflator  appears  to  have  judged 
very  properly  in  omitting  thefe  cenfurable  paflagcs  ;  beJide 
which,  he  has  like  wife  curtailed  fome  of  the  didaiftic  parts ; 
iflJ,  he  apprehends,  that  the  reader,  who  confuki*  amufcmcnt 
If,  may  think  that  he  has  been  too  fcrupulous  in  the  excrcifc 
this  liberty.  He  mode(lly  adds,  *  whether  the  book  is  to 
read  in  this  country,  to  any  other  purpofe  than  that  of  mere 
lufefnent,  he  does  Jiot  picfume  to  judge/ — Allowing  it,  how- 
I  to  be  more  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  benefit  of  its  native 
d,  vk'c  will  venture  our  opinion  that  it  may  ferve  to  anfwer 
h  farther  and  better  purpofcs  than  mere  amufement,  in  our 

We  Will  not  fay  that  this  is  entirely  a  fauUlefs  work  \  but  we 
'arc  that  we  have  read  it  with  great  pleafure.  It  is  a  truly 
iorous  performance  j  the  Author  has  intermingled  diverting 
plleryand  Iheer  wit  with  many  judicious  rcfie6tions,and  a  great 
tel  of  good  fenfci  and,  at  the  fame  time,  he  difcovcrs  a  con- 
able  fliare  of  Icirning,  There  arc  a  few  inftances  in  which 
I  droMery,  ihougb  accommodated  to  the  particular  circum- 
nccs  and  fubjeA,  defccnds  too  much  into  the  low  and  vulgar 
fcain  ;  and  there  may,  in  others,  be  fome  inaccuracicb  and 
tele  inconliftencies*  Friar  Gerund^  for  example,  docs  not 
^ppcar  to  be  dellitute  of  a  genius  which  might  have  been  grc^tdy 
improved,  and  employed  to  advantage  in  his  profciEon,  tv^d  \t, 
*w  fallen  under  the  moA  ab/urd  and  pei verfc  ditctXiow  \  ^e^-* 


2^0  Tht  mjiory  of  Friar  Gerund  dc  Campa^as. 

on  fome  occafions,  he  is  prefented  to  us  as  xeally  a  donce^  and 
utterly  incapable  of  any  intelledual  improvemeoC.— Notwith- 
Aanding  obje£lions  of  this  fort,  the  cbaraSers  are  generally: 
well  fuftained,  and  the  work  is  carried  on  with  fuitable  fpinfi 
throughout.  And  this^  if  we  may  judge  by  our  own  feelings 
with  fuch  good  fuccefs,  as  to  leave  the  reader  wifliine  for  a 
third  volume,  attended  with  a  like  variety  of  circ^IQuance^ 
characters,  places  and  events,  which  might  fhew  us  poor  Gtn 
rund  gradually  reformed,  as  it  is  hinted  he  was,  and  become  a 
folid  and  ufeful  preacher.  ^ 

Before  we  take  a  more  particular  view  of  this  work,  we 
would  alfo  remark,  that  it  has  a  farther  degree  of  merit,  on  ac^ 
count  of  its  leading  us  into  fome  acquaintance  with  the  cuftoms 
that  prevail  among  the  common  and  middling  people  in  Spain  \ 
which  may  be  fcen  to  more  advantage  in  this  performance,  tbin 
in  the  general  relations  of  travellers,  who  have  but  flight  oppor* 
tunities  for  gaining  this  fort  or  knowledge.  Accordingly  Mr. 
Baretti  fays^  that  in  this  book,  the  manners  of  the  Spanifh 
friars,  and  the  Spanifli  vulgar,  are  difplayed  to  admiration. 

As  to  the  tranflation,  there  is  a  juft  allowance  to  be  made 
for. the  idiom  of  different  languages,  and  the  danger  there  iSf 
efpecially   in  works  of  humour,  left  the  fpirit  (hould  greatly 
evaporate,  or  be  wholly  loft,  by  attempting  to  infufe  it  into  an- 
other tongue  ;  yet,  .as  far  as  we  can  judge,  the  prefent  per- 
formance appears  to  have  been  executed  with  care,  and,  tn.i 
good  meafure  at  leaft,  to  maintain  the  fcnfc,  fpirit  and  drollery 
of  the  original ;  and,  where  the  idea  could  not  be  fo  fully  con- 
veyed in  our  language,  the  tranflator  has  fometimes  added  a 
note  to  illuftrate  the  expreffion.     This  he  has  likewife  done 
upon  other  occafions ;  and  had  his  notes  been  yet  more  frequent^ 
the  work  might  have  been  the  more  acceptable  to  the  mere 
£ngli(h  reader.     There  are  fome  phrafes  which  may  be  thought 
uncouth  and  difagrecable,  but  it  is  to  be  confidered  that  .the]^ 
are  fuch  as  are  appropriated  to  the  familiar  ftyle  of  writing  ^ 
and  poifibly  the  trandator  could  not  more  properly  convey  th^ 
Spanifli  fentiment,  and  manner,  than  by  thofe  peculiar  expref^ 
£ons  which  he  has  chofen. 

We  now  come  to  the  work  itfelf  j  premiGng,  however,  thai^^ 
Father  Ifla  profefles  not  to  point  out  any  one  particular  perfoir  -^ 
not  to  ridicule  any  religious  character  merely  as  fuch,  nor  an^^ 
Sentence  or  truth  of  fcripture,  nor  any  thing  clfc  that  is  pro--*' 
perly  or  really  efteemcd  as  facred,  even  by  the  Romifii  church^i^ 
Farther,  he  exprefles  his  hope,  that  as  the  hiftory  of  the  re^^ 
nowned  Don  Quixote  was  of  excellent  utility  for  giving  acheclc 
to  the  fpirit  of  kni^^ht-erranUyy  fo  the  hiftory  of  Friar  Gerund  de 
Campazas  may  be  equally  fortunate  *,  efpecially  fince  the  fubjefi 


The  lEJhry  of  Friar  Gerund  dc  CampazaJ.  T.^! 

to  which  it  is  dire&ed  is,  he  thinks,  of  a  higher  and  more 
important  nature. 

Our  hero  was  born  at  Campazas,  in  the  province  of  Cam- 
pos 4  his  father  was  Anthony  Zotes  *,  a  farmer,  in  tolerable 
circumftances,  and  confidered  as  the  '(quire  of  the  parifli.  He 
was  al(b  a  brother  of  many  religious  focietics,  to  whom  he  was 
vciy  charitable  and  hofpitable,  and  confequently  was  often  vi- 
£ted  by  reverend  fathers,  friars,  &c.  His  wife,  the  mother  of 
Gerund,  was  called  Catania ;  and  they  are  fometimes  diflin- 
gtiiflied  by  the  refpe£lful  terms.  Uncle  Anthony  and  Aunt  Ca- 
uola,  according  to  what  is,  wc  fuppofe,  a  cuftomary  man* 
ncr  or  fpeaking  in  Spain ;  as  it  is  in  feme  parts  of  England, 
amoog  ^e  country-people  s  and  as  Gaffer  and  Gammer  is  in 
ocbcrs. 

Soon  after  the  birth  of  their  fon,  who  makes  the  principal 
fignre  in  this  work,  a  difpute  arofe  about  the  name  he  ihould 
bear;  of  which  our  Author  gives  a  diverting  account :  but  the 
akercation  was  ended  by  Uncle  Anthony,  who  fuddenly  ex- 
claimed that  the  moft  flupendous  name  had  juft  ftruck  him,  that 
was  ever  given  to  man  born  of  a  woman,  and  which  (houid 
Aerefe^p  be  given  to  his  little  boy.     <  Gerund^  adds  he,  is  his 
aiame;   and  no  other  name  (Iiall  he  have,  though  the  hoiy 
Father  of  Rome  (hould  come  a  fuppliant  before  me,  and  befeech 
it  on  his  very  knees.'   Two  curious  reafons  are  ailigned  for  this : 
'  Firft  and  foremoft,  fays  he,  becaufe  Gerund  is  a  name  that  is 
fingular,  new,  and  puc-of  the-way,  and  that  is  what  I  wifh 
fac  my  (on :    Secondly,  Becaufe  1  remember  very  well,  that 
when  I  was  a  y?i/^/  with  the  Theatines  at  Villagarcia,  (for 
Anthony  had  in  his  youth  attained  to  the  fourth  clafs  of  his 
fehool  with  an   intention  of  taking  orders,)  I  once  took  fix 
places  in  my  clafs  for  a  Gnuvd^  and  it  is  my  laft  and  final  will 
10  make  the  memory  of  that  exploit  immortal  in  my  family.' 

Little  Gerry  was  in  a  few  years  Tent  to  the  fchool  of  Villa- 
<kriuie  to  learn  the  abfurdities  of  Mafter  Martin.  As  a  fpeci- 
Acn  of  the  profound  erudition  and  capacity  of  this  pedagogue, 
wc  (hall  felecl  the  following  particulars :  '  God  defend  me! 
%s  the  learned  preceptor,  are  not  words  the  images  of  our 
Ctinceptions  r — Can  any  thirg  be  more  impertinent  than,  fpcak- 
^gof  a  leg  of  beef,  to  write  it  with  an  /  as  fmall  as  if  1  was 
fpeaking  of  the  /eg  of  a  /ark;  or  when  treating  of  a  A/ountain 
to  make  ufe  of  fuch  a  little  fcoundrel  m  as  if  1  was  talking  of  a 
•oufc?  1  his  is  not  to  be  borne,  and  has  been  a  mcft  grofs 
9nd  fatal  inadvertency  in  all  who  hitherto  have  written.  A 
pleafant  thing  indeed,  or,  to  fpeak  properly,  mod  ridiculous, 
to  equal  Zaccheus  in  the  Z  with  Zebulon  and  with  Zurababel ! 

•  BluudcrtcsLd  or  /bt. 


^31  The  Hj/lmj  tf  Friar  Gerund  dc  CampiTit. 

The  firft,  it  is  plain  from  fcnpturc,  was  a  little  doy  fiellofrj: 
alxnoil  a  dwarf;  and  the  two  others  an^  perfoo  of  jodgmeiit 
conceives  to  be  at  leaft  as  great  and  coq>ulent  at  tbe  biggcft 
giant  on  tbe  day  of  Corpus  — Now  bebo!d,  let  zicchcus  and 
XtbuliK  go  forth  on  paper,  and  being  or  baring  been  fo  une- 
qual in  their  buik,  is  it  jufi,  is  it  rcafooable,  they  appear 
equal  in  the  writing  !* 

At  tbe  age  of  ten  years  Gerry  is  taken  from  this  f&mous  man 
and  put  uncer  the  care  of  a  D^mime  or  Latin- roafter,  if  we  may 
venture  to  ufe  the  term  ;  for  among  a  number  of  other  curious 
inisructions  uhlch  this  extraordinary  linguift  gives,  we  meet 
with  this  notalie  diredion  :  ^  Above  all,  I  charge  you  ftridiy 
that  you  never  call  me  or  any  other  teacher  by  the  vexy  vulgar 
niirxs  of  Dc£l:i^  M-ipfter^  Praceptzr, — What  littleness ! 
y^hzi  clowniCinefs  !  always  call  him  who  teaches  any  funiltr, 
A^\'ior:gui ;  for  though  it  is  certain  it  is  not  to  tbe  purpoK^ 
yet  he  who  knows  it  will  thank  you  for  it,  as  it  is  a  word 
which  prefents  a  m\flerious  and  extraordinary  idea.'  In  this 
sranner  docs  the  great  Zancas-largas  talk  to  his  fcholarSy  and 
equally  admirable  are  all  his  learned  lectures. 

Having  his  he:.d  crammed  with  irr. pertinencies  and  abfurdi* 
ties,  but  deftitute  of  the  folid  prirxiplcs  of  truth  and  learnings 
Gergnd  being  fittcen  \ie^r&  old,  is  entered  into  a  convent;  but, 
FiOt  before  he  has  received  t'rom  a  picus  and  worthy  Provincial 
fome  very  ferious,  difcreet,  and  fcr.lVole  admonitions  concern- 
ing the  way  of  life  he  was  about  to  embrace.  To  thefe,  how- 
ever, our  valiant  hero  (2oes  not  appear  to  have  paid  any  regard. 
According  to  his  eager  deiire  we  now  have  our  Friar  Gerund, 
fays  the  sutoor,  ^  fairly  in  the  field,  like  a  bull  in  the  liAs,  m 
novice  good  and  true  as  the  heft  of  them,  without  fuffering 
himfelf  to  be  outdone  either  in  the  punctual  performance  of  the 
exerci'.es  of  the  community,  as  he  was  very  attentive  to  his 
duty,  or  in  the  tricks  which  a  lay-brother  had  defcribed  to  him, 
when  he  could  execute  them  undetected;  for.  he  was  clever, 
cunning,  and  of  wonderful  dexterity  of  hand  and  lightne(s  of 
foot/ 

Under  Father  Toriblo,  a  man  ^ho  dealt  greatly  in  profef- 
fional  phrafes.  Gerund  received  ledures  in  logic,  without  any 
leal  edification ;  thougii  fome  grave  and  truly  reverend  Fathers, 
who  loved  hm  wc.l,  endeavoured  to  perfuade  him  to  dedicate 
lome  time  to  thefe  irudics,  as  otherwife  it  would  be  almoft  im- 
pofliMe  to  make  a  ftnnon  \vi:hout  hazarding  many  abfurdities 
and  herefics.  \Vc  mult  pjfs  over  fevcral  humorous  reflexions 
which  the  author  here  makes  upon  fcholaflic  learning  and  other 
fubjedst  and  haftcn  to  take  notice  of  a  particular  conneSion 
which  the  young  Fiiar  formed  at  the  convent,  and  which  contri- 
buted greatly  to  render  him  that  fiupendous  preacher  which  he 

afterwards 


Tbi  Hift^  of  Friar  Gerund  de  Campazas.  2313 

Afterwards  became.  Wefhallgiveanaccount  of  it  in  the  writer's 
words,  though  we  muft  be  obliged  to  abridge  the  defcription. 

*  It  happened,  that,  for  his  fins,  our  Gerund  was  favoured 
widithe  notice,  and  afterwards  with  the  intimacy  of  Friar  Bias 
a  Pndicador  Mayor  (greater  preacher)  of  the  convent ;  a  cox- 
comb of  about  the  fame  ftanding  with  the  lecturer,  but  of  very 
different  ideas,  tafle,  and  charaftcr.  This  Facher  Predicador 
Mayor  was  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  jufl  turned  of  three  and 
thirty;  tall,  robuft,  and  corpulent, — with  ftrait  neck  and  ered 
gaits-^his  habit  always  clean,  and  the  folds  long  and  regular  ; 
aneitfhoe,  and,  above  all,  his  Aiken  (kull-cap  adorned  with 
much  and  beautiful  needle- work, — all  the  happy  labour  of 
certiin  blefled  nuns,  who  were  dying  for  their  their  Predicador 
Mayor.  In  fhort,  he  was  a  mod  gallant  fpark  ;  and  adding 
to  all  this  a  clear  and  fonorous  voice,  fomething  of  a  lifp,  a  par- 
ticular grace  in  telling  a  ftory,  a  known  talent  at  mimickry, 
cafyand  free  a<tt ion,— bold nefs  of  thought,  without  ever  for- 
getting to  well-fprinkle  his  fermons  with  tales,  jelh,  proverbs 
and  fire-fide  phrafes,  moft  gracefully  brought  in,  he  not  only 
drew  multitudes  after  him,  but  bore  the  bell  in  all  converfation 
with  the  ladies.  He  was  one  of  thofe  polite  preachers  who  never 
cite  the  holy  fathers,  nor  even  the  facred  Evangelifts,  by  their 
froper  names,  thinking  that  this  is  vulgar.  St.  Matthew,  he 
t^^iThohiftorian  Angel \  St.  Mark,  'the  evangelic  Bull-,  St. 
lukf,  The  moft  divine  Brujh ;  St.  John,  The  Eagle  cf  Patmos  ; 
St  Jerom,  The  Purple  of  Belen\  St.  Ambrofe,  The  Homy- comb 
^DoSlors  ;  and  St.  Gregory,  the  Allegorical  Tiara. — But  to  rail 
putting  the  two  firft  fingers  of  his  right  hand,  with  a  foppifli  air, 
between  bis  neck  and  the  collar  of  his  habit,  as  if  to  cafe  his 
irfpinitiofi,  to  fail  making  a  couple  of  afFe6)ed  toiTes  of  the  head^ 
whilft  he  was  propofing  his  fubjedV, — to  be  moil  nicely  trim- 
incd  and  fpruced  up, — and  after  making,  pr  not  making,  his  pri- 
•V2te Ihort  ejaculation  as  foon  as  he  entered  the  pulpit, — to  caft 
ground,  him  a  haughty  glance,  heightened  with  a  little  frown, 
and  make  a  beginning  with,  **  Before  all  things  biejfed^  praifed^ 
llmrifiedbethi  holy  facramtnt^*  &c.  and  conclude  with,  ^^' In  the 
ff^itive  inflantaneous  being  of  his  natural  animation^* — No  ! 
The  reverend  Father  Predicador  Mayor  would  not  have  omit- 
M  a  tittle  of  all  thefe  things,  though  St.  Paul  himfelf  had 
ftrcnuoufly  maintained  that  they  were  all,  to  fay  the  leaft  of 
^fctnit  fo  many  evidences  of  his  not  having  a  grain  of  gravity, 
ndrop  of  devotion,  a  crumb  of  confciencc,  a  morfel  of  mar- 
'Ow,  or  a  pinch  of  penetration. — Yes,  perfuade  him  to  it  if 
you  could  !  When  he  faw  as  plain  as  the  nofe  in  your  face, 
^at  with  this  preliminary  apparatus  alone  he  drew  large  con- 
couifesy  gained  luud  itppUufes,  won  hearts  for  himfelf)  acvd 


a34  ^'  Hiiiory  of  Friar  Gerund  de  CampasUK* 

that  there  was  not  a  circle,  vifit,  or  party,  in  which  the  Jaft 
fermon  he  had  preached  did  not  become  the  topic. 

^  It  was  well  known  to  be  a  favourite  maxim  with  hioi  to  be^ 
gin  his  fermon  with  fome  jeft,  or  fome  proverb,  or  (bme  wine* 
houfe  witticifm,  or  fome  emphatic  or  divided  claufe,  which,  at 
firft  fighty  (hould  feem  blafphemy,  impiety,  or  madnefs ;  and, 
after  having  kept  the  audience  for  a  while  in  expedation,  be 
would  finim  the  claufe,  or  come  out  with  an  explanation, 
which  terminated  in  a  miferable  infipidity. — In  a  fermon  upon 
the  incarnation,  he  began  in  this  manner,  **  To  your  hgaUfs^ 
gentlemen  V*  And  as  all  the  audience  laughed  ready  tp  fplit  t^eir 
fides,  (for  he  faid  it  as  a  Merry  Andrew  would,)  he  added, 
**  1  here  is  nothing  to  laugh  at ;  for  to  your  healths,  and 
mine,  and  the  healths  of  all,  did  Jcfus  Chrift  come  down  from 
heaven,  and  was  incarnate  in  the  womb  of  the  Virgin  Mary* 
It  is  an  article  of  faith." — At  hearing  this  they  were  all  ftruck 
with  pleafing  furpiizc,  and  fuch  a  murmur  of  applaufe,  with 
complacent  noddings,  ran  round  the  church  as  wanted  but 
little  of  breaking  out  into  public  acclamation.' 

Many  other  particulars  have  we  concerning  this  PnJitadtr 
Mayor ^  his  conceits,  his  rules  for  preaching,  his  fermons,  and  the  . 
inftrudiions  he  gave  to  the  young  Friar.   From  the  account  juft 
tranfcribed  the  reader  may  conclude,  that  Qerund  was  likely  to 
profit  greatly  under  fuch  hopeful  tuition.     There  was,  we  art 
toldy  in  this  convent,  a  grave,  religious,  learned,  and  judidoui 
father,    who  was  called  Father  jEx- provincial ;    he,    among 
others,    pitied  the  deplorable  error  of  the  Predicador  Ma^or, 
and  charitably  undertook  to  correA  it.     He  propofes  to  r riar 
Bias  the  quelHon,  What  end  a  Chriftian  orator  ought  to  have 
in  view,  in   his  fermons  ?    The  Predicador  pertinently  repiie8« 
To  gratify  his  audience,  to  give  pleafure  to  all,  and  to  conci-  . 
liate  their  favour.     *  J,  at  leaft,  fays  he,  in  my  fermons  pro- 
pole  no  other  end  ; — and  truly  I  do  not  fucceed  ill,  for  there  is 
never  wanting  in  my  cell  a  pinch  of  good  fnuff,  or  a  cup  of 
rich  chocolate ;  there  are  two  changes  of  white  linen,  it  is  well 
provided  with  fiaflcs,  and  finally  my  little  drawer  is  never  withr 
out  a  few  doublons  for  a  cafe  of  ncceffity.*     The  pious  Ex- 
provincial  fcarccly  hears  the  difcourfe  without  tears :    rifing 
from  his  feat,  he  locks  his  cell,  and  talcing  Friar  Bias  by  the 
hand,  leads  him  into  his  (ludy,  fets  him  in  a  chair,  and  feating 
^imfelf  in  another  juft  by  him,  witli  that  authority  to  which  he. 
was  entitled  by  his  hoary  locks,  his  learning,  his  virtue,  his 
employments,  his  credit,  addreiTes  to  him  an  exhortation  which 
conftitutes  no  fhort  chapter  of  the  volume.     It  is  indeed  fenfiblc, 
pathetic  and  excellent,  of  which  however  we  can  give  only 
two  brief  quotations. — ^  In  fhoit,  fays  he,  Father  Pi^icador, 

the 


The  Hif^ory  cf  Friar  Gerund  de  Campazas.  235 

the  orator  is  no  other  than  the  man  dedicated  by  his  profc/lloii 
to  inltruct  other  men,  and  make  them  better  than  they  are. 
And,  let  me  afk  you.  Will  they  be  made  better  by  him^  who 
as  foon  as  he  fhews  himfelf  in  the  pulpit,  ihews,  too,  that  he 
is  as  much  fubjeded  as  the  vileft  of  his  hearers,  to  the  loweft 
pf  the  human  paffions  ?  Will  he  make  the  vain  and  proud  man 
humble,  who,  in  all  his  words  and  a£lions,  breathes  nothing 
but  vanity  and  prefumption  ?  Will  he  correal  the  diforder  of  ' 
profane  ornaments  and  cofmetics,  who  prefents  himfelf  in  the 
pulpic  as  a  beau  ?  Will  he  extirpate  the  paffion  of  avarice  from 
fhe  breads  of  others,  who  is  known  to  make  a  traffic  of  his 
niniftry,  who  preaches  for  intereft,  and  canvalTes  and  buftles 
for  fundiions  of  the  greatcft  pay  ?  Finally,  whom  will  he  per- 
fuade  that  we  ought  to  pleafe  God  alone,  who  confefTes,  that 
even  in  his  fermons  he  has  no  other  end  than  to  pleafe  men  ? 

Vtry  urgent,  very  fcrious  indeed,  is  the  concluiion  of  this 
difcourfe ;  fome,  perhaps,  may  think,  too  ferious,  if  confi- 
dercd  in  conne<5lion  with  other  parts  of  the  book ;  though  cer- 
tainly not  too  grave  for  the  fubje£l.  Part  of  it  is  in  thefe 
terms :  '  Therefore,  if  my  dear  Father  Predicador  has  any 
seal  for  the  falvation  of  the  fouls  which  Jefus  Chrift  redeemed 
l)y  his  mod  precious  blood,  if  his  own  folid  and  real  reputation 
licferves  any  regard,  I  conjure  him,— that  he  will  change  his 
condud :  Let  the  end  he  aims  at  in  his  fermons  be  more  noble^ 
more  Chrittian,  more  religious,  and  very  different  will  be  his 
difpofition ;  let  him  preach  Chrift  crucified,  and  not  preach 
himfeify  and  he  certainly  will  not  beftow  fo  much  pains  on  the 
iScdcd  adorning  of  his  perfon  ;  let  him  feek  no  other  intereft 
than  that  of  fouls, — and  I  am  confident  he  will  preach  in  an« 
other  manner ;  let  him  not  be  folicitous  for  applaufes,  but  con- 
verfionS;  and  he  may  be  afTured  that  he  will  not  only  procure 
the  converfions  he  is  anxious  for,  but  the  applaufes  alfo  for 
which  he  is  unanxious;  and  thefe  of  an  order  much  fuperiorto 
the  popular  and  vain  praifcs,  in  which  he  at  prefent  finds  io 
BSAV  charms.' 

The  good  father's  labour  was  lofl  upon  Friar  Bias,  who,  re- 
tiring to  his  young  friend  Gerund,  trcatfd  the  grave  Ex-pro- 
*incial  as  an  old  Grey-beard^  a  Mumpfimus^  Codger^  and  Antedilu^ 
ttfflij  and  he  determined  to  perfift  in  his  old  way.  He  admi- 
oiftered  the  fame  advice,  with  great  and  repeated  affiduity,  to 
Ccrund  Zotes;  whofc  pliable  and  Ample  mind,  already  too 
well  prepared,  yielded  cafily  to  his  inltruftions.  He  readily 
Earned  that  he  was  always  to  call  the  fta,  the  Salfuginous  Eh- 
*fltf ;  Aaron's  rod,  the  Aaronhjh  ivaud ;  the  decree  of  the  cre- 
ation, Futurixed  Adam  \  his  creation  itfelf,  the  Adamiti/h  foun- 
^'w;  .the  creation  of  all  creatures,  the  tiniverfal  Gj>ljice\  VAx^'^ 
^^m^  TwMJt/i/2g  nMurCi  and  an  ardcutl)  inftAOvc^  ^c(\tt^  iVe 


I 

I 

I 

I 


536 


Bolts'j  C^njid^raihm  on  InSa  Affmru 


ignited  wings  of  Appetite,  In  thefe  and  numberlcfs  other  folliti 
our  Friar  made  confiderable  attalnnicnls.  He  was  at  lengtll 
appointed  to  give  a  fpecimen  of  his  abilities  for  the  pulpit^  be- 
fore the  members  of  the  convent.  That  part  of  his  fcrmon 
Mrhich  is  iKrre  exhibited  to  public  view  is  curious  enough. 

Several  of  the  good  fathers  exert  thcmfelvcs  to  give  iheyounj 
preacher  a  difFerfnt  turn  5  and  among  the  reft  the  Father  Mailer 
Prudentio  takes  him  in  hand,  and  difcovers  much  knowledge 
and  good  fenfc  in  his  convcrfations  :  he  particularly  recom- 
mtnds  to  his  pupil  the  reading  the  fcrmons  of  the  beft  preachers, 
but  appears  to  have  been  very  unhappy  in  his  choice^  when, 
among  others,  he  particularly  diftinguiflics  thofc  of  Father 
Antonio  Vieyra;  with  or^c  of  whofe  difcourfes  the  reader  is 
prefcnied,  ftuiled  up  wlrh  popifll  talcs,  and  very  difagrceaWe  to  a 
proteftant ;  though  written  in  a  ftylc  and  manner  greatly  diffe- 
rent from  thofc  of  Friar  Bias,  and  poor  Gerunds 

We  fhall  ciofe  our  account  of  the  fir  ft  volume  with  obfer^** 
ing,  that  the  profane  exclamations  which  fometimes  occur  in 
the  convcrfations  here  related ,  will  be  difgufting  to  fevcral  of 
our  readers,  though  they  may  be  agreeable  to  the  Spanifli  modes 
of  conversation,  and  are  indeed  by  much  too  frequent  in  pro* 
tcftant  as  well  as  in  popifh  countries. 

[To  be  concluded  in  our  next^'\ 

'Art*  XIV,  Conftdtrathns  oa  India  Affairs  ;  p&rtiiularly  refpeBimg  the 
fftjmi  Sfott  of  Bengal  und  its  l){ptndenciei^  With  a  Map  ef  tht^fi 
CoMntrifs,  chitfiy Jram  a^usl  Sttr^tys^    By  William  Bolts,  Merchant, 

I  and  Aldennan,  or  Judge  of  the  Hon,  the  Mayor's  Court  of  Cal- 
cutta,    4to,     I z  s.  in  Boards.     Alnion,     1772. 

'T'HE  Eaft  India  Company  have  rifen,  from  very  (lender  be* 
^    ginnings,  to  a  ftate  of  the  highcft  importance  :  their  con* 
cerns,    fimple,    at   firft,    are    grown  extremely   complex,    and 
re  immenlely  extended*    They  are  no  longer  mere  traders,  and 
snfined  in  their  privileges  i    they  arc  fovercigns  over  fertile 
Land  populous  icrritories.     In  their  original  fiiiiation,  their  af- 
fairs required  little  addrefs  or  penetration  ;    in   their   prcfent 
jrandeur,  they  are  ohjedts  of  an  cmbar railing  and  difiicult  at- 
ention :  and,  as  they  are  directed  by  men   of  difcernment  and 
integrity,  or  by  men  of  narrow  capacity,  and  dtfpofed  to  gra- 
tify their  private  interefts  and  views,  ihey  may  be  produ<5ivc 
jf  confequences  in  the  highcll  degree,  falutary,  or  pernicious, 
to  this  count:  y* 

For  fome  time  pafJ,  in  the  opinion  of  our  Author,  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  bufmefs  of  tliis  Conipany  has  been  marked 
with  no  traces  of  integrity  or  public  fpirit.  The  ofHccrs,  whom 
ihey  had  cntruftcd  with  power*  pradlifcd  every  art,  however 
liA worthy  and  criminal,  by  which  ihey  might  enrich  themfelves* 

The 


BohsV  Confuhratkns  on  India  Jffairsm  237 

'  advintage  of  the  Company  was  not  only  negkfted  ;  but 
Ifvcn  common  htimanity,  and  the  moft  facred  and  inviolable 
lights  of  mankind  were  infringed,  and  made  the  fport  of  a  cruel 
^tyraany.  Nor  have  their  iniquitous  oppreffions  been  confined 
to  the  new  fubjc£ts  which  the  kingdom  has  acquired  in  Afia. 
The  Bntifli  emigrants,  who  had  gone  to  refide  there,  felt  no 
kfs  fcverely  the  perfecutions  of  defpotifm*  They  were  checked 
the  cxercife  of  an  honeft  induftry  ;  or^  if  they  had  arrived 
jit  wealth  and  independence,  thefe  bleffings  were  raviChed  from 
kfn  by  open  force,  or  by  the  arts  of  low  intrigue  or  policy, 
t  fctmed  that  they  had  braved  dangers,  and  wafled  their  healtfi 
1  their  time  in  thefe  inhofpitable  climates,  in  order  to  add  to 
He  power,  and  to  the  ftores,  of  a  lordly  nppreflor. 

In  Bengal,  and  its  provinces,  no  freedom  of  trade  is  per- 

nlt:cd  J  and  this  circumftance  can  alone,  it  is  thought,  render 

>fe  fettlcments  flourifhing,  and  of  importance  to  Great  Brt- 

^m.    Monopolies,  of  the  moft  deftruftivc  nature,  arc  known 

fimon  ;  and  the  courts  of  law,  which  flioulJ  vindicate 

^ils  of  the  injured,  are  perverted  to  tiie  parpofea  of  re- 

ngc  and  injuflicc.    In  tbefe  diftra»5ted  dominions  every  thing  is 

lolljlcto  the  governed:  individuals  are  neither  (ecure  in  their  per- 

Dt|  nor  in  their  property-    The  bonds  of  focicty  arc  loofcned^ 

0(1  the  adminiftration  of  power^  when  pufhed  to  extremity, 

Uuft  nccefTarily  lead  to  confufion  and  anarchy.     Men,  accuf- 

lomcJ  to  liberty  at  home,  will  not  ftonp  to  be  enllaved  abroad  ; 

and  the  natives,  it  is  natural  to  think  (and  as  our  Author  pro- 

hcfics)  will  find  an  aven2er  among  thcmfelves,  or  will  cnlift 

^er  the  banners  and  the  protection  of  more  favourable  mailers. 

Wc  arc   not  difpofed  to  affirm,  that  the  pi^ure  which  Mr. 

)Its  has  exhibited  of  the  affairs  of  India,  is^  in  every  rcfpe<S, 

•ft,  and  no  where  exaggerated ;  and  that  the  colours  he  has 

npbyed,  though  warm  and   glowing,  were  always  necefiary 

od  proper  for  the  fcencs  he  has  painted*    The  truth  may  fome*^ 

ne*  have  perhaps  inadvertenily  been  hurt  by  the  hont-ft  indig- 

»tion  with  which  he  fccms  to  have  beheld  the  infolence  and 

ftbc  encroachments  of  power  j  and  fome  allowance  muft,  doubt- 

Itfs,  be  made  for  the  refentment  he  feels  for  his  own  pergonal 

injuries. 

But,  allowing  thefe  exceptions  to  be  taken  in  their  fulleft 
,  lind  ftrongcft  fenfe,  it  muft,  notwithftanding,  be  acknowledged, 
Wat  the  government  of  the  affairs  of  the  Company  has  been 
ponducled  on  principles  which  point  diredily  at  the  deftrufliort 
Mour  Afiatic  trade  and  dominions;  and,  that  the  arrangements 
in  that  quarter  q(  the  globe  arc  highly  dcfeSive.  If,  in  fome 
P»nlcuLr  cafes,  his  candour  may  be  difputcd,  it  will  yet  be  dif- 
pcult,  we  conceive,  to  combat,  on  a  foil  J  foundation,  his  |?e- 
¥^n\  pofnions  and  conclufions }  and  we  cannot  but  agree  with 


23^  Bolts'i  CGnfiJeratlons  on  India  Affiairs. 

him,  in  opinion,  that  the  prefent  ruinous  condition  of  dur  fet- 
tlemems  in  India  ought  to  attradt  the  attention  of  the  legi- 
flature. 

The  Appendix,  which  he  has  given  in  illuflration  of  bis  Ctzti 
corroborates  and  fortifies  his  reafonings,  in  a  manner  fo  power-* 
ful,  that  no  man,  whofe  feelings  have  not  been  corrupted  by 
illiberal  exertions  of  power,  will  be  able  to  perufe  it  withouC 
giving  way  to  the  painful  emotions  of  aftoniihment^  indigna^ 
tion,  and  horror. 

The  part  of  his  performance  the  mod  detached  and  indepen* 
dant  regards  the  nature  and  dcfedls  of  the  conftitution  of  tbe 
£ngli(h  £aft  India  Company  ;  and,  on  this  account,  we  {hall 
extrad,  for  the  obfervation  of  our  Readers,  what  he  has  Vf 
marked  on  this  fubje£l. 

'  Of  all  political  tyrannies,  fays  oar  Author,  the  ariftocradc  ii 
word,  having  ever  been  found,  from  experience,  the  moft  pardil 
and  oppreflive.  And  of  all  ariflocracics,  perhaps  a  trading  one  ii 
Icail  endurable,  from  being  mofl  likely  to  abufe  power;  as  was  fie* 
quently  verified  in  ancient  times,  and  in  later  ages  has  been  pri&i- 
cally  exemplified  in  Venice  and  Genoa. 

'  The  Dutch  Eaft  India  Company  is  ariftocratic  in  its  executive | 
bat  then  it  is  the  fubjedt  of  a  democratic  trading-date,  which  has 
cflablifhed  fuch  effedual  checks  on  all  entrufted  operative  powers  m 
India,  as  ferve  fully  to  prevent  both  executive  oppref&on,  and  the  ra- 
pine of  individuals. 

*  The  Englifh  Eafl  India  Company  was  originally  intended  to  be 
a  merely  trading  community,  being  firft  inllituced  by  Queen  Elisa* 
beth's  charter  of  the  30th  December  1600,  exprefly  **  for  the  honoor 
of  the  nation,  the  increafe  of  navigation,  and  the  advancement  of 
trade  and  merchandize  within  the  Britifh  dominions ;  for  thi  iturtM^ 
rf  the  riches  of  tbe  people^  and  the  benefit  of  tbe  commonwealth^*  Attd 
indeed  this  Company,  by  its  conftitution,  is  as  unfit  to  exerdie  fo- 
vereign  authority,  as  by  the  conflitution  of  the  kingdom  it  moft  be 
unqualified  either  to  acquire  or  pofTefs  it. 

'  The  Company  are  inilitutionally  a  democratic  body,  the  fo^ 
preme  power,  even  over  the  management  of  their  commercial  con- 
cerns, being  placed,  at  large,  in  the  hands  of  all  proprietors  wko 
have  five  hundred  pounds  ftock :  and  fo  entirely  popular  is  the  go- 
vernment of  this  commercial  community,  that  any  nine  proprietort 
who  are  qualified  for  voting  at  their  meetings,  or  general  courti, 
can  at  any  time  require  and  procure  the  afiembling  of  the  wlkile 
body,  for  fpecified  bufinefs  ;  where  a  majority  of  the  members  arc 
entitled  to  demand  whatever  informations  or  infpeflions  they  pleafes 
to  regulate  dividends,  to  edablifh  bye-laws  and  refolutions,'  and  to 
order  their  being  carried  into  execution  by  their  fubftitutes,  tbe 
Twenty-four  Diredlors,  who  are  annually  chofen  ;  provided  fucb  ri- 
gulatiom  he  conformable  to  the  Company  s  charter ^  and  net  repugnant  ^ 
the  latus  of  the  kingdom, 

*  Such  is  the  conftitution  of  this  incorporated  community  ;.  wbi<^^ 
is  fuitable  to  the  nature  and  ends  of  its  inftitution,  being  the  es^' 
j>loyment  of  the  joint  ftock  in  commerce,  to  their  own  advaiua^^j 

4  »^ 


Bohs'i  Canfidtratkm  an  India  Afimrt*  235 

I  at  Ae  fiinic  time  to  the  benefit  of  the  ftate.  The  exclufive  right 
of  trade  granted  to  them  was  for  the  fake  of  encouraging  a  new  and 
importtnt  branch  of  commerce  that  might  prove  benelicial  to  the 
kingdom^  and  which  was  not  likely  perhaps,  at  that  tiine^  to  be 
property  undertaken  or  profecutcd  on  any  other  conditions :  and  this 
in  iiH  is  the  only  conftitutional  reafon  that  could  ever  be  advanced 
fo  aotKonzc  the  granting  of  fuch  cxcbfive  rights  by  charters.  While 
dlis  incorporated  body  of  merchants,  therefore,  were  profccuiing 
tJikde  in  purfuit  of  their  own  intercli,  they  were  likewife  to  be  con- 
sidered as  ading  in  trull  for  the  public,  under  the  protcflion,  io- 
fpe^ion,  and  controul  of  government ;  becaufe,  like  that  which  ii 
carried  on  between  Great  Britain  and  every  other  country,  the  com^ 
"  lercc  with  India  is  the  commerce  of  the  Hate, 

*  So  long  as  the  concerns  of  the  Company  continued  purely  com- 
merci&lt  and  while  in  India  they  were  fubjeft  to  the  controul  of  the 
jn.-?^-»n  -ovemmenis,  the  powers  they  were  entrullcd  with,  under  the 
a  2nd  protection  of  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  for  the  go* 

4  of  thofc  fettlements  which  they  were  authorized  to  cftabfifli 
I  fuch  remote  countries,  for  the  better  carrying  on  of  their  trade, 
"might  be  coniidered  as  fafe  and  requifite.     The  ftake  then  princi- 
pally hazarded  was  the  property  of  a  trading  community,  who  had 
no  other  views  or  expedacions  than  of  the  profits  arifmg  from  their 
commerce,  in  their  management  of  which  there  could  be  little  pre^ 
tcoce  for  government's  interfering:  though  it  mull  be  confc/Tcd  the 
power  which  the  Company  were  authorized  to  excrcife  in  India  was» 
even  foon  after  their  firft  cftabliihment,    too  frequently  abufed  by 
"Tofj  ads  of  injullice  and  opprclTton  ;  fuch  as  appear  to  have  been 
icceflivejy  continued  down,   with  great  increase,   to  the   prcfent 
;3)e9. 

*  But  the  drcumilances  of  this  Company  have,  within  a  few  years 
paft*  become  greatly  ditfcrent  from  what  they  were,  or  could  be  fore- 
seen, either  at  the  firft  grant,  or  on  any  renewal  of  their  charter^  By 
the  forces  of  the  Company^  to  conjunction  with  thofe  of  the.  king* 
^*in,  immenfe  territories  have  been  accjuired  in  India.    And  thotigli 

right  they  can  only  belong  to  the  rtate,  yet  hitherto  they  have 
been  wiih-hcld  by,  or  rather  have  been  farmed  to  the  Company, 
gether,  in  fa£t,  with  the  perfons  and  rights  of  their  numerous  inhabi- 
ntt|  fbr  a  ilipulated  annual  con  fide  rati  on:  fo  that  the  Company 
ow  poiTcfs  and  exercife  in  thofe  tcrritori<rs,  not  only  all  their  prior 
coimnercial  privilege?,  but  likewife  all  the  powers  of  deipotic  fove- 
frignty,  equally  over  their  fellow  European  fubjefts,  and  the  helplefs 
fobdued  Afiaucs ;  there  being  no  courts  of  juftice,  in  thole  coun- 
tries, that  are  effe^ual  for  the  due  prote^ion  of  cither, 

*  The  following  are  therefore  now  become  interelling  objedls  of 
Wnlidcration.  Whether  the  proteftion  and  government  of  fuch  ex- 
leniivc,  populous,  and  wealthy  provinces  as  may  be  faid  to  conlUtut« 

itea  empire,  and  the  management  and  appropriation  of  a  yearly 
:vcnue  of  fcvefal  millions  llerling,  can  wifely  or  fafely  be  intruftcd^ 
*>al  prefcnt,  without  adequate  checks  on  the  part  of  the  crown  and 
fcoplc,  to  the  care  of  a  fludluating,  democratic  community  of  traders ; 
cofftpofcd  not  only  of  the  native  fubjeirts  of  Great  Britain,  but  like- 
*jr*  of  aJieni  of  all  countfies  and  religions  I  And  fuch  oonfidera- 


Ui 


■'sow  I 


^4^  Bolts'x  Conftderaiiom  on  India  A^airu- 

tions  as  thcfc  are  the  more  neccfTary  at  prefent,  as  the  vpiy  dock  of 
this  Company,  with  all  the  powers  and  rights  annexed  to  it,  may^ ' 
in  effeft,  be  cngroflld  by  combining  proprietors.    From  what  wc 
have  feen,  it  may  even  be  apprehended,  that  one  maa  might  obtaia^ 
the  command  of  the  Company,  by  dint  of  wealth  perhaps  acqatred 
in  its  fcrvice  ;  and  by  a  dextrous  management  of  fplit  (lock,  among 
temporary  proprietors,  get  voted  in  his  own  favour,  whatibsver  he' 
pleafed.     Even  foreigners  may  combine,  and  by  engroffing  much 
(lock,  perhaps  influence  fuch  meafures  as  would  endanger  the  Afiatic 
territorial  pofTeilions,  and  therewith  the  India  trade  of  this  nation** 
At  a  critical  feafon  they  might  poflibly  be  made  inftraments  for  even 
^ifturbing  the  peace  of  Europe,  and  thereby  expofe  to  hazard  the 
future  power  and  welfare  of  this  kingdom. 

*  Whatever  view  we  take  of  the  conflitution  of  the  India  Conpany* 
to  whom  thofc  Indian  territories,  and  with  them  no  inconfideraUe' 
portion  of  the  national  influence  and  power  in  Europe  are  intmftedy 
It  muil  appear,  that  fuch  pofTeilions  are  of  too  mnch  confeqaence- 
to  be  abandoned  to  twenty- four  Direftors,  who,  it  may  be  rearedy 
are  on  many  accounts  but  ill  qualified  for  the  entire  managefflenc 
of  concerns  of  fuch  infinite  importance,  beine;  generally  eleded  bf 
the  combinations  and  intrigues  of  a  few  monied  men,  who  mar  be* 
adluated  by  no  better  motives  than  the  acquiiition  of  power  and  iiK 
flucnce  to  thcmfclves,  and  of  rapid  fortunes  to  their  families,  depen- 
dents and  creatures.  And  indeed  the  general  prevalency  of  the 
Houje-Lifts  of  candidates  at  elections  for  Directors,  and  of  Houfi-^tuf» 
tions  J  carried  by  the  Houfehold  Troops  ^  at  mod  of  the  General  Coarti* 
might  ferve  to  convince  us,  that  thofe  Minillers  of  the  Company* 
after  they  arc  fo  chofen,  become  in  reality  its  Maders ;  though  per* 
haps  en  fomc  occafions  they  may  afl  as  the  mere  tools  of  fuch  indi- 
viduals as  helped  to  exalt  them,  and  who  in  fo  doing  had  their  of^n 
dillinft  interefts  in  view. 

*  But  whether  the  Directors  aft  under  the  influence  of  others  or 
not,  when  we  confider  what  they  have  at  their  difpofal  both  in  Eng- 
land and  India  ;  where  there  is  fo  much  to  beflow,  and  conieqoently- 
fo  much  to  acquire  in  the  civil,  military,  and  maritime  departments;- 
fo  many  preferences  to  be  given  in  a  variety  of  employments,  and 
likcwife  in  almofl  all  kinds  of  dealings ;  where  the  whole  qaantity 
of  dock  is  fo  limited,  and  of  courfe  the  number  of  proprietors  qua- 
lified fbr  voting  fo  fmall ;  while  the  requifite  property  for  candidate- 
fliip  for  the  Direction  is  fo  inconfiderable,  in  comparifon  with  the 
many  advantages  that  may  be  reaped,  and  the  gratifications  that  can 
be  conferred ;  and  when  it  is  farther  confidered,  how  much  India 
ilock  ufually  belongs  to  foreigners  abroad,  to  women,  minors,  and 
fuch  prupriecors  as  are  not  qualified  for  voting  in  the  aflemblies  of 
the  Company;  when  we  conlidcr  all  thefe  circumftances  together,* 
the  proofs  daily  given  of  the  uildue  influence  poflTefled  by  thcDirec 
tors  over  the  general  body  of  voters,  can  excite  in  us  no  wonder. 

*  Thus,  though  in  conlHCution  the  Company  is  a  democracy,  it  is, 
from  corruption,  become  in  pradice  a  mere  oligarchy.  A  majority 
of  the  twenty -four  Diredlors  can  exercife  fuch  defpotic  powers  as 
operate  without  limit  both'in  Europe  and  Afia;  not  only  over  the 
pioperty  of  that  refpeftable  body  the  real  P&oPRifiroRs  (which 

ought 
I 


Bdts'j  Ccnfiieratiom  en  India  Affahrsi  241 

Ought  ever- to  be  diftinguilhed  from  the  cabals  of  the  avarrcious  and 
aniDittoiu)  bat  likewiie  over  the  fortunes  of  all  men  who  engage  in 
the  Company's  fervice.  And  this  power  they  no  lefs  exercife'  over 
the  people,  the  revenues,  the  internal  trade  and  external  commerce 
of  a  ^tty  coniidcrable  part  of  India,  than  over  what  they  for  fo  long, 
a  time  have  pofleiTed,  the  whole  trafiic  of  this  kingdom  with  the 
cafiern  quarter  of  the  globe. 

'  Vet  ereat  as  we  know  the  power  of  I)ire6lors  to  be  in  Europe, 
we  likewife  know,  that  there  have  been,  and  may  belisvc  there  ihll 
are  fuch  deipots  in  the  (ervice  of  the  Company  abroad,  as  dare  not 
only  CO  interpret  the  orders  of  their  employers  as  may  bell  ferve  their 
own  porpofes,  whether  in  the  citablifhment  of  fuch  monopolies  as  are 
grievoas  to  the  native  people,  injurious  to  trade  and  freedom,  and 
greatly  hurtful  to  the  Company;  but  even  peremptorily  to  difpuce 
their  moil  abfolute  injundions,  and  likevvilc  to  abufe  the  powers 
which  are  only  intrniled  to  them  for  good  purpofes,  by  grofs  per- 
veriions  of  juHice,  violations  of  law  and  eftablifhcd  cuflom,  arbitrary 
and  OQConftitutional  applications  of  military  force,  and  even  the  ex- 
eiciic  of  wanton  tyranny  for  the  worft  of  purpofes.   At  the  fame  time 
we  behold  the  impotency  of  power,  if  the  exprcifion  may  be  allov/cd 
«s,  or  the  force  of  what  is  worfc,  to  be  fuch  on  this  fide  of  the 
ocean,  that  not  one  delinquent  in  India  is  brought  to  juilice  in 
Eorope:  nor  do  we  bear  of  any  kind  of  redrefs  having  been  ever 
otherwife  than  reludlantly  granted,  by  Diredlors,  to  fuch  unhappy 
people  as  had  been  barbaroufly  trampled  on,  wantonly  perfecutcd> 
cnieily  ftripped,  exiled,  or  even  ruined ;  not  only  without  proved 
gailt  that  d[efer\'ed  puni(hment,  or  without  trial  of  any  kind,  but 
eren  without  fo  much  as  the  open  accufation  of  a  mifdemeanor ! 
While>  on  the  contrary,  we  have  feen  the  very  oppre/Tors  of  innocent 
men,  not  only  careffed,  but  even  afibciatcd  in  the  Direction  fjoii 
afier  their  arrival ;  while  uncommon  induilry  has  been  ufcd  to  HU'e 
accufations,  or  even  to  bear  down,  by  pov/er,  the  fufil'ring  complain- 
aou  of  injury  and  opprcfTion.     Inllanccs   of  condufl,  which   hive 
ierved  to  remind  the  generous  and  hu;n;inj,  of  the  pro-confular  ra- 
vages that  were  praflifcd  in  the  Roman  p:ovinces,  and  of  the  appli- 
cations that  were  afterwards  ini-frcciu;:!])'  made  either  for  juP.icc  or 
redrclft,  to  the  temporary  Dircdors  ci"  public  aJairs  in  Rjine,  the 
ieat  of  univerfal  empire;   during  tlic  Ia:l,  luxurlour-,  corrupt,  and 
rapaciooi  (lages  of  that  once  glorlcus,  but  then  dege:ierated  and  fink- 
ing commonwealth. 

*  Sinct  their  affuminT;  the  D^wanncc*,  the  views  confcquent  of 
conqucii  feem  to  have  fo  engroil'ijd  the  attt^iiMon  of  this  Company,  or 
rather  of  thofe  who  adl  for  thcni,  tha:  tiijy  appear  to  have  been  as 
rcgardiefs  of  the  true  commercial  intcrcib  of  the  kingJ.^m  as  ihcy 
hivc  fliewn  themfclves  inaticnilvj  to  acts  or*  juiticc,  on  complaints 
of  the  worft  abufes  of  pnwcr ;  for,  no:\vit!;ilanding  the  grea:  increafe 
of  their  dominion,  power,  and  inHurncif,  there  has  u'.-*:n  little,  if 
any  increafe  in  the  ules  ofBritiih  woollens  in  Hen?-;!.  The  Turkey 
trade  in  this  branch  is  known  to  h:ive  greatly  declined  ot'Liic  years, 

*  The  nature  of  this  olTice  our  Auihor  explains  in  another  part 
•f  his  work. 

Ki'v.  Mar.  z//^.  H  iiifoisvwiL 


2^2  BoltsV  Conftderatlons  on  India  Jffatrs. 

infomuch  that  the  clothiers  who  manufaflure  white  dotfa^  have  prm* 
cipally  depended  on  the  exportation  to  India,  and  are  qaite  at  a  ftand 
when  the  India  Company  fail  in  the  qyantity  ufually  ejqxMted  b^ 
them.  The  trade  in  broad-cloths  from  hence  to  India  is  all,  except 
in  the  mcercll  trifles,  flri6tly  prohibited  to  all  dependents  on  the 
£aft  India  Company,  from  the  general  practice,  which  indeed  it 
common  to  all  monopol^fts,  not  to  clog  markets  with  commodities, 
in  order  the  better  to  lupport  their  prices.  Neverthelefs,  wicfaout 
the  abilities  of  confummate  politicians,  or  even  the  knowledge  of  the 
mod  experienced  merchants,  fuch  regulations  might  be  made,  and 
fuch  undertakings  encouraged  as  would  foon  doable  the  fates  of 
broad- cloih,  and  the  other  woollen  manufadtures  of  this  kingdom  ia 
Bcitgal :  and  certainly  nothing  could  be  more  laudable  than  the  pur- 
fuitof  every  jull  meafure  that  could  be  invented  to  encourage  aad 
increafe  the  confumption  of  fuch  articles. 

*  With  refpefl  to  commerce  and  internal  trade,  which  are  the 
chief  fources  of  wealth  and  power  to  a  nation,  as  they  likewife  are 
of  profperity  to  individuals,  the  whole  of  both,  in  Beagal,  are  la 
efFefl  monopolies,  either  in  the  hands  of  the  Company  or  thofe  of 
its  fervants :  the  former,  from  being  the  only  merchant  or  comaier- 
cial  importer  and  exporter,  is  of  courfe  the  exclufive  buyer  and 
feller  from  or  to  Europe,  on  felf-prefcribed  conditions,  at  leaft  u 
far  as  regards  Britifh  commerce ;  and  likcwife  is  greatly  preicrip- 
tive,  in  ef!'c£l,  with  refped  to  the  reft.  The  advantages  of  one 
buyer  over  many  fellers,  and  of  one  feller  over  many  bnyert  it  no 
other  than  the  scquifition  of  a  doubly-monopolizing  power  over  the 
property  of  a  whole  people,  and  therefore  dangerous  alike  to  the 
\\elfarc  of  individuals  and  the  profperity  of  a  country  ;  but  of  cooHe 
inuft  prove  greatly  more  fo  when  united,  as  at  prtfcnt  in  Bengal^ 
with  unlimited  fovereignty. 

*  With  rcfpeft  to  the  latter,  we  mean  the  fervants  of  the  Com- 
pany, they  dircdiy  orindireftly  monopolize  whatever  branches  they 
pleafe  of  the  internal  trade  of  thofe  countries,  whether  of provifiont 
and  the  ncceflaries  of  life,  or  the  raw  materials  for  manutadoring: 
in  which  kinds  of  commodities,  without  full  freedom  of  dealings,  no 
country  can  ever  be  madc^  or  kept  profperous ;  nor  will  a  trading 
one  in  fuch  a  fituation  long  fubfift ;  as,  if  fpeedy  remedies  be  not 
applied,  the  Company  and  this  nation  muft,  and  will  very  (bon  ex- 
perience, in  the  fatal  efl'ecls  of  the  evils  refulting  fi-om  fuch  a  oon- 
dudt,  on  the*manufadures,  revenues,  and  the  trade  of  the  fabjrfled 
Bengal  provinces. 

*  Many  of  the  evils  under  which  Bengal  has  laboured  for  fome 
years  pall,  as  we  have  obicrved  in  another  place,  may  truly  be  fiud, 
in  a  great  meafure,  to  have  originated  in  Leadenhall-ftreet,  from  the 
ignorance,  or  worfe,  of  Diredors ;  from  the  continual  changes  and 
iiuduating  Hate  of  that  Court,  as  well  as  of  the  General  Court  of 
Proprietors;  and  for  want  of  a  permanent  fyftem  of  government 
adequate  to  the  altered  Hate  of  the  Company's  affairs  in  thofe  diilanc 
regions.  No  firongcr  proof  can  be  given  of  the  defeftivc  conftita- 
tion  of  this  Company,  or  of  the  incompetency  of  the  Courts  of  ]>!• 
rcdlors,  than  the  very  ncccllity  which  the  prcibnt  Court  have  thou^C 
i/jcjTjfchti  under  of  having  leviourre  to  the  expedient  of  fending  Su- 

6  ^ivUiart 


ConftJeratkns  on  Money ^  Bullion^  and  Exchanges:       243 

JiervUbrs  to  India ;  which,  after  all,  unlefs  a  fydem  be  adopted  very 
different  from  any  we  have  hitherto  feen,  will  mofl  probably  prove 
as  ineffeeilual  as  every  other  merely  temporary  expedient  has  done  in 
ladia  affairs,  or  any  others. 

'  The  temptations  to  and  the  opportunities  which  the  (ituation  of 
the  Company  have  afforded  of  late  years  for  the  fudilen  acqaifitioa 
of  wealdi  and  power,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  have  been  great 
and  nnmerous,  and  fuch  as  few  men  have  the  virtue  to  withftand ; 
while  they  have  ferved  to  ellablith  a  variety  of  incereds,  combating 
each  other,  among  all  ranks  of  perfons  interelted  in  the  fociety. 
dilUn£t  from  all  profpeds  of  advantage  from  the  joint  trade,  and  even 
often  repugnant  to  the  intcrcfts  of  the  nation.  While  fuch  continue 
to  be  the  fituation  and  government  of  the  Company,  it  will  be  con- 
trary to  reaibn,  the  nature  of  the  human  paflions,  and  indeed  of  all 
experience,  to  expedi  other  management,  or  other  confequences,  let 
whatever  fet  of  men  be  in  the  diredlion  of  their  affairs,  either  in 
England  or  India.  Upon  the  whole,  the  Company,  in  its  prefent 
iitnauon,  may  be  compared  to  a  (lupendous  edifice,  fuddenly  built 
.te  a  foundation  not  previoufly  well  examined  or  fecurcd,  inhabited 
by  moment^try  proprietors  and  governors,  divided  by  different  inte- 
refts  oppofed  to  each  other  ;  and  who.  while  or.e  fct  of  them  is  over- 
loading the  fuperdrodure,  another  is  undermining  its  foundations.' 

It  is  not  improper  for  us  to  obfervc,  that  the  Author  of  the 
work  before  us  was,  during;  many  years,*  in  the  fcrvicc  *  of 
the  Eaft  India  Company  ;  and,  that  he  ncceflarily  had  the  beft 
opportunities  of  being  well  informed  on  the  fubjecl  in  which  he 
treats.  In  regard  to  his  literary  merit,  it  may  be  fufficient  to 
lemark,  that  he  is  almoft  every  where  perfpicuous,  2>tnd  that  he 
does  not  aim  at  the  graces  and  ornaments  of  compofition.  He 
writes  as  an  EngliQi  merchant,  and  not  as  a  man  of  letters. 

Art.  XV,    CenfiJerathns  on  Mor.cy,   Bullion^  and  foreign  Exchanges  \ 
heimg  an  Enquiry  into  the  prefent  State  of  the  Britijh  Coinage^  far^ 
ticmlarly 'with  regard  to  the  Scarcity  of  Silver^  &c.      8vo.     2  s.  6d. 
lewed.     L.  Davis.     177^- 
npHE   Author  of  thcfc  Conftderatiom  has  treated  the  fubjefls 
•*"    above- mentioned  with  great  ability  and  judgment.     He 
enters,  with  difccrnment  and  accuracy,  into  the  difcuffion  of 
fcveral  curious  and  intcrcfting  queftions ;  and  ba<«  taken  great 
pains  in  colledling  and  applying  a  variety  of  pertinent  and  ufe  • 
'fill  fafts.     There  are  two  leading  qucftions,  that  ofR-r  them- 
selves to  confidcraiion,  on  the  article  of  Coinage^  in  which  the 
public  are  generally  intcrcfied,  and  with  lefpedt  to  which  there 
are  none,  who  thinlc  at  all  on  this  fubjed),  that  do  not  wifh  for 
information.      The  firft    regards   the   fcarcity  of  the   current 
coin,  and  the  fi>»irceof  this  evil,  \'o  univcrfdlly  lamented.     The 

•  In  which  he  acquired  a  fortune  j  bat  of  this  fonui\c,  01  ^^on- 
Cderable  parr  of  1:,  he  hfiS  been,  according  10  hh  re^cAvtd  c^m- 
pldJ/its,  injutiouSy  and  tynniiicully  deprived  by  the  Cova^^^'^" 

R  2  fecgiA 


244-         Confieleratiom  on  Monej^  BulKfft^  and  Exchanges* 

fecond  propofes  a  fcafonable  and  fufficient  remedy.  TTie  faA 
itfclf  is  unqucftionable ;  every  day's  experience  abundantly  at- 
tcfts  \tj  and  thofe  who  are  mod  concerned  in  the  circulation  of 
money,  are  moft  fcnfible  of  its  truth.  Nor  is  this  an  evil 
which  only  aiFe<Sts  inferior  tradefmen  ;  it  likewife  extends  its 
very  baneful  influence  to  our  manufa£lurers,  and  to  all  the 
lower  cJalTos  of  pc-ople.  We  need  not  reprcfent,  for  they  arc 
well  known, — nor  is  there  room  to  aggravate,  becaufe  they  arc 
too  numerous  and  hurtful, — the  inconveniences  and  injuries 
which  aie  to  be  attributed  to  this  caufe. 

In  tracing  out  the  fource  of  this  evil,  we  are  at  firft  ready  to 
fufpe«5l,  that  there  muft  be  a  deficiency  of  coinage  anfwerableto 
the  neccilary  demands  of  the  public.  But  this  does  not  appear 
to  be  the  cafe.  Though  the  coinage  of  gold  and  fiiver  is  at- 
tended with  very  confiderable  lofs,  both  to  the  government  and 
the  public,  it  is  a  certain  fa«S,  *  that  more  gold  has  been  coin- 
ed within  thcfe  laft  lo  years  (except  in  the  reign  of  King  JVtl" 
liain)  than  in  any  equal  number  of  years  in  our  Englifh  hifiory; 
yet  wc  do  not  find  any  incrcafed  quantity  of  gold  coin  in  circu- 
iaiic.n  ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  la>iiented,  that  there  never  was 
known  Icfs  than  at  prcfcnt.'  The  coinage  of  filver  has  been 
mo.e  difadvantageous,  and  therefore  much  lefs  confiderable* 
Our  Author  has  given  a  table  of  the  quantity  of  gold  and  filvcr 
coined  for  30  years,  from  1741  to  1770;  from  which  it  ap- 
pears, ^  that  there  has  been  coined  in  10  years,  from  the  nth 
January  1759  to  the  nth  January  1769,  192,3561b.  wt.  90Z. 
iidwt.  17  gr.  of  gold  J  and,  ftcrling  value  of  the  gold  being 
3I.  17  s.  lofd.  per  ounce,  this  amounts  in  currency  to 
8,500, occ  1.  ftcrling,  and  upwards.'  *  But  this  vaft  coinage,  he 
obferv'os,  has  been  carried  on  only  for  the  benefit  of  merchints^ 
who  h;ive  exported  it  in  preference  to  bullion,  in  the  payment 
of  babnces,  becaufe  they  can  export  it  at  upwards  of^  2f  per 
cent,  greater  profit,  Thirefcrc  an  expence  of  70,000 K  fuf- 
tained  by  government,  and  21  ^,500  I.  lofs  fuftained  by  thebank> 
&c.  (ac  thcfe  fums  he  ellimates  the  feveral  charges  attending 
the  above  coinage)  has  been  only  furnifliing  means  fOr  thefe 
merchants  to  carry  on  their  ille^^al  trade*  The  reafon  is  plain, 
as  our  ingenious  Authcir  has  ilatcd  it  :  ^  if  the  ftandard  coin  is 
in  any  confiderable  degree  of  fno>e  value  as  bullion  than  as 
coin,  r.i>  l*ivvs,  however  fevere,  can  prevent  its  being  melted 
,  down  and  cxpnrted  in  prtfurtnce  to  bullion;  confequcntly^  in 
time,  there  muft  bocoiii::  a  great  fcarcity,  which  is  the  cafe  at 
;  preilnt  vvitli  icjaru  to  the  cjIji  o(  thi-s  n^nion,  efpecially  of  our 
,  filver  coin  of  full  v.t';;!u.'  'J^hat  this  is  really  the  cafe,  is 
— clettt*  frt)m  the  following  calculiition  :  *  Standard  of  gold,  22 
•  carrats  of  fine  jold  ;  tv^o  ditto  of  all.jv:  remedy,  the  fixth  part 
0/'  a  c^rrat.     The  value  oi  \v\e  v^v\uvi  >«^\^v.  ^t  ^^W^  when 


Cmifidirations  on  Money^  BulUm^  and  Exchanges.        24  J 

teincd,  18461.  148.  6cl.  the  mint  price,  or  3  1.  17s.  lo^-d. 
per  OS.  Prefent  price  of  ftaiidard  gold,  as  bullion,  is  3  I.  19  s. 
6d«  peroz;  or  4I.  if  calculated  at  the  former  price  the  prefent 
pound  weight  is  worth  4.7  L  14  s.  the  current  price  of  gold 
bullion  at  market.  Therefore  there  is  a  lofs  upon  the  coinage  of 
gold,  taken  at  *the  lowed  price  of  bullion,  at  prefent,  of  19  s. 
6d.    per    pound   weight,    which   is  upwards  of   2    per   cenr. 

•  Standard  of  filver,  11  ounces,  two  pennyweight,  of  fine  fil- 
Ter;  18  ditto  of  allay  :  remedy,  two  pennyweight  in  the  pound 
weight  Troy.  The  value  of  the  pound  weight  of  fiiver,  when 
coined,  is  3  I.  2S.  the  mint  price,  or  5s.  2d.  per  ounce.  Pre« 
feat  price  of  fterling  filver  bullion  is,  from  5  s.  5  d.  to  5  s.  6d. 
per  oz.:  if  calculated  at  5  s.  5  d.  the  pound  weight  is  worth 
3 1.  5  s.  the  current  price  of  filver  bullion  at  mzirket,  or  5  s  5  d. 
peroz.  Therefore  there  is  a  lofs  upon  the  coinage  of  filver, 
taken  at  the  loweft  price  of  bullion,  at  prefent,  of  3  s.  per 
pound  weight,  which  is  5  per  cent.' 

From  thefe  principles  the  Author  deduces  the  following 
obfervations :  ^  That  the  gold  coin  in  currency  is  valued  at 
15  to  I,  in  refpeS  to  filver;  but  the  value  of  the  gold  bullion 
in  refpedl  to  the  filver  bullion,  compared  with  their  r^'(p;.'6iive. 
prices  at  market,  is  as  14!  to  i.  And  therefore  the  gold  coins 
pafs  for  more  than  they  qm^x.  by  upwards  of  3  per  cent,  coni- 
pared  with  the  prefent  prices  of  the  bullion  of  each  metal  at 
the  London  market.  If  (on  the  contrary)  the  intrinfic  value 
of  our  gold  coins  were  greater  than  our  filver  monev,  in  pro-  ^ 
portion  to  currency,  melters  and  exporters  would  prefer  thcrn 
to  filver;  but,  in  the  prefent  cafe,  the  filver  will  be  more. 
eagerly  fought  after  than  the  gold  coins.  And  this  circum- 
stance naturally  accounts  for  the  greater  fcarcify  of  the  former, 
than  of  the  latter.  For  inftance,  a  good  flandard  crown  piece 
of  filver,  weighing  nearly  an  ounce,  pallcs  for  no  more  as  cur- 
rency than  five  {hillings  ;  but  when  melted  down,  or  exported, 
will  fell  as  bullion  for  five  {hillings  and  three  pence ;  and  fo 
in  proportion  the  reft  of  the  good  filver  coins,  tiut  is,  five  per 
cent,  above  currency.  No  preventive  laws  can  put  a  (lop  t  ^ 
fo  lucrative  a  trzde,  while  filver  money,  equal  to  liandard,  can 
be  procured. — Trade  muft  be  carried  on  entirely  by  worn,  dipt, 
counterfeit  or  dcbafed  coins.  And  this  grievance  v/oulJ  con- 
tinue, without  hopes  of  a  fre(h  fupply  of  good  mon'.y,  uniefs 
fome  regulations  were  made  to  reduce  bullion  to  mint-price. 
If  government  fhould  think  proper  to  be  at  the  ex  pence  of 
continually  coining  new  money,  equal  to  the  prefent  ftandard, 
for  the  exigences  of  trade,  yet,  while  bullion  cont-nucs  0  l^c 
lb  much  above  mint-price,  this  meafure  would  be  lar  from  re- 
incdyiog  the  evil.' 

K  3  TYif^ 


24&'      Conftdirations  en  Mont/y  BuUlm^  and  Exchang4U 

The  Author  purfues  the  fubje£l,  in  the  fequel  of  bis  Work, 
and  colleds  together  feveral  additional  circumftanccs,:  that  acr 
count  for  the  prefent  fcarcity  of  coin*    ^Suppofing  no.  inconve*- 
nience  to  arife  from  the  balance  of  trade,  but  that  this  wai 
greatly  in  our  favour,  <  there  are  other  circumfiances  that  pre- 
vent the  bullion  brought  hither  by  that  means  from  flaying 
with  us;  viz.  Remittances  abroad,  on  account  of  foreign  wars; 
and  even  in  times  of  peace,  fince  foreigners  have  lodged  mucH 
money  in  our  funds ;  the  annual  payment  we  make  to  them  on 
this  laft  account,  is  eftimated  at  about  one  million*  and  a  half 
flerling ;  at^d  is  fo  much  annual  drawback  irom  the  increafed 
bullion  arifing  from  trade.— 'The  increafed  riches  and  luxury 
-  of  individuals  require  more  plate  in  their  houfes  than  fonn^ly. 
— And  again,  the  gold  and  filver  made  ufe  of  in  gilding  an4 
waOiing,  in  our  various  manufa6lures,  is  anabfoluce  confump« 
tion,  or  annihilation  of  bullion  ;  and  this  appears  to  be  an  ob« 
je£t  deferving  confideration  in  this  place.     I  have  been  a{riire4 
by  an  eminent  manufacturer  at  Birmingham,  that  that  town 
ufes,    in  the  gilding  and  waihing  of  buttons,  &c«    gold  and 
Silver  bullion  tq  the  amount  of  fifty  thoufand  pounds  fterltng 
per  ann.  and  upwards.  *  We  may  therefore  reafonably  fuppofe, 
that  the  (;pnfumption  of  bullion,  by  fuch  means,  throughout 
all  the  pianufa&ories  carried  on  in  (jreat  Britain,  is  very  great. 
Though  this  is  fo  much  confumption  of  bullion,  'yet  it  is  not 
fo  much  lofs  to  the  nation,  as  great  part  of  thofe  button^,  &c. 
are  exported  abroad,  and  confequently  occafion  frefh  bullion 
to  be  brought  hither.     When  all  thefe  vaft  demands  for  bullion 
are  confidered,    it  is  rather  furprifmg  that  we  do  not  feel  a 
gnater  fcarcity  tiitrcof^  than  that  there  is  not  z  greater  plenty  \ 
and  I  think  it  proves,  that  the  balance  of  merely  our  trade  with 
foreign  nations  muft  be  greater  than  pioft  calculators  have 
|»ade  it.' 

How  to  remedy  thi^  evil,  is  the  moft  material  and  much  the 
mod  difficult  queftion.  The  proximate  caufe  is  the  high  price 
of  bullion,  compared  with  the  mint-price ;  but  the  nrafons  of 
this  difference  are  not  fo  eafily  afcertained.  To  invefligate 
thefe,  opens  a  very  large  field  of  enquiry  on  this  fubjed ;  nor 
can  the  enquiry  be  purfued  without  great  fkill  and  caution* 
Klany  fchemes  have  been  propofed  for  reftoring  and  preferving 
an  equality  in  this  refpccV  ;  which,  however  plaufible  they  may 
have  appeared  at  firfl,  and  likely  to  anfwer  the  defired  purpofe^ 
^aye  been  produ<9iye  of  no  verv  confiderable  or  laiHng  adyao* 
tage.  Mr.  LojvndeSf  who  was  iecretary  to  the  treafury  in.  the 
reign  of  King  William^  propofed  to  increafc  the  current  valueof 
our  money,  in  order  to  make  it  correfpond  with  the  price  of  bul^ 
|ion  for  the  time  being  \  Mr.  Locke  eppofed  this  propofitimi  i 


C§nfidersii§ns  on  Moneys  Bullion^  and  Exchangis.        247 

and  endeavoured  to  prove,  that  the  ftandard  of  money  (hould 
not  be  violated  or  altered  on  any  pretence  whatever ;  and  his 
arguments  prevailed.  Mr,  Harris^  a  late  officer  in  the  mint, 
publilhed  an  EJfay  upon  Money  and  Coins ^  in  which  he  adopts  arid 
confirms  the  opinion  of  Mr,  Locke.  Our  ingenious  Author 
examines  the  leading  principles  of  each  of  thefc  writers  j  and 
though  he  does  not  entirely  agree  with  either  of  them,  ho 
ntther  inclines  to  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Lowndes^  under  fome  re- 
firidions  and  amendments. 

Having  traced  the  fubjeft  through  its  mazes,    with  great 
judgment  and  labour,  he  leaves  it  with  the  public  to  determine, 
what  is  the  caufe  of  the  prefent  high  price  of  bullion.     The  fub* 
ftince  of  his  whole  enquiry  (he  obfcrves)  may  be  comprifcd  in 
thcfe  two  queftions  :  *  Is  it  owing  to  the  bad  ftate  of  our  pre- 
fent current  money  ?    All  we  have  to  do  is  to  amend  it  by  a 
new  coinage  on  the  old  ftandard  ;  and  we  ought  not  to  hefitate 
«  moment  to  carry  the  meafure  into  execution ;  for  the  national 
expence  attending  it  would  be  very  inadequate  to  the  national 
benefit,  as  well  as  convenience.     But  if  the  prefent  high  price 
of  bullion  (hould  appear  to  be  owing  to  the  prices  of  exchanges 
between  this^country  and  foreign  nations  having  rifcn  to  our 
prejudice  of  late  years,  compared  with  former  times,  and  that 
thi*  rife  of  exchanges  is  occadpned  by  the  annual  balance  fent 
hitbtr  bein^  lefe  than  formerly^  which  is  my  prefent  opinion ;  and 
it  alfo  appears  to  me,  that,  provided  there  is  one  million  fter- 
J'og  annually  remuted  to  foreigners,  on  account  of  intercft  of 
money  they  have  lodged  in  our  funds,  though,  I  believe,  it  is 
ufually  eftimated  at  one  million  and  an  half:    this  deficiency  of 
balance  proceeds  principally   from   that   circumftancc,    rather 
than  from  the  declenfion  of  our  a^ual  trade.    If  the  high  price 
of  bullion  be  owing  to  a  deficiency  of  balance,  I  offer  the  above 
propofition  for  diminifhing  the  ftandard  of  both  gold  and  filvcr 
coin  fo  much  as  to  make  them  correfpond  with  the  price  of 
bullion  on  the  average  of  thefe  laft  fifty  years,  and  to  make 
them  correfpond  with  each  other  in  intrinfic  value,  as  the  only 
eiieciual  method  of  fupplying  this  country  with  a  fufliciency  of 
current  money  for  any  length  of  time ;  hoping  the  public  will 
take  it  under  confideration,  how  far  the  mcaiurc  may  at  pre- 
fent be  expedient.' 

.  The  Author  modeftly  concludes,  *  afer  having  endeavoured 
to  ftate  the  fcvcral  opinions  and  reafonin^s  on  all  fides  with 
candour  and  pcrfpicuity,  and  ventured  (o  give  my  reafuns  for 
altering  the  ftandard  of  both  our  filver  and  p;o!d  coins  at  prefent, 
as  a  proper  mode  of  relief  from  the  inconveniences  arifing  from 
the  prefent  fcarcity  of  fpecie  ;  I  leave  to  others  more  nicely  to 
examine,  and  to  determine,  how  far  my  ar|^amcnts  m^v  b« 
deemed  conduJivc;  perhaps  wc  may  difter  about  ihc  iiv«%i^«  ol 

R  4,  wAw 


%^i         Hill  again/I  the  Ufe  of  violent  Medicines  in  Feversl 

redrefs,   yet  in  this  we  fhall  all  agree,  that  fcmething  howevif 
Jbould  be  done* 

We  Qiall  pnly  remark,  on  the  whole,  that  this  cflay  con-  ^ 
tains  many  fenfible  :ind  ufeful  obfervations ;  that  the  Author 
has  urged  feveral  objeSions,  worthy  of  notice,  againft  the 
prefent  mode  of  coinage,  and  obviatea  many  of  the  diflicultiesy 
which  had  been  raifcd  againft  any  alteration  in  the  prefent 
^ftandard.  But  as  this  effay  fcems  to  be  only  a  part  of  the  Wri- 
ter's plan,  we  fhall  fufpend  pur  jqdgment,  and  conclude  with 
intimating  our  opinion,  that  his  farther  thoughts  on  this  fub- 
je6l  will  not  be  unacceptable,  or  unufeful,  to  the  public. 

AtiT  XVI.  Cautions  againft  the  Ufe  of  'violent  MidUines  in  Fenftrs: 

•    and  Inftances  of  the  Virtue  of  Petafite  Root,  t^c.     By  J.  Hill,  M.  D. 

Member  of  the  Imperial  Academy.     8vo.     6d,     Dilly.     1771. 

ON  the  late  general  alarm  of  the  plague's  raging  in  fomc 
parts  of  Europe,  and  threatening  to  make  its  approaches 
to  this   ifland,   the   Do6tor,    Good    Man  !    duly   confidering 
our  dangerous  and  d(Mcncclers  fituation,  with  only  a  few  regw 
iars  at  hand  to  meet  the  dreaded  invader,  was  indiiced  to  make 
a  general  muftcr  of  the  vegetable  national  militia j  and  to  draw 
put  from  thence  fuch  of  the  corps  as  were  found  beft  qualified 
\o  rejcl  his  attacks. — But  leaving  our  metaphor  before  it  be- 
comes troublefome,  we  fhall  proceed  in  fober  phrafe  to  obferve 
that  the  powers  recorded  in  old  herbais,  and  difpenfatories,  of 
the  "herb  Petafttes^  or  Butterburr, — or  rather,  perhaps,  its  ap- 
pofite  and  figniiicant  vulgar  appellations  of  Pe/Jilence-Vfort^  and 
Fever-root^  induced  him  to  bring  it  forth  (to  ufe  his  own  pe- 
culiar cant)  as  ^.7he  one  Medicine,  on  which  there  feemed 
a  hope  of  rational  dependence.'     Impelled  by  thefe  cogent  rca- 
fons,  he  firft  tried  its  powers  upon  himfelf ;  and  finding  that  it 
neither  did  him   good   or   harm,  he  boldly  prcfcribed  it^  with 
the  like  happy  event,  to  others ;  on  whom,  as  far  as  appears  to 
us  from  this  pamphlet,  its  effects  were  fuch  as  might  have  been 
cxpedievi  from  the  adminiftration  of  an  equal  dofe  of  poivder  rf 
pzfl.     Being  now  from  hence  fully  convinced  of  its  unparalleled 
and   fpecific  efficacy   in  the  cure  of  a  fever,  he  here  recom- 
mends to-the  public  a  dependence  upon  it,  to  the  almoft  total 
neg'ecl  and  exclufion  of  every  rational  indication  of  cure  in  that 
difordcr  ;  and  relates  eleven  Angular  hiflories,  with  a  view  to 
convince  the  moft  incredulous,  of  its  virtues.     We  fliall  faith- 
fully give  the  fubftance  of  the  three  firft  cafes,  as  they  occur  in 
t}lis  ()ublication. 

A  flrong  labouring  man  laid  a  wager,  won  it,  got  drunk 
with  his  winnings,  and  was  put  10  bed.  He  was  affii£icd,  we 
arc  told,  with  a  violent  headach,  and  was  befidcs  both  hot  and 
tbhtty.     He  was  plied  v;aV\  t^utusi-V^^v— r^tv4  vtithe  fpaceof 


Hill  againfl  tht  Ufi  ifvioUnt  MiJUitus  in  Fevers.  .     ^49 

14  hours  all  the  febrile  fymptoms  vanifhed ;  fo  that  he  loft  only 
I  day's  work.  The  following  cafe  is  a  companion  of  the  for« 
mer,  but  proceeded  from  a  more  complicated  caufc.  A  worthy 
tradeTman  was  brought  home  from  a  city-feaft,  gorged  with 
venifon,  and  with  his  (kin  full  of  claret. — The  fymptoms  the 
iane  as  in  the  former  cafe.  He  was  kept  low,  and  drenched 
vith  baum  and  petafite-tea.  In  three  days  the  fubjed  of  this 
rare  anJ  deplorable  hiltory  was  in  a  condition  to  tuck  a  napkin, 
and  attack  a  frefli  haunch.  The  cure  recorded  in  the  next  cafe 
was  not  more  adonithing,  but  more  fpeedy.  A  gentleman  was 
thrown  into  a  violent  paflion  by  his  fervant,  and  beat  him  till 
be  was  obliged  to  difcontinue  the  exercife  through  mere  weari- 
ncfs.  The  fymptoms  were  as  follow:  He  waxed  hot,  his 
face  was  flu (hed,  his  pulfe  quickened,  and  his  tongue,  which  we 
may  fuppofe  bore  feme  (hare  in  the  difcipline,  becanie  dry.  He 
went  to  bed,  where  he  drank  a  quart  of  this  divine  beverage, 
fel)  aflecp,  and  awoke  in  the  morning  as  C90I  as  if  nothing  had 
happened.  In  the  ninth  cafe,  the  Author  feems  to  us  diftantly 
to  infinuatc  that  Pctafite  is  likcwife  a  damper  of  religious  en- 
thufiarni.  A  good  Lady,  thrown  into  diforders  both  of  mind 
and  body,  by  an  early  attendance  at  a  chapel,  ^  where  there 
was  a  favourite  preacher  of  a  peculiar  turn,'  was  not  only  re- 
lieved by  it  of  her  bodily  complaints ;  but,  we  are  told,  that 
*  thousih  (he  is  now  full  as  pious,  (he  is  lefs  outrageoufly  en- 
tbufiaftic'  than  before  I 

There  is  a  particular  kind  of  experimental  enquiry,  the  drift 
of  which  is  a-kin  to  that  of  the  0pm  magnum^  and  to  which  the 
ingenious  and  knowing  Author  feldom  fails-  to  fubjed  thofe 
fihtifli  lierbs  which  he  recommends  to  the  public ;  and  that  is, 
whether  the  faid  vegetables  may  not  be  poflefTed  of  the  faculty 
of  rendering  their  patron's  exiftencc  fomcwhat  more  comfortable, 
by  their  capability  of  being  iraufmuted  into  fome  of  the  nobler 
metals.  The  public  papers  have  lately  informed  us,  that  the 
powers  of  the  butterburr  in  tWs  rcfpedt  are  now  put  to  the  teft, 
under  the  dirediion  of  this  great  alchemift,  by  MefTrs.  £.  and  C. 
Dilly,  and  R.  Baldwin  ^  who  propofe  to  tranfmuU  fix  papers  of 
thi»  hitherto  nc;gle6tcd  root,  gathered  *  from  the  right  foil,*  into 
three  folid  (hilbngs.  The  prcfent  pamphlet  is  likewife  adver- 
tifed  to  be  had  at  the  fame  places,  we  think,  very  injudicioufly. 
There  are  many  whofe  credulity  may  render  them  the  dupes  of 
the  Author's  well-known  advertifing  powers,  who  are  not  un- 
provided with  a  fc^nty  pittance  of  common  fenfe  fufficient  to 
enable  then)  to  fee  at  once  the  extreme  ridicule  of  this  larger 
publication.  If  the  Authof  himfelf  really  believes  in  the  fpe- 
cific  virtues  of  Pctafite^  on  the  authorities  here  produced,  we 
fincerely  pity  his  crcduljty.  If  he  does  not,  we  e2iutvoX.  Vo^ 
fcycrt}/  reprehend  this  intereRed  and  immorAl  Du£X\ce^  oi  \\xV 


250  MoilTHiy  CATALOGUfiy    MedkaL 

ling  the  patient  into  a  ftate  of  negligence  and  feeming  fecurit^^ 
on  the  invafion  of  an  iicuU  and  dangerous  diforder,  on  no  other 
apparent  grounds  than  the  dreams  of  old  women  and  herbali(b» 
and  afluranccs  of  an  incapacity,  in  the  fuppofed  remedy,  of  doing 
bim  any  harm.— -As  if  there  were  no  harm  or  diflionefty  in 
robbing  the  poor  Febricitant  of  his  precious  time,  and  leaving 
him,  nearly  defencelefs,  to  cope  with  his  alert  antagonift,  pro* 
Vided  with  no  other  arms  than  a  bafon  of  Butterburr  and  a 
glifter  of  Water-gruel, 

MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For     MARCH,      i-j^z. 

Medical. 

Art.  17.  Naturi  the  htji  Phyfician\  cr,  every  Man  his  own  Doe^ 
tor.  Containing  Rules  for  the  Prefervation  of  Health  and  long 
Life  ;  from  Infancy  to  extreme  old  Aee.  To  which  are  added,  a 
Collediion  of  natural »  fimple,  and  palatable  Receipts  for  the  R»> 
covery  of  Health,  to  thofe  who  are  already  afflided  with  any  of 
the  various  Diforders  incident  to  the  human  Body,  not  only  fuch 
as  are  eafy  to  be  purchafed  by  Perfons  of  the  loweft  Capacity ;  but 
proper  for  thofe  m  higher  Sitations,  who  loath  naufeous  and  an- 
wholfome  foreign  Drugs*  By  a  Lover  of  Mankind,  who  has  made 
the  Study  of  the  human  Conftitution  his  principal  Employm&tup- 

-   wards  of  20  Years.     8vo.     is.  6d.    Cooke* 

HOW  little  this  work  correfponds  with  the  title-page,  may  be 
feen  from  the  following  monftrous  prefcripticfns ;  in  which 
enormous  dofes  of  cvrrojvot  fuhlimatt^  alhm^  and  'verdtgreafe^  are, 
direded. 

A  Fijtula. 

*  Grind  an  ounce  of  mercury  fublimate  in  a  glafs  mortar,  with  a 
glafs  peftlC)  as  fine  as  poiQible.  Put  it  into  a  glafs  bottle,  and  pour 
on  it  two  (quarts  of  pure  fpring  water,  Cork  it  clofe,  and.  for  fix 
days  fhake  it  well  every  hour.  Then  let  it  fettle  for  24  hours.  Pour 
it  off  clear ;  filter  it  in  a  glafs  funnel,  and  keep  it  for  ufe  clofe  ilopt. 
put  half  a  fpoonful  of  this  water  in  a  phial,  and  add  two  fpoonfuls 
of  pure  fpring  water.  Shake  them  well  together,  and  drink  it  ^ft« 
iog.  It  works  both  by  vomit  and  by  ftool,  but  ytry  fafcly.  Keep 
ycurfelf  v^ry  warm,  and  walk  as  much  as  you  can*  The  firll  time 
neither  eat  nor  drink  till  two  hours  after  it  has  done  working.  Take 
this  every  other  day.  In  about  40  days  this  will  alfo  cure  any  can- 
cer, any  old  fore,  or  king's  evil,  broken  or  unbroken*  After  the 
firil  or  fecond  vomit,  you  may  ufe  water  gruel  as  in  other  vomits* 

For  a  Fiftula. 

*  Take  a  pint  of  red  wine  vinegar,  half  a  pound  of  honey,  two 
ounces  of  allum,  one  ounce  of  verdigreafe,  and  four  pennyworth 
of  camphire ;  boil  them  all  together ;  when  you  put  in  your  vferdi- 
grea{e  the  medicine  will  look  green,  then  let  it  boil  till  the  fcum 
.looks  red  like  brine,  and  keep  ikimming  it ;  then  drink  a  quarter  of 
^ pinjL  ea£h  dtLy** 


Monthly  Catalooub,  MtdUaL 


2sr 


rt,  18.  An  expermifiial  Inquiry  into  the  Proper tus  6/  ihi  Bloody 
with  Remark*;  on  Tome  of  its  tnorbid  Appearances,  and  an  Ap- 
pendix rtlating  to  the  Difcovery  of  the  Lymphatic  Syllcm  in  Birds, 
Fifh,  and  the  Animals  called  Amphibious.  By  William  HcwfoRt 
F*  R.  S*  and  Teacher  of  Anatoio/^  1211104  a«.  bd.  fewed, 
Caddl.     '77»* 

The  three  itrft  chapters  of  this  Inquiry  have  already  appeared  in  the 
lki]ofophical  Tranfaftions  :  the  fourth  contains  fome  further  ex  peri- 
cots  and  obfcrvaiinns  on  the  fame  fubjed:  and  the  fifth  and  laft 
tcr  treats  of  that  fmgaiar  appearance,  a  ^hitt/(rum  of  tht  hloodi 
|phich  oar  ingenious  Author  concladcs  to  ariie  from  an  extraordinary 
labforption  of  fat  from  the  cellular  membrane. 
Mr,  Hewfon  has  taken  great  care  and  pains  in  his  experiments  i 
ad  has  made  a  nutitbcr  of  very  curious  and  ufeful  obfcrvation:^ ;  for 
khicb  *ve  muft  refer  the  Reader  to  the  Inquiry'  itfelf. 
The  AppcQiiix  contaiiu  Mr.  HewfonS  claim  to  thedifcovcry  of  the 
{'yllem  in  birds,  filh^  and  the  animals  called  Amphibious. 
i  wing  article,  viz.   A  State  of  Fads,  &c,  contains  Dr.  Mon-» 

n>*A  claim  to  the  fame  nifcjvery, 

\rt*  ig.  A  Stme  of  Fa£ls  concerning  the  firft  Propofal  of  per- 
forming the  Paraan^i/u  of  the  Thorax^  on  account  of  Air  e/Fufed 
ftQm  the  Li3ri^5  into  the  Cavities  of  the  Pleurae;  and  concerning 
the  Difcovery  of  the  Lymphatic  Valvular  obforbent  Syilem  of  Vef- 
fcl*  in  Oviparous  Aiiimab.  In  Anfwer  to  Mr»  Hewfon.  By  'Dr* 
Alexander  Monro,  Phyfician,  and  FrofcfTor  of  Phyfic  and  Anatomy 
in  the  Univerficy  of  Edinburgh.  8vo,  1  s.  Edinburgh.  Sold 
by  Cadell  in  London. 

"f- Monro  has  been,  formerly,  difling;qilhed  as  a /o/f,Wf  writer ; 

^  "fr.  Hewfon  acq  aits  himfclf  with  great  adroitnefs. — What  poor 

lonthiy  Reviewer  then,  who  wifhes  to  fleep  in  a  whole  fkin,  would 

fo  daring  as  to  Hep  forth,  and  take  upon  him  to  determine  bc- 

vecn  two  contending  keen  anatomifts  ? 

tU  20*  Afrte  and  candid  Examination  of  Dr,  Cadegans  DiJfirtU' 
ihn  Oft  the  Gmt^  and  Chronic  Difiojes*  In  which  are  contained^ 
fome  Obfervarions  on  the  Nature  and  Effcds  of  Alkalis  and  Acids, 
By  William  Carter,  late  Fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxon.  8vo,  1  s. 
Bald  win*  kc, 

^^c  recommend  this  pamphlet  to  the  perufal  of  thofc  who  may  be 
IDuch  6,i{^o{cd  to  place  an  implicit  faith  in  the  whole  of  Dr.  Ca^ 
'  ii*s  obfervations  and  dirfdions. 
21.  A  new  Afithod  of  luring  and  preventing  the  virulent  G^ 
w^rrh^a.     To  which  is  added,  a  chemical  Jnveiligation  of  a  Re- 
medy called  th£  Prefirvati've  aniii/entreaJ  Water,     Written  origi- 
luUy  in  French,  by  J,  Warren,  M.  D.  of  the  Univerfiiy  of  Edm- 
burgh.    Tranflatcd  by  a  Sargeon.    8vo,    is,    Flcxncy,  &c.    I77I. 
The  method  of  cure  or  prevention  here  recommended,  is  to  ufc 
on  of  the  cauHic  alkali  properly  diluted  with  water.     This 
:\-xi  been  pradiced  for  fevcral  years  by  fome  of  the  faculty. 
Eld  has  both  its  advocates  and  cenfurers. 

We  have  here  a  candid  account  of  its  eifcdsi  in  the  cafes  which 
ccorred  to  our  Author. 


^5^  MoNTTHLT  Catalogue,  MedicaL 

Art.  22.  Jn  EJfay  on  the  Cure  of  the  Venereal  Gonorrhoea^  in  a  new 
•  Method.    With  fome  obfervations  on  Gleets*    By  W.  Ellia,  Apo- 
thecary,    8vo.     2S.  6d.  Pearch.     1771. 

Mr.  Ellis  is  of  opinion  that  there  is  a  fpetific  difference  between 
the  infed^ioos  matter  which  produces  a  gonorrhcea  and  that  which 
produces  a  confirmed  lues : — that  the  firfl  of  thefe  does  not  require 
file  ttfe  erf  mercury,  but  may  be  effedlually.  cured  by  taking  the  bal- 
lam  capaiva  in  the  manner  he  dire^s,  and  by  nfing  an  aflnngentin* 
je£tion. 

For  other  particulars  we  muft  refer  to  the  pamphlet  itfelf,  which 
contains  (bme  ufeful  obfervations. 

Art.  13.  A  Dijfertation  on  the  Dropfy.  Diftinguifliing  the  dif- 
ferent Species  of  Dropfy,  the  various  Caufes  of  the  Difordei',  and 
the  moft  effe6lual  Method  of  Cure.  By  W.  Lowther,  M.  D. 
Svo.     I  s*    Cooke.     1771. 

This  diiTertation  is  full  of  hard  words  and  cramp  phrafes,  ^d  it  , 
written  with  a  view  to  celebrate  the  great  and  unknown  virtues  of 
Dr.  Lowthcr's  Diuretic  Drops. 

Art.  24*  Opufcula  Medica^  iterum  Edita^  Au6lore  Georgio  Baker^ 
lie, — A  fecond  Edition  of  the  Opufcula  Medica  of  George  Baker, 
Phy-fician  in  Ordinary  to  her  Majefty  Queen  Charloue.  Svo. 
5  s.  Boards.    Elmfley.     1771. 

Thefe  epu/cula  are  four  in  number ;  the  two  firfl  treat  of  the  ca- 
tarrh and  dyfentery,  which  were  epidemic  in  London  in  the  year 
1762.  The  third  is  an  academical  pn-eleflion  on  the  afiedions  of 
the  mind,  and  their  confequent  diff  afes.  The  fourth  contains  Dr. 
Bakcr*s  Harveian  oration. 

Art.  25 .  An  EJfay  on  the  Diforders  of  People  cf  Fajhion.  By  Mr. 
TifTot,  D.  M.  F.  R.  S.  London  ;  of  the  Med.  and  Ph.  S.  of  Bafil ; 
of  the  Oeconom.  S.  of  Berne  ;  and  of  the  S.  of  Exp.  Ph.  of  Rotter- 
dam. Tranflated  from  the  French,  by  Francis  Bacon  Lee.  Svo. 
3  s.  fcwed.  Richardfon  and  Urauhart,  &c. 
I)r.  TifTot  derives  the  diforders  o*  people  of  fafhion,  from  the  fol- 
lowing very  fruitful  fources  ;  luxury  in  eating  and  drinking ;  Want 
of  air,  cxercife,  and  due  flecp  ;  and,  above  all,  from  the  paiCons. 

He  points  out  their  general  and  particular  effefts  in  producing  dif- 
eafes,  and  the  means  of  removing  or  obviating  thofe  difeafes. 

The  effay  is  written  in  a  fprighrly  and  fomcwhat  declamatory  llyle. 
The  tranllation  is  in  fcveral  parts  very  indifferently  executea ;  and 
there  are  many  typographical  errors. 

Art.  26.  A  Difquifttion  on  Medicines  ^^hat  drjfohs  the  Stone,  In 
which  Dr.  Chittick's  Secret  is  confidered  and  diftovercd.  In  t^vo 
Parts ;  the  Second  Part  now  firft  publifhed  *,  and  the  Firft  confi- 
derably  improved.  By  Alexander  Blackrie,  «vo.  5  s.  Boards. 
Wilfon,  &c.     1 77 1. 

The  public  is  already  indebted  to  Mr  Blackrie  for  his  fuccefsful  in- 
quiries on  the  fubjeft  in  queflion.  The  fecond  part  is  now  added^ 
and  contains  fome  brief  obfervations,  which  are  a  further  iUuftration 
and  confirmation  of  what  had  been  advanced  in  the  firft. 

f  —  *> 

f  The  fecond  partis  fold  feparauly^  ^rlce  2S«  6d.  in  boards. 


MoKTHLY  CaTALOCUB,  Midtcdt.  '  ^   25} 

Art*  27*  A  Letter  tp  a  Surgeon  en  Inoculation.  Containing  Re- 
oarks  on  Dr.  Dimfdale's  Pamphlet  upon  that  Subjed ;  the  Im- 
provemenu  that  have  been  made  in  this  important  Branch,  of  the 
Medicinal  Art*  fince  the  Pablication  of  that  Pamphlet ;  the  Au« 
thor**  fucccfsfol  Method  of  Pradlice,  particularly  with  Infants  and 
yoang  Children ;  and  the  Method  of  preparing  and  adminiftering 
a  powerful  and  efficacious  Remedy  to  oe  giving  in  the  eruptive  Fe- 
ver, the  Ufe  of  which  will  render  the  Pradlice  of  Inoculation  Hill 
more  general  and  more  fecure.  To  which  are  added,  fbme  iingu-  « 
lar  Cafes.  By  John  Blake,  Surgeon,  at  Briftol.  8vo.  1  «•  6  d* 
Owen.     1771. 

Our  Author  is  of  opinion  that  the  extraordinary  fuccefs  which  at- 
tends the  prefent  pradice  of  inoculation  is  to  be  attributed  to  ^he , 
mercurial  preparation, -^the  mild,  low  diet, — and  to  the  cold  air, 
and  extinguilhing  remedies  adrainiflered  in  the  eruptive  fever.— 
That  DO  preparation  is  necefTary  previous  to  the  operation ;  but  that 
to  all  above  the  age  of  five  or  fix  years,  who  labour  under  no  difor- 
der,  forbidding  the  free  ufe  of  mercurials,  he  chufes  to  give,  between 
the  time  of  the  operation  and  the  Ackening,  fuch  dofes  of  mercu- 
rials as  to  make  the  gams,  or  one  of  the  falivary  glands,  tender  tQ 

the  touch. That,  contrary  to  Dr.  Dimfdale's  obfervation,  he  findf 

an  early  progrefs  on  the  arm,  and  an  early  commencement  of  the 
eruptive  fymptoms,  are  far  from  being  certain  indications  that  the 
diilemper  will  be  mild  and  favourable ;  oj',  'vice  ver/a,  that  a  late 
progrefs  on  the  arm,  or  a  late  commencement  of  the  eruptive  fymp- 
gomsa.  are  not  fure  marks  that  the  difeafe  will  be  unfavourable. 
The  following  quotation  contains  Mr.  Blake's  improved  method 
.  ef  treating  the  eruptive  fever  when  fevcre  : 

'  When  I  nrft  began  the  pradice  of  inoculation,  I  was  frequently 
didrefled  for  fome  powerful  and  efficacious  remedy  to  adminilter  when 
the  eruptive  fymptoms  were  fevcre,  the  fever  high,  and  there  was  a 
profpedl  of  a  plentiful  eruption.  The  remedies  recommended  for  this 
purpoie  by  Dr.  Dimfdale,  in  his  33d  page,  did  not  in  many  ctfes 
give  fufficient  and  timely  relief.  After  a  trial  of  various  mercurial, 
antimonial,  and  purgative  medicines,  1  aai  bold  to  recommend  the 
following  to  you,  as  a  remedy,  than  which  a  belter  is  not  to  be  found, 
for  the  purpofes  hereafter  mentioned.  I  do  not  know  that  I  have  ever 
given  it  without  a  good  effed,  and  icldom  without  a  fpecdy  relief  of 
the  prel&ng  complaints  for  which  it  was  given.  The  form  which  I 
generally  ufe,  is  as  follows : 
ft    ALrc.  bidcis 

*Tart,  Emetic,  a  5J» 
Teranlar  Jimul  in  mortar io  marmoreo.     In  pul^uerfm  fuhtilijpmum 

reJailis^  paulatim  in/'pergantur^ 
Antim.  Diapb,  Nitrai,  Fui*u,  Jij. 

His  bent  admiftis^  addatur  iiap,  Fetttt,  q,  /,  utfat  maffa^  CM" 
jus  formtntur  pilula  triginta. 
If  the  fever  of  eruption  runs  high;  if  the  pains  (of  the  loins  parti- 
cularly) be  violent;  or,  if  there  be  afeeming  load  upon  the  llomach, 
with  fictcnefs  and  retching  to  vomit ;  1  give  (to  an  adult)  one  of 
thefe  pills,  and  repeat  it,  if  there  be  occafion,  in  fix,  iweVvc^VN^tvVi- 
fbaj>  or  forty-eight  hours^  according  to  the  rcVisf  obiaixxt^i  >q>|  ^^^ 


•5+ 


Monthly  Cataiogue,  Melaphy/ks* 


fifftt  and  its  manner  of  operation •     If  there  he  tny  toxAncU  of  tk 

kftoraach  or  prima  vix^  it  generally  operates  by  vomit  or  hy  (looJ, 

Imnd  frequently  by  both.     If  taken  going  to  bed,  or  in  the  night,  it 

iTomctimcs  operates  by  fweat.     At  other  times,  though  it  have  no 

Ifcnfible  operation^  yet  is  the  patient  greatly  relieved.     When  itope- 

tl^tes  by  vomit,  I  order  the  operation  to  be  promoted  by  draogbnof 

i,«lepid  water,  or  a  weak  infufion  of  cUamomile  fioweH  or  cointnoa 

Ifeas.* 

r     We  obferre  nothing  particular  in  our  Author's  mannef  of  tretting 

[jnfants  or  young  children* 

I  Art.  28.  Jfn  Effaym  thi  Ophthalmia^  or  Inflammatioti  of  the  Eycj| 

[      and  thcDircafes  of  the  tranfparcnt  Cornea;  with  Improvemcoct  in 

V  the  Method  of  CurCt  By  Will iaiu  Rowley,  Surgeon,  Svo*  1 1» 
I      Newbcry.     1771. 

I  Nitre,  adminiftcred  in  large  dofes»  is  a  favourite  remedy  with  our 
[•Author,  and  conlHtutes  the  chief  part  of  hi&  improved  method  of 
['treating  the  ophthalmia. 

[  Metaphysics. 

I  Art.  29.  An  EJfay  on  th^  Human  SouL     8vo.     is.  6  d,    Bcckct. 

I  As  this  feems  to  be  a  firfl  and  laudable  e^oft  of  yoiitb>  fot  tlie 
I  attainment  of  literary  reputation,  we  arc  difpofed  to  treat  U  with 
I  'lenity  and  indulgence;  but,  when  we  confider  it  as  an  tntroduiflion 
I  •to  a  fubfequent,  and^  perhaps^  to  a  larger  work,  it  would  be  injuf* 
I  tice  both  to  the  Author  and  to  the  public,  (hould  we  fuifer  it  to 
I  .cfcape  without  animadverlion. 

I  In  the  prefatory  addrefs  to  the  reader,  we  have  the  following  pt* 
I  ragraph ;  *  Notwiihl>anding  the  many  works  which  have  been  al* 
I  < ready  pubH^ed  on  the  human  foul,  this  fubje^l  is  entirely  new/ 
I  .'What  fubje^  ?    The  fubjeft  of  the  Author**  efTay  is  the  human  foal; 

Y  and  he  will  hardly  maintain,  that  this  is  •  entirely  new.'  If  be 
(  means  any  thing,  he  mud  mean,  that  his  own  method  of  treating  it 
\  is  entirely  new,  and  peculiar  to  himfclf,  ThU«  indecdf  we  will 
I    teadily  allow. 

I  Such  an  inaccuracy  of  exprcfllon  is  inexcufablc  in  the  front  ofa  work, 
l;  In  which  every  reader  has  particular  reafon  to  cxpcd  clearoefs  and 
r  precilion.  This,  however,  might  be  fulFcred  to  pafs,  were  it  not  a 
I  .fpecimcn  of  many  others  to  be  met  with  in  the  fequel,  in  which  a 
I  number  of  words  is  thrown  together  without  any  preciJie  and  dctermi- 
I  nate  ideas.  The  ftyic  is  generally  \\\^  and  turgid  ;  not  to  fay,  in 
I  many  places,  unintcJli^jible  and  obfcure:  though  not  without  fome 
f '*.  excepUons  of  the  animated  and  lively^     Th€  Author  has  taken  the 

liberty  of  coining  new  words,  and  of  oUng  others  in  a  very  uncom- 
mon fenfe ;  and  for  which,  we  apprehend,  no  fufficicnt  authority 
can  be  allcdgctl.  We  know  of  no  Englith  diOionary  which  warrants 
the  ulc  of  fuch  words,  as  ai/iVwi^/j  injaom^  mhfifitutiatt^  and  many 
I    others. 

I        In  enumerating  the  faculties  of  the  foul,  he  mentions  fome,  which 

r.  are  not  taken  notice  of  by  any  other  writer  on  this  fubje^,  and  omiti 

>    mhersg    which  otight  not  to  have  been  ejccludcd.      *  Study  man, 

ii/5  he,  /h  much  as  you  p\c^k»  obfct^t  «XV  v\i^  ti^xv^atA  ^  hU 


Monthly  Catalogue,  MatbimaticaU  255 

mind,  you  will  diicover  no  more  than  inftindi,  fenfibility,  memory^, 
onderftanding  and  will.  The  other  facdtiea  attributed  to  the  foul, 
though  didin^l  in  appearance,  4re  only  refults  of  thefe  £ve,  dif- 
ferently combined.'  But  under  the  head  of  Innate  Sentimentf,  he 
introduces  two  others,  viz.  the  lovt  of  ftlft  and  parnual  aJfkQiw. 
Pity  he  has  thought  proper  to  exclude,  and  will  by  no  means  allo«^ 
it  to  be  an  original  affeftion  of  human  nature,  though  he  fometimeit 
makes  concedions  which  feem  to  militate- againft  his  own  principles. 
This  is  not  the  only  inilance  in  which  inconiiftencies  have  efcaped 
cur  Author's  notice.  We  are  forry  that  he  has  eiven  us  reaibn  to  ' 
wiih,  that  his  defcriptions  had  not  occaiionally  Dordered  on  inde* 
cency.  We  refer  to  his  revifal^  in  this  refpedl,  p.  53,  and  p^  102*5. 
It  is  not  neceiTary,  in  explaining  the  ientiments  and  pafiions  of  human 
nature,  to  difclofe  their  moil  fecret  operations,  or  to  ilain  ^e  page 
with  glowing  expreffions  that  tend  to  excite  unchaifte  and  impure 
ideas. 

This  effay^  is  not  altogether  without  merit ;    and  the  Author  has 
talents,  which  admit  of  cultivation  and  improvement. 
Art.  30.  An  Introdu£flon  to  the  Tbewy  of  the  human  Mind.     By 
J.  U.  A'Jthor  of  Clio.     i2mo.     is.  6d.     Davies.     f77i. 

This  introduftion  is  intended  to  prepare  the  way  for  a  nenu  theory 
of  the  human  mind.  The  Author's  defign  is  laudable,  as  he  wifhes, 
by  an  analyfis  of  the  human  mind,  to  eitablifh  fome  principles  and 
poiitions,  that  may  prove  deciflve  in  the  difpute  between  Chriftians 
and  Deifls  :  and  the  intelligent  reader,  though  he  may  not  ap* 
prove  of  his  general  fyflem,  will  perufe  his  oblervations  with  plea- 
fire  and  advantage.  The  Author  gives  the  following  account  of  the 
prefent  publication  :  *  When  I  made  fome  little  progrefs  in  my  ob- 
lervations on  the  human  mind,  I  found  myfelf  involved  in  objedions  - 
and  difficulties  that  arofe  from  ambiguities,  and  from  a  fraudulent 
vie  of  language  peculiar  to  modern  philoibphy :  I  found  general 
expreffions  pa&d  current  for  names  of  fimple  ideas  that  come  to  the 
imagination  from  fenfation,  and  this  cheat  made  ufe  of  to  favour 
falfe  principles,  of  the  mofl  pernicious  influence  to  virtue  and  reafon  ; 
and  I  founa  metaphorical  expreffions  adopted  in  philoibphy,  for  the 
fake  of  making  a  deceitful  tranfition  from  the  metaphorical  to  a  pro- 

£e/  fenfe.  The  confuiion  and  perverfe  train  of  reafoning  occafioned 
y  thefe  abufes  of  language  obliged  me,  before  I  could  proceed  in 
^e  theory  of  man,  to  clear  away  the  rubbifh  of  efui^uojue,  by  way 
of  introdudtion  ;  which  I  have  attempted  in  the  two  firil  fe^ions  of 
the  following  iheets.  I  afterwards  added  a  few  thoughts  on  Human 
^nftinds,  which  make  the  third  fe^ion  ;  but  having  obferved,  on  a 
review,  that  I  unhinged  many  fettled  opinions,  and  broke  up  (b 
snuch  of  the  foundation  of  modern  philofophy,  I  thought -proper  to 
^op  there,  and  publiih  the  introdudion  apart,  in  order  to  take  the 
^ofeofmy  cotemporaries  upon  thefe  my  reiledions,  before  I  pro* 
«ccd- any  farther.' 

Mathematics. 
^rt.  31.  The  Elements  of  linear  Perfpe6iive^    demonflrated  by 
geometrical  Principles,  and  applied  to  the  mofl  general  and  con- 
cife  Modes  of  Prafticc  J  v/ith  an  Introduction,  containing  fo  much 


2s6  Monthly  Cataiocub,  Lata. 

of  the  Elements  of  Geometry,  as  will  render  the  whole  ratiohala 
of  Perfpe£tive  intslligible,  without  any  other  previous  mathe- 
matical Knowledge.  By  Edward  Noble.  8vo.  7  s.  David* 
1771. 

We  are  ready  to  allow,  with  the  Author  of  thefe  Elements,  that 
*  a  treatife  on  a  fubjeft,  which*-  has  been  handled  by  a  fncceffion  of 
men»  eminent  for  genius  and  invention,  cannot  abound  with  ne«r 
difcoveries;  and  that  claims  to  novelty  mufl  arife  more  from  man- 
ner than  matter:  at  the  fame  time,  (we  believe,  too,)  that  nothing  of 
importance  is  omitted,  in  this  eflay,  that  can  be  found  in  other 
works  of  this  nature;  and  that  fome  things  of  tonfequence  are  ex- 
plained which  have  hitherto  been  very  little  touched  upon,  if  not 
wholly  negleded.'  We  could  have  wiihed,  however,  that  the  Author 
hadcomprciTed-his  materials  into  a  fmallcr  comp«ifs  ;  which,  we  ap- 
prehend, he  might  have  done,  without  rendering  this  treatife  either 
difficult,  obfcure  or  impcrfedl.  But  he  has  anticipated  every  cenfure 
by  his  own  introdudory  remarks.  Thefe  elements  will  be  ufefd  to 
learners,  and  acceptable  to  proficients,  in  the  art  of  perfpeddve. 
Art.  32.  Elements  0/ Trigonometry ,  Plain  and  Spkericali  .applied 
to  the  moll  ufeful  Problems  in  Heights  and  Diftance?^  Ailronomy 
and  Navigation :  for  the  ufe  of  Learners.  By  William  Payne. 
Svo.     58.  in  Boards.     Payne.     1772. 

The  learner  will  find,  in  thefe  elements,  every  thing  which  may 
be  expe£led  in  a  work  of  this  kind.  I'he  order  and  demonilration 
of  feveral  of  the  theorems  are  new,  and  natural ;  the  Author's  me- 
thod of  conftrudling  the  tables  of  fmes,  &c.  and  of  logarithms,  will 
not  be  unintelligible  to  the  ingenious  and  attentive ;  and  his  fpeci- 
mens  of  the  application  and  ufe  of  trigonometry  are  fufiicient  to  qua* 
lify  the  dudent  for  any  more  extenfive  pradice  to  which  his  tafic 
may  incline  him,  or  which  his  fituation  may  require.  We  are  per- 
fuaded,  that  *  the  fyftem  (here  offered  to  the  public)  will  prove 
€a{y  to  the  learner,  acceptable  to  the  intelligent,  and  fufficiently 
cxteniive  for  a  book  of  elements.* 

Law. 
Art.  33.  Reports  of  Cafes  adjudged  in  the  Kin^^s  Bench  fince  thd 
Time  of  Lord  Manslield's  coming  to  prcUJc  in  it.  By  James 
Burrow,  Efq;  With  Tables  of  the  Names  of  the  Cafes,  and  of 
the  Matter  contained  in  them.  Vol.  111.  Fol.  1 1.  lis.  6 d^ 
bound.     Tovey,  &c.     1771. 

In  our  35th  vol.  p.  418,  feq.  we  gave  an  account  of  the  two  former 
volumes  of  Mr.  Burrow's  Reports  of  Cafes  in  the  K.  B.  containing 
fuch  as  occurred  from  the  death  of  Lord  Raymond,  and  including 
the  times  of  his  three  fuccefTors— Hard  wick,  Lee,  and  Ryder.  The 
prefent  volume,  gives  the  cafes  in  Lord  Mansfield's  time,  beginning 
with  Michaelmas  Term,  2  G.  3.  1761,  and  ending  with  Trinity 
Term,  6  G.  3.  1766,  (inclufive,)  cxceptinjor  the  Ssttlemcnt  Cafes  i 
thefe  having  been  already  communicated  to  tlie  public,  in  a  feparate 
collcflion  *,  in  2,  vols.  4to.     For  the  accommodation^  however,  of 

•  The  dccifions.il pon  Settlement  Cafes  commence  at  the  death  61 
Lord  Raymond,  in  March  1732,  and  are  continued  to  the  end  oi 
Trialty  Term  1768. 


MoKTHtY  CATALOOtrfi,  PoliiHal 


*57.j 


t}io(e  who  ma/  not  be  pofleiTed  of  that  coUedion,  ttie  Aathor  ^j 
h^t  in  the  table  aJt  the  end  of  thb  volojne,  given  an  abridgment  of  fl 
each  r^-tilemetit-cafe  that  fajls  within  thccompars  of  ir. 

We  have,  in  our  account  o^  the  firil  and  fccond  volumes,  gii/en 
our  opinioQ  of  the  nature  of  Mr.  B.'^  andertakingr  and  the  merle  of 
his  reports.  J 

Art.  34,  J  DiabgUi  hdween  a  Country  Gentleman  itnd  a  Lcivyer^    < 
mp^M  the  OoShrint  of  Dijinji  for  Rent ;  (hewing,  what  ThiJtgs  may     J 
and  what  may  not  be  taken  at  Common  Law — The*  Reafoni  why    I 
fuch  Things  could  not  be  taken* — 1  he  feveral  Alterations  and     | 
Amendments  which  have  been  made  in  that  Remedy  by  divcrfe     j 
A^  of  Pailiament,  with  Obfervacions   on  thoie  Statutes— The     ] 
Time  and  Manner  of  making  fuch  Dilhcfs — The  DiffVrence  be-     1 
tweeo  a  DiHrcfs  for  Corn  and  other  Things — Hc^v  m  ufc  the 
Thijigs  difliaincd — When  to  fell  tbcm,  and  what  Steps  are  ne-  J 
€x!^xrf  to  be  taken  previous  to   the  Sale— The  Punilhments  Te-  •  | 
fiants  are  liable  to  who  fraudulently  remove  their  Goods  off  thd  - 
PreiDifes  to  defraud  their  Landlords — The  Penalties  Perfons  are 
fubjeel  to  who  aid  and  a(ii(t  Tenants  in  the  Removal  or  ConceaJ* 
inent  of  the  Goods — The  Manner  of  recovering  thofe  Penalties— 
The  Difference  between  taking  the  Diftrefs  out  of  Pound,  and  re- 
fcoing  it  before  impounded,  with  the  Con fequcnces — TheEifefb 
of  making  an  illegal  Diilrefs,  and  the  Manner  of  curin?  any  Irre- 
gularity in  the  making  thereof;    with  a  Variety  of  Obfervations 
On  this  Sabjed*     By  a  Gentleman  of  Lin  coin's  Inn  ^^     8vo.     1  a* 
6d-_Wilkie.     1772, 

The  immoderate  loquacity  of  this  title- page  has  rendered  it  unue*     | 
ceiTary  for  us  to  enter  into  the  fubjc<ft  of  this  publication*     With  re-^ 
^ard  tocompofttioni  it  is  written  in  that  l^7rt  of  llyJe  which  is  pecu* 
itir  to  lawyers,  and  who  are  not  famous  for  compofmg  with  the  tailtf    > 
and  liberality  of  gentlemen.  < 

Political. 
Art.  35.  A  Sketch  of  a  Plan  for  reducing  the  prefent  high  Price 

of  Com  and  other  Provjfions,  and  for  fecaring  Plenty  for  the     ] 

Time  to  come.     In  a  Letter  to  a  Member  of  Parliament.     8vo#  . 

6d,     Hingellon.     1772. 

The  increafed  and  llill  increasing  prices  of  provisions*  6f  almoll 
every  kind,  is  m  evil  now  grown  to  fo  enormous  a  bulk,  as  to  he- 
come  not  only  a  grievous  btirthen  to  many,  but  even  alarming  to 
the  uatic^n  in  general.     There  is,  at  prefent,    therefore,  no  obje^     I 
more  worthy  of  parliamentary  attention  J  and,  hence*  the  public  are    J 
gfcitly  obliged  to  every  gentleman  who  offers  any  ufuful  or  perti-     j 
cent  htnti  on  fo  important  a  fubjrft :  fuch,  for  inftance,  as  ihofe 

m^eh  we  find  in   the  little   but  fenfiblc  trad  befjre  us. We' 

here  meet  with  fcvcral  new  thcughrs,  which  merit  the  mod  fertouf     . 
confideration  ;  particularly  a  propofal  for  cflablilhihg,  inflead  of  the 
pfefetjt  bounty  on  exported  corn,  fuch  a  modus  of  bounty  a?  will  at     I 
-  '  ---■■.    1 

•  Author  (if  we  mlilake  not)  of  the  Dtahgut  between  a  Lawyer 
tuft  &  Country  Gentleman  on  the  Subjcft  of  the  Game  Laws.  See 
Review,  vol.  44,  p,  17 J, 

SLgr.  Mat,  tijz,  %  *^*^ 


^ 


158 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoUtUah 


once  encourage  the  growtb,  and  prcfcrvc  mediocrity  of  prices.  For 
effcdling  thi»i  he  offers  a  icheme  which,  fo  far  as  we  have  had  kifurc 
to  confider  ic,  appears  Co  be  very  rational  and  prafUcable:  but,  for 
farther  particulars,  we  refer  to  the  pamphlet. 
Art.  36.  J^n  Addrtfi  to  tlx  Privy  Cci/ndL  Pointing  out  an  effec- 
tual Remedy  to  the  Compliunts  of  the  lilandcrs  of  Jcrfcy.  8vo, 
td.     Wilkie. 

The  regulation  here  propofcd,  for  remedying  the  grle\'anccs 
%he  Jerfcy-men,  is  a  very  cafy  one,  viz,  by  increafing  the  nuinbi 
of  reprcfcntatives  of  the  people  (called  Conllables)  in  the  court  of 
judicature,  which  is  the  parliament  of  that  iiland.  Our  privy  coqo* 
cil,  it  fecms,  have  a  right  to  make  this  alteration  in  the  conftitution 
of  Jerfey ;  and  oar  Author  fays,  *  There  is  no  occafion  on  which 
that  right  can  be  exerted  with  fo  much  wifdom  and  humanity.' 
And,  to  enforce  this  plan,  he  flrongly  intimates  the  danger  of  a  di- 
fiBi^n  and  difmemberment  of  that  iiland  from  the  briti(h  crowo» 
fiioald  the  complaints  of  the  people  meet  with  no  rcdrefs.  Sec  more 
of  this  fubjed  m  our  Jail  month's  Review,  Art.  *  Narrative  of  the 
Opprefiion^  of  the  Iflanders  of  Jerfcy.' 

Art.  37-  Tht  Contr&verfial  Letter$  efjohn  IFilka^  Efqj  ihc  Rcv» 
Mr-  Home,  and  their  pjincipal  Adherents ;  with  a  Sopplement, 
containing  material  anonymous  Pieces.  9vOt  4  s,  fewed^  Wii- 
liams,     *''72, 

CoUciJled  from  the  news-papers,  and  neatly  printed • 
tArt,  38.  Anopagitua :  a  Speech  of  John  Milton,  for  the  Li- 
berty of  unliccnced  Printing — reprinted  from  an  old  Edition  pub- 
lifhed  by  the  Author,  To  which  are  now  added,  a  OeMeation  to 
C,  Jcjikinfo&,  Efq*  andai^rj/krf,  by  the  Editor,  bvo,  is-  6d. 
liladon*      1772* 

The  Editor,  in  the  overflow  of  his  zca!  for  the  liberty  of  the  prefs^ 
I  which  he  apprehends  to  be  in  danger,  from  the  infidious  dciigns  of 
{the  minillry,  attacks  Mr.  Jcnkinfon,  in  the  Diditattsn^  with  irom- 
[cal,  but  dull,  abufei  and,  in  the  Prefacty  he  direftly  charges  hioL 
[with  the  patronage  of  a  pamphlet,  entitled,  •  Reafons  again  ft  the 
L intended  Bill  for  laying  fome  Rcflraint  upon  the  Liberty  of  the  Pref*/ 
,  which  was  mentioned  in  the  political  part  of  our  laft  month's  Cata- 
[  logue.  This  pamphlet  wc  have  already  fpoken  of  as  being  what  the 
prefcnt  Author  here  terms  it,  a  Mnjk'd  Battery^  an  eiiari  agaimjl  the 
Falladiura  of  Britifh  Freedom  ;  but  a  feeble  one. 

That  all  govcrntnents,  and  every  minillry,  Hiould  regard  the  k»* 
Irancid  prcfs  widi  an  unfriendly  eye,  is  a  very  natural  fuppofition^ 
and  the  reafon  is  too  obvious  to  need  mentioning  ;  but  that  our  pre* 
fcnt  minillry  will  dare  even  to  think  of  a  meafure  fo  dsngereufy  un- 
popular, as  that  of  which  this  Editor  fe ems  fo  %*ery  apprehe^iivc,  wc 
do  not  believe  I  becaufe,  if  we  arc  not  greatly  miJiakco,  it  is  the 
general  pcrfuafion,  that  the  mere  attempt  to  carry  fuch  a  defign  into 
execution,  would  imroediaiely  involve  thi^  great  and  Hourifhing  na- 
tion in  all  the  horrors  of  Cit>U  C^Iar ;  the  bare  idea  of  which  is, 
i\i}:d^f  enough  to  make  all  panics  ircmblc ! 


t^ 


Monthly  Catalogoe,  Dy^aiL  '  4^' 

Art,  39.  Jmim*    Small  0£tavo.     2  Vols#     losi  6d,    fcived* 
Woodfall.      177^. 
At  length  the  pilblic  are  favoured  with  a  complete  edition  of  {he 
Very  populur  and  highly  admired  letters  of  the  celebrated  Jumiits  j 
printed  under  the  Author's  infpcflioti*  preceded  by  a  Diftcaihit  of  ' 
■  0  pagef»  a  Prtfuut  of  t3,  and  illuftrat^d  with  Notes*     The  edition 
ihaDdfome;    the  dcdicatibn,  containing  fome  Vei^  tinoui  txhtrta* 
mfjWp  is,  with  great  propriety,  made  to  the  Englifh  nation  ;  and  in 
preface  wc  have  an  ample  difcufHon  of  that  important  branch  of 
Duf  public  liberty,    Th$  Frndom  taf  tht  Prtft :    alfo  a  jiartkular  ad- 
Irefs  to  a  Cheat  PfifisoN;  expre^ed  in  the  tftiej  dnreflralned  Ipirit 
If  this  DARING  Writer* 

Speaking  of  the  consequence  of  the fd  political  docuiii^nts,  thj 
Uthor  bimfelf,  in  the  dedication*  Uy^^  *  When  kings  and  miniflc/a 
forgotten,  when  the  force  and  diredion  of  perfonal  fatirc  is  na 
Dnger  underilood,  and  where  meafures  arc  only  fck  irt  their  re* 
BOtell  confcquences,  this  book  wilJ,  I  believe,  be  found  to  contaiii 
principles  worthy  to  be  tranfmitted  to  pofterity.  When  ydu  leav^ 
Ate  unimpaired,  hereditary  freehold  to  yoiir  children,  you  do  hut 
kalf  your  duty.  Both  liberty  and  property  are  precarious^  uhlcft 
he  poflcfTors  have  {^n{^  and  fpirit  enough  to  defend  them* — This  is 
[>t  the  language  of  vanity.  If  I  am  a  vain  m.ln,  my  grati/lcatioa 
within  a  narrow  circle,  I  am  the  foic  depofitory  df  my  own  fc^ 
ri,  and  it  fliall  perilh  with  me/ — His  m5//p>  prelixtd  to  this  cdi- 
is,  Stat  komims  umbra. 

Dramatic. 
4C«  Thi  Gncian  Daughter  i  a  Tragedy,     A<9cd  at  Driiry* 
lane.     8vo.     is*  6 dp     GrlSin.     177^* 
Bmy  oilc  knows  the  famous  and  affctling  ilory  of  the  R&nmnCha* 
if  J,  immortaUiEed  t»y  the  pen  and  pencil.    Valerius  Maxim  us  has 
old  it,  lib.  J,  c,  i,  ^f  Pittati  in  PareHUs^  7  ^,     And  die  fame  au* 
c;ons  alfo  a  Greek  damfel,  who  had  performed  the  fame 
:y  to  \xt,r  fapcrannuated  father.     Mr,  Murphy,  the  reputed 
■  of  this  play,  hath  preferred  the  latter  rfory,  for  the  purpofe 
\  dr^ma,  *  taking  the  liberty  to  place  it  in  the  reign  of  Dyoni- 
r,  at  the  point  of  time  when  TImolcon  laid  ficge  ta 
igining  that*  the  general  effcd  would  ^e  better  pro* 
Dcedf  if  the  whole  had  an  air  of  real  hiflory.* 
On  this  found  an  on  hath  the  pre  feni  Writer  built  a  b-apedy  waich^ 
Dm  the  pen  of  any  author  poffefled  of  tolerable  abilities  for  this 
c I es  of  poetry,  with  all  human  nature  on  its  Jide  (and  excellent 
ingf)  could  hardly  fail  of  fuecefs»  in   the  rtprtj'int&ihn  at  leafl, 
Bercthc  heart  would  fo  feelingly  improve  the  exqui.ke  tcnderncfir 
fthe  fcene. — With  Mr,  M/s  acknowleged  taJle,  and  dramatic  cxpe- 
Qce,  there  could  be  m  tioah  of  its  fucceeding,  hoth  on  the  i!ag6 
in  the  perufal ;  and,  accordingly,  we  confide r  the  prefent  per- 


•  Wc  follow  (in  this  reference)  the  P.  5.  given  by  way  of  Pr^* 

)  this  play* 

The  old  King,  father  of  the  heroine,  by  Mr.  Barry  t  a»d  the 
iaa  D^cfghter  by  the  truly  admirable  M:a, Barry* 

&  a  foimi«v^ 


i6o     Monthly  Catalogue,  PcttUa!^  Mlfcelknanu 

formaocc  a&»  if  not  ft  capital,-  a,  good  fccand*rate  play  ;  m  no  rcfpeft 
unworthy  t'he  Author  oFthc  Orphan  fi/Cififut  sin^  Ztnotia^ 

As  this  gentleman  hath  often  bocn  reminded  of  hu  obli^tions  to 
fofeigncrs,  he  hath  here  taken  care  to  claim  the  mem  of  ongiaaiityi 
fiotwithiUndiag  that  the  fubjeft  hath  been  touciied  by  more  tnan  one 
forri.rn  Jnm  it'r  xvrltcr,  ifc  affgrcs  us  tbat  be  found  •  a  new  fable 
/  and  that  he  is  not  indebted  to  the  Z  el  mire  of 
Iv^^...i.  X  v..  ;  .-.  c^jove  '  three  tines.* — He  takes  occafion>  however, 
at  the  fame^  time,  to  laugh  at  the  boailing  of  thofe  among  his  cotcm- 
|K>rarics,  r^  —-  -vrj  nation,  who*  after  majdng  up  a  *  (lory  with  cha* 
racers  a  I  us,  already  hackneyed  on  the  Englifh  llage,  and 

invctv*  cry  out,  with  an  air  of  triumph,  That  they  baTC 

not  1  the  wits  of  Fiance/ — Thefe  fclf-fofficlent  bardi 

be  ri  '     riru  allufipn  to  an  epitaph,  in  the  Ifle  of  Man, 

Dn  a  ,  :  celebrated  only  for  having  **  never  been  out 

Ahe  ili;irid/' 

Botj  while  thTs  Author  wa5  cenfuring  our  raodeni  play  wtitcrs  for 

t  uqn,  he  vyas  not,  pcrbap,  aware  how  mucb  he 

]  i6i\it  raort^  for  uiing  the  Hale  and  bruul  fta^c- 

meti  ^  his  heroine  out  of  the  tyrant**  hand,  by  putting 

ad..-.  V  of  the  defpcraie  fair  one,  with  which  flie  dcx* 

^teroui'iy  butthtrs  ihe  royal  fava^e,  in  the  midH  of  his  guards* — It 

I  ft  qaitcs,  furely,  no  great  ftrctch  of  invention  to  furniib  a  more  in- 

xpedient,  as  well  i(i  a  more  natural  method  of  executing 

^p^-„L  _,ailicc- 

P  O   E    T    I    C   A   L. 

'Art.  41.  Thr/ncdla  At*^uj!}iiii\,t^ut6.  to  the  Memory  of  tcr  late 
Hoyal  Highnefs  the  Princefs  Dowager  of  Wales,  Spoken  and  fung 
in  the  Great  Room  at  Soho  Squire,  on  Thurfday  the  lotb  of  Fel^ 
'iito,     I  s.    Woodnill.     1772* 

The  ffeakers  on  this  occafion  wtrt  Mr.  Lee  and  Mrs,  BclJamy ;  the 

ljfjif|^<rj  Mr.  Champnefs,  Mr.  Dine,  and  Mifs  Jamcfon  ;  with  twelve 

'chorus  lingers ;  the  mufic  prcparcti  and  ad^ipted  by  Sig.  Venlo^  The 

preyioug  adverdfement  modeJtly  acknowledges  that  the  poem  •  may 

[  be  more  properly  termed  a  ccrritslatian  ;  and  may  therefore,  rather  be 

confidcrcd  as  an  induilrious  cfiurt  of  gratitude  than  of  genlus.'^Ii  is» 

ic^wcver,  a  decent  per  form  am  cc ;  and  is  the  Icfs  an  object  of  criti- 

cifcif  as  the  words  were  prepared  for  the  compofcrin  little  marc  than 

two  days  i  and  the  mufic^  we  are  told,  was  alfo  adapted  in  a  perloi 

e('Amc  equally  il^iort* 

A'J  I  s  C  £  L  L  A  N  £  o  ir  e* 
A?t.  42*    Choice  Emhtims^  natural,  hifiorical,   (abuIous»  mora^ 
iand  divine,  for  the  improvement  of  Youth;  in  Profe  and  Vcrfc* 
X>rn amen  ted  with  ncaj  £fty  handfome  allegorical  £Mgr£t^ingi^  de- 
Tigned  on  Purpofe  for  thii  Work*     Written  for  the  Amufcmcnt  of 
Lord Ncv\ battle.     i:mo.     is.  6 d,  bound*    Kiley*     i/?^^ 
Lord  Ncvvbattle  is  a  youth  ot  miitt  years  old  ;  and  thek  Emblcmi/^ 
are  well  adapted  for  the  amufcment  and  inllxuclion  of  cliildren  abooc 
ihar  age*  The  Author**  method  is,  to  give,  firll,fomc  little  emblematic 
cal  refledion,  or  allufion  to  fome  tittle  llory,  /» i/crfi^  then  to  illof-  ' 
Irate  the  fable  by  a  proper  dcdudlion  in  proji ;  and,  la!lly,  from  thefe 
premifee,  to  draw  a  fuitaWe  moral  inference.    This  is'  the  general ^ 


^  Monthly  CATAtoouE,  MifceUaneeuu  ifit 

hotline  of  the  plan ;  and  the  execution  is,  to  hy  the  leail  of  Ir, 
kequal  to  the  end  and  defign  of  the  undertaking:  but  we  cannot  com- 
mend the  paltry  puff  in  the  tiile-page,  relating  to  the  ^dVf  handjhnt 
pr^ctAVtNOf.  Who  that  reads  this,  In  the  advcrtircmenc,  vvould 
Btna^ln€  that  thelc  engra^in^s  are  nothing  mOre  than  the  commda 
k.£^j^jr  €uis^  fuch  as  we  kc  at  the  head  of  axi  halfpenny  ballad  I 
iRrt.  43,  ObprvatioTtf  on  the  Shoeift^  ef  Horfu  j  with  an  anatomi- 
I  la^i^^  Defcriptlon  of  the  Bones  in  the  Foot  of  a  liorfe.  ^y  J, 
I  Clarke  Farrier*  ^>o,  is.  6d.  Edinburgh  prip ted,  and  fold  by 
I   Robir.fon  In  London, 

I  It  U  notorious  that  in  the  common  methods  of /hoeing  horfcs  thwe 
■re  many  errors*  extremely  prejudicial  to  the  poor  animal,  and,  in 
■Dorfc,  to  its  owner, 

I  Ofmer,  and  La  FofTe,  hAve  taken  noiice  of  thcfe  mtftakes  in  the 
Brattice  of  our  common  farriers,  and  wc  have,  with  pleafure*  rccom- 
fcondcd  their  pablicationa ;  as  we  now  do  Mr.  Clark*s  vai'jabl^  addj- 
Bons  to  what  they  have  written.  He  agrees  with  them  in  their  niaift 
pinciples,  and  general  reafoning;  which  he  enforces  by  many  J4^- 
Bcious  obfcrvatiDns,  flowing  from  his  own  reficflion  and  experience, 
nd  which  he  here  communicates  to  the  public,  in  the  laudable 
Ecw  of  pforaoilng  a  general  reformation  in  this  important  branch  yf 
he  farrier's  occupation.  In  a  word,  ^o  far  as  we  can  pretend  to 
mxe.  any  opinion  on  the  fubje^l,  wc  fcraple  not  to  pronounce  hi^ 
MJSphJec  to  be  a  truly  rational  and  valuable  performance. 
fcn.  44.  The  JlUnmn  of  James  DoUand,  8vo.  is*  6d,  Bfadon* 
Rn*  45*  Ths  gtnulne  Life  efjomn  Boiland,  8vo*  13.  Axteft, 
I  Holland,  late  a  (hcriff  s  o^cer  in  London,  was  hanged  for  forge ry» 
li  March  1772.  From  all  accounts  it  appears  that  he  ought  to  have 
IceQ  hanged  long  before,  for  ccimci  which,  however^  the  law  could 
fet  reach. 

Krt.  46.  $€ie^  EJfays  from  the  Encychpcdy  \  being  the  moft 
I  carious,  entertaining,  and  intlrufkivc  Paris  of  that  very  exteniti^ 
I  Work,  written  by  Mj.llct,  Diderot,  D*Alembcrt,  and  Qthcrs  the 
I  moil  celebrated  Writers  of  the  Age.  8vo*  6  b.  Leacroft.  ilji* 
I  That  this  fmall  o^lavo  contains  the  moll  '  turUuj^  tHteriaining^  and 
L?r«.?;L.'  partsoffo  extenfive  a  work  as  the  Emyclofidu^  is  not  to 
>  U     What,  then,  can  the  tranllacor  mean  by  the  adertian  ta 

yy^  ^agc  ?  FoiUbly  he  intends  other  volumes  of  the  fame  kind  ; 
^■natthe  title  to  the  prcfent  publication  iliould  iland  as  the  gtmral 
PKo  the  whole  fet :  but  if  ihiA  be  bis  defign,  why  has  he  not  openly 
EoWcd,  or,  at  leail,  in  paffant^  decently  intim&tid  it,  by  calling  this  & 
mfi  Volume  r — ^As  the  book  b  now  fet  forth,  offering  to  the  public 
bly  twenty-two  papers,  feleficd  from  fo  multitudinous  a  mafs  of 
piverfal  literature  as  is  comprehended  in  the  original,  it  has  an  ap- 
karince  for  which  we  want  a  name,  a^  the  abfurdity  is  coo  manifeli 
I  be  conltrued  into  an  attempt  to  impofe  on  the  difccrning  public. 
[The  phenomenon,  however,  will,  perhaps,  be  lolvedin  few  words  % 
le  trouble  of  which,  by  the  way,  the  tranilitor  might,  we  apprehend. 
pve  fsvcd  us,  with  no  lofs  to  his  own  credit. 

^T  ,  was  pubhlhed  at  Paris,  VEjprit  di  VEncydoptdh^  in  fivC 

b;..^.     ..^  valume&>  oi  which  wcgavc  our  rcadtu  stti  a^viQutvx.  \tv  vV^ 


Appendix  to  the  j^Ith  volume  of  our  Preview.  Ffom  the  firfl  iMsJuiaa 
otthis  work,  ibe  EfTays  bcfbre  us  are  tranilatcd  ;  andt  we  preAimc. 
urc  ft jjat^ltly  primed >  in  order  to  try  tbc  x%(ir  of  the  pullic,  and 
prepare  th?  way  for  the  remaining  volumes,  fl^ould  tH.5  ipccinicn  he 
favotimbly  received.  But,  if  we  have  conjectured  rl>"»litiy,  why  did 
woi  th^  tranHator  ingenuoufly  tnciition  this,  and  fairly  avow  bis  dc* 
fign  r— 'If,  however^  he  had  no  view  of  continuing  Uic  work,  the 
4ttfutdity  above -noticed  recurs;  aud  tht  phtntfmtwmii  not  yet  fully 
accounted  for^ 

The  articles  contained  in  the  prefcnt  volume  are  th«  follovvinf : 
Of  the  ancient  Acadtmrn^  and  the  modern  AcadimUi^ — the  Turki^ 
Kcran^ — AmuUts^ — Angth^ — Ajheh^'^ — and  CojiaJiizarutt  of  fainu* 
Thefe  by  the  Abbe  Mallet.  0(  Ccttjugal  Infiddiiy,  by  M.  TogOiia^ 
Of  Frhiidfiip^  Lovif  the  Anttdiiwuiau  Pbil'Jopiry^  fti^rarifi,  the 
ye<wijb  Caiaia*  the  Canadians^  and  memoirs  of  Ciii//»»ifr;  thefe  fix 
arc  anonymous. — Of  the  Anopc^uh  aod  of  Cardt^  by  M»  Diderot, 
On  Calumny^  by  Meff,  Diderot  and  D*Alembert,  On  the  Uut  ^ 
Jnimali,  by  MefH  Yfon  and  Bouillet.  Blmdm/s^  Charn^ii^^  and  Dn 
Cartes'  i^hiiofiphy,  by  D*Alcmbert* 

Several  of  theft  papers  are  undoubtedly  curious^  but  fope  of  thcia 
fcem  not  to  be  very  important,  (detached  as  they  arc  from  their  re*  i 
fjpe^ive  (lations  in  the  di<£%ionary)  and  the  whole  is  but  indilTerenilft  ■ 
©r  worfc  than  indifferently,  tranflatcd.  ■ 

f4t  '^^c  pieces  which  were  thought  tQofru^  aodofrenfive  to  rcli- 

?ion,  are  excluded  by  the  French  Editor, 
krt,  47.  New  a^d  ilegant  Amttftmmts  for  ihi  LadUt  of  Gna^ 
Britmn.  By  a  Lady,  izmo*  tu  6d.  Crovvdcr,  kc*  177 i* 
The  Lady  who  has  compiled  this  mifcellaneous  cotlcdion  of  d&- 
^ached  paflages,  from  the  writings  pf  our  beA  poets,  &c.  propofes  to 
inllruft,  *'  on  a  new  plan,'*  pcrfons  of  her  own  fex,  in  *'  the  ufeof 
the  globe j»  aftronomy,  maps^  geography,  Arc*  freed  from  all  thofc 
thofc  harOi,  uninteirdbly  terms  novv^  commonly  ufcd,"  She  adds* 
<•  I  can  teach  any  lady  either  of  ihofe  entertaining  fciences,  in  fuch 
a  manner,  that  liey  may  have  a  pcrfeft  idea  of  them,  and  be  able 
to  folv«  any  problem  on  the  globes ;  and  1  promifc  they  Oiall  acquire 
thoic  atrairmcnts  in  it  hours,** — The  Author  **  will  attend  anv  lady 
v,'ho  will  pleafe  lo  favour  her  with  their  addrefs,  which  may  be  in- 
clofcd  in  3  cover  diredled  to  S.  Harrington,  to  be  left  at  Mr.  Wal- 
ter's, book  feller^  Charing  Crofa ;  or  Mr.  Cook't,  No.  85,  Royal 
Exchange/* 

from  the  perufal  of  h^v  bogk,  we  are  inclined  to  give  Mrs.  H. 
credit  for  her  qualifications,  as  far  as  may  be  requifiie  to  the  indruc- 
tion  of  yoang  ladies  in  the  above-mentioned  improving  and  enter- 
taining fciences  i  yet  fome,  perhaps,  will  think  *that  her  profeHions 
Tun  a  little  too  much  in  the  ftylc  of  cmpiricifm. —  But,  whatever  may 
l»e  her  dexterity  in  teaching.  We  cannot  but  agree  with  her  in  hcrgc- 
nc»al  remark  concerning  female  education,  ntix,  **  Nothing  has  bce^ 
vnore  againll  our  fex  than  the  late  mode  of  education";  for  our 
teachers  ^e  by  dq  means  fufticicntJy  attentive  to  the  motl  delicate 
endowment*  viz,  that  of  a  refined  and  cultivated  undcrftandipg* 
Wc  are  treated  altnoil  as  irrational  beings.  A  boarding- fchool,  a 
^Hcfipg  ofFiTiMcM^  dancii^g,  k^*  fc^ta  y:^  b^  ^  tive  acquifiiioui 


I 


I 


Monthly  Catalogue,  AW//. 


26j 


m 


uvA  are  thought  rcqulfitc. — Yet  the  learned  and  fenfibic  fay,  the 

iind  ciinnot  be  complciit  without  fome  knowledge  of  the  fcienccs, 

^hy  then  thii  ungenerous  cuJlom  of  excluding  thofc  fciences  in 

female  education  I  What  an  illiberal  idea  mutt  chat  be  which 

ppoics  fcientific  knowledge  would  make  us  lefs  amiable  as  daugK«' 

1^  wives^  or  mothers! — No  I  on   the  contrary, —  a  found  and  ra- 

E>Ra1  education  would  be  fo  far  from  increafjnt^  our  vanity,  that  it 

puld  rather  lend   to  increafc  a  fenfibic,  eafy»  benevolent  turn  of 

lod.     It  is  this  half-education  which  cullom  has  impofed  on  our 

It,  that  proves  our  grcared  detriment/* 

Mrs,  H.  pfopofes  to  oblige  the  public  with  a  fccond  volume  of  this 
ark ;  for  which,  however^  {he  fcems  lo  want  the  requilite  mate^ 
»is  ;  as  we  may  rcafonably  conclude  from  her  inviting  •*  an^  tady^* 
k  tf^/i^r  her  »vith  **■  fomt  additicm  \^'  and  promifmg*  unconditionalfy^ 
10  inj'cri  them  :  which  we  cannot  but  confjder  as  rather  a  proof  of 

Ic  Ztf^'s  poHtenefs  than  of  her  judgment* 
It.  4iJ-    A  Liittr  H  David  Garnet^  Efq\  on  his  Condwft  as 
priucipd 'Manager  and  Atkor  at  Drury-lane.     Svo,     i  i*    Bladon. 
There  are  ferae  jofl  ftnflures  in  this  Letter,  with  not  a  little  per- 
tial  abufc  ;  and  Mr«  Gar  rick  ought  to  fwear  the  peace  againil  the 
hmt  Ibr  thrtattnmg  his  Lift  •. 
Novels, 
Art.  49.  The  Lovin  :  or»  the  Memoirs  of  Lady  Mary  Sc— s  and 

the  Hon*   Mifs  Amelia  B ,     VoL  IL     8vo,     5  u     Printed 

for  the  Editor,  and  fold  by  the  Bookfdlcrs.     1772* 

In  the  41ft  volume  of  our  Review,  p,  4^0,  we  endeavoured  to  ex- 

efs  the  indignation  and  the  contempt  with  which  wc  perufcd  the 

volume  of  this  vile  cifufron  of  Pc  Vergy*s  diilplute  pen. — Wc  are 

ere  prooiifed  a  ^d  volume  of  this  impudent  undertaking  ;   in  which 

Author,  or  Editor,  as   he  ilylcs  himfelf,  is  to  give  *  the  whole 

ore-Intrigue  between  Capt.  Suth — and  Lady  Mary  Sc — ,  from 

:  ^^y  of  her  marriage,  to  the  fcenc  at  Barnet.*     His  readers  might, 
oci  the  title,  have  expeded  to  find  all  this  in  the  prcfent  publica- 
but  he  has  ingemoujly  contrived  to  fiU  it,  ^s  Teague  would  ia^y, 
\ilk  n^hing  at  all. 

While  our  people  of  fashion  continue  to  farni(h  fubjcfts  for  thcfc 

andaloas  chronicles,  they  will  never  want  fuch  rcfpcilablc  hillo- 

ins  as  the  prcfent  writer,  to  record  ihcir  worthy  deeds,  and  tranf- 

riit  their  fame  to  poftcrity. 

Art.  50.  Tht  C^ntempiotive  Man  \  or^  the  Hiftory  of  Chrifldphtr 

^m    Crahf  £/f;  of  Korth  ffalfj,     iimo*     z  Vols,     5  s.  fewcd.    Whif- 

^K  foci*     1771* 

^K  Our  modern  works  of  entertainment^  commonly  called  Nitvth, 
^Hiay  be  clafled  in  two  general  Divilions,  the  kum&uroui^  and  the  amo- 
^^pus\  though  the  fpecics  are  often  intermingled  [he  History  of 
HC^*'*^'^?*^^''  Crab  belongs  to  the  former ;  but  it  is  not  to  be  tanked 

»  lo  juftice  to  the  Lettcr*writert  however,  we  think  it  right  to 

explain  this  pafTage,  by  informing  our  Readers,  that  he  doct  uo^t. 

L  to  w/  hat  to  %unfi  Mr,  G*'i  Life, 


^'v^ 


f 


mm 


264 


Monthly  Catalogoi,  Noveh,^ 


^ 


with  the  productions  of  Fielding,  Coventry  •,  Smollett,  or  Sterne ; 
ol  the  bit  Of  which  it  is  fomcwhat  of  an  imitation  : — it  may,  rather, 
be  placed  on  the  fame  llielf  with  the  Vicar  of  Wakcfieldi  Arthur 
O'Bradlcy,  and  the  Adventures  of  a  Bank  Note. 

In  reviewing  this  Write r'ii  former  work,  th^  Ad vtttttfrti  of  Common 
Stn/t  ^,  wc  laid  before  our  Readers  a  fufiicicnt  fpecimen  of  his  ta- 
lents for  this  branch  of  literature  ;  and  wc  (hall,  therefore,  only  at- 
tempt to  give  them  a  general  idea  of  the  dcJign  of  his  picfcnt  per- 
form  an  ce. 

Th{j  fatire  which  it  contains  is  chiefly  levelled  atjai nil  the  extra* 
vagant  pride  of  family,  and  ihc  idle  notions  of  ^fff/i7//y,  flifl  too  pre- 
valent uraong  the  poor  gentry  of  WaLcs  (as  well  as  among  thofc  of 
Scotland  J  who  would  r.iilier  Aarve  with  dignity,  than  contaminate 
their  hign  blood  by  mingling,  as  Sir  Archy  fays,  with  fugar-hog(bcadt 
and  rum  puncheoas. 

This  foible  our  fenfiblc  Author  ridicules  in  thehiftory  of  a  reduced 
Welch  family  ;  with  whom  he  has  connected  a  boorith  Baronet,  wboie 
pifture  ma>  fervc  as  the  general  rcprefcntative  of  our  flupidi  illite^ 
rate,  tyrannical,  country  Tquires.  There  is  a  worthy  old  CaptaioA 
who  fcems  to  be  a  diilant  rcLtion  to  uncle  Toby  ;  and  there  is  an  ig» 
norant  but  fclf-lutJicicnt  country  Apothecary,  who  certainly  is  a  byc- 
blow  of  Dr.  Slop's*  There  is  a  rough,  four,  downiil)  Shopkerper, 
whofc  chara£lei  is  marked  by  a  call  of  humour  often  found  in  the 
rank  of  life  wherein  Mr* Crab  is  placed^  and  there  h^iht  Conttm" 
fUti'vt  Man\  an  inoffeufivc,  well-difpofed,  rational  being,  who  mo» 
ralifcfi,  and  makes  juft  reflections  on  men,  manners,  and  things; 
In  brief,  the  work,  if  not  a  maftcrpiecc  of  genius,  is  an  agreeable 
^nd  enter  I  at  Ml  rtg  perform  an  ct,  and  friendly  to  the  intercds  of  rcH* 
gion  and  virtue, 
^n^  51.  Virtui  m  Dtjhifs  ;  ^r,  the  HiJ}$ry  of  Aftf  Sally  Prurn^ 

And  Mifi  Laura  Sptncer.     By  a  Farmer's  Daughter  in  Gloccilcr* 

ihirc,     1  :m0p     3  s.     Fuller.     177a. 

A  good  tidy  girl  fccms  to  have  been  fpoilt  by  reading  Pamela,  and 
then  taking  it  into  her  head  that  ihc  could  alfo  ivritt  Pamelas. 
But  this  Farmer's  Daughter  of  Gioccftcrlltirc  would,  furejy,  be  much 
fcetter  employed  in  plying  the  churn-Uaif,  than  in  brandiihing  a 
goofe-quill ;  in  the  ^it  of  thefe  occupations  Ihe  could  hardly  fiiil 
of  doing  j^w**  good;  in  the  latter,  ihc  muft  certainly  cxpofe  hcrfelf 
to  ridlciile,  pefhips  even  among  the  rulHcs  in  her  father's  neigh- 
tourhocd  :  unlcfs  they,  too,  have  been  reading  Faraala,  and  arc  alt 
bewitched,  like  the  Farmer^s  Daughter. 
Art.  52.  Gtnutfte  Alcmitrs  §fAltfi  HarrUt  Melvin^  and  MSfi  Lt* 

emra  SfenvJoy.     fn  a  Series  of  Letters.     By  a  young  Lady  of  Qlo* 

ccfter^     iznio,     3  s.     Fuller.     1 772. 

If  the  *  Farmer's  Daughter  of  GIoccflcrQiire'  be  metamorphofed 
into  a  '  young  Lady  of  GJoctfter,'  (which,  at  taking  up  the  book, 
ve  more  than  half  fufpe^ed)  Mifs  is  really  vtry  much  improved, 
|"^V  novel  is  decent^  at  Jeaft,  though  not  a  very  important  perform  ^ 


'    *  ^f  that  exceileot  piece,  Pifmp^  tbt  LitfU. 
Yi  vol*  3tl  Pt  3+I1  ^«i<i  vol.  *Ui.  p- 13  J* 


W^ 


Monthly  Catalogue,  RiUgms^  &c« 


i6s 


ftoce*   Tbe  langtiagc  b  eafy  and  corred ;  and  the  rendmentf » though 
ti-hc,  are  juO, — Iti  ihort,  it  is  all  over  ^uh  the  churn- tUJf, 
Art*  53.  MitnQVi  af  an  Hermaphrodite,     Infcrjbed  to  the  Che- 
valier D*Eon.     irmo*     zu     Rofon, 
The  ftrangc  reports  that  were  circulated,  feme  time  ago,  rclaung 

Wbp  the  fcx  of  the  Chevalier  D' ,  and  the  confcquent  tranfafliont 

^in  Cnan^e-alley,  afforded  a  promifing  hint  to  the  fons  of  literary  in- 
:  one  ofv^hom  haS  made  the  mod  of  it,  in  thefe  pretended 
:ts  of  that  celebrated  foreigner.     It  is,  poffibly,  the  work  of 

I         \i  friend,  and  countrymarj,  the  Chevalier  de  V— ,  with 

i  he  had  formerly  fbme  variance.     If  fo,  here  was  a  double  ia-» 
/  flnccfiient :  rCv en rt%  and  the  mammon  of  unrighieoarncfs. 
An.  54-  Thi  Htjhry  df  Mifi  Carolina  Manners,     In  a  Series  of 
genuine  Letters  to  a  Friend,     j  2mo.     3  Vols,     7  s.  6  d,  fevved, 
'Priiitcd  for  the  Author,  and  fold  by  T.  Evans.     1772. 
'Of  all  the  Wflorjts^  Li^ves^  Memoirs ^  or  Aduemturts  that  ever  we 
id,  in  our  reviewing  capacity,  we  remember  not  one  chat  gave  us 
fatiifaction,  in  the  perufal,  than  the  prefent.     But  as  it  is  pof* 
the  Hiilory  of  Mifs  Manners,  though  we  have  clafled  It 
VcW/,  may  Hiit  be,  merely,  a  work  of  invention,  and  ma]^ 
to  the  real  fituadon  of  perfons  now  in  aftual  diflrefs,  which 
be  ftiJI  aggravated  by  a  fcvere  cenfurc  of  this  publication, — we 
ffijLii  fay  nothing  more  of  it  at  prefent;  except  that  the  ftory  docs  not 
/tim  to  be  finiilieJ  ;  and  that  we  (hall  fufpend  our  ultimate  judgmciU; 
of  it  till  the  fccjUel  (if  any  is  intended)  Ihall  appear. 
Art,  55*    7he  Cauiicui  Lever  ;  or^  the  Hi/iary  of  Lord  tVohurrii 
By  a  young  Gentleman  of  Oxford.     121110.     2  Vols.     5  i.  fewed« 
Cadcil.     1772- 

Tliis  is  one  of  ihofe  iniipld  performances  which  we  take  up  witb- 
Dot  pleafure,  and  lay  afidc  without  regret. 

Art.  56.  The  Hijhry  of  FemaU  Favcurites.  Of  Mary  de  Padilla, 
under  Peter  the  Cruel,  King  of  Caililc  j  Livia,  under  the  Emperor 
Augullus ;  Julia  Pamefai  under  Pope  Alexander  die  Sixth;  Ag* 
fic*  Soreau»  under  Charles  Vll.  King  of  France  j  and  Nantilda^ 
under  Dagobert,  King  of  France,     8vo*    5  s,    bound.     Parker* 

>772- 

This  produdlion  is  replete  with  anecdotes  which  have  a  flendcr 
foundation  in  tru[h ;  hut  which  are  extremely  licentious*  It  is  to 
the  lift  unworthy  circumilance  that  they  owe  their  publicauon. 

Religious  and  Controversiai.* 
^rt.  57,  Jhi  Btrth^  Deaths  and  Refurre^hn  of  Chrifl^  eind  the 
Difaeni  ef  the  Hoiy  Gbcft  up^n  the  ApofiUs,  con  fide  red,  in  four  Ser- 
mcifif,  preached  on  Chriftmas-day,  Good  Friday,  and  Ea!ler» 
and  Whit  Sunday,  By  John  Difncy,  L  L  B.  Reftor  of  panton, 
and  Vicar  of  Swittderby,  Lincoln  Ihirc.     8vo.     1  a»  6d,    CadeiU 

»77>- 

Thefe  arc  declamatory  difcourfes,  which  might  do  very  well  in  t 

^cneraJ  courfe  of  preaching;   but  there  does  not  appear  any  fulH* 

dent  reafon  for  delivering  thefe  harangues  to  the  public.     The  Au« 

Kiior  u  uo  bigot ;  he  writes  with  great  candor  and  charity  toward* 


Monthly  CATAtocuE,  ReBgms^  Ucl 

\mho  differ  from  him  ;  though  he  thinks  proper  tmmcdjateff  tm 
cAc  MctSioJilU.     He  is  fblicitoos  to  rcprelcnt  \vih  fubjeds  in 
'  a  rational  manner ;    and  has  lengthened  the  £rft  fermon  by  iomc 
^juotations   from    Bifhop   Law's   Confidcrathns^    Ice,     He   difcouxici 
like  a  roan  who  ^mpts  well  to  the  intereils  of  prafiical  religion  ;   but 
there  is  nothing  particular  or  dillinguilliing  in  his  performance  wbicii 
ihould  greatly  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of  the  world. 
Art.  58.  A  LetUr  to  iht  Rroirtnd  Mr.  Jacal/  Green^  cf  New 
Jerie)',  pointing  out  foroe  DiiEcultics  in  the  Calviaiilic  ScKcme 
of  Divinity,  refpetiing  Free-will,  divine  Decrees,  particular  Re- 
demption, &c,    and  requeuing  a  Solution  of  them.     By  Hugh 
£iK7x  •,  MiniUer  of  the  Gofpel  in  the  lEand  o(  Saha^  in  the  WcS- 
Indies*     i^mo.     is-  6d.     Kcith»  Scq, 

It  is  by  no  means  (trange  that  a  thinking  perfon,  who  makes  ufe 
of  his  reafon,  fliould  find  very  confiderable  difficulties  in  the  CaJ- 
vintHical  fcheme  :  fuch  is  the  cafe  of  this  Author,  whofe  publication 
ihews  lum  to  be  a  conTcicntious,  pious  man,  defirious  of  attaining  the 
truth,  and|  at  the  fame  time,  fearfuj  of  difcardtng  Tome  opinionj, 
'  which  he  apprehends  may  pofllbly  be  jull,  though  he  cannot  himlclf 
cordially  embrace  them.  His  letter,  though  pbin  and  unornameot- 
cd  as  to  Ayie,  breathes  a  fpin't  of  candour*  modefly,  benevolente, 
and  integrity.  He  cxpreffes  his  wilh,  that  the  proteilant  world 
would  drop  invidious  nominal  diilindions*  Though  I  believe  my* 
f.*lf,  he  fays,  more  of  a  Calvtmjt  than  an  Armiman^  yet  I  difcUim 
both  ihefc  appellations,  as  I  can  fubfcribe  to  neither  of  thcfc  great 
men  throughout. — It  is  enough  if  we  arc  Cbrifiiani  indeed/ 

Wc  (halldifmifs  this  article  with  a  ihort  fpecimcn  of  his  realbning 
againfl  fomc  tenets  of  Calvinifm,  in  which  indeed  he  fmanly  atuckt 
jr.  Addrcffing  himfelf  to  the  Mr.  Gntn  mentioned  in  the  title  pajc^ 
•  You,  fays  he,  are  ^majlcr^  and  have  a  n umber  of ^tfo^w,  who,  being 
your  property,  are  fubjc^k  to  all  your  lawful  commands* — Among 
ihefc  your  flavcs  are  a  father  and  a  /on.  The  fathtr  breakcth  the 
yiff's  leg.  Knowing  the  accident,  you  repair  to  the  lame  young 
llave,  and  \ixy  your  authoritative  command  on  him  to  go  on  an  er- 
land.  The  flave  anfwers,  "  I  cannot,  mailer,  my  father  has  broken 
n^y  leg***  To  this  you  reply,  I  have  not  loft  my  right  pf  cvmmand- 
ing,  becaufe  you  have  lofl  your  /^tnvtr  e/ohtying. — You  ought  not  to 
havt  become  impotent — the  command  is  lawful  in  itfclf — it  Ufi  and 
right  that  a  J^a've  fhould  do  his  mafirr's  errands ; — wherefore  go  dt- 
tctXly  whither  I  command  yog,  or  you  ihall  be  feverely  chalbfed/* 

To  this  the  impotent  lad **  True,  mailer,  the  command  may 

be  right  in  itfelf ;  but  to  me  it  is  impoffible.  1  pray,  have  my 
leg  cured  ;  or  get  me  a  wooden  kg  ;  or  let  one  affift  me,  and  I  will 
go  whither  thou  commanded." — Would  we,  adds  our  Author,  deem 
fuch  a  command  tquitahU^  without  fuch  afliftance  ?  How  much  Zf/} 
fo  Hill  could  we  fuppofe  the  mafler  fo  to  have  (tr dentin  appoitati^  and 
prtdijp^Jtd  things,  a^  that  ^^  father  mull  neaJfArilj  and  vma^Qidahly 
break  his  &n's  leg,  and  that  to  illujlratt  fome  difpofitioaa  of  hu 
which  he  would  have  made  known  to  the  whole  fiunily/ 

*  See  an  account  of  a  volaiac  of  fctmoiti  by  chii  writer^  Revkwi 

vq],  ^i.  p.  217, 


I 


MoNTHtY  Catalogue,  Relighus^  Uc, 


ifty 


Aft  59-  ^  ftrtcus  and  eariuft  Addrefi  to  Protejfant  DiJfenUr^^ 
f^pirfcpting  ihc  inaoy  and  important  Principles,  on  which  their 
DifTent  from  the  EtUblifhment  is  pounded.  121110.  3d.  John* 
Ion.     1772* 

The  Author  of  this  little  tra£l  propofes  to  bring  the  arguments  In 
favour  of  a  dliTcnt  from  the  church  of  England,  into  fo  fmall  a  cotnpafs, 
ihac  thcv  tnay  with  little  cxpence  or  trouble  be  more  generally  con* 
fidertd  oy  dtiterent  ranks  of  people.  He  apprehends  that  he  fhall 
not  be  fufpe^tcd  of  having  been  induced  to  publlih,  by  any  views  of 
profit,  fince  a  three-ptntty  pamphlet,  containing  between  60  and  jo 
pages,  clofcly  printed,  can  hardly  be  fufficient  to  accomplifh  a  lu- 
crative dcGgn.  The  reafons  that  plead  in  behalf  of  the  diflenters  are 
htrc  collected  ^nd  briefly  prefentcd,  upon  the  whole,  in  a  proper 
ii!.'  able  manner;  fomedmes  with  a  degree  of  warmth,  bat 

g  iiat  kind  of  warmth   to  which  fomc  parts  of  the  fubjeft 

afibid  z  Tiatural.  and  not  entirely  improper,  occafion.  In  fome  in- 
^aiicc^  he  mf^y  be  thought  rather  too  ludicrous ;  but,  in  generali  he 
|s  fcrlc:;)^*  and  indeed  repeats  fome  melancholy  truths,  which  tu nil 
JTttreJy  be  grievous  to  fenfible  and  ferious  minds,  whether  they  art 
i^hfain  or  without  the  pale  of  our  church. 

^Ul,  6d.   Zoclogia  Ethica*     A  Dirquifition  concerning  the  Mo- 
faic  DiiHncTtion  of  Animals  into  clean   and  unclean*     Being  aft 
1^^  Attempt  to  explain  to  Chriftians  the  Wifdom,  Morality,  and  Ufij 
^^^of  that  Invitation*     By    William  Jones,    Redor  of  P/ucklij,  in 
^^KiCftf/.     8vo,     2  s,  fewed*     Folingfbyp     1771. 
^^P  The  divifion  which  was  made  of  animals,  under  the  Jewifh  dli^ 
^^60 fa: ion,  into  clean  and  undfan^  and  the  particular  orders  delivered 
to  the  pcoj  le  of  ffrael  concerning  them,  are  very  remarkble.    There 
is  great  probability  in  the  fuppofition  which  this  writer  defends,  ag 
others  have  done  before  him,  v/s.  that  this  diftinflion,  among  other 
pecttlUncies,  was  not  merely  intended  to  mark  the  Jewifh  nation, 
afid  prefervc  them    feparate   from   the  inhabitants  of  every  other 
COtfOtry,  but  had  IJkewife  an  in(!ruclive  moral  figni(tcation«     Mr* 
Jtmes*  upon  this  principle,  enters  into  a  particular  confideration  of 
"'le  properties  of  the  various  animab,  prohibited  or  allowed.     He 
troduces  his  diifertations  by  an  account  of  a  converfation  he  had 
n  the  fubjedl  with  an  Amfterdam  Jew,  who^  (though  from  the 
[tlatioD  here  given,  it  might  have  been  fuppofed  he  had  been  better 
formed  than  fome  others)  does  not  appear  to  have  known  much 
•ut  the  matter-     The  Author  difcovers  ingenuity  in  his  remarks 
\fQn  the  feveral  creatures,  and  commonly  points  out  fome  apt  re« 
'imblances  ;  but  is  iometimes  rather  rough  and  (tv^rt  in  his  reflec- 
ions.     H©  is  one  among  thofe  who  apply  therafclves  to  rahinkal  and 
^alifiUai  learning  ;    and  though  we  are  hi  from  faying,  that  fuch 
ind  of  learning  is  utterly  ufelefs  and  infignificant,  yet  we  arc  per* 
adcd  that  it  requires  great  judgment  and  good  fenfe  in  its  proper 
lanagcmcnt  and  application;  and  the  fame  is  likewife  requidte  in 
inting  out  fuppol'ed  refemblaoces  in   fcripture,  which,  without  a 
^tty  watchful  guard,  may  bewilder  us  in  an  endlcfj  maac  of  conjec- 
^turc  and  uncertainty. 

Wc  do  not  think  it  ncceffary  to  enlarge  the  pT«(et\t  *T^c\t  \i^  tnL* 
tfi^f  ifom  thit  pcrfQs'mmcc ;  but  from  a  regard  lo  ot^t  Wvu^^^  <t«i 


a68 


MOKTHLV  CATALOGUE)  ReS^mt,  &'c. 


i 


irufi  creaitOD,  we  will  fclcfl  a  fesv  lines  from  that  part  in  which  tk 
writer  ukes  notice  of  the  tyranny  of  man  in  rcJaiion  to  lEcnt :— •  U 
Uf  fays  he»  a  conJi<{eradon  not  tefs  oJFenGve,  and,  t  (e^r^  we  have 
much  to  anfwcr  for  upon  this  account,  that  /jor/ii,  which  cootribute 
fo  much  to  our  health,  comfort  and  convenience,  Should  bchurriei 
out  of  their  lives,  with  galkd  httafit  and  haitend  knees^  to  favc  {he 
precious  time  of  impatient  people,  fomc  of  whom   x\t^tT  employed 
any  moments  of  their  life  to  the  glory  of  God»  or  the  good  of  their 
country*     This  is  now  become  a  national  oi(ence :  and  though  the 
devotees  to  pleafure,  together  with   the  drudges  of  mammon,  may 
DC  too  much  in  halle  to  Jillen  to  the  voice  of  a  fpeculativc  monitor; 
yet  certainly  God,  who  hath  lent  his  creatures  to  us,  will  not  think 
at  beneath  his  notice  to  enquire  how  they  have  been  treated.* 
.Art.  6i.  Sirmm$^  by  F,  Webb.     Vol.  ML  and  IV,    Shandy 
Size.     6  s,  Boards.     Kearfly,  &c,     i^y^^ 

In  gar  34th  vol.  p,  51;,  we  gave  an  account  of  the  two  former 
volumes  of  Mr,  Webb*s  difcoorfes ;  to  which  wr  now  refer  for  their 
character,  and  a  fpccimen  of  the  Author's  rational  and  agreeable 
manner*  The  fubjeds  of  thcfe  additional  volumes  are — The  Pear  of 
God— The  Ufes  and  Abufcs  of  the  World— The  Uncertainty  of 
worldly  Grandeur— DiiTolution  of  the  World — Diflcrcnc  CharaAcn 
of  the  Wicked  and  the  Righteous — Self- Examination — Of  approv- 
ing Things  excellent,  ^c.—  On  the  Death  of  the  lace  Duke  oi  Cuou 
berland — Obje^ion  to  our  Saviour's  Refurredion  ttated  and  anfwcr- 
cd— Of  the  white  Scone,  defcribed  by  St  John — The  Widow's  two 
Mitc«— Of  Jullice — Corruption  of  Human  Nature— Flattery — Am* 
bition^-Cenfure,  and  rafh  Judgment — The  Widow  of  Zarephath. 

From  the  preface  it  appears  that  the  Author  of  thcfe  difcourft* 
Kath  quitted  the  minilleriaJ  profcffion.  He  obferves,  '  that  the  trail* 
fcription  of  the  fcrmons,  amidtt  avocations  of  a  very  different  na- 
ture, gave  him  great  fatisfatlion ;'  adding,  that  *  from  hence  hif 
friends  may  conclude,  that  an  averfion  to  his  former  profedon  was 
wiot  the  rcafon  of  his  rclinqui(hingit ;  and  that  a  man  may  be  the  fame 
in  his  clofet,  whatever  colour  bis  coat  may  be  when  he  appears  ia 
the  world.' 
Art.  62.  FifUtn  Strmont^  on  feveral  important  Subje3s|  prcacb*  . 

ed  at  Coventry,     By  J,  Dal  ton.     8vo.     3  s,     1771. 

Of  Mr.  Dalton's  principles  and  flyle,  a  tolerable  judgmcDt  mtf 
be  formed  from  the  following  account  of  the  Trinity  : 

*  Revelation  plainly  informs  us»  that  10  the  divine  efTence  ther© 
arc  three  per/&m  or  fuhfijltncu.  This  knowledge  >\tw  not  given  to 
employ  any  curious,  I  might  have  faid,  daring  and  irreverent  cu* 
ottirieg,  as  to  the  modus  of  the  divine  exigence ;  but  rather  to  in- 
form, yea,  ajurt  us,  that  we  may  reafonably  cxpe^  falvation,  1,  e, 
redemption, — purification, — and  pardon,  becaufe  the  great  Thru  in 
One  rcdt*ems  us  by  a  facrificc,  purifies  us  by  divine  influences,  ani 
accepts  us  freely,  through  unmerited  grace.  True»  the  names  Fa- 
ther, Son,  and  Spirit,  imply  difiinBion  and  /uhordtnaikn  \  but  let 
us  ever  guard  our  thoughts  on  this  fubjeft,  by  remembering,  that 
ihefc  names  are  titles  of  otcommy^  not  of  ijjtmt :  or  that  they  ar^ 
(;racioiiiIy  iat^adad,  an<i  divinely  proper,  to  iniliudt  our  minds  re* 

<^aiB^' 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Rellgiousi  &c.  i(|: 

fpe^ling  tliofe  diftinS  and  equally  important  ofHces>  which  the  glorious^  * 
ccernaU  and  united  Three,  have  jHpulattd  to  perform  in  the  work  of 
our  falvation/ — We  (hall  oiier  no  remark  on  this  pafTage,  as  our 
fentiments,  in  relation  to  the  dodrine  of  the  Trinity,  are  well 
known  to  our  Readers. 

Art.  63.  Three  SernnnSj  preached  before  the  Univerfity  of  Cam- 
bridge, occafioned  by  an  Attempt  to  aboliih  Subfcription  to  the 
"Thirty-nine  Articles  of  Religion  ;  and  publiihed  at  the  Requeft  of 
the  Vice-Chancelior  and  Heads  of  Colleges.  By  Samuel  HalH* 
fax,  0  L.  D.  the  King's  Profeflbr  of  Civit  Law  in  the  Univerfity 
of  Cambridge.  The  fecond  Edition.  4to.  1  s.  White,  &c. 
1772.  • 

Though  not  perionally  acquainted  with  J>r.  HalUfaZr  w9-bad  ui^ 
ways  been  taught  to  regard  him  as  a  man  of  coniiderable  abilitiei 
and  moderation  ;  but,  we  are  forry  to  fay,  that  the  prefent  publica- 
tion hath  nbt  a  little  diminifhed  our  ideas  of  him  in  both  thefe  re*  . 
fpeds.     The  Dr.  hath  permitted  his  paffions  to  be  fo  hr  engaged  ia 
the  late  tranfaAions  at  Cambridge,  relati^  to  Subfcription s,   that 
his  temper  at  lead,  if  not  his  judgment,  hath  fuffered  much  in  th& 
conteft.     It  might  be  expcdled,  from  the  title-paee  of  thefe  fermons^ 
that  the  affair  of  Subfcription  was  the  principal  thing  difcuifed  itk 
them;  but,  infant,  what  they  chicHy  contain,  is,  a  fuperficial  and' 
angry  declamation   upon   fome  particular  doiSlrines.     Not  content  * 
with  pouring  out  his  indignation  againft  the  hereiiarch  Prieftly^  Dri 
Hallifax  has  vented  his  fpleen  on  the  innoce.it  opinion,  that  our  Sa-  ' 
viour's  temptation  was  tranfa6led  in  a  vifion. — Nay,  he  has  been  (<> 
Qiifbrtunate  and  fo  abfurd,  as  to  conacA  this  opinion  with  a  denial  ' 
of  the  atonement  of  Chrift,  and  to  intimate,  that  the  method  of  in- 
terpretation on  which  it  is  founded  is  intended  to  lead  on  to  the  * 
explaining  away  of  the  prophecies  and  miracles  of  fcripture  ;  thoueh 
the  gentleman,  who  has  principally  fupported  the  notion  of  £e 
temptation's  being  a  divine  vifion,  has  never  been  fufpe£lcd  of  deny- 
ing the  atonement,  has  exprcfsly  fpecified  his  fcntiments  with  regard 
CO  the  prophecies,  and  has  written  the  beil  treatife  extant  on  the  na* 
Cure  and  deiign  of  miracles.     It  feems  to  be  the  purpofe  of  theie  diA 
^ourfes,  to  guard  the  Undents  at  Cambridge  againft  the  apprehended* 
falfe  do6lrines  of  the  times ;  but  the  Author  ought  to  have  known^ 
youthful  minds  fo  well  as  to  be  fenfiblc,  that  they  cannot  be  led  into 
rj-uth,  or  diverted  from  eri-or,  by  any  other  than  the  gcntleft  me^ 
Tliods.     We  hope  that  Dr.  Hallifax  will  endeavour  to  recolledl,  and 
«ool  himfeif,  before  he  appears  again  in  public.     If  he  wifhes  to 
2^cover  his  reputation,  it  mull  undoubtedly  be  by  more  judicious  and 
M^ere  temperate  prod  unions. 

Art,  64.  Critical  Remarks  on  Dr.  NoweWs  Sermcny  January  301^ 
1772,  befoVe  the  Houfe  of  Commons ;  to  which  is  annexed,  the 
Sermon  complete;.'   Printed  with  the  Approbation  of  the  Speaker^ 
at  th6  £xpencc  of  a  Member.     4to.     1  s.    Evans. 
Thefe  critical  remarks,  which  arc  wtty  fhort.and  fupcrficial,  fecm. 
principally  deflgned  to  introduce  a  fpurious  edition  of  Dr.  Nowell't 
iertnon :  we  fay,  a  fpurious  edition  of  it,  though  the  editor  has  en«« 
Soared  to  impofe  upon  the  public;  b/  aK  amblguaot  title-page. 


2}^ 


S  E  R  M  0  K  3. 


Art.  6^.  jf  LittiT  io  the  Rev.  Dr.  Nr.rell^  Principal  of  St 
Mary  Hall,  Ring's  Profcflfor  of  Modem  H^tery,  aind  P..MicOra* 
tor,  ill  the  Univcrfity  of  UxforU  i  occrifion  id  by  his  very  extra* 
ordinary  ocrmon*  preached  before  the  Hottic  of  CommoiiSp  Jaoo* 
ary  iio,   1772*     8vo.     6d*     Towera. 

In  this  letter,  the  Jacobitical  principles  of  ©r,  Nowell  arc  pro- 
perly expofed,  and  his  falfc  aiTertions  unaafwerably  refuted,  from 
the  authentic  teflimony  of  hiftory.  How  greatly  fupcxior,  in  :hd 
caufc  of  truths  ot  rcafon,  and  of  liberty^  is  a  humble  Bootcfcllcr 
(for  fucht  we  apprehend*  is  the  Author  of  the  prclcac  performance) 
to  the  Principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  King's  Profcflbr  of  Modern  Hit 
tdry,  and  Public  Orator»  in  the  Univerfity  of  Oxford  ! 


( 


SERMONS. 

I.  Before  the  Lords  fpi ritual  and  temporal,  Jaoaary  50,  1771* 
By  Shute  Lord  Bilhop  of  LandafF,     410,     b  d.     Payne,  Uc* 

Confidcring  the  fpirit  of  the  times,  or   to  fpeak   more  properly^ 
ibe  fpirit  that  feems  10  be  nTtng  up  among  fome  of  the  principal 
clergy,   we  may  be  thankful  for  (6  rational  and  moderate  a  compo* 
iition  as  the  prcfcnt  difcourfe*     We  do  not,  however,  by  any  meant  ? 
agree  with  the  Bilhop  of  Landu^fF,  in  what  he  advances  at  the  coh'^      ' 
dufion  of  his  fermon.     His  Lordlhip  {ccms  to  think,  tKat  every  idea 
of  improving  the  condicution  Hiould  be  difcarded,  and  that  an  at-  J 
tempt  to  repair  any  flaws  either  in  our  civil  or  ecclefiaftical  ctlabliQi*  ™ 
ment,  mull   be   dangerous.      Perhaps   a  determined    oppofition  to 
every  degree  of  reformation  may,  in  its  confequcnces,  be  flill  more 
dangerous.     With  rcfpeA  to  the  ecclcrtadical  conllttution  in  parti- 
cular, fome  few  reafonable  alteration s  might  give  a  longer  fccuriqf 
and  peace  to  the  church  than  it  would  otherwifc  enjoy, 

IL  Before  the  Houfc  of  Commons,  January  30,  1772*  By  Tho- 
mas Nowcil,  D.  D*  Principal  ci  St.  Mary  Hall,  King's  Profeirr>r  of 
Modern  Hiflory,  and  Public  Crator  in  the  Univcxlity  of  Oxford. 
410.     6d.     Payne,  &c.     fyz. 

It  has  often  been  cot  Huered  ai  a  miucr  of  juil  complaint,  thai 
feveral  of  the  profeflbrfliip^  in  our  two  famous  univerfities  thould  be 
little  more  than  finecuies ;  but  if  this  be  th^  cafe  with  regard  to  Dr, 
Nowcll's  department,  it  is  a  happy  circumllance  for  the  lludents  at  , 
Oxford.  All  the  fmccre  lovers  of  their  country  muft  be  forry  if 
young  minds  are  to  rec^iv.*  iheir  political  and  hillorical  mwms  and 
inllruflions  from  a  perfoii  of  fuch  flavirti  principles,  and  who  u 
capable  of  afTerting,  that  in  vain  Ihall  we  look  for  the  beginning  of 
the  evils  of  Charles  the  Firll^s  reign  from  any  real  or  pretended 
grievances,  from  any  undoc  ilrctchea  of  prerogative,  from  any  abufe 
of  royal  power.  After  fuch  an  afTcrdon,  we  weed  not  be  furpriici 
that  not  the  jealt  word  efcape^  the  Author  which  appears  like  an 
approbation  of  the  Revolution,  or  of  that  {yHtm  of  policy  which 
introduced  the  Hanover  fucccffion.  Perhaps,  however.  Dr.  NowelV 
thinks  that  he  hath  made  ample  amends  for  this  omi/uon,  by  finJing* 
in  his  prefentMajefly,  the  bright  refcmblancc  of  the  Royal  Martyr. 
It  feems  fuitable  enough  to  fuch  a  ridiculous,  difgraceful,  and  (wo 
MTC  jKTfandci)  grcttr.dlefi  ^ompUiiaent,  to  advsccc  cenetd  iiinilar  to 


I 


S  £  R  M  O  K  S.  2f  I  . 

tliofe  of  Montague,  Manwaring,  and  Sibthorp.     Bat  did  our  Pro-  . 
feifor  and  public  Orator  reflet,  that  if  his  favourite  do^rines  had 
prevailed,  King  George  the  ^ird  would  never  have  fat  upon^  and 
adorned  the  throne  of  Great  Britain  \ 

The  ftigma  which  hath  been  put  Upon  this  fernvon  by  the  Hou(e 
of  Commons,  in  expunging,  from  the  journals,  the  Thanks  that  had 
been  inadvertently  given  to  the  Author  of  it,  does  honour  to  the 
Britiih  Parliament,  and  will  afford,  to  future  Preacheri,  a  leffi)n  of  ' 
wifdom  and  caution. 

III.  Before  the  Governors  of  Addenbrooke's  Ho(pItal,  June  27, 
1771,  at  Great  St.  Mary's  Cambridge.     By  T.  Ruthcrforth,  D.  D. 
Archdeacon  of  Eflex,  and  King's  Profeflbr  of  Divinity  in  the  Uni-  , 
vcrfity  of  Cambridge,     i  s.     Beecroft,  &c. 

IV.  Occafioned  by  the  Death  of  Mr.  William  RofFcy,  who  died  * 
atCranbrook,  in  Kent,  Dec.  12th,  1771.     By  Robert  Noyes.     6d. 
Law,  &c. 

V.  TJIfi  early  Knoiuledge  omJ  Rimembrance  of  Go  J  recommended  and   ■ 
urged,— to  young  Perfons,    at  Fraintree,    in  EfTcx.    By  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Davidfon,  M.  A.     6d.    Dilly. 

VJ.  At  the  Parilh  Church  of  St.  Stephen,  Wallbrook,   for  the 
Benefit  of  the  Children  belonging  to  the  St.  Ethel berga  Society^  . 
April   14,    1771       By  Thomas  Coombe,   M.  A.  Chaplain  to  the 
Marquis  of  Rockingham.     410.     is.     Kearfley,  &c. 

VII.  The  Triumph  of  Deaths  &c.  an  univerfal  funeral  Sermon,  . 
for  the  Year  x  77 1 ;  being  the  Subilance  of  feveral  alarming  Dif-  , 
courfes  upon  the  certainty  of  Death,  &c.  The  many  different 
Ways  he  may  come  upon  us,  and  oft  at  a  Time  when  lead  thought 
on  ;  as  in  many  Inftances,  among  the  great  Number  cut  ofi^fuddenly 
laft  Year.  Delivered  by  an  eminent  Gofpel  Minifter  of  this  City,  to 
an  attentive  AfTembly.     8vo.     6  d.    Hood,  &c.     1772. 

^•<p  This  Mcthodiilical  catch-penny  fermon,  preached  no-wherc, 
jnay  be  read  anywhere,  and  will  be  equally  ufeful  everywhere^  to 
fpread  the  extraordinary  tidings,  that 

Firft  or  laft  we  all  muft  die, 
"Which  the  poet,  however,  had  told  us  before  ;  fo  that  the  difcovcry 
is  not  altogether  new ;  although  this  fermon-monger  has  difcovereJL 
aa  new  method  of  making  money  by  it ;  of  which  we  may  exped  he 
^will  annually  avail  himfelf,  about  the  time  when  the  almanacs  come 
oat. 

VIII.  Tbi  Manner  of  contending  for  tbe  Faith  confidered. — Preached 
^atTaonten,  by  Jolhua  Toulmin,  A.  M.     To  which  is  fubjoined  a  - 
X^tter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rooker,  occafioned  by  his  Sermon  'on  the 
£affle  Sobjed,  lately  publifhed.     8vo«     8  d.     Johnfqn,  &c.     1771* 

%•  Jude  ir.  3.  *  It  was  needful  for  me  to  write  unto  you,  ana  ex- 

1^^  you,  that  ye  fhould  earnellly  contend  for  the  faith  onct  delivered 

"Ko  the'faints.' — Mr.  Toulmin  gives  a  liberal,  and,  we  believe,  a  very 

^voe  explication  of  this  text ;  in  oppofition  to  thofe  who  have  applied 

i^  m  lavour  of  certain  narrow  principles,  which  have  obtained  in  the 

Clriftian  world ^^/  the  days  of  the  apollles,  who  could  only  have  had 

in  view  the  truths  which  ^were  then  revealed  to  mankind,  and  not  the 

^ifpuuble  points  and  doubtful  explanations  of  fallible  men  in  after- 

k      ^i«-To  Ua  fermon^  Mr,  Tr  has  fubjoined  a  fenfible  and  candid  letter 


%J2  CORRE^PO  KD  £  K  C  E. 

to  a  reverend  Gentleman^  whp,  ui  a  difcouHe  on  tlie  fame  ftibjed, 
fcems  to  have  in ti mated,  that  the  iai-rh  to  be  contended  fbr»  conv- 
prehends  the  do^rincs  of  particular  cledion,  the  Trii  kvi  originjl 
fin,  and  juftification  by  the  imputed  Hghtcou iacf^  of  Chri/l  alone; 
which,  from  the  diflcntion  and  confuiion  they  h*ve  occjiir»ncd  ia 
the  worlds  appear  to  be  not  fo  muck  matter  uf  Ulth,  a&  fabjcdt  of 
difpiuation, 

iX,  Containing  a  Pfan  for  reforming  the  Liturgy*  and  Ardclei of 
the  Church  of  England,  By  ih€  Rev.  T.  Goddard,  A  M.  ReAof 
of'SwelL  in  Somcrfctihire.     8vo.     6d*     Baldwin,  ^c.      i-'^s. 

This  fcrmon  no  otherwife  contains  a  plan  for  reforming  the  U- 
targy  and  Articles  of  the  chiircii  of  £nj»Iand,  than  as  it  exhibits  ih« 
Author's  general  view  of  the  fcheme  of  Chrillianity,  from  John  17. 
5.  Mr*  Goddard  fecms  to  be  a  C3ndid  and  well  tiicauixtgt  but  eioca 
jnifterly  or  judicious  writer. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 

WE  have  been  favoured  w'nh  a  letter,  figndd  *  Your  ciniid 
Reader/  relative  to  the  iubjed  of  the  late  clerical  petirion  to 
patliament;  in  anfwcr  to  which,  we  ihall  ohfcrve,  that  *ve  camioC 
enter  farther  into  the  difputes  of  the  times  than  is  abfoi  urly  necei- 
fary  to  the  difcharging  our  duty  to  the  public^  with  iidctity  and  jaf* 
tice.  As  to  Dean  Tucker's  Apology,  there  coulu  be  no  greater 
reafon  for  fupporting  our  hint  at  the  ieis  «Jercniible  parts  of  that  per- 
formance, by  citing  the  parucul.ir  pijfages  10  wiuch  we  aliuded* 
than  for  doin^  the  f<ime  with  rc^srd  to  all  the  ^lublicadons  upoii  the 
a^atr  of  SiiLfciIption*  Ifwchad*  in  general  gone  beyond  A^hrufi 
iharatltr  of  them,  we  muft  hjivs;  departed  from  our  pLtn,  to  theoc- 
clufioa  of  almol  every  other  fubjccl.  The  whole  of  cur  Review,  for 
the  two  lall  months,  would  barely  have  futriced  for  the  pai^pUcli 
which  hitvc  appeared  in  that  vrry  prolific  controvcrfyp  h;id  we  de* 
fcended  to  fuch  a  particular  and  cirjumllantiai  difculTjon  of  their  con- 
tents as  ouj  corfcipondent  would  feem  to  require.  His  rcmaiits  m^yf* 
with  propriety,  be  communicated  to  Br,   lucker  himfelf, 

"IX^E  have  received  1  letter  from  the  Rev»  Mr,  Hlngefton,  in  wUdt 
that  Gentlemen,  in  the  moll  unexceptionable* terms,  difavowa 
all  acquaintance  with  the  writings  of  Calvin  •  and  his  followers  ;   dc- 
cllring,  as  becomes  a  Chrifliin  Minitlcr,  that  his  ftudits  hrive  been 
chiefly  confined  to  the  facrcd.  Scripture*.     He  alfo  utterly  difclaim 
(what,  indeed,  he  waf  not  poijtively  charged  v^ith)   thehrtvifigci 
tertaioed  a  fuperlliLious  degree  i>(  reverence  for  the  Chrittian  Prieft 
kood  f  i  and  he  has,  in  iJoth  thefc  rcfpcds,  vindicated  himfelf  " 
fo  hand  Come  a  m:inner,  that  we  have  thought  it  au  a^  of  juMce^ 
thoj  publicly  to  mention  his  polite  and  candid  leiter. 

•^*  Our  acetfknt  ef  the  ThirA  Fdume  of  Lord  Lyftelton*/  Htjldr 
futs  hccn  uttiwftAahfy  Vjetardtd^^  but  it  Jhall  ap^etir  oj  faan  as  fa^Mt^ 
Jft  hope  to  givs  it  in  our  nsxt. 


I 

I 


£Uview,  Feb.  p,  114, 


^  Va^  pw  njm 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For     APRIL,     ^^^%. 


Art.  I.    Tbi  Book  of  Joby  in  Englijh  Verft  \    tranjlated  from  the  orU 

Wiur/  Hebrew ;  lAfiib  Remarks  hifioricaly    critical^  and  explanatory  • 

By  Thomas  Scott.     i(to.     i  1.  is.    Cadell,  &c.     1771. 

rriHIS  performance  recommends  itfelf  to  the  public  in  a 

X     dotible  capacity  ;  as  a  tranflation  of  the  book  of  Job  in 

lerfe,  and  as  a  learned  and  elaborate  commentary  upon  that  va* 

luaMe,  but  difficult  part  of  the  Old  Teftament.     It  will  be  ne- 

ccflbry^  therefore,  to  confider  the  work  before  us  in  thefe  two 

diftind  viev9S ;  and,  in  order  to  do  juftice  to  its  poetical  cha« 

n£ler»  it  may  not  be  improper  to  make  fome  obfervations  on 

the  nature  and  verfification  of  the  original  poem  from  which  it 

13  tranflated. 

Various  are  the  opinions  concerning  the  tinre  in  which  the 
book  of  Job  was  written  \  but  the  fufflrages  of  the  bell  critics 
are  in  favour  of  its  very  early  antiquity.  They  think  that  it 
was  either  compofed  by  Job  himfelf,  or  by  Elihu,  or  fome  nearly 
Gotemporary  inhabitant  of  Idumara ;  or,  if  the  work  of  Mi>fes 
(which  is,  perhaps,  the  moft  probable  notion)  that  it  was  his 
tirft  produ(^ion,  when  he  redded  in  the  land  of  Midian,  af- 
ter he  bad  fled  from  the  court  of  Egypt.  According  to  any 
of  thefe  fuppofitions,  it  muft  have  been  one  of  the  oldeft,  if 
not  abfolutely  the  oldeft  book  in  the  world.  With  regard  to  the 
nature  of  the  poem,  it  is  univerfally  agreed  that  it  is  dramatic. 
But  when  this  is  aflerted,  it  can  only  be  faid  that  it  is  dra- 
matic in  a  general  fenfe,  in  confequence  of  the  feverai  charac- 
ter! being  introduced  as  fpeaking  in  their  proper  perfoas.  The 
book  of  Job  is  not  a  ftrid  drama,  in  the  Grecian  fignification 
of  the  word,  fo  as  to  contain  a  regular  fable  or  a£lion,  deduced, 
by  imitation,  through  a  feries  of  events,  till  it  is  brouj/ht  to  its 
final  catafirophe.  It  is,  however,  a  fine  compofition  in  the 
more  general  dramatic  form,  and  is  condu6ted  with  an  order 
and  beauty  not  to  be  paralleled  in  any  other  parts  of  the  facred 
Vox-.XLVI.  T  ^^u>jw 


r 


374  ScottV  Trarijlailm  af  tht  Bffoi  of  Joh 

poetry.  That  this  mode  of  writing  Ihould  be  carried  thus  far 
at  fo  early  a  period,  and  perhaps  in  the  firft  inftance,  is  a  cir- 
cumflancc  worthy  of  obfcrvation  j  and  (were  it  not  rather  fo- 
reign to  our  prefcnt  purpofe)  might  fuggeft  an  enquiry,  not 
very  difficult  to  be  folvcd,  why  the  Hebrews  did  not  go  farther, 
and  proceed  to  the  perfed  drama  ? 

As  the  book  of  Job  is,  in  its  own  fpecies,  a  regular,  fo  it  if 
a  peculiarly  beautiful  and  noble  poem-  It  is  fublime  tn  the 
higheft  degree,  and  abounds  with  the  ftrongeft  paffions.  The 
pa0ions  it  principally  expreffcs  arc  the  more  vehement  ones, 
fuch  as  Grief  in  its  excc(s,  Anger,  Indignation,  and  thofe  vio- 
lent emotions  which  arc  calculated  to  inrpirc  the  foul  with 
terror,  and  to  raife  the  grandeft  and  moft  elevated  feelingt* 

L^or  is  it  dellitute  of  very  fine  inflances  of  the  pathetic,  or  dc- 

^ficicnt,  as  occafion  offers,  in  painting  the  agreeable  and  joyful 
affcilions  of  the  mind.  It  is  adorned,  Hkewife,  with  pifturefquc 
and  animated  delcriptiuns,  with  noble  and  ftrilcing  tentimcnts, 
with  bold  and  glowing  figtircs,  with  ftiong  and  cxprefTive  me- 

Lt'phors,  and,  in  {hort>  with  alt  the  fupcrior  graces  of  poetry. 

f  Add  to  this,  that  the  di^ion  is  highly  beautiful,  the  compofi- 
tion  elegant,  and  the  vetfsfiration  finifhed  and  accurate,  acf 
cording  to  the  nature  of  the  Hebrew  vcrfification. 

From  all  thefc  circumftances,  it  may  be  cxpefled  that  the 
book  of  Job  muft  appear  to  great  advantage  in  an  Englifli  po- 
etic;il  drcfs:  yet  this,    perhaps,  will  not   be  found   to   be  the 

Lcafe  j  efpcciivlly  it  a  tranflation  be  clofc  and  concife,  fo  as  to 

■  agree  cxa£Hy  with  the  original.     The  caufc  of  this  muft  be 

■  fought  for  in  the  conftru^tion  of  the  Hebrew  poetry,  *  which 
lis  broken  info  fliort  periods,  confifting,    in  gencr»l,  of  two 

■  fliort  fentences ;  the  latter  of  which  corrcfponds  to  the  former, 
Keitber  as  fynonimous  with  it,  or  antitbcfis  to  it^  or  agreeing  itt 
P  the  number  and  dtfporitlon  of  the  words/     Hence  the  vertifi* 

cation  of  the  Jcwifh  writers  is  deficient  in  the  concatenation 
and  variety  that  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  finilhed  produfliont 

■  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  the  bcft  that  have  been  written  in 
F  modern  hnguages,  and  aflumes  an  aphoriftic  form*     In  confe- 

quence  cf  this  fonr,  it  fcems  to  appear  in  the  moft  advanta- 

^  geous  light,  when  exhibited  in  a  kind  of  meafurcd  profe,  fuch 

P  as  Mr.  Macphcrfon  has  given  to  the  public,  with  regard  to  the 

works  of  Offian.    We  find  that  the  happleft  trat^flatcrs  of  the 

poetical  parts  of  fcripiurc  have  not  fuccceded  entirely  to  their 

wiftics,  lo  as  to  come  up  lo  the  fpirit  and  dignity  of  the  origi* 

na!,  and  therefore  it  is  not  a  matter  of  furnrize  that  this  (houtd 

be,  in  fomc  meafure,  the  cafe  with  Mr,  bcott  j  more  particu- 

K  larly,  as  he  bus  confined   himftlf,  in  general,  to  a  clofe  and 

W  «xai^^  vcifion  ^f  the  book  of  Job,    We  do  not  m'^an  hereby  to 

derogate  from  Mr.  Scott'i  merit,  which  ii  coniidciablc.     He 

K  7 


Voon^strM/Utlan  o/th  Biik  if  JO.  $7| 

biAttndauWedljr  taken  great  pains  to  do  juftice  to  his  author : 
IhUi  inftead  of  making  any  fiu-ther  obfervations,  we  (hall  en- 
ihle  Our  Readers  tb  judge  for  themfelves^  by  laying  before  them 
\  ^lecunen  of  the  tranflation. 

Ghap.  xxvim 

!•       *  The  vein  offilver,  aiid  the  golden  minei 

And  how  the  metal  from  its  ore  to  fine, 
2#  T'edace  hard  iron  fixna  the  rocky  mafs> 
And  turn  the  ftone  by  fafioa  into  brafsy 
3.   To  man  are  known.    Man,  with  giganti<^  pains#. 
£;q>lores  the  depths  where  ancient  darknefs  reigni^ 
Limits  her  kingdom,  and  with  liffht  invades 
The  marble  caverns  of  the  central  fhades.  s 

4*  They  fcoop  the  rock,  and  pendulous  defcend  $ 

Loft  from  the  fun  their  mazy  way  they  bend, 
5.   Throuffh  homing  naphtha  in  the  bowell'd  earthy 

Whoie  ooibm  gives  the  nodding  harveft  birth : 
6m  Where  fpangled  fapphires  in  her  flints  are  bred^ 

And  golden  glebes  extend  their  ihining  bed : 
7.   A  paui,  which  fowl  of  rapine  never  try^dt 
Not  by  the  vulture's  piercing  eye  dtfcryM  ; 
8«  Which  beafts  of  fierceft  countenance  would  feai> 
^  Nor  dares  to  ftalk  the  bold  black  lion  her^ 

9*    Man  this  explores  :  his  hardy  hand  overthrows 
The  marble  roots  whereon  the  mountain  grows : 
lo»  He  cleaves  deep  channels  in  the  rocky  ground^ 
Collet  the  ftreams  of  all  the  fprings  around^ 
And  bids  the  torrent  with  impetuous  roar 
&end  off  the  cruft,  and  bare  the  precious  ore  t 
SI.   Then  with  new  law  th'  unruly  flood  rellrains^ 
To  the  laft  drop  its  raging  waters  drains ; 
Breaks  the  flrong  ieal  of  nature,  and  to  light 
Triumphant  brings  the  fulgent  fpoils  of  nighn 

12.    .  '  But  where  is  Wifdom  found  ?  what  happy  coaH 

The  glory  of  this  lovely  birth  can  boaft ! 
1  j.    No  mortal  her  unbounded  value  knows. 

Her  value  in  no  mortal  climate  grows  : 
14%   The  great  abyfs  through  her  daP.z  regions  cries* 

"  Not  in  my  rich  domains  the  purchafe  lies;" 

15.  Ocean,  ••  nor  yet  in  mine.**    Not  golden  fand. 
Nor  iilver  ingots  the  exchange  command : 

16.  Not  Ophir*s  wealth,  nor  the  clear  fapphire's  iky. 
Nor  diamond's  lightning  with  her  beam  may  vie  : 

17.  Or  chryftal  vafe,  with  golden  circles  bound. 

Or  gold  that  heaves  with  fculptur'd  life  around* 

18.  Beryls  and  orient  pearls  no  more  be  nam*d, 
19*   The  blufli  of  rubies,  or  the  topaz  fam'd 

Arabia's  verdant  pride  :  nor  crowns  be  laid 
In  loaded  fcale^  with  Wifdom  to  be  wcigh'd* 

T  2  io»  *  ^'\AXft, 


3^6  Scott's  Tranfiationrf  the  Boii  of  ya. 

20.  *  Where,  then,  is  Wifdom  foand  ?  what  Jitppy  .ooal| 
The  glory  of  this  lovely  birth  can  boaft  f 

21.  Hid  from  all  living,  far  beyond  the  height 
Of  flfongefl  pinion  in  its  loftieft  flight. 

22.  *  Death  and  DeflruAion  call,  "  learn  fomewhat  here^ 
The  voice  of  Wifdom  vibrates  in  our  ear." 

23*   Ho^elf  acceflible  to  God  alone. 

To  him  her  birth-place  and  her  ways  are  known : 

24.  Earth's  utmoft  bounds  lay  fpread  before  his  view* 
He  with  a  glance  look'd  all  creation  through : 

25.  The  wild  winds  balanc'd,  weighM  the  fwelllng  Teas* 
2P.   And  gave  the  vapour  and  the  cloud  decrees ; 

When  rains  (hould  fall,  when  ruddy  lightning  fly. 

And  the  big  thunder  roar  along  the  iky : 
27.   He  faw  the  whole,  he  numbered  every  part. 

The  finiih'd  fyftcro  of  Almighty  art. 

Approved,  and  (lablilh'd  his  imperial  plan  : 
z2.   Then  fpoke  this  lefibn  to  his  creature  man ; 

^  •*  Thy  mighty  Maker  fear,  from  evil  flee. 

This,  Adam,  is  the  wifdom  left  to  thee**' 

The  fecond  view  in  which  the  work  before  us  is  to  be  con- 
fidered,  i^  as  a  commentary  upon  the  book  of  Job  ;  and  here  it 
appears  to  no  fmall  advantage.  Mr.  Scott  is  .well  qualified  for 
this  part  of  the  undertaking,  by  bis  great  knowledge  of  the 
Oriental  languages,  his  diligent  ftudy  of  the  original,  ahd  his 
complete  acquaintance  with  the  befl  critics.  Hence,  indepen* 
dently  of  the  poetical  character  of  the  prefent  performance,  it 
will  be  deemed  very  valuable,  by  proper  judges,  as  a  faithful 
tranflation,  and  a  judicious  and  learned  explication  of  a  fublime, 
important,  and  difficult  portion  of  facred  writ. 

For  the  information  and  fatisfa£lion  of  our  Readers,  we  (ball 
add  another  fpecimen,  accompanied  with  the  Author's  notes. 
Both  the  fpecimens  have  been  taken  without  any  particular  fe« 
ledion. 

Chap.  XXIX. 
I,  2.       *  O  happy  months,  and  happy  days,  long  fled! 
When  God,  the  guardian  of  my  honoured  head, 

3.  Shin'd 
Chap.  XXIX. 
'  The  connc£Uon  with  the  foregoing  chapter  is  eafy.  His  own 
cafe  was  an  in^ance  of  thofc^  incomprehenfible  ways  of  Providence  of 
which  he  had  been  difcourfing.  He  now  gives  an  entire  view  of  it*, 
as  a  kind  of  Epitticium,  or  fong  of  vidory,  as  Schultens  fpeaks.  His 
aim  is  to  (hew,  that  all  his  pleadings  and  complaints  were  luftly 
founded.  In  the  prefent  chapter  he  icts  forth  his  former  feliuty  in 
the  lingular  favour  of  God  to  his  pcrfon,  family,  and  fortunes ;  and 
in  the  veneration  paid  to  him  by  his  tribe  for  the  wifdom  of  his  coon- 

*  Cbtp.  xxix.  XXX,  ixtU 


Scott'i  Tranjlation  cf  the  Book  of  Job,  ^77 

3.    ShinM  on  his  favourite  with  diilingnifh'd  rays, 
Difpcird  all  darknefs,  and  illum'd  my  ways  : 

4«  In  aatfimii  of  my  glory,  when  the  Pow*r 
TniAcd  his  coonim  to  my  hallow'd  bowV :      • 

5*  WhUc 

fdi  and  the  jaftice  of  his  adminiftration.  To  which  he  adds  the 
pleafiog  hope  he  had  entertained  of  the  permanence  of  all  that  hap« 
pmefs,  inreward  of  his  virtue. 

•  Vcr.  3.  fThen  bis  candle^  &c.]  The  extraordinary  favour  of  God, 
ami  its  efieds,  namely,  conflant  cheerfulnefe,  profperity  of  condi- 
tion, and  Ittftre  of  character,  feem  to  be  all  comprehended  in  thefe 
beantiful  metaphors.  The  former,  bis  candUy  or  rather  his  lamp^  is 
probabljT  an  allufion  to  the  lamps  which  hung  from  the  cieling  of  the 
oanaaeting  rooms  of  the  wealthy  Arabs  ^.  The  latter,  by  his  light  t 
wmUid  through  darknefsy  refers,  it  is  likely,  to  the  fires,  or  other 
lights,  which  were  carried  before  the.  caravans  in  their  night  travels 
through  the  defarts  ^. 

'  darkmefi]  times  of  general  calamity ;  war,  famine,  pefUlence. 
The  divine  protedion  and  guidance  were  his  conflant  fecurity  and 
delight'ul  confidence  in  fuch  feafons  of  danger. 

•  Vcr.  4.  in  the  days  of  my  youth\  In  my  autumnal  ^ays^  ;  that  is, 
as  Mr..  Heath  freely  turns  it,  /»  the  days  of  my  profperity.  Autumn  is 
a  pleafant  feafon  in  thofe  hot  climates :  the  heats  are  then  abated, 
Che  rains  fall,  and  the  grapes  and  other  fruits  are  in  perfedtion. 

•  When  the  fecret  of  God^^  fi:c.l  Among  men,  communication  of 
One's  (ecrets  is  a  mark  of  the  highell  confidence  and  moft  intimate 
firiendihip.  Accordingly  the  Pfalmifl  expreffeth  the  friendfhip  of  God 
to  all  good  men  by  faying.  The  fecret  of  the  Lord  is  nvith  them  that 

fear  bim^  and  he  *wiU  Jheijj  them  his  covenant  *.  The  meaning  is,  I 
fappofe,  he  will  lead  them  into  a  clear  knowledge  of  his  will  and  of 
his  gracious  defign^  in  favour  of  piety  and  virtue.  A  prophet  en« 
joyed  this  divine  intercourfe  in  a  fuperior  degree  :  Jhall  I  hide  f^om 
Mrabmm  ihat  thing  nuhich  I  do^  ^  I  incline  to  think,  that  Job  was 
thas  diftingoifhed,  and  had  the  honour  of  being  a  divinely  commif» 
fibned  minifter  of  religion  to  his  tribe.  Compare  chap.  vi.  to. 
t  my  taherna/tlel  in^  or  ivithiff  s,  my  tabernacle. 


'  >  See  the  note  on  chap,  zviii.  6. 

*'*  See  Pitti'  JiccouMt  of  the  Mabcwutam,  p.  150. 

*  «  'flrvn  ^'3  In  the  iayt  of  my  autumn.     In  the  Arabic  Tcrfton  of  the  Pi^lmt 

eS.  18.)  »pTn  ftandt  oppofed  to  jummer,  and  denotes  the  winter  ha// year.  It  alfo 
fie^  in  tBat  language,  tbe  autumnal  feafon.  (See  Schuhens.  and  Caflel).  Lex  ) 
Tke  aotbor  of  iui  EJfay  towardt  a  new  Tranjlation  of  the  Bihle  remarks,  that  this  woid 
ftooli  be  rendered  tbt)gutuma  in  Gen.  vHi.  22,  it  being  the  time  of  plowing,  Prev. 
3B.  4.  p.  lS7. 

*  d  Shtmm  meo  ttUmaeulo  famillarit  tjfet  Deuu    CaftaRo. 
«  •  Pfil,  XXV.  14; 

'f  Gea«xviii«  17.    Compare  John  xv.  15.     James  ii.  13. 

*  I  '^i^  '»>  OfvtUbin.    The  prepofitioa  by  is  equivalent  to  3  in,  Exod.  xxix.  3, 
J^xod.  axxiii.  ai,  upom  a  rtck,  rather  ivitbh  the  rock,    Sc«  ver.  %%,    Nold.  p.  69s, 


3ji  Scott'i  tYM/laiioH  cftbi  Bni  ofj^. 

5.  While  yet  each  npni  hU  yifits  he  leaoir'd. 
while  yet,  m^oonid  me,  I  my  children  vieVd  s 

6.  While  plenty  ftream'd  in  riven  ihtough  my  Toil. 
With  milk  my  villiet,  and  lay  kk^  with  oiit 

7*       *  Q  high  enjoyment !  on  the  folemn  day» 
When,  with  a  princely  train,  I  took  my  war 

Tb 

*  Vcr.  q.  Wleft  mj  children  »,  *c.]  He  fetched  %  d«ep  figh,  I  doubt 
not,  on  mentioning  this  happy  circumfbince  of  his  oncfe  hap|yy  con- 
dition. The  fentinient  is  exquifitely  tender.  He  conld' not  bear  to 
dwell  upon  it. 

*  nuvre  about  me\  he  probably  refers  to  their  fitting  at  table  wiA 
him  in  a  circle,  after  the  eaftern  nK>de  taken  notice  of  by  Shaw  and 
Lc  Bruyn  *». 

*  Ver.  6.  Wbenliuafiid  mj  fteps^  &c.]  Olive  groves  and  abaa* 
dance  of  cattle  made  the  principal  wealth  of  the  Arabs.  The  beft 
olives  grow  upon  the  rocky  mountains  ^.  Hence  thefe  beJd  lignrei, 
whereby  the  Arabs  exprefTed  a  condition  of  uncommon  felicity.  A 
Roman  Poet  would  have  conveyed  the  fame  thought  in  the  language 
of  Perfius  i 

■'■  quicquid  calcaverit  hie,  rofa  fiat  **• 

Let  rqfes/pring  beneath  his  feet.  It  is  a  proverbial  expreffion»  fays  the 
commentator,  for  the  highell  felicity.  I  am  indebted  to  Schaltens 
for  great  part  of  this  note. 

*  Ver.  7-^-17.  When  I  twenty  &c.]  Having  defcribed  his  domeiUc 
happinefsy  he  proceeds  to  reprefent  the  honours  paid  him  in  public 
(ife.  This  reprefentation  is  judicioufly  intermin^jled  with  an  account 
•f  his  impartial  and  intrepid  adminillration  of  juilice  ;  wl^ich  is  a 
lioble  anfwer  to  the  particular  accufation  laid  againft  higi  by  Eli- 
phaz,  chap.  xxii.  6 — 9. 

'  Ver.  7,  to  the  gale]  the  court  of  jqMce.  Bat  die  Sflptuagint 
turns  it,  in  the  morning  ^.  .  A^iong  the  ancients  the  pnblic  afi^nUie^ 
for  adminiilring  juflicc  aiTd  tranfa^ling  other  public  bofinefs  were 
held  early  in  the  morning.  Thus  in  the  Odyfley»  Telemachoi  ,goe« 
to  council  at  that  time  of  the  day* 

*  through  the  city  *"]  Mr.  Heath  turns  it,  nigh  the  flace  of  fmHie  n* 
forf^  the  forum,  or  market-place. 

'  in  the  ftreet]  It  ihould  feem  that  theie  public  alTembliet  were 
held  irf  the  open  air,  and  in  the  wideft  and  moil  frequented  part  of 
the  cicy.    Compare  Prov.  viii.  3.  Ruth  iv.  1,  &c. 

• ■ '' ; '- ■      I    "    >i    ■         N    I  m 

<  a  ^pj  Mvy  y^ung  ptopU,  i.  e.  my  children :.  h  it  figotfie^  la  chiD.  i.  lo.  J| 
fihe  houfe)  fell  ufon  the  young  men ;  rather  tbt  young  f>eopU,  hit  font  and  hit  daughtet^ 
ver.  18.  Caflalio  there  renders  Itjuvenes.  It  it  ftringe  that  he  rendenit  h^re  fi^ 
muttiliiif  wtf  domefiics, 

*  b  St^OSfer^atlciit  on  clivers  Pajfagu  (^ Scripture^  &c.  p.  x8o« 

•  c  Deat.  xxxii.  13,14.  •       ' 
«  A  Sat.  ii.  38.             * 

«  •  irp^  the  gate ;  LXX.  t.'.fifiAc  forty  in  the  mornhp.    It  wit  IfW  in  th^  eopjt 
%       *  f  mp  tbi'plMCtef  public  *refcrt  t  tw  Hip  it  to  faS  tagetbor  i  and  iff  fifaiict  m 


%eoitCitrM/ktknoftbiBool9fyoi.  379 

To  the  f«U  ^bram,  tbrbagh  the  hailing  ^trttt^ 
And  in  the  Cenate  filFd  a  Sovereign  feat. 
8.   The  youthj»  abaih'dy  reur*d ;  aod,  bent  with  age. 
In  damb  fcTpeft  ap  rofe  the  hoary  fage : 
9,  io«   The  nuUu  of  pow'r  ftood  all  attention  round. 
And  eir«ry  tongue  in  every  month  was  bound. 
Princes  and  peers ;  all  waiting  to  receive 
The  fentence  wifdom  in  my  voice  (honid  give : 
1 1«   Rapture  in  every  ear  the  fentence  rais*d. 
And  tW9iy  eye  with  look  applauding  gaz'd  : 

12.  The  fiuiierlefi  and  friendleis  and  diiireft 

13.  Cali'd  me  their  faviour,  while  my  name  they  blcfs'd  : 
Their  bleflinga  crowned  me ;  for  I  heai'd  their  wrongs. 
And  tun'd  the  widow's  heart  to  grateful  fongs*    < 

14.  My  robe  was  juftice,  juftice  my  tiar ; 
This  was  my  msijefly,  rcnownM  afar  : 

tc»  The  feeble  found  in  me  a  powerful  (lay, 
10.   The  poor  a  father,  and  the  blind  man  day : 

The  ftran^r's  friend,  I  weigh'd  his  flighted  cau(e ; 

17.  Broke  rapine's  teeth,  and  fnatch'd  him  from  its  jaws. 

1 8.  *  Thence  I  too  fondly  argu'd ;  here  (hall  reft 
My  dying  head,  in  this  ray  lofty  neH  : 

But  countLefs  as  the  (ands  aiy  days  ihall  run. 
Without  a  clond  to  their  laft  fettiog  fun. 

19.  The 
* 

•  Ytr.  I4«  41;  juigmnt  mrms  as  a  rch$^  &c.]  His  decifions  td  the 
court  of  jufiice  procured  him  all  the  honour  given  to  a  king,  with- 
out the  drefs  and  title.  This  beautiful  manner  of  fpeaking  is  fliH 
pwfervfd  »mong  the  Arabs  :  Oa^  of  their  proverbs  is,  Knowltdgt  is  a 
MasUm'to  a  young  per/on  ^  and  a  chain  of  gold  about  his  ne:k  *. 

*  Ver.  » 5-  /  'was  eyes  to  the  blind ^  d:c.]  When  the  canfe  of  an  igr 
aonat  and  fr'endlefs  peribn  came  before  him,  he  afiilled  him,  by  his 
coaaiel  and  proiedlion,  to  make  his  defence. 

*  Ver.  18 — 15.  TbenI  faid^  &C.]  At  the  eighteenth  verfe  begins 
mt^rd  divifion  of  this  chapter,  ami  reaches  to  the  end.  Here  he 
cxprefleth  his  hope  of  the  continuation  of  his  profperity  throughout  a 
Jongli&  It^k  the  whole  paragraph  is  to  be  underllood  in  the 
'£itnre  time,  not  in  the  paft.  It  contains  the  fubjed  matter  of  hiis 
fcopc*. 

•  Ver,  18.  IJbaUdiein  my  nejtj  Schultens  remarks  that  the  image 
is  taken  from  the  eagle  who  build#ch  her  neft  on  the  fummit  of  a 
«0Gk*  Security  is  the  point  of  refemblance  intended  ^,  Longevity 
b  estprefied  in  the  following  daufe,  /  J!?all  multiply,  Scq. 

9  a  Erpenii  Pr«v.  Arsh,  cent.  ii.  %%% 
.  •  b  At  Scbultens  obferveth. 
<  c  See  Umofik*  niv.  %u    Ohti,  ver.  4.    Jobzxzix.  fj,  %%,    Horace  ofeth  this 

wmtfhot, 

QuicuD^ile  celTc  aidum  Acberootiae,  fc«  teiiCDt«  Od.  iu.  4»  . 

T4 


«8o  Scoii*t  TranJIaiion  oftbg  Book  of  Johi 

19,  The  noble  palm,  wboTe  laden  boughs  on  high 
Suck  the  fweet  moifture  of  the  midnight  iky, 
Whofe  op*ning  roots  imbibe  the  cryftal  rill, 
Fearlefs  of  droughts,  ihall  be  my  emblem  flill : 

20.  Still  freih  in  Inltre  fhall  my  glory  grow. 
And  new  in  vigour  be. my  conqVing  bow. 

%i»'  My  eloquence  (hall  flow,  by  all  dcfir'd. 
Be  heard  with  facred  filence,  and  admir'd : 

22.  Be  heard  without  reply,  and  joy  infufe 
Like  heav'n  defcending  in  nutritious  dews  x 

23.  Crowds  fhall  be  eager  to  devour  the  drain,. 
As  the  chapt  foil  to  drink  autumnal  rain. 


24.  My 


*  Ver.  ig.  My  root  ^z,ijprtad,  &c.]  my  root  (hall  ht/pread^  fee.  tk 
derjii  (hall  lay  »,  tec.  A  tree  plants  by  the  rivers  of  waters,  and 
bringeth  forth  its  fruit  in  its  feafon,  is  a  beautiful  emblem  qf  pro- 
fperity.  See  Pfalm  i.  3.  The  dews,  which  fall  in  the  night  very 
plentifully,  contribute  greatly  to  the  nouri(hment  of  vegetables  in 
thofe  hot  climates;  where  they  have  fcarce  any  rain  all  fjimmer 
long  ^. 

*  Ver.  20.  My  glory  nvas  frefiy  ic^"]  My  fhry  Jhall  he  frefi>^^  &C. 
and  my  bonj^  jl;all  be  reni^ed^  Sec,  He  promifed  himfelf  a  perpetuity 
of  power,  fu^cient  to  fubdue  all  who  refifted  his  authority  or  invaded 
his  poifeflions.  A  flouri(hiog  ever-green  was  the  image  in  the  fore- 
going verfe,  and  is  earned  on  in  the  fird  member  of  this  verfe ;  Apr 
glory  JhaU  hi /rejb  in  me.  The  warlike  ima?e  in  the  fecond  fentence, 
my  hoFui^  &c.  is  equally  happy  :    it  denotes  mcreafing  power  and  cbn- 

Jueft.    The.  eaftern  writers  are  fond  of  this  image,  as  Schultens  hu 
lewn, 

*  Ver,  21*  ganjt  ear — tjnaited^kept  fiience^  &c.]  will  give  eeuf^ 
nvill  wait-^  *uiill  keep  fiime^  (ec^, 

*  tie  refers  to  the  attention  with  which  he  was  wont  always  to  be 
Jieard,  when  he  fpoke  in  the  public  afTcmbly  ver.  q,  10.  He  flat^ 
tcred  himfelf  that  this  veneration  of  his  wifdom  and  eloquence  woold 
continue ;  and  therewith  his  public  influence  and  utility. 

*  Ver,  22.  Jfler  my  words  th$yjpake  noU  &C«]  Tbty  will  moi  J^iMi 
0gaitt  *-^Pjiy  fpeecb  Jhafl  drop '  upon  them. 

*  Ver,  23.  as  for  the  ratu'^tbe  latter  rain]  They  willwait^  &c,  mid 
twill  open^  (cc»  In  the  foregoing  verfe,  the  foft  inflnnatin^  force  of 
his  political  and  religious  inftru6lion  wa^  compared  to  the  dropping 
dew  s.  Here  the  copioufnefs  Of  his  eloquence  is  likened  to  the  abtin- 
^ant  rabs  which  fall  in  autumn jn  thofe  countries  ^  ;  and  the  high 

acceptableaefs 

*  ^Xhjbsirhj  dtt  night. 

f  M  Shaw's  Trtf^tf/r,  p. '439,  &c,  4to« 

'  c  itnn  fitil  htfi:ifi>i  Thit  refb  it  her^  in  the  preter  (eofe  $  bof  ts  if  lies  |ic- 
tweeo  two  futoret,  pS^  fhall  Uj^  «nd  f)*Snn  JhaU  bt  resuvnd^  it  is  to  be  oo&ftnic4» 
#ccord|nc  to  a  kiiowp  rufe  of  m  Hebvew  |rammar,  in  the  fotnrp  teaie.  ^  ^ 

*  $  See  Deut.  xixii.  1. 

?  h  Pr.  Ruflcl*?  Natural  Iptoiy  of  Ajf^pe,  p.  14,  X4f^  1^4,  i<^8, 151,  x§u 


Scott'x  Tranjlatlon  of  the  Bed  c/Job^  jgj 

24.  My  fmile  (hall  tranfport  raifc,  but  check  with  awe 
Led  the  bright  funfhine  ihould  in  clouds  withdraw. 

25.  Their  guide  in  council,  and  in  war  their  chief. 
In  wants  their  father,  and  their  hope  in  grief, 
1*11  rule  my  tribe ;  and  iflue  my  commands. 
Great  as  a  king  amidft  his  martial  bands.* 

acceptablenefs  of  it,  to  the  avidity  with  which  the  earth,  burnt  up 
with  the  fummer's  drought,  devours  thofc  rains.  The  alteration 
which  they  produce  in  the  withered  fields  is  fo  aftoniihingly  great, 
that  Dr.  RufTel  fcmples  not  to  call  it  a  refurreQion  of  'uigetabb 
nature. 

*  The  fame  ingenious  Author  informs  us,  that  the  firft  runs  fall 
about  the  middle  of  Septe^iber  ;  the  fecpnd,  or  latter,  about  twenty 
or  thirty  days  after.  The  firft  are  inconfiderable,  the  latter  fall  in 
great  abundance. 

*  TJbtj^  opened  their  mouth  w/^r]  This  is  a  pi£lurefque  defcription  of 
eager  attention. 

*  Vcr.  24.  If  I  laugPd,  &c.]  Iflfi70jl  laugh,  $cc\    His  autho- 
rity and  charader  were  fo  much  reverencfsd,  and  his  favour,  which  he  , 
calls  the  light  of  bis  counteHance,  was  fo  highly  valued,  that  even  fa- 
miliarity did  not  leflen  their  veneration.     JEiis  very  fmiles  were  re* 
ceived  with  awe. 

*  The  light  of  my  countenance  they  did  not,  &c.]  The  light  of  my  canm* 
tenance  they  will  not  caufe  to  fall  ^.  In  the  Hebrew  idiom,  to  lift  up 
the  light  of  the  countenance  fignifies  to  fhew  favour  ^.  The  oppofififf 
phrafe  therefore,  the  falling  of  the  light,  J^c,  denotes  fiiipleafure  5 
and  to  caufe  it  to  fall  muft  mean,  to  provoke  difpleafure  by  nnbe-» 
coming  behaviour. 

*  Ver.  25.  /  chofe  out  their  way,  &cj  /  fixdl  choofe-^I  Jball dwett^ 
Uc.  He  had  flattered  himfelf  that  he  fhould  continue  to  be,  what 
he  once  was ;  the  diredor  of  their  pnblic  councils,  the  commander 
in  chijsf  of  their  military  expeditions,  and  a  fupport  to  them  in  all 
diftrefiing  emergencies. 

*  The  phrafe  of  choofing  out  their,  nuay  denotes  fupremacy  both  In 
the  ftate  and  in  the  affairs  of  religion.     £xod.  xviii.  20. 

'  The  next  fentence  reprefents  him  encamped  with  his  fubje^U,  on.  • 
fome  military  expedition  ;  with  the  authority  of  a  royal  general :  / 
Jball  pitch  ^  my  tent  as  a  king  in  the  army, 

*  The  lad  clanfe,  as  one  that  com/orteth  the  mottmers^  may  mean, 
animating  his  troops  when  they  were  difpirited  :  or,  in  a  it^gtt  and   ^ 
mare  noble  fenfe,  his  being  the  father  of  his  people ;  ever  touched 
with  their  didreiies,  and  ready  to  exert  his  utmoft  ability  for  their 
4eHcf.» 

Mr.  Scott  has  added,  in  an  Appendix,  four  (hort  diilerta* 
tions,  the  firft  ojf  which  contains  foqne  queries  and  obfervations, 
in  order  to  determine  whether  the  book  of  Job  was  written  b/ 
an  Arabian  or  a  Hebrew  prophet.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  thought^  • 

y|^^yp*<»y       P   n}*_      ** '  "    '  "         ■■■!■■*  II  ■ 

J  c  Comptre  Prov.  xvi.  i  e. 

f  <  pDlfTir^  iitefallj  IJbM/l  pitch  myti9ti  9»  Mr,  He^th  rcddett  iu* 


jtt         Mills  i  B^h  9foraJf  phibfiphical^  end p^U thai* 

tbat  our  learned  Tranflator  (hould  have  entered  farther  than  tii  | 
lias  a£lually  done  into  a  difcuffian  of  the  Ceveral  qiieOions  fug- 
geftcd  by  hts  original  \  but  he  probably  believed  tbat  tbcfe  fub- 
J€£ls  had  been  already  fufficicntly  cocftdered  by  preceding  writcn, 
cfpecially  as,  tn  many  refpedis,  little  more  can  be  ofFcrcd  con* 
cerning  them  than  what  is  very  conjeftura). 

"         _'      ■■-'^  —  ■"'-  "T     ■        '  '  ~     ^  ■     ■     ■        ^  ~    ~ 

AaT*  H.  Sfaj*  PKtfitlt  phiio/9pkicol^  MMi  pBlitkai^    8va<.     5  ^.  botuid* 

Hooper.     1772. 
^T^HIS  Author*  has  introduced  ht^  work  with  an  allcftton 
^    which  we  find  ourfelves  much  inclined  to  qucftion.    *  The 
Ijpirlt  of  fyftem,  fays  he»  is  one  of  the  greateft  obilacies  to  the 
prog  re  fs  of  our  knowledge/     It  is,  on  the  contrary,  wc  appre- 
.  kend,  the  on!y  means  by  which  it  is  pofiible  to  arrive  at  cer- 
tainty in  fpeculation  or  fcience ;  Tor  after  the  adherents  to  fyf* 
frm  have  exhibited,  in  every  poffible  view,  the  principks  on  which 
they  proceed,  and  have  applied  them  to  the  topics  they  difcuf^ 
it  is  then,  and  then  oaly,  tbat  tbefe  topics  can  be  examined  with 
advantage  by  the  unprejudiced  enquirer.    When  the  fubjc<^  bii 
been  unfolded  and  explained,  under  all  the  diiferciit  afpeSs  fn 
which  it  offers  itfclf  to  examination,  he  can  eafily  perceive  the 
»riors  of  former  inveftigators  ;  and  while  he  writes  with  no  par- 
ticular bias  of  his  owOt  it  is  difficult  for  the  truth  tocfcape  him; 
Btit  if,  without  fuch  af&fiance,  he  had  thought  of  illudratijig  his 
lubjcft,  it  is  more  than  probable  ihat  he  would  h^ve  proceeded 
in  the  daik,  and  that  the  reflexions  of  one  page  would  havebecn^ 
opnt/adidied  by  thofe  of  another.    The  IjaUted  capacity  of  ,m«fl 
iequircs,  that  every  point  of  invefligation  be  viewed  in  a  variety 
of  forcns  before  it  can  be  fettled  on  a  folid  foundation,  Thofe  au* 
liboni  who  jre  employeJ  in  vague  and  fuperficial  reafonlngs,  and 
are  only  felicitous  to  throw  out  a  multitude  of  thoughts  on  th# 
liib}ei£l  tl:ey  treat,  contribute  little  toward  afcertaining  the  boun- 
daries of  knowk'dgc*    Every  remark  that  they  make  is  detached 
^nd  feparatcj  and  the  bcft  purpofc  their  writings  can  anfwer  i^ 
Co  amufe  the  idle.     But  in  the  fpecujations  of  the  theoriR^  or 
the  man  of  fyftem,  every  word,  and  every  fcntimcnt,  points' 
fO  ^  certain  end  ;  and,  whether  they  be  juit  or  fallacious,  ihe/. 
fcrnUh  us  with  opportunriies  of  juc^eiiig  concerning  the  (irength 
«r  eke  weakncfs  of  pirdcular  principles.     Let  us  not  therefort 
fall  out  with  ingerious  men^  becaufe  they  a^e  ilruck  with  ih# 
fioiplicity  of  fyftem,    becaufe  they  fometimes  go  beyond    the 
if  1Mb,  or  becaufe  their  eompofitions  are  above  the  kvd  of  or- 
din:;Ty  iriirds.     To  the  difcerning  enquirer  after  philofophy  and 
fcienct,  the  fpeculations  of  a  Berkeley  or  a  Hume,  notwithftand^^ 
ing  the  abfurJit  es  with  which  ihey  may  be  chargeable,  arc  infi'^ 


bOQk. 


•  Johii  Mills,  Er<^— 1^.^5*15^?^  ft^fli  ^  adw0j(mntf  of  ihii 


Mills*!  EJfa^i  mora!,  phlkfoplkal^  ^uti  frjidi^t*        383 

H^tely  more  valuable  than  thr  collective  oiafa  of  the  didertations 
^piil  clbys  th)i  have  been  wticua  againd  them  i  ;iiid  we  00  noc 
lifiritr  to  affirfn»  that  rhe  works  of  tiie  inttflli  :tin  thconfl  muft 
jlOOCCrily  dcfccnd  ia  tnurn}ih  to  diiUut  [^oiicncy,  uhile  ihc 
lieblc,  unconnctf^cd,  anJ  dcfuUoey  efForts  of  the  fupcrEciai  de- 
daimer  are  funk  in  ncglefi  and  oblivion. 

But,  rhough  our  Author  has  thus  advanced,  in  the  front  of  hit 
vroik}  a  tenet  IncoufiRcnt  with  fuund  philo/ophjr,  wc  muft  vqU 
on  that  accotjnt,  conceive  a  prejudice  in  regard  to  its  general 
merit.  From  an  attentive  pcrufal  of  his  cfT^.ys,  ic  i^  with  plea- 
furc  that  wc  find  they  defcrve  to  be  rccom mended,  not  onJy  for 
tlic  cafjr  propriety  with  which  they  aic  writieni  hut  from  the 
weight  of  many  of  the  truths  they  inculcate. 

Hi»  firft  ^ffay  treats  of  Philofophy  and  Philofphcrs,  and  ex- 
plains their  condition   in  ancient  and  modern  times.     In  the 
€fa3r5  of  aniiqtnty,  he  informs  his  reader,  philofophy  produced* 
the  moft  bencfici.tl  advantages,  the  charad^er  of  the  phtlofopher 

«5  in  the  highell  cftimjtion,  and  many  of  the  greatelt  mQv\  In 
ion  and  civil  life,  were  the  grc^icft  phUofophcrs  :  but  in  mo- 
n  :^' *''e  defc£^s  of  cduc;ition  have  degraded  philofophjr 

and  p  rs  ^  and  the  toils  of  the  lludeni  lead  lu  the  ac* 

quffiiiou  of  iuiling  accompliflinients. 

*  Wc  owe  not,  Siys  he,  to  iiia\crlkic8  the  few  philofaphcrs  who 
h'  cJ  us  lincc  the  return  of  duy,  Monti;%5c^  Eacon, 
I>'  :c>n»  Locke,  Leibnitz,  Sliattelhury,  M*tupcrtui5,  were 
JbnBcd  in  the  midft  of  the  world,  of  budncfi,  of  cacnp^.  If  th'^ie 
great  men  had  fubje\£led  themfelves  to  fchokdic  trrf^rudioiis,  their 
genjus  would  have  been  Hinted  by  the  ^oiUagiou;^  mediocrity  of  their 

^V*  The  febooh  that  ^ttt  formed  in  France  in  ih^  bcjtinning  of  thii 
^■iftpiy,  and  towards  the  end  of  the  Utl,  for  teachiiig  liie  philofo- 
Hw  ot  £picuru»,  are  a  llritctT^g  proof  of  this  truth.  The  folio weri 
^r  that  philofophy  did  not  come  from  the  obfcutiy  of  a  college: 

they  were  all  thut  was  great,  ingenious,  polite,  virtuous  in  the  na* 
^ifC-  '---,  who  ttnii<*d  elegance  of  ufte  with  heroic  virtue,  fubltinc 
Hd  th  tfec  focial  accomplilhmetits,  and  who  knew  how  to  }ota 

"tcrif  /  ca:ctits  to  thofe  that  fitted  them  for  the  field  or  cabinet  1  Of 

thh  nufnber  were  the  elcKjucnt  Polignac  and  the  wile  Catiuat, 

*  Let  us  compare  our  limited  education  with  the  extent  it^A  fu- 
MtCHfy  of  that  of  she  ancients.  A  young  man  put  hiniidf  early  un- 
^er  the  cai c  '  ^olbpher,  who  was  often  a  ttatefman,  a  generaJ, 
InAead^of-ii  00th  his  mind  and  loul  by  idle  fpeculatioDS*  an4 
a  timofoas  inor-tiirv,  the  whole  convorfation  with  him  turntrd  upoa 
the  great  and  ufeful  parts  of  the  fciencca.  At  the  fame  time  that 
^it  mind  was  cultivated  and  enlightened,  his  heart  was  aifo  formed 
by  oisYtms  enforced  by  ex;iniples.  Strid  care  was  taken  of  tht  pu* 
rity  of  hit  morals,  the  llrength  of  his  body,  and  the  ilatc  of  hi« 
health*  N<>thirig  that  ww  lazy  or  indolent  entered  into  this  educa- 
tion :  the  whole  of  it  tended  10  an  a^ive  lifc^  to  produce  ^rea.tis^ck. 

rgood  cJtijerns. 


3?4        MilWs  EJipf  meraly  pbihfopbic^K  anJfidUicaK 

*  Philofopbcr*  of  the  highefl  birth,  the  ^ateft  reputtttoii«  aitd 
adorned  with  honours  and  employ ments>  did  not  think  it  beneitb 
them  to  affift  in  the  edacation  of  youth.  What  docs  our  frivolous 
age  think  on  feeing  Agefilaas  educated  by  Xcnophoo,  Dion  by  Pjito, 
Akibiades  by  Socrate^^  Phocion  by  Xenocratcs,  Pbilopcemon  by  Mc- 
galophanes,  fcvcral  illuilrious  Romans  by  Cicero,  Nero  by  Seneca, 
Trajan  by  Platarch*  Zenobia  by  Longintis !  What  would  they  fijr 
if  a  Bacon,  a  Temple,  a  Cat  in  at,  a  Shafteihury,  had  imitated  chore 
great  men  ?  Place  thofe  namea  over  againft  thofc  of  our  gorernon, 
our  preceptors,  our  profcflbrs,  ind  then  judge  of  the  cffcds  of  that 
diiFercncc.  Every  one  docs  not  enjoy  the  happinefs  of  a  Sh^ftcihury ; 
fvc  are  not  all  educated  by  a  Locke. 

*  To  this  depraved  taiie  in  our  education  and  nniverfities,  the« 
IS  added  a  miftakc  in  regard  to  the  moft  valuable  kind  of  philofophy. 

'  Natural  philofophy  takes  up  too  much  of  our  time,  and  the  prtdicil 
is  ncgleflcd.  All  the  academies  ot  fciences  ring  of  nothing  but  phy. 
fical  cxperimentf ,  obfcrvations  upon  tiatural  hiiiory ;  all  our  philofo 
phcrs  are  but  naturalilis,  and,  unfortunately,  of  the  lower  kinds 
taken  up  with  trifles,  mere  curiofnies,  and  nothing  more. 

*  We  ought  with  gratitude  to  acknowledge  all  the  advantage! 
which  we  owe  to  phyfical  researches  and  natural  hiftor}^  They  have 
given  us  new  lights  in  ceconomics,  arts,  and  phyfic  ;  we  enjoy  infi- 
nite conveniencies,  which  arc  the  refult  of  application  to  thofc 
fciences.  But,  as  men  abufc  every  thing,  phyficil  enquiries,  earned 
too  fir,  do  hurt  to  philofophy. 

*  There  are  branches  of  knowledge,  which  require  rather  time  and 
labour  than  genius.  Such  are  natural  hiiiory,  and  particular  parti 
of  natural  philofophy.  One  man  cannot  fee  every  tning  :  aided  by 
the  obfcrvations  of  others  who  have  gone  before  hfm,  he  may  be  able 
to  add  or  improve*  We  arc  ncccilarily  more  learned  in  natural  phi- 
lofophy than  the  ancients.^ 

*  This  facility,  real  or  imaginary,  of  furpafling  the  ancients,  thit 
hope  of  being  able  to  Jlrike  out  fomething  new,  induced  our  leameii 
to  apply  to  the  natural  fciences,  A  number  of  academicians,  dcf- 
lined  lo  cultivate  them,  kept  up  that  ardour.  But  they  have  mM 
the  right  way. 

*  In  examining  the  works  of  Arirtoile  and  Pliny,  one  is  afloniihed 
at  the  extent  of  their  knowledge  and  views:  one  is  furprifcd  to  tind 
a  genius  prevail  in  them,  which  feems  foreign  to  natural  hirtory^ 
Thcophrallus*sTreatifc  of  Stones  fhews  us  a  fagacity  greatly  iuperior 
to  the  limited  talents  of  our  makers  of  experiments.  IniUad  ot  imi* 
tailing  thofe  models,  the  moderns  attend  only  to  a  fru'r'nr:  J^-uiJ, 
Wc  fee  nothing  but  methods,  which  have  the  fate  of  :.cal 
fyftems:  one  deUroys  and  fwall'^ws  up  the  other,  like  the  »v«|.s.«i;i  of 
the  magicians*     Our  natural  hiflory  is  but  a  vocabu)ar>', 

*  It  degenerates  even  into  triiles.  An  extenfivc  commerce  enablet 
US  to  pick  up  curiofities  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  world,  Cabi* 
nets  arc  formed.  But  with  what  wretched  iluif  are  they  not  often 
jilled  ?  With  what  face  dare  we  to  laugh  at  a  pedantic  antiquarian, 
who  hoards  up  an  iniigniiicant  treafure  of  mouldy  antiques,  whili 
v/e  ourfclvea  make  it  the  bufinefs  of  our  lives  to  bant  after  and  ar* 
isLng€  butCerHicsj  fbclU,  ni^d  fkg^utcd  fitotit^?   t^tcolc,  by  nay  of  re* 


Mills'i  EJfaySj  morale  phihfiphical^  mdpsUticaL        385 

pfoachuig  Pafcal  with  having  a  trifling  miad,  called  him  a  colle^r 
of  fliells.  What  would  he  fay  of  oar  runners  about  the  fields,  of  our 
colledlors  of  pebbles  ?  Play-things  ihould  be  only  for  children :  and 
our  pretended  philofophers  make  them  a  ferious  occupation. 

*  Thefe  reflections  are  not  made  with  a  view  of  depreciating  the 
fiudy  of  natural  philofophy  and  natural  hiflory,  the  pleafure  and  aie 
of  which  are  acknowledged.  All  talents  deferve  efteem ;  but  in  dif* 
ferent  degrees  :  literary  fanaticifm  abfolutely  excludes  all  knowledge 
di^rent  from  its  own.  But  the  fair  name  of  philofopher  is  debafed, 
by  laviOiing  it  upon  the  frivolous  maker  of  experiments ;  upon  th« 
blood- befmeared  anatomifl,  the  buflly  prying  botanift,  the  footy 
chemift.  A  mafon  is  without  doubt  a  neceflfary  man  in  building  a 
palace ;  but  he  ought  not  to  ufurp  the  name  of  architect :  that  name^ 
and  the  regard  due  to  it,  belongs  only  to  the  genius  that  draws  the 
plan,  and  direds  the  hands  which  i^ork  under  Kim. 

*  One  may  fee  by  this  fliort  comparifon  of  the  ancient  philofophy 
with  the  modern,  whether  this  lafl  deserves  the  contempt  it  has  fallen 
into.  One  may  fee  that  the  ftyle  and  manner  of  oars  is  not  calcu- 
lated to  fet  it  off,  and  that  the  bad  taHe  of  our  pretended  philofo« 
pkcrs  keeps  them  from  that  confideration,  of  which  they  nevertheiefs 
are  fo  covetous.  We  may  fee,  at  the  fame  time,  that  the  public  un- 
jaflly  charge  true  philofophy  with  the  defeCls  of  the  falfe." 

Thefe  obfervations  are  fenfible  and  pertinent^  and  the  pro- 
priety of  their  general  tendency  muft,  doubclefs,  ftrike  almoft 
every  reader.  They  ought  to  have  led  our  Author  to  a  ftrift 
enquiry  into  the  caufes  of  the  defedls,  and  wrong  dire<Sioti 
of  modern  education.  The  fubjeA  is  important  and  intereft- 
ing.— It  does  not,  however,  fuit  the  purpofe  of  our  review 
to  fupply  the  omiflions  of  the '  works  we  criticife :  \)ut,  on 
the  prefent  occafion,  we  cannot  avoid  remarking  a  circum« 
ftance,  which,  though  little  attended  to,  is,  perhaps,  in  this 
country,  of  Angular  eflicacy  in  deprefling  philofophy  and  lite- 
rature. 

IVe  do  not  mean  to  make  any  invidious  refle£lion  on  the  pre-  ' 
fent  profeflbrs  of  Oxford  or  Cambridge :  but  the  low  ftate  of 
education  and  fcience  in  thefe  celebrated  univerfities,  when 
compared  with  their  flourifhing  condition  in  fome  other  femi- 
'  naries  of  learning,  leads  us  very  (Irongly  to  fufpedl  that  the- 
rich  endowments  of  the  former,^  and  the  almoft  contemptible 
ones  of  the  latter,  are,  in  a  great  meafure,  the  real  grounds  of 
the  difference  between  them«  When  men,  who  prefide  over 
the  branches  of  knowledge,  live  in  palaces,  and  enjoy  the 
luxuries  of  life,  it  is  not  natural  to  fuppofe  that  any  great  emula- 
tion will  prevail  among  them  in  regard  to  literary  excellence. 
Forms  will  take  the  place  of  real  duty;  and  the  teacher  wilt 
|ive  himfelf  up  to  the  ibdulgencies  of  eafe  and  pleafure.  The 
ftudent,  not  finding  himfelf  the  objeA  of  much  folicitude  or 
care,  will  employ  his  time  in  mere  amufement,  or  in  vices.  If 
he  hears  any  ledures  at  all|  they  will  not  have  merit  uid  ^N9ti 

6  «UQ\X^ 


jte        Mllh^s  BJJays^  m^rat^  phthJipBhatj  and  fc/iiicah  ■ 

enough  to  Bx  his  Atention :  they  will  be  few  in  numbefi  ani 
be  hurried  over  with  precipitation.     On  the  contrary,  where 
the  fees  received  from  tht:  ftholar  are  the  chief  emoluments  of  ^ 
the  teacher,  bis  fubliflcrce  is  neccflarily  connected  with  his  re- V 
putsktion  :  and  his   pfe!c<51ton8,  the  fruit  of  a  careful  affiduity,  1 
wiU  point  out  the  paths   ft.i  true  knowledge,  and  recommend 
thcnirclvcs   to  the  hearer  b)   reftarch,  ingenuity,  and  invent  M 
tion. — ^We  now  return  to  our  Author^  ^ 

lo  his  fecond  cflay  Mr,  Mill,  treats  of  Projefls  and  Projec- 
tors ;  and  he  has  made  a  judicious  apology  far  a  fct  of  men 
who  are  almoft  always,  and  yery  often  unjuftly,  confidercd  with 
deriflun  and  ridicule. 

The  fubjeift  of  his  third  eflay  is  Lcvi^  with  its  ufudl  compi*^ 
nion  Jeaiciffy;  and,  as  on  the  laft  ot  thefc  heicU  he  has  made 
fome  obfervations  th*:t  are  curious,  and  have  an  air  of  noveltyi 
wc  fliall  cxtrad^  them  for  the  entertainment  of  our  Readers  : 

*  There  is  com ir only  joined  'o  love  a  compound  paiHiwi,  whkk 
defervca  attention  nn  zcccltH  of  its  influence  on  our  manncrf,  ifl4 
of  the  means  by  whirH  thoTc  manrers  modify  it  in  their  torn.  Thif 
is,  Jcaloufy  ;  of  wbicli  /icither  the  nature,  nor  the  cWt^f  are  alwayl 
perceived,  and  which  is  locked  upon,  fumeume^  as  an  innate  di^O* 
firion,  fomc times  as  a  paffion  of  our  own  creating. 

*  Thcitiftin^  of  man  for  his  prefervation  attaches  liim  iliongly  tO 
whatever  he  thinks  good  for  hinu  If  the  po/Tcilion  of  n  woman  fcemi 
to  him  occtiTary  to  his  happlncfs,  ht  will  ivjfli  to  po/l'efs  ber  exclu* 
fivcly  of  all  others*  The  fpirit  of  property  will  produce  jcaloufy,  and 
this  fendment  is  natural.  If,  in  time,  the  public  opinion  acraehcf 
glory  to  the  conquctl  of  a  wcman,  the  iniiind  for  preference  will 
make  us  wilh  to  enjoy  alone  a  fi altering  dillindlion  on  the  part  of 
the  objeO  beloved  :  we  (hall  he  jealous  out  of  vaniry*  But  as  the 
abufe  of  thefc  two  inflin^s  make  fome  covetous,  and  otlui^ri  v&io^ 
glorious,  this  fame  abufe  will  give  different  degrees  of  jcaloufy  la 
dliflerent  charaflers.  There  are  alfo  dark  and  chu^lifh  men,  who, 
without  any  prctenfion,  without  any  right,  arc  jealous  of  all  man- 
kind, merely  out  of  aversion  to  the  hapoincb  of  uthexs-  It  confe* 
qucntJy  is  fclf-love,  vanity,  and  envy,  which  compofe  the  eUcnccof 
jealoofy. 

*  All  men  are  fubjefl  to  thcfe  deplorable  pafTIons*  Yet  wc  fee  ihe 
eficfls  of  jealoufy  appear  in  infinitely  different  ihapcs  among  different 
people,  and  among  the  fame  people  in  different  yges.  The  admirers 
of  phyfical  caafes  explain  thefe  varistions  by  the  cffefts  ©f  the  ctt- 
wate.  The  inhabitants  of  warm  countries,  fay  they,  arc  greatly 
addided  to  the  pleafures  of  love,  which  is  their  life,  their  extitencci 
the  cJiinate  changes,  cold  countries  acquire  a  grcate/  degree  of  heat, 
and  their  inhabitants  become  fubjed  to  the  pafllons  of  hoc  countiiri* 
M<?n,  who  feel  fo  flrongly  the  necelfity  of  loving,  muJl  look  upon 
love  as  ihc  greateft  good:  they  will  not  be  able  to  bear  being dt- 
jH-ivcd  of  it ;  they  will  be  jealous, 

*  By  c-^^fting  an  eye  upon  the  whole  extent  of  the  varieties  of  man* 
kind,  one  will  foon  perceive  the  falftty  and  infu^cicncy  of  thefe 


I 


KUWi  £^»  miftf/,  philofif^hi€4il^  ttndpdkfcdU        ifij 

priiltif^i.  Tlie  molt  uncom/onablc  climates  of  the  nonk  fi^mm 
people  inclined  to  the  pleafures  of  love ;  a.nd  whofe  v^rf  rel^gmi 
was  founded  on  volaptuoofncftj.  We  fee,  on  the  contrary,  tn  diQ 
ootiftcries  of  ihe  fouth,  examples  of  nations  of  a  cold  difjpofmon,  and 
of  abftinetices  which  would  adonifh  the  inhabitants  of  the  norfiu 
And  if  a  warmer  fun  adds  vivacity  to  the  pafltons  of  the  inhabit&Mi 
of  thofc  happy  regions,  the  fame  fun  occafjons  in  them  a  la^goor, 
which  hinders  them  from  iatisfying  thofe  pafijotu,  and  rendera  iheai 
mt  [ail  todiferent. 

*  Jealoufy  follows  Hill  left  the  order  of  climates.  A  fmall  fpuce 
of  only  a  few  miles  often  fcparates  in  Africa  nations  prone  to  sli  the 
forks  of  jealoufy,  from  others  which  gfory  in  lending  their  wives  t# 
their  friends,  and  even  to  ilrangcrs*  The  oddcH,  the  kaft  jcaloiti 
caroms,  are  eiUbltfhed  throughout  alt  the  Indies :  the  women  there 
cajoy  an  entire  liberty  ;  they  pride  ihcmfclves  in  beiil|^  loofe;  nor  ii 
the  delicacy  of  the  men  at  ail  offended  by  any  of  their  gaUantrics. 
Their  holhands  even  feck  lovers  for  them  ;  and  their  daughters  acw 
floixe  merit  »»  ^'^^^'m^  proofs  of  an  early  fecundity.  At  Mindanao, 
tiie  iox€ti  himfclf  honoured  when  llrangers  are  fond  of  hi* 
wives.  T**t^  iiuviircs,  the  Armenians,  are  not  jealous  in  the  midlb 
of  a  ver^-  jealous  nation.  The  inhabitants  of  Cachemir  c;irry  theif 
wives  to  their  princes,  that  an  illullrious  blood  may  be  put  into  cttetr 
fittiUes*  The  It^ilians  are  jealous,  and  their  ancertors  were  ^^yu 
SocK  are  the  caprices  of  this  pailion,  that»  among  the  moll  je^ltmt 
ftttions*  a  man  who  would  think  himfelf  dti>iOQoured  by  his  e<]aalv 
abandons  without  remorfe  hit  wife  and  his  daughter  to  the  iitconti- 
■acicy  of  the  priefls. 

*  It  is  therefore  in  the  moral  caufes,  that  the  rcafonsof  tKt:  diver- 
iity  mttil  be  fought  for.  The  members  of  a  fociety,  where  the  fptrit 
oi  property  is  not  (ixti^  will  hardly  apply  th^t  idea  to  the  poiTefli^tt 
of  W01IK9  :  they  will  not  be  jealouj ;  aud  we  know  that  the  {vts^tM 
ue  very  little  (o.  It  wa-i  cafy  for  Lycurr^us  after  he  h.id  iniro* 
disced  a  communriy  of  effe^s,  to  introiloce  Hkewifc  a  Ibrt  of  coni- 

iicn.  If  the  government  leads  to  iibcrty»  the  women 
.  M  I  !  fclvcsof  the  public  irdcpcodcnce  ;  and  the  men,  nn* 
:.  J  to  potieG  thcuifelves  deinotically  of  a  free  being,  will  be  die 
.  jeaknis.  The  ancient  republicans  were  little  tormented  witk 
iify.  In  countries  of  fervitude,  on  the  contrary>  where  eack 
ii^j^ividaal,  in  imitation  of  the  l>»vercign,  invades  the  property  of 
aiKxher,  the  men  will  be  verj' jealous  of  iiicir  womeu-Aaves,  and  will 
keep  mth  care  the  only  patrimony  of  which  they  can  difpofe*  This 
eife^  will  be  Co  much  the  more  certain,  il  polygamy  be  joined  19 
defpotifm:  a  debcor  unable  to  pay »  endeavours  to  fcreen  himfelf 
from  his  creditors. 

*  If  vanity  be  mixed  with  the  compofition  of  love,  jealoufy  will 
aiiame  different  forms,  and  h:ivc  different  degrees  of  Itrcngih,  in 
pra^rrton  to  the  fublimity  of  the  idea  which  a  nation  attachf?s  to 
Vote*  A  gran^-iie  of  a  dclj^votic  country,  ac<:uilomed  to  fee  none  but 
iltves  who  truckle  at  hh  kct,  will  require  the  heart  of  his  wile  to 
W  olfb  hh  dave,  and  will  not  brook  its  feeling  the  Icait  emoiion  ih«t 
is  oot  dir^  irds  him,  who  thinks  himfelf  fo  far  above  all  other 
W.&£$,     .              ^d^  full  of  lOmiMitsc  dreaias  i  %tv  lta\\aTi«  <tivV^%^ 


38S        MiUs'i  EJJays^  rmraly  phihfiphiciJ^  and pvUtleaL 

iaftically  enraptured  with  pUtonic  chinens ;  places  hit  whole  Imb- 

Jinefa  in  the  ^fleflion  of  a  woman,  and  will  not  be  able  to  beartne 
}{s  of  her»  withont  feeling^  all  the  rage  of  an  initared  paflioD.  Oir 
rood  forefathers,  in  the  fanatical  times  of  knight-errantry,  and  ia 
thofe  which  continued  to  retain  its  fpirit,  could  not,  without  indig- 
nation,  fee  their  difinities  degraded  and  profaned. 

'  But  if  the  manners  grow  corrupt ;  if  love  is  only  a  depravity  of 
Ae  imagination,  which  aims  at  nothing  more  than  multiplTing 
Ihamefnl  conquefis ;  if  the  women  draw  upon  themfelves  the  coa* 
tempt  of  men  of  underilahding;  if  by  their  condudl,  and  the  tacit 
acknowledgment  of  the  public,  they  are  deemed  almoft  common  1 
jealoufy  will  be  bani(hed.  Difcemment  cannot  prize  that  which  ii 
defpicable,  nor  obilinately  periift  in  flriving  to  confine  a  thing,  whichf 
by  its  nature,  gets  loofe  every  moment.  Jealoufy  becomes  ridicu- 
lous, a  wrong  turn  of  the  mind,  a  weaknefs.  It  is  the  proof  either 
of  imbecility,  or  of  bad  tafte,  or  of  an  unhappy  temper,  at  enmity 
with  men,  and  ready  to  difturb  their  pleafures. 

'  This  pafiion  is  confeqUently  regulated  and  modified  by  our  mto* 
jitxtf  our  education,  and  our  prejudices.  But,  if  it  depends  on  tbefe 
caufes,  it  iniluenoes  in  its  turn  the  manners  and  the  happinefs  of  a 
nation.  Too  much  of  it,  and  none  at  all,  are  equally  huitfiU  ^ 
fcciety. 

*  A  nation  prone  to  great  jealoufy,  will  be  of  a  gloomy,  harib, 
and  cruel  difpoiition :  iu  manners  will  favour  of  the  reftraint  in 
which  the  women  are  kept.  Thefe  lalt,  in  fuch  a  nation,  will  be 
ibut  up  and  feparated  from  the  commerce  of  the  men,  who  will  be 
unwilling  to  expofe  weak  beings  to  continual  temptations,  and  to 
fun  the  hazard  of  lofing  them,  lot  want  of  taking  care  to  keep  them. 
This  fear  is  founded  :  a  prejudice,  that  enlightened  women  are  in* 
dined  to  make  a  wrong  uie  of  their  advantages,  caufes  their  edoa- 
tion  to  be  negledled,  and  that  bad  education  adds  to  the  natural 
weaknefs  of  their  fex.  The  men  will  be  deprived  of  the  fweets  of 
the  commerce  of  women  :  they  will  neither  hazard  the  dangers  whid 
attend  is,  nor  feek  to  be  connedled  with  perfons  of  little  merit.  They 
will  be  Grangers  to  the  graces,  the  fweetnefs,  which,  that  commerce 
infpires :  they  will  be  ignorant  of  that  politenefs,  which  a  proper  de- 
fire  of  pleaiing  gives  recif>rocally  to  both  fexes,  and  of  that  commu- 
nication of  knowledge  which  fociety  may  occafion.  If  again,  achi* 
merical  notion  of  honour  be  joined  to  jealoufy,  horrid  ads  of  ven- 
geance will  be  employed  to  vindicate  that  ofRrnded  honour.  The 
nation  will  take  a  morofe,  fufpicious,  and  revengeful  turn;  thatde' 
itd  alone  may  plunge  it  into  a  kind  of  barbarifm. 

*  If,  on  the  contrary,  the  manners  of  a  nation  are  fo  corrupt  as 
to  banifh  entirely  all  jealoufy,  the  want  of  that  paffion  will  add  con- 
tinually to  the  depravity  of  thofe  manners.  Shame  will  not  be  re- 
fifted :  little  value  will  be  fet  upon  a  treafure  which  it  is  ridiculotts 
to  keep.  The  women,  of  whom  the  pofleifion  becomes  a  matter  of 
indifference,  will  fall  into  abjedion ;  and  the  perfons  beloved  «1U 
no  longer  be  to  each  other  any  thing  more  than  (bangers,  ready  tc 
part  every  moment.  There  will  no  longer  be  either  confidence,  at* 
tachment,  or  efteem  :  confequently  the  fruits  of  all  connedion  be- 
twcen  two  perfons  of  merit  will  be  loft.    The  married,  afbamcd  of  < 


Mn.  TilbotV  EJfajs  on  various  Suhjeffs.  389 

fdfleffibn  of  which  they  are  not  to  cherifli  th*  propert)',  will  endea* 
▼•or  to  abfent  thcmlelvet  from  it^  in  order  to  be  fafhionable : 
marriaget  will  be  difiblved  as  foon  as  formed ;  and  focicty  will  be 
finftratcd  of  all  the  advantagea  which  might  have  been  expe^ed 
from  well  regelated  love.  ^ 

'  The  fame  difficulties,  and  the  fame  remedies,  which  wc  have 
Ibond  occur  in  regard  to  love,  oiTer  to  the  Icglflacor,  who  would 
moderate  jealoufy  according  to  the  intcreds  of  fociety.  But  asjea- 
Icofy  depends  entirely  on  oUr  education  and  nianriers,  it  will  be 
more  amenable  than  love  to  the  arranp;ements  of  the  legiflation.  In 
odr  modern  govern tnents,  the  iherit  of  the  education  of  the  women 
will  nearly  determine  what  plan,  bed  fuited  to  the  welfare  of  fociety, 
and  moft  confident  with  nature,  the  regulating  of  this  paflion  may 
adait  of.  .  All  will  go.ri^ht,  if,  to  ufe  the  exprefiion  of  an  illuf- 
trions  author,  mankind  will  but  h%  fatisfied,  that  women  are  the  de- 
light of  fociety,  when  they  refcrvc  thcmfclves  for  the  pleafure  of 
only  one. 

•  If  the  empire  of  truth  over  our  happinefo  is  ever  manifefted 
dearly,  it  is  in  what  concerns  the  acononiy  of  thefe  two  pafilons. 
By  discovering  their  nature,  by  appreciating  them  according  to  their 
jiftt  value,  we  ihall  not  vilify  ourfelves  by  a  brutal  debauchery ;  we 
ihall  not  fail  into  a  fhameful  flavery ;  we  Ihali  avoid  ridicules,  which 
d^ade  our  charaders  and  our  talents :  we  (hall  find  in  fuitable  con-' 
neaiont  an  inexhaullible  fource  of  pleafure,  and  of  means  to  perfedt 
the  mod  eftimablc  qualities  :  in  (hort,  we  diall  learn  not  to  make  to 
onrielves  a  torment  of  a  pafiion,  which  is  given  us  for  our  happinefs.' 

In  the  two  remaining  efTays  the  Author  offers  his  fentiments 
Ob  Comnicrce'  and  Luxury,  and  on  Agriculture  :  but  we  muft 
refer  the  confideratio£- of  thefe  interefting  inquiries  to  a  future 
Review. 


A  ax.  III.  Effays  on  various  SnhjeQs.  By  the  Author  of  Refleffions  on 
ihi/iven  Days  of  ihi  ff^aJ^  *.  izmo^  2  Vols.  4  s.  fewed^  Ri- 
vingtOD.     1772. 

'TPHESE  little  volumes  contain  an  agreeable  mifcellany>  in 
*  which  the  fair  Writer  (now  deceafedj  prefents  us  with  a 
variety  of  fubje£ts,  treated  in  a  fenfible  and  pleaArig  manner.  ^ 
The  Author  is  Mrs.  Cath.  Talbot,  the  intimate  and  amiable 
friend  of  the  late  Archbifhop  Seeker. — In  this  publication,,  as 
ib  the  whole  conduct  of  her  life,  (he  difco vers  great  ingenuity, 
fetifibility^  and  piety.  It  chiefly  confiHs  of  cfTays,  vifions,  dia- 
logues, pafiorais  in  profe,  allegories,  imitations  of  Oflian,  and 
little  pieces  of  poetry.  Of  the  merit  of  thefe  produfiions,  let 
tHe  Reader  form  fome  judgment  for  himfelf,  from  the  few  foU 
lowing  quotations. 
^—^  ■        III. ■■     I 

•  See  Review,  vol,  xlii.  p*  479. 

.RlF.  Apr.  1772*  V       V.  'ftw: 


Her  chttf  clellgn  is  to  fee  before  us  juft  and  proper  views  of 
human  life.  In  an  ciTay  on  this  fubjcA  flic  obfcrvcs*  tbat — *  Td 
conipUtn  of  the  infignificancy  of  our  employments  is  but  ano- 
ther name  for  repining  at  that  providence  which  has  appoinlcd 
to  each  of  us  our  ftation  :  let  us  hut  fill  that  well,  to  the  ut- 
mod  of  our  power,  and  whatever  it  be,  we  (hall  find  it  to  have 
duties  artd  advantages  enough, 

*  But  whence  is  the  coaftant  diffatisfaQion  of  the  human 
mind  ;  the  rcftlcflhcfe,  the  perpetual  aim  at  fomeihing  higher 
and  better  than,  in  the  prcfcnt  ftate,  it  can  ever  attain  f 
Whence  but  from  its  celeftial  birth,  its  immortal  nature,  framed 
for  (he  nobleft  purfuits  and  attainments,  and,  in  due  time,  to 
be  reliorcd  to  ail  this  dignity  of  being,  if  it  docs  but  behavi 
properly  in  its  prefcnt  humtlarion. 

*  Be  that  as  it  will,  there  is  fomcthing  painful  in  this  ftrong 
fcnfc  of  worthleflhefs  and  meannefs,  that  muft  make  people  of 
Ict(t*rc  and  reflexion  pafs  many  an  uncafv  hour :  perhaps  there 
i)  nothing  better  fitted  to  wean  us  from  life:  but  in  doing  that^ 
it  ought  by  no  means  to  hinder  us  from  induftry  and  content- 
ment. Every  ftation,  every  profeffion,  every  trade  has  its  pro* 
per  fet  of  employments,  of  which  it  is  an  indirpcnfabJe  duty  for 
every  perfon  to  inform  themfelvcs  with  care,  and  to  execute 
with  patience,  pcrfevcrance,  and  diligence.    This  rule  of  duty 

[holds  from  the  emperor  to  the  attifan  :  for  though  the  employ- 
linent?  arc  different,  the  duty  that  enforces  them  i»  the  fame  in 
>%\L  Man  is  born  to  labour :  it  is  the  condition  of  his  being, 
and  the  greateft  caniiot  exempt  themfelves  from  it  without  a 
Icrime. 

'  If  we  confidcr  well,  we  ftall  find  that  all  employments  in 
t  this  tranfient  fcene  come  pretty  much  to  the  fame  nothingnefs,— 
,  The  Ijbours  of  thofe  who  were  bufy  and  buftltng  on  this  globe 
five  or  fix  hundred  years  ajfo — what  now  remains  of  them  but 
the  merits  to  the  pcrlbns  themfelves,  of  having  been  well  em- 
ployed? How  many  valuable  books,  the  employment,  and  the 
worthy  one,  of  whole  lives,  have  perifhed  long  ago,  with  the 
very  name  of  their  authors  ?  The  ftrongcft  monuments  of  hu* 
man  art  and  induftry,  obelifks,  temple*,  pyramids,  arc  moul' 
dcicd  into  duA  !  and  the  brittle  monuments  of  female  diligence 
in  fyiauji  are  not  more  totally  loft  to  the  world.  To  lound 
an  empire  was  enough  Co  gain  a  fort  of  immortality;  yet  the 
empires  themfelves  have  proved  mortal. 

'  There  are  certainly  fome  employments  of  a  noWe  and  i 
happy  kind,  but,  in  no  degree,  anfwcrable  to  our  ideas :  fi>f 
the  bcft  we  can  do  is  inoft  poor,  whether  we  would  improve 
ourfclvejE,  or  do  good  to  our  fellow* crea'u res,  in  compariion  ct 
the  capacity  of  our  mind  in  its  original  llatc  •,  which  rrf^pmble* 
6  fom^ 


Hurd  on  thi  Prophecies  conc/tming  the  ChriJIian  Church»     393 

to  the  books  themfelves.  The  whole  colIe£lion  difcovers  a  * 
worthy  and  cultivated  mind,  and  (hews  how  properly  and 
wifely  the  amiable  Author  employed  her  time  and  her  thoughts. 
She  has  here  provided  an  agreeable  and  indruclive  amiifemcnt 
fbr  numbers,  efpecially  for  young  people  ;  but  perhaps  it  will  be 
moft  acceptable  to  thofe  of  her  o,vn  fex  ;  to  whom,  therefore, 
i#e  particularly  recommend  it. 

Art.  IV.  jIn  Introdudion  to  the  Study  of  the  P  raphe  cits  concerning  the 
CbriAian  Church  ;  and,  in  particular^  concerning  the  Church  of'  Pa- 
pal Rome:  In  tivel've  Serm'fHSy  preached' in  Lin(ioln*s- Inn  ChapLelt  at 
the  tenure  of  the  Right  Re<v,  IVilliam  War  burton^  Lord  Bijhop  of 
Ghuceftcr,  By  Richsiid  Hurd,  D  D.  Preacher  to  the  Uonouruble 
Society  of  Lincoln'slnn.     8vo.     58.     Cadell.     1772. 

BEFORE  we  proceed  to  give  an  account  of  the  contents 
of  thefe  Sermons,  it  is  proper  to  acquaint  our  Readers 
that  the  Bifhop  of  Glo'uceftcr  has  transferred  the  fum  of  500  /. 
Bank  Four  per  Cent.  Annuities  confoii.iatedy  to  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord 
Mansfield,  Judge  Wilmot,  &c.  upon  truji^  for  the  purpofe  of 
founding  a  LeSlure^  in  the  form  of  a  Sermon,— /d  prcve  the  truth 
of  revealed  religion^  in  general  and  of  the  Chrt/lian  in  partictdlar^ 
from  ihe  completion  of  the  prophecies  in  the  014  and  New  Tefiamenf^ 
which  relate  to  the  Chriflian  Churchy  efpecially  to  the  apojlacy  of  Pa^ 
pal  Rome. 

The  Lefture  is  to  be  preached  every  year,  in  the  chapel  of 
Lincoln's- Inn,  by  fome  able  divine  of  the  church  of  England, 
appointed  by  the  truftees,  on  the  firft  Sunday  after  Michaelmas 
tern),  the  Sunday  next  before,  and  the  Sunday  next  after  Hi- 
lary term.  The  Icflurer  is  not  to  preach  the  faid  ledbure  longer 
than  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  is  not  again  to  be  nomi- 
nated to  preach  the  fame ;  and,  when  the  term  of  four  years  is  • 
expired,  he  is  to  print  and  publifh,  or  caufe.to  be  printed  and 
pttbiifhed,  all  the  fermons  or  lei&ures,  that  (hall  have  been  fo 
preached^  by  him. 

•  From  fuch  an  inftitutioti  it  will  readily  be  acknowled^  that 
J10  fmall  honour  muft  rewound  tcxithe  Bifliop  of  Gloucefter,  as 
it  will,  no  doubt,  be  of  conffderable  iervice  to  the  caufe  of  * 
Chriftianity,  in  general,  and  to  the  Proteftant  caufe,  in  p^r-  .4^ 
ticuiar.  .  ^ 

•  TAe  main  dcOgn  of  the  inftitution  is,  to  interpret  and.  app'y 
particular  prophedes'y  and  this  intrddoiflory  courl'e  of  le£iurc6  is 
admiraSly  calculated  *  to  prepare  and  facilitate  the  execution  of 
it.  For  interpreters,  as  Dr.  Hurd  juftly  obfcrves,  have  gcne- 
ral4y  been  too  much  in  hafte  to,  apply  the  prophecies,  beff>re 
they  had  fufficiently  prepared  the  way  for  their  application :  fo 
that,  leaving  many  doubts  unrefolved,  which  men  of  thought 
and  inc^uiry  are  apt  to  entertain  on  the  fubje£t,  or  not  laying 

U  3  ViOL^i^ 


394     H"'^  ^^  ^^^  Pr^hecUs  concerning  the  ChriJItan  Church. 

before  tbem  all  the  rcafons  and  iiuiacements  which  fhould  en- 
gage their  attention  to  it,  their  cleaieft  expofitions  are  not  ic* 
ceivedj  and  poiBbly  not  confidered* 

The  prophetic  writings  of  the  Old  and  NewTefiament,  not- 
withftanding  the  iieglea  and  fcorn  wherewith  they  have  been 
treated  by  a  certain  fet  of  writers,  well  deferve  the  attentive 
confideration  of  every  fober  and  ferious  inquirer  after  truth  ^ 
and  the  ftudy  of  them,  if  properly  conda£led,  cannot  fiul  of 
being  rewarded  with  many  lignal  advantages. 

In  confideriag  the  connexion  and  harmony,  indeed,  of  the 
feveral  paf  ts  of  (o  ftupendous  and  extenfive  a  fchenne  as  that  of 
fcriptural  prophecy  ;  a  fcheme  formed  by  infinite  wifilom,  and 
gradually  opening  to  our  view,  thcsgreateft  caution  and  bunii* 
lity  are  undoubtedly  necefl'ary.  This  is  a  tr^sth  of  which  Dr. 
Hurd  appears  to  have  been  deeply  fenfible.  Accordingly,  he 
does  not  comment  on  prophecy  by  the  falfe  lights  of  the  ima* 
gination,  but  fets  afide  all  thofe  fanciful  conjedtures  which  have 
too  ofccn  miflcd  inquirers  into  the  evidence  of  prophecy,  and. 
difgraccd  their  works  with  frivolous  difquifitions.  He  takes  his 
ideas  concerning  the  ufe  and  intfnt  of  prophecy  from  fcripture 
only,  from  what  the  fpiiit  of  prophecy  hath  revealed  of  itfelf, 
and  conducts  his  inquiry  into  this  important  fubject  with  pro- 
per caution  and  difHdencc,  treating  it,  at  the  fame  timer  with 
^  great  perfpicuity,  accuracy,  and  ftrcngth  of  reafoning.  He 
points  out,  in  a  very  clear  and  fatisfadlory  manner,  the  proper 
method  of  purfging  our  fpeculations  concerning  the  prophetic 
fyftem,  and  we  cannot  but  think  that  every  candid  reader,  w|io 
is  a  competent  judge  of  the  Aibje£l,  will,  upon  an  attentifp  pe- 
rufal  of  what  he  has  faid  upon  it,  readily  acj^nowlpdge  his  obii* 
gations  to  the  Author  for  fo  liberal,  fo  judipious,  fnd  lb  able 
a  performance.  For  the  honour  and  credit  of  fp  laudable  and 
pfeful  an  inftitution,  we  fincerely  wi(h  thaf  fupceedtng  leAureis 
may  purfue  their  inquiries  yv|tb  tl^i^  fame  fpirit,  and  copy  after 
So  excellent  a  model. 

We  now  proceed  to  the  fertoons  tiieaifelves,  and  fliatl  en- 
deavour to  give  oor  Readers  #  diilind  view  of  what  is  con* 
tained  in  them.-^The  firft  fiiews  the  vanity  and  folly  of  reafon- 
ing on  the  AibjeA  of  fcriptural  prophecv  from  our  preconceive^ 
fancies  and  arbitrary  aflfumptionf.  Tne  Author  fets  out  with . 
obferying,  that  jhe  argument  from  prophecy,  in  fuppi^  of  the 
Chrfftian  revelation,  would  be  thought  more  copdufivf^  a( 
leaft  \!90uM  be  more  diftin£ity  apprehepdcd,  if  men  could  bek^ 
from  rojxriig  their  own  prejudices  and  preconceptions  with  it. 

7*he  general  queftion,  be  fsnps,  may. be  exprefled  thus,  > 
Whether  the  predifiions  \ti  the  Old  and  New  Teftament  do  ndt 
appear  to  bavf  beep  To  far^  and  in  fuch  fenfe,  fulfilled,  ^9  to 


Kurd  en  tbt  Prcphedn  eonamtng  tht  Chrifttm  Chunh.     39J 

afford  a  rcafonaWc  conviflioa  thit  tbcy  €ami  not  hy  the  uill  ef    I 
jia^i?,  but  by  tbifpirh  efGodF 

*  In  examining  this  qucflion,  continues  hr»  the  prediflions  them* 
felvcs  ctnnot  be  coo  diligcndx  Audied,  or  too  caucioun/  applied  : 
but,  while  this  work  is  carrying  on,  we  are  Hill  to  fuppofe,  and 
ihould  not  for  a  momr nt  forget,  that  che)r  mtty  be,  what  thry  mani-  J 
(eiWy  claim  to  be,  of  di^rlne  fuggedion  \  1  mean,  we  are  to  admit.  *1 
not  tbe  truth  indeed,  but  the  poiUbtlity,  of  fach  faggeition,  till  we 
can  fairly  maJcc  it  appear  that  they  arc  of  huroait  contrivance,  onJy. 

*  It  will  not  be  deniedi  th^t  the  tenour  of  fcripture,  as  well  a^  the     ■ 
text,  clearly  aiferts  the  divine  onginal  and  diref^ion  of  the  prophecies..    *  J 
A  jud  Tti^imtT  on  the  fubjeft  will,  therefore,  proceed  on  this  fuppo*     1 
Ijiion,  and  only  tfy  whether  it  be  well  founded*     He  will  conhder,      ■ 
wHetber  the  conlhuOion  of  the  prophttcjes,  and  the  appZicatton  of 
thcni,  be  fuch,  as  may  accord  to  thofe  pretcnfions  \  and   will  cot 
argue  agaiaft  them  on  other  principles,  which  ihcy  do  not  admit*  or 
f«ppofe«     AH  this   is  plainly  nothing  more  than  what  may  be  e^t-      ■ 
peeled  frotn  a  fair  ir.qulrer,  and  what  the  rules  of  good  reafooing     I 
#xa^  from  him. 

•  The  ufc  of  ibis  condaft  would  be.  To  pftreni,  or  fet  afide,  alt 
tbofe  funcks  and  imaginations  which  too  frequently  jni Head  inquirers 
into  the  evidence  of  prophecy  ;  which  £11  their  mtnds  with  necdkft 
I  cs,  and  difgrace  their  books  with  frivolous  and  tmptrrfincnt 
c  ens.  And,  bccoufc  I  take  it  to  be  of  principal  moment, 
%hiki  this  »i/i  be  perfc^ly  fcen  and  andcrilood,  I  (hall, /»>?,  ^PpV 
Biyielf  to  j unify  and  explain  it. 

•  it  is  true  that  ftrcphnj,  m  the  y^ry  idea  of  that  term,  at  leaft  in     J 
tbc  fcripiural  idea  of  it,  implies  the  divine  agency  ;  aud  that,  exerted     1 
DOC  merely  in  ginng  the  faculty  iifelf,  but  in  dircding  all  its  ope* 
rations. 

*  Yet  I  know  not  how  it  is  that,  when  men  addrefs  themfclvcs  to     I 
the  lludy  of  the  prophetic  fcripiurcs,  they  arc  apt  to  let  this  lone-     I 
'tJtif^zrf  idea  flip  out  of  their  minds;  and  to  difcourfe  upon  them  )\\Si     I 
as  they  would  or  might  do,  on  the  fuppofaton  that  the  prophet  was    1 
left  at  liberty  to  diipenfe  this  gift  in  all  refpeth,  as  he  Ihould  think    1 
proper*     No  wonder  then^  that  they  Qiould  milconceive  of  its  chn*    I 
raster,  and  tuttcnain  very  different  notions  about  the  excrcife  oi  this    I 
power  fiom  wliat  the  fcriptures  give  them  of  it.     Nay  it  is  no  woo- 
ikj"  that  they  fhould  even  treat  the  fubjed  with  fomc  fc^rn,  whiJe 
they  judge  of  it  by  the  rule  of  hum^n  prudence,  and  not  of  divine 
i^ifdocn;  for,  though  they  would  readily  Cun  ihemftlves  incap^bie 
of  pronouncing  on  the  ftcret  councils  of  Gotl,  if  prophcC>,  in   iti 
whole  ;idminiIlrat)on,  be  regarded  as   proceediiig  merely  from  him  ; 
yet,  from  their  knowledge  of  human  nature,  they  would  think,  and    J 
witb  (on^t  rcafon,  they  ^ere  well  able  to  conceive  how  the  fpirit  of  ^ 
pwfiiitey  would  be  adminiilered,  if  man  had  the  difpofa]  of  this  fpt* 

jk  concnitted  to  him. 

•  Now  it  happens,  as  I  iaid  (by  an  inejfcu fable  pcrverfenefs,  or    i 
inattention,  indeed,  yet  in  fad  it  io  happtns)  ihatj  to  the  confide    1 
ratiou  of  the  argument  from  prophecy',  a^  appHid  10  the  ^TQ«i^  ^{  \Vr 
Chriiiiaji  rc%iQn^  ioany  inquirers  bring  wi;b  v\xcii\  vV\\^  1^r3iiT^%«.  "mn^ 
AatI  fsr^dict ;  Mild  then  ihdr  rcalbiiir»g$,  01  ra.\hci  cotn.\^CV\xt^*  ^  ^^ 


396    Hurd  on  the  Propbtcies  conurnrng  tbiCkriftiM  CburA. 

•  the  SUBJECT,  the  end,  and  the  dispensation  of  prophecy,  aie 
only  fuch,*  as  this  prejudice  may  be  expeded  to  infpire.' 

\V Hoc vcr  applies  himfclf  to  th^  ftuJy  of  tl)e  prophetic. writings, 
will  find  his  aLcounc  in  attentively  cunfidenng  the  whole  of  this 
fermon.  The  Author's  preliminary  obfcrvations  on  the  fubje^^ 
the  endy  and  the  difpetifation  of  prophecy^  appear  to  us  ex- 
tremely jufl  and  pertinent,  and  the  ufe  to  be  made  of  them*  he 
tells  us,  is  briefly  this, — to  enquire,  whether  any  prophecies  have 
been  given — in  what  fenfe  they  arc  reafonably  to  be  interpreted 
— and  how  far,  and  whpther  iii  any  proper  fenfe,  they  have  been 
fulfilled  ?  to  examine  them,  in  a  wprd,  by  their  own  claims, 
$ind  on  the  footing  of  their  own  pretqnfions  ;  that  is,  to  argue 
pn  the  fuppofition  that  they  may  be  dfvine,  till  they  can  be  evi- 
flently  (hewn  to  be  otherwife. 

In  the  fecond  fermon  opr  Author  fcews  the  only  true  way 

of  reafoning  upon  the  fubjed  of  fcriptural  prophecy  to  be  from 

fcriptural  principles,  after  which  he  opens  and  explains  pne  fuch 

principle.     The  words  from  which  he  difcourfes  are  in  ReveL 

'■  xix.   10.  ^fje  tejlimony  ofjefus  is  thejpirit  of  prophecy. 

In  thefe  words,  the  Dodor  fays^  we  have  a  remarkable  piece 
of  intelligence  conveyed  to  us  (incidentally  indeed  conveyed, 
but  not  tl}crcfore  the  lefs  remarkable)  concerning  the  naturp 
and  genius  of  prophecy.  They  are  a  key  put  into  our  hands^ 
to  open  to  us  the  myftcry  of  that  difpenfatioO)  which  had  in 
view  ultirpatcly  the  perfun  of  Chrift  apd  the  various  revolutions 
of  his  kingdom. 

Before  he  proceeds  to  reafon  from  the  text,  he  endeavours 
to  explain  its  true  meaning,  in  the  following  manner : 

'  St.  Joiin,  in  this  chapter  of  the  Revelations,  from  which  the  text 
is  taken,  had  been  Ihewn  the  downfal  of  Babylon,  and  the  conie- 
qucnt  exaltation  of  the  church,  in  its  clofcil  union  wiph  Chrift,  pre- 
figured under  the  Jewifh  idea  of  a  marriage.  To  fo  delightful  a  vl- 
fion,  the  Angel,  in  whofe  prefence,  and  by  whofe  mipiftry,  this 
i'cene  of  glcry  had  been  difclofed,  fubjoins  this  triumphant  admoni- 
tion-- Writiy  fays  he  ;  Bleffkd  are  they  nvhich  art  called  to  the  marria^ 
of  the  Lamb,     Tkefe  are  the  true  fayings  of  God, 

*  TheApoftJe,  (truck  with  this  emphatic  addrefs,  and  contem- 
plating with  grateful  admiration  fo  joyful  n  ilate  of  things,  and  the 
jdivinity  of  that  fore-ii^ht  by  which  it  was  predii?lcd,  yi/a  donjon  at 
the  argil t  feet  to  fwcrjkip  him.  But  he  faid  unto  a/,  Sce^  thou  do  it 
pot;  I  ffti  thy  fello'w  fer*vant .  and  of  thy  brethren  that  ha*ve  the  tejti' 
mony  cfje/uf  :  iMorJhip  God  :  Jvr  the  tejlimony  ofjefus  h  the  J^ril  (f 
prophecy  i 

*  The  fenfe  is  plainly  this :  Direft  thy  acknowledgment  for  this 
important  dlfcovery,  and  that  religious  adoration,  which  it  infpires* 
to  God  only  \^ho  revealed  it,  and  not  to  ;/i<r,  who  am  but  thy  fellow 
fervant  in  thib  office  of  bearing  telHmony  to  Jefus  :  I  faid  ia  hcetr" 
W  ff^i'^^'^y  '^  7*A^ ;  f<*r  know,  that  the  Jpirit  of  prophecy^  with 

ffh'kch  I  am  endowed,  and  by  v^Yvic\i  1  %ui  ^u^U^  vq  fo^tel  thefe 


■  HurJ  in  thi  Pr&phidei  amtrnlng  the  Chrtjilan  Church.     397 

■Mat  things^  is  but  in  other  words,  the  tefiim^ny  ofji/ns ;  it  hfts  no 
Bthcr  ufe  or  end»  but  to  do  honour  to  him  ;  the  prophet,  whether  he 
■0  angel  or  m;in,  h  oiily^hc  oiiniller  of  God  to  bear  witnefs  to  his 
Kf-.n  -  .r..+  hii  commiffivin  is  alrimacely  dire^ed  to  this  one  piirpofe 
ki  iog  the  glorici  of  his  kingdom.     In  difcharging  this  pro- 

biii^^si.  ''u>ce»  which  thou  adtnireil  To  much,  I  am  then  but  the  wit- 
Befs  of  Jelus,  and  To  to  be  confidered  by  thee  in  no  other  light  than 
Kill  i)f  thy  kllow^fervant* 

W  *  It  is  evident  fr  »m  the  c^ifpreffion,  that  the  text  was  intended  to 
maxa  lomc  /^icial  iiillruclron  to  the  Apoille,  whofe  mifgaidcd  worship 
KjL>rded  the  occafton  of  it.  For,  if  the  dcfign  had  merely  been  to 
Hp  force  the  general  concluiion— «/<^ry&/^  GW— the  pre  miles  need  only 
Bav0  been— /«OT  the  jcrvafii  ofGed^  as  ^wdl  as  thou  —  iot  from  thefc 
Hj^miftrv  it  had  foUiJsved,  that  therefore  God^  and  not  the  Angel, 
K^  to  be  worshipped.  But  the  premifes  are  not  fimply,  Jam  thf 
WfMgfgf'Jir^ant ^  but  I  am  tat  fillifW'/ernfajft  0/  iko/e  <who  have  the  Sifti* 
^^fi^  ^f  Jif^s :  which  claufe  indeed  infers  the  fame  conclulion^  af 
^■e  former;  but*  as  not  being  ncccfTary  to  infer  it,  (for  the  conclu* 
H6n  had  h*:xn  juil  and  complrte  without  it)  was  clearly  added  to  con^ 
Hey  a  prr.Ife  idea  of  prophecy  itfclf,  as  being  wholly  fuhfcrricnt  10 
KhrilV,  .i/»d  having  no  other  ufe  or  dellination^  under  its  various 
Bprms  and  in  :iiJ  ;hc  diversities  of  its  adminiHration,  but  to  beartcjiir 
Bpony  to  him,  Thecefbre  the  Angel  fays  emphaticalk,  in  explana- 
Boa  of  that  latter  claufe, — Fvr  the  tejijmony  if  Je/ut  is  the  Jpirh  of 
^rt^inty^or^  a?  the  fcntcnce,  in  our  iranflatmn,  ihould  have  run, 
^mt  pr<cr  of  its  parts  being  inverted.  For  the  fftrit  of  prophecy  is  the 
^mfimt^rty  efje/us^ 

w^  *  It  may  not  be  pretended  that  no  more  was  meant  by  the  text. 
Bun  that  thi  partkalar  prophecy,  here  delivered,  was  in  atteJlatioti 
W^Jefus:  for  then  it  would  have  been  exprcflcd  with  that  iimiiation. 
TThc  tcrm>,  on  the  other  hand,  arc  abfolute  and  indefinite— /<tr<"/j>/W/ 
^praphfiy — whence  we  cannot  but  conclude  that  prophecy,  in  gene- 
Wg^U  u  the  fubjedt  of  the  propofitton,' 

K  The  Doctor  goes  011  to  fliew  that  tb-5  interpretation  ?greei 
Kxactly  with  all  that  the  Jewifh  prophets  were  underftood  to 
Bpteoci,  and  what  Jefus  hitnfelf  and  his  Apoftlcs  affen  wa^  in* 
Bpilded,  by  their  predictions.  On  this  principle,  thercfoic^ 
Wm%*  that  thi  fc^pe  and  ind  &f  prophecy  is  the  teflimony  of  Jefus ^  our 
Bluthor  Uys,  wc  arc  to  regulate  all  our  reafonings* 

■  In  the  temaining  part  of  the  fermon  he  confidcrs  this  prin- 
Kple  more  patticularly,  and  then  proceeds*  in  his  ihird  dif- 
BmrfCf  to  enquire  what  conclufions  naturally  and  fairly  refult 
WLpm  it.  His  iuH  conclufion  is,  that,  on  the  idea  of  fuch  a 
Khcme  of  prophecy,  as  the  text  {R^v.  xix.  10.)  fuppofcs,  a 

conliJerable  degree  of  oblcufity  may  be  reafonaMy  expei9ed  to 
attend  the  dfliuery  of  the  divine  prcditSions. —  By  looking  into 
that  plan  of  providence  which  refpcfts  Jefus,  and  the  ends  la 
accomptiihed  by  him,  as  it  is  drawn  out  in  the  facred  wri- 
r^gs,  wc  find  a  dijitnef  rcafon,  our  Author  fays^  fot  xSo^^  <a!^- 
\mt^  q{  t)^c  prophccks  ichih^  to  ihat  fuVjcd* 


4 


39t    Htad  9H  th  Pr0phicUs  cmttming  iht  Cljriflian  Chunb. 

*  Wc  tkeie  fi&d  it  to  hive  been  in  the  order  of  the  divine  tmn* 
fSk,  tkat,  between  the  firft  dawniogs  of  revelation  and  the  ftUer  ~ 
li^t  of  the  Gofpely  an  intermediate  and  very  fingolar  ceconoffij,  yef 
ftill  preparatory  to  that  of  JeTas*  ihonid  be  inflitnted.  Thu  oecono* 
ny  (for  reafons,  which  it  is  not  to  our  preient  purpofe  to  deducct 
and  for  fbrne,  no  doubt,  which  we  ^ouid  m  vain  attempt  to  difeover) 
wat  to  continoe  for  many  ages,  and  luhiU  it  contiuued»  was  to  be 
hwi  in  honour  among  that  people,  for  whom  it  was  more  immc* 
diately  defigned.  Bat  now  the  genius  of  thofe  two  di^>eofatio&S9 
the  Jewifh,  I  mean,  and  the  Chriftian,  bdng  wholly  diferent ;  thi 
one,  carnal,  and  enforced  by  temporal  fanaions  only,  the  other, 
fpiritual,  and  eftab)i(hed  on  better  proraifes  ;  the  prophets,  who  lived 
under  the  former  of  thefe  difpenfations  (and  the  greater  part  of  thofe^ 
who  prophefied  of  Jefus,  lived  under  it)  were  uf  courfe  fo  to  pre- 
dift  the  future  aconomy,  as  not  to  diCgrace  the  prefent.  They  were 
to  refpedl  the  La^w,  e^en  while  they  announced  the  Gojptl^  which 
was,  in  due  time,  to  fupcrfede  it. 

*  So  much,  we  will  lay,  was  to  be  difcovered  as  might  ere6l  the 
thoughts  of  men  towards  fome  better  fcheme  of  things,  hereafter  to 
be  introduced ;  certainly  fo  much,  as  might  fufficiendy  evince  the 
divine  intention  in  that  icherae,  when  it  mould  a^ualiy  take  place;" 
but  not  enough  to  indifpofc  them  •  towards  that  ilate  of  difcspline, 
onder  the  yoke  of  which  they  were  then  held.  From  this  donbh 
pvrpoie,  would  dearly  rcfnlt  that  charader,  in  the  prophecies  con- 
cerning the  new  difpenfarion,  which  we  find  imprefTed  upon  them ; 
«ad  which  St.  Peter  well  deficfibes,  when  he  fpcaks  of  them^  as  dif* 
penfing  a  licht  indeed,  but  a  light  Jhining  in  a  dark  pltice. 

'  *  Upon  the  whole,  the  delivery  of  prophecy  fcems  well  fnited  to 
diat  dilpcnfation  which  it  was  given  to  atteft.  ^  If  the  objc£b  in  riew 
liad  been  one  fingle  event,  to  be  accomplifhed  all  at  once,  it  might 

Crhap  be  expcded  that  the  prophecies  concerning  it  wonld  have 
en  clear  and  precife.  But,  if  the  fcheme  of  Chnfttanity  be  what 
the  fcriptures  reprefcnt  it  to  be,  a  fcheme,  commencing  from  the 
^nndation  of  the  worlcH  ^nd  unfolding  itfelf  by  jull  degrees  through 
a  long  fucceflion  of  aees,  and  to  be  fully  accompliOied  only  at  the 
confnmmation  of  all  things ;  proplicj^  which  was  given  to  attend  on 
that  fcheme,  and  to  furnifh  a  fuitable  atteflation  to  it,  muft  needs 
W  fnppofed  to  adapt  itfelf  to  the  nature  of  the  difpenfation ;  that  is» 
to  have  different  deerees  of  clearnefs  or  obfcurity  according  to  its 
place  in  the  general  fyflem ;  and  not  to  difdofe  more  of  it,  or  in 
clearer  terms,  at  any  one  period,  than  might  confift  with  the  rarioas 
.ends  of  wifdom  which  were  to  be  fer\xd  by  the  gradual  opening  of 
So  vaft  and  intricate  a  fcene. 

*  ANOTHkR  chrcumflance,  of  affinity  with  this,  is  apt  to  Arike  ns^ 
in  the  contemplation  of  the  fcriptural  prophecies.  There  is  reaibn 
to  believe  that  more  than  one  fenfe  was  purpofely  indofed  in  foaecf 
them  ;  and  we  ind,  in  fad,  that  the  writers  of  the  New  Tefbuneat 
five  to  many  of  ibe  old  prophecies  an  interpretation  very  difffrent 
and  remote  from  that  which  may  fie  reafonably  thought  the  primanr 
and  immediate  view  of  the  prophets  themfelves^.  I'his  is  what  D^ 
vines  call  the  nova  lb  scnsk  of  prophecy  :  by  which  they  mean  an 

accompWhrncat  of  it-  in  mote  t\^ni&  x!kxaxi  otit  \  \a  t;^^  (ame  fyilem 


Hurd  en  the  Prsfhnm  tonarmng  tie  Chriftmn  Chunh.     399 

indeed  \  but  ^  diAant  intervals,  and  under  di^rent  parts  of  that 
fyilem* 

*  Now«  OS  farpickui  as  this  clrcuinftancc  may  appear,  at  £xfl 
iight,  it  will  be  found  I  on  inquiry,  to  be  exa£Uy  fuited  to  that  idea 
of  prophecy  which  the  text  gives  us  of  it,  as  being  from  the  firft^ 
ana  all  along,  intended  to  hear  tefiimony  njt/us.* 

Oar  Author  s  fccond  conclufion  is — that  prophecies  of  a 
dotihli  ftnjt  may  well  be  cxpe<Bed  in  fuch  a  fcbcme  as  that  of 
rcriptural  prophecy.  This  conclufion  he  fupports  and  illyflrates 
in  a  very  ingenious  manner,  and  then  proceeds  to  obfcrvc,  in 
the  third  place,  that  it  is  very  conceivable  and  credible  that  the 
line  of  prophecy  flioulJ  run  chiefly  in  one  family  and  people^ 
and  that  the  other  nations  of  the  earth  fliould  be  no  further  the 
immidlate  objefts  of  it,  than  as  they  chanced  to  be  conne<Stcd 
with  that  people, 

Hift  laft  inference  is,  that,  if,  even  after  a  mature  confidera- 
lion  of  the  prophecies,  and  of  the  events,  in  which  they  are  taken 
to  be  fulfilled,  there  fliould,  after  all,  be  fume  cloud  remaining 
ofi  this  fubped,  which,  with  alt  our  wit  or  pains,  we  cannot 
wholly  remove,  this  flatc  of  things  would  afford  no  objeflion 
to  pfopbeey,  becaufe  it  is  indeed  no  orlier  ihan  we  might  rea- 
fofiably  expe<£l. — If  the  end  and  ufe  of  prophecy  be  to  attcrt  the 
trytii  of  Chridianity,  then  may  we  be  fure  that  fuch  aticftation 
will  not  carry  with  it  the  utmo(V  Jegrce  of  evidence.  For 
Chriftianity  is  plainly  a  ilate  of  difcipiine  and  probation,  calcu- 
lated CO  improve  our  moral  nature,  by  giving  fcope  and  exercife 
to  our  moral  faculties  :  fa  that,  though  the  evidence  for  it  be 
rjW  evidence,  and  on  the  whole  fufficutii  evidence,  yet  we  can- 
not expe^^  it  to  be  of  that  fori  which  fliouId  compel  our  af* 
frj}C«  Something  muft  be  left  to  quicken  our  attention,  to  ex**- 
Cite  oyr  induftry,  and  to  try  the  natural  ingenuity  of  the  bu« 
man  mind. 

Had  the  purpofe  of  prophecy,  he  adds,  been  to  fhew,  merely, 
that  a  prcdiiSed  event  w^as  forc/een,  then  the  end  had  been  beft 
anfwered  by  throwing  all  pofTiblc  evidence  into  the  completion* 
But  its  concern  being  to  fliew  this  to  fuch  only  as  fliould  be  dif- 
pofed  to  admit  a  reafonabJe  degree  of  evidence,  it  was  not  ne-* 
ccflary«  or  rather  it  was  plainly  not  fir,  that  the  completioa 
0ioilld  be  fccn  la  that  ftroiig  and  irrefiftible  light. 

The  Do(£lor  concludes  his  third  fermon  in  the  following 
iQjnjier : 

*  To  TffEitg  dedufflions  from  the  text,  more  might  be  added* 
For  I  believe  it  will  be  found  that  if  the  end  of  prophecy,  as  here 
deliveredt  be  ileadily  kept  in  view  and  diligently  purfued,  it  will  go 
a  great  way  toward^  leading  us  to  a  profperous  ilTue  in  niojl  of  thole 
inquiries  which  arc  thought  to  perplex  this  fubjeft.  But  I  mean  to 
rea^fun  from  it  no  farther  thaa  jtill  to  fhe^v,  in  the  >vny  of  fpecimcn^ 
the  method  in  which  it  becomes  us  to  frccuUu  oa  iViu  otQ^\vit\\^ 


400     rturd  on  the  Prophecies  concerning  the  Chrtjiian  Church. 

fyilcm.  We  trc  not  to  imagine  principles  at  plcafurc,  and  then  apgly 
them  to  that  fyftein.  But  we  are,  firil,  to  find  out  what  the  princi- 
pies  are,  on  which  prophecy  is  founded,  and  by  which  it  claims  to  be 
uied ;  and  then  to  fee  whether  they  will  hoid^  that  is,  whether  they 
will  aptly  and  properly  apply  to  the  particulars,  of  which  it  is  com- 
pounded. If  they  will,  the  fyftcm  itfelf  is  thus  far  clearly  juiiitied. 
All  that  remains  is  to  compare  the  prophecies  with  their  correfpond- 
ing  events,  in  order  to  afTurc  ourfclves  that  there  is  real  cvzdecce  of 
their  completion. 

'  The  ufe  of  this  method  has  been  (hewn  in  pour  capital  inilancr?. 
It  is  ohje«f\ed  to  the  fcriptural  prophecies,  that  they  are  ohfcurt^^theA 
they  abound  in  double  fen/es — that  they  ivere  deli*vered  to  one  peopU  ^tbat^ 
after  all^  there  is  fometimes  difficulty  in  making  out  the  ccmpleiton^^W  of 
them,  it  is  faid,  very  fufpicious  circumllances ;  and  which  rather  in- 
dicate afcheme  oF  human  contrivance,  than  of  divine  in fpi ration. 

To  thcfe  objedlions  it  is  replied,  that,  from  the  very  idea  which 
ihe  icriptores  themfelves  give  of  prophecy,  thefe  circumflaitces  mofl 
needs  be  found  in  it;  and  farther  Itii!,  that  thefe  circumlhinces, 
when  fairly  confidered,  do  honour  to  that  idea  :  for  that  the  «.bicu- 
rity,  complained  of,  refults,  frofn  the  immenjity  of  the  fchtme-^^^HM 
double  feofes,  from  the  intimate  (onnedion  of  its  parts — the  partial  and 
confined  delivery,  from  the  iv/dom  and  necejfity  of  ftU&ing  a. peculiar 
people  to  he  the  'uchicle  and  repofitory  of  the  Jacred  ovtli^c^ — And  laftly* 
the  incomplete  evidence,  from  the  nature  of  the  fuhjeS^  and  from  the 
moral  genius  of  that  difpenfation,  to  twhich  the  Jcheme  of  prophecy  itfjf 
helongs.* 

in  the  fourth  fcrmon  our  Author  confidcrs  the  general  arga- 
me nt  from  prophecy,  (hews  what  the  amount  of  that  evidena  fi 
which  rtfults  from  this  kind  of  proof,  and  anfwers  feme  of  the 
principal  obje£)ions  of  unbelievers.  Having  opened  the  generel 
idea  of  prophecy,  and  enforced  the  general  argument  from  if,  in 
proof  of  our  holy  religion,  he  advsncs  a  flep  f^nher,'  and  pro- 
ceeds to  take  a  nearer  view  of  the  prophecies  tbtmftlves^  which 
may  be  confidered  under  two  heads.  They  either  refped  the 
perfon^  chara/Her^  and  office  of  the  Aieffiuh^  or,  the  fate  and  fortunes 
of  that  kin^dr.my  which  he  came  to  eflablilh  in  the  world.  7^he 
former  of  thefe  are  called  by  Divines,  prophecies  of  his  firft 
comings  and  the  other ^  prophecies  of  his  fasnd. 

It  may  be  proper  to  oblerve,  the  Doctor  fays,  .that  the  feoond 
advent  of  the  Meffiah  is  not,  Ike  the  (irlV,  confined  to  one 
fingle  and  prcctfe  period,  hut  is  gradual  and  fucceffive.  This 
diftin£iion,  we  are  told,  is  founded  in  the  reafon  of  the  thine* 
He  could  only  come,  in  perfon^  at  one  liinitcd  time.  Hcccfncs,. 
in  his  power  and  his  providtKce^  through  all  ages  of  the  church. 
His  firfl  coming  was  then  over,  when  he  expired  on  the  crofs. 
His  Jecond  commenced  with  his  refurrcftion,  and  will  continire 
to  the  end  of  the  world.  So  that  this  laft  coming  cf  Jefus  is 
%o  be  underftood  of  his  fpiritual  kingdom  \  which  is  not  one 
^R  of  fovereignj^y  c,\cncd  at  once,  but  a  ftate  or  conftitution  of 
gqvcrsiment^  lubfifting  l\>Tou£V\  ^\ot\^u^ft  of  time,  unfolding 

VfcX 


^^^  PriccV  Ap^sl  to  fhi  PuhFu  m  the  Natima!  Ddt*        403        j 

l^rpofe  fliould  fail  of  ruccefs,  '  he  can  feel  no  patn  on  his  own 
account*     I  koow  (fays  he)  I  have  mian:  to  ait  the  part  of  a 
good  citizen  \  and  I  fi\aU  return  to  obfctirity  and  filcncc,  fatis-         j 
ficd   with  ihi*  reflciiion  ;  and  happy  in  the  confcioufoefs  of        j 
wanting  nothing  this  world  can  give  me/     It  now  remains        I 
with  government  and  the  public  to  determine,  whether,  with 
the  means  of  redrefs  in  our  power  and  with  the  aHuraince  that 
prudence  and   integrity  may  ftiH  fave  us*  we  are  to  be  devoted 
(0  ruin  or  not.    This  U  not  a  queftion,  dichred  by  the  fpiril  of 
party  or  of  oppoficion.     Every  member  of  the  (late  is  eiicntial- 
ly  conccnied  in  it.     The  hei?ig  ajid  pro/ferity  ot  our  country  de*         ; 
pend   on  a  deliberate  attention  to  it :  and  an  admtniftration         , 
which  adopted  the  plan,  propofed  by  this  ingenious  Author^  per* 
haps  the  W/  plan*  that  can  avail  for  our  fecurity  and  welfare, 
would  acquire  popularity  and   influence  by  fucK  a  tlep,  much 
more  honourable  and  more  laftrng^  and  more  effectual  liltewifc         < 
(o  every  ncccflary  purpofc,  than  thofe  which  arife  from  an  ac- 
cumuJattng  debt  and  a  growing  dependence.     Such  a  meafure 
would  be  attended   with  the  cndii  and  Jhih/a^im^  objefts  to 
which   no  Briton  can   be  infenfibfe,  of  favirig   the  public  and 
poftetity  from  approaching  ruin.     It  is  hoped  that  the  wifdom 
of  government   will  dilccrn  the  necclfity  and  propriety  of  ad- 
verting to  this  important  ubjedi  :  and  that  the  prefcnt  period 
featl  be  recorded  in  the  annali  of  our  country,  as  the  icr*  of  its 
deliverance   from  impending  deftrui9ion.     We  arc  pcrfuaded,        j 
chat  the  eyes  of  the  public  are  opened  by  thefc  intererting  pub- 
licatioosi  and  that  the  attention  of  every  indiviJuiI,  who  bi% 
any  regard  for  the  inrercftof  his  family  or  ot  focicty,  is  alarmed.        | 
And    we  (hould   not   wonder^  if  we   heard  of  an  nffociatioa^ 
formed  on  the  principles  of  private  intereft  and  public  virtue, 
amongft  men  of  property  and  chara£^er  through  every  part  of 
the  kingdom,  in  order  ta  recommrnd  and  enforce  3  proper  at- 
tention to  the  ftate  of  the  nation  in    this  refpcQ,     The  idea, 
however,  is  flattering  to  thofe  who  fed  any  concern  for  the 

«lfarc  and  glory  of  the  nation. 
^  h  fmklng  fund^'  fays  our  Author,  according  to  the  moft 
trat  idea  of  it,  figniftcs  *  any  faiing  or  Jurpluty  fet  apart 
from  the  reil  of  an  annual  income,  and  appropriued  to  the  pur-  I 
pOife  of  paying  off  or  finking  debts.*  There  txcthra  u^ays  in 
winch  a  kingdom  may  apply  fuch  a  faving.  jft.  The  intirt/U^ 
diIeogag*^d  from  time  to  time  by  ihe  payments  made  with  it, 
ay  be  themlelves  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  public  debts* 

idly,  Thej*  may  be  fpent  on  current  fcrviccs      Or.   ^dlyt       1 
ley  m;iy  be  immediately  aarsihiljtcd  by  ab*iii(l)lng  the  taxes 
irged  with  them. 

ihcfirji  way  of  employ Ing  ^fi^'ii^gfttnd^  it  becomes  a  ftxf^A. 
ay^  enwrrafintf  icfclf.    iL\fcry  i]cw   iAr^»^-4victvg*^A  Vn  v\^ 


404-    ,    Priced  Appeal  to  tbi  Public  on  the  National  Debt 

containing  the  fame  powers  with  it,  and  joining  its  operatioii 
toit;  9rui  the  fame  heing  true  of  every  intereitdfrengs^ed  by 
every  intereft,  it  muft  zSi^  not^merely  with  an  increafing  fom^ 
but  with  a  force,  the  increafe  of  which  is  cofitinually  aceeie-  • 
rated  \  and  which,  therefore,  however  fmaii   at  firft,  muft  in 
time  become  equal  to  any  efFe£l.     In  the  [econd  way  €ii  applying ' 
^fmkingfund^  it  admits  of  no  increafe,  and  muft  ad  forever 
with  the  fame  force. — In  other  words.-    h  finking  fund,  accord* 
ing  to  the  firft  method  of  applying  it,  is,  if  i  may  be  Allowed 
'the  comparifon,  liice  a  grain  of  corn  fown,  which,  by Jiaviog 
its  produce  fown,  and  the  produce  of  that  produce,-  and  fo  on, 
is  capable  of  an  increafe  that  will  foon  ftoclc  a  province  or  fiq^ 
port  a  kingdom. — On  the  contrary,     h  finking  fund^  according 
to  the  fecond  way  of  applying  it,  is  like  a  feed  the  produce  of 
which  is  confumed ;  and  which,  therefore,  can  be  of  no  &r- 
tber  ufe,  and  has  all  its  powers  deftroyed.     l^'ht  former^  be  its 
income  at  firft  ever  fo  much  exceeded  by  the  new  debts  incurred 
annually,  will  foon  become  fuperior  to  them,  and  cancel  tbern* 
The  lattery  if  at  firft  inferior  to  the  new  debts  incurred  annually, 
will  for  ever  remain  fo ;  and  a  ftate,  that  has  no  other  provi- 
fion  for  the  payment  of  its  debts,  will  be  always  accumulating 
them,  till  it  fmks.     What  haa  been  now  faid  ofiheficmd  mode 
of  applying  a  fund,  is  true  in  a  higher  degree  of  theiAiW.-  For 
in  this  cafe,  the  difengaged  interefts,  inftead  of  being  either 
added  to  the  fund,  or  fpent  from  year  to  year  on  ufeful  fervioes, 
are  immediately  given  up.     In  (hort,  a  fund  of  the  fii^  (brtu 
money  bearing  compound  intereft — A  fund  of  the  fecond  fort  is^ 
money  bearing yf//;^//  intereft, — And  a  fund  of  the  third  fort  ia  • 
money   bearing  no  intereft. — The  difference  between   thenst 
therefore,  is  properly  infinite.'     The  Author  proceeds  to  .ilhf- 
tf  ate  thefe  obfervations  by  the  following  example :    ^  Let  ua 
fpppofe  a  nation  to  be  capable  of  fetting  apart  the  annual  fum 
of  200.000 1,  as  a  fund  for  keeping  the  debts  it  is  continually 
ibcuriing  in  a  courfe  of  redemption  ;  and  let  us  confider  whtt 
its  operation  will  be,  in  the  three  ways  of  applying  it  which  I 
.  have  defcribed,  fuppofing  the  public  debts  to  tear  an  intereft  of 
5  per  cent*  and  the  pe:iod  of  operation  86  years.     A  debt  of 
200,000 1.  difcharged  the  firft  year,  will  difengage  for  the  pub* 
lie  an  annuity  of  10,000  1.     If  this  annuity,  inftvad  of  being: 
fpent  on  current  fervices,  is  added  to  the  fund,  and  both  em- 
ployed in  paying  debts,  an  annuity  of  10,500!.  will  be  diiien* 
gaged  the  fecond  year,  or  of  20,500  U  in  both  years.     And  this 
again,  added  to  the  fund  the  third  year,  will  increafe  it, to. 
220,500!.  with  which  an  annuity  willbe  then  difengaged  oC 
11,025!.;   and  the  fum  of  the  difengaged  annuities  wil)  bo. 
34,525  !•;  which,  added  to  the  fund  the /^irr/ib.yeary  wtU  in- 
crcafc  n  to  231)5251.  aad  caable  it  then  to  difengage  an  an*. 

TOiitf 


nv-Ity  of  11,5761.  5  s.  iinJ  rcp.u'L-r  rlu*  yv;//  c»r  ihc  tlircr./r^cd 
imnuicics,  in  four  years,  43,101  J.  5  s. — Let  anyone  prcc.cd 
in  this  way,  and  he  may  fat:sfy  himfelf  that  the  original  fwdj 
together  with  the  Aim  of  the  annuities  difcng^ged,  will  incieafe 
i'jiiier  and  fafter  every  year,  till,  in  14.  years,  xhz  former  be- 
comes 305,9861.  and  the  latter  ii)^^c)ib\.  and,  in  86  years, 
lYi^  former  13,283,000!.  and  the  laHer  13,083.000!. — The  full 
value,  therefori;,  at  5  per  eeht.  of  an  annuity  of  13,083,000  1. 
will  have  been  paid  in  86  years  ;  tliat  is,  very  nearly,  262  mil- 
lions of  debt :  and,  confcqucntly  it  appears,  that  though  the 
iUte  had  been  all  alon^  addin-T  every  year  to  its  debts  ihiee  mil- 
lions ;  that  is,  though  in  the  time  fuppofed  it  hid  contradled 
a  debt  of  258  milhons,  it  would  have  been  more  than  difcharged^ 
ar  no  greater  expence  than  an  annual  faviii;^  of  200,000 1.  Buc 
if  the  fa  .Tie  fund  had  been  employed  in  x\\^  fnoud  of  the  three 
ways  I  have  dc  fori  bed,  the  annuity  difeng^^gcd  by  it  v/ould  have 
been  every  year  lo.oool.  j  and  the  funi  of  the  annuities  dif- 
en^aged  would  have  been  86  times  ic,CCoK  or  860,000 1. 
The  Hfcharged  debt  therefore,  would  have  been  no  mare  than 
the  value  of  fuch  an  annuity,  or  17,200,0001.' 

•  But  this  the  Author  (hews  is  not  the  whole  clFefl  of  the  fund 
in  thcfe  circum fiances.  The  irjivcjh^  as  they  become  difcn- 
gaged,  are  employed  in  the  former  cafe  in  finking  the  debts  :  in 
tbis  cafe  they  are  applied  to  current  fcrvices,  and,  therefore, 
they  will  fave  an  expcncc,  for  which  otherwilc  equivalent  fums 
muft  have  been  provided  :  j 0,000).  will  be  fAvcd  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  yirfi-w^  year,  20,000  I.  at  the  beginning  of  the //;;/v/, 
30,000 1.  at  the  be;;inning  of  \\\t  fowih^  and  850,000  1,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  8Uh  year :  and  thcfe  fcvcral  favin^^s  form  an 
arithmetical  progreflion,  the  fum  of  which  will  be  found,  by 
multiplying  the  Jum  of  the  firft  and  bft  terms  by  hnlf  the  num- 
ber of  terms,  equal  to  36,550,000!.  which,  added  to  17, 200,000 1. 
the  debt  difiharged^  makes  53*750,000 1.  Suhtraft  the  laft  fum 
from  262  millions,  and  208,250,0001.  will  be  the  complete 
lofsof  the  public  arifmg,  in  86  years,  from  employing  an  an- 
nual fum  of  20c.  ooo  1.  in  (he  fecond  way  rather  than  the  tirft. 
•  Little  need  be  faid  of  the  eftcil  of  the  f*»mc  fund  applied  in 
the  third  way.  It  is  obvious  that  the  whole  advartj^c  derived 
from  it,  would  be  the  diicharge  of  a  dcln  of  20^,000  !•  annually^ 
Of  of  17,200,000!.  in  all.'  There  is  indeed  an  advantage, 
with  refpe^  to  the  public,  arifmg  from  this  latter  mode  of  ap- 
plying the  propofcd  fund,  which  our  Author  has  not  omitted  to 
mention  ;  that  is,  the  abolition  of  taxes.  *  But  it  is  an  advan- 
tage unfpeakably  overbal.^nccd  by  cifudvantngts.  it  is  gaining 
36  millions  and  a  half  at  the  exp.^nce  of  262  millions  ;  or,  in 
other  words^  procuring  an  eafc  from  taxws,  which,  at  ihc  end 
of  86  years,  would  have  been  incrcafcd  :ob*;c,cccl.  firann^ 
R£V.  Apr.  ijja.  X  v\ 


r 
I 


406        Pric«'i  Appial  U  tU  Public  m  the  Natmal  Diht* 

at  the  expence  of  a  fund,  that,  in  the  fame  time,  would  hare 
eafcd  ihc  public  of  above  ihirUen  millhns  ptr  annum  \n  trnxei. 
But  I  need  not  infift  on  the  folly  of  this,  the  abolition  of  taxes 
being  what  we  know  Iktlc  of  in  this  country/ 

The  alienation  of  a  fund  of  this  kind,  the  produce  of  which, 
fviilhfully  applied,  is  omnipoUniy  is  one  of  the  worft  evils,  that 
could  have  happened   to  this  country.     The  general  rcaioning 
by  which  it  has  been  vindicated,  is  to  the  lail  degree  fallacious  i 
Dofcwithdatidtng  this,  the  alienation  o^  it  is  become  a  fixed  mea- 
fure  of  government*     It  is  pleaded,  *  That  fince  a  certain  fum 
/,  g.  a  million,  is  wanted  for  the  neccflary  fupphcs  of  the  year, 
it  is  indifferent  whether  it  is  taken  from  ih^ finking  fund<^  or  pro* 
cured  by  making  a  new  loan.     If   the   former  is  done,  an  M 
debt  will  be  continued.     If  the  latter  is  done,  amqual  ivrurdebe 
-will  be  incurred^  which  would  have  been  othcrwife  faved ;  and 
kibe  public  intcreft  can  no  more  be  affeflcd  by  one  of  tbcfc  than 
■the  other.     But  the  former  is  eafieA.     And  it  will  fave  the  dif« 
Mgfteablc  nccelTity  of  [iiying  on  a  new  tax/ 
I      *  The  fallacioufnL'fs  of  this  argument  (fays  our  Author)  con- 
nils  in  the  fuppofttion,  that  no  lofs  can  arife  to  the  public  front 
Rtontinuing  an  oUldibi^  when  it  cannot  bedifcharged  without  ifi- 
"^curring  an  tqud  nnv  debt*     I  have  demonftrated  this  to  be  a  mif* 
take  ;  and  that   by   pradifmg    upon  it,  or  alienating  inflead  of 
borrawing^  an  infinite  lofs  may  be  fuflaincd.     Agreeably  to  thii, 
J  have  in  the  trcatife  on  annuities,  page  339,  ihewn,  that  had 
■but  400,000!*  per  annum  of  ih^  finking  fund  been  applied,  from 
Bthe  year  1716,  invialaily^  three  millions  per  annum  of  our  taxes 
Imight  now  have  been  annihilated,     I  will  here  add,  that  bad  a 
Bmiliiou  per  annum  oih  been  thus  employed,  (and  the  income  of 
Bthe  fmking  fund,  taking  one  year  with  another,  has  been  con- 
Mderably  more  than  this)  we  (hould   now,  fuppofing  a  method 
Ijtofljble  of  laying  out  fo  much  money,  have  been  in  pofieiEon  of 
Wmfurplui  of  at  Itzikftxty  mitlims^  inflead  of  being  in  debits  m  btm^ 
mdred  and fcrty  milltom. — But  I  will  go  further.— Had  even  the 
■money,  that,  at  different  times,  has  been  employed  in  paying 

■  off  our  debts,  been  applied  but  in  a  different  manner;  that  is, 

■  k8d  it  been  made  the  produce  of  2^  fmking  fund  ^  which,  from 
1 17 16  to  the  prefent  ycur,  had  never  been  alienated  ;  above  half 

■  ourprefent  debts  would  have  been  cancelled^.     Such  is  the 
I  importance 

B-' •  ■      —  —  —     '  ■  ■         —  — ■ —  — 

Mm     *  The  Author  reckons^  that  about  ao  millions  of  the  income  of 

■  the  Shkitig  Fund  has,  at  different  times  and  in  difiirrcQt  ways,  been 
•  •mpioycd  in   paying   public   debts.     FiiVy-fix  yearly   payments  of 

■  357tOoo  L  make  nearly  this  fum  ;  aod,  bad  it  been  divided  into  fach 
F payments,   and  inviolably  applied  in  the  manner  here  explaijied» 

from  the  ycat  1716,  fmenty-im  mlli^HS  of  debt,  beaiing  4  per  unt^ 
-  intereil^ 


Hpon 


Pf icc'j  Jffpial  to  tU  Public  on  the  National  Diti.         ^of. 

iitancc  of  oicrcly  the  manner  of  applying  money.     Such  is 

prodigious  difference,  in  the  piefenc  cafcj  bee  ween  ^?m«/- 

ing  and  nHinadng  f  Nor  is  there  Tiny  thing  in  this  myfterious* 

*bc  reafon  has  been  fuiHciently  explained*     When  a  itate  bor- 
prs,  it  pays,  I  have  faid,  oiiiy  fifn pic  intereft  for  money.  When 
alienates  a  fund  appropriated  to  the   payment  of  its  debts^  it 
lofes  the  advantage  of  money,  that  would  have  been  otherwiic 
improved  neceflarily  at  c^^j^^^jY/^c/incered.     And  can  there  be  any 
circum (lances  of  a  date  which  can  render  the  latter  of  thefe  pre- 
ferable to  the  former?  Or  can  the  inconveniences,  which  may 
jjyeud  the  impofuion  of  a  new  tax,  dcfcfrve  in   this  cafe  to  be 
^■ntioned  ?  What  a  barbarous  policy  is  that  which  runs  a  king- 
^Bd  in  debt»  milii&ns^  in  ordef  \6   fave  ibQi*famh\  which  robs 
^(public  of  the  power  of  ahnlhtUting  :d)  taxes,  in  orJer  to 
avoid  a  Cmall  prefent  increafc  of  taxes  ?  This,  in   truth,  has 
^Sfn  our  poHcy ;  and  it  w^ould  be  affronting  commor}  fcnfe  to 
^prmpt  a  vindication  of  it/ 

^'Such  are  the  pernicious  cfFefts  attending  a  ialal  or  cmjlant 
gtlienatton  of  the  Jinking  fund.  The  author  next  examines  the 
^fe*:^  of  a  ^^;trW  alienation  of  the  fame  fund.  *  Let  us  theit 
^qipofe,  that  its  produce  is  taken  from  it  only  every  other  year. 
Moft  pcrfons  will,  perhaps,  be  ready  to  pronounce,  that  this 
couM  only  take  from  it,  in  any  given  lime,  haifxu  cffc£l.  But 
the  truth  is,  that  fuch  an  interruption  would  deftroy  almoft  its 
y^hole  effeft.  An  annual  fund  of  loo^oool.  would  (it  has  bcea 
fhcwn)  in  eighty-fix  years,  pay  off  261  millions,  bearing  in- 
tcreft  at  5  per  ant.  But  if  its  produce  is  taken  from  it  every 
other  year,  it  v/ould,  in  the  fame  time,  pay  off  no  more  than 
twenty-eight  millions.  In  like  manner;  a  fund  of  a  million  ^^ 
armum^  which  commenced  at  the  time  of  the  eflrabliftiment  of 
QXiT Jinking  fund^  Would  by  this  time  (in  fifry-fix  years)  have  paid 
o^  tW9  hundred  tmliisns^  bearing  intcrcft  at  4  per  anL  But  if 
ftiienated  every  other  year,  it  could  not  have  paid  oW  fifty  mii- 

kr.     And,  if  alienated  two  years  in  every  three,  it  could  not 
c  paid  off  twenty  feven  millions* Can  we  then   wonder, 

Uiat  the  finking  fund,  thus  alienated,  has  done  us  fo  little  fcr- 
vicr? 

0f,  Price  concludes  from  tbefe  bbfervations,  that  '  a  ftate 
may,  without  difRcuhy,  redeem  all  us  debts  by  borrowing  mo- 

Efor  that  purpofe,  at  an  equal  or  even  any  higher  intcreft 
the  debts  bedr$  and,  wirhoUt  providing  any  other  funds 
fuch  fmall  ones,  as  ihall  froi/  year  to  year  Ijecomc  necef- 
fary  to  pay  the  intcreft  of  the  funis  borrowed.*  We  n\n{^  refer, 
for  the  illuftration  and  proof  of  this  general  alTertion,  to  the 
»phlet  itfelf. 


re£l,  ijuould  now  have  been  difchargedi     None  cwx  c\>^cCi  xj^  "Osia 
lithorV  aHfig  the  ncnicA  round  numbers  a&  the  x^i^\\%  ^i  ^^  c^^%- 


408      Lyttelton'/  Hlftcry  of  Henry  the  Second.     Vol.  IIL 

The  fec()nd  part  of  this  appeal  contains  a  bHef  hiftory  of  thf 
rife  and  progrcfs  of  the  finking  fund^  from  which  it  plainly  ap- 
pears, that  its  powers  have  been  we)!  underftood,  thou»h  it  has^ 
been  fllamefully  mifapplied  2(nd  jjervertcd.     *  The  finking  fund^ 
fays  the  Author  at  the  clofe  of  his  hiftory,  and  every  true  lover 
or  his  country  will  join  in  the  lamentation,-r-*  that  facfrd  blcfe- 
jng-— once  the  nation's  only  hope — was,  after  an  exiftence  of 
about  eleven  years,  prematurely   and  cruelly  deftrbyed    by  its 
own  parent. — Could  it  have  efcaped  the  han«Js  of  violence,  it^ 
would  have  made  us  the  envy  and  the  terror  of  the  world,  by' 
leaving  us  at  this  time,  not  only  tax  free ^  but  in  poflefiion  of  t 
trcafure,  greater  than  was  ever  enjoyed  by  any  kingdom*     But 
let  me  not  dwell  on  a  recollection  fo  grievous  ♦.*  * 

Art.  VI.  TheHifiory  of  the  Life  of  King  Henry  the  Second y'  and  of  the 
Age  in  IV  bit  h  be  lived,  in  five  Books,     Ho  <ivh'tch  is  prefixed^  a  Hif- 
tory of  the  Revrluticns  of  England ^  from  the  Death  of  Edijuurd  tbi 
.  Confcffor  to  the  Birth  of  Henry  the  Second,     By  George  Lord  Lyttel- 
ton,     Vol.111.     410.     I  1.  10  s.  6d.     Dodllcy.     1771. 

WE  have  more  than  once  had  occafion  to  do  jufticc  to  the 
merits  of  this  noble  Author,  in  our  account  of  the  for- 
mer parts  of  the  Hiftory  of  Henry  the  Second,  we  mentioned, 
ir|  particular,  the  honour  Lord  Lyttclton  has  refle&ed  upon  his 
rank,  by  his  literary  abilities,  and  by  employing  his  time  ina* 
manner  fo  greatly  fuperior  to  what  is  ufual  among  perfons  in 
high  life ;  and  therefore  we  (hall  now  proceed,  without  farther 
preface,  to  the  confideration  of  the  work  before  us,  which  is 
at  length  brought  to  its  intended  completion. 

The  fecond  volume  having  concluded  with  the  aflaffination 
and  chara£ler  of  the  famous  Beckct,  the  third  opens  with  a  re* 
lation  of  the  fteps  taken  by  Henry  to  prevent  the  murder  of  the 
ArchbiOiop,  the  extreme  concern  he  exprefted  ac  it,  and  the 
meafures  he  purfued  to  foften  the  court  of  Rome,  and  to  pre- 
vail  upon  the  Pope  not  to  proceed  to  a  fenience  of  excommu- 
njcation.     The  bad   efFcdls  which  the  King  forefaw  from  fo 
unhappy  a  termination  of  his  difputes  with  Bucket,  fixed  on  his 
mind  fuch  a  gloom,  that,  till   iorty  days  had  paflcd  over,  he '  , 
abftatned  from  all  dtverfions,  all  exercife,  and  all  bufinefs ;  he 
heard  00  caufes,  he  received  no  petitions  from  his  fubje^s  5  but  • 
remained  folitary  within  the  walis  of  his  palace,  often  fighing,  ■ 
a^d  repeating  to  himfelf  thcfe  words,  alas!  alas!  that  this  mif* 
chief  Jhould  have  happened! 

It  appears,  however,  that  Henry  continued  to  think  of  Beck« 
et's  behaviour  a^  he  had  juftly  thought  before,  notwithft^nding 
the  forrow  he  (hewed  for  the  murder  of  that  turbulent  prelate: 

*  Since  the  above  article  va^  wiluen,  a.  fecond  edition  of  the 
Pador's  Jfpeal  has  appeared,  v.'U\v  W^^  u^'^yuqiv^* 


Lyttolton'i  Hyiory  of  Henv)  t':.  Eccond.     Vol.  III.       469 

nor  diJ  the  King  fuftcr  himfclft-:)  rc-:r.-.in  In  a  t!>rplcl  itatc.  Iii;i 
a£iivc  fpirit  revived,  and  fortune  now  olnrcd  to  him  a  fair  op- 
portunity, which  his  wifilom  ghdiy  fcized,  of  prefenting  si  new 
objcdl  to  the  attention  of  the  public, 'and  (hewing  himfelf  to 
his  fubiedls  in  a  very  different  light  from  that  of  a  penitent, 
with  all  the  majeQy  of  a  Prince  enlarging  the  bounds  of  his- 
hereditary  empire  by  the  acquifition  of  a  great  and  very  ancient 
kingdom,  which,  though  far  more  defirable  than  any  other  to 
England,  had  not  ever,  hitherto,  been  under  the  fceptre  of  any 
Englilh  monarch.  He  refolved  to  add  Ireland  to  his  regal  do- 
minions, and  hoped  to  do  it  without  refiftance  or  bloodfhed, 
by  the  terror  of  his  arms,  and  from  the  general  difpofition  of 
the  Irifl)  themfelves  to  fubmit  to  his  government. 

Previous  to  Lord  Lyttel ton's  account  of  the  war  in  Ireland, 
be  has  pFemifcJ  (as  he  bad  befcre  done  with  regard  to  Wales) 
a  ihort-view  of  thehiliory  and  flate  of  that  country,  from  the 
carlieft  times  down  to  thofc  when  Henry  was  invited  thither  by 
the  concurrence  of  many  extraordinary  events.  In  delineating 
the  hiftorical  antiquities  of  the  ifland,  his  Lordfhip  makes  con- 
ftderable  u'e  of  Uihcr,  Ware,  and  O  Conor,  and  adheres  to  the 
teftimony  of  Bede,  that  the  Scots  of  the  weftern  parts  of  North 
firitain  were  a  colony  out  of  Ireland,  the  proper  country  of  the 
Scots.  As  our  noble  Author  compofed  his  work  before  the  pub- 
lication of  Mr.  Macpherfon's  Introduftion  to  theHiftory  of  Great 
firitain  and- Ireland,  he  has  informed  the  public,  in  one  of  the' 
notes  fubjoined  to  the  Appendix,  that  he  is  now  induced  to 
confider  the  authority  of  Bede  as  more  doubtful  than  he  had 
hitherto  thoucrht  it,  and  to  affirm  nothingwith  certainty  con- 
cerning the  migration  cf  Irifli  Scots  into  Britain.  He  leaves, 
therefore,  the  whole  conlroverfy  about  this  dark  part  of  the  Scotch 
and  Irifli  antiquities  to  thofe  of  the  two  nations  who  are  maftcrs 
of  the  language  that  w<is  common  to  both  :  nor  is  it  a  contra- 
yerfy  that  will  fpeedily  be  decided,  as  writers  of  confiderable 
abilities  have  already  appeared  in  oppofition  to  Mr.  Macpher- 
ibii*s  hypothcfis.  But  of  this  more  hereafter,  when  we  come 
to  fpeak  of  the  publications  to  which  we  now  allude. 

From  the  view  which  is  given  of  the  ancient  ftate  of  Ireland, 
we  (hall  only  felefl  p;irt  of  what  Lord  Lyttelton  hath  advanced 
concerning  the  characters  of  its  inhabitants. 

*  The  manners  of  the  Irifli,  as  we  find  them  defcribed  by  contem- 
porary writers,  were,  at  this  time,  very  favage.  They  tilled  few  of 
their  lands,  though  naturally  fruitful ;  nor  nad  they  any  induflry 
or  (kill  in  mechanics  or  in  manufa£lurcs,  but  wore  garmenU  coarfely 
made  of.  the  black  wool  of  theii-  iheep,  and  lived  chiefly  on  the  flefh, 
and  milic  of  their  cattle,  or  on  wild  roots  and  herbs.  Their  houfcs 
were  fuch  as  coold  he  eafily  raifed  and  eafily  taken  down,  according 
as  ;he  jronvenience  of  hunting  or  filhing,  or  removing  their  cattle 

X3  to 


I 


410       LytieUon*i  Hijiory  of  Hairy  tbi  S^and,    VqL  UI* 

to  different  padiucst  or  the  Aiddcn  incurHons  of  a  bordering  cneis^r^ 
migbi  occ;ifionaiIy  induce  tKcm  to  change  their  abode ;  tuad  then 
fore  were  not  buiU  with  l>rick  or  (locei  nor  ufually  with  foKd  bcami 
of  wood,  but  with  twigs  of  ofier  or  wattks  covered  over  with  thatcb 
Even  thofc  of  their  Kings   thcmfelves  differed  only  from  ihefc  1 
being  more  fpacious  j  fo  that  a  caftlc  of  ftone,  cre^cd  at  Tuam 
Roderick  O  Conor,  was  called  by  his  people,  aftonilhed  at  the  nd 
vcltyofit,  y/tfUajU/ — — 

•  Their  t  rity  lay  in  their  patient  enduring  of  tlie  no 
{evere  hardtiirps,  I'rom  their  childhood  cxpofed  to  cofd,  to  wcrj 
and  to  all  the  ioclemency  of  the  feafons^  they  fufrered  little  by  wan^ 
ing  that  prott^iion  againil  thcci,  which  is  ncceflary  for  mtn  not  ' 
hardily  educated  in  more  clvilifed  countries.  Thus  their  bog 
woods,  and  moan  tains,  were  citadels  to  them,  which  tbrcign  troop 
pot  enured  to  the  way  of  living  in  fuch  places,  could  not  eaitly  fore 
And  hence  they  dcfpiied  all  thofe  arts  which  have  a  tendency  to  enc 
vate,  cither  the  body,  or  the  mind  ;  abhorring  to  dweH  in  grc 
eilie^,  or  to  fhut  thtrmfclvcs  up  within  the  wallt  or  furt5,  or  to 
change  the  rough  freedom  of  unpolilbcd  barbarifm  for  the  decent  j 
ftnunts  of  poliicn^A,  The  oniy  elegance  they  indulged  in  the 
whole  courfc  of  life  was  the  ancient  cullom»  derived  froqa  their  moll 
jemote  anceftor^r  of  cntenaining  their  gueih,  with  the  iiiuiic  ot  the 
harp  ;  in  playing  upon  which  GiraUIus  Ciiubrenlii  aiiirips  theyg<  * 
^xccUcd  his  countrymen  the  Welfli ;  but  the  Scots  of  Nortn  B 
(as  the  fame  author  confcffes)  had,  at  the  time  when  he  wrote,  the 
leputatian  of  no  leJi  excelling  them*  thugh  ihry  /W  Uart/t  ih^tr  an 
frcm  thfm.  Every  chief  had  his  harper,  who  was  likcwifc  a  poet,  or 
bard,  and  fung  the  exploits  of  the  family  to  which  he  belonged,  at 
all  their  fcilh.  This  office  was  hereditary  by  the  old  cuftora  of  Ire- 
land. The  foti,  however  ill  he  might  be  ^juaJjfied  for  it,  fucceeded 
to  the  father,  and  with  his  profe0ion  inherited  a  portion  of  land  from 
the  dentelne  of  his  lord.  The  fongs  of  the  bard  ^^  ufually  more 
power  to  incite  itnd  inflame,  than  tnc  muAc  of  the  harp  to  foftcn  cj 
mitigate  the  ferocity  of  the  chief:  fo  that  even  ihis  recreation,  which 
fcems  to  indicate  fomething  gentle  and  apprnaching  to  poHlencfs  ia 
the  tcmpej  oi  the  Iriih,  contributed  to  keep  up  that  turbulent  fpiritt 
avcrfc  10  order  and  peace,  which  no  prince,  or  kg; viator,  that  thdf 
country  ever  produced,  had  fuificient  ikiU  to  controul, 

*  They  were  exceedingly  Jealous  of  their  women.  Giraldos  Cam- 
brcniis  accufrs  them  of  not  ufing  to  contrail  any  regular  marriages, 
yith  th^  proper  forms  of  the  church,  and  of  frequently  msirr^^ing,  ia 
their  own  un canon icU  manner,  the  widows  of  their  brothers,  or  it- 
fluting  them  without  tcarriage, 

*  It  was  a  pradice  among  tMtm  to  give  their  children  to  be  nnrfed 
and  bred  up  m  other  families,  by  a  Icind  of  adoption,  while  they 
themfclvcs  took  in  others,  whom  they  foHcrcd  in  like  manner,  from 
a  notion  that  more  love  was  thus  produced,  and  a  clofer  alliance  con- 
tracked^  than  even  by  the  nearcft  tics  of  bJood,  This  unnatural  ia- 
terchange  was  putchafed  of  the  richer  by  the  meaner  fort  of  peoplti^ 
2nd  proved  i^^deed  a  flrong  connection  between  the  former  and  th^ 
latter,  as  wel|  95  a  cement  of  more  cxtcnfive  and  fa^ious  confedem^ 
cies  between  powerful  fatptiiesj  which  thus  transferred  to  each  othcir 

aU 


Lyltchons  Ihjhry  fif  Ihnry  ihi  Setcni.     Vol*  III.      41 1 

•It  tlic  ti««  of  patemaJ  ajid  BIiaI  aife^lion.     TKey  likewife  held^  till 

ike  (liame  of  re^ifon  and  religion,  that  the  fpintirRl  tifinity,  con- 

triflcd  between  thofc  who  wtrrc  fponfors  together  for  a  child  at  hb 

bapttijii,  obliged  them  ever  aficrwards  to  iiand  by  onc  another  in 

2.11  things  lawful   and  unlawfuK    For  the  con£rmation  ofthi^  leagu^ 

which  they  called  (^mpattmity^  and  of  other  compass  between  thcnit 

ihey  often  received  the  facramcnt  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  after- 

VfZT^  dr^nk  each  other's  blood.     Thus  even  the  mod  holy  Htea  of 

Chrillianit>\  mixed  with  barbarous  fuperftiiions»  became  to  the  Irjfh 

folemn  fan^ions  of  evil  combinations  very  dangerous  to  the  public^ 

*  The  ancient  Celts  were  accuftomr d  10  fwcar  by  ibfir  Mvmi  j  an4 

ihejfifh   ufed  the  fame  oath»  which  remained  among  them  much 

^_  longer  than  the  times  of  which  I  write  ;  but  thc^  feared  mod  to  he 

^■perjurtd  when  they  had  fworn  by  the  crofiers  of  fome  of  their  iVintcd 

^^piibops^  or  by  the  bells  in  their  churches,  believing  that  divine  veil* 

gcince  would  itiflantly  auend  the  breach  of  fuch  oaths.' 

Henry  the  Second*  foon  after  he  came  to  the   crown,  bad 
rormed  the  deftgn  of  undertaking  the  conqueil  of  Ireland  ;  but 
having  no  title  on  which  he  could  pofHbly  found  a  legal  claim 
to  that  ifle,  nor  any  reafonablc  caufc  of  war  with  the  nation, 
be  endeavoured  to  (upply  thefe  defects,  by  colouring  his  nmbi- 
jtlon  with  a  pretence  of  religion-     Accordingly,  he  fcnt  John  of 
Salifbury  with  letters  to  Pope  Adrian  ihc  Fourth,  wherein  he 
Acdt^d  the  fanflion  of  the  papal  authority  to  jufli fy  his  intentioa 
.©f  fubdijtng  the  Irifli>  in  order  to  reform  thim.    The  King's  let- 
ters caGly  procured  an  epi(lle  or  bull,  to  which  we  refer  our 
eadcrs,  as  it  atford$  a  curious  fpecimen  of  the  high  and  tm- 
dent  claims  of  the  Roman  Pontiffs  at  this  period,  and  of  the 
fercncc  that  was  paid  to  thefe  claims  by  the  wifeft  and  ableft 
hnces,  when  fuch  acquiefcence  Coincided  with  their  views  of 
tereft  or  ambition- 
After  fomc  remarks  on  this  bull,  Lord  Lyttelton  juflly  ob* 
tcrves,  th^t,  upon  the  whole,  like  many  before  and  many  fince^ 
it  w^  the  mere  effetSt  of  a  league  between  the  papal  and  regal 
powers,  to  abet  and  to  aiBA  each  other's  ufurpations :  ^  nor  is 
it  cafy  to  hy^'  continues  his  Lordfhip,  •  whether  more  diflur- 
baocc  to  the  world,  and  more  iniquity  have  arifen  from  their 
conjointly,  or  from  the  oppofition  which  the  former  has 
to  the  latter.     In  this  inftance  the  beft,  or  indeed  the  fole 
^sccufe,  for  the  proceedings  of  either,  was  the  favagc  Rate  of  the 
kKrtth,  to  whom  it  might  prove  beneficial  to  be  conquered,  and* 
^proken  thereby  to  the  falutary  difcipline  of  civil  order  and  good 

Though  Henry  had  mediiateJ  fo  earlv  the  conqueft  of  Trei 

land,  m^ny  years    pafTcd^  before  he   could    fcrioufly  turn  hii 

^^oughts  towards  that  country.     In  the  mean  while,  the  bufl 

^Khich  he  had  obtained  from  the  Pope  was  laid  up  among  the  ar« 

chives  of  his  realm,  to  be  brought  forth  at  a  convenient  fea- 


41 31      LyttcItonV  Hiflory  cf  Henry  the  Second.     Vol.  III. 

fon  s  and  about  the  end  of  the  year  1 167,  an  event  happened, 
the  confequences  of  which  opened  to  him  a  way  to  that  fove* 
xeign  dominion  over  the  Irifh,  which  he,  foon  afterward,  ac« 
quired,  and  which  has  never  fince  been  quite  ioft,  though  for 
a  iong  trme  ill  maintained,  and  too  often  ill  excrcifed  by  his 
■fuccelibrs,  kings  of  England. 

The  circumftanccs  which  afforded  Henry  an  opportunity  of 
interfering  in  the  affairs  of  Ireland,  and  the  operations  of  the 
V^r  in  that  country  are  diflinflly  and  fully  related  by  our  nobl^ 
.Hiftorian  ;  but  we.pafs  them  over,  and  come  to  the  King's  re- 
conciliation with  the  court  of  Rome,  which,  in  the  year  1172, 
was  concluded  on  the  following  conditions  : 
»  ♦  I,  That,  in  the  courfe  of  the  next  twelvemonth  from  the  ap- 
proaching feaft  of  Pentecofl,  the  King  fhould  give  fo  much  money 
as  the  Kuights  Templars  (honld  deem  fufHcient  to  maintain  two  hun- 
dred Knights  for  the  defence  of  the  Holy  Land  during  the  term  of 
one  year.  But  that,  from  the  next  Chrillmas-day,  he  ihould  take  the 
Crofs  himfelf  for  the  term  of  three  years,  and  the  following  fum- 
mer  go  in  perfon  to  the  Holy  Land,  unlefs  the  obligation  were  dif- 
penfcd  with  by  Pope  /Alexander  himfelf,  or  his  Catholic  fucceflbrs. 
Keverthelcfs,  if,  from  the  preffing  neccffity  of  the  Chrifliansin  Spain, 
\\Q  Hiould  go  thither  to  make  war  againft  the  Saracens,  he  might  in 
that  c:.rc  defer  his  journey  to  Jeruialem,  for  fo  much  time  as  he 
•fi'.ould  fpcnd  in  fuch  an  expedition. 

•  '  2.  That  he  neither  (hould  hinder  himfelf,  nor  fuffer  others  to  hin- 
der, appeals  from  being  made  freely,  'with  good  faith ^  and  nvithoui 
fraud  or  ewH  ifitetiticu,  in  ecclefialVical  caufes  to  the  Roman  pontiff; 
fo  that  tlu:y  pnay  be  tried  and  determined  according  to  his  judgment. 
Tet  lu'ith  a  proatyoy  that  if  any  apptllauts  luere  fuJpeSed  by  the  King^ 
they  Jhouid  gin/e  hiin^  fccurity^  that  they  <would  uot  attempt  H7ty  thing  to 
the  prejudice  of  htm  or  his  kingdofn. 

'  3.  That  he  flioulJ  abfolutcly  give  up  thofe  conftitutions  or  cuf- 
toms,  which  had  been  introduced  in  his  time  againll  the  church  of 
Jiis  kingdom.  "     • 

*  4.  That,  if  any  lands  had  been  taken-  from  the  fee  of  Canter- 
bury, he  (hould  fully  teflore  them,  as  they  were  held  by  that  fee  a 
year  before  Archbifliop  Becket  went  out  of  England. 

^  i;.  That  to  all  the  clergy,  and  laity  of  either  fex,  who  had  beea 
fBeprived  of  their  pofleiTions  on  the  account  of  that  prelate,  he  Ihould 
iikewife  reflore  thofe  pofleffions,  with  his  peace  and  favour.' 

Suph  were  the  conditions  of  Henry  s  abfolution  s  and  Lord 
.Lyttelton  obferves,  that,  all  circumftanccs  confidered,  they  ap- 
pear tp  be  better  conditions  than  the  King  had  reafon  to  ex- 
ped :  for  the  moft  inconvenient  ^nd  troublefome  injunSiQp>^ 
that  of  taking  the  Grofs,  he  might  hope  to  get  rid  of,  by  a  pa- 
pal difpenfation,  grounded  on  cxcufes  which  time  and  various 
incidents  might  afford.  To  the  chutch  he  gave  up  nothingi 
by  the  t^rms  of  this  agreement,  which  he  had  not  before  pro- 
cplfd  fp  Yield  ;  for,  in  the  conteft  wiih  Becket,  he  bad  fre- 

qucntfy 


Ly ttfelton'i  Hipry  bf  Htnry  ihi  Siconi.    VoL  III.      413 

quently  offered  to  annul  any  laws  which  (hould  not  be  found  to 
have  been  part  of  the  conftitution  of  England  in  his  grand- 
father's reign.  Wherefore,  in  writing. an  account  of  this  bull- 
nefs  to  the  Biihop  of  Exeter,  when. he  mentions  the  article  by 
which  he  confented  to  aboUJh  all  the  cujicms  in  his  timg  again/}  tbi 
fhurch  of  hii  kingdom^  he  adds,  which  I  reckon  to  be  few  or  none* 

The  only  particular  wherein  he  might  feem  to  recede  from 
the  Clarendon  ftatutes,  was  with  regard  to  the  reftraints  which 
one  of  them  had  laid«on  appeals  to  the  fee  of  Rome  :  hut  evea 
here,  by  the  right  he  referved  to  himfelf  of  demanding  fecu- 
rity  from  2Lny  fufpe^fed  appellants,  he  kept  in  his  hands  a  flrong 
curb,  which  he  might  ufe  at  his  pleafurc,    over  the  h'berty 

f ranted.  Upon  the  whole,  hejuflly  boafled  to  the  Biihop  of 
Ixetcr,  that  he  had  concluded  this  agreement  to  his  own  honour. 
At  this  period  the  affairs  of  Henry,  wore  a  moll:  flattering  afpe6^ 
^  His  reconciliation  with  Rome,  his  near  alliance  with  Louis,  his 
fubiidiary  treaties  with  the  Earls  of  Bretagne  and  of  Flanders,  h\s 
confederacy  with  the  Emperor  and  with  the  very  potent  Duke  of 
Saxony  and  Bavaria,  who  had  married  his  daughter,  feemed  to  pro- 
xnife  him  a  fecure  and  lalling  tranquillity  in  all  his  foreign  dominions* 
The  commotions  in  Wales  were  appeafed.  The  King  of  Scotland, 
unaided  by  the  arms  of  France,  could  not  hope  to  fuccced  in  a  war 
againd  England,  which  kingdom,  in  all  appearance,  was  more  free 
from  any  caufes  of  internal  diforders  than  it  had  been  fince.the  firft 
coming  in  of  the  Norman^.  The  admiaiflration  of  govemmejbt  waf 
mild  and  juft;  the  title  to  the  crown  undifjputed.  Nothing  ha4 
happened  to  leflen  the  honour  and  dignity  of  the  Englifh  name  in 
any  part  of  the  world.  The  Engliih  empire  was  encreafed,  without 
any  lofs  of  blood,  and  with  little  expcnce  of  treafure,  by  the  acquis 
fitioQ  of  Ireland,  the  mod  beneficial  to  England  that  could  be  made. 
But  while  Henry  was  thinking  how.to- perfed  this  atchievement, 
which  he  had  not  wholly  finifhed,  and  extenuing  his  cores  ■  to  many 
other  great  objeds  for  the  good  of  his  family,  or  the  happinefs  of  his 
people,  with  equal  affedlion  to  both,  his  peace  was  di&urbe4  by  an 
unfufpedled,  unnatural,,  and  impious  conipijacy.,  of  his  family  itfelf, 
with  many  peers  of  his  realm,  and  foreign  powers,  againHhim.;  a 
conipiracy,  which  burll  forth  at  once,  like  the  fudden  eruptfon  of  a 
yulcano,  and  fhook  all  his  dominions  to  the  very  foundations.' 

The  firft  contriver  of  this  treafon  was  Eleanor,  his  Queen  j 
and  his  three  eldcft  fans,  Henry,  Rich:^rd  and  GeofFry  were  en- 
gaged in  it,  who  were  aided  in  their  rebellion  by  the  King  of 
France,  the  Earls  of  Flanders  and  Boulogne,  and  feveral  foreign 
noblemen.  Nor  were  the  flames  of  war  confined  to  France^ 
but  fpread  themfclves  into  England,  where  fome  of  the  moft 
powerful  lords  took  up  arms  againft  their  royal  matter;  and, 
^t  length,  the  King  of  Scotland  poured  into  Northumberland  a 
((.eluge  of  barbarians^  who  wafted  all  the  weftern  parts  of  that 
county,  where  (if  we  may  believe  the  teftimony  of  writer^  who 
}ived  in  thofe  times)  they  carried  the  rage  and  madnefs  of  their 

CIM^\VJ 


^f4     Xytttleon'j  fJiJI^fy  e/Hemy  fh  Semi.    Vol  Hi* 

I  cruelty  to  fuch  a  monrtrous  exccfsj  that  they  even  ripped  up  the 
I  bellies  of  women  big  with  child,  and  tolTed  the  habes  taken  ouc 
L  of  them,  on  the  points  of  their  fpears. 

I  During  the  courfe  of  thefe  difiicuhies  ami  diftreflb?,  Hts^ty 
I  behaved  with  great  wtfdom  and  fortitude.  After  having  op- 
[  pofed,  and,  in  a  confidcrablc  degree,  broken  the  power  of  his 
I  enemies  abroad,  be  paflcd  over  into  England,  in  the  middle  of 
I  the  year  1174  j  but,  inftead  of  immediately  leading  his  forcei 
I  to  join  his  royal  army  under  Richard  dc  Lucy,  the  chief  jiiftt* 
L  ciary  of  the  kingdom,  the  firft  aflion  he  performed  was  a  re* 
I  markable  departure  from  the  ufual  Aeadincfs  and  dignity  of  hh 
[  charafter,  and,  indeed,  the  moft  humiliating  and  difgraceful 
E  circumftancc  of  his  reign. 

I  Thi5  was  his  pilgrimage  to  the  tomb  of  the  late  Archbilhop  Beekci, 
f  *  with  the  fam^  of  whofe  miracles  the  whole  realm  was  now  filled* 
i  and  whom  the  Pope  by  a  bull^  dated  in  Match  the  year  before,  liad 
r  declared  a  faint  and  a  martyr,  appointing  an  anniverfary  feilivtl  to 
I  be  kep:  on  the  day  of  his  death »  in  erdtr  (fays  the  ball)  ib^t  hti^i 
[  ^^nt  inn  ally  tip  find  to  by  the  fir  ay  en  of  the  fuitbf«l  he  fi^teld  ^mUmi 
I  mx^itb  God  /bribe  elergy  and  peofle  &f  England ^  Henry  thereibif*  ^* 
I  firing  to  obtain  for  himfclf  this  intcrccffion,  or  to  make  others  be* 
[  lieve  that  the  wrath  of  an  enemy,  to  whom  it  was  fuppofed  that  foch 
I  power  was  given,  might  be  thus  averted  from  him,  thought  it  nc- 
[  ecflary  to  vilit  the  Ihnne  of  this  new-creaicd  faint,  and  as  foon  a*  he 
I  feme  within  fight  of  the  tower  of  Canterbury  cathcd/al,  at  the  dif* 
I  tance  of  three  miles,  defcended  from  his  horfe,  and  walked  thither 
I  barefoot,  over  a  road  that  was  full  of  rough  and  (harp  ftenes,  which 
I  fo  wounded  his  feet,  that  in  many  places  they  were  lUtned  with  hia 
I  blood.  When  he  got  to  the  tomb,  which  was  then  in  the  erypt  ot' 
I  the  church,  he  threw  himfelf  proflrate  before  it,  and  remained  fof 
[  fomc  time  in  fervent  prayer  j  during  which,  by  his  order«,  the 
[  Bilhop  of  London  in  his  name  declared  to  the  people,  **  that  he  bad 
I  neither  commanded,  nor  advifed,  nor  by  any  artifice  contrived,  tb« 
I  death  of  Beck ct;  for  the  trtrth  of  which  he  appealed,  in  the  aioft 
I  Iblemn  manner,  to  the  teflimony  of  God :  but,  as  the  murderers  of 
[  that  prelate  had  taken  occafion  from  his  words,  too  incon^derateYy 
r  fpoken,  to  commit  this  offence,  he  voluntarily  thus  fubmiltcd  him* 
I  fclf  to  the  difcrplinc  of  the  church."  After  this  he  was  fcovrged  at 
[  l>is  own  requeil  and  command,  by  all  the  Monks  of  the  convent  af- 
[  Icmbled  for  chat  purpofe,  from  tM^iy  one  of  whom,  and  from  fevenl 
[  Bifhops  and  Abbots  there  prefent,  he  received  three  or  Ibur  lbipc<^ 
\  This  fharp  penance  being  done,  he  returned  to  his  prayers  before  the 
|omb»  wiudi  he  continued  all  that  day,  and  all  the  next  night*  not 
even  fuflferipg  a  carpet  to  be  fpread  beneath  him,  but  kneeling  oi\ 
I  |he  haxd  pavement.  Early  in  the  morning  he  went  round  all  the 
Lmltars  of  the  church,  and  pdd  his  devotions  to  the  bodies  of  the  faintx 
[there  iatcrred ;  which  having  performed,  he  came  back  to  Beckct'a 
I  tomb,  where  he  flayed  till  the  hour  when  mafs  was  Ciid  in  th^ 
Ichurchj  at  which  he  aiiiVed. 
F  '  SuriMbj 


LytteUdnV  ihJlQry  tf  Hmr^  the  Second.     VoU  III.       415 

*  During  all  this  time  he  had  ukcn  no  kind  of  food  ;  and,  except 
wKen  he  ga%'c  his  naked  body  to  be  whipty  wAsctad  in  fackcloath.  Be* 
his  dcptirturc  (that  he  might  fulty  complete  the  expiation  of  his  Ijtt 
'ing  to  the  notions  of  the  church  of  Rome)  he  aiHgned  a  rc- 
of  forty  pocLds  a-year,  to  keep  lights  always  burning  in  ho- 
of Bcckct  about  his  tomb.  The  next  evening  he  reached  Lou* 
where  he  found  it  neccfliry  to  be  blooded,  and  reft  Ibme  days. 
[Thus,  {^.y^  Lord  Lyttchon,  concluded  this  vtry  cxtraordinar/ 
le,  which  requires  fon^c  reflexions.  If  the  report  of  Beckct'^ 
mracles,  or  the  authority  of  Rome  in  his  canonifation^  did  realiy* 
irork  fuch  t  change  in  lienry's  mind,  as  to  make  hiro  now  deeni 
tlat  prelate,  with  whole  whole  condufl  be  had  been  fo  well  ac- 
quainted, a  faint  tnd  a  mahyr,  it  is  a  inoH  wonderful  in  {lance  of 
the  prevalence  of  bigotry  over  human  reafon.  But,  if  he  continued 
to  think  of  the  man  and  the  caufe  as  he  had  hitherto  thought^  this 
pilgrimage  to  his  tomb,  thefc  prodrations  before  it,  thefe  adls  of 
«-or(bip  paid  to  him,  were  an  impious  hypocrify  and  mockery  of 
God,  which  no  policy  could  excufc.  And  that  he  did  fo,  may  not 
ucreafonably  be  inferred  from  his  fubfequent  conduct  in  many  parti* 
tskhin -Soppoftng  him  therefore  to  have  been  inUnccrc  in  his  ve- 
neration of  Rccket,  it  muft  be  confidered  how  far  this  a£l  wa$  conGllenc 
with  the  rules  of  true  policy  ;  and  it  fcems  to  me  \xry  qucllionable, 
even  in  that  light :  for,  certainly,  by  exalting  the  charaXcr  of  that 
prelate  he  ftink  his  own.  He  took  care  indeed,  by  the  folemn  de- 
cluation  which  the  Bifhop  of  London  made  in  his  name  to  the 
people,  that  they  fhould  not  look  upon  him  as  the  wilful  murderer 
of  A  man  whole  fan€tity  he  acknowledged  ;  but  this  vindication  went 
w  fonher  than  to  clear  him  of  that  guilt;  it  did  not  extend  to  any 
of  his  other  proceedings  with  Becket  i  and  by  encouraging  the  opi- 
^on  of  the  /i rchbifhop's  having  been  a  faint  and  a  martyr,  he  threw 
Hb^aoR  odious  colours  of  impiety  and  of  tyranny  on  all  thofe  pro- 
MBlings,  in  which  the  honour  of  his  parliament,  as  well  as  his  own» 
yn\  concerned.  It  implied  a  condemnation  of  the  conftitutions  of 
Cliftndoo,  which  he  had  never  yet  given  up.  Nor  does' it  appear 
thu  he  was  under  any  real  neceiCty  of  making  fuch  a  facrifice  to  the 

of  the  people* Perhaps  a  fenfe  of  remorfe  for  the  occafion 

ikad  given  to  the  murder  of  Becket  may  have   been  aggravated, 
\i  more  forcibly  imprcft  in  his  mind,  by  the  afflidion  he  felt  from 
the  tinnatoTal  treafon  of  his  wife  and  fons,  which  he  might  confider 
aentof  that  offence,  and  hope  to  remove  it  by  inflicting 
jicfc  voluntary  pains,  for  which  he  had  a  precedent  iti 
M^  tivn  iamiiy  ;  Fulk  the  Third,  Earl  of  Anjou,  having  caufed  him-p 
^f  to  be  whipt  through  the  llrccts  of  Jerufalem,  and  at  the  holy  fe- 
~"  Krc  there,  as  a  penance  for  his  ftns.     But  this  was  the  firil  in* 
icc  of  any  King  who  had  yielded  to  fo  ignominious  a  method  of 
'  ition,  which  dcbafed  the  royal  majcily  in  the  eye  of  the  public ; 
Henry  fuffering  it  before  the  lomb  oJF  Becket,  with  fuch  marks 
of  dtrvotion  to  that  pretended  faint,  was  liable  to  conftrudlions  in- 
[prious  to  his  hofiour  atni  the  rights  of  bis  kingdom*     A  much  iit:cr 
rment  for  the  fault  he  bewailed  had  been  made  the  year  bclon, 
advancing  Becket*s  fifler  to  the  honourable  dignity  of  Abbcb  of 
Bakings  a  monailery  of  royal  foundation.     Such  a  iunduefs  u>  tU 


41 6        Whit::k'.rV  genuine  Hijhry  cfthc  Brihirs  ajfivun. 

family  was  a  uonhy  fruit  of  repentance  :  but  iliis  was  tithcr  an  afl 
of  the  moft  odious  hypociifV,  or  moll  ccntemptible  fuperfluion, 
which,  if  it  had  r.ot  fome  cxcufe  in  the  pcnii's  of  that  religion- which 
then  was  cl»ablill;cd,  and  the  liilhicn  ot  the  times,  would  dcftfrvt  the 
hiohcll  blame,  inllead  of  thole  encomiunia  with  which  it  has  been 
recorded  in  fome  of  the  bookf  of  that  age.* 

[7i  be  c.nAu^'.d  in  cur  ni-xt,"] 

Art.  Vll.  'ZZ'fc'  gcnuinr  IJif:o-y  of  the  B.itryts  n£erted.  In  a  full  and 
candid  Refutation  of  Mr.  Macpherfoii's  hUroduP/ionto  ibelltjlirjtf 
Grtat  Brit  tun  and  Jrdund.  By  the  Rcv.  Mr.  Whi  taker.  Author  of 
the  Hillory  of  Manchcllcr.     i>vo.     4  s.  6  d.  fewcd,     DodLey,  &Ci 

1772. 

THIS  ingenious  Writer,  having,  in  his  Hiftory  of  Man* 
chefter,  endciivoured  to  rcfciie  from  obfcurity  and  iiction 
the  ancient  hiftory  of  Caledonia  and  Ireland,  thought  it  incum- 
bent upon  him  to  vindicate  rhc  coixlufions  he  had  there  formed, 
from  the  indirect  littutk  made  upon  them  by  Mr.  Macpherfon, 
in  his  Introduction  to  the  liillory  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland*. 

In  his  firft  chapter  he  treats  ol'  the  cxiftence  of  the  three 
colonics  which  Mr.  Macphirfon  brings  into  Britain.  In  hi$ 
fecond  he  examines  into  the  pofition,  manners,  and  traofac- 
tions,  given  and  afcribcd  to  them  in  Britain  by  that  Author ; 
and  inquires  into  the  arguments  and  conjectures  he  has  ad- 
vanced concerninc:  the  population  of  Ireland  by  the  Caledo- 
nians* In  his  third  and  lait,  he  undertakes  to  refute  what  Mn 
Macpherfon  has  urged  concerning  the  antiquity  of  the  Scots; 
and  inveftigntes  their  genuine  origin. 

On  all  thefc  topics  it  appcr»rs  to  us,  that  he  has  an  evident 
fuperiority  over  the  author  of  the  Introduction.  He  detefls  and 
cxpofcs  his  apparent  inconfiftLncics  and  errors,  with  a  degree 
of  force  and  conviciion,  whicb^  according  to  our  moft  unbiased 
judgrnent,  admits  of  little  hefitation  or  doubt ;  and  what  does 
him  the  greatcit  honour,  he  has  nc"  been  fcduccd,  in  the  pride 
of  the  viiStory  which  he  fccms  to  have  gaiiicd,  to  indulge  in 
m  illiberal  triumph,  or  to  renounce  ihofe  fcnttments  of  rcfpcS 
which  are  due  to  a  writer  of  diftinguifhcd  meritl 

Mr.  Macpherfon's  performance  is  indeed  drawn  up  with  fo 
much  art,  and  there  appear  in  it  fo  many  cooibined  charzns, 
that  it  is  admirably  calculated,  to  miflcad,  if  it  does  miflead, 
all  thofe  who  are  not  accurately  vcrfed  in  the  early  and  dark 
periods  of  our  hiilory.  Perhaps  Mr.  Whi taker  is  the  only 
perfon  in  the  kingdom  who  could  have  given  it  fo  ejfcntial^i^ 
futation. 

As  it  might  prove  tedious  to  the  generality  of  our  Rcadcr$i 
fhould  we  attempt  to  accompany  our  Antiquary   tbi'ough  biJ 

*  iiec  our  acccanc  cf  this  work.  Rev,  vol.  xliv.  p.  4C4. 

different 


Whitaker'x  'gehuihe  Hijiory  of  the  Brltcns  ttffertii*        4T  7 

different  inveftigations,  it  may,  therefore,  be  fiHEcient  for  us 
farther  to  obi'erve,  that  befide  a  cbnfiderable  extent  of  learn- 
ing, and  much  ingenuity,  he  recommends  himfelf  to  attention 
by  the  uncommon  vigour  of  his  ftylc: 

Of  this  laft  remark:,  the  concluding Tentimcnts  of  his  publi- 
cation, ofter  a  very  {Iriking  txample ;  and^  though  they  mn  to 
a  confiderable  length,  wc  Ihall  traafcribe  them  for  the  fatisfac- 
tion  of  our  Readers  ; 

*  I  have  now  gone  over  the  whole  extent  of  Mr.  Macpherfbn's 
hiHorical  argun>cnts  with  regard  to  the  Britilh  hillory.  And  I  have 
gone  over  it  with  a  minutenefs  of  attention  and  a  punfluality  of  re- 
ply, that  was  fcarcely  ever  bcfiowed  upon  a  work  before.  This  f 
owed  to  the  great  credit  which  Mr!  Macphcrfon  has  obtained  by  his 
diilertation  wiih  the  public,  to  the  high  clleem  which  1  entcruin  for 
his  abilities  and  genius,  and  to  the  great  importtince  -and  obfcurity 
of  the  hiilory.  Not  a  fingle  aigument  in  the  Intrcdoflion,  1  be- 
lieve, is  omitted  in  the  reply  to  it.  -  And  my  anfwcrs,  I  hope,  have 
not  turned  upon  little  and  circumdantial  pointF,  but  on  the  main 
and  effential  parts  of  the  qutliioH.  They  have  not  fluttered  mereijr 
rn  idle  oileniatipns  of  victory  over  words  and  fylLibles.  And  chey- 
have  ret  endeavoured,  to  catch  Mr.  Ahvcphcrfon  infidioufly  in  thir 
mere  eddy  of  argumentation.  ,  I  have  coiiibntly  charged  him  home,. 
I  Uiink,  upon  the  great  and  leading  particulars  of  the  queilion.  And 
v^ben*!  have  done  this,  when  J  have  iliewn  the  ini'uinciency  of  any 
argument  as  to  i:s  principal  end  and  defign,  1  have  then  endeavoured 
to  point  out  the  fubcrdinate  milblccs  in  xr,  I  have  endeavoured  to 
break  the  phalanx  tiiat  was  particuhtrly  oppofed  to  me  at  the  time  ; 
and,  when  the  rout  was  begun,  1  have  iiudied  to  improve  the  vie* 
tory  by  purfuing  the  runaways,  and  by  picking  up  as  many,  of  them 
as  I  could.  , 

*  Thefe  troops  indeed  were  mor^  formidable  in  their  appearance 
on  the  Held,  than  (hey  have  been  found  in  the  hour  of  battle.  The 
gaiety  of  their  attire,  and  the  bravery  of  their  .cfpeds,  promifed  a 
much  greater  rcfillance  than  1  have  met  with  from  them.  And  I, 
who  entered  upon  the  conceit  with  a  dubious  fpirit,  and  a  tremulous 
exertion  of  courape,  fopn  w;^rme^  y^iih  my  own  fuCccis,  and  became 
aCured  of  the  viclory.  .  . 

*  Jn  this,  as  in  iJie  general  event  of  the  conteft  betwixt  Mr,  Mac- 
pherfon  and  me,'.  I  may  have  beea  deceived  by  that  kindling  ardcar 
of  fpirit,  which  often  antuipates  the  cpnqudt  it  cannot  make,  or  by 
that  dciufivc  reif:fhiicrs  of  judgment,  which  frcijuently  flatters  tiie 
vanity  with  viiionary  triumphs.  But,  when  1  cooily  look  b^.ck  upon 
the  progrcfs  and  the  cciicia-iion  of  the  debate,  1  fee  no  rcalou  to 
think  niyfelf  deceived  by  eitlier  the  oiie  or  the  o».hcr. 

*  The  plan  v.hich  ?.Ir.  Macphcricn  had  propjied  to  himfelf,  was 
to  prove  the  exillciKc  of  three  diilirCt  and  principal  colonics  in  i»ji- 
tain,  to  deduce  thcni  in  a  h^Uorical  n;ann;.r  from  the  continent,  and 
to  point  out  their  rcfpedive -operations  in  the  iiland»  And,  as  the 
fifft  and  earliell  of  vhc  three  was  to  be  the  progenitors  of  the  prcfcut 
Highlanders  and  Scots,  fo  was  it  alio.-to  become  the  original  and 
principal  pofleirofs  of  Ireland.     This  Mr.  Miicphcrfon  faiKild  agrt-e- 


^^       WbittkcrV  gtfiuim  tliftojj  efm 


able  to  tie  fuggcftions  of  Kiftory,  to  an  Aver  tcJ'the  gicat  f  evoIotiOQ^ 
in  Gaul,  and  to  correfpond  with  the  interior  difporuioo  of  Britain. 
But,  to  make  the  real  records  of  both  conformable  to  the  dcmaeds 
of  this  hypothefist  he  has  ftretchcd  out  the  hiHory  where  it  wu  KX> 
ihort,  he  has  curtailed  it  where  it  was  too  Jong*  and  has  given  u* « 
narration  at  ]afl»  with  fcarccly  a  iingle  member  of  that  which  we 
iifcd  to  contemptate  in  the  authors  of  Greece  and  Rome  And  thii 
is  executed  with  fuch  a  grofs  pervcrfzon  even  of  his  own  quocationj, 
and  with  fuch  plain  and  inanifefl  corruptions  even  of  his  own  autho- 
Hties,  fuch  et^azings  of  records,  and  fuch  interpolations  of  httloriesi 
as  pain  mc  greatly  for  Mr.  Macphcrfon'j  fenfibiliiies,  becaufe  they 
exhibit  him  in  a  light,  1  am  fure,  the  very  opponte  of  his  ml 
chara£len  Mr.  Macpherfon^  I  am  perfnaded,  is  a  gentleman  of 
high  honour  and  fpirit,  and  could  not  voluntarily  have  been  capable 
t»f  fuch  adions,  even  in  imagination.  But  what  then  muil  be  the 
magic  power  of  that  prejudice,  which  could  thus  bind  op  the  foKe 
of  a  difcerning  fpirit,  and  fufpend  all  his  faculties  of  precifion  aad 
judgment ;  could  thus  warp  his  mind  from  its  natural  bias  of  fair- 
ncfs,  and  throw  the  illiberal  hue  of  dithonefty  over  one  of  the  tnoft 
ingenuous  ard  candid  of  men  t  It  is  furely  a  melancholy  infianceof 
the  wcaknefs  of  the  human  intcllcft,  even  in  its  manly  exertions  of 
ftrength.  And  thofe  only  have  a  right  to  triumph  over  Mr.  Mac* 
phcribn,  who  are  placed  in  fomc  fpherc  removed  at  once  from  the 
frailties  and  the  virtues  of  humanity,  who  live  out  of  the  retch  of 
prejudice  and  the  power  of  paffion,  who  have  never  felt  their  mindt 
fcduccd  by  the  enchantments  of  a  new  hypothciis,  and  have  never 
fufFcrcd  their  imaginations  to  be  fired,  and  their  ondcrllan dings  td 
be  cofitra£kd,  by  the  hot  calenture  of  a  patriot  fpirit. 

*  Mr.  Macphcrfon  has  affcrtcd  the  exiftcnce  of  three  colonies  in 
Britain*  But  he  has  proved  only  one  of  them  to  have  had  any  belrg 
in  it.  His  Gael,  as  a  diftinft  colony  from  his  Cimbri  and  his  Belgx, 
he  has  nowhere  argumentatively  deduced  into  the  iiland.  And  uat 
body  of  the  Britons  which  is  peculiarly  the  objcA  of  the  author*!  at* 
rentiony  and  made  by  him  the  inhabitants  of  Caledonia  and  Ireland^ 
has  no  real  cxillencc  in  his  hiilory  at  all.  The  exigence  of  his  Cim- 
bri, alfo,  is  founded  wholly  on  the  flight  bails  of  a  verbal  criticifoit 
the  groundwork  of  the  name  of  Cymn.  And,  if  this  woilld  be 
fufficient  authority  for  fuch  a  capital  point  in  his  hiilory,  then 
might  **  the  pillars  of  the  world  be  rottcnnefs,  and  earth's  bafe  be 
boik  on  ilubbic  *,'*  But,  what  is  Hill  more  remarkable^  the  whole 
even  of  this  argument  is  itfelf  ellablifhed  upon  a  fuppofition,  and 
upon  a  fuppofmon  which  is  grofsly  erroneous,  and  is  not  even  at- 
tempted to  be  proved.  That  Cimber  fignified,  not  a  native,  but  a 
German,  Gaol :  as  the  Indian  theology  founded  the  world  upon  the 
back  of  an  elephant,  and  planted  the  elephant  itfelf— upon  the  back 
of  a  tortoife.  And  the  only  one  of  the  three  colonics,  that  is  proved 
lo  have  been  in  the  ifland,  is  the  Eelgic.  Two- thirds  of  the  author'^ 
hiftorical  fyftcm  are  left  ungrounded  by  himfclf.  And  the  third  car* 
nt&  fuch  a  ilrong  mixture  of  falfchood  with  it,^  by  dividing  the  Cim- 
bri, or  German  Celtfc,  from  the  Belgae,  by  confounding  the  original 


Shakefpeaie/ 


%x\Vi-il 


WbiukerV  ginuim  Kftory  ofib$  Britons  qgirtiJt       /fi^' 

* 
arrival  of  the  Bolgx  with  thf  mach  later  defcent  of  Divfdacus,'  asd 
by  making  the  Beigae  to  prefs  the  Cimbri  beyond  the  Hamber,  and 
to  urge  the  Gael  into  Ireland,  that  even  this  is  in  efiedt  nnproved 
by  Mr.  Macpherfon  ;  and  the  certain  trath  is  dreft  up  with  fuch  aa 
accompaniment  of  falfehood,  that  we  cannot  admit  it  for  real 
hidory. 

*  This  is  a  juft  and  fair  account  of  the  general  Hate  of  Mr.  Mac* 
pherfon's  work.  And,  thus  defedlive  as  he  is  in  the  great  outline  of 
his  Introdudion,  he  has  aiilually  filled  it  up  with  figures  that  .re  all 
di^rted  from  their  true  proportion,  and  with  object:,  that  oughC 
never  to  have  met  in  the  fame  piece.  T4ic  arguments  in  general 
are  dark,  inaccurate,  indiref\,  and  contradictory.  No  regular  i.nd.  ^ 
ileady  light  is  diffufed  through  the  whoie»  that,  like  the  dawn  of  du*/, 
gradually  increafesi  as  it  continues,  and  enlarges  as  it  proceed^,  till' 
it  is  carried  at  lad  to  a  meridian  brightnefs.  But,  iniiead  of  this, 
a  mere  twilight  prevails  over  the  work,  that  gives  us  coi'tinually  au  ' 
indiftindinefs  of  objects,  and  jaft  **  flings  half  an  image  on  the  ilrain- 
ingeye;"  that,  clear  in  the  commencement,  is  gradually  dimmed 
in  the  progrcfs,  one  Ihadc  fpreading  over  another,  till  the  objeitt, 
that  firil  aitradled  our  attention,  fucceflively  iink  from  the  fight  and 
are  forgotten,  and  the  author  at  lad  is  nearly  lodng  himfelf  and  hit 
reader  in  the  dark. 

*  This  is,  I  believe,  as  jud  a  reprefentation  as  can  be  given,  even 
by  the  hand  of  Candour  itfelf,  of  the  condud  of  Mr.  Macpherfon 
in  the  general  profecution  of  his  arguments.  He  has  all  the  marks 
of  genius  and  fenfibility  about  him,  but  of  a  renius  not  tutored  in 
argumentation,  and  of  a  fenfibility  not  reduced  under  the  difcipline 
of  thought.  He  thinks  drcngly,  but  not  regularly.  His  mind  ftioots 
out  in  vigorous  and  fpirited  fallies  of  fentiment:  but  it  is  not  ac- 
cuflomcd  to  keep  up  its  vigour,  and  to  maintain  itsfpirit,  in  a  pain- 
ful dedu^on  of  ideas.  Bled  by  nature  with  the  power,  but  notbor* 
rowing  firom  the  fchools  the  habit,  of  thinking,  the  turn  of  his  aiw 
^mentation  is  continually  irregular,  and  the  general  forte  of  his 
i-eafonings  is  week  and  feeble.  He  is  admirably  adapted  for  the  ' 
bxiflt  edays  of  a  ikirmiihing  war.  But  he  hasunwarily  entered  into 
a  battle,  where  heavy  annour  and  pra£Ufed  evolutions  are  fure  to 
^ain  the  day.  Not  a  deadily.  didingnidiing  thinker,  not  a  perfe- 
veringly  accurate  reafoner,  he  is  foon  confounded  with  the  multipli* 
city  of  his  own  ideas,  and  feldom  fees  the  object  didindly  at  which 
Ke  levels  his  argument.  Spending  himfelf  too  much  in  attentions  to 
the  colouring  of  his  dyle,  and  tluowing  himfelf  out  in  a  gay  irra- 
diation of  language,  he  has  no  inclination  to  examine  his  arguments 
ieverely,  and  he  has  no  power  to  exert  the  rigoors  of  corredtive  cri- 
uci(in  upon  them  ;  as  the  birds  under  the  tropics  have  their  fuperior 
gaiety  of  plumage  deduced  to  them,  by  the  deprivation  of  almod  all 
ihe  powers  of  harmony. 

*  From  this  want  of  difcrimination  in  his  ideas,  and  from  this 
6efeA  of  accuracy  in  his  reafonings,  Mr.  Macpberfon  has  even  fidleir ' 
into  repeated  and  grofs  contradiSons.   And  this  is  the  mod  ftriidng 
feature  in  the  whole  afped  of  his  work.    The  incoafidencies  of  his . 
mfoniiigs  are  fo  great,,  wd,  the  oppoAtions  ia  his  quocationt,  ib-- 
aarksy  and  incidents  arc  fo  palpable^  diat  his  arguments  have  beea 


4*0       WhitakcrV  genuine  Hijlory  of  the  Brilom  ojfertei, 

completely  ddlroyed  before^  by  being  odI^  fet  in  array  againftcach 
other..  The  coDtrariety  of  parts  to  parts  is  fo  glaring,  and  this  be- 
gins fo  early  in  the  work,  and  is  continued  fo  regularly  through  it, 
that  .in  it,  as  in* man,  the  feeds  of  death  are  incorporated  with  the 
firftele/nents  of  life,  that  ihey  "  grow  with  its  growth,  and  ftrcngthcn 
with  its  ilrength,"  and,  on  the  hrll  occafion  that  has  invited  them 
forth,  have  buril  out,  as  we  have  feen,  to  the  abfolute  deftmfUon 
of  the  whole. 

*  It  is  not  the  unhappinefs  of  Mr.  Macpherfon,  that  he  is  miftaken 
in  ibme  unimportant  circum^nces,  that  he  has  mifreprefented  fome 
fabordinate  fadls,  and  that  he  has  failed  in  fome  inconiiderable  rea- 
fonings.  It  is  not  his  unhappinefs,  that  he  is  miftaken  in  feveral 
circumllances  of  confequence,  that  he  has  mifreprefented  (everal  in- 
cidents of  importance,  and  that  he  has  failed  in  feveral  confideraUe 
arguments.  And  it  is  not  his  unhappinefs,  that  he  has  even  fkiied 
occafionally,  or  yet  frequently,  in  main  circumdances,  in  efTeotial 
incidents,  and  in  arguments  of  thb  firft  magnitude.  But  it  is  hii 
lingular  and  unparalleled  infelicity,  that  he  has  almoll  regularly 
failed  in  all ;  that  fcarcely  a  circumdance,  a  fa£l,  or  a  rea^oing. 
however  flight  and  infignificant,  is  juft  or  appoiite;  that  nearljr 
every  important  circurollance,  every  confequential  incident,  and  ever? 
e/Tential  argument,  are  either  frivolous  in  their  nature  or  ufelefs  ia 
their  application ;  and  that  each  capital  and  leading  topic  of  tbe 
work  is  generally  one  great  chaos  of  undigefled  materials,  arguments 
Without  ihape  or  form,  reafonings  heterogeneous  and  repugnant,  and 
dfirknefs  brooding  over  the  face  of  the  whole. 

*■  This  is  fuch  a  delineation  of  a  work  of  learning  and  genius, 
that  my  benevolence  is  hurt,  while  juflice  urges  my  hand  to  £awit. 
The  portrait  is  ftrongly  featured.     But  it  is  an  exadt  likenefs.    Itii 
tbe  immediate  tranfcript  of  the  feelings  of  my  own  mind.     And  it  it 
fvlly  juflified  by  the  preceding  detail  of  extracts  and  examinations. 
Yet,  amid  the  ilerneil  feverity  of  truth,  what  fort  of  fpirit  muft  that 
be,  which  fhall  not  grieve  for  the  author,  while  it  is  obliged* to  re- 
probate his  work  ?  Who  will  not  particularly  iigh  with  me  over  the 
f^te  of  a  writer,  that,  poiTcfied  of  great  brilliancy  of  parts,  and  fur- 
niihed  with  confiderablc  ilores  of  learning,  was  chiefly  unhappy  from 
tbe  feledlion  of  his  fubjedt  ?  Mr.  Macpherfon  might  certainty  hav» 
played  his  part  with  the  higheil  reputation  and  fuccefs»  within  the 
circle  of  truth  and  incident.    But,  in  a  paroxyfm  of  patriot  fond- 
nefs,  refolving  to  heighten  into  a  demonitration  what  was  unable  to 
receive  even  the  colouring  of  probability,  he  has  fallen  in  the  at' 
tempt,  as  every  man  in  the  fame  circumdances  muft  have  fallen.    H 
t1>e  ancient  giants  had  exerted  their  fmgular  vigour  of  body  in  coiH 
tells  with  mere  mortals,  they  muft  have  been  as  fortunate  as  the^ 
were  ilrong ;  but  in  a  triumphant  bravery  of  fpirits  exalting  their 
aims,  and  attempting  to  acccmplifh  what  no  force  could  effed,  the^f 
neceiTarily  failed  in  their  efforts,  and  were  cruAied  by  the  meonttiiis 
tlUt  they  vainly  wielded,  and  were  buried  under  the  idaiids  thtt  tkejT 
vainly  hurled,  in  a  wild  hoftility  againft  the  ikies.' 
.  Ln  concluding  this  article  it  is  proper  for  us  to  obferve,  that 
lidr.  MaCpherfpn,  in  an  adverdfcmeAti  which  appears  before  the 

.^ '  fcconi 


PhilsfBphkal  TranfaiiUm^  far  the  Ttaf  I J  JO*  4II 

fcconil  edition  of  his  work,  has  declined  the  making  a  reply  to 
Mr*  Whitaker. 

**  The  following  fliects,  fays  he,  were  reprinted  before  the 
Rev,  Mr.  VVhitakcr's  anfwer  appeared  ;  and  had  they  nor,  it 
would  have  produced  no  change  of  fentiment,  no  alteration  of 
fyftem.  J  admire  his  ingenuity*  I  have  a  refpe^  for  his  learn- 
ing J  but  I  am  neither  converted  by  his  authorities^  nor  con- 
vinced by  his  arguments.  On  a  fubjeft  fo  fp'.'culativc»  the 
opinions  of  men  muft  vary ;  and  every  writer  has  a  right  to 
carry  his  diffent  before  the  tribunal  of  the  public.  To  them 
the  dectfion  is  left,  I  have  clofed  a  proof,  which  my  adverfa* 
rics  may,  if  they  pleafe,  oppugn.  Tired  of  polemical  writing, 
I  leave  my  fyftcm  to  its  fate;  and  even  my  vanity  joins  ifluc 
with  my  indolence^  I  hate  to  fight  without  fpedators.  Should 
Mr,  Whitaker  and  I  retire  into  antiquity,  the  obftinate  woild 
would  not  follow  us  to  fo  fterilc  a  field.  The  trophies  of  vie*- 
tory  would  difappear  in  darknefs,  and  the  combatants  remain, 
with  nothing  but  their  toil/* 

Art.  VIU.    CcjNCLusmN  £/* //r  Philqsophicai,  Transacj  u>ns  1 
Vol*  LX.  /er  the  Ttar  1770*     From  tbtlafi  Mgufb^s  Review, 

A  N  T  I  <^U  I  T  I  E  S. 

Aftjcle  tl.  Sdmi  Ohfervatism  upon  an  inedUed  Greek  Coin^  £^r. 
By  the  Rev,  John  Swinton,  B.  D-  F.  R,  S.  &c. 

THE  learned.  Author,  whofe  fuccefs,  in  refcuing  the  name 
of  a  Samnite  General  from  utter  oblivion,  we  recorded 
in  our  Rtview  of  the  preceding  volume  of  the  Tranfaflions  ♦, 
here  gallantly  fteps  forth  to  perform  a  fimilar  but  ftill  more  cf- 
fentia!  fervicc  to  a  forgotten  and  negleded  Princcfs  j  Phiiiftis, 
Queen,  as  he  fuppofes,  of  Syracufe,  Malta  and  G07.0.  On  the 
medal  which  is  the  fubjcdl  of  the  prefent  article,  the  two  fmgle 
ds,  hoL^iXk%%OL%  ^P.i;ri}<4t  appear.  The  (^m^  name  and 
ibute,  but  without  any  addition,  have  been  lilicwife  found, 
cut  10  the  ftcps  of  the  ancient  theatre  at  Syracufe ;  and  aic  in* 
ferted  in  a  volume  of  infcriptions  found  in  Sicily,  publiHied  two 
years  ago  by  the  Prince  di  Torremuzzi.  Concerning  this  royal 
p'  J  ancient  hiftory  has  been  mod  profoundly  Itlent;   and 

a.  Ay   the  two  words  of  this  coin  conf^itute  almod  th^ 

oniy  data  on  which  the  Author  proceeds,  with    his  ufual  fo- 
Itmnicy,  to  by  out  her  dominions. 

We  refer  the  inquifitive  Antiquarian  to  the  article  itfeir^  for 
the  panicular  realons  which  have  finally  determined  Mr,  Swin- 
loci  10  *  place  Queen  Philiftis  on  the  throne  of  Syracufe.*  Our 
other  Readers  will  be  contented  with  being  informed  of  the  rcfuU 
of*  this  dark  and  intricate  affair,'  as  the  Author  juftly  t  rms  it  j 


mmri 


•  Monthly  Reviev^,  April  1771,  p. 


3*7- 


\& 


422  Phlhf&phual  Tranfa^hns^fer  thi  Ttar  17 70.  B| 

I  in  the  courrc  of  which  Mr.  S*  after  the  moft  rhacure  conftden- 
tion,  *  prefumes*  that  wc  may  ^  fi/^^y*  fuppofc  tUts  Princefs  to 
,  have  begun  her  reign  above  40  years  before  Dionyfius  ihc  Elder 
aicendcd  the  throne. — As  we  fee  f\o'darf^er  in  adopting  this  fi*p- 
poficion,  and  forefee  much  trouble  hi  qUeftioning  the  jiiftice  of 
it,  we  moft  willingly  acquiefcc  In  it. 

Papers  nlailng  to  Medic  1  k  e. 
\ArticIc  4.    Expaimefits  in  Stifpart  tfthc  Ufis  ofcriM  t$  GangSsm 
^fthi  Nemety  in  Philofl^phical  TranfacHons,  Vol,  LIV,  and 
^       LVIL     fiy  James  Johnlione,  M.  D. 

In  fomc  of  our  former  volumes  *  the  Reader  will  find  a  gene- 

fal  account  of  Dr,  Johnftone's  do£hinc,  with  regard  to  the  ufej 

I   of  the  ganglions  of  the  nerves.   He  conftdeis  them  as  thetmme* 

r  diate  fources,  or  rather  as  refervoirs  of  nervous  power,  which 

'produce  the  involuntary  motions  of  animals,  and  by  which  the 

volitions  of  the  mind  aie  intercepted,  and  prevented  from  influ- 

f  .cncing  the  motions  of  certain  organs,  and   paiticuUrly  tboft 

called  the  Vital.  He  here  dcfci>ds  this  fyflem  againft  an  objefiioA 

of  fome  weight,  rc1"pe£ting  ihrg!!TigJions  that  arifcfrom  thefpi- 

nal  marrow;  and  relates  fome  experiments  made,  as  ufual,  ott 

living  animals  \  but  which  wc  fhall  not  repeat* 

Article  tt^On  the  Cafi  of  a  B$y^  wh  dhdif  a  GunJbotlVouni:  tn 

c  Letter  from  Thomas  Wookomb,  Surgeon^  to  the  late  Dr» 

Huxham,  F.  R,  S.  &c. 

The  fingularity  of  this  csfe  confifts  in  thefe  circumftanees: 
i    that  thcugh,  as  afterwards  appeared  upon  diflcftion,  a  pcrfora- 
I    tlon,  of  the  brgnefa  of  a  fmall  pea,  had  been   made  by  a  fti6t| 
i    through  the  coats  of  one  fide  of  the  humeral  artery,  and  accord- 
ingly no  pulfation  Was  evtr  felt  in  the  wrift  j^ftcr  the  accident  $ 
'    yet  no  httmorrhage  attended   the  opening  of  To  conflderable  a 
vefiel :  ahhodgh  no  efchar  fecms  to  have  been  formed,  nor  did 
there  appear  any  conftriflion  or    comprefli^n.      Afterwards, 
I    without  any  degree  of  tenfion  in  the  part,  with   fcarce  any 
fymptomatic  fever,  v;ithout  any  convulfive  difordcr,  large  dif- 
charge,  or  the  leaft  appearance  of  mortification,  (which  lift 
lytnpiom  was  moft  to  be  apprehended,)  the   patient,  on  Ac 
'fifteenth  day  about  noon,   complained  greatly  of  cold,   which 
I    rncrcafed  gradually  till  about  midnight  j  at  Wliich  time,   with^ 
[  Ditt  any  eviJefU  catife,  heexpired.  ' 

[  Article  32.  nts  on  the  Bhsd^  with  f&me  Rem^rJts^fflti 

[  morhid  ..^. jtYj.    By  William  Hewfon,  F.  R,  S. 

I        As  a  variety  of  medical  Irrdicatrons  are  frequently  derived  fro»i* 

1   the  different  appearances  of  the  Uood,  when  drawn  from'  a  vein  ; 

»  knowledge  of  the  true  cailfes  of  thefe  appean*nce3,  and  a  jilft 

♦  See  Monthly  Reviciy,  vol,  »gaic.  Kovember   I7<?S,  p.  J55» 
And  vvLxliv^  June  i77i/*p-'4qiSi '**"•''  "^    '  ' 

1''  %  i^^\^% 


Phibfiphical  TranfaSHonSi  fir  the  Tear  1770*         '  423 

€ledu£tion  from  tbeni)  are  matters  of  very  coniiderable  impor- 
tance in  the  pra<^ice  of  phyfic.  The  experiments  and  reafori- 
ings  contained  jn  this  and  the  two  fuccceding  papers  deferve,  on 
thefe  accounts,  the  attention  of  the  pbyfiologift  and  phyfictan. 
We  (hall  accordingly  give  thfe  fubftance  of  the  more  material 
obfervations. 

It  is  now  very  well  known,  that  the  blood  confifts  not  onTjr 
of  two  parts,  called  x\Leferum  and  craffamentum^  but  that  the  latter 
is  likewife  compounded  of  two  very  difierent  fubftahces  ;  onfe, 
which  gives  it  its  red  colour,  and  the  other,  which  is  now 
called  the  coagulable  lymph.  This  lymph,  to  which  the  craffamen- 
turn  evidently  owes  its  folidity,  may  be  feparated  from  it  by  wafli- 
ing  the  crajfamentum  in  waters  It  may  likewife  be  readily  feparated 
from  the  red  or  globular  part,  on  agitating  the  blood,  while  it 
is  fluid,  with  a  ftick  ;  to  which  this  lymph  will  fpontaneou(fy 
adhere.  This  principle  forms  the  inflammatory  cruf^^  or  bujj\ 
as  it  is  called,  which  often  appears  on  the  furfaceof  the  blood* 
It  likewife  conftitutes  the  fubftance  of  polypi  of  the  heart,  &e. 
and  fometimes  fills  up  the  cavities  of  aheurifms,  or  plugst  up  the 
extremities  of  divided  arteries.  In  fhort,  fo  many  difeafes  afe 
fuppofed  to  derive  their  origin  from  its  coagulation  within  the 
body,  that  it  appears  a  dejuleratum  of  feme  importance,  to  af* 
.certain  the  caufe  of  that  coagulation  which  it  always,  and  gene* 
rally  very  foon,  undergoes,  when  it  is  out  of  the  body. 

The  Author,  withthis  view,  very  properly  confiders  the  par- 
ticular circumftances  in  which  blood,  received  into  a  bafon  and 
•there  coagulating,  differs  from  that  flowing  in  the  veiTels  of  a 
living  animal.  The  moft  evident  and  matedal  difference  are, 
that,  in  the  firft  cafe,  it  is  expofed  to  the  eAion  of  the  air,  and 
to  tiiat  of  cold,  and  that  it  is  at  reft.  In  the  lail  cafe,  all  thefe 
circumftances  are  wanting.  In  the  Author's  feries  of  experi-* 
ments,  the  blood  was  generally  expofed  to  one  only  of  thefe 
fufpe£ied  caufes  kt  a  time. 

From  the  whole  of  Mr.  Hewfon*s  experiments,  fome  of  which 

give  refults  direSly  oppofitc  to  thofe  of  bis  predecefTors  in  this 

inquiry,  it  appears  that  the  blood,  when  out  of  the  body,  coa« 

galates  as  foon,"  when  agitated,  and  kept  warm^  as  it  does 

when  fufFered  to  reft,  and  to  dool :  and  from  a  comparifon  0^ 

the  whole  fet,  there  is  reafon  to  'condude-,  that  the  air  is  a 

iftrong  coagulant  of  the  blood  ;  and  that  the-trhange  which  this 

^fluid  foon  undergoes  in  its  confiftency,  when  taken  from  the 

veins,  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  a^ion  of  that  element,  and  not 

^o  cold,  or  want  of  motion.     Some  reftridion  ihould,  however, 

^le  made  to  this  conclufton ;  as  it  appears  from  fome  of  thefe 

—experiments,  that  a  finatl  parr  of  the  blood,  though  confined 

inrithin  the  velTels,  at  length  apparently  congeals^  m  $:oti&« 


,  4*4  philafophkal  Tranfa^lom^for  the  Tear  177O-  mi 

quetice  only  of  its  being  at  reft;  though  the  progrefs  of  this 
coagulation  is  very  flow. 

Article  3^.  On  the  Digra  cf  Heat  which  coagulnta  tb$  Lym^^  mi 
the  Strum  cf  the  Blood  5  with  an  Enquhy  ins$  the  Caujei  af  tl^t 
infiafnmatory  Crufl^  or  Site^  as  it  is  called*  By  the  Same. 
From  Experiments  made  on  the  blood  of  animal^^  confined 
within  the  vcffels  by  ligatures,  the  Author  concludes,  ilut  the 
human  lym^rh  probably  coaguUies  in  a  heat  between  114  and 
120  J  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer;  that  the  ferum  re* 
quires  a  heat  of  1 60  degrees  to  fix  it  j  and  that  confequcntly  the 
blood  cannot  be  coagulated  even  by  the  moft  morbiJ  degree  of 
animal  heati  which  never  rifcs  above  uz**  in  the  moft  ardcm 
fever.  He  next  enquires  into  the  origin  and  nature  of  the^ 
that  frequently  appears  on  the  blood,  though  it  is  not  always 
obferved,  in  inflammatory  diforders^  and  which  is  fometimcs 
obferved,  when  no  fuch  difordcrs  exift.  His  experiments  tend 
to  prove,  that  it  is  not  formed  from  the  ferum  of  the  bloody 
but  from  the  fixation  of  the  coaj];ulablc  lymph  ;  from  which  tbe 
red  particles  have  fpontaneouBy  feparatcd,  and  rubfidcd,  in 
confcqucncc  of  their  gre;itcr  fpecific  gravity*  In  treating  this 
fubjc^,  he  controverts  an  opinion  very  generally  adopted  by 
medical  writers  and  practitioners  ;  who  fuppofc  that  this  fizejr 
kind  of  blood  is  thicker  and  more  coagulabJc  than  that  whid 
does  not  prefent  this  appearance ;  and  that,  in  genera),  the 
blood  is  thickened  in  inflammatory  diforders*  From  his  experi- 
ments and  obfervations  it  appears  that,  on  the  contrary,  fixcy 
blood  coagulates  much  more  flowly  than  other  blood  ;  that  in* 
flammauon  actually  lelTcns  the  difpofuion  of  that  fluid  10  coa- 
gulate ;  and  that,  in  inifaaimiiigry  difordcrs,  where  this  whiiifll 
cruft  or  fize  appears,  the  blood,  or  at  leaft  thecoagulable  lymph 
which  conftitutes  this  inflammatory  fizc,  is  really  attenuated* 
For  the  particular  experiments  which  render  thcfc  opiniofB  y 
probable,  we  muft  refer  our  medical  Readers  to  the  artickfl 
itfclf.  ^ 

Article  34,   Further  Remarks  m  th  Properties  rf  tht  eoag^ehk 
L)mph  ;    on  the  flopping  of  Hamorrhages  ;  and  on  the  EffeUs  ofm 
Cold  upon  the  Blood,     By  the  Samef ,  1 

J     In  this  paper  the  Author  confirms  the  reality,  and  undertakci 
.toafTign  thecaufe,  of  certain  appearances  noticed  by  fome  who^ 
have  written  on  the  blood,  but  never  yet  iatisfadorily  accountcdfl 
,for.     It  has  been  obferved,  in  the  operation  of  bleeding,  that^ 
the  blood  which    flows   into   tbe  firft  cup  fliall  fomctimes  be 

\  Thefc  three  articles  have  lately  been  publjlhedt  with  addition 
.  by  the  Author^  in  a  volume  apart*      See  M  month's  Review*  pag 

<»T,     J* 


'I 

i 
( 


Phihfifhlcal  Trofifa^flms^fir  ihi  Year  1 770*  425 

fercd  wi:h  an  inflammatory  cruft;  while  that  received  into 
fubfequenc  cups  exhibits  no  fach  appearance.     The  caufe 
this  divcrfuv  has  been  attributed  to  the  greater  or  iefs  velo- 
city with  which  the  blood   flowed  into  the  veflel,  and  toother 
local  circumftarrccs  :  but  the  Author  has  noticed  this  change  in 
cafes  where  no  difference  of  ihis  kind,  or  in  any  other  circum- 
ftancc,  was  ttj  be  obfcrved  \  and  where,  for  inllanccj  the  blood 
^.thc  firft  cup  was  covered  with  an  inflammatory  fizc,  and  was 
^pe  in  coagulating;    that,  in  the  fecond,  had  a  cruil  only  upon 
^^ait  of  its  fuff.icc  ;  and  the  third  snJ  fourth  cups  had  no  ap- 
peirance  of  fizc,  and  manifetily  coagulated  before  cither  of  the 
■ttier  two. 

^VThe  Author's  folutlon  of  thefe  remarkable  appearances  is,  in 
(bort,  this  :  he  is  of  opinion  that  thefe  changes  arc  not  pro- 
^LKcd  by  any  external  circumfUnces  ;  much  Iefs  that  they  are 
^Kfig  to  a  kind  of  tlt^livi  evacuation^  if  we  may  fo  call  it,  of 
HI  I  part  of  th':  blood,  on  the  firft  opening  of  a  vrin. 

^■r  i)  what  will  not  be  univerfally  adopted  by  phyftolo- 

^BU,  itiiic,  during  tbi  tvatuation^  that  is,  in  the  ibort  fpace  of 
Bk  or  fix  minutes,  the  nature  and  properties  of  the  entire  mafs 
of  blood  remaining  within  the  body,  or  at  leafl  of  the  coagu- 
J|Ue  lymph,  are  actually  changed  ;  and  that,  in  that  time,  an 
^■eration  is  produced  in  tha::  (late  of  the  blood- vc dels,  on 
which  the  thinnefs,  and  diminilhed  tendency  of  the  lymph  to 
^Mgulation,  depend*  This  fatSt,  he  obferves,  renders,  it  prob- 
^Br  that  ^  this  vitiated  blood  is  not  the  caufe  of  difeafe^  fince 
^K  difeafe  remains,  though  the  properties  of  the  blood  are 
^Bngcd/-«But  this  reafon  ng  is  not  perfectly  conclufiyc  :  for, 
^ftfitmg  a  total  change  to  be  thus  fuddenly  effe^ed  in  the  mafs 
^Pblood,  by  the  evacuation  of  a  part  i>f  it  \  many  of  the  effe^s 
already  produced  by  vitiaud  blood,  and  confequcntly  the  dif- 
^^j  <nay  Hill  remam,  tnough   the  vitiated  blood  no   longer 

^^rom  the  evidently  increa fed  difpofition  of  the  blood  to  coa- 
gulate the  more  quickly,  in  proportion  as  greater  quantities  have 
bren  taken  away,  the  Author  draws  ibmc  confequenccs  relative 
to  pradice  ;  particularly  with  regard  to  hgemorrhage*.  But  for 
tiidfr,  and  the  experiments  which  follow,  relating  to  the  efFedls 
of  cold  upon  the  blood,  from  which  it  appears  that  coM  reurds 
or  abfolutely  prevents  its  coagulation,  we  muft  again  refer  to 
the  onginaL    , 

The  38! h  or  laft  article  of  this  clafs  contains  the  hiftory  of 
a  cafe  fimilar  in  many  refpe£ts  to  that  of  the  Cuticular  Glove^ 
in  the  preceding  volume  of  the  Tranfai^ions, 


Y3 


«;wi- 


liB 


7iraff, 


1770, 


Chemistry,  Electricity,  and  M£Tec>19*'^| 
lArticlc  l^p  EAp^rirrt/nts  ^nd  Ohfitifa lions  bu  ClttraaL  By  IJM 
I  feph  Prieftky,  LL.D,  F.  R.  S. 

I  Tbc  chemieaj  properties  of  this  fubftance  are  not  fo  much 
libe  fubje£l  cf  this  article,  as  thok  vaiiations  in  the  proccuby 
Iv^hich  it  h  mude^  by  an  attention  to  which,  the  Author  ima- 
Igined,  force  light  might  be  tluown  oa  the  ciiufc  of  the  very 
(great  difFetcnces  obfcrvable  in  the  cam^'     '  ^'   '-rit 

i  pieces  of  charcoal »  and  po&bly  on  the  ]  ng 

I  principtc  itfelf.   He  was  formerly  induced,  by  a  vc  Ac  ana- 

I  logy,  tofufpeclthatit  leildcdin  thciafiamxnablc^  .....^..,oime> 
I  phitic  aif^  contained  in  bodies,  united  with  an  eaithy  or  other 
I  bafts:.     With  lefpciS  to  this  circumflance,  1     :  *  '       oil 

Lcxa&ly  agree.     While  they  retain  their  y  jdi 

r  conduct  I  but   nvhen   deprived   of  it,  they   loic   ihdt   quality* 
I  Water,  however,  furuiflnes  a  ftrong  exception  to  the  univetfap 
I  lity  of  this  propoiltion.     Among  other  conriderations  he  wn 
I  led  to  this  fuppofuion,  by  the  perfeft  conducing  power,  whieb 
I    he  firft  difcovered  in  charcoal  j    a  fubftance  which,  oa  odur 
L  accounts,  appeared  very  unlikely  to  be  pofleflid  of  it.     Wood, 
I « in  its  diifercnt  dates,  exhibits  a  finguUr  variety  in  its  eledricil 
I   properties.     In    its  common   iUte,    it  is  a  non*ele^ric^  on 
[   conductor  :  being  fubjeScd  to  a  moderate  degree  of  heat,  or 
[    baked,  it  becomes  an  eledric^  or  a  non-condu«llor  ;  but«  00 
L^  being  expofed,  in  a  particular  manner,    to  an  intenfe  heat^  er 
[  charred,  it  returns  to  a  non*cIe6tric  (late,  and  becomes  one  of 
I    the  moll  perfect  conduflors ;  in  no  rcfped  inferior,   with  re- 
[    gard  to  this  quality,  to  gold,  filver,  or  the  moil  perfect  metalst 
L       From  the  experiments  now  before  us  it  is  evidem,  that  char- 
I    coal  owes  this  remarkable  quality  to  the  degree  of  heat  that  k 
I   applied  in  the  proccfs  of  making  it.     It  appears  Ukewife,  that 
I    this  quality  is  improved  in  proportion  to  the  intcnfenef^  of  that 
r    heat.     Pieces  of  wood,  which  had  been  coaled  (lowly,  or  ni  a 
moderate  iire,   in  which  they  were  kept  1  long  time  till  they 
were  black  quite  throughp  fo  as  not  to  he  dillinguiOied  from, 
the  moft  perfect  charcoal,  were  repeatedly  found,   not  merely, 
Sks  might  be  cxpefled,    to  condu<3  Icfa  than  other  charcoal  ^ 
P    but  not  to  condu»5l  in  the  leaft  degree.     Wjth  regard  to  dae 
n^anncr  in  which  heat  effefls  this  change^  a  variety  of  circum-^ 
ftances  lead  the  Author  tp  conclude,   that  ^  the  caufe  of  black- 
ncfs,   and  of  the  condu£ling  power  in  charcoal,    h  the  oil  of 
the  plant  rendered  empyreumatic,   and  burnt  to  a  certain  de« 
grtt  i'  and  that  thefe  properties  are  fome  way  conneAed  with  that 
part  of  the  fhlogi/Icn  or  the  inflammable  principle,  the  efcapc 
of  which  is  prevented  in  the  procefs  of  charring,  and  the  fixa- 
tion^ and  union  of  which  with  its  bafts^  the  earth  of  the  planfi 


Pbilofiphml  Tra>ifa.^hm^  far  the  Ttar  1 770.  427 

Js  flrcngtbcned  by  an  intcnft  heat.     This  opinion  is  in  part  con- 
ned from  hence  ;  that  the  very  fand  or  pipe-clay,  with  which 
ac  Author  covered   the  fublbnccs  that  were  to  be  converted 
|to  coals,  contrit^Ud,   from  the  phU^j/hn  cKpcUcd  fiom  tbefc 
l^bflances,  a  blacknefs  like  th^t  of  cbarcQAl,  and   acquired  a 
ftoduSing  power  j   which  might  afterwards  be  improved,  by 
Kpofing  them  in  a  cloic  vcflcl  to  a  ftiil  greater  degree  mf  heat* 
IrticJc  18.   Jn  Ittve/iigQiicn  af  (he  lateral  Exploftm^  and  of  the 
Ei£l^rUky  cemmumcatid  t9  thg  iU^rk  Cwcuit^  m  a  DlJJjarge, 
Sy  the  Same. 

The  Gnguhir  refults  of  the  expcriment:S  related  in  this  article 
furu^fti  the  cxpcfimcnt.tl  philofopher  with  a  very  ufeful 
ion  ;  not  to  be  too  hafty  in  eilabiifhing  general  laws, 
litherto  all  elcflricians,  we  believe,  would  have  concurred  in 
srmrng,  that  whenever  an  citdric  fpark  appears  between  two 
lies,  each  of  them  fingly  is  cither  receiving,  or  parting  with, 
%\^  portion  of  elc^iric  matter.  But  it  is  evident  front 
_^^__  iJip^riments,  that  a  full,  ftrong,  and  bright  fparlc,  fome- 
trmts  more  th^n  an  Inch  in  lengthy  may  be  produced  between 
two  bodies,  which  docs  not  communicate  any  cluStncity  to, 
or  take  any  Crom,  ihe  body  which  appears  to  receive  or  part 
"  >m  it.  Wc  fhall  content  ourfclvcs  with  giving  a  (horl  dc-^ 
iption  of  the  bed  marmcr  of  performing  this  remarkable  ex- 
riment ;  fo  that  the  fpark  may  be  obfcrved  to  the  moft  advan- 
je,  and  its  inc^mnmnuauve  property  may,  at  the  fame  time, 
jcompleatly  afcertained. 

iLct  a  charged  jar  ft  and  upon  a  table,  and  one  end  of  an  in- 
latcd  thick  brifs  rod  be  placed  contiguous  to  its  outward  co^t- 
p^.  Near  the  other  extremity  o(  this  rod  the  body  is  to  be 
pjaced  that  is  to  receive  the  fpark  j  and  which,  we  fca,rce  need 
to  add,  fliould   be  infuUted  Jikcwife^  in  order  to  afs^saain  the 

(tirequt.nces  of  ihe  cxperitnent.  This  body  ftould  be  fix  or 
[CO  feet  in  length,  and  perhaps  fome  inches  in  thicknefs,  0C1 
jCOnncflcd  with  a  body  of  thefc  dimenfions.  The  jar  is  tti 
,  difc barged  with  a  lod  rcfiing  upon  the  table,  clofe  to  % 
tin,  the  extremity  of  which  ought  not  to  touch  the  coating 
of  the  jar,  but  fliuuld  reath  wilhin  about  an  inch  and  a  half  of  it. 
Wc  p«f$  over  the  rcalons  wh.ch  require  this  diipofition  of  the 
ra$m^  and  proceed  to  add,  that,  at  the  inftant  of  difcharg- 
the  jar  rbruu^h  this  inUrri4pied  qixqxx'h^  the  operator  wilL 
^41y  fail  of  getting  a  fpark  or  bteral  explofion,  an  inch  in 
^tl» ;  wbich  will  appear  between  the  tirft  mentioned  rod  and 
infubtcd  body.  At  the  fame  time,  the  latter  will  (hew  no 
^%  of  having  cither  received  or  loft  the  moft  minute  portion 
Fclcdrical  matter  by  this  ftrong  fpark;  as,  even  at  the  time 
/the  explofion,  there  is  not  the  leaft  motion  given  to  the 
%huft  puhbaJJsj  or  rhe  fiucft  threads  lufpcrvAtd  tioKvVu  ^  t. 

Y  4  itism 


428  PhtkfjphtcalTranfaSflom^  for  the  Yiar  1770. 

refer  the  Reader  to  the  article  itfelf  for  an  account  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  Author  was  led  to  difcover,  that,  in  this  cafe, 
the  eleSric  fluid  fuddenly  enter?,  and,  as  to  fenfe,  inftantane- 
oufly  leaves  the  infulated  body,  without  making  any  fcnfible  al- 
teration in  the  electricity  natural  to  it. 

Article  25.  De  Atmofphara  eU£irica^  Joannis  Baptiflap  Becca- 
riae,  R.  S.  S.  ex  Scbolis  piis^  ad  Regiam  Londinenfem  Smetuttm 
Libellus. 

By  the  feries  of  experiments  contained  in  this  paper,  one  of 
the  moft  fingular  and  important  properties  of  the  electric  fluid, 
fucccfuvely  obferved  and  explained  by  Mr.  Canton,  Dr.  Frank* 
lin,  and  McfTrs.  Wilke  and  ^pinus,  is  completely  and]  fatis- 
fadtorily  demonftrated.  This  law,  which  throws  fuch  light  on 
the  properties  of  the  cledrical  fluid,  and  on  the  phenomena  of 
the  Lryden  Vial  in  particular,  is,  that  the  electric  matter  being 
accumulated  in  any  body,  repels  that  naturally  exiftrng  in  other 
bodies  in  its  neighbourhood,  and  thereby  renders  them  nega- 
tively eiedrical :  and  this  efFed  it  produces,  although  fub- 
fiances  intervene  through  which  the  eledric  fluid  itfelf  does  not 
pafs.  Indeed,  all  our  experiments  concur  in  afcertaining  thb 
fingular  h& ;  that  though  glafs,  air,  and  other  non-condnd* 
ing  fubftanccs,  are  impermeable  to  the  eledric  matter  itfelf,  yet 
they  are  pervious  to  the  action  of  that  fluid  ;  either  by  means  of 
fome  vibration,  or  other  peculiar  modification  of  their  own 
particles,  or  by  the  intervention  and  agency  of  fome  fubtile  and 
unknown  medium.  When  we  fay  that  the  eledric  fluid,  con* 
denfed  on  one  fide  of  a  plate  of  glafs,  repels  that  which  nata« 
rally  belongs  to  the  oppofite  furface,  though  itfelf  is  incapable 
of  pafling  throug'h  the  fubftance  of  the  glafs ;  we  do  not  mean 
that  the  eieclric,  or  any  other  matter,  can  immediatelv  aft  on 
jother  matier  in  diflansy  or  where  it  is  not :  for  that  would  be  ab- 
furd.  The  impermeability  of  the  glafs,  and  the  repellent 
power  of  the  cle<Slric  fluid  through  it  appear  to  be  matters  of 
fz&y  ratisra6lorily  eftablilhcd  by  experiment ;  and  it  is  the  bufi« 
nefs  rf  philofophers  to  difcovcr  the  particular  means  ormedia^  1^ 
which  its  adion  is  communicated  through  bodies,  which  rcfift 
its  a£lual  paflage  through  them. 

The  greater  part  of  the  experiments,  contained  in  this  dif* 
^  fertation,  prove  this  property  of  the  cledlric  fluid,  as  exerted 
*  through  air ;  and  particularly,  that  one  furface  of  a  plate  of  air 
cannot  receive  an  additional  quantity  of  electric  matter,  unlefi 
a  pafTage  is  i:ivcn  for  the  efcape  of  the  natural  ele£iricity  of  the 
contiguous  Jlrata  into  the  earth.  We  (hallbriefly  defcribe  one  of 
thefc  experiment  j.  The  Author  elcdtrifies,  pofitively,  forexmaple, 
a  hollow  meu.l  cylinder,  which  he  terms  the  e/e^teal  wetl* 
Into  this  he  lets  down  another  fmaller  cylinder,  completely  in- 
fujat^d^  wh'iQh  be  c«ilU  ihe  iutlirt%    W^  d^^^a^Vd  o\;^fetve^:  that  it 


Phih/pphkalTranfa^IortSj  for  thi  Tiar  1 7 70.  425 

h  a  matter  of  indifference,  whether  the  bucket  comes  in  con- 
u&  with  the  bottom  or  fides  of  the  ctedrjfied  wel!  or  not.  On* 
drawing  it  out  from  thence,  it  is  found  not  to  Hi^vc  contri£ied 
any  fcnfihie  degree  of  cledriciiy  »  :  though  had  it  touched  any 
p^rt  of  the  otiifide,  it  would  undoubicdiy  have  acquired  poA- 
live  cleciricity.  He  now  repeats  the  experiment ;  but  takes 
ca»c  th;;*c  the  bucket  fliall  not  touch  the  bottom  or  fides  of  the 
well;  and,  while  it  continues  there,  he  Vings  the  kimbofa 
bnifa  rod  near  the  bucket.  A  fpark  is  now  fecn  to  pafs  between 
cbcm.     This  fpark  does  not  proceed  from  any  electricity  com- 

knkated  by  theeleftric  well  to  the  bucket  j  but  is  evidemJy  the 
ivc  fire  belonging  to  the  latter,  driven  out  of  it,  through  the 
,  into  the  earth,  by  the  electric  matter  In  ihcjiraium  of  air 
itJgiious  to  the  inner  furfacc  of  the  well,  ailing  through  the 
cylindrical  plate  of  air  interpofed  between  it  and  the  bucket; 
foe  though  the  well  is  charged  with  pafitivi  elcdrictty,  the  bucket^ 
on  being  drawn  out,  is  found  to  be  negatively  eledirified,  Wc 
need  not  make  any  comment  on  this  experiment  j  which  the 
Author  afterwards  diverfifics. 

Several  corrollaries  follow,  which  are  deduced  from  thefeex* 
periments.  We  fhall  mention  only  one,  drawn  from  that 
which  wc  have  now  related,  and  which  is,  at  Icafl-,  fanciful 
and  ingenious.  Confidering  the  minute  and  cvancfcent  pores 
of  natural  bodies  as  fo  xn^ny  iUlIrk  wclls^  a  plaufible  reafon  may 
be  hence  aligned,  why  the  quantity  of  e!e<£lrical  fluid  thrown 
upon  bodies,  in  our  experiments,  is  found  to  be  proportionable 
to  their  furfaces  only,  and  not  to  their  bulks  or  maiTes.  The 
pores  of  bodies,  like  the  cavity  of  the  well,  appear  to  be  devoid 
of  eloclric  matter;  while  the  furface  of  the  intire  body  is  ana* 
lo,  '  [he  ouifidc  of  the  well ;  and,  like  it,  for  the  reafoos 

abi  ciUd,  can  receive  and  communicate  eledlricity. 

Kn  the  jjih  article  Capt*  J.  L.  Winn  gives  Dr.  Franklin  an 
>unt  of  the  appearance  of  lightning,  during  a  ftorm  in  the 
iwght,  on  a  condudor  (formed  of  a  chain  of  copper  wire  ex- 
tended ffom  the  top  of  the  mainmaiV  of  his  (hip  down  to  the 
water)  one  of  the  links  of  which  had  been  broke;  as  he  acd- 
dr:  '  Tco^^ercd  by  means  of  the  ftream  and  fparks  of  ele^ric 

fif^  I  appcarcft  in  the  place  of  the  interruption.     He  pub- 

lilhcs  this  obfcrvation,  in  expe^lation  that  it  mav  have  greater 
weight  with  tome  feamen,  whofe  negle£t  of  this  eafy  preferva- 
tjve  he  ju(ily  condemns,  than  all  the  reafonings  of  the  dec* 
trtctans. 


^^  Dr.  Franklin  firft  difcovercd  this  fingular  property  in  an  dec* 
^Ve<d  cup.  Or.  Pricillcy's  experiments  and  obfcrvarions  upon  it 
awy  be  fceo  m  the  Wjhfy  n/EUUriu^^  page  731 ,  ift  tdiu^u. 


43^         Phihfiph!QaITfafjfa^hm''^fif  th  Ttar  i?70- 

'      In  the  46th  article  Mr,  Swinton  dcTcrlbcs  the  phenomena  at- 
'  tending  a  very  remarkable  roctcor^  of  the  Aurora  borCfilit  kind, 

feen  at  Oxford  on  0(£lobcr  24,  1769  ;  and  which,  wc  fhall  aiU, 
\  was  obfcrved  by  us,  with  nearly  the  fame  ap  ^^,^  Jn  i 

diitant  part  of  the  i (land.     Article  14  contains  n\  on 

the  itatc  of  the  air,  winds,  and  weather,  in  Huiiioa's  Bay,  in 

the  years  1768  and  1769,  by  Mcffrs*  Dympnd  and  Wales  :  acid 
^  to  articles  20  and  zt  are  contained  meteorological  obfctvationi 

n^ade  in  1769  at  Bridgcwatcr  and  Ludgvan,  by  Dr.  Jeremuh 

Miltesi  and  Dr.  Bgrlafe. 
!  MiscellaneousArticles, 

Diffiiultui  in  the  Nemtonian  Theory  ef  Lights  cmfidend  ani  fi* 

moved.     By  the  Rev.  S.  HorJley,  hU  B.  F,  R.  S. 

The  difficulties  here  referred  to  are  thofe  propofed  by  Dr. 

f  Franklin,  in  one  of  the  letters  contained  in  his  collection  df 

;  Papers  en  Pbihfophical  Suhje^fs^  publiQied   in  1768,      On  a  fup- 

pofition  that  our  fenfations  of  the  folar  light  are  not  caujcd  bj 

>  th^  prefTure  or  undulations  of  a  fluid  dilFufed  throughout  tbe 
univerfe,  but  are  excited  by  a  matter  comioually  emitted  from 
tbt  furface  of  the  fan,  with  a  prodigious  velocity,  and  in  ill 

'  dire^ons;  the  Do<3or  a/ks,  whether  the  fmalled  conceiveable 
particle  of  light  mud  not,  with  fo  rapid  a  motion,  acquite  a 
I  T^nuMum  or  farce  exceeding  that  of  a  twenty- four  pounder  dil* 
\  charged  from  a  cannon  ?  Muft  not  the  fun,  he  adds,  diminish 
exceedingly  by  fuch  a  wafle  of  matter,  and  the  planets  recede 
tp  greater  diftanccs,  in  confequence  of  the  IcJTened  attraAioji  ? 
^  And  yet  thefe  particles,  fuppofed  to  move  with  this  tmmejvfe 
[  velocity,  are  found  incapable,  as  be  obfcrves,  of  driving  be- 
fore them,  or  even  of  giving  the  lead  fenfiblc  motion  to,  the 
'  lighted  dud  ;  the  fun  too,  there  is  reafon  to  believe,  continual 
!  or  his  original  dtmenfionS}  and  his  attendants  move  in  their  an* 
cien^  orbits. 

Mr,  Horlley,  in  a  former  publication,  had  occafion  to  in- 

*  quire  what  the  force  of  motion  in  the  particles  of  light,  fup- 

paltng  them  to  be  a£lually  emitted  from  ihc  fun,  couJd  poiiibly 

amount  to,  if  calculated  at  the  utmod,     Suppofmg,  for  reafofis 

\  which  we  omit,  that  the  particles  of  light  are  of  fo  fmall  a  fizc, 

.  that  the  diameter  of  each  fphcrule  docs  not  exceed  one  milUooth 

I  of  one  millionth  of  an  inch  3  and  allowing  the  denfity  or  fpe- 

cific  gravity  of  each  particle  to  be  even  three  times  greater  than 

that  of  iron,  and  its  velocity  to  be  fuch  as  has  been  generally 

fuppofed,  he  arrives  at  this  general  conclufion,  that  *  the  force 

>  of  motion  in  each  fingle  particle  emitted  from  the  fu%  is  tefs 
'  than  that  in  an  iron  ball  of  a  quarter  of  an  inch  diameiefy 

moving  at  the  rate  of  lefs  than  an  inch  in  12,000  millions  of 
I  millions  of  Egyptian  years  i-^xn  Oiort^  that  it  is  a  foxc^  mtich 


Pkitofiphkdl  Tranfa^lcnsy  fir  thi  Tear  17;0,  43^ 

inferior  m  aoy  liut  jirt  can  create.  He  afterwards  ihtws  ilul 
i\m  Iktckt  which  the  retina  of  the  «ye  (uiiains^  hy  the  direel 
ctnpuUc  ol  2  cvlinder  ^>f  the  fuf^'s  r4>s  tranfmicted  through  the 
pu|>il,  (fuppfihng  its  djametcr  to  be  to  of  an  inch,  apd  the  coaif'- 
fiofi  to  be  at  its  maxlnuitn)  ik^cs  rH)t  exceed  ihat,  wbicb  would 
be  gUcii  hy  411  Jiort  ihot  ol  the  Ume  dimeoGonjii  moving  at  the 
rate  of  little  cnQre  thaa  16  inches  in  a  year. 

This  qaefiion  has  been  agiutcd  formerly,  but  no  where,  we 
believe,  in  fa  complete  and  accurate  a  manner*    MuflcHenbro^k^ 
paiticu!        ^ '.    curlorily  difcuflcd   this  fubjeCt  [m  ht$ /nird- 
:/&  ad  i  jm  NaturaLm]  on  <hta  diffeirCnt  (rom  thofe  of 

ft  Authoi.     1 10m  the  rtt;  Iculations  he  is  led  to 

ilron  whether  all  the  gl  icuting  a  ray  of  Jight* 

oding  troQi  the  fun  to  the  t^^tchi  that  is,  a  ftriqg  of  fphc* 
^    ^    ^00  femi-diameters  of  the  earth  in  lengthy    w€uU 

>gk  grain. 

A  tic  ♦kuihor  next  fyrocecU  to  conGder  the  lofsof  fubftancd 

wbich  tb<;  fun  may  be   fuppofed  to  have  fuAaiaed,  in  confe- 

queoceof  the  continued  or  rather  fucceffivc  emanation  of  fuch 

^Iptklet*     He  fiiews  that,  fuppofmg  95  MOO  emi/Iiona  were  to 

^K  oude  every  fecood,  of  ail  the  luminous  particles^  of  th^ 

^m:-  'c  above  alTained,  that  would  have  room  to  lye  upon 

fc.  ^c  at  once  ;  this  emanation  would  not  be  attended  with 

iuth  wafte  of  his  fubftance,  as  would  vilibly  contract  hit 

meter,  or  fenhbly  enlarge  the  orbiu  of  the  piaoetf,  in  manf 

"k/os  ot  years^     According  to  his  calculations,  the  fpace  of 

,130^000  Egyptian  years  would  be  required  to  produce,  ia 

iequence  of  luch  waile,  a  diminution  of  the  fun*s  apparent 

iis^etcr,  c<|ual  to  the  1900th  part  of  a  fecond.     Thcfc  arc 

of  the  principal  reluhs  of  the  Author's  fuppofitions  and 

Illations,  which  are  equally  ingeniou^i  and  eJaborate^  and 

ar  more  than  fufficicnt  to  obviate  the  obje^ions  that  have 

n  made  to  the  afiual  emiOion  of  light,  founded  on  an  ap* 

henfion  of  the  enormous  lofs  q(  fubiiance  fuppofed  to  attend 

in  the  luminous  body. 

Of  the  three  remaining  articles  of  this  volume,  though  do- 
ing xif  a  more  particular  notice,  our  limits  at  prefent  oblige 
to  give  only  a  very  curfory  accounu  The  8th  contains  m 
11  authenticated  and  pleafing  relation,  by  the  honourable  Mr. 
rrington,  of  the  early  and  uncoimmon  difplay  of  taknti,  in 
Mozart  i  who,  when  he  was  little  more  thitii 
>  HOI  only  capable  of  executing  leflbns  on  tha 
;hord,  but  hitewife  ^  conc^xifed  fome  ia  an  eafy  Ayle  and 
which  were  i»uch  approved  of/  At  the  age  of  eight,  he 
waa  ticard  with  aftoniflin>ent  in  this  kingdom  ;  and,  as  wc  are 
tpforqicd  by  a  Utc  traYelle^j  in  a  work  publilhed  after  tht$  pa-» 


43t  7^*  WJiQfj  of  Friar  Gerund  dc  Campazas.  B 

L  per  was  written  •,  his  premature  performances  h^ve  fmct  ex- 
[cited  the  admiration  even  of  Italy  ;  where  they  have  procured 
Fbini  the  honaur  of  the  order  of  the  Gohkn  Spur^  confcncd  upon 
[him  by  the  prefent  Pope, 

[  The  loth  Article  contains  an  account  of  fomc  improvements 
[macie  by  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  in  the  new  wheel  barometer  invented 
[by  him,  and  defcribcd  in  the  ^26  volume  of  the  Tranfa^lions. 
[This  inftnimcnt  not  only  diftint^tly  fhews  a  rife  or  fall  of  the 
tmerctiry  equal  to  the  booth  part  of  aj\  inch  ;  but  likewifct  by 
I  means  of  legifters  placed  clofc  to  the  index>  marks  the  grcateft 
[  variattons  in  the  motion  of  the  quickfilvcry  which  happen  du- 
[Ting  the  abfence  of  the  obfcrver,  or  in  the  night.  In  the  aSth* 
I  or  remaining  article.  Dr.  Watfon,  late  Chemical  Profcflbr  at 
tCambridgc»  f  elates  feveral  curious  experiments  made  by  him, 
I  oil  ikt  VAtious  pkenemena  attending  the  folution  of  falts  in  Wii* 
I  tcr  ;  particularly  with  a  view  to  inquire  into  the  truth  of  the 
[  Commonly  received  opinion  that,  in  the  proccfs  of  ditlolutiont 
[  faline  iubliances  are  abforbed  or  received  into  the  pores  of  the 
I  folvent^  without  augmenting  its  bulk.  The  Author*s  experi- 
I  incnts  however  fcem  fuUy  to  juftify  a  contrary  concJufion* 

LAiiT.  IX#  Tif^  Htjiitry  pJ  ibi  famous  Pnaiber  Friar  Qirund^  kc. 
I  concluded. 

IN  the  clofc  of  the  firft  volume,  of  which  we  gave  an  ac- 
count in  our  hft  Review,  Friar  Gerund  commences  what 
I  is  called  SabatiHi  Preacher,  and  is  engaged  to  pronounce  a  Afo* 
\flinant  exhortation  on  account  of  a  prooeiHon  for  rain,  in  the 
I  town  where  the  convent  flood.  Notwithftanding  the  friendly 
[  and  judicious  admonitions  he  bad  received,  he  determined  to 
I  purfue  his  own  views,  aided  by  the  profound  and  tcarneti  coun- 
I  ieU  of  the  Pndkador  Mayar.  We  have  a  humorous  account 
[  f>f  the  compofition  of  this  difcourfe*  with  a  copy  of  the  difcour^ 
I  ftfelf ;  concerning  which,  wc  fliall  only  obferve,  that  it  pro- 
[•duced  fomc  warm,  animated,  and  honeft  reproofs  from  the 
I  Father  Matter  Prudentio, 

[  The  fecond  volume  begins  with  informing  us,  that  Anthony 
I  Zotes,  the  father  of  our  hero,  who  was  now  conllitutcd  jn^» 
Irfj/w^of  the  facrament  (after  having  heard  the  exhortation  above^ 
I  mentioned)  appointed  his  fon  to  preach  the  fcrmon  on  this  oc* 
[  cafion  at  Campazas  ;  to  which  requcft  the  fupcrior  of  the  con- 
I  vent  unwillingly  yielded  afTcnt.  This  was  the  young  Frtit's 
I  firft  fttman^  as  the  difclplinant-exhonation  was  not  to  be  dig- 
[  pified  with  that  name.  He  had  fome  debates  with  himfelf 
[about  the  forming  of  this  difcourfe  ;  for  he  had  not  forgotten 


The  Hift^  of  Friar  Gerund  de  Campazaf.  433 

■the  judicious  refleAtons  he  bad  fo  lately  heatrd  from  Father 
Prudentio;  and  at  the  fame  time  the  raafonings  of  Friar  Biiii 
were  deeply  imprinted  otn  his  mind  :  amongother  things  he  is faid 
to  have  paid  particular  attention  to  an  apophthegm  feledted  from 
Machiavel,  and  imparted  to  Gerund  by  the  faid  Friar,  Smtire 
cum  paucis,  viven  cum  muliis ;  ^  Think  with  the  few,  a6t  with 
the  many  ;'  and  alfo  to  a  faying  attributed  to  the  poet  Lopez  de 
Vega,  who  having  been  taxed  with  the  defe£tsof  his  comedies, 
is  reported  to  have  excufed  himfelf  by  anfwering,  Tbat  hi  knew 
and  confeffid  their  defe£t% ;  hut  that^  notwitb/ianding\  be  c9mpofed 
them  tbus^  becaufe  goed  plays  are  hijfed^  and  bad  ones  celeirated^ 
Our  Sabatine  preacher  therefore  concluded  in  favour  of  his  for- 
mer method,  and  propofed  minutely  to  regs^rd,  as  he  had  before 
done,  all  the  circumfiances  (fo  they  are  called)  attending  the  dif- 
courfe.  By  thefe  circumftances  are  to  be  underftood,  the  perfon 
by  whom  he  was  aflced  to  preach,  the  placein  which  the  fer- 
mon  ^as  to  be  delivered,  the  mufic,  the  bull-feaft,  or  other 
entertainments  fometimes  accompanying  their  religious  feftivals 
in  Spain ;  together  with  a  variety  of  fuch  particulars,  againft 
the  noticing  of  which  Father  Prudentio  had  inveighed. 

After  this  determination,  Gerund  had  yet«Si  farther  doubt,  . 
viz.  whether  he  fhould  fly  for  fuccour  to  mythology,  or  to  fome 
texts  and  pafTages  of  holy  fcripture:  he  was  rather  inclined 
to  the  former  \  but  the  late  exhortation  of  the  Father  Mafter 
had  at  prefent  fo  much  weight  with  him,  that,  for  this  time^ 
without  prejudice  to  another,  he  agreed  *  to  feek  in  fcripture 
only,  a  decent  accommodation  for  all  the  circumftances*'  After 
this  deliberation,  he  proceeds  to  lay  the  plan  of  his  difcourfe. 
But  while  he  was  engaged  in  thefe  profound  meditations,  he 
was  interrupted  by  a  vifit  from  the  fuperior  of  the  convent,  who 
came  into  his  cell  with  fome  papers  and  fermons  of  a  deceafed 
father,  which,  in  a  yery  friendly  manner,  he  delivered  to  our 
friar,  and  ftrongly  recommended  them  to  his  perufal  and  imt^ 
tation.  Among  thefe  papers,  the  iirft  which  firuck  bis  eye  was 
a  manufcript  with  this  title.  Remarks  upon  the  Faults  of  Styles 
the  whole  of  which  is  here  laid  before  the  reader,  and  it  con- 
tains many  learned  and  judicious  obfervations.  I'his  paper 
Gerund  read  with  care  \  and  fcarce  had  he  fini(hed  it,  fays  the 
Author,  when,  fufpended  in  his  mind,  he  ihut  his  eyes,  fixed 
his  right  elbow  on  the  arm  of  the  chair,  and  leaned  his  head 
upon  his  hand,  holding  in  his  left  the  paper  he  had  read.  He 
remained  a  good  while  in  this  pofture  very  thoughtful ;  but  at 
laft„  jumping  impetuoufly  from  his  feat,  he  takes  the  p^per  be* 
tween  his  hands,  tears  it,  gnaihing  his  teeth  the  while,  into  a 
,  thoufand  pieces,  throws  it  with  indignation  out  of  the  window, 
and  taking  two  tutns  acrofs  the  reoQi>  accompanied  with  fix 
ftamps  on  the  floor^  exclaimed,  <  The  devil  take  thee  {o\  ^ 


f^fcally  f  ni  the  impertinent  coxcotnb  too  who  wrote 

•thce^  for  A  turned  my  brairt  !  It  is  i  ?potTib!c  hutihat  he 

inuft  have  been  one  of  the  moft  lirefonttr,  vexatious,  iU-btK 
tnotircd  wretches  ever  born  of  a  woman,  What?  for  a  in»n 
to  rpcak  as  God  ftiall  help  biro,  h  there  need  <>f  fo  maJiy  ccr^ 
monies!  AnJ  if  all  the  ftyles  here  mencioned  arc  fanhy— as 
thfs  be-vinegared  mortal  of  an  author  has  taken  tt  into  his  head, 
—in  what  rtyle,  then,  are  wc  to  fpcak  and  write  1  Let  him  go! 
^— Let  him  go  !^ — I  wiJl  write,  and  1  will  fpcak  in  what  ftylc  I 
pleafe;  and  fincc  that  which  I  have  ufcd  hitherto  has  gained 
me  fo  great  applaufe*  I  will  adhere  to  that,  and  r^ot  to  whil 
this  dtfconcented,  cvtl*fpoken,  brute  of  a  remarket  fays/ 

In  this  manner  reafoned  our  couraglous  Friar  j    and  upoft 
thefc  principles  he  proceeded  to  finifh  his  fcrmon  for  the  facra* 
mental  afil  at  Campazas.     The  author  has  not  failed  to  prcfent 
his  readers  with  a  particular  account  of  the  preparations  whic^ 
were  made  for  the  celebration  of  this  fcilival,  -the  company  from 
different  parts  of  the  country  who  came  to  attend  it,  the  man- 
ner in  which  it  was  conduiteJ,  together  with  a  variety  of  cir* 
cumftances  relating  to  the  preacher,  hisdilcourfe,  his  family,  Uc» 
which,  with  much  drollery,  are  here  reKltcd  and  dcfcanted  upon* 
Gerund's  bombaft  and  ridiculous  fcrmon  was  received  with 
Inn  Ignorant  hut  loud  appbufe,  by  a  filly,  gaping,  aftonJftefl 
croud  ;  yet  there  were  not  wanting  fomc  who  formed  adifferem 
[Judgment ;    among  rhe  Utter,  we  are  cold,  w:js   a  pcrfon  bf 
jtlbme  eminence,  '  Magiftral  of  the  holy  church  of  Leon,  a  wife, 
cute,  difcreet,    and  much-read  man,  a  grcAt  iheologift,   and 
^icclcbrated  preacher/     This  reverend  father  took  an  opportu* 
[«iiiy,  foort  after  the  entertainment  and  ihc/:f/!a  (or  the  fleeping 
ftmc  after  dinner)  were  finifhed,  to  admin ifter  to  Gerund,  who 
^^as  his  rclatiun^  fomc  animndvcrfions  ujion  bis  performance; 
(^mong  oihcr  infipid  and  futile  r:f!cd\;ons  in  the  Fn^r's  dif- 
life,   one  was,  *  Either  the  facrament  is  at  Campaxas,  or 
[flhcre  is  no  faith  in  the  church/     This  we  juft  memiontd  as 
neceflTary  for  underftanding  the  remarks  of  the  Magiftral,  a  few 
Df  which  wc  (hall  here  fcledi.     After  condemning  the  foolifli 
[•praiiiicc  of  dwelling  upon  circumftanccs  in  the  fal^iiatron,  thii 
feather  telU  him,  *  that  hi  defcended   even  to  the  moft  minute 
I  nnd  ridiculous,  that  he  might  carry  his  extravagance  to  the 
I  Hiimoil   extent,    bringing  in  his  father,   his  mother,  and  hJs 
'^Ovhstther,  and  the  rockets,  and  the  bonfire,  and  the  racraimia^ 
!  1^1  8(li,  and  the  ileers,  ajid  the  dancers,  and  their  heads  of  hatf  ^ 
and  to  leave  no  impertinence  untouched,  even  the   Gallictafi 
bagpipe. — With  >  what  Friar  Gerund  had  fjid,  of  Catn- 

y;r/.jss  being  the  u    .  oil  and  manfion  of  the  facrament,  and, 

t«i;«t  eiiher  the  facranuint  was  in  Campazas,  or  there  was  no  faith 
\iujibcjch9r€hf:ht  couki  mt)  Vi^  gbt^v^^ivt^iNi^^viQ  tK^rets 


Tbi  Kjhfj  rf  friar  Gerund  dc  Campt^sas.  435 

fitiit  be  thought  of  it;  and  that  he  believed  fudi  an  abfurdicv 
oould  have  entered  into  no  head  but  his* — With  regard  to  the  fiitt 
clayfe»  he  remarked^  that  all  countries  producing  corn  and  wine, 
muft  be  as  much  the  ortginal  foil  and  manfion  of  the  facrameot 
at  Campatasj  and  that,  by  the  fame  rule,  thofc  producing  oil 
muft  be  that  of  extreme  unfiion  ;  thofe  in  which  there  is  iva- 
tcr»  that  of  baptifm  ;  and  the  whole  world,  that  of  penitence, 
fince  every  where  in  the  worJd  there  is  abundance  of  fin,  which 
ii  the  remote  matter  of  it*  With  regard  to  the  fecond,  he  fup« 
pofed  be  meant,  as  a  great  thing,  that  if  it  Wis  not  a  truth 
that  the  facramcnt  was  in  Campazas,  the  proper  elements  being 
there  placed,  and  formally  confccrated  by  a  competent  mini^ 
ficr,  and  with  a  due  intention ;  neither  was  it  a  truth  that  it  was 
ac  Rome,  or  any  other  place  of  the  church  of  God,  But  ihi^, 
he  tcHs  his  kinfman,  was  a  mofV  tnfipid  Per^grullada  •,  and 
chat  the  fame  might  be  afTerted  of  any  little  dirty  inn  into 
Which  the  divine  iacrament  was  carried  to  a  ftck  maji ;  unlrfs, 
he  was  as  great  a  booby  as  the  ruftic,  who,  upon  be- 
m  the  famous  monuments  at  Ssvillc,  faid,  with  great 
m,  *  To  be  fiire  thcfe  are  deadly  fine  monument t^  but 
the  world  there  is  not  fiich  a  place  as  my  town  iorfmrn- 
fit/  He  then  afks  him  if  he  knows  whence  it  proceeds  that 
cxpofes  himfclf  by  fuch  Oiocking  abfurditics  ?  and  taking  it 
granted  tliat  he  does  not  know,  kindly  informs  him  that  it 
owing  to  his  infamous  and  unpardonable  neglect  of 
[ic,   philofophy  and  theology,  crazily  perfuaded  that  there 

no  occ;ifioa    for   them    tn   a   preacher. In    the    firft 

nt  he  is  particulaily  diffufe  in  explaining  what  he  meantj 

h  jht  to  recommend,  at  large,  what  has 

tti  L  ^,        ,  is  condemned  by  QuintiUan  and  every 

ot  common  fenlc)  inftcad  of  what  logic  really  is,  or  fbould 

viz.  the  art  of  ufmg  reifon  well  in  our  enquiries  after  truth, 

the  communication  of  it  to  others.     From  the  necefHty  of 

'  Uancc   with  theology,  he  tells   him  how   mtferably 

i  wretches  as  himfclf  err,  when,  to  excufc  their  rafh 

rrbok^,  dclptcable  and  difgufling  coQceits,  abfurd  and  blaf* 

I  us  propoUtions,  &c,  &c.  they  fay  with  great  fatisfa^ion^ 

they  fpeak*  mdrt  c^mhrtainh  et  mnjMiifiico — as  preachers 

not  as  thcologifts — with  the  witty  addition,  as  they  think 


•  Pcro  Grullo's  truths  are^  fclf-eridcnt  things  formally  aiferted  ; 
called  (q  from  fome  lirapleton  of  that  namc»  who  thoa^ht  himfeH' 
Aiighty  wife  in  jnaking  dlfcov^enes  of  things  known  to  all  the  world. 
Am  of  thefe  truths  is  iaid  co  be,  that  it  is  cuilomary  for  men^  Comtt 
^Kj^  ifo<A  J  iagar  p4ir  el  cuk^  ca  cat  with  tiieir  mouths.  From  the 
PRprr  name  is  forced  the  fabllanuvp  Fff9gndimdm,  which  figniiies 
Qfie  of  L^iefc  truths, 


436  7J^  Htflory  ifVriwr  Geruiid  dc  Campizaf. 

if,  ihai  the  pulpit  has  no  pofli  *.  He  wants  to  kfiow»  wIn*  hoj 
told  them  that  the  chair  of  the  Holy  Ghoft  requires  kfs  folidity 

.mnd  circumfpeotioR  in  what  is  delivered  in  it  than  that  of  tk 
univcrfity  ;  and  whether  propofitionK  which  would  be  ri4ico(ou9 
in  the  fch'^ols  can  be  ever  tolerable  in  the  pulpit  ?  The  pulpit, 
he  grants,  has  no  fGjh  ;  but  it  is  becaufc  nothing  otrght  to  be 
faid  in  the  pulpit  that  will  adcnit  cf  reply^  difputL^  or  irgij^ 
ment.  When  he  infilh  fomuch  on  the  neccillty  of  a  pjeichaV 
being  a  theologift,  he  docs  not  mean  that  he  (houlJ  go  up  into 
the  pulpit  to  make  a  vain  oftcntation  of  it,  with  his  *  I2i< 
thidtgtfis  fays^  *  Ai  is  known  U  thi  tbioUgiji^*  ^  Hen  the  iinit* 
gijl  will  undtrjiand  mix  (phrales  that  Gerund  ufed)  whicbhc 
calls  puerile  and  contemptible,  and  fays  th;it  he  is  not  to  treat 
in  the  pulpit  of  what  the  thcologift  knows,  but  what  cvny 
body  knows  ;  and  that  whenever  he  fays  any  thing  that  miy 
not  equally  be  comprehended  by  the  moft  fimplc  old  womiin,  as 

-the  nnoil  perCpicacipus  theologilK  from  anxiouily  wifhing  to  be 
thought  a  theologirt,  he  ceafcs  to  be  a  preacher.' 

The  Magiftrai  proceeded  to  apply  his  exhortation  yet  more 
clol'ely,  and  the  preacher  received  a  very  hearty  drubbing,  which, 
for  a  time,  greatly  difconccried  him>  cfpecially  ^%  he  had  form- 
ed warm  hopes  of  preferment  from  his  conneftion  with  the  Ma* 
giftrai  of  Leon*  However,  he  was  fpcedtly  revived,  and  re- 
confirmed in  his  former  refoluiions,  by  a  long  convcrfation 
which  he  held  with  hii»  friend  ibc  Father  Predicador,  and  ftirth^r 
by  a  propofdl  which  was  made  on  the  fame  day  by  the  chaplain 
of  Pcro  Rubio,  that  he  would  preach  a  funeral  fcrmon  for  1 
fcrivener  of  that  town,  who»  by  hi3  will,  had  bequeathed  two 
bundled  reals  to  the  preacher  for  this  purpofe.  Our  Friar 
having:  obtained  the  confent  of  his  fupcrior,  applied  himfclf,  in 
concert  with  the  Prcdicador  Mayor,  to  compofe  this  difcourfe  > 
but  though  Gerund  and  his  friend  had  the  advantage  of  many 
very  fenliblc  2.11^  learned  lematks  upon  fubjefls  of  this  kind  _ 
from  a  young  gentleman,  a  collegian  of  Salamanca,  whom  ■ 
they  unexpc£iSdly  met  with,  this  fermon  was  nevcrtheleft  equal  1 
to,  or  rather  excelled,  his  former  compofitions  in  bombafi  ab-     , 

•  fyrdities  and  follies. 

In  his  way  to  Pcro-Rubio,  our  hero  and  hi*  father  were  td 
fperid  otic  night  at  the  houfc  of  a  relation,  a  familiar  of  the 
holy  office.  He  was  a  farmer,  an  illiterate  man,  who»  though 
he  cxprtfied  himfelf  in  a  vulgar  and  ruftic  dialect  had  good 


ftH. 


•  « j^/?i>  u//i?/Ff,  IS  to  ftancl  to  be  interrogated.     A  cuHn 
Tended  in  the  untveifities  by  every  profcir>r ;  who,  when  i 
the  cbf.ir,  waits  for  a  certain  time  ior  tiie  Keareri  to  prc^*^  »*./ 
douhis  or  diilicQitics  that  may  have  occurred  to  them  irpofi  wliaikf 
\iu  r^idj  in  oxcLci  to  htive  them  cleared  up  to  tliciiw* 


Xk^lMtt 


fjf  Hift&ry  of  Friar  Gcmnd  dc  Campazai.  437 

HlfUfitl  fenfe,  and  could  difcourfe  judicioufly  on  matters  pro* 
Mttoi^d  to  his  knowledge  and  capacity.  A  fliort  fpecimen  of 
Btt  converfation  with  his  kinlman  is  the  only  addition  we  (ball 
I6ak6  to  the  cxtrads  already  taken  from  this  work. 

*  Whiie  ftipper  was  getting  ready,  Uys  the  author^  which' 
yns  not  delicate  or  oftentatious,  but  fubilantial  and  abundant^ 
the  Famifiar  faid  to  his  coufin^  with  a  good-natured  plainnefs, 
^  Hcarkec,  young  Friar,  what,  haft  thou  bottled  up  as  many 
flemrifiies  to  carry  to  Pcro  Rirbio,  as  thou  fpirtedft  out  of  that 
fixnith  of  thine  at  Campazas  ?'*  **  Pray,  uncle,  what  would 
you  mean  to  fay  hy  thofe  fiourithes  ?'*  aflced  Friar  Gerund* 
•*  God  prefarvc  us !  man,  and  what  did  I  not  explefs  myfelf 
Atu  enough  ?  Flourifties  are  thofe  intrickfies,  and  tangle- 
fiKfits,  and  wildfirej,  and  deviltries,  with  which  thou  over* 
vhelmedfl  us  all  that  were  hearing  thee  like  a  pack  of  poor  ig- 
liomnt  lay  brothers*"     **  I  undcrftand  you  now,  Sir,  lefs  than 

«brc,*"  **  Then  let  God  undcrftand  us,  who  made  Us,  anJ 
|rve  us  our  fins.  It  fecms  to  me  that  thou  mak'ft  believe 
be  dull  for  the  nonce,  or  elfe  'team  poflibul  but  that  thoi^ 
muft  undcrftand  me  : — as  to  the  tearms,  I  know  well  enough, 
they  ben*t  founding  and  trim  ones,  fuch  as  they  ufc  in  cities  ; 
but  to  tell  mc  that  they  ben't  umelligibu!,— doant  let  us  talk 
of  that,  for  it  if  breaking  our  heads  to  no  purpoafe,  and  thou 
ondei^latidft  them  too  as  well  as  the  Ton  of  my  mother/*  *'  If, 
Sir,  you  mean  by  flouriftes,  erudition,  fubtle  thought?,  rp/- 
v«fir#r,  acutenefs,  wit,  and  elevated  and  harmonious  ftyle,  ' 
there  ij*a  fuificient  ftock  of  this  in  the  fermon  I  have  prepared, 
and  always  will  be,  as  long  as  God  does  not  take  away  mf 
fenfcs,  in  every  fermon  I  Sail  preach."  *'  Now,  doaft  fee  ? 
If  I  was  as  thee,  I  (bould  beg  God  to  take  away  my  fenfes  di  J 
ttBXy^  that  thou  mightcft  never  preach  in  the  like  way  sigain/' 
•♦  Sir,  you  are  not  obliged  to  undcrftand  theft  things/  **  But 
preachers  are  obliged  in  confhunce  and  reafun  to  preach  foa  at 
weal!  may  undcrftand  urn/'  **  It  is  fufficient  that  the  difcreet 
and  cultivated  underftand  them."  **  Then  let  the  fecrcec  and 
ttiltitated  only  go  to  hear  urn.  But  tell  mc  cosizun,  do'ft 
think  that  there  are  many  of  thefe  fecrcet  or  what's- its-nam^ 
wen  at  Prro-Rubio."  "  There  are  always  fomc  at  every 
place  :'^and  I  heard  a  grave  father  of  my  facred  community 
fejr,  that  every  preacher  of  diftindion  ought  to  prepa^re  himfelf 
to  preach,  even  at  fuch  a  place  as  Caramanchel,  as  if  he  had 
ta  preach  at  Madrid/*  *'  I  doant  half  relifh  this  doflrun,  if 
fo  be  chat  the  rcvVunt  father  doant  mean  that  a  preacher  ought 
for  to  be  as  arneft  in  converting  the  fouls  at  Garamanchcl,  at 
at  Madrid ;  and  that  fo  he  ought  to  explefs  himfelf  in  fuch  a 
way  that  they  may  both  underftand  him,  one  a^  well  as  toiher. 
Foraa  to  any  thing  elfc,  for  a  preacher  to  go  to  Caiamanchel, 
^Rir*  Apr.  sjjz.  Z  — ^\>Jfi^ 


438  LttUn  CGnceruing  the  prefent  State  of  England. 

— with  his  trinkums  and  trickfies,  becaufe  ibme  folks  from  tb« 
city  might  come  to  hear  him,  'tis  Dothing  but  fmoak  andneo- 
fcnlcand  laufte  de  •  Chrifti." 

In  this  manner  did  the  Familiar  convcrfe  for  fome  time  with, 
his  kinfman  ;   and  notwiihftanding  his  rufticity  and  want  of 
learning,  he  was  able  to  perplex  and  confound  Friar  Gerund.   • 
'J  here  arc  fome  cpilodical  parts  of  this  performance,  which, 
though  fometiir.cs  diftindt  from  its  immediate  dcfign,  arc  well 
introduced,    and   are  alfo  amufmg  and  agreeable.     Upon  the- 
whole,  we  muft  confider  this  as  a  humorous  and  entertaining 
work,  properly  adapicd  to  promote  the  purpofc  for  which  it  wa» 
intended.     It  is  very  different,  indeed,  from  the   turn  of  ro- 
mances in  general  ;  and  fome  paiVagcs  in  it  may,  perhaps,  fink 
too  much  into  the  low  and  vulgar  ftrain  ;    but  this  is  commonly 
the  cafe  with  this  clafs  of  fatirical  writings. 
.  Though  the  author  proicfies  that  his  only  aim  is  to  extirpate 
that  extravagant  kind  of  preaching  which  he  condemns,  we 
cannot  but  think  that  he  has  alfo  fome  view  to  expofc  and  cen- 
fure  thofe  idle  and  ridiculous  cuftoms  with  which  religious  fef- 
tivals  (as  they  are  called)  and  public  worftiip,  arc  often  cele- 
brated in  Spain,  and  in  other  popifti  countries  t- 


Art.  X.  Letters  concerning  the  prefent  Slate  of  Em  land,     PartiCttlarly 
reipcviiing  the  Politics,    Arts,    Manners,    and  Literature  of  the 

Times.     ^;V0.     5  s.     Almon.     1772. 

TH  IS  Author  poffeffes  that  mediocrity  of  parts,  which  is 
chara<tteriftic  of,  peihaps,  one  half  of  mankind  ;  nor  does 
his  performance  indicate  that  force  of  penetration  and  genius, 
which  diftinguiftcs  thnfe  who  arc  dcflined  to  extend  the  limits 
of  knowledge.  We  do  nut  even  find  in  it  that  proportion  of 
judgment,  which  was  neceflliry  to  enable  him  to  profit  by  the 
perufal  of  former  productions.  The  information  he  communi- 
cates is  either  obvious  and  known,  or  imperfe£t  and  fuperficial; 
and  he  has  delivered  it  with  a-  tone  of  fclf-fufficiency,  which 
niufl  neceflarily  difpleafc  the  more  intelligent  of  his  readers. 

In  the  topics,  which  bear  relation  to  tafle,  manners,  and 
literature,  he  is  not  lo  able,  or  fo  well  informed,  as  fn  thofe 
of  politics  and  government.  Bur,  perhaps,  to  know  the  latter 
with  tolerable  precifion,  nothing  more  is  neceflary  than  to 
•have  lived  in  England  j  the  only  country  where  afFairs  of  ftite 
are  the  objcds  of  general  conccfn  and  fpeculation. 

■'  '  .J  ■■....■  •  .  I.        ■ I  .     IIM 

•  For,  laus  tibi  Chrij.e :  the  lail  words  of  a  refponfe  at  a  mafs  ; 
meant  here  for,  there's  an  end  of  the  matter. 

t  We  remember  to  have  fcen  ibrae  fpecimens  of  (ermons^ preached 
at  Venice,  eijually  cenfurabie  with  (kofe  w^ich  are  hcr&  fo  ju^y 
cooJemncd. 

What 


LfiMs  icnarning  th  prefint  State  of  England,  .         439  ^ 

Whit  he  Jias  remarked  concerning  the  temlency  of  our  Con- 

Stution  ,to  fall  into  an  abfolute  monarchy,   carries  coavidlion  . 
:>n*g  with  it. 

.  *  The  foul,  fay^  he,  of  our  government  at  prefent,  I  will  not 
fay  of  the  conftitution,  is  influence ;  the  Crown  vifibly  abforbs  the  > 
power  of  the  whole  leoiflaiure  by  influence;  (he  poffeflcs  the 
executive,  in  right ;  and  every  man  who  attends  parliamentary  . 
huiinefs  muft  be  fenfi^le,  that  the  votes  of  both  Houfes  are  ever 
at  command:  is  (his  owing  to  chance,  to  difintereftednefs,  to 
cpinion,  or  to  influence  ?    The  r^r// government  of  this  country 
i4  therefore  different  from  the  apparent.,    l^he  king's  miniflers  ■ 
are  Aire,  of  carrying  every  point  they  defirc,  the  king's  will  is 
the  law:    this  is  a  £1^,    and    thoufands  of  proofs  might  be 
brought   of  it,  .were  they,  not   certain  of    ttriking  your   re- 
cbllefiioa    in    particular,     on   the   general    mention   of    the 

fubj^a. 

.  *  Foreigners  aflc,  where  is  the  difl^erence  of  your  conftitu- 
tion and  ours  ?  Your  king  docs  what  he  likes  through  the  par- 
liament ;  ours  does  the  fame  without  the  parliament ;  where 
U  tbi piopU  is  the  diiFerence  ?  The  reply  is,  true  ;  but  you  know- 
not  Infw  many  points  the  king  warM  to  carry ^  iut  his  friends  wU: 
not  fupport  him  in  them^  and  confeque^ntly  they  never  cotne  kefgre  par^^. 
iianunt. 

^  This  idea  gives  otie  no  bad  account  of  our  conftitution  ; 
the  king's  power  is  abfolute  in  all  matters,  which  will  not 
ibock  too  greatly  the  prejudices  and  inclinations  of  the  people 
«r-as  to  the  power  of  the  purfe,  which  fo  many  writers  tell  us 
includes  all  other  power,  he  is  as  abfolute  as  the  king  o^  France  ^^ 
a^dthat^  becaufe  the  people  of  England  are  conftitucionaily  ac- 
cuftomed  to  fee  all  the  demands  of  the  Crown  granted  in  par-- 
liament. 

•  In  general  a£ls  the  regal  power  fcems  uncontrouled  5    in  par* 
tioilar  ones,    it  is  as   limited   as  in    any  country   in  Kurope.. 
What  I  mean  is,  the  laws  that  bind   the  ^holc  people  on  an 
equality*  are  ever  in  the  power  of  the  Crown  ;    if  but  the  king 
departs  from  the  general  idea,  by  ordering,  injuring,  or  killing. 
an  individual,  he  immediately  nnds  his  power  circumfcribed  ^ . 
thus  it  would   be  eaficr  to  him  to  dcmolifti  the  liberty  of  the 
prefs  at  one.ftroke,  or  to  opprcfs  the  whple  kingdom  by  an 
enormous  tax,  than  to  wreft-a  cottage  fro:n   its  jaft  owner. 
The  king  can  raife  twenty  millions  of  money  ;    but  he  cannot 
cut  ofF  the  head  of  John  Wilkes  :  this  diftindion  fhouM  ever. 
be  made  in  difcourfes  on  our  government ;  becaufe  in  reality  it 
is  now  become  the  eflence  of  our  conftitution  }  all  general  laws- 
arc  It  the  power  of  the  Crown  ;  pariiiular  a"i:m  muft  carry. 
the  fiamp  of  freedom. 

Z  2        •  *  The 


440  Letters  C9ftcern!ffi  the  pnfent  Swt  ef  En^loftJ* 

•^  The  freedom  of  the  prcfs  has  juftly  been  called  the  baJwark 
of  frecdqm  ;  docyanjrone  <ioubt,  but  a  minifttr  codd  carry  z 
vote  to  fubjcft  it  to  a  licencer  to-morrow  ? 

*  Thofc  who  hdltatc  to  fiibfcribc  ta  the  opinion,  drat  the 
Grown  is  in  reality  all  p^v^^erfui  xvi  gemrai  laws^  fht>uW  cotifidcf 
the  prcfent  ftatc  of  hftttme.  \Vc  have  been  told,  that  the 
public  is  poor,  but  inJividuris  rich;  which  fectns  tO' be  the 
ftrangcft  miftake  that  could  poiEbly  have  been  made;  for  the 
faA  it  direftly  contrary;  nothing  can  exceed  the  poverty  of 
individuals;  even  thofe  who  polfcfa  the  largeft  and  noblcft 
cftates :  from  whence  ihtr  univerfa^  influence  of  the  Crown  | 
if  not  from  the  poverty  of  the  people  ?  It  is  a  luxurious  age^ 
every  man  longing  carneflly  for  the  means  of  rivalHng  hli 
•neighbours ;  ftraining  every  nerve  to  rife  in  flicw»  elegance^ 

■  He,  fine  houfes,  fuperb  furniture,  rich  equipages;  cxpenfive 
Bdrefs ;  luxurious  fe^iiling;  unbounded  gaming;  and  atl  the 
B  methods  of  lavifiiing  money,  which  were  ever  pr aflifcd  in  the 

■  mod  luxurious  ages  and  countries,  now  arc  found  among  per* 

■  fbns  of  large  fortunes;  they  arc  clofely  imitated  by  their  inA-* 
K  f iors,  until  fome  parts  of  their  profufion  defcend  even  to  the 
Blowcft  clafles  ;  in  fuch  a  ftate  of  things,  how  fhill  any  body  be 

■  jich  !  Wants  on  every  hand  exceed  the  power  of  gratification* 
I  All  live  beyond  their  fortunes  \  all  are,  and  in  (uch  a^  tratnr 
I  muft  be,  poor.  To  whom  fliould  they  look  for  money,  which 
I  thctr  own  induftry  could  never  g^^in,  nor  their  oeconomy  favc  ? 
V  7o  him  who  has  three  millions  annually  at  his  difpofal, 

I  *  While  fuch  is  the  great  outline  of  the  nation,  how  can  znf 
K  one  doubt  the  power  of  influence  ? 

■  *  This  univerfal  cxpcrrce,  which  fo  infallibly  brings  on  uni* 
I  verfal  poverty,  enriches  the  publick,  that  is,  the  king.  The 
B  alienation  {o  rapid  in  profufion,  is  in  every  itage  taxed'  pretty^ 
I  heavily,  from  whence  a  tevenue  is  raifcd  great  in  itfelf,  bur 
I  greater  in  its  confequences  ;  for  on  the  credit  of  what  is,  and* 
m  what  may  be,  unboundid  wealth  is  raifed  at  wilU  and  a  little 
I  kingdom  fpends  more  in  a  fmgle  year,  than  fupportcd  the 
B  grcatcft  empires  during  many.  Nor  has  this  been  the  unnatural' 
I  exertion  of  imprudent  enterprixc;  the  efforts  of  folly,  finkinj 

■  tto  debility  ;  it  has  been  genuine  flrengtb  often   repeated,  and  < 

■  yet  unexhauiled.     In  a  word,  it  is  publick  wealth  founded  on» 

■  private  profufion. 

I        *  When  I   mention  the  poverty  of  individuals,    I  do  not 

B  mean,  that  they  arc  unpoflctTed  of  edates  and  money:    noj 

■  they  live  in  unbounded  plenty  of  both  ;  but  the  luxurious  pro- 
'  luGon  of  the  arc  is  fo  great,  that  the  maimer  of  forty  thoufand 

X  yetr  it  almoft  a  beggar.     Relative  to  the  confiitution,  he  ir 
f§9ri  but  as  an  objetSt  by  whom  the  public  grovsrswraltby,  heir 


#*^.  Tiic  wants,  and  dependence,  which  furdy  may  in  tliat 
itjirc  be  called  poverty,  are  in  exaS  proportion  to  thequaiiUity 
«^  money,  and  confequcnt  degree  of  luxury  in  the  nati9n, 

*  ThJi  general  poverty  and  dependence  gives  the  decisive  turn 

;to  the  conftitutlon)  and  produces  the  effe^St,  noticed  above,  the  | 
Jcing's  power  in  all  matters  en  ailed  hy  ^emral  laws  :  I  fpcaic  of  \ 
the  real  cflence  of  the  government  j  nut  tlie  letter  of  law  laid 
down  in  books  now  grown  mufty  on  tbe  flielf,  Thofe  who  wlU 
yci  draw  their  reafonings  from  books,  ihould  attend  die  debates 
in  parliament  i  St.  Stephen's  chapel  \%  tbe  book  be  ihould 
^confyTt.' 

Thcfc  remarks  do  not  lead  to  agreeable  reflexions ;  and 
^ofe,  which  our  author  has  made  concerning  moJcrn  patriot- 
ifu),  will  not  excite  lefs  melancholy  thoughts  in  the  bofom  of 
"thegood  citizen. 

*  What,'  he  demands,  *  ia  the  fpint  of  fnodem  patriotirm  i 

I  can  form  no  idea  of  fuch  a  virtue  exerting  icfclf  in  the  firitifll  j 
*cooftitution ;  all  the  explanations^  harangues,  and  flights  of  \ 
imaginatioa,  which  have  been  jumbfed  togecher  to  form  that 
imaginary  monftcr  of  perfection  called  a  Patriot,  arc  but  an 
Ajnintelliglble  jargon.  They  are  Grecian  and  Roman  ideas  in 
an  Epgliih  drefs :  patriots  rife  up  like  mulhroomsi  we  have 
always  the  patriot  of  the  day,  like  the  favourite  player;  firft 
to  clap  (or  a  fool,  and  chen  to  hif^  for  a  knave.  It  is  the  na- 
ture of  our  government  to  produce  thcfe  heroes  of  politics  ; 
ttip  occaHon  produces  the  chirafler  ;  a  pretence  to  the  famed 
Jifiriue  i&  the  road  to  corruption  \  and  ma  riot  a  man,  as  one 
^ho  wants  only  a  bidder  that  will  rife  to  his  price. 

*  If  we  reflet  on  the  hiftory  of  men,  who  in  this  country 
have  made  a  figure  in  the  charafler  of  Patiiots,  we  fh^ll  be 
^convioced,  that  they  made  the  pretence  of  thu  virtue  a  mere 
ladder  to  mount  high  in  o/Ece  and  wealth  \  a  mete  malk  to  their 
ambition. 

*  The  patriotifm  of  the  antients  had  eveo  a  military,  a  fa* 
a^age  fieiceneU  in  it;  which   Icemcd  t.ir<?niial  to  its  being.     In- 
deed  it  is  a  virtue  which  recjuircd   a  wild   and   daring  caft  of    | 
ihoughtt   gtrncrally   meafuring   the   welfare  of  the  ftatc,    not     | 
.aiiainft  a  cold,  tcnjperate,  refinance  of  tempt  anon  \  a  modera- 
tion of  feniiment  >  or  the  dilates  of  philofophic  reflections; 
but  acainft  life  itfelfi   fnends,  kindred,  family  all  were  to  be 
iacrificcd  at  the  ihrine  of  their  country:  patriotifm  and  death 
were  ever  hand  in  hand  :   it  was  a  ferocity   in   the  oiind  near 
allied  to  a  degree  of  fury  ;  rothing  calm,  or  temperate.     I'be 
man  was  hurried  away   by  the  impulfe  of  a  violent  partion, 
rather  th^n  urged   by   the  calls  of  reaioa  \  Iwnce  arofe  af\  ci>- 
ibufiafm,  which  fomctima  broke  iriio  the   nt>VA<?ft  a£Vu>v\%^  ^«v^ 
$ke  mod  cx^hed  Jcntimmts ;  but  as  lo  mo^lciiv  U>jfc^**'i  m\*^  Q^^^ 

Z  3  ^'ifl 


442  LettcricorUirmngihe prefent  State  of  EnglanJU 

own  country  in  particular,  the  conftitution  of  the  governmerit 
.dcftroys  the  very  idea  of  a  patriot.  The  regularity  of  all  the 
movements  of  the  ftate,  the  nature  of  the  modern  art  of  war, 
and  the  univerfal  power  of  law^  has  brought  every  thing  to 
fuch  a  ftandardj  that  we  can  have  no  idea  of  patriotifm  :  Whit 
are  to  be  the  rules  to  judge  it  ?  What  are  the  figns  by 
which  to  know  it  ?  The  mob  will  ever  have  their  pa- 
triot; but  fure  the  better  part  of  mankind  fhould  underftand 
their  conftitution  better,  than  to  fuppofe  every  man  who  oppofes 
the  court  a  patriot !  The  true  patriot,  if-the  term  is  allowed  to 
exprefs  an  uncertain  idea,  muft  in  fuch  a  government  as  duf^ 
often  be  in  power — fometimes  with  the  court— fdmetimes  againft 
it — but  our  patriots  always  lofe  their  characters  when  in  offici, 
whatever  the  motive,  and  can  never  regain  it  but  by  violent 
oppofition. 

*  In  (hort,  there  is  fo  much  nonfenfe  and  contradidion  in 
the  charadler  of  patriots  in  this  kingdom,  that  the  moment  any 
one  makes  pretences  to  the  virtue,  he  fhould  on  all  hands  be 
tieated  either  as  a  vifmnary  fool,  or  a  deficning  knave. 

*  The  men  amongft  us  who  have  at  different  tfmes  flouriflied 
in  this  harlequin's  frock,  have  ever  been  railers  at  men  rather 
than  mearares.  If  you  would  fix  an  idea  to  the  word  patriot, 
and  adapt  it  to  this  country,  you  ought  to  defcribe  a  man  in 
parliament  who  looks  at  meafures  alone,  totally  forgetting  who 
are  the  condu£)ors ;  and  who  in  all  his  condudl,  both  in  aird 
out  of  place,  adheres  fteadily  to  certain  plans,  which  he  thinks 
favourable  to  the  hpppinefs  and  liberty  of  the  people.  In  ah 
age  wherein   the  influence  of  the   Crown  is   too  great,  and 

^threatens  to  overturn  the  conftitution,  he  will  not  enter  into 
any  meafures  that  can  add  to  that  influence  by  the  fame  meaiis 
that  created  it.     Debts  and  taxes  laid  the  foundation  ;  throwing 

'  into  (he  fcale  of  the  Crown  a  weight  unthought  of  at  the  Revo- 
lution ;  adding  to  the  debt  is  increafing  taxes,  and  all  the  train 
of  their  conTequences,  which  arc  already  gro^^'n  toa  formidable 
to  liberty.  If  fuch  a  man  therefore  coiild  exift  as  a  modern  pi- 
triot  in  cold  blood,  he  would  fee  the  neceflity  of-  adhering  toa 
plan  of  preventing  a  further  acquifition  of  riches  in  ihe  Crown, 
by  raifing  frefti  taxes  to  pay  the  intereft  of  new  debts. 

*  A  patriot  muft  furcly  think  liberty  of  much  more  confe- 
qucnce  than  m-litary  fucccfs — great  trade  — naval  power — or 
any  fuch  poflTeffion,  and  would  confequently  never  agree  to 
meafures,  which,  in  order  to  gain  the  latter,  could  in  any  de- 
gree endanger  the  former. 

*  Now  we  have  never  found  that  any  of  our  patriots  have 
conducted  thenr>felves  en  thefe  idears  ;  they  have  railed  at  fma^l 

expcnces  when  out  of  poT/ex,  ^ui  ivxn'vtvxa  Iw^c  ones  the  ino- 
mcnt  they  are  in  place.  ..... 


MoHTHLY  Catalocoe,  Medical'  443 

*  But  what  encouragement  real  in -the  goods  of  fortune,  or 
imaginary  in  the  opinions  of  the  world,  can  any  man  have  for 
turning  patriot  ?  if  he  really  means  well,  he  will  poflefs  neither  : 
certainly  not  the  firft ;  and  he  will  lofe  the  latter,  the  moment 
he  a£ts  beyond  the  ideas  of  the  mob.  What  glimpfe  of  hope 
can  he  have  of  fuccefs?  In  parliament  the  Crown  is  fo  (Irong, 
that  an  orator  may  .wafte  a  dozen  pair  of  very  well  toned  lungs^ 
before  he  out-tallcs  the  power  of  miniflerial  gold  :  he  has  not 
an  Athenian  or  a  Roman  mob  to  harangue,  but  men  whofe 
education  juft  gives  them  the  plea  of  a  fyftematic  defence,  and 
apology  for  the  moft  glaring  vrnality  :  how  is  he  to  make  an 
impreffion  on  the  needy  fons  of  extravagance,  who  have  learn- 
ing enough  to  be  fophiAs  ?  Can  he  cxpe^St,  that  the  flowers  of 
rbetoi^ic  and  flights  of  fancy  (hall  be  weightier  than  pofts  and 
ppnfions?  .  A  place  at  the  board  of  Cuftoms  or  Excife;  pay- 
mafterfliip ;  or  a  contract ;  are  not  thefe.  powers  beyond  the 
eloquence  of  a  Tully  or  Demofthenes  ?' 

The  foregoing  extrads  have  been  fcleflcd  as  the  moft  fa- 
vourable for  our  Author  'which  we  could  meet  with  in  his 
performance.  In  what  he  has  remarked  concerning  the  na- 
tional debt  of  England,  and  concerning  population,  there 
are  aflfehions  fo  Angular  and  fallacious,  that  we  do  not  knovir 
whether  to  afcribe  them  to  his  having  altogether  negle6)ed  to 
inform  himfelf  with  regard  to  thefe  fubjcds,  or  to  an  aiFedation 
of  paradox. 

In  what  he  has  faid  of  the  nioft:  celebrated  writers  of  the  pre- . 
fent  age,  it  is  eafy  to  perceive,  .that  he  had  not  always  their 
produdions  before  him  ;    and  that  frequently  he  was  unable  to 
diftinguifh  between  their  imperfedtions  and  their  merits. 

What  he  has  advanced  concerning  Agriculture,  Manufac- 
tures and  Commerce,  we  fhall  take  another  opportunity  to 
examine. 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For     A    P    R    I    L,      1772. 

M  E  P  I  C  A  L. 

Art.  II.  Jn  Enquiry  into  the  Influence  of  the  EleSlric  Fluid,  in  the 
Struffuri  andForKuitiBn  of  animaiid  Beings.  By  Marmaduke  Bc-r- 
doc,  Do^or  in  Phyfic,  of  the  Faculty  of  MontpeJHer,  &c.     8voj 

•   4$.  Boards.     Bach.      1771.     Sold  by  Dodfley,  &c.  in  London. 

IT  18  a  fundamental  article  in  the  creed  of  a  Reviewer,  that  no  truft 
48  to  be  put  in  title  pages.  'The  wary  critic,  therefore,  hailily 
turns  over  the  firit  treacherous  page  of  the  work  before  him,  and  be- 
gins his> critical  labours  at  the  preface,  where  he  fcrapes  an  acquaint 
lance  with  his  author,  and  expe.tts  to  receive  from^him  fome  more 
iatisfa^ory  iatimations  of  his  defigns.    In  purfuance  of  this  lon^ 

Z  4  ^^^* 


444 


Monthly  CATAtOQUEf  Mtdi£sh 


€ikMl(ticd  and  fcemingl/  fagacious  plan  of  cndcal  opeiattoiu»  ire 
carefully  peiufcd,  wuli  much  raii3^£lion»  the  prclatoxy  addict  it 
the  head  of  this  Enquiry  ;  and  we  afterward  entered  upon  tbe  work 
itfelf,  under  a  firm  pcrfuafion,  grounded  on  the  contents  of  the  faid 
preface*  that  wc  fhould  find  it  totally  free  from  vague  and  fancifu] 
ihccrics,  and  replete  with  found  pradical  knowledge,  deduced  from 
clinical  obfcrvations  made  on  the  fick»  and  on  the  operatiooj  of  «- 
Lmcdics.— But  verily  there  is  no  trull  to  be  put  now-a*diiy«  even  m 
■yrcfaccs. 

K  The  Author  there  informs  us  that,  in  confequesce  '  of  aii  invincir 
bledefjre/  or  call,  he  had  been  led  '  through  majiy  difadvantagej  ta 
I  the  lludy  of  phyfic  ;'  where  he  had  been  obliged  to  trace  out  the  way. 
||br  htmfflf,  through  the  intricate  paths  of  the  medical  art :  that  he 
I  fvas  furprizcd  to  find  fo  little  uniformity  in  the  praftice  and  theory 
\ff  phyiiciansy  and  was  flrongly  incited  to  difcovei-  the  caufe  of  theie 
I  Variations*  He  at  lafl  began  to  fufpeft  that  *  the  doQrine  of  the 
I  0fi(e  ceithmted  Boerhaave  was  the  fource  of  all  that  evil  which  be  ft 
I  |nuch  wiihed  to  avoid/  In  this  piteous  and  '  undetermined  Jbie,' 
V  poor  Gentleman  !  he  *  left  Lcyden,  the  German,  and  Flcmiih  fchooli,' 
I  and  viOted  Pari».  In  this  lall  place  an  end  was  happily  put  to  hit 
I  |3ifquietudes :  for  here  he  found  a  fet  of  medical  fages,  *■  who  had 
I  Jhook  off  /J&<^  irr^rs  of  Bptrbaa^veU  doHrinit  and  had  refolded  to  take 
I  pature  only  for  their  guide,  and  to  confirm  their  theory  by  cUmtsi 
I  mhjtr^atknsJ  He  was  now  pcrfuadcd  *  that  the  excellence  of  a  phy- 
I  fici^in  does  not  confiH  in  a  knowledge  of  the  imaginary  laws  of  cir* 
I  culation,  or  in  vain  conjectures  on  the  force  of  mercies.'  In  (hort, 
I  lie  refolvcd  to  put  htmfelf  under  the  guidance  of  Meffrs.  De  Bordeu* 
I  La  Cazc,  Fouqtiet,  Robert,  Michel,  Barthcs,  and  the  cckbracedMi 
I  Vennel ;'  to  be  dire^ed  by  tliefe  new  luminaries,  and  to  bold  ibrtb 
\  thei^  Oiinlng  lights  to  the  world  ;  trimmed  and  improved  by  hioifelf 
in  the  present  publication* 

Impatient  to  be  introduced  to  this  troupe  of  worthies*  and  lo  bt 

I  initiated  into  dodrines  which  lead  to  iuch  a  deiirable  and  onexpcdcd 

I  ^tfideratuTfi,  as  medical  uniformity  *  wc  attend  tic  Author  in  his  iniro- 

I  dudion  ;  where,  inllead  of  leading  us,  as  we  hoped,  to  the  very 

I  bedfides  of  the  fick,  we  find  him,  to  our  great  aftonifhmcnt,  treating 

I  pnly  of  the  moil  high  and  recondite  matters ;  mounting  up  to  the 

»    Syticellian  Chronicle,  and  defcanting,  <?^  o^p  Hfy**'^  on  the  formatioo 

and  primitive  llate  of  the  terraqueous  globe,  before  the  creation  of 

the  fuFip  and  other  fubiime  concerns,  as  diftant  from  the  purport  of 

the  preface,  as  the  titles  of  fomc  of  Montaigne's  chapters  «re  from 

the  fbbje£ls  treated  in  them. 

With  regard  to  the  body  of  thb  work,  wc  fcarcc  know  how  to 
charatlerize  or  give  any  account  of  its  contents.     Not  a  pagp  im- 
mediately applicable  to  medical  pradice  is  to  be  found  in  it.     It  is 
■  replete  with  theory  and  fanciful  coojedurcs,  well  or  ill  founded, 
I  from  one  end  of  it  to  the  other  j  on  fuch  fubjcds  as,  the  nature  oif 
man  ;  the  generation  and  cxpan^on  of  the  embryo ;  proofs  of  a  pro* 
palfive  force  exerted  in  the  animal  molecule,  kc.     This   la^  doc* 
trine  is  attempted  to  be  proved*  and  the  fttfiuts^^a  explained,  by  fomC 
mkrofcoplcai  obiexvatkmd  m^c  by  the  Author,  on  the  iucccJEv^  ^x- 
L  ^aniioi 


Monthly  Catalogue,  MiiUuU 


419 


ftanllon  of  the  parts  in  tadpples ;  w'hich  is  fuppofcd  to  be  cirefte4 
Oy  rocins  of  an  ahtrial principle  that  anim^tci  the  ^ucus^  from  whkh, 
thde  new  philofopheri  iofbrm  us,  every  animated  part  of  nature  is 
formed.  And  though,  with  regard  to  *  the  error*  of  Bocrhaavc's 
dodriae,'  and  thofe  of  the  mechaoical  and  cbeoiical  pbyftcians^ 
MelTri.  Dc  Bordea,  De  Caze,  &c,  with  their  pupil  aad  expofitor  T^t^ 
Berdoe,  roay  authoritatively  fay,  with  t^c  Dodor  in  Ikjoliere,  AW 
afV9tts  changi  iinit  cfla^  we  caDnot  difcovcr  from  this  account  of  the 
do^rines  fubllituted  in  their  lie  ad,  that  the  change  is  made  for  the 
better, — Error  for  error,  we  think  the  old  ones  full  a$  Jpecious  at^, 
^d  fomewhat  more  cpcaprehcnfible  than,  the  new. 

As  to  the  infimna  tfthc  eUiirk  fimd^  fo  fpccioufly  fet  forth  In  the 
fide- page,  as  a  prime  agent  in  the  generation  and  formation  of  ani- 
pab,  we  cannot  contradict  the  aiTeition ;  but  we  find  notliing  iq 
rau  treatifc  that  clears  up  this  grand  phyiicat  finanum^  or  any  other, 
by  a^y  new  experiipents  or  difcoveries  relating  to  that  fluid ;  the 
t^mi  of  which  indeed,  as  well  as  ^thsr^  atbeiial  prindple,  eleBric 
imfulfft  Sec,  Ytjy  commodioufly  occur  almoft  in  every  page;  but 
foi  which  any  others  might  have  been  fubilituted,  with  almoll  equal 
jj^f^fadion  to  the  philolophical  reader.  On  the  whole,  the  utmoft 
Jfi  can  fay  in  favour  of  this  work  is,  that  it  exhibits  proofs  of  the 
Autiior's  multifarious  reading,  and  of  his  endeavours  to  improve 
himfclf  in  the  knowledge  of  certain  matters  more  or  Icfs  relative  to 
)ii«  new  'i/ocaeicni  which  he  avowedly  tommeoccd  and  profecuted 
lindcr  many  diSiculties  and  di  fad  vantages.  Indeed  fevcra!  marks  of 
|befe  diWvantages  appear,  in  the  midll  of  all  our  Author's  oilenta* 
lion  of  erudition  in  this  performance,  that  feem  not  fairly  chargeable 
upon  the  prcfs*  But  whatever  may  be  his  perfonal  merits  i*q  this 
refpe£l,  we  cannot  much  pommend  his  difcretton,  in  fcieifling  one 
of  the  obfcarctl  parts  of  a  very  abftrufe  art,  for  the  fubjed  of  hiJ 
Aril  attempt ;  nor  can  we  conceive  a  very  favourable  opinion  of  his 
humility,  in  propofing  to  enlighten  the  medical  and  philofophical 
world  by  hii  prefent  labours,  and  in  fettiog  off  in  the  high  flyl^ 
of  a  fubvcrter  of  all  the  mechanical  and  chemical  fcbools,  on  the 
(Ircngth  of  fome  heterogeneous  reading,  and  a  little  flimfy  phifofo- 
phy*  It  would  have  become  him  too  to  have  treated  even  the  £rrori 
of  a  Bocrhaave  with  a  little  more  refpecl. 
Art*  1 2,  Jn  EJlay  en  the  Pudcndagra,     By  Mermaduke  Bcrdoc^ 

■y^, D.     J5vo,     IK    Bath.     1771.     Sold  by  Robinfon^  Lc,    in 

^BLondon^ 

^■This  Effay  is  of  a  more  pradical  nature  than  the  Aulhor*s  foregoing 

Hwlication*  It  contains  an  account  of  what  the  ancients  and  mo» 
dern$  have  faid  on  tbit  difcafe,  and  of  the  circumJIances  in  which  it 
di^r«  from  the  itus  viuerta^  But  if  the  Author  is  determined  xj9 
write  on,  we  would  adyife  hi^)  to  be  more  folid,  and  lei's  florid,  par 
tbctic,  and  declamatory  in  his  future  medical  produdions.  This 
French  frippe/y  and  tinfej,  which  he  has  viubly  imponed  with  hin| 
from  the  continent,  p  neither  adapted  to  the  tallc  *of  his  pngli^ 
Ifadcrs^  nor  to  the  fubjc^. 


Ka* 


446  Monthly  Cataloctue,  Me£tei^ 

Art*  13.  EJfays  on  feveral  important  SubjeSIs  in  Surgery^  bfc.  The 
Whole  illaftratcd  with  Copper  places.  By  John  Aicken,  SargeoD^ 
of  the  College  and  Incorporation  of  Surgeons  in  Edinburgh.  8to« 
4  s.  fewed,    Dilly.     1771.  ' 

.  In  the  firfl  of  thefe  EHays,  which  forms  the  mod  confiderable  and 
ofeful  part  of  this  work,  the  Author  treats  of  the  nature  and  cure  of 
fradlures  of  the  bones  of  the  exiremities.  After  exhibiting  an  ele- 
mentary, but  clear  and  methodical  view  of  the  phyfiological  and  pa- 
thological dodrines  on  this  fubjeft,  on  the  different  articles  of  cx- 
tenfion,  coaptation,  retention,  &c.  in  general^  the  Author  proceeds 
to  treat  of  the  fradures  of  the  thigh  and  leg-bones  in  particaldr.  We 
not  long  fince  endeavoured  to  explain  the  very  great  improvements^ 
communicated  to  the  public  by  Mr.  Pott,  on  this  particular  branca 
of  furgcry  f,  and  which  were  founded  on  an  attention  to  a  (imple  and 
fccmingly  obvious,  but  hitherto  negledled,  circumftancc;  the  keep* 
ing  of  the  mufcles  furrounding  the  fradored  bone  in  a  ftate  of  re- 
laxation, with  a  view  both  to  facilitate  the  redudion,  and  to  promote 
the  retention,  of  the  fradurcd  parts.  Though  the  Author  approves 
in  general  the  principles  of  that  excellent  wricer  on  this  fubjed,  he 
is  neverthclefs  of  opinion  that  the  due  retention  of  a  fradured  Os  ft- 
m§ru  is  not,  in  many  cafes,  to  be  cffcded  merely  by  pofture  or  re- 
laxation ;  but  th2it  mechanical  means  are  likewife  requifite  to  counter- 
ad  the  flrong  contradile  power  of  the  mufcles  belonging  to  that  limb. 
After  exa^nining  the  feveral  contrivances  which  have  been  offered  for 
this  purpoie»  and  particularly  defcribing  and  delineating  the  ma- 
chines invented  by  Hildanus  and  Mr.  Gooch,  to  which  he  offers  fome 
objcdTons,  he  propofes  his  own  ;  which  appears  to  be  commodioas 
in  the  application,  and  well  adapted  to  fulHI  the  purpofe  expeded 
from  it,  and  fccmsy  from  a  fhort  pafiage  in  the  prefece,  to  have  been 
fucccfsfully  employed  in  pradice.  Experience  alone  caa  Rnally 
decide  in  matters  of  this  nature  ;  and,  for  that  reafonf  wc  wifli  that 
the  inventor  had  been  more  fatisfadoriiy  explicit  on  this  head.  In 
thofe*  cafes,  in  which  a  continued  extenfion  of  the  limb  is  undoubt- 
edly neceffary  [as  where  there  is  a  confiderable  lofs  of  fubllance  of 
the  bone,  &c.)  the  apparatus  here  recommended  muH  be  particularly 
ferviceable. 

In  the  fucceeding  EflTay,  the  Author  applies  the  principles  on 
which  his  method  of  acconiplifhing  the  retention  of  the  fragments  of 
the  thigh  and  leg- bones  is  founded,  to  the  cure  of  the  fradared 
^'endo  Achillis^^  In  the  next,  he  propofes  to  adapt. part  of  the  fame 
machinery  to  the  purpofe  of  preventing  the  retradion  of  the  fkin  and 
mofcular  parts;  and  the  confequent  protrufion  of  the  bone,  after  at 
ampntatibn  of  the  thigh.  The  Author's  propofed  method,  which  is 
liable  to  fome  objedions,  might  be  rendered  ftill  more  efiVdual  hy 
operating  in  the  manner  defcribed  by  M.  Louis,  in  the  ad  and  4th 
TOiumes  of  the  Memoirs  of  the  R.  Academy  of  Surgery.  The  to- 
tiouitU,  and  a  ihort  defcription  of  this  method,  the  Reader  will  fiod 
in  \}^t  Appendix  to  our  36th  voluiAe,  page  592. 

f^^ee  M.  Review,  vol.  xl.  June  1769,  page  466. 


MoktAly  Cataiogue,  Mathematical^  tfc.        44^ 

'  In  the  firft  of  the  two  following  EfTays,  a  part  of  the  apparatni 
abovermentibned  is  recommended,  for  the  purpofe  of  producing  a 
proper  degree  of  comprelHon  on  the  ftamp,  after  amputation  of  the 
lower  extremities,  and  for  the  retention  of  Ipunge  or  other  fubftancet 
00  the  part:  and,  in  the  fecond,  the  Author  adapts  his  machinerjr 
with  a  view  to  accomplifh  the  very  difticu It  retention  of  the  fragments 
of  the /tf/r//«,  when  fra£tored  tranfverfely.  In  the  Jail,  the  Author 
confiders  the  defeats  of  the  keyinflrument  at  prefent  ufed  in  the  draw- 
ing of  teeth,  and  endeavonrs  to  obviate  them  in  the  conflrudion  of  a 
new  inftrument  here  deicribed. — On  the  whole,  this  uork  is  evi- 
dently the  production  of  a  man  of  fcicnce  and  ingenuity,  and  con* 
tains  many  hints  which  are  worthy  of  the  attention  of  pradlitioners. 
Art.  14.  An  Account  of  the  Method  of  obtaining  a  ferfe6l  or  radical 
Cure  of  the  Hydrocele^  or  <watery  Rupture  y  by  Means  of  a  Set  on,  Ky 
Percival  Pott,  F.  R.  S.  and  Surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hofpi- 
tal.     8vo.     1  8.     Hawcs,     177 1. 

We  owe  the  prefent  rational  and  fuccefsful  methods  of  treating  the 
difbrder  which  is  the  fubje^l  of  this  efTay,  to  a  more  perfed  know- 
ledge of  its  nature,  and  of  the  anatomical  llrudlure  and  fun6Hons  of 
the  parts  interefled  in  it,  than  was  poirdlcd  by  our  predecefTors  : 
whole  erroneous  notions  concerning  it  were  naturally  produAive  of 
an  abfurd  and  inefficacious  treatment.  This  difeafe,  as  we  have 
formerly  obferved,  is  now  known  to  be  only  a  partiM  or  local  drop- 
fy,  caufed  by  an  accumulation  of  water  or  lymph  ;  the  feat  of  which 
is  the  cavity  formed  between  the  tunica  albuginea  or  proper  coat  of 
the  teftiSf  and  the  tunica  'vaginalis ^  feparated  from  each  other  by  the 
contained  fluid.  The  total  abolition  of  this,  cavity  muft  necelfarily 
prevent  any  future  colledion  and  tumor,  and  confequently  produce 
a  radical  cure  of  the  difnrder. 

Of  one  fuccefsful  method  of  efFcfting  this  purpofe,  recommended 
by  Mr.  Elic,  we  lately  gave  a  particular  account.  [M.  Review,  Au- 
gaft  1770,  page  ij^'.^'  In  that  procefs  the  intire  peccant  part,  or  the 
whole  tuniea  vaginalis^  is  dcftroyed  by  means  of  a  finall  caultrc,  ap- 
plied to  a  part  of  the  fcrotum.  In  that  here  propofed,  a  radical  curt 
is  effedted  by  exciting  an  artificial  inflammation  in  the  fame  mem- 
brane, by  means  of  a  fcton.  The  membrane  itfclf.  however,  is  not 
deftroyed,  as  in  the  former  method  ;  but,  in  confequence  of  the  in- 
£aroroat!on,  is  made  to  adhere  to  the  tunica  albugincu,  throughout  its 
•whole  extent,  fo  as  to  produce  an  obliteration  of  the  cavity.  The 
ingenious  Author,  purluinfr  a  hint  of  the  late  PiofcfTor  Monro,  pro- 
pofed this  method  in  a  former  publication.  He  here  fpeaks  with 
confidence  of  its  fuccefs,  as  now  improved  by  him  ;  and  defcribes  it 
with  that  plainnefs  and  accuracy  which  dilHn^uiih  his  judicious  and 
ufeful  publications. 

Mathematics  and  Philosophy. 

Art.  15.   Fire  Ayialyfed\  or  the  Jevcral  Parts  of  which  it  is  com" 

pounded  clearly  demonjhated  by  Experiments.  Ifc,  and  the  Manner  and 

Method  of  making  ELciricify  medicinal  and  healing  ccnjirmed  by  a  Va- 

riety  of  Cures,     By  Richard    Symes,  Rctlor  of  St.  Werburgh's, 

■     Briilol.     8vo.     I  s.  0  d.     Robinfon,  &c.     1771. 

In  an  advert  i  fern  en  r  prefixed  to  this  pamphlet  l\\e  TCveTtT\<i  K>i>>evcit 
nifcs  our  cario/Ity,  sis  philofophers  and  clctlricutis,  \o  vWx'^^^ 


44i 


Monthly  CATMOGuty  Mm^ 


pkcli»  by  declajiDg  thjit  *  unwilUng  to  lee  the  difc9^rU4  lie  }wid«i4< 

l>en(h  wuh  him  ;  and  Uiinking  them  of  coo  inttnjling  a  nature  to  U 
puried  ID  oblivion,  he  has  made  them  public,  wiihipg  ih<it  the  fnt^ 
je£l  way  be  pur fucd  and  improved  for  the  kiHipi  offMiard  ^^/Z — - 
Afier  fo  pj-omifing  a  declaration,  the  ftiock  of  a^  ele4Uifie4  jax  feat 
ihrottgh  our  heads  could  not  have  confounded  us  ib  effe^kuajJ/^  m 
f  he  6^11  three  lines  of  the  introdudion  in  the  very  neict  page  ;  wbone 
«re  read  of  *  the  conirary  powers,  that  art  in  nature*  l^th  withif 
^i^  without  man,  and  of  the  rich  treafure$  to  be  found  in  the  wn- 
lijigs  of  Jacob  Behmen  and  Mr.  Law/  Our  Readers  in  geoeral  may 
1^01  perhaps  be  acquaintexi  with  Jacob  Behroen.  Wc  have  a  great 
refpei^  indeed  for  honeil  Jacob ;  but  really  hifl  popping  opOB  us  thm 
unexpedediy  and  unfeafon^biy,  we  own,  greatly  difcompofcd  us. 

The  reverend  Author  no  where  emulates  fo  fuccefafQlIy  the  great 
Teutonic  Thcofopher,  as  where  he  attempts  to  explain  Jacob*a  *  fetei 
properties  in  nature,*  by  means  of  the  eledric  machine ;  andr  in  hit 
Sublime  fpeculatioas  on  the  number  ^/^/v;  which  hefind^^  by  oiaoy 
jcogent  reafons  drawn  from  fcripture^  to  be  a  number  of  perie^on; 
for  *  f€'*i€9  priefts,  with  y^r«  trumpets,  blew  yk//jK  day*,  for  the 
overthrowing  of  the  walls  of  Jericho,  A;c/  The  aforefaid  {t^tu  pro- 
perties, we  fiiall  add  for  the  benefit  of  the  unlearned  (making  ufe  of 
Mr*  Law's  account  of  them,  which  the  Redor  of  St.  Wcrburgh's  ad* 
mires  for  its  clear nefs)  are  *  the  holding  fall,  the  going  out,  the 
whirling  round,  fire,  light,  life,  and  fpirit.*  Hence,  according  to 
Mr.  Symes,  and  particularly  from  the  three  Hrft,  that  arch  3iirf 
Newton  filched  his  fyflem  of  the  world. — An  old  flyboots  1 — Ati4  y«* 
one  would  think  the  volume  of  nature  rather  more  t^{^  to  be  df€^ 
phcrcd  than  Tht  //rr/{/fl/^Z.//ir  of  Jacob  Behmen ;  who,  &s  hit  pnusgy* 
rift  informs  us,  on  being  ftridly  examined  at  the  SaxoQ  court,  by  thf 
moft  learned  profedbrs  in  every  fcience,  colleded  together  for  |hit 
purpofe  by  the  Elector,  fairly  nonplufled  the  whole  learned  cor|MW  ' 
^nd  *  faid  many  things  to  them  far  beyond  their  compreh«iiiioii«' 
We  can  readily  believe  this,  a^  we  find  ourfelves  under  the  fame  pr^ 
^icament  with  the  wife  men  of  Saxony»  on  this  Ihort  conference  tvu 
with  ihe  pupil.  We  ?i^  for  ilielter  therefore,  from  his  vidorious  in* 
comprehcnfibility,  to  the  laft  chapter  of  this  eflay,  where  the  Author 
talks  more  like  a  man  of  this  worlds  and  which  contains  matter  raofe 
intelligible  and  incereiling. 

In  this  part  of  the  eiTay  Mr.  Sy  mes  recites  the  biftorics  of  iz  cures, 
feiefled  from  many  ethers,  performed  by  means  of  the  eUclric  m%' 
chipe,  in  a  variety  of  cafes.  Some  of  thefe  are  remarkable  enooght 
4nd  i^re  related,  in  general,  with  fobriety  and  precifion*  Butthoagh 
we  are  fully  difpofcd  to  rely  on  the  Author's  veracity p  we  own  we 
are  apprchenfive  that  the  hillorics  related  in  this  eighth  chapter  wiU 
fuffcr  fomc  diminution  of  weight  and  credibility,  with  thofe  wh»* 
confider  their  near  relation  to  the  mylHc  t^onfenfe  and  greduUty  dif- 
played  in  all  the  feven  chapters  that  preceed  it* 

M  u  s  J  c. 
Aft.  l6.  A  praHkal  Tnattfi  on  Singing  and  Pla^fifig  with  jtifl  JS#*J 
frfjfmn  and  rial  Ekgana.     Being  an  EHay  on,  \,  Grammar  j  zA 
pronunciation,  or  the  Art  of  juft   Speaking;    3,    ^^ -gi«g — *<*' 


MoumtY  Catalog tJE|  P^lsfUal^  (fc* 


4# 


Atftlnt  Bjiyly,  LL.  D.  Sub-Dean  of  his  Majeay*$  Chipel  RoyA 

8fOw     a  t*     Ridley.     1 77 1 . 

Many  of  the  obfcrvattons  eontaintd  in  thi«  Treatile  have  been  e^r* 
ttm^sd  by  the  Author,  for  the  fcrvicc  of  the  •  racred  fiofgcr/  from 
Tofi*s  cdebratcd  Okjefsmti^m  m  thi  fti^rid  S^ng  ;  to  which  he  has 
added  many  of  hi$  own,  on  the  differen t  articles  exprefled  in  the  tick- 
page«  To  thofe  who  are  in  want  of  infl rontons  to  execute  vocal 
muftc,  [larucularlv  the  facred,  in  a  proper,  inoH'eniive  manner,  thcfe 
MgeSdans  will  undoubtedly  be  of  fervice* 

Political  and  Commercial, 
ibt,  17.  An  Effay  on  the  Right  cf  every  Mm  in  a  free  State  to  fpeal 
mmi ^itriti  freely^  in  order  to  defend  the  public  Rights,  and  pro- 
mote the  public  Welfare  ;  and  on  the  various  great  OccaAons  for 
the  prefent  Ufe  of  it.     4ta.     2  s.     Alnion.     1772. 
Tlus  b  evidently  the  produdlion  of  a  lawyer ;  and  he  has  employed 
Mudi  teanted  invelHgation  on  copies,  which,  though  of  the  hjgheil 
unportance,  are  fortunately  fo  clear  and  obvious,  that  they  ilrike  the 
laiiKl  wisfc  an  immediate  convi^ion,     >We  venerate  that  zeal  for  li- 
berty which  his  performance  difcovers  and  Inculcates  ;  and  are  forry 
thatt  with  regard  to  literary  merit,  we  caitnot  bellow  upon  it  the 
higheft  commendation. 

Art.  18.  Confidn^attGm  en  the  Ail  for  puniflnng  Mutiny  and  Difer* 

iisM^  and  the  Rules  and  Articles  for  the  Government  of  his  Ma- 

je%*i Land  Forces,     8vo.     I3.6d.     Murray.     1772, 

it  ii,  doubtlefs,  neceflary  that  difcipHnc  and  good  order  fhould 

leftrain  and  dircft  the  foldiery  :    but  the  rules  cdaWilhcd  for  them 

ottght  not  to  be  vague  and  general.    This  charge,  which  applies  fo 

lorcibly  to  the  a^  for  punilliing  mnnity  and  defercion,  is  very  fully 

orpUined  by  the  Author  of  thefe  Co  a  fide  rations  :  and  when  imper* 

Imiont  arc  pointed  out  in  the  martial  law,  or  with  regard  to  cir- 

comftaitces  that  have  a  general  and  public  inHuence,  they  thould  at- 

tfuft  the  attention  of  parliament.     This  little  trcatife  is  probably  the 

j^roda^ion  of  an  officer,  and  it  may  be  particularly  ufcful  to  gentle*' 

oieo  in  the  army. 

Art*  19.  A  Plan  for  extending  the  Commerce  of  thii  Kingdom^  atii 
tfthe  Baft  Indm  Ct^mpany,  By  Alexander  Dairy mplc,  Efq.  Svo, 
1  s,  6d.     Nourfe,  Afc,     1769. 

Mr;  Dalrymple's  performance,  though  printed  above  two  years 
ago»  was  not  publlfhed  till  very  lately  %  and  contains  much  curious 
fiifonnaiioA. 

Afti  aa  A  Plan  fr  the  Government  of  the  Provinces  of  Bengal. 
4to.  2s.  Wilkic.  1772. 
Thi:  Plati  is  addreiTcd  to  the  Dire£lors  of  the  Eafl  India  Company, 
aod  offers,  to  their  con fi deration,  fome  pertinent  remarks  in  regard 
to  regulations  that  might  be  employed  with  fucceis  to  remedy  thofc- 
dtlctii  whicb  difgrace  the  prefent  mode  of  government  in  Bengal*^ 
The  Author  docs  not  appear  to  have  been  in  tnc  Eall ;  but,  though  J 
cm  this  account,  he  cannot  be  fuppofcd  to  be  very  accurately  in-^^ 
formed  concerning  the  condition  of  our  provinces  there,  yet  his  re- 
flexions and  reafgaings  may  fugged  the  idea  of  tifcful  aod  fatntary 
meafarcd^ 


450  Moi^THLY  Catalogue,  PoUtlcal,  &c. 

Aft.  ^l.  An  Inquiiy  into  the  Rights  of  the  Raft  India  Companj  1/ 

making  War  and  Peaci  ;  and  of  pofTelling  their  territorial  Acquifi- 

tions  Withou;  the  Participation  or  Infpedion  of  theBritilh  Goverik- 

ment.    In  a  Letter  to  the  Proprietors  of  Eaft  India  Stock.  Written 

•  in  the  Year  1 769.    And  now  firll  publi(hed.     8vo.     i  s.    Bladon. 

1772. 

In  this  Inquiry  the  royal  grants  to  the  Company  are  employed  to 
prove  that  it  pofieiTes  no  right  of  itfelf  to  declare  war,  or  to  make> 
peace;  and  the  Author  contends,  that  it  would  be  wife  and  politic* 
to  narrow  the  bounds  of  the  authority  which  it  ventures  to  exercifc. 
Art.  22.  ConJiJerations  on  a  Pamphlet^  entitledy  **  Tboughts  •  or 
our  Acquifitions  in  the  Eaft  Indies/*  particularly  refpeding  Ben-' 
gal.     8vo.     I  s.     Nourfe,  &c.     1772. 

Here  are  many  fenfible  remarks,  but  they  are  disfigured  by  others, 
which  are  frivolous  and  idle. 

Art.  23.  The  Meafuns  to^  be  purfued  in  India  fcr  enfuring  the  Ptr^ 
manencyy  and  augmenting  the  Commerce  of  the  Company^  farther  confi" 
dered\  with  the  Heads  for  carrying  thofe  Meafures  into  Ejpcutioo; 
By  the  Author  of  **  Obfcrvations  on  the  prcfent  State  of  the  Eaft 
India  Company +,"  &c.     8vo.     is.     Nourfe.     1772. 
Thefe  remarks  may  be  ufcful  to  thofc  who  are  difpofed  to  inform 
themlelves  minutely  concerning  the  Aftairs  of  India,  and  the  ftepj 
that  might  be  purfued  fur  the  purpofes  of  not  only  rcfloring  them  to* 
tranquillity,  but  of  advancing  ihcm  tp  a  Hate  of  higher  iniportacce 
than  they  have  ever  yet  arrived  at. 

Art.  24.  Hijhry  of  tie  faur  Uifl  ElcP.ions  for  the  County  ofZuffalk, 
To  which  is  added  a  PoftTcripr,  relative  to  Mr.  Sawbridge's  in- 
tended Motion  **  for  fhortcniag;  the  Duration  of  Parliaments;* 
ihewing  the  Propriety  of  inftrutting  our  Rcprefcntattves  to  fupport 
that  Motion,  and  illuilrating  the  Advantages  of  triennial  Parlia- 
ments.    8vo.     I  s.     Whcble.     1772. 

The  public  fpirit,  and  the  zeal  for  liberty,  which  appear  in  thcfc 
pngcs,  are  not  a  fufRcicnt  apology  for  the  ijidecent  heat  with  which 
they  are  written. 

Art.  25.    Thoughts  en  the  conjiituiknal ^  P::wer  and  Right  (f  th^ 
Cro-i.vn,  in  the  heficival  of  PLtces  and  Pai/icus  :  Humbly  fobmicted 
to  the  Attention  of  the  People  of  Ei:;;knd  in  general,  and  Elec- 
tors of  Members  of  Parlianieut  in  particular.     To  which  is  added 
an  Appendix  ;  containing  the  fevcral  Speeches  in  favour  of  a  Place- 
Bill,  delivered  in  the  Houfc  of  Con^mons  in  the  Year  1739.    Alfo 
a  Lift  of  Placemen  and  IVnfioners  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  and 
of  thofe  Members  who  voted  foi-  Mr.  Wilkes's  Expulfion,  Colonel* 
LutterelPs  Election,  and  the  Commitment  of  the  late  Lord  Mayor 
of  London  to  the  Tower.     8vo.     2  s      Kcarfly.     1772. 
This  Author  is  of  opinion  thr.t  the  liberty  of  our  conftitutton  wilf* 
inevitably  be  deftroyed  if  the  prople  do  not  exert  themfelves  in  its 
defence ;  and  he  endeavours  to  fliew,  that  the  corruption  of  our  re- 
prefentatives  is  fo  great,  that  no  redrefi  can  be  cxpetled  from  them. 

•  Sec  Rev.  for  Nov.  lart,  p.  409, 
f  See  Rev.  vol.  xlv.  p.  50.1. 

The 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoJitUal^  b'c*  451 

The  ftraggles  which  are  feen  in  parliament*  and  which  Asem  to  bs 
founded  m  patriocifrnp  he  afcribes  to  a  fordid  contention  for  places 
and  penfions  :  and  the  numerous  lid  he  has  produced  of  the  members 
of  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  who  actually  enjoy  offices,  is  no  mean 
argument  in  his  favour.  The  prefent  power  of  the  Crown  in  con- 
ferring pofts  of  honour  or  truft,  and  reverfionary  grants,  he  conii- 
ders  as  no  inherent  or  original  right  in  it,  but  as  a  manifcd  abufc  of 
the  prerogative.  He  every  where  expre/Tcs  his  opinions  with  great 
freedom ;  and,  in  general*  we  mufl  think  that  they  lefl  not  on  a 
feeble  foundation. 

Art.  26.  jt  Schime  for  the  CoaliiiGn  of  Parties  humbly  fuhmitudt9 
the  Pubhc,     8vo.      is.     Wilkic.     1772.  ' 

When  we  firft  read  the  foregoing  title-page,  we  apprehended  that 
the  trafl  to  which  it  is  prefixed  would  prefent  us  with  foinc ,  fcrIou9 
reflections  on  the  prefent  Aate  of  our  country,  with  fuitable  propOr 
fab  for  a  removal  of  its  grievances  and  difTeniions  :  but  on  pcriirail 
ive  find  that  the  Writer  is  an  arch  wag,  who  laughs  at  us  all;  not* 
withftanding  ;he  caution  with  which  he  concludes  his  performance* 
viz.  •  not  to  imagine  that  there  is  any  thing  in  the  foregoing  pages  ia 
the  Icall  degree  ludicrous.' 

Before  th^s  merry  political  Doftor  prefumcs  to  prefcribe,  he  has 
thought  it  necc^ary  to  inveiligate  the  caufe  of  the  difcafc;  and  he 
tells  us,  he  has  diligently  enquired  whether  our  prefent  difTenfions 
have  arifen  from  any  differences  of  opinions,  or  any  contraditloiy 
articles  in  our  political  creeds  :  *  But,  fays  he,  on  the  llriflefl  ex-r 
amination,!  can  find  no  fuch  dilFerences  to  exiH:  parties  I  fee  many, 
but  cannot  difcern  one  principle  among  them  ;  they  arc  ncithcr 
Whigs  nor  1  cries.  Monarchy-men  nor  Republicans,  High-church 
cor  Low-church,  Hanoverians  nor  Jacobites  :  they  have  aliased  al* 
tcrnaftly  on  all  thcfe  principles,  as  they  have  ferved  a  prefent  occa- 
lian  ;  but  have  adhered  to  none  of  them,  nor  even  pretended  to 
profcfs  them  :  they  have  all  been  ready  to  fupport  govcrnmeiir, 
whenever  they  have  enjoyed  the  adminillration  of  it;  and  almoil  aJ! 
as  ready  to  fubvert  it  whenever  they  were  excluded.'  He  farther  in- 
forms us,  that  he  has  endeavoured  to  rccollefl  all  the  fchemes  vvhic'i 
have  been  hitherto  cficrcd  for  a  coalition  ;  *  and,  he  adds,  I  cannot 
remember  one  that  contaiiicd  any  thing  more  than  this  Hiort  prupu- 
fal,  (o  difmifs  all  at  that  time  in  adrniniilrr/Jon,  and  to  admit  the 
propofer  and  his  friends  into  their  places,  which  he  always  calls  a 
Coalition,  and  recommends  as  the  ouly  method  to  rellore  concord  to 
a  natioup  which  he  fails  not  to  reprcfent  as  much  out  of  humour  as 
himfelf.* 

Alter  other  preliminary  obfervation?,  we  come  to  this  Writer's 
own  fchcme.  •  I  Ihall,  fays  he,  ftrike  at  once  at  the  great  root  of 
all  political  evils,  which  every  one  knowi  is  the  minillry  itfulf ;  and 
therefore,  inftead  of  recommending  annual  parliaments,  I  ihalj  pro- 
pofc  an  annual  adminiHra;ion  ;  in  which  finijlc  rcgiilatif>n  ray  vvht)!c 
fchcme  is  comprehended,  and  which  1  would  have  cor.lliiutcd  in  the 
following  manner : 

•  On  the  firft  day  of  every  fcfiion  of  parliamrnt,  before  any  b-j- 
finefs  (hould  be  proccedvd  on,  an  urn  or  bo>:  li.ould  be  placed  on 
the  tabic  of  each  houfe,  in  which  fhould  be  dtipolucdfmali  "jlt^t^  o^ 

7 


paper,  the  names  6f  al!  the  great  o/Hce?  In  the  fiaW- 

houfeiif  ^.    ind  admiralty,  .ind  fe^Icrd   up  wi:h  the  grcatci 

fecrecy  and  care^  ihe  names  of  thofe  oiHces  vifhich  arc  ufuall/  ip^ 
propriated  to  thd  mcmb^ra  6f  ^3ch  hoafc  being  put  into  ehe!r  re- 
fpedlive  boxes  ;  !  would  then  propofe  that  a  cbinoiittee  of  thirtv  fronf 
the  peers,  and  one  hondred  from  the  commons,  of  their  mof!  coafj- 
dcrable  members*  ftiOuld  be  cHofen  by  ballot,  or  the  whole  be  ad- 
mitted if  that  fhould  give  more  fatisfailion*  ^ho  ihouM  draw  out 
ihefe  tiekets  from  chc  bbjces,  and  iiilmediatcly  take  pofTcffion  ot 
whatever  poft  Fortune  fhould  thus  fiing  into  their  hands>  and  kcepi( 
tonmo!cftcd  and  irremoveable  during  the  next  cnfuing  year,  rhei/ 
commiiTioni  being  made  accord rngly  :  Is  to  alJ  inferior  places,  they 
Ihoaid  remain  in  the  fame  hands,  to  prevent  any  confufion  or  inter- 
ruption in  the  bufmefs  of  t^i^  public,  until  ihcy  became  vacant  by 
deaths  or  promotions,  and  thcrt  they  fhould  be  filled  up  by  the  prin* 
dpals  in  each  department  for  the  time  being ;  by  which  means  they 
wil!  ail  have  ecjual  opportunities  of  providing  for  their  friends  ana 
adherents,  \Vh6  ^vHI  not  then  be  very  numerous,  or  much  waiited^ 
tvhen  offices  arc  attainable  oiily  by  the  foregoing  method/  , 

Suc)i  is  the  fchemc  of  this  fare  a  (lie  politician  ;  who  proceeds  ta 
69nfidtr  how  it  will  affcft  the  King,  the  admrniftration,  the  oppofi* 
tf6n»  and  the  nation  ;  premiftng  that  he  would  be  under  flood  hereby 
to  mean  aH  kings,  adtniiililrmions,  and  oppofitions,  that  do,  o^ 
<hall  at  any  lime  cxid  hereafter,  4^  ^^  ^^^  King,  •  I  am  fcnfible, 
fays  he,  that  this  fchemc  will  rob  him  of  one  of  the  choiceft  of  hii 
prerogatives,  the  di^ofal  of  all  ofHces  of  trull  and  profit : — bat  how- 
ever it  may  aifed  the  rights  of  tht:  crown,  it  will  certainly  relieve  the 
pbflcHbr  frob  innumerable  trouble ;  the  jewel  here  taken  away  is, 
indeed,  one  of  its  richcll,  yet  it  is  one  of  the  hcavieft  loads  on  the 
head  of  the  wearer,  and  cannot  fail  to  convert  it  into  a  crown  of 
thorns,  ft  Is  indeed  a  prodigious  power;  but  it  is  a  perplexing 
power,  which  ferves  only  to  make  the  many  Iblicitors  who  mud  be 
refufcd  angry,  and  the  few  who  are  obliged  ungrateful,' 
Art#  27,    LiiUrs  on  the  Subjiil  of  Imprtfonment  fir  Debt.     By 

James  Stephen,     To  whjcli  is  prefixed,  a  Dedication  to  the  Tea 

out  of  the  Thirty* two  Ucnchers  who  voted  for  Mr*  Stephen's  Ex- 

pulfion  from  the  Society  of  the  Middle  Temple ;  by  the  Rev,  Mn 

Jackfon.     ^vo.     2  3,     Evans,     1772. 

Thefe  Letters  Were  firfl  pubt?flicd  in  the  news-papers  5  and  it  Ii 
fnfficlenLtor  us  to  obfcri'e  of  them,  that  they  have  already  excited 
the  compaflion  of  gfo6d  men  In  rcgarH  to  the  unfortunate  coodition 
of  impriioncd  d^^btors* 
htU  28*  Fivf  LtUirs  9H  imp^riahi  Suhjeifs^     Firft  printed  ia  t 

public  Paper,     ^ow  coIle^tUd  ajid  reviled.     8vo,    6  d.    Owen. 

Thefe  L^tiers  contain  hints  for  caiing  the  burdens  of  the  poor,  for  | 
the  ch^iritable  releafement  of  pri/bners  for  debt,  and  for  the  regmU*  j 
lion  of  private  mad-houfcs.  The  Author  appears  10  have  wntteA  ' 
from  motives  of  pure  philanthidpy  ;  and  he  exprcfics  himfclf  witli  m  I 
iimpiicity  of  njanner  which  will  not  fail  to  recommend  his  propcCalt  I 
to  the  bmrt  of  the  good  and  benevolent  Reader.  We  are  iottf  v^\ 
stddt  tHac  his  language  is  kfs  praiie^wbithy  ih*tJi  hb  leatimenu* 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Pclitlcal,  &ftf.  ^si 

Art,  29.  Political  Remarks  on  Dr.  Koweirs  Sermon^  preached  be* 
fore  the  Hod.  Hoafe  of  Commons,  January  3?,  1772.  In  a  Let 
tcr  to  Mr.  B******,  of  theUniverfity  of  Cambridge;  in  which  \i 
.  confidered  the  great  danger  and  AbuSfe  of  making  religion  an  En- 
quiry of  State.  8vo.  IS.  Almon.  1772.  , 
■  Thej-c  are  perfons,  it  feems,  not  incapable  of  thinking,  and  no  ill- 
wiihers  to  the  general  intereils  of  fociety,  who  have  reprefented  Dr. 
Nowell's  fermon  as  entirely  irreprehenlible,  thofe  pafTages  only  ex- 
cepted, which  are  faid  to  have  fallen  under  theccnfure  of  tl\e  Houfe 
of  Commons.  This  is  a  fentiment  at  which  the  Author  of  the  Re- 
marks before  us  exprelTes  much  furprifc,  as  he  is  perfuaded  that  the 
whole  Difcourfe  is  exceptionable.  lie  has  attacked,  therefore, .  the 
principles  on  which  lir.Noweirs  fermon  is  founded  ;  and  with  regard 
to  the  comparifon  made  betwixt"  Korah  and  his  adherents,  and  the 
oppofers  of  Charles  the  Firft,  juflly  obforves,  that  there  is  nothin|j 
more  likely  to  draw  a  writer  into  difagreeable  and  indcfcnfible  con- 
clufions  than  inllituting  parallels  between  any  fpccies  of  human  go- 
vernment and  the  theocracy  of  the  Jews,  and  between  any  evils  or 
abufes  which  may  have  rifen  in  the  one  and  the  other.  Nor  is  our 
Remarker  Icfs  diflatified  with  the  Do<^ior's  portions  concerning  the 
iBflaeDce  of  religion,  and  cfpecially  of  falfc  religion,  to  retain  men  in 
a  ftate  of  obedience.  Religion  is  inclined  to  lend  her  aid  to  human 
laws,  and  to  thofe  who  are  chofen  to  execute  them,  fo  long  as  they 
are  jnfl;  but  if  we  will  borrcvj  it  when  they  arc.unjuft,  the  fuccour, 
as  far  as  it  extends,  is  one  of  the  greateft  evils  any  fociety  can  expe- 
rience. Let  us  forbear  then,  fays  our  Author,  to  force  religion  and 
politicks  into  any  unneccfTary  or  abhorrent  union :  when  the  obje«^s 
of  both  coincide,  they  will. naturally  co-operate.  \Then  they  do  not, 
that  is»  whenever  the  latter  degenerate  into  principles  of  tyranny  and 
oppreffioo,  God  forbid  that  any. perverted  power,  to  be  derived  by 
the  craft  of  politicians  from  the  holy  inllitutions  of  Heaven,  ihould 
be  tendered  fubfervient  to  their  fupport. 

There  are  feveral  obfervations  in  this  performance  that  are  worthy 
of  notice.  The  Writer  has  not  completed  his  defign  in  the  prefent 
letter,  bnt  reierves  the  reft  of  his  animadveriions  for  anotlier.  Per- 
haps the  whole  of  them  might  have  been  comprized  in  a  fnilling 
pamphlet,  without  any  material  injury  to  the  publilljer. 
Art.  30.  The  IVorks  of  Algernon  Sydney  ;  a  new  Edition.  4^0. 
Royal  Paper.  1  1.  7  s.  bound.  Beckct,  &c.  1772. 
Great  pains  have  been  taken  to  render  the  prefent  edition  of  this 
trtily  noble  and  valuable  book  exceeding  correil  and  accurate.  It  iS 
elegantly  printed,  under  the  fame  refpedablc  patronage  to  which, 
the  public  was  obliged  for  a  prior  edition  of  Sydney  on  Government 
in  the  year  1763  ;  and  of  which  we  gave  a  very  ample  and  particu- 
lar account  in  the  29th  vol.  of  our  Review.  As  wc  then  fo  liberally 
delivered  our  fentiments  of  thi^  excellent  work^  we  now  refer  our 
Readers  to  that  article ;  and  ihall  only  h^rc  add,  that  iti  the  prefcni 
■edition  the  following  additions  appear,  viz.  I.  Letters  of  Algernoa 
Sydney,  taken  from  Thurloe's  State  Papers.  II.  The  Proieftor*s 
Advice  to  Sydney^  when  he  w^cnt  to  the  King  of  Sweden  in  Poland^ 
III.  A  general  View  of  Government  in  Europe.  IV.  Notes.  Thd 
general  rirw  was  printed  in  1744,  in  a  work  ii\i\Ucvl,  Tfee  t/je  tiui 
Mev,  Apn  177 7t»  A  a  Abi4^ 


454  Monthly  Catalogue,  Poetical. 

Jhuji  of  ParlnmentSf  faid  to  have  been  wntteh  hj  the  Ia«e  Vb* 
R'alph,  the  hifU>riati;*  ivIiK)  prefixed  to  it  the  foHowiilg  Kdvtttift- 
ihent :  ''As  aft  a6l  of  joiUce  to  the  memory  of  a  great  fiiio,<  it  is 
neceilaiy  to  acqaaint  the  reader,  that  he  ftands  indebted  ibr  tkn  (Uf- 
courfe  to  the  celebrated  Algernon  Sydney." 

Upon  the  authority  of  this  advertifecnent,  and  at  the  requet  of  a 
friend,  the  Editor  tells  us,  he  has  annexed  this  treadfe  to  A.  Syd« 
ney's  Works ;  though  by  the  ftyle  in  which  it  is  wHtten,  A*  author's 
manner  of  reafoning,  and  the  books  which  ar^  cited  ili  ft,  he  is  coft* 
vinced  that  it  is  the  produdlion  of  a  different  hand. 

Poetical, 
Art*  31,  Indolence  \  a  Poem*     By  the  Author  of  Almida.    4to. 

1  s.     Becket.     I772« 
.  The  Indolence  which  is  the  fubjefl  of  the  prefent  panegyric,  is 
not '  (brdid  floth,'  nor  the  '  lazy  apathy  of  the  ftoics,'  but,  in  the 
words  of  the  poem  itfelf, 

■'  '      .  Philofophic  reft. 

The  inward  funfhine  of  th'  unruffled  breaft  ; 
Paflions  juil  fanned,  not  roughen'd  by  defire, 
Thcfe  are  my  theme,  for  thefe  I  touch  the  lyre. 

The  public  owes  this  pleafing  poem,  in  praife.  of  ^i// L^,  to  the 
ingtniout  Mrs.  Celefia,  author  of  Almida,  a  tragedy;  of  winch  we 
gate  a  pretty  full  account  in  our  Review  for  February  177 1*  and  10 
^hich  article  we  now  refer  for  a  critical  inveftigation  of  this  Lady's 
poetical  powers. 

Art.  32.    Two  Ityric  EJays.     I.  An  Ode  to  Genius.    IL  An 
Ode  to  Independence.     4to.     is.     Becket.     1 771. 

There  are  pafTagcs  in  thefe  odes  which  would  lead  di  tOf  expedl, 
that  he  who  could  produce  fuch  lines  at  fevtntten^  wbttid  Hot  b  an 
anfuccc^5fnl  wooer  of  the  Mufes  at  fevm-and  t^wemy. 

Where  we  fee  promifing  indications  of  genius,  it  Were  cmd  to 
damp  the  ardour  of  a  young  candidate  for  the  bavs,  by  beiag  too 
fevere  on  his  defefls.  It  would  be  equally  cruel,  however,  net  to 
Bint  at  fuch  marks  of  inattention  as  he  may  eafily  avoid  in  his  fu- 
ture compoiitions. 

For  inilance,  where  he  praifes 

•  — : thai  btcft,  that  equal  (late 

That  fcorrts  the  fmiles  and  frowns  of  Fate,* 

It  ieems  to  be  Jt^ing  nothing  when  he  adds,  that  a  perfon  thus  hap- 
pily fusated, 

*  Unenvying  {tt&  the  wretch  that  goes 
O  cr  fad  Siberia  s  wade  of  fnows.* 

It  is,  furely,  needlefs  to  remark,  that  njontchedntfs^  of  any  kind, 
is  i^ot  the  objiedl  of  envy  1  Our  youthful  Bard  meanc  to  ^y»  that  aa 
independent  man  needs  not  envy  the  dreary  adventurer  who  expofts 
fiimielf  to  (oils  and  dangefs  in  fearch  of  wealth  ;  but  \\n  endcuTOnr 
to  fhcW  the  fvperiority  of  the  condition  he  would  prefer,  iofcs  ib 
woper  effieft,  by  only  defcribing  it  as-  being  a  bitttr  utuatioQ  than 
JW^  that  is  twi/.' 

Theft 


MoNTHtK  Cataloous,  P^hUoI.  45f 

There  are  fome  other  little  (lips,  whiqh  vyilJ  occar  co  tlia  critical 
reaier ;  but  we  fhali  only  take  notice  of  the  pitiful  expletive,  p.  ;«,; 
*  Each  Mofe  around  4kd  fdi  the  flcy* 
With  ftrains  of  varioui  minilreify.' 

We  need  not  expatiate  on  fo  obvious  a  blemiih :  ft  is  a  fault 
vvhich,  we  dare  fay,  the  Auihor*s  better  tafle  will  nsver  fujSbr  hiih 
to  repeat.  '  ' 

Art.  33.    the  Epocha-y   or  the  Review.     MDCctxxil.     ^to. 
is.  6d.     Bladen. 

A  fatirical  view  of  the  times  \  io  which  the  Author  has  ihew|i 
tnol-e  fpirit  than  judgment,  or  elegance  of  tafle  in  poetical  compp.- 
fition. 

Aft.  34.    Political  Poems:    a  Compilation.    *By  Jti(uus.     Svip^. 
1  s.     Crowder.     1772. 

The  name,  Junius,  is  a  good  hit.  It  will  catch  the  eve  of  thjp 
paflenger  as  be  glaHces  at  the  quarto  and  oftavo  ranks  and  jdles,  io 
the  bookfeiler*s  windows. 

Some  of  Churchill's  poems,  Goldfmith's  Deferred  Vill^e,  Addl- 
fon's  Addrefs  to  Liberty,  and  a  few  other  pieces,  have  afforded  ^y* 
ftius  thi  Compiler^  a  coJlcdlion  of  extracts  and  fcraps,  to  £11  up  the 
preient  catch  penny /^Kf^^  but  as  it  i:>  a  patriotic  catch^peany,  we 
wiih  it  all  polfible  fuccefs ;  cfpccially  as  the  difim^vefted  Editor  ha^ 
declared  that  his  '  defigns  will  be  anfvvered  if  the  people  of  Euglani 
are,  Hy  this  colleSIiony  incited  to  love  their  country  more  ,*  and  that  he 
{hall  not  think  his  '  labour  fj  uitlcfs,  Ihouid  the  pieces  fcrvc  to  fao 
the  dying  embers  of  patriotifm,  and  keep  alive  its  flataes  in  the 
hearts  of  all  our  fellow- fubje£ls.' — To  all  which,  no  good  Engliih- 
man  can  have  any  obje^ion. 
Art,  35.  The  P anthem  Rupture  ;  or,  a  Difpute  between  Elegancy 

and  Reafon,  with  their  final  Separation.     To  which  are  added» 

Pantheon  E fifties  ;  or,  the  modern  Art  of  polite  Letter  writiogji 

4to.     IS.  6d.     Rofon.     1772. 

Intended,  we  fuppofe,  as  a  fatire  on  the  new  temple  of  Tafte  ia 
Oxford  ftrect,  called  the  Pantmeon'. 

Bifhop  Hall  has  divided  his  Firgtdtimiarum  into  two  clafles  of  fati* 
rical  writing  *,  i;/s.  the  hitiitg  fatire,  and  the  toothle/s.  The  prefent 
harmlefs  performance  may  be  ranked  under  the  latter  denomination ; 
as  it  feems  unlikely  to  bite  any  one,  except  the  bookfeller. 
Art.  36.  Sonp^  c:mic  and  fatirical.  By  George  Alexander  Ste- 
vens,    izmo.     3  s.  fcwcd.     Waller,  &c.     177a. 

Stevens  is  the  D'Urfey  of  the  age  ;  but  he  has  outdone  D'Urfey  as  • 
much  in  the  number  of  his  fongs«  as  he  has  e.>ccelled  him  in  ihe  arti- 
cle of  humour.  Here  is  a  large  volume  of  thefe  merry  compofitions, 
all  written  by  the  comic  ptti  ot  the  celebrated  Lecturer  on  Head^,  ^c. 
The  occafion  of  their  prcfcut  appearance,  in  a  ci^lltcii'Ve^ioify^  is  thus 
related  by  their  Author  : 

•  See  an  account  of  thefc  fatires,  and  of  the  author,  in  the  7th 
volume  of  our  Review,  p.  351. 

\  A  a  2  *   K  '^^^J^'^fi 


H^6  Monthly  Catalogue,  Novels. 

>  '  A  paultry^cjoHe^lon-  of  fongs  f  having  lately  macle  its  appear- 
ance,^ to  which  the  publifher  has,  with  ancommon  effronteiy,  pre* 
fixed  my  name  as  the  editor,  and  upon  my  difdairoing  the  impofi- 
tion,  has  even  had  the  afTarance,  in  a  public  advertifement,  to  aflerc 
jhat  he  ha4  my  authority  for  fo  doing; — although  I  have  more  ve- 
neration for  the  public,  than  either  to  trouble  them»  or  load  the 
daily  papers  with  an  altercation  between  a  little  country  fhopkeeper 
and  a  bsdlad-maker,  >  et  1  once  for  all  beg  leave  to  (late  the  real  nA. 
'  '  About  four  years  ago  1  exhibited  my  Lecture  at  WhitchaVcn, 
and  having  occafion  to  ufe  this  man*s  (hop,  he  took  the  opjportunitjr 
of  folliciting  me  to  give  him  a  few  comic  fongs,  "  becaafe  he  had  a 
mind  to  publifh  a  volume  to  pleafe  his  cudomers  in  the  part  of  the 
country  where  he  lived ;"  and  at  the  fame  time  opening  a  fong  book, 
ihieVlred  me  feveral  under  my  name',  which  he  told  me  he  purpofed  \6 
print  in  his  collection  :— my  reply  was  ; — *•  5/>,  there  is  tut  one  •/ 
thofe  printed  as  I  ivrote  them  ;  and  fome  to  nubicb  my  name  is  affixed  are 
Yeafiy  not  mineV — **  But,  Sir,  replied  my  chapman,  will  you  pleafe 
to  give  yourfelf  the  trouble  to  mark  fuch  of  them  as  arc  yours  ?"— 
Why  really.  Sir,  1  aht  ajhatned  of  them:*-^^'  Lord,  Sir,  they'll  do 
very  well  here  ;  pray.  Sir,  take  the  book  home,  and  be  fo  obliging 
as  to  mark  them  for  me.-— And,  if  it  would  not  give  Mr.  Stevens  too 
m\]ch  trouble,  F  fhould  be  greatly  obliged  if  he  would  jnft  pot  a 
mark  upon  any  other  fong^  in  the  book  that  he  thinks  worth  print- 
ing, ** — This  was  done,  and  the  volume  returned  the  next  day, 

*  From  hence  I  could  not  imagine  he  would  do  more  thsCn  iofert 
my  name  to  the  fongs  I  had  owned  ;  and  I  fclemnly  declare  he  had 
no  authority  from  me  to  ufe  it  oiherwife. — "VvHiat  I  did  was  a  mcer 
a£t  of  common  civility  ; — 1  had  not  then,  nor  have  I  fincc  had  any 
connedtions  with  the  man  ;  and  up3n  this  ground  alone  he  has  hid 
the  modefty  to  charge  me  with  a  breach  of  promifc  by  my  difavowal.— » 
This,  among  other  reafons,  has  induced  mt- to  publifh  my  own  fongs, 
which  I  now  claim  as  property,  and  have  entered  in  the  halllMMki 
of  the  Stationers  Company.'  .  . 

This  anecdote  of  theV/hitehaven  hockfeller,  reminds  as  of  afimt- 
lar  ftory,  of  a  fcherac  laid  by  the  famous  Edmund  Curl,  for  obtain* 
ing  the  Biftiop  of  London's  Imprimatur  to  a  new  edition  of  Rochef- 
ter's  poems. — The  particulars  are  well  known. 

Novels. 
Art.  37.  77;/  Imoluntary  Inconjlant  j  tfr,  the  HiJIory  of  Mifs  Franl' 

fort.    By  the  Editor  of  the  Fatal  Compliance.     1 2mo.  '  2  Vols, 

5  s.  fewed.     Jones.     1772. 

There  arc  fccncs  of  diltrcfs  in  thcfe  volumes,  but  they  fail  to  af- 
fc6l  the  heart :  we  cannot  fympathizc  with  what  is  extravagant,  and 
out  of  the  order  of  nature. 
Art.  38.    The  Precipitate  Choice  ;    «r,  the  Hijiory  of  Lard  OJJiry 

aftd Mifs  Riven.    By  ^a  Lady.    izmo.    2  Vols.    5  s.  fewed.   Jones. 

I772'. 
•   A  variety  of  incidents,  fancied  without  propriety,  and  exprcffed 
without  elegance,  cannot  furnifh  entertainment  to  a  mind,  in  ^s 

fEnl\JdtiTbeChQict^mt\Zba^ltu   vilsvQ*    ^s.    Hawes,  &c. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Law^  Dramatic.         45^ 

rmftHell  degree  cultivated  by  iludy  or  reflcdlioa.     We  ihould  pit/ 
tltofe  readers  to  whom  this  produdion  prefents  any  thin<T  intcrciling.  . 
Art.  p9.  Th^Trhr/iph  of  BenLUolence  \  ot\  tl^i  Hi/lory  of  Fr anas 
Wtils,     i2mo.     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewcJ.     Vernor,  &:c.     I  "^72. 
In  thefe  volumes  there  is  fome  knowledge  of  lire,  wi:h  a  confider'- 
ablc  portion  of  humour,  tendernefs,  and  fentimcnt. 
Alt.  AO.    Thi  Fine  Lady\  a  Novel,     By   ihe  Author  of  Mifs 
■    Melmoth.     i2mo.     2  Vols.     ^  s.  fewed.     Lowndes.     1772. 
The  vivacity  of  this  novel  gives  it  a  degree  of  in;erell  with  the 
reader,  which  the  Author  has  agreeably  heightened  by  the  art  with 
which  the  llory  unfolds  itfelf. 

Art.  41.  ^be  Memoirs  of  Mifs  fViUiams :  A  Hiftory  founded  on- 
Fads,     i2nio.     2  Vols.     ^  s.  fewed.     Johnfon,     1772.   . 
We  have  here  the  reveries  of  a  pious  and  well  difpofed,  bat  weak 
religioriiiL 

Art.  42.  Mi-m^irs  of  Francis  Ddloiy  Efq.    In  a  Series  of  Letters 
written  by  himlelf.     izmo.    2  Vols,    h  3.    Hookh^m,  &c.     1772. 

The  details  in  this  performance  are  moil  infuffcrably  tedious,  and 
are  mixed  with  a  vulgarity  which  is  difguHing  in  the  highsll  degree*  • 

L  A  w. 
Art.  43.  A  New  Law  Di^ionary  ;  containing  the  Interpretation* 
and  Definition  of  Words  and  Terms  ufed  in  the  Law  ;  alfo  the 
Law  and  Pradtice,  under  the  proper  Heads  and  Titles.  Together 
with  fuch  learning  as  explains  the  Hitlory  and  Antiquity  of  the 
Law ;  our  Manners,  Culloms,  and  original  Government.  %TJie 
nioch  Edition.  With  great  Additions  a^id  Improvements,  from 
the  lateft  Reports  and  Statutes,  to  this  Time.  Aifo  many  new 
Titles,  not  in  any  other  Work  of  the  Kind.  Originally  compiled 
by  Giles  Jacob.  Now  corrcded  and  greatly  enlarged  by  Owen 
.  Raffhead  and  J.  Morgan,  Efc^uires.  Folio.  2 1.  2  s.  Beecrofc, 
&c.     1772. 

The  reputation  of  Jacob's  Dictionary  precludes  the  neceffity  of  our 
laying  any  thing  with  regard  to  its  utility ;  but  our  law-readers  will 
be  glad  to  learn  that  a  new  impreflion  of  this  work,  which  has  long 
been  wanted,  is  at  length  publilhed,  with  fuch  very  confiderable  ad- 
ditions and  improvements,  that,  as  the  Editors  profefs,  *  the  prefenc 
book  contains  257  pages  more  than  any  former  edition.' 

Dramatic* 
Art.  44.    An  Hour  before  Marriage  ;  a  Farce  of  two  A£ls.     A» 
it  was  attempted  to  be  a<^ed  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  Covent 
Garden.     8vo.     i  s.     Johnfton,     1772. 

A  prefixed  advertifement  informs  us  that  Moliere's  Marriage  Forei 
has  furnifhed  not  only  the  general  defign  of  this  piece,  but  the  fub- 
Hance  of  two  or  three  entire  fcenes ;  that  as  much  of  the  excellent 
original  has  been  preferved,  as  the  adapting  of  the  fubjedt  to  Englifh 
manners  would  permit ;  and  that  little  more  has  bisen  added,  than 
was  neceflary  to  the  conftrudion  of  a  fable,  that  of  the  French  pro- 
duAion  being  fo  naked  as  hardly  to  deferve  the  name. 

We  learn,  alfo,  that  the  Author  is  a  gentleman  of  Dublin  ;  and 
that  thif  fetitt  fU<e  is  a  firft  attempt,     Wc  arc  heie^  iikewife,  in- 

Aa  3  fonned 


43^  Monthly  Catalogtje,  MifieUaneeus. 

fbrmed  of  its  ill  fuccefi  on  the  firft  night  of  its  appearance  on  Co« 
vent  Garden  theatre^ ^  « 

■  This  Farce,  howbviir,  is  not  ill  written  ;  nor  defKtnte  of  either 
hnmoar  or  chamber.  It  has  aflPorded  us  entertainment  in  the  pero- 
fal ;  bat  as  wc  were  not  prefent  when,  as  the  title-page  cxpreHes  it, 
'  it  was  attempted  xxi  be  adcd,'we  cannot  pretend  to  aflign  thegroandt 
of  diilike  on  which  it  was  rejciled  by  the  aadience.  Perhaps  its  mif- 
fortune  was  owing  to  fbme  deficiency  in  refpeft  of  that  artificial 
e§HtrhuMHce  which  feenns  ncceffary  to  make  a  play  mS  <well,  as  the 
phrafe  is.  If  fo,  a  more  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  theatre,  if 
the  Author  chufcs  to  cultivate  this  pleating  and  lucrative  branch  of 
writing,  will,  probably,  enable  him  to  gaard  againft  any  defeA  of 
this  kind  in  his  future  productions. 

MiSCRLLANSOUS. 

Art.  45.  Refie'^iGtis  en  Celibacy  and  Marriage.  In  four  Letters 
to  a  Friend  ;  in  which  the  Advantages  and  Difadvantages  of  the 
•two  States  are  compared.  S'vo.  i  s.  6d.  Hawes  and  Co.  X'j'ju 
Thefe  four  letters  recite  fbme  ferious  yet  cheerful  converfations 
fuppofed  to  have  pa(red  at  a  weekly  club,  on  the  fubje^s  mentioned 
in  the  title.  The  rules  of  this  little  focicty  are  here  exhibited,  and 
the  reafoDiDgs  on  each  fide  of  the  fubjed  in  qucftion  delivered  with 
a  degree  of  Jpirit,  good  humour,  and  good  fenfe.  We  will  particu- 
larly recommeod  this  little  pamphlet  to  the  perufal  of  the  batchelors, 
hoping  that  it  may  be  a  means  of  quickening  them  to  enter  into  the 
matrilionial  engagement :  by  which,  if  cooduded  with  tolerable 
prodence  and  ^od  fenfe,  they  are  fo  likely  to  advance  their  own 
peace  and  happinefs,  as  well  as  contribute  to  the  welfare  of  fociety. 
In  one  of  the  letters  the  Writer  fpeaks  of  '  the  reiterated  accounts 
of  conjugal  infidelity  in  England,  with  which  the  papers  have  been 
b  much  taken  up  for  a  twelvemonth  paft ;  and  which,  it  is  faid,  I 
here  with  propriety,  mention,  as  from  thence,  with  much  feeming 
pleafure,  libcrrioes  take  frequent  opportuillties  of  inveighing  asainS 
marriage. — About  half  a  dovxo  women  have,  within  the  year,  m  all 
England,  been  unfaithful  to  the  marriage  bed;  at  leaH:  they  have 
been  charged  with  infidelity— every  fober  mind  regrets  it-*>lKit  what 
are  half  a  dozen  to  the  thoufands  and  ten  thonfands  of  good  and  vir- 
tqous  women. in  £nglaud,  who  fteadily  walk  in  the  paths  of  vir- 
tue ? — Shall  we,  for  the  fuppofed  crime  of  a  few  illuftrious  offenders, 
ihink  hardly  of  the  iffhole  luomen  in  a  great  and  popiilods  nation  ^-— 
Above  three  times  that  number  of  men  are  eVery  year  hanged  in 
England  for  theft  and  robbery — as  well  may  we  fuppofe  all  the 
people  of  £agland  to  be  thieves  and  robbers.  Illiberal  prejudice 
may  think,  unju4ging  calujQoy  may  fay,  that  thoufands  are  eqmall/ 

Juilty — Who  are  thefe  who  hluih  i»ot  from  a  few  detachcjd  fa^  to 
raw  foch  wide,  fuch  invidioi^s  coQclulions  r — Even  they  who  ie- 
4BrctIy  rejoice  in  th^  prpvalence  of  vice;  even  they  who  wiih  the 
£^ces  of  phaftity  threwii  dowq— I^et  us  give  up  thefe  unibrtanafee  de* 
ferters  from  vir(ae  and  honour  to  the  bitter  reproaches  of  tl^eir  own 
hea^C— let  as,  with  agenerpus  pity,  regard  thofe  fai|iilies  they  have 
dA^onoured— hut  let  us  not. involve  in  their  guilt  thoufands.  wh^ 
bcver  heard  of  their  crime,  and  ten  thoufands  who  detefl  if.' 
Th? 


Mqktiilv  Catalogue,  Mifcellaneom.  459 

The  pamphlet  concludes  with  an  account  of  a  prefent  fent  by  a 
•father  to  his  daughter  the  day  after  her  marriage,  confiding,  among 
other  things,  of  a  pocket-book,  which  enclofed  a  number  of  ihort» 
fentcntious  diredions  for  conducting  herfelf  in  a  wife,  comfortable, 
and  honourable  manner  in  her  new  relation.  They  are  entitled,  i?/- 
teipu  cofit^fromjowr  Grandmother^ s  Common-place  icok^  and  are  in  ge* 
neral  a  colledion  of  good  rules^  which  young  perfons  may  do  well 
<o  attends.    Take  a  little  fpecimen  as  follows : 

The  ^vajf  to  grow  ncif, 

Neele^  not  fmall  matters. 

To  Pi  rtfptSed  hy  ftrnjants^ 

Never  be  familiar  with  them. 

Toficurt  the  love  of  your  hijbandf 

Be  always  chearfid  and  neat. 

To  plea/t  in  €onvfr/athHj 

Learn  to  hear,  and  know  when  to  fpeak.  , 

Art.  46.  A  critical  Latin  Crafnmnr  3  containing  clear  and  diAin(5l 
Roles  for  Boys  jull  initiated ;  and  Notes  explanatory  of  almod  • 
eyery  Antiquity  and  Obfcurity  in  the  Language,  for  Youth  fbme- 
what  advanced  in  Latin  Learning.  By  John  Colcdridgc,  Vicar  and 
SchooImaAer  at  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Devon,  izmo.  58.  Gardner, 
&c.     1772. 

Though  there  is  a  difjplay  of  pedantry,  and  learned  fnyoliCn  in 

this  publication,  it  appears  to  be  the  work  of  an  experienced  teacher ; 

and  may  be  employed  io  fchools  with  advantage.  ' 

Art.  47.  The  general  Hiftory  of  Polybius  ;    tranflated   from-  the 

Greek.    By  Mr.  Hampton.     Vol.  IL    410.     1 1.  is.  in  Boards. 

Davies.     1772. 

In  our  14th  and  15  th  volumes,  we  gave  an  ample  review  of  the  firll 
volume  of  Mr.  Hampton's  tranflation  of  this  valuable  hiftonan  ;  in- 
cluding an  account  of  the  feveral  preceding  tranflatiOns  of  Polybius : 
find  we  alfo  took  that  opportunity  of  introducing  the  cekbrited 
Commnitarj  of  the  Chevalier  Folard,  to  the  acquaintance  of  bur 
keaders  in  general,  bur  efpecially  the  gentlemen  of  the  army  ;  to 
whom,  we  have  had  reafon  to  believe^  that  article  was  peculiarly 
acceptable. 

Mr.  Hampton's  former  volume  contahocd  the  iirft  fire  books  of  the 
General  Hillory  of  Polybius  ;  which  are  all,  of  the  original/^r/y, 
that  have  el'capedy  entire^  from  the  ravages  of  Time  and  the  Goths. 
—The  fecond  volume,  now  publiihed,  contains  the  ExtraSs  fup- 
pofed,  by  fome  writers,  to  have  been  made  by  Marcus  Brutus,  from 
the  twelve  folicvine  books,  viz.  from  the  6th  to  the  17th. 

Our  learned  and  injgcnious  tranflator  is  of  opinion,  however,  that 
Brutus  never  could  have  given  himfelfthe  trouble  of  tranfcribing 
the(e  detached  pafTages  from  Polybius  ;  and  he  has  offered  fuck  very 
{atisfa6lory  rcafoos  fur  difTcnting  from  the  learned  Caufabon  *,  ia 
this  particular,  as  have  entirely  convinced  us,  that  this  illuftrious 
Roman  never  could  have  fo  miffpcnt  his  time,  efpecially  thofe  im- 

«  I  ■      ..  .   ■  ■■■■       ■   ■■      I        ■   I    I  I        111     I  III.WIII  I  .<n        1^     ■>■!  I  . 

*  Founded,  it  is  fuppoftrd,  on  fome  expreffioas  of  Plutarch  and 
Suidas. 

A  a  4  ^^w^T^ 


460  Monthly  ^Catalogue,  Mtfcellaneous. 

pdrtant  moments  which  he  is  faI4  to  have  thus  employed,  viz.  th^ 
evening  before  th.fe  battle  of  Pharfalia. 

As. we  have,  ia  our  former  articles,  above  referred  to,  foHv  de- 
livered our  fentim-nts  ii^  regard  to  the  merit  of  Mr.  H.'s  perform- 
ance, it  \yere  necdiefs  to  enlarge  on  the  prefcnt  occafion,— We  would 
jull  hint,  however,  that  he  is  llill  carelefs  of  propriety  with  rcfptft 
to  military  phrafes ;  fuch,  for  inftancc,  as  faying,  that  the  Romans 
defeated  the  Cartha*p,inians  *  in  a  fet  cnga^emenr/  fnftead  rfsLprfeM 
battU :  Vid.  our  cenfure  of  Mr.  H.  with  xc^TLsdi  to  this  particular,  in 
cur  review  of  his  tirll  volume. 

Many  writers,  we  have  obferved,  have  iliewn  themfelves  either 
ignorant  or  negligent  of  the  didindlion  in  the  appropriated  terms 
which  fignify  the  confli6ls   between   two  fleets,  and  between  two 
armies  :  the  former  is  an  engagiment  f  ;    the  latter  a  battle^ 
Art.  48.  y/«  Examination  of  the  Arguments  conta'med  in  a  late  In- 

trod 4 £11  on  to 't*:e  Hifiory  of  the  ancient  \IriJh  and  Sicti^     4 to,     2S, 

Johhifon.      1772. 

The  Public,  we  are  informed,  is  indebted  for  this  performance  to 
Dr.  Leland,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  The  work  is  full 
of  acutenefs,  and  good  fenfe ;  and  though  the  ingenious  Autjior 
profefleshimjef  totally  unacquainted  with  the  dialefts  of  the  Celtic, 
he  has  yet  given  a  very  important  criticifm  on  the  publication  which 
has  drawn  him  into  this  field  of  controverfy.  But,  while  he  attempts 
to  overthrow  the  opinions  of  Mr.  Macpherfon,  relative  to  the  origin 
of  the  Irifh  and  Scots,  he  has  not  ventured  to  advance  any  fyftem  of 
his  own  ;  his  prefent  defign  being,  as  he  himfelf  remarks,  •  only  to 
ihew  how  far  a  national  prejudice  may  carry  a  learned  and  ingenious 
writer  into  falfe  dedudlions,  &c.  &c. 
Art.  49.  Remarks  on  an  IntroduSfion  to  the  Hi/lory  of  Great  Bri^ 

tain  anif  Ireland.    By  James  Macpherfon,   Ef^j;     8vo.     is.  6d« 

Whifton.     1772, 

There  are  men  whofe  gloomy  difpofitions  lead  thenx .  to  receive 
pleafure  from  disfiguring  and  torturing  every  work  of  merit  which 
ihey  examine.  Such  is,  apparently,  the  author  of  thefe  remarks. 
In  all  his  obfervations^  there  is  a  difagreeable  mixture  of  petulance 
and  ill- nature  ;  in  few  of  them  does  he  difcover  any  real  knowled^ 
<>f  hi^ory  ;  and  in  none  does  he  feera  to  pay  much  regard  togoo^ 
fenfe  and  found  reafon.  Here  and  there,  indeed,  we  may,  perhaps, 
^ifcern  fome  feeble  glimmerings  of  truth  ;  but  he  forfeits  all  pretcn- 
fions  to  commendation,  by  his  low  fneers  and  pcrfonal  abufe  of  tho 
eminent  writer  who  is  the  objcd  of  his  illiberal  attacks.  His  main 
defign  is  to  copvift  Mr.  Macpherfon  of  infidelity,  with  refped  to  the 
Chridiaq  religion  — The  author's  zeal  for  Chrillianity  may,  in  itfelf, 
be  \ery  laudable ;  but  zeal  without  knowledge,  prudei^ce,  and  can* 
dour,  never  does  religion  any  fervice. 

Axt.  50.  EJ/ays.  and  Letters^  with  oth.e  fcellaneous  Piccei. 
By  the  Author  of  J^euj-Market^  or  an  Eflay  on  the  Turf.  8vx). 
2s,  6d.   fewed.     Pearch,  &c. 

Moft  of  thefe  cffays  and  letters  have  already  appeared  in  various 
periodic^  }luUicaciotis«  and  fome  in  the  News-papers-;  which  are 

^^ '"  t  9f/£^^. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Mfailantnusl  46c 

now  become  falhionable  vehicles :  the  befl  wics  of  the  age  not  dif-^ 
Plaining  to  communicate  their  thoughts  occan9nn^^,  to  tl>c  Public,  by 
that  r«:ady  and  extontive  mode  of  circulauon.  "i'he  nio|}  ^nGdcrab^c 
ofthcfe  mifcellaneous  pieces  were  cri[;in:;liy  princjcIin/7Zv  Stcolnt  ; 
a  work  of  no  mean  reputation,  Aip^'Oi  ctd,  for  lomv?  lime,  by  the 
contributions  of  feveral  men  of  geuiui;,  of  our  t»vo  upiveriities.-^ 
Of  this  writer's  abiliiies«  we  endeavou;ed  to  ';ivu  our  Rcadej]^  a  com* 
petenc  idea,  in  the  brief  account  ef  his  Nc*w  Market ;  See  Review 
for  May  i7"'»  p.  42», 

Art.  5U  >/  Iravciliny  DUiionary  ;  or  alphabetical  .Tables  of 
the  Diilancc  of  -all  the  principal  Cities,  Borough,  Market  and 
Sea-port  Towns  in  Great  Britain,  from  each  other,  .l^ingthe 
Jecond  Pari  to  the  Neiu  De/cription  of  tht  Roads,  ^y  l>anid'  ?ater^ 
fon^  Afliftant  to  the  Qukrcer-Maftcir* General  of  iiis.  I^ajeiiy's 
Forces.     8vo.     ^  s.  fewcd.     Oarnan. 

Mr.  Paterfon's  Di/cription  of  the  Roat/fwas  mentioned  in-.our  Re- 
view for  July  la(l«  p;  79.  He  has  here,  in  the  diaionary-form» 
which  we  there  recommended,  fapplemented  that  Dtf^rip/ion,  by  a 
fet  of  very  ufeful  ia^Jes.  of  e'i/iancej,  aigciled  in  a  plain  -and  ilmpl^ 
manner ;  by  which  the  number  of  miles  frqm  any  one  place  (men- 
tioDcd  in  the  book)  to  another,  may  befecn  en  immediate  iiifpedtion. 
— Not  a  few  towns,  we  obfcrve,  ar<?  omijted  ;  an.d  foinc  of  iuch  con- 
iiderable  note,  for  indapce,  as  Newport  in  Shropihire,  Longletoxi 
in  Cheihire,  Stockport,  Ware,  &c.  nocvvithlLindln^  wJiich,  it  fecms 
there  arp  not  Icfs  than  4^,000  diilances  here  giicn:  ib<  tjiat  it  can 
rarely  happen  that  any  diilance  will  be  fouoht  for  which  cannot  be 
found  in  the  book.  'Die  compiler  hath  added,  in  one  page,  at  the 
end  of  the  volume,  a  tabic  (hewing  the  diitance  of  feveral  towns, 
bridges.  Sec  on  the  river  Thames,  from  each  other  by  water. — 
On  the  whole,  wc  thifik  this  v»iil  be  found  a  vciy  ufeful  book,  as 
Mr*  P-  obferves,  both  to  the  traveller  on  the  road,  and  the  trader  at 
^is  delk. 

Art.  52.  J  Letter  to  a  Fricnrl,  occafianed  by  a  French  Pamph- 
let lately  publiHied  againll  Doctor  K.enuicotc,  and  his  Collatioa 
of  the  Hebrew  MSS.     ^vo.     is.     F.lmAey.     1772.  , 

The  French  treatifc,  tp  which  this  is  an  anfwer,  is  written  with 
a  good  deal  of  art,  and  its  authors  arc  hy  no  means  unacquainted 
with  the  Hebrew  language,  and  with  Rabbinical  difquifitions.     Lee 
us  con fefs,  however,  that  the  prefent  publication  defends  "Dr.  Ken- 
nkott,  in  a  great  meaUirc,  from  their  attavk;    though  it  ib  written 
with  a  degree  of  fplecn  which  does  not  ferve  to  recommend  it. 
Art.  53.  The  Rights  of  Sailors  v'mduated.     In  Anfwcr  to  a  Let- 
ter of  Junius  on  the  ^th  of  Oclobcr,  wlu^rein  he  afTerts  the  Necef- 
fity  and  Legality  of  prciung  Men  into  the  Service  of  the  Navy. 
Svo.      IS.  6d.     KearJley.      i//^. 

This  author  ha?  revived  the  confideration  of  the  legality  of  prc(s- 
warrantb  in  a  feafon  of  tranquillity ;  becaufc,  in  fuch  a  feafon,  go- 
vernment has  leifure  for  the  reformation  of  abufes.  But  though  we 
reipe^,  very  highly,  the  principles  which  he  means  to  inculcate, 
we  may  venture  to  allure  him,  that  the  legiilature  will  pay  \^  little 
attention  to  his  arguments  aod  rcaibnings. 


Art.  54.,  Cmfufim  wcrfi  eonfaundidi  rout  on  rout:  or  the 
Bifbop  of  G— 7tT?*r^l  Commentary  ypon  Rice  Evanses  Etk«  fnm 
Heat/t>$  cxamified  «Lnd  expofed.  ^y  Indignatui.  Svo.  j  &.  61 
Hingefton.     1772. 

In  the  appendix  to  jortin's  Ecicleliaftical  Hiflory,  vol,  I.  wc  hav* 
the  Bifhop  of  G1ouce(lcr'&  account  of  the  vifions  of  a  ktsLngt  fanatical 
enthuiiait  called  Rice  Evatis,  (or  Ari/t  Ei/am^)  a  prophet  of  tks 
Jail  ccfwaryj  with  kis  Lordfhip*$  comment  on  thofe  vtitons ;  wbtd 
hath  fumiihcd  a  fabjed  for  the  prcfent  humorau5  authar,  who  diveni 
himfelf  and  his  readers  at  the  expence  of  the  learned  CommeotaiDr: 
againil  whom  learaiag,  wit,  and  argument  are*  on  this  occafioo, 
combined.  Bat  we  mufl  not  omit  to  obferve,  that  their  attacks  art 
aifo  occaiionaljy  made  on  various  other  parts  of  Dr  W/s  writings; 
cfpectally  his  critical  performances  The  whole  is  intended  to  eviace 
the  truth  of  a  remark  of  the  great  Seldea's» — *  that  no  man  is  t be 
wafer  for  his  learning:' — *  that  learning  may  admini^cr  nBatttrid 
work  in,  or  ob}e6is  ca  work-upon ;  but  wifdom  and  wit  are  b<^ 
with  a  man.'     TaB4,e  Talk. 

Art*  55.  The  B«autte$  af  the  Ma^a%ines^  and  other  perio^cai 
WorkSj  fclefted  for  a  Scries  of  Years  :  confirting  of  Eltdys,  MomI 
Tales,  Characters,  and  other  fugitive  Pieces,  by  ihc  moll  emiaott 
Hands,  iirao.  2  Vols.  6s.  Richardfon  and  Urquhait-  1772. 
There  are  many  papers  worth  prcferving,  th?it  are,  tn  fomc  inei^ 
iure,  loll  in  the  mob  of  materials  of  which  r   -  aj^,  it 

general,  com po fed  ;  and  here  we  have  a  colle  w,  whicli, 

in  oar  opinion,  farms  a  very  agreeable  mifccUany. 
Art.  56.  Critical  Jccmint  of  the  Situation  and  Df/tmSim^  ^  tit 
ftft    Eruption  of  Mount  ytfu^ins^    ef  Herculantum^    Pompfii^  std 
Sfaifiai  the  Lite  Oifco very  of  their  Remains, — the  B  -1      ''r^n- 
fils,   and  other  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquiries  thercb  re- 

covered.— fn  ;i  Letter,    originally  in  German,  to  C'^um   nrtjhl, 
from  the  celebrated  Abbe  Winkel^nan,  Antiquarian  to  the  Pope. 
lUuibatcd  with  Notes.     8vo.     2  s.  6  d.  fcwed.     NewWry. 
From  the  Hale  appearance  of  the  paper  and  print,  wc  arc  tncjifitii 
to  iufpe^l  chat  thix  rr.inflntioi)  has  been  a  long  time  delivered  from  the 
prefs,  H"nm  a<5tya!ly  publilhed  earlier  than  the  year  I77r,  whtoh  i* 
die  date  of  the  tide  page;  yet  we  do  not  recalleit  tn  have  (een  or 
heard  of  it  before.    The  name,  however,  of  the  Uarned  and  Jain««itcd 
■•  Abbe  Winkelman,  will  ftifiiciently  recommend  it  to  the  cu nous* 
Art.  57.  Trn  Minutts  Advice  to  every  Gcntlemati  going  to  pur- 
cJiafc  a  Horfe,  out  of  a  Dealer,    jockey,    or  Groom*a  Stable. 
1  jmo*     1  s.     fidl. 

Intended  to  guard  the  horre-purchaier  from  falling  into  •  the 
fcares  which  are  commonly  laid  by  dealers/  $cc*  This  little  cra^ 
may  ferve  as  a  proper  fupplcment  to  I'homfon's  excellent  •  Rules  for, 
'bad  Horfemen/ 

♦  Tiiis  ingenious  and  worthy  man  was  wtckrdiy  and  biiVly  mur- 
4ered«  at  an  inn,  at  Tricfte,  in  the  year  1764^.  The  foci  \vas  per- 
petcated  by  a  thieving  wretch,  merely  for  the  fake  of  robbing  tV 
Abbe  of  fome  medals  which  had  been  giv^xi  taioi  by  the  Emprjcar  ^ 
.Germany, 

Att* 


MoHTHLT  Catalogue,  Mifallaneous.  463 

Art.  58.  AfUiquiiies  of  Greece.  By  Lambert  Bos.  With  the 
Notes  of  Frederick  Leifner.  Intended  piinctptily  for  the  Ufe  of 
Schools.  Tranflatcd  from  the  original  LatiA,  by  Percival  Stock- 
dale.     ?.vo,    6  s.    Davies.     1772. 

We  recoxnfflended  this  work  to  our  Readers,  in  the  Appendix  to 
the  41ft  vol.  of  the  M.  Rev.  p.  5^9  ;  where  we  had  occafion  to  men* 
tion  the  French  tranflation  of  ic. 

I4r.  Stockdale,  the  Englilh  tranflator,  is  of  opinion,  and*  wC 
thinks  not  without  reafon,  that  this  work  will  be  more  ufeful  to 
foon^  fcholarsy  than  Potter's  Antiquities  of  Greece.  It  is,  fays  lie»- 
'  more  eoncife,  and  therefore  its  information  is  more  eafily  com- 
ifittted  to  memory:  its  plan  is  more  (imple  and  clear ;  it  leads  us 
through- a  phiin  and  direA  path,  to  a  profpe^l  of  antiquity.  The 
work  of  the  learned  prelate  fhould  only  be  peruied  by  thofe  who  are 
well  verlcd  in  Greek  Ikerarnre/ 

The  prefent  tranflation  (fieT:\9  to  have  been  executed  with  fidelity 
and  care ;  but  is  there  not  feme  Icind  of  index,  or  table  of  contents, 
wanting  to  this  work,  for  the  convenience  of  thoie  who  may  oeca- 
fionally  wifli  to  confulc  it  f 

Art.  S9«  A  new  Preftnt  for  a  Sfrvani-Mald:  containing  Rules 
Ibr  her  moral  Condofl,  both  with  refpcc^  to  herfcff  and  hsr  Supe« 
rion:    the  whole  Art    of  Cookery,   Picklir.g,    Prefcrving,   &c; 
With  Marketing  Tables,  and  Tables  {kit  calling:  up  E  ■•pcnccs,  &c; 
By  Mrs.  Hayi^'ood.     iznjo.     2  s.   bound.     Pearch,  &c.    1771. 
The  Prefent  for  a  Servant -Mai  J  has  been  publiflied,  as  a  twelve- 
penny  pamphlet,  above  zo  years ;  and  was  elleemed  by  your  good 
b—fimiifts  (the  race  was  not  oaite  extin^,  in  this  idand,  about  20 
years  ago)  as  a  well-defignej  and  valuable  tmd.     The  additions 
now  made,  rehitlng  to  Cookery,  and  other  domeflic  concerns,  m\x6i 
render  the  work  ftill  more  cxtenfively  ufeful. 
Art.  60.  Memoirs  of  Edmund  Lu^kw.     With  a  Collc<ftion  of 
original  Papers,  ard  the  Cafe  of  King  Charles  the  Firil.     4to, 
I  1.  is.    -Becket.  &c.     1771. 

Lndlow's  name  and  memorv,  as  the  prefent  Editor  of  his  \tTf 
valu^le  Memoirs  has  obferved,  *  will  ever  be  dear  and  precious  to 
all  lovers  of  Liberty.' — What  the  worthy  and  truly  patriotic  wri^.ec 
did  and  foiFered  for  the  freedom  of  his  countr) ,  his  own  pen  has  told 
as ;  nnd  the  grateful  acknowledgments  of  fuccccding  generations  have 
done  aniple  julUce  to  his  merit  and  fame;  thereby,  in  fome  degwe, 
compenuHng  for  the  hard  meafure  which  he  perfonally  endured  ii| 
his  life-time. 

This  edition  is  handfomely  printed,  and  is  prefaced  by  a  (hort 
account  of  General  Ludlow*8  Life.  To  the  Memoirs  ana  ori^utal 
Papers  is  added,  by  way  of  Appendix,  the  tradb  mentioned  in  the 
title-page  ;  which  was  drawn  up  by  Cook,  the  foilicitor  Ibr  the  high- 
court  of  juftice,  and  was  intended  to  have  been  delivered  at  the  bar, 
*  if  the  king  had  pleaded  to  the  charge,  and  put  himfelf  nu>n  a 
fair  trial.'  In  this  tra£l,  fays  the  editor,  '  the  reader  may  lee  on 
what  pruidples  thofe  men  a£led,  who  paffed  fentence  on  King 
Charles  1.  it  being  then  j>obIiflied  as  a  juftification  of  their  condu^ 
^  that  particular. 


454  Monthly  Catalocui:,  Rdi^hus^  &c. 

The  editor  coccludcs  his  preface  with  wifaing*  as  ivt  ahb  moii 
fincerely  do^  thaic  '  men  of  all  ranks  and  orders  would  endeavour  to 
iinderftand  the  principles' of  true  liberty,  and  the  jufl  rights  of  man- 
kind; this  being  the  bcil,  and,  indeed,  the  only  means  to  difTolve 
^11  parties,  to  iieal  all  diviiions,  and  to  unite  us  all  in  one  common 
c^ufe,  *viz^  iathe  promoting  the  profperlty  and  Happincfs  of  Great 
Britain,  and  trdnfaiitting  down  to  future  ages  the  bleHings  we  now 
enjoy/ 

Religious  d7;r/ Controversial. 
Alt.  6 1.  Three  DiJIirUittom  on  Life  and  Death  i  viz.  I.  A  Sur- 
vey of  the  Brevity  and  Vanity  of  human  Life;  with  the  Confola- 
•tion  adminiilercd  by  the  ChriiUan  Syilcm  agaiiift  both.  II.  Con- 
fiucr..Llv.i.s  on  Sr.  Paul's  Wilh,  to  depart  and  be  with  ChriA.  With 
an  Appiii^liy.  on  the  intermediate  State.  And,  III.  A  Com  men- 
t;iiy  o:\  k. . .  •  i. .  1 X,  in  which  the  Nature  of  Death  is  farther  con- 
fidcrL'd.  Hy  vVilJiam  joiics,  Redor  of  Piuckley  in  Kent.  8ro. 
IS.   ..- d.     £\obiiiion.     1771. 

ThcTc  i^ifTcriations  prcfcnt  us  with  fome  plain,  pious,  and  praw^i- 
cal  rcHcdions  on  the  fubj^ds  fpeciiied  in  the  title,  attended  with  a 
few  remarks  which  point  out  the  peculiar  call  and  complexion  of  the 
Author;  who,  whatever  may  be  his  particular  notions  in  fome  re- 
ipeds,  appears  to  be  iincerely  dcfirous  of  fcrving  the  caufe  of  virtue 
and  religion.  He  conlidcrs  two  beautiful  iimiles,  which  are  ufcd  id 
a  well-known  text  of  facrcd  writ,  as  a  juil  reprefentation  of  human 
life;  viz.  a  Flower,  and,  a  Shadow,  which,  in  a  llriking  manner,  ex- 
prefs  the  frail  and  tranfitory  nature  of  our  prefent  cxillcnce.  Thefe 
refleftions  naturally  lead  the  Writer  to  dired  our  thoughts  to  thofc 
hopes  and  profpcds  with  which  \vc  are  favoured  by  the  Chrillian  re- 
velation. ^  Inhere  is  no  comfort,  fays  he,  to  be  found  but  from  the 
Gofpcl  of  Chriil,  and  a  life  direded  by  its  precepts.  Our  days 
being  few  and  evil,  he  is  the  only  wife  and  happy  man  who  hath  the 

trace  /o  to  nnmher  them  as  to  a^ply  bis  heart  u^ito  n,vifJom  ;  fuch  wif- 
om,  as  will  guide  him  in  fafcty  through  this  world  oi  flmdo'vos^  to 
the  great  realities  of  the  world  to  come.' 

In  fpeaking  of  the  intermediate  ftate^  Mr.  Jones  declares  himfelf 
ptally  againll  the  opinion  of  t\it  Jleep  0/ the  foul;  and  certainly  he 
has  an  equal  right  with  e^vcry  other  man  to  form  his  judgment  for 
Limfelf.  He  apprehends  that  the  fpirit  and  tenour  of  fcriptare  arc 
a£ain(t  the  fuppofition  :  but  he  is  very  uncandid,  and  has  expofcd 
himfe'it  to  juil  r.'proof,  when  he  adds,  •  A  modern  writer  now 
livihig  hath  taken  as  much'  pains  to  uphold  and  recommend  it,  as  if 
it  v\er^  the  chief  object  of  a  Chriftian's  hope  ;  and  the  author  of  the 
Confcfflonaly  who  thinks  with  every  man  that  thinks  againll  the  Chrif- 
tiari  churchy  cries  up  his  do6lrine  as  a  moil  ingenious  difcovery.' 

We  fliall  clofe  this  fhort  article  with  an  account  of  a  criticifm  upoa 
the  difficult  text  i  Cor,  xv.  29.  Elfe  ^vhat  Jhall  they  do  ^lubo  are  lap' 
ti  zed  for  the  dcad^  if  the  dead  rife  not  at  all?  IViy  are  they  then  haf* 
tixxdfcr  thi  dead  ?  We  do  not  propofe  it  as  quite  a  new  remark,  but 
it  inay  be  acceptable  to  fome  of  our  Readers,  among  the  many  ex* 
plications  that  have  been  given,  to  be  acquainted  with,  or  reminded 
of,  thaC  which  is  here  offered.  We  fhall  tranfcribe  it  in  the  Author*! 

2  OV?U 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Religious,  &c.  465 

own  words,  though  Mr.  Jones  has  not  expreflcd  himfelf  with  all  th6 
pcrfpicuity  that,  perhaps,  he  might  have  done. 

'  I  think  (fays  he,  Ipeaking  of  St.  Paul)  he  alfo  afTxnns  of  the 
Chriftians  of  thofe  days,  that  they  tverc  introduced  to  a  fort  of  death 
by  the  conditions  of  their  baptifm  :  they  were  baptized,  not  for  /^# 
^fad  (as  the  Englifli  gives  it  us)  but  /or  dead  thcmfelves  ;  that  is,  as 
men  thenceforward  alive  unto  God,  but  dead  to  the  works  oi  th6 
fleih  ;  to  v/hom  riches,  and  honour,  and  pleafure  were  loft  and  gone  % 
to  whom  the  world  was  crucified  and  they  unto  x\\z  world.  And  of 
himfelf  in  particular  he  fpeaks  under  the  fame  figure — /  froteft  hy 
ycur  rejoicing  ivhich  1  ha've  in  Chrijl  Jefits  our  Lord^  I  die  daily.  All 
the  primitive  iaints  had  the  fame  opinion  of  themfclves  ;  and  Igna- 
tius had  away  of  exprelling  it  with  an  ambiguity  in  which  there  is'it 
lingular  elegance — ^'^o;  Era;?  Erav^aHa* — My  Love  is  crucified,^ 

'i'he  Author  endeavours  to  fupport  this  interpretation  by  the  fol- 
lowing note :  •  The  Greek  prepofition  wrtp  is  not  ufually  taken  in 
this  fenfe ;  but  it  doth  not  appear  why  it  may  not  be  fo  taken,  ai 
the  Latin  fro  in  thefe  cxpreflions — pre  ci<ve  fe  gerit — he  behaves  as  if 
he  were  a  citizen — pro  fano  hqueris — you  fpeak  as  2i  man  of  fenfe.' 
Art.  62.  Tiuo  Sermons,  By  the  Rev.  John  Wheldon,  A.  M* 
of  St.  Ivc's,  Huntingdon fhire.     8vo.     6d.     Beecroft,  Sec,    1772. 

From  the  text,  *  If  I  will  that  he  tarry  till  I  come,  what  is  thaC 
to  thee,  &c.'  Mr.  Wheeldon,  in  the  ift  of  thefefermons,  endeavours 
to  (hew  the  criminality  of  indulging  an  improper  curiofity  in  mat-* 
ters  of  religion;  and,  in  the  fecond  difcourfe,  he  endeavours  to  give 
a  fatisfadlory  expofition  of  John  xxi.  =>.  *  And  many  other  things 
there  are  which  Jefus  did,  which,  if  they  were  written  in  a  book, 
I  fuppofe  the  whole  world  would  not  contain  the  things  which  fhould 
be  written.*  There  is  nothing  new  in  Mr.  W.'s  explanation  of  thia 
bold  hyperbole.  Jn  general,  he  agrees  with  Doddridge,  that  the 
meaning  is,  that  the  books  would  be  too  bulky  for  the  world,  i.  a 
the  men  of  the  world,  to  receive,  or  /ah  in.  This  has,  to  fay  the 
lead,  fo  much  of  the  appearance  of  the  troth,  that,  as' our  Author  ob- 
ferves,  we  may  well  rclt  fatisficd  with  it,  till  a  more  convincing  in- 
terpretation is  given  us. — For  as  printing  was  not  then  invented,  ift 
mull,  no  doubt,  have  appeared  highly  expedient  to  the  cvangclifta 
to  comprize  their  hiftory  in  a  very  fmall  compafs,  not  only  for  the 
convenicncy  of  tranfcribing^  and  circulating  the  important  truths 
which  they  had  to  communicate  to  the  world,  but  that  their,  narra- 
tives might  have  a  more  immediate  and  deeper  tffc^  on  the  minds 
of  the  people,  than  would  naturally  have  been  produced  by  a  greater 
multiplicity  of  fa^^ls,  and  a  more  voluminous  detail. 
Art.  63.  A  Letter  to  Dr.  Hair»fnxy  on  the  Subjefts  of  his  Three 

Difcourfes   preached  before  the  Univerfity  of  Cambridge,,  occa- 

fioned  by  an  Attempt  to  abdliih  Subfcription  to  the  39  Articles. 

4to.     IS.     Kearily.     1772.  « 

It  was  not  to  be  expedled  that  D^.HaHifa:C'5  three  declamatory  ' 
and  intemperate  fermons  would  be  fuffered  to  pafs  unnoticed  or  un- 
reproved.  Accordingly,  he  has  met  with  a  (hkrp  and  fpiritcd  anta-. 
gonift  in  the  prefent  author,  who  hath  obtained  an  entire  vi6lory 
Qvcr  the  Dodor.  He  does  not  extend  his  remark»'%(y  the  Avhole  of 
Dr.  H.'s  difcourfes,  but  confines  himfelf  to  \\\e  ^eti^T^  y^^vvca!^  ^ 


J 


466  MoKTHLV  CATAtOGUI^   ^^/^Wlt  &C* 

flic  £rfl  rerroon,  and  to  what  u  advanced  eotxccrmng  the  dodrij&eoT 

the  Triniiy.     If  wi^  h^vc  difccmed  any  fault  in  ibif  pcflormiifcc,  it 

is^  the  afperity  wuh  which  it  is  wriiteo.     Dr.  HiLu^  dderve^i 

fevere  carrc*^or»,  buc  wc  think  that  our  Aathor  h  *         oas. 

It  It  ufually  dciirablc  that  thole  who  plead  fbr  rt  im 

aod  improvements   Oiould   prefcrve    the   utmo'l  tc 

gteatell  provocations;    as  thii  will,  perhaps^  on  i  ,   u-  lut 

bell  way  of  obtain  ing  the  end  proporcd. 

Art.  64.  The  Scripture  (hi  miy  Tifi^  a$  wtU  m  thi  enfy  Rub^  ^f 

Chriftian  Faith^  maintained  in  a  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Tttcktrf 

Dean  of  Glouccflcr,     Svo,      1  3»,     V/hice.      '77a. 

Without  entering  into  a  very  nice  and  critical  difcufljoo  of  Dr# 
Tucker's  Apology  for  tlie  Chwrch  of  England*  ihtf  Author  fupporu 
Kts  general  propofition  of  the  Suiliciency  of  Scripiwre  a«  »  Teil,  as 
weU  M  a  Role,  of  Faiih,  with  good  (tn(^t  anl  mnj^ ration.  He 
thinks  it  fomewhat  lirangc  that  it  ihou]d  be  ;  -d^   that  the 

recjoiring  no  fublcription  to  human  do^lrinct  ilio....j  ..v4iioy,  orataJI 
liurt.  the  Church  of  England,  is  reformation,  fay^  he.  and  detKruc- 
lion  the  fame  thing  ?  or  can  reformation  60  any  h^irm  t  With  rt* 
gard  to  the  dlllurbance  which  fome  fcem  to  be  afraid  of,  if  the  |9 
arcicles  arc  entirely  removed,  the  alteration  reqaeJled  b  fo  reafoiuble 
and  fo  fmaU,  ih^t  be  ii  perfuaded  all  would  foon  ac<|uiefce  in  it  j 
at^d  wc  are  much  dii'pofed  to  concur  with  him  in  thr  fame  ciuinion^ 
Art.  6$*  An  £jeamtna{i&H  of  ihi  late  Rto,  Air^  Lt  MoUiis  Trm* 

Itjt  en  MirmUu    By  Hagh  Farmer.      8vo.      1  s     Cfidrllt   ^<* 

X77** 

Soon  after  the  publication  of  Mr.  Farmer's  DifTt-rtatfon  era  Mi- 
raeles,  a  notion  prevailed  that  he  had  made  confiderabie  afeofU 
Moire's  Trcatife,  without  acknowledging  it ;  and  it  was  aflertedw 
that  his  book  had  the  very  fame  view  with  Mr.  Lc  Muinc's*  and  was 
a  copy  of  hii  work.  Mr.  Farmer  has  thought  proper,  thcrcforri  %m 
enter  into  a  panicglar  examination  of  Le  Moine's  performance,  in 
order  to  (hew  how  much  ic  is,  in  fatEl,  di^rent  from,  and  even 
contrary  to,  his  owiu  This  he  haa  done  with  gr^^at  accorKf 
and  fuccefs*  fo  as  entirely  to  cleur  himfejf  from  the  alperhon  thai 
2»ad  been  calt  upon  him.  Our  learned  author  has  not,  howrnreri 
fclely  confined  himfelf  to  the  point  of  vlndicatirtg  his  reputation 
from  an  injurious  charge*  but  bath  taken  occadon  Ailt  farther  to 
coniirm  and  iiluilrate  the  fentiments  advanced  in  his  ditleftation. 
With  refped  to  the  ancient  Magic  in  particular,  he  has  i4dcda 
aitmber  cf  curious  and  important  remarks* 

As  to  Lc  Moine,  *  if  you  chufe  to  alk  me,  fays  Mr,  Farmer*  et 
the  conclufion  of  the  pumpblet,  "  Are  you  not  indebted  to  him  ? 
I  anfwer,  that  from  all  that  hath  been  ofiered  to  ihctv,  tn  v  1 

pf  the  fubjpv^  are  diiUn^l  and  oppolite,  it  appear^,  how  i  .    it 

Is  that  I  thould  be  materially  indebted  to  thii  author.  Nor  have  I 
toy  remembniDce  tlitit  I  am  indebted  to  him  at  all.  My  fenn'mrnu 
upon  miracles  were  formed,  and  mtfvy  of  my  papc  ;u. 

}ed  were  fobmitttd  to  the  infpedion  of  a  fiii?nd.  bt.  ;        r** 

tion  of  Mr,  Lc  Moine^s  trcauie.  f  read  it  when  it  tirk  caAO  OiHt 
tral  dd  not  remember  that  I  ever  revifed  it  afterwarii»,  I  aia  Citfrtabt 
\i  did  AOt  conrif U  it  whea  I  ^^ated  ta^  v^^t«  ^ot  ^  v^^\  <^«ftiUir 


Monthly  Catalogue,  RtUgUuSyiic.  ^7 

being  originally  defined  fofr  my  own!  ikds&£Uoi|9,  )i&d  Ittn  by  mm. 
untouched  for  many  years.)  i  could  be  onder  Uttk  tcnputioii  X9 
reviTe  an  author,  who(e  peculiar  featiiaenti  I  do  oiuverfiUl/  and  en* 
tirely  difapprove.' 

We  ihall  only  add,  that  the  perfons,  who  have  dili^tly  com- 
pared the  two  treatiies  of  Mr.  Farmer  and  Mr.  Le  Maine  together^ 
will  have  so  hcfitation  in  admitting  the  truth  of  tbefe  aiTertionf. 
Art.  66.  A  brief  Enquiry  into  the  State  after  Death%  as  Coucbing 
the  Ceruinty  thereof;  and  whether  we  fliall  extft  in  a  material  or 
immaterial  Subftance  ;   and  whether  the  Scripture  Doctrine  of  a' 
Future  State  be  fupported  by  the  Light  of  Reafon.     8vo.    6d* 
Manchefter.     Printed  for  the  Author  *. 

A  rery  whimiical  performance,  on  a  very  ferions  and  iotcreftiAg: 
fubjca. 

Art*  67.  Jn  expoftuUtory  Addrefi  to  all  who  frequent  Places  q£ 
Diver  Aon  and  Gaming,  lamo.  6d.  Box^lsmd. 
Piety  preaching  to  Pleafure :  to  little  porpofe,  we  iear,  at  Pieafore 
is  very  apt  to  be  deaf  to  the  'voice  of  the  charmer ^^^vlv\^{%  it  be  at  the 
ofera^  ice.  whither,  we  believe,  neither  oar  author  nor  his  expoftu- 
lations  will  ever  be  of  her  party. 

Art.  68.  The  third  Volume  oftbi  M286IAH,  attempted  from  the 
German  of  Mr.  Klopdock.  1 2mo.  5  8.  Dodfley,  iec 
Notwithftatiding  the  great  reputation  which  the  original  of  this 
work  hath  o(>tained  abroad,  we  have  not  hefitated  to  exprefs  oar  di^ 
approbation  of  fuch  motly  compo(ttions  f  ;  in  our  opiniout  (which, 
ipdeed,  is  but  our  opinion,  and  we  prefume  not  to  erefl  the  uandard 
of  tafte)  they  neither  do  honour  to  the  Chri^an  religion,  nor  to  the 
judgment  of  thoie  who  admire  ihem. 

Art.  69.  Extras  of  the  Rev,  Mr.  John  WffUys  J§umal^  from 

May  27,  1765,  to  May  1768.     Svo.     10  d.    Oliver.     1771. 

Mr.  Wefley,  we  fuppofe,  publtfhe s  thefe  his  piout  itineraries  for 

the  edification  of  hifl  friends  and  followers  ;  and  much  good  may  their 

entertainment  do  them !  This  Courfe  is  marked  No.  XIV. 

Art.  70.  A  Vindication  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  JVefirfs  lafi  Mimm^: 

occafioned  by  a  circular,  printed  Letter,  inviting  principal  JE^* 

fons,  both  Clergy  and  Laity,  as  well  of  the  DtCenters  as  of  the 

cftabliihed  Church,  who  dxfapprove  of  thofc  Minutes,  to  t>ppole 

them  in  a  Body,  as  a  dreadful  Herefy. — In  five  Letters  to  the  Hon. 

and  Rev.  Author  %  of  the  Circalar  Letter.     1  zmo.    9  d.    Briilol 

printed,  and  fold  l^  Cabe,  &c.  in  London.     1771. 

We  never  faw  any  of  Mr.  Wcfley's  mioates ;  but  we  learn,  from 

this  publication,  that  there  has  been  a  great  i^ir  about  them,  among 

the  MeUiodifts.     The  advocates  for  faivation  by  faith  are  quite  at 

•  Sylvanus  Hibbert:-^fls  we  conclude  fr»m  his  picture,  prefixed 
by  way  of  frontifpiece. 

.  f  No  AH,  and  the  Death  of  Abel,  are  aifbof  this  kind,  and 
have  met  with  fuccefs  in  this  country  ;  for  which,  did  we  look  no 
farther  than  to  the  intercil  of  Mr.  Collyer,  the  tranllatoi,  who  is  a 
worthy  and  ingenious  man,  we  ihould  not  be  forry. 

;  Mr.  Wahcr  Shirk; . 


468^  CoRR£SPbNOENd£. 

dkgger^-drawing  with  thofe  who  contend  (or  gosd^'w.rks  .'-onemigb 
imagine  tbftt  people  would  be  glad  to  be  faved  cither  ivay. 
Art.  71.  Pive  Letters  to  the  Ri'u,  Mr,  F  •  ■  ■  r^  relative  to  bis 
Vindication  of  the  Minutes  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  John  Wefley.  In- 
tended chiefly  for  the  Comfort  of  mourning  Backdiders,  and  foch 
ns  may  have  been  diftrcflbd  ahd  perplexed  by  reading  Mr.  VVelley's 
Minutes,  or  the  Vindication  of  them.  By  a  Friend*'^  8vo.  6(L 
Dilly.     1 77 1. 

Thefe  five  letters  appear  to  have  been  written  by  Richard  H— II, 
Efq;  of  Hawktlone,  near  Whitchurch,  in  Shroplhire ;  author  of 
Pietas  Oxonienfis  ;  a  zealous  Whitfieldian,  but  a  man  of  parts.    His 

opponent,  Mr.  F r,  of  Madcly,  in  or  near  the  fame  coaoty, 

is  alfo  a  man  of  more  learning  am!  ability  than  one  might  expedto 

meet  with  amono;  the  generality  of  Methodifl  Preachers. 

Art.  72.  -/f  fecmd  Check  to  jntinomiani/m  ;  occafioned  by  a  late 

Narrative  *  in  three  Letters  to  the  Hon.  nnd  Rev.  Author.    By 

the-Vindicator  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wcfley's  Minutes,     izmo.     lod. 

Keith,  Sec.     '7'»-^ 

Mr.  Wefley  is  certainly  much  obliged  to  Mr.  F— r  for  his  fober, 
decent,  and  feafonable  defence,  againft  the  fliarp  attacks  of  Meflh. 
Shirley,  Hill,  &c.  The  Wefleyans,  however,  feem  to  be  bird 
pulhed  ;  and  Calvin  certainly  gains  ground.  Meantime,  the  ene- 
mies of  Chrillianity  triumph,  and  exclaim — Tantane  amimis  ealtfii- 
hits  ira  ? 

•  Sec  Review  for  December  laft,  p.  50c. 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

WR  have  received  a  pctuUnt  and  unpolitc  Letter  from  the  Aa* 
thor  of  an  "  EllAy  on  the  H S ,"  which  he  dcfiics 

us  to  *'  pubiifii  iu  our  next  Review."— If  the  Writer  can  allow  jbim- 
fclf  to  think  coolly  and  impartially  on  the  fubjedl,  we  doubt  not  bnc 
he  will  dccin  himielf  obliged  to  us  for  our  non-compliance  with  (b 
iiiconfiderate  a  rcqueft.  He  may  alio  be  pleafcd  to  rcfiedt,  that  wc 
have  other  employment  for  the  pages  of  our  work,  than  to  fill  them 
with  the  railing  rcmonflrances  of  every  writer  who  may  fancy  that  w«i 
have  failed  in  point  of  rjfpctl  to  the  merit  of  bis  produdtions. 

|3*  We  are  greatly  obliged  to  J.  C.  for  bis  favour  of  April  5,  and 

wc  Ihall  certainly  avail  ourfclves  of  his  friendly  hints. 

^»*  OurPublifher  defires  us  to  inform  Ponfypool^  that  it  feciDJ 
rather  uncivil  to  put  people  to  the  cxpence  of  double  poftagc  for  Icr- 
rcib  in  which  favours  are  follicited. 

ERRATA  in  our  lalK 
P.  212,  line  7  of  the  «e/r,  for  lure,  read  hire. 
—  257,  Art.  34.  L  4  of  the  charaftcr  of  that  pamphlet,  expunge 


'"THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

■  I 

For      MAY,      177^. 


Art.  I.    ConJiJerattGnt  on  Criminal  Laiv,     Svo.     5  s.  Boards. '   Ca- 

dcll.     1772. 

CRIMINAL  laws  are  the  firft  that  arc  known  in  fociety, 
and  the  laft  that  arrive  at  perfcdtion.  The  diforders 
which  proceed  from  the  paflions  of  individuals  in  an  infjnC 
community  necefTarily  fuggeft  the  idea  of  a  public  intcreft. 
Men  find  that  their  afluciation  muft  dillblve,  if  they  are  to  re- 
inaio  unprotCiSted,  and  to  trufl:  to  their  owh  arms  for  the  redrefs 
p{  their  wrongs.  A  magiftrate  is  named,  v/ho  cites  before  him 
ithc  delinquent,  and  defends  the  rights  of  the  injured.  But  after 
private  revenge  has  been  aboliflicd,  and  after  a  tribunal  has  been 
conftituted  to  determine  concerning  crimes,  it  is  l^ng  before 
the  difpenfcrs  of  juftice  can  judge  of  them  with  a  proper  en<^ 
largcment,  or  are  armed  with  authority  to  carry  their  decifionf 
into  execution.  After  they  have  known  hofr  to  fympathiz^ 
with  the  individual^  and  yet  to  moderate  tbe  rigour  of  his  re- 
fentment,  it  is  long  before  they  conceive  that  the  community 
is  alfo  injured  by  the  violence  and  the  crimes  of  the  guilty.  ^ 
£oe,  or  (atisfaftion,  accordingly,  in  a  rude  community,  is  ex- 
^&c4  from  the  opprellbr,  and  ^iven  to  the  perfon  whole  rights 
he  has  violated^  or  to  his  family  :  and  this  alone  is  thought 
fufficjcnt  to  fulfil  the  purpofes  of  juflicc.  As  fociety,  hovvtivcr, 
improves,  the  delinquent  is  not  only  ordered  to  pay  a  compcn- 
fatioo  to  the  individual,  but  alfo  to  give  fatisfadtion  to  the  pub- 
lic, ihc  peace  and  order  of  which  he  has  difturbed.  While  our 
anccftors  ftrayed  in  the  woods  of  Germany,  their  criminal  re- 
gulations only  tended  to  fati.^fy  the  injured  or  his  relations  ;  hut 
»fer  their  fettlement  in  England,  a  higher  degree  of  civiliza- 
tion taught  them  alfo  to  refpctSl:  the  inter^ft  of  the  community. 
Thus,  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  laws,  a  fine  was  not  only  paid  by  a 
murderer  to  the  relations  of  the  deceafed,  but  alfu  to  the  king 
.    ypL,XLVL  Bb  fur 


^jo  dnjidirations  on  Crimml  L&mi 

for  the  lofs  of  a  fubjtct.  Time,  which,  by  flow  and  atmoft 
impcfccpiiblc  degrees,  refiaes  the  opinions  ot  mankind^  com- 
municaies  alio  an  improvement  to  laws ;  but,  in  almolt  every 
cultivated  nation,  it  will  be  found,  that  civil  regulations  ap* 
proach  nearly  to  a  per  fed  ftate,  while  thojfc  that  regard  ctiiuci 
arc  ftatncd  with  iiTJufticc  and  cruelty* 

In  £ng;Iand,  where  the  utmoft  rcfped  is  paid  to  the  life  «f 
the  mcancft  artizan»  where  the  privileges  of  nobility  do  not 
extend  to  the  commiffion  of  crimes  with  impunity,  and  where 
even  kings  have  been  brought  to  a  trral^  and  have  bled  upon 
the  fcafFoM*  we  fliould  naturally  imagine  that  crimiaa]  jurrf* 
prudence  had  arrived  at  the  higheft  point  of  perfedlion.  Yet 
appeals  rebttng  to  the  difproportton  in  our  laws  between  pii* 
niftimcnts  and  offences  have  been  frequently  made  to  the  pub* 
lie,  and  addreflsd  to  the  legiOature  ^  and,  what  refieds  littk 
honour  on  thofe  who  have  been  called  to  the  dirediion  of  our 
affairs,  they  have  been  as  frequently  difregarded.  The  Au- 
thor of  the  prcfcnt  performance  has,  notwithllanding«  been 
prompted,  by  his  humanity,  to  utter  his  complaints  on  ihis 
fubjedt,  and  to  fuggeft  regulations  which  may  be  enforced  with 
advantage. 

*  The  following  effay,  fayi  he,  is  Intended  to  evince  die 
ncccflity  of  moderutrtig  the  rigour  of  our  Penal  Laws,  and  efta- 
blilhing  a  more  juil  and  equitable  proportion  between  crhnet 
and  puniflvmcnts. 

*  With  this  view,  I  have  endeavoured  to  RttWf  that  extreme 
feverity  in  punifhmcnt  leads  to  licentioufncfs  ant^  impunity; 
that  men  of  mild  difpofitions,  being  unwilling  to  puni(h  fc- 
verely  for  flight  offences,  are  averfe  to  profccutions,  and  delin- 
quents arc  fuffered  to  continue  in  the  habit  of  evil,  till,  at 
length,  they  are  guilty  of  enormous  crimes,  which  might  have 
been  prevented  by  taking  proper  cognizance  of  their  firft  ad- 
vances to  gutlt. 

*  With  refpefl  to  puni/hments  in  general,  1  have  likewife 
endeavoured  to  ftiew,  that  the  apprchenfion  of  death  is  not  a 
fufficient  motive  of  terror  j  that  the  ftiongeft  objeeh  of  dread' 
t©  men  of  depraved  minds,  are  poverty,  labour,  and  confine- 
mcnt  ;  that  thefc  evils  therefore,  which  they  commit  crimes 
avoid,  fhouid  be  inflicted  on  them  in  proportion  to  their  feveml 
degrees  of  delinquency;  and  thj^t  the  example  of  fuffering^ 
jruilc  held  up  to  the  criminal,  would  have  much  better  effete 
than  the  terror  of  immediate  death  ;  which,  inftead  of  being 
ufeful,  is  in  moft  cafes  pernicious  to  focicty,  and  ought  not  ta 
be  infliftcd  but  under  particular  circumftances. 

*  However  I  niay  have  fuccceded  in  fupporting  thcfc  pro- 
pofuions,  I  am  moll  firmly  perfuaded  that  the  eftabUQiment  ot 


Cunfidtrations  m  Criminal  Lmi)* 


♦?« 


^rejufiand  moderate  puniQiments,  not  only  in  capital,  bue 
in  fiibordinate  offences^  would  be  attended  with  the  moll  faiu-* 
tary  effects, 

*  It  was  under  this  firm  pcri'uafion  that  I  have  be€;n  lcd»  in 
feme  parts  of  the  following  eilay,  to  fpeaJc  in  a  manner  which 

Kfeay  perhaps  be  thought  rather  too  decifive,  upon  the  impro- 
^kcty  of  our  prefent  code  of  Criminal  Laws.  1  have^  however, 
H^failed  myfcif  of  the  authority  of  very  refpedtable  authors,  butlk 
^icient  and  modern,  in  fuppoft  of  the  propofitions  1  mean  ta 
eAabli(h. 

*  I  prefumed  that  it  would  not  be  unfeafonable  at  this  time 
to  offer  fome  hints  on  the  fubje£l  of  rcvifing  and  reforming  this 
bratich  of  our  laws  |  as  the  Houfe  of  Commons  have  already 

fxnt,  to  fome  refolutions  upon  that  head, 
*  The  prefent  period,  indeed,  feems,  from  many  concurring 
^ircumftances,  to  encourage  this  undertaking. 

*  The  general  character  of  the  age  is  ftrongly  marked  for 
its  benevolence  and  moderation, 

*  The  fovereign  on  the  throne  exhibits  a  bright  example  to 
bis  people  of  thefe  and  other  virtues  ;  May  future  ages  cele- 
brate his  reign  as  the  sra  when  our  Penal  Laws  wexe  mode-* 
W^ttA^  and  more  equal  punifhments  inflitutcd  ! 

*  There  is,  too,  a  peculiar  turn  for  reformation  in  the  pre- 
fent parliament,  who  have  lately  paffed  two  ads,  making  eflcn* 
tiai improvements  in  the  law  relating  to  ele£iions  and  privilege 
of  parliament/ 

Such  are  the  laudable  views  with  which  the  Author  has  com* 
municated  his  confiderations  on  our  Penal  Laws  ;  and  we  moft 
iincereJy  join  with  him  in  the  hope,  that  fome  mitigation  will 
be  applied  to  their  fever ity.  In  the  treatment  of  his  fubje£t  he 
difcovers  a  very  extenfivc  acquaintance  with  thofe  writers  who 
have  difcourfed  concerning  criminal  jurifpfudcncc*  Their  pub- 
lications have  enriched  his  work  with  many  valuable  lemaiics, 
and  have  contributed  to  lu^igcft  to  him  others  no  iefs  valu- 
ible.  He  is  every  where  a  friend  lo  liberty,  and  to  human 
nature ;  and  we  muil  obferve,  to  his  praife,  that'  to  thofe  who 
are  fond  of  manly  and  ingenious  refeardies,  his  performance 
will  be  highly  acceptable. 

In  the  courfe  of  his  obfervations  he  has  entered  into  the 
cfueftion,  *  Whether  juries  arc  judges  of  law  as  well  as  fad  ?' 
and  what  he  has  remarked  on  this  lubjed,  we  fubmit  to  the 
examination  of  our  Readers, 

•  In  confidcfing  this  important  queflion,  it  will  be  proper, 
be  obferveSy  to  pay  fome  attention  to  the  forms  of  our  legal 
proceedings  in  criminal  matters.  Indi^ments  not  only  fet  forth 
the  particular  fail  committed,  but  alfo  fpecify  the  nature  of  the 
crime.  Thus  treafons  arc  faid  to  be  done  frcdiiariif  ox  traiic-' 
B  b  a  i^Ni^^ 


M7* 


C^fiditaiimim  Ztrimin^i  Lw* 


froirflf.     Felonies  arc  faiJ  to  be  committed  febniciy    Of  feflP 
rtouily.     Publrc  libcli  are  (aid  to  be  publi&ed  falttmiy  or  Wi* 
'  tioufly  ;  *t  ftc  dt  laUn's* 

^      *  When  a  jury,  fhcrcfore  h  impanelled  upon  the  tria!  of  a 

I  trahor,  tbcy  ate  to  try,   not  only  whether  the  defendant  w 

'  guiify  of  the  fa^  of  having  correfpondcd  wtth  the  enemy  (or 

,  whatever  the  fpecies  of  tteafon   may   be)  bat  whether  he  is 

'  guilty  of  having  corrdponcfeti  with  the  enemy  trmteroujtf  ornot. 

[  When  thfy  are  impnnclled  upon   the  trial  oi'  a  felon,  they  are 

'  to  try,  not  only  whether  he  killej   fuch  an  one,  or  look  fuch 

[  an  one's  property,  but  whether  he  killed  fuch  an  one  of  miilkt 

freptnje^  or  took  i\kc\i  an  one's  property  />/wf/w^.      In  like 

sianner,  tf  they  are  impanelled  on  the  triadf  of  a  public  libeller, 

I  they  are  to  try,  not  onlv  whether  he  publiflied  fuch  a  wrking, 

kilt  whether  he  pub^  fttittujly  or  not, 

*  In  ftiort,  in  all  icf,  it  fecm<j  from  the  words  of 
the  rRite,  that  they  are  to  try  not  only  the  faSf^  but  the  mma 
in  other  words,  they  are  to  judge,  not  only  of  the  a^  dsne^  but 
bf  the  hducemtnt  for  dctng  fuch  Aif?,  and  tn  determine  wh'^rthcr  it 
be  of  the  criminal  nature  as  fet  forth  in  the  »adi£^mcnt, 

*  It  may  be  concluded,  not  only  from  the  general  frame  of 
indiflments,  but  from  the  nature  of  the  verdift  in  panteuhr 
cafes,  tbat  the  jury  arc  vefted  with  the  power  of  judgkig  cf 
tow,  as  well  as/^rrfif. 

*  Indeed  many  great  lawyers  frem  inclined  to  the  optnbn 
that  juries  arc  to  determine  upon  the  law,  as  well  as  fa6t.  Lord 
Chief  Juitice  Vaughan,  in  Bufhell's  cafe,  p.  150,  reports  19 
follows: — ^^  But  upon  all  general  iffocs,  as  upon  Not  Culpable 
pleaded  in  trcfpafs.  Nil  dibit  in  debt,  Nut  t&rt^  N nl  df^erjs/i  tn 
zfCiz^y  &c.  though  ft  be  a  matter  of  law  whether  the  defcti-  ■ 
d^nt  be  a  trefpaficr,  a  debtor,  deffcifTor»  &c.  in  the  particulir  I 
cafes  in  ifiUe  5  yet  the  jury  find  nnt  (as  in  a  fpecial  verdict)  tftc 
fad  of  every  cafe  by  itic\(y  leaving  the  law  to  the  court,  but 
find  for  the  plaintiff  or  defendant  upon  the  ifflic  to  be  tried, 
wherein  they  retblve  both  law  and  faiSi  complicatedly,  and  not 
the  fadt  by  itfelf  *,  fo  as,  though  they  anfwer  not  fmgly  to  the 
queftion,  what  \s  the  law?  yet  ihey  determine  t!ie  law  in  aM 
matters  where  iflue  is  joined  and  tried  in  the  principal  cafe,  but 
where  the  vcrdtfl  is  fpccial/* 

*  Lord  Chief  JtilHce  Hale  fap,  in  hrs  Hiftory  of  the  Com- 
I  mon  Law,  *^  As  the  jury  ojfij^s  the  judge  in  determinrng  mat* 
I    ters  of  fa6t,  fo  the  jyid^e  ijj/t/li  the  jury  in  determining  potntf 

of  law,  and  alfo  ver\'  mucn   fn  invclHgatrng  ar>d  enlightcnme; 

The  marter  of  faft,  whcrccrf  the  jury  arc  judge*. "^^ Were  it  may 
I    be  obfcrvcd,  that  though  his  Lordftip  does  rtot  csepref^  htmfetf 

uith  his  ufu:il  perfpjcuity,  yet  he  feems  to  be  of  <  thtt 

[  juries  are  judges  of  law  as  well  zsfa^^   ^  The  juci^. 


Cenfidtraticns  en  CrhuHal  La%X}^  473 

jB^i  the  jury  in  determining  points  of  law,"  which  word  a^ifis 
implies  the  right  of  determination  to  be  in  the  jury]  <^  and 
alfo  (be  adds)  very  much  in  invefligating  and  enlighteRiog  the  • 
matter  of  fa^,  whereof  the  jury  are  judges."  Now  the  word 
Vibereof  may  at  firft  feem  only  to  refer  to  matter  of  fa^ft ;  yet, 
taking  the  fenfe  pf  the  paragraph  altogether,  and  contldering 
the  ul€  of  the  copulative,  it  mull  be  taken  to  refer  both  to  law 

^  But  the  true  meaning  of  this  pafTage  is  beft  explained  by 
X«ord  Chief  Juflice  Hale  himfelf,  who,  in  the  fecond  book  of 
his  Hiflory  of  the  Pleas  of  the  Crown*  p.  313,  exprefsly  fays, 
**  That  the  conicienoe  of  the  jury  muft  pronounce  the  prifoner 
guilty  or  not  guilty  ;  for,  to  fay  the  truth,  it  were  the  moft 
unhappy  cafe  that  could  be  to  the  judge,  if  he  at  his  peiil  muft 
take, upon  him  the  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  prifoner;  and  if 
the  judge's  opinion  muft  rule  the  matter  of  fad,  the  trial  by 
jury  would  be  ufelefs." 

*  The  learned  Author  of  the  Commentaries  on  the  Law  of 
England,  b.  iv»  p.  354,  fays,  That  fpecial  verdicts  fee  forth  all 
the  circumftances  of  the  cafe,  and  pray  the  judgment  of  the 
court,  whether,  for  inftance,  it  be  murder^  manflaughter,  or 
fio  crime  at  all.  This  is  where  the  jurors  doubt  the  matter  of 
law,  and  therefore  chufe  to  leave  it  to  the  determination  of  the 
/court,  though  they  have  an  unqueftionable  right  of  determin- 
ing upon  all  the  circumftanccs,  and  finding  a  general  verdidl, 
jf  they  think  proper  fo  to  hazard  a  breach  of  their  oaths,  &c« 

*  ypon  a  (light  attention,  it  muft  be  owned,  as  has  beea 
^eady  obfervcd,  that  the  lodging  this  power  in  juries  is  fome- 
times  produ£tive  of  inconvenience  and  injuftice.  To  appoint 
twelve  illiterate,  and  the  greateft  part  of  them  perhaps  igno^ 
lant  ipen,  to  be  the  ultimate  expofuors  and  arbitrators  of  the 
}aw,  with  a  power  to  controul  and  over-rule  the  opinions  and 
diredions  of  the  judges,  who  have  made  the  fcience  of  jurif* 
prudence  their  ftudy,  and  have  been  raifed  to  the  feat  of  judg* 
ment  for  their  knowledge  and  abilities  in  their  profcilion,  ap- 
pears at  firft  fight  to  be  a  prcpofterous  delegation.  But  many 
things,  upon  a  flight  and  tranfient  infpc£tion,  carry  the  appear^ 
ance  of  abfurdity,  which,  may  be  reconciled  upon  a  clofer  exa* 
mination.  It  lies  not  within  the  reach  of  human  wifdom  to 
provide  remedies  againft  every  evil  contingency ;  the  moft  it 
can  do  is,  to  avoid  the  greater  evil ;  and  perhaps,  upon  a  more 
ma^re  confideration,  the  vefting  this  power  in  the  jury  will  be 
tfiought  the|^(Ier  inconvenience. 

*  For  if  the  judge,  who  expounds  the  law,  had  the  power 
Bff  dettminhg  according  to  his  own  expofition,  might  not  an 
4olet  b#  opened  for  arbitrary  and  partial  decifions  ?  Might  not 
«|ie  jiNtge  ykewifc  as  wfli  be  entrufted  lo  decUt  cotvc^itCxtv^ 
i.  £  b  3  ^^^ 


|4>74  Thi  Pri/idfnt*s  Difimrft  to  the  StudinU  of  thi  Royat  A^aUmy^ 

the  evidence  of  the  faft  ?  For,  by  a  latitude  of  conftmaioa,  he 
might  bring  the  fadl  within  the  fcvcritjr  of  ihe  Uw%  contfary 
to  the  fcnfe  of  the  legiilaturc  ;  or,  by  a  confined  cxpi^fition,  he 
might  reftrain  it,  to  the  hindfancc  of  juftice. 

•  Thus  the  life  and  liberty  of  the  fubjcil  might  depend  on 
ihe  decifion  of  one  man,  who  might  poffibly,  in  fome  cafes,  be 
more  likely  to  be  biaffcd  than  twelve  jurors,  totally  indifferent 
to  the  paaies  concerned,  who  are  fworn  to  give  a  true  verdict, 
and  mull  do  it  under  the  peril  of  a  heavy  puniflimcnt,  and  whofc 
duty  it  is  to  Oate  ihcrir  doubts  and  difHculties,  if  any  (hould  oc* 
cur,  for  the  advice  of  the  court.  Is  there  not  Icfs  to  be  ap* 
prchcndcd  from  the  occanonal  miHakcs  of  judgment  in  twelve 
fuch  jurors,  than  the  pofTjble  error  of  judgment  or  of  will  ia 
the  judge,  who,  whatever  be  his  knowledge  or  probity,  is  but 
t  man  V 

Under  the  head  of  laws,  with  reference  to  the  number  of  in- 
habitants, our  Author  has  the  following  fliort  but  linking 
paiTage : 

*  Does  it  repair  the  lofs  of  the  fufferer,  does  it  reform  the 
vicious,  to  execute  criminals  for  petty  and  venial  offences  f  By 
fuch  policy,  the  individual  wronged  is  not  only  left  without 
any  recompence  for  the  injury  fullaincd,  but  the  injury  done 
him  is  often  farther  aggravated  by  the  expcncc  of  a  profecu- 
tion ;  and  fociety  is  prejudiced  by  the  lofs  of  a  member,  with- 
out reaping  any  benefit  from  the  example  of  his  fate/ 

It  iSt  doubtlefs,  we  would  here  obfcrve,  in  ihc  higheft  de- 
gree abfurd,  that  after  a  robbery  has  been  committed,  the  fuf- 
ferer fhoulJ  be  bound  over  to  profccute  the  offender,  at  his  own 
cxpencc.  It  is  an  odd  compenfation  to  him  for  his  firft  lofs, 
that  he  Hiould  a  fecond  time  be  legally  plundered  by  Old  BaiUy  ■ 
foltcitorSj  and  the  menial  retainers  of  the  law.  In  cafes  of  this  1 
nature,  the  a£tion  having  in  view  the  good  of  fociety,  the  ex- 
pence  of  it  fliould  be  fuftained  by  the  public,  and  a  cahimmatir 
fublicus  (hould  be  the  profecutor. 

In  concluding  our  account  oi  the  prefent  work,  we  muff  do 
the  Author  the  juftlcc  to  remark  the  fpirit  of  philofophy  and 
enlargement  with  which  be  has  ventured  to  treat  his  fubjed.  It 
is  fddom  that  the  enquirer  into  matters  of  law  di (covers  a  libera* 
Jity  of  iTjnd  To  commendable. 


\ 


Aar,  IL  ADifcour/t  dtli'^trtdtf^  the  Studtnts  cf  tht  R^ytd  Academj,  tw 
tht  Diflrihutten  &/ Piizis^  Dtc^  IQ,  fj'jx^  By  the  F^fident*  ^ta 
2i,     Pavics.      1772.  • 

THIS  maderly  difcourfe  is  chiefly  employed  in  defcribinj 
and  comparing  the  diflinguifliing  merits  of  the  great  an^fts 
cf  fhe  Rom^n  and  the  Venetiw  C^^hagls*    The  former  addrciTci 


i 


m  the  Difiributhn  tf  PriztSy  Dit,  lO,  177l#  475 

ihemfdvcs  to  the  piflions,  and  awakencil  the  mind  to  rcafibi- 
lity  :  the  Uiter  were  ftudious  to  pleafr  the  rycj  they  excelled 
in  ornameaf,  and  difcovcred  dexterity  in  the  ufc  of  the  pencil, 
but  affected  not  the  nobler  faculties,  Jo  thofe,  accordingly, 
the  ittentioji  of  the  fludents  of  the  Royal  Academy  is  particu- 
Jdfly  called  by  our  Ingeruoui  Author  j  and,  of  thcfe,  he  exhi- 
bits the  defeifls,  which,  as  they  arc  fplcndid  and  bewitching, 
lend  to  vitiate  the  tafic  of  the  young  and  inexperienced,  and 
JlAVc  even,  fomclimes,  fcduced  the  admiration  of  the  conooifTeur 
and  the  artiii^  from  the  higher  excellencies  of  painting. 

*  The  vaJu€  and  ranlt,  fays  he,  of  every  art  is  in  proportion 
to  the  mental  labour  employed  in  it,  or  the  mental  pkafure 
produced  by  it*  As  this  principle  is  preferved  or  neglefled, 
our  profciTton  becomes  either  a  liberal  art,  or  a  mechanical 
trade.  In  the  hands  of  one  man  it  makes  the  highell  preten- 
fions,  a$  it  is  addrefled  to  the  nublell  faculties.  In  thofe  of 
another  it  is  reduced  to  a  mere  matter  of  ornament*  and  the 
painter  had  but  the  humble  province  of  furnjftiir>g  our  apart* 
mcnis  with  elegance. 

This  exertion  of  mind,  which  is  the  only  circumf^ance 

ut  truly  enobles  our  art,  makes  the  ^reat  diftinflion  between 

ae  Roman  and  Venetian  fchools,  and  gives  the  fuperiority  to 

le   painter  of  hiftory  over  all  others  of  our  profciEon,     No 

irt  of  his  work  is  produced  but  by  an  efFort  of  the  mind  ;  there 

no  objeci  which  can   be  fet  before  him  as  a  perfedl  model  ^ 

re  h  none  which  he  can  venture  minutely  to  imitate,  and 

transfer  with  all  its  beauties  and  blemiflies  into  his  great 

The  painter,  who  would  attain  excellence  in  his  art,  muft 
iroid  particular  ideas.  To  produce  a  pcrfcfl  form,  he  muft 
ift  himfeif  by  imagination  :  he  mult  drefs  nature  to  advantage, 
he  fame  principle  extends  its  influence  to  all  the  finer  arts, 
was  nnt  from  the  obfervarion  of  one  figure  that  the  fculptor 
Kecuted  the  Apollo  Belvedere  ;  and  the  p  jet,  in  the  charadiers 
be  draws,  and  m  the  fccnes  he  defcribes,  is  perpetually  carried 
~~  cyond  the  truth,  Suemnius  and  Tacitus  have  fumeiimes  re- 
dded the  fame  facts ;  but  with  how  different  a  value  does  the 
an  of  tafte  regard  the  narrations  of  thelc  writers  f  That  com- 
^fttions  be  aorceabte  it  is  necciTiry  that  they  be  accommodated 
to  a  higher  ftandard  than  thoie  of  the  former  ;  bur,  perhaps,  it 
is  impo^Iible  that  they  c^^n  arrive  at  a  point  of  perfection  more 
firiking  than  thofe  of  the  Utter,  The  ♦  Polite  Converfation  *' 
of  Dean  Swift  docs  not  pleafc,  becaufe  too  cxa£t  a  tranfcript 
|otn  real  life  ;  and  the  vivacity  of  Farquhar,  and  the  wit  ot 


in  his  works*  a  treatife  fo  intitled, 
Bb  ^ 


Cw^ttiv^^ 


476  Tbi  Pnftdent^s  Difcourfe  io  the  Students  of  the  Royal  Acadtmj^ 

Congreve,  would  have  no  charms,  were  they  commonlj  to  bb 
met  with. 

The  priMWe  to  which  we  allude,  our  Author  has  examined 
an  a  former  dtbourfe,  and  has  proved  it  to  be  metaphyfically 

tuft.  In  the  prefcnt  performance  he  applie^it  to  every  part  of 
Its  art ;  and  contends  that  it  gives  what  is  called  the  grand Jiik 
to  invention,  to  compofi;ioD,  to  cxpreffion,  and  even  to  colour- 
ing and  drapery. 

*  Invention  in  painting,  he  obferves,  does  not  imply  the  in- 
vention of  the  fubjcd ;  for  that  is  commonly  Supplied  by  the 
poet  or  hiflorian.  With  rerpe6l  to  the  choice,  no  fubjed  can 
be  proper  that  is  not  generally  interefting.  It  ought  to  be 
cither  fome  eminent  inftance  of  heroic  virtue,  or  heroic  fuffcr- 
ing.  TTieie  muft  be  fomcthing  either  in  the  aflion,  or  the  ob- 
jed,  in  which  men  are  univerfally  concerned,  and  which  power- 
fully ftrikes  upon  the  public  fympathy. 

*  Stridly  fpeaking  indeed,  no  fubjeft  can  be  of  univerfal, 
liardly  can  it  be  of  general  concern  ;  but  there  are  events  and 
characters  fo  popularly  known  in  thofc  countries  where  our  art 
is  in  requcft,  that  they  may  be  confidercd  as  fufficicnrly  general 
for  all  our  purpofes.  Such  arc  the  great  events  of  Greek  and 
Roman  fable  and  hiftory,  which  early  education,  and  the  ufual 
tourfe  of  reading,  have  made  familiar  and  interefting  to  ill 
Europe,  without  being  degraded  by  the  vulgarifm  of  ordinary 
life  in  any  country.  Suth  too  are  the  capital  fubjefis  of  fcrip* 
^ure  hiftory,  which,  befides  their  general  notoriety,  become 
venerable  by  their  connedtion  with  our  religion. 

*  As  it  is  required  that  the  fubjeft  felefted  fhould  be  a  ge« 
neral  one,  it  is  no  lefs  ncceffary  that  it  (hould  be  kept  unem- 
barrafTed  with  whatever  may  any  way  ferve  to  divide  tiie  atten** 
tion  of  the  fpc«5lator.  Whenever  a  ftory  is  related ,  every  man  forms 
a  pidure  in  bis  mind  of  the  action  and  the  expreflion  of  the  perfons 
employed.  The  power  of  reprfefenting  this  mental  pi£ture  on 
canvals  is  what  we  call  invention  in  a  painter.  And  as,  in  the 
conception  of  this  iJeal  picture,  the  mind  does  not  enter  into 
the  minute  peculiatfties  of  the  drefs,  furniture,  or  fcene  of  ac- 
tion \  fo,  when  the  painter  comes  to  reprefent  it,  he  contrive^ 
thofe  little  neceffary  concomitant  circumftanccs  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner, that  they  {hall  ftrike  the  fpc<Sator  no  more  than  they  did 
him  in  his  firll  conception  of  the  ftory. 

*  I  am  very  ready  to  allow  that  fome  circumftahccs  of  mi- 
putencfs  and.  particularity  frequently  tend  to  give  an  air  of 
truth  to  a  piece,  and  to  intereft  the  fpeftator  in  an  extraordi- 
nary manner.  Such  circumftancep,  therefore,  cannot  wholly 
be  rcjeftcd ;  but  if  there  be  any  thing  in  the  art  which  re- 
quires peculiar  nicety  of  difcernment,  it  is  the  djfpofiuon  of 
pick  minute  circumftaxviU\  if^^s^  >«VyicK^  according  to  the 


§n  ihi  Dijlrttntion  tf  Pri^eSf  Du.  i o,  1771*  47^ 

ludgment  emploj^ed  in  the  choice,  become  To  ufcful  (o  truth| 
or  fo  injurious  to  grandeur. 

-  *  Huwcver,  the  ufual  and  moft  dangerous  error  is  on  the  fide 
»f  itimurcncf^;  anJ  therefore  I  ihmk  caution  mod  neccflarj- 
fwHcrc  moft  have  failed.  The  general  idea  conllitutcs  reai  e«- 
<celiencc.  All  fmaller  things,  however  perfect  in  their  way,  ane 
.to  be  facrificed  without  mercy  to  the  greater.  The  painter 
will  not  enquire  vshat  things  may  be  admitted  without  mucll 
cenfure.  He  will  not  think  it  enough  to  Ihcw  that  ihey  may  be 
there*  he  will  (hew  that  they  muft  be  there  ;  and  their  abfeuce 
would  render  his  picture  maimed  and  dcfediive. 

*  Thus,  though  to  the  principal  group  a  fccond  or  third  be 
lulded,  and  a  fccond  and  third  mafs  of  Irgh;,  care  muft  be  yet 
taken  that  thefe  fubordinate  anions  and  lighti,  neither  each  m 
particular,  nor  all  together^  come  into  any  degree  of  competi* 
tion  with  the  principal  \  they  ftiould  make  a  part  of  that  whole 

hich  would  be  imperfedl  without  them,     l^o  every  part  of 

iming  this  rule  may  be  applied  :  even  in  portrait^?,  the  grace, 

wc  may  add,  the  likcncfs,  confifts  more  in  taking  the  gc*- 

rij  air,    than   in   obfcrving    the   exad    fimilitude   of  every 

*  Thus  figures  muft  have  a  ground  wherenn  to  ftand  ;  they 
uft  be  clo.iihed  ;  there  mult  be  a  back-ground  j  there  muft  br 

fight  and  fhadow :  but  none  of  thefe  ought  to  appear  to  have 

ken  up  any  part  of  the  artid's  attention,     1  hey  ihould  be  (b 

anaged  as  not  even  to  catch  that  of  the  fptiSator.    We  know 

ell  enough^  when  we  analyze  a  piece,  the  difficulty  and  the 

btiliy  with  which  an  ariift  adjuih  the  back-;;round,  drapery^ 

nd  mafles  of  light;  we  know,  that  a  confiderable  part  of  the 

ace  and  effect  of  his  pi  dure  depends  upon  them  :   but  this  art 

fo  much  concealed,  even  to  a  judicious  eye,  that  no  remaia 

my  of  thefe  fubordinate  parts  occur  to  the  memory  when  the 

piAure  is  not  prefent* 

The  great  end  of  the  art  is  to  ftrikc  the  imagination.  The 
ainter  is   therefore  to  make  no  oftcntation  of  the  means  by 
hich  this  t$  done  \  the  fpe^ator  is  only  to  feel  the  refuJt  in  hig 
fom. 

«  An  inferior  artift  is  unwilling  that  any  part  of  his  induftry 

iould  be  loft  upon  the  fpcdaior.     He  takes  as  much  pains  to 

^  ifcover,  as  the  greater  artift  docs  to  conceal,  the  marks  of  his 

Vubordinate  afliduity.     In  ivorks  of  the  lower  kind,  every  thing 

pearl  ftudied  and  encumbered  5  it  is  all  boaftful  art,  or  open 

eolation.     The  ignorant  often   part  from  fuch  pi^lurcs  with 

ider  in  their  mouths,  and  indifference  in  their  hearts. 

*  But  it  is  not  enough  in  invention  that  the  artift  fljould  re- 

Kift  and  keep  under  ail  the  inferior  parts  of  his  fubjefl  ^  he 


pail 

^^^iPOnd 


HjB  The  Pufidmfs  Difcmrfe  ta  the  Students  of  the  Royai  AcaJifi^^ 

muil  rometimes  deviate  from  vulgar  and  Arid  hiHorical  trutb^m 
purfuing  the  grandeur  of  his  dcfign. 

*  How  much  the  great  ftile  exidls  from  its  profcflbrs  ta  goji* 

'  ceivc  and  rcprefent  their  fubje^fls  in  a  poetical  manner,  not' 
k  confined  to  mere  matter  of  fad,  may  be  fecn  in  the  cartoons 
of  Raifaelle,  In  all  the  piSures  In  which  the  painter  has  re- 
prciemed  the  apoftles,  he  ha*  drawn  them  with  great  noblenefs; 
he  has  given  them  as  much  dignity  as  the  human  figure  J8  ca- 
pable of  receiving ;  yet  we  arc  cxprefsly  told  in  fcripture  thcv 
had  no  fuch  refpedable  appearance;  and  of  St.  Paul  in  particu- 
lar^ we  are  told  by  himfelf,  that  his  h&dtly  prcfence  was  mean. 
Alexander  is  faid  to  have  been  of  a  low  ftature  ;  a  painter  ought 
not  fo  to  rcprefent  him.  Agcfilaus  was  low,  lame,  and  of  a 
Bftcan  appearance.  None  of  thcfc  defects  ought  to  appear  in  a 
piece  of  which  he  is  the  hero, 

^  lv\  conformity  to  cuftom,  I  call  this  part  of  the  art  hiftoiy 
painting :  it  ought  to  be  called  poetical,  as  in  reality  it  is. 
I  *  Ail  this  is  not  falfifying  any  fa6l ;  it  is  taking  an  aliowcd 
poetical  Itcenfe,  A  painter  of  portraits  retains  the  individual 
likenefs ;  a  painter  of  hiftory  {hews  the  maji  by  Shewing  bis 
at^tons. 

*  A  painter  muft  compenratc  the  natural  deficienciei  of  bli 
art*  He  has  but  one  fenicncc  to  utter,  but  one  moment  to 
exhibit.     He  cannot,  like  a  poet  or  hiftorian,  expatiate  and 

[  imprcfs  the  mind  with  great  veneration  for  the  chara£ter  of  the 
[   hero  or  faint  he  repfefcniSj  though  he  lets  us  know  at  the  fame 
time  th.it  the  faint  was  deformed,  and  the  hero  lame. 

*  The  painicr  has  no  other  means  of  givmg  an  idea  of  the 
dignity  of  the  mind,  but  by  that  external  appearance  whick 
grandeur  of  thought  does  generally,  though  not  always,  imprcfi 
on  the  countenance  ;  and  by  that  correfpondcncc  of  figure  to 
fentiment  and  fituation,  which  all  men  wifii,  but  cannot  com* 
mand.  The  paijHer,  who  may  in  this  one  particular  attain 
with  cafe  what  others  defire  in  vain,  ought  to  give  all   that  he 

I  poftibly  can»  fince  there  arc  fo  many  circumftanccs  of  true  greai- 
nrfs  that  he  cannot  give  at  alL  He  cannot  make  his  hero  talk 
like  a  great  man  i  he  mud  make  htm  look  like  one  :  for  which 
reafon  he  ought  to  be  well  ftudied  in  the  analyfis  of  thofc  cir- 
cumflanccs  which  conditute  dignity  of  appearance  in  real  life. 
,  *  As  in  invention,  fo  likewife  in  cxpreflion,  care  muft  be 
'  taken  not  to  run  into  particularities.  Thofc  expreffions  alone 
(hotild  be  given  to  the  figures  which  their  refpet5livc  fituations 
generally  produce.  Nor  is  this  enough ;  each  perfon  ihould 
alfo  have  that  ex  predion  which  men  of  his  rank  ic^nerally  exhU 
bit.  The  joy  or  the  grief  of  a  chara^er  of  dignity  is  not  to  be 
cxpreiTcd  in  the  fame  maimer  as  a  flaular  paflion  in  a  vulgar 


I 


H^^       9nlhi  Dlftrihuthn  of  PriziSf  Die,  lO,  1771*  479 

^m^  Upoa  this  principle  Bernini,  perhaps,  may  be  fubjcft  to 

Hpufure.  This  fculptor,  in  many  refpecis  admirable,  has  given 
a  very  mean  cxpreliian  to  his  ftatue  of  David^  who  is  rcprc- 
fented  as  jufl  gotng  to  throw  the  ftone  from  the  fling  ;  "slvh^  in 
order  to  give  it  the  exprelHon  of  energy,  he  has  made  htm  biting 
his  upper  )ip.  This  exprefTton  is  far  from  being  general^  and 
AIM  farther  from  bting  dignified.     He  might  have  ieen  it  in  an 

apAance  or  two  ;  and  he  mifloolc  accident  for  univerfality. 

^*  With  rcfpeft  to  colouring,  though  it  may  appear  at  firfl  a 
^ajt  of  paintmg  merely  mechanical,  yet  it  flill  has  its  ruJes,  and 
thofe  gr  jundcd  upon  that  prcfiding  principle  which  regulates 
both  the  g^cat  and  the  little  in  the  iludy  of  a  painter.  By  this 
ihc  firft  cne£l  of  the  picture  is  produced  ;  and  as  this  is  per* 
formed,  the  fpcftator,  as  he  walks  the  gallery,  will  ftop  or  pafs 
along*  To  give  a  general  air  of  grandeur  at  firft  view,  all 
trifiing  or  artful  play  of  little  lights,  or  an  attention  to  a  va- 
riety of  tints  is  to  be  avoided  ;  a  quletnefs  and  iimplicity  muft 
rtign  over  the  whole  work  ;  to  which  a  breadth  of  uniform  and 
fiinple  colour  will  very  much  contribute.  Grandeur  of  effect 
is  produced  by  two  ditFerent  ways,  which  feem  entirely  oppofed 
to  each  other  \  one  is^  by  reducing  the  colours  to  little  more 
than  chiaro  ofcuro,  which  was  often  the  pradicc  of  the  Bolog- 
fiian  fchools  ;  and  the  other,  by  making  the  colours  very  diUmft 
and  forcible,  fuch  as  we  fee  in  thofe  of  Rome  and  Florence  9 
hnt  ftiJl  the  prcfiding  principle  of  both  thefe  manners  is  fimph*- 
ctty*  Certainly  nothing  can  be  more  fimple  than  monotony  j 
and  the  diftindl  blue,  red,  and  yellow  colours  which  are  feca 
in  the  draperies  of  the  Roman  and  Florentine  fchools,  though 
they  have  not  that  kind  of  harmony  which  is  produced  by  a  va^ 
ficty  of  broken  and  tranfparcnt  colours,  have  that  effed  of  pran- 
deur  that  was  intendeds  Perhaps  thefe  diflin^  colours  Arikc 
the  mind  more  forcibly,  from  there  not  being  any  great  union 
between  them  j  as  martial  mufic,  which  is  intended  to  roufe 
the  nobler  pailions,  has  its  cffedl  from  the  fudden  and  ftrongly 
marked  tranfitions  from  one  note  to  another,  which  that  ftilc  of 
mudc  requires  ;  whilH  that  which  is  intended  to  move  the  fofter 

dttfiions,  the  notes  imperceptibly  melt  into  one  another. 

^V  In  the  fame  manner  as  the  hrilortcal  painter  never  enters 
into  the  detail  of  colours,  fo  neither  does  he  debafe  his  concep- 
tions with  minute  attention  to  the  difcriminations  of  drapery. 
It  is  the  inferior  ftilc  that  marks  the  variety  of  fluffs.  With 
him  the  cloaihing  is  neither  woollen,  nor  linen,  nor  hik,  fattifi^ 
Or  velvet ;  it  is  drapery  ;  it  is  nothing  more. 

*  The  art  of  difpofing  the  foldings  of  the  drapery  makes  a  very 
conftderable  part  of  the  painters  ftudy.  To  make  it  merely 
natural  is  a  mechanical  operation,  to  which  neiiher  genius  or 
le  ut  required i  whcrcai  it  requires  th«  nkcft  *ju^^mtTv\.  \s> 


4i|6o  The  Vrtftdtnfs  Dlfcmrfi  id  the  Students  if  tie  R^yal  Aiadim^^ 

dirpDfe  the  drapery,  To  that  the  folds  have  an  cafy  communrca* 
tion,  and  gracefully  follow  each  other,  with  fucb  natur.il  iicg^ 
ligcnce  as  to  look  iike  the  cffeiit  of  chance^  and  at  the  f*imc  time 
fijew  ihc  figure  under  it  to  the  uimofV  advantage. 

*  Carlo  Maratti  was  of  opinion,  that  the  dilpofttion  ©f  drx- 
|>ery  was  a  more  diiHcult  art  than  even  th^c  of  drawing  the  hu- 
man figure ;  that  a  ftudent  jni^ht  be  more  eafily  taught  the  lau 
ter  than  the  foimer  %  as  the  rules  of  drapery,  he  faid,  could  not 

'be  fo  well  aicertaincd  as  thofc  for  delineating  a  corrci3  form* 

*•  ThiS)  perhaps,  is  a  proof  how  willingly  we  favour  our  own 
peculiar  excellence*  Carlo  Maratti  is  faid  to  have  valued  him* 
felf  particularly  upon  his  fltill  in  this  part  of  hil  art  \  yet,  ill 
him,  the  difpofition  appears  fo  artificial,  that  he  is  mierior  to 
Ka&aele  even  in  that  which  gave  him  his  bcft  claim  ta  rcpu*- 
tation. 

*  Such  is  the  great  prtnciple  by  which  we  muft  bif  dire£kd  li 
the  nobler  branches  of  our  art/ 

It  is  impoflible  not  to  agree  with  our  Author  in  this  inge- 
nious reafoning*  Having  fully  fhewn  that  general  ideat,  ikt  i 
fancied  perfc£tion  is  the  leading  principle  in  the  art  of  painting, 
he  proceeds  to  obferve,  that  the  great  fchools  of  the  world  \n 
the  epic  ftilc,  the  Roman «  the  Florentine,  and  the  liolo^fie/e, 
formed  their  praflice  according  to  it.  The  bcft  maflcrs  tJl  the 
French  fchool,  havjne:  alfo  directed  themfeivcs  by  this  rulej 
he  conftders  Poutiin^  LcSueur^  and  Le  Brun,  as  a  colony  from 
the  Roman  fchooL  Next  to  thcfe  he  ranks  the  Venetian,  with 
the  Flemiih  and  the  Dutch  fchoob,  which  profeftedly  depart, 
he  obfcrves,  fiom  the  great  purpofes  of  painting,  awd  catch  U, 
applaufe  by  inferior  qualities. 

*  I  am  not  ignorant,  fa)S  he,  that  fomc  will  ccnfure  me  for 
placing  the  Venetians  in  thia  inferior  clafs,  and  many  of  the 
warmeft  admirers  of  painting  will  think  them  unjutily  degraded  j 
but  1  wi(h  not  to  be  mifunctcrtlood.  Though  I  can  by  no  means 
allow  them  to  hold  any  rank  with  the  nobler  fchools  of  puint* 
ing,  they  accompliflied  perfe<fHy  the  thing  they  attempted.  B<it 
as  mere  elegance  is  their  principal  objedl,  as  they  fcem  more 
willing  to  dazzle  than  to  affeit,  it  can  be  no  injury  to  them  to 
fuppofe  that  their  prafljcc  is  ufcful  only  to  its  proper  end  \  that 
what  may  heighten  the  elegant  may  degrade  the  fublimc. 
There  is  a  fimplicity,  and,  1  may  add,  fcvcriiy,  m  ihc  grtac 
manner,  which  is,  I  am  atraid,  almoft  incompatible  with  this 
{Comparatively  fenfaal  Ailc* 

*  Tintoret,  Paul  Vcronfffc,  and  others  of  the  Venetian  fchooli, 
feem  to  have  painted  witli  no  other  purpofe  than  to  be  admired 
for  their  Ikill  and  cxpcrtnefs  in  the  mechanifm  of  painting.  ai>4 
to  make  a  parade  of  that  art  which  the  higher  iide  requuca  iti 
folhymn  to  conceal. 


I 


\ 


4M  tbi  Dijfriimiicn  ^f  PriztSf  Du^  lO|  1771.  48* 

.  ■*  In  a  conference  of  the  French  academy,  at  which  were 
pi^iit  Le  Brufi)  ^biiftisin  Bourdon,  and  all  the  eminent  ar- 
tifti  d^thac  age,  o*w  ot  the  acadrmiclanfr  cfcfireJ  to  have  their 
opinion  on  the  conduft  of  Paul  Vcroneft,  who,  chough  a  pain- 
ter of  grc.  ^Mcration,  bad,  contrary  to  the  ftritt  rules  of 
the  aft,  in  turc  of  Perfeiis  and  Andromeda,  rcprcfcnted 
tt  f>al  hj^yre  in  ftade*  To  this  queftton  no  fatisfa(f^ory 
ai  .  IS  tk\^n  given  ;  but  I  wiil  venture  to  fay,  that  if  they 
had  conftderfd  the  cUfs  of  the  arrlil,  and  ranked  him  as  an  or^ 
itameittal  painter,  there  would  have  been  no  difficuJfy  in  an- 
fwering>  **  It  was  unreafonahtc  to  expe^  what  was  never  in- 
tended. His  !  I  was  fotcly  lo  produce  an  cfFcf^  of  light 
Slid  (hadow  ^  ling  was  to  be  facrificed  to  that  fnteiir, 
sod  tkm  cftpricioiii  com|^irion  of  th<  plAure  fmted  very  well 
with  the  (lilc  he  profelii-d.** 

t  ^  Yotifig  mitids  if^deed  are  too  apt  to  be  capttvated  by  this 
%|plipr  of  flile  ;  and  that  of  the  Vencdan?  will  he  particularly 
pteifaigl  for  by  them  all  thole  parts  of  the  aft  that  give  pica* 
Aitr  to  the  eye  or  ftnfc,  have  lieen  cultivated  with  care^  and 
carried  10  the  degree  neareft  to  perfe<£ti«n. 

^  Tlic  pDwerg  exerted  in  the  mechantcal  part  of  the  art  have 
ben  citled  the  L^n^a^i  ifPulnttn  ;  but  we  may  fay  that  it  is 
bur  poor  eloqueiKc  which  onfy  fhews  that  the  orator  can  talk. 
Words  iliould  be  cmf  loyed  as  the  means,  not  as  the  end ;  lan- 
gasge  I*  the  inftrumcnt,  convi<51ion  Is  the  work. 

*  The  language  of  pointing  miift  indeed  be  allowed  thefe 
inafterj  \  but  even  in  that  they  have  (hewn  more  copioufneft 
than  choice,  and  more  luxuriancy  ihan  judgment.  If  we  con- 
ikicf  tke  tfftinciN'ciling  fuhjefts  of  their  invention,  or  at  !caft  the 
asnittteMAmg  manner  in  which  they  are  rreated  j  if  we  attend 
m  ihejr  capricioui  compofitipn,  their  violent  zn^  affeiScd  con- 
trails^ whether  of  figures,  or  oi  li^t  and  Ihadow^  the  richnef* 
of  their  drapery,  and  at  the  fame  time  the  mean  effc£l  whick 
alie  ilifcrimi nation  of  ^\i9i%  gives  to  their  plftures;  if  to  thefe 
W*e«dd  their  total  Jnattemior>  to  exprdBon,  and  then  reflcd  on 
the  c  'TIS  and   the  learning  of  Michel  Angelo,  or  thd 

iMfU  RaflFacIc,  we  can  no  longer  dwell  on  the  comparj* 

fon.  £ven  in  colouring,  if  we  compare  the  tjuictncfs  and 
i!hattity  of  the  Bolognefe  pencil  to  the  bulHe  and  tumult  tiiat 
lilU  every  part  of  a  Venetian  piAure,  without  the  lesft  attumpc 
€0  lAtereft  the  paHion^i  their  boaflcd  art  will  appear  a  mere 
gfugglc  without  ^Ktt\  5  an  empty  taU  tdd  hy  an  tdhty  fall  af 
fi$md  snd  f$fry^  fiv^*ff^*^g  nothing, 

*  Such  as  fuppofc  that  the  grfttt  ftdc  might  happily  be  blended 

Ith  the  ornamental,  that  \,i\^  hmple,  grave,  and  majeftic  dig- 

ty  of  RaftWle  could  unite  with  the  glow  and  buiHe  of  a  Faulo^ 

i*intoret,  are  wholly  miU;iken.     The  printt^les  b^  v^\t:^ 

6  <;^Al 


each  are  attained  are  fo  contrary  to  each  other,  that  they  feem, 
in  my  opinion,  incompatibJe)  and  as  impofHble  toexift  togethtr« 
as  to  unite  in  the  mind,  at  the  fame  time,  the  moft  tubhme 
ideas,  and  the  loweft  fenfuality, 

*  The  fubje<as  of  the  Venetian  painters  arc  moftly  fuch  as 
give  thera  an  opportunity  of  introducing  a  great  number  of  fi- 
gures ;  fuch  as  fcafts,  marriages,  and  proceflions,  public  mar- 
tyrdoms or  miracles.  I  can  eaftly  conceive  that  Paul  Veroncfci 
if  he  were  aiked,  would  fay,  that  no  fubjc<fi  was  proper  for  an 
hiftorical  picture  but  fuch  as  admitted  at  leaft  forty  figures;  for 
in  a  lefs  number^  he  would  aiTcrt«  there  could  be  no  opportu- 
nity of  the  painter's  {hewing  his  art  in  compofition,  bis  dexte- 
rity of  managing  and  difpofing  the  maffcs  of  light,  and  groups 
of  figures,  and  of  introducing  a  variety  of  eaftern  drefles  a^d 
chara^crs  in  their  rich  (tufts, 

*  But  the  thing  i&very  different  with  a  pupil  of  the  greater 
Ichools*  Annibai  Carachc  thought  twelve  figures  fuffictent  foe 
any  ftory  :  he  conceived  that  more  would  contribute  to  no  end 
but  to  fill  fpacej  that  they  would  be  cold  fpe£lators  of  the  ge- 
neral action,  or,  to  ufe  his  own  exprcflion,  that  they  would  b« 
figures  u  let,  Bt'fidts,  it  is  impoHiblc  for  a  picture,  compofcii 
of  fo  many  pnrtSj  to  have  that  cffefl,  fo  indifpenfabty  neccflary 
to  grandeur,  of  one  complete  whole*  However  contradiftory  it 
may  be  in  geometry,  it  is  true  m  tafte,  that  many  little  things 
will  not  make  a  great  one.  The  fublime  imprcfles  the  mind 
at  once  with  one  great  idea :  it  is  a  fioglc  felow  :  the  elegant 
indeed  may  be  produced  by  a  repetition,  by  an  accumulation  of 
many  minute  c i re um (lances/ 

It  fecms,  we  may  here  remark,  invariably  proper,  that  we 
.  Ihould  judge  of  the  productions,  whether  of  nature  or  of 
art,  by  the  general  effe<fl  they  produce.  In  a  fine  garden, 
a  fine  pidlure,  or  a  fine  poem,  every  thing  verges  to  one 
point.  \n  a  piece,  of  which  the  component  parts  have 
a  diiFerent  tendency,  the  attention  of  the  obfcrver  is  diffracted; 
and,  knowing  not  where  to  fix,  he  wanders  in  the  uncertainty 
of  mixed  emotions,  A  complete  fatisfaftion  is  then  only  ob* 
tained  when  one  feeling  or  paiBon  is  agitated,  and  ibe  mind 
gives  itfclf  folely  up  to  its  enjoyment. 

From  the  confiderailon  of  the  Venetian  painters,  our  Author 
proceeds  to  treat  of  thofc  of  the  Flemifh  and  Dutch  fchools  \ 
and,  having  characterized  them  with  that  freedom  and  taite, 
which  are  fo  confpicuous  in  his  difcourfes,  he  is  naturally  led 
to  conclude  w'nh  the  following  adsnirable  rtfledlions,  on  what 
is  termed  the  Compofite  Stile  of  Painting  : 

*  The  great  ftile,  fays  he,  ftands  alone,  and  docs  not  re- 
quire, perhaps  does  not  admit,  any  addition  from  inferior  beau- 
tics.    The  ornamental  ftite  alfo  poireiTes  its  owa  peculiar  meriu 

However^ 


I 


i 


§nihi  DiJlrihtUn  ef  Prtzes^  Dec.  lOj  1771,  485 

lowevcr,  though  the  union  of  the  twa  may  make  a  fort  of 

compofitc  ftile^  yet  that  ftile  is  likely  to  be  more  imperfect  than 

either  of  thofe  which  go  to  its  compofition.     Both  kinds  have 

merit,  and  may  be  excellent,  though  in  differem  ranks|  if  unt- 

formity  be  prefer ved,  and  the  general  and  particular  ideas  of 

nature  be  not  mixed.     Even  the  meaneil  of  them  is  difHcuIc 

enough  to  attain ;  and  the  firft  place  being  already  occupied 

by  the  great  artiih  in  either  department,  fome  of  thofe  who 

followed  thought  there  was  lefs  room  for  them,  and  feeling  the 

impuJfe  of  ambition  and  the  defire  of  novelty,  and  being  at  ihc 

fame  time  perhaps  willing  to  take  the  fliorteft  way,  chey  cndci^ 

^uroured  to   make  for  themfetvcs  a  place  between  both.     Thk 

^dbey  have  efft£led  by  forming  an  union  of  the  ditlercnt  orders* 

But  as  the  grave  and  majeftic  ilile  would  futier  by  an   unioa 

^^ifith  the  florid  and   gay,  (o  alfo  has  the  Venetian  ornament,  m 

^■jbme  refpe^t,  been  injured  by  attempung  an  alliance  with  iim- 

^T>lici(y. 

*  It  may  be  aflertcd,  that  the  great  fitle  is  always  more  or 
lefs  contaminated  by  any  meaner  mixture.  But  jt  h-ippens,  in 
a  few  inftiinccs,  that  the  lower  may  be  improved  by  borrowing 

MMftom  the  grand.    Thus,  it  a  portr<itt  painter  is  defirous  to  raife 
™and  improve  his  fubjed>,  he  has  no  other  means   than   by  ap- 
proaching it  to  a  general  idea;  he  leaves  out  all  the  minute 
H^reaks  and  peculiarities  in  the  face,  and  changes  the  drefs  from 
^^  temporary  fafliion  to  one  more  permanent,  which  has  annexe4 
to  it  no  ideas  of  meanncfs  from  its  being  famUiar  to  us.     But 
if  an  exac^  refemblance  of  anJndividual  be  confidered  as  thm 
folc  obje*^  to  be  aimed  at,  the  portrait  painter  will  be  apt  to 
Jofc  more  than  he  gains  by  the  acquired  dignity  taken  from 
general  nature.     It  is  very  difficult  to  ennoble  the  charafler  of 
a  countenance  but  at  the  expencc  of  the  likenefs,  which  is  what 
is  moft  generally  required  by  fuch  as  fit  to  the  painter. 

*  Of  thofe  who  have  pradtited  the  compofite  ftile,  and  have 
fuccceded  in  this  perilous  attempt,  perhaps  the  forcmoft  is  Co- 
regio.  His  ftile  is  founded  upon  modern  grace  and  elegance, 
to  which  is  fupcr- added  fomcthing  of  the  fimplicrty  of  the  grand 
ftile,     A  breadth  of  light  and  colour,  the  gencril  ideas  of  the 

■Brapery,  an  uninterrupted  flow  of  oudtne,  all  confpfre  to  this 
^^ftffec^.  Next  him  (perhaps  equal  to  him)  Parmegfano  has  4ig- 
^^Btfied  the  gentcelnefs  of  modern  effeminacy,  by  uniting  it  with 
^Wie  fimplicity  of  the  ancients,  and  the  grandeur  and  fevcrity  of 
^P^ichael  Angelo.  It  muft  be  confeiTed,  however,  that  thefe 
two  extraordinary  men,  by  endeavouring  to  give  the  utmoft  de» 
gree  of  grace,  have  fomeiimes  pcfJiaps  exceeded  its  boundariet^ 
and  have  fillen  into  the  mod  hatcfui  of  all  hateful  qualities^ 
Tedation*  Indeed,  it  is  the  peculiar  charadtcnftic  of  men  of 
|enius  to  be  afraid  of  coldnefs  and  infipidity,  from  whkK  t^*^ 


484    iJurd  m  th$  PrBfihioffm^mi  th£  CiriJi^M  CimnL 

think  they  never  can  be  too  far  removed,  It  particularly  bap^ 
pens  ta  xhok  g^ctJit  mafters  of  grace  aod  elegance*  They  ofwn 
boldly  drive  <m  to  ihe  v«ry  verge  oi  ridicule;  the  fpeitUlor  it 
al4rnKd»  bql  ^t  the  fjune  Urns  ddmues  thdr  vigour  and  In* 
tfcpidity. 

Strang^  gram  JiilU  and ftrmgit  flight  th^  had^ 

^V         Ai  whin  they  touched  iht  brink  of^ll  wt  haU* 

*  Th^  erf  Of  s  of  genius  arc,  however,  pardonable,  anJ  non€^ 
even  of  the  mjrc  exalted  painters,  arc  wholly  free  from  them  j 
but  they  have  taught  us,  by  the  re^ittjde  of  their  general  prac- 
tice, to  corrr£>  their  own  affc^lcd  or  accidental  deviation*  The 
very  firft  have  not  been  always  upon  their  t^uard,  and  perhaps 
there  is  not  a  fault  but  what  may  take  fhclter  under  the  moft 
venerable  authorities  ;  yet  that  ftil!  only  is  perfcdl  in  which  the 
noblcft  principles  are  uniformly  purfued  ;  and  ihofe  mailers  only 
^rc  entitled  to  the  firft  rank  in  our  eftimation,  who  hav  ctn- 
Urged  the  boundaries  of  their  art,  and  have  raifcd  it  to  hi 
llighed  dignity,  by  exhibitin;:  the  feveral  ideas  of  nviturc.' 

The  fpccimcns  here  felc<Bed,  of  the  prcfcnt  performance, 
will  be  fufficicnt  to  fhew  its  merit,  and  to  recommend  it  to  the 
fttlention  of  our  Readers  :  they  will  ^nd  it  replete  wirh  ulefd 
and  ingenious  enquiries,  and  will  perceive  that  the  Author  hat 
happily  united  to  the  improved  tafte  of  an  artift,  the  enJarge* 
irent  of  mind  and  the  penetration  of  a  philofophcr. 

A»tT,  I[f,     CottchiJiOH  cfthe  JccQUJtt  of  Dr.  HurdV  Sermons, 

IN  our  laft  number  we  gave  our  Readers  a  general  view  of 
the  firft  fix  fermons  contained  in  thii  excellent  Introduflion 
to  the  Study  of  the  Prophecies  concerning  the  ChrifKan  Churchy 
and  we  fliail  now  proceed  to  the  remainin^j;  part  of  the  work. 

The  fcventh  and  eighth  fermons  treat  of  the  prophecies  con- 
cerning Antichrift,'  and  the  v^irious  prejudices  which  have  di- 
verted many  per  Tons  from  giving  a  due  attention  to  ihem, 
Thcfe  fcrmonsi  though  rhcy  contain  not  any  thing  rtiat  may  be 
termed  wrws  arc  clear,  diftmfl,  ingenious,  and  fcnfible.  What 
the  Doflor  fiys  of  Grotius  is  well  worth  inferting  : 

*  Hugo  Gitoxut?,  fays  Dr,  Hurd,  is  julUy  c/tecn^cd  among  the 
ableft  atid  moft  leanifd  men  of  an  age,  that  abounded  in  ability 
and  learning.  Bcfidcs  his  other  H^ining  talents,  his  ac-juatntanc* 
with  hiiiory  was  extensive;  and  his  knowledge  of  (criptilre,  pro- 
found. And  yet,  with  two  fuch  reqoifitcs  for  unlocking  the  true 
fenfe  of  the  prophetic  writitigs^  this  excellent  q9«a  undertook  V9 
|)rove  in  form,  fkct  the  F{ypi  ivas  not  Amiehrift.  

*  The  accoant  of  this  mifchancc,  is  ai  extraordinary^  aa  the 
chance  itfclf.    The  cnoral  ^uiiUUes  of  Q^otiuji  were  AiU  jnore 


Hurd  on  the  Prophecies  coHuming  the  Chrijlian  Church.     485 

rable  than  his  intellectual :  and  in  thefe  qualiries  we  (hall  find  tht 
true  rpring  of  his  unhappy  and  nxlfappiieci  pains  on  the  fubjeCt  bt- 
fore  us. 

'  He  was  in  his  own  nature  juil,  candid,  benevolent,  to  a  fupreme 
degree  ;  and  the  experience  of  anaClive  turbulent  life  had  but  for- 
tified him  the  more  in  a  love  of  thefe  pacific  virtues.  He  was,  on 
principle,  a  fincere  and  zealous  Chriftian  ;  and  confequently  im- 
preffed  with  a  due  fenfe  of  chat  exalted  charity,  which  is  the  charac- 
teriftic  of  chat  religion  :  but  he  had  ff^en  and  felt  much  of  the  mif- 
chiefs,  which  proceed  from  theological  quarrels :  and  thus  ever/ 
thing  concurred  to  make  him  a  friend  to  peace,  and,  above  all, 
to  peace  among  ChriRiuns. 

•  An  union  of  the  Catholic  and  Protellant  churches  feemed  nece(^ 
fary  to  this  end  :  and  the  apparent  candour,  \Chether  real  or  affe&ecL 
of  fome  learned  perfons,  whom  he  had  long  known  and  valued  in 
the  church  of  Rome,  drew  him  into  the  befief,  that  fuchaprojeft 
was  not  impradicable.  Henceforth,  it  became  the  ruling  object  of 
his  life ;  and,  pcrmkting  himfclf  too  eafily  to  conclude,  that  tl)e 
Proieftant  dodrine  of  Antichrift  was  the  folc,  or  principal  obftruftion 
to  the  union  dcfired,  he  bent  all  the  efforts  of  his  wic  and  learning 
to  difcredit  and  overthrow  that  doftrine. 

•  Thus,  was  this  virtuous  man  betrayed  by  the  wifdom  and  equity 
of  his  own  charader ;  and  I  know  not  if  the  obfervation  of  the  zdgh* 
td\  poet  can  be  fo  juHly  applied  to  any  other — 

Infani  fafiens  nomen  fcrat^  aquus  iniqui^ 
Ultra  quam  fatis  eft^  'virtutem  ft  fetat  ipfam. 

•  The  ifTuc  of  his  general  fcheme  was  what  might  eafily  be  fore- 
feen :  and  of  his  arguments^  I  ihall  only  fay  thus  mujrh,  That  the 
Romifh  writers  themfelves,  for  whofe  ufe  ibcy  might  feem  to  be  in- 
vented, though  they  continue  to  objed  his*  name  to  us,  are  too  wife 
to  venture  the  flrefs  of  their  caufe  upon  them.' 

One  of  the  moft  confiderable  prejudices  that  hath  diverted 
many  perfons  from  paying  due  attentbn  to  the  prophecies 
concerning  Antichrift,  is  that  which  a/ifes  from  the  peculiar 
fiyle  in  wljich  ihey  are  delivered.  As  th/s  is  a  fubjcS  of  large 
compafs,  and  nice  enquiry,  in  which,  too,  the  credit  of  all  the 
prophetic  fcriptures,  as  well  as  thol^e  rcfpefling  Antichrift,  is 
concerned,  our  Author  examines  it  feparately,  and  coofiders  it 
diftin<5lly,  in  bis  ninth  fermon. 

A  plain  man,  he  obfervcs,  brought  up  in  our  cuftoms  and 
notions,  and  unacquainted  with  theological  ftudies,  when  he 
firft  turns  himfelf  to  the  contemplation  of  the  Jewifti  and  Chrif- 
tian  prophecies,  will  be  furprized,  perhaps  dij^ufted,  to  find 
that  he  underftands  little  or  nothing  of  them.  Hi?  mcdejly  may 
incline  him  to  think  that  fuch  writings  are  too  myfterious  for 
his  coniprehenfion  ;  or  his  lazinefs  and  prefumption  may  difpofe 
him  to  reje£l  them  at  once,  as  perfe<Stly  unintelligible;  to  con- 
fidtr  the  language  of  them  as  a  jargon,  to  which  no  ideas  are 
annexed;  or,  at  leaft,  as  a  kind  of  cypher,  of  fo  wild  and  fa- 

Rev.  May  1772,  C  c  xi^x\^^ 


]}.86    Vuri.oMbe  ProphecUs  concemmgtht  €brljitan  Chwrcbm 

finical  a  texture,  that  no  clear  and  certain  conftmAion  can 

be*  made  of- it. 

Now  this  prejudice,  the  Dodor  fays,  which  ever  way  it 
points,  will  be  obviated,  if  it  can  be  fhewn,  i.  That  the  pro- 
phetic ftyle  was  of  cotnitiori  and  approved  ufe,  in  the  times 
when  the  ^prophecies  were  delivered,  and  among  the  people  to 
whom  they  were  addrefTed  ;  and,  a.  That  this  ftyle,  how  dark 
or  fanciful  foever  it  may  appear,  is  yet  reducibli  is  mk:  that  it, 
is  con(lru<Sled  on  fuch  principles  as  make  it  the  fubjed  of  joft 
criticifm  and  reafonable  interpretation  ;  and,  in  psuticular,  to 
us  at  this  day.  For  a  language  is  not  fanatical^  that  b  aistho* 
rized  by  general  pradices  ;  nor  can  it  be  deemed  unintMphU^ 
when  it  is  capable  of  having  its  meaning  afcertained. 

The  flvlc  of  the  Prophfcts,  we  are  told,  was  only  the  poetical 
and  highly  figurative  Ayle  of  the  Eaftern  nations.  If  it  be  aflLcd, 
how  it  came  to  pafs,  that  the  Oriental  poetry  was  fo  much  more  fi- 
gurative than  ours,  it  is  not  enough,  the  Doctor  thinks,  to  fay,  at 
n-.any  have  done,  that  this  diffcrci.cc  of  charafter  was  owing  to  the 
influence  of  the  fun,  and  16  the  fuperior  he*t  and  fervonr,  whicli  it 
gave  to  an  Eailern  imat^ination.  *  For  I  know  not,  iays  he,  whether 
there  be  rcafon  to  think,  that  the  fun  hath  aOy  fuch  effe^  oh  the  ^ 
pbwers  of  the  mind ;  or  that  the  fancies  of  men  are  apter  to  catch, 
and  blaze  out  in  metaphor,  within  a  warm  climate,  than  a  cold 
one :  a  figurative  caft  of  (lylc  being  obfervable  in  the  native  poetry 
of  all  countries;  and  that,  fo  far  as  appears  from  hiftory  and  cxpe- 
tienqe,  in  a  pretty  equal  degree. 

*  Bcfides,  if  the  fa6t  were  allowed,  the  anfwer  would  fcarce  bfe  fiif* 
ficient.  For,  as  we  Ihall  prefently  fee,  the  fymbolic  language  of 
Prophecy,  is  too  confident  and  uniform,  hath  too  much  of  art  and 
method  in  it,  to  be  derived  from  the  cafual  Bights  and  falUes  of  the 
imagination  only\  how  powerfully  foever  you  fuppofe  it  to  have  ope- 
rated in  the  Prophets.  ^^ 

*  We  then  mud  go  m-^ch  deeper  for  a  true  account  of  the  efflble>.« 
matic  and  highly  colourel  exprelTion,  which  glares  fo  llrongly  in  the 
prophetic  fcnptu res :  and  we  ihall  find  it,  partly,  in  the  hatiireof- 
the  human  mind ;  and,  partly,  in  the  genius,  indeed,  of  the  Orinttl 
Batidns,  ^d  efpecially  of  the  Jews,  but  as  fafhioned,  not  by  the  ia« 
fluence  of  their  climate,  but  by  the  modes  of  their  learning  ud  in- 
ftitution. 

*  I  muft  be  as  brief,  as  pofTible,  on  a  fubje£l  which  many  leaned 
writers*  have  largely  and  fully  difcuffed  ;  and,  as  the  reflexions  I 
have  to  offer  to  you  upon  it,  are  chiefly  taken  from  them,  1  may  the 
rather  befpeak  your  attention  to  what  follows.* - 

Such  of  our  Readers  as  are  unacquainted  with  the  writings 
of  thofe  who  have  treated  upon  this  fubjeft,  will  be  highly 
pleafed  with  this  fermon,  which  contains  a  clear  and  concife 
view  of  what  the  authors  referred  to  have  advanced  upon  it, 

*  •  Mede,  More,  Daubnz,  Vitringa,  and,  above  ail,  the  learned 
Foander  of  this  Lecture/' 

with 


B 


Hard  #39  tbfProphMfs  hntirnifig  thiChrtfttan  Church,     4S7 

Srtlh  fome  additional  obfcrvationa.    The  Do^Sof  concludes  it  in 

the  follawing  manner  : 

*  It  will  now  be  acknowledged,  that  the  fufpicions  which  have 
been  taken  up  againrt  the  prophetic  way  of  writing,  as  Tf  it  were 
i^Wie,  illufery,  or  ufiintclligiblei  are  ueterfy  without  foQnditiorri 
The  ilylc  of  the  prophets  was  the  known*  authorized  tlyle  of  their  agfi 
aa4  couiury)  in  ^11  writings  cfpecialiy,  of  a  facred  or  foletnn  dia- 
ler; aod  ia  even  yet  in  uie  with  a  great  part  of  mankind*     It 

irther  appears^  that,  as  it  was  underllopd  by  thofe  to  whom  it  tvat 
IdreCedp  fo  the  principles,  on  which  it  was  formed,  are  clifcovcfr 
Me  by  many  obvious  method?,  and  may  be  applied^  with  faccefs^ 
>  the  interpretation  of  it,  at  this  day. 

*  The  prophetic  ftylc  is,  then,  ^jhber  itni  rtafinahh  inodc  of  ex**^* 
(Tioti.     Bat  this  is  not  all.     We  may  even  difccrii  the  txpediihti^ 

\  haui  almoil  faid,  the  ne<ejfity^  of  this  llyle,  confidered  %A  x!titm€dium\ 
or  vehicle  of  prophetic  infpiration* 

*  For  we  have  feen,  that  the  fcheme  of  fcriptural  prophecy  ex- 
nds  through  all  time ;  aod  \%  fo  contrived  as  to  adumbrate  future 

nd  more  illuilrious  events,  in  preceding  and  Icfs  important  tranf- 
lions;  a  circumllance,  which  Ihews  the  harmony  and  conne»^lioD  of 
\t,  whole  fcheme,  and  is  not  imi table  by  any  human  art,  or  fore> 
"bought  whatfccvcr^  But  now  a  figurative  ftylc  is  fo  proper  to  that 
nd,  that  wc  fcarccly  conceive  how  it  could  be  accompHl"hcd  by  any 
ther*  For  thus  the  ex  predion  conforms,  at  once,  to  the  type,  and 
atitype^  it  is,  as  it  were,  a  robe  of  ftatc,  for  the  one ;  and  only, 
he  ordinary,  accuftomcd  drcfs  of  the  other  :  as  we  may  fee  from  the 
5phecics,  which  immtdrnfelj  refpedl  the  rel!oration  of  the  Jews  from 
their  ancient  captivities,  and,  ultimately^  their  final  triumphant  re- 
turn from  their  prefent  difperfion — from  the  prophecies  concerning 
the  deftrudion  of  Jerofalem,  which  prefigure,  at  the  fame  time,  the 
jay  of  judgment — from  ihofe  concerning  the  firfl  coming  of  ChriH^ 
|rhtch»  alfo,  fci  forth  his  reign  with  the  faints  on  earth,  and  eveh 
f  glories  of  bis  heavenly  kingdom — and  in  a  mahitude  of  other 
ancei, 

*  TKefe  fucceflive,  and  fo  different,  fch ernes  of  providence  could 
sly  be  (ignited  i^gtther  in  a  mode  of  Linguage,  that  contraOed,  or 
nl^r^ed  itArff,  as  the  occafion   required*     But  fuch  is  the  fingular 

>periy  of  a  fymbolic  ftyle.  For  none  but  thts,  hath  fold  and  dra* 
'  «ao9gli,  if  I  may  (q  fpcak,  to  invcll  \\it  greater  fubjefls  j  while 
vet  (fo  complying  is  the  texture  of  ibis  cxpreffion)  it  readily  adapts 
^eif  to  the  ttfitonjidfr&ble^  which  it  ennobles  only,  and  not  disfigures, 
rhcdiiferencc  15,  that  what  is  a  metaphor  in  the  former  cafe,  be- 
ooicj  an  hyperbole  in  the  latter.  And  this  double  ufe  of  the  fame 
fyntbol,  is  the  true  account  of  fuch  figures  as  arc  thought  moft  ex- 
~  av%gant  in  the  defcription  of  the  Prophets, 

*•  Wc  fee,  then,  in  every  view,  how  reafonable,  how  expedient^ 
divine,  the  fymbolic  flyle  is,  in  fuch  writings  as  rhe  prophetic. 
that  if  any  be  difpofed,  in  our  days,  to  take  up  the  complaint  of 
be  text,  and  to  upbraid  rhe  Prophets  by  aCiin^,  Dg  they  nt>t /peak  ts^- 
thUt  f  We  may  now  take  courage  to  anfwer,  Yes :  but  parmhUt^ 
"liich,  as  dark  as  they  arc  accounted  to  be,  mav  be  well  underilood.^ 
Bd  what  ia  mo/e^  pmaMiSp  which  are  fo  cicprefficd,  A^^XSi  cwrj  '^.tv.  ^^V 


4v88     Hurd  on  the  Propbicies  conarning  the  Chriflian  Church. 

dence  in  themfelves  that  they  ^«.  what  they  afTame  to  be,  of  divine 
infpiiation.' 

The  book  of  RiVilatiom  contains  the  moft  and  the  chief  pro- 
phecies on  the  fubje£l  of  Antichrift,  and  is  of  a  deeper  and 
more  myfterious  contrivance,  than  any  other  of  the  prophetic 
writings.  Our  Author's  next  ftep,  therefore,  is  to  trace  the 
caufes  of  that  peculiar  obfcurity,  and  to  fuggeft,  as  he  goes 
along,  the  nuans^  by  which  it  hath  been,  or  may  be,  removed ; 
and  this  he  does  in  his  tenth  fermon. 

The  caufesy  we  are  told,  are  to  be  fought  in  the  JlyU^  and 
the  method  of  that  book.  The  Dodor  fays  nothing  of  xhe/iA* 
je£i :  for,  though  the  things  predi£ied  may  darken  a  prophecy, 
unfulfilled,  the  evtnt  will  fhew  what  they  are ;  and  it  is  not 
neceflary,  he  tells  us,  that  we  (hould  anxioufly  enquire  into 
the  meaning  of  a  piophecy,  till  it  be  accompliflied. 

The  Jlyle  of  the  Revilations  being  fymbolical,  like  that  of  the 
other  prophecies,  muft,  in  general,  be  explained  on  the  fame 
principles ;  that  is,.muft  be  equally  intelligible  in  both.  If  we 
attend  nicely,  however,  tb  the  ftyle  of  this  prophecy,  fome  dif- 
ference, our  Author  fays,  will  be  found,  in  the  cboict  oftbefjm" 
tohy  and  in  the  continuity  of  tbt  fymbolic  fornix 

*   1 .  To  explain  my  meaning,  on  the  firil  article,  fays  he,  I  oiuft 
obferve.  That,  though  the  prophetic  ilyie  abounds  in  hier»glyphk 
fvmbols,  properly  fo  called,  yet  the  Ifraelites,  when  they  adopted 
tnat  llyle,  did  not  confine  themfelves  to  the  old  Egyptian  flock  of 
fymbols ;  but,  working  on  the  fame  ground  of  analogy,  fiiperadded 
many  others,  which  their  own  circumftances  and  ob4rvauons  fug- 
'    gelled  to  them.     Their  divine  ritual,  their  civil  cufloms,  their  mar- 
vellous hiflory,  and  even  the  face  and  afpedl  of  their  country,  af- 
forded infinite  materials  for  the  conilruflion  of  frefh  fymbols :  and 
thefe,  when  they  came  into  common  ufe,  their  prophets  freely  and 
largely  employed.     Thus,  incenfe,  from  the  religious  uie  of  it  in  the 
Mofaical  fervicQ,  denotes  prayer^  or  mental  adoration^ — to  tread  a 
nxiint-prefsy  from  their  cuftom  of  preffing  grapes,  fignifies  dtftruSUn^ 
au ended  <with  great  Jlaughter  \ — to  give  'water  in  the  'wilderntfs^  ia 
alluiion  to  the  miraculous  fupply  of  that  clement,  during  the  pa^ge 
of  the  Ifraelites  through  the  wiidernefs  to  the  holy  land,  is  the  em- 
blem o{  unexpeQed  relief  in  diflrcfs  \  ;  and,  to  mention  no  more,  ayi- 
refii  fuch  as  Lebanon,  abounding  in  lofty  cedars,  reprefcnts  a  greeA 
city,  nfJtth  its  four ijhing  ranks  of  inhabitants  ^\  juft  as,  a  mountain^ 
from  the  fituation  of  the  Jewifh  temple  on  mount  Moria,  is  OMuie 
to  Hand  for  the  Chriftian  church  ||, 

*  Now,  though  the  fymbols  of  this  clafs  be  occafionally  difpcrfed 
through  the  old  prophets,  yet  they  are  more  ficquent,  and  much 
thicker  fown,  in  the  Revelations :  fo  that  to  a  reader,  not  well  verfed 
in  the  Jewifh  (lory  and  cufloms,  this  difference  may  add  fomcihing 
to  the  obfcurity  of  the  book. 

•    •  •  Mai.  i.  ir.  f  Lament,  i.  15.  J  Ifaiah  xl.  20. 

§  Back.  XX.  4;  •  \  Ifaiah  ii,  2,' 

•  It 


Hlird  M  ihi  Pnpheciis  eoncerning  the  Ckrifl!an  Church.     489- 

•  If  you  afk  the  nafon  of  this  difference,  it  is  plainly  this.  The 
fcene  of  the  apocalyptic  vifions  is  laid,  not  only  in  Judxa,  but  in' 
the  temple  at  Jerufalem  ;  whence  the  imagery  is,  of  courfe,  taken. 
It  was  natural  for  the  writer  to  draw  his  alia/ions  from  Jewifh  ob-- 
jedb,  and  efpeci^ly  from  the  ceremonial  of  the  temple-fervice.  Be- 
£desy  the  declared  fcope  of  the  prophecy  being  to  predict  the  for- 
tunes of  the  Chrillian  church,  what  fo  proper  as  to  do  thb  under 
the  cover  of  Jewifh  ideas;  the  law  itfelf,  as  we  have  before  feen,  and 
as  St.  Paul  exprefsly  tells  us,  having  been  fo  contrived,  as  to  prefent 
the  JbadoFw  of  that  future  difpcnfation  ? 

•  This  then  (and  for  the  reafon  afligncd)  is  one  didinguiihing  cha- 
raAer  of  the  Apocalyptic  ftyle.  But  the  difficulty  of  interpretation, 
ari£n£  from  it,  cannot  be  confiderable ;  or,  if  it  be,  may  be  over- 
come oy  an  obvious  method,  by  a  careful  dudy  of  the  Jewifh  hif- . 
tory  and  law. 

•  The  OTHER  mark  of  diflin6\ion,  which  I  obfcrvcd  in  the  ftyle 
of  this  book,  is  the  continuity  of  the  fymbolic  manner.  Parables  are 
frequent,  indeed,  in  the  old  prophets,  but  interfperfed  with  many 
paflages  of  hiftory,  and  have  very  often  their  explanation  annexed. 
This,  great  parable  of  St.  John  is,  throughout,  carried  on  in  its  own 
proper  form,  without  any  fuch  interruption,  and,  except  in  one  in- 
ilanfe  %  v;ithout  any  exprefs  interpretation  of  the  parabolic  terms. 

'  Now,  the  prophecy,  no  doubt,  mull  be  confiderably  obfcursd 
by  this  circunj (lance.  But  then  let  it  be  confidered,  that  we  have 
proportionable  means  of  underdanding  ic.  For,  if  the  fy mbols  be 
continued,  they  are  flill  but  the  fame  f ,  as  had  been  before  in  ufe 
with  the  elder  prophets ;  whofe  writings,  therefore,  are  the  proper 
imd  the  certain  key  of  the  Rivelations, 

•  From  thefe  dilHnf^ive  characters,  then,  of  the  Apocalyptic 
llyle  J,  nothing  more  can  be  inferred,  than  the  necefuty  of  ftudying^ 
fheLdPw,  and  t  hi  Prof  bets  y  in  order  to  underlUnd  the  language  of  chis 
laft  and  mod  myilcnous  revelation.  And  what  is  more  natural,  nay 
what  can  be  thought  more  divine,  than  that,  in  a  fyllem,  compoTei 
of  two  dependent  difpenfations,  the  fludy  of  the  former  fhould  be 
cade  neceffary  to  the  comprehenfion  of  the  latter  ;  and  that  the  wtt^ 
onifbrfflity  of  flyie  and  colouring,  in  the  two  fets  of  prophecies, 
(hould  admonifh  us  of  the  intimate  conncflion,  which  each  has  with 

•  •  Chap,  xvii.' 

•  t  The  learned  Bifhop  Andrews  fays  exprefaly—"  You  (hall 
fcarce  find  a  phrafc  in  the  Revelations  oi  St.  John,  that  is  not  taken 
out  of  Daniel,  or  fome  other  prophet."  Fix  repcrias  apuJ  Joban.iem 
fbrafin  aliquam^  nife  'veljex  Dauieie^  *vcl  ex  alio  ahquo  fropbetd  defmnf^ 
tarn.     Refp.  ad  Bellarm.  Apol.  p,  234.' 

•  X  An  eminent  writer  gives  an  exa6l  idea  of  it,  in  thefe  words— 
•*  The  ftyle  [of  the  Revelations]  is  very  prophetical,  as  to  the  things 
fpoken :  and  very  hebraizing,  as  to  the  ipeaking  of  them.  Exceed- 
ing much  of  the  old  propliets  language  and  matter  adduced  to  in- 
timate new  ilorics :  and  exceeding  much  of  the  Jews  language  and 
allafion  to  their  cuftoms  and  opinions,  thereby  to  fpeak  the  things 
more  familiarly  to  be  underftood.'*  Dr.  LicyTFwOT,  Harm,  of  the 
N,T»  /.  154,  London,  Jt>SS'* 

C  c  3  ^^^ 


j^o    Hurd  M  ihi  PrsphitUi  concerning  thf'ChttJllm  durih.       B| 

the  other,  to  the  end  that  wrc  might  the  better  concefve  the  mesn* 
iDg,  and  fathom  the  depth,  of  the  divine  councils  in  h<fth^ 

*  Buir  without  fpeculailng  further  on  the  final  purpofcs  of  this 
Judaical  and  Symbolical  chara^er^  (b  llrongly  imprefled  on  the  Apo* 
■  calypfe,  k  mail  evidently  appe^ir  that  the  difficuhics  of  inccrpreti* 
Ktion,  occafioned  by  i(»  are  not  invincible  ;  nay,  that  to  an  atteniiire 
nnd  rightly  prepared  interpreter^  they  wUl  fcarce  be  any  di^cultie» 
■at  all  V 

I  Our  Author  now  proceeds  to  the  ffc&nd^  and  mott  confider* 
fable  caufe  vi  the  oblcuriiics,  found  in  the  book  of  Rsv^Uihm^ 
mviz.  the  method  In  which  it  is  cumpofed.  And  here  he  gives  a 
I  fliglu  fketch  of  the  chara<3er  of  the  celebrated  Joseph  Mede, 
I  and  ihews  in  what  manner  that  truly  great  roan  unfolded  the 
I  myflerious  prophecy  of  the  Rtvelatknu 

I      Having,  as  he  apprehends,  ihewn  evidently  that  there  arc 
I  certain  grounds,  on  uhich  the  mofl  abftrufc  of  the  propbecie« 
I  concerning  Antichrift  may  be  reafonably  interpreted,  yet,  be* 
f  caufe  the  application  of  them  is  a  work  of  time  and  induftry, 
many  pcrfons,  he  (ays,  before  they  undertake  it,  may  dcfirc  to 
tnow,  what  general  arguniinti  there  arc  which  may  afTure  them, 
beforehand,  th^t  their  labour  will   not   be   mifemptoyed,  and 
I    that  Papal  Rome  is,  in  fa*^,  concerned  in  the  tenour  of  thefc 
I   prophecies:  and,  when  this  demand  has  been  made^  they  may 
further  wifli  to  be  informed,  to  what  ettdi  or  ufa  this  whole  en- 
quiry fervcs ;  of  importance  enough,  he  means,  to  encourage 
I    and  reward  their  vigorous  profccution  of  it.     To  fatisfy  thefc 
r   defires  and  expe<Sations,  is  the  fcope  >nd  purpofe  of  the  two 
remaining  fcrmons^ 

Accordingly,  in  the  firft  of  thcfe,  he  fcts  before  his  readers 

fome  of  the  more  obvious  miei^  or  chara^frsy  by  which  Anti- 

L    cbrift  is  marked  out  in  the  prophecies :  fuch,  and   fo  many  of 

f    them  as  may  convince  us,  that  they  are  fairly  applicable  to  the 

Church  of  Rome;  and  that,  taken  together,  they  cannot  wcU 

-     admit  any  other  application. 

I         *  *  I  have  heard  it  afJirmtd,  on  good  grounds,   that  the  late  Dr. 

I     Samuel  Clarke,  on  bcicig  ailicd  in  ccnvcrfaiion  by  a  friend,  whether, 

I     as  he  had  taken  much  pains  to  interpret  the  other  books  urc, 

I      he  had  never  attempted  any  thing  on  the  Revelations,   i  h^ 

I      hi  had  not ;  hut  that^  mt^mihjianfiing^  ht  thought  hi  mul^iji^^  £*iftty 

I     *WvW^/i/;  Not  meaning,  we  maybe  fure,  that  he  knew  how  ta 

I      apply  every  part  of  that  prophecy,  but  that  he  underftood  the  phrAji* 

I     ^'^vO'f  ^"  which  ic  was  written ;  which  a  man»  fo  converfant  as  he 

I      was  in  the  ftylc  of  fcripture,  might  very  well  do. — Calvin,  indeed^ 

P      has  been  commended  for  nvakitig  the  oppofitc  declaration  \  and,  it 

may  be,  with  good  reafon  :  fur  (not  to  derogate  in  any  rcfpe^'t  6oni 

the  charafter  of  this  great  man)  the  language  of  the  Scriptures,   aod 

efpccially  of  the  prophetical  fcriptures,  was  in  no  degree  fo  well  an* 

,      deritood  in  bis  time,  a^  it  was  in  that  of  Dr<  S.  Clarke/ 


Hurd  m  tht  Pnphecm  concerning  (it  Cbrljltim  CburcB.     ^jgi  ^ 

Conitder,  fays  he  id  the  condufton  oi'the  dircoorfe,  V4\i\im*whmt 

ri  of  ihc  world  Antichriil  was  to  appear  i  in  m^hat  Ja^  or  tluonc,  h<. 

as  to  br  efliibiifiied  ;  oi^hat  kini^  his  fovereignty  wis  to  be  ;  witk 

h€it  atiriifutij^  He  was  to  be  inv  iflWd ;  in  <what  feafqn^  or  ahat  fwhat^ 

•^,  and  for  bwnM  kng  a  timt,  he  was  to  reign  and  profper  :   conlidcr 

efe  FIVE  obvious  characters  of  Aniichriil,  which  the  prophets  hare 

iHtnaiy  fct  forth*  and  which,  from  ihcni,  1  have  fuccciiivcly  hel<f 

np  to  yoo  :  and^  then,  compare  them  with  the  correfpondciit  cha- 

'^^f%^  which  you  find  infcribedp  byr  the  pen  cf  auihentic  hiitOry,  oir 

certain  power,  fprung  up  in  the  Well ;  (eatcd  in  the  city  of  Rome  j 

(ling  himfelf  the  Vicar  of  Lliritl ;  *^^l  full  ^  n Amu  tf  hlafihmy^ 

at  i&«  ftigmatized  with  thofe  crimes,  which  Chnllianity,  a^  fuch. 

Ids  moft  opprobiOos,  the  critncii  of  tyrannic  dominion^  of  pcrfe< 

:urion,  and  even  idolatry  j  and  laflly,  now  fubUUing  in  ihe  worJJy 

though  with  evident  fyniptoms  of  decay,  after  a  long  reit^n,  vvhofe 

1fc  and  progrefs  can  be  traced,  and  whofe  duration,  hiihcrtt>,  it 

mcontradicled  by  any  prophecy :  put,  I  fay,  all  thcfc  correfpondent 

larks  together,  and  fee  if  they  do  not  furnilh,  jf  liot  in  ahfuJot'e 

ionllration,  yet  a  high  dcgr«!e  of  probability,  ihat  apoftate  Fi^pal 

ome  15  the  very  Antichriil  iQrciold* 

'  At  leaf^,  you  will  admit  chat  thefe  correfpcndencics  are  fignij 

noogh  to  merit  your  atteoiion,  and  even  to  juitify  your  pains  iif 

looking  further  into  fo  curious  and  intcretiing  a  fubj/O.     Ve  wilji 

*y  to  vourfclves,  That  the  prophecies  concerning  Antichrift  dcicry^ 

t  Icailto  be  confjdered  with  care,  fince  m  fo  many  llriking  pariku- 

-5,  they  appear,  on  the  face  of  them,  t'^  hav  Keen  cbmplcted^  ^ 

*  This  cdHchtJiQn^  it  is  prefumcJ,  is  a  rcaiunable  one:  and  the  en3 

thti  difcourfe  will  be  anfwered^  if  ye  are,  at   lengtliy  prevailed 

ipcwi  to  drmfw  this  conclufion/  -  v  .  % 

Though  enough  has  been  faid  on  the  prophecies  to  excite*  a 

reafonabie  defire  of  looking  further  into  ilKm»  and  even  to  pro* 

'ucc  a  gener;*!  perfuafion  that  they  have  been,  ur  may  be,  un* 

rftood  ;  yet,  it  may  quicken  our  attention  iq  thii  arguniicnf, 

our  Author  fays*  and  <oppf»rt  our  induftry  in  the  profecutioo  of 

it,  to  fct  before  us  the  i/^i,  whrch  may  refult  from  a  tull  and 

ILnal  convidlion  (if  fuch  ftiould  be  the  ilTuc  of  our  enc|uirje,Kj 

that   thefc   prophecies  are  not   intelligible  only^  btit  have,  \n 

■nany  inftances*  been  rightly  applied,  and  clearly  fulfilled.  Thefe 

Ipfesj  wc  arc  told»  arc  very  many  :  in  his  twelfth  fermon  the 

L)oi5lor  propofes  foinc  of  the  mot}  important  to  our  tonfiderationt 

I    Though  every  period  of  prophecy  be  inftfudive,  that  which 

likct  in  the  great  evenu  and  revolutions  which  have  come  ta 

toafs  in  the  Chfijlmn  Chufih^  is»  for  obvious  reafons,  more  elpc* 

bially  interrrflmg  to  us,  who  live  in  thefe  latter  a^e«  uf  the 

i^tjrld. 

I  Of  the  numerous  predictions,  contained  in  either  Teftament, 
■rhich,  it  \%  preiumed,  rcfpedt  thefe  events*  the  mo(l  confider- 
U)Ie  bv  far,  bccaufe  the  moit  minute  and  cirtuiniiantrai,  aic 
pofe  of  St.  John  in  the  Revelations  i  which  treat  profflcdly  of 
Hich  things  as  wet e  to  bclal  the  fervanU  cf  7'/"-»  ^^*^^  ^^^ 
I  C  c  4  ^;v>T^\vft^^ 


4J51    Hurd  6n  At  Prephcies  aneerntng  the  Uhrlfiim  Gburtkl^ 

prophet's  own  days,  down  to  that  awful  perloti,  when  all  tTje 
myttcrious  ccjwncils  of  God,  in  regnrtl  to  the  Chriflian  difptn- 
fition,  (ball  be  finally  (hut  up  in  the  dgy  of  judgment.  To  thcfc 
prcdi^ions,  then,  the  Dt  £lor  fays,  a  more  particular  attention 
is  due*  the  rather  becaufe  they  h;ive  been  fuIfiHing  from  the 
time  of  their  delivery, — behold^  I  cc^  V' — and,  above  alJ, 

becaufe  a  hUJJlng  is  pronounced  on  i-  uif>^  that  Is*  ^*ba 

ohfcrve,  who  (ludy  and  coniemp);4te,  trt^  jayln^s  Qf  imt  book. — 
jlfTuredly,  then,  contijuics   uur  Auth  .r,  this  ftudy  will  be  rc» 
■M^arded  with  fign;)!  benc6c> 

B«  Une  of  ihefe,  he  tells  u>,  !..hu  i  Kiity  ic Tufts  froTii  the  fhidy 
Kbf  the  Apocalyptic  prophecies  concerning  Ar^hhrifl^  viz.  the 
mf$ippQr(  that  is  hereby  given  tc  PrcUjl a  ■rri 

^^rttenfiQm  of  iti  adverlaries*      For  if   .  _     ')' 

^applied  to  Papal  Rome,  and  have,  in  part,  been  tlgnaliy  accom- 
Eplifbed  in  the  hittory  of  tltat  Church,  it  is  bc}or.d  all  doubt 
Hihat  cur  comn^union  with  it  is  dangerous  ;  nay«  that  our  fcpa- 
M'ation  frooi  it  is  a  matter  of  ftri£i  duty^  dffne  mt  af  her^  my 
Wl^e^pUy  that  ye  ie  n<t  pnrtfikert  (f  her  fuj:^  end  that  ye  receive  mi  ff 
W&er  plague f — are  plain  and  dccifive  wordy,  and,  if  allowed  to  bc 
Hrpoken  of  that  Church,  bring  the  contrcverf;  between  ihc  Pro* 
Ktefiant  and  Papal  Chrlflians  to  a  fliort  iffuC. 
■*  That  the Ptpe  ii  Ahtuhri/f^  and  that //a-  Sa^^'^.i,-^  *^  ,,  tj^^  ..... 
m^ChriJlian faitl^vitrz  the  tito  ^reat  principles  on  which  the  rc- 
Bformation  was  originally  founded.     How  ihe/r/?  of  f'  n 

Jciplcs  came  to  be  difgraud  aming  cmfehcSi  our  Autl*..  •  i 

Kin  his  cighrh  fermon.  In  the  fermon  nuw  before  us,  heihews 
K through  what  fatal  mifnianigetnent  the  iatitr  principle  was  even 
Wgeneraily  di/avowed  ^ni  de/eried.  The  account  he  gives  of  tktJ 
IjDatter  is  fliort,  but  clear,  dininfi,  and  judicious  ^  it  '' 
Bfbllows : 

■  J  •  When  the  Reformers  had  thrown  oiF  all  refpcfl  for  the  P^ipal 
Bfhatr«  and  were  for  regulating  the  faith  of  Chriflians  by  the  <acred 

■  Jfcriptures,  it  ftiil  remained  a  quellion.  On  ^hat  gnuitds.  /- 
mjures  jh&uld  he  interpreted.  The  voice  of  the  Churchy  iV  L'/ 
ft}ier  fcboolmen,  and  modern  dodlors,  was  univerrally,  aud  witiiout 

■  Imuch  ceremony,  rejedled.     But  the  Fathers  of  the  primitive  churci 

■  were  flill  in  great  repute  among  Froteftants  thcmfelves ;  v  \  rd 

■  ic thing  fo  much  as  tJie  imputation  of  novelty,  whrch  thry  Id 
I  %c  faftcncd  on  their  opinions,  and  who,  befidcs,  thought  it  too  pre- 

■  fuming  to  irufl  entirely  to  the  dictates  of  what  was  called  the ptmeit^ 
Wjpirtt.  The  Church  of  Rome  availed  hcrfelf  with  dc:xtemy»  of  thii 
■'prejudice,  and  nf  the  diilrcfs  to  which  the  Protellat^f   r  irf.,  ^jn  f^- 

■  duccd  by  it.  Thp  authority  of  thefe  ancient  and  \t\\zi* 
Bprctcra  was  founded  high  by  the  Catholic  writers  j  .  ^t.  ^,,^.  i,iimou| 
K^as  fo  grejt  and  fo  popular,  ihi^t  ihe  Proicilanis  knew  not  ho«'> 
Bxonfillently  with  their  own  principles,  or  even  in  mere  decency,  t6 
Bflcciine  the  appeu,!  which  was  thus  confidently  made  10  that  tribunal. 

■Ih:  TM 


Hund  QH  tht  Pr&phidis  concernirfg  the  Clyri/fiart  Chunh?    4^ 

The  P^^  "  .  too,  piqued  thcoiiclves  on  tlieir  foperio*-  fkill  rn  an- 

cieat  J  ;  and  wcjc  alliamcd  to  have  h  thought  thit  their  ad- 

vei/^ric^  LQ^id  have  any  advantnge  ;igainll  them  in  a  dKpute,  which 
wa»  to  be  earned  on  in  that  quarter*  Other  cooTidcraiiocrs  had,  per-^. 
luipi,  ihcir  vvtight  with  prirtictijar  chwrcJies :  but,  hr  thcfe  reasons. 
chiefly,  all  of  them  forwardly  clofed  in  with  the  propofal  of  trying 
ibcir  caufe  at  the  bar  oF  the  ancient  church:  and,  thus,  ihiidng: 
their  ground,  maintained  henceforth,  not  that  the  fcriptures  ut^rr 
the  folc  rule  of  faiih,  but  the  fcriptures,  as  inter pr§t£d  kj  tht  frimi*. 
ii'tfi  Fmfhtrt* 

*  When  the  flaie  of  the  queflion  was  thus  changed,  it  was  ca{y  10 
fee  what  wouJd  be  the  iilue  of  fo  much  indilcreiion^  The  difpute 
yi^%  not  only  carried  on  in  a  dark  and  rcaiote  fccne,  into  which  the 
people  couM  not  follow  their  learned  champions  i  but  was  rcndctvd 
infinitely  tcdious»  and^  indeed,  intcmiinabJe.     For  thofe  early  wri- 

I  -JJPg^t  DOW  to  be  confidered  as  of  the  highcfl  authority*  were  voia- 
ptiunoas  in  iherofelves ;  and,  what  wa&  worfe,  were  compofed  in  f(» 
r  ^Icofe,  fo  declaipatory,  and  often  in  fo  hyperbolical  a  llratn,  that  no 
[  certain  fen Ce  could  be  affixed  to  their  dotirincs,  and  ajiy  ihiji^,  or 
every  thing,  might,  with  fome  plaufibiiity,  be  proved  from  them.  , 
^  The  inconvenience  was  fcnfjbly  felt  by  the  Protellant  worIJi 
^nd,  after  a  prodigious  waUe  of  induilry  and  erudition,  a  learned 
foreigDer  •,  at  length,  Ihewed  the  inutility  and  the  foIJy  of  purfuing 
ihe  conted  any  further.  In  a  vvclj-confidered  difcouffe.  On  the  ttik 
tf  fh  Fafhtrs^  he  clearly  evinced,  that  their  authority  was  much  lefs, 
T.  renerally  fuppofed,  in  £i// points  of  religioui  controverly? 

2  icir  judgment  w;is  efpecially  iiicompttcnt  in  rit^/ points, 

whicit  were  agitated  by  the  two  parties.  He  evinced  thii  contluiioa 
by  Ji  variety  of  unanfwerable  arguments;  and  chiefly  by  ihewiiigj 
that  the  matters  in  debate  were,  for  the  moll  part,  fucb  as  had  nc vci: 
entered  into  tb^  heads  of  thofe  old  writers,  being,  indeed,  of  much 
later  growih,  and  having  firll  Sprung  up  in  the  barb;irous  £eci* 
They  could  not,  therefore,  decide  en  quelltons,  which  they  haa  no 
ocrafion  to  conWcr,  and  had,  in, fail,  never  confiJercd;  however 
their  carclcfs  or  figurative  exprefHon  might  be  made  to  look  tbat 
way,  by  ihe  dcvirous  management  of  the  controverfialifls, 

*  Thi«  difcovery'had  great  ciFefls.  It  opened  the  eyes  of  the  more 
ciodid  and  intelligent  inquirers:  and  our  incomparable  Chillir^- 
worth*  with  fome  others,  took  the  adyantage  of  it  to  fct  the  con* 
tfoverfv  with  the  Church  of  Rome,  once  more,  on  its  proper  foot ; 
^!  '  "1,  forever,  the  old  principle,  TiIAT  the  Bieli,  aoii 
;i  jpfcted  by  our  bell  rcafgn)    is  the  Rst-toic^N    of 

*  Thui,  oftf  of  the  two  pillars,  on  which  the  Protellant  caufe  had 
been  cllabli!hed,'  was  happily  reftored.  And,  though  Mr,  Mcde, 
about  the  fame  rime,  fuccccded  as  well  in  his  attempts  to  replace 
the  or H few  ;  yer,  through  many  concurring  prejudices,  the  merit  of 
that  fervice  haih  not,  hitherto,  been  fo  generally  acknowledged. 
Whether  fiff  Ftfie  he  tht  Antkhrifi  of  tht  prophet  i,  is  (lill  by  Ibme  Pro. 
feilants  made  a  queilion.     Yet,  it  feems  aii  if  it  would  not  continue 


•  M.  Daillc. 


\trj 


494>     Oi/ffvathns  mfhi  Origin^  l^c  of  Alfbahiik  iVrtiingi 

vrry  long  to  be  /o  ;  and  \l  may  not  be  too  much  to  CJtpeSk,  that  tKf 
iaAitution  will,  hereafter,  contribute  to  put  an  end  to  the  difpnte. 

*  The  Reformation  will,  then,  be  Tecured  againft  the  two  invidiooi 
charges  of  Schism  and  HeREsr  [iiyr  mtilher  of  which  is  there  anf 
ground,  if  tht  P^pt  ht  AntUhtlj}^  and  if  the  pit  RmU  9/ faith  it  s 
Chifiiim  6t  ihi  (anonuai  fcriptvret)  and  will,  thus,  0aod  iannove-' 
ably  on  its  ancient  and  proper  foundations. 

*  In  faying  this,  I  do  not,  hDwci?ef,  mean  toaffert*  that  the  Re- 
fermation  has  ifo  fupport,  but  in  this  principle— /l^tf/  iht  Ptp4  1/  Am^ 
iuhrift^  There  are  various  other  confideraiions,  which  are  decifivr 
in  the  controvorfy  between  us  and  the  Pdpilh.  ^o  that»  if  the  pro- 
phecies (hould»  after  all»  be  found  to  fuit  any  other  perfon  orpower, 
better  than  the  Roman  Pontiff,  we  (hall  only  have  one  argomeot  the 
lefs  to  urge  agalnft  his  pretentions,  and  the  Procedant  caiife»  in  th« 
mean  time,  ftands  fee  are.  But,  on  the  fappofuion  that  the  pro- 
phfctes  are  rightly,  and  mud  be  exeluiively,  applied  to  the  Church 
of  Rome  (of  which  every  man  will  judge  for  himfelf,  ^om  th?  eri* 
deace  hereafter  to  belaid  before  him)  on  thi&  fuppoili  v.  it 
mufl  be  allowed  that  the  ihortell  and  bell  defence  of  r  i!ani 
cauie  is  that  which  1$  taken  from  the  authoriry  of  thole  propheciet» 
Wcaufe  they  exprefsly  cojoin  a  feparation  from  that  focietyp  to  which  j 
they  are  applied.  m 

*  Ye  perceive,  then,  in  all  iPiewi,  the  utility  of  (hsdying  iKt«  f9^  ^ 
phecy  of  the  RnHlatiomg^  provided  there  be  reafon  to  admit  the  cow* 
pletion  of  it  in  the  hilloryoftbe  Chriflian  Church,  and  part'*  'f^'^^ 
in  the  hi  (lory  of  Papal  Rome*  The  import  anct  and  titt  fmth  •. 
isanity  will  be  fecn  in  their  fuH  light — The  nui/dffm  q(  tlituntMs 
counciU,  in  permitttng  iht  Ap9flitjf  to  fmh pUit  fow  a  timif  will  be  ac- 
knowledged—  And  the  l^^HOur  ot  our  common  PrmjfoMt  prrftjkm  wiU 
\t  etfcduulty  maintained/ 

Our  Author  concludes  with  fome  very  pertinent  obfervations 
on  the  prefent  ftatc  of  religioti  among  4is,  and  the  refpcct  thai 
is  due  10  the  prophetic  writings ;  but  ioi  ihcfc  wc  muft  refer  to 
the  work  itfelf^  which,  after  4  repeated  pcrufil,  we  cannot  help 
necommendlfig  10  our  Readers^  a^  a  very  ingenious^  caodidj^ird 
judicious  performance. 


A»tT,  IV*     C^jeclurai  Oi>/ar*vati&nt  9n  tbt  Qr^  ^  Al* 

phahetic  Hrtttng*     i>vo,      3  s^  Boards.     C 

'Tp  H  E  fubjci^  of  thefe  obfervations  is  invetved  in  much  dark* 
-*     nefs  and  uncertainty*     The  Writer  fecms  fully  confcfoui 
of  the  obfcurity  aiid  difficulty  attending  it,  and  proceeds  with 
great  diffidence  and  caution      '  The  knowledge  we  acquire  (u 
Ec  jutily  obfcfve^)  by  travelling  up  to  tb^  remotcft  a^fs,  rar^y 
unrwers  its  fatigues;  our  journey  for  the  moft  part  lies  thr 
barren  deicrn^  or  a  ^eep enchanted  wood,  where  the  travelli 
erer  liable  to  be  fcduccd  by  falfe  ligbis;  whiltt  tbc  avenues  i»] 
truth  are  guarded  by  the  phantonns^  of  mythology  j  amd^  having 
reached  at  leng:th  ihediflant  point,  from  whence  he  hpped  to  find 
the  profpcH  clear  befoic  him^  hU  farther  ^ro^refs  is  cut  off  by  an 
unnstvigsiblc  ocean,  and  a\\  be^oui  \x  v&  ^\jW\x\\\^*     ^^^  {^l     1 

^ J 


Ohfirvathm  §19  ihi  Origin^  Esfc,  §f  Alphahetk  M'rrtln^,     4^  J 

tile  ingenioos  Author  has  fuccecded  in  hrs  conjcSuirs,  and  by' 
what  ftrength  of  argumcni  he  has  fupported  thcm»  mufl  be  left 
to  the  impaiiial  judgment  of  the  intelligent  reader.  In  a  queftioa 
of  this  nature*  there  is  much  room  for  difference  of  opiniun.  It 
mu&i  however,  be  allowed  that  the  defign  is  laudable,  anJ  the 
execution  not  without  confiderable  merit.  * 

The  Authar  apprehends,  that  *  a  knowledge  of  the  elemental 
founds  was  fupeinaturally  imparted  to  Mofes,  immediately  after 
the  firft  defeat  of  the  Amalekites,  (on  which  occafion  writing  f$ 
firft  mentioned  in  the  fcripturcs)  and  that  he  invented  thoie literal 
ch:irad)efs»  which  were  afterwards  comi^unicated  to  the  ifracl- 
iies  at  the  delivery  of  the  law/  He  obfcrves,  that  *  we  meeif 
With  no  lelaiian  of  an  alphabetic  chara£lcr  before  the  flood; 
wh*t  is  faid  of  the  infcription  upon  p  liars  by  the  firft  Mercury 
from  Manetho,  or  ihofe  of  Seth  mentioned  by  Jofephus,  or  the 
ocher  at  Joppa  by  Mela,  being  evidently  fdbles  too  ridiculous  (O 
deferve  attention  ;  nor  is  there  any  credible  account  of  fuch  a 
charader^  from  the  flood  to  the  iirrival  of  the  Ifraelitcs  at  Horcb, 
It  may  be  added,  that  if  letters  had  been  known  to  the  Tons  o( 
Noah,  before  their  departure  from  Shinar,  we  mtghtreafonablr 
hare  expected  to  find  them  amongft  theChrnefe,  who  hoilt  an 
autheniic  fcrie%  of  records  from  the  days  of  their  pretended  em-* 
peror  Fohi,  and  to  whom  they  would  have  been  ready  enougl^ 
10  afcfibe  the  invention,  had  they  known  it  fo  early  as  their 
nei|hbour»  :  but  as  the  more  .wcftcrn  nations  were  too  long; 
pofkllod  of  rf  before  them,  to  admit  of  fuch  a  claim,  they  h<ive 
ever  affecled  m  Mpifc  the  art  of  Alphabetic  writing,  and  very 
philafophically  prrfift  in  rejecting  the  u(c  of  letters  to  this  time/ 

Ttierewere  fevcral  occafions  for  the  ufe  of  Alphabetic  Writ- 
ing, upon  which  it  is  rm  probable  it  would  have  been  omit  ted  J 
after  h  was  generally  known.  The  Author  has  recited  leveraf 
of  tbefei  fuch  t9,  the  purpofcs  of  bufinefs  and  irafHck,  the  rci 
membfancc  of  certain  circumftances  or  att^ion?^  which  were 
proper  to  be  conveyed  to  after  ages  ;  the  fpecifyrng  conditions 
of  covenant;  the  conveyance  of  property  j  afcertaming  the  p^r* 
licuFars  of  teftamentary  difpofitions  :  *  And  in  each  of  thcfc 
cafc!^  the  uniform  filencc  of  the  fcripturcs  to  a  certain  period^ 
concerning  this  kind  of  writing,  th  'ugh  it  doth  not  amount  to 
an  abfolute  proof,  yet  renderi  it  hi^ihly  probable,  that  it  was  not 
known  till  that  vtry  time.  Add,  moreover,  that  the  revelation^ 
of  God  to  the  Fatrufchs,  of  whatever  importance  to  religion, 
were  not  enjoined  to  be  recorded  till  the  giving  of  the  Taw  j 
m'here^St  after  the  delivery  ot  the  law,  they  were  in  general 
dirc^d  t9  ht  xvrhtnt^  /or  the  gmiratims  ts  c^me/  The  Author 
lllen  proceeds  to  enumerate  fomc  particular  cafes,  as  they  occur 
in  fcripture,  \i\  fupport  of  what  hath  been  advanced.  L^  VEv-iL^^ 
be  objeilcd,  that  we  mcct^  with  no  written  teftatneivurj  ^\^v^^^' 

uou% 


49^     Oiftrvathm  9n  ibi  Origin^  &i*  ef  AlphaittU  tPriit/tg,      ^H 

tions  tn  the  fcripturc^    aft^  the  mvcnrion  of  letters,      All(M 
this  may  be  thought  to  invalidate  the  argument  from  thcii  bciig»i 
only  nuncupatory  before  it;  but  *  thi^*,  it  is  obfervcd,  ♦  «  t(> 
be  afcribed  to  the  peculiar  fpirit  of  the  Mofaic  law,  which  lefc 
very  little  difcretionury  powcr^  in  thefc  matters^  to  the  deter- 
mination of  private  perfons. 

Alphabetic  writing  was  pr'nclpally  confined  to  the  affairs  of 
religion  for  a  confidcrable  time  after  its  tird  Invention ;  how 
long  is  uncertain  ;  but '  it  was  not,  probably,  till  theeilablifb- 
ment  of  the  kingdom  under  David,  that  letters  were  in  general 
applied  to  the  purpofes  ofdomcdic  concernmcntj  as  well  as  to 
religion  and  affairs  of  Aatc/ 

The  Author  next  examines  the  truth  of  the  conjc£lurc»  that 
Mofcs  acquired  his  knowledge  of  letters  among  the  Egyptianit 
and  allcdges  feveral  argumcius  to  cunfutc  this  luppofition.     He 
proceeds  to  ihew,  that  it  was  not  dciived  from  Uic  Arabs;  and 
having  with  Tome  dcj^rcc  of  probability^  afcertainsd  the  xraof 
the  invention  of  letters,  properly  fo  called,  to  be  the  fame  with 
that  of  the  deliverance  of  the  Ifraclites  from  bondage;  he  adtfs, 
•  that  we  are  no  laager  at  a  lofs  who  the  fecrctary  of  an  Egyp- 
tian King  was,  to  whom  the  Greek  writers  in  general  fo  juAly 
afcribeit;  ftnce  we  kiiow  that  Mofes,  as  the  adopted  fon  <>f 
Pharaoh's  daughter,  and  Intended  to  fucceed  her  father  in  tht 
kingdom,  may  be  fuppofcd  of  courfc  admitted  to  the  knowledge 
of  itate  affairs,  and  might  probably  have  had  the  chief  adminif- 
iration  of  civil  government,  under  Pharaoh,  in  all  things.    But 
as  the  difficulty  of  determining  all  the  powers  of  utterance  to 
which  a  moft  cxa<5t  and  critical  analsfn  of  the  human  voice  was 
necelTary  ;  and  the  compteiion  of  the  art  of  literal  writing,  at* 
moft  at  once,  feem  to  evince  that  tt  was  not  difcovcred  by  the 
unafSftcd  efforts  of  bis  own  mind ;  we  may  not  unreafonably 
prcfume  it  was  fuggefted  to  him,  at  the  inilant,  by  the  divine 
for  the  immediate  uCc  of  God's  peculiar  people;  or, 
words,  that  the  elements  of  language  (the  minuteft 
which  i:  is  compounded,  and  beyond  which  it  is  inca- 
pable of  being  refulvcd)  were,  as  hath  already  been  obfervcd, 
xevcaltrd  to  K5ofes  upon  the  firft  arrival  of  the  Ifraclites  before 
Horcb  ;  whilft  their  characters,  with  the  arrangement  of  them, 
might  be  left  to  his  difcrction.     And  if  the  m^inncr  in  which 
the  divine  wifdom  aided  the  difcovery  of  Alphabetic  Writing, 
thus  explained,  appears  agreeable  to  his  ufual  method  of  inter* 
pofal  in  other  cafes;  pariiculajly  the  related  one  of  prophecy, 
in  which  the  facred  Penmen  were  und^uhtedly  left  lo  life  ibcir 
own  accuftomcd  ilylc,  that  is,  to  the  choice  and  arrangmcnt  of 
their  own  words;  it  is  no  way  incondftcnt  with  tbofc  lads  tU 
facicd  hiflory  records  of  this  tt anfadlion*' 

Our 


wifdom, 
in  other 
parts  of 


Ot/trvaiiom  en  iki  Origin^  ^c»  if  4Jph&bitu  fVrittng*     497        | 

Our  Author  fuggcfts  a  hint,  in  order  fiirther  to  afcertain 
ihc  period  of  the  invention  of  letters  j  v*x.  as  ^  Symbolical  wri* 
ting  amongft  the  Egyptians,  may  reafonably  be  prefumed  to         | 
bmve  been  one  fource  of  their  idolatrous  worlliip»  with  which         I 
the  Ifraclites  were  infefled  at  the  coming  out  from  Egypt;   the         I 
cflabUthment,  therefore,  of  an  Alphabetic  Chara£ler^  at  this 
period,  was  intended  probably  to  put  a  ftop  to  the  progrefs  of 
ttie  contagion.*   And  in  another  place  he  obfer\rc3  that  a  difcovery 
of  this  kind,  at  the  period,   *  when  providence  thought  proper 
to  contrail  the  term  of  human  life  vt-ithin  the  narrow  boundary 
of  feventy  years,  became  majjary  to  advance  the  progrefs  of 
fcicnce,  as  well  as  to  enlighten  and  prepare  men's  minds  once 
more  for  the  reception  of  revealed   truths,  which  had  been  io 
generally  perverted,   in  order  to  prevent  fuch  a  perverfion  of        , 
them  for  the  future.'  | 

Should  it  be  ohje<Sled,  that  *  if  this  be  the  cafe  we  fliould  cer- 
tainly have  had  fomc  account  of  fo  exiraordinary  an  affair  deli- 
vered to  us  in  the  fcripturcs.*  The  Author  anfwers,  '  that 
providence  has  not  thought  proper  to  fix  the  date  of  many  things 
as  extraordinary,  or  to  give  us  the  reafim  of  his  detciminations 
in  others.* — '  The  abolitbn  of  Symbolic  Writing,  by  an  exprefs 
command  of  God  in  the  decalogue,  was  fufiiciently  ftrilcing  to 
the  Ifraclites,  at  the  time  it  was  given,  to  perpetuate  the  aera  of  1 
letters  amongft  (htm  ;  and  with  regard  to  future  ages  and  &thtr  \ 
nations,  the  narraiiot»  of  the  fa£l,  as  it  flands  recorded  m  all  its 
circumftances,  renders  what  hath  been  advanced  exceedingly 
probable/  j 

The  progrefs  of  this  kind  of  writing  was  from  the  Ifraelites  to  ' 
the  Syrians,  who  lived  in  their  neighbourhood  j  from  the  Syri- 
ans to  the  Phxnicians,  *  who  changed  the  Hebrew  charaflers 
into  what,  we  may  prefume,  were  afterwards  called  ihe  Sama- 
ritan' from  the  Phoenicians  to  the  Greeks  :  And  from  Greece, 
*  as  from  another  center,  the  rays  of  fcicnce  fliot  into  the  wef- 
tern  world ;  and  the  barbarous  nations  who  penetrated  into  Italy 
towards  the  clofe  of  the  Roman  empire,  carried  arts  and  learn* 
iog  back  into  the  north/  The  Auttaor  apprehends,  from  the 
forms  of  fome  of  the  Runic  charailers,  that  they  arc  not  orlai- 
nal  :  And  conjectures,  that,  *  if  rhcfc  letters  were  not  intro* 
duced  into  the  North  by  fome  of  ihofe  who  invaded  the  Roman 
empire  ;  however  uncertain  we  arc  with  refpeft  to  the  litne  of 
their  introdudion  there :  we  may  rcafonahly  conclude,  that 
they  were  carried  by  dut  favagc  people  from  the  borders  of  Afia^ 
in  an  earlier  age/ 

Our  Readers  will  be  able'to  form  fomcjudgmentof  the  merits 
of  this  work  by  the  abftradV  of  its  contents  which  we  have  given  j 
aiid  wc  leave  it  with  them  to  decide  as  to  the  main  queflioa,  | 

6  K^t  •N  ^ 


[    498    ] 

AlCT.  V.  tmjiitutes  of  Natural  and  RtvtaUd  Rilighn.  /W.  I.  6#»- 
taining  the  Elemeuh  of  Natural  Religioa,  To  lulfich  is  pnfixtd^ 
sm  EJJay  on  the  bttt  Mtthod  of  comrnamcating  reiigious  KiumAidgt  to 
ibt  Momhert  of  Chriftian  Societies.  By  JofcpU  l^rieftlej,  LL.  D. 
F.  R.  S.     8vo.     2  8.  6  d.    Johnfon.     1772. 

I  T  is  fuffidently  evident  from  the  writings  of  this  Author, 
*  that  he  is  very  far  from  embracing  the  religious  feiitiments  of 
the  Puritans  in  regard  to  dodlrine,  but  at  the  fame  time  he  ap- 
pears defirous  of  uniting  fomewhat  of  their  zeal,  their  man- 
ners, and  difcipline,  with  more  rational  and  more  liberal  opi- 
nions. His  induftry  and  application  are  very  fuitable  to  hii 
ftation  and  charadler,  and  highly  commendable, — as  the  prefent 
publication  particularly  difcovers.  It  was  originally  intended, 
heinfurms  us,  to  furnifli  himfelf  with  an  eafy  method  of  dif<* 
courting  upon  the  fubje£ts  of  natural  and  revealed  religion  to 
the  young  men  of  his  own  congregation,  whom  he  formed  into 
a  dafs  for  tliat  purpofe :  but  when  he  was  induced  to  publifli 
thefe  i/f/lttuies^  he  tells  us,  he  m^de  them  a  littje  fuller,  for  the 
fake  of  others  who  have  little  or  no  afliftance  in  fuch  inquiries; 
befide  which,  he  apprehends  that,  poflibly,  minilKrs  whofe  fen* 
timents  are  nearly  his  own,  may  fave  thcmlelves  fome  trouble, 
by  making  this  fketch  of  his  le£tures  the  ground-work  of  fami- 
liar difcourfc'S  to  youth,  upon  thefe  fubjeSs. 

'Vht  prefent  volume  gives  us  but  a  part  of  the  whole  defign, 
which  is  included  under  the  four  following  heads :  Firft,  tbe 
principles  of  natural  religion.  Secondly,  the  evidences  of  reve- 
lation. Thirdly,  the  doSrine  of  revelation.  Fourthly,  an 
account  of  the  corruptions  of  chriftianity.  The  treatife  now 
before  us  comprizes  only  the  firft  of  thefe  heads,  under  which  the 
Doctor  confidcrs  The  being  and  attributes  of  God  j  tbe  dutyofAtan* 
Jtindi  and  our  future  expe^ations. 

Our  Author  clofes  his  introdudion  to  the  inftitutes  of  natural 
religion  with  fome  juft  and  proper  remarks  which  we  fliall  laj 
before  the  Rea'^er  in  his  own  words :  '  It  muft  be  obfervcd, 
fays  he,  that  in  giving  a  delineation  of  natural  celigion,  I  fliall 
deliver  what  I  fuppofe  wight  have  been  known  concerning  God, 
our  duty ;  and  our  future  expc£)ations,  by  the  light  of  nature,  and 
not  what  was  affualfy  known  of  them  by  any  of  the  human  race; 
for  thefe  arc  very  different  things.  Many  thin;j;s  are  in  their 
own  nature,  attainable  ^  which,  in  fa6l,  are  never  attained ;  lo 
chat  though  we  find  but  little  of  the  knowledge  of  God,  and  of 
bh  providence,  in  many  nations,  which  never  enjoyed  the  light 
of  revelation,  it  does  not  follow  that  nature  did  not  contain  and 
teach  thofe  lefTons,  and  that  men  had  not  the  means  of  learniof; 
them,  provided  they  had  made  the  moft  of  the  light  they  h^^t 
and  of  the  powers  that  were  given  them.     1  (hall,  therefot*, 

iociuiie 


Prieftlcy*/  InJihuUs  ef  Natural  and  Rtvtaltd  Reli^im*     499 

include  under  the  head  of  natural  religimj  ail  that  can  be  demoa- 
ftr^tecd^  or  proved  to  be  true  by  natural  rcafon,  though  It  w^9 
oc^r,  in  U£i  difcovcred  by  itj  and  cnen  though  it  be  probable 
that  mankind  wrould  never  have  known  it  without  the  afliftancc 
of  rcvebttoci*  Thus  the  dodlrine  of  a  future  ftate  may  be  called 
t  doctrine  of  natural  rcHgon,  if  when  we  have  had  the  firft 
knowledge  of  it  from  divine  revelation,  we  can  afterwards  (hoir 
Alt  the  cxpcdation  of  it  was  probable  from  the  light  of  natore^ 
and  that  prefent  appearances  ate,  upon  the  whole,  favourable 
to  the  fuppofttion  oi  it.' 

In  the  eff;iy,  prefixed  to  the  inflitutes,  in  which  is  confidcred 
the  beft  mcUiod  of  communicating;  reli^Tious  knowledge  to  the 
members  of  chriflian  focictie^,  our  Author  laments  *  the  fuper- 
ficial  knowledge^  or  rather  the  eJtireme  ignorance  of  the  gene* 
raltty  of  youth,  in  the  prefent  age,  with  refpe£t  to  religion,  bf^ 
which  means  they  are  daily  falling  a  prey  to  inthufiafm  or  injidi^ 
Sif.'  He  endeavours  to  invcftigate  the  fource  of  this  evil,  and 
here  he  advances  certain  pofittons  which,  perhaps,  may  rather 
fiarttc  and  furprife  fome  of  his  Readers,  but  which  are  never* 
thdeb  uronhy  of  very  fcrious  attention.  Partly,  he  fuppofe?, 
(as  no  good  can  be  expected  in  this  life  without  its  attendant  iU| 
*  ic  may  be  a  natural  effect  of  the  moderation  of  the  prefent 
timed,  in  which  no  perfon  is  even  queftioned  about  his  religion, 
the  fybje^^  Is  never  canvafled,  nor  fo  much  as  ilarted  in  police 
onmipainy/  Though  we  agree  with  Dr.  Prieftley  in  this  remark, 
we  mud  alfo  obferve,  thctt  introducing  fuhjeda  of  this  kind  iii> 
common  convcrfation  has  frequently  btcn  (ncn  to  occafion  fuch 
altercations  as  ufually  tend  rather  to  loofcn  the  principles  of 
piety,  and  to  promote  an  indifFercnce  to  religion,  than  to  an« 
fwer  any  practical  and  important  purpofe.  But,  however  this 
may  be,  we  proceed  with  our  Author* 

•  Another  fource  of  this  complaint,  fays  he.  Is  the  little  care 
now  taken  by  parents  in  the  religious  inilru£)ion  of  their  chiJ- 
drea.  They  condemn  the  feverity  with  which  they  themfelves 
were  treated,  and  not  confidcring  the  advantages  which  they  de- 
rive from  ir,  exclaim  again  ft  fuch  cxceifivc  rigour  and  aufterity, 
and  throw  off  not  only  the  tulor^  but  almoft  the  ma/kr  too  witk 
fefped  to  their  children^  not  recoMeding  that  after  this,  there 
is  little  left  of  iht  parent  that  is  truly  valuable*  To  this  con* 
dyA  ihey  are,  no  doubt,  at  the  fame  time,  fccretly  influenced 
by  a  regard  to  their  own  cafe ;  for  upon  the  prefent  fafliionable 
plan,  a  perfon  gives  himfelf  very  little  trouble  about  forming 
the  minds  of  his  offspring  i  and  fome  may  think  that  they  have 
fufficiently  done  their  duty  in  this  refpe^,  when  they  have  pro*- 
tided  them  with  majhrs^  tofuperintend  their  educaticn  in  gene- 
ral.—>F  or  my  own  part,  I  have  not  the  lea&  doubt,  but  tt^iJt^ 

7  ^<^Vi1|^ 


1 


50O    Prieftlcy 'j  InJKtutis  0/  N^tfurvi  and  Revealed  He/i^^. 

though  the  maxima  of  our  forefathers  may  have  been  tooftriA, 
we  of  the  prefent  age.are  already  far  gane  in  another  extreme, 
oppofite  to  their's,  and  much  more  dangerous.     Their  method* 
by  reftraining  the  inclinations  of  youth,  might  (though,  perhaps, 
upon  the  whole,  it  might  not)  diminifh  the  happinefs  of  tbac 
early  period  of  life;  and  in  fome  inftances,  1  doubt  not,  the  ex- 
eeffive  reftrainis  they  were  under  might  ferve  to  inflame  their 
paffions,  and  prepare  them  for  the  more  unbounded  and  criminal 
indulgence  of  them,  when  they  became  their  own  mafters;  bur, 
in  general,  habits  of  fobriety   and  moderation  were,  by  this 
means,  cft'edually  formed,  and  a  difpofition  to  licentioufncft 
entirely  precluded.     On  the  contrary  our  greater  indulgence  to 
youth  gives  them  more  liberty^  but,  perhaps,  not  more  real  eit* 
jaynent  even  of  early  life ;  but  whatever  good  efFe&  this  condud 
may  have  upon  fome  ingenuous  tempers;  I  am  fatisfied  that,  in 
general,  it  is  fatal  to  virtue  and  happinefs  through  life.     Our 
youth  having  had  little  or  no  reftraint  put  upon  their  incl!na« 
dons,  and  religious  principles   not  having  been  fufEciently  in- 
culcated, they  give  the  reins  to  pleafure,  at  that  critical  time  of 
life,  in  which  the  paffions  are  peculiarly   ftrong,  and  reafon 
ii*eak:;  and  the  authority  of  a  parent  not  interpoiing,  where  it 
is  moft  wanted,  a  difpofition  to  licentioufnefs  is  compleatly  form- 
ed, and  fuch  bad  habits  are  contradled,  as  too  often  end  in  utter 
profligacy  and  ruin.     At  beft,  their  minds  not  having  been  fea- 
funed  with  the  principles  of  religion,  they  become  mere  men  nf 
the  worlds  without  vice,  perhaps,  but  alio  without  virtue.' 

Farther  upon  this  fubjeft  the  Do&or  obfcrvcs,  •  With  the 
difufc  of  family  prayer^  the  regular  reading  of  the  fcriptures  b» 
alfo  been  laid  afide,  fo  that  in  moft  of  our  opulent  families,  the 
youth  have  hardly  an  opportunity  of  making  themfclvcs  ac- 
quainted with  the  contents  of  thofe  books  which  are  the  fource 
of  all  religious  knowledge.  When  the  bible,  if  there  be  one 
in  the  family,  is  wholly  negle^Ved  by  the  parent,  what  induce- 
ment can  the  fon  have  to  look  Into  it  I — A  faifc  taftc,  and  a  pre- 
tended reverence  for  the  fcriptures,  adds  this  writer,  has,  like- 
wife  banifhcd  them  from  many  of  our  fchools ;  fo  that  except 
their  being  read  in  detached  and  unconneded  portions,  in  places 
of  public  worfiiip,  many  perfons,  it  is  to  be  feared,  would  live 
and  die  in  the  utter  ignorance  of  the  contents  of  their  bibles.* 

Dr.  Pricftley  proceeds  to  mention  the  neglcft  of  church  difci- 
pline,  and  the  omiifion  of  eatecbijing^  as  a  farther  caufe  of  the  ig- 
rance  of  our  youth ;  after  which  he  obferves  that  *  the  moft 
complete  and  efFetStual  remedy  for  this  evil  muft  confift,  in  the 
revival  of  that  difciplinc,  both  in  churches  and  private  families, 
by  which,  fays  he,  we  ourfelves  received  that  inftruAidn,  the 
advantages  of  which  we  are  apt  to  overlook,  'till  we  fee  tb& 
dreadful  effeSs  of  the  want  oi  '\\.  viv  oxVv^n«    If  the  difcipline  of 


Pf  icflfcy  *s  hjiltutii  of  Natural  and  RiveaUd  RjUghn*    501 

our  foftfiithers,  in  cither  of  thefc  refpeds,  has  been  too  feverc 
for  the  gcmlcncfs  of  modern  manners,  let  that  fc verity  be  re- 
laxed, but  kt  nothing  that  is  really  ureful  be  hid  afide/ 

Here  Oodlor  Prieftley  propofes  a  plan  for  the  inf^ruflion  of 
children  and  youth  in  the  principles  of  religion,  which,  he  fays^ 
he  can  recommend  from  the  trial  he  has  himfeU  made;  and  which 
Appears  to  l)im  to  be  very  pra<Sticab]c  by  any  perfon  who  is  fuflfi- 
ciently  quali&cd  to  difcharge  any  other  part  of  the  mi  nifteria]  duty* 
Befide  two  junior  claires,  the  one  confifting  of  children  tinder 
fourteen  )cars  of  age,  and  the  other  of  young  perfons  between 
iJic  ages  of  fourteen  and  eighteen  or  twenty,  he  advifes  that  a 
minffter  ihould  fotm  the  young  men  of  his  congregation  into  an 
mudimUal  daji^  and  take  the  \^X'j  fame  methods  to  icach  them 
the  elements  of  religioni  that  he  would  do  to  teach  them  the 
fudiments  of  any  branch  of  natural  knowledge/ 

Dr,  Prieflley  appears  here  as  an  advocate  for  a  courfe  oi  fyf- 
igmaiical  \n^jnGi\ov\,  *  No  branch  of  knowledge,  fays  he,  re- 
ligion not  excepted,  can  be  taught  to  advantage  but  in  the  way 
^f fjfiftn*  Frightful  as  this  word  may  found,  it  fignifics  nothing.- 
but  an  orderly  and  regular  fet  of  principles,  beginning  with  the 
eafieft,  and  ending  with  the  moft  difHcuJt|  which  in  this  man- 
ner arc  moft  eafily  demonftrated.  No  perfon  would  ever  thinlc 
of  teaching  liiw  or  medicine^  or  any  other  branch  of  fciencc  in 
the  manner  in  which  religion  is  now  generally  taught ;  and  as 
no  perfon  ever  acquired  a  competent  knowledge  of  law,  medi- 
cine, or  any  other  fcicnce  by  hearing  declamatory  difcourfes  up- 
on the  fubjcQ  J  fo  neither  can  we  rcafonably  exped  that  a  juft 
and  comprchcnfivc  knowledge  of  religion  ftiould  ever  be  commu- 
nicated In  the  fame  loofe  and  incoherent  manner.' 

We  thought  it  right  to  give  this  (hort  account  of  Dr.  Prieftley *s 
refiedions  aT:d  propofals  upon  this  fubjeift,  but  for  fcveral  other 
particulars  we  mutt  lefer  the  reader  to  the  book  itfclf*  It  fliould 
be  obferved  that  his  principal  view  in  this  publication,  feems  to 
be  dtreded  toward  the  Dilfentcrs;  though  the  members  of  the 
church  of  England  may  derive,  we  apprehend,  fome  ufeful  hinta 
from  his  remarks ;  and  as  they  are  "a  far  more  numerous  body, 
and  as  there  is  without  douln  a  very  great  fliare  of  ignorance, 
and  of  fupcrftition,  prevailing  among  their  feveral  ranks,  as 
well  as  among  thofc  of  other  perluafion«,  it  is  greatly  to  be 
wiihed  that  fome  farther  wife  and  diligent  cndcavoura  were  ufed 
to  remove  fo  deplorable  an  evil. 

The  inftitutes  of  religion,  part  of  which  are  here  made  publJc» 
are  intended  as  a  kind  of  text,  or  hints,  for  the  inftrudlor  to 
enlarge  upon,  in  his  addreflcs  to  that  part  of  his  audience, 
which  H  called  by  Dr.  Prieftley,  in  the  above-mentioned  pafiage, 
an  ^tadimical  clafs.  How  far  the  regular  method  which  is  here 
pointed  our,  or  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  what  k  ci.lU4  tv^- 


502     Pi-icdley';  Injliiutes  of  Natural  and  RiViaUi  RtUgitn, 

tural  religion  before  they  proceed  to  revealed,  is  ncceffary  for 
per  Ions  in  general,  every  one  muft  judge  /or  himfelf ;  as  he 
niulVlikcvvife  whether  or  not  there  is  any  danger,  left  thcfc  par- 
ticular enquiries,  efpecially  among  thofe  who  muft  have  many 
other  av(;caiions  in  life,  fliould  lesd  to  fcepticifm,  or  negli- 
gence about  religion  i  an  eft'ed,  which,  there  is  fonic  reafon  to 
apprehend,  this  among  other  caufcs,  has  contributed  to  produce 
in  the  prefent  age,  Wc  do  not  here  intend  any  impeachment 
of  this  performtince,  but  juR  to  throw  out  an  hint,  which  it  b 
probable  has  already  occurred  to  the  Author. 

Dr.  Prie(lley*s  good  fcnfc  and  abilities,  for  treating  thefe,  or 
other  fubjcdls,  are  well  known  to  the  world;  yet  it  may,  how- 
ever, beexpctcd,  that  wc  fliould  add  fome  further  fpecimen  of 
his  manner,  from  thcfe  inftituies;  wc  fliall  therefore  feleft  the 
following  {hort  pafl'jge,  beyond  which  our  limits  will  not  allow 
us  to  proceed :  it  is  taken  from  the  fcftion  which  treats  ^f  fiif- 
vitneJK  The  writer,  having  allowed,  that  a  regard  to  our  great- 
eft  happinefs  is  one  of  the  proper  rules  of  our  condufl,  obfervcs 
that  this  is  moft  eft*ectu;illy  gained,  when  it  is  not  itfclf  the  im- 
niediaic  fcopc  of  our  actions ;  in  I'upport  of  v.hicb  remark,  he 
adds  the  following  oblcrvatiuns  : 

*  I.  When  wc  keep  up  a  regard  to  ourfclves  in  ourconduft 
we  can  never  exclude  fucn  a  degree  of  anxiety,  and  jealoufy  of 
others,  as  will  always  make  us  in  fome  degree  unhappy  ;  and  wc 
find  by  experience,  that  no  pcrfons  have  fo  true  and  unallaycd 
enjoyments,  as  thofe  whobfe  fight  of  themfelves,  and  of  all  re- 
gard to  their  hr.ppincfs,  in  higher  and  greater  purfuits. 

*  2.  T  hough  It  be  true,  that,  when  our  intercft  is  perfeflly 
unclcrltood,  it  will  be  beft  promoted  by  thofe  aftions  v/hich  are 
diclatcd  by  a  regard  to  the  good  of  others,  &c.  it  requires  great 
comprehenfion  of  mind,  even  to  fee  this,  and  much  more  to  aft 
upon  it ;  io  that  if  the  bulk  of  mankind  were  taught  to  purfue 
their  own  proper  happinefs,  as  the  hliimaU  endo\  life,  they  would 
be  led  to  do  many  thmgs  injurious  to  others,  not  being  able  to 
fee  how  they  could  oiherwil'e  make  the  befl  provifion  for  thcm- 
felves. 

'  3.  If  we  confult  the  unperverted  diflates  of  our  minds,  we 
Oiall  feel  that  there  is  a  kind  of  meanncji  in  a  man's  ading  from 
a  view  to  his  own  intcrefl  only  ;  and  if  any  perfon  were  known 
to  have  no  higher  motive  for  his  condmSt,  though  he  (bould  hare 
fo  much  comprehenfion  of  mind,  as  that  this  principle  filouM 
never  mifcad  him,  and  every  particular  a6^ion  which  he  was 
led  to  by  it  (hould  be,  in  itfelf,  always  right,  he  would  not  be 
allawcd  to  have  any  m^ral  worthy  fo  as  to  command  our  ejlims 
and  he  would  not  at  all  engage  out  love.  All  we  could  fay  in  bis 
favour  would  be  that  he  was  a  prudent  man,  not  that  he  was 
virtuous.  Nay  we  (hould  uol  ill^^w  chu  anf  man's  condu£l  was 
•7  ^^^^^ 


HanWaj'i  OifinmiiCHs  dn  tie  Awit  Gajfk  $f  Prapli.      503 

even  rigbt^  in  the  highcft  and  moft  proper  fenfe  oF  the  ^ord, 
unlefs  be  was  inflaenced  by  motives  of  a  higher  and  purer  na- 
ture, namely,  a  regard  to  the  will  of  God,  to  the  good  of 
others,  or  to  the  dilates  of  confcience. 

*  It  Teems  to  follow  from  ihefe  confiderations,  that  this  prin- 
ciple, of  a  regard  to  our  highefl  interefl,  holds  a  kind  oi  miUle 
rmnk  between  the  vices  and  the  virtues ;  and  that  its  principal  ule 
is,  to  be  a  means  of  raifing  us  above  all  the  lower  and  vicious 
purfuits,  to  thofe  that  are  higher,  and  properly  fpeaking  praife 
worthy/ 

In  dofing  our  extra£l^  from  this  work,  we  would  jud  obferve, 
that  to  enlighten  the  underhand ings  of  his  hearers  is  certainly  a 
material  part  of  the  bufincfs  of  a  public  in{tru6lor,  and  that  to 
imprints  few  plain  and  practical  truths  in  a  perfuafive  and  affect- 
ing manner  upon  their  hearts,  is  a  yet  more  important  defign* 
To  make  the  bulk  of  mankind  philofophers,  is  not  a  necefiary 
thing,  but  to  form  them  to  be  ufeful  members  of  fociety,  and 
promote  their  regard  to  and  fitnefs  for  a  better  life,  thefe  are  in- 
deed great  and  momentous  purpofts;  and  to  thefe,  we  are  fully 
perfuided  Dr.  Prieftley,  as  well  as  his  Reviewer,  pays  the  moft 
fcrious  regard. 

We  fhall  only  add,  that  in  his  preface  he  informs  us,  that  in 
the  fecond  and  third  parts  of  thefe  infittutes,  he  has  made  great 
uie  oi  Dr.  Harilrfs  ohfervaiiom  on  man:  he  thinks  himfelf  very 
liappy,  he  tells  us,  in  having  any  fair  opportunity  of  makings 
hia  acknowledgements  to  this  writer,  and  fliall  confider  it  as 
gatoing  a  very  valuable  end,  *  if  by  this  or  any  other  means,  a 
greater  degree  of  attention  could  be  drawn  upon  that  nnft  e^*- 
aUent  performana^  fo  as  to  irake  it  more  generally  read,  and 
ftudicd,  by  thofe  who  are  qualified  to  do  it.' 

AtT.  VI.  Ob/ervatioHS  on  the  Cau/es  of  the  Dijfolutenefs  nuhich  reigns 
among  the  lower  CJaffis  of  the  f  eople ;  the  Prcbenfitj  of  fomt  to 
Pttty  Larceny  \  and  the  Danger  of  Qatningy  CoHtuhinage,  and  an  ex^ 
tofitte  Fondnefsfor  Amufiment  in  High  Life^  bTr.  fo  Three  Letters 
to  a  Governor  of  Bridewell,  &c.  By  Jonas  Hanway>  Efq;  4 to. 
St.     Rivington.     1772. 

THE  diflblutenefs  of  manners  among  the  generality  of  our 
countrymen,  and  the  growing  ncgledl  of  every  thing  fcri- 
ous, fober,  or  truly  important  to  the  welfare  of  the  community 
and  of  individual^,  muft  be  obferved  and  lamented  by  refleding 
minds  ;  and  afit)rds  but  a  melancholy  profpe^t  for  future  years, 
unlefs  fome  wife  and  effectual  methods  can  be  employed  to 
check  the  increafing  evil.  Very  cafy,  indeed,  it  is  for  perfons 
to  exclaim  againft  the  diAip^ition  and  corruption  of  the  age, 
which  are  too  apparent ;  but  to  difcover,  and  properly  to  apply, 
a  fuiuble  remedy^  is  a  work  that  requires  great  wifdom,  hu- 

D  d  a  tEV^vi\V| 


504      Hanway*s  Ohjervatiom  on  the  lower  Claffis  ofPi^pU, 

inanity  and  knowledge  of  matikind.  Mr.  Han  way  b  oneamong 
thofe  who  bewails  our  fituation  in  this  refped,  and.  is  felicitous 
to  contribute  towards  a  reformation.  He  appears,  in  the  pre- 
fent  publication,  as  in  his  former  writings,  like  a  pious  and  be-- 
iievoient  n^an,  who  has  the  intercfts  of  his  fellow- creatures  at 
heart ;  and  we  fincerely  wifh  that  his  reprefentations  may  be 
carefully  regarded,  efpecially  by  thofe  wnofe  more  immediate 
bufinefs  it  is  to  attend  to  thcfe  fubjefts. 

In  the  fiift  of  thefe  letters,  he  gives  an  account  of  the  Marhn 
Societyy  and  of  the  advantages  which  have  already  arifen  from 
it :  he  alfo  mentions  the  prefent  fcheme  of  obtaining  for  it  an 
z£k  of  incorporation,  which,  he  apprehends,  will  render  it  more 

f)crmancnt,  refpedlable  and  beneficial.  During  the  time  of  the 
ate  war,  we  are  informed,  this  fociety  had  exhaufted  the  cities 
of  London  and  Weflminftcr,  and  the  fouthern  parts  of  the 
ifland,  of  all  the  young  hands  that  could  be  fpared,  which  ren- 
dered it  necefTary  for  the  managers  to  dired  their  attention 
northwards  for  a  fupply.  The  Author  takes  this  opportunity 
to  acquaint  us  with  the  remarkable  difference  which  he  found 
in  thefe  children  ;  that  thoic  from  the  north  were  generally  of 
fober  deportment,  not  given  to  fwearing  or  lying,  had  a  neve- 
rence  for  the  fabbath,  and  rcfpefied  their  parents  and  teachers  | 
while  the  others,  who  were  much  the  more  nunnerous,  were 
ignorant  and  vicious.  <  You  may  eafily  imagine,  fays  he,  that 
my  curiofity  was  excited  to  enquire  from  what  caufe  this  could 
proceed  ;  and  1  found,  that  in  the  northern  parts  of  this  ifland, 
young  perfons  were  bred  up  in  the  fear  of  God  ;  and  my  poor 
friends  in  and  about  this  metropolis,  in  no  fear  at  all*  Mr. 
Hanway  is  very  humanely  folicitous  for  extending  this  charity, 
and  for  procuring  fome  other  employments  for  them,  if  they 
cannot  be  all  provided  for  on  the  water. 

This  writer  takes  particular  notice  of  the  workhoufes  ap- 
pointed  for  the  reception  of  the  poor,  together  with  the  incon- 
veniences and  difadvantages  at  prefent  attending  them.  He 
then  proceeds  to  our  prifons  ;  he  particularly  mentions  CUrktH" 
well  BrideweU^  and  that  of  Tothill  Fields^  both  of  which,  in  fome 
refpeSs,  he  commends ;  but  laments  the  negled  of  a  proper 
care  to  aflift  the  prifoners  in  a  religious  view,  that  they  might 
be  led  to  penirence  and  repentance  :  and  he  efpecially  com- 
plains of  their  being  allowed  here,  and  in  other  places  of  confine* 
ment,  to  afibciate  together  f  which  afiv^rds  them  fo  many  op- 
portunities of  encouraging  and  hardening  ane  another  in 
wickednefs. 

Our  Author  likewife  takes  a  view  of  the  ftate  of  the  London 
Workhoufe  y  and  then  makes  fome  obfervations  upon  capital 
puniihments,  or  ^  the  infliction  of  death  by  the  gallows.'  If 
this  pumjbment^  he  remarks,  is  «  ncceflary,  though  it  proves  to 

%  be 


Hanway'i  Obfirvaikm  on  the  buter  Claffis  of  People.      5>>5 

be  no  adequate  remedy  for  the  difeafe,  let  it  at  leaft  be  infltded, 
with  an  awful  decency,  as  if  we  mourned  over  tHe  neceffity  of 
k.  if  it  were  rendered  awful  to  ijie  fpcdator, — it  might  have 
fome  good  efFeiEls/  What  a  fhame  is  it,  continues  .he,  for  a 
Chriftian  civiiized  nation,  *  to  fufFer  a  miferablc  Being  to 
expofe  a  light  behaviour  upon  this  tremendous  occafion  ! — Cri- 
minals going  to  execution  generally  give  fuch  little  proof  of  be- 
lief in  the  immortality  of  tne  foul,  that  one  would  hardly  irna* 
gine  they  confidered  death  as  any  tliina;  beyond  the  mere  cefTa- 
tion  of  motion. — And  a  confiderable  number  of  reprobate  young 
fellows  generally  attend  at  fuch  times^,  whofe  reflexions  upon 
death  amount  to  the  fame  thing.  — You  will  hardly  believe  there 
can  be  io  much  ignorance  and  depravity,  till  you  confider  the 
prefent  ftate  of  religion  among  the  lower  clafles  of  *  the  people  ! 
J  often  wonder  that  the  important  doctrine  of  immortality  is 
inculcated  by  our  teachers  in  a  manner  fo  little  intereding  in  a 
<lireA  view.* 

The  fecond  letter  offers  a  plan  for  the  alteration  of  Bridewell^ 
and  urges  the  great  impropriety  of  entet training,  under  the  fame 
roof,  criminals  to  be  correded,  and  youths  to  be  educated  in 
induftry.  Mr.  Hanway  advifes,  that  the  buildings  ihould  be 
converted  into  cells  for  refradory  apprentices,  infJent  fervants, 
young  perfons  guilty  of  petty  larceny,  common  proftitiites, 
vagabonds,  and  fuch  kinds  of  offenders,  and  that  each  (hould  be 
confined  in  a  feparate  cell.  As  he  has,  he  fays,  generally  found, 
that  the  moft  illiterate  are  the  moft  abandoned,  he  recommends^ 
that  fuch  who  cannot  already  do  it,  ihould  be  taught  to  read, 
that  they  ihould  be  fupplied  with  one  or  two  proper  books,  that 
fome  clergyman  ihould  be  charged  with  the  care  of  their  moral 
and  religious  inflrucSion,  and  that  befide  their  attendance  at  the 
feafons  of  more  public  worfhip  and  exhortation,  each  offender 
fhould  at  proper  times  be  fmgly  admoniihed  and  exhorted,  and 
every  proper  method  employed  to  convince  them  of  their  errors, 
and  recover  them  to  virtue  and  happinefs* 

Several  other  particulars,  of  a  fimilar  kind,  the  worthy  writer 
prefents  to  the  confideration  of  the  magiftrates  and  governors, 
to  which,  with  great  earneilnefs,  piety  and  charity,  he  en- 
treats their  diligent  regard.-—^  In  a  word,  fays  he,  your  build- 
ing is  convertible  to  the  glorious  purpofes  of  humanity,  upon  a 
plan,  the  moi\  extenfive,  ufeful  and  neceffary.'^M.Atxy  are  the 
obje£ls  who  call  for  relief  at  your  hands  !  Such  enterprizes 
^concern  the  magiftrate  as  well  as  the  divine^  and  no  difappoint- 
ment  ihould  intimidate  either  of  them  from  making  a  fair  trial. 
This  thought  ilill  recurs  to  the  mind.  Can  the  people  be  go- 
verned without  the  aid  of  religion  ?  How  little  do  we  a^^^^A  Xa 
it  in  cafes  where  it  is  mofk  wanted  ?  The  W\^V>eT  ot Aei^  ol  W^- 
jc^s  msLy  fubllUute  wh^t  they  call  honour  ui  ^\a)c^  oi  vx.'^  'wv^ 

D  d  2  ^^"^^"^ 


506      Han  way 'i  Ohfirvations  9H  the  hwtr  Clafis  ofPnfU. 

;idore  a  god  of  their  own  making  ;  but  the  lower  claflcs  are  pot 
infliicnc<rd  by  any  fuch  confideration/ 

The  Author  alfo  obferves,  with  regard  to  the  prefent  ma* 
jiagcment  of  Bridewell,  that  he  has  found  thofe  wretched  fe» 
males,  who  had  been  committed  to  that  place,  before  they  were 
received  to  the  Magdalene  charity,  fcldom  difcrovered  fuch  a 
lenfeof  good  and  evil,  as  others  of  the  (ame  level  who  had  not 
been  expofed  to  fuch  ignominy.  And  farther,  he  adds,  in  be- 
half of  his  fcheme,  ^  1  have  rarely  found  a  temper  fo  pervcrii!, 
but  that  it  might  be  wen  by  pcrfcverance  and  thearta  of  perfiia- 
fion  :  a  gentle  condu£b  evidently  flowing' from  the  heart,  under 
the  imprcfiions  of  true  humanity,  will  generally  fucceed.' 

Befide  this  plan  for  the  alteration  and  improvement  of  Bride- 
well, Mr.  Hanway  recommends  feveral  other  things  to  the  con* 
fidcration  of  magiftrates  and  others,    which  are  recapitulated 
briefly  in  the  third  letter,  and  which  chiefly  regard  the  increafe 
of  our  numbers,  the  morals  of  the  poor,  together  with  their 
prefcnt  welfare,  comfort  and  ufefulnefs^*  the  priiKipal  of  which 
arcthcfe  that  follow:  *  i.  Whether  it  will  not  be  ofgreatfer- 
vice  in  thefc  rcfpcdts,  that  the  ovcrfeers,  in  conjundion  witk 
the  guardium  cf  the  infant  parijh  poor^  fending  fuch  infants  intt 
the  country,  Ihould  not  keep  them  there,    in  order  to  make 
room  for  the  children  of  the  indigent  working  poor  bom  in 
thcie  cities  ? — 2.  Whether  the  enlargement  of  the  plan  of  the 
London  Workhoyfe^   for  the  purpofe  of  receiving  vagrants  and 
offenders,  might  not  prove  of  great  benefit  for  the  promotion  of 
induftry,  and  the  prevention  of  immorality  imong  the  lower 
claflcs  ? — 3*  Whether,    if  the   parifh  oflicers,   in  conjundien 
with  the  parochial  clergy,  were  obliged  to  intereft  themfehres 
in  feeing  the  children  of  the  poor  taught  to  few,  knit,  ^ia  and 
read,  as  well  as  fee  them  inftru£ted  in  the  duties  of  religion,  it 
would  not  be  a  right  meafure  ?*-4.  Whether  the  fame  oftccfs 
ihould  not  be  charged  with  tiie  care  of  recommending  tnocub- 
tion  to  the  poor  in  general,  and  the  pariQi-rates  made  to  con- 
tribute to  this  fcrvicc ;  whiKi  pra^itioners  are  retrained,  as 
much  as  poflible,  to  prevent  the  infediion  fuppofed  to  be  con- 
municated  for  want  of  care?  — 5.  Whether  by  appointing  a 
rcgider  by  legiflativc  authority,  of  alt  births,  deaths,  and  mar- 
liagcs  in  the(e  cities  and  liberties,  with  the  diftitMSkion  of  tbe 
refpedlive  parifhes,  and  without  regard  to  religious  tenets,  we 
might  not  trace  out  the  rcot  of  the  grievous  mortality  of  in^ts, 
under  two  years  of  age;  and  whether  fome  remedy  might  net 
be  found  for  thb  evil  V 

<  It  is  not  impoffible,  £iys  Mr.  Hanway,  but  that  fome  cici- 
xens  may  deceive  themfelves  with  regard  to  the  true  foorce  of 
their  wealth,  or  the.  object  in  which  it  chiefly  cofififts ;  b*' 

rte 


Han way'i  Obfervattons  on  the  lower  Clajfes  of  People.      5^7 

the  difcerning  part  will  clearly  comprehend,  that  it  is  not  ia 
the  magnitude  of  halls,  nor  in  the  portraits  of  princes  or  ma- 
giftrates,  though  thefe  (houlJ  be  in  the  beft  prclervatlon  ;  it  is 
the  art  of  the  mechanic  and  the  work  of  the  labourer,  which 
furniih  their  (hops  j  and  the  prefcrvation  of  them  and  their 
children,  fliould  be  the  firftobjeS  of  our  care/ 

Our  Author  had  alfo  thrown  out  fome  hints  for  making  an 
alteration  in  the  punifhmcnt  of  capital  convicts ;  bat  in  his 
third  letter  he  appears  doubtful  upon  this  h^ad.  1  hit  propofal 
abont  which  he  is  moft  folicitous,  from  which  he  expet^s  the 
moft  good,  and  which  he  conceives  may  be  the  moft  eaiily  exe- 
cuted, is  the  converfion  of  Bridewell  to  the  genuine  purpofe  of 
its  foundation,  with  regard  to  the  punifhment  of  peity  oiFcrders  ; 
of 'which  we  have  juft  given  a  brief  account. — He  apprehends, 
that  if  we  make  an  eftimate  of  the  people  in  general,  from 
what  we  fee  in  the  metropolis,  we  (hall  not  be  much  miHaken. 
•  The  prefenteafy  communication  of  the  people,  fays  he,  circu- 
lating from  all  parts,  feems  to  give  them  one  and  the  fime  turn 
of  thought :  our  manners  in  this  metropolis  ought  therefore  to  be 
the  more  attended  to.-—  I  have  told  you  my  opinion,  that  this  may 
be  diftinguiflied  as  the  a^e  of  pleafure  and  amufement.  The 
common  people  have  a  title  to  their  (hare  ;  but  in  all  inftances 
where  they  exceed  due  meafure,  there  is  more  danger  than 
from  the  excefs  of  the  higher  clafTcs.  If  their  tKduflry  is  ob- 
ftruded,  aa  well  as  their  morals  injured,  they  cut  like  a  two- 
edged  fwordy  and  wound  doubly.  It  is  very  obvious  that  nine- 
teen in  twenty  of  us  get  our  bread  by  the  fwcat.of  our  brows  ; 
3ret  fuch  numerous  places  of  public  entertainment,  and  noul«::i 
of  refort,  where  intoxicating  liquors  are  fold,  are  calculated  to 
entice  the  people  from  their  labour.  I  have  heard  the  number 
of  fuch  houfts  computed  at  ftvcnty  thoufand :  if  this  be  t:ue,  it 
is  near  at  the  rate  of  eight  in  each  parifh,  and  one  for  every 
hundred  perfons,  wonicn  and  children  included.' 

He  proceeds  now  to  feveral  rcfleflions  which  regard  the 
higher  orders  of  the  people;  but  of  thefe  our  plan  will  pot  al- 
low us  to  take  particular  notice,  the  article  being  already  ex- 
tended to  a  fufEcicnt  length  ;  we  Ihall  therefore  conclude  with 
the  following  exrradi : 

*  The  number  of  country  gentlemen,  fays  Mr.  Hanw*»y,  Is 
to  much  reduced,  that  i  fear  chey  can  no  longer  form  a  body 
of  referve,  to  defend  the  caufe  of  virtue,  or  furnifti  the  means 
of  its  defence:  it  is  by  cherifhinor  the  virtues,  that  n^arri.ige 
and  population  are  promoteJ.  What  is  the  fitii.uion  or  it  tVfe 
people,  when  a  gentleman  of  cd-ication,  of  « oo  1.  or  icool.  a 
year,  who  fliould  be  one  of  their  chief  guardians,  bria;;-  hi.n- 
mf  and  his  family  into  an  expcnce  which  requires  tl.ie-:  tiims 
as  much  money  ?    He  who  might  be  a  lovwrcign  in  iiis  own 

D  d  4  do\.u3Li.tt 


'"* 


5o8  Joncs'i  Afiatic  Potms, 

domain^  and  give  healcht  virtue,  and  happtnef^i  to  his  tenants 
and  fervants*  within   the  liulc  circle  of  hh  property,  and  Imi 
down  on   whst  the  world  calls  great ncfs,  is  now  loil  in  the 
^  riafs  of  fplenciid  vanity,  hewiUired  in  trijits^  and  all  his  luflre 
[tarnifhed  !   He  can  now  (hine  only  with  a  borrowed  light,  ai 
(m  fcrvilc  dependant,  or  fervant   to  fome  over-grown   lord,  or 
wealthy  commoner  enriched  by  trade,     h  this  the  way  to  plant 
the  feeds  of  virtue,  or  to  cultivate  them  f    This  19  not  the  true 
imbition  of  a  fu^je£^  of  500 1.   a-year»  who  ought  to  etkero 
^imfelf  as  much  a  gentleman,  as  another  who   hath  lO^cool* 
lind  whether  his  daughters  be  taught  to  dance  by  the  fiift  mailer 
in  the  metropolis,  or  not,  he  fnould  rejoice  in  untiiflurbed  free* 
jom  and  found  philofophy. — To  cheiith  a  delitc  of  preilm^ 
kforward  into  a  higher  ftatton,    is  a  common  ditSateof  feU'  lovef 
I'but  the  meafurc  of  this  dtfirc,  and  the  mean^  of  gratifying  if, 
^tnud  conftitute  the  virtue  of  inclivlduals,  and  flamp  the  charac^ 
:;r  of  a  nation,     if  gentlemen  will  hazard  their  ea(e  and  fafcty, 
J^and  hunt  after  ohjeds  which  throw  them  out  of  a  Nation  fo  bo- 
-fioura^  Ic  tolhemfrlvcij,  and  fo  profituble  to  the  commimityi  we 
I'jnuft  all  fuffcr  in   thr  iflue.     We  cannot  all  live  in  the  bightft 
-fplcndour  and  opulence,    and  therefore  this  untoward   palBrfi 
l^muft  introduce  dffappointment  and  mifcry  to  many,  wbiUi  tbcf 
all  leave  the  people  as  (heep  without  a  lliepberd,     Tbcy  artf 
•with  refpeft  to  the  nobility  and  gentlemen  of  verv  large  for* 
'tunes,  what  fubaltcrn  officers  are  in  armies,  not  Icfs  neccfiary 
than  the  generals  :  difcipline,  good  order,  and  occonomy,  czo- 
not  be  fuppottei)  wirl.out  tliem.     It  fecma  to  be  a  general  com* 
plaint  of  the  virtuous  part  of  the  nation,  that  this  truly  valuable 
eqticftrian  order  of  men,  who  an  t:hc  proper  patrons  of  the  huf- 
hartdman  and  m^nufaflurer,  have  lAen  great  pains  to  cxiin- 
guifh  their  own  being.' 

From  the  few  fpecimen-^  we  have  here  given^  the  reader  will, 
we  doubt  not*  conclude  with  us,  that  Mr.  Hanway  writes  lilcc 
a  man  of  good  fcnfe,  as  well  as  of  benevolence,  public  fpirit, 
and  humanity ;  and  t^^at  liis  obfervations  deferve  the  fertouf 
attention  of  our  ma^iftr^tes^  our  clergy,  and,  indeed,  oi  all 
ranks  and  degrees,  in  every  pare  of  this  diITolulc^  degenerating 
nation. 


A*  T.  Vli.  Potms  €GitfJfi  :g  fhirfy  of  TranJlatUns  fram  thi  Jfiatit  Lam* 
ptngrs,  Ti,  \:hith  en  ixjiird^  f*iv&  Ej^ays^  I,  On  ibt  Pcxirj  «/*  iht 
Eajitrn  NatttiTti  IL  QjitheArfs^  c^mmanly  zalUd  Imitati^t*  8vo* 
4  s.  fcwcd.     Elmflcy,     177 i* 

T^  HE  ingenious  Mr,  Jones  introduces  the  poems  before  us, 

•^     wnh   aHcMlng  the  authenticity   of  thole   originals^    from 

which  he  proftffts  to  have  tranflated  ihcm      This,  he  confidercd 

as  due  to  the  public,  which  has  frequently  beea  impofcd  upon 

by 


Jones'/  Afiotk  Pamu  509 

by  production?,  compofed  and  invented  in  Europe,  and  pub- 
lifhed  as  verfions  from  the  Afiatic  Languages  ;  a  piece  of  wit, 
pitrticulariy  conmion  in  France  ;  and  which,  doubtlcfs*  h^s  con- 
tributed to  tiive  unfavourable  imprellicns  of  eaftern  genius. 

But,  while  we  exprefs  our  convtdion  of  his  having  really 
adopted  the  materials  of  the  greater  part  of  the  prefent  coHe*Elion 
fr*»m  the  writers  of  Afiaj  it  would  be  injulticc  to  him,  not  to 
remark  at  the  famt  time,  that  he  has  not  adted  merely  as  a  tran- 
(lator.  The  figures,  the  fcntimenis,  and  the  dcfcriptions  he 
employs,  are  often  to  be  afcribed  to  thofe  Authors,  but  the  ar- 
rangement, and  the  conduct  of  the  poems,  are  generally  his 
own.  In  the  eclogue,  for  example,  intiiled  5W/W,  written  m 
commendation  of  an  Arabian  Princefs,  who  is  fuppofcd  to  have 
built  a  Caravanfera^  and  adorned  it  with  pleafant  gardens  for 
the  refreshment  of  travellers  and  pilgrims,  he  is  only  indebted 
to  the  poets  of  the  Eaft  for  fome  verfes  on  benevolence  and  hof- 
pitality.  VVe  muft  not  therefore  withhold  from  him  the  praife 
of  invention;  and  to  this  merit,  which  is  unqueflionably  the 
higheft  and  the  moft  proper  charaiSleriftic  of  the  poet,  the  poem, 
juft  mentioned,  will  convince  our  Readers,  that  he  has  adtied 
the  charms  of  a  flowing  and  harmonious  vciiification* 

*  Ye  maids  of  Aden,  hear  a  loftier  tale 
Than  e'er  was  (\ing  ia  meadow,  bow'r,  or  dale. 
The  fmiles  of  Abelah,  and  Maia's  eyes. 
Where  beauty  plays,  and  love  in  fljmber  lies; 
The  fragrant  hyacinths  of  Azza's  hair. 

That  wanton  with  the  laughing  fumn^er-air; 
Love  tindurM  cheeks,  whence  rofes  feek  iheir  bloom. 
And  lipiJt  from  which  the  Zephyr  ilcali  perfume. 
Invite  no  more  the  wild  unpolilhM  lay. 
But  fiy  like  df earns  before  the  morning  ray* 
Then  farewel,  love  1  and  fnrewcl,  youthful  fires! 
A  nobler  warmth  my  kindled  breall  infpires. 
Far  bolder  notes  the  lifl*ning  wood  rtiall  fill  : 
Flow  fniooih,  ye  riv'Jets  ;  and,  ye  gales,  be  ftilL 

*  See  yon  f;ur  groves  that  o'er  Amana  rife, 
And  with  their  fpicy  breath  embalm  the  Sklcn  : 
Where  evVy  breeze  fheds  incenfe  o'er  the  vales. 
And  cv'ry  ihrub  the  fcent  of  muflc  exhale* ! 

See  through  you  opening  glade  a  glitt'ring  fcene. 
Lawns  ever  gay,  and  meadow^s  ever  green  1 
Then  afk  the  groves,  and  aik  the  vocal  bowVs, 
Who  dcck'd  their  fpiry  tops  with  blooming  flowVt, 
Taught  the  blue  llream  o'er  fandy  vales  to  flow. 
And  the  brown  wild  with  Uvelicil  hues  to  glow  \ 
Fair  Solima!  the  hilU  and  dale,  vjH  iing, 
Fair  Solima!  the  diltant  echoes  ring. 
But  cot  with  idle  fhows  of  vain  delight. 
To  charm  the  ibyJ>  or  10  beguile  i\it  fe£\il'; 


510  Joncs'j  Aftafic  P^ems. 

At  neon  on  banks  of  pleafore  to  repofe. 
Where  bloom  intwin'd  the  lily,  pink^  and  rofe; 
Not  in  proud  piles  to  heap  the  nightly  feail. 
Till  motn  with  pearls  has  deck'd  the  glowing  ead  ; 
Ah !  not  for  this  (he  taught  thofe  bowVs  to  rife. 
And  bade  all  Eden  fpring  before  our  tytz  : 
Far  other  thoughts  her  heav'nly  mind  employ, 
(Hence,  empty  pride  (  and  hence,  delufive  joy !) 
To  cheer  with  fweet  repaid  the  fainting  gucil; 
To  lull  the  weary  on  the  couch  of  reft; 
To  warm  the  travMer  namb'd  with  winter^s  cold; 
The  young  to  cheriih,  to  fnppoit  the  old  ; 
The  iad  to  comfort,  and  the  weak  proted ; 
The  poor  lo  (belter,  and  the  loft  dired  : 
Theie  are  her  cares,  and  this  her  glorious  ta& ; 
Can  heaven  a  nobler  give,  or  mortals  aik  ? 

'  Come  to  thefe  groves,  and  theie  life-breathing  glades 
Ye  friendlefs  orphans,  and  ye  dow'rlefs  maids ! 
With  eager  hafte  yodr  mournful  manfions  leave, 
Ye  weak,  that  tremble,  and,  yie  fick,  that  grieve; 
Here  (hall  foft  tents  o*er  flow'ry  lawns  difpla^'d. 
At  night  defend  you,  and  at  noon  o^erfliade  : 
Here  rofy  health  the  fweets  of  life  will  fhow'r. 
And  new  delights  beguile  each  varied  hour. 
Mourns  there  a  widow,  bath*d  in  ftreaming  tears  ? 
Stoops  there  a  fire  beneath  the  weight  of  years  ? 
Weeps  there  a  maid  in  pining  fadnefs  left. 
Of  fondling  parents,  and  of  hope  bereft  ? 
To  Solima  their  forrows  they  bewail. 
To  Solima  they  pour  their  plaintive  tale. 
She  hears ;  and,  radiant  as  the  f!ar  of  day. 
Through  the  thick  foreft  wins  her  eafy  way : 
She  afks  what  cares  the  joylefs  train  opprefs. 
What  ficknefs  waftes  them,  or  what  wants  difhrfs; 
And  as  they  mourn,  (he  fteats  a  tender  figh, 
WhilH  all  her  foul  fits  melting  in  her  eye : 
Then  with  a  fmile  the  healing  balm  beftows, 
'  And  fheds  a  tear  of  pity  o'er  their  woes. 
Which,  as  it  drops,  fome  foft-cyed  angel  bears 
Transform'd  to  pearl,  and  in  his  bofom  wears. 

*  When,  chiird  with  fear,  the  trembling  pilgrim  roves 
Through  pathlefs  deferts,  and  through  tangfcd  groves, 
Where  mantling  darknefs  fpreads  her  dragon  wing, 
And  birds  of  death  their  fatal  dirges  iing, 

AVhile  vapours  pale  a  dreadful  glimm'ring  caft. 

And  thrilling  horror  howls  in  ev'ry  blaft  ; 

She  cheers  his  gloom  with  ftreams  of  burlling  light, 

By  day  a  fun,  a  beaming  moon  by  night. 

Darts  through  the  ^uiv'ring  (hades  her  heav'nly  ray, 

And  fpreads  with  rifing  flow'rs  his  folitary  way. 

*  Ye  hcav'ns  for  this  in  (how*n  of  fwcetnefs  (hcd 

Your  mildeit  influence  o'er  her  favomM  head ! 

Loni 


Joncs'x  Jfiatic  Piems,  jit 

J/>ng  wzj  her  name,  which  diftant  climes  fhall  paife^ 
Live  in  our  notes,  and  bloflbm  in  our  lays ; 
And»  like  an  odVous  plant,  whofe  blufliing  flowV 
Paints  ev*ry  dale,  and  fweetens  cv'ry  bow*r, 
J>orne  to  the  fkies  in  clouds  of  foft  perfume 
For  ever  fiourifh,  and  for  ever  bloom  I 
TheTe  grateful  fongs,  ye  maids  and  youths,  renew. 
While  freih»blown  vi'lets  drink  the  pearly  dew  5 
0*er  Azib^s  banks  while  love-lorn  damfels  rove^ 
And  gales  of  fragrance  breathe  from»Hager'tf  grove. 
*  So  fung  the  youth,  whofe  fweetty-Warbled  drains 
Fair  Mena  heard,  and  Saba's  (picy  plains. 
iSooth'd  with  his  lay  the  ravifliM  air  was  calm. 
The  winds  fcarce  whifper*d  o'er  the  waving  palm  ; 
The  camels  bounded  o*er  the  flowVy  lawn. 
Like  thb  fwift  oftrich,  or  the  fportful  fawn  ; 
Their  filken  bands  the  Hfl'ning  rofe-buds  rent, 
Aiui  twin'd  their  bloilbms  round  his  vocal  tent : 
He  fung,  till  on  the  bank  the  moonlight  flept. 
And  dofiRg  flowVs  beneath  the  night-dew  wept. 
Then  ceas'd,  and  flumber'd  in  the  lap  of  reft 
Till  the  (hrill  lark  had  lefc  his  low-built  nel!. 
Now  bastes  the  fwain  to  tune  his  rapt*rous  tales 
In  other  meadows,  and  in  other  vales.' 
In  the  ta}e  called  « the  Palace  of  Fortune,'  and  in  the  alle- 
gory, termed  •  the  Seven  Fountains*  our  Tranflator,  (for  (o 
he  would  modeRly  conftder  btmfelf)  has  exercifed  a  fimilar,  or 
perhaps  a  ftill  greater  liberty,  than  in  this  poem  ^  but  from  thefe 
pieces,  an  intelligent  and  candid  Reader  will  yet  learn  to  refped 
the  genius  and  poetry  of  Eaftern  writers^  a&  well  as  the  happy 
talents  of  their  lively  and  energetic  imitator.     In  the  fong  of 
Hafiz,  and  in  the  ode  of  Medhi,  he  has  kept  with  more  exacS- 
fiefs  to  bis  originals ;  and  wkit  may  furprife  thofe  who  have 
imbibed  prepoileiiions  to  the  difcredit  of  the  Afiatic  poets,  they 
difcover  a  correftncfs  and  fimplicity,  which  would  not  difgracc 
the  fineft  productions  of  the  moft  cultivated  genius's  of  Greece 
or  of  Rome, 

The  ode  of  Petrarch  to  the  Fountain  of  Vahhinfa^  and  Laura^  an 
elegy  by  the  fame  poet,  arc  here  rendered  with  much  fire  and 
fpirit  j  and  Mr.  Jones  has  infcrted  them  in  the  prefcnt  publica- 
tion, with  the  view  of  forming  a  comparifon  between  the  Oriental 
and  Italian  poetry.  The  laft  of  thefe  pieces,  we  (hall  beg  leave 
to  prefent  to  our  Readers. 

'  *  In  this  fair  feafon,  when  the  whifp'ring  gales 
Drop  fhowVs  of  fragrance  o'er  the  bloomy  vales. 

From 

^""""""""""^  IMITATIONS. 

•  Ver.  I.  Pcrarch.  Sonoet  270. 
•  Zefiro  torna,  c*  I  bel  tempo  rimena, 

£*i  Aotu  e  i'  crbc,  Aia  dolcc  famieUa  \ 


J*a 


Jonc8*j  Afmik  f^tmim 

From  bow'rto  bowV  the  vcrna]  vvarbleri  pity; 

The  flcies  are  cloudlefs*  and  ihe  meadi  arc  gay  ; 

The  nightingale  in  many  a  melting  ftrain 

Sings  to  the  groves,  "  Here  Mirth  and  Beaoty  fcigtii* 

But  me,  for  ever  bath'd  in  gufting  tears* 

No  mirth  enHvcns,  and  no  beauty  cheers  : 

The  birds  that  waible»  and  the  flowVs  that  bfoom^ 

Relieve  no  more  this  folitary  gloom. 

1  fce»  where  late  the  verdant  meadow  {mirdt 

A  joyleff  dc/crt»  and  a  dreary  wild* 

For  thofe  dear  eyes,  that  pierc'd  my  heart  before* 

Are  clos'd  in  death,  and  charm  the  world  no  mori 

Loft  are  thofe  trefles,  that  ootfhone  the  rnorn^ 

And  pale  thofe  cheeks,  that  might  the  (kies  adorn, 

*  Ah  death  I  thy  hand  has  cropM  the  faireli  flowV, 

That  Ihcd  its  fmiling  rays  in  beauty's  bowV^ 

Thy  dart  has  laid  on  yonder  fable  bier 

All  my  foul  lov'd,  and  all  the  world  held  dear, 

Celcilial  fweetncfs,  lovc-infpiring  youth. 

Soft  cy*d  benevolence,  and  white- rob*d  tniih- 

♦  f  Hard  fare  of  man,  on  whom  the  heav'ns  beilotf_ 
A  drop  of  plcafure  for  a  fea  of  wo  \ 
Ah»  life  of  care,  in  fears  or  hopes  confomM, 
Vain  hopes,  that  wither  ere  they  well  have  bloom'dl 
How  oft,  emerging  from  the  ftiades  of  night. 
Laughs  the  gay  morn,  and  fprcads  a  purple  light* 
Bat  foon  the  gathering  clouds  oVrlhade  the  ficies, 
K^d  lightnings  play»  and  thand'ring  Horms  arlfe! 
How  oft  a  day,  that  feir  and  mild  appears. 
Grows  dark  with  fate,  and  mars  the  toil  of  years! 


I 


I  M  I  T  A  T  I  O  K  S< 

X  g«f  rlr  Prognc,  e  pianget  Fi/omelt  } 
E  prirravera  eindida,  c  vermigtia  % 

Rvdonp  i  pnti,  fi\  Ctrl  fi  rafTtrcnji  \ 

Giove  r  altcgra  dli  mirir  Tua  figHa  ^ 

L*  ant,  t  \*  4C(]ua,,  e  b  terra  e  d*  ancr  picnj  | 

0|ni  animal  d*amar  {\  reconii^tii  t 

Ml  p^  ipe,  laHu^  tornAno  i  ptu  |ravi 
Sofpirti  ctie  At\  cor  pmfhindo  tragge 
QiteUa  ch*  al  del  fe  ne  poito  le  chiati : 

E  cantjf'  ao^elkrti,  c  ftortr  piagge, 
£'j)  belJe  dn^nne  oneAe  atti  foavt, 
SoAO  on  deferto,  e  fere  afpre  e  fe}v»f  gr, 

•  Ver,  17.  Sonnet.  143. 
t>if<rof<»f»to  ai,  marre,  U  jiu  Kel  Tolt<? 

Che  m*i  fi  vcde,  e'  t  piu  bc^gli  oc<hJ  fpenfl ; 

5pirto  piii  accefo  di  virtgti  ardenti 

Pel  pjti  Irggiadro,  c  piu  be)  nodo  at  fcidto  f 

f  V«r,  if.  Sonnet,  130* 
O  poira  vita,  ch'c  ft  beHa  fn  vifla  f 

Com*  pcfde  aieevoTmente  in  un'  matrijii 
Qgiel  €he*b  moU*  anai  a  gru  ptnt  1*  «c^uifl  iw 


Jones'f  AfiatU  PoemsM  51  j 

*"  t  Not  far  removed,  yet  hid  from  diHant  eycs» 
Low  in  her  Tecrct  groc  a  Naiad  lies.  * 
Steep  arching  locks^  with  verdant  mofs  o*ergfown. 
Form  her  rude  diadem,  and  native  throne  ; 
There  in  a  gloomy  cave  her  waters  flcep> 
Clear  as  a  brook,  but  as  an  ocean  deep. 
Bat  when  the  waking  flow'rs  of  April  blow. 
And  warmer  funbeams  melt  the  gather'd  Inow, 
Rich  with  the  tribute  of  the  vernal  rains, 
The  nymph  exulting  barfls  her  filver  chains  : 
Her  living  waves  in  fparkling  columns  rife. 
And  fhine  like  rainbows  to  tbe  funny  (kies. 
From  cliflPto  cliifthe  falling  waters  roar, 
Theo  die  in  murmurs,  and  are  heard  no  more. 
Hence,  foftly  flowing  in  a  dimpled  dream. 
The  cry  Hal  Sorga  fpreads  a  lively  gleam'. 
From  which  a  thoufand  rills  in  mazes  glide. 
And  deck  the  banks  with  fumroer's  gayefl  pride  ; 
Brighten  the  verdure  of  the  fmiling  plains. 
And  crown  the  labour  of  the  joyful  fwatns* 

*  Firll  on  tbofe  banks  (ah,  dream  of  ihort  delight!) 
The  charms  of  Laura  ftruck  my  dazzled  /ight, 
Charms,  that  the  blifs  of  Eden  might  rcftore, 

That  heaven  might  envy,  and  mankind  adore. 

I  faw — and  O!  what  heart  could  long  rebel  / 

I  faWy  I  lov*d,  and  bade  the  world  farewcL 

Where'er  flie  mov'd,  the  meads  were  fre(h  and  g^y. 

And  ev'ry  bowV  exhal'd  the  fweets  of  May  j 

Smooth  Row'd  the  il reams,  and  foftly  blew  the  gale ; 

And  riiing  flow'rs  impurplcd  every  dale; 

Calm  was  the  ocean »  and  the  iky  fetene ; 

An  univerfal  fmilc  o'crfpread  the  fliining  fcene : 

But  when  in  death's  cold  arms  entrancM  Ihe  Iay» 

(Ah,  ever  dear,  yet  ever  fatal  day  !) 

0*er  all  the  air  a  direful  gloom  wa5  fpread  ; 

Pale  were  the  meads,  and  all  their  blotfomi  dead ; 

The  clouds  of  April  ihcd  a  baleful  dew. 

All  nature  wore  a  veil  of  deadly  hue. 

*  Go,  plaintive  breeze,  to  Laura's  flowVy  blcr» 
Heave  the  warm  Cgh,  and  (hcd  the  tender  tear* 
There  to  the  awful  fhade  due  homage  pay» 

And  foftly  thus  addrefi  the  facrcd  cUy : 


►11' 


IMITATIONS, 

See  a  defer) prion  of  thii  celebuted  fouoUin  tn  a  poem  of  Madiina 


Eorre  de  hatiri  f6cber»i  dont  T  afpcfl  eA  cerriHte, 
Del  prct  totijoura  Heoris,  de»  sibtes  toujouti  ferd«, 
Une  fouroe  orfuiticufe  ct  pure, 
Dout  V  eau  far  ceni  rochert  diven 
Xy  une  irtoufTe  vcrtc  couverts, 
S*  epaf>che,  boiiiJlonn€»  et  murmure ; 
Des  ignesux  boniiiir*ni  Tur  h  lendre  terdoit. 
It  He  lean  caodudteun  lei  ruili^uci  cuocerttj  &c« 


^*i 


j;i4  Jones'j  Aftalic  Potms. 

*  *'  Say»  envied  eartb»  that  doft  thofe  chcrai^  infold* 
Where  are  thofe  cheeka»  and  where  thoic  lockf  of  gold? 
Where  are  thcfe  eyes,  which  oft  the  Mufe  hat  fung  ? 
Where  thofe  fweet  lips,  and  that  enchanting  tongue  ? 
Ye  radiant  trefles,  and  thou,  ne£tar*d  fmik. 
Ye  looks  that  might  the  melting  ikies  begoile* 
You  rob  d  my  foul  of  reft,  my  eyes  of  fleep^ 
You  taught  me  how  to  love^  and  how  to  weep.'* 

f  '  No  fhrub  o'erhangs  the  dew-befpangled  vale. 
No  bloiTom  trembles  to  the  dying  gale, 
No  flow'ret  blufhes  in  the  morning  rays^  , 
No  flream  along  the  windb^  valley  plays,  , 
But  knows  what  anguiih  thrills  my  tortar'd  breaft» 
What  pains  confume  me,  and  what  carrs  inffft. 
t  At  biufh  of  dawn,  and  in  the  glooYn  of  night. 
Her  paleey'd  phantom  fwims  before  my  fight. 

Sits  on  the  border  of  each  purling  rill, 
Crowns  ev'ry  bow'r,  and  glides  o'er  evVy  hi  IK 

y  Flows  the  loud  riv'iet  down  the  mountain's  brow  ? 

Or  pants  the  Zephyr  on  the  waving  bough  ? 

Or  fips  the  labVtng  bee  her  balmy  dews. 

And  with  foft  fbains  her  fragrant  toil  purfues  ? 

Or  warbles  from  von  filver-bloilbm'd  thorn 

The  wakeful  bird,  that  hails  the  rifins;  morn  ? 

Mr 

IMITATIONS.  ' 

*  Ver.  75.  Soooet.  a6o« 
Quanta  invidia  ti  porto,  avara  terra, 
Ch*  abbracci  quella,  cui  yeder  m*  e  tolto. 

Aad  Sonnet.  259. 
Ov*  e  la  fronte,  cbe  con  ptcciol  ceftito 

Vo^gea  *)  mio  cote  in  quefia  parte,  e*n  quella  ? 
Ov'  e  M  bel  ciglio,  «  V  una  e  1*  aJtra  ftelU, 
Ch*  al  corfo  del  mio  viver  lume  denno  ?  &c. 
t  Ver  83.  Sonnet,  a^. 
Non  f  fterp?»  ne  faffo  in  quefti  mooti, 

Non  ramo  o  fronda  verde  in  quefte  piagge  ; 
Kon  fior*  in  qoeile  valli,  o  foglia  d*  erba  { 
Stilb  d*  acque  non  ven  dl  quefte  f«nti, 
Ne  fiere  an  quefti  bofcht  fi  ielfaggr, 
Che  non  fappian  qaant*  e  mia  p«na  acerbi* 
X  Ver  So.  Sonnet.  241. 
Or*  in  forma  di  ninfa,  o  d  altra  diva, 

Che  del  pio  chiaro  fondo  di  Sorga  efci, 
E  pongafi  a  feder*  in  fa  ia  riva  5 
Of*  1*  o  Yeduta  fa  per  V  erba  frcfca 

Calcar*  i  fior,  cott*  una  donna  Tiva, 
Moflraddo  in  vifta,  che  di  me  le*ii€refea« 

B  Ver.  93,  Sonnet.  239, 
Se  lamentar'augelli,  o  verdi  fironde 

Mover  ibaTetnente  all*  aura  efltva, 

O  roco  morcnorar  di  l«cid*onde 

S*  ode  d*  una  fiorita  e  ftefca  riva, 
la  V*  io  feggia  d*  amor  penfofo,  e  fchriva  ; 

Lei  che*l  ciel  at  moftro,  terra  nafconde, 

Veggio,  c  odOy  e  inteftdo,  ch*  ancor  viva 

Di  d  lonUft^  %*  fofj^tt  ndci  tif^^oftde.  . 


Jones'/  Aftmk  Paemsm  jf  j 

My  Laora^t  voice  in  many  a  Toothing  note  1 

Floats  tbtough  the  yielding  air,  or  fecms  to  float.  J 

**  Why  fiiJ  thy  iighs,  ihe  fays,  this  lonely  bowV  ?  I 

Why  down  thy  boforo  Hows  this  endicfs  IhowV  t  1 
Complain  no  more  ;  but  hope  erelong  to  tneei 
Thy  much  lov'd  Laura  in  a  happier  Icat* 

Here  fairer  fcenes  detain  my  parted  (hade,  , 

Suns  that  nc*er  fet«  and  flowers  that  never  fade :  | 

Through  cryllal  ikies  I  wing  my  joyous  flight*  I 

^Qd  revel  in  eternal  blaze  of  light,  I 

See  all  thy  wan^l^rings  in  that  vale  of  tcars^  I 

And  fm ilc  at  all  thy  hopes,  at  all  thy  it^rs ;  I 

Death  wakM  my  foul,  that  Hept  in  lite  before,  i 

And  op'd  thcfc  brightcn'd  eyes  to  fleep  no  more*-*  1 

*  She  ends:  the  fates,  thac  will  no  more  reveal»  j 

Fix  on  her  clo^ng  lips  their  facred  feal.  I 

**  Returo,  fwcct  Ihadc  !  X  wake,  and  fondly  fajr^  I 

O,  cheer  my  gloom  with  one  far- beaming  ray  I  I 

Return,  thy  charms  niy  forrow  will  difpel,  J 

And  fnatch  my  fpirit  from  her  mortal  cell ;  H 

Then,  mix*d  with  thine,  exulting  Ihc  fhal!  fly,  I 
And  bound  cnraptur'd  through  her  native  flty.'* 

She  comes  no  more  :  my  pangs  more  fierce  return  j  i 

Tears  gofh  in  dreams,  and  fighs  my  bofom  burn,  I 

*  Ye  banks,  thac  oft  my  weary  limbs  have  borne,  1 
Ye  murm'ring  brooks,  that  learnt  of  me  to  mourn. 

Ye  birds,  that  tune  with  me  your  plaintive  lay,  J 

'  Ye  groves  where  Love  once  taught  my  rteps  to  ftray,  I 

You,  ever  fweet  and  ever  fair,  renew  I 

Your  ftrains  melodious,  and  your  blooming  hue  i  J 

But  not  in  my  fad  heart  can  blifs  remain,  i 

My  heart,  the  haunt  of  never  ceaiing  pain!  I 

*  Henceforth,  to  fmg  in  fmoothly -warbled  lays  i 
The  fmiles  of  youth,  and  beaury  s  heavenly  rays; 

I  M  I  T  A  T  1  O  N  S» 

D<h  T  percbe  iiinanzi  tempo  ticonftjine  f  i 

M%  tiict  con  pteT«tr,  a  che  pur  verfi  \ 

Daglt  cvcchi  trifti  on  dotaroto  ttumc  f 
Di  ror  nca  pt anger  tu  ^  chf  mvti  i\  lerfi, 

Morer«do,  eterniii  e  ntW  cterno  lume,  i 

Qu4ii4o  moRfii  d\  chluiter  gPocchi,  apeHi« 

Vcr.  iz^.  Sonnet.  a6i,  j 

Vlli<',  che  dc*  limenti  miti  fc  pieni  ;  <  \ 

FittOTC,  che  fpe/lu  4c i  mio  uiiingrr  crefci  j 

F«fc  fdlvci^rep  vai^hi  aogdll,  e  f efci^ 

Che  V  on  J,  c  t'  altr:i,  ferdc  riv»  afl^CAt ; 
Aria  it*  m;ei  fofptr'  cslda  t  fsrcnt  ;  J 

Do^«c  fciifier,  che  ii  J  mam  liefci  \  \ 

Colte,  ch'  ,  or  mi  riDcrcfcJ, 

0^^'  aooor  '  mar  mi  mcaa  |  ' 

BfO  ricon^'i-  -■  i.wf> . ,  I 

Son  J  "  .    ** 


£*i6'  JoncsV  AJiatlc  Poim$. 

4  To  fee  the  morn  her  tm\y  chirms  aofbid^ 
Her  cheeks  of  rofes/  tod  W  curls  of  gold ; 
X  Led  .by  the  iicred  Mufe  at  noon  to  rove 
OVr  tafced  oosBttini  vale,  or  (htdy  nove ;  -  '  . 
To  watch  thjB  fttrs,  that  gild  the  lucid  pole. 
And  view  yon  orbs  in  mazy  order  roll ; 
To  hear  the  tender  nightingale  complain, 
A  Ad  warble  to  the  woods  her  am'rons  firain  ; 
No  more  (hall  thefe  my  ponfive  foni  delight. 
Bat  each  gay  vifionmclu  in  endlefs.  night. 

*  <  Nymphs,  that  in  gUmm'rinp;  glades  by  moonlight  danoe^ 
And  ye,  that  through  the  liqnia  cryftal  glance. 
That  oft  have  heara  my  fadly-plea!nng  moan, 
Behold  me  now  a  lifelefs  marble  prown. 
Ah  !  lead  me  to  the  tomb  where  Laara  lies  : 
Clouds,  fold  me  round,  and,  eather'd  darknefs*  rife ! 
Bear  me,  ye  gales,  in  deaths  (oft  flumber  lay'd. 
And,  ye  bright  realms,  receive  my  fleeting  (hade  I' 

IMITATIONS.' 

t  ^f-  "U*  Sonnet.  15 1. 
Quaod*  io  veggio  dil  del  fcender  TAvron, 
Con  la  Iroote  di  roie«  e  co*  crio  d*  ord* 

J-  Ver.  135.  Sonnet.  27a. 
Ne  per  fereoo  ciel  ir  vaghe  (telle ; 

Ne  per  tranqutlio  mar  legni  fpalmatl  j 

Ne  prr  campagne  caTalieri  armati  \ 

Ne  per  bei  bolchi  allegre  fete  e  fnclle  | 
Ke  d*  afpcttato  ben  frefcbe  novelle, 

Ne  dir  d'Amore  in  ftili  alti  ed  ornati  % 

Ne  tra  chiare  fontane,  e  Tcrdi  prati 

Dolce  cantare  aneAc  donne  e  beUe  | 
Ne  alt  10  fara  mai  ch*  al  cor  m*  aggianga^ 

Si  fcco  il  feppe  quella  frpellirc, 

Cbe  fola  a  gli  occhi  miei  fu  lume  e  fpegllo. 

*.  Ver.  143.  Sonnet.  163. 
O  vafhi  ahicator  de'veidi  bofchi, 

O  Ninte,  e  voi,  cbe^l  freiico  orbofo  (bndo 
Del  Ilquido  criftallo  alberga  e  pafce* 

The  paftoral  and  the  poem  on  chefs^  which  clo(e  this  collec- 
tion, though  they  were  compofed  fo  early  as  at  the  age  of  (ix» 
teen  or  feventeen  years,  exhibit  fingular  art  and  delicacy,  with  a 
command  of  language,  and  a  power  of  harmony,  which  fe«r 
poets  have  difplayed. 

Of  the  poems  which  conftitute  the  prefent  work^  it  may^  in- 
deed, be  obferved  with  juflice,  and  we  have  heard  it  urged  in  con- 
verfation,  that  they  contain  many  languid  and  indifferent  lines  j 
but  it  is  from  the  tpirit  of  a  whole  piece,  and  not  from  its  mi- 
nute parts,  that  we  are  to  form  our  conclufions  of  its  meriu 
The  delicacy  of  fome  critics  is  often  too  Iqucamiih  and  fevere. 

There 


Lyttclson'^  I^fiff  9fH§my  the  S^nd^  concluded.      517 

There  are  ncgligencie^  which  ought- not  to  offend.    Horace  hal 
faid,  and  we  fuufcrihe  co  hit  fentiinents, 

' UUplufa  nitnft  in  tarntme^  mn  epfmitii 

Offmdarjnaculis^  qmas  ^itt  incurhifMit^ 
At^  huwuma  parum  eat:t  iBKirrn.'— —      • 

The  efliys  annexed  to  the  poems  are  full  of  ingenious  and  ufe* 
f ul  remarks.  The  firft  endeavours  to  (hew,  that  the  poets  of  Afia^ 
with  as  much  ^nius  as  ourfelves^  .haye  more  leifure  to  imprp^c 
k,  and  enjoy  fome  peculiar  advantages  over  us.  But,  whl\t  Mr, 
Jones  beAows  his  commendation,  on  the  writinf^s  pf  Ada,  he 
^  would  not  be  thought,  he  obferves,  to  derogate  from  the  merit 
of  the  Greek  and  Latin  poems,  which  have  jufVly  been  admired 
in  every  age.  Yet  I  cannot  but  think,  continues  he,  that  our  Eu* 
ropean  poetry  has  fubfifted  too  long  00  theperpetual  repetition 
of  the  fame  images,  and  inceHant  allufions  to  the  (ame  fables'; 
and  it  has  been  my  endeavour^  for  feveral  years,  to  inculcate 
this  truth,  Tbat^  if  the  principal  writings  of  the  Aftatics^  which  art 
repofitid  m  our  puhUc  libraries^  were  printed,  with  the  ufual  ad^ 
vantages  of  notes  and  illuftrations^  and  if  the  languages  of  the  Eaftern 
nations  svere  fludied  irt  our  places  of  education^  where  every  other 
branch  of  uftful  knowledge  is  taught  to  perfe^ion^  a  new  and  ample 
field  would  be  opened  foir  f peculation ;  we  fh^uld  have  a  more  exten^ 
five  infight  into  the  hijlory  of,  the  human  mind^  we  fhould  be  Jur- 
nrjhedwith  a  new  fet  of  irrnges  and  fimilitudes^  and  a  number  of 
excellent  compofitions  would  be  brought  to  lights  which  future  fcbolars 
might  explaiuy  and  future  poets  might  ifnitate.* 

The  fecond  eflay  combats,  with  great  iVrcngth  of  reafoninfl;, 
the  pofuions  which  confider  Poetry  and  Mufic  as  arts  merely 
imitative.  The  Author  would  reft  their  foundation  on  a  very 
(difFerent  principle,  and  he  fearches  for  it  in  the  dcepeft  recefles 
of  the  human  heart. 

Art.  Vlli. . CoBclK/hn  of  the  Aeemmt  rf  Lord  Lytteiton'i  Hiftory  tf  the 
Life  of  King  iit*ry*tbt  Second.     8ee  our  lalt  Month's  Revie^r. 

THE  events  which  fallowed  the  king's  penance  at  the  tomb 
of  Becket,  were  fucb  as  would  probably  ftrengthen  a 
fupcrftitious  veneration  for  the  memory  of  that  prelate.  Hm:]r 
had  fcarcely  recovered  from  thef.  fever  brought  upon  him  by  the 
rigid  difcipline  he  had  fubmitted  to,  when  his  flcep  was  diC- 
tuibed,  in  the  middle  of  the  night,  by  the  importunitv  of  « 
page,  who  infifled  upon  being  admitcod  to  his  prefeiice.  Being« 
therefore,  introduced  to  his  bedfide,  be  told  him,  that  he  wai 
fcnc  from  Ranulph  de  Glanvilte  to  bring  hlih  good  tiding^. 
The  king  enquired  kindly  about  the  health  of  Mi  Inafter.  He 
is  well,  anfwered  the  page ;  and  holda  your  erfthVytb.e  Vntv^ 
of  Scotland,  a  captive  i|)  bondt,  at  dM^  UfiOik'1^H^^tGK>tA \> 


5 1 8       Ly ttclton'i  tiljhry  of  VUnry  ih^  Second^  condiided . 

fifoikfhire^  .Hifnry,"  afttfnlOMcl^ ''edttunandcd  bifn  to  repeat 
\what  he  had  faid.  Ho  6\&t(i\  ftfcier \lFhieh  the  kini;  demanded 
of  him,  whether  he  had  brought  hioiji  suiy  letter  ?  Whereupon 
he  produced  orieV.which  contained  the  particulaFtf  of  this  great 
event.  When  theJcbg  had  re94l»^  he  inftantly-lpiped  out  of 
his  hed,  and  (hedding  tears  of  joy  and  gratitude,  with  eyes  and 
hands  raifed  to  heaven,  gave  thanks  to  God.  Then  he  Tent 
for  all  his  friends,  who  were  ne^r  enough  t6  be  called,  that  hi 
nilj»ht  make  ihcm  paf takers  oPthe  pleafure  he  felt  from  thij  very 
unexpe<£ted  and  moft  happy  news.    * 

LotA  LyUelton  proceeds  to  relate  the  manner  in  which  the 
king  of  Scotland  fell  into  the  hinds  of  the  Englilh  ;  nor  i»  it 
to  be  wondered  at,  that  Henry  (hould  be  fo  excccr'ingly  rcl 
joiced  at  the  defeat  and'  imprifonment  of  a  prince  who  had  been 
the  deftroyer  of  his  people,  and  the  principal  abettor  of  tte 
wicked  rebellion  againft  him  in  his  family  and  realm.  Indeed, 
by  this  fortunate,  event  all  the  hopes  of  his  enemies  Were  con- 
founded, and  all  their  meafures  at  once  brokeh  ;  fo  that  at 
home  the  remains  of  the  rebellion  were  fodn  quafhed,  and 
abroad  the  king  had  m  a  little  time  the  pleafure  of  bringing  his 
three  fens  to  fubmiffion,  and  of  feeing  them  return  to  their  duty 
to  him  as  their  hither,  and  to  the  obedience  they  owed  him  as 
f'tir  fovereign.  In  purfuance  of  the  convention  that  was  made 
on  this  occafion,  no  fewer  than  nine  hundred  aiid  fixty-nine 
capiive  knights  were  freed  by  Henry  without  ranfom  ;  nor  of 
ihofe  priioners  who  were  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  that 
treaty  was  any  one  put  to  death,  or  condemned 't6fuffer  in  his 
Ifmbs,  his  liberty,  or  his  fortune :  an  inftance  of  itiercy  to 
which  no  parallel  Can  be  found  in  the  whole  hifiory  of  man-^ 
kind! 

♦  In  his  proceed! n|»s  with  the  captive  king  of  Scotland,  fays  our 

noble  Author,  the  fame  fpirit  of  lenity  direi^ed  his  coonfels,  but  not 

'tmhtmt  that  regard  to  the  interefls  of  his  kingdom,  which  pohcj 

-feemcd  to  demand,  and"  juftice  certainly  authonfed,  as  things  thca 

flood.     The  moll  naturai  and  moll  .reafonable  objed  of  ambition  fox 

a  y;reat  king  of  Euglaod  mull  have  been  the  ful^eding  to  the  fove- 

.rcignty  of  his  crown  the  whole  idand  of  Britain.    A  fair  opportunity 

n|^  prefented  itfelf  to  obtain  that  advantage  with  tbe.copfent  of  the 

Scots,  by  making  it  the  price  of  the  libertv  of  their  fbvereign,  who^ 

was  abandoned  by  sill  his  confederates  and  allies ;  who,  as  a  vaflal 

to  Henry  for  fome  territories  held  by  fealty  and  homage,  was  guilty 

't)f  high  treafoo  ;  whofe  life  was  itf  the  power  of  that  offended  mo- 

aarcb,  and  whofe  kingdom  was  in. great  and  imminent  danger  of 

bqmgdellit)>ed  by  bis  fuperior  forces,  with  the  concurrence  of  its 

own  rebellions  fubjc^,  the  favage  Galwegians.    For  thele  bari>a- 

.rians,-^who  had  done  fo  much  miichief  in  England  under  the  orders 

, of. William,  before  (iis .  misfortune,  had  now  revolted  againft  hinit 

had'expelled  all  his  officers  out  of  their  country,  had  uken  and  de- 

Hioycd  all  his  c&ftles  and  fbrtreflei  t1iere«  and  put  the  garrifoas  to 

•-*"*-  the 


Lyttcfton'j  ISJlcryofHtnry  the  Second,  cbncTudjcd;      5^9 

Hic  fword.  Scotland  itfelf  was  a'fcene  of  anarchy  and  of  blood  ;  the. 
Scotch  army,  in  returningout  of  Northumberland,  having  ma/Tacred. 
all  the  Englifh  who  feFved  among  chem  or.dwelled  within  their  bor- 
ders. OF  thefe  the  number  was  great;  for  we  are  cojii  by  a  good 
contemporary  hiiloriani  that  the  towns  and  burghs  of  the  Lowlands 
were  chiefly  inhabited  by  men  of  chat  nation,  whom,  the  kings  of 
Scotland  had  drawn  thither  and  fettled  thcreiny-  under  their  fpecial 
protedkion.  A  national -^hatredagainll  the^n,  which  the  royal  autho- 
lity  had  retrained,  being  now  freed  from  that  curb,  broke  forth 
with  fuch  fury,  that  none  efcaped  from  it,  except  thofe  who  had  the 
fortune  to  get  into  fume  caljtie,  or  fortiucd  citf,  belonging  to  the 
crown.  In  this  dillra^ed  condition- the  kingdom  appeared  inca- 
pable of  defence,  if  Heor)f  (honld  attack  it,  after,  all  his  other  ene^ 
mies  were  entirely  fubducd.  To  redeem  therefore  themfelves  and 
the  whole  (late  from  ruin,  as  well  as  their-foyc  reign,  from  captivity, 
the  Scotch  nobles  and  pr^late^  were  willing  to  give  up  the  ancient  in^ 
dependence  of  the  crewii  of  Scotland,  and  fnbjei^  it  to  that  of  (vng* 
land,  which  Henry  required,  as  the  fole  condition  of  peace.  Many 
of  thefe  were  admitted  to  confer  with  their  king  in  the  cadle  of  Fa- 
bife,  to  which  he  had  been  removed  from  that  of  Caen ;  and  a  great 
cooncil  of  them  aflembled,  on  the  eighth  of  December,  at  Valogne 
in  the  Cotence,  a  province  of  Normandy,  where  they  advifed  him 
to  cooclade  a  hnal  agreement  witli  Henry  on  the  terms  before  fettled 
between  him  and  that  prince.  This  was  executed  in  a  fubfequenc 
meeting  of  both  kings,  at  the  caille  of  I'alaife,  as  appears  by  a 
written  declaration  made  there,  which  notifies  that  liege  h9mage« 
without  any  referve  or  exception,  had  been  done  to  Henry,  king  of 
Eneland.  by  William,  king  of  Scotland,  f^r  that  iingJom,  and  for 
allnia  other  dominions  ;  William  having,  at  the '  fame  time, •  fworn 
fiealty  to  Henry,  as  to  his  liege  lord,  in  like  manner  as  other  vafl"als 
afe  to  do  to  th^ir  prince  :  and  that  homage  had  alfo  been  done  and 
fealty  fworn  by  William  to  the  yoong  king  of  England,  iaving  the 
fealty  due  to  the  king  his  father.  It  was  farther  agreed,  that  all  the 
bifliopi,  abbots,  and  others  qf  the  clergy,  in  the  territories  of  the 
king  of  Szotland^  from  whom  Henry  Ihould  dciire  to  receive  liege 
homage,  ihould  do  it  to  him  in  fuch  manner  as  it  was  ufually  done 
fay  other  bilhops  to  their  prince,  and  likewife  to  the  king  his  fon, 
and  theheiris'of  both.  Moreover,  the  king  of  Scotland,  and  L  avid, 
his  b/bther;  and  the  earls  and  barons  of  Scotland,  and  other  vafTals 
of  that  king,  granted  to  Henry,  their  lord,  that  the  church  of  Scot- 
land (liould  thenceforwards  pay  that  fubjertion  to  the  churth  of  Eng- 
land, which  was  due  to  it,  and  hsd  bien  uluaiiy  paid  in  the  rimes 
of  his  royal  predece/Tors  :  to  which  concefiion  fome  Scotch  prela.cs, 
who  were  then  prcfcnt,  agreed,  find  the  abfent  clergy  pt  that  naiion 
were  bound  U)  agree,  in  virtue  of  this  convcnLion.  Liege  homage 
was  to  be  done  and  fe:ilcy  r.voin  to  Ht^nry,  without  refcrvc  or  excep- 
tion, by  all.the  carls  and  barous  cf  thf.  territories  of  :he  king  of  Scot- 
land, from  whom  Henry  fliculd  deiirie  it,  in  the  fame  manner  as  by 
bis  Other  vaffiils;  and  alfo  to  his  fon,  the  younjf*  king,  and  to  the 
lirirybf'that  prince,  favii-.g-  the  AmIcv  due  to  his  father.  -The  heirs 
df  the'  kihgbf  Scotland,  and  (he  -Ucirs  of  his-earl*,  barons^  and/i 
tenants  ia  chief,  were  likcwiTe  obliged  :c  teudcr  Vic^e  Yvom^^<ti  v^ 
;•  L  c  2 


Sit       LytteltonV  Hijlsry  o/ltinry  ihi  S^and^  candn^ki.    ^| 

tKc  heirs  of  the  king  of  England*  Fagittvet  from  England  for  fclonf 
were  not  to  be  harboured  in  Scotland,  but  to  be  delivered  up  to  th* 
king's  officers  of  juftke,  unlcfi  they  would  return  to  take  iheir  tn*^ 
It)  hb  court :  but  fugitives  from  Scotland  for  the  like  offence  niighv 
be  tried  in  the  court  of  either  king,  and  refttJing  to  Aaod  10  th# 
judgment  of  either  were  to  be  delivered  back  to  the  ofiicer*  of  tKe 
king  of  Scotland*  The  valfals  of  each  king  were  to  enjoy  the  lafidi 
which  they  held,  or  daimed  to  hold^  under  the  other.  A*  a  fecu- 
rlty  for  the  entire  performance  of  all  thcfe  articles^  it  was  agreed  tkil 
the  cables  of  Berwick.  Roxburgh^  Jedburgh,  Edinburgh,  and  Ster- 
ling, fhould  be  delivt^fed  to  Henry  by  the  king  of  Scotland^  and  thii 
prince  was  to  bear  the  charge  of  their  cuftodv^  as  rated  by  Henry. 
He  alfo  gave  to  that  king  his  brother  David,  as  a  hoBagc  for  the 
delivery  of  the  caftles,  and  twenty  more  of  the  chief  nobility  of  liil 
real  nit  amon^  whom  were  his  conftable,  his  chancellor,  and  fo^af 
carls  ;  but  Henry  permitted  them  all,  except  the  king**  brother,  to 
fubilitute  thrir  fons,  or  next  heirs,  iniiead  of  their  own  perfons,  u 
hodagcs  to  him ;  and  when  the  cables  (hould  be  put  into  his  hands 
thcfe  were  to  be  freed,  together  with  the  king  and  his  brother.  S#» 
curity  was  given  to  Hcni^  by  the  king  and  bis  barons  there  preieotp 
that  they  would  do  aTl  in  their  power  to  procure  frerm  thoie  who 
were  abfent  the  fame  acknowlcgcments  of  his  fovercignty  «a  he  hsd 
received  from  themfelves.  It  was  alio  ^ipulated  that  hoUages  Ihoald 
be  delivered  to  him  by  thofe  of  the  abfent  valfats  of  WiliUm,  from 
whom  he  fliould  chafe  to  demand  them.  And  the  biihops,  carit, 
barons,  and  other  vaiTals  of  Willtam,  engaged  themfelvet  to  Henry, 
and  to  the  young  kint^  his  font  that,  if  William,  upon  any  pre- 
tence whatfoevcr,  lliould  recede  from  thii  convention  and  from  hu 
fefllty  to  thole  prince?,  they  would  ftand  by  Henry,  as  their  liege 
lord,  again H  him  and  egatnil  at)  the  enemies  of  that  king  i  and  the 
bilhops  would  put  the  territories  of  William  under  an  interdid  till 
he  (liould  return  to  his  fealty*  Among  the  witneiTes  to  this  dccla- 
faiion  were  the  two  princes  Richard  and  Geoffry  Plantageoet.* 

We  do  not  entirely  agree  with  Lord  Lytcelton  in  the  merit 
which  he  fecms  to  afcribc  to  this  tranfa^ioti*  It  was  undoubt* 
ed|y  natural  for  a  king  of  England  to  wifh  the  fubjeftion  of  the 
kingdom  of  Scotland  ^  and  fuch  a  fubjeflion  would  have  been 
very  defirable,  if  it  had  been  real  and  voluntary,  and  could 
have  been  obtained  upon  terms  of  folid  advantage.  But  what 
iafling  benefit  could  be  derived  from  the  rendering  of  the  feudal 
homage,  when  it  was  not  a  free  engagement,  but  the  refult  of 
the  unfortunaie  fit  u  at  ion  in  which  the  Scotch  monarch  was 
placed  i  A$  to  the  nobles  of  Scotland,  their  fubmitfTion  to  Henry 
appears  to  have  proceeded  from  their  af}'e(S!ion  to  their  prince, 
and  from  their  anxious  defire  to  procure  his  relcafement  from 
bondage.  Nothing,  therefore,  could  be  expe£)ed,  but  that  the 
firft  opportunity  would  be  taken  of  renouncing  a  rubjefiion 
which  had  been  extorted  by  neceflity.  Richard,  the  fucccflbr 
•f  Henry,  was  fo  feufible  of  thii,  that,  when  be  went  to  the 
Holy  Land,  he  thought  ^\oijiz\  lo  %Wt  w^  ihc  feudal  (m€Wgntf 


i 

i 


I^ieltonV  Hiji^rj  cfHinry  the  BetenJ^  concluded.       $t\ 


ScoClind.     In  (hort,  Henry  ough(  cither  to  have  reduced 
bt  kingdom  more  abfolutely  into  his  power,  or  elfe  he  ihou]d 
kvc  contented  himfelf  with  relcafing  its  monarch  upon  the 
jft  honourable  conditions  that  were  confiftent  with  his  giving 
fecurity  for  his  future  good  behaviour. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  having  concluded  the  htftory  of  a  rebelKon, 
whidh  was  the  ftr{l  and  laft  eier  ratfed  in  England  without  fome 
^tfpute  on  the  title  of  the  king  to  the  crown,  or  fome  diiTerence 
^P religion,  or  the  pretence  of  fome  grievance  injurious  to  oar- 
ticulars,  or  hurtful  to  the  public,  relates  the  progreU  of 
things  in  Ireland^  and  the  other  affairs  that  happened^  down  to 
the  year  1176.  During  thb  year,  a  general  afl'embly,  or  par* 
liamenr,  wa^  held  at  Northampton,  in  which  the  aflife  uf  CIa< 
rendon  was  renewed  and  confirmed  \  and  our  nobJe  hiilorbn 
iini(hes  his  fourth  book  with  a  particular  account  of  the  civil 
conftiiutions  that  were  now  rc-cftabliftied.  This  is  a  very  vm- 
liiable  part  of  the  work  \  and  the  latt  circumftance  mentioned 
by  bis  Lordftiip  will  be  read  with  peculiar  pleafure,  a$  itfliews 
the  humane  fpirit  of  Icgiflation  which  Henry  poircflcd, 

*  During  the  interval  between  the  parliament  of  Clarendon  and 
that  of  Northampton,  Henry  the  Second  made  a  law»  whjcb  dcicrvei 
to  be  mentioned  with  particular  praife^  among  the  many  bene^cent 
•fts  of  his  reign,  Jt  has  been  faid,  in  a  former  part  of  this  work» 
that  thi^  prince  had>  foon  afrer  his  coining  to  ih«  crown,  revivH  a 
flatute  of  his  grandfather  Henry  the  FirS,  which  enafled^  that  if, 
et)t  of  any  wreck  on  the  coa(h,  one  man  hod  efgaped  alive  to  tbore« 
the  whole  cargo  (hoold  be  fuvcd  10  the  bencBt  of  the  owners.  He 
now  farther  extended  the  humanity  of  this  law,  dcdaring,  that  jf, 
00  the  coafts  of  the  Englilh  fea,  orof  Foitu,  or  of  the  Jfle  of  Qlcron, 
or  of  Gafcony,  any  fhip  fhould  be  dillrstt  or  endangered,  and  no 
man  efcape  from  thence  alive,  yet  if  any  liaft  Ihould  efcape*  or  be 
found  therein  alivc»  the  goods  ^ould  be  put  by  his  bailies,  or  the 
bailiifs  of  thofc  on  whofe  iands  the  ihip  was  driven^  into  the  cuftody 
Af  four  men  of  good  repute,  to  be  rellored  to  the  owners,  if  claimed 
by  them  within  the  term  of  three  months,  This  wa«  publifhcd.  at 
an  a£l  of  grace  from  the  crown,  in  ihe  form  of  a  royal  charter^  which 
the  reader  may  fee  in  the  Appendix  to  this  book,  tranfcrlbed  from 
Rymer's  colk^ions.  I  conjecture  that  the  reafon  why  wrecks  on  the 
coafts  of  Nonnandy  and  Bretagne  are  not  mentioned  therein,  waa» 
that  thefe  were  included  in  the  general  delcription  of  tht  ccmftt  •ft'*t 
B'tglipft^t :  or,  that  a  law  to  this  purpoie  had  been  made  before 
in  thofe  countries.  In  rhc  preamble  it  is  faid.  that  the  king  had 
granted  this  boon  for  tht  /nhMhH  ef  bit  jhul,  und  tkt  /^uh  tf  hit 
ametfiwn  mud  hiirt.  It  was  indeed  a  far  more  meritorious  and  falu> 
tary  work,  than  the  pilgrimage  he  made»  about  the  fame  limc^  co 
fiecket's  tomb,  or  the  llripes  he  endured,  or  the  gifts  he  offered 
tiKre.  The  belt  atonement  a  king  can  make  for  60  is  the  doing  of 
good  10  mankind/ 

Tlie  fifth  and  laft  book  of  the  prefent  biflory  contains  the 
cvtnb  of  HriwyV  rc'ign^  from  the  year  1 176  10  \!ti^  v\ttv^  ^\  \v\% 

£  e  3  4^^v>i^ 


52t       Lyttelton'i  Hijlory  of  Hitiry  the  Secdndj  concInJcd. 

death  in  1189.  Lord  Lyctelton  hath  t-ken  occafion  tointcr« 
weave,  naturally  and  properly,  in  this  part  of  his  work*  a  rela- 
tion of  the  rife  and  progrels  of  the  Norman  kingdom  of  Sicily 
and  Naples,  and.  an  account  of  the  tranfadions  of  the  crufadoi 
during  the  period  here  confidered.  There  are,  likewife,  oisny 
fa£ts,  more  immediately  relative  to  the  affairs  of  our  own 
country,  that  are  highly  worthy  of  notice ;  but  we  mud  omit 
tie  mention  of  them,  in  order  to  gratify  our  readers  with  the 
parallel  our  noble  Author  has  drawn  between  Henry  the  Firft 
and  Henry  the  Second,  in  which  hU  Lordfliip  has  difplayedhit 
talents  and  judgment,  as  a  writer,  to  great  advantage. 
.  '  There  is  no  prince  to  whofe  character  that  of  Henry  the  SecQod 
has  a  greater  refeinbhincey  or  with  whom,  in  all  points,  he  can  more 
£tiy  b£  compared,  than  his  grandfather,  Hcory  the  FirA,  king  of 
England.  They  both  had  the  glory  of  reforming  and  amending  the 
(late  of  their  kingdom,  and  were  ec^ually  caretul,  that,  in  all  their 
dominions,  the  adminiilration  of  juftice  to  all  orders  of  men  ihooU 
be  llrid  and  impartial.  It  is  hard  to  fay  whether  they  merited 
gretter  praife  for  enadiing  good  laws,  or  enforcing,  by  the  vigilaoce 
and  firmnefs  of  their  government,  a  due  obedience  to  them.  Yjct 
this  difference  muft  be  noted,  that  in  puniihing  all  offences  againft 
bis  own  perfon,  Henry  the  Firft  was  implacably  and  inhumasly 
rigorous ;  but  his  grandfon's  fevcrity  was  excrcifed  only  in  behalf  of 
his  people  and  the*  public  weal  of  his  realm.  Among  the  nobkil 
ads  of  clemency,  that  have  ever  embeliiihed  the  hiilory  of  mankiod, 
are  thofe  done  by  this  prince.  Some  of  them  indeed  might  be 
thought,  in  the  judgment  of  cool  reafon,  to  have  greatly  exceeded 
the  proper  bounds  of  .this  virtue,  if  peculiar  circumllances  had  aot 
rendered  the  extenfion  of  it  ncceflary  for  the  futute  fafety  of  thofe 
who  had  done  him  faithful  iervice  againA  his  three  fons,  and  their 
rebellious  adherents.  But  how  amiable  was  the  man,  who,  when 
infinitely  provoked,  could  facrifice,  to  this  didant  and  uncertain  ap- 
prehenfion  of  danger  to  his  friends,  the  prefent  plcafure  of  taking 
that  revenge  on  his  enemies  which  public  juliice  required  ! 

*  The  fame  maxims  of  policy  were  adopted  and  purfqed  by  both 
thefe  kings.  Henry  the  Second  r^ftored  the  charter  of  liDerties, 
which  his  grandfather  had  given,  as  a  declaration  of  rights,  to  the 
Englilh  and  Normans.  But  in  the  grandfon  the  a£l  was  more  oteri« 
torious;  as  his  title  was  lefs  doubtful  than  Henry  the  Firft's,  who 
may  be  faid  to  have  purchafed  his  brothjer's  crown  of  the  nation,  by 
the  only  bribe  which  a  nation  can  honourably  take,  the  reftoratioa 
of  freedom«  Whi|t  neceifity  appears  to  have  drawn  from  that  prince, 
this  fpontaneouily  j^ave  when  the  throne  was  open  to  him  without  a 
competitor ;  nor  did  Jie  ever  difcover,  by  his  fubiequent  condadi 
any  deiire  of  retracting  or  impairing  the  boon  fo  generouHy  confer- 
red, though  means  and  opportunities,  which  were  wanting  to  his 
mnceftor,  occarred  to  (him  many,  times,  in  the  prpfperons  ycsuY  of 
bis.  reign,  when  fbrtqmtput  hi^  virtue  .p  the  hardeft  of  all  teds,  by 
enabling  him  to  enlarge  or  continue  his  power  wkifix  i(s  $rft  limiu^ 
fionsj)  according  to  his  Pt¥il  choic^t 


LyttdttaV  Hifiwy  If  Henry  'fh/Smtid;  c<nicluded;'     5^3 

'  The  marria^  of  Henry  the  Firft  with  Edgar  Atheiing's  niece  was 
contracted  on  rhe  bed  of  political  motives,  a  defire  to  cement  the 
Normans  and  £ngli(h»  the  vi^rioas  and  the  vanquifhed,  into  one 
people ;  which  generous  purpofe  was  well  purfucd  by  his  grand fon, 
in  taking  away  all  diiUndions,  even  of  favour  and  trull,  btftween  the 
two  nations.  The  merit  of  having  done  this,  and  having  alfo  ex- 
tended, the  benignity  of  his  government  to  Stephen*s  adherents,  after 
tbefe  had  concurred  with  the  friends  of  his  mother  in  placing  the 
Crown  on  his  head,  gives  to  Henry  the  Second  a  very  eminent  rank 
among  thofe  kings  (few  in  every  country)  who  have  been  benefac- 
tors, not  to  parties  or  fadions,  but  to  the  whole  community  over 
which  they  reigned  ;  and  who,  inftad  of  defiring  to  rule  by  divid- 
ing, have  built  their  power  on  uniting  what  before  was  divided. 

*  Both  thefe  apnarchs  thought  it  neceOTary,  for  the  fafety  of  the 
crown,  to  raife  up  in  its  fervice  aew  men^  who,  by  the  excellence 
of  their  talents,  and  the  power  given  to  them,  might  check  the 
greatqefs  of  fome  of  the  antient  nobility,  and  be  a  counterpoife  to  it. 
7he(e  they  placed  very  high,  but  kept  themfelves  flill  above  ihem, 
baving  regal  minds,  which  difdained  to  be  under  (ubjedlion  to  a  fer- 
▼aot'a  dominion,  and  regal  abilities,  nt  to  guide  the  helm  of  the 
ftate,  Henry  the  Second,  indeed,  froip  the  warmth  of  his  temper^ 
obJemd  lefs  moderation  in  his  favour  to  Socket,  than  the  rules  of 
poiicyt  grounded  on  a  iealous  diftruil  of  mankind,  and  on  obferVing 
how  rarely  gratitude  dwells  with  ambition,  prefcribe  to  kings  :  of 
which  error  he  felt  the  bad  efFeds.  Yet  it  does  not  appear,  that' 
Becket  ever  was  able,  in  the  utmod  height  of  his  credit,'  to  induce 
him  to  alter  his  political  fyflem,  or  to  follow  any  evil  counfcls,  or 
to  remove  from  his  cQnfidence  any  other  minifler,  wkp^had  faithfully 
ferved^ixn* 

*  Nor  did  he  fu9«r  the  policy  of  raifing  men  of  low  birth,  and 
making  them  the  chief  inftruments  of  his  adminillration,  to  go  fo 
far  as  to  give  any  caufe  to  his  nobles,  through  the  whole  courfe  of 
^ is  reign,  to  complain  of  an  exclufion  from  his  government  or  hisf 
Counfelsy  or  of  fuch  a  dcpreBion  as  might  julUy  offend  that  high' 
^trit,  which  their  rank,  tneir  wealth,  their  landed  power,  and  the 
genius  of  the  Engliih  conftitution  itfelf,  had  implanted  and  fixed  in' 
their  minds.  He- never  failed  to  afTemble  them,  whercfoevcr  he  was 
in  the  kingdom,  at  Chridmas,  Ealler.  and  Whitfuntide ;  he  con- 
JTulted  with  them  on  all  his  greatell  affairs ;  he  ccnverfed  with  thenr 
pfien,  rather  as  a  friend  than  a  mailer. 

'  Yet,  at  the  fame  time,  he  made  his  power  a  (hield  to  the  lowed 
of  his  fubje^s  againft  any  opprefTion  from  them,  and  took  all  the 
care,  the  mod  adtive  infpection  coald  take,  that  by  him  the  la  10 
ihonld  reign,  with  equal  authority,  over  all.  The  feudal  ideas  fup- 
pofed.  that  every  lord  was,  by  ofiice,  the  patron  of  his  vadals,  and 
(he  king  of  every  lord ;  but  he  extended  that  patronage  to  twtr^ 
member  of  the  commonwealth,  as  their  common  lord  and  father.' 
The  fame  condud  had  endeared  Henry  the  Fird  to  the  people  :  but 
he  rather  was  refpcded  than  loved  by  the  nobles  :  whereas  his  grand* . 
fim  poiTefled  the  hearts  of  both,  except  fu^h  hearts  as  were  iletlcd* 
9gainft  any  proper  fenfe  of  affedUon  or  gratitude  by  the, rage  of  ata«  , 
^iioon,  or  bated -his-per/oj]  becau/e  tliey  dreaded  ^u  \^ct% 

£  e  4  \^ci\NS  vCcw- 


*  Nocwithftinding  the  fiiperttrion  aid  UgoCf^  ttf  Ike  tisMs,  tbcfe 
two  princes  confidered  their  royal  proresitives  vk  ccdefidKpil  mn- 


ters,  as  a  part  of  fovereignty  from  which  their  dvtjr  to  ^icir  feopkt 
and  therefore  to  God  (w  thefe  duties  caa  MVtf  Ihiid^B  •ppoiitkMi 
fo  each  other)  would  not  fufBsr  them  to  depart,  fi)ach  «vas  torcfld  lo 
contend  with  a  primate  of  England  r^tfed  ojr  himMf  ^  chat  ftatioa, 
and  with  all  the  authority  of  thp  fee  of  Ifipm^^  whc^  that  attthoriiy 
was  become  moft  imperious  and  mod  dreadful,  -^aqh  excrt«d  ereat 
fpirit  in  this  troublefomc  eon  tell ;  but  H^nry.  tlMr  Firft  cx>Bcbded 
his  quarrel  with  Anfelm  much  more  to  hia  hoBOura  di«ki  Ifenry-thff 
Second  ended  his  with  fiecket ;  becaufe  the  plan  of  the  latter  was 
interrupted  and  diftnrbed  by  the  efieda  of  his  paffiont  \  ^vbcicaa  the 
former  had  no  p^flsons  which  prffdenc5^  did  not  vpotfouh' 
'  Lord  Lytteiton  next  makes  a  pomparifon  between  Henry  die 
Firft  and  b>cond  as  foldiers,  and  then  goes  qn  aa  follows  :- 

'  The  two  princes,  here  contp^ired,  rather  ii^ade  a  good  oie  of  6tr' 
and  eafyo^qiuons  of  augmenti(ig  their  Vreatnefs,  which  fortune  pie« 
fented  to  theqii  4tt'^ng  the  couffe  of  their  reig(is«  than  fbnned  aiy 
yaftproje£Ut  or  expoted  theipfelyes  to  thofe  perils  whi^  hflmd( 
fpi^its  are  defirovis  tp  encounter  in  the  ^ger  poffuit  of  re|loira. 
Nor  did  prpfpcrity  raii^  in  the  piftd  of  either  of  theffi  |mj  inloteMD 
or  prefmpption,  Qut  magnanimity  in  contending  with  dlficsaMd 
^nddangcfs  when  tl^cy  ^tti4  <iot  hj^  avoided^  appipared  onhnently 
in  both. 

*  It  if  hard  to  fay,  ^hich  wai  moft  unhappy  as  a  father^  Hewy 
the  firfi  from  haying  lof!,  by  a(i  qpfonvinat^  ihipwre^ki  an  only 
fini»  whom  h^  lov^,  f^4^1>^  had  nor  failed  in  his  daty  ;  or  Henry 
ch^  Second  from  the  mifera^le  end  0^  ^*  criminal  eideft  fpn»  inf 
I  bring  his  pardqn  in  all  the  agonies  and  tW  borrors  of  a  dpath-^  m 
pentanc^.  But  the  new,  fu^^vf  treafons  s^S  his  three  other  fiais^ 
QeoJFry,  Richard,  aildJohV,  tnade  the  latter  a  fkr  more  dejploraUp 
inftance^  even  to  the  Hour  of  his  dMht  l^ow  it{  die  glitter  of  a 
crown  and  the  pri4e  of  dominion  ^f^paafate  to  pxxn^  the  loTs  of 
4o|pe(l;c  felicity,  which  is  ftldoith  their  lot.  Vet  he  had  fome  con' 
fixation  in  the  dutiful  condufl  of  his  natural  ion  by  JRo&mqnd  Clil^ 
(prd»  whofp  filial  piety  foftened  ^i'  <^ying  pangs. 

*  With  equal  tflents  from  nature;  both  th^fe  ]thigs  were  difibf 
guifhed  from  any  other  in  thofe  times,  by  as  pmch  e^tidition  ^b  tMf 
tunes  could  give  to  .them.  Yet  it  did  not  infeQ  them  with  the  pO» 
dantry  of  the  (chools,  qr  divert  their  thoughts  from  a  dae  appUcatiOQ 
tP  bufmefs.  in  which  none  of  their  mitfifters  laboured* witfi  mora 
diligence  than  they  themfelves.  A  contemporary  writer  informs  as,' 
that  Henry  the  Second  was  well  verfe4  in  the  ktfowledge  of  hifloryi 
and  rjptainjng,  ()y  the  help  of  a  pr^jgious  memory^  whatever  he  ba4 
kamt/  could  avail  himfelf  readily  of  tht  events  of  paft  dract*  no 
lefs  than  of  his  p\vn  experiepce  pf  aCair$»  for  tl^  xtgniating  qf  W\ 
conduct. 

f  Prpbai)1y  thi«  was  the  principal  branch,  of  Ster^rc.  to  !r|iic\ 
Kfenry  the  Firft,  aswell  ash}s|;randfon^  i^opljied  his  attent^v  ;  baf 
we  niay  l>e  furc  tliat  thefe  princes  did  no;  nudy  the"  logic  or  f^btfe 
tLcology  of  f^|[  age^  vvhioii  ^0^14  pnl^  ftf re  j^^e^  and  part 


kfwei  their  andeHfaiBdlagf,  and  whtiA'hwrt  done  t^m  more  harm 
than  ft  tt>t«l  wBiit  of  ali  iMniai , 

<  The  great  Ibbrienr,  -ibrwl3eii  diejr  botfiimtMiitrkablei  kept 
their  naA)o  abvays  dear  and  thiia  mi^eftf  vatalpaired,  -  Jot  cootie 
nence  wasa  vinat  aeitkerof  than  ooaldbaaft«i  Jfiarjr  the  Secott4 
took  siorecare  (eipecially  after  hie  aianiage)  to  ooooeal  hb  amoart 
from  the  notice  of  the  irorid,  than  Heonr  the  Virft  i  and  to  Ar  ho 
did  better;  for  decency  io  a  king  ii  r^peft  to  the  poUtc  Sat  they 
did  not  efcape  the  jealoos eje  of  Ut  oaoeai  aad  her ratentment  a| 
being  aegleded  bjr  a  hndiand,  tit  had  loved  too  ouich  not  tohai# 
when  he  no  loager  loved  her,  hrooght  open  Urn  a  greait  wa)*,  foe 
the  nilidrieit  of  which  he  was  iheiawie^  ia  fone  d^ree,  tjefpoofiblA 
to  hit  people,  A  priooe  ouht  to  be  vmr  taatfeat^  •  that  aNrpaifioii 
Aoold  difoirb  die  peace  orkit  fomikr*  becaafo  -may  diforder  tkeif  ' 
may  eadanger*  by  tn  oonleqaaacae,  the  peace  of  kit  kin^oio«  . 
r. '  Another  Tice  hk  the  charafltr.  of  the  toft  of  theft  princet,  wae 
a  ftrong  propeiifi^  to  fuddM  and  iaiiaodemte  aofer^  ijis  graadt 
fother^i  mino  was  mora  catoi  i*  hot  ke  was  capably  cf  retaining  a  deej^ 
ynd  fijeat  rpmeipbn^icf  of  hh  having  been  ofiendad*  aad  working  oaf 
hieievfal*  bjr  flow  aad  ftcret  met^s :  wherepis  it  does  not  appear^ 
that,  wlieii  the  firft  beat  of.  hlfs.was  cooled^  thtore  ever  remaued  id 
thekofom  of  Heary  the  Seepod  a -Mibefiiia^ir  malicious  dbfore  of 
vengeance  for  aay  oi(|iO0i  agaiMl  hl||U(  dKNigk  <)f  th^  d|bft  gri^« 
pas  natare, 

VThpibrm^  is  ^eaafed  bf  <Mia  wriws  in  thatafe.  of  having 
bean  top  paiiiaMikms^  iwA  1^  polky  may  have  j<Mned  with:  km 
natural  difpo6tion  to  mahy  km  Incar  tb||i  reproach^  by  wamiaji 
him  thar  ^  king*  wboAr  title  is  dpqbtfolt  IMld  9hok  competitor  14 
fiipported^by  potfnt  foreign  alOct*  may jraa  waat  money,  and  miift 
always  be  as  rpMiig.  u  rim  aeeaflltvVlijP  graat  ai^  will  ibrmit» 
in  ukhig  it  from  hb  fol^eCb. ,  JaS  H^a^hWl^^ood  qniiod  the  iwq 
oppefite  vinnes,  Ihlg^biy  ll»ig«Mroity  t  fo  kfppily  compered  she 
onebytkeotkar,.  as  tok#vf  i^  OQoiaiit  pnmfioa  a^itaft  danger  or 
flusfortane  in  tl|a  weidck  of  Ae  tre^fary,  yet  oever  to  ioie  ^  adr 
yanuges,  or  ||ijMi^*  whick  k  pnaco  may  derive  irom  libei^. 
well  diseMt^lf  4»Mt.  and  want  he  gafe  mock )  bat  notkiBgtt 
imporiopity,  «odnng  tailattffiyi  4I|4  4i«iffo>f  ka  was  aoc  impo- 
yeriflied  by  kfs  liaiiuff , 

'  Upon  the  wkote,  thof  nffn  h  Heary  the  flrit  #jemper  qj^ 
mind  more  earnmpt  ^oql  difoWlailr  pilQons}  l}|it  in  Hcnnr  tko 
Second  a  more  geiieroos  and  more  oei}igft|i|t  ailtoief  The  former 
h»i  fower  ^ts  {  the  latter  giefner  Yirtacai  and  partfcalarly  thoft 
which  la  akipgwiil  mmP  tor  many  imperfoQioas,  a  cordial  )ovt 
#f  his  people,  i^^  aa  adyye  ^enevoleiipe'  towards  Ml  naalmul.* 
•  1^  {^ytultoq  h^th  fdded  to  cad|  book  u  Appendix,  qoa^ 
faioijig.S^t^  ^aoeraaqd  Noteai  ifi  one  pf  wbich  we  obfet ve^  , 
fhdit  be  fajM  iofMidntcd  the  iVwoant  given  ky  feveral  writerift 
that  M«dppf  #  Wejdi  pisico»  w»  (in  tkc  ymiraleymi  Imodiod 
#nd  foycpty)  tl^e  firft  dafoovmrer  of  America^ 

tJpori  a  caiaiful  imrie^  of  the  whole  iroikVaiQi^  ^sa^  ''is^%s% 

^  X^>iaw^ 


£26  Tht  Iforks  of  liHUiam  Brmtmem  ^  •{- 

valuable  hiSorical  performancei^  ia  the  English  laogoage.  It 
is  execoted  with  great  fidelity,  and  with  a  itrid  regard  to  (he 
^uthaf  ity  of  origiRal  writers.  jThe  noble  Author  has  been  very 
happy  in  the  choice  of  his  fuijeA:  for  Henry  the  Second's 
charaifter  is  peculiarly  illuftrious  m  our  annals,  and  the  period 
he  lived  in  abounded  with  important  and  interefting  events. 
The  exorbitant  prctenfions  and  tyranny  of  the  popes,  the  high 
and  extravagant  clainis  of  the  church  and  churchmen,  the 
fingular  charadler  and  extraordinary  inCoiencc  of  pecker,  the 
unhappy  confequenccs  of  bis  murder,  the  con.quetl  of  Wales 
and  of  Ireland,  the  feudal  homage  of  Scotland,  the  unnatural 
and  unprovoked  rebellion  of  the  king's  fons,  the  .madnefs  of 
the  crufades,  and  many  other  circumlUnces,  all  contribute  to 
render  this  era  not  a  little  remarkable.  Lord  Lyttdton's  ftyle 
is  perfpicuous  and  unaflFc£ted,  generally  corred,  and  oltcn 
elegant  and  mafterly.  His  fentimeots  and  remarks  are  judici- 
f>us  and  pcitinent;  liberal  with  refpccl  to  religion,  and  friendly 
to  the  caufc  of  liberty  and  the  rights  of  mankind.  His  account 
of  the  (late  of  our  ancient  government,  laws,  cufloms,  and 
manners,  is  very  copious  and  eminently  ufeful,  fo  as  to  msks 
the  work  ft.ivSiy  and  properly  a  conjiitutional  liiftory,  Wc 
have  no  Joubt  that,  in  this  view  particularly,  it  will  always  be 
cftecmcd  by  impartial  judges  of  hiftorical  merit ;  and  that  it 
will  carry  down  his  Lord&ip's  name,  with  honour  and  ap- 
plaufe,  to  fucceeding  ages. 

Abt.  IX.  Tht  IVorks  of  William  Bro^^ne,  Containing  Britannia's 
PaQoruls ;  with  Notes  aod  Obfervations  by  the  Rev.  W.  Thomp- 
fon,  late  of  Queen's  College*  Oxford.  The  Shepherds  Pipe  ;  con- 
fillinjr  of  Pallurals.  The  Inner- Temple  Mafque,  never  publiiW 
before  ;  -and  other  Poems.  Wiih  ijie  lyife  of  the  Author.  i2mo. 
3  Vols.     7  s.  6  d.  iewed.    Davics.     I772, 

TH  K  compofitions  of  this  poet,  who  began  to  flourifh  in 
the  reign  of  the  elder  James,  certainly  defcrved  to  be  re- 
covered from  that  obfcurity  into  which  they  had  fallen.  If  he 
has  many  of  the  faults,  he  has  a-fo  fomc  of  the  beaurics  of  the 
writers  of  his  age.  There  is  an  amiable  fimplicity  in  moft  of  hi$ 
pieces,  and  he  knew  how  to  move  the  heart  by  (Irokes  of  genuyie 
nature  and  pafGon.  It  muft  be  acknowledged,  at  the  fame  time, 
that  his  writings  abound  with  point  and  conceit;  and  thofc 
frivolous  and  difgufting  ornaments  which  are  the  fure  indica- 
rions  of  a  vitiated  taiie.  His  imagination  was  fertile,  and  his 
mind  vigorous;  but  his  judgment  was  corrupted  by  tbofe  Ita* 
lian  models  which  the  f:i(hion  of  his  day  taught  him  to  imiiate. 
His  defcriptions,  though  pi(5lurefquc,  have  an  air. of  extrava* 
gance ;  his  conceptions,  though  ftrong,  have  marks  of  defor- 
m'ltj  I  and  his  language  ncvtt  ^^^v^inin  fttath.of  cootinjM^ 


Tbi  jy^rh  rf  WilUam  Brntmi  5^7 

purity.    He ,  could  not  plan  with  precifion  and  delicacy,  and 
was  5inable  V>  join  corre&nefs  with  fpiric. 

The  elegy  which  he  compofed  on  the  death  of  Heiiry,  Prince 
ef  Wales,  the  eldeft  fon  of  James  L  whoie  merit  rendered  him 
fo  much  an  objed  of  natiopal  regret,  may  be  appealed^  to  as  4 
proper  fpecimep  of  his  talents  : 

•  What  time  the  world  clad  in  a  moornlng  robe, 
A  (lage  made  for  a  wofull  tragedie  : 
When  (hewers  of  teares  from  the  coeleftlall  globe 
Bewaild  the  face  of  fea-lov*d  Britanie ; 
When  fighs  as  frequent  were  as  various  fights. 
When  Hope  lay  bed-rid,  and  all  pleafures  dying. 
When  Envy  wept. 
And  Comfort  flept ; 
When  Crueltie  itfelfe  fate  almoft  crying, 
fought  being  heard  but  what  the  minde  affrights. 
When  autumpe  had  difrob'd  the  fummer's  pride. 
Then  England's  honour,  Gurope'9  wonder  dy*d  : 

'  O  faddefl  (Iraine  that  ever  Mufes  fung ! 

A  text  of  woe  for  gricfe  to  comment  on ; 

Teares,  iighes.  and  fobs,  give  paiTage  to  my  tongu^ 

X)t  I  (hall  fpend  you  till  the  lall  is  gone. 

Which  done,  my  heart  in  flames  of  burning  love 

(Wanting  his  moifture)  (hall  to  cynders  turn : 
But  firft,  by  me 
Bequeathed  be 

To  ftrew  the  place  wherein  his  facred  ume 

Shall  be  inclos'd,  this  might  in  many  move 
The  like  effed  :  (who  would  not  do  it  ?)  when 
No  grave  befits  him  but  the  hearts  of  men, 

'  That  man,  whofe  maffe  of  forrow  hath  bene  fuch. 

That  by  their  waight,  laid  on  each  feverall  part, 

Ifis  fbuntaines  are  fo  dry,  he  but  as  much 

As  one  poore  drop  hath  left  to  eafe  his  heart ; 

Why  fliouid  he  keepe  it  ?  fmce  the  time  doth  call, 

7hac  he  ne  er  better  can  beftow  it  in  ; 
If  fo  he  fbares 
That  others  teares 

In  greater  number,  greateft  prises  winne; 

ICnow  none  gives  more  than  he  which  giveth  all. 
Then  he  which  hath  but  ope  ppore  teare  in  ftore, 
O  lee  him  fpend  that  drbp,  and  weepe  no  more, 

'  Why  Sows  not  ]Ef elicoii  beyond  her  ftrands  ? 

tt  Henrie  dead,  and  do  the  mofes  (leepe  f 

Alas !  I  fee  $ach  one  amazed  dands, 

^*  Shallow  foor^s  mutter,  filent  are  the  deepe  ;** 

faine  would  they  tell  thpir  griefes,  but  know  not  where : 

^  are  fo  full,  nought  can  augment  their  (lore ; 

Then  how  ihould  they 

yhc}T  glides  difplay 


^8  fk  ff^orh  ofJPilRam  Brmm. 

To  many  (b  clofde,  lYitj  fab  woald  hei/e.no  teorel 
Though  blaming  thofe  whofe  plaints  they  cann^r  he^e ; 
And  with  this  w^Ih,  their  paiBons  I  allo«r> 
May  that  muie  never  fpeake  that's  filcnce  oonv ! 

^  Is  Henrie  dead  ?  alas !  and  do  I  Uve 
To  fing  a  icrich  owle's  noafe  that  he  is  dead  ? 
If  any  one  a  fitter  theam?  can  give. 
Come  give  it  now»  or  never  to  be  read, 
^ut  let  him  fee  it  doe  of  horror  tafte, 
Anguilhi  (]c^i'U^ion :  could  it  rend  in  fbnder 
With  fcarfull  groqes 
The  icenceleife  Aones. 
Yet  Ihonfd  we  hardly  be  enfOrc*d  to  wonder, 
pur  fif)rmer  griefes  would  (o  es^ceed  their  laft : 
Time  cannot  make  our  ibrrowet  onght  compleatar  3 
Nor  adde  one  griefe  to  make  our  mourning  greater, 

^  England  was  ne'er  ingirt  with  waves  tilt  now^ 
Till  now  it  held  part  with  the  continent : 
Aye  me  I  foine  one  in  pittie  (hew  me,  how 
1  might  in  doleful!  numbers  fo  lament ; 
That  any  one  which  lov'4  him,  hated  me. 
Might  dearly  love  roe,  k«t  lamenting  him* 
Al^'  my  plaint 
In  fuch  cooibiunk 
Ereakes  forth  in  rage,  that  though  my  piffions  fwimn^ 
Yet  are  they  drowned  ere  they  landed  be : 
Imperfe^  lines !  O  happy !  were  I  hurl'd 
And  cut  from  life  as  fin^^and  Uom  the  wor)d« 

•  O  happi-T  had  we.bcenc !  if  we  had  bcene 
Never  made  happy  b^  enjoying  thee  f 
Where  hath  the  gionons  eye  of  heaven  fcene 
A  fpedacle  of  greater  miferv  ? 
Time  turn  thy  courfe,  and  bring  againe  the  fprtng  % 
Breake  nature's  lawes ;  (earch  tlut  itcords  of  old. 
If  ooght  befell 
Might  paralell 
Sad  Brittaine's  cafe  :  weepe  rockes,  and  heaven  behold, 
Whit  feas  of  forrow  (he  is  plunged  in. 

Where  ^crmt$  of  woe  (o  mainely  have  beiet  ker ; 

She  hach  no  place  for  worfe,  nor  hope  for  better. 

'  Brittaine  was  whilom  known  (by  i|U>re  than  (ame) 

To  be  one  of  the  ilands  fortunate  ; 

What  fr^niicke  man  woold  give  her  novir  t)|at  a^Aiet. 

Lying  fo  ru/nlt  and  difconfolate  i 

Hath  not  her  waterv  ^one  in  murmarin|^, 

Fiird  every  Qiore  with  ecchoes  of  h^  cne  ? ' 

Yes,  Thetrs  raves, 

Aird- bi<b  hc^  waves 
Bring  all  the  qymphes  widiin  her  eiil{i^i(^ 
To  be  afliftant  in  liti^foKtmi^^x 


feed  wliere  they  (kdly  fit  od  Vis*  (bore. 

And  rend  their  hayres  as  they  would  jqy  no  more. 

Ids  the  glory  of  the  weftem.  worlds 

When  onr  heroe  (honour*d  ^flex)  dy'd» 

Strticken  with  wonder,  backe  agajne  (h€  hurrd* 

And  fiird  her  handles  with  an  unwoonted  tyde  i 

As  if  (he  flood  in  doubt*  if  it  were  fo, 

Atid  for  the  certaintie  had  turnM  her  way* 
Why  do  not  now^ 
Her  waves  reflow  f 

Poor  nymph*  her  ibrrows  will  »ot  let  her  (layj 

Or  flycs  to  tell  the  world  her  countrie's  woe  :' 
Or  cares  not  to  come  backe,  berhapr,  as  fhowing 
Her  toarea  ihould  make  the  floods  not  her  reflowing. 

*  Sometimes  a  tyrant  helde  the  reynes  of  Rome, 
Wyftiing  CO  all  the  citie  but  one  head. 

That  all  at  once  might  undergo  his  doome, 
And  by  one  blow  from  life  be  fevered. 
Fate  wi(ht  the  like  oa  England,  and  t'was  given  : 
(O  miferable  men,  enthral'd  to  fate !} 
Whofe  heavy  hand 
That  never  feand 
The  mifery  of  kingdomes  ruinates 
Minding  to  leave  her  of  all  joys  bereaven, 

With  one  fad  blow  (alas !  can  worfer  fall !) 

Hath  given  this  little  ile  her  funeral],  v 

*  O  come  ye  blefled  Impes.of  memorie, 
Ered  a  newe  Pamaifus  on  his  grave  1 
There  tune  your  voyces  to  an  elegie, 
The  faddeft  noate  that  ere  ApoIIb  gave* 
Let  every  accent  make  the  ftander  by 

Keepe  time  unto  your  fong  with  dropping  tearei^ 
Till  drops  that  fell 
Hare  made  a  well 
To  fwallow  him  which  ftill  unmoved  heares  1 
And  though  myfelf  prove  fenceiefle  of  your  cry. 
Yet  gliKily  mould  my  light  of  life  grow  dim^ 
To  be  intomb'd  in  taares  are  wept  ?or  him. 

*  When  lift  he  fick'ned,  then  we  firfl  began 
To  tread  the  laborinth  of  woe  about : 
And  by  degrees  we  further  inward  ran. 
Having  hit  thtead  of  life  to  gqUe  us  Qut« 
But  Itettinie  jio  fooner  faw  us  enter 

Sad  Sorroi0«'s  maze*  immured  up  in  a^ht. 
Where  nothing  dwells  • 
But  cryes  and  yels 
.  Throwne  from  the  hearts  of  mes  depriv*d  of  ligfati 
When  we  weit  almoft  come  in&  the  center. 
Fate  (cruelly)  to  harre  onr  joyes  retornbg. 
Cut  cjf  our  thready  and  left  ui  all  in  nOorning,' 

5  TVve 


53©  MoNttiLY  Catalogue,  Political^  t^c. 

The  life  of  this  Author,  compiled  by  the  prefent  Editor,  is 
{o  very  flight  a  fketch  as  fcarcely  merits  the  title  whicU  he  hu 
given  to  it  \  but,  we  fuppofe,  the  materials  for  a  fuller  sfccount 
were  not  to  be  procured.  The  notes  and  obfervations  on  the 
^  Britannia's  Paftorals*  arc  alfo  few,  and  of  little  importance. 
We  account:  it  highly  meritorious  to  do  juftice  to  negleded 
worth ;  but  we  could  wiih  that  the  taflc  were  always  undertaken 
by  thofe  who  are  fblly  equal  to  the  tafk.  The  public  ar^,  how- 
ever obliged  to  this  Editor  from  refcuing  from  oblivion  the 
works  of  a  real  genius,  to  whofe  memory  time  has  by  no  means 
done  juflice. 

MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For     MAY,      1772. 

Political. 

Art.  10.  Remarks  oh  Dr^Prlces  Obfervations  on  Reverji9narf  PePf^ 
ments,  i^cm  particularly  on  the  National  Debt,  and  bis  propofed 
Method  for  difcharging  the  fame.  In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend  of  the 
Doctor's.     8vo.     i  s.  0  d.     Lowndes. 

AF  TER  fomc  preliminary  compliments,  and  loofe  obfervations  of 
no  great  importance,  the  Author  of  thefe  Remarks,  wtiich  are 
offered  with  refpe^  and  decency,  darts  an  objection  to  the  pradlica- 
bility  of  the  fcbeme  propofed  by  /)r.  P.  for  finking  the  national  debt. 
He  thinks  it  impofTible  for  us  to  appropriate  the  necefTary  fum  to  that 
purpofe  ;  and  that  we  are  much  in  the  condition  of  the  good*woman 
*'  who  had  got  an  excellent  receipt  for  making  puddings,  but  was 
entirely  deflitute  of  the  neceflary  materials.  She  had  neither  floor, 
fuet,  butter,  milk,  plums,  nor  eggs  :  a  mod  melancholy  fituation  where 
pndding  was  the  thing  deiired.  The  Doflor  has  chalked  out  an  in- 
fallible red/e  for  paying  the  national  debt ;  but,  moA  unfortunately 
for  us,  the  ejlentiat  ingredient  is  grown  fo  fcarce,  that  little  can 
be  fpsLTcd  for  the  ^eCned  purpofe."  The  debt,  he  fays,  has  accu- 
mulated, at  an  average,  at  the  rate  of  two  millions  fir  annum ;  and 
he  fuppofcs  that  eight  millions /<r  annum  mud  be  provided  in  ofder 
to  pay  the  in  tereft  of  the  debt,  to  allow  a  million  towards  reducing 
it,  and  to  provide  for  current  expences.  He  then  appeals,  r/ijth 
concern,  to  all  the  world,  and  afks  if  there  is  room  for  fo  n^uch  as 
a  poiTible  hope  that  it  fhould  ever  be  annihilated  ?  But  we  are  willing 
to  believe  that  our  fituation,  though  bad,  is  not  fo  defperate. 

But  the  Remarker*s  main  force  is  levelled  againil  an  incidental 
obfervation  of  Dr.  P.'s,  in  his  chapter  on  the  national  debt ;  in 
which  he  remarks,  that  the  reduAion  of  intereft  is  of  no  gr^t  im- 
portance to  a  ftate,  when  the  debts  are  in  a  regular  courfe  6f  pay- 
ment;  and  that  fuch  redu^Hon  may,  in  many  cafe;,  be  a  real  in- 
jury. This  u  a  jnoj^  qbvious  and  undoubted  truth.  And  we  would 
only  obferve  upon  it,  that  the  quellion  is  not.  Whether  thq.  redac- 
tion of  intcreil  may  not,  in  fome  cafes,  be  a  benefit  to  a  ftate?  The 
queilion  is  not,- Whether  a  certain^fund,  aided  by  the' .intercfls  ari- 
ing  from  fuch  r^duftioit,  wouWLnot  operate  with  'gfttifcr  efficacy  in 

\hft 


Ma^TftLY  t  AViaS>duE,  Pdititfl^  yc% 


Sir 


ffie  Jllc^ar^e  of  Jcbts'than  ibc  fojid  itfelf  could  do  f  Bot  tlic  ^ucllion 

I  plainly  this*  Whcrhef  a  certain  ftind,  admiidng  of  no  increafe  or 
ttinaoon,  ty ill  not  foor/f r  dhchargc  a  debr  ar  a  higher  than  at  i 
kcr  TJkie  of  intercft  ;  and  uchcfhcrany^  rctluflido  th^c  would  chcct 
opcrati&n  might  not  pro\t*  exceedingly  dttrimental  to  a  linking 
Ic  *  And  the  author  of  the  Ohjlr^vatihm  h.is  made  no  Tsx'j^tfy  of 
\  anfWcT.  "  A11  thai  the  Rcmarker  has  faid  may  be  true  or  hlfe, 
t  cannot  afte^t  Dr.  P,*s  genera)  poruioo.  We  hope  we  do  not 
mi  flak  e«  nor  xpirreprefent,  hfi  meaning.  He  ex  pre  hi  y  fays,  iharj 
by  redaftinn  of  intcrelt,  the  yrrjknt  burdens*  of  the  /late  wouli 
be  lightened  by  protrafling  thtm  ;  **i*l  ^^^  rcdudion  would  fupply 
more  money  for  bad  management.  The  caft  pf  a  private  creditor, 
which  the  Author  of  the  Rcaiarks  has  adduced,  is»  we  apprehend, 
~*~[no  means  parallel.  He  concludes  with  feveral  obfcrvations  which 
"ervc  attentfon,  on  the  milchiefs  arifing  from  pirbHc  and  private 
i6> ;  ihoogb  fome  may  think  he  has  rather  exaggerated  the  evils 
ending  it.  In  the  Appendix,  he  propofcs  a  plan  for  c (lab limbing 
£ro\  tual  incrcafe  and  fecurity  for  the   ceruia 

un:  .  porterity*     The  foCjety  is  to  conflft  of  20 

ibcrs,  who  ^t<^  to  be  admitted  on  very  eafy  conditions ;  and  each 
[the  rcpreftfntatives,   900  j' cars  hence,  will  be  entitled  to  a  Qi arc 
iFtrf  hundred  mtUtQtts,     It  WOO  Id  be  ao  amufing  employment  for 
pie  that  are  fond  of /<3Va/difquiiitions,  ro  calcohtc  the  prcfent  va- 
of  an  cxpcdtaiion  to  be  realized  at  the  dillance  t>f  ao  or  30  ge- 
sitions.  '   ,         ' 

H.  li.  The  Chalknge\\^^^  Pntthiifm  put  to  ihiTcjL  In  a 
^citer  fo""  V  ^'^  ,  Dr.  Pnte»  tccaTiCred  by  hu  late  Publications 
on  the  N  -bt ;  id  v^hich  a  iupeiior  Method  to  the  link- 

ing Fund  tor  the  above  Kurpofe  is  fully  dcmonilrated,  and  rccom? 
.iTiended  to  the  Confideraiion  of  the  f*ubJic.     By  Jof.  Wimpcy, 
^Uvb.     1  s,  6d,     Lovt'nde  . 

^H^he  nature  of  our  work,  and  the  limif«  d^^jncd  Us,  wUI  not  ad- 

^Hofoitr  entering  ijico  a  paniciilar  examination  of  the  otjedions 

^Bcd  in  this  pamphlet  againJt  trie  principles  and  je^ifuiing  Ci  ntaincd 

^Khe  Apptal  io  the  ^uhlU^     We  muii  therefore  refer  thcfe  \\  ho  are 

^BroUik  of  faHsfadioq  on   thj<  hrni  td  the  fecond  edittoh  cf  this  e:;- 

ciHent  treatifc,  lately   p  jI  in   whkh  the  author    h^i  taken 

grtet  paios  to  obviate  ev.  Ity  to  which  his  fchcihc  is  liable; 

But  we  can  not  d  if 01  i  U  ih  i  s  .1 :  l  :  c  J  c  wi  t  ho  ul  a'  ifr 6rd '  or  *  tw  0  w'l  th  Mr. 

J^—y- 

■pfaving  utterly  demotifhed  X>t.  P.'s  plan  for  relieving  the  pubHc 
^Uer  the  burden  of  their  tjebi,  and  triumphing  in  the  ccrtninty  of 
^Bory,  this  Author  propolc^  a  fCheme  of  his  oWn,  which  he  wiihes 
^^fubnitute  in  the  r'---  '  '^  that  already  dcmolillied,  and  with  no 
ImaJl  degree  of  confi  .  p^^ls  to  every  impartial  man  if  it  it 

not  ifijixiufy  prcferabic  in  puirit  of  eafe,  and  csrfatM/j  more  ef^ 
fedual,  for  very  obvious  reafons/  But  why  fo  pofitive  i*  Why  not 
toridcfcendy  Sir  !  to  mention  fome  of  thcfc  reafons,  fo  obvious  to 
Jourfclf^  that  yoqr  readers  m:ght  be  fktisficd  like  wife  ?  *  You  *  think, 

•  The  Challenger  ad dre{rcs  thefe  words  to  Dr.  Price,  p.  t8.  We 
ha^^  copied  rhem  with  the  alteration  only  of  Sitvkiw^^a^v^  ^*  \j^ 
4sur /msJ,''  - 


TSf^tte  operaiion  of ymsr  fttnd  \%  fa  dear  at}d  ccnaini  that  all  '  *  ' 
cicptanation  is  uaDCceflary*  But  all  this  h  upon  certain  C£ 
that  lurk  in  pttfs  The  reader  not  perceiving  thofc  Unm  cotidiuoni, 
attends  to  the  axgumenc  a»  it  (^ands,  and  alien ts  to  the  coticlufion  ti 
ilem on  drably  certain/  You  tell  us,  that  two  niiliions  ^rr  unMu/n^ 
being  the  produce  of  the  Sinking  Fund,  is  to  be  diverted  from  the 
fcrvicc  of  the  public  in  defraying  current  expenccs,  &c,  toward}  the 
difchar^e  of  the  debts,  only  for  three  ^ears;  and  this  •innuity  is  to  be 
employed  fo  as  to  be  iro proved  at  4  fir  cent*  compound  intereil :  at 
the  end  of  this  time  it  will  amount  to  6,243, zcol.  '^*^"  ^^^^  ^^^ 
be  a  fund  to  be  perpetually  improved  at  the  fame  rate.  *  As  rao« 
ney  at  4  per  cent,  compound  intereft,  more  than  doubles  its  vales 
in  \%  years,  we  will  fay  that  the  above  fum  will  be  1  2»48^«4ool*  at 
that  rime  ;  and  by  continuing  to  double  the  fum  every  \%  years  for 
90  years,  in  that  time  the  above  fum  will  accumulate  nearlv  tc 
200  millions,  which  would  pav  off  the  whole  amount  of  the  tiationtt 
debt,  and  leave  nearly  60  millions  in  bank.'  Vou  proceed  to  io- 
form  us  '  that  this  great  bufinefs,  which  has  been  thought  impoiEUf 
to  be  cf!e^cd»  may,  by  this  inethodi  not  only  be  eflfieded  with  etfc» 
but  without  even  taking  a  penny  from  the  people,  after  the  two 
millions  per  annum  for  the  firil  three  years,  fumimcd  by  the  Sinking 
Fund,  and  further  leaving  the  produce  of  the  Sinking  Fund  to  be 
annually  applied  towards  the  current  fcrvicc  :  a  circumilancc  of  jin* 
xnenfe  utility  to  the  people,  and  what  is  i  nil  tied  on  by  the  Do^or» 
cannot  be  alienated  but  at  the  expence  of  our  exiiVcnce  as  a  nation*' 
If  thefe  principles  be  juft,  ani  Mr.  W.  oin  pay  the  debt  ^ivi/hsui 
ttUinga  penny/rom  iht  people  after  the  firft  fix  millions,  we  need  not 
wonder  that  he  Jhould  declaim  as  he  does  :  '  I  would  not  take  upoa 
me  to  defend,  either  the  humanity  or  juftice,  of  laying  the  whole 
burden  of  difcharging  ihc  «f«//flW  <(V^/  on  the  prefeni  gencratior- 
But  IViOuld  any  one  fo  far  fel  his  heart  upon  it,  as  to  fee  the  mxk^ 
rics  and  hear  the  groaoa.  our  heavy  burdens  occafion  in  many  fa- 
milies, unmoved,  he  mull  certainty  have  extinguiihed  the  fine,  ten- 
der, but  forcible  feelings  of  humanity,  which  it  is  natural  for  pi- 
rental  afieflion  to  infpire,  to  make  room  for  a  rigid  virtue  of  a  ^Jf 
romantic  calL  A  taflt  as  difficult  as  to  difplace  and  tear  away  fke 
whole  arterial  or  vafcular  fydem ;  and,  I  am  afraid,  would  be  ap- 
proaching too  near  a  robbery  committed  on  our  immediate  oifsprit^gi 
whom  nature,  reafon,  and  juilice,  have  made  it  our  indifpcnf^blt 
4fufy  to  provide  for  and  fupport,  in  order  to  be  generous  to  thole  who 
do  not,  and  perhaps  never  may,  exift/  But  our  Author  forgets  thut, 
on  his  own  principles,  two  millions  pet  annum  mull  be  borrowed  t^ 
fupply  the  deficiencies  for  public  fcrvicc  during  the  three  years  ap- 
propriation of  the  Sinking  Fund  to  hii  benevolent  and  ufeful  pur< 
pofe  ;  "and  that  money  mulllikcwife  be  borrowed  to  pay  the  intere^ 
offuch  loans;  and  that,  at  the  expiration  of  three  years,  the  turn 
borrowed  will  be  equal  to  the  amonnt  of  his  annuity,  or  6,243»tooL 
and  that  this  will  be  a  fund,  which,  by  his  method  of  reaibning, 
will  increafc  as  fa  A  againfl  the  public  as  it  is  fuppofed,  on  his  plan, 
to  increafe  in  their  /a*vcur,     '  The  only  J^uni   of  fupply  *  is  the 

»  furfi  of  the  people ;  when  that  is  drained,  good  bye  to  all  fumii^ 
call  the m  by  what  na^meyou  pleafe.  Their  in£nite  difercncc  and 
cujuipotcnt  powers  immedV^^U^Y  \^ia^*    Ou  \\iA&  ^W^  ^Wt  becooci 


I 
i 


Monthly  CAXAtoQat,''P«ituealf  Ufe, 


521 


l!l'  the  hijtnine  poVicy  of  our  Author  for  fencing  pofteriiy  wtthoul 
burdening  the  prcicnt  generation  f  But  if  this  large  annual  fam  is  tof 
be  mikdoy  an  extraordinary  effort*  or  by  a  tax  of  two  miUions  for 
ihfce  years,  fcch  a  meafure  fccms  direflly  contrary  to  tfcc  Author's 
rcafgning  on  the  ilate  of  the  nation  and  to  all  his  generous  feelings  for 
the  pre  fen  t  generation.  On  this  fuppofition  '  the  whole  burden  of 
di^harging  the  natiemal debt  would  be  laid  on  the  prefenc  generation/ 
without  deriving  any  aflillance  at  all  from  pollerity.  And  we  can^ 
not  take  upon  us '  to  defend^  either  the  humanity  or  juiUce'  of  rucli 
a  metfure. 

We  might  farther  aflc,  in  what  way  this  fum  is  to  be  improved  at 
4.^1^7-  ttmt.  compound  interest,  certainly  and  without  interruption  I 
To  whom  is  the  public  to  give  credit  for  thefe  large  fums  arifing 
from  a  growing  principal  of  6,245,200  1.  ?  On  Dr.  Pfkt\  plan,  iho 
Aoney  appropi  iated  to  the  payment  of  our  debts  is  fo  applied  aj  mt' 
€90krify  to  improve  itfelf* 

Our  Readers  will  perceive  that  we  neither  adopt  the  principles  of 
tbb  Author,  nor  approve  his  reafoning*  We  have  pointed  Mr, 
Wimpcy's  own  artillery  againil  himfelf ;  and,  we  apprehend,  that 
tbe  reverend  author  of  the  Obftr^Qthni^  and  of  the  Appt&l^  is,  in  \%m 
and  honour,  freed  from  ali  obligation  of  accepting  this  ckcdUngt^ 
lincc  hif  adveriary  is  ^,fik  di  ft. 
Art.  12<   An  Injitiry  inls  the  PraUla  and  Ltgality  of  Prefprtg  kj  thi 

JOm^^i  C^mmijien :  Founded  on  a  Confideration  in  15(^  to  fupply 

the  Fleets  and  Armies  of  England.     From  the  earliell  Period  of 

tk«  Engliib  Laws  and  Hiiiory,  to  the  prcfent  Time*   Svo.  is.  6  d. 

Almon.     1772- 

Thls  performance  is  replete  wich  good  lenfe,  and  curious  re- 
learchet*  The  following  par  tic  u  Ian,  in  relation  to  the  nature  and 
crigiii  of  the  a£l  of  preijing,  arc  highly  worthy  of  attention.  *  fn 
eajTy  times,  hy%  this  Writer,  Lord  Coke  tells  us  that  when  th^ 
King  was  to  be  ferved  with  foldiers  for  hit' wars,  a  knight  or  efquire 
of^be  country  that  had  revenues,  farmers,  and  tenants,  covenanted 
with  the  King  to  ferve  him  in  his  war  for  fuch  a  time  with  fucb  a 
fioober  of  men :  and  the  foldiers  made  their  covenant  with  their 
leaier^  or  mailers,  and  then  they  were  mudered  by  the  Ktng*s  com- 
mi&oners*  hf  the  5th  of  Richard  the  Second,  c.  ii.  thefe  contrail 
mre  to  be  enrolled  in  the  Exchequer.  On  entering  into  thefe  con* 
trads  an  advance  of  a  certain  fum  was  made  from  the  Exdiequer  to 
the  contra^ors :  this  money  was  called  (and  ftill  is  called  in  other 
coAtraf^s}  Prell,  or  Impreft  Money  ;  from  the  French  word  freft^ 
ready,  fay  Chambers  and  Jacob ;  from  the  Latin  word  prajfi fum ^  en- 
gaged* fays  Sir  Matthew  Hale.  Be  the  etymology  what  it  may,  the 
meaning  of  prefl  or  impreft-money  is  money  advanced  to  a  perfoa 
oat  of*  the  Exchequer,  in  confideration  of  which  he  engages  to  be 
ready  to  perform  fomc  contrad  or  fcrvice.  The  auditors  of  the  im- 
prest are  othcers  in  the  Exchequer  who  make  up  account  of  naval 
and  miJitary  expences,  and  of  all  monies  impreded  to  any  man  for 
the  King*!  fcrvice.  As  the  captains  were  engaged  to  the  Exchequer, 
the  foldiers  were  engaged  to  the  captains,  who  en  lifted  volunteers  by 
giving  them  earne4l  or  prcft-money*  as  it  is  called  in  the  old  itatutcs» 


-  May  17 


72* 


¥£ 


XXi^ 


33+  Monthly  Catalogue,  Political,  £^ri 

and  thcfe  men  fo  ixnpred  or  engaged  were  maftered  by  the^og^ 
cominiOioaers. 

*  When  Teamen  were  wanteJ,  the  King  iiTued  a  commiiBcmfer 
imprefling  fexmcn  for  x\vt  navy,  that  U  iot  engaging  them  by  picA* 
money  to  enter  into  the  fcrvice.  By  virtue,  of  this  coBuniffioa  die 
Lord  High  Admiral  ifFued  warrants,  to  the  Vice-admirals  of  theie- 
veral  counties,  Jie.  direding  them  to  raife  a  certain  number  of  ineik> 
ibr  his  Majeily's  fleet.  The  form  of  thefe  ancient  warrants,  for 
raiiing  voJuntcbr  Teamen  Tubfids  in  part  to  this  day  in  the  modem 
prefs-warrant,  whicn  dircds  that  prclUmoney  (and  Hill  more  in  the 
warrants  idUc-d  To  lately  as  in  Charles  the  Second's  reign  which  diicA 
that  condud' money  too)  fhall  be  given  to  the  men  imprefTed.  If 
we  underlland  impre/s^  prtfs,  and  pn/s  or  prrft-mouty  in  the  original 
Tignification  of  the  words,  and  as  they  are  underftood  at  this  day  ift 
the  Exchequer,  warrants  Tor  preiTing  are  warrants  for  laiiing  vcNan- 
teers,  and  not  by  compuITion  :  and  the  (hilling  preft-money  in  the 
preTent  warrants,  and  the  conductmoney  in  thoTe  of  the  Duke  of 
York,  direded  to  be  given*  to  men  impreflfed  plainly  imply  this,  and 
are  abfurd,  if  they  are  underilood  to  be  warrants  for  forcing  men 
into  the  Tervicc.  TheTe  words  in  the  warrants,  were  never  meant  to 
authorize  the  violence  row  pra^lifcd  by  their  authority  ;  but  that 
violence  being  ellablidicd  by  the  abufc  of  the  w;:rrants  altered  tba 
common  acceptation  of  the  words.  Prefl-money,  wherever  it  ocaui 
in  our  old  llatutcs,  in  the  old  Exchequer  accounts,  and  even  in  ill 
Lord  Coke's  writings,  invariably  means  earacll- money  given  to 
Tailors,  or  £:ldiers,  or  contradors  for  the  King's  fervice,  after  fohfi- 
dies  v.'crc  gn.ntcd  in  the  (lead  of  knight-Tervice,  and  our  Kings  with 
the  money  u.'ed  a  new  method  of  forming  their  armies,  and  mao- 
ning  their  f:ce:f,  by  raifing  volunteers  retained  by  prell  or  eamefi* 
money  to  Terve.* 

.  The  Author  goes  on  to  obTerve,  *  How  it  came  to  pais  that  tbe 
King's  comminiom:rs  Tor  prefling,  that  is,  retaining  men  by  prefl- 
money  (houid  abuTc  their  warrants  fo  far  as  to  force  men  into  ihe  ftr^ 
vice,  can  only  be  conjedured.  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VUX.  a  ieveio 
law  was  palled  againil  warrants.  By  the  39  Eliz.  c.  17.  ii  appears 
that  the  mod  troublcTome  vagrants  at  that  time  of  day  were.flif* 
banded  foldiers,  and  feamcn  out  of  fervice,  wandering  abroadi  k 
is  therefore  not  unlikely  that  after  the  law  againil  vagrants  ia  At 
reien  of  Henry  the  Eighth  took  place,  whenever  a  commiflicw  ti 
raiung  feamen  or  ibldiers  was  iflued,  thofe  to  whom  the  warraali 
were  dircded,  wherever  they  found  a  wandering  Tailor  or  ToMkr* 
either  laid  hold  en  him  of  their  authority,  which  was  connived  at^ 
as  removing  a  nuiTance,  or 'received  him  from  the  magidrates  as  a 
vagrant;  the  man  himTclf  perhaps  choofing  rather  to  enlill  againft 
his  inclination  than  to  Tuffer  the  law  ;  as  we  now  Tee  men  conTeat !» 
ferve  the  India  Company  rather  than  abide  the  conTequenca  of  aa 
indidmcnt.  Thus  id  it  polfible  that  the  oppreflion  of  bad  men,  bf 
perver£on  of  law»  may  have  eHablifhed  a  precedent^  which,  at 
this  day,  is  put  in  force  againil  fome  of  the  mod  ufefiil  and  beftof 
the  King's  lubjcd&.  We  may  be  well  juili£ed  in  conj^ariag  thai 
preflipg  by  force  was  fird  inuoduccd  agaiad  men  AbacudoBs  m  tk 


Monthly  Cataloguk^  PoliticcI^  Eqft  IiJUs.      535 

iaw,  fince  it  is  certain  that  this  violence  was  ufed  againfl  men,  who* 
in  thofc  motley  days  of  liberty,  were  obnoxious  to  the  King.  Read» 
an  Alderman  of  London,  in  the  year  1544*  for  refuilng  to  pay  an  ar- 
bitrary benevolence  afielTed  on  the  city  by  Henry  the  Eighth,  was 
prefTed,  and  fent  for  a  common  foldier  into  Scotland.  This  is  a 
proof  of  the  prafkice  in  its  mod  violent  extent;  but  no  more  prove$ 
a  right  in  the  crown  to  prefs  by  force,  than  it  proves  King  Henry 
had  a  right  to  raife  the  benevolence  without  confent  of  parliament.* 
Thefe  extrads  (how  the  fpirit  and  merit  of  this  Inquiry.  It  is 
worthy  of  the  fcrious  perufal  of  every  Englifhman. 
Art.  13.  A  Plan  for  the  Abol.tion  of  Slavery^  in  the  Wc/l  Indies* 
4to.  2  s.  6d.  Griffin.  1772. 
This  Writer  difplays  a  warm  zeal  for  humanity  and  natural  joA 
tice,  but  his  views  are  viiionary  and  romantic.  His  idea  is,  that 
nations  of  different  complexions  might  be  brought  to  unite;  and  that 
many  advantages  would  rcfult  from  the  connexion  and  the  intermar- 
riages of  blacks  with  whites. 

Art.  14.  Britannia  Libera  \  or,  a  Defence  of  the  free  State  of 
Man  in  England,  againft  the  Claim  of  any  Man  there  as  a  Slave. 
Infcribed  and  fubmitted  to  the  Juri/con/ulii^  and  the  free  People  of 
England.     /|to.     2  s»     Almon.     1772. 
'  'i  he  fpirit  of  liberty  which  this  publication  difplays,  deferves  the 
higheR  commendation  ;  but  its  Author  appears  to  have  more  learn- 
ing than  judgment.     He  has  well  ilored  his  memory  with  fadli  and 
obfervation^  ;  but  we  are  millaken  if  he  is  not  yet  to  learn  how  to 
employ  them  with  the  greatefl  advantage. 

Art.  15.  The  Tyranny  of  tin  Magijlrates  of  Jtrfey^  and  the  En- 
slavement of  the  People,  as  they,  at  this  Time,  exift  in  that  Ifland, 
demonflrated  from  the  Records  of  their  Court.     8vo.     is.  6  d. 
Hooper.     i772» 
•  In  our  Review  for  February  lad,  p.  112,  we  gave  fome  account 
of  Dr.  Shebbeare*s  public  fpirired  Narrative  of  we  Opprcjjions  of  the 
JJtanders  ofJerfey\  to  which  book  the  prefent  trafi  is  a  proper  fup- 
plement.     We  alfo,  in  the  Review  for  March,  p.  2^;^,  mentioned 
^H  Addrefs  to  the  Pri*vy  Council^  on  the  Affairs  of  that  Illand.     Thefe 
tradts  all  concur  to  evince  the  reality  of  thofe  oppreflions  under  which 
the  Jerfey-men  labour,  and  which  will,  furcly,  meet  with  redrcfs 
from  the  wifdom  and  equity  of  a  Britifh  government. 

East -India    Affairs. 

Art.  16.  Letters  to  and  from  the  Eafi-^India  Company* s  Servants^ 
at  Bengal,  Fort  St.  George,  and  Bombay  ;  relative  to  Treaties  and' 
Grants  from  the  Country  Powers,  from  1756  to  1766,  both  inclu- 
five  :  Alfo  a  Letter  from  the  Nabob  of  Arcot  to  the  Company,  and 
the  Company's  Anfwer :  With  an  Appendix,  confitting  of  four 
Papers  relative  to  the  Company's  late  Bargain  with  Government. 
4to.  3  s.  Almon,  &c.  1772. 
Thefe  authentic  papers  arc  a  proper  fapplcment  to  Mr.  Bolts*« 

very  material  publicacioo,  of  which  an  account  was  given  in  ourRe- 

vieiv  for  March ;  and  (being  printed  in  the  fame  fizc)  may  be  bound 

up  with  it. 

•  P  f  2  K\V* 


536         Monthly  Catalogue,  Mathimaticatj  EgTr- 

Art.  XT.  A  Letter  to  the  Right  Hen.  Lord  Norths  on  tin  Eaft  TmSi 
Bill  nonv  dipituling  in  FarUamtnt.  £vo.  1 6*  Almoiw  1 773* 
There  are  ftridlures  and  remarks  in  this  perfbraunce,  which  Movt 
the  confideration  of  the  noble  perfon  to  whom  they  are  addrefibd* 
The  inilitution»  in  particular,  of  a  rcfident  mioiftcr  at  Cakatta, 
here  fuggefted,  feems  a  very  neceffary  addition  to  the  rejgnlatiMs 
propofed  ibr  the  re-€itabli(hment  of  order  and  grandeur  in  Bengilf 
and  ita  provinces. 

Mathematics,  Gboorafbt,  &c. 
Art.  iS|»  jt  Synopfis  of  pr apical  Maihematies\  coDtainiag  plaio 
Trigonometry,  Menforation  nf  Heights,  Diftances,  Ssrfaces,  and 
Solids;  Surveying  of  Land,  Gauging,  Navigation,  and  Gannerj. 
with  Tables  of  the  Logarithms  of  Nan^rs,  and  of  Sinci  and 
Tangents.  By  Alexander  Ewing.  i2mo.  ^s  boimd.  £4inbargb 
printed,  and  fold  in  London  by  Cadeil. 

A  jodicious  coliedion  of  rules  and  cxampks  belonging  to  the  Mk 
jedts  fpecified  in  the  title-page,  and  uieful  to  thole  who  need  iht 
ffa&ice^  but  who  have  not  time  or  inclination  to  acqnaiBi  thc»- 
lelves  with  the  theory^  of  mathematics^ 

Art.  19.  Thi  Atlantic  PHot.  8  s.  Printed  for  tbe  Author. 
Sold  by  Lcacroft.  17  yt. 
This  little  treatife,  with  the  three  charts  which  accompany  it,  is 
tery  properly  intitled  the  Atlafttie  Pihi,  and  camot  haX  to  beof  ife 
to  thofe  who  traverfe  the  Weftern  Ocean ;  that  part  of  it  e ijpeciaU^ 
t^'hich  lies  towards  the  '  New  Bahama  Channel,  and'  the  mouth  dF 
the  Gulph  of  Mexico,  oppofite  the  ifland  of  Cuba,  on  the  Marticrr 
reeky  reefs  and  fand- banks,'  where  the  navigation  is  paFticalarly 
dangerous.  The  Author  (Mr.  Gerard  deBrahm,  his  Majefty'sStr- 
▼eyor-general  of  the  fouthern  diliri4it  of  North  Amorica)  reorivcd 
orders,  in  1764,  for  making  difcoveiies  with  regard  to  thofe  iieas, 
and  for  carrying  on  a  regdla!^  furvey  of  the  countries. to  which  tkey 
let  bounds ;  and  h<r-^alb§  to  have  cxecvted  his  commifioB  with  gmr 
fidelity,  accuracy,  una  diligence^ 

The  Atlantic  Pilot  is  particularly  calcrsUted  '  for  tbe  fafer  con- 
du£t  of  fhips  in  their  navigation  from  the  Gulph  of  Mexico  aloof 
Cuba  and  the  Martieres,  through  the  New  Bahama  Chaooel  to  die 
Aonhern  part  of  his  Majeiiy's  domitiioits  upon  the  contineot  of  Noith 
America,  and  from  thence  to  Europe,'  It  contaias  feeeral  fiirpifs 
and  obfervations,  not  altogether  uniaterefting  to  the  natural  hiflD* 
r^ani  but  peculiarly  important  to  the  feamfin,  with  refpedb  to  theft 
coails  and  tra£b  of  country,  which  were  the  immediate  obj|edaof  tiie 
Author's  commiflioB. 

One  of  thefe  charts  is  of  the  ancient  Tegefta,  now  called  the  pro» 
montory  of  EaU  hlorida.  There  is  another  chart  of  the  Sottth-ewi 
of  Eail  Florida  and  Marticrs.  The  third  is  an  hydrographical  mtP 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  extending  from  the  fouthermoft  part  of  Nona 
America  to  Europe ;  (hewing  the  different  variations  of  the  eotnpa6» 
tbe  fetting  and  changes  of  the  carrenu  in  the  Ocean,  Ace  l^^Ao- 
thor  has  annexed  to  this  fmall  treatife  a  table  of  loxodromy  aind  ob- 
fervations, from  which  the  lafl  of  thefe  maps  is  laid  down ;  tO£;ether 
vith  another  table,  (hewing  the  feveral  variatioos  of  the  comjw& 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoetlcoU  537 

from  81®  W.  long,  from  London,  and  26^  50' N.  lat.  to  I2«>  30' 
long,  and  49*'  40'  lat. 

Poetical. 
Art.  20.    JIbjkso  ;    ar,    the  ytuthjful  Solitaire.     A  Talc.      410. 
IS.  6d.     Robfon,  &C.     1772. 
An  indifiVrent  verfification  of  an  unaffefting  ftory,  takrn  front  Gil 
BUs;  with  fome   vartatioDs.     Simplicity  is  become  the  ^on  ton  iu 
|K»etry ;  and  here  we  have  Simplicity  Simplified. 
Art.  21*    Two  OJtts'y  to  Fortitude,  and  an  Eafy  Chair.     4to. 
I  8.     Folingfby. 
One  or  two  pieces  having,  within  a  few  years  pad,  appeared  in 
Braife  'of  Indifference,  the  A-uthor  of  thefe  Odes,  in  difdain  of  fo 
Merc  and  uielefs  a  principle,  has  attacked  it  both  ferionfly  and  ludi- 
croufly,  and  not  without  fuccefs,  as  a  member  of  fociety,  an«l  as  a 
'  Ibn  nf  riie  Mufes* 

In  ]ii«  «de  to  Fortitude  he  demands^ 

*  What  islNniFFFRENCE  ?  FcarorHate? 
Or  Pride,  afiefting  to  be  wife  ? 

Or  Indolence  ?  or  Scorn  elate, 

That^aims  above  the  world  to  rifef 

*  No  fympafihy  of  joys  or  grief 
Can  her  cold  (eHiih  (pirii  know  ; 

.     .      No  balm  to  Mifery'*  relief 

She  brings,  untaught  the  friendly  woe. 

*  Ind'^fbrfncf,  cool,  and  neutral  dill 
To  Virtue's  caofe,  can  juftly  crave 

No  real  boon  i  but  does  no  ill. 
And  hopes  to  perifh  in  the  grave ! 

'  Cars*d  be  the  thought  f— *to  nohlev  views 

Awal^e  my  foul,  ambitious  rife,. 
To  covet  gifts  divine !  to  choofe. 

And  flrive  to  gain,  the  riched  prize  !' 

'^Hi»odc  10  ae  EnJ^'Cimir^  he  ityles  et  comtrafi  to  ibe  foregoh^.  It 
•hat  hflflnour,  and  is  a  good  barlefique  of  the  '  Prayer  for  Indifference. * 
Art.  2Z.  Original  Poems  on  various  SuLjeQs^  By  a  young  Lady 
ofeigbti^n  Yearsof  Age.  410.  5  s.  fewed.  Cadell,  &c. 
In  die  firft  of  thefe  little  mifcellaneous  poems,  which  (ttm%  to 
fand  as  xnfroduAory  to  the  xeft,  this  Authorefs  of  eighteen  makes  the 
following  declaration  ;  viz. 

* if  thefe  trifles  (hould  in^fpire 

The  wife  reproof,  or  critic's  ire  ; 
VW  drop  my  pen,  without  difmay, 
ForUd  the  vcHc,  forget  the  lay ; 
And  thinip  Vm  wifer  oy  reftraint. 
Than  if  I  Qoold  all  Nature  paint.' 

Thefe  trifles  may,  Indeed,  deferve  the  *  reproof  of  Wifdom ;'  but, 
wMi  every  ^towaoce  4or  the  Juvenilitj,  and  all  onr  partiality  for  the 
fite,  -of  the  Wiiter,  we  cannot  think  them  of  impottance  eao^s^xc^ 
aierit  the  *  critic's  ire.*   We  hope,-  therefore,  twU  -Owe  vwrn^lA^ 

F  f  3  NiWV 


538  Monthly  Catalogue,  PeetUah 

will  prove  her  good  fenfe  by  taking  the  friendly  hint,  and  adhering 
to  her  declared  rcfolution. 

Art.  23.  Conjugal  Lcruc :  An  Elegy.  .  4to.  6d.  Cambridge 
printed,  and  fold  by  Davies,  &c.  in  London.  1772. 
Conjugal  felicity  is  a  fubje«Sl  that  will  natirrally  prcpoflefs  the  miod 
of  every  fober  and  virtuous  Reader  in  favour  of  whatever  is  wrinen 
in  its  praife.  Hence,  were  there,  in  this  little  encomium  on  doneffic 
happinefs,  lefb  merit  than  it  really  contains,  we  might  ftill,  perhaps, 
find  ourfclves  biafed  in  its  favour,  from  the  opinion  we  conceive  of 
the  Writer's  worthy  and  amiable  difpofition.— Abftradcdiy,  however, 
.  from  this  confideration,  our  refpedt  to  Truth  obliges  ot  to  allow 
that  there  is  a  Itiffnefs  *  in  thefe  verfes,  and  a  want  of  originality  id 
point  of  fentimcnt,  which  will  not  permit  us  to  rank  them  with  tie 
works  of  our  bed  poets.  It  is  not  equal  to  Gilbert  Cooper's  Wtm- 
freda^  which  the  Author  fcems  to  have  hnd  in  view,  and  from  whi<i 
he  appears  to  have  borrowed  the  pretty  thought  expreiTed  in  the  fol- 
lowing ftanza,  which  turns  on  the  pleafure  we  receive  in  age,  from 
the  refledlion  that  our  youth  will  be  renewed  in  our  growing  pola- 
rity : 

*  Then,  in  my  boys,  fome  lovely  maid.  Til  woo, 

Whofe  virtues,  and  whofe  form,  refemblc  thine  ; 
While,  in  your  girls,  fliall  pay  his  court  to  you. 
Some  honell  youth,  whofe  bofom  throbs  like  mine.* 

Cooper  has  more  happily  expreflcd  the  fame  pleafing  idea,  in  fewer 
words : 

**  And  when  with  envy  Time  transported. 

Shall  think  to  rob  us  of  our  joys; 
TouUl  in  ycur  girls  a^ain  bt  courttd^ 
And  1 II  go  tvooittg  in  my  boys^^ 

Several  other  ilantas  -ara  olfo  built  on  Mr.  Cooper's  fbundatioo. 

Art.  24.  The  Senators;  or,  a  candid  Examination  inp  theNfe- 
rits   of  the  principal  Performers  of  St.  Stephen's  Chapel.    4:0. 
2S.  6d.     Kearfly.     1772. 
Virulent  abufc,  in  wretched  rhymes,  poured  out  upon  fbme  of  the 

moil  diftinguifhed  perfons  in  the  prcfent  Houfe  of  C  s;  with 

exceptions  in  favour  of  a  few  leading  men  in  the  oppofition. 

Art.  25.  EJays  on  Sor^g-writing :  With  a  CollcAion  of  fuch 
Englidi  Sonj^s  as  are  moil  eminent  for  poetical  Merit.  To  which 
are  added 9  tome  original  Pieces.    Svo.    3  s.  6d.  fewed.    Johnfoo. 

1772. 

We  have  perufed  thefe  Eflays  with  fmgular  pleafure.  ■  The  Author 
has  treated  the  fubjcd  of  fong  writing  like  a  true  critic,  and  a  man 
of  tafte  :  he  thinks  judly,  and  he  writes  elegantly. 

*  This  appearance  of  (liffnefs,  which,  indeed,  A^ems  rather  to  af- 
fed  the  eye  than  the  ear,  may  poffibly  arife,  in  (bme  ineafure,  from 
the  fuperabundance  of  commas,  of  which  the  Author  feems  (o  be 
extremely  fond.  The  too  freauent  ufe  of  this  pundum  ferves  boly 
to  interrupt  the  natural  flow  ot  the  numbers  5  and  is  a  fault  which 
Oa^  be  auledy^anmcria^  on  fa^tr^   . 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Poedcci^  Novels.  539 

"He  confiders  his  fobjefl  uiider  the  following  diftind  bead^  :— :I.  Of 
ioDg-writing  in  general.  11.  On  ballads  and  pafloral  fongs.  UI.  Paf- 
fioBsce  and  defcnptive  fbngs.     IV*  ingenious  and  witty  fongs. 

On  each  of  thefe  heads  his  remarks  are  pertinent,  ingenious,  and 
entertaining.  In  his  choice  of  our  tlngliih  fongs,  of  which  this  vQr 
iiune  contains  about  130  (and  which  he  has  da^d  in  the  fame  man- 
ner  with  the  effays,  each  of  the  difcouries  (landing  as  an  introdudlion 
t»  the  poetical  clafs  which  follows  it)  he  has  been  fcrupulous  to  in- 
£tTt  none  but  fuch  pieces  aa  deferved  the  honour  of  fele£tion,  both 
£nom  the  merit  of  the  poetry,  and  the  purity  and  chadity  of  the  fen- 
ciments  they  contain  :  and  in  his  choice  he  has  very  laudably 
guarded  againl^  *  offending  that  charming  delicacy  of  the  fex,  which 
cverv  roan  mull  admire,  and  ought  to  refpcd.* 
■  He  does  not  pretend  to  *  have  culled  every  valuable  ,produ£lioa  • 
which  tkis  bsanch  of  poetry  affords.  For,  as  he  rightly  obferves, 
difference  of  tafle  will  always  prevent  uniformity  of  judgment,  even 
where  the  faculties  of  judging  are  equal ;'  and  therefore,  he  adds,  *  I 
iiave  been  much  lefs  folicitous  to  give  a  colieflion  to  which  nothing  could 
bemdded,  than  one  from  which  nothing  could  reafonably  be  reje^ed/ 
We  will  venture,  however,  to  recommend  one  piece  to  his  notice,  ia 
<are  of  a  fecond  edition,  to  which  the  merit  of  this  compilation  will' 
certainly  conduct  it,  viz,  that  beautiful  compound  of  wit,  fentiment, 
9Dd  pamon — '*  Sweet  are  the  charms  of  her  I  love,"  &c.  which  we 
iiave  heard  afcribed  to  the  celebrated  Barton  Booth. 

We  ihall  pcHntoqt  thejclafs  of  Readers  for  which  tlils  publication 
is  calculated,  in  the  words  of  the  ingenious  Compiler's  preface  :-— 
"•  The  foft  warbler,  fays  he,  who  fills  up  a  vacancy  of  thought  with  a 
tune,  in  which  the  fucceflion  of  words  gives  no  idea  but  that  of  a 
faccefllon  of  founds,  will  here  be  much  difappointed  in  meeting  with 
the  names  of  Prior,  Congreve,  and  Landfdown,  inilcad  of  Arne; 
Srent,  and  Tend^icci.  The  midnight  roarer  of  coarfe  jell,  and  ob- 
ibenity,  will  be  flill  farther  out  of  his  element.  But  to  thofe  who  are 
enamoured  with  that  (acred  art  which,  beyond  every  other,  elevates 
and  refines  the  foul,  to  whom  the  fprightly  lyre  of  Horace  and  Ana- 
creon,  and  the  melting  mufic  of  Sappho  flill  found,  though  ages 
have  pafled  fince  they  vibrated  on  the  ear,  I  will  venture  to  promife 
a  {barce  of  enjoyment,  from  the  works  of  thofe  great  maders  whofe 
flames  adorn  thi$  colledion;  which  I  hope  they  wifl  not  think  too 
dearly  purchafed  by  the  perufal  of  fuch  introduflory  .matter  as  is  fab* 
jnitted  to  their  candid  examination.' 

The  original  pieces  added  to  this  colleflion,  ate  in  no  refpeft  niL- 
worthy  the  good  company  into  which  they  are  introduced. 

Novels. 
Art,  a6.    The  Uneqtwl  Alliance  5    «r,  the  Hijlory  of  Lord  AjbforJ. 

i2mo.     2  Vols.     9s.  fewed.     Noble. 

.    This  prodndion  it  replete. with  romantic  folly,  and  offers  not  one 

circumftance  that  can  recommehd  it  to  attention. 

Art.  27.  The  Indifcreet  Connexion  ;  cr,  the  Hi/lory  of  Mif$  Lefter. 

i2mo.     2  Vols.     5  8.  fewed.     Noble.     1772. 

In  thefe  volumes  the  fair  fex  ^ill  meet  with  fome  of  thofe  lelTons 
i)f  prodcnce^  which  many  of  them  are  too  apt  to  neglcd% 

f  f  4  tixu 


5»o 


MoNthLY  CA^AtOOUe,  LoiV^   MiditMi 


Art.  is.  7hi  TQungir  Brotb&*    A  T*Ie.     i  imo,     2  Vol*,   f  k 
fcwcd.     Ncwbeiry. 
When  we  tonftder  the  imperfedioii  and  dement  of  t!ie  genemtinr 
of  t^c  work*  of  this  cUfi,  wc  cannot  hot  bcilow  <nir  c<i 


tioh  oti  the  pfcfcnt  volumes.     They  are  written  with  a  degrCf  uf 
humour,  and  a  knowledge  of  life,  that  render  them  both  ismsftbg 
snd  agrccabtc. 
Art,  2g.  Thi  Birml^faam  Catmtcrfeit  \  ^r,  liwifibh  Sf^&iawr :  A 

Sentimental  Rt^mance.     urno,     xVob.    6  s.     Bbdon.     1771. 

A  Birmingham  Shilling  recites  at*  travels  and  adventores,  on  the 
hacknicd  and  worn-out  plan  on  which  the  Adventmrtt  vf  m  Gui^ts^^ 
with  a  multitade  of  other  Invifible  Spies,  have  been  ^rUcen. 

Law. 
Art.  30.   TT^i  Jitp  ^^  PraJfke  9/  Imprlfunrnmi    in  ]>fHbQil 

AAions  examined  ;  and  a  Mode  of  Proceedin|r  offered,  reconciling 

the  ancient  and  modern  Prailice,  in  Aid  both  of  Debtnr  uni 
J  Creditor.      By   a  Barriftcr  at  Law.      Svo*      is.  6  6.      Wilkic* 

1772. 

There  arc  here  many  pertinent,  and  Tome  acute  r,^  "  ^ns ;  hat 
the  method  propofed  to  i-elievc  the  harJihrps  compl  ,  appexrf 

not  of  fufficicnt  elficacy.  The  dift jfc  calls  for  a  rtmcdy  of  mort 
powerful  oj)fratii'»n.  OpiACes  will  fornrlh  only  a  temporary  n^L 
The  medicine  to  be  applied,  ought  toivork  a  radkal,  SLud  ^^rpT' 
tual  ctire* 

Art,  3t.  Jtn  htfc^ylfhn  to  (h  Lfiw  relative  t9  Triali  at  Kifi 
^  Ffius.     By  Francii  Bulkr,  Efq;    of  the  Middle  Temple.    410. 

18  s.     Bathurft.      I??"-     ^ 

The  requifucs  for  executing  this  undertaking  were  ooly  laboor 
^nd  diftinftnefsj  and  thcfc  qualities,  the  Author  has  viiry  futty  tu 
erced.  His  work  conftils  of  feven  parts.  The  firft  part,  whkhlie 
divides  into  three  tiooks^  treats  of  thofe  adions  which  may  be  brought 
for  injuric*  aHcfting  the  perfon,  and  which  have  relation  to  pcrfowt 
and  real  property.  The  fecond  enumerates  thofe  aftion*  whldimre 
founded  on  contraOs  and  engagements.  The  aflions  given  hy 
ilatute,  and  the  criminal  profecutions,  which  have  a  reference  10 
civil  rights,  are  explained  in  the"  third  and  fourth  parts.  The  fifth 
examines  into  traverfcs  of  inquifitions  of  ofHcc,  and  prohibitions. 
Evidence  in  general  is  the  objedl  of  the  fixth  ;  and  the  (eventh  ft- 
gards  the  general  matters  relative  to  trials  at  Nifi  Pritis. — This  work 
is,  with  propriety,  dedicated  to  the  prefent  GhaiiccUor»  Esit  is  com* 
piled  from  his  Lordlhip's  papers. 

M  £  D  I  C  A  t« 

Art.  32*   An  E£ay  on  the  Bilious  or  Tell^w  Fever  af  "JmmMmt 

e^lle^ii  fr^m  the  Manufirift  of  a  kft  Smrgtcn.     By  Charles  Blickc. 

J?vo,     js*6d.      Bcckct.      1772- 

Whether  Mr.  Chirles  Bticke»  who,   in  an  advcrtifement  preHxed 

to  this  publication,  and  dated   from  the  Old  Jewry,  gives  a  foine- 

what  circumflantial  account  of  the  Manufiript  from  whitb  kisCoU 

levied,  was  really  fmpofi^  i/pon  by  hisyriV»^,  thefurgcon  deceaftd; 

—or  whether  the  faid  Mr.  Blicke  be  a  literary  Nonentity,  or  rather 
•  -      -  -  -   _    —  J*  -»^  ._^_^,. — _^^_^_^_^ 

•  Sec  Rev.  vol.  xxVu^ 


*in€  of  Uiofc  inoHcafible  bemg$  who  frequent  the  prcfs,  with  ^vitm 
of  raifmg  coniribmions  on  ihe  public  by  oew-vamping  old  mate- 
dyftlf* — our  en<:]uinc4  have  aot  enabled  us  to  deicimioc  Thb,  hoiv- 
€vcr»  is  ceruin,  that  ihc  prtfcnt  cfiay  is  nearly  a  vcrbaJ  tranfcript^ 
ihitii  a  few  alterationa  and  QmiiTionf*  of  one  of  the  crads  canuined 
in  a  collcdion  publifbed  above  20  years  ago,  entitled^  £^fj  es  th^ 
£ili€ut  Fever,  &c,  hy  J»^»  WtUiftrnt  and  Parktr  Btwvet^  pli)iiciaa» 
io  Jamaica  ;  who  had  a  literarj'  controverfy  oit  this  fub^ett,  uhicli 
they  K/iQinated  by  murdering  each  other.  An  zccoant  of  thU 
AoguJar  tranfa^ion,  and  of  the  pj-efent  eCay,  in  m  original  dttU^ 
may  be  ftiund  in  our  yth  volume,  July  1752,  pa^e  71, 

•»*  ^ «  would,  on  this  occafion,  remind  our  friendly  corrcfpoii. 
4(nt«  J»  C*  (whofe  favour^  in  communicating  lo  us  his  drtedlion  of 
chii  fepyblicatioD,  we  acknowledged  in  our  laft  month's  Carrefpoo- 
4encc}  that  this  very  cafe  farnifhes  an  anfwer  in  ^QXixi  nd  hfimitam^ 
CO  Kii  complaint  of  o«»r  too  long  delaying  our  accounts  of  new  pub- 
tications.  He  threw  away  hi:>  money,  it  feems»  by  crutiing  to  the 
gsrlj  account  given  of  um  Eday  by  ibme  Journ dills :  and  noir 
tbe  more  patient  part  of  the  public  may  favc  theirs,  by  having  waited 

!^T  the  jailer^   though  Uttr,  information  given  by  others ;  and  whi^ 
|hcy  were  enabled  to  give,  in  confci^uencc  of  that  very  delay* 
MiSCEtLANEOUi* 
Art*  33.  n)e  ^fr'um  Tra^t  f^r  Ntgra^Sluvts  Jhiwn  id  hi  C9njiftim 
\  mfirh  Ptifidplei  §/  HMmanity,  and  *wiih  thi  Lmnvs  rf  rtjftakd  Rtti^ 
I  ikm^     By  Tho.  Tbompfon",  M.  A*    fome   time  Fellow  of  C.  C,  C* 
I   Svo*     6d,     Canterbury  I  printed;  and  fold  by  Baldwin,  in  Lon* 
I    We  mud  acknowledge  that  the  branch  of  trade  here  under  con- 
fidention  is  a  fpecres  of  tra^c  which  we  have   never  been  able  i» 
tecoAcile  with  the  didaces  of  humanity,  and  much  left  with  thofe  of 
religioo*     The  principal    argunient  in    iu  behalf  fccms  to  be,   the 
mnffity  of  fuch  a  refource^    in  order  to  carry  on   the  works  in  our 
p]«iit«lions>  which,  we  are  told,  it  is  otherwife  impoiHbJe  to  per- 
larm.     But  this,  though  the  urgency  of  the  cafeinay  be  very  great* 
is  not  by  any  means  Sufficient  to  juAify   the  pradice.     There  is  a 
faithcf  confidcration  which  has  a  plauftble  appearancCr  and  may  be 
tbonght  to  carry  fomc  weight ;   it  is,  that  the  merchant  only  pur- 
jchafes  thofe  who  were  flaves  before,  and  poffibly  may,  rather  than 
<»therwife,   render  their  fituation  more  tolerable.      But  it  is  well 
known,    that  the  lot  of  our  Haves,  when  molt  favourably  confidered* 
is  very  hard  and  mifcrable  ;    befide  which,  fuch  a  trade  is  taking 
flic  advantage  of  the  ignorance  and  brutality  of  unenlightened  na> 
ttOBSt  who  are  encouraged  to  war  with  each  other  for  this  very  pur-' 
pafe,  and,  it  it  Co  be  feared,  are  fometi^nes  tempted  to  feizc  thole 
t^f  Cheif  own  tribes  or  families  that  tbey  may  obtain  the  hoped-itnr 
•dtantnge :  and  it  is  owned »  with  regard  to  our  merchants,  that^ 
mfSfm  oocaiion,   they  obferve  the  like  praflices,  which  nre  thought 
to  be  aJIowabk,   becaufe  they  arc  done  by  way  of  reprifal  for  theft  or 
^mage  committed  by  the  natives.     We  were  pleafed,  however-  to 
fneet  with  a  pamphlet  on  the  other  iide  of  the  que^ion  ;   and  vm 
tuitttd  opoD  Its  pcrnfftl  with  the  hof^  of  &uditig  taiit>N\L%x  ^y^ 


542  Monthly  Catalogue,  Mifcellaneous. 

^nnced  which  might  afford  us  fatisi^i^Uon  on  this  difHcuIt  poifiC. 
The  writer  appears  to  be  a  fenfible  man,  and  capable  of  difcoffing 
the  argament ;  but  the  limits  to  which  he  it  confined  render  his  per- 
formance rather  fuperficial.  The  plea  he  produces  ^m  the  Jewifh 
law  is  not,  in  our  view  of  the  matter,  at  all  conclufive.  The  people 
of  Ifrael  were  under  a  theocracy^  in  which  the  Supreme  Being  was 
in  a  peculiar  ienfe  their  King,  and  might  therefore  iiTue  forth  ibme 
CR'ders  for  them,  which  it  would  not  be  warrantable  for  ariotber 
people,  who  were  in  different  circumilances,  to  obferve.  Sueh,  for 
inffancey  was  the  command  given  concerning  the  extirpation  of  the 
Canaanites,  whom,  the  fovereign  Arbiter  of  life  and  death  might, 
if  he  had  plcafed,  have  deftroy^  by  plague  or  famine,  or  other  of 
tbofe  means  which  we  term  natural  caufes,  and  by  which  a  wife 
providence  fulfils  its  oyvn  purpofcs.  But  it  would  be  unreafbnable 
to  infer  from  the  manner  in  which  the  Ifraelices  dealt  with  the  people 
of  Canaan,  that  any  other  nations  have  a  right  to  purfue  the  fame 
method.  Neither  can  we  imagine  that  St.  Paul's  exhortation  lo 
ferrants  or  flaves,  upon  their  converfion,  to  continue  in  the  ftate  in 
which  Chriflianity  found  them,  afFbrds  any  argument  favourable  to 
the  pradice  here  pleaded  for.  It  is  no  more  than  faying,  that 
Chriiiianity  did  not  particularly  enter  into  the  regulations  of  civil 
Ibciety  at  that  time ;  that  it  taught  perfons  to  be  contented  and  dili- 
gent in  their  ffations :  but  certainly  it  did  not  forbid  thea»,  in  t 
proper  and  lawful  way,  if  it  was  in  their  power,  to  render  their  or* 
cumftances  more  comforuble.  Upon  the  whole,  we  muli  own,  that 
this  little  treatife  is  not  convincing  to  us,  though,  as  different  per- 
ions  are  differently  affe^led  by  the  fame  conliderations,  it  may  prove 
snore  fatisfadlory  to  others. 

Art.  34.  27;^  real  Views  andpolit'ual  S^em  of  the  Regency  cf  Den^ 
mark  fully  ixplaintd.  Tracing  the  true  Caufes  of  the  late  Revo- 
lution at  Copenhagen*  Supported. .by  authentic  Papers*  3y  Chrif* 
tian  Adolphus  Rothes, /0r/»^/y  Counfellor  of  Conference,  Secretaijr 
of  the  Cabinet  of  his  Majefty  Chriiliern  VJI.  and  great  AfTeflbr  of 
the  fupreme  Council  at  Altena.  Publiihed  originally  in  Freqch  at 
Hamburgh,  and  immediately  fuppreffed  through  the  Intereft  of  the 
Queen-Dowager.  With  aA  Appendix  by  the  Englifh  Editor,  l^vo. 
2  a.  .  Bladon. 

Contains  nothing  new,  and  has  the  fufpicious  appearance  of  being 

merely  the  work  of  induffry,  always  on  the  watch  for  z^ti-^  occaiioa 

of  raifing  contributions   on  credulity. — As  to  Monfieur  CbriftiM 

Adolpbus  Rothes,  with  all  his  magniHcent  titles,  we  know  noihing 

about  him,  and  there  may,  for  aught  we  can  tell,  be  fuch  a  perfoa: 

but  vwe  will  venture  to  fay,  that  if  he  was  6Hce  in  ofhce  at  the  Court 

of  Denmark,  he  is  not  nGw  in  the  fecret  of  its  late  tranfadions. 

Art.  35.  An  EJfay  on  Satirical  Entertainments.      To   which   i^ 

added,  Stevens's  New  Ledure  upon  Heads,  now  delivering  at  the 

Theatre  Royal  in  the  Haymarket.    With  critical  Obfervations. 

8vo.     IS.  bd.     Bell.     1772. 

^r.  Stevens  having  never  committed   to  the  prefs  his   famoni 
and  truly  humorous  Ledure  upon  Heads,  fome  friend  f  has  here  done 

.  f  Sec  the  previous  adveixvkmftia* 


Monthly  Catalogue,  AUfcel/aneous.  543 

It  fnr  him.    Mr.  S.  wc  hear,  is  by  no  means  fatisfied  with  this  friendly 
.  freedom,  by  which  he  thinks  himlelf  injured  in  his  property ;  and 
hence  has  arifen  an  altercation  in  the  nc\\'s- papers,  to  which  our 
Keaders  are  referred. 

Art.  36.  Theatrical  Biography:  or.  Memoirs  of  the  principal 
Performers  of  the  three  1  heatres  Royal.  With  critical  and  im- 
partial Remarks  on  their  refpeftive  profeflional  Merits,  i  zmo. 
2  Vols.     6  s.     Bladon.     1772. 

It  has  been  remarked,  that  Suetonius  turote  the  Lives  of  the 
Twelve  C.i-:sars,  with  the  fame  freedom  that  thfy  pafiif  them. 
The  like  may  be  faid  of  thefe  Memoirs  of  the  Mock  Emperors  and 
EmprefTes  of  Drury-Lane,  Coven t  Garden,  and  the  Hay. Market; 
■  which  are  penned  with  a  freedom »  and  in  fome  inilances  a  licenfioit/i 
meftf  ofexpreflion,  perfeAly  congenial  with  the  unreftrained  manner 
of  living  for  which  the  fons  and  daughters  of  I'hefpis  are  generally 
remarkable :  and  the  bed  writers  arc  contefTcdly  thofe  who  feem  the 
mod  infpired  by  their  fubjed. 

On  the  whole,  thefe  Theatrical  Lives,  though  not  of  the  mofl 

exemplary  or  moral  kind,  are  written  in  a  fprightly,    agreeable 

ftrain  ;   and  the  Author  feems  to  have  been  well  furnilhed  with  anec* 

<!otes  proper  for  fuch  an  undertaking :  but  of  the  authenticity  of 

thefe  materials,  we  are  not  altogether  competent  judges. 

Art.  37.  ATreatifi  on  Skatijg\  founded  on  certain  Principici 

deduced  from  many  Years  Experience  :  by  which  that  noble  Exer* 

cifc  is  now  reduced  to  an  Art,  and  may  be  taught  and  learned  b/ 

a  regular  Method,  with  Eafe  and  Safety.     The  whole  illullrated 

with  Copper- plates,  reprefenting  the  Attitudes  and  Graces,    B/ 

'     R.   Jones,    Lieutenant  of  Artillery.      8vo.      2  s.    6  d.     Ridl^. 

1772. 

The  Dutch  are  the  bed  qualified  to  pronounce  on  the  merit  of 
this  produAion>  and  to  them  we  refer  if.     As  fir,  however,  as  we 
'Can  pretend  to  judge,  the  author  appears  to  be  fofiicieotly  mailer  of 
'  the  art  which  he  undertakes  to  teach. 

•Art.  38.  A  Mtdeji  Dtfince  of  the  Charity  Children^  and  the  com- 

•     mon  Plan  of  Charity-Schools  vindicated,    &c.    occafioned  by  % 

Scheme  for  erefting  an  Houfi  of  Induftry  for  Children  of  the  Poor 

in  the  Parifli  of  Hackney.      By  John  Wingfield.     8vo.      i  3. 

Bladon. 

Mr.  Wingfield  greatly  difapproves  the  fchcme  for  an  boufe  of  itc 
•duflry  at  Hackney  ;   and  thinks  an  improvement  of  the  old  charity- 
-fchool-foundation,    infinitely  preferable.     He  has  dated  the  argu* 
ments  pro  and  con^  in  two  dialogues,  which,   he  thinks,  may  im- 
part to  his  readers  fome  of  that  amufement,  which  he  himfelf  found 
in  writing  them.     Mr.  W.  however,   is  h  very  indifferent  a  writer, 
'  chat  we  ^ar  this  part  of  his  defign  will  fall  fhort  of  his  ezpet^ations, 
whatever  becomes  of  his  arguments  in  favour  of  the  charity- fchools ; 
foBie  of  which,  indeed,  feem  to  merit  the  conHderation  of  thofe  who 
9xt  not  frioids  to  fuch  inflitutions. 


^t.Vl^V^'^^ 


C    5U    ]  ■ 

Religious  and  Controversial. 
Alt*  39-  Pr4lmorum  aliquot  Davidis  Mctaiphrafts  Gneca  Js' 
awnis  Serrani^  et  Precaution es  ejuCdem  Gr^t^iatin^,  Afipffiditii 
Loco  accefsere  Hennci  Stephanie  atque  Gra^GOrnm  quoniudajB  Lv 
ricorum,  Poemata  facra.  Edidlt  Francifcus  Okcly,  A,  B.  Col- 
legii  quondam  Divi  joannis  CaAUb,  Alumfius.  t^no*  $&. 
KobinfoDj   /Ifc. 

The  Greek  poems  of  Joannes  Scffanus^  or  John  de  S<rrc«t  H*^e 
lie  en  hcLd  in  high  ellimatton,  though  of  !a^er  yrjus  lc&  nockc  hii 
been  ukcn  of  them  than  formeriy*     Mr,  '  icfiroiu  of  rcvti'- 

in^  the  regard  due  to  ihetn,  and  is  parip  Mcitous  that  tWy 

irvigbt  be  employed  to  affifi.  youth  in  auammg  &  knowledge  of  tke 
Greek  tongue,  by  which  means  he  apprehends  th«  larchcr  pisrpciie 
might  be  anfwcred,  of  imprest ng  upon  their  minds^  »t  the  ikinc 
time»  fome  proper  fentimenCA  of  piety.  He  iiai  therefore^  tmme^ 
diately  after  lib  own  preface  to  this  volume,  added  an  ^ddrds  ^J' 
Henry  Stephens,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  to  CbrHlian  {choottnatier$  and 
tutori^  recommending  it  to  them  t6  t^fc  fach  kind  of  works  in  thts 
part  of  the  education  of  young  pcrfons-  With  this  view  alfo,  t^ie 
Editor  gives  the  Greek  verfion  on  one  page,  oiid  a  Latin  tranllatiaR 
on  the  other,  together  with  iomt  remarks  and  dtredions  relative  lo 
the  verfc  and  metre. 

The  Author  of  thcfc  poems  was  a  Frencijnian,  educated  at  La»- 
fanDe.  He  was  a  pcrfon  of  great  note,  both  ior  his  piety  and  karn* 
lug;  and  efpecially  for  his  acquaintance  wkh  the  Greek  lingutgr^ 
His  Latin  trandation  of  the  works  of  Pbco,  in  three  vuliitnes  folio, 
iR-as  an  evidence  of  thh,  which  gained  him  great  ellcem.  The  plAjmi 
here  rendered  into  Greek  appear,  from  his  own  rclaiiou,  to  hare 
'been  his  employment  during  fome  great  caUmity,  and  h  is  not  im* 
probable  during  a  time  of  pcrfecudon  on  a  religious  account,  ai  be 
wa>  himfclf  of  the  reformed  religion.  The  iirfl  edition  of  this  work 
was  printed  by  Henry  Stephens,  in  t57«;.  It  contairts  between  lo 
and  ^o  pfalms,  in  different  metres ;  at  the  conclufion  of  each  of 
which  the  Author  adds  a  Ihort  prayer,  in  profe,  adapted  to  the  icji- 
timents  expreffed  in  the  pfalms  which  he  tranllates :  befides  wiiich^ 
we  have  a  Greek  poetical  veriion  of  the  59th  chapter  of  IfaiaJt,  and 
of  the  9tii  chapter  of  Daniel,  together  with  two  fmalkr  pieces  of 
poetry. 

Agreeably  to  his  defign,  and  with  a  view  of  furniftking  a  larthet 
variety  for  the  afliftance  and  improvement  of  youth,  the  Editor  has 
added  to  the  above  poems,  feveral  otJiers  in  the  fame  language,  and 
all  of  them  of  the  religious  kind*  Some  of  them  are  verfions  of  (o4tf 
or  fiv^e  pfalms  by  Henry  Stephens,  others  were  done  hy  G,  Namn* 
7^n,  Floreni  Chriilianus,  Fred.  Jtmotius,  J»  Gothofr«4.  Hsmchioi, 
&c. 

We  (hall  only  further  obferve,  concerning  this  volume,  that,  in  the 
preface,  Mr.  Okely  produces  an  extract  from  Duport^s  Greek  verfion 
of  the  pfalmt,  publiflied  in  i674»  in  which  that  Author  ^)eaks  af 
Strranks  with  the  highefl  refped,  acknowledging  that,  in  hit  opi- 
nion, he  excelled  alt  other  perfons  in  works  of  this  kind,  antefs,  it 
It  added*  his  princer  and  publiiher,  H*  Stephen&»  may  poUIbly  be 
cifcrptcd. 


\ 


Monthly  CATAtocuc,  RellgUus^  &c. 


54S 


Art,  40»  A  Lttter  to  a  Bift>9p\  occafiancd  by  the  late  Petition  to 

parliament,  for  Relief  in  the  Matter  of  Sabfcription*     8ro.     t  5, 

Wilkie.     xjjz* 

This  pamphlet  merits  particular  attention,  as  it  fecms  defigned  to 
promote  the  execution  of  a  new  plan,  which,  we  are  informed,  it 
ft^ually  h\  agitation  among  the  Bilhops  chemfelvcs,  for  introdacing 
a  certain  degree  of  reformation  in  the  Church  of  England.  The 
Attthor  fetj  out  with  Hating  fome  objcd\ions  to  the  condus^  of  the 
Clergy  in  their  late  application  to  parliament,  the  principal  and 
mod  obvious  of  which,  he  thinkj,  is,  that  it  aimed  at  more  than 
moderate  men  could  approve  ;  that  it  tended  to  the  abolifhing  of  all 
teft*,  by  reprefenting  all  Subfcriptions  to  be  inconfiftcnt  with  the 
fandamcntal  principles  of  a  Proteilant  church.  But  notwithitanding 
the  objections  to  which  the  petition  was  expofed,  and  which,  in  the 
opinion  of  our  Letter- writer,  might  very  reafonably  determine  the 
Houfe  of  Commons  to  rejc«fk  it,  it  muft  yet  be  conferred,  fays  he, 
that  the  cafe  of  Subfcriptions,  as  they  now  ftand  by  law,  is  far  from 
being  unexceptionable,  and  is  certainly  capable  of  great  amendment. 
Having  ihcwn  this  in  a  clear  and  convincing  manner,  and  anfwered 
the  difficulty  Aarted  by  Sir  William  Blackllone  with  regard  to  the 
union  of  the  two  kingdoms,  ai  prohibiting  any  alteration i  in  reli- 
gion, h«  obfervcs  that  there  is  a  particular,  which,  joined  with  ju- 
ilicious  corrcftions  of  thofe  things  to  which  the  Clergy  fubfcribe, 
would  anfwer  their  moll  fanguine  wifhes;  and,  even  without  any 
fuch  corrections,  would  fmooth  many  dilBculties,  and  remove  many 
obje^ions :  that  is,  the  relaxing  of  the  terms  in  which  Subfcriptions 
are  required  to  be  made  ;  which,  if  underftood  in  the  moft  rigorous 
fenfe,  carry  with  them  fuch  a  ftriftncfs  of  aiTent  to  a  fyilem  of  pro- 
policions,  fome  of  much  di&cutty  and  obfcurity,  as^  from  the  very 
ttature  of  the  human  mind,  a  number  of  men  cannot  truly  give,  and 
which  therefore  it  is  unfit  to  require. 

The  Author  pleads  ftrongly  for  a  certain  latitude  of  in  terp relation » 
and  conceives  that  fuch  a  latitude  has  been  claimed  to  themfelvei 
hf  the  greater  part  of  thofe  who  fubfcribe.  This  he  endeavours  to 
irindtcate  from  the  reafon  and  neceffity  of  the  thing  itfelf ;  from 
%Tt^l  and  refpeflabie,  *'  I  had  almoll  laid,  fayi  he,  legal  authori- 
ties;* and  from  the  prevailing  fcnfe  and  pra^ice  of  the  prefcnt 
church  :  after  which  he  makes  the  following  excellent  obfervations : 

*  But,  my  Lord,  notwithflanding  the  liberty,  which  I  have  here 
^fi^kd  reasonably  may,  I  had  almoll  faid  mull,  be  taken  in  inter- 
preting both  the  things  fubfcribcd  to,  and  the  terms  of  our  Subfcrip- 
tion;  yet  it  mull  be  confeil'ed,  that,  allowing  all  this,  many,  who 
would  be  ornaments  to  the  Church,  and  exemplary  in  discharging 
iheir  office  in  it,  may  either  comply  with  relodtance,  or  be  totally 
•xdoded ;  many  others  will  not  allow  the  liberty  I  have  here  con- 
tended for,  and  by  an  inflexible,  perhaps  a  lefa  judicious,  fort  of 
integrity,  will  refoje  to  admit  even  the  lead  and  mofl  reafonable  qua* 
lification  of  the  terms  propofed  to  them.  It  mull  be  remembered 
mlfo,  that  the  carelefs»  the  ignorant,  the  un  principled  *  make  in  thefe 
cales  no  dt^cukies :  thefe  arife  in  the  minds  of  the  worthy,  the 
fhoogbtfal,  the  lovers  of  truth;  of  thofe,  whofe  qualities  would  belt 
taiibJo  chem  to  difchftrge  with  fuperior  indufU/  and  fcra^ulooi  «.t- 


J46  MbKTriLv  Catalogue,  Reh'gisos^  iic. 

tention  the  miDifierial  office.  Is  it  not  worth  while  to  remove  A^ 
fcruplesy  evea  it  they  ihould  be  thought  anneccfTary,  of  Aich  men ) 
to  invite  them,  by  opening  the  door  a  little  wider  for  their  admit^ 
tance,  and  making  them  fit  eafier  when  they  are  come  in ;  to  free 
them  from  an  uneafmefs  and  difquiet  of  mind,  which  can  ari(e  only 
from  their  integrity  ?  And  would  not  ail  wi(h  to  have  Subicripcion^ 
put  on  fuch  a  footing,  as  to  require  no  reafonings  to  defend  the  pro* 
priety  ofthem;  th^t  it  ihould  appear  at  firll  fight,  that  there  is  no* 
tiling  in  them,  which  could  create  in  ^rational  and  fincere  Chriilian 
hefitation  and  offence  ?  Subterfuges  and  referves  are  always  painful 
to  honed  and  ingenuous  minds ;  and  when  men  have  no  finitlkr  end 
in  view,  but  mean  only  to  diicharge  the  office  they  undertake  ^tii- 
fully,  they  fubmit  with  reludancc  to  whatever  has  the  appearance  of 
.theie ;  to  whatever  mr.y  give  others  the  moil  diilant  fufpicion  of  their 
honour  and  integrity.' 

The  Letter-writer,  having  added  fome  farther  remarks,  equally 
pertinent  and  judicious,  obferves,  that  to  remove  therefore  condi* 
tions,  which  are  in  thcmfclvcs  unnecefTary,  which  may  induce  men 
to  do  what  they  in  their  own  minds  difapprove,  and  which  may 
riiilrefs  others,  who  by  their  integrity  are  perhaps  fome  of  the  moft 
valuable  members  of  ibciety,  and  the  fitteit  miniilers  in  a  (acred  of- 
fice, is  certainly  an  objcfSt  well  worthy  the  wifdom  and  humanity  of 
a  legiflature,  which  regards  the  rights  and  happinefs  of  all  its  mem- 
bers with  an  attention  and  tendernefs  unknown  in  any  other  age,  or 
in  any  other  country.  *  The  moil  perfect  a  ay  of  doing  this,  qm- 
tinues  he,  and  abilra£ledly  confidered  the  moll  defirable,  is  ondoubti 
edly  to  correal  our  public  forms,  to  which  Subfcription  is  required, 
till  they  come  up  to  the  full  i^.andard  of  the  knowledge  and  opinions 
of  the  prefentChurdi.  And  were  a  new  Church  now  to  be  eredledt 
we  ihould  certainly  endeavour  to  form  it  according  to  what  appeared 
to  us  the  moil  perfect  model ;  but  in  a  venerable  llrudure,  which 
has  long  Aood,  whofe  par^  are  clofely  conne^d  with  each  other, 
and  with  the  great  fabric  of  our  Civil  ConAitution,  it  may  feem  nor 
£0  eafy  or  fo  fafe  to  make  alterations  at  plcafure :  all  will  allow* 
that  they  ihould  be  made  with  caution,  not  to  comply  with  the  reft- 
lefs  fpirit  of  novelty,  but  with  the  mature  counfel  of  improved  ret* 
fon  and  fuperior  knowledge;  and  the  inconveniences,  refultiog  from 
alterations  fo  made,  may  perhaps  be  found  in  the  event  much  lefS|. 
than  at  a  diflance  they  were  apprehended  to  be.  A  defien  of  this 
fort,  thus  conduced,  will  iland  vindicated  with  the  world  oy  its  own. 
reafonablenefs  and  neceffity  ;  and  the  fame  improvement  of  religious 
knowledge,  and  moderation  of  religious  zeal,  which  induces  the  go- 
vernors of  a  nation  and  the  heads  of  a  Church  to  engage  in  it,  per- 
vades alfo  in  a  great  decree  the  whole  bulk  of  the  people,  and  will 
fecure  to  it  from  them  iuch  a  reception  as  it  deferves.  But  if  it  ftill 
be  thought  unadvifeable  to  remove  at  once  every  thing  which  may 
fecm  exceptionable,  even  though  it  be  done  with  referve  and  caution ; 
there  is,  in  the  lail  relburcc,  when  nothing  better  can  be  obtained, 
a  remedy  the  lead  perfe<5l  of  any,  of  all  perhaps  the  moil  pradticable  j. 
namely,  fo  far  to  relax  the  terms  of  Subfcription  as  to  require  a  Gt-. 
neral  Approhation  only  cf  public  forms,  and  a  Promi/i  to  comply  with 
thems  which  reafonablc  meu  could  not  heiitate  in  giving,  an<ll 
3  which 


Monthly  Catalogub*  Rdi^iota,  &c«  547 

which t  confideriog  the  imperfefllon  of  all  human  things*  it  is  fuSii' 
cienc  to  demand.  Sobfcriptions  indeed,  as  they  now  ftand,  have  been 
coqiidered,  by  many  eminent  men  of  the  Church,  as  amounting  to  no 
nore  than  this ;  and  have  been  complied  with  accordingly.  And 
even  if  many  of  the  particulars  now  fubfcribcd  to  were  corredled  ; 
jfctif  they  were  not  rendered  much  more  fimple  and  lefs  numerous, 
U  would  iiili  furely  be  right,  for  the  fake  of  fcrupulous  minds,  to  givo 
a. more  explicit  latitude  to  the  aiTent  required  to  them.* 

As  the  Author  is  aware  that  it  will  be  objei^led,  that  to  let  mi«« 
Bifters  ufc  forms  in  the  public  fervicc  of  the  Church,  parts  of  which  ^ 
they  may  be  fuppofed  to  difapprove  or  to  think  untrue,  is  to  make 
thein  diflemble  with  men,  and  adl  falfely  in  the  vtry  worihip  of  God» 
^here  falfehood  ought  leaft  to  find  admittance ;  he  takes  no  Jitcie 
pilias  to  remove  this  diiHculty,  in  doing  which  he  appears  to  us  ta 
t>e  far  more  ingenious  than  fuccefsful. 

-  This  Letter  concludes  with  an  admirable  addrefs  to  the  Prelates, 
in  favour  of  a  fartluer  reformation  in  the  Church  of  England.  The 
Writer  has,  indeed,  made  feveral  conceflions  which  we  do  not  ap- 
prove of;  but,  if  all  the  alteratiops  cannot  be  obtained  that  are  de- 
iirablff,  we  (hall  rejoice  in  any  advancement  of  religious  liberty,  and 
any  approaches  to  the  Chrillian  llandardof  dof^rine  and  worihip. 
Art*  ^i.  A  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Randotpb^  Archdeacon  of  Oxfords 

Occafioned  by  a  Charge  delivered  by  him  to  the  Clergy  of  the 

Diocefeof  Oxford,  in  the  Year  1771,  in  Vindication  of  theKea- 
...  ibnablene(s  of  requiring  Subfcription  to  Articles  of  Religion.  By  a. 
.  Member  of  the  Church  of  England.     8vo«     is,    Almon.     1 77  2. 

It  appears,  from  the  condufion  of  this  Letter,  that  it  is  the  pro- 
dttdion  of  a  perfon  \<rhofe  life  hath  been  protracted  to  an  uncommon 
length  of  years.  The  Writer  tells  us  therefore,  that,  being  on  the 
bnAk  of  the  grave,  and  foon  to  account  for  his  anions,  it  ought  not 
\M  Jbe  fuppofed  that  he  is  influenced  by  any  fecular  views  whatfoever* 
The  whole  (brain  of  the  Letter  would  ha^e  ..^nd;^9(^l  us  to  give  fuli 
^9edit  to  this  a(rertion,  even  if  we  had  not  been  informed  that  the 
pKfent  publication  comes  from  our  old  and  worthy  friend  \^r.  Carter 
of  l>eal,  who  hath  formerly  appeared  in  the  caufe  of  religious  liberty^ 
and  ^h^it  charader  and  merit  cannot  be  unknown  to  our  Readers. 
Though  the  Doflor  defcrlbes  hinifelf  as  worn  down  with  age  and  in- 
firmities, we  perceive,  with  pleafure,  that  his  faculties  continue  un- 
broken ;  for  he  hath  given  a  clear  and  judicious  confutation  of  Dr* 
Randolph's  Charge  to  the  Clergy  of  the  diocefc  of  Oxfb/d. 
Art.  42.  A  CoUe^ion  of  Papers^  dejigned  to  explain  and  vindicate. 

the  fre/ent  Mode  of  Sul/criptiortt  required  by  the  Univerfuy  of  Oxford^ 
from  all  young  Ferfom  at  their  Matriculation.     8vo.     od.    Fletcher, 

Oxford.     Kivington,  London.     1772, 

Thefe  papers,  which  are  well  written,  afford  a  flriking  proof  how 
moch  it  is  in  the  power  of  ingenious  men  to  alledge  fomething  plau« 
fible  in  favour  of  even  a  bad  caufe.  Something  plaufible  is,  how« 
ever,  the  utmoft  of  what  is  here  advanced,  and  that  not  always; 
fiir  it  is  impoffiblc  that  the  mode  of  Subfcription  contended  for  can 
£aad  the  tcit  of  a  fober  and  critical  examination* 

Arte 


S4« 


Cqkkestohoence, 


Art.  4 J,  Tie  Nature  and  Nrtefftty  cf  the  New  Cfisimi  in  (Anfi^ 

Hated  and  defer i bed »  according  to  xht  Ht^wf  $  Exfrtitrnt  tm 

Fmdiif*     By  Joanna  Elconora  de  Merbu.     Tranilited  frtini  tlst 

Ccrttian,  by  Francis  Okcly»  A.  B.  Ibr mcrly  of  St*  John's  College, 

Catnbridgr.     8vo»     6d,     M.  Lewii.     1772. 

The  tratillator  fays,  in  hfs  preface,  that  he  knows  *  no  more  of 

the  author,  than  that  ibe  appears  to  have  been  a  L^dy  of  foine  rank 

in  life ;  and  that  (he  lived,  near  a  century  fjnce^  at  Frankfort  oo 

the  Maync/     He  addt,  ^  a  copy  of  thtj  Jetter,  tranfciibed  by  mic 

J.  Philip  Dorre,  in  f74i»  came  as  a  foiled  manufcript  into  my  hands, 

and  in  a  way,  I  might  think,  providential/     We  are  farther  inforni' 

«d,  •  that  it  has  laid  by  Kim,  uri noticed,    for  many   years  ;*  but 

Utely,  fays  he,  '  finding  a  defire  to  read,  I  was   (Uoogty  inciicei 

to  tranflate  and  pubtiih  it:*-^And  it  will,  probably,  find  many  por^ 

chafers  among  thcMethodifts. 

^  SERMONS,  ~~ 

L  At  the  Anniverfar)^  Meeting  of  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  m  St* 

Paul'^,  London,  May  i^t  1*71*    ^y  William  Parker^  l>,0^  Rec» 

tor  of  St.  James's,  Weftminfler,  Chaplain  in  Ordinafy  lo  tho  KiAgi 

andF.  R.S.     6d.     Rivington. 
H*  Preached  in  Charlotte  0reet  and  Bedford  Chapelt,  for  the  Ee&e£l 

of  Fcrfons  confined  for  fmall  Dcbto.     By  William  Dodd,  ]JU\>. 

I  s,    Pilly^  &c, 
01.  The  Frequency  of  capital  Panifhinents  inconfilWnt  with  JtUtice, 

Ibund  Policy*  and  B^dt^on.    By  Wiliiam  Dodd|  LL.D.     4 J** 

Law«  Arc.  •  .     • 


< 


The  Reviewers  (9  ihdr  Readers. 


THE  farther  account  of  EJhyi  AUral^  PhihfiphUai,  and  t9Utiۤi^ 
as  promifed  in  oor  lalt,  is  rendered  unneceflkry,  bf  oor  1^ 
coUcfllon  of  a  wqrfe  cnUlte^t  BJah  Jn9^  di<usr»  Sujtu  fMisnJkmi  *,  &a 
printed  in  1760.  From  this  work,  the  above-mentioned  JE^Jtyr*  Mtrdl, 
Ire.  are  tranHated.  Mr.  Mills,  therefore,  whofe  name  was  in ferttd 
in  the  advertilementsof  the  Engl t{h  tranibtion  (though  not  priotol 
in  the  title*page)  is  not  to  be  coniidered  as  the  Authok,  but  as  the 
Tranflator. 

AT,  S.  We  have  heard  the  EJoii,  &c,  tfcribed  to  a  M.  HaUer  |  but 
whether  the  celebrated  Baron  of  thac  name,  we  are  UDoertatn* 

•  Of  this  work  we  gave  an  account,  in  two  articles,  in  the  2}i 
iroL  of  our  Review,  p*  ^92,  and  487. 

CORRESPONDLNCE. 

THE  Letter  f/om  Bclfaft  is  received.     The  compliments  whidi 
it  contains  are  too  flattering,  if  the  Author  is  ferious  ;  i^hich 
thtTt  fecms  much  reafon  for  us  to  doubt.    We  have  not  yet  teen  the*  J 
book  which  he  recommends  to  our  notice:  but  tt  will  come  before  J 
tts  to  the  due  courfe  of  bufmcfs, 

III  An  fiver  to  D.  f.'s  Inquiry,  we  mufl  inform  him,  that  the  adver- 
tifemenr  in  whicJl  Mr.  Clarke  has  refuted  the  groundlefs  tale  of  his 
learned  and  worthy  Father's  having  retraced  his  notions  of  thefW*  < 
mtj,  was  infcrtcd  in  the  XiOndon  Evening  Poll  of  Dec.  7.  1771. 


4 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For      J     U     N    E,      1775?. 


■Art.  I.    Tht  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  fopt.  Founder  of  Trinity  Col/egi,  Ox- 

ford.     Chiefly  compiled  from  original  Evidences,    With  an  Appendix  of 

Papers^ne'ver  before  printed.     By  Thomas  Warton,  B.  D.  Fellovraf 

Trinity  College,  and  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.     8vo.     65. 

Boards.     Davxes,  &c.     1772. 

A  Lthouch  this  work  will  not,  perhaps,  by  the  generality  of 
JtrSL  readers,  be  deemed  either  inftruftive  or  enfenaining,  yet 
tne  abilities  of  the  Author  are  undoubtedly  very  confiderable,  and 
might  have  been  employed  to  good  purpofe,  on  a  topic  that  was 
more  worthy  of  them.  The  life  of  a  perfon  whofe  capacity  was 
flender  and  limited,  who  never  fuftaintd  or  merited  any  important 
office,  and  whofe  fphere  of  action  was  narrow,  is  not  properly  an 
obje£l  of  curiofity.  The  mind  does  not  willingly  heftow  its  at* 
tcntion  on  infignificant  circumftances :  its  fenhbilities  can  only 
be  awakened  by  what  is  (hilling  and  illuftrious.  The  literary  toil, 
which  fhould  be  employed  in  narratif)ns  concerning  thofe  who 
have  difplayed  valour  in  the  field,  and  wifdom  in  the  cabinet, 
{hould  never  be  wafted  in  inquiries  concernin^r  men  tA-ho  have 
acled  in  inferior  and  fubordinate  fituations.  The  portion  of  the 
kiborious  druJge,  who  is  put  in  motion  at  the  command  of  a 
mafter,  and  who  neither  plans  nor  thinks,  is  filence  and  ob- 
fcurity.  We  rcfpcd,  as  nnunificent  and  meritoiious,  the  aft  of 
endowing  a  college;  but  does  this  circumftance  render  Sir  Tho- 
mas Pope  of  fo  much  importance  that  public  and  private  libra- 
ries muft  be  ranfackeil,  to  colli  dt  the  trivial  occurrences  of  his 
life,  and  that  a  work  of  no  fmall  extent,  and  by  a  writer  of 
very  confiderable  rank,  (hould  be  dedicated  to  his  memory  ? 
The  attention  and  refearch  which  have  been  lavifhed  in 
compofmg  his  memoirs,  would  have  been  fufficient  to  have 
pourtraycd  the  hifbocy  and  the  charader  of  Epaminondas,  or 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  ^ 

Vol.  XLVI.  Gg  ^  The 


550  Warton'j  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  Pope. 

•  The  lafafficiency  of  the  materials  which  time  has  preferved 
concerning  the  founder  of  Trinity  College,  has  engaged  his 
Panegyrift  to  enter  occafionally  into  hiftorical  digreffions.  But, 
in  lofing  fight  of  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  he  detrads  from  the  merit 
of  his  performance,  confidered  as  a  compofition.  The  princi- 
pal ^ure  in  the  pi£tuce  being  eclipfed  by  the  decorations  that 
iAirrvound  i/,  the  eye  is  fixed  on  the  laj^ter,  ^nd  neglefls  the  for- 
mer. Among  other  national  tranfadlions,  our  Author  gives  a 
more  particular  relation  of  the  pcrfecutions  of  the  Princefs  Eli- 
zabeth, than  we  rememj)er  to  have  elfewhere  met:  with  :  and 
though  many  of  the  fafts  arc  mentioned  by  Hume,  and  other 
hifiprians,  we  Hiall  feledl  the  following  account  for  the  judg- 
ment and  entertainment  of  oar  Readers. 

*  in  the  year  1 5  55,  the  Princefs  Elizabeth,  afterwards  Queen, 
haikir^;  been  before  treated  with  much  infolenQc  and  inhu- 
mwty^  was  placed  under  the  care  and  infpe^ion  of  Sir 
Thomas  Pope.  Mary  cherUbed  that  antipathy  to  the  certain 
be  ire  f$  of  her  crown  and  her  fucceflbr,  which  all  princes  who 
have  no  children  to  fucceed  naturajly  feel.  But  the  mod  power- 
ful caufe  of  M;iry*s  hatred  of  the  Princefs,  with  whom  (he  for- 
uiwly  lived  in  fomc  degree  of  friendfliip,  feems  to  have  arifen 
fjrocn  Courtney,  Earl  ot  Devonfliire,  The  perfon,  addrefs,  and 
otlier  engaging  accomplifhmcnts  of  this  y,oung  nobleman,  had* 
made  a  manifeft  impredion  on  the  Queea.  Other  circumibitces 
alfo  contributed  to  render  him  an  object  of  her  affedion  ;  for  he 
was  an  Eoglifhman,  and  nearly  allied  to  the  crown  ;  and  con- 
fcquently  could  not  fail  of  proving  acceptable  to  the  nation. 
The  Earl  was  no  (Iranger  to  the(e  favourable  difpofitions  of  the 
Queen  towards  him  :  yet  he  fccmcd  rather  to  attach  himfelf  to 
the  Princefs ;  whofe  yx)uth  and  lively  convcrfation  had  more 
prevailing  charms  than  the  pomp  and  power  of  her  fifter.  This 
preference  not  only  produced  a  total  change  in  Mary's  fcnti- 
mcnts  with  regard  to  the  Earl,  but  forced  her  opcnFy  to  declare 
war  againft  Elizabeth.  The  ancient  quarrel  between  their  mo- 
thers remained  deeply  rooted  in  the  malignant  heart  of  the 
Q^icen  :  and  fi\e  took  advantage  from  the  declaration,  made  by 
parliament  in  favour  of  Catherine's  marriage,  to  reprefenc  her 
fifler*s  birth  as  illegitimate.  Elizabeth's  inclination  to  the  Pro- 
t^ftant  religion  ftill  further  heightened  Mary's  averfion  :  it  of- 
fended her  bigotry,  difappointed  her  expciftations,  and  difeon- 
certed  her  politics.  Thefe  caufcs  of  diflike,  however,  might 
perhaps  have  been  forgotten  by  degrees,  or,  at  lead,  have  ended, 
in  fecret  difguft.  But  when  the  Queen  found  that  the  Princefs 
had  obitruded  her  dcfigos  in  a  mat:er  of  the  nioft  interefting 
natiij-e ;  female  refcntment,  founded  on  female  jcaloufy,  and 
cxafperafed  by  prl§e,  could  no  longer  be  fuppreffcd.  So  much 
mure  forcible^  and  of  fu  much  moie  confequence  in  public  af* 
7  fairs, 


WartonV  Lifi  of  Sir  Thtnai  Popi^  55  i 

faifs,  arc  private  feelings,  and  the  fecret  undiTcerncd  attach- 
ments of  the  heart,  than  the  moft  imprjrtsnt  political  reafun?, 

*  EU2ibeth  being  now  become  the  public  ar*d  avowed  objeQf 
of  Mary's  averfion,  was  openly  treated  with  much  difrcrpcft 
and  infult.     She  was  forbidden  to  take  place,  in  the  prcfcncc 
chamber,  of  the  Countefs  of  Lenox  and  the  Dulchefs  of  Suf- 
folk, as  \i  her  legitimacy  had  been  dubious.     This  doflrine 
had   been  infinuated   by  the  Chancellor  Ciardiner,  in  a   fpeech 
hcforc  both  houfes  of  parliament.     Among  other  arguments 
enforcing  the  nectffity  of  Mary's  marriagf,  he  particularly  in- 
filled on  the  failure  of  the  royal  lineage;  artfully  remarking, 
that  none  of  Henry's  defcendants  remained,  except  the  Qu^en, 
and  the  Prlmefs  Elizabeth  *.     Her  friends  were  negle<flcd  or 
affronted.    And  while  her  amiable  qualifications  every  day  drew 
the  attcntiim  of  the  young  nobility*  and  rendered  her  univcrfaUy 
popular,  the  malevolence  of  the  vindictive  Queen  ftill  encreafed. 
The  Pfinccl's,  therefore,  thought  it  moil  prudent  to  leave  the 
court :    and,    before  the   beginning  of   1554,  reiircd  to    her 
houfe  at  Aftiriilgc  in  Hcrtfordfliire.      In   the  mean  time  Sir 
Thomis  Wyat*3   rebellion  broke  out,    in  oppofition   to  the 
Queen's  match  with  Philip  of  Spain.     It  was  immediatHy  pre- 
tended that  Elizabeth,  together  wiih  the  Lord  Courtency,  was 
privately  concerned    in  this  dangerous  confpiracy,  and    that 
fhe  had  held  a  corrtfpondencc  with  the  traitor  Wyat.    Accord- 
ingly Sir  Edward  Hadings,  afterw-irds  Lord  Loughborough,  Sir 
Thomas  Cornwallts,  and  Sir  Richard  Southwell,  attended  by 
a  troop  of  horfe,  were  ordered  to  bring  her  to  court.     They 
foand  the  Princef«  fick,  and  even  confined  to  her  bed,  at  A(h- 
rirfge*     Notwiihdanding,  under  pretence  of  the  ftri6lnefs  of 
thdr  com^iilion,  they  compelled  her  to  rife :  and,  fttU  conti- 
irutng  very  weak  and  indifpofed^  (he  proceeded  in  the  Qi^een's 
litter,  by  (low  journeys,  to  London*     At  the  court  they  kepc 
her  confined,  and    without  company,   for  a  fortnight ;    after 
which,  Bifhop  Gardiner,  with  nineteen  others  of  the  council^ 
attended  to  examine  her  concerning  the  rebellion  of  which  Ihe 
was  accafed.     She  pofitively  denied  the  acculari^n.     HDwever, 
they  acquainted  hcr  it  was  the  Qi^jcen's  refolution  (he  (bould  be 
committed  to  the  Tower  till  further  inquiries  could  be  made. 
The  Princefs  immediately  wrote  to  the  Queen,  earneftly  entreat- 
ing that  (he  mi^ht  not  be  imprlfoned  rn  the  Tower,  and  con- 
cluding hcr  letter  thus  :  **  As  for  that  traifor  Wyat,  he  might, 
pcradvc mure  v/ rite  me  a  letter;  but  on  my  faith  I  ncVcr  re* 
cetved  any  from  him.     And  as  for  the  copie  of  my  letter  fent  to 
the  Frcnchc  kinc^e,  I  pray  dd  cmfoundim  iUraalky  if  ever  I  fent 
hi  %  token,  or  letter  by  any  men. -s"     Her  re- 

j  .i  of  innocence  were  all  intrffeftuAl.     S^<:"^w^\ 


^OW^^I 


55^  .Warton'j  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  Pvpe. 

con^reyej  to  the  Tower,  and  ignominioufly  conduced  through 
the  traitor's  gate.  At  her  firft  commicmenc  only  three  meo  aad 
three  women  of  the  Queen's  fcrvants,  were  appointed  for  her 
attendants.  But  even  thefe  were  forbidden  to  bring  her  meat; 
and  (he  was  waited  on,  for  this  purpofc,  by  the  Lieutenant's 
fervants,  or  even  by  the  common  foldiers.  But  afterwards  two 
yeomen  of  her  chamber,  one  of  her  robes,  two  of  her  pantry 
and  ewry,  one  of  her  but;ery,  one  of  her  celUr,  another  of  her 
larder,  and  two  of  her  kitchen,  were  allowed  by  permii&on  of 
the  privy  council,  to  fcrve  at  her  table.  No  ftrangcr  or  vifitor 
was  admitted  into  her  prcfcnce.  The  Conftablc  of  the  Tower, 
Sir  John  Gage,  treated  her  very  fevcrely,  and  watched  her  with 
the  utmoft  vigilance.  Many  of  the  other  prifoners,  committed 
to  the  fame  piace  on  account  of  the  rebellion,  were  often  exa- 
mined about  her  concern  in  the  confpiracy  :  and  fome  of  them 
were  put  to  the  rack  by  the  way  of  extorting  an  accufation. 
Her  innocence,  however,  was  unqueftionable ;  for  although 
Wyat  himfelf  had  accufed  her,  in  hopes  to  have  faved  his  own 
life  by  means  of  fo  bafe  and  fcandalous  an  artifice,  yet  he  after- 
wards denied, that  (he  had  the  lead  knowledge  of  his  deiigns ; 
«nd,  Ie<i{l  thofe  denials  which  he  made  at  his  examinations 
might  be  infiJioufly  fupprefi'ed,  and  his  former  depofitions  al- 
]edged  againfl;  her  adopted  in  their  (lead,  he  continued  to  make 
the  fame  declarations  openly  on  the  fcafFold  at  the  time  of  his 
execution.  There  was  a  pretence  much  infifted  on  by  Gardi- 
ner, that  Wyat  had  conveyed  to  hpr  a  bracelet,  in  which  the 
whole  fchcme  of  the  plot  was  inclofed.  But  Wyat  acquitted 
her  of  this  and  all  o:ber  fufpicions.  ^htr  a  clofe  imprifonment 
of  foine  days,  by  the  generous  interccffion  of  Lord  Chandois, 
Lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  it  was  granted  that  (he  might  fome- 
times  walk  in  the  Queen's  lodgings,  in  the  prefence  of  the 
Conftable,  the  Lieutenant,  and  three  of  the  Queen's  ladies; 
yet  on  condition  that  the  windows  (hould  be. (hut.  She  then 
was  indulged  with  walking  in  a  little  garden  for  the  f;tke  of 
fre{h  air:  but  all  the  (butters  which  looked  towards  the  garden 
were  ordered  to  be  kept  clofe.  Such  were  their  jealouJics,  that 
a  little  boy  of  four  years  old,  who  had  been  accuftomt-d  every 
day  tu  bring  her  flowers,  was  feverely  threatened  if  he  came 
any  more ;  and  the  child's  father  wa<i  fummoned  and  rebuked 
by  the  Conftable.  But  Lord  Chandois  being  obfeived  to  treat 
the  Frincefs  with  too  much  refpetSt,  he  was  not  any  longer  en- 
trufted  with  the  charge  of  her ;  and  (he  was  committed  to  the 
cuftody  of  Sir  Henry  Bedingfield,  of  Oxburgh  in  Norfolk,  a 
perfon  whom  (he  had  never  feen  nor  knew  before.  He  brought 
with  him  a  new  guard  of  one  hundred  foldiers,  cloathed  in 
blue ;  which  the  Princcfs  obferving,  afked  with  her  ufual  livc- 
J/nefs,  If  Lady  Janes  fcaffoid  u-as  yt  taken  away  ?  About  the 
end  of  May  (he  was  removed  ^lotti  \>cvt.T^^«^  >xtAw^^oiTa- 


WartonV  Life  cfStr  Thmai  Popt.  553 

ftand  of^SIr  Henry  Bctfingfielcl,  and  Lord  Williams  of  Thamc^ 
the  royal  manor  rjr  palace  a^  Woodlli»*.k.      The  fir  ft    night 

fOfhcr  journey  fhe  lay  at  Richmond  ;  where  being  watched  all 
ight  by  the  foldicrs,  and  all  accel's  of  her  own   private  atfen- 

Pjdants  utterly  prohibited,  £hc  began  to  be  convinced  that  orders 

1  ad  been  g»vco  10  put   her  piivatcly  to  death,     The  next  day 

Sc  reached  Wind  for,  where  flie   was   lodged    in    the  Dean's 

houfc  near  St  Gcorgc%  collegiate  c  ha  pel.     She  then  patFcd  to 

Lord  WiJliaiTis's  feat  at  Ricot  in  Oxfordflitic,  where  fhe  lay; 

"^nd  *'  was  vcrie  prinalie  entertained  both  of  knights  and  Ja- 
lici,^  But  Bedingfield  was  highJy  dif^urtcd  at  this  gjillint  en- 
ertammtnt  of  his  prif  mcr,  Duiin;^  th^'tr  journey,  Loid  Wil- 
liams and  another  gentleman  playing  kt  chefs,  the  Princefs  ac- 
pidcnially  came  in^  and  told  them  (he  muft  flay  to  fee  the  game 
Uaycd  out;  but  this  hbtriy  Btdingficld  would  not  ptrmit.  Ar* 
fiving  at  Wooi^ftock,  (he  was  I^»dged  in  the  gatchoufe  of  tiic 
'  alace;  in  an  j^pariirxnt  remaining  complete  w-thirj  ihcfe  forty 
^cars,  with  its  original  arched  roof  of  Irifli  oak\  curjoufly 
irvrd,  painted  blue  fprin^led  with  gold,  and  to  the  Ult  re- 
lining  its  name  cf  ^^etn  Elizt^lfttlys  Chamtir*  Hcllingfhcad 
jiv€$  us  three  lints  which  fhc  wioic  with  a  diamond  gn  the 
|lafs  of  her  window;  and  Hcntzner,  in  his  Itmerary  of  1598, 
W  recorded  a  fonnet,  which  ftie  had  written  with  a  pencil  on 

her  window- fhuttcr.     In  the  i^odlctin  Library  at  Oxtord,  there 

is   an  Knghfh  tranflatioo   of  St.  PauTi,  Epiftlcs,  printed  in  the 

iblack  letter,  which  the  Princcfj*  ufed  while  (he  was  here  im- 
brifoned  ;  in  a  hi  ark  leaf  of  which,  the  following  paragraph, 
written  with  her  own  liand,  and  \n  the  pedantry  of  the  times, 
bet  remains.  '*  I  w*ilkc  many  times  into  the  pleafant  ficldcs 
M  the  holyc  fcripturcs  ;  where  I  plucke  up  the  goodiicfomc 
herbs  of  fentencca  by  pruning,  eat  tfiern  by  reading  :  chawe 
them  by  mufing  :  and  hue  them  up  at  kngth  in  the  hie  feat  of 
memorie,  by  gathering  them  togetljcr.      That  fo  havrng  tafted 

Re  fwcetencs,  I  mjye  the  Icfle  perceave  the  brtternenc  of  this 
iferabic  life/*  The  c*ivcfs  arc  of  black  fiJk,  on  which  (he  had 
amufcd  herfclf  with  curioufly  working,  or  cmbol!ing»  the  fol- 
lowing infcriptions  and  devices  in  gold  twifl.  On  one  fide,  on 
the  bardirr  or  edge,  CMLUM  PAJRIA.  SCOPUS  VIFM 
PUS,  C/^JR/SJO  f'irE.  In  ihe  middle  a  heart  i  and  about 
ELEF/i  COR  SUR'^UM  IBI  UUI  E,  C.  [i.  e.  eft  Chrif- 
tus  ]     On   the  other   fide,   on    the    border,    HE^fTUS    ^UI 

nnriAs  scripturm  legens  verb/I  fERrir  im 

PERt  In  the  middle  a  (tar,  and  about  it,  VICIT  OMSIJ 
'ERTISAX  HRTUS  E  C.  [I  e.  Elifabeth^  Cupth^  ^,  cr 
'ii'zaUiha  Capthtj,^  One  is  pleafed  to  hear  thefe  circum(bnces» 
ffling  and  unimpoitant  as  thry  arc,  which  (hew  ui  how  this 
cat  and  unfcriunatc  Lady,  who  became  afterwards  the  heroine 


J     th( 

ft 


tig  3 


<A 


554-  Warton'i  Life  ef  Sir  Thomas  Pipe. 

of  the  Britifli  ibronc,  the  favourite  of  her  people^  tnd  the  ter- 
ror of  the  world,  contrived  to  relieve  the  tedious  hours  of  her 
penfivc  and   folitary  confinement.     She  had,    however,   little 
opportunity  for  meditation  or   amufemenC      She  was  dofdj 
guarded  ;  yet  fometimes  fufFered  to  walk  into  the  gardens  of  the 
palace.     In  this  fitu^.tion,  fays  Hollingfliead,  **  no  marve),  if 
file  hearing  upon  a  time  out  of  her  garden  at  W>>odftocke  a 
certain  mi.kmalde  finging  pleafantlie,  wiOied  herfelf  to  be  a 
milkmaide,  as  (he  was ;  faying  that  her  cafe  was  better,  and 
life  merrier."     After  being  confined  here  for  many  months,  (he 
procured  a  permifTion  to  write  to  the  Queen :  but  her  impor- 
tunate  keeper  Bedingfield  intruded  and  overlooked  what  ihe 
wrote.    At  length  King  Philip  interpofed,  and  begged  that  Ibe 
might  be  removed  to  the  court.     But  this  fudden  kindncfs  of 
Thilip  did  not  rife  fum  any  regular  principle  of  real  genrrofity, 
but  partly  from  nn  afiedlation  of  popularity ;  and  partly  from  a 
refint'd   feritiment  of  policy,  which  made  him  forefee,  that  if 
T-lizalieth  was  put  to  death,  the  next  lawful  heir  would  be 
Mary  Qiiecn  of  Scots,  already  betrothed  to  the  Dauphin   of 
France,  vvliole  fucceflion  would  forever  join  the  fceptres  of  Eng^ 
land  and  France,  and  confequently  cru(h  the  growing  interefts 
of  6pain.     In  her  firft  day's  journey  from  the  manor  of  Wood- 
flock  to  Lord  William's  at  Kicot,  a  violent  florm  of  v.  ind  hap- 
pened ;  infomuch  that  that  her  hood  and  the  attire  of  her  head 
were  twice  or  thrice  blown  ofF.     On  this  flie  begged  to  retire 
to  a  gentleman's  houfe  then  at  hand  :  but  Bedin^eld's  abfurd 
and  fuperabundant  circumfpedion  refufed  even  this  iniignificant 
rcqueft ;  and  conflrained  her,  with  much  indecorum,  tQ  replace 
her  hcaJ-dreG  under  a  hedge  near  the  road.     The  next  night 
they  came  to  Mr.  Dormer's,  at  Winge,  in  Buckinghamfhirf ; 
and  from  thence  to  an  inn  at  Colnebrooke,  where  fte  lay.    At 
length  flic  arrived  at  Hampton-court,  where  the  court  then  re* 
fidcd,  but  was  flill  kept  in  the  condition  of  a  prifoner.     Here 
Bifliop  Gardiner,  with  others  of  the  council,  frequently  per- 
fuaded  her  to  make  a  confcflion,  and  fubmit  to  the  QuecD*s 
mercy.     One  night,  when  it  was  late,  the  Princcfs  waa  un- 
expefledly  fent  for,  and  conduced  by  torch  light  to  the  Queen's 
bedchamber :  where  flie  kneeled  down  before  the  Queen,  it^ 
Glaring  herfelf  to  be  a  mod  faithful  and  true  fubje£l.     The 
Queen  feemed  flill  to  fufpcfl  her ;    but  they  parted  op  good 
terms.     During  this  critical  interview,  Philip  had   concealed 
himfelf  behind  the  tapeflry,  that  he  might  have  fea(bnably  in- 
terpofed,  to  prevent  the  violence  of  the  Queen's  temper  from 
proceeding  to  any  extremities.     One  week  afterwards  ibe  was 
releafed  from  the  formidable  parade  of  guards  and  keepers.     A 
happy  change  of  circumflances  enfued  ;  and  (be  was  permitted 
to  retire  with  Sir  Thomas  Pope  to  Hatfield-houfe  in  Hertford- 

(hire. 


CtmjeSures  m  the  Nrw  Tie/famenh  ijjj 

fli!re.  At  parting  the  Queen  began  to  flicw  fomc  fymptoms  of  1 
rcconciiiation  :  Ihe  rccommendtd  ta  her  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  as  a 
pcrfon  with  whom  the  Princcls  was  well  acquainted,  and  whofc 
bumanity,  prudence,  and  other  qualificaiionfi  were  all  calcu» 
latcd  to  render  her  new  fitu.ition  peif^ly  agreeable ;  and  it 
che  fame  time  (he  gave  the  FniKeis  a  riog  worth  feven  him* 
drcd  crowos.* 

In  the  ilyle  and  manner  of  our  Author,  We  Bnd  that  art,  pro^^ 
pricty,  and  c^k^  which  charafterize  the  prod  yd  tons  of  thofe 
wbofe  talents  have  been  carefully  cultivated  by  reflection  and 
ftudy*  Here,  however^  we  conceive  they  arc  ill  applied  ;  and 
WC  cannot  but  confide r  it  a^  an  unhappinds  that  Mr.  VVartoil 
has  been  called  by  his  ficuation  and  connections  to  attend  to  t 
fubjfdf  on  which  even  the  vigorous  genius  0/  MiJton  could 
llamp  no  confiJerable  value. 


I 


J^RT.  II.  Cmjidutis  en  the  Nrw  Ttft^minh  CQlkBtd  frem  vmi<ius 
Auih^rs^  as  fwtU  in  regard  to  If'crdj  aj  Painting  :  M^ith  the  Rttx/hm 
^m 'which  hth  art fcuiided^    8vo.    6  s.    Bowycr  and  Nichols.   1772. 

JUd!ciou«  attempts  to  elucidate  and  explain  any  parts  of  the 
facrcd  writings  are  always  worthy  of  commendation;  as  arc 
Jiltewife  the  endeavours  which  are  ufed  to  facilitate  this  kind  of 
•enquiries^  and  to  render  more  general  an  acquaintance  with 
thofe  remarks  and  difcovertes  which  have  been  already  made. 
It  is  in  the  latter  view  that  ilic  prcfent  volume  claims  any  mc- 

►rit  \  fincc  it  is^  as  thfe  title  cxprelll's,  a  colie^lm^  from  fever al 
Vrritcrs,  of  the  different  readings,  or  poin lings,  of  particular 
pafiiigesi  together  with  alterations  and  emcndaiions  which  tbey 
have  propofcd. 

Ciitical  enquiries  of  this  kind  have^  no  doubt,  been  prodiio- 
tivc  of  very  confidcrablc  advantages:  yet  it  muft  be  confeflW 
that  there  are  inflances    in   which   we  are   pleafed   with   the 

■Jngenuity  of  the  critkifm,    without  obtaining  any  real   fatit- 
hfa^iion  as  to  the  meaning  of  the  text  in  qucftion  j  and  mere 
€enje£iurti\  though  attended  with  a  degree  of  probability^  fomc- 
^limes   i^tvt  but   to   encreafe  our   doubts    and  perpjo^ity.      It 
HiDay^  however,  be  curious  ro  obfejrve  the  different  methods'af 
Bldlening  or  removing  a  difficulty;  and   certainly  it  is  an  ina* 
^porcant  and  a  pleafni;^  co/ilidcraclon   to  ihofe   who  value  the 
Icriptures,  that  notwithflandirtg  the  various  readings  o*  manu- 
fcripts  and  verftons,  with  ibe  errors  of  iranfcribersj  ^^c,  yet  the 
ncaning  and  fcnfc  of  the  wtitinos  of  the  New  IVftamcnt  (10 
uhich  our  Authof  cbnRnes  hlmfelf)  il  not  commonly  affected 
by  them  in  any  eflential  or  material  degree* 

The  Compiler  informs  us  thac  he  was  '  inftnfibly  !rd  to  this 
work  by  feeing  a  frnaU  rollcdiion  publllhed  by  IVitJhln  m  his 

Kt^itgmitm  1%  the  N.  T.  in  4'o»  A.  D,  f73»/     When  Wet 


g  4  ^^vv\% 


55^  CcnjiHures  on  the  New  Tejlament. 

ftein's  edition  in  folio  appeared  in  1 75P,  this  Writer  found,  be 
tells  us,  that  his  labour  was  not  wholly  fuperfedrd.  ^  Bccatife,  it  it 
added,  in  the  iirft  place,  Wetftein  has  cited  only  the  names  of 
the  authors,  without  mentioning  in  what  part  of  their  workf 
they  occur.— In  the  fecond  place,  he  has  given  feveral  emen* 
dations,  in  fo  concife  a  manner,  that  a  common  reader  will 
fcarce  attend,  either  ro  approve  their  (Ireggth,  or  condemn  their 
weaknefs,  which  is  the  only  circumftance  that  gives  a  relilh  to 
them. -> Thirdly,  though  he,  as  well  as  Dr.  Mill,  hath  takea 
notice  of  jonu  variations  in  punduation  which  afFeA  the  fenfe, 
yet  thev  have  omitted  many  others  no  lefs  material.  Thefe  of 
how  little  moment  foever  they  are  ufually  confiJered,  yet  I  am 
bold  to  fay,  are  of  more  importance  than  all  the  other  variations  put 
togitber.  .  ^i  bene  dijlinguit^  bene  docety  is  no  lefs  true  in  criti* 
cifm  than  in  dodlrinc.' 

W«  (hall  now  ptoceed  to  offer  a  few  extraSs  by  which  the 
Reader  may  form  f()mejud'j[ment,  for  himfelf,  with  refped  to 
the  merit  of  this  publication  : 

•  Matt,  ch  ii.  vcr.  23.  oTrojf  is-ATjpfltj,  &c.J  This  is  a  mar- 
ginal note  of  fome  cabbaliftical  annotator  :  For  where  is  it  f«id, 
that  the  Mefliah  fhould  be  called  a  Nazarene  ?  Vpton^  Crit.  Obf^ 
on  Shakefpeare,  For  the  fame  reafon  it  is  uncertain  whether  tr*, 
-which  follows,  is  part  of  the  citation,  or  maiks  the  event,  it 
Jbould  fo  happen  that  he  Jkull  be  called^  &c.  as  Btza.  Druf.  Par^ 
Sacra. 

•  Ch.  V.  ver.  ^^.  S?  Siy  irir>i,  Mfc?fi]  It  feemsodd  that  when 
the  Jews  had  juft  before  been  reprimanded  for  calling  any  one 
jLaka^  a  Syriac  term  of  reproach,  they  fhould  here  be  warued 
againft  calling  him  /iAa;pfi,  in  Gieek,  thou  fool y  as  more  aggra- 
vating. There  is  not  that  fcale  in  the  crime  as  in  the  punifli- 
ment.  Nay,  /uci;pE,  in  Greek  does  not  fignify  fo  much  as  Raka^ 
I  will  not  fay  more  or  worfe  than  it,  and  (hould  not  be  inter- 
preted at  all,  any  more  than  Raka^  or  at  lead  fhould  not  be  in- 
terpreted by  the  Greek  word  /itwp«,  thou  fool \  but  from  ^^^D 
in  Hebrew  rebellious,  Jiubborn^  Deut.  xxi.  18,  20-  Num.  xxi. 
io.  Pfal.  xxviii.  23.  Sykesy  Connexion  of  Nat.  and  Rev.  Reli- 
gion, ch.  14.  p.  426. — The  Syriac  MARI,  fignifies  pertinax^ 
morofus  ft  oppofuit ;  AMARI,  amarum  fecit^  MARMARf  *«- 
terhaviu  nneerore  affecit  :  which  I  mention,  becaufe,  though  the 
Syriac  vcrfion  hai  not  retained  this  word,  as  might  have  been 
expeded,  we  have  ft  ill  fome  footfteps  of  it  in  the  language  now 
'remaining. 

•  Ch.  vi.  ver.  1 1.  To\  oplcv  rfjUWK  tov  tiFitTo-ior]  Give  us  this 
day  our  In  ad  n^cejfary  for  our  jvhfijience  \  not  our  daily  bread. 
Sculiger,  S^ilmafius,  and  Kufter,  derive  mvVio^  from  txtcMr 
sTftffa,  which  is  not  according  to  the  genius  of  the  Greek 
fongtie.    It  comes  from  iirio^^  like  p^ovVisf.  Toup.  £p.  Cfit.  ad 


Cmji^urti  6n  the  Niw  Tefiamcnt,  55jr 

£p.  G1otjC»  p.  140.— Caninius  on  the  other  hand,  maintains, 
that  if  it  comes  from  sV/jt,  it  would  be  re^Urly  iV^Vjp^,  as 
liru^siwtoq^  ii^u/tAtpoc ;  but  (hould  wc  |»rant  it  came  from  Mx,  as 
im^xo%^  from  o^koc,  it  dors  not  anfwcr  to  the  Syriac  word  ufed 
by  Chnil,  which  Jcrofrte  firft  difcavered  wa^  nHDT  dtmchar^ 
hy  confaltjiirj  the  Naz  irieari's  t»orpcl  at  BerThcra»  and  fhould  be 
T  1  t^'frnrrctus  tread.     The  (1  recks  having  no  word  that 

n^  '0  mcrfo:i\  Matthew  wa?  forced  to  ijukc  nnc  according 

to  analogy*  Canmtts  Prxht.  in  InlVit.  Lingu^i:  Syiiacar,  at  the 
end  of  Crcnius'a  cd.  of  the  Greek  Grammar,  1 700.— Dr.  Jor- 
tin  adopts  this  latter  Ctn(Ct  though  Icarcc  wiiii  fufBcien^  .lucbo- 
rity,  vt:^.  bccjufc  Euripides  in  Mcdten,  352,  ufe^  ij  imv^oL^ 
fo,  Polthtim,  iierm.  vol,  ii.  p.  13.— But  Mu  Timp  will  not  aj- 
low  that  to  be  a  warr.mi  for  the  (enfc  of  £iriif(r*«(**-Lefs  can  be 
faid  for  our  Engli(b  vcrlion,  //miy  bread*' 

Let  us  juft  oHfrrvc  concerning  this  text*  that  notwitbf^and* 
jog  all  that  has  been  faid  about  it,  Mr»  Medc>  remark  feema 
to  be  very  pertinent,  vli,,  that  tTriwirtof,  lign^fiws  what  \%fuffiatni 
for  our  prtjent  Juppcrt   and  fubfiltcncc,    as   taU^wioi   lignihes 

*  Markch.  ix,  vcr,  23*  uTrttf  x^St^'  Ti  u  JuWo-a*  wirti<rm] 
F.  TI,  E*  (Tuirjitra*  \  n>rfy^a»»  in  the  impcntivc  §  why  fayeji 
theu^  If  thu  tanjlf  BHuv€^  and  all  Mngi  are  poffihlt,  Lud, 
C,ipt*cilu5.  Knatchbull. — Somewhat  is  under ftood*  and  ihc 
con{lru<Stif>n  is  thus ;  T<J  T*rrti<ra:i,  U  JJtfjta-;!*  [j3c^n&nVii  <roj]  TV 
lelirve^  if  you  am^  will  help  you ^  Grot.  Bcntieliua. — ^Or,  T*; 
Ei  i'jyix^iKv  zyirigtrai ,  fp^hy  dejl  thou  fuy^  if  thou  caji  h  tlievi  ^ 
D,  Hcins. —  Read,  uwiy  ol^t*^  to»  E*  Ju>;crA»  wirfv<ra» ;  faid  t9 
him 9  CafCjl  thnt  (relieve?  All  things  are  p^j/iifle  to  him  that  be* 
iieve'tb,  Ej  is  interrogative  as  Luke  xiv.  3.  Cam:rar, — The 
fame conftrud ion  of  to  fee  before  vcr.  9,  Euk.  ix.  46.  xrx.  48. 
— h&n  iv*  ai.  xxii,  30.  Xenoph.  Ep]/j«fk&*  Ji  rd'  HflJ^aTr®* 
lin. — What  is  remarkable,  Rob.  Stephens,  in  his  editioo  of 
J55C,  had,  by  m«ft;ike,  printed  it,  T6  u  iivoLCOLi  inrt^^obt^  and 
cafiedlcd  it  in  the  t;ible  of  errata  But  that  is  what  few  iook 
into,  and  fo  from  the  authority  of  his  beautiful  edition  it  hath 
been  propagated  in  moft  others  fince,  even  in  the  Jaft  Oxford 
edition  1763. — After  alU  perhaps  it  might  have  been  under- 
ftood  thus  :  iXfiiv  ctvru*,  Ti,  s7  ijvao'cti ;  ATNASAI  unv-forati  ; 
s-aVTa,  ^'C.    yefui  fmd  unto  him^  iVhat  doji  thou  mean  hy^  If  thsu 

^Mnfif  Can' /I  thou  i^elieve  f  Any  thing  can  be  dme  fr  one  whg  he- 

Wmiroitb*    The  fecond  Siivatrxi  might  eafily  be  omitted  by  a  fibra- 

r     ita 

I      lai 

I  mw 


Itan       But  Beza^s  to  u  (fuVoKTiXi,  f  t  t3to  ft  ^Tuvflwa*,  &c,  cer- 

lamly  cannot  be  right,     ]f  it  were  written  thus,  as  it  was  firft, 

.Without  difttnaions,  Tl  ATNAIAI  ATNAIAl  niZTETZAl 

4IANTA,  he,  an  ignorant  fcribe  would  almoft  naturally  omit 

^^wm  ia  the  fecond  piace^  a^  the  miftakt  of  h\%  ^^^c^^cyt. 


This  feems  to  be  a  probable  account  of  this  tlifficutt  paiTa^* 
T*,  as  Luke  ix,  49,  though  r«  may  be  rcuincd  with  the  Umt 
iliftm<Eljfins,  and  with  the  vulgar  reading  as  wc  obfenred  be- 
fore ;  iTwiv  0(urw  ri,  £(  iuif^^$i,t  zrcrtor^t  i^avla^  Sic,  t«  paC  ift 
that  manner  anfwers  to  our  v/z.  or  nanufy^  Matt.  xix.  18.  vd 
vcn  10  of  this  chapter.     R. 

*  Luke  ch,  xxii.  29.  Ka>w  lixrihfM,»t  ifAtp^  x«ftQi#f  itBtfi 
^0^  i  wATT^ft  pK  (isttrtXtiSLr  Tva,  fee]  The  true  dtflln^ton  df 
this  place  (hould  bc^  iitLjii^xi  ifM¥  (Kxiii;  ti^trS  jLi«4  0  «-«?«{ 
fJLH  (i9t^iX{i%y)  Tif» — U  €•  And  /  ^rant  M  pu  (frrafmuih  m  tm 
fathir  Imth  gmnt^d  t$  me  0  kwgdm)  t§  #j/  and  dr'tnJk  at  my  idk 
in  my  ksngehm,     R, 

*  John  ch.  xiv*  30,  31.  ^  i^  ifMi  i^n  e;^^*  ii^*  AxxTi*] 
Thcfe  two  vcrfcs  ihouldl  depend  on  each  orhcr,  and' be  poimd 
accordingly:  For  the  ruler 9/  thh  w^rld  is  c^mhtg :  andthmgkk 
hath  nothing  u  do  w'jh  me  j  yet  that  the  world  may  kn^w  thfit  i  ku 
the  Father^  and  that  I  aSi  jo  gs  the  Father  hath  givin  tm  §ritr^ 
jfrife^  let  us  ga  hence ^  viz.  to  Jcrufatcm.     R. 

*  Galat.ch.vi  12.  "iWf  'srinxU^i^  vjxT^t  y^a'j^/5*ar*v  ^tp^k 
Tn  if^n  /C'^fO  I^^"^^  what  follows  in  capitals,  and  this  m  u 
Introduction  to  it ;  Ycu  fee  in  what  Urge  letteri  I  hr,me  mriii/* 
whett  folhws^  particularly  to  be  noted,  vi^*  AS  MANY  AS, 
He.  D»  H^m^.-^You  fee  in  hnv  teng  a  later  I  have  writtm> 
He  had  not  written  a  longer  letter  before.  The  Ep,  m  l^ 
Hebrews  is  fa  id  to  be  an  few  wordf,  xiii.  22,  and  yet  longci 
than  this  to  the  Gabtians,  Bengeliut.  Thefc  wordd  have  nd 
fcfcrencc  to  the  length  of  the  Jctter,  but  fecm  rather  to  be  i 
kind  of  43pclcgy  [or  the  hand  writing.     O.' 

Thcfe  few  cxtrads,  though  fevcral  other  paflages  arc  yet 
more  important^  may  enable  ihc  Reader  to  form  fomc  idea  rf 
this  performance.  The  Author  has  not,  we  think,  thrown 
his  materials  together  in  quite  fo  cxa£^  and  agreeable  a  manner, 
as  with  fomc  farther  attention  he  pofTtbly  would  have  done:  but 
his  work  has  its  value,  and  may  be  very  ferviceable  to  many 
who  have  not  larger  produdlltins  at  hand,  or  leifure  for  c :*n- 
fulting  them  :  farther,  as  it  prefcnts  fevcral  obfervations  ur  ^ 
the  fame  paflkges  of  fcripture  at  one  view,  it  may  prove  u  ;. 
and  entertaining  to  all  who  apply  themfelves  to  this  kinc  u! 
ftudy. 

Art*  III-  jf  Comment  m  fime  remnrkalle  Pujfages  in  Chrifi^i  ^^^* 
mi  ike  Clo/e  sf  hit  puhlic  Mimftry  ;  mwre  ^ariicMlarly  y^n  xvii.  §• 
Or  an  Attempt  to  ei^viti/t  and  c^rrtii  fundry  mijiaktm  N9ti§me  eemenr 

tHg  9ur  Su'Viour's  per/ittai  Churaeter,     tJvo.     as.    Johnibn*    1772* 

SINCE  truth  is  immutable*  it  ijt  cenain  that  tlic  Cbfiili*fl 
religicro  moft»  in  reipeit  af  doflrinc,  remain  in  itfclf  tiic 
ieme  In  every  place  and  a^e:  but  bow  various,  tn  fomc  ttt- ^ 


Ccmtmni  infirm  remariohU  P^Jiiti  iff  Chri/Fs  Prayer,     559 

(lances,  how  oppofitc,  have  been  the  explications  of  different 
pans  of  this  revelation,  and  this  even  with  regard  to  fuch  points 
a$  may  be  deemed  more  dircfHy  material  and  elTentiaf  to  its 
peculiar  nature  or  dcfigo  !  It  is  not  indeed  to  be  expected  that 
all  men  0iould  view  the  fam^  fubje^ts  exa^ly  in  the /ami  man- 
ner, crpccially  when  thofe  fubjeils  become  more  than  ordina- 
f  i!y  complex  j  nor  ii  it  really  i'urprizing  thar,  in  writings  fo 
ancient  as  arc  the  lateft  pans  of  the  holy  fcripturcs,  there 
fliould  be  a  variety  in  the  reading  or  interpretation  of  a  partica* 
Lit  text  or  pafla^e,  But  it  h  indeed  wonderful,  if  any  neceC- 
Vary  or  fundacnenial  article  of  faith  (hogld  be  cxprciled  in  fo 
perplexed  and  obfciuc  a  m»nner,  as  to  leave  room  for  ihit  Ux^ 
tinifle  of  fentiment  and  cxpofuion,  and  admit  of  that  cndlcfs 
iliiputaiion,  wjuch»  as  to  matters  of  doctrine,  hath  fo  jo:ig 
prevailed  in  the  ChntVun  world.  From  reflcdiinf;  on  thefe 
things,  we  fliould^  ft,>r  ourfclveS)  be  apt  to  conclude,  coii' 
cerning  fuch  controvertible  points,  that  the  whole  truth  is  not 
fully  and  clearly  declared,  becaule  they  are  fubjcdts  which  it  does 
not  concern  ui^exadly  to  know,  or  to  invcftigAte;  and,  furiiier, 
that  perfons  who  have  cndc.ivourcd,  as  far  as  their  flatiun:*  and 
abtUtics  will  allow,  to  learn  what  the  Jlripture  teaches,  may 
TfJely  embrace  whatever  opinion  appears  to  them  to  approach  | 
nearcfl:  to  the  flandard  of  truth.  And  furcly,  in  fuch  a  cafe, 
110  lightly  difpofcd  mind  can  think  there  is  any  room  to  be 
dograaiical,  prcfuming,  or  confident,  whatever  may  be  the  rc- 
fult  of  our  honeft  and  rc.^fonablc  enquiries. 

The  publication  n«w  before  us  propofc*.  fomc  fenti men t«  very 
different  from  ihofe  which  have  commonly  prevailed  upon  thefe 
fubje^is  ^  but  it  is  not  the  Itfs  entitled,  on  feveral  accounts, 
10  a  very  candid  and  careful  perufaL  The  Writer  appears  to 
be  poiTcH'cd  of  got>d  fepfc,  ingcnaity,  and  Icarriing  ;  and  what 
is  yet  more  valu;ible,  to  be  a  man  of  unfeigned  piety,  and  a  1 
fificere  lover  of  truth. 

In  the  firft  part  of  his  work,  be  confiders  the  tiU£  attd pr'.frr 
humanity  cf  Chriji^  which  he  apprehends  to  be  clearly  evident 
from  his  prayer,  John  xvii,  the  hith  vcrfc  of  which  chapter  ii 
the  bafis  of  this  treatife,  which  probably  was  onginii'ly  c  m- 
pofcd  or  delivered  in  three  or  more  fermoni,  having  this  pailltge 
for  a  text*  J 

In  this  firft  part  €f  the  traft,  the  Author,  after  other  reflect  ^ 
tions,  proceeds  in  this  manner  ;  ^  I  would  be  far  from  cm«fa 
ing  into  ciuarrelfume  contention  with  any  v^ho  may  diUcr  frum 
me  in  their  religious  fentiments  :  but  I  may  be  alK^v/rd  to  cx> 
populate  and  reafon  a  little  upon  the  point  itfdf,  without  giv* 
ing  reafonable  or  juft  oiFence  to  any  ;  and  efpecially,  as  \  ap« 
prebend  it  to  be  a  matter  of  moment,  and  what  ought  indeed 
to  be  maturely  weighed,  and  well  undcrilood^  li  >wc  v»^»nx\^'^ 


560     Comment  on  feme  remarkable  Pajfages  in  CbriJVs  Prayer* 

ever  able  rightly  to  interpret  that  revelation  which  God  has 
given  us,  or  to  fet  the  do^rines  of  the  Nevir  Teftament  in  a 
confident,  eafy,  and  amiable  light. — I  would  therefore  fain 
learn,  where  we  have  any  ground  to  believe  what  is  called  the 
bypoflatical  union^  or  a  duplicity  of  natter es  in  the  peifon  of  Chrtft; 
—or  where  it  is  that  we  are  taught  or  inftruded  in  any  part  of 
fcripture,  to  fpeakof  Jefus  Chrift,  as  many  of  our  divines  have 
done,  fometimes  as  God^  at  other  times  as  man.  A  mere  ima' 
ginary  diftindion  this  ;  fuch  as  only  tends  to  embarrafs  and  coa* 
found,  but  is  far  from  conveying  to  the  mind  any  one  clear, 
rational,  or  inflru^tive  idea  concerning  either  the  one  God,  or 
the  one  Lord  Jefus  Chrift.  Our  Saviour  here  prays,  glmfi 
thou  me  with  thine  own  f elf.  Does  he  then  pray  to  himfelff  Or 
pray  to  be  with  himfelf?   The  underftanding  recoils  at  fuch  an 

unnatural  perverfion,  fuch  2k  di^ort  ion  o(  ideas! Nothing  is 

more  evident  to  me,  than  that  fuch  a  complex^  fuch  a  confufei 
and  intricate  notion,  as  many  have  formed  concerning  the  pcr- 
foii  of  Chrift,  as  God-man^  muft  neceflarily  render  the  true 
fcripturc  dodrine  in  this  article  perfedlly  obfcure  and  unintel- 
ligible. It  difturbs  and  confounds  all  our  ideas,  and  throws  a 
thick  mift  and  darkncfs  over  the  human  intelled. It  con- 
founds the  only  true  and  proper  obje<St  of  worfliip,  and  is  an 
hindrance  to  all  rational  and  true  devotion. — Nay,  it  is  clear  to 
me,  that  the  common  fuppofition  of  two  diftind  natures  in 
Chrift,  muft  as  neceilarily  deftroy  the  dodrine  of  his  true  and 
proper  detty^  as  the  fuppofition  of  two  or  more  different  perfons 
in  the  one  God  muft  deftroy  the  dodrine  of  the  unity.  They  are 
both  equally  repugnant  to  truth  and  reafon,  as  well  as  to  the 
plain  and  intelligible  dodUine  of  our  Saviour  and  hb  apoftles.' 

This  Writer,  however,  acknowledges  that  the  union  of  the 
Son  with  the  Father  may  be  eafily  and  happily  explained,  in 
the  moral  and  figurative  fcnfe  of  the  word : — *  They  are,  fap 
he,  virtually,  or  in  cffc£l  one,  as  they  are  pcrfeftly  united  in 
harmony  and  confent, — in  ading  upon  the  fame  principle, 
LOVE, — and  in  carrying  on  one  great  and  benevolent  defign  in 
the  moral  world.  And  (he  properly  adds)  as  to  all  metaphyjiiol 
abftrufe  terms  of  diftindiion  and  explication,  they  can  avail  no- 
thing towards  fetting  the  matter  in  any  other  light.  Nay,  thef 
are  fo  far  from  clearing  our  conceptions,  or  facilitating  our 
enquiries  upon  this  fubjedt,  that  they  even  tend  to  fubvert,  and 
quite  erafe  all  our  moft  obvious  and  primary  ideas.' 

Left  any  (hould  imagine  that  he  means  to  detrad  or  derogate 
in  the  leaft  from  the  higheft  honours  and  titles .  that  are  any 
where  given  to  Chrift  in  Che  facred  writings,  and  which  tend 
to  imprefs  the  mind  with  the  moft  venerable  and  worthy  fenti- 
ments  of  this  great  and  extraordinary  perfon  ;  left  any  fliould 
laife  fuch  an  objedion,  the  Author  adds,  *  I  would  always  pay 

all 


CommiHt  onfimi  remarhUi  Pajfagts  in  Chrlft's  Prajir.     ^6i 

ill  due  reverence  to  the  man  Chrid  Jefus ;  as  one  that  fuftaincd 
the  faigheft  and  faireft  character  that  ever  appeared  on  the  theatre 
of  this  world.  I  look  upon  him  as  a  truly  divine  perfon ; — as 
one  who  was  appointed  by  God  to  be  the  redeemer,  lawgiver, 
and  judge  of  mankind ;  and  is  now  exalted  in  reward  of  his 
voluntary  obedience  unto  death,  to  a  (late  and  place  of  the 
higheft  dominion  and  glory,  as  Lord  of  angels  and  men,  and 
of  all  created  beings,  both  in  heaven  and  on  earth. — And  ic 
ought  not,  furely,  to  offend  any  when  1  fay,  that  this  fame 
Jefus,  thus  highly  honoured  and  exalted  was  a  man. — Though 
he  appeared  and  fhone  forth  in  this  world  as  a  perfon  divinely 
glorious,  and  a£led  as  a  God  in  exerting  thofe  miraculous 
powers  which  God  had  given  him  ;  yet  his  divine  and  godlike 
character  was  more  illuftrioufly  difplayed  in  confequence  of  his 
refurre£iion  and  exaltation  at  the  right  hand  of  God. — And  this 
is  all  that  I  can  underfland  by.  his  Godhead,,  even  his  lord/hip  and 
dominion:  or  he  was  God  no  otherwife  than  by  his  fuperiority 
to  all  creatures.  And,  in  this  fenfe,  his  Godhead  is  not  to  be 
difputed,  his  Father  having  now  made  him  head  over  all,  or 
king  and  governor  of  the  church  univerfdl  ;  an  office  and  ho* 
nour  that  he  will  always  maintain  and  fupport,  as  the  great 
arbiter  of  life  and  death  to  all  the  ages  and  generations  of  man- 
kind, as  they  fucceffively  pafs  through  their  refpeSive  ftages  of 
trial  and  mortality/ 

In  the  fecond  part  of  this  tra£l«  the  Jlyle  and  appellation  given 
t$  our  Saviour^  before  and  after  his  rtfurredlion^  is  particularly 
Gonfidered.  It  is  infifted  that  the  phrafe,  the  Son  ofGod,  when 
applied  to  the  man  Chrift  Jefus,  can  only  be  underftood  in  a 
moral  ZTiA  figurative  fenfe,  even  as  the  words  light  and  dark- 
nefs  are  fomecimes  ufed  in  the  facred  writings,  particularly 
Eph.  v.  8.  The  appellation,  it  is  obferved,  docs  not  fignify  a 
communication  oS fubflance  or  ejfence^  but  agreeably  to  the  fcrip- 
ture  mode  and  dialedi,  the  communication  of  a  moral  temper^ 
fpirit  znd  difpofition,  *  The  fns  of  God,  fays  this  ingenious 
divine,  are  good  men,  fuch  as  are  beloved  of  God,  and  dear  to 
him,  as  children  who  bear  his  moral  image  and  refemblancc,  , 
Such  was  the  man  Chrift  Jefus  in  a  confpicuous  and  eminent 
fenfe.  Or  we  thus  fee  in  what  fenfe  he  was  peculiarly  llyled 
the  Son  of  Go i J  meaning  hereby,  a  perfon  of  fuperior  mor^l 
worth  anJ  excellence.' 

The  words  firft-begotten  and  firfl-born^  which  are  fometimes 
applied  to  our  Savioui',  this  Writer  remarks,  as  others  have 
done  before  him,  cannot  be  fairly  interpreted,  or  undcrfiood,  as 
referring  to  any  prior  ftate  of  exiftcnce,  but  do  direSfly  znA  folely 
tcict  ti)  his  relurre<Stion.  Here,  among  others,  the  memorable 
text  in  CoL  i.  15.  falls  under  notice,  in  which  Chrlft  is  called 
6  vVv^ 


56a     Comment  on  firm  remarkable  Paffages  in  ChriJPs  Prajer. 

the  firji'bom  of  every  creature :  that  explicatioa  of  this  paffiigs 
which  our  Author  thinks  the  moft  (ktitfiuEkory,  he  mentiont  a» 
having  heea  fuggefted  by  Dr.  Pniliem  Hetms  in  bis  difcourfiir 
on  the  Meffiah)  though  ic  is  alb  a  remark  of  other  crftict:  k 
U  in  brief  this,  that  the  word  Tr^roroxof,  by  a  change  in  the 
accent,  i»  fome times  ufed  by  profane  writerst,  not  in  a  pafim 
but  in  an  active  fenfe  (IJidori  Pelufi^ta^  ]ib«  3,  cptft.  30.)  and 
thus  by  a  faiall  alteration  fome  would  lead  the  original  word, 
xpMroTOMoCt  ptttting  the  accent  upon  the  penuitima^  woA  would 
accordingly  render  it,  not  the  fir(l*bom  but  the  beginner^  ot 
the  iird  britTger-fn-th^  the  rmmcdiace  eauft  or  the  firft  begefter 
of  all  things  ;  ^  that  is,  adds  this  Writer,  of  all  things  in  tile 
mw-creiitiort  '.-'vix.  as  tb?y  now  ftand  «n'ier  the  Chrijtian  eSf" 
penfation^  which  is  fpoken  of  in  Ccripture  as  the  future,  ot  the 
laft  age,  i.  e.  the  age  of  the  Meffiah,  called  the  wor!d  to  etme^ 
which  is  now  put  (as  the  Writer  to  the  Hebrews  cells  us)  not 
in  fubje£lion  to,  or  under  the  difpofirion  of  angels  but  under 
the  diredion  and  dominion  oFthe  Son  himfelf.   Heb«  it.  5.* 

VVe  now  pafs  on  to  the  third  part  of  this  treatife,  which  is 
called,  a  eanfuiation  0/  the  opinhn  of  Chri/Fs  pre-eiiflenee-y  for 
which  doctrine,  the  text  our  Autbor  makes  the  foundation  of  his 
dilcourfe  appears  mod  naturally  to  plead,  when  our  Saviour  fays, 
♦  glorifie  thou  me  with  thy  own  fclf,  with  the  ghry  which  I  had 
with  thee  before  the  world  was.*  The  original  of  this  place,  ftrid* 
]y  rendered^  ic  has  been  fuppoied,  would  run  thus,  ^  the  gkry 
which  I  had  before  the  world  was,  with  thee^  (TrxoM  ^ot]  that' 
i&i  in  thine  eternal  purpofe  or  decxe.  And  from  all  circum- 
fiances  laid  together,  this  wriccr*s  coaplufion  is,  theglorv  which 
Chrift.  bc.e  prayed  for,  was  not  a  glory  chat  he  ever  hM  aSfuetUf 
enjoyed  before,  but  only  what  he  had  in  the  breaft  oV  foreknow- 
ledge of  God,  and  in  fuch  a  hope  or  cxpct^ation  as .  wjs 
grounded  on  the  love  of  God^  and  did  entirely  reft  upon  the 
pleafurc  and  good  will  of  his  Father.  This  explication  he  en- 
deavours to  fupport  by  other  pafiagesof  fcripturo,  as  particularly 
Rev.  xvii.  3.  where  we  read  oixki^Lantb  flarn  from  the  foundation 
of  tlte  world*  '  Vvhere  does  it  appear,  it  is  fold,  throughout 
the  New  Teflament  that  Jefus  Chriif  had  any  orher  foul  than 
what  was  human^  or 'that  any  angelic  ^x  fuperangdlc  nature  fup- 
plicd  the  place  of  a  hua-ian  foul  in  the  perfon  of  Chrift  ?  1  can- 
not fee  how  the  langu  ige  of  (cripturc,  when  confiftently  inter- 
pjeted,  can  be  faid  to  favour  any  fuch  fcheme  as  that  of  his  pre- 
exiftence.  But,  that  Chrift  was  made  and  formed  in  a  fig.ial 
and  extraordinary  ipanncr,  by  the  immcdiaic  agency  and  power 
of  the  Deity,  is  a  plain,  credible,  and  fcr-pru re  doctrine,  and  no 
more  difficult  to  conceive  of,  than  the  formation  of  Adam,  the 
firft  of  ibeliuman  race,  who  was  likcvvifc  ftilcd  thej^/i  e/dd^ ' 

as 


C^innunt  m  fime  remariaUe  Paffagtt  in  Chrlfi^i  Prapr,     565  • 

as  veil  as  the  MfJJhh  himiclf^  tbey  being  both  created  and 
formed  by  the  fame  miraculous  power  and  energy  of  the  one 
God  and  Father  of  all.  Jefus  was  likewifc  one  of  our  nature, 
as  he  was  one  of  the  iame  commoa  pedigree  and  dcfcent, — He 
WJs  like  unto  Mofcs,  a  great  prophet,  a  lawgiver,  and  racdiaior 
between  God  and  the  people  ;  though  of  much  higher  rank  and 
fupcnor  merits  beings  eminently  fpeaking,  the  great  I>clrvercr 
and  Saviour,  not  of  one  nation  or  people  only*  but  of  the  whole 
human  rate  or  family ;  for  which  purpofe  he  was  pre-ordained 
of  God  fiom  eternity,  2ad  made  the  great  fubjeS  of  ancient 
I   P«^becy/ 

L  The  interpretation  which  is  here  given  of  our  Saviour's 
Bitords  mcnttoncd  above,  will  naturally  lead  fbme  perfons  ta 
r  recotlcfl  how  much  the  Jntinof/!ian  language  oi jujiificottsn  from 
I  ttrrnhy  has  been  cenfured  and  ridiculed  j  our  Author  was  aware 
of  this,  and  therefore  labours  to  fiiew  that  nothing  caji  be 
drawn  from  the  account  he  gives  in  favour  of  that  wild  manner 
of  fpeaking,  or  oi pridejUnotion  and  an  abfolute  ek£lion  of  lomc 
perfons,  to  the  rejedion  or  reprobation  of  others.  *  We  can 
jio  otbcrwife,  fays  he,  conceive  of  God,  or  of  his  infinite  good* 
nefs^  as  a  moral  governor,  than  that  he  has  always  had,  both  a 
love  to  righttotifncft,  truth,  and  goodnefs,  from  ever  lifting, 
af»d  a  crown  of  rfghcroufnefs  and  glory  in  referve  for  all  truly 
Wrtuous  and  good  men  ;  who  may  therefore  be  faid  to  h^ve 
had  it  with  God^  r hat  is,  in  his  eternal  purpofe  and  decree  be- 
fore the  world  was*  It  is  therefore  an  immutable,  permanent, 
vkI  everlad^ing  principle;  the  approbation  and  favcmr  of  God 
being  necdlarily,  unalterably  founded  in  \\\s  love  of  right eoufnefi^ 
PC  xi-  7»  not  in  any  capricious  arbitrary  choice  of  pcrfoMs,  but 
io  pcrfct^  unerring  wiidom  and  moral  reclitudc.  The  Lord 
knov^th  them  that  arc  his,  ihem  that  are  like  him,  all  who 
bear  his  msrat  imagi  and  rtjembtanu  ;  and  he  will  not  fail  to  give 
a  jijft  and  ample  recompcnce  to  all  righteous  and  good  men  it\ 
another  world/ 

We  have  thus  endeavoured  to  lay  before  our  Readers  a  brief 
view  of  the  nature  of  the  prefect  performance.  The  opinion  here 
propofed  cannot  be  called  entirely  novfl^  bccatilc  we  fuppofe  in 
aifT>o(l  every  age  of  the  church,  there  have  been  a  few  perfons 
at  Iraf^  who  h-ivc  pleaded  for  fomewhat  very  like  it:  but  it  is 
certainly  very  dilTerent  from  that  which  is  generally  admitted, 
and  therefore  our  Author  obfervcs  ought  lu  be  treated  upon 
♦•  with  madfjly^  as  a  refpe^t  due  to  received  and  eftabJifhed  upi- 
itiofis.  Hut,  he  adds,  I  can  by  rtnr  means  admit,  that  becauJ'e  a 
doe^ctne  h;i£  the  advantage  of  age  and  poflelfion,  it  has  any  in- 
fallible mark  of  truth \  or  that  time  alone  can  render  it  fo  fa- 
crcdj  that  it  Ihould  not  be  controverted  or  oppofcd  at  ail/ 

Farther 


i 


564     Cemmenf  on  fame  remarkable  PaJJages  in  Chrijl^s  Prayer. 

Farther  he  obferves,  in  another  place,  ^  as  the  moral  ten- 
dency of  any  propofition  or  dodrine,  is  what  gives  it  all  its  im- 
portance, fo  fuch  an  interpretation  of  the  charader  and  ap- 
pointments of  Chrift,  as  bed  fecures  this  tStOt  on  the  human 
mind,  is  the  mod  conclufive  evidence  of  its  divine  veracity.  It 
appears  to  me,  that  all  genuine  evangelical  truths  muft  have  this 
divine  ftamp  or  fignature  upon  them  before  we  can  yield  any  ra- 
tional aflcnt  to  them  ;  or  in  other  words,  that  all  doctrines 
which  are  propofed  to  us  under  the  colour  and  pretence  of  a 
divine  revelation,  (hculd,  in  the  language  of  St.  Paul,  be  doc- 
trines according  to  gociUnefs^  I  Tim.  vi.  3,  or  fuch  as  have  an 
obvious  fitnefs,  and  a  manifeft  tendency,  to  promote  the  10- 
tcic&s  of  real  religion^  the  caufe  of  virtue,  piety,  and  charity; 
or  of  that  holinefs  of  heart  and  life  which  is  the  great  and  ulti- 
mate defign  of  the  Chriftian  revelation.  And  1  cannot  bat 
think,  that  the  do6lrine  which  I  have  been  endeavouring  to  fup- 
port  and  eftablilh,  has  this  plain  and  dired  tendency,  this  fignal 
proof  of  its  truth  and  authenticity y  of  its  ufefuhufs  and  importame. 
'This,  at  lead,  appears  to  me  a  ftrong  and  prefumptive  argu- 
ment, that  the  faid  doiftrine  is  mod  agreeable  to  the  wholece- 
nour  of  the  New  Tcdament,  as  well  as  to  the  fenfe  of  the  moft 
ancient  and  primitive  Chridian  writers. — Sure  I  am,  that  the 
principles  which  have  been  advanced  in  favour  of  the  Atbang" 
Jian  Trinity^  are  not  only  injurious  to  the  Chridian  revelation, 
but  even  dedrudive  of  it;  and  would  equally  dedroy  the  pre- 
tendons  of  any  revelation  whatever.  If  any,  bowevef,  can  m- 
derfland  that  fydem  of  theology,  or  find  it  revealed  in  fcripture, 
they  will  certainly  do  well  to  receive  it.  But  let  no  one  who 
cannot  entertain  or  relidi  the  fame  fentiments  or  ideas  be  cen- 
fured  and  branded  for  an  heretic,  fo  long  as  he  is  upright  and 
impartial  in  his  enquiries  after  truth,  and  in  paying  all  proper 
and  due  regard  to  fcripture  evidence.' 

We  (hall  only  obferve  farther,  that  this  publication  is  not  to 
be  ranked  with  thofe  writings  which  radily  exclaim  againd,  and 
endeavour  to  expofe,  cdabliflied  fentiments,  and  at  the  fame  time 
^ive  the  Reader  Tome  reafon  to  apprehend  that  their  Authors 
have,  in  fa£)^,  no  real  regard  to  any  fchemc  of  religion  at  all. 
Thi^  Commentator  appears  to  be  a  rational  and  a  pious  man, 
who  reverences  and  loves  the  fcriptures,  and  defires  to  advance 
the  welfare  of  his  fellow  creatures.  His  treatife  prefents  us  with 
feveral  inferences  and  reflexions  of  a  practical  nature ;  there  if 
a  fimplicity  in  his  dyle  and  manner  of  writing  which  is  very- 
agreeable  ;  and  we  think  there  are  evident  tedimonies  of  inte* 
grity  and  redUtude  of  heart :  all  which  certainly  give  this  pro- 
dufiion  a  claim  to  the  candid  notice  of  the  public* 

Art. 


C    56s    ] 


At7«  IV,  AC^mfmnfary,  fraBkol  and  ixplanatorjf^  an  fife  Liturgy  a/ 

Crted,    By  a  Lay-m.io,  Author  of  an  iiifa)  on  tlie  Holy  Sacranicct 
oftbc  Lofa's  Supper,     £10.     yU  botj;id,     WUtcr.     17;^* 

*>  H  E  dcfign  of  this  VVrirer  Is  fo  worthy,  ihat  we  are  vtry  un- 
^  willing  to  pafs  any  thing  like  a  cenfure  upon  his  perform- 
ance: but  while  wc  cflecm  tiis  p  cty,  anJ  the  rcgarJ  licappcars 
r<i  have  to  the  interefts  of  virtue,  we  c<inniit  but  think  fhjt  he 
^  of  the  prcjutiiccs  of  the  church*man  thkn.ts  fully  ic- 

*.  !c  ciihtr  with  rcafon  or  rciipture. 

As  tht:  pub)ic  worfliip  of  ( JoJ,  is  plainty  reafonablr  and  obli- 
It^tory  upon  m:mk:ind^  it  is  very  licjfuable  that  it  lliould  be  rcn* 
tit  fed  both  a  devout  and  intelligible  fcrvice.  It  is  to  affjft  his 
fellow  woflhippers  iind  to  enii;ai;e  men  to  a  mnrc  regular  and 
corifian^  attcrUon  10  the  puMic  duties  of  re'igiun,  that  Mr* 
\  '  ^%  publifhcd  this  volume*     He  extols  uur  liturgy  in 

i(        ^     \\  terms  i  and  wc  can  acknowledge  wiih  him^  that 
fevcrai    parts   of  it    are   cxrcllent ;    that   through   the  whole 
thrre  m  grnerally   preserved   that   fpirrt  of  humility  ar»d    piety 
which  are  iieceflary  to  confiitute  true  devotion:  but  wc  are  per- 
ruaiied  that,    among  thofe  who  have  a  refpcd  for  it,  and  are 
c«f>al4c,  without  foinc  undue  prepniTeflions  to  juJgc  upon  fuch 
a  fuHjc£t^  thejc  are  many  who  will  think  that  this  human  com- 
poficion   is  not  really  pcrfcA^   or  Co  fiec  from  blemiflHs   and 
ffiift^kes  as  this  Author  would  have  it  believed.     Several  mem* 
bcrs  of  the  church,  both   in  late,  and   in  former  ytars,  men 
eoiinent  for  learning*  probity,  and  rrr»l   worth,  have  pointed 
out  mafty  alterations  which  it  is  rcquifitc  (houhl  he  made,  both 
for  the  fjiisfadion  of  ihofc  who  atttnd  its  worihip*  and  to  pre- 
vcor  or  filence  the  rcflcdltons  that  may  be  caft  upon  it  by  oJhcri, 
But  in  this  Writer's  eye  all  15  valu*ible  and  beautiful ;  wcdo  not 
S<ectA\c£t  more  than  one  inftance  in  which  he  thinks  there  mighc 
^r  ndation,  and  that  in  a  mutter  of  fmall  moment.     7"hc 

N.  iJ  Athijnatjan  creeds  he  eflccmi  ;  and  he  laments  that 

the  ncadmguf  fhe  hititr  ihvuld  ever  be  omitted  by  any  of  our 
clergy:  the  adJnfljng  of  prayeis  to  our  Saviour,  as  ii  done  ia 
Uie  greaicft  pan  of  the  litany,  though  not  fuSic>ently  warranted 
by  (criplurt,  he  entirely  approves  :  lome  kind  oi ;eaiiwr  authoiitv 
or  pAwer  m  the  miniflcr  or  fru;^  (a  term  v::ry  impropcrlv  trars. 
ftr  rnaTs  book  into  our  rituaP  to  pronounce  m\  abfo- 

h^;  on  of  f:n$,  he  pU%it*sTcT,  though  an  unprcjudircd 

reader  of  the  kriprurea  will  hr jiy  be  uh\t  to  find  any  thing 
throughout  them  favourable  to  fuch  a  fupp<>G:ion,  and  can  con- 
clude on  nothini;  more  than  thi9«  that  the  goi(>el  pubhi]\cs  a 
geneialdeclaraii'jn  of  pardon  tnthofc  who  rept-nt,  whah  decla- 
ration any  perfco  may  affure  th?  peniteiu  of,  whilt:  indeed  it 
Rev,  June  1772,  Uh  m*it% 


566     A  Commeniary  on  the  Lttwgy  of  the  Church  of  Englani. 

mere  immediately  belongs  to  the  office  of  a  minifier  to  think  and 

diicoiirfe  upon  fuch  tubjeds. We  io  not  find  that  he  take» 

notice  of  the  cuftom  of  turning  to  the  Eaft  during  the  rebearfal 
of  the  creed,  but  bowing  at  the  name  Jefus  he  argues  for;  con- 
cerning which  we  muft:  add,  that  we  can  fee  no  reafbn  why  this 
leremc  ny  mi^kt  not  a.^  properly  be  obferved  at  the  words,  Chrift, 
Kedeemer,  Mediator,  6ic.  In  iefpe£l  to  the  text  offcripture 
lometJines  alleJged  in  fupport  of  it,  but  not  here  menciatied» 
vcc  will  refer  this  Author  to  a  fermon  among  the  late  Dr. 
Seeker's  poll  humous  difcourfes,  in  which  he  fhews  that  this  paf- 
fage  has  a  very  dilTerent  meaning,  and  is  not  to  be  conitdered  as 
enjoining  fuch  a  practice,  though  he  feems  to  admit,  that  if 
perfoiis  chuie  to  oblerve  it  notwithftanding,  it  will  be  fiothing 
greatly  amiis. 

As  to  the  difTentcrs  from  the  eftabliihed  mode,  our  commenta- 
tor has  very  little  favour  for  them,  any  farther  than  as  fome  of 
them,  he  imagines,  may  be  efleemed  $rthod$x^  whom  he  therefore 
labours  to  perfuade  to  re«unite  with  the  Church  of  Engbiiid. 
When  he  fpeaks  of  their  method  of  worfhip,  we  believe,  he  is 
greatly  miftaken  in  afierting,  as  he  roundly  does,  that  in  none 
of  their  places  of  wor£hip,  any  portions  of  the  fcripturet  are 
read :  upon  a  proper  enquiry  he  woi»1d  probably  find^  that  in 
feveral,  the  reading  of  the  fcriptures  makes  acon£bnt  part  of  the 
public  fervice  ;  and  the  entire  ncgle£fc  of  it  in  any  of  their  focic" 
ties  is,  we  apprehend,  an  unjuilifiable  pradlice:  Though  here 
it  may  be  oblerved,  that  as  to  fome  parts  of  holy  writ,  the  read- 
ing them  in  this  manner  can  be  of  no  benefit  to  the  people,  un- 
lefs  the  miniftcr  was  at  the  fame  time  briefly  to  iliuftrate  and 
explain  them. 

Mr.  Waldo  appears  rather  to  value  himfelf  upon  his  «r/A^ 
iloxy^  but  we  muft  own  we  cannot  deem  him  fo  trthodsx  a 
Chriftian  as  he  feems  to  believe  himfelf,  while  he  rejeds,  as 
he  does,  the  doctrines  of  eledlion  and  predeftination,  which 
are  fo  plainly  declared  to  make  a  part  of  the  faith  of  ouf 
church,  as  he  may  fee  by  turning  to  the  feventeenth  article,  an 
article  which  is  recommended  upon  a  like  authority  with  any  of 
the  reft,  in  one  part  of  his  work  he  undertakes  to  fliew  the 
meaning  of  heiefy,  and  ventures  to  involve  in  a  charge  of  this 
kind  f6me  of  the  leaders  at  leaft  among  thofe  who  feparate  from 
our  church  ^  with  regard  to  which  and  fome  other  particulars, 
if  he  ftiould  candidly  examine  himfelf,  he  may  poffibly  find  he 
is  rather  def.<£tive  in  that  chriftian  charity  which  upon  otheiT 
occafions  he  fo  laudably  pleads  for. 

Thefe  are  fume  of  the  remarks  that  occurred  upoa  a  pt- 
rufal  of  this  book.  But  though  we  cannot  entirely  coincide 
with  our  Author,  we  neverthei^fs  honour  his  intention,  uA 
think  his  performance,  not  defiitute  of  merit.    It  may  be  fervitt- 

abk 


MdxttLiiVstravetsy  through  Holland  J  FlafiderSyi^c.       567 

•ble  to  eluddate  fome  parts  of  our  liturgy^  it  is  calculated  to 
inform  and  dire(3  perfons  in  attending  the  church  fervice,  and 
may  affift  them  to  difcharge  religious  duties  with  greater  fatis- 
fa^lion  and  advantage,  in  feveral  places  he  laments  the  care« 
lefsnefs  and  difregard  with  which  it  is  too  frequently  attended 
upon  by  the  people  and  fomeiimes  performed  by  the  minifter : 
on  this  and  other  fubjefts  there  are  fome  proper  obfervations. 
We  heartily  wifti  that  this  or  any  other  means  might  contribute 
to  awaken  fuch  a  fuitable  refpedt  to  and  improvement  of  rvligi- 
ous  inftitutions,  as  may  advance  the  caufe  of  piety  and  virtue 
amon^It  us,  a  regard  lo  which  is  {o  very  clFL^ntial  even  to  the 
prefent  order,  comfort,  and  welfare  of  manicind. 

Art,  V.  Travels  through  Holland^  Flanders^  Germany^  DenTnark, 
S^wrdtn,  Lafdandj  Rnjjiay  the  Vkrainey  and  Po  and,  in  the  Tears 
1768,  1769,  and  1770.  In  njL^h'icb  is  particularly  minuted  the  pre- 
fent Stbte  of  ihofe  Countries^  refpeSling  their  Agriculture,  Population^ 
ManufaHureSy  Commerce,  the  Arts,  and  ufful  Undertakings^  By  Jo- 
seph Marfhal,  Elq.    fcvo.    3  Vols.    15  s.  Boards.    Almon.    i-yz. 

TH  K  views  with  which  foreigh  travels  are  undertaken,  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  condudcd,  frequently  ren- 
der them  very  infignificant  and  ufelcfs,  if  not  really  injurious^ 
both  to  individuals  and  to  the  public.  Mr.  Marflial  is  ex- 
empt from  any  fuch  cenfurc  ;  his  defign  in  taking  a  journey  of 
above  fev«n  thoufand  milt:?,  through  the  northern  parts  of  Eu- 
Topc,  was  worthy  a  man  of  fenfe  and  virtue,  and  is  itfelf  a 
fufficient  apology  for  adding  one  more  to  the  numerous  lift  of 
this  kifid  of  publications.  He  had  feveral  years  before  made 
the  ofital  tour  of  Europe^  to  whiclT  (he  tells  us)  he  looked 
back  with  regret,  as  it  was  a  journey  performed  in  the  rawnefs 
of  youth,  and  afforded  him  but  little  inftrudlion.  He  now  de- 
termined upon  a  different  rout,  and  propofed  to  enquire  into 
-objedsof  more  folidity  arid  ufc  than  he  had  formerly  thou'ght 
of*.  Accordingly  he  embaiked  for  Holland  on  the  6th  of  Aprrl 
176S,  and  fpent  fome  tiriie  in  examining  the  provinces  of  the 
Dutch  republic,  concerning  which,  in  particular,  he  fays,  *  I 
%vill  venture  to  aflcrt  that  they  contain  more  that  is  worthy  of  a 
traveller's  attention,  provided  he  is  fomething  more  than  two 
and  twenty,  than  any  part  of  Italy.' 

1  he  Reader  muft  not  expedl,  iri  thefe  volumes,  to  f.nd   a 
very  particular  account  of  paintings,  buildings,  and.  other  cu- 

•  He  ingenuoufly  acknowledp;es  that  he  has  cot  been  iiiijuced  to 

£ubli(h  this  journal  by  the  requeft  of  friends,  or  any  fuch  motive. 
[e  thought,  upon  a  careful  examination  of  his  papers,  that  the 
obfervfltions  he  iiad  coiie^ed  might  be  benef.cial  to  otiicr>,  as  well  as 
to  liimfcif,  aud  therefore  determined  to  lay  them  oeferc  the  public. . 

H  h  7.  ivaS.vCw^'^ 


568         Msi-PjalV  Travels  through  Holland^  Flanders^  £ffc. 

riofiiies,  as  thefe  objeSs  do  not  fo  direflly  fall  within  this  Au- 
thor's plan,  which  is  principally  confined  to  the  fuhjefls  men- 
tioned in  the  title-page.     As  to  paintings,  they  are  i'eldom  no« 
liccd,  except  in  the  dcfcription  of  Antwerp,  where  wc  find  an 
enumeration  of  fevcrcl  pidtures  which  adorn  the   churches  or 
public  edifices  pf  that  city,  with  fome  pertinent  remarks.     As 
to  towns  ;»nd   bui'dings,  if  worthy  of  any  obfervation,  fomc- 
thing  is  generally  laid  concerning  them;  but  his  details  of  this 
kind  are  very  brief.     His  ftylc  is  rather  negligent,  and   fomc- 
times  incortecli  yet,  in  our  opinion,  he  has  here  provided  a 
great   deal    of  entertainment  for  his   Readeis,    together  with 
many  ration:.!,  juft,  and  ufeful  obfervations  and  rcfledlions  on 
the  various  fubji'dls    which    fall  under    his  notice.     He   finds 
rcrifon  ff.mctimcs  to  acknowledge  and  lanient  ihat  he  had  not 
,1  fufncicnt  acqur.intancc  with  agriculture,  to  determine,  fo  ex- 
aclly  as  he  wllhed  to  have  done,  concerning  the  advantage  or 
di'aJ vantage  of  ihc  difi^ercnt  ufages  which,  he  found,  prevailed 
in  different  places,  and  which  poflibly  may,  in  an  inftance  or 
two,  have  occafioned  his  remarking  upon  ibmc  pra£lices  as  An- 
gular,   which  are  well  known  to  others   who  arc  better  ac- 
quainted with  this  valuable  branch  of  knowledge:    notwith- 
ftanding  which,  we  are  perfuadcd,  that  what  he  advances  upoa 
ttiis,  as  well  as  other  topics,  may  be  found  to  contribute  greatly 
to  the  inflru61ion  and  iniprovemcnt  of  all  who  wifli  to  bccorot 
acquainted  with  the  ilate  and  manners  of  other  countries. 

^■r.  Marfhal's  fiift  volume  confifts  entirely  of  remarks  upon 
the  Dutch  provinces,  under  a  variety  of  interefting  and  impor- 
tant views  :  the  accounts  of  Rotterdam,  the  Hague,  Amfterdam, 
the  famous  bank  of  that  city,  with  a  great  number  of  other 
particulars  we  muft  entirely  pafs  over  ;  and  {hall  only  feleft, 
promifcuQufly,  a  few  obfcrvations,  w.hic.h  may  afford  fome  en- 
tertainment, and  give  a  general  idea  of  the  performance. 

Of  the  fpirit  of  management  and  neatnefs  prevailing  among 
the  inhabitants  of  Holland,  which  has  been  often  celebrated, 
our  Author  takes  particular  notice  :  *  A  Dutch  boor,  with  50 
or  60  acres  Englifli,  will  manage  to  live  as  well,  or  better, 
tnan  an  LngliQi  farmer  with  2C0  acres  :  this  is  owing  to  fruga- 
li:y,  and  the  fpirit  of  ne^itnefs ;  in  fomc  infhmces  the  Utter 
may  fdem  to  be  'cxp<  nfive,  but  the  faving  in  others  much  more 
than  nakis  amends  V  this  neatnefs  and  cicanlinefs  is  not  only 
Ihcv^n  in  ihc  hcufs  and  furniture,  but  in  all  the  farming  ofHces; 
(b  that  all  ihe  cattlcr,  though  brouirht  up  only  to  milk,  arc 
.ranged  regularly  in  a  cow  ftall,  as  clean  as  in  a  parlour  j  if  I 
found  this  in  Mtj^  I  can  eafily  conceive  it  mult  be  the  fame  all 
winter;  and  keeping  the  cattle  in  this  manner  tends  wonder- 
fully to  prefcrvc  their  health  ;  and  at  the  fame  time  it  raiffS 
manufc,  of  which  the  Dutch  farmers  well  know  the  value.  All 

ilic 


Marlbarx  Traveb  through  Holland^  Flanders^  ^c.        569 

the  tools  and  implements  of  hufbandry  thefe  boors  keep  in  the 
moft  exaft  order ;  their  fcyihes,  fpades,  ihovels,  forks,  appear 
Jike  houfehold  infiruments  ;  their  waggons  are  conftantiv  as 
clean  as  our  chariopb  ;  and  this  fpirit  of  clcanlinefs  is  canicJ 
through  every  thing  :  now  it  mult  be  allowed,  that  tl^  Dutch- 
man requires  more  time,  for  his  nearnefii,  than  other  country 
peufants  do  for  rhe!r  ilovi^nlinefs  ;  but  it  atilwcrs  greatly  to 
them ;  for  there  is  much  ditieience  in  the  wear  of  any  kinJ  of  . 
tool,  kept  quite  clean  and  under  cover,  or  dirty  and  expoftd  to  « 
all  weithers  i  from  which  great  difference  1  conclude,  that  no 
time  is  better  fpent  than  that  employed  in  a  general  neatnel's 
and  cleanlinefs  thiough  all  the  parts  of  hufbandry.  That  fuch 
neatnefs  is  quite  national  in  Holland,  we  may  h-arn  frjm  its 
appearance  equally  in  all  objetSls.  The  f:rmers  do  not  ihew 
it  only  in  their  implements,  and  iheir  catile,  but  iikewifc  in 
their  fences,  in  the  banks  of  their  ditches,  ihe.r  dykes,  th-rir 
walls,  pales,  hedges,  &c,  whatever  the  ft-ilcc  is,  yoip  are  fi.re 
to  find  it  in  exadt  order;  and  in  all  public  wurics  it  is  equally 
confpicuous  ;  the  canals,  bridges,  dykes,  &c.  are  ail  in  admi- 
rable repair.'  The  fame  account  is  given  of  the  villagers,  who 
keep  their  cottages  in  a  degree  of  nicety  which  both  adoniflies 
and  pleafes  the  obferving  traveller;  and  this  minute  attention 
extends  to  the  little  offices,  the  huts,  the  garden,  the  gates, 
all  of  which  are  preferved  in  excellent  order. 

One  particular  in  the  management  of  cows,  in  the  country 
about  Leyden,  appears  fingular  :  '  They  rub  and  curry  their 
cows,  we  are  told,  fo  as  to  keep  them  as  clean  as  any  horfes, 
which  they  think  efleniial  to  their  giving  much  milk  ;  and  rhey 
keep  their  houfcs  as  watm  as  poifible,  topping  every  crevice  till 
the  breath  of  the  bealh  makes  the  whole  houfe  perfectly  ivarm  : 
this  I  think,  adds  the  Writer,  is  a  ftrange  cuftom,  and  lecms 
vt-ry  contrary  to  nature  ;  but  they  carry  their  notion  (o  far  as  to 
cloath  their  cows  in  fummer,  while  they  arc  in  the  meadows 
feeding  ;  this  makes  a  flrange  fight. ' 

In  travelling  from  Winfchooten  to  Coevorden   an  accident 
upon  the  road  introduced  this  Author  10  a  IJutch  farmer,  v.  ho 
proved  civil  and  holp'-table.     He  continued    fome  rime   with 
him,  and  accompanied  him  into  his  fields  to  have  a  view  of  his 
ht;lbandry  :  among  other  enquiiies,  as  they  walked  over  a  piece 
<if  poor  fandy  ground,  Mr.  M?.:flial  aflccd  if  that  foil  might  not 
f»e  improved  :  the  farmer  told  him  that  it  was  already  very  va- 
luable, as  the  fallow  year  produced  him,   without  iiny  tillage, 
a  gicat  crop  of  fern,  which  ferved  him  in  the  moll  ample  man- 
ner for  bedding  his  cattle  in  their  winter  iialis  ;  f.irther,  by  this 
j^eans,  this  fandy  ground  yielded  a  very  large  quantity  of  m.i- 
(lyure  for  better  Jand  ;  befides  which  he  fuved  his  llravv,  aud 
j.|ras  fiaablcd  to  fwbHituce  it  for  part  of  the  food  oi  c^lVxXc  o^  \v\- 

H  h  3  '^^Vvvix 


570        Marfbari  Travels  through  Holland^  Flanders^  i^c. 

ferior  value,  inftead  of  hay :  they  found  alfo,  he  added,  ano- 
ther advantage,  from  the  value  of  the  dung ;  as  fern  manure 
will  lad  much  longer  in  the  foil  than  that  of  draw  ;  and  they 
learn  by  experience  that  two  loads  of  dung,  made  with  fern,  is 
equal  in  value  to  three  made  with  flraw.     The  Dutchman  far- 
ther faid,  that  he  employed  great  crops  of  ruQies  and  flags  in 
the  fame  manner,  and  that  when  he  bedded  his  cattle  with 
thefe,  or  with  fern,  he  always  ftrewed   fand  among  them  ia 
pretty  large  quantities,  which  encreafed  and  improved  the  ma- 
nure, and  was  of  no  prejudice  to  the  cattle.     Thefe  pradices, 
he  obfcrved,  proved  very  profitable  to  them,  and  our  traveller 
thinks  the  account  may  afford  fome  ufeful  hint  to  Englifli  far- 
mers.    He  expreffes  great  fatisfa£iion  and  pleafure  which  he 
found  in  this  part  of  his  journey,  through  a  country  full  of  vil- 
lages, well  peopled,  the  lands  well  managed,  and  the  inhabi- 
tanrs  appearing  remarkably  cheerful  and  happy.     •  This  happi- 
ne(s  and  content,  fays  he,  of  the  lower  claifes  of  a  nation  m'«ke 
travelling  peculiarly  agreeable  ;  for  nothing  is  fo  miferably  irk- 
fjme  as  moving  throuj^h  a  country  where  the  inhabitants  of  it 
are  fo  oppreired  as  to  be  all   in  poverty  and  rags.     But  thefe 
great  didindtions  are  all  owing  to  variations  of  government  j 
arbitrary  power  fpreads  nothing  but  poverty  and  mifery,  but  d, 
free  government  bleflcs  all  the  people  that  live  under  it.     All 
the  parts  of  Holland,  through  which  I  have  travelled,  arc  very 
heavily'  taxed  ;  much  heavier  than  in  any  country  in  Europe 
where  arbitrary  powi  r  reigns ;  that  is,  a  given  number  of  peopio 
pay  more  to  the  ftate,  and  yet  every  body  is  at  their  cafe,  nonet 
<>j  pre  fled,  and  moft,  wealthy  :  Should  not  this  fingle  circum- 
flance  teach  mankind  the  value  of  liberty  ?* 

He  proceeds  to  give  as  agreeable  an  account  of  his  journey 
from  Arnheim,  a  fine  city,  through  a  pleafant  country,  well 
pcopleJ,  and  abounding  with  feats  and  villas,  to  Utrecht ;  of 
which  place  he  prefents  us  with  a  flhort  defcription,  as  he  does 
of  all  the  confiderable  towns  or  cities  through  which  he  pafled. 
What  he  fays  concerning  them  is  generally  very  favourable,  and 
wc  believe  juitly  fo,  to  the  United  Provinces  :  but  among 
others  the  city  of  Groningcn  feems  to  have  been  one  with 
which  he  was  principally  pleafcd. 

VVhen  he  was  at  Boifleduc,  he  paid  a  vlfit  to  Captain  Rey, 
who  has  rendered  himfelf  famous  in  the  moft  valuable  fenfe,  on 
account  of  the  improvements  he  has  made  in  fome  parts  of 
thofe  extenfive  tracts  of  wafte  grounds,  which  lie  to  the  fouth- 
caft  of  this  town.  This  gentleman  was  at  firft  refufed,  by  the 
ftaies  of  Boifledur,  a  grant  of  any  part  of  thefe  heaths,  though 
he  engaged  to  cultivate  it ;  but  fome  time  after  the  affair  came 
to  be  debated  in  the  States  General,  and  it  was  then  determined 
that  his  petition  (bould  be  com^li^d  with)  as  an  obje£^  that  evi- 


MittSizVs  Trtroeh  through  Holland^  Fland^s^  i^c.        571 

icntly  tended  to  the  public  good.  The  relation  which  we  have 
of  the  Captain's  fituation  and  behaviour,  of  his  management  of 
bis  farm,  and  advancing  improvements,  is  very  entertaining, 
and  his  example,  in  thi^  refpeft,  is  worthy  of  imitntion. 

The  United  Provinces  have  ever  been  noted  for  frugality  and 
induftry ;  and  for  this  reafon  any  branch  cf  hufbandry,  &c.  to 
which  the  inhabitants  have  applied,  muft  naturally  flourifti  un- 
der their  cultivation  ;  but  they  are  principa  ly  to  be  rcL^arded  as 
a  commercial  people,  and  therefore  this  Writer,  while  he  gives 
us  frequent  informations  concerning  the  fbte  and  methods  of 
agriculture  among  them,  pays,  at  the  fame  time,  a  particular 
attention  to  their  trade  in  its  various  branches  and  connections; 
fais  refledions,  and  accounts  of  this  kind,  conQitute,  indeed,  a 
£onfiderable  part  of  this  volume. 

He  has  one  chapter  concerning  the  Dutch  Eaft  India  Com- 
pany, and  in  another  he  particularly  confiders  their  commerce 
in  rcfpcft  to  all  the  countries  in  Europe,  Upon  the  whole  it 
appears  that  their  trade  is  on  the  decline  ;  but  *  I  cannot  agree, 
fays  this  Author,  with  thofe  writers  who  prediiS:  an  early 
iJoWnfal  of  the  Dutch  commerce.  I  think,  on  the  contrary, 
that  it  may  continue  in  the  degree  it  is  in  a(  pre&nt,  for  fome 
ages  ;  and  my  reafons  for  thinking  (o  are  as  follow  :  they  have, 
for  fome  years,  flood  the  oppofition  of  as  feverc  a  competition 
as  can  ever  happen  to  them.  For  twenty  or  thirty  years  paft, 
all  Europe  has  been  eager  to  get  as  much  trade  and  manufac- 
tures as  poflible  ;  the  commerce  of  England  has  rifcn  to  a  pitch 
beyond  which  it  can  fcarcely  mount  much  higher;  that  of 
France  has  certainly  feeu  its  moft  flourifning  days  ;  for  thofe, 
who  are  beft  acquainted  with  the  manufa(5lurcs  of  the  French, 
aflert,  that  they  are  much  declined,  and  that  they  can  never 
[again]  arrive  at  the  profperity  which  they  once  enjoyed.  Now 
^leither  of  the  nations,  which,  Holland  excepted,  polTefs  the 
greateft  trade  of  Europe,  have  ever  been  able,  in  their  moft  pro- 
fperous  days,  to  fucceed  the  Dutch  in  their  c^irrylng  trade ;  their 
commerce  ha?  been  all  of  a  difF<.rent  nature  ;  that  people,  con- 
fequently,  can  have  no  fears  in  future  of  the  rivillhip  of  a  de- 
clining commerce.  Hamburgh  and  (he  North  do  them  fome 
mifchief  by  carrying  on  that  commerce  for  themfelvcs,  which 
formerly  the  Dutch  executed  for  them  ;  but  as  to  their  gaining 
a  fuperiority  in  their  general  trade,  it  was  never  dreamed  of  ; 
iand  as  to  the  other  powers  of  Europe,  they  are  of  no  confe- 
quence  in  the  enquiry.* 

From  the  chapter  which  confiders  the  ftateof  the  Dutch  Eaft 
India  Company,  we  (hall  juft  ftleft  a  pjflage  with  which  it  is 
concluded:  '  The  real  fa^  is,  fays  Mr.  Mnrfiial,  fpeaking  of 
the  decline  of  this  trade,  that  great  fuccefs  in  all  branches  of 
general  commerce,  js  cv«r  found  to  attend  ai\  V\'^gJ\  ^^\t\\t^  ^x\^ 
'  H  h  4  tvvw 


57  2        Marfluri  Travels  through  Holland^  Flanders^  Wr. 

enterprifing  period ;    times  in  which   great  undertakings  are 
common,  and  in  which  trade  and  war  go  hand  in  hand  :  the 
foundation  and  progrefs  oF  the  Dutch  republic  icfelf  is  a  ftriking 
proof  of  this  ;  and  that  of  the  Eaft  India  Company  is  equally  to 
be  produced  as  a  fimilar  inftancc.    While  the  fpirit  of  enter* 
prize  and  conqueft  laftcd,  the  trade  of  the  Company  flaurifhed ; 
but  the  moment  they  fet  thcmfclves  down  quietly  to  enjoy  what 
they  had  gsined,  from  that  time  their  commerce  declined.  The 
Portugueic  experienced  minutely  the  fame  fate ;  that  vaft  com- 
ir.erce  which  they  poileiTcd  in   the.InJies,  was  all  raifed  in  the 
midft  of  war  and   bold  enlerprizes.     in  the  prcfent  age,  the 
Englifh  Con  pany  perform  the  gieatcfl  feats  in  the  field,  and  is     ' 
coillanily  engagtd  in   war  ;    iJo  we  not  find  in  this  period,     | 
while  the  eXpences  occafioned  by  fuch  a  war  run   higher  than     | 
was  ever  known,  that  the  trade  of  the  Company  is  alio  greater, 
and  its  affairs  in  general  more  prolperous  than  ever  was  known? 
The  dead  calm  of  peace  is  good  for  nought  but  breeding  cor- 
ruptions, and  flackening  all  difcipline  ;  but  in  the  din  of  war,     | 
and  the  hurry  of  enierprize,  there  is  a  keenncfs  in  every  mind,     \ 
which  has  a  beneficial  efFtd  on  all  tranfadions  whether  of  arms     j 
or  commerce  ;  befides,  difficulties  arife,  and  are  met  with^on     ' 
every   hand,  which   for  ever  keep  activity  awake,  and    make 
commerce  profper  better  than  when  every  gale  is   favourable, 
and  every  fca  is  calm  j  nothing  is  fo  much  to  be  dreaded  by  a 
commercial   people,  as  that  (lothful  inadlivity  which  long  eafc 
2nd  fecurity  are  fure  to  bring.     I  have  been  led  into  tbeie  rc- 
fl'jcticns  by  the  obftrvations  which  are  commonly  made  on  the 
taft  Inuia  Company  of  England  ;    niany  perfons   have   found 
much  fault  with  the  idea  of  wars  and  conquefts,  but  let  me  re- 
mark, that  the  more  of  them  the  better  ;  when  once  it  ceafcs 
to  be  a  fpirited,  enterprifing,  warlike  Company,  it  will  ceafe  to 
be  an  advantageous  trading  one.* 

However  jufl  tbefe  reflexions  may  be,  we  arc  perfuaded  that 
this  Writer  v^ould  not  be  an  advocate  for  iniquitous  and  crutl 
exertions  of  power  in  the  commerce  of  one  country  with  ano- 
tl'.cr ;  how  far  any  fuch  charge  n>ay  with  truth  and  juflice  be 
advanced  agaiiift  the  Englifh,  in  regard  to  their  conduct  in  the 
InJies,  wc  dv)  not  think  ourfclves  fufficiently  qualified  to  deter- 
mine, and  therefore  we  proceed  to  other  fuhjedts. 

This  Writer  fpeaks  with  particular  pjeafuie  of  the  windmills 
for  fawing  timber  for  fhip-bui'ding,  &c.  which  he  faw  at  Sar- 
dam,  and  much  regrets  the  ncglc£f  of  fuch  an  improvement  in 
our  uwn  country.  *  The  Dutch,  fays  he,  have  had  them  more 
th^n  i3oyei<rs.  in  all  which  time  they  have  found  the  immenfe 
advantages  of  (he  praiSiice,  and  yet  we  in  England  have  obffi- 
nately  pcrfevcrcd  in  keeping  to  the  hand-Lw,  at  leaft  forty 
times  the  cxpence.     The  only  arj^ument  I  have  ever  heard  ad- 

^^aced 


Marfliari  Travels  thnvgb  Holland^  FlamUrs^  bfc.       573 

Vanced  in  its  favour  was,  the  providing  employment  for  great 
numbers  of  raw)er$,  all  of  whom  would  at  once  be  turned  out 
of  work,  if  mills  were  generally  introduced  :  but  this  is  but  a 
feeming  objcdion  ;  for  it  is  abfurd  to  fuppofe,  that  fuch  able- 
bodied  men  as  fa w vers  could  lemain  without  work  ;  they  would 
turn  hewers  <>nd  carpenters;  and  the  cheapneis  of  the  manufac- 
ture, occafioncd  by  the  mills,  would  bring  fo  much  greater  a 
confumption,  that  all  the  hands  depend.]nt  on  it  would  be  in- 
creafed.  This  was  found  at  Holland,  and  particularly  at  Sar- 
'dam  ;  where  the  ere<Sing  of  fawmills  increafed  twenty  fold  the 
number  of  (bip-carpcnters,  and  which  appears  by  authentic  re- 
giftcrs.' 

improvements  in  any  branches  of  trade  muft  be  well  worthy 
the  attention  of  a  commercial  people;  and  could  we  be  certain 
that,  by  the  method  mentioned  above,  our  trafSc  in  this  article 
would  be  grc!itly  increafed,  as  well  as  facilitated,  and  alfo  that 
there  would  be  lufficient  employment  provided  in  other  ways  of 
bufinefs  for  the  hahds  deprived  of  their  ufual  occupation ;  then 
we  apprehend  the  fcheme  would  merit  the  greateft  encourage- 
ment :  but  the  fubjeftiis  delicate.  To  take  from  the  lower 
clafles  of  the  people  the  proper  and  natural  objefts  of  their 
labour  is  not  to  be  done  but  for  very  folid  and  fatisfaftory  rea- 
fons  :  thefe  have  indeed  been  very  much  dimini(bed  ;  and  when 
wc  confider  ihe  wretched  ftate  of  our  poor,  and  the  burden 
which  lies  upon  our  pariijies,  it  is  evident  that  fuch  fchemes 
ought  to  be  carried  no  farther,  unlefs  at  the  fame  time  fuitablc 
fupplies  of  were  can  be  furniQicd  for  them  by  other  methods. 
This  Writer  himfelf  leads  us  to  fomc  reflexions  of  this  kind, 
when  he  fpeaks  of  the  benefits  of  the  Dutch  herring  fifhcry, 
which  he  thinks  (houid  make  us,  on  whofc  coafts  they  come  to 
fi(h,  more  attentive  to  reap  advantages  which  Nature  has  laid 
at  our  doors.  ^  Our  poor's  rates,  fays  he,  in  vaft  tradls  of  this 
country  run  extremely  high,  and  in  others  our  poor  are  ftarv- 
ing  for  want  of  employment.*  Is  not  this  then  a  reafon  why 
we  fhould  not  cut  them  ofF  from  any  proper  branches  of  bufi- 
nefs till  we  are  aflured  we  can  direct  them  to  fome  others  equally 
btrneficial  ?  This  refle(3ion  of  our  Author's  alfo  plainly  re- 
proaches us  with  fome  kind  of  negligence  as  to  the  fifhery  : 
I  his  is  the  ftate  of  the  poor  in  England,  '  while,  he  adds, 
our  more  induftrious  and  meritorious  neighbours  maintain 
themfclves  on  our  fifli,  and  have  the  trouble  of  going  200 
leagues  to  catch  that  which  we  might  take  in  our  own  harbours. 
The  whole  circle  of  European  politics  docs  not  ofFer  a  more 
ftriking  inAance  of  fupinenefs. — All  the  plans  that  have  been 
laid  down  by  the  corporation  of  the  Free  Britifh  Fifliery,  are 
nfi«7atory  and  ridiculous,  '^i^he  only  poifiblc  way  of  fucceeding 
(and  the  Dutch  owned  (if)  to  me  more  thaa  oucc^  >«o\x\^  V^ 


574       MarftialV  Travels  through  Holland^  Flanders^  IfCm 

to  build  a  town  in  the  Wcftern  Ifles,  and  make  it  the  feat  of 
the  whole  undertaking  :  there  to  build  all  the  bufles  and  boats, 
to  make  the  nets,  to  cftablifh  manufadures  of  cordage,  fm2n 
anchors,  &c.  with  yards,  docks,  magazines,  &c.  alfo  to  have 
the  fliips  that  carried  the  herrings  to  market  built  and  ri'^ged 
there,  and  in  regular  employment ;  the  coopers  that  made  the 
barrels  fettled  on  the  fpot;  alfo  bounties  (hould  then  be  given 
for  every  bffs,  boat,  or  barrel  of  herrings  ;  but  the  Company 
fhould,  ^bove  all,  attend  to  provide  an  immediate  market  for 
all  the  fifti  caught,  and  falted  and  barrelled  according  to  their 
directions,  under  the  eye  of  their  infpeftors, — Whea  once  the 
fi{hermen  found  a  certain  market  for  all  they  caught,  and  cured 
honeftly,  their  profeffion  would  increafc  amazingly  ;  new  town9 
would  rife  up,  and  a  general  alacrity  fpread  through  all  the 
coafts.  This  would  form  new  markets  for  all  the  prbdu£ticns 
of  the  neighbouring  cftaies,  which  would  animate  their  cul-  - 
ture,  and  infinitely  increafe  the  value  of  the  land.  All  this  is 
in  the  power  not  of  the  king  and  parliament  alone,  but  of  any 
great  nobleman  of  confidcrable  property  in  the  iflands.  A  pri- 
vate capital  of  20,cool.  would  go  farther  than  five  times  that 
fum  in  the  hands  of  a  public  Company.*  This  propofal  ap^^ars 
to  us  fo  much  to  merit  a  very  careful  and  immediate  attentioo, 
that  we  could  not  avoid  inferting  the  whole  paragraph. 

In  his  account  of  the  manners,  cufloms,  and  genius  of  the 
Dutch,  heobiervcs  that  luxury  has  found  its  way  into  this  once 
parfimcr.icus  republic,  though  not  to  that  excefs  in  which  it 
appears  in  the  capitals  of  the  Englifli  and  French  monarchies. 
*  A  plainncfs  and  fimplicity  were  formerly  found,  fays  he,  in 
the  articles  of  drefs,  furniture,  equipage,  architediure,  &c.  and 
even  a  humility,  if  one  may  fo  exprcfs  it,  but  now  a  fl)ew  and 
cxpcnce  is  fpread  through  them,  which  (hews  that  they  want 
nothing  but  the  wealth  to  equal  the  greateft  exertions  of  our 
licheft  nobles.' 

In  fpeaking  of  the  education  of  youth,  and  the  feminiriea 
for  this  purpofe  in  Holland,  he  drops  a  fevere  refledHon  upon 
our  univtrfities,  which,  we  hope,  truth  and  fact  will  prove 
to  have  been  too  fevere.  *  There  is  not,  he  obferves,  that 
variety  of  diflipation  and  expence,  which  is  the  difgrace  and 
bane  of  the  univcrfitics  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  :  a  young 
man  defigned  for  trade,  may  be  ventured  to  Lcyden  or  Utrecht, 
without  any  other  danger,  than  giving  him  fuch  a  relifti  for  li- 
terature as  to  induce  him  afterwards  in  the  counting- houfc  to 
think  of  other  books  than  the  Journal  and  Ledger  ;  but,  at  our 
univcrfitics,  the  man  who  defigns  his  fon  for  a  merchant,  had 
better  hang  him  than  fend  him  to  them  ;  he  acquires  fuch  a  tafte 
of  extravagance,  as  to  be  utterly  unfit  ever  after  for  the  pru- 
c/e/icc  and  ceconomy  ot  UaAe-,  ivoi  v^  \Vwv^  ^11^  for  the  morals 


Marfbari  Travels  through  HoUaftd,  Flafufertj  i^c.       575 

be  youth  are  incomparably  purer  at  the  Dutch  unirerfitiesy 
n  the  tngli{h  ones,  whi^h,  I  muft  own,  are  little  better 
n  feminaries  of  vice.'  There  is,  certainly,  too  much  of 
udice  in  this  rcfledlion  \  but  it  is  our  Author*s,  and  we  leave 
I  to  fupport  it,  if  challenged  to  do  (o. 

iut  it  is  time  that  we  (hould  take  our  leave  of  this  country, 
.e  view  which  we  have  here  given  of  ir,  will  enable  our 
aiders  to  forn»  fome  judgment  c  ncer,aing  the  manner  in 
ich  this  part  of  Mr.  Marfnal's  work  is  condu6led. 
The  fecond  volume  begins  with  travels  to  Flandtrs^  of  which 
intry  Mr.  Marftal  gives  this  general  account  :  *  The  moft 
king  objefl,  which  muft  ftrongiy  catch  the  attention  of  a 
veller,  is  the  number,  grcatnefs,  and  populoufnefs  of  the  ci« 
I  and  towns,  and  the  beauty  of  many  of  the  public  buildings. 
lefe  towns  abound  with  trade,  man u failures,  induftry,  nmufe- 
nc,  and  pleafurc ;  and  although  fome  of  them  are  vailly  de« 
led  from  that  pitch  of  profperity  in  which  they  once  figured, 
:  they  at  prefent  form,  upon  the  whole,  a  richer  and  more 
nliderable  country  for  its  fize,  than  any  in  Europe,  the  pro- 
ice  of  Holland  alone  excepted  ;  and  this  degree  of  prefent 
portance  is  a  remarkable  inftance  of  a  country  retaining  its 
dfideration,  after  it  has  loft  the  principal  part  of  its  com- 
rrce  ;  this  can  be  owing  only  to  two  circumftances,  which 
»,  the  happinefs  of  its  fituation,  and  the  great  fertility  of  its 
I.  Some  writers  have  remarked,  that  the  beft  hufbandry  is 
tally  found  in  the  moft  barren  and  fieri )e  fpots,  and  have 
oced  Switzerland,  where  agriculture  flouriflies  remarkably; 
t  Flanders  is  a  ftrong  exception  to  this  rule,  which,  it  muft 
confefled,  has  much  of  philofophy  in  it ;  for  this  country  is 
Itivated  in  a  degree  of  perfedion  not  to  be  found  any  where 
fe,  at  the  fame  time  that  the  foil  is  cfteemed  the  richeft  and 
oft  fertile  in  Europe.  They  have  the  principal  cflentials  of 
Kxl  buft)anJry  in  their  practice,  keeping  the  land  perfectly  free 
3|m  weeds,  and  at  the  fame  time  cropping  it  perpetually,  fo 
ai  they  hardly  know  what  a  fallow  is/ 
Our  Author  now  enters  Germany.  After  he  had  pafled  Co-» 
gnc,  in  his  way  to  Munflcr,  he  met  with  one  very  difagree- 
lie  lodging  at  an  inn,  or  rather  a  large  barn,  called  by  that 
ime,  which  fervcd  for  parlour,  kitchen,  bed-chamber,  ftable, 
»w*houfe,  and  hog-ftye.  However  he  had  here  fome  conver- 
tion  upon  agriculture  with  his  landlord,  who  was  a  farmer, 
\A  gained  fome  intelligence  concerning  the  method  of  mana- 
ngtbc  hogs  in  Wcftphalia,  a  country  fo  famous  for  its  hams 
id  bacon.  *  They  arc  troubled  very  much,  he  fays,  in  win- 
r  IQ.find  provifions  for  their  cattle ;  their  ftraw  is  all  eaten, 
id  they  feed  them  alfo  with  the  tender  branches  of  fcveral  forts 
trei^^j  tbar  jurniplcayes  and  cabbage- leaves  \Y\t^  ^XuOl^^- 


576        MarflialV  Travels  through  Holland^  Flaniirs^  l£c. 

vera!  times,  and  boil  them  in  a  large  copper  until  the  liquor  is 
3  kind  of  hodge  podge,  and  this  they  give  their  oxen  and  cows 
V  arm,  and  find  that  this  method  of  giving  it  makes  the  mate- 
rials go  much  farther;  they  alfo  think  it  highly  necefiary  to 
Live  cows  fome  warm  food  every  day  in  winter;  their  potatoes 
they  ule  chiefly  for  their  hogs.  1  made  enquiries  concerRir.g 
the  fattening  them,  and  found  that  ihcy  are  made  fat  chiefly  by 
rur.niiig  in  the  woods,  where  they  find  plenty  of  cheinuts; 
but  in  tracts  where  thcfe  woods  are  not  wi:hin  a  farmer's  right 
they  piocure  chefnuts  r.nd  give  them  in  fties  :  in  the  laft  ftagc 
or  Ltieir  fattening,  which  is  after  their  range  abroad  in  the  woods 
is  ever,  they  give  them  potatoes  baked.  I  expreflfed  much  fur- 
prize  at  this  intelligence,  but  it  was  repeated  feveral  times,  and 
very  ferioufly.  They  have  large  ovens  for  baking  potatoes; 
and  they  find,  that  thus  prepared,  they  are  the  moft  fattening 
<  f  all  f/Dod,  and  that  the  flavour  of  their  bacon  is  owing  not  t^ 
the  chefnuts,  but  to  the  baked  potatoes ;  what  truth,  or  rather 
what  propriety,  there  is  in  this  practice,  I  am  totally  unab-e  to 
afccrtain  ;  it  is  a  point  that  muft  be  referred  to  the  conno  Hcurs 
in  hog  fattening;  but  I  much  queftion  whether  the  farmers  ia 
England  will  ever  give  credit  enough  to  this  account  to  try  it 
in  their  pra<Slice.' 

On  vifiting  the  plains  of  Minden  our  Traveller  laments  tbe 
expcnce  of  about  forty  millions  of  money  moft  vilely  wafted,  as 
he  thinks,  in  this  country.  ^  Of  all  the  paradoxical  arguments, 
fays  he,  which  ever  difgraced  the  head,  or  rather  the  heart,  of 
a  man  of  abilities,  that  of  urging  the  propriety,  and  even  the 
ncceflity  of  renewing  the  laft  German  war,  was  the  moft  humi- 
liating to  the  individual,  and  the  moft  unfortunate  to  Britain.-* 
Would  not  the  French  be  more  alarmed,  and  have  much 
jrreater  reafon  to  dread  an  enemy's  army  in  Normandy,  than  iJi 
Minden,  Hcffe,  or  Hanover?  We  fliould  have  been  able  to 
fupply  all  the  wants  of  an  army  on  the  other  fide  the  channel 
two  hundred  per  cent,  cheaper  than  one  in  Germany,  with  the 
infinite  advantage  of  fo  very  confiderable  a  part  of  the  expence 
being  laid  out  among  ourlelves. — Had  the  laft  war  been  carried 
on  upon  fuch  principles,  we  fliould  have  found  the  French  in  no 
condition  to  fend  armies  to  Germany  ;  a  battle  of  Minden  in 
Normandv,  if  I  may  be  allowed  the  Irifliilm,  would  have 
more  fatal  to  the  French  than  in  Wcftphalia.* 

Our  Author  proceeds  to  the  dutchy  of  Hanover,  the  city  of 
^hich  name  is  the  capital  of  all  the  King's  German  dominirns; 
it  is  fituated,  we  are  told,  in  a  plain  more  fruitful  than  mod  be 
had  pafled  lately,  znd  a  country  tolerably  pleafant.  But  in  his 
progrefs  a  few  miles  from  it  be  found  generally  a  fandy  neg- 
lefled  vvaHe  :  the  inhabitants  might  enrich  themfclves  by  ojany 
trads  of  fertile  lands,  did  chcY  a^^ly  with  underftanding  and 


MaHhal'i  Travels  through  Holland^  Flanders ^  fefr.        577 

nduftry  to  its  culture,  but  they  are,  he  informs  us,  greatly  dc- 
icicnt  in  both  ;  the  manufadures  in  the  electorate,  he  likcwif;; 
ftbfervcs,  are  but  few  of  any  confequence,  though  the  councry 
9^  not  unfavourable  to  them ;  all  which  he  attributes  to  tti;: 
^ant  cf  proper  encouragement.  The  revenues  of  the  elcdo- 
rate,  before  the  laft  war,  were  reckoned  at  feven  hundred  ihou- 
fand  pounds  a  year,  during  the  war  they  declined  nmch ;  but 
Eiice  that  period  have  been  rifing  very  quick,  and  are  no^  faii 
to  be  equal  to  what  they  were  before. 

H..mburgh,  the  next  remarkable  obje£l  of  our  Author's  at- 
tention, is  incomparably,  he  fays,  the  fined  city  he  had  {^ta 
fincc  he  entered  Germany,  and  well  known  to  be  the  moii: 
JSourithing  and  populous  in  the  whole  empire.  Its  walls  form 
nearly  a  circle  of  five  miles  and  an  half;  it  has  fix  gates  to- 
wards the  land,  and  three  to  the  great  river  Elbe  on  which  it 
ftands ;  the  number  of  its  inhabitants  flucSluatc  between  one 
hundred  and  ten  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  thouf^nd  :  it 
contains  eighty  four  bridges;  there  are  alfo  in  the  city  forty 
water- mill>,  ftx  wind  mills,  fix  fliilces,  and  fix  large  market- 
places;  the  Ihecis  narrow,  crooked,  badly  paved;  the  houfcs 
very  high,  many  of  them  half  dark  at  noon  day;  the  buildings 
of  brick,  and  not  the  bcfl  coloured  ;  and  what  renders  the 
ftreeis  yet  more  deteftable,  in  thijj  Writer's  opinion,  is  the 
planting  a  row  of  trees  on  each  liJe.  Upon  the  v,  hole,  the 
city,  though  much  larger,  docs  not  exceed  Briilol  in  elegance; 
ibe  merchants  houfes,  though  fo  defective  in  elegance,  ar?  well 
contrived  for  the  convcriicnce  of  trade;  fliips  arc  unloaded  at 
their  doors  ;  but  their  halis  arc  turned  into  wareboufes  :  upom 
entering  the  bcft  houfes  yju*  find  yourfelf  at  once  araon^ 
hogfheads  and  bales  of  goods ;  and  you  mav  aifo  find  a  coach- 
houfe,  harnefs  room,  and  fomctimes  ftahlcs  unJer  thj  fame 
roof  with  the  apartments.  The  churches  and  public  buildings, 
according  to  the  account  here  given,  hrive  :iot  m.uch  to  rccum- 
mend  them.  But  Himburgh,  tliough  a  c  :/  of  no  eljt-ncc, 
makes  ample  amends  by  the  pofleflion  of  the  greatcft  trade  of 
any  place  in  Germany.  *  This  city,  fnys  our  Author,  is  not 
a  place  to  which  a  trave-Ier  fhtnild  rciort  for  plcafure  ;  the 
people  are  enveloped  in  tradi;;  their  manners  do  not  plcafe,  for 
they  are  an  awkward  mixture  or  German  plainnefs  with  French 
eclat;  of  German  honefty  with  French  infincerity,  and  make 
U[H>n  the  who-e  but  a  motley  ti^ure ;  their  amufcments  do  not 
defcrvc  the  name,  mufic  excepted,  and  that  is  often  bad  ;  and 
the  places  of  reception  for  ftrangcrs  vile,  except  one  houfe,  and 
th»t  is  extravagantly  dear;  fron  which  it  m.iy  cafily  be  judged, 
that  Hamburgh  is  no  place  for  a  traveller  to  flay  long  at.' 

VVc  now  arrive  at  Denmark  :  the  two  principal  objc(5ts  which 
fifft  prefent  themfelvcs  are  the  town  of  Altena  and  the  city  of 


578    Political  EJfays  on  thej>refent  State  of  the  Britijh  Empire. 

I^ubeck  ;  the  former  a  flourifliing,  improving  place,  in  its  fticeu 
and  buildings  excelling  Hamburgh)  vrhom  it  rivals  in  trade) 
the  latter  advantageoufly  fituated  for  the  commerce  of  the  Baltic, 
and  enjoying  no  defpicable,  though  a  decUning  trade,  fuperior 
alfo  to  Hamburgh  in  its  appearance,  in  provifions,  cleanlioefsf 
and  cheapncfs,  and  famous  for  its  cWk,  and  the  feveral  Mfo- 
jni2//7  attending  it  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary. 

Mr.  MarfhaFs  tr/tvcls  in  Denmark  furnifb  one  of  the  moft 
entertaining  and  inftruflive  parts  of  this  work,  on  account  of 
an  acquaintance  which  he  accidentally  formed  with  a  Uani(h 
nobleman,  who  in  a  very  ex-tenfive  tradl  of  waflc,  barren  and 
uncultivated  ground  has  made  moft  remarkable  improvements; 
having  built  a  town,  which  continually  encreafes,  eitablifhed 
manufadures  of  various  kinds,  extended  agriculture,  intro* 
duced  (hipping  and  commerce,  rendered  this  once  negleded 
fpot  populous  and  flourifliing,  and  fpreaJ  over  it  the  bleffingsof 
induftry,  peace,  cheerfulnefs,  and  plenty.  Our  TraveJler's 
poft-chaife  broke  upon  the  road,  it  happened  that  Count  Ron* 
ccllen  was  near,  and  gave  him  a  polite  invitation  to  his  chateaui 
where  this  Author  fpent  fome  very  agreeable  days.  The  rela- 
tion of  the  converfations  he  had  with  this  nobleman,  of  the 
life,  the  progrefs,  the  prefent  ftaie  and  condudi  of  his  works 
and  improvements,  form  a  confiderable  part  of  the  fecond  vo- 
lume of  this  performance ;  which,  while  it  muft  afford  great 
pleafure  to  every  intelligent  reader,  does  alfo  great  honour  to 
the  genius,  humanity,  and  virtue  of  Count  Roncellen.  But 
our  farther  obfervations  on  thefe  volumes  muft  be  reftrved  for 
our  next  Review. 

Art.  VI;  Pclitical  EJfays  conarning  the  prefent  State  if  the  Britifif  Em' 
fire ;  particularly  refpeHing  1.  Natural  Advantages  and  Dijad^uaw 
tages.  11.  Confiitution.  HI.  Agriculture,  IV.  Mawfadures,  V» 
The  Colonies  ;  and^   VI.  Commerce.     4C0.      1 1.   is.    bound.     Ca- 

dell.     1772. 

WE  have  now  before  us  a  work  which,  had  we  leifurc^ 
and  room,  to  expatiate  upon  it,  would  furnifh  plenty 
of  matter  both  for  criticifm  and  i)oiitical  fpeculation.  The 
plan  is  cxtcnfive ;  the  defign  ufeful ;  and  the  execution  is  in 
fome  parts,  mafterly,  and  y^ry  fatisfa^ory,  although  it  is,  in 
others,  extremely  deficient. 

I'he  title  page  fufficicntly  points  out  the  great  importance  of 
the  fubje£ls,  merely  by  naming  them. 

An  attempt  to  colled  all  the  beft  materials,  and  calculations, 
on  ihofe  points  that  are  fcatt^red  through  a  multitude  of  vo- 
lumes, and  to  lay  them  before  the  public  in  a  methodical  and 
jufl:  arrangement,  is,  undoubtedly,  a  meritorious  undertaking, 

anJ 


Political  Efays  on  the  prefint  State  of  the  Britljh  Empire.    5  79 

and  cannot  fail  to  throw  great  light  upon  our  whclc  fyftem  of 
political  cBconomy. 

From  the  nature  and  defign  of  this  compilation,  far  the 
greateil  part  of  it  necefTarily  confiftb  of  extradts  from  other  au- 
thors \  and  yet  the  Reader  will  meet  with,  aniong  them,  many 
ftriking  pailages,  fpi.riied  propofals,  and  ingenious  fpcculations, 
tbac  feem  to  be  properly  the  CoUc^or's  ;  lometimcs  delivered 
in  animated  language,  and  fupported  with  folid  reafoning.  The 
Reviewer's  duty  to  the  public,  however,  will  oblige  him  to  In- 
form his  Readers,  that  this  Author's  diction  is  often  negligent 
and  incorred ;  that  his  propofals  and  reafonings,  as  well  as  hii 
calculations,  are  frequently  vague  and  unfattsfadory  ;  and  thac 
he  labouis  under  a  want  of  original  informaiion  concernin;;;  the 
prefcnt  Hate  of  commerce :  a  deficiency  which  he  might  havr 
fupplied  by  reforting,  for  this  purpofe,  to  experienced  merchants, 
and  to  the  lateft  Cuftom-houfe  imports  and  exports  \  by  which 
means,  alone,  he  could  exped  to  gain  a  fatisfadory  account  of 
thefc  neceffary  particulars. 

In  his  firit  eflay,  the  Author  gives  a  very  juft,  and,  to  every 
Briton,  a  pleafmg  account  of  the  fituation,  climate,  and  natu- 
ral advantages  of  the  Britifli  dominions.  In  the  fecond  eflay 
we  find  fome  very  interefting  and  animated  fentiments  on  the 
prcfent  liberties  of  mankind,  and  the  precarious  fiate  of  out 
own. 

The  introduflory  feftion  to  Effvy  H.  cannot  fall  to  excite  a 
variety  of  interefting  fenfations  and  reflections  in  the  breaA  of 
every  Reader  who  is  not  dead  to  the  noblcft  of  all  human  paf* 
ik>n»  :  take  it  as  a  fpecimen  : 

^  Liberty  is  the  natural  birthright  of  mankind  ;  and  yet  to 
take  a  comprehenfive  view  of  the  world,  how  few  cnjov  it ! 
What  a  melancholy  refled^ion  is  it  to  think  that  more  than 
nine-tenths  of  the  fpecies  (hould  be  miferahle  flaves  of  defpctic 
tyrants  !  Let  us  view  the  globe  and  examine  the  fact. 

*  The  largeft  part  of  the  world,  viz.  Afia  is  by  the  heft  ac- 
counts defpotic  throughout :  anarchy  may  rule  the  wandering 
Tartars  and  Arabs,  but  their  numbers  are  very  fmall.  Hero 
we  fall  at  once  oii  the  moft  numerous  body  of  people  in  the 
world  in  a  ftate  of  flavery.  Africa  comes  next,  and  what  mi- 
fery  involves  that  vaft  country  !  Liberty  only  exifts  at  the  point 
of  one  cape,  an  exotic  plant  of  European  growth,  unleis  we 
exhibit  the  Hottentots  as  the  only  fpecimen  of  African  free- 
dom !  In  Europe  itfelf,  what  a  difproportion  between  liberty 
and  flavery  !  Ruffia,  Poland,  the  chief  of  Germany,  Hungary^ 
l^urkey,  the  greateft  part  of  Italy,  Spain,  PortiU'^al,  France, 
Denmark,  and  Norway.  The  following  bejr  no  proportion  to 
them,  viz.  The  Biitifh  ifles,  Sweden,  Holland,  Switzerland, 
and  the  Germanic  and  Italian  ftates.     And  in  Amciicn,  S^ain^ 

8  V^XVVN^A, 


580    Political  E/fays  en  the prefent  State  cfthe  Britiflj  Empire, 

Portugal,  and  France,  have  planted  defpotifm  ;  only  Britain 
liberty. 

*  On  the  v/hole,  what  a  trifling  part  of  the  globe's  inhabi- 
tants enjoy  what  all,  by  nature,  have  a  right  to  !  How  infig* 
nificant  is  the  number  of  thofe  who  pofllefs  this  greateft  of  all 
bleiHngs,  compared  to  the  unhappy  tribes  that  are  cruelly  de- 
prived of  ic  !  The  inhabitants  of  the  world  are  fuppofcd  to 
amount  to  about  775,300,000  fouls;  of  tl^efe  the  arbitrary 
governments  command  741,800,000,  and  the  free  ones  only 
33>500,ooo  ;  and  of  thefe  few  fo  large  a  portion  as  12,500,000 
are  fuoje£ls  of  the  Bririfh  empire. 

*  The  contraft  between  the  liberty  enjoyed  by  the  Britifh 
nation,  and  the  arbitrary  power  under  which  fo  ^-reat  a  part  of 
the  world  at  prefent  groans,  is  not  only  very  ftrilcing,  but  of 
all  the  fpecies  of  political  liberty  known,  none  is  fo  truly  dc- 
firable  as  that.  The  fubjefts  of  republics  are  generally  governed 
with  no  fmall  fever ity,  and  univerfally  labour  under  the  mifcry 
of  the  executive  authority  being  lodged  by  turns  in  the  hands  of 
certain  individuals  who  are  naturally  prone  to  tread  too  much 
on  their  fellows  :  in  ariftocratical  republics  the  people  arc 
flaves,  and,  perhaps,  of  the  word  fpecits.  But  the  executive 
part  of  government  lying  in  a  mixed  monarchy  in  ihe  hands  of 
the  king,  and  he  pofl'effing  no  other  power  but  what  is  given 
by  the  people,  this  evil  is  at  once  prevented.  And  in  whatever 
other  points  the  comparifon  is  made,  the  fuperiority  will  be 
found  to  refide  infinitely  on  the  fide  of  the  mixed  monarchy,  or 
the  Britifh  conftitution. 

*  What  ought  to  be  the  fentiments  of  this  nation,  during 
the  prefent  and  future  ages,  on  this  remaikable  and  moft  ge- 
nerous diftin<9ion  !  None  fureiy  but  thofe  nf  the  warmeft  gra- 
titude to  Heaven  for  bleJing  in  fo  peculiar  a  manner  thefc  h^^ppy 
kingdoms  !  none  but  the  moft  ardent  tribute  of  everlafting  praifc 
to  the  ftcady  valour  of  our  patriotic  anceitors,  whofe  magnani- 
mity won,  guarded,  and  tranfmitted  fuch  glorious  rights  to  their 
much  envied  pofterity  !  What  refolutions  ought  fuch  refloiSiLJns 
to  create  but  thofe  of  the  moft  dete  mined   fpirit  to  preferve 

what  has  hitherto  efcaped  fuch  a  variety  of  attacks! And  in 

cafe  of  any  future  facrilegious  hand  being  lifted  ayrainft  this  fa- 
cred  temple  of  the  nation's  honour,  to  dare  the  blackfft 
ftorm  with  that  heroic  courage  which  Britons  ever  felt  in  de- 
fence of  Britifh  Liberty.' 

The  following  fcdlions  of  this  cffay  on  the  Conftitution.  well 
deferve  the  attention  of  every  Briton.  The  Author  has  placed, 
in  a  ftriking  and  alarming  light,  the  prefent  immenfe  pwwerof 
the  Crown  ;  and  clearly  fhews  that  our  liberties  are  in  imminent 
danger  from  that  malignant  venom,  that  worft  of  all  political 
joilons,  l»\rLUENCE. — The  lin-^lilh  Reader  will  pcrufc  the 

greater 


Political  EJays  en  the  prifent  State  of  the  Britfjh  Empire.  581 

l^reater  plrC  of  this  eflfay  with  feding^  and  with  advantage.  Our 
Author's  fentimepts  concerning  the  reprefentation  of  the  colo- 
nies, form  the  moft  exceptionable  part  of  it.  This  is  a  iubjedt 
which  he  feems  not  to  have  penetrated  fufficiently; — and  no 
•  wonder,-»for  who  has  attempted  it  with  any  tolerable  degree  of 
fuccefs  ?  Such  a  work  we  apprehend  to  be  yet  uancing:  and 
vrell  would  he  deferve  of  the  nation  who  (houl  J  lay  down  a  per- 
.k£k  and  . fatisfa£tory  plan  for  the  political  adminiitration  of  the 
colonies. 

Toward  the  end  of  his  elTay  on  the  Conflitutlon,  our  Author 
endeavours  to  (hew  that  the  ftcuiity  of  Liberty  is  a  work  of 
fuch  confequence,  that  no  danger  or  hazard  can  be  too  great 
to  rifk  for  it;  intimating,  at  the  fame  lime,  that  every  one 
among  us  is  not  of  the  (ame  opinion  :  and  he  informs  us  that  he 
rather  hints  this  *  from  remarking  fome  modern  iJe«s  of  liberty 
and  freedom,  which  Heaven  forbid  (hould  ever  become  com- 
mon in  this  kingdom.  They  refult  from  travelling  through  va- 
rious countries ;  travellers,  finding  that  there  are  fome  arbi- 
.trary  ones,  in  which  the  people  are  fsftematically  governed,  and 
not  as  dcfpotically  as  in  Turky,  conclude  that  fuch  a  conftitu- 
tion  is  a  modification  of  freedom,  and  attribute  to  the  principles 
of  modern  politics,  a  general  freedom,  as  they  are  pleafed  to 
call  it. 

*  This  equivocal  liberty  is  fully  explained  by  a  late  author^ 
and  as  the  Jpltit  of  the  pafl'age  is  remarkable,  I  fhall  give  it 
without  apology  at  full  length ;  was  not  the  whole  chain  of 
chefe  new  fanglcd  ideas  contained  in  it,  I  fhould  be  obliged  to 
have  recourfe  to  fome  other  quotations,  but  as  it  happens  to  be 
very  complete,  it  will  fingly  be  rufficient.-^-— *'  Trade  and  in- 
duftry  owed  their  eftablifhment  to  the  ambition  of  princes,  who 
fupported  and  favoured  the  plan  at  the  beginning,  principally 
with  a  view  to  enrich  themfelvc?,  and  thereby  to  become  for- 
midable to  their  neighbours.  But  they  did  not  difcover,  until 
experience  taught  them,  that  the  wealth  they  drew  from  fuch 
fountains  was  but  the  overflowing  of  the  fpring ;  and  that  an 
opulent,  bold,  and  fpirited  people,  having  the  fund  of  the 
prince's  wealth  in  their  own  hands,  have  it  alfo  in  their  own 
power^  when  it  becomes  flrongly  their  inclination,  to  (hake  ofF 
his  authority.  The  confequencc  of  this  change  has  been  the 
introduction  of  a  more  mild  and  a  more  regular  plan  of  adrni* 
niftration.  (In  what  countries  f  Not  furely  in  arbitrary  ones ;  and 
the  mildnefs  of  free  one:  is  rot  ozving  to  trade  ^  hut  the  jiuord^  whiih 
drove  cut  tyranny,)  The  money-gatherers  are  become  more  life- 
ful  to  princes,  than  the  great  lords ;  and  thofe  who  are  fertile 
in  expedients  for  eflablilhing  public  credit,  and  for  drawing 
money  from  the  coffers  of  the  rich  by  the  impofition  of  taxes, 
have  been  preferred  to  the  moft  wife  aud  moft.  k^xtv^A  qjom'^* 

ll£V.  June  ij;2.  li  VSiofVV 


5S2  PoUilcal  EJfays  on  the  prefent  Siaif  of  the  Britijh  Empiu. 

fcllors.     (Thls^  it  mujl  he  confejjed^  is  a  very  extrmriimrj  argU" 
tr.ent  to  prove  the  advantages  liberty  has  received  from  trade  j  ^ 
this  ii  the  mild  and  REGULAR  plan  the  author  ^ore  msantj  as 
it  exndcntly  is,  he  txplains  himjef  fufficitntly  5   //  is  precifely  the  V£fj 
thing  I  before  coTifidered  in   this  ftMion\  this  MILD  FLAN  is  the 
irauquillityivhich  attends  an  enjlaved people  :  it  is  in  this  MILDNESS 
that  confijls  thcfe  new  idtas  of  liberty.)     As  this  fyftem  is  new,  no 
wonder  if  it  has  produced  pha^nomena  both  new  and  furprizing. 
Formerly  the  power  of  princes  was  employed  to  deAroy  liberty, 
and  to  eftablilh  arbitrary  fubordination  ;  but  in  our  days  wc 
have  feen  thofe  who  have  bed  comprehended  the  true  principle 
of  the  new  plan  of  politics,  arbitrarily  limiting  the  power  of 
the  higher  claflcs,  and  thereby  applying  their  authority  towards 
the  extenfion  of  public  liberty,  by  extingiuihing  every  (ubordi- 
r.aiion,  other  than  that  due  to  thecftablilhcd  laws.     (Hh  faU 
lacy  of  this  argument  is  palpable:  If'hat  are  the je  ejlablijhed  laws? 
Ihe  ediSls  of  arbitrary  princes.     But  this  new  JJ^^^^f  Hherty  is  in 
ruery  thing  confijhnt.     What  a  contrafi  is  tl  is  to  the  fentiment  if 
Montefquieu^  **  La  Monarchic  fe  PFRD  lorfque  le  prince  rap  per- 
tont  tout  uniquement  a  lui^  appelle  Petat  a  J  a  capitale^  la  capiiale  a 
la  ccury  b*  la  cour  a  fa  Jcule  ptrfonne^*  which  is  the  cafe  with 
every  arbitrary  Kir.g  in  Europe.)     The  fundamental  maxim  in 
ibme  of  the  greateit  minifters,  has  been  to  reftrain  the  power 
-of  the  great  lords.  The  natural  inference  that  people  drew  from 
fuch  a  ftep,  was,  that  the  minilter  thereby  intended  to  make 
every  thing  depend  on  the  prince's  will  only.     This  I  do  not 
deny.    But  what  ufe  have  we  feen  made  of  this  new  acquifition 
of  power?  Thofe  who  look   into  events  with  a  political  eye, 
may  perceive  feveral  ads  of  the  moll  arbitrary  authority  cxer- 
cifed  by   feme  late  European   fovereigns,  with  no  other  view 
than  to  eftablifli   public  liberty  upon  a  more  extenfive  bottom, 
f //  is  pity  this  author  did  not  explain  his  ideas  oj  the  tvmrds  ptibUt 
liberty  :  they  however  are  not  difficult  to  be  guefjed  at  \  the  Jfecies  of 
freedom  zihiih  is  built  on  fuch  rotten  foundations  is  very  evident,) 
And  although  the  prerogative  of  fome  princes  be  increafed  con- 
fiderably  beyond  the  bounds  of  the  ancient  conftitution,  even 
to  fuch  a  degree  as  perhaps  juftly  to  deferve  the  name  of  ufur- 
pation  ;    yet   the  confequences    rtfulting   from    the   revolution 
cjinnot  every  where  be  laid,  upon  the  whole,  to  have  impaired 
what  I  call  public  liberty  *." 

I  cannot 

'  *  An  Enquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Political  Oiconomy.  B/ 
Sir  James  Steuart,  Vol.  i.  p.  248, 

*  bwift  obicrvcs  that  there  is  a  fet  of  fanguine  tempers  who  de- 
ride and  ridicule  in  the  nrmber  of  fopperies,  all  apprchenfiors  of  a 
Ms  of  Englilh  liberty,    ([rcrfcs^  \o\.  \\\,  '^^  <^c^,^  -Such  ridicule. 


Folitlcal  EJfays  on  the  prefent  State  of  the  Brltijh  Emf  ire.   583 

*  I  cannot  help  adding  here  a  fhort  fentence  from  Roufleau  ; 
not  that  I  apply  it  fully  to  this  author,  of  whom  I  am  totally 
igBorant,  bur  to  all  who  prefer  an  equivocal  fpecics  of  liberty 
to  that  which  is  the  birthright  of  Britons.  *'  Les  ames  bafles 
ne  croycnt  point  aux  grands  hommes  :  De  vils  efclavcs  fourienC 
d*un  air  moqueur  a  ce  mot  de  liberte  f." 

[To  be  continued, '\ 

however,  is  very  badly  founded  ;  nor  ought  we  to  put  too  much 
coofidence  in  the  lively  maxims  of  fuch  an  agreeable  author  as  M. 
Beaumclle  ;    he  is,  howcv.T,  very  fenfible  of  tlie  value  of  liberty 

properly  fo  called. **  England,  fays  he,  is  a  very  Itriking  inilance, 

that  an  unfhaken  and  Heady  conilitution  is  a  happinefs  that  cannot 
be  too  dearly  purchafed. — The  conilitution  of  England  is  immor- 
tal, becaufe  a  wife  people  cannot  be  enflavcd  by  an  enemy  at  home, 
nor  a  free  people  by  an  enemy  abroad.  Rome  periQied  ;  and  was  it 
poflible  for  her  to  fubiiil?  her  fyilem  tended  to  aggrandizing  her« 
Jclf ;  it  did  not  tend  to  her  prefervation.  England  is  arrived  to 
fuch  a  pafs,  as  to  be  impofiible  for  her  to  periih,  becaufe  revolu- 
tions, which  ihould  have  been  the  bane  of  her  fyilem,  have  ferved 
only  to  complete  it."  (Mes  pen/esj  Luxury  has  not  done  the  ut- 
moft  againll  this  conilitution,  for  although  the  above-recited  author 
^oald  have  us  believe  that  the  operations  of  trade  on^conllitutions 
arc  not  hurtful  in  changing  them  ;  yet  I  (hall  very  readily  agree 
with  Rollin,  who  declares,  that—**  The  moll  judicious  hiftorians, 
the  mod  learned  philofophers,  and  the  prolbundell  politicians,  all 
jay  it  down  as  a  certain  and  indifputable  maxim,  chat  wherever 
luxury  prevails,  it  never  fails  to  deltroy  the  moll  HouriQiing  dates 
and  kingdoms ;  and  the  experience  of  all  ages  and  all  nations  does 
but  too  clearly  demonstrate  this  ma.\im."  jiitc,  Hijl,  Manners  of  the 
Aflyrians^  Art,  ;,   Zcci,  1.' 

*  t  ContraQ  Social,  p.  202.  This  facred  word  ought  not  to  be 
proilituted  to  that  freedom  a  people  enjoys,  vvh'.ch  is  open  to  the 
political  prefcriptions  of  ftatc  phyficians,  fuch  as  are  mentioned  in 
the  following  palTage ;  it  is  written  by  a  Frenchman  on  French  li- 
berty.  **  Oh!  fi,  au  lieu  de  cela,  vous  vous  chargiez  dc  faire 

labourer  tous  les  champs,  en  vertu  de  ce  que  c'cil  a  vous  a  faire 
le  fervice  public,  &  que  le  foin  dc  la  fubiiiiaiicc  d:^  vos  fujets  en  ed 
la  premiere  fonftion,  vous  croiriez  faire  v;.»tro  charge,  je  le  veux  ; 

jnais  vous  feriez  dans  le  fait  la  plus  grandc  fautc  poUcique.  A  cet 
'«gard  vous  fentcz  cela:  Cell  cependant  ce  qu'on  fair  tous  les  jours 
en  votre  npm,  fons  pretcxte  de  la  police,  de  prcvoir  les  malheurs 
•les  diflettes,  k  autres  mafqucs  du  mohopole,  qui  abufent  dc  votre 
folliciiude  paterntlle.  Car  dire  aa  la'.)ourcur,  je  veux  avoir  la  clef 
^e  votre  grcnicr,  c'ed  loi  dire,  je  vtux  ordonner,  a  vos  fraix  &  k 
TOS  rifqucs,  de  voire  adminillratic/n  journaiiere,  de  votre  travail,  de 
vos  femailies,  de  vos  recoltes,  dc  vos  achats,  dc  vos  ventc*,  ds  vos 
repas,  de  vos  moments,  ^c.  par  nion  uutoritc  coniice  a  une  multi- 
tude d'agents  ccran^Cfs  a  vos  iiucicts  &  ;;-.:  ::i:e:is.  Tbcor'n  de 
VImf:{.  p.  Ij.' 

I  i  2  Aar; 


[     584    ] 

Ar  Tr  VII.  ^n  hiftorkal  Treatife  on  the  feudal  Law^  and  on  the  C$»fii' 
tution  and  Laivs  of  England ;  i\;itb  a  Commentary  on  Mc^gna  Citarta^ 
and  necej'ary  lllujirations  of  many  of  the  Englijh  Statutes^  In  a  Conrie 
of  Lcdlures,  read  in  the  Univerfity  of  Dublin,  by  the  late  Francis 
Stoughron  Sullivan,  L  L.  D.  Royal  Profeflbr  of  the  Common  Law 
in  that  Univerfity.     4to.     1 6s.  Boards.  Johnfon  and  Payne.    1772. 

I H I  S  work  treats  of  a  fubjeft  which  is,  in  the  higheft 
degree,  important ;  and  which  is  executed  with  fingular 
ability.  The  very  learned  and  ingenious  Author  has  explained, 
with  a  minutencfs  of  invefligation,  and  with  a  fpirit  of  candour, 
which  have  not  hitherto  been  exerted,  the  origin  and  progreb 
cf  the  Englifli  conftitqtion  and  laws.  Enlightened  by  reflec- 
tion, ho  lefs  than  by  ftul^y,  he  furmounts  difficulties,  which 
former  inveftigators  were  unable  to  refolve ;  and  diveftcd  of  1 
thofe  party- prejudices,  which  miflcd  our  earlier  antiquaries  and 
lawyers,  his  work  neither  dcfcends  to  flatter  the  crown  nor  the  ' 
people.  He  does  not  write  the  apology  of  a  faftion.  He  has 
fought  for  the  truth,  and  he  has  found  ir,  amidft  the  errors  of 
hypothcfis,  the  dclufions  of  religrous  folly,  and  the  obfcuritics, 
which  a  crafty  invention  had  created  to  conceal  it.  ] 

Before  he  enters  formally  into  his  fubje6l,  he  has,  with  much     1 
propriety,    enquired  into  the  intention  and  ends  of  politick     I 
jocicty.     He  fpeaks  of  thofe  ufages  and  cuftoms,  which  govera     | 
men,   antecedently  to    pofitive  ena6^ments;    and    he  explores 
the  hidilen  fources  of  legiflation.     He  then  examines  fome  pe- 
culiarities  attending   particular    modes  of  government;    and 
thence  he  is  led  to  confidcr  the  varieties  produced  in  relation  to 
laws,    by  the   growing   refinement  of    nations.     Among  the 
caufes  of  their  multiplicity,  he  finds  the  liberty  of  the  people 
to  be  the  mod  powerful  ;  from  which  he  naturally  infers,  the 
difficulty  of  the  iludy  of  the  Englifti  law,  and  proceeds  to  enu- 
mersce  the  methods  which  have  been  employed  to  advance  the 
knowledge  of  it. 

Thefe  topics  engage  his  attention  in  his  firft  lefture.  In  hit 
fecond,  he  explains  the  plan  of  his  own  undertaking. 

A  partial,  and  a  weak  fondnefs  for  their  country  had  cir- 
gaged  Lord  Coke,  and  other  lawyers  of  his  age,  to  infift,  that 
the  Englifh  laws  were  not  derived  from  a  foreign  fource.  It 
is,  however,  perfcftly  obvious,  that  they  are  to  be  deduced 
from  the  feudal  cuftoms ;  and  Dr.  Sullivan,  confidering  them- 
as  flowing  from  this  fource,  has  very  judicioufly  conHnenced 
his  inquiries  concerning  the  EngH(h  conflitution,  by  invefti- 
gating  the  origin  of  the  feudal  law,  and  its  ceremonies. 

For  this  purpofc,  he  looks  back,  in  his  third  Icdure,  into 
the  cuftoms  of  the  German  nations,  before  they  invaded  thfc 
Roman  empire.  He  examines  and  reprobates  fcveral  opim'ons, 
Vvhich  men  of  learning  hav^  formed  concerning  the  original  of 

the 


SoUivanV  LeSluns  eft  the  Laws  of  England.  585 

the  feudal  polity,  and  he  can  find  no  traces  of  its  fource,  btrt 
among  the  nations,  \^hich  deftroycd  the  wcilern  empire  of  the 
Homans ;  that  is,  among  the  Franks,  Burgundians,  Goths, 
and  Lombards. 

*  Of  thefe,  fays  he,  the  firft  and  l.tft  have  the  greateft  num- 
ber of  advocates  j  and,  whether  out  of  jcaloufy  to  the  French 
snonarchy,  or  not,  I  cannot  determine,  the  majority  decJar^ 
for  the  Lombards.     Thefe  different  opinions,  however,  may 
be  eafily  adjufted,  by  diOinguidiing  between  the  beneficiary  law^ 
as  I  ihall  call  it,  while  the  giants  were  at  will,  or  for  years, 
or  at  the  utmofl  for  life,  and  that  which  is   more  properly  and 
iiridly  called  feudal^  when  they  became  tranfmiffible  to  heirs, 
and  were  fettled  as  inheritances.     As  to  the  beneficiary  laiv,  no 
one  of  thefe  nations  can  lay  a  better  claim  to  it  than  another, 
or  with  reafon  pretend  that  the  reft  formed  their  pjan  upon  its 
model,  each  of  them  independent  of  the  other,  having  eftab- 
liflied  the  fame  rules,  or  rules  nearly  the  fame ;   which  vvere^ 
in  truth,  no  more  than  the   ancient  cuftoms  of  each  nation, 
while  they  lived  beyond  the   Rhine,  and  were  fuch  as  were 
common  to  all  the  different  people  of  Germany.     But,  as  to 
the  law  and  pradlice  of  feuds,  when  they  became  inheritance?, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  it  was  owing  to  the  PVanks, 
For  the  books  of  the  feudal   law,  written  in  Lombardy,  ac- 
knowledge that  the  emperor  Conrad,  who  lived  about  the  year 
1024)  was  the  iirft  that  allowed  fiefs  to  be  defcendibie  in  Ger- 
many and  Italy  ;  whereas  the  kingdom   of  the  Lombards  was 
deftroyed  by  Charlemagne  above  two  hundred  years  before  ; 
and  he  it  was  who  firft  eftablifhed  among  his  own  Franks  the 
fiicceffion  of  fiefs,  limiting  it,    indeeJ,   only  to  one  defcent. 
His  fucceffors  continued   the  fame  pradice,  and,  by  flow  de- 
grees, this   right  of  fucceilion  was  extended   fo,   that  by  the 
time  of  Conrad,  all  the  fiefs  in  France,  great  and  fmall,  went 
in    courfe  of   defcent,    by    the    conoelfiun   of   Hugh    Capet, 
who  made  ufe  of  that  device,  in  order  to  fweeten  his  ufurpa- 
ticn,  and  render  it  lefs  difagreeable.     By  this  conceflion  he, 
indeed,  eftablifhed   his   family   on    the  throne,    but   (o   muct> 
weakened  the  power  of  that  crown,  that  it  coft  much  trouble, 
and  the  labour  of  feveral  centuries,  to  regain  the  ground  then 
loft. 

*  The  opinion  of  the  feudal  law's  being  derived  from  the  Lom- 
bards feems  owing  to  this,  that,  in  their  country,  thofe  of- 
toms  were  firU  i educed  into  writing,  and  co>npi!ed  in  two 
hpoks,  about  the  year  1150,  and  have  been  received  as  autho- 
rity in  France,  Germany,  and  Spain,  and  conftantly  quoted 
a^  fucb.  But  then  it  fi>ould  be  confidered,  that  the  written 
law  in  thefe  books  is,  in  each  of  thofe  nations,  ef^ecul^  xw 
France,  controulcd  hy  their  iinwritten  cuftoms-,  vaYvvcYv  ft\^>w^ 

1  i  3  ^\*.\tv\^ 


586  Sullivan'j  LeHures  on  the  Laws  of  England. 

plainly,  that  they  arc  received  only  as  evidence  of  their  own 
old  legal  pradices.  For  had  they  been  taken  in  as  a  new  law, 
they  would  have  been  entirely  received,  and  adopted  in  the 
whole, 

^  But  if,  in  this  point,  I  (hould  be  miftaken,  and  the  Lom- 
bards were  really  the  firft  framers  of  the  feudal  law,  yet  1  be- 
lieve it  will  be  allowed  more  proper  for  the  perfon  who  fills  this 
chair  to  deduce  the  progrefs  of  it  through  the  Franks,  from 
whom  we  certainly  borrowed  it,  than  to  diftradl  the  attention 
of  his  audience,  by  difplaying  the  feveral  minute  variations  of 
this  law,  that  happened  as  it  was  ufed  in  different  nations.  To 
the  nation  of  the  Franks,  therefore,  I  (hall  principally  confine 
myfelf,  and  endeavour  to  (hew  by  what  (teps  this  fyftem  of 
cuftoms  was  formed  among  them,  and  how  their  con(^itution, 
the  model  of  our  own  juft  after  the  conquefl,  arofe,  and  at  the 
fame  time  I  (ha)l  be  particularly  attentive  to  thofe  parts  of  it 
only  that  prevailed  in  England,  or  may  fome  way  contribute 
to  illuf^rate.our  domeftic  inftitutions.* 

In  order,  accordingly,  to  illuftrate  the  rife  of  the  conflitution 
ercfled  by  the  Franks,  he  enters  into  details  concerning  the 
general  difpofition  and  manners  of  this  people,  while  they  con- 
tinued in  Germany,  concerning  the  federal  ranks  and  orders 
of  perfons  among  them,  their  form  of  government,  their  regu- 
lations touching  property,  their  methods  of  adminiilering  juf- 
ticc,  and  the  nature  of  the  punifhments  they  inflided  on  cri* 
niinals. 

On  thcfc  different  heads,  he  does  not  deviate  from  his  ufual 
erudition  and  ingenuity  ;  but,  perhaps,  to  an  accurate  obferver, 
it  wiU  appear,  that  in  examining  the  (late  of  property  among 
the  G<  rman  tribes,  while  they  remained  beyond  the  Rhine,  he  | 
is  not  fufficicntly  perfpicuous,  and  does  not  fully  confider  its 
imp<jrt.ince  *. 

Jn  continuing  his  hiftorical  rcfearchcs,  he  defcribes  the  ir- 
ruptions of  the  northern  nations  into  the  provinces  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  ;  attends  to  the  innovations  which  their  fituation, 
when  they  had  made  ftttlements  there,  was  calculated  to  pro- 
duce in  regard  t  j  their  manners  and  policy  ;  and  explains,  in 
p.iiticular,  the  condition  of  the  Franks  after  they  had  fixed 
their  cliabli(hment,  and  the  (late  of  thofe  Romans  with  whom 
they  had  entered  into  engagements. 

It  was  not,  in  the  opinion  of  our  Author,  long  after  the 
fettlcmtnt  of  the  Franks,  that  cftates  in  land  proceeded  from 
being  annual  and  temporary,  to  be  given  for  life;  and  at  this 

•  Sec  in  our  jiccount  of  Bougainville^  voyage  Tome  hints  on  the 
condition  of  proptrty  in  rude  nations,  and  an  appeal  to  authors  who 
Aavc  treated  ihU  fubjc^.    Bw^\\t'«  ^^t  '^;v.\<::\i^\^,  ^,  206, 


SuUwan'j  tenures  on  the  Laws  of  England.  587 

laft  period^  and  not  (boner,  he  conceives,  that  the  forms  of  the 
feudal  inveftiture  were  invented  and  employed.  Thefe  he  ex- 
plains at  condJerable  lengthy  and  having  made  fome  remarks 
00  improper  or  lefs  formal  feuds  or  benetices,  he  examioes  into 
tl^e  fleps  and  degrees  by  which  eftates  for  life  grew  into  inhe* 
ritances. 

Having  arrived  at-the  perpetuity  of  the  feud,  he  fets  himfelf 
to  enquire  into  the  confequences  it  produced,  and  oifcrs  an 
cimnieratioii  of  the  feudal  cafualties,  with  a  very  maflierly  ac- 
count of  reprefentation  and  collateral  fucceilion. 

In  the  kingdoms,  however,  eftabiifhed  on  the  ruins  of  the 
Roman  greatnefs,  there  were  lands  which  fubmitted  not  to 
tenure,  and  were  not  included  in  the  feudal  fyftem.  Thefe 
were  known  under  the  appellation  of  Allodial  property,  and 
were  fubjcd  only  to  general  fcrvices.  Their  hiflory  is  not 
omitted  by  our  Author ;  but  we  mud  regret,  that  he  has  not 
iafifted  on  it  at  greater  length.  There  are  circumdances^  with 
regard  to  their  condition  and  duration,  ia  the  ftates  of  Europe, 
chat  are  no  lefs  curious  than  important. 

The  feudal  infiitutions,  averfe  to  the  fpirlt  of  trade,  locked 
up  land  from  fale  or  conveyance,  and,  as  communities  refined, 
became  grievous  and  oppreffive.  The  feudatory  contracted 
debts,  but  his  eftate  was  not  liable  to  their  payment.  Other 
injurious  reftridions  attended  thefe  grants.  And  having  ex- 
plained the  oppreiSons,  which  flo\A^ed  from  them.  Dr.  Sulli- 
van enters  into  the  hiftory  of  the  alienations  of  land.  Thefe 
were  voluntary  or  involunxary.  The  former  proceeded  on 
the  confent  of  the  feudatory ;  the  latter  was  the  attaching  of 
property  for  debt :  and  the  eSeds  refulting  from  hence,  are 
pointed  put  with  precifion  and  judgment. 

The  power  of  alienation  fecmed  to  diveft  the  Great  of  the 
means  of  perpetuating  their  families :  in  the  courfe  of  time, 
they  ftrongiy  felt  this  inconvenience ;  and  the  famous  ftatute 
Di  Donis  offered  a  remedy  to  it,  by  creating,  a  new  inheri- 
tance, iflaUs  tail.  The  nature  and  origin,  with  the  confe- 
quences of  this  a6V,  the  curious  Reader  will  find  explained  and 
IHuftrated  by  Qur  Author,  in  a  manner  equally  profound  and 
ifacisfa^ory. 

He  comes  now  to  give  a  (ketch  of  the  conflitution  of  a  feu- 
dal monarchy.  The  king,  as  the  head  of  the  political  body, 
attrads  his  firft  notice  ;  and  having  defcribed  his  digniry,  and 
mentioned  his  revenues,  he  examines  the  much  agitated  qucf- 
tion.  Whether  he  poflelled  the  power  of  raifmg  taxes  and  fub- 
ikiies  ?  His  refledions,  on  this  intercfting  topic,  arc  piiticu- 
larly  valuable,  aod  ought  to  be  acceptable  to  every  £ng« 
liflunan. 

I  i  4  *  To 


jSS  SuUivan'j  Lecture:  on  the  Laws  of  England. 

'  'To  come,  fays  he,  to  the  head,  whether  taxes,  aids,  an^ 
fubftdies  can  be  afleflfed  by  the  king,  as  fole  judge  of  the  occa- 
fion^'and  the  quantum-'OV  whether  they  muft  be  granted  by 
parliament,  was  the  grea^  and  principal  con teft  between  the  two 
firft  princes  of  the  unrortunatc  houfe  of  Stuart  and  their  people,  ■ 
and  which,  concurring  with  other  caufes,  coft  the  laftof  them 
his  life  and  throne,  (to  fay  nothing  of  the  divine  hereditary 
right  urged  on  the  king's  l>ehalf,  and  which,  if  examined  into 
ftridlv,  no  royal  family  in  Europe  had  lefs  pretenfions'toclaiili) 
both  fides  referred  themfelves  to  the  ancient  conftitution  for  the 
decifion  of  this  point.  The  king's  friends  urged  that  all  lands 
were  holden  from  him  by  fervices,  and  that  this  was  one  of  bis 
prerogatives,  and  a  necefl'iry  one  to  the  defence  of  the  (late. 
They  produced  fcveral  inllances  of  its  having  been  done,  and 
fubmitted  to,  not  only  in  the  times  of  the  worft,  but  of  fome 
of  the  beft  kings  ;  and  as  to  a£ts  of  parliament  againft  it,  they 
were  extorted  from  the  monarchs  in  particular  exigencies,  and 
could  not  bind  therr  fucceflors,  as  their  right  was  from  God. 

The  advocates  of  the  people,  on  the  other  hand,  infifted  that, 
jn  England,  as  in  all  oiher  feudal  countries,  the  right  of  the 
king  was  founded  on  compact ;  that  William  the  Conqueror 
was  not  mafter  of  all  the  lands  in  England,  nor  did  he  give 
them  on  thcfe  terms  ;  that  he  claimed  no  right  but  what  the 
Saxon  kings  had,  and  this  they  certainly  had  not ;  that  he 
eftabliflied  and  confirmed  the  Saxon  laws,  except  fuch  as  were 
by  parliament  altered  ;  that  he  gave  away  none  but  the  forfeited 
lands,  and  gave  them  on  the  fame  terms  as  they  were  generally 
given  in  feudal  countries,  where  fuch  a  power  was  in  thole 
days  unknown.  They  admitted,  that,  in  fadl,  the  kings  of 
England  had  fometimes  exercifed  this  power,  and  that,  oq 
fome  occafions,  the  people  fubmitted  to  it.  But  they  infifted, 
that  moft  of  the  kings  that  did  it  were  oppreflbrs  of  the  worft 
kinJ  in  all  refpefts  ;  that  the  fubjeds,  even  in  fubmitting,  in- 
filled on  their  ancient  rights  and  freedom,  and  every  one  of 
thefe  princes  afterwards  retraced,  and  confefled  they  had  done' 
amifs.  If  one  or  two  of  the  beft  and  wifeft  of  their  kings  had' 
pravflifed  this,  they  infiftcd  that  their  anceftors  acquiefcence 
once  or  twice,  in  the  mcafures  of  a  prince  they  had  abfolute 
confidence  in,  and  at  times  wncn  the  danger,  perhaps,  was  fo 
imminent  as  to  ftare  every  man  in  the  face,  (for  it  was  fcarce 
ever  done  by  a  good  prince)  as  when  there  was  not  a  fleet 
already  afiembledin  the  ports  of  France  to  waft  over  an  army, 
{houid  not  be  ctmfidcred  as  conveying  a  right  to  future  kings 
indifcfiminately,  as  a  furrender  of  their  important  privileges  of 
taxation.  They  infifled  that  thefe  good  and  wife  kings  had 
acknowledged  the  rights  of  the  people;  that  they  excufed  what 
they  bad  done,  as  extorted  by  uf^ent  neceflity,  for  the  pre- 

&cvation 


SMiym^sLeffures  oh  tbi  Laws  ofMngland.  589 

fenration  of  the  whole ;  that,  by  repeated  ads  of  parliament, 
they  had  difavowed  this  povi^er,  and  declared  fuch  proceedings 
ihould  never  be  drawn  into  precedent.  They  obferved,  that 
there  was  no  occafion  for  the  vaft  demefne  of  the  king,  if  he 
bad  this  extraordinary  prerogative  to  exert  whenever  he  pleafed. 
They  denied  the  king's  divine  right  to  the  fucceffion  of  the 
crown,  and  that  abfolute  unlimited  authority  that  was  deduced 
r  from  it.  They  infifted  that  he  was  a  king  by  compa£l,  that 
bis  fucceflion  depended  on  that  compact,  though  they  allowed 
that  a  king  intitled  by  that  compaiSl,  and  a(Sing  according  to 
it,  has  a  divine  right  of  government,  as  every  legal  and  righte- 
ous magiftrate  hath.  They  inferred,  therefore,  that  he  was  a 
limited  monarch,  and  confequentiy  that  he  and  his  fucceiTors 
were  bound  by  the  Icgiflative,  the  fupreme  authority. 

The  advocates  of  the  king  treated  the  original  compaft  as  a 
chimera,  and  defired  them  to  produce  it ;  which  the  other  iidc. 
thought  an  unreafonable  demand,  as  it  was,  they  alledged, 
tranfaded  when  both  king  and  people  were  utterly  illiterate^ 
They  thought  the  utmoft  proof  poffible  was  given  by  quoting 
the  real  a£ts  of  authority,  which  the  Saxon  kings  had  exercifed; 
among  which  this  was  not  to  be  found  ;  that  the  Norman  kings^ 
though  fome  of  them  had  occafionally  pradlifed  it,  had,  in 
general,  both  bad  and  good  princes,  afterwards  difclaimed  the 
tight,  and  that  it  never  had  (though  perhaps  fubmicted  to  in 
one  or  t\Vo  inftances)  been  given  up  by  their  anceftors,  who 
always,  and  even  to  the  face  of  their  beft  princes,  infifted  that 
It  was  an  encroachment  on  thofe  franchifes  they  were  intitled 
to  by  their  birthright. 

*  Such,  in  general,  were  the  principles  on  which  the  argu- 
ments were  maintained  on  both  fides  :  for  to  go  into  minutia^ 
would  not  confifl:  with  the  defign  of  this  undertaking.  I  ap-  ' 
prehend  it  will  be  evident  from  this  detail  of  mine,  though  I 
'  protell  I  defigncd  to  reprefent  both  fides  fairly,  that  I  am  in- 
clined to  the  people  in  this  queftion.  1  own  i  think  that  any 
one  that  confiders  impartially  the  few  monuments  that  remain 
of  the  old  Saxon  times,  either  in  their  laws  or  hiftories,  the 
conftant  courfe  fince  the  conqueft,  and  the  practice  of  nations 
abroad,  who  bad  the  fame  feudal  policy,  muft  acknowledge, 
that  though  this  right  was  claimed  and  exercifed  by  John, 
Henry  the  Third,  Edward  the  Firft,  Second,  and  Third, 
Richard  the  Second,  and  Henry  the  Eighth,  it  was  in  the  event 
difclaimed  by  every  one  of  them,  by  the  greateftofour  kings, 
Edward  the  Firft  and  Third,  and  Henry  the  Eighth,  with  fuch 
candour  and  free  will,  as  inforccd  confidence  in  them  ;  by  the 
others,  in  truth,  becaufo  they  could  not  help  it.  I  hope  I 
fhall  ftand  excqfcd,  if  I  add,  that  the  majority  of  thofe  who 
engaged  in  the  civil  war,  either  for  king  Charles^  oc  ^^-Jtxw.^ 


590  Sullivan*^  Leisures  on  the  Laws  (pf  England m 

kirn,  were  of  the  fame  opinion.  *  For,  had  he  not  given  up  this 
point,  (and  rndeed  he  did  it  with  all  the  appearances  of  the 
greateft  fincerity)  he  would  not  have  got  three  thoufand  men 
to  appear  for  him  in  the  field.  But,  unfortunately  for  his 
family,  and  us,  (for  we  ftill  feel  the  eftefts  of  it  from  ihe  po-. 
pi(h  education  his  offspring  got  abroad)  his  conceffion  came  too 
late.  He  had  loft  the  confidence  of  too  many  of  his  people, 
and  a  party  of  republicans  were  formed  ;  all  reafonable  fccu- 
ricies  were  certainly  given;  but  upon  pretence  ihat  he  could  not 
be  depended  upun,  his  enemies  prevailed  on  too  many  to  infift 
on  fuch  conditions,  as  would  have  left  him  but  a  king  ia  name, 
and  unhinged  the  whole  frame  of  government.  Thus  the 
partizans  of  abfolute  monarchy  on  one  fide,  and  the  republi- 
cans, with  a  parcel  of  crafty  ambitious  men,  who  for  their 
own  private  views  affcded  that  chara£ler,  on  the  other,  rented 
the  kingdom  between  them,  and  obliged  the  honeft,  and  the 
friends  to  the  old  conftitution,  to  take  Tide  either  with  one  party 
or  other,  and  they  were  accordingly,  for  their  moderation  an^ 
defire  of  peace,  and  a  legal  fettlement,  equally  defpifed  which- 
ever they  joined  with. 

I  (hall  make  butoneobfervation  more  ;  that  though  it  is  very 
falfe  reafoning  to  argue  from  events  when  referred  to  thedeci- 
fion  of  God,  as  to  the  matter  of  right  in  queftion  ;  I  cannot 
kelp  being  ftruck  with  obferving,  that  though  this  has  been  a 
queftion  of  five  hundred  years  ftanding  in  England,  the  decifion 
of  providence  hr.th  conftantly  been  in  favour  of  the  people. 
If  It  has  been  fo  in  other  countries  for  two  hundred  or  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  paft,  which  is  the  utmoi^,  let  us  invefiigate 
the  caiifes  of  the  difference,  and  ad^  accordingly.  Xhe  an- 
tients  tell  us  it  is  impofliblc  that  a  brave  and  virtuous  nation 
can  ever  be  flaves,  and,  on  the  contrary,  that  no  nation  that 
,  is  cowardly,  or  e;enerally  vicious,  can  be  free.  Let  us  blefs 
God,  who  hath  for  fo  long  a  time  favoured  thefc  realms.  Let 
ii3  act  towards  the  family  that  reigns  over  us,  as  becomes  free 
fi;'^jc«f}s,  to  the  guardians  of  liberty,  and  of  the  natural  rights 
of  mankind  ;  but,  above  all,  let  iis  train  pofterity  fo  as  to  be 
dcfrrvin^of  the  continuance  of  thcf'e  bleliings,  that  Montef- 
quicu'i>  prophecy  may  never  appear  to  be  juftly  founded. 

**  Englani,  (f'nys  he,)  in  thecourfeof  things,  xn^  lofe  her 
liberties,  and  then,  (he  will  be  a  greater  flave  than  any  of  her 
neighbours." 

We  fliall  leave  our  Readers,  for  the  prefent,  to  refled  on 
this  excellent  vindication  of  the  original  freedom  of  our  confti- 
tution ;  and,  in  the  fiicceeding  number  of  our  Journal,  wc 
fball  offer,  what  has  farther  occurred  to  us,  concerning  the 
prticnt  intcrefting  and  very  inftrudivc  performance. 

Art* 


[    591    ] 

Art.VIII.  a  Journal  of  the  Swuedifi  AmhaJJy,  in  the  Years  \()^i  and 
1654.  From  the  Common-wealth  of  England^  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
Written  by  the  Ambaflador  the  Lord  Cormmiffioner  Whitelockc. 
With  an  Appendix  of  original  Papers.  4to.  2  Vols.  1  1.  us.  6d, 
Boards.     Beckct.     1772, 

COmmiffioner  Whi^elockfc  was  one  of  the  moft  refpe£^able 
chiefs  of  that  republican  party  which  bravely  delivered  this 
kingdom  from  one  fpecies  of  tyranny,  and  unfortunately  fub- 

}'c£lcd  it  to  another.  He  was  a  man  of  ftrong  fenfe,  of  exten- 
ive  knowledge,  of  ftridl  virtue,  and  finccrely  attached  to  the 
liberties  of  his  country.  He  was  above  being  the  tool  •  o{  any 
party  j  for  though  intimately  conneflcd  with  the  Protedtor,  he 
was  ever  jealous  of  his  defigns,  and  oppofed  every  procedure  of 
the  Ufurper's  which  he  deemed  inconfiftent  with  trueCommon- 

,  wealth  principles  ;  by  which  difmterefted  ccndufl  he  became  a 
confiderable  fufFerer,  through  Cromwell's  private  refentment. 
He  difliked  Oliver  for  his  felfifh  and  ambitious  views  ;  and  Oli- 
ver y/izr^rf  him,  on  account  of  his  integrity  and  popularity:  for 
Whiielocke's  rcfpedlable  charafier  made  all  honeft  men  his 
friends ;  and  his  name  gave  a  fandlion  to  every  meafure  in  which 
be  embarked.  t 

Dr.  Morton,  the  Editor  of  this  work,  authenticates  it,  by 
the  following  particulars,  which  are  taken  from  his  dedication 
to  Lord  Lumlcy  : — that  he  received  thefc  papers  from  the  Lord 
CommiflionerWhilelockc's  erandfon,  Carieton  Whitelocke,  of 
Prior's  Wood,  near  Dublin,  L(q;  by  the  favour  of  the  late  Lord 
Chancellor  Bowes,  Archbilhop  Seeker,  and  Arthur  Onflow,  Efq; 

'  — thefe  very  refpciSable  pcrfons  being  of  opinion,  that  the  Jour- 
nal of  the  Swcdifli  Ambafly  was  due  to  the  public,  as  a  very 
confiderable  part  of  the  Author's  Memorials  of  Englijh  Affairs: 
the  candour,  accuracy,  and  ufcfulnefs  of  which  work  are  fo 
univerfally  allowed. 

Speaking,  in  this  dedication,  of  hJiruSfhn  by  precept j  the 
Editor  remark?,  that  it  '  is  flow,  tranfient,  and  too  often  inef- 
fcfiual  for  want  of  being  duly  underftood  ;  but  inftruftion  by 
example  is  quick,  ftrong,  permanent,  and  flattering  to  the  mind 
in  the  I'ght  of  a  fclf-inttrudlor.  And  this  is  founded  in  the 
nature  of  man,  who  acquires  his  general  knowledge  in  this  way. 
For  precepts,  or  principles,  are  no  other  than  general  inferences 
from  particular  experiences ;  which  are  beil  underftood,  as  well 
as  beft  applied,  by  thofe  who  make  them.     And  thus  chiefly  it 

•  Wc  are  not  ignorant  that  Whitclocke  has  been  charged  with 
temporizing,  and  duplicity  of  condud  ;  bat  wc  apprehend  the  charge 
to  be  ill  founded,  having  never  yet  met  with  a  convincing  argument 
in  fupport  of  it. 


592    Whitelocke'j  Journal  of  the  Swedijh  Amhajfy  in  1653. 

js,  that  they,  become  profitable  helps  to  theixiind  ;  and  the  tru^ 
grounds  of  judgment  as  well  as  adion. 

'  In  the  following  pages  the  political  man,  that  mailer- 
builder  !  will  find  no  contemptible  model  of  doing  bufinefs ; 
the  family  man  may  alfo  extrad  that  which  fuits  his  laudable 
purpofes  ;  and  the  individual  the  pioral  (let  me  fay)  the  reli- 
gious man,  who  alone  adorns  the  refl,  will  fee  his  form  deli- 
iieated,  and  be  inftrufted  where  to  feek  his  end.- 

•  With  refpeft  to  hiJioricalfaSis^  he  farther  obferves,  that  the 
curious  fearcher  of  anecdotes  will  here  find  an  abundant  trea- 
fure  ;  and  be  enabled  to  fill  up  divers  links  in  the  chain  of  caufes 
pf  certain  events ;  and  to  mark  more  particularly  the  charaders 
of  the  refpedtable  perfonages,  who  figured  during  a  remarkable 
period.  Perhaps  alfo,  it  may  not  bje  unprofitable  to  note  the 
more  rational,  and  temperate  grounds,  of  fome  extraordinary 
occurrences.* 

As  to  Whitelocke*s  qualifications  for  the  important  ambafly 
on  whicli  he  was  fent,  and  which  is  the  fubjedl  of  thcfc  me- 
moirs, we  believe  that  a  fitter  man  could  not  have  been  found ; 
for  we  agree  with  Dr.  M.  that  he  pofTefTed  *  fenfe,  fpirit,  tem- 
per, experience  in  bufmefs,  and  knowledge  of  the  world  ;*  that 
he  ^as  ^  able  to  dif^inguifh,  choofe,  and  execute,  whether  l)y 
perfuafion,  or  otherwife  ;*  and  that  he  was  *  thoroughly  verfcd 
in  the  hiftory,  conflitution,  laws,  revenues,  force,  trade  and 
interefts  of  his  country,  and  its  connexions  with  others :'  Dr. 
M.  adds,  that  he  made  it  his  immediate  ftudy  to  be  well  in- 
formed of  the  fame  important  particulars,  refpefling  Sweden  5 
that  fome  fketches  of  this  kind  are  preferved  in  the  Appendix 
to  the  prefent  publication;  and  that'*  more  might  have  been 
added  :' — the  fuccefs  of  this  ambafTy  was  anfwerable. 

This  Journal,  the  Editor  afTures  us,  is  printed  literally  from 
the  Author's  own  manufcript :  a  declaration  which,  no  doubt, 
will  be  fatisfadlory  to  ma^iy  Readers,  who  will  confider  the 
work  as  the  more  curious  and  valuable  for  being  delivered  en« 
tire,  and  in  its  original  drefs,  without  any  abridgment  or  alte- 
ration whatever  j  but  others,  who  pay  more  regard  to  iafte  in 
reading,  may,  perhaps,  thipk  this  book  ^  very  great  one,  anj 
deem  it  a  tedious  tafk  to  go  through  the  whole  of  fo  voluminous 
a  performance :  to  them,  too,  the  flrain  of  piety — (that  kind 
of  piety,  efpecially,  with  which  all  writing,  and  all  converfa- 
tion,  was  fo  highly  tinctured  in  Whitelockc's  days)  which  runs 
through  almofl  every  page  of  this  publication,  may  not  prove 
altogether  fo  acceptable  as  *  good  men  would  think.*  For  ]ifl 
however,  we  freely  own  that  the  multiplicity  of  this  Writer*? 
pious  reflections,  and  the  frequent  repetition  of  his  devotional 
phrafes,  give  us  no  offence.     They  feefn,  like  the  ruft  of  an 

antique^ 


Whitelocke'j  Journal  of  the  Swedijb  Amhajfy  in  1653.      593 

antique,  to  be  no  other  than  marks  of  authenticity,  and  the 
true  itamp  of  the  times  which  gave  birth  to  this  curious,  va- 
luable, and  entertaining  Journal. 

But,  in  truth,  we  do  not  find  that  Whitelocke  was  caft  alto- 
"^gether  in  the  puritanical  mold  of  Oliver's  days,  or  that  he  was 
thought,  by  any  means,  to  come  up  to  the  ftandard  of  pure  fa- 
natic! fm.     From  other  evidences  of  this,  we  fhali  fcle<a  the 
following  anecdote. 

On  the  council  of  ftate's  reporting  to  the  parliament  that  they 
had  fixed  upon  Whitelocke  as  a  fit  perfon  to  be  fent  Ambafla- 
dor  E;^traordinary  to  the  Queen  of  Sweden*  (which  they  fub- 
mitted  to  the  confideration  of  the  houfe)  a  debate  arofe  upon 
the  fubjciSl  ;  and  one  of  the  members  objeded,  '  that  they  knew 
not  whether  he  were  a  godly  man  or  not :'  adding,  that  '  though 
he  might  be  otherwife  qualified,  yet,  if  he  were  not  a  godly 
man,  it  was  not  fit  to  fend  him  Ambaflador/  To  this  another 
member,  who,  fays  Whitelocke  (himfclf  being  the  relator  of 
this  anecdote,  Journal,  p.  36.)  was  known  not  to  be  inferior 
in  godlinefs  to  the  objcdtor,  ihrewdly  anfwered,  ^  that  godli* 
nefs  was  now  in  fa(hion,  and  taken  up  in  form  and  words  for 
advantage  fake,  more  than  in  fubftance  for  the  truth's  fake  ; 
that  it  was  difficult  to  judge  of  the  trees  of  godlinefs  or  un- 
godlinefs,  otherwife  than  by  the  fruit;  that  thofe  who  knew 
Whitelocke,  and  his  converfation,  were  fatisfied  that  he  lived 
in  prance  as  well  as  in  a  ^r^£^^«  of  godlinefs  ;  and  that  it  was 
more  becoming  a  godly  man  to  look  into  his  own  heart,  and 
to  cenfurc  himfelf,  than  to  take  upon  him  the  attribute  of  God 
alone,  to  know  the  heart  of  another,  and  to  judge  him/ — And 
it  was  voted — *  That  the  Lord  Commiffioner  Whitelocke  be 
fent  Ambaifador  Extraordinary  to  the  Queen  of  Sweden.' 

The  Journal  commences  Aug.  23,  1653,  and  recites,  among 
many  other  circumilances,  preparatory  to  his  full  appointment 
to  this  ambafly,  and  to  his  embarking  for  the  voyage.  Tome 
curious  converfations  with  Cromwell,  in  which  the  art,  addrefs, 
and  mafterly  fpirit  of  Oliver  are  confpicuous. 

On  Dec.  20,  in  the  fame  year,  Whitelocke  arrived  at  Upfal, 
where  Queen  ChrilHna  at  that  time  refided  ;  and  the  next  day 
her  iVIajefty  granted  him  a  public  audience  :  the  ceremonies  oi 
which  are  very  circumdantiaily  related,  and  will  entertain  many 
of  our  Readers.  The  Ambaffador's  equipage  was  extremely 
magnificent,  according  to  the  tafte  of  the  times,  and  well  fitted 
to  Itrike  the  Swedifh  court  with  the  moft  refpedlable  idea  of 
the  power  and  grandeur  of  the  Commonwealth  which  he  re* 
prefented  : 

— -  -  _ 

♦  The  celebrated  Chriftina,  who  foon  after  abdicated  the  crowcv. 


V  :..^      ^^/'hitelockeV  journal  of  the  Siuedijh  Amhajfy  in  1653. 

'  Au  his  gate  flood  his  porter  in  a  gowne  of  grey  cloth,  liced 
with  gardes  c5*  blew  velvet  between  edges  of  gold  and  filvcr  Itcc, 
two  in  a/eame,  his  long  (lafFe,  with  a  lilver  hea^,  in  his  hand. 

'  The  liveryes  of  his  coachmen  and  poiUllions  were  bufFe  doublet!^ 
laced  with  the  fame  lace,  the  fleeves  of  their  doublets  thicke  and 
rownd  laced,  their  breeches  and  cloakes  of  grey  cloth,  with  the  like 
Uces. 

'  His  twelve  lacquays,  proper  men,  had  their  liveryes  of  the  (iune 
with  the  coachmen  \  and  the  winges  of  their  ccates  very  thick  laced 
with  the  like  laces. 

*  The  liveryes  of  his  four  pages  were  blew  fattin  doublets,  and 
grey-  cloth  trunke  breeches,  laced  with  the  fame  lace,  very  thicke, 
the  cloakes  up  to  the  cape,  and  lined  with  blew  plufh  ;  their  dock- 
ings long,  of  blew  filke. 

*  ills  two  trumpets  in  the  like  liveryes. 

*  The  gentlemen  attendants,  officers,  and  fervants  of  his  hoofe, 
were  hanfemly  accoutred,  and  every  man  with  his  fword  by  his  fide. 

*  The  gentlemen  of  the  firil  ranke  were  nobly  and  richly  habited, 
who  fpared  for  no  cod  in  honor  to  their  countrey,  and  to  their  friend; 
and  their  perfons,  and  moil  of  the  others,  were  fuch  as  graced  their 
habiliments. 

*  Kis  fecretary,  for  the  credit  of  his  mafler,  had  putt  himlelfe  ioto 
a  rich  habir. 

*  Whitelocke  himfeife  was  plaine,  butt  extraordinary  rich  in  bis 
habir,  though  without  any  gold  or  iiiver  lace  or  imbroidery ;  hii 
fuite  was  of  blacke  Eugli(h  cloth,  of  an  exceeding  fine  fort,  tke 
cloake  lined  with  the  fame  cloth,  and  that  and  the  fuic  fett  with  very 
fay  re  rich  diamond  buttons,  hi&  hat-band  of  diamonds  aofwearablc; 
and  all  of  the  value  of  1000  1. 

*  Thus  accoutred,  with  the  fenators,  they  took  their  coaches; 
Whitelocke's  two  coaches,  with  fome  of  the  gentlemen,  went  firH; 
after  them,  one  of  the  Queen's  coaches,  with  fome  more  of  the  gen- 
tlemen ;  and  laft,  was  the  Qiiccn's  other  coach,  the  fenators,  mailef 
of  the  ceremonies,  and  Whitelocke  ia  it. 

*  In  the  great  court  of  the  cafllc,  att  the  entry  uppon  the  bridge, 
was  a  guard  of  ico  mui'quatiers,  with  their  ofiiccr  ;  they  made  a  l&ne 
crofl'e  the  court.  Whitelocke  alighted  att  the  foot  of  the  ftayres, 
where  was  Grave*  Gabriel  OxenlHerne,  nephew  to  the  ricks  chancel- 
lor, the  houf  marlhall,  or  fteward  of  the  Queen's  houfe,  with  his 
barton,  or  marfhalTs  fiaffe  of  filvcr  in  his  hand,  and  many  ofiicer! 
and  fervants  of  the  Queen  ;  he  wns  a  fenator,  a  civil  1  and  well 
fafhioned  gentleman.  He  complen.cnted  Whitelocke  in  French,  bid 
him  Wellcome  to  court,  and  promifed  his  rcadinefs  to  doc  him  fcf- 
vicc.  Whitelocke  returned  his  gratefull  acceptance  of  his  civilides, 
and  the  honour  he  had  by  this  occafjon  of  being  knowne  to  his  ex- 
cellence ;  they  went  up  two  payre  of  llone  ftr.yres  in  this  order : 

*  Firft  the  gentlemen  and  o:ticers  of  the  Queen,  bare  headed; 
after  iliem,  VVhitelocke's  gentlemen  attendants,  and  of  his  bed- 
chamber, with  the  inferior  oilicers  of  his  houfe  ;  then  followed  his 

.gentlemen  of  the  firll  ranke  ;  after  them,  his  two  fons,  then  the 

*  An  ancient  Teutonic  tit!a,  the  fame  with  Earl,  or  Counr. 

mailer 


Whitelocke'j  Journal  of  tbr  Swedijh  jimbajfy  «»  165  j.     595 

nailer  of  the  ceremonies,  after  him  the  two  fenators,  then  the  houf 
inarihalU  afcer  him  Whitclocke,  whom  his  fecretary  and  chapleifis 
followed^  and  then  his  pages,  lacquayes,  and  other  liverymen. 

>•  The  Queen's  lacquays  carryed  torches;  and  when  they  had 
mounted  many  (layres  they  came  into  a  large  hall,  many  people 
being  in  the  way,  from  thence  into  a  great  chamber,  where  Prince 
Adolphe,  brother  to  the  prince  heretier  of  the  crown,  then  grand 
mafier,  or  high  fleward  of  Sweden,  mctt  Whitelocke :  and  it  was 
obferved,  that  he  had  not  done  that  honor  to  any  AmbafTador  before. 

*  Some  complements  paffed  between  his  highnes  and  Whitelocke 
in  French  ;  the  prince  bad  him  wellcome  to  court ;  Whitelocke  ac- 
knowledged his  happynes  to  know  fo  noble  a  prince,  and  thanked 
bim  for  his  letters,  and  the  accommodations  of  his  journey,  efpe- 
cially  within  his  highnefs's  government,  by  his  favour  to  a  llranger. 

•  The  prince  fayd,  that  the  Queen  had  commaunded  her  olticcn 
to  take  care  for  his  accommodations,  which  he  doubted  had  not  bin 
fiich  as  were  fitt  for  him,  and  defired  his  excufe  for  his  ill  treatmcnu 
After  many  complements  and  ceremonies  they  pafTcd  on,  White- 
locke uppon  the  right  hand  of  the  prince,  who  conduced  him  to 
another  chamber,  where  ilood  a  guard  of  the  Queen's  parcizans  in 
livery  coates,  richly  imbroydercd  with  gold ;  in  the  next  roome  be- 
jond  thaty  which  was  large  and  fayre,  was  the  Queen  hcrfelfe ;  the 
roome  was  richly  hung  with  cloth  of  Arras,  in  the  midil  of  it  great 
candleQicks  full  of  waxe  lights,  beiides  a  great  number  of  torches. 

*  He  perceived  the  Queen  fitting  att  the  upper  end  of  the  roome, 
nppon  her  chayre  of  (late  of  crimfon  velvet,  with  a  canopy  of  the 
lame  over  it ;  ibme  ladyes  itood  behind  the  Queen,  and  a  \^ry  great 
nomber  of  lords,  oncers,  and  gentlemen  of  her  court,  £lled  the 
roome  ;  uppon  the  foot  carpet,  and  nter  the  Qwecn,  flood  the  fcna- 
tors,  and  other  great  o£icers,  all  uncovered  ;  and  none  butt  perfor.s 
of  quality  were  admitted  into  that  chamber.  Whitelocke's  gentle- 
men were  all  lett  in,  and  a  lane  made  by  them  for  him  to  pafTe 
thorough  to  the  Queen.' 

The  Ambaflador's  defcription  of  the  perfon  any  drcfs  of  (his 
celebrated  Princefs  (the  daughter  of  the  great  Guftavus  Adol- 
phus)  is  alfo  worth  tranfcribing  : 

•  As  foon  as  he  came  within  this  roome,  he  putt  of  his  hatt,  and 
then  the  Queen  putt  of  her  cappe,  after  the  faihion  of  men,  and 
came  two  or  three  fleppes  forward  uppon  the  foot  carpet ;  this,  and 
her  being  covered,  and  riling  from  her  feate,  caufed  Whitclocke  to 
know  her  to  be  the  Queen,  which  oiherwifc  had  not  bin  eafy  to  be 
difcerncd,  her  habit  being  of  plaine  grey  lluffe,  her  pctticote  reached 
to  the  ground,  over  that  a  jackett  fuch  as  men  weare,  of  the  fame 
fluffe,  reaching  to  her  knees ;  on  her  left  fide,  lyed  v.ith  crimfon 
ribbon,  flie  wore  the  jewel!  of  the  order  q{  Amaranfa,  her  cufTcs  mfiled 
a  la  mode,  no  gorj^cit  or  band,  but  a  blackc  fkarfe  aboat  her  neck 
tyed  before  with  a  blackc  ribbon,  as  foldicrs  and  marriners  fomc- 
times  uie  to  weare  ;  her  hayre  was  breaded,  and  hung  loofc  uppon 
her  head  ;  flie  wore  a  bl-ck  velvet  cappe  lined  with  fables,  and 
turned  up,  alter  the  faihlon  of  the  cour.tjcy,  which  flic  ufcd  10  putt 
oil  and  ou  as  men  ucc  their  haitci. 


596    Whitelocke'i  'journal  of  the  SwuKJb  Amhajjy  in  165^. 

'  Her  countenance  was  'fprightly»  butt  fbmwhat  pale;  (he  bad 
much  of  majefly  in  her  demeanor,  and  though  her  peHbn  were  of 
the  fmaller  fize,  yett  her  mienne  and  carryage  was  very  noble. 

*  Whitelocke  made  his  three  congees,  came  up  to  her  and  kiflcd 
her  hand,  which  ceremony  all  ambaifladors  ufed  to  this  Queen ;  thea 
fhe  putt  on  her  cappe,  making  a  ceremony  to  Whitelocke,  who  alio 
putt  on  his  hatte,  then  calling  to  his  fecretary,  tooke  of  him  his  ere- 
dentiallsy  and  putting  off  his  hatte  (at  which  the  C^een  alfo  polled 
off  her  cappe)  Whitelocke  told  her  in  Engliffi  (which  Mr.  dc  li 
Marche  interpreted  in  French)  that  the  parlement  had  commaunded 
him  to  prefent  thofe  letters  to  her  majefly  :  fhe  took  thero  witi 
great  civility,  and  read  their  fuperfcription,  butt  did  not  then  opca 
them. 

•  After  fome  pawze,  Whitelocke  began  and  fpake  to  the  Queen  ift 
Engliih,  Mr.  de  la  Marche,  by  his  appointment,  interpreting  every 
fencence  as  he  fpake  it,  in  French,  which  was  defired  from  White- 
locke, and  alledgcd  to  be  the  conftant  praftice  of  that  court.' 

Although  the  Queen  was  very  attentive  to  the  AmbafTador's 
fpeecb,  yet  (he  dkl  not  forget  to  play  off  her  majeftic  airs  upon 
him,  as  her  cuftom  was,  in  order  to  dazzle  and  daunt  thofe  who 
addreflcd  her,  by  the  dignity  of  her  afpeft  and  carriage.  While 
he  fpake,  ihe  came  clofe  to  him,  and,  by  her  looks  end  gifiuru^ 
as  the  journal  cxprefles  it,  would  have  daunted  him ;  ^  but,  fays 
this  fine  old  ftcady  republican,  thofe  who  have  been  converfant 
with  the  late  great  affairs  in  Eng^land,  are  not  fo  foon  as  others 
appaled  with  the  prefence  of  a  young  lady  and  her  fervants.' 

Whitelocke's  fpeech,  upon  this  occafion  (which  was  dtTt' 
vtred  in  Englijh)  is  a  curious  one ;  but  we  have  not  room  to 
infert  it.  He  gave  the  Queen  a  brief  recital  of  the  late  troubles 
in  England  ;  fet  forth  the  fignal  manner  in  which  it  had  pleafcJ 
God  to  give  fucccfs  to  the  caufe  of  the  people,  flruggling  to 
preferve  their  rights  and  liberties ;  and  concluded  by  tendering 
to  her  Majefty  the  friendihip  of  the  Commonwealth  :  at  the 
fame  time  fignifying  their  defire  *  not  only  to  renew  that  amity 
and  good  correfpondence  which  haih  hitherto  been  between  the 
two  nations,  but  their  further  wiliingnefs  to  enter  into  a  more 
0ri6l  alliance  and  union  than  hath  as  yet  been,  for  the  good  of 
toih,'  &c. 

The  Qiieen  flood  ftill,  fome  time,  after  the  Ambaflador  had 
done  fpeaking,  and  then  '  flepping  near  to  him,  with  a  coun* 
tenance  and  gcfture  full  of  confidence,  fpirit  and  majefly  (as 
Whitelock  well  exprefles  it)  yet  mixed  with  great  civility,  and 
a  good  grace,  flie  anfwered  him  prcfently,  in  Swedi(b.'  Every 
fentence,  as  (he  fpake  it,  being  interpreted  to  him  in  Latii : 
in  like  manner  as  his  fpeech  had  been  interpreted  to  her  in  French. 
The  Queen  exprefl'ed  the  greatefl  appl'obatiqn  of  his  Exceijenry's 
•  perfon  and  commiffion.;  frankly  declaring  the  *  afFcftion  whjc*! 
Ihc  bore  to  the  Commonwealth  of  England,*  and  her  •  dcfrrc 

not 


WhitelockcV  Journal  cfthe  Sxxndijh  JmbaJJy  in  1653.     597 

not  only  to  renew  former  alliances  between  the  two  nations, 
but  to  enter  into  a  nearer  union  than  heretof\>re.' 

In  the  courfe  of  his  many  audiences,  aiui  fome  very  Uzt  and 
familiar  converfations  which  our  Aml^afl'ador  had  with.Chrir- 
tina,  many  curious  and  entertahiing  particulars  are  recited.  In 
one  of  his  private  audiences,  her  iVjajefty  made  very  particular 
inquiries  concerning  the  *  Lord  General  Cromwell,  who  about 
this  time  attained  the  title  of  Protector  s  but  the  news  of 
that  circumftance,  and  the  important  change  in  England,  by 
which  it  was  brought  about,  had  not  reached  Sweden,  The 
following  dialogue,  relating  to  that  Great  Man  will,  we  doubt 
not,  be  acceptable  to  moil  of  our  Readers  : 

•  Slueen,  Your  Generall  is  one  of  the  gallanteft  men  in  the  world  ; 
never  w^re.fuch  things  done  as  by  the  Englifh  in  your  late  war. 
Your  Generall  hath  done  the  grcaielt  things  of  any  man  in  the 
world  ;  the  Prince  of  Conde  is  next  to  him,  butt  (hort  of  him.  I 
bftve  as  great  a  refpe£t  and  honor  for  your  Generall,  as  for  any  mati 
aiive  ;  and  I  pray,  lett  him  know  as  much  from  me. 

■  •  Whitelocke,  My  Generall  is  indeed  a  very  brave  man ;  his  ac- 
tions (how  it :  and  1  (hall  not  fayle  to  iignify  to  him  the  great  honor 
of  your  Majeily's  refpeds  to  him  ;  and  1  a/Ture  yoar  Maj^lly,  he  hath 
fts  high  honor  for  you  as  for  any  prince  in  Chril^endoaie. 
•  *  ^«  I  have  bin  told  that  many  officers  of  your  army  will  thcm- 
felves  pray  and  preach  to  their  foldiers  ;  is  that  true  i 

'Si^h.  Yes,  Madame,  it  is  very  true.  When  thcr  enncmies  are 
fweariiig,  or  debauching,  or  piilaging  :  the  ofHccrs  and  foldiers  of 
tha  parkment's  army  ule  to  be  incouraging  and  exhorting  one  auo* 
ther  dut  of  the  word  of  God,  and  praying  togiihcr  to  the  Lord  of 
tiofis  for  his  bleflliig  to  be  with  them  ;  who  hath  Ihovvcd  his  approba- 
Uon  of  this  military  preaching,  by  the  fuccciFcs  \\c  hath  given  them. 

•  ^.    That  s  well.     Doc  you  ufc  10  doe  fo  100  ? 

•  Pf^b.  Yes;  uppon  fome  occafions,  in  my  own  family  :  and  thinks 
It  as  proper  forme,  being  the  mailer  of  it,  to  admoniih  and  fpcake 
to  my  people  when  there  is  caufe  ;  as  to  be  beholding  to  another  to 
doe  it  for  me,  which  fometimes  brings  the  chaplcin  into  more  creJi: 
then  his  lord. 

•  i^.    Doth  your  Generall,  and  other  great  officers  do  fo  ? 

•  H^b,  Yes,  Madame,  very  often,  and  vtvy  well.  Neverthelefs 
they  maintaine  chapleins  and  miniiUrs  in  their  houfcs,  anJi  regi- 
ments; and  fuch  as  are  godly  and  worthy  miniftcrs  have  as  much 
refpcA,  and  as  good  proviiion  in  England,  as  in  any  place  <if  Chrif- 
teodome.  Yet:  *tis  the  opinion  of  many  good  men  with  us,  that  a 
long  ca/Take,  with  a  fiike  girdle,  and  a  grtat  beard,  do  not  make  a 
learned  or  gogd  preacher ;  without  gifti  of  the  fpirit  of  God,  and 
labouring  in  his  vincyerd  :  and  wholbevcr  lludies  the  holy  fcripture, 
and  is  inabied  to  doe  good  to  the  Ibuls  of  others,  and  indeavonrs 
the  fame,  is  no  where  forbidden  by  tha:  word,  nor  is  it  1  |:imc:ib!e. 

•  The  officers  and  foldiers  of  the  parlcment  held  i:  not  unhiwfull, 
when  tbev  carryed  their  lives  in  their  han<io,  and  w^-re  £f'ing  to  ad- 
venture them  in  the  high  places  of  the  lieid,  to  incournge  ens  another 

Rtv.  June  1772.  li  k  oux 


5^3     Whitxlnckc'j  yournal  of  the  Swedish  Ambajfy  in  165J; 

out  of  his  word  who  commaunds  over  all :  a«d  this  hmd  more  weiglit 
and  impreflion  with  it  than  any  other  word  could  have ;  and  wa> 
never  denyed  to  be  made  ufe  of  batt  by  the  popifh  pnclats,  who»  by 
no  meaQCs  would  admit  lay  people  (as  they  call  them)  to  gathop 
from  thence  that  inflrufUon  and  comfort  which  can  no  wheie  elfe  be 
found. 

*  ^.  Mcthinks  you  preach  very  well,  and  have  now  made  a  good 
fermon.     1  afTure  you  I  like  it  very  well. 

*  Wb.  Madame,  I  Ihall  account  it  a  great  happines  if  aoyof  mf 
words  may  pleafe  you. 

*  ^,  Indeed,  Sir,  thcfe  words  of  yours  doe  v«ry  miicli  pleafe 
J11C ;  and  I  (hall  be  glad  to  heare  yoo  oftener  on  tbit  flrayne.  Bate 
1  pray  tell  me,  where  did  your  Gknerall,  and  yoo  his  oifioert  leans 
this  way  6f  praying  and  preaching  yourfelves  ^ 

'  M  h.    We  learnt  it  from  a  neer  friend  of  your  Majefty^  wbofc 
memory  all  the  Proteftant  intereft  hath  cauie  to  honor. 
^  ^.    My  friend !  who  was  that  ? 

*  Wb.  It  was  your  father,  the  great  King  Guftavns  Adolphai* 
who,  uppon  his  firft  landing  in  Germany  (as  many  then  prefimt  have 
teilifycd)  did  himfelfe  in  perfon  uppon  the  flioare,  on  his  knees,  give 
thanks  to  God  for  his  fafe  landing,  and  before  his  foldiers  himfelfe 
prayed  to  God  for  his  ble£ing  uppon  that  undertaking ;  and  he 
Avould  frequently  exhort  his  people  out  of  God's  word :  and  God 
teltifyed  his  good  liking  thereof,  by  the  wonderful!  facceCes  he  wa» 
pleal'ed  to  vouchfafe  to  that  gallant  King.' 

In  another  of  thofe  intimate  converfations  with  which  Cbrif* 
tina  honoured  the  Englifli  Ambafiador, — now  become  a  great 
favourite  with  her  Majefty, — (he  cook  cccafion  to  impart  Co  faim 
the  important  fccret  of  her  defign  to  abdicate  the  crown.  After 
difcourfing  with  him  upon  the  articles  of  the  treaty,  then  un- 
der confiJeracion  between  the  two  nations,  *  file  drew  a  ftool 
cioic  to  VVhitelocke,  and  this  converTation  pafled  : 

^  ^.  I  fliall  furprife  you  with  fomethlng  which  I  intend  to  com« 
municatc  to  you  ;  but  it  mud  be  under  fecrecy. 

*  lyb,  Madame,  we,  that  have  bin  verfod  in  the  aifayres  of  Eng* 
land,  doe  not  ufc  to  be  lurprized  with  the  difcourfe  of  a  yomglady; 
whatfi.cner  your  Majv*uy  iliali  thinkc  fitt  to  impaxt  to  me,  and  com- 
maund  to  be  under  Tccrccy,  ihall  be  faithfully  obeyed  by  me. 

*  i^.  I  have  gre:i:  confidence  of  your  honor  and  judgement  and 
thereiote,  thout^h  you  a'-e  a  ilranger,  I  (hall  acquaint  you  with  a 
buiines  of  the  grcaicll  cnnfcqueiice  to  mc  in  the  world,  and  which  I 
h  ivc  D0\  communicated  co  any  creature  ;  nor  would  I  have  yon  to 
fell  any  one  of  it,  no  not  your  General!,  till  you  come  to  fee  himf 
and  in  this  buifncs  I  delirc  your  couafcll. 

*  Wb,  Your  Majcfty  doth  me  in  this  the  greateft  honor  imagin* 
able,  and  your  confidence  in  me,  I  rnali  not  (through  the  help  cf 
God)  dcLfrivc  in  ihc  leail  uicafure,  nor  relate  to  any  perfon  (except 
,my  Gcnwiallj  whatvou  fli.il!  impart  10  mc ;  and  wherin  your  r%Ia- 
jcily  fliall  jud-;c  my  counlcll  worthy  your  receiving,  I  ihail  give  it 
you  with  dll  iincerity,  and  accordifjg  to  the  beH  of  my  poore  ca- 
paciiy. 


Whitclockc'i  Journal  of  tht  StvgJiJh  AmbcfJJ}  in  1653.     599 

•  ^.  Sir,  this  it  is :  I  have  it  in  my  thoughts  and  refolution  to 
quit  the  crowne  of  Sweden,  and  to  retire  myfelfe  unto  a  private  life, 
as  much  more  Aiitable  to  my  contentment,  then  the  great  cares  and 
troubies  attending  uppon  the  government  of  my  kingdome :  and 
what  thinke  you  of  this  refolution  ? 

•  ff^/f,  I  am  forry  to  beare  your  Majefty  calle  it  a  refolution  ;  and 
if  any  thing  would  furprife  a  man,  to  hcare  fuch  a  refolution  from  a 
lady  of  your  pares,  power,  and  judgement,  would  doe  it ;  bott  [ 
fuppofc  your  Majefly  is  pleafed  onJy  to*  drolle  with  your  humble 
lervant. 

'  J^.  I  fpeake  to  you  the  trueth  of  my  intentions :  and  had  it 
not  bin  for  your  coming  hither,  which  caufed  me  to  defcrre  that  re* 
ibUition,  probably  it  might  have  bin  done  before  this  time. 

•  ii^6,  I  befeech  your  Majefty  deferre  that  refolution  dill,  or  ra* 
ther  wholly  exclude  it  from  your  thoughts,  as  unfitt  to  receive  any 
iotcrtainment  in  your  royal  bread  ;  and  give  me  your  pardon,  if  I 
fpeake  tny  poore  opinion  with  all  duety  and  plainnefs  to  you,  fmce 
yoa  are  pleaied  to  require  it :'  can  any  reafon  enter  into  a  mind, 
ib  full  of  reafon  as  yours  is,  to  caufe  fuch  a  refolution  from  your 
Majefty? 

•  ^.  I. take  your  plainnefs  in  very  good  part,  and  defire  you  to 
ufe  fredome  with  me  in  this  matter.  The  reafons  which  condudl  me 
to  fiich  a  refolution  are ;  btcanfe  I  am  a  woman,  and  therefore  the 
more  unfitt  io  governe,  and  fubjedl  to  the  greater  inconveniencies ; 
that  the  heavy  cares  of  governement  doe  out-weigh  the  glories  and 
pleafores  of  it,  and  are  not  to  be  imbraccd  in  comparifon  of  that 
contentment,  which  a  private  retirement  brings  with  it. 

^  Wb,  As  I  am  a  ftranger,  I  have  an  advantage  to  fpeake  the 
more  freely  to  your  Majefty,  efpecially  in  this  great  buifnes  ;  and  as 
I  am  one  who  have  bin  acquainted  with  a  retired  life,  I  can  judge  of 
•that ;  butt  as  to  the  cares  of  a  crowne,  none  bat  thofe  that  weare  it 
Gtfii  judge  of  them  :  only  this  I  can  {^ly^  that  the  higher  yonr  ftation 
is,  the  njore  opportunity  you  have  of  doing  fervice  to  God,  and  good 
to  the  worldc. 

•  ^,  I  defire  that  more  fervice  to  God,  and  more  good  to  the 
world  may  l>e  done,  then  I,  being  a  v/oman,  am  capable  to  per- 
forme ;  and  as  foon  as  I  can  fettle  fome  affayres  for  the  good  and 
advantage  of  my  people,  I  think  I  may,  without  fcandall,  quirt  my- 
felfe of  my  continual!  cares,  and  injoy  the  plcafure  of  a  privacy  and 
retirement. 

•  Wb,  Butt,  Madame,  you  that  injoy  the  kingdome  by  right  of 
defcent,  you  that  have  the  full  affeftions  nnd  obedience  of  all  forts 
of  your  fubje^ts,  why  ftiould  you  be  difcouraged  to  continue  the 
reinefi  in  your  own  hands  ?  how  can  you  f  )rfakc  thofe,  who  tcHify 
ib  much  k)vc  to  yoa,  and  llkcing  of  your  governement? 

•  J^.  It  Is  my  love  to  the'pcoplc  which  caufeth  me  to  thinke  of 
providing  a  better  governor  for  them  then  a  poor  woman  can  be  ; 
and  it  is  fomwhat  of  love  to  myftlfe,  to  pleafc  my  own  fancy,  bj 
my  private  retirement. 

•  IVb.  Madame,  God  hath  called  you  to  this  eminent  place  and 
power  of  Q«een  :  doe  not  ad  contrary  to  this  call,  and  difable  your- 
fclle  from  doing  him  fvrrice^  for  which  end  we  are  all  liecr  \  ^iv<L 

K  k  2  >j^^x 


too     WhitctockcV  Joarnaloftiji  SwedJJI)  Amhaffy  in  1653. 

your  Majedy,  as  Queen,  halh  farre  greater  Oppertanities,  then  yoa 
can  have  as  a  privaie  perfon,  to  bring  hoiior  to  him. 

*  J^.  If  another  perfon,  who  may  fucceed  me,  have  capacity* 
and  better  opportunity,  by  reafon  of  his  fexe  and  partf,  to  doe  God 
and  his  councrey  fcrvice  then  1  can  have;  then  my  qukting  the  gf»- 
vernementy  and  potting  it  into  better  hands,  doth  fully  aufwerthis 
objedioft. 

'  IVh.  I  confeiTe  my  ignorance  of  better  hands  then- your  owne,  ia 
which  the  governeraent  may  be  placed. 

*  ^.  My  coufcn,  the  Prince  Paiatin,  is  a  perfon  of  cxcelleit 
parts  and  abilides  for  governtment,  be/ides  his  ralour  and  know- 
ledge in  military  affayres :  him  I  have  caufed  to  be  declared  my 
fuccefTor ;  it  was  I  only  that  did  it*  Perhaps  yoa  may  have  heaid 
of  the  pafTages  between  him  and  me  ;  bat  I  am  refolved  never  to 
xnarry.  It  \vilL  be  much  more  for  the  advantage  of  the  people,  that 
the  crown  be  on  his  head  then  on  mine  \  none  fitter  then  he  for  it. 

*  Jfb.  1  doe  believe  hid  loyali  highnefs  to  be  a  peribn  of  exceed- 
ing great  honor  and  abilities  fur  governement :  you  have  canied  hia 

'  to  be  declared  your  fucceiTor  ^  and  it  will  be  no  injury  to  htm  to  ftay 
his  time,  1  am  furc  it  may  be  to  your  Majcfty,  to  be  perfwaded  (pet- 
haps  defiencdly)  to  give  up  your  right  to  him>  whileli  you.  live  and 
ought  to  mjoy  it. 

*  Qu.  It  is  no  deiigne,  butt  my  owne  volutttary  a6l,  aad  he  bpng^ 
more  udive  and  fitt  for  the  governement  then  1  am,.  Uie  fooner  be 
is  5>utt  into  it  the  better. 

*  U  b^  The  better  for  him  indeed.  With  your  Majefty's  leave,  I 
Ihall  tell  you  a  ilory  of  an  old  £ngliOf  gentleman,  who  had  an  ac- 
tive young  man  to  his  fon,  that  perfwaded  the  father  to  give  op  the 
management  of  the  ellate  to  the  fon^  who  could  make  greater  ad- 
vantage by  it  then  hid  father  did  :.  he  confentcd,  writings  were  pre- 
pared, and  friends  mett  to  fee  the  agreement  executed  to  quitt  all  ta 
the  fon,  icfcrving  only  a  penfion  to  the  father.  Whikft  this  wa» 
doing,  the  father  (as  is  much  ufed)  was  taking  tobacco  in  the  be^ 
ler  rcomc,  the  parlour,  where  his  rheum  caufed  him  10  fpitt  mud, 
which  offended  the  fon;  and  bicaufe  there  was  much  company,  be 
defircd  his  father  to  take  the  tobacco  in  the  kitchiu,  and  to  fpiK 
there,  which  he  obeyed. 

*  All  things  being  ready,  the  fon  caJIrs  his  Lther  to  come  and 
ft:a1c  the  writings :  the  father  fayd  his  mind  wa^  chajnged  ;  the  foa 
v.'0ndcrcJ.  att  it,  and,  afking  the  reafon,  the  wile  old  n:an  fadd,  the 

.  reafon  war,  bicaufe  he  was  refolved  to  fpitt  in  the  }>ariour  is  long 
as  he  lived  ;  and  fo  I  hope  will  a  wife  young  ludy. 

'  Qu.  Your  ftcry  is  very  apt  to  our  pwrpofe,  and  the  applicatioB 
proper,  to  !cei*p  the  crown  uppon  ray  iicad  as  long  as  1  live ;  bati 
to  be  quit:  of  itt,  rather  thcii  to  keep  it,  I  fliall  ihiuk  to  be  to  Ipitt 
in  the  parlour. 

*  I'Vh.  What  your  Majefly  likes  bcft^  is  heft  to  you;  butt  doe 
you  not  ihinke  that  Chark-i  V.  had  as  great  hopes  of  contentment 
by  hi  abdicaticn,  at>  your  Majelly  haib,  and  yett  repented  it  iheiaa:c 
day  he  did  it. 

*  9^.  That  w£s  by  reafon  of  his  fon's  unwortWntfs  ;  butt  mmy 
•thcr  prince-  huvc  happily,  and  with  all  contentment,  retired  thcmr 

Jdves 


Whitelockc'j  Jourml  of  the  Swedtjb  Amhafff  in  1653.     601 

Iclves  to  a  private  condition  ;  and  I  am  confideiit,  that  my  coufcn, 
the  Prince,  will  fee  that  I  (hall  be  ducly  paid  what  I  refcrve  for  my 
own  maintenance. 

•  Wk.  Madame,  4ett  nre  humbly  advife  you,  if  any  fuch  thing 
ihould  be  (as  I  hope  it  will  not)  tp  refervc  that  countrey  in  yoor 

.pofTellion  out  of  which  your  referved  revenue  fha!l  be  iflbed  ;  for 
when  money  is  to  be  paid  out  of  a  princess  tre^fuiy^  it  is  not  alwayes 
l^ady  and  certaine. 

•  %.  The  Prince Palatin  is  full  of  juftice  and  honor;  butt  I  like 
^our  counfell  well,  .and  fliall  follow  it,  and  advife  further  with  yoa 
ia  it. 

•  Wh,  Madame,  i  (hall  be  alwayes  ready  to  fervc  .you  in  any  of 
yoar  commaund«,  butt  more  >uiiwiUing!y  in  this  then  any  other. 
^oppp(ey  Madame,  (as  the  word  mud  be  cad),  that  by  fome  .exi- 
geocy^s,  or  troubles,  your  lc(rened  revenue  (hould  not  be  anfweaved, 
|Uid  piiyd,  to  fgpply  your  own  occaiions ;  you  that  have  bin  midns 
of  the  whole  revenue  of  this  crowne.  and  offo  noble  and  bountifull 
a  heart  ss. you  have,  how  can  you  beare  the  abridging  of  it,  or  ic 
may  be,  the  neceflfary  fupplycs  for  yourfdfe  and  fcrvants  to  be  want- 
ing to  your  quality. 

•  J^.  In  cafe  of  /uch  exigencj'e3,  notwithdanding  my  quality^ 
I  can  conteiit  myfclfe  with  very  little ;  and  for  fcrvants,  with  a 
lacquay  and.a  chambermaid. 

•  Wh.  This  is  good  phylofophy,  butt  hard  to  praflife :  give  me 
leay^  Madaae^,  to  make  another  objedion  ;  you  -now  are  Queen. 
and  ^vereigne  Lady,  of  all  -the  n.'uions  fuhje^  to  your  crown  and 
|>erfon,  whofe  word  the  doutetl  and  grcatcd  among  them  doe  obey, 
^nd  drive  to  cringe  to  you  ;  but  when  you  ftiall  have  diveded  your- 
fclfe  of  all  power,  the  fame  pcrfons,  who  nov/  fawnc  uppon  you^ 
will  be  then  apt  to  putt  adror.ts  and  fcoxnes  uppon  you  ;  and  how 
can  yo4ir  generous  and  royail  fpirit  brookc  them,  and  to  be  de(pifed 
by  thoie  whom  you  have  ray^ed  and  fo  much  obliged. 

•  ^.  1  lopkc  uppon  fuch  things  as  thefe  as  the  courfe  of  this 
jivorld,  and  fliall  cxped  fuch  fcofnts,  atid  be  prepared  to  contemnc 
flhem. 

•  Wh,  T*iefe  tnfwears  arc  firong  arguments  of  your  excellent 
temper,  and  httaes  to  continue  in  your  power  and  govcrciement ;  and 
•<3ch  refolutions  will  advance  your  \Ao\t^y  above  any  earthly  cn>wne. 
t>ach  a  Tpiric  as  this  Ihowes  hov/  much  you  arc  above  other  women, 
and  m6d  men  in  the  world,  and,  as  fuch  ^  woman,  you  h^ve  the 
more  advantage  for  government ;  and  without  Jifparagemcnt  to  the 
PrincCy  not  inferior  to  him,  or  any  other  man,  to  have  the  truit 
of  it. 

•  ^.    What  opinion  have  they  in  England  of  the  Prince  Palatin  ? 

•  Wh,  They  have  a  very  honorable  opinion  of  him,  butt  have' 
act  heard  fo  much  of  him  a^  of  your  Majedy,  of  whom  is  great  dif- 
courfe,  full  of  refpedl  aivd  honor  to  your  peribn,  and  to  your  go« 
Xerncment. 

•  *^.  I  hope  I  diall  tedify  my  rcfpeiJls  to  your  Commonwealth 
in  -fte  buifneh  of  the  treaty  between  us,  and  that  it  fh?.!I  be  brought 
to  a  gojd  iiiue>  and  give  fatisfa^ion  to  us  both. 

K  k  3  ^  W^. 


Co 2  Lind'i  TrcaUje  on  the  Fen- Fever. 

*  IFb.  That  doth  wholly  re  11  in  your  majclly's  power,  to  whoa 
I  hope  to  have  the  favour  to  offer  my  reafons  ia  any  pomtSy  wherm 
there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  between  your  chancellor  and  me  ; 
and  I  fhall  much  depend  uppon  your  roa]eitye's  judgement,  and  good 
inclinations  to  my  fuperiors. 

•  ^.  I  fhall  not  be  wanting  in  my  expreilions  therof,  and  doc 
hope,  that  the  prote£tor  \^ill  afiord  me  his  affidance  for  the  gaining  of 
a  good  occafion  and  place  for  my  intended  retirement. 

'  Wb,  You  will  find  his  highncs  full  of  civility  and  refpeds  and 
xeadines  to  ferve  your  majefty,' 

[The  account  of  this  ivori  to  be  concluded  in  our  next. 1 

Art.  IX.  J  Trcaii/e  §n  the  putrid  and  remitting  Fern  Ft^Mr^  tokieh 
raged  at  Bengal  in  the  Tear  1762.  Tranflatcd  from  the  JLatin  oft 
Differtation  on/  that  Subject.  Ey  James  Lind,  M.  D.  Member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Phyficians  at  Edinburgh.  i2mo.  ii. 
Dilly.  '772. 
'TP  HIS  Effay  contains  a  concife  hiftory  of  the  difeafe,  together 
^  with  fomc  judicious  obfervations  on  the  caufes  and  cure  of 
it,  which  may  be  applied,  mutatis  mutandis^  to  fevers  of  the 
fame  genus  raging  in  fimilar  fituations.  Among  the  exciting 
caufes,  however,  we  arc  furprifcd  to  fee  the  Author  laying  fo 
much  (Irefs  on  the  fuppofed  influence  of  the  fun  and  moon  at 
Bengal ;  where,  he  afHrms,  their  power  is  truly  amazing^  in 
caufing  thofe  to  relapfe,  who  were  recovering  from  this  diforder. 
Thofe  who  had  been  mending  fur  S  or  10  days  paft^  he  ob- 
ferves,  •  were  in  the  grcateft  danger  of  relapfing,  during  the 
dark  of  the  moon,  and  even  till  it  was  full  moon,  unlefs  they 
took  ^he  bark  to  prevent  it.* — An  equally  fingular  obferva- 
^ticn,  we  fliall  remark,  was  not  long  ago  made  likewife  by  the 
Author's  namefake  and  kinfman.  Dr.  James  Lind,  of  Hafler 
Hofpital,  in  his  Efay  ctj  Difeafcs  incidental  to  Europeans  in  bot 
Clrm/itcs ;  where  he  affirms,  that,  during  the  epidemic  fever 
which  raged  at  Bengal  in  1762,  there  was  (o  general  a  relapfe, 
on  the  day  in  which  the  moon  was  eclipfed  [and  yet,  by  the 
bye,  (he  mult  be  then  at  the  full — Vide  fupra]  among  the  Eng- 
lifli  merchants  who  were  recovering  from  it,  and  had  left  otF 
taking  the  hark,  that  there  was  not  the  leaft  reafon  to  doubt  of 
the  moon's  influence*. 

The  prcfcnt  Author  alluding,  we  fuppofe,  to  the  fame 
eclipfe,  obfervcs,  that,  about  two  in  the  morning  of  the  fourth 
of  the  Nones  of  November,  he  *  had  the  heft  opportunity  of 
obfcrving  the  fuddcn  and  vioUnt  effedls  of  the  moon,'  on  this 
occafion^  adding*  that,  '  at  this  time,  no  Icfs  than  eight  of 
the  Drake's  hands,  who  were  recovering  at  the  captain's  houfe 


Sec  our  3';th  volume,  November  1768,  pagC345, 


Hanter'i  Natural  HlJItry  of  the  human  Teeth.  603 

tt  Calcutta,  were  all  feized  with  a  moft  violent  (ir,  and  thar, 
almoft  at  the  fame  inftant.'  He  gives  other  inftances,  and  de- 
clares that  the  moon's  influence  is  fo  well  known  at  Bengal, 
that  it  is  enough  tp  have  mentioned  it.  He  accordingly  advifes 
praditioners  diligtntfy  to  ^udy  the  alterations  cfFe^^od  by  the 
CQoon  in  this  [>art  of  the  world,  and  in  every  other  country  be- 
tween the  tropics,  where  it  is  fo  often  vertical,  andv  confe-^ 
quently  zSts  with  greater  force  than  in  higher  latitudes*  Nay^ 
be  is  fo  minute  and  precife  on  this  head,  as  to  recommend  their 
confulting  the  Nautical  Epbetneris  of  Dr.  Mafkelyne,  evidently 
with  a  view  to  enable  them  to  difcover,  with  the  greatefl;  pre- 
cifion,  at  what  feafons  the  baneful  effeds  of  this  planet  are  to 
be  guarded  againft,  and  the  proper  antidote  brought  forth  to 
cppofe  them ! 

We  leave  our  readers  to  their  own  fenfations  on  what  goes 
before,  and  (hall  only  fimply  exprefs  our  aftoniflimcnt  at  find- 
ing a  peifon  of  fenfe  declaring  his  belief  that  the  Drake's  or 
any  other  people  rclapfed  into  the  fen  fever,  on  a  certain  day 
S|t  two  in  the  morning — becaufe  the  moon,  who  duly  once  a 
SDonch  goes  very  near  the  ficlrtii  of  the  earth's  (hadovv,  happened 
.  juft'  then  to  plump  into  it ! 

•      ■  ' 

A*T.  X-  The  natural  Hiftory  of  the  hujnan  Teeth  :  explaining  their 
StruBure^  U/e,  Formation,  Grozvfh,  and  Difeaffs,  lllullrated  with 
Copperplates.  By  John  Hantcr,  F.  R.  S.  and  Surgeon  to  St. 
George^ s  Hofpital.  4to,  165.  in  Boards.  Johnfon.  it^i. 
fipHlS  Treatife  appears  to  be  the  fruit  of  a  very  confidcrable 
■**  degree  of  attention  beftowcd,  by  a  very  capable  obferver, 
«n  this  particular  fubje£t.  Its  principal  merit  confifts  in  the 
anatomical  defcription,  which  is  executed  with  the  greateft 
accuracy  and  minutenefs.  The  work  begins  with  an  account 
of  the  figure,  articulation,  Src.  of  the  upper  and  lower  }aw« 
bones,  followed  by  a  defcription  of  the  particular  mufcles  that 
move  the  latter,  and  which  arc  thereby  fubfcrvient  to  the  mo- 
tion and  a^ion  of  the  teeth.  The  Author  then  proceeds  to 
treat  of  the  component  parts  of  the  teeth,  their  diiFerent  kinds, 
forms,  fituation,  &c.  He  next  defcribes  the  proccfs  of  their 
formation  ;  obferving  that  the  body  of  the  tooth  is  Brfl  formed, 
and  that  afterwards  the  enamel  and  fangs  are  added  to  it.  This 
body  is  originally  produced  from  a  kind  of  pulpy  fubftance, 
furniflied .  with  numerous  vefleis,  pretty  firm  in  its  texture, 
which  is  tranfparent,  except  at  the  furface  where  it  adheres  to 
the  jaw,  and  which  has  at  fic&,  or  before  the  ofiitication  be- 
gins, the  fame  ihape,  aod  is  nearly  of  the  fame  fiz^,  with  the 
body  of  the  future  tooth  ;  though  it  increafcs  a  Utile  in  fizc  for 
lime  time  afur  the  oIEfication  is  begun.   This  proccfs  evidently 


604.  Hunter  V  Katural  hijhry  of  the  human  Teeth. 

commences  from  one  or  more  points,  according  to  the  different 
kinds  of  teeth. 

After  this  pulp  has  been  compleatly  converted  into  bone,  and 
not  before,  it  becomes  covered  with  that  Angular  matter,  the 
enamel,  called  by  fome  the  vitreous  or  cortical  part ;  a  fub- 
ftance  much  exceeding  every  other  part  of  the  human  body  in 
hardnefs;  as  the  (harped  2nd  harded  fskw  will  fcarce  rnake  any 
imprcdion  upon  it.  The  enamel  has  no  marks  of  being  vafcular,  or 
of  having  a  circulation  of  fluids  ;  as  not  only  the  moft  fubtiie  in« 
jecHons  have  never  been  able  to  reach  it,  but  as  it  receives  no 
tinge  from  the  colorific  matter  of  madder,  even  in  the  youngeft 
animals  that  have  been  fed  with  that  plant.  This  fcems  like^ 
ivife  to  be  fecretcd  from  a  pulpy  fubftance,  and  is,  according 
to  the  Author,  a  calcareous  earth,  probably  diflblved  in  'tbit 
animal  juices,  and  thrown  out,  from  the  part  appropriated  to 
that  purpofc,  as  from  a  gland.  The  Author  fuppofes  that  after 
this  pulpy  fubdance  has  been  fecreted,  its  earth  is  feparated 
from  its  folvent,  and  aitraiHed  by  the  honey  part  of  the  tooth, 
which  is  already  formed,  and  that  it  chryflallizes  upon  its  fur- 
face,  by  an  operation  fimilar  to  that  by  which  the  (hell  of  an 
egg,  the  ftdnc  in  the  kidneys  and  bladder,  and  gall  floncs,  arc 
formed.  That  fuch  is  the  procefs  by  which  the  various  eeltwR 
n\  the  human  body  are  produced,  he  has  found  by  many  expe- 
riments ;  an  account  of  which  h&  propofes  at  his  leifure  to 
communicate  to  the  public.  The  ftriated  chryftallized  appear* 
ance  which  the  enamel  exhibits  when  it  is  broken,  as  well  as 
^he  direction  of  the  Jiria^  arc  thus,  he  obfetves,  naturally  ac« 
counted  for. 

Among  other  fubjcils  of  inquir}',  the  Author  treats  of  the 
tranfplanting  the  tooth  of  one  perfon  into  the  focket  of  anotheri 
?n  operation  performed  without  much  difficulty,  if  the  parts  fit 
each  other  with  tolerable  exa^lnefs,  and  the  fucdefs  of  which 
}ie  attribliteis  to  a  dilpofition,  in  all  living  fubftanccs,  to  unite 
when  brought  into  contadi  with  one  another,  although  the  cir- 
culation is  carried  on  only  in  one  of  them.  Oil  thi^  principle, 
the  young  fpur*  of  a  cock,  aftrr  having  been  taken  off  from  his 
heel,  may  be  fixed  to  his  comb  ;  and  the  Author  has  frequently 
taken  out  the  hjhs  of  a  cock  and  replaced  it  in  his  belly,  "where 
it  has  adhered,  anJ  has  been  nouriChed  ;  nay,  be  has  put  it 
into  the  belly  of  a  hen  with  the  fame  eftedl.  But*  a  tooth 
\vhich  has  been  extra£ied  for  fome  time,  fo  as  to  have  loft  the 
V'hole  of  its ///>,  will  never  become  attached  to  the  fbcket  in 
which  it  is  fixed.'*  In  this  cafe,  the  latter  (hews  a  dilp^fitiori 
to  fill  up,  which  it  docs  not  exhibit  on  the  inferiion-of  a  frefii 
tooth.'  .    /    . . 

'     What  conflitutcs   this    living  principle^   which  enables  the 
IfQiiy  yti  pofieft'cd  of  *it>  vVv^u^Vv  A<iV5.^Vv^vi  (^qwi  Us  living  flock, 


9 


•  Aikin*j  Thoughts  on  flofNtals,  6oj 

to  Itecoms  feemingly  a  part  of  the  new^  body  with  which  it  fo 
rcaJiiy  unices,  dpes  not  appear  from  this  treatife.  To  us  there 
feems  to  be  no  necplTity,  in  order  to  explain  many  of  theib  ui« 
ftances  of  adhefion,  to  have  rccotirl-e  to  a  term  which  is  more 
commodious  than  fattsfai^ory  ;  as  this  adbefion  may,  in  man]^ 
cafes,  be  fuppofed  to  l>e  eflFefied  by  an  aptitude  depending 
merely  on  the  form,  vafcular  (Irudiure,  or  other  organization, 
flate,  as  to  foundnefs,  moifture,  fee.  and  the  oi\itT  fsn/ihU  qua* 
litiesof  the  body  applied,  which  are  undoubtedly  altering  twcrj 
inftant  after  its  feparation.  We  agree,  however,  with  the 
ingenious  Author,  that  there  exifts  a  living  principle  in  the 
feveral  parts  of  animal  bodies,  independent  of  the  influence  of 
the  brain  and  circulation ;  the  efiedts  of  which  are  more  ob* 
fervable  in  young  animals,  and  ftiil  more  fo  in  thofe  that  ar9 
the  more  fsmple  and  imperfe£^,  and  which  have  \t(%  of  brain 
and  circulation,  than  in  the  older,  more  complex,  znd  ptrfcSt 
animals,  fuch  as  quadrupeds.  Accordingly,  be  obferves  that, 
in  the  latter,  a  feparated  part  foon  dies,  and  fcems  to  have  its 
life  dependant  on  the  body  from  which  it  has  been  takei>: 
whereas,  in  the  imperfe<Sl  animals,  this  living  power  is  an 
iu£live  principle  in  itfelf,  and  feems  to  be  pofleiTed  equally  hv 
all  the' parts;  more  particularly  in  thofp  animals  which  hate  no 
brain  Qr  circulation,  and  which  are  nearly  fimilar  in  this  re* 
^&  to  vegetables. 

'  We  fhall  only  add,  that  very  little  is  faid  in  this  treatife  coii- 
cerning  the  difeafes  of  the  teeth  ;  and  that  the  anatomical  o'e* 
iEcription  is  fatisfaAorily  illuftrated  by  fixteen  excellent  plate.*:, 
exhibiting  the  formation,  figure,  fituation,  progrcf^^  Sec.  of 
the  teeth  :  the  figures  of  which  were  drawn,  under  the  Au- 
thor's dire£tion,  by  Mr.  RymfJyk,  and  engraved  by  MclFis. 
Strange,  .Grignon,  Ryland,  and  others* 

Art.  XI.  Thought:  on  Ho/pitals.     By  John   Aikin,    Surgeon,   Scz. 

Hvo.  IS.  6  d.  Johnfon.  1771. 
'TpHIS  pamphlet  highly  merits  the  attention  of  the  public, 
*  on  account  of  the  great  importance  of  the  fubjc6l^,  and  the 
very  judicious  manner  in  which  it  is  treated  ;  and  more  parti- 
cularly as  it  prefehts  to  their  confidcration  feveral  important 
circumftances,  that  have  cither  been  entirely  overlooked,  or 
not  fufiiciently  attended  to,  in  the  original  conJlru6l\on  of  pub- 
lic hofpitals ;  as  well  as  many  other  obfcrvations  rcfpc^lin;:: 
jfhetr  management  oi*  regulation,  by  an  attention  to  which  they 
rhay  be  rendered  ftill  more  produftive  of  gootl  to  the  public. 
It  is  indeed  to  bwe  lamented,  that  the  beneficent  fpirit  which  ha*?, 
within  lefs  than  a  century,  given  rife  to  fo  ihany  charitable 
inftitutions,  errfted  with  a  view  to  relieve  our  fellow-crcatuce* 
labouring  linder  the  i/nired  prcflure  of  want  ^nd  Axfc-ak^^^  ^qv^^^ 


6o6  Aikin*i  Thoughis  en  Hofpitals. 

in  too  many  tnfiances,  countcra£l  its  own  benevolent  purpofia^ 
and  produce,  in  feme  cafes,  even  greater  evils  than  tbofe  in- 
tended to  be  removed  by  it. 

^  Whoever,  fays  the  Author,  has  frequented  the  miTeraU* 
habitations  of  the  loweft  clafs  of  poor,  and  has  feen  difeafeag-> 
grav&ted  by  a  total  want  of  every  comfort  arifiog  from  fuitaUe 
^iet,  cleanlinefs,  and  medicine,  muft  be  ftruck  with  pleafuie 
at  the  chan^  on  their  admiffion  intaan  hofpital,  where  their 
wants  are  abundantly  fupplied,  and  where  a  number  of  flcilfiii 
perfons  are  co-operating  for  their  relief.  On  the  other  baiid« 
when  he  walks  through  the  long  wards  of  a  crowded  hofpital^ 
and  furveys  the  languid  countenances  of  the  patients;,  wbca 
he  feels  the  peculiarly  noifome  effiiivia,  fo  unfriendly  to  every 
vigorous  principle  of  life,  and  compares  their  traniieDt  effisd 
upon  him,  with  that  to  be  expeded  by  thoCe  who  are  confbntly 
breathing  them,  and  imbibing  them  at  every  pore  ;  he  will  be 
apt  to  look  upon  an  hofpital  as  a  difmal  prifon,  where  the  fick 
are  fluit  up  from  the  re(l  of  mankind,  to  peri(h  by  mtttoal  coo* 
tagion/ 

The  exifience  and  ms^nitude  of  this  evil,  which  *  has  thin- 
scd  our  fleets  and  armies  more  than  the  fword  of  the  enemy/ 
have  been  inconttftably  proved  by  many  well-known  inftances* 
It  has  likewife  been  rendered  equally,  evident,  that  it  princi* 
pally  derives  its  origin  from  the  air,  that  grand  necefiary  of  lifi^ 
rendered  noxious,  and  even  abfolutciy  poifdnous,  by  the  crowds 
who  at  the  Came  time  reciprocally  contaminate  and  breathe  it. 
Its  influence,  in  an  inferior  degree,  and  where  this  baneful 
caufe  could  not  operate  to  fo  great  an  extent,  has  been  obferveA 
by  the  Author,  even  in  a  country  iniirmary,  remarkable  for 
neatnefs  and  excellence  of  ccnflcu£lion ;  where  he  *  has  fre-f 
quently  feen  a  flow  dcpreflfmg  fever,  the  offspring  of  pulridtty,i 
creep  over  the  patient's  other  complaint,  become  the  principil 
diforder^  and  rcfift  every  remedy  that  could  be  thought  of,  t:l) 
difmiflion  from  the  houfc  produced  afpontaneouscufc.* 

The  principal  fource  of  this  evil  is  to  be  traced,  according 
to  the  Author,  from  the  interference  of  two  contrarv  and  in- 
compatible defigns  in  the  £OfjflrucIion  of  hofpitals.  The  views 
of  the  architect  and  of  the  phyfician  are  in  this  cafe  d\n6i)y^ 
oppofite  to  each  other.  *  1  he  forqier  conliders  it  as  his  buC- 
xieis  to  manage  his  room  and  his  materials  in  fuch  a  manner^ 
as  to  accommodate  the  greats  ft  number  of  people  in  the  leaft 
pofllble  fpacc.'  This  Icaft  poflfible  fpace,  however,  the  phj- 
lician  julHy  confldcrs  as  the  grand  fource  of  contagion.  Unr 
happily  a  falfe  oeconomy  prevails,  and  makes  the  fcalc  prepoQ'* 
derate  in  favour  of  the  archited. 

But  tbefe  buildings  are  not  only  deficient  in  room,  or  fpace 
adequate  to   the  U\uUx;y  ^^"^"6^^  ^^^  >Khich   they  are  con- 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Religious^  &c.  607 

iavkOtA  ;  but  become  obnoxioasto  their  inhabitants  in  confe- 
qiience  of  their  form,  or  the  plan  of  the  whole  building.  This 
is,  for  inftance,  very  frequently  quadrangular.  By  this  con- 
ilruclion,  however,  an  efl^e£tual  ventilation  is  prevented,  and 
a  pool  of  flagnating  tainted  air  is  colleSed  in  the  area^ 
.which  i»  continually  re-cntaing  the  rooms  through  the  win- 
dows that  look  into  it.  The  Author  gives  fomc  hints  aad  ob- 
JcrVUtions  on  this  part  of  his  fubjed  ;  and  with  regard  to  the 
czpence  attending  the  conforming  to  them,  adds,  that  this  is 
certainly  an  objc(^  of  little  weight,  when  it  is  confidered  that 
the  very  dtfign  iar  which  thcfe  edifices  are  ereded  is  in  a  great 
mcafure  defeated  by  this  ill-judged  frugality  in  the  conftrudion 
of  them.  A  difeafe  produced  by  an  hofpital  is  certainly  a  fole- 
cifm  in  civil  policy :  but  ^  that  fuch  a  difeafe  is  really  known, 
{ha,t  it  has  proved  fatal  to  thoufands,  and  in  fomc  meafure  pre- 
vails in  every  hofpital,  is  a  too  certain  and  deplorable  proof 
of  important  miflakes  in  their  conflru£tion  and  management.' 

The  Author  next  proceeds  10  the  other  part  of  his  fubjed^ 
and  confiders  the  various  claiFes  of  internal  diftafes,  or  of  ex* 
tcrnal  injuries,  fo  far  as  they  render  the  fubjefts  of  them  more 
or  Icfs  proper  objefts  of  admiffion  into  hofpitals,  H6  actord- 
ihgly  propofes  fome  general  rules  for  the  feleftion  of  patients^ 
founded  on  the  refpedive  nature  of  their  cafes,  with  a  view  to 
avoid  or  diminifh  the  inconveniences,  and  to  advance  the 
general  utility  of  thcfe  infliiutions. — But  for  thefe,  and  many 
other  judicious  remarks  on  the  fubje£V,  we  muft  refer  to  the 
pamphlet  itfi-lf,  which  is  equally  commendable  for  the  defign 
and  execution.  A  letter  of  Dr.  Percival's  is  fubjoined  to-  it, 
in  which  that  ingenious  writer  offers  fome  pertinent  obferva- 
tions  on  the  grand  articles,  air,  diet,  and  medicine,  with  a 
view  to  the  preventing  or  correcting  putrcfa£tive  contagion  in 
hofpitals,  as  far  as  the  fame  appears  practicable  on  their  prefenc 
cftabliftiment ;  and  of  thereby  rendering  them  more  falutary 
and  fafe  to  the  fick  who  refidc  in  them,  and  consequently  more 
lifeful  to  the  public. 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For  JUNE,  1772. 
Religious  and  Controversial. 
Art.  12.  Difcourfs  on  three  rffintial  Properties  of  the  GofpeURe-* 
fvelation^  nuhich  dunnnjlrate  its  divine  Original.  With  a  Caotioii 
ac-.ajnil  Infidelity,  addrelled  to  Youth.  And  a  fupplemcntaJ  Dif* 
courfc  on  the  fupernatural  Conccpiion  of  Jefus  Chrift.  By  Caleb 
Fleming,  D.  D.     8vo.     2  s.     Towers.     177^. 

THIS  Author  puhliihed  fomc  time  ago  wh«it  he  called  Three  pimm 
Monuments,  n!hidi;ig  to  three  fafts  fupportingthc  Chriflian  reli- 
gion; in  purfuit  of  the  iliine  nicthod,  he  now  ptefciiVi  x\i^>«w\dL  Wvi>[v 


6o8  MoKTHi^Y  CATALOGUE9  RttigUuSj   &c. 

^brti  efiniial  Propertits  of  tlie  gofpel,  dcmonftrathig^  %c  appfdmi^ 
its  cruiK  and  divipicy.  The  former  had  refpefl  to  the  extemal.  iKe 
prefenc  to  the  internal  evidence,  for  the  veracity  of  this  rerelMtOB. 
His  fcheme  in  brief  is  this;  to  fiiew,  in  the  firil  difconrie^  that  the 
religion  of  Jefus  has  in  it  a  Amplicity,  harmoD/t  and  unity  of  prio- 
cipies  ;  and  that  this  unity  13  an  irrefragable  proof  of  its  divine  ori- 
ginal. In  the  fecond,  that  it  has  an  immixed  purity,  having  notbinv 
of  human  invention  in  its  whole  plan.  In  the  third,  that  it  appears 
manifeftly  calculated  to  be  the  univer/al  canon  of  heavenly  inrtroc* 
fion  to  mankind  ;  and,  upon  thefe  coniiderations  cannot  fail,  he 
concludes,  to  convince  and  pcrfuade  every  honell  foind  of  the  con* 
pleatnefs  and  fufHctency  of  its  internal  evidence^ 

It  will,  we  doubt  not,  be  very  agreeable  to  many  of  our  Readery 
to  fee,  from  th."  parephlct  itfclf,  the  manner  in  which  Dr,  Fle9tio^ 
endeavours  to  cilabliiih  his  argument ;  but  the  nature  of  oar  work 
will  only  admit  of  adding  a  few  general  obfervations. 

The  firft  difcoiirfc  is  founded  on  Kph.  iv.  c,  6.  where  Chri/lians 
are  told,  th.it  thrrc  is  or.ehci^y  ant  fptrit — one  LorJ^  one  fail  h,  •ne  baf- 
t\fm — one  Go<f  and  Father  of  all.  In  this  account,  the  I;r.  apprehends, 
Avc  have  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  Chriftian^lcli^ion.  *  There 
is  not,  fays  he,  a  better  key  to  the  whole  New  l^eiHiment  tcachingi 
than  this  text  provides.  We  muti  fo  interpret  ail  its  doctrines,  ai 
to  render  them  confillent  with  this  unity.  Bat  inilcad  of  fo  readio^ 
the  New  TclUmcnt,  men  carry  along  with  them  fome  educatioa- 
prcjudiccs,  or  feme  ryJleniatic-prcpoflTcnjons,  and  they  read  thefacred 
page  only  to  countenance  and  confirm,  not  at  ail  to  correal  and 
remove  thofc  prcjiulicc^.'  Amon;;  a  variety  of  other  rcfie<?»ion5  oa 
the  purity  of  the  gofpel-canon,  Wv?  find  the  fo!!r.uirg  remark: 
•  There  is  fn^^  a  divine  fimplicity,  plainnefs,  and  irrefifliblc  weight 
in  the  principles,  motives,  and  reafoning  of  the  New  Tellacienl 
tecching*,  that  the  more  men  would  affect  to  p:ic  on  them  the  oma. 
jnenrs  of  a  flovery  rhetorical  addrefs,  or  the  paintings  of  a  £ne  ima- 
gination, the  ieis  will  their  native  beauties  be  confpicuous. — Hence 
the  very  beli  jiidgcs  of  their  vaft  importance  have  ever  prqpofed, 
that  a  tranil;ition  of  the  facrcd  text  into  any  language  ihould  be  as 
literal  z%  the  cftablilhcd  idioms  of  that  language  will  permit.  kzA 
we  have  ever  unhappily  found  the  literal  10  he  no  better  than  a  lUen* 
tiots  tranthtion.  Men  fadly  forget  themfelves,  when  they  fancy  a 
devifed  imagery  of  their  own  can  add  a  beauty  and  energy  to  the 
fritred  text,  in  i!5  native  original  divine  dre,'-?.* 
i,  This  wriferi  though  poflibly  he  may  fometimes  he  too  pofitive,  or 
pnrtiiil  to  his  own  opii  ion,  appears  as  a  rational  and  pious  divine. 
W^  icntiments  are  indeed  often  very  diiTcrent  from  what  has  been  ac- 
courred  orihcdcx  faith,  and  he  is  a  known  and  a  warm  enemy  to  the 
operations  of  human  iiuthority  in  the  Chriltian  church  :  *  Had  the 
fcripiures,  fays  he.  been  every  where  relinioully  attended  to,  and  at 
all  times,  none  would  ever  have  dreamed  of  church  governors,  and 
ehiirch- government,  exercifed  by  fanjciful  deputies,  or  frail  vicars 
of  the  one  Lord. — 1  will  add,  the  facred  writings,  when  read  judly 
by  a  mechanic,  have  as  much  authority  as  when  they  are  read  by 
any  prieft  or  prelate  whatfocvcr.  It  cannot  be  oihcrwife,  fince  they 
borrow  co  auvhoriiy  at  aVV  Itouv  tsvAtvl   aud  all  true  Cbnllians  arc  1 


Moii'fnhV  Catalogue,  Rittghus^  i?c.  6<J^ 

m'al  pricfthood  !  l.  Pet.  ii.  9.  and  therefore  are  cquaJIy  qusfi- 
fic*d  10  ofiFcr  up  [iofpil-iAcriccf^.  Ilcb.  nil.  15,*  liui  fcr  f.uther 
parlkuUrt  wc  mult  icfcr  our  Rfadrrs  liy  the  pamphlet  iildf,  an^ 
k;kV9  ilicui  vo  their  ci^n  rtHetuons  upon  thb  Iha/c  view  which  vve 
feiVe  given  cbrm. 

Alt*  13-  4  Litttr  to  thi  Hi/hop  cf  London^  en  hh  pubtk  C^ndu^: 
|*s>inti«g  ouT»  anmng  otlk<rr  Partfcolius^  his  LorJihip*s  Inattention 
10  pubht  Ordin&iiojis,  mid  hireling  Treachcri,  hi  which  is  de* 
lineaicd  the  Cfiitraiitcr  of  a  late  examining  Chaplain.  By  a 
Curat«.     /t^     21*     Whchle,     177?* 

1>T-  Tc Trick  here  meet*  with  a  very  free  corrcfpondcnt,  who, 
tt*uhoat  f.rrjflf,  lays  l>cforc  the  piiblic  fomc  compbints  nfhisLord- 
iJ.ip'i  L.'lii(vi*  Ltf  The  writer,  we  are  told,  svri^  litmfclf  ordained 
fijujc  vci>r?  ;i^o  by  the  prcfepl  bifhop  of  Londorx.  He  gives  a  par- 
li:tsI.:tF  Kl»:ie>n  of  the  manner  in  which  it  was  tninr.i:icd;  arid  if 
fhia  narration  is  to  be  depended  npon,  we  muft  a^ckcowlcdge  it 
rcHc^tls  no  honour  cither  oiv  the  prelate  or  his  ch;tpUin. 

Tiic  fccoftd  part  of  this  letter  gives  a  flr?*n^c  account  d^  icdtjtujif* 

tml  ff»ijhr  t,fi,a^  or  puhlic  t>pca  fir  Ififtiij:^  ff€achrr:^  l^c.  which 

arc  faid  tn  be  tdtratid  in  the  diocefc  of  London.     1  he  difgracc  ^nd 

f^-^'-^r  evils  which  may  arltc  to  rch^it>n,  and  to  its  n^inilteri,  and  the 

which  tn»y  accrue  to  the  people,  from  fuch  a  method  of  fup. 

'-'  puhlic  imuces  of  the  church,  (if  fuch  methods  are  ever 

will  be  cahly  apprehended. 

jiTtunv;  other  things,  the  letter  wiiter  faj*^,  *  K6thing  \%  mor< 

commun  D':>w,  than  for  a  ciergyman  to  undcriike  a  number  of  co- 

racief,  and  drpepd  upon  thcfe  plates  of  rcridezvoij^  for  affilUnce, 

1  c^n  point  out  to  your  Lordihip  a  man,  who  is  aitiiaify  at  ihis  time 

curate  to  two  of  tJrc  la/gell  churchci  ifi  to^n, — afleruoou  lefcurer  to 

leio!faef>— chaplain  to  one  of  the  city  company  t  ahns  houfes,  — and 

'jrader  and   preacher  10  2  fiee  chapel   hiinie*  ;-*At  e^ch  of  ihcfc  hii 

atfendance  is  rcqulrfd  every  Sunday  *     He  farther  reprcfenrs  ihefc 

-pt  :e>,  of  which  he  Items  to  have  leafoo  to  camplain  as  ^ 

J!  i.tucc,  but  now  iJiaiiipMd  Ij  aujh^'ify  I  •  for,  he  adds,  not 

|4>  uikotirtci^iilicc  what  we  ca»  prevent,  is  i^jo/aOt  to  authorize.* 

'j'hts  aiioaymotid  cu/aie  ^ppeary  to  wriie  Miih  ucrtiT«ony  and  with 
f^eninient ;  but  every  thing  of  this  kiad  we  aredefiTed  to  impatc  to 
honeU  indignation. 

Art,  14*  Rtligion  Dlfykyed^  ur  ifie  PriiKipJes  of  it  drawn 
from  the  Nind  itf^lr.  To  which  is  added,  the  Principles  of  re- 
rraicd  Religion,  With  illattriotis  Examples  of  Virtue  ;  and  Scij- 
fimefits,  M.ixirr.s,  and  Rules,  lor  the  Loiidu^i  of  Li^^  collc^lcd 
from  the  molt  celebrated  VVjvtcrf,  anv^ejn  ind  modcfa,  with  foiac 
felect  Pieces  of  moral  and  devotioni.!  roetry.  The  whole  calcu- 
i»red  to  give  Vuuth,  and  others  who  hivc  rot  *[  imc  and  Oppar- 
tunity  tc  read  much,  a  true  and  UtVii:.^  St*ji{e  of  RcJigicn,  aoj 
the  Excellency  of  Virtue  1  and  tofiippjy  them  with  juft  and  nobtc 
^  bought c  for  the  Rcgyla:ion  of  their  Jud^wcat  and  Life.  lamo. 
I  &.  6d*     Baldwin,  ko..     1772. 

The  iritructioc  of  children  .nnd  yocth  in  rhe  prkciples  ofreligjoji 
aHil  virtue^  u  an  cbjevl  cf  ciftniial  importafKe  to  the  welfare  of 
liidety«    Thexe  have  hoc  at  any  time,  wi;  fupikofe^  bcc^  lb  ^leu  ^ 


6io  Monthly  Catalogue,  Rclh'lins^  &c. 

number  of  publications,  with  this  dedgn,  as  fome  few  years  ptf( 
have  produced ;  notwithHanding  which,  it  is  not  uncomiDon  to  hear 
pcrfons  coihphin  of  a  want  of  fuiuble  books  for  this  parpofe:  crery 
addition,  therefore,  to  writings  of  this  fort,  may  have  its  ufe,  m, 
to  fome  readers,  it  may  be  more  acceptable  than  former  ones.  Tie 
Author  of  the  prefcnt  performance  exhibits  fn  minoce  an  account  of 
It  in  tlie  title  paoe,  that  it  «%ill  not  be  requihte  for  us  to  add  a  great 
'  c!t::il  concerning  it.  The  principles  of  religion  are  here  delivered  in 
a  kind  of  catechifm,  or  rather  dialogue  between  the  iniirudor  and 
tlie  youth,  and  it  is  endeavoured  that  the  queAioDS  Ihould  befo 
farmed  as  to  lead  the  yoang  perfon  by  his  own  reflexions  to  the  pro- 
per conclufions.  A  method  of  communicating  knowledge  aad  wi^ 
com,  which,  when  well  conduced,  fcems,  of  all  othersp  'to  be  the 
mod  ufeful. 

The  editor  of  this  fmall  volume  has  farther  collefled  a  nunberef 
ilorief,  anecdotes.  Sec.  which  are  likely  to  engage  the  attention  •( 
youth,  and  have  a  moral  tendency.  To  tbcfe  are  added  a  variety 
of  iententious  maxims  and  poetical  extracts;  all  which  appear  cal- 
culated to  promote  the  fame  good  deiign. 

Art.  15.  Th4  whole  Duty  rf  a  Mother.     Conlifting  of  Letten 
'from  an  eminent  Divine  in  London,  to  a  Lady  of  Diftsadion  it 
the  Country.     Concerning  the  icveral  Duties  incumbent  on  her, 
in  the  Quality  of  a  Chriilian»  a  Wife,  a  Mother,  and  a  MifiicG 
of  a  Family,     fc'vo.     6  s.    .Crowder.     17:2. 
On  curforily  turnisg  over  this  book,  we  were  at  a  loie  what  jadg^ 
ncnt  to  form  concerning  it ;  for  it  appeared  to  relate  as  much  to 
the  duty  of  a  ha  (band,  a  father,  a  fon,  or  a  fervant,  as  that  of  a 
Bother ;  there  being  nothing,  as  to  the  body  of  tiie  work,  wfaidb 
ihould  render  it  peculiar  to  any  occ  of  thcfc  charadlcrs.     But  opon 
a  nearer  iofpcdion,  happening  to  obfervc  the  t^tble  of  contents,  we 
have  difcovercd,    that  the  prefent  pubIicr.t:on,    confilling  of  3 7-9 
pages,  is  only  the  firtl  volume  of  what  is  dcGg^ed.  .  From  whence 
we  mud  draw  one  inference,  not  greatly  in  its  faVour,**th&t  if  tbe 
author  proceeds  in  the  manner  in  which  he  f:as  begun,  his  perform- 
ance will  be  too  large  for  any  great  or  general  vtie,  as  to  the  imiM* 
diate  end  he  profcflcs  to  have  in  view  ;  of  Vi^hich  end,  our  Readers 
may  judge  from  a  fhort  account  of  what  is  contained  in  this  pait 
bfit. 
.  It  cctifilh  of  fix  letters.     The  firll  of  \\hich  confiders  the  necefity 
of  our  being  ioilrudcd  in  our  duty*  and  the  Hrjl  fcventeen  pages  of 
this  letter  do  more  diredlly  regard  the  rcbcion  and  duty  of  a  mother. 
The  fecbnd  treats  upon  natural  religion,  i;s  nbufc,  the  ccceflity  of 
'a  levi-Iation.  the  divinity  of  the  Jcwilh  revelation,  and  the  chara&crs 
rf  the  Chriftian.     The  third  kti«r  is  intt-iaded   to  (hew  us  the  nr- 
ccil-ty  of  a  mediator,  the  qualitits  of  luch  a  on?,  and  what  he  was 
•    to  perform  ;  and  here  icveral  ubiUulc  poir.tj*  Ull  under  examination. 
The  fubjecl  of  the  fourth  letter  it,  lli^it  w.^w  has  at  all  times  necd- 
farily  known  tlic  MclTiah,  by  tbe  means  of  fcuJiblc  and  vifible  types, 
and  the  prcJi^'lions  of  all  the  prrjpbet^.     The  hhii  letter  is  dciigiied 
to  prove,    that  Jcfus  Chrill  is    the  Mciliah.     The  lixrh,    tb.t  the 
Chrillian  religion  is  ;hc  only  oue  in  which  God  L>  houcureJ  in  a 

roanaer 


MoNTHiY  Cataiogue,  &%W«  &C«'  6|| 

Riniiervattkyof  hiiB,~and  the  only  cnie  fupport  of  government 
■nd  fociety.' 

'  it  is  not  to  be  fuppofcd  that  the  writer  of  this  work  is  now  living  *, 
fince  it  is  not  probable  he  would  ufher  it  into  the  world  by  calling 
hiaielf  an  imimmt  diwmt*  The  editor,  neverthdefs,  whoever  he  is^ 
[ivcs  no  account  of  him  or  his  performance  ;  only  we  find  a  preface^ 
tkflt  appears  to  have  been  written  by  the  Author,  in  which  he  re- 
laaei  his  motives  to  this  compofition,  gives  a  view  of  his  plan,  and 
brther  fays,  that  having  (hewn  it  in  MSS.  to  fome  capable  judges^ 
be  IMS  advifed  to  make  it  pubiic.  It  is  formed  rather  upon  the  or- 
\hodox  fcheme,  bat  is  net  dellicate  of  good  fenie  or  learning.  We 
lie  Hx  from  faying  that  it  may  not  be  read  with  edification  and  im> 
proveoteat ;  but  it  is  not  entirely  adapted,  in  oar  apprehenfioa,  to 
ivbat  the  title-page  expreffes. 
Arc  1 6.  A  DetcSlton  of  the  dangerous  Tendency ^  both, far  Cbrtfiim 

mm'tj  emJ  Protefimury^  of  a  Sermon,  feid  to  be  preached  before  aa 

Aflcmbly  of  Divinei.    By  G.  C.  D.  D.  on  the  Spirit  of  the  Gofptl. 

By  a  Member  of  the  Alethian  Club.    8vo.     as.  60.    Coghlan. 

177a. 

TIk  iennon  which  has  given  birth  to  this  DtttSion^  as  it  is  entitled, 
Rnu  pieached  before  the  fynod  of  Aberdeen,  on  the  9th  of  April 
1771,  by  George  Campbell,  Principal  of  the  Marilhal  College  in 
that  Ciqr,  and  A'utbcn- of  thexelebrated  EfTay  on  Miracles :  in  which 
fernofty  the  learned  Principal  bore  fo  ytzty  hard  upon  the  church  of 
fteme,  as  to  provoke  foroe  friend  to  that  church,  to  undertake  its 
icfonce.  The  author's  defign  is  to  prove  the  following  proportions  : 
I.  That  the  Dr.  has  '  grossly  flandcrcd  the  Roman  Cathblics,  and 
■ifreprefented  their  dodrine  in  feveral  points.  2.  That  *  by  fo 
kMog»  kc  has  given  them  a  vtdl  advantage  over  the  Protedant  caufvr, 
joch  as  to  the  confirming  themfeives  in  their  own  opinions,  and 
ihe  influencing  our  Protcltant  brethren  to  become  their  profelytes.' 
\^  1  bat  *  he  has  alfo  condemned,  as  ^tQ{^  fuperflicions,  feveral 
irticles  of  the  ChrilVian  religion,  \^4]ich  are  clearly  contained  in  the 
loly  Scripture,  and  has  greatly  mifreprefented  the  real  &ate  of  the 
[^hriftian  world  in  its  apoftoltcal  and  priniicive  ages.'  4^  That,  '  by 
b  doing,  he  has  given  an  inunenfe  advantage  to  deifls  an  J  ioadeis, 
Hidpat  arms  in  their  hands  whereby  to  undermine  the  very  fqunda- 
ion  of  Chriilianity  entirely. 

As  this  tradl  is  plaufibiy  written,  and  may  60  fome  mifchief,  we 
hink  that  Dr.  Campbell  would  do  wtl!,  if  hii  Icifure  will  permit, 
o  honour  it  with  a  refutation';  which,  with  Hi5  abilities,  employed 
n  fo  good  a  caufe,  will,  we  appreliend,  be  no  difliculc  taik  to 
iccomplifli. 
\rt.  17.  An  Appendix  to  a  Sermon  on  the  Rcquifition  9/  Subfirlp^ 

eisHto  the  39  Articles^  &c.  Addrcfled  to  the  Author  of  free  Re* 

jwAi-i/ on  the  above  Sermon.     4to.     6d.     Flexney. 

If  we  were  confcious  of  any  thing  blaraeable,  in  regard  to  the 
kccoont  that  was  given  cf  the  fcrmcn  to  which  the  prefent  publica* 
ion  relers,  it  wa5,  that  we  treated  it  in  too  gentle  a  manner,     fiut 

*  We  have  lome  duubt  whether  this  be  not  a  republication  of  an 
lid  work. 

no  w  w  iih(larvd\\\^ 

7 


6ii  Monthly  CATALOcut,  Religion:^  S:c: 

notwithilanding  this,  we  have  incurred^  for  what  Tcttfoa  wc  Vno^ 
not,  the  ruthor'i  llvcrc  difplcAfure,  and  he  treats  us  ui;h. great  con* 
icmpt.  His  conicmpt,  however,  is  hot  real,  hot  a5rdled  ;  for  it  it 
evident  that  he  Itrongly  fcels  oor  power ;  and  we  appeal  to  his  own 
keart  for  the  truth  of  our  afTcrtion,.  when  we  iay»  that  the  man  whflf 
M  fo  much  ojg'tvJed  with  us  can  never  dtjfi/i  us. 

His  infiDuation,  that  the  writer  of  the  Fra  Rgmarks  19  one  of  our 
body,  is  totally  groundlefs;  as  we  are,  in  tycry  refpeA,  ubk* 
i^uainted  with  that  writer. 

As  to  this  Appendix,  the  author  fells  os,  that  he  hath  treated  die 
objedlions  of  his  antagoniil  uith  ferioufnefs  aad  candour.  His  fed* 
eufnefs  we  ftiail  notdifpitte,  becaufe  he  is  too  angry  to  be  xnerr^; 
but  his  candour  we  cannot  find  OQt^  though,  we  have  condefccndcd 
to  perufe  his  pamphlet  tiiice  :  an  honour  which,  we  beHeve,  will 
not  be  conferred  upon  it  by  many  other  readers. 
Art.  18.    Real  Scriptural   Ptkle/iinatiiPi  ojftrud    and    defindii^ 

againil  the  f^(c  Account  of  it,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Madan,  in  Im 
.   Scriptural  Conunent  on  the  Thirty-nine  Articles.     With  a  prefs- 

tory  Addrcfs,  00  Account  of  his  ilfiberal  Attack  on  Dr.  Samuel 
.  Clarke's  CharaAcr,  by  a  letter  in  the  Preface  Co  his  Commer. 

By  a  Friend  to  the  Petitioning  Clergy.      Syo^     1  sj      Wilkie/ 

1772- 

The  chief  advantage  of  this  author  confifts  in  the  evident  fuperi- 
ority  ariiing  from  the  gooUncfs  of  his  caufe,  and  the  weakneisof 
his  advcrfary  ;  for  we  cannot  recommend  him  as  an  accttrate>  judi- 
cious, or  temperate  writer.  Would  any  one,  who  was  acquainted 
with  ihc  hillory  of  opinions,  or  the  charadtersof  men,  have  joined 
Doddridge  with  the  perfons  that  deny  the  grace  of  God,  fet  liiaiu 
to  his  mercy,  and  appropriate  the  riches  of  his  good-will  to  theat- 
fclvcs ;  or  have  ranked  Baxter  with  the  Calviniftical  college  of  Good* 
win,  Owen,  and  others  ?  The  rebuke,  however,  which  is  hers 
given  to  Mr.  Madan,  for  his  calumny  with  regard  to  Dr.  Samud 
Clarke,  is  very  juft  and  proper  ;  and  Mr.  Clarke's  letter,  in  vindi- 
cation of  his  father's  charaAer,  is  inferted,  from  the  London  Evcd- 
ing  Toft  of  December  7th,  177 1.  This  writer  fcems  by  no  mean 
deilitute  of  abiliiics ;  and  when  time  hath  corrected  his  temper, 
enlarged  his  knowledge,  and  matured  his  judgment,  he  will  pro- 
bably appear  in  the  wo: Id  wiih  conlidorable  advantage. 
Art.  19.  A  Charge  relative  to  the  Articles  of  the  Church  of  Erg* 

land^  delivered  to   the  Clergy  of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Worcetier. 

in   the  Year   1772.     And  publiihc&i  at  their  Requelf.     By  Joha 

'J  ottie,  D.  D.  Archdeacon  of  Worcellcr,  and  Canou  oi  Chrill- 

Church,  OAford.     8vo.     6  d.     Rivington. 

At  the  beginning  of  this  charge,  Dr.  Tottic  lays  no  liitle  ftrcfs 
upon  authority,  in  the  matter  of  Subfcription,  and  informs  us,  thai 
the  names  of  Cranmert  Latimer^  Ridley y  Jcivel^  Hocktr^  iJ?iilin^'-ji;atb, 
at  the  head  of  a  thou  fan  d  tnore  thai  wiil  dignify  the  catalogue,  are 
fo  refpedtablc  and  venerable,  that  a  modcll  man  of  inferior  atta:a« 
ments  would  almoli  be  inciiued  to  take  up  the  i'entiment  of  th^  y^-un^ 
Man  in  Ciccao,  Errare  mchercule  malo  cum  i^lutone^  ^ua^  ium  i-M 
iftra /entire^    Not  to  mcniion  the  abfurd  and  coDtradicior)'  purpoks 

to 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Religious ^  iifc.  613 

fb  whicli  the  argilmenc  from  authority  may  be  applied,  we  cannoc 
help  obfervJDg,  chat  Chillingworth  feems  to  be  here  rather  unfortu- 
naely  iotroduced.  It  is  *^ell  known  that  he  ha  i  the  grearcfl  difficulties 
with  regard  to  Subfcription,  and  that  he  hath  nobly  proi^ed  the 
B  BL?,  /i&^fiiBLf  ONLY,  to  be  the  religion  of  ProteiL;rj ts.  Indeed, 
lie  did,  at  laft,  fabfcribe  to  the  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England; 
littt  it  appears,  from  the  hi/lory  of  his  life,  that  he  fublcribsd  to 
them  as  articles  of  peace,  and  not  of  truth. 

Dr.  Tottie  next  pleads  for  a  laiicude  of  explanation  with  refpeil  tp 
the  articles,  and  then  lays  down  ihe  three  following  rules  for  the 
cxplicatioo  of  them.  FiHl,  *  A  C()nr;ltency  throughout  mull  be  pre- 
lerved  in  oar  explanations,  and  one  article  muil  not  b  fo  under;t&od 
/m%  to  Ctt  ic  at  variance  wiih  itfclf,  or  with  any  other  article.' 
^condly,  *  Where  there  are  any  general  pofitions  contained  in  or 
referred  to  and  confirmed  by  the  articles,  which  cannot  be  received 
b«t  onder  certain  reilridtioDs  and  limitations,  thofe  reilridions  and 
limitation^  ought  to  be  made  and  received  ;  juil  in  the  fame  mannet 
as  we  receive  many  abfolute  declarations  in  the  Scriptures  them- 
ielves,  which  no  one  ever  underftands  or  interprets  but  under  pro- 
per reilridions  and  explanations.*  Thirdly,  '  We  mullobfervc  and 
have  in  our  view  what  particular  opinion  any  article  refers  to,  and 
as  defigned  to  guard  againil  and  corred.' 

By  the  help  of  thefe  three  rules,  the  archdeacon  endeavours  to 
give  a  rational  fenfe  to  the  articles  that  arc  deemed  mod  liable  to 
exception  ;  but,  though  we  admire  the  ingenuity  with  which  he 
hath  condu^d  his  d^ign,  we  can  by  no  means  think  that  his  expli- 
catioas  are  fatisfa6\ory.'  It  is  in  vain  to  attempt  to  refcue  the  articles 
of  the  church  of  England  from  the  charge  of  Calvinifm ;  and  we 
wiih  it  had  occurred  to  Dr.  Tottie,  that  no  real  benefit  can  arife 
iirom  continuing  the  impolition  of  formularies,  which  require  fo  much 
ftraiuiug,  in  order  to  make  them  fpeak  the  language  of  truth  and 
resfon. 

Art.  20.  Afcrhui  Addrefi  to  the  Member i  of  the  Church  of  Eng-^ 
land.  }^^  Samuel  Seyer,  M.  A.  Rcdor  of  St.  Michaers,  Briilol. 
izmo.     i  s.     Cadell.     1772. 

Mr.  Seyer  appears  to  be  a  pious  man ;  who,  being  himfelf  entirely 

Satisfied  with   the  liturgy  and  othces  of  our  church,  endeavours  to 

infpire  others  with  the  fame  fenti  ;)cnts.     His  add.cfs   may  poHibl/ 

be  read  with  fomc  degree  of  edification  by   many  of  the  author's 

parishioners  in  St.  Michael^,  Briilol  ;   but  it  will  not  afford  a:!y  in- 

llru^ion  or  entertainment  to  phiiofophical  and  liberal  minds. 

/\ rt.  21.  ^he  Do^iri^es  of  a  Trtn'vy  and  the  Incarnaii'jn  of  God 

examined^  on  the  Principles  of  Rcafon  and  Common  Senfc.    With 

a- prefatory   Addrefs  to  the  King,  as  firil  of  the   three  Icgillative 

EQates  of  this  Kingdom.     By  a  Member  of  the  Church  of  Kngland 

from  Birth  and  Education,  and  a  fincere  Dirci;.;le  of  Jrfus  Chriil 

from  Choice  and  rational  Convidion.     8vo.    3  s.  fewed.    Bladon* 

I   -2. 

This  publication  is  compofed  of  four  chapters,  the  fird  of  win'ch 
brings  under  confideration  Hve  of  the  articles  of  our  church,  relative 
to    tne   dodrine   of  the   Trinity,    the  Divinity,    and    tac  Huma- 
nity of  Chrift.     The  author  combats  the  propoiitioos  they  ad.ance 
R IV . }quc  1772*  L  I  "^^'^ 


lOfFrHLY  CATAtOGUI,  ReUghu$f 


great  freedom,  and  eodcavours  to  expofe  ihdr  abliirditf  ind 
incongruity  with  the  facred  writings.  At  the  fame  time,  lie  ailo^i, 
that  had  the  fcripcurcs  contained  fuch  a  decfaration  as  b  found  in 
the  condafion  of  the  firft  article,  fo  infallible  an  authority  migHt 
demand  our  acquiefceace  :  but  he  alfo  obfervea«  fuppoAng  ftJch  i 
doctrine  to  have  teen  contained  in  holy  writ,  yet,  as  the  belief  of 
it  is  nowhere  included  in  the  terms  of  falvation  %^hich  that  pre* 
fcribes,  is  is  furely  umvarrantable  in  any  church  to  make  it  an  article 
of  religious  faith,  and  declare  the  belief  of  it  neceffary  to  eternal 
falvation.  It  is,  he  farther  remarks,  in  the  high  eft  degree  improper, 
lince,  in  the  prcfent  unintelligible  ftatc  of  the  terms  in  which  itii 
cxprcfied,  it  cannot  operate  fo  far  upon  the  mind  of  any  man  ai  to 
produce  a  rational  convidion.  fn  the  fecond  and  third  chapters  of 
|his  work  the  Nicene  and  Athanafian  creeds  are  brought  under  re* 
view,  Tn  the  1  aft  chapter,  articles  tf  ChrlJUan  faith  act sr ding  H  thi 
S^fpih  <ifif^  artkiis  of  right  faith  according  to  thi  orthtdox^  arc  ptaced 
in  diflinfl  columns,  upon  the  fame  pages^  that  the  reader  may  be 
able  with  the  greater  eafe  to  conftder  and  compare  them  together. 
Upon  the  whole,  this  writer  difcovers  a  competent  fliare  of  learning 
and  acquaintance  with  the  topics  which  he  examines ;  he  appears  alfoai 
a  well-mcantng  and  worthy  man  ;  but,  perhaps,  in  oneinftancc  or  twD« 
he  treats  the  fubjefl  with  rather  too  much  ridicule,  though  he  pro* 
fefles  this  not  to. have  been  his  intention.  What  13  mod  remarkable 
in  the  trad  is,  the  dedication  of  it  to  the  King,  whom  he  addreCes 
with  freedom,  in  a  difcourfc  of  about  iifty-four  pages.  Whether  the 
King  will  hear  of  this  performance,  or  will  take  the  pains  to  rca4 
and  confider  this  long  addref*,  are  contingencies  to  which  we  can 
fay  nothing.     We  may,  however,  venture  to  add,  that  jchi 

are  here  propofed,  which  are  by  no  means  unworthy  of  i  ,    ^v's 

notice  and  regard,  as  tlic  chief  governor  of  a  free  and  a  tkikking 
I  people. 
Art.  22.  Remark i  on  the  Chrijhan  MtniJ}er%  Re^fons  far  admi* 
n'ftering  Baptsfm  ly  fpr  ink  ling  or  pouring  of  IVatiri   In  a  Series  oi 
letters  to  a  Friend*     By  Samuel  Stennett,  D.  D*     i2mo«    ts.  6d« 
Keith,  &c,     1772, 

Thefc  letters  arc  intended  as  a  reply  to  a  trcatife  upon  the  fubjc£l 
lofbaptifm,  publifhed  fome  time  ago  by  Mr.  Addington,  of  which 
I  ibme  account  was  given  in  the  44.th  vol,  of  our  Review,  p.  449. 
^It  is  only  the  firll  part  of  that  work  which  is  here  animadverted 
iupon  ;  and  hints  are  given  that  the  remainder  may  hereafter  be 
Igrxpcd'ted.  Dr.  Siennett*s  learning  and  abilities  are  well  known; 
1  ind  he  appears  yet  more  refpedlable  on  account  of  that  candour  and 
'moderation  which  he  generally  obfcrves,  in  treating  upon  a  fubje^ 
» that  has  unhappily  been  the  caufe  of  great  altercation,  and  fome- 
I  times  of  fierce  contention,  and  rude  iuvedives,  among  people  who 
Icall  themfclves  Chrilltans.  *  As  to  the  manner,  fays  he,  in  which 
[this  controverfv  has  been  cooduflcd,  I  am  afraid  both  parties  have 
[Ibmctimes  failed,  in  regard  of  that  mecknefs  and  chanty  which  the 
gofpel  requires,  if  not  that  good  nature  and  decorum  which  the  laws 
Sf  humanity  demand*  Such,  it  has  often  been  obfeived,  is  the  ua- 
fllappy  fate  of  very  many  religious  difputes.  But,  wherever  ihcfiiuU 
I  moH  heartily  agree  with  all  good  men  in  kmentbg^  not  ex* 


¥\ 


Monthly  Catalogue,  ReiigiQus^  (^u  6ij 

ruling  it/     In  another  place,  he  takes  notice  of  a  charge  which  hai 
been   brought  againll   fome  of  the  Baptifl  cJcnominatioix,  of  being 
very  zealous  to  draw  over  others  lO  embrace  their  rentimcnts;  con- 
cerning which,  he  obferves,    *  As  to  their  endeavours  to  profelyte 
others  to  their  opinion,  there  n>ay»  I  acknov^ledge,  have  been  weak 
^  and  rafli  attempts  of  this  fort,  which  it  would  be  a  folJy  to  excufc, 
I  can,  however,  freely  declare  for  my  felt'  (and  i  believe  moft  of  my 
brethren  can  fay  the  fame)  that  it  alfords  me  infinitely  greater  joy  to 
hear,  that  a  man  is  become  a  Imcere  difclple  ofChrill,  than  that  in 
j         a  frenzy  of  parry  zeal  he  has  thrown  down  the  gauntlet,  and  declared 
himfelf  a  champion  in  the  caufe  of  haptifm.     Nor  do  1  love  a  fcUow- 
chriilian,  who  confcientiooily  diifers  from  me  in  this  point,  a  whit 
Icfs  than  one  who  has  been  immerfcd  in  Jordan  itfclf/ 

The  author  proceeds  to  confider  the  motie  of  baptifm,  and  to  offer 
thofc  arguments  which  are  to    be  urged  in   favour  of  immerfion; 

I  while  he  endeavours  to  overthrow  the  picas  which  Mr.  Addington 
lias  offiTed  on  the  other  (idc  of  the  queJlion. — For  our  part,  we  are 
'ttill  inclined  to  think,  that  the  mattrr  remains*  as  it  ever  vvas»  in* 
flifTcrcnt ;  and  that  he  who  bapLizes  'with  ivdter  in  the  name  of  the 
Fathtr^  thi  Son^  and  the  Hdy  Gbo/f,  complies  with  the  direction  of 
^  '      ^ 

h 


rt)ur  Saviour,  in  this  particular,  whether  the  rite  is  performed  hy  Im- 

~       'ar  be  it   " 


feierfion,  by  pouring,  or  by  fprinkling.     But  far  be  it  fro.n  us  lo 

I  pretend  to  decide  peremptorily  upon  a  fobjetl  on  which  wife  and 
worthy  men  have  fecn  (q  much  reafon  to  dilfent  from  each  other. 
Art*  2j-  Pa'adife  Rf'gfiinfd:  or  the  Scripture  Account  of  the 
glorious  Mtilenium.  &c.  the  Time  when  it  will  commence ;  firft 
Refurreftion  and  Change  :  Elijah  and  John  pr^'phecy  12^0  Days* 
Antichrift,  the  Man  of  Sin,  deliroycd.  Satan  bound  and  lliut  up 
1000  Years;  loofed  a  little  Seafon,  to  prove  the  Nations:  his 
Hofb,  Gog  and  Magog,  devoured  by  Fire.  The  fecond  Refur- 
re£lion  and  final  judgment.  The  moll  glorious  eternal  VJngdom^ 
'  in  which  God,  even  the  Father,  will  be  all  in  alL  Unto  which 
is  added)  a  confiflent  explanation  of  the  prophet  Danlers  Nam* 
bers,     Svo.     1*.     Backland.     «772. 

It  is  obfervable,  that  with  regard  to  fome  parts  of  the  facred 
Writings*  the  uonfideriixg  them  according  to  a  literal  or  a  myftical 
fenfc  have  both  led  to  the  fame  iffiie  ;  that  is,  have  produced  chi- 
Ibzeras,  conceits,  and  conjeRures,  which  bewilder  rather  than  inform 
and  improve  the  Eudent.  It  is  the  criterion  of  a  good  expofitor» 
that  he  have  judgment  10  difcern  in  what  inllancc5  a  regard  is  to  be 
'  faid  to  either  of  thcfc,  and  at  what  point  he  fliould  flop  in  his  en* 
rquiries,  or  interpretation. 

The  wcri-mcaning  writer  of  the  above  pamphlet  complains  that 

divines  have  now,  for  a  long  time,  endeavoured  to  explain  many  of 

the  prophecies   in  a  myftical  fenfc,  foreign,  &s  he  apprehends,   to 

^_  ihc  meaning  of  the  fcripturcs.     He  obferves,  that  the  mad  attempt 

^^bi  y^nMfr  VLtid  his  foHoK^'crsi  in  1661,  to  ercifl  Chrift^s  kingdom  bf 

l^"  the  fword,  brought  the  dodlrinc  of  the  Millenium   under  difcnedit, 

and  turned  the  attention  of  ChrilHan^  away  from  the  obvious  aod 

dircft  meaning  of  the  fcripturcs  upon  this  bead.     But,  *  furely,  fay$ 

he,  there  is  reafon  to  think,  that  of  all  the  comments  upon  fcrip- 

cure,  that  which  i%  farthell  from  the  letter  of  the  text  is  molt  likely 


& 


6i6  Monthly  Catalogue,  Mlfcellaneous. 

to  be  wrong  ;  and  that,  wherever  the  literal  fcnfe  of  any  prophecy 
uill  (land  in  harmony  with  many  others,  without  a  contradidion  to 
rcafon,  or  impeaching  the  divine  perfe^lioos,  fuch  exp]aDatk>D9 
ouehc  to  be  aamitted  as  the  true  (enfe  of  them.*  Upon  this  prin* 
ciple  he  proceeds  to  confider  the  fubjeds  fo  particularly  eoomerated 
in  the  title-page.  He  agrees  with  fome  divines  in  (uppofing  that 
there  are  prophecies,  not  yet  accomplilhed,  which,  according  to 
the  more  general  belief  of  Chridians,  are  already  fulfilled ;  among 
which  are  the  predidions  of  our  Lord,  coaimonly  thought  to  regard 
the  dellrudtion  of  Jerufalem.  The  two  witnefTes,  mentioned  in  the 
Apocalypfe,  concerning  whom  various  conjectures  have  been  formed, 
he  concludes  to  be  Elijah  the  prophet  and  yohn  the  evangelift;  and 
the  1260  days  cf  their  prophefying,  he  underflands  to  mean  literally 
that  length  of  time,  or  forty-two  nioaths  of  30  days  each.  For  as  to 
imagining,  with  molt  commentators,  that  a  day  is  put  for  a  vear, 
he  thinks  it  introduces  great  diHiculties,  and  is  making  my&ries 
where  there  arc  none,  it  is  not  requifite  for  us  to  take  any  farther 
notice  of  this  performance,  which,  though  it  manifelb  that  the 
anthor  has  applied  himfelf,  with  fome  care,  to  difcover  what  is  in« 
tended  by  feveral  myflcrious  parts  of  fcripture,  is  yet  hardly  fuffi- 
cient  to  afford  any  great  and  folid  fatisfadion  concerning  them  to 
thinking  and  fludious  readers. 

Miscellaneous. 
Art.  24.  CorfJiJeratiGns  en  th£  Caufes  af  the  prefent  Stagnatien  9^ 
Ala/riffiouy,  under  the  following  heads.  I.  The  unrcaibnable  De- 
gree of  Influence  and  Authority  which  mod  Parents  exercife  over 
their  Children  in  the  Concern  of  Marriage.  II.  The  high  and 
elegant  Education  that  is  given  to  young  Women  beyond  the 
Compafs  of  their  Fortunes  and  Stations  in  Life.  III.  Vhp  De- 
bauchery and  Extravagance  of  young  Men.  IV.  The  general 
luxurious  and  cxpeniive  Talte  of  the  Times.  8vo.  i  s.  .6d« 
Ridley.     1772. 

The  author  has  here  given  a  fufiicient  view  of  the  nature  of  his 
work.  Ui.der  the  fird  of  the  above  mentioned  heads,  the  principal 
evil  which  he  laments  is,  that  parents  make  wealth  the  chief  con** 
fideration  in  the  difpofal  of  their  children.  Under  the  fecond, 
a  deplorable  and  increafing  grievance,  he  obferves,  '  It  is  a  com« 
mon  maxim  with  many  parents,  to  give  their  daughters,  what  they 
falfely  call,  a  Good  Education,  to  make  them  amends  for  the  wane 
of  fortun  ^ ;  which  is  juit  as  rational,  as  it  would  be  for  them  to  ad- 
minifter  bitters  to  whet  their  children's  appetites,  under  the  notion 
that  a  keen  (lomach  will  fupply  the  want  of  food.'  Under  the  third 
head,  he  'fometimes  feriouily,  and  fometimcs  with  a  degree  of  hu* 
anour,  reproves,  and  endeavours  to  expofe,  the  extravagance  of  the 
prefent  race  of  our  young  men. 

The  latter  part  of  the  pamphlet  is  defigned  to  (hew  that  the  luxury 
and  extravagance  of  the  age  is  the  bane  of  matrimony ;  *  and  the 
difordcr,  fays  the  writer,  hath  run  to  fuch  a  height  of  malignity, 
that  there  is  the  greated  reafon  to  think  it  mull  prove  fatal,  unlefs 
fpme  empiric  yn  poUtics  (hould  llrike  out  a  method  oif  inQctdatingfru-^ 
gality: 

There 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Mi/ceUam^us*  ^vj 

Tlicrc  ve  many  ufeful  refle£lions  in  thjs  publication  ;  bat  as  the 
sothor  has  difcovered  his  learning  by  a  number  of  Latin,  Frehcb, 
iM^d  Italian  quotations,  many  of  which  he  has  not  tranilated,  we 
ihoold  apprehend,  this  would  rather  retard,  than  promote  the  faie 
of  his  work. 
Art.  25.  A  Letter  to  John  Hanhuryy  Efq\  Member  of  Parliament 

for  the   County   of  Monmouth.      Jy  Richard  Edwards    CJerk, 

Vicar  of  Mamble.   in  the  County  of  Worcellcr,   aud  Curate  of 

Pont-y-pool.     4to.    .1  s.     Swan.     177^'. 

Relates  tho  afFc»5ling  cafa  of  the  writer,'  who  feems,  from  the 
fads  here  ftatcd,  to  have  been  reduced  to  the  very  brink  of  ruin,  by 
the  gentleman  to  whom  the  letter  is  addrefied ;  and  this, 'princi- 
pally, in  revenge  of  his  having  vored  againft  Mr.  H.  at  the  lail 
elediqn  for  the  county. — It  is  not  for  us,  who  have  only  heard  one 
fide  of  this  queftion,  abfolutely  to  pronounce  on  the  merits  of  the 
cafe  ;  but  we  are  afraid  that  there  is  much  truth  in  the  unfortunate 
Mr.  Edwards's  tale  :  at  the  fame  time  that  we  would  hope,  no 
gentleman,  of  rank  and  fortune  fufficient  to  entitle  him  to  a  feat  in 
the  Britiih  fenate,  could  be  fo  far  loil  to  common  humanity,  as  to 
purfae,  with  malignant  vengeance,  a  poor  Clergyman,  for  having 
given  his  vote  according  to  his  confcience.  /\nd  we  may  here, 
generally^  obferve,  that  lie  cannot  be  expelled  to  be  ^  very  llrenuous 
public  ^erior  of  the  conlHtution  and  liberties  of  his  country,  v^hopri- 
lately  perfecutes  his  neighbour,  for  daring  noneAly  to  exercife  thofe 
rights  with  which  the  laws  of  his  country  have  invefted  him. 

%•  Mr.  Edwards  being,  in   the  decline  of  life,  and  burthened 
with  a  family,  deprived  of  a  little  fchool,  and  certain  curacies  which 
be  fervcd,  is  reduced  publicly  to  follicit  relief  at  the  hand  of  charity, 
(o  keep  him  from  (larving  in  a  jail. 
Art.  26.   A  Letter  to  Sir  John  Fielding,  Knt.     Illuffrated  with 

the  Portrait  of  a  Monfter.     By  Robert  HoUoway.     8vo.     is.  6d. 

Bladon.     1772. 

The  monller  here  pourtrayed,    is  one  P ^ — ,   an  attorney  *, 

whom  Mr.  Holloway  hath  frequently  celebrated  in  the  news  papers.; 
bat  ^^r/ he  gives  the  public  a  more  ample  detail  of  the  exploits  of 
bis  hero.  Serioully,  if  P.  is,  indeed,  fuch  a  momjier  of  wickedneis 
as  he  is  here  defcribed  to  be,  we  can  fcarce  think  of  a  more  dreadful 
misfortune  happening  to  any  fociety,  than  that  fuch  a  wretch  (hould 
cxift  among  them. — We  have  heard  many  (hoc'^ing  ilorics  of  the 
knaveries,  perjuries,  and  robberies,  committed  by  the  rotten  mem- 
bers of  the  law,  but  the  crimes  here  alleged  againft  one  PraSlitioner 
recm  fo  far  to  furpafs  every  thing  elfe  of  the  kind,  that  (for  the 
bonour  of  the  law,  and,  indeed,  of  human  nature)  we  hope  the 
man's  guilt  is  greaily  exaggerated  in  this  narration :  perhaps  th^ 
Devil  himfelf  is  not  altogether  fo  black  as  be  is  painted.  In  this 
:afe,  too,  the  painter  may  be  prejudiced  againll  the  objeft  before 
bixn,  as  he  tells  us  that  he  has  himfcif  been  moil  vilely  and  auda« 
:touily  robbed  and  plundered  by  this  legal  freebooter. — But  fliould 
t  hereafter  appear,  that  the  pidlure  drawn  by  Mr.  H.  is  not  over-; 
rharged  with  monftrojity^  how  alarming  is  his  farther  intelligence, 

•  Ad  BlTockte,  as  our  author  fays,  of  the  laxc  iiox.wo>a^^'^^^^^^* 

L  1  3  ^"^^^ 


6]8 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Afi/cetlamouT* 


ftliat  *  there  arc 


full 


[among  os] 

their  profeffion  !' — 


i 


ndni  P 3,  ac  thb  day,  in 

vocation  of  their  profeliion  !' — If  it  be  troe  »>>at  vve  are  rcalfy 
expo  fed  to  the  dcpredaiions  of  fuch  a  fwarm  of  We.^miT>f!f  r-Halt- 
Locufla,  Mr-  H-  may  well  add,  as  he  docs,  this  Jivcly  n, 

,  •  How  wretched  is  the  condition,  how  precarious  the  \  .  ai 

liberty  of  four-fifths  of  the  nation  l'^ — Hut  if  the  cvU  be  ^uj^^n  wfo 
enormous  an  heighth,  may  we  not  hope,  with  our  author,  that  it 
will  foor*  become  the  objett  of*  a  parliamentary  inquiry/  as  nothing 
kfs  lha|i  parliamentary  wifdom  and  power  *  will  prove  a  fqihactt 

I   iHptic  to  flop  the  mitchief/ 

\  Art,  27,   The  Hijhry  of  thi  Herculean  Straits^   now  called  the 

i       Straits  of  Gibraltar  :  including  thofc  Ports  of  Spain  and  B.irn;ry 

(  that  lie  contiguous  thereto,  llludrated  with  rever;i]  C'^'f'^- 
Plstes.  By  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomas  James,  of  the  R  jii  Re* 
giment   of  Artillery^     410*     2  Vols,     2I,  ss.    bouod*     Ki^^ 

)       ton,  &c* 

(  Colonel  James  having  rcfided  during  fcveral  years  in  the  g^rtifoa 
of  Gibraltar,  was  naturally  induced  to  engage  in  the  inqtiirlc  "^-htch 
make  the  fubjctt  of  the  prcfent  work.  The  mountain:  ci  AinUafid 
Calpe,  with  the  Herculean  Straits,  and  the  .-indent  ciiic*  ot  Gadira, 
Tingis,  Ccuta*  and  Carteia,  have  confidcrable  renown,  a>  having 

j  been  con nef>ed  with  important  events  ;  and  to  form  into  a  reguUr 
hillory  the  maceriaU  concerning  them,  which  are  fcattercd  in  a  cnul* 
tittidc  of  boukf,  was  an  unucrtaking,  from  which,  if  properly  exe- 
cuted, much  real  advantage  might  have  accrued.  But  to  draw  fa^is, 
from  a  flate  of  obfcurity,  in   which  they  have  long  been  involved, 

,  to  reconcile  circamlUnces  which  Teemed  to  be  contrndu'tory,  and 
to  afcertnin  what  is  doubtful,  is  a  calk  for  which  few  are  (juali£cd« 
Our  author,  unfortunately,  is  not  of  this  number  j  and  his  work 
will  conduce  to  nothing  greatly  beneficial,  if  its  defc^Hs  do  not 
ftimulate  fome  perfon,  of  fuperior  talents,  to  do  jullice  to  the  topics 

I   nvhich  Col.  James  would  lUuttrate. 

This  writer  pofle/Tcs,  notwithftanding,  fome  ftore  of  Warning,  and 

1  that  perfevering  indu ftry  which  is  fo  necefTary  to  thofe  who  cogagc 
in  cxtenftvercfearches.     In  other  and  more  important  quaJificatiojis 

\    he  is  deficient.     He  wants  that  vigour  of  mind,  which  leads  lodii^ 

,    covery  and  manly  inve (ligation.     The  difficulties,  which  tlart  up  be- 

I  fore  him,  fometimes  confound  and  overwhelm  him.  In  the  felcc- 
tion  of  his  fadls,  he  difcovcrs  no  choice  or  ikill ;  and  they  perpetu- 
ally appear  without  precifion.     The  reader  fees  them   indilHndly* 

I    and  without  thofe  ctrcumllances   and  iUullratioRS  which  ought  to 
have  accompanied  them.     Nor  is  he  altogether  frtc  horn  crtduliiy 
and  fuperilition.     He  never  penetrates  into  the  principles  and  con- 
du^  of  great  operations ;  and  he  judges  of  iUtcfmcn  and  heroes  by 
the  ftandard  of  a  rigid  morality.     Though  he  enters  far  into  the  wild 
iicld  of  hiftory,  he  affords  us  no  political  inftru^ion«     The  arrange- 
ment of  his  materials  is  aukward  and  unnatural ;  his  repetitions  arc  ^ 
frequent  and  difgufling;    and  his  language,  almofl  always  carelefs,  I 
IS  frequently  difgraced  with  foreign  idioms  and  grajomatical  im«  ■ 
purities. 

The  plates  I  however,  w\v\c\i  adwT\  ^tid  UluCtrate  the  prdcnt  pub* 

'  Jjcauion,  appear  to  be  c\a£t»  axid  ait  ^t>\  wl^w^^s 


I 


r' 


» 


Monthly  Catalocui,  MifiilJanwis.  619 

Art.  28.  ^n  AJfembla^i  of  Coim,  fahrhated  by  Authority  of  the 
Arthhijhop  tf  Cantrrhury\  All  the  metropolitical  Loins,  whether 
already^  publiilicd,  or  latent  in  private  Cabinets*  fb  far  at  leaft  as 
the  4<^thor*s  Correfpondcncc  extends,  are  here  engraved  in  one  ' 
View,  and  illuftraied  with  a  proper  Commentary.  An  Eflay  is 
annexed,  in  which  feme  Account  is  given  of  the  Origin,  and 
the  variable  Fate  and  Fortune,  and  the  final  Determination  of 
thefe  inferior  and  fubordinate  Mints;  and  fonfvething  concerning 
the  Nature  and  particular  Circumllances  of  them,  with  other  in- 
cidental Matters  rcJativc  to  the  Subjeft,  is  occafionally  noticed; 
with  Intention  of  throwing  fonic  Light  on  a  Branch  of  the  Science 
of  Medals,  both  curious  ^nA  copious,  though  but  imperfeftly 
confidcrcd  by  our  Engliih  Mcdallills :  To  the  whole  are  fubjoined* 
twoDIflenations  on  fimilar  Sabje.^^5,  L  On  a  fine  Coin  of  Alfred 
the  Great,  with  his  Head.  H.  Ou  a  famous  Unic  of  the  late 
Mr*  Thorefby,  fuppofcd  to  be  a  Coin  of  St.  Ed^vin,  but  Ihewn 
to  be  a  Fenny  of  Edward  the  Confeifor;  wherein  a  Plan  is  laid 
down  for  re-engraving  Sir  Andrew  Fountainc*s  Tables  of  the 
Saxon  Coins,  By  Samuel  Pegge,  M.  A.  ^to,  7  s.  6d.  Boards. 
Snelling.     1772. 

This  rerbofe  title  fufficicntly  explains  the  nature  and  intention  of 
the  prefent  performance.  In  regard  to  its  merit,  we  cannot  exprefs 
oarfelves  in  the  higheil  terms.  Jt  addreiTes  irfelf  to  the  mere  anti- 
quary, and  rclleds  but  a  very  feeble  light  on  our  hillory.  Jt  is, 
moreover,  with  little  fatisfaftion,  that  we  can  contemplate  the  bulls 
and  countenances  of  men»  who  Tiave  come  down  to  us,  with  the 
chara(^er  of  having  been,  in  general,  more  folicitous  about  the 
grandeur  of  their  own  order,  than  the  peace  and  emolument  of 
focicty. 

In  inveftlgating  the  origin  of  the  prelatical  and  fubordinate  mints, 
our  author  attempts  a  fubjed  that  foeras  rather  beyond  his  reach. 
It  is  abundantly  clear,  that  the  dignified  clergy,  as  well  as  the  no- 
l^ility  of  the  highefl  rank*  cxcrcifcd,  in  early  times,  the  privilege 
of  coining  money  ;  and  the  foundation  of  this  prerogative,  in  re- 
gard to  the  former,  is  to  be  found  by  attending  partly  to  the  in- 
fluence of  the  feudal  arrangements,  and  partly  to  that  of  religion. 
But  of  this  our  author  does  not  appear  to  have  had  the  mofl  difUnt 
conception  ;  nor  does  he  feem  to  have  bt-cn  aware,  that  an  inquiry 
of  this  fort,  is  not  calculated  to  do  honour  to  our  metropolitans, 
"|c  would  be  an  indifferent  compliment,  to  point  out  to  a  clafs  of 
"aen,  whofe  profefllon  enjoins  them  to  preach  and  to  praftife  dif- 
i n te reded nefs  and  humility,  the  methods  which  conduced  them  to 
the  highcil  temporal  advantages. 

In  treating  of  the  '  Fine  Coin  of  ^^Ifred',  and  of  the  *  Famous 
^_|Jnic  of  the  late  Mr.  Thorefby,'  our  author  is  more  wkhin  the  line 
^Bf  his  iludies  and  knowledge.  But,  on  the  whole,  we  cannot,  with 
^Bodice  to  the  public,  fay  much  in  commendation  of  any  part  of  his 
^■rcfcnt  work,— See  more  of  this  author's  produdlions,  Rev*  Vol.  xiii, 
^^.  462  •  ;  and  Vol.  xxiv.  p.  350  -j-, 

A  Scries  of  DifTertations  on  fome  elegant  Angk^^axQn  Kemaiiu* 
4  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Roger  de  Wcfehacu 

LI  +  Kiv 


t 


620  Monthly  Catalogue,  Mifcellaneiuim 

.  Art,  29.   jtn  Effay  on  the  prefent  high  Pfice  4)f  Provifions*    By  Jof, 
Wimpey.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Davies.     1772- 
'  The  defign  of  this  EiTay  (to  ufe  the  Author*s  own  words)  is  to 
examine  the  feveial  opinions  concerning  the  dearnefs  of  provifirns, 
afid  the  reafoning  ufed  for  their  Aipport.     To  dillingniOi  anfl  iepa- 
rate  the  caufcs  which  are  natural  and  unavoidable,  and  their  eiiv us 
therefore  irremediable,  from  thofe  which  are  the  effects  of  arlibcc 
and  management,  and  therefore  curable  by   the  prudent  iiitcrpc>r> 
tion  of  government.     And,    laftly,    to  endeavour  to  poin:  oui  the 
mod  probable  means  of  paving  the  way  to  rcdrefs,  at  Jcatl  in  foroc 
ineafure,  the  evil  complained  of.'     In  examining  the  opinions  of 
others,  this  Author  attempts  to  invalidate  the  account  we  formerly 

fave  of  an  article  on  this  fub  eft  *  ;  and  feems  to  fpeak  with  fome 
egrcc  of  petulance  of  *  thofe,  who  by  profeflion  are  the  monthly 
arbiters  of  literary  merit,'  and  with  a  kind  of  fneer  to  extol  our 
difctrnmcnt  and  gentrcfity.  'I' he  account  we  gave  of  that  publicatioa 
was  an  ad  of  juitice  tu  the  Author  and  to  the  public;  and  it  is  but 
juilice  to  ourfelves  to  declare,  that  we  iind  no  reafon,  from  any  thing 

ofFert'd  by  Mr.  W ,  to  rccrad  or  to  alter  our  opinion.    And  as  he 

has  bcfpoke  our  candour,  we  are  glad  of  an  opportunity  of  decb- 

ring  (we  hope  Mr.  W will  not  confider  it  as  any  impeachment 

of  our  judgment  or  impartiality)  that,  though  he  is  not  one  of  the 
abled  writers  on  this  fubjed,  he  has  thro«vn  out  feveral  hints  and  ob- 
fcrvations  which  dcferve  the  attention  of  the  public. 

bur  Author  has  taken  pains  to  inform  himielf  of  feveral  fads  re- 
lating to  the  dearnefs  of  provifions,  which  are  worthy  of  notice,  an<( 
which  we  wilh  to  fee  under  proper  regulation.  Though  this  com- 
plicated evil,  in  the  produdion  of  which  fo  many  caufcs  concur, 
cannot  be  entirely  removed,  a  prudent  policy  migiit  be  ellabliflied, 
which  would  he^p  to  leffen  it,  or  at  lead  to  prevent  i(s  increafe.  We 

entirely  agree  with  Mr  W in  attributing  the  prefent  enormous 

price  of  provifions,  in  a  'great  mcafure,  to  the  \  immoderate  con- 
famption  of  corn  afid  hay,  occahoned  by  the  almoit  infinite  number 
of  horfes  which  are  now  kept  for  plcafure :  a  fpecies  of  luxury  as 
luinous  in  its  confequences  to  individuals,  as  pernicious  in  its  effeds 
to  the  cor^munity,  and  which,  therefore,  loudly  calls  (ot  redrefs.  A 
law  to  fubjed  the  owners  of  fuch  hoifes  to  a  confiderable  tax,  would, 
perhaps,  be  one  of  the  moll  falutary  kind.  The  quantity  of  hay  and 
corn  ufed  for  this  purpoie  woulJ  rear  and  fatten  an  incredible  num- 
ber of  cattle,  and  could  not  fail  of  greatly  reducing  the  price  of 
butcher's  meat,  pork,  and  bacon.  Befide,  it  would  pperate  moft 
beneficially  in  refped  to  thoufands,  by  reftraining  them  from  an  ex- 
pence,  which  is  not  only  unndccfl'ary,  but  which  is  by  po  means 
fuitcd  to  thcii*  circumilafice  and  income.  Pafhion  and  exainple  arc 
greatly  an  overmatch  for  reafon  and  oeconomy,  and  *tis  not  the  Icaft 
among  the  ads  of  human  policy,  for  a  ilace  to  CQi;llrain  its  fub- 
jeds,  by  prudential  laws,  to  ad  more  wifely,  and  be  happier  than 
they  would  if  left  to  carve  for  themfeives.  And  if  all  our  tax^  were 
levied  with  this  view,  as  far  as  the  nature  and  fitnefs  of  things  would 


See  Monthly  Review  for  March,  1772^  Art.  35; 


Monthly  Catalogue,  AfifuUaneous*  621 

permU,  perhaps  there  would  be  lefi  room  for  ^11  jhat  clamour  aod 
compUint,  which  now  fo  generally  prevail/ 

Art.  30*  Conjiiit-riitions  on  tbitrtftnt  Dcarncfi  of  Pravifiont  and 
Corn  itt  Gnat  BritaiH^  ivith  Thoughts  Oft  a  JuiitMe  Rt/tifdy^  t5V, 
By  Thomas  EMfuig**  Rookcj  Efq*  8vo^  1  s.  6  d.  Printed  for 
the  Author  by' T.  Burrough,  i)cvize3 ;  ibid  by  Lcacrofc  in  Lon- 
don.     1772* 

The  Author  of  ihefe  Confiderations^  who  writes  Trom  motives  of 
humanity,  and  whofe  zeal  led  him  to  prcfent  hi?  thoughts,  on  thu 
fubjeil,  to  the  King,  Turns  up  the  caufcs  of  the  dearnefa  of  proviJioni 
in  the  following  general  abflrad  ;  viz  too  great  a  number  of  horfes, 
ftill-houfcs,  a  prohibition  of  the  diiittlery  of  wheat,  too  general  ai| 
ufe  of  tea,  the  naonopoly  of  farms,  the  goodhefs  of  the  road^,  and 
the  numerous  dealers  in  provilionj.  •  Thcfe  (he  fays)  are  the  cauies, 
and  the  only  caufcs,  of  the  prcfent  dearnefs  of  meat  ;T  and  what  he 
propofes  is  to  fug^cit  a  fui table  and  c(feii\ual  remedy,  fo  ai  to  reduce 
the  price  to  a  moderate  proportion. 

7  he  general  ufe  of  tea,  he  obferves,  keeps  up  the  price  of  cheefe 
and  butter,  notwithftandmg  the  afililance  o\  Ireland  ;  and  while  this 
ii  the  cafe,  the  dairyman  will  not  breed  calves.  Bur,  we  apprehend^ 
the  evil  here  complained  of  is  not  ia  much  owing  to  the  uie  of  tea  as 
to  the  pra^tce  of  felling  both  ca!ves  and  lambs,,  and  the  high  price 
they  bear  in  the  marker.  Whilft  the  luxury  of  the  times  gives  fuch 
encouragement  to  the  fale  of  young  meat,  the  farmer  does  not  think 
it  worth  his  while  to  breed ;  cfpecially  as  the  milk,  which  would  be 
confumcd  in  this  way,  )iclda  fo  high  a  price  in  the  articles  of  cheefe 
and  butter.  This  is  a  circumrtance  whtch  the  Author  might  julUy 
have  introduced  and  urged  m  this  connedlion.  Mr*  R,  prcfumcs* 
that  the  dearnefs  of  meat  is  not  occafjoned  by  the  (alcfnrian,  grazier, 
or  butcher ;  but  that  it  arifes  from  a  rc?.l  fcarcity  of  *  eatable  cattle.* 
And  he  apprehends,  that  the  way  to  reduce  the  price  of  meat  is  to 
increafc  the  number  of  horned  cattle  ;  for  which  purpofe  he  fuggells 
the  neccfiltv  of  ala»v  to  oblige  the  dairyman  to  wean  one-third  of  his 
calves  every  year ;  and»  to  induce  the  corn  farmers  to  take  them  at 
this  age,  when  they  would  becuine  burdcnfomc  to  the  dairyman,  he 
propofes  a  buunty  of  two,  three,  and  four  fhilUngs  per  head,  as  they 
arc  one*  two,  and  fhree  years  old,  till  they  are  fix  years  old,  whtn 
they  would  be  at  the  full  growth,  itnd  fit  for  fatting.     In  order  to 


pay  the  expence  of  this  buuniy»  he  propofes  to  lay  a  fmatl  tax  upon 
horfej,  io  that  every  perfon  who  rents  kky  pounds  per  annum,  and 
upwards^  Ihould  be  allowed  to  keep  four   horfcs.  Dcfides  a  laddlc- 


borfe ;  and  all  above  this  number  be  liable  to  taxation;  faddlc- 
horfes*  halliers,  dray  mens  and  carriers  horfcs  excepted*  To  en- 
courage  the  breed  of  horned  cattle  it  is  propofed,  that  all  waggons 
and  carriages  of  every  kind,  drawn  by  oxen,  Ihould  p.tfs  the  roads 
free  of  an/ toll  for  ieven  years*  We  cannot  difmifs  this  article,  in 
which  arc  many  fcnfibie  hints  that  might  be  enlarged  and  improved 
into  a  plan  of  general  utility,  without  obfcrving  that,  towards  the 
clofe,  where  the  Author  is  fpeaking  of  our  American  connexions, 
and  of  enforcing  the  tax  lately  levied  on  the  colonics,  he  feems  to 
adopt  the  principles  of  a  military  more  than  tliofe  of  a  free  govern- 
incnu    Tt3  aflumc  a  powsr  over  a  free  people,  in\u£;\i  mu^  ^  Wi^- 


621 


Moj^THLY  Catalogue,  Mfcdlannm. 


ported  by  force  of  arms,  is  much  more  Jikcly  to  promote  thin  %m 
prevent  iheir  independency.  Mild  and  eqaitable  laws  wi!J^  in  itmt^ 
cflablJIli  themfelvcs.  May  fuch  lawi  grace  the  annals  of  the  prefect 
reign  ?  And  we  may  conclude,  with  the  Author,  *  it  will  be  one  of 
the  grcatell  of  blcllings  to  fay,  /  am  afubjeB  o/Gtor^f  the  Tbtrd.^ 
Art,  3 1,   vf  Letltr  to  one  of  the  AJfodaUn  at  the  Chapttr  Goffiehouft 

in  Londcn.     Folio*  4d.    Marlborough  prioted  by  Smithe,  and  fold 

in  London  by  Longman,  kc* 

A  very  fcnAble  and  fpirited  addrefs  agalnft  the  revival  of  the  bounty 
on  the  exportation  of  corn,  and  the  feverity  of  the  laws  which  render 
the  importation  of  food  an  illicit  and  contraband  trade.  The  gentle- 
men of  the  Chapter  CofFcchoufe  gencrouHy  alFocjatcd,  as  we  have 
heard  many  of  them  repeatedly  declare,  not  fo  much  witii  a  dclign  to 
reduce  the  price  of  provifions,  as  to  invc/ligate  the  caufe  of  its  2car» 
ne{s.  ThiSf  it  muft  be  allowed,  was  a  very  important  object ;  could 
iHey  have  difcovercd  the  fource  of  this  evil,  they  woold  have  bcca 
better  able  to  apply  the  proper  and  eiFei^ual  remedy.  Some  had  \^tvi 
led  to  imagine*  from  the  clamours  which  generally  prevailed,  thai 
the  fcarcity  was  altogether  artificial,  and  the  dearnefsof  pro\ifiQa» 
principally  owing  to  the  combinations  and  tricks  of  the  ciealers* 
The  experiment*  already  made  have,  we  apprehend,  in  a  great  mea- 
fure,  undeceived  them  ;  and  ihcy  arc  obliged  to  trace  tht?  cvii  to  a 
higher  fource,  which  the  utmoft  efforts  of  their  benevc  not 

reach.     This  ingenious  Author  is  of  opinion,  that  all  fu.  laa- 

tions  are  ideal,  and  that  if  they  expedl  fuccefs,  thcv  mun  oppole 
•  their  influence  and  experience  to  a  moil  formidable  combioaiioi 
fubfilling  in  this  kingdom  in  favour  of  a  landed  tncerell. 

*  In  Ihort,  Sir,  we  feel  in  this  country  the  direful  cffe^  of  a  mo*' 
nopoly  eftablilhed  in  this  age  by  landed  legiflators,  in  order  to  ag- 
grandize themfelvcs,  and  all  land-owners,  to  the  laEnite  detnmeat 
of  others,  and  particularly  the  labouring  poor:  this  folc  command 
obtained  over  the  fale  of  vidluals,  like  Jofcph's  over  Phsraoh*s  gft- 
tiaries,  may  have  anfwered  their  expedation  in  railing  the  value  of 
their  lands ;  but  it  docs  not  fecm  that  any  Icgiilature  can  awl  in  con* 
cert  with  reafon  and  nature,  if  at  one  and  the  fame  time  it  gives 
encouragement  to  the  exportation  of  food,  and  prohibits  the  im- 
portation.* 

Though  we  cannot  entirely  adopt  the  fcntimcnts  of  this  Wfitcfi 
nor  allow  the  conclufivenefs  of  his  reafoning,  there  is  too  much 
ground  for  forac  of  his  reflexions.  The  evil,  fo  frequently  com* 
plained  of  and  fo  fcverely  felt,  appears  to  us  to  be  one  of  thofe  w/hich 
a  rife  5  from  a  complication  of  caufes,  operating  by  means  of  the  un- 
equal diflribution  of  property,  and  the  growing  luxury  of  the  times; 
and  we  fear  any  remedies  which  the  wife  and  humane  may  propofc, 
mud  prove  only  temporary  and  partial. 

Art.  32.    APropefal  for  ejiabVjhingLifi'AnnuUm  InParlJhti  f$r 
i^H  Benefit  of  the  itiiitflnous  Poor  *     8vo.     is.     White,      1 772. 

This  Propoial  was  firll  printed  in  the  Public  Advertifer  of  Jalv  22, 

1 77 1 1  under  the  fignature  Eumeftes ;  and  is  now  republiihcd  with  the 

alterations  and  amendments  fuggeded  by  the  celebrated  author  of  the 

Ol/er*uatiGm  on  Rt'verfanary  Paymtnts^  ijc.    The  defign  of  the  prefent 

,Kpt2blicaiion>  wc  arc  iv^foiTOed,  \^  \.<>  ^u\u\^  ^  tv^xsi^x  ^^  i;a^ief  for 


i 


^^1 


MoNTHiY  Cataiocue,  MifielUmms*  dzg 

C^e  afe  of  fuch  inecnbcrs  of  both  houirs  of  part  jamcnt  as  niay  be  io- 
cJiucd  to  fupport  it,  lliouid  \i  be  made  the  fubjcct  of  piirliamentzirjr 
'^confidcration.  A  fchcmc  of  chis  kind  to  fcrve  the  labouring  poor^ 
w)iofe  favings  can  amoutit  to  no  conliderable  fum,  and  )'ictd»  \tk 
the  bdl  way  of  improvement,  a  very  incompetent  provifion  againft 
the  infirmities  of  agc»  is  extremely  deftrablc  and  important.  We  iiu.» 
cercly  m^  to  fee  it  adopted  and  cftabliihcd. 

According  to  the  fcheme,  here  offered  to  the  public,  the  church- 
wrardcas  andovcrfeers  of  every  parilh  arc  to  be  legally  impowcrcd  to 
grant  life-annuities  to  thofe  who  may  be  inclined  to  purchafe  them^ 
•the  faid  annuuies  are  to  commence  at  foine  future  period  of  time* 
'and  to  be  paid  oat  of  the  poor  rates  of  the  parilh,  fo  that  the  landa 
and  other  property  in  the  panlh  t%at  is  chargeable  to  the  poor  rate, 
Hiall  be  anfv^erablc  for  the  payment  of  theic  anuultlcs.  It  is  pro- 
pcfcd,  that  no  annaity  depending  upon  one  life  Ihould  exceed  20  K 
per  annum  ;  and  thp.t  no  lefs  fum  than  ^  L  be  allowed  to  be  em- 
ployed in  the  purchafe  of  an  annuity  ;  and  that  the  purchafe-mon^ 
be  laid  out  in  three  per  cent.  Bank  annuities,  in  the  joint  names  of 
all  the  churchwardens  and  overfeers;  and  transferablcj  with  the  ex- 
piration of  their  office,  to  their  fuccefTors  for  ever.  We  mufl  refer 
oar  Readers  for  the  calculations  and  other  regulations,  relating  to 
fuch  an  ioftitutlon,  together  with  the  bill  propofcd  to  be  brought  into 
parliament  for  this  purpofc,  to  the  pamphlet  itfclf. 
Aft,  33.   Natura^  FhtUfophia,  et  An  in  Concordia  \  or,  NaturCp 

Fhilofophy,  and  h^xx.  in   Friendlhip,     An  E/Tay.     In  four  Parts. 

By  W.  Cauty,  Cabinet  maker.     Svo.     2  s.     Nicoll.     1772. 

An  enumeration  of  the  particulars  conliintd  in  this  treatifc  from 
the  Author's  dLle-pagc  will  be  a  futficicnt  account  of  a  work  which 
defcrvcs  the  attention  of  thofe  for  whom  it  is  principally  intended. 
This  is  the  more  neceflary,  as  the  title  15  whimfical,  and  furnifhcs 
_  I  ffafonable  conjcfture  with  refpe^^  to  the  contents  of  the  book  it- 
fclf.  In  the  firft  part  the  Author  undertakes  to  demonftratc  the  nc- 
cciTtty  and  practicability  of  building  all  manner  of  houfes  proof 
"  fain  ft  fire  and  vermin  j  and  to  give  fevcral  curious  and  uleful  ob- 
rvations  on  fubjcfls  relative  thereto.  In  the  fecond  part  he  pro- 
pofcd an  entire  new  plan  of  conlirufling  chimnies,  fo  as  the  fmoke 
cannot  reverberate.  In  the  third  part  he  points  out  plain  methods,  by 
which  fmoky  chimnics  may  be  cffe^lually  cured.  And  the  fourth 
part  contains  certain  and  eafy  directions  to  all  mechanics  in  wood, 
how  to  finilTi  houfchold  furniture  and  the  wainfcotting  of  rooms,  fo 
as  no  vermin  can  ejcitl  therein  ;  and  alfo  how  to  clean fc  thofe  already 
infedcd*  To  the  whole  are  added  fix  letters  on  intcrclling  fubjcAs, 
publiflied  fevcral  months  ago  in  the  Public  Ledger* 
Art.  34,  l^hi  Rtv.  Mr,  Tal/t6t*s  Narrativi  of  the  whole  of  his 
Proceedings  relative  to  ^tf/ffl/^tfff  ^r/>fl/V/.   gvo.    6d,    Dodfley,&c. 

From  this  narrative  it  fully  appears,  that  Britain  wae  one  of  the 
grcateft  of  rogues,  and  the  moft  dangerous  of  importors ;  and  tliat 
(fuch  is  the  ingratitude  and  folly  of  mankind  !)  Mr.  Talbot  hath 
been  idly  and  abfurdly  traduced  for  the  laudable  fteps  which,  on  the 
moll  public-fpirited  grounds ,  he  took  toward  bringing  this  wretch 
to  jtiilice,  and  cffedually  ridding  the  world  of  fo  Viit  &  ^^\  W\  w^ 


624  Monthly  Catalogue,  MifceUamous^ 

one  will  wonder  at  this*  who  coniiders  what  flrange  lengths  the  madr 
nefs  of  party  will  run. 

Art.  35.  FltZ' Stephen  s  Defcrlption  of  the  City  of  London^  newly 
tran Hated  from  the  Latin  Original :  with  h  neceflary  Commentary, 
A  Diflertation  on  the  Author,  afcertaining  the  exa<ft  Year  of  tbe 
Production,  is  prefixed  :  and  to  the  whole  is  fubjoined,  a  corrcd 
Editic'ii  of  the  Original,  with  the  various  Readings,  and  feme 
uicful  Annotations.  By  an  Antiquary.  4to.  4$.  fcwed.  White. 
1772. 

William  Fitz  Stephen  was  a  learned  monk,  of  Norman  cxtra^icn. 
He  w.Ts  born  u'  London,  lived  in  the  family  of  archbiihop  Becket, 
hcl  J  er.ipioymenib  under  him,  and  was  prefcnt  when  he  was  raar- 
dcre.i  at  Canterhisry.  His  defcription  of  London,  which  has  been 
qiioted  by  Stowe,  Strype,  and  IVl aitland,  was  net  a  detached  piece 
exprcfbly  written  on  that  fubjc*El,  but  was  introduced  as  a  prelimi- 
nary in  his  Life  of  St.  Thomas  a  Becket,  to  which  it  was  prefixed 
after  the  manner  ot^the  Roman  hillorian  Sailull,  as  his  prefenc  editor 
obferves,  from  Lcland. 

Thib  fragment,  thoijgh  written  in  a  panegyrical  ftrain,  may  be 
confidered  as  a  great  liierary  curiofity,  as  defcribing  the  metropolis, 
with  the  manners  of  its  inhabitants,  at  a  very  early  time,  the  twelfth 
century,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  If.  An  extract  from  an  extract  of 
fo  old  a  compofition,  is  rendered  unneccfTary,  as  it  has  already  been 
made  ufe  of  by  the  hiftorians  of  London  :  it  is  fuiiicieDt  to  fay,  that 
the  anonymous  editor  has  added  many  notes  to  afccrtain  dates  and 
fads,  which  reader  it  an  acceptable  performance  to  thofe  who  arc 
curious  in  fearching  back  into  antiquity. 

Art.  36.    A  Mijcellany  of  Eajjirn  Learning,     Tranflated   from 
Turkifh,    Arabian,    ana  Perfian  Manufcripis,  in  the  Library  of 
the  King  of  France,     By  Monf.  Cardonne,   Secretary  and  Inter- 
preter of  the  Oriental  Languages  to  his  Chrillian  Majcfty,  and  Pro- 
fcffor  of  Arabic  in  the  Royal  College  at  Paris.     Trandated  inta 
Englilh.     i2mo.     2  Vols.     5  s.  fewed.     Wilkie. 
As  the  articles  which  compofe  this   mifccllany  are  feledied  with 
little  care  or  choice,  they  rcfled  no  honour  on  their  colledor;  and 
ftill  lefs  does  the  prefent  edition  do  credit  to  the  Engliih  tranflator^ 
The  former  has  been  deficient  in  lafte  and  judgment ;  and,  the  lat- 
ter, befide  having  fmall  preicnfions  to  thefe  qualities,  docs  not  even 
feem  to  underftand  either  the  French  language  or  his  own. 
Art.  37.  Socrates  out  of  his  Senfs :    or,  Dialogues  of  Diogenes 
of  Si  nope.     Tranflated  from   the   German  of  Wieland,    by  Mr. 
Winterfled.     izmo.     2  Vols.     4  s.  bound.     Davies. 
An  ingenious  writer  has  given  the  above  whimfical  title  to  a  work 
abounding  with  delicate  fatire,  pleafant  humour,  and  excellent  fen- 
timcnts ;  in  which  he  fecms  frequently  to  have  had  his  eye  upon  cor 
admirable  Sre  k  n.     But  why  he  has  given  the  name  of  Socrates  the 
lead,  in  his  title-page,  we  are  at  a  lofs  to  conceive,  fince  Diogenes 
h  the  hero  of  this  performance,  and  Socrates  is  never  perfonally 
jntroduced.—Tiie  philofophcr  ofSinope  is  here  reprefented,  not  as 
the  ftiailing,  ill-natured  Cynic,   but  as  the  honell  and  inoffcnfive 
ri fizcji  of  x"ie  world,  the  d\^K\\.ttt(]Led  advocate  of  virtue,  and  the 
fccncvolcnt  friend  ot  matiWvud* 


MoSTHtV  Catalog UEj  Poetical^  Nitveh*  625 

Poetical, 
Art.  38-  The  Rival BiGUtlts  \  a  poetical  Contcft,    410.    is.  6d, 

Griifin*  1772- 
A  ffivotous  conicft  between  two  idle  Bath  rhymers,  fquabbliog 
about  the  celebration  of  the  beaytics  who  frequenud  that  place  ia 
l77l»  One  of  the  pieces,  however,  has  fomc  rmartnefs,  as  for  in- 
ft^nce,  in  the  following  droll  exhibition  of  a  good  Lady-wife,  with 
all  her  family-paraphercialia  : 

'—'  We  lee  the  dame  In  ruflic  pride 
A  bunch  of  lays  16  grace  her  fjje 
Stalking  acrofs  tlu*  wcll-fwept  entry, 
To  hold  her  auncil  in  the  pantry  ; 
Of  with  prophetic  foul  foretelling 
The  pc*ia  will  boil  well  by  the  fbclling  ; 
Or  bull  ling  in  her  private  clofet, 
IVcp^je  her  Lord  his  morning  poJlct ; 
And  white  ihe  hallowed  mixture  thickeni 
Jiigning  death-warrants  for  the  chickens : 
Ellc,  greatly  pciifKC,  poring  o'er 
Accounts  her  cook  had  ihmnb'd  before  j 
One  eye  cafl  up  upon  that  great-book 
Ycl i p p 'd  the  family  rect ipt -bcok  ; 
By  which  flie's  ruTd  in  all  her  courfesi 
From  Hewing  figs  to  drenching  horfcs, 

Then  pans  and  pickling  ikillets  rife 

In  dreadful  luiUe  to  onr  eyes ! 
With  J[lcre  of  fweetmeati  rang'd  in  order  i 
And  pot:cd  nothings  on  the  border ; 
While  falves  and  caudle-cups  between, 
With  fsjualling  children,  dole  the  fcene  I 

One  of  thcfe  worthy  Lady  Bountifuls,  however,  may  be  a  more 
ellimable  char.t<^er  than  a  thoufand  of  our  falhionable  dames,  whofe 
head^  ^\\A  heart:*  are  hlled  with  nothing  but  an  eternal  round  of  ex-, 
iravagant  amufements. 

Novels. 
Art,  39    Tbi  Filings  if  the  Heart ;  ©r,   the  Htfi^iTy  of  a  C^umtry 

Giri,     Written   by  hcrfelf,  and  addrciTcd  to  a  Lady  of  QaitHty- 

umo.     2  Vols.     ^  s.     Noble.     1-71. 

This  performance  is  not  deflitatc  of  incident  or  fenliment.     It  is 
condudked  with  a  good  deal  of  art,  cxprcfTcd  with  tolerable  purity, 
and  may  be  rtSiA  with  fome  degree  of  pleafure. 
Art,  40.     The  f^oyages  and  Advcnturet  of  the  Chevalier  Dup^nt, 

Tranllated   from    the  French.       tamo,     4  Vols.      10  jr.  fewed, 

Jonti.     1772. 

Although  we  have  clafTed  this  work  with  the  Nov  els,  it  has  rather 
tHc  appearance  of  a  narrative  of  real  adventures,  occurring  in  a  fc- 
rics  of  trading  voyages,  through  various  parts  of  America  and  the 
Wed  Indies,  There  is  nothing  romantic  nor  extraordinary  in  the 
incidents;  and  moft  of  them  arc  intolerably  circumUantial  and  le- 
dioo^:  yet  has  Mr.  Dupont,  by  the  eafe  and  vivacity  of  his  mantvct» 


Huence  ihc^  gcncril  opitiSon.    Ar\  am  i»ofl  ri  ?(! 

very  unfair  proceeding  of  Mr.  l>tevcns*s,  I  e\[  .  ^*'  _ 

the  infcrrion  of  the  atlvcrtifement  prefixed  to  that   Book  of  Sott^ii 
which,  depending  on  Mr.  Steven***  word  as  an  h^mi  t  Mam,  1  bj^vi 
been  unfbrtunatt  enough  to  pubtifh.     I  am,  Gtiid<fmeot 
WiUj  much  Rcrpcdt, 
Whitthavm^  Vour  ixr/  obedient  bumble  ScrvanCf    •  J 

A/4723.     -V  JOHN     I>UNR- 

n  th  ?  I 

'  **  A  Dook  uf  SOfiGj^,  tacTtled,  T^£  Choice  JtriiriT*  C 
S:c-  compiled  byGinrcE  Alexa^dlr  SrtvfKs,  Kfq;  r 
Bie,  having  been  btcly   publifhcd  by  Mrfir*.  Hawes  CI  i| 

Coliins,  in  Fatcmofter-iow*  Londt^n,  ;,n  iidvertiiVmrnt  h^s   ' 
peared  in  fercral  of  the  public  papers,  iigncd  Gcfrrge  Ate 
Stevens,  denying  his  having  had  any  cnnccrn.  diie^lly  or  iPc||i4H 
in  the  compilanon  of  that  book;  and  alTertin^,  thai  fe^er^i  ©f  ih 
longs  wrote  by  hini  arc  taken  from  mutilaJed  arsd  fpurioti*  co 
whtch  ihotJgh  I  cannot  believe  it  to  have  b<!^n  infcned  by  Mf 
vens  hitnfelf,  yet  I   ihijik  it  incaiTtbeni  on  me  to  !.iy  the  fblf 
account   before  the  public^  10   order  10  juflily  my  ovvn   tba 
and  thofe  conctrned   in  tKe  publicatkn  of  that  book.     Wked 
Stevens  was  rn  Whitehaven   in   ApHl  1767,   i  mcntibn^ 
iny  defjgn  cf  reprinting  a  I      '      ''  '  -     ,  I  h.-rd  fDrinerly  p   * 
but  a*  there  were  fcveral  ^  tfirvt  colk^ion   *  : 

approve  of,  he  detlrcd  I  woma  ku^  !T»m  all  the  fong-book  1 

my  poiTeGion,  and  he  would  mark  thofe  he  thought  moll  f  r 

a  Niw  Publication  ;  which  he  was  fo  oblijiing  as  to  do,  itud  4*- 
fiyed  his  n^ime  to  a  g/eaj  i^umbcr  of  his  fongs,  which  had  fcfct 
pmiticd  iji  'icat/ons,  and  alfo  corredlcd  fever,il  cxrtt 

them;  he   ai  drew  up  three  different  titles,  and   -^rs  i. 

tifement,  and  dt-Ured  mc  to  make  choice  of  one  of  the  t 
iranicfibe  it  over,  with  the  advcrtifemcnt ;  and  he  would, 
fary,  corrc^il*?  which  (  did,  and  he  afterwards  made  a  tew  . 
rations  in  it.  which  title  is  now  prejij<ed  to  the  book;   nor  arc  t 
any  fongs  in  the  colleOion  {^1%  Scotch  ones  excepted,  infcrteJ  b) 
ticuUr  dVfire)  that  were  not  marked  by  Mm.     Hi;  alio  gave  mt  L.,- 
to  make  ufc  of  his  name  in  t]ie  publication  of  the  book.  In  auf 
ttianncr  I  might  think  mofl  conducive  to  my  intcrelt  ;  a  pcrmifCor, 
he  faid,  he  bud  never  granted  to  any  other  pcrfon,  ant!  which  I  h^l^ 
tnyfcif  grt^atly  obliged  to  him  for.     While  the  b»ok  wmt  p---    -    \ 
yntQic  to  Mr.  Stevens,  acqur/inting  him  of  ir,  and,  *t  the 
Several  of  my  friends,  1  atHxed  his  nr^me  to  the  tiHcpnge, 
to  the  liberty  he  gave  me.     From  the  above  accooni  the  P 
be  ;,b)t  to  judge  of  the  truth  of  the  sdvertifcmcnt,  anil  to  thCiJ  cao- 
6onf  I  willingly  fubmitthe  dcterminuiion  of  tbc  affair. 

ivhittha^,  JOHN  dunn;*^ 

•<  •  Both  thefe  copies,  together  iviih  a  few  of  thof?  foa^»  of  Mr. 
Stevenis  which  he  aflixed  his  name  to,  atn!  ' 

MefTrs.  Hawcs,  Clarke,  and  Collins,  in  Patt: 
fped^ion  of  any  j^enllcm^tv  ^^Q  cWfci  to' {ktUfj-'  himfclf  pf  th&  u^^ 


APPENDIX 

T  O    T  HE 

MONTHLY     REVIEW, 

Volume  the  FoitxY-sixTHi 
FOREIGN    LITERATURE. 


Art.    I. 

Le  Piitun  anticht  H^Ercolano  g  Centomi  intifi  tbn  qUalcheJ^iigazioMi.r^ 
The  antique  Paintings  of  Herculaneum,  engraved,  with  foine  Bx^ 
planations.    Folio.     6  Vols^     1 8  Guineas  in  Sheets.     Naples. 

THE  King  of  Naples^  having  gratified  his  royal  and  illuf- 
trious  friends  with  the  fineft  impreilions  of  this  woric^ 
lias  now  permitted  the  bookfell.r  to  fell  thefe  volumes  to  all 
Who  choofe  to  purchafe  them ;  and  as  the  plates  have,  as  wd 
are  informed,  been  engraved  at  his  Majefty's  expence,  it  is  noc 

{irobable  atiy  other  boolcfeiler  in  Europe  can  ever  afford  to  pub- 
i/h  a  copy  of  this  work. 

*  Long  before  the  difcovery  of  Hercu^ancumj  the  antiquaries  and 
•rtifts  of  Europe  had  been  enlightened  and  animated,  a.id  the 
)>rodu£lions  of  the  latter  greatly  improved,  by  many  fragments 

•of  ancient  works  that  were  gradually  arifing  from  the  earth  la 
Ivhich  they  had  been  buried  :-i— Venerable  fraAritients,  that  truly 
'performed  miracles  I  for  they  created  Buonarotis,  Rafatlles^ 
Corregios,  and  Poudihs.  They  produced  fkilf^l  architefts  to 
cre6l,  and  excellent  painters  and  fculptors  to  adorn,  noble  and 
magnificent  buildings  :  and  with  the  aid  of  Phiiofophy^  wh6^ 
conduiS^ed  by  the  (;enius  of  Bacon,  happily  began  to  receive  her 
principles  from  Nature,  as  Tafte  received  hut^  from  the  antique 
and  nature  united,  Ignorance  and  Barbarifm  were  powerfully 
oppoied,  and  generally  gave  way  to  the  progrcfs  of  true  fcience^ 
tafte,  and  humanity.  .*  > 

Almoft  ail  the  antique  paintings  that  "have  beendiifcovfaltri,  at 
diflFerent  llmesy  ih  Italy,  arc  in  frefci'^  and  though  the  iolbuni 
gencfilly  'Appeared  frefii,  and  wonderfully  prefervtd  'at  fif ft^  yet 

•  fk99,  Kcv.  Vol.  xlvi.  Mm  ^X 


r^on  being  cxpofcd  to  the  air,  they<ufFcrcd  extremely,  2)>d  fc- 
vcral  of  the  pieces  mouldcad  3W.iy  :  but  at  the  ramc  lime  k  is 
ytry  happy  for  the  arts  that  Hartdi  and  others  picl'srvcd  copies 
of  moit  of  theTfi  in  coloured  drawings,  and  th.it  engravings  ct' 
them  have  been  publilhed*  Of  thefe  coloured  drawmg^  there 
arc  feveral  ineftlmable  colleflions  preferved  j  one  of  which,  by 
Bartoli,  falling  into  the  handa  of  the  late  Count  Caylus^  he  obliged 
the  curious  with  a  volume  of  prints,  wetl  engraved  and  co* 
loured  after  thefc  drawings  ;  and  the  drawings  arc  prcfcrvcd  in 
the  cabinet  of  the  King  of  France,  This  volunnc  give*  uf  a 
very  high  idea  of  the  pointing  of  the  ancients,  as  it  presents  us 
with  many  charming  pidures,  and  beautiful  ciclings,  though 
Ihey  were  moftly  taken  from  lower  apartments,  where  it  cannot 
be  fuppofcd  the  ancients  employed  their  beft  artifts  t  nay» 
Pliny  tells  us,  that  no  fine  painters  ever  painted  upon  walls: 
from  whence  we  m;iy  conclude  the  modenis  have  feen  few  or 
no  capital  fpecimens  even  of  Rommt  painting  i  as  tknad  all  the 
ancient  paintings  ihat  ex  ill  are  in  frifco^ 

1  here  are  Tome  other  collcdlions  of  coloured  drawings  after 
antique  paintings,  befitles  ihofe  in  the  cabmct  q\  the  if  In^  of 

*  France  \  two  of  which  are  in  England,  and  were  procured  at 
great  cxpcnce  by  thofe  illuftrjotis  encouragers  of  the  art*,  Mr. 
lopham  and  Dr,  Mtnd\  though  it  is  greatly  to  be  bmentcd  that 

f.  Dr.  Mead's  collc£)ton  of  drawing?,  which  was  not  fold  with 
the  rtft  of  his  muftruni,  i<nd  which  was  the  famous  coll  edition  of 
the  Majfimi  fitmily  at  Rome,  are  at  prcfcnt  inacceflibU  lo  the 
public, 

AH  the  works  of  the  ancients  that  have  come  down  to  us 
are  matters  of  curioltty  and  utility  ;  and  a  coUc^iian  of  prinl5 
after  all  the  pi£tures   that  were  found  before  the  difcovcrjf  et 

I  the  ruins  of  Htrcitiammn^  would  be  a  very  coi^ftJerabie  and  a 
valuable  prcfcnt  lo  the  public  ;  yet  this  coIle*^iun  would  )as 
fmall  comj^areJ  wiih  that  before  us,  in  which  we  bavr  four 
large  volumes,  in  folio,  of  prints  after  the  paiutings  in  the  Ruyil 
Mufcum  of  Portici  Arnf  from  the  firft  volume  oi  the  cat** 
Jogye,  which  makes  the  fixth  of  this  publication,  wc  are  ltd  m 
expe^  many  fuccceding  volumes  of  anclenf  treasure,  confidtrg 

,  of  ftatues,  bas-reliefs,  altars,  vafes  of  filvcr,  bronze,  pbii, 
marble,  iind  cttrtlicn-warc  ;  ornaimnts  of  drcls  and  furniture, 
kmps,  candelabri  j  —  in  ihort,  fpecimens  of  almoft  every  luiug 
that  cxifted  in  the  city  of  Herculaneum  at  the  lime  ofiia  o^reaii- 
iul  deftru^Sliijn. 

The  firft,  fecond,  third,  and  fourth  prints  in  this  collcc^ioii 
are  from  paintings  in  one  colowr,  upon  murDle ;  the  colour 
T.enniltiofi.  To  this  colour  the  ancients  were  very  much  at- 
♦tttchcd.  Ail  the  other  paintings  were  upon  waJi^  in  frrfiO» — 
iu^ch  print  Is  accompanied   wuh   a  ticfcriptioii  of  the  on^mal  i 

I  >  %  9idme» 


TJlw  anttqui  Paintings  ef  Hirculamum^ 


631 


pf3urc,  and  with  large  illuftrations  from  ihcclaflics,  and  other 
ancient,  authors,  by  way  of  notes. 

Some  of  the  pidurcs  arc  extremely  pleafm^,  cfpectally  the 
dancing  Nymphs  and  Centaurs  in  the  firll  volume.— ?-^^ he  dra- 
peries of  the  dancing,  or  aerial.  Nymphs^  are  wonderfully  light 
and  flowing,  fo  ihat  one  fees  them  fufpended  in  the  air  almoft 
without  any  idea  of  their  gravity.  The  attitudes  of  fomc  of 
them  are  extremely  elegant,  and  their  motions  apparently 
fmooth  and  graceful*  .The  plain  black  grounds  make  a  Arong 
contraft  to  tf»e  figures,  and  being  free  from  fubordinate  obicds, 
th  I  generally  fpoil  the  pictures  they  arc  intended  to  embcUiih^ 
ihe  fi^ura  thernjflvfs  engage  the  whole  attentian  of  the  fpcclator, 
and  hdve  a  go^d  tffeB. 

The  Chiron  and  Achilla^  the  Matfjai  and  Oiympusy  and  the 
D^mijlk  Skfper^  in  the  fame  volume,  arc  ftrilcing  pidurcs  i  and 
many  of  the  boys  at  play  are  extremely  agreeable. 

The  landfcapes,  of  which  there  arc  multitudes,  are  curious, 
as  they  furmOi  ideas  of  the  tafle  of  ancient  Italy,  in  fea-ports^ 
country  buildmgs,  and  rural  fcenes  and  divcrfinns. 

In  viewing  many  of  thel'e  landfcapes,  as  well  as  the  pi£iu- 
refque  architedure,  our  thoughts  are  irrefiftably  led  to  the  Ori- 
ental (lyle  of  gardening  and  ornamtint,  and  particularly  to  that 
of  the  Chinele,  which  bears  To  near  a  rcfemblance  to  that  of 
Herculaneum,  that  one  would  almoft  imagine  there  had  for* 
merly  been  more  connexion  between  the  civilised  part  of 
Europe  and  the  Eaft  of  Afta,  than  the  writings  of  the  a«t  ients 
would  lead  us  to  believe  ;  and  we  cannot  but  apprehend  that 
a  more  pcrfcd  knowledge  of  the  prefent  manner;*  of  Indoftan, 
and  other  parts  of  the  Eaft,  would  throw  great  light  upon 
Greek  and  Rom;in  antiqiiities. 

In  the  fecond  volume  we  meet  with  a  fct  of  Mufes,  not 
finely  drawn,  but  many  of  them  in  good  attitudes,  preceded  by 
a  very  indifferent  charader  of  an  Apollo  Mufagetcs :  and  a 
litife  farther  we  are  prcfen ted  with  two  prints  of  the  expofition 
of  Ariadne  on  the  coails  of  the  ifiand  of  Naxu  ;  in  the  defign 
and  compofition  of  \vhich  there  is  great  merit. 

In  the  former,  A^adne  appears  alone,  fcated  upon  a  couch 
laid  upon  the  flior^,  under  a  tremendous  rock,  beaten  by  the 
waves  of  the  fea.  She  fupport^  her  body  with  one  hand,  and 
extends  the  other,  in  which  fhe  holds  up  a  part  of  her  garment, 
towards  the  vcfTel  that  has  juft  left  her  upon  the  (hore,  and  is 
beginning  to  move  away,  with  that  grace  find  perfuafivc  clo* 
quence  of  gcfture  that  (he  might  hope  would  make  her  cruel 
VhifitiS  relent :  while  the  action  of  the  only  figure  fren  in  the 
veflcl  plainly  ind  rates  that  her  eloquence  is  in  vain,  and  that 
the  only  concern  on  bojrd  is  to  crowd  all  the  fail  ihcy  can,  and 
10  fly  a^j£ee4ily  as  polBbJe  gut  9/  hc^Jighi. 

.M  m  2  '^^^ 


€jt  iT>i  antique  Palnting$  of  Herailaneum* 

f       The  idea  of  this  pi^urc  Is  well  c^prcfltd  ;  there  are  few  ah* 

I  jcfls,  and  thof'c  cflcrvttally  ncceffary  ;  no  fubordinate  tfumpcry, 
and  minute  divtfions,  to  lake  off  the  mind  from  the  principal 
fcntiment.  The  vaft  Qcean  ;  the  craggy  rock  ;  the  departing 
Vcflcl  j  and  a  beautiful  woman,  abandoned  by  a  cruel  and  un* 
grateful  lover,  whofc  life  ihe  h^d  faved,  aie  all  the  m&tenati 
of  this  piiflurej  and  they  are  fo  employed  by  the  judidaui 
painter,  \^  ho  kjKW  whcie  lo  ftop,  at  to  produce  that  full,  clear, 
^nd  alaioil  iniUntaneous  cffefl^  which  all  jAtricate  and  tumul- 
tuous piiflurcs  muft  for  ever  want* 

In  the  next  picture  we  fee  the  fame  Jriadm  in  an   agony  of 

I  grief,  with  her  face  and  eyes  lifted  up  towards  heaven  ;  not 
vulgar  grief)  but  fuch  as  might  become  the  daughter  of  Afmsu 

I  The  Ibrp  is  far  out  at  fea :  a  fwect  Cnpid,  with  hb  bow  un- 
ftrung,  and  clartlcfs  arrows,  weeping  by  her  fide  ;  and  a  wingd 
female  behind,  ftreiching  out  one  arm  towards  the  vcflVl,  and 
jciiing  the  other  upon  Afiadnc's  fhoulder;  perhaps  meaning  to 
fay  that,  **  though  this  lovely  woman  is  abandoned  by  a  faith- 
Icfs  man,  (he  iball  be  fupportcd  by  the  gods^*' — which  does  not 

'    ill  agree  with  the  fcauel  of  her  hiftory. 

1  In  the  third  volume  we  have  a  great  variety  of  curiot:?  pic- 
iureS|  that  may  fervc  to  illuflrate  the  manners  and  tafle  of  the 
place  and  age  in  which  they  were  executed  ;  but  none  of  then 
^re  cxcclleiit,  though  fume  few^  from  the  attitudes  and  coot'* 
polltion,  ftem  to  indicate  that  they  were  derived  from  noblcf 

,   0iiginaIs. 

I  In  the  fourth  volume  N**  iS^^  i9Sf  loi,  20^,  and  %i%^ 
feem  to  be  fragments  of  valuable  piAures*  The  reft  of  this 
volume  has  the  fame  kind  of  merit  as  the  third* 

The  fifth  volume  cont.^ins  prints  of  a  great  ntrmber  of  ex- 
cellent bufts  ;  and  the  fixih,  as  we  faid  before^  is  the  &ril  fO- 
lumc  of  the  general  catalogue, 

ConnoiiTcurs  of  the  roort  critica)  taftc»  who  have  examinrf 
the  originals  at  PortUi^  inform  us  that  the  r/ratvhgj  of  the  bcft 
pieces  in  this  work  ftre  not  equal  to  the  originals  j  and  fb  faf 
as  we  can  judge,  from  the  copy  before  us,  which  we  apprehend 
indeed  is  not  an  early  impreiTion,  the  engravings  in  general  arc 
far  from  being  excellent*  though  fomc  of  ihena  are  delicately 
touched,  and  above  mediocrity. 

At  the  fame  time  we  muft  acknowledge  the  work  to  be  of 

I  jmmenfe  falue,  confiderrng  the  variety  and  importance  v(  its 
contents  1  and  we  hope  to  fee  the  effects  of  this  vail  harveft  of 
antiquhies,  in  the  improvement  of  all  the  arta  that  depend  upon 
dcHgn:  but  we  apprehend  there  may  be  fome  reafon  to  doubt 
whether  this  vaft  profufton  of  materials,  publiflicd  under  the 
venerabk  name  of  Antic|ues,  in  which  good  and  bad  things  are 

I  ifldifcriminaicly  b\eiv4^4^  m^  itfs\  Vi^  ^  VRm^^mon  to  muny  of 


phik/Qphicai  and poiitkal  Wjhry  tfthi  Sitikmentt\  l^i\     6j3 

artifts  to  employ  them  too  genrrajly,  and  rcatter  them  with 
too  bounrifu)  a  hand  over  ibe  walb  of  our  apartments. 

It  ought  to  be  remembered  ihat  Herculaneum  was  deftroycd 
at  a  time  when  the  decay  of  taflc,  in  the  tine  *\i$,  was  lamented 
by  the  befr  Roman  writers ;  that  in  every  place,  and  in  every 
age,  there  are  a  hundred  ugly  things  called  ornaments  for  ona 
good  dcfi^n  or  compoliiion  :  that  cmamtnt^  from  its  nature  as 
ornament,  requires  to  be  ufed  very  fparingly;  that  much  ipace 
fhould  always  be  left  for  the  repolc  of  the  eye;  that  all  objcdf 
of  n^hi  fhould  bear  a  due  propurtion  to  the  magnitude  of  the 
fpace  hi  or  upon  which  they  are  to  be  feen,  and  ta  the  diftance 
at  which  they  are  to  be  viewed  ;  and,  lalUy,  that  no  co:npo(ii|| 
lion  can  be  good  which  has  not  a  Juitahk  tffi£t  5  that  is,  that 
docs  not  pleale,  move,  or  propciJy  excrcifc  the  mind  of  an  intcl- 
If  gent  fpcdlator. 

It  is  with  pleafurcweobfervc  thcrapitl  progrcfs  which  the  fine 
arts  have  lately  male  in  this  country  ;  and  we  believe  nothing! 
has  contributed  more  to  it  than  the  Hudy  of  the  antique  :  but  an 
ihc  fame  time  we  beg  leave  ejrneft]\r   to  recommend  ^  o^h 
artifh  a  clofe  attention  to  tlie  principles  of  beauty,  as  they  are 
founded  in  Nature,  and  invefti^aied  by  many  ingenious  authors* 
who  have  written   particularly  on  thiS  mbje^  ;  that  they  may 
Itnow  how  to  choofe  and  apply  the  materials  tney  polT?;rs  to  the  , 
feeft  ndvantage  ;  and  then  we  (hall  not  fo  fce<iueiitly  be  difguileH 
with  cielings  and  vvails  of  faloons   and  drawing-rooms  painteM 
all  over  wiih  Arings  of  flowers  and  groiefque  fcrawls,  better  cal-l 
mutated  for  the  embellishment  of  toys  and  fan-mounts;  nor  feel 
huge  draperies  and  heavy  wreaths  borrowed  from  the  ftonc^l 
maibn^  overwhelming  our  veffels  of  filler,  ofren  as  deftitute  o£l 
beauty  iti  the  fiprm,  as  oi  proportion  in  the  ornament*'.  'I 

Nor  ftould  we,  did  our  painters  underitand  the  true  prirtci#l 
pies  of  their  art,  and  cfpeci-illy  the  dtvtnf  beauty  of  ftmpHcity^  (eM 
in  our  exhibitions  To  mnny  lai^oured  and  well- pencilled  worksy^ 
nrhich  have  no  fault  but  the  want  of  effiSi  upon  the  fpedVator. 

Cj^^  A  R  T.     11,  'j 

Hftfiinr  pbihfiphi^ui  §i  pdUiqui^  da  EtahliJfemiUi  §t  Ju  Qemmim  di$\ 
^L£itrepitas  t^itm  its  deux  Indti . —  h  philciibpnical  and  political  Htflorvl 
Hof  the  Settkinents  and  Commerce  of  the  Europeaos  in  the  £alt  aail 
KWeli  lodit-s.     Svo.     6  Vols.     Amilerdam.  I 

OMMERCE,  which  conne£ls  the  moft  diftant  countries,  J 
and  is  produ^flfve  of  the  mo(^  important  ^nd  interedingi 
confequcnceSt  cannoc  fail  of  affording  a  fiuitful  fource  of  ref*l 
flcdiion  to  the  philofopher  and  the  politician.  Butp  in  gene-l 
ral^  it  has  been  treated  by  men  who  underftood  only  its  mecha*| 

tt)r  pradiice,  and  who  were  unable  ihoroughty  tQ  tnv<:ili* 


634     ^  phU(ff9phual  and  poUtual  Hijiory  of  the  SitflfTfuntu  Wf- 


gate  the  altcraubns  which  it  wilt  naturally  occafion  iit  thecon^ 
dition  and  arrangements  of  nations* 

This,  however,  wc  obfcrvc  with  plcafurc,  is  not  the  cafe 
with  the  Author  of  the  prcfcnt  performance.  The  advantage* 
and  the  calamity  whjch  have  accrued  to  the  ilatcs  of  Europe, 
from  their  fcttlcoicnt*  and  trade  to  the  taft  and  Weft  Indies^  be 
has  explained  with  fuigular  ability.  He  appears  to  hive  pe- 
rufed,  with  much  attention^  every  work  from  which  he  could 
gather  informaiton;  and  his  penetration  and  ingenuky  have  en- 
abled him  to  make  the  heft  ufeof  the  ample  maceriaU  which  he 
bad  coJIe^S^ed.     It  is  diificuk  to  determine  whether  ■  kii 

wll  be  more  enhghtcnrd  by  hrs  facis»  or  by  his  rcflcc  No- 

thing can  exceed  his  accuracy  in  the  farmtr^  or  the  depth 
and  juftnefs  of  his  views  in  the  latter.  Of  his  narr:itioa,  it  is 
fufHcient  to  fay,  that  it  is  generally  fpiiited,  and  that  it  fame* 
times  exhibits  ftrokeg  of  a  manly  and  pathetic  eloquence. 

As  the  great  extent  of  this  work  docs  not  permit  us  to  at- 
tempt an  analyfrs  of  it,  wc  fliall  prcfent  only  a  ftngic  fpecimttt 
to  our  Readers;  and  with  this  view  wc  fhatl  give  jui  cxtr4d 
from  our  Authoi*s  dedudlion  of  the  rife  and  progrefs  of  zook* 
mercc  in  England, 

^  It  is  not  known,  fays  he,  at  what  period  the  Briranaic 
illands  were  peopled  ;  and  the  origin  of  their  firft  inhabitants  if 
involved  in  obfcuriiy*  All  that  we  learn  from  thofe  hiflprict) 
monuments  which  are  the  moft  worthy  of  crcdit|  13,  that  they 
were  fucceffively  frequented  by  the  Phenlcians^  the  Carthagi* 
nians,  and  the  Gauls,  The  traders  of  thcfc  nations  went  there 
to  exchange  earthen  vafe^,  fait,  and  mftruments  made  of  irun 
and  brafs,  for  hides,  Aaves,  dogs,  and  tin.  But  in  ihefe  early 
times  the  Bri tains  i^ere  in  the  itate  of  lavages,  who  arc  equally 
ignorant  of  the  value  of  what  they  receive,  and  of  what  they 
part  with- 

*  If  we  give  way  to  vague  fpeculation  we  may  fuppofc  th«t 
{(landers  arrive  the  fooneft  at  refinement.  The  inhabitants  of 
a  continent  can  at  the  fame  lime  fly  from  danger,  and  find  the 
neceflariea  of  life.  But  in  illands,  the  calamities  of  war,  and 
of  a  confined  intcrcr.urfe,  we  (bould  imagine,  would  almoft  ill- 
ftantly  produce  a  ncccffity  for  conventions  and  laws.  It  hap- 
pens, notwithftandtng,  th;it  mafinera  and  government  arc  there 
formed  flowly,  and  exift  imperfe^f^Iy.  Hiftoryand  tradition  at- 
left  this  hA  ;  and  it  is  parcicubrly  applicable  to  Great  Britain, 

*  The  dominion  of  the  Romans  m  this  ifland  was  too  much 
difputedf  and  laflcd  not  long  enough,  to  advance  the  induftry  of 
the  inhabita;its.  Even  the  fmall  progrcfs  which,  during  thii 
period,  they  had  made  in  civilization  and  the  arts,  was  anni* 
hibccd   IS  foon  ^s  thcfc  fierce  conquerors   abandoned   theiiu 

BcGdei, 


( 


efthi  Europtam  in  thi  Eajl  and  Jf^t/l  InStil  6 jj 

Bcfidest  the  fervile  fpiru  whtch  the  inhabitants  of  the  routherti 
pix^vifjces  hftd  contradcd*  rcftraincd  them  from  repelling  the 
incurfions  of  the  Picts,  who  had  faved  thcmfelves  from  the  Ro- 
man yoke  by  rctre;<tu)g  to  the  northern  extremities  of  the  liland^ 
and  made  them  give  way  to  the  obflinate  valour  of  thofe  bands, 
that  ci*me  to  overwhelm  them  from  the  moit  northern  quarten 
Ot  Europe. 

*  No  country  efcapcd  the  ravat^es  of  the  barbarians ;  ravage* 
the  moll  d<:rtru*Slive  of  which  hiltory  has  prclervcd  the  remem* 
'tance;  but  in  Britain,   the  calamities  that  were  fuffered    are 
iiexpreffiblc.     Every  year  its  fields  were  Uid  wafte»  the  houfes 
if  its  inhabitants  were  barned,  their  wives  and  daughters  were 
avifhtd,  the   churches  were  fpoiled  of   their  ornaments   and 
iches  :  its  people  were  maflacrcd,  tortured,  or  reduced  to  the 
condition  of  flaves.     When  the  country  was  defolated,  and  of- 
fered nothing  to  excite  the  avrdity  of  thefc  enemies,  they  ftill 
ntcnded  for  its  poircfTton.     NaiioR  fuccecded  to  nation ;  the 
vading  hord  or  tribe  chafed  before  them  or  exterminated  that 
hich   had   already  eftaHliftied  it(elf      A  crowd  of  revolutions 
rpetuated  idlenefs,  miltrull,  and  mifery.     There  is  reafon  to 
nk,  thrit  during  thcfe  unfortunate  times,  the  Britains  carried 
on  no  trade  witn  the  continent*    Barter^  or  the  exchange  of  com- 
modities became  even  fo  rare  among  them,  that  wicntfles  were 
necefliry  to  give  validity  to  the  mcanetl  purt  h-ife. 

'  Such  was  the  fuuution  of  affairs  when  William  the  Con- 
queror fubdued  Great  Britain,  a  liulc  after  the  middle  of  the 
eleventh  century.  Thofe  who  followed  his  fortur»es  had  beert 
bred  in  countriet  more  p«)liflied,  more  active  and  induftrious 
than  that  in  which  ihcy  were  to  fettle*  The  natural  confc- 
quence  of  this  communication  ought  to  have  bec'n  the  extend- 
ing the  ideas  of  the  vanquifhed*  iSut,  ys  thts  did  not  happen^ 
it  muft  be  afcribed  to  the  introduction  of  the  feudal  govern- 
ment, which,  at  this  period,  was  the  fourcc  both  of  the  ftabi* 
lity  and  diforder  of  the  kiniidoms  of  Europe.  Under  thefc  im- 
perfect inflitutions  England  continued  to  languifti ;  and  its  civil 
wars  were  a  new  calamity  that  rcprefled  and  retarded  its  re- 
finement. 
J  *  The  whole  of  its  commerce  was  managed   by  Jews,  and 

■jankers  from  Lombardy,  whom  they  encouraged    and    plun- 
Hlered,  whom  they  regarded  as  ufcful  and  neceffary,  yet  punlflied  \ 
r     ^whum  they  alternately   ient  into  exile,  and  recalled  from  it., 
"     Thefc  diforders  were  augmented  by  the  audacity  of  pirates,  who 
indifferently  attacked  all  veffcls,  and  were  fometimc*  under  the 
prote<fl(on  of  government,  which  ihared  in  their  fpoils.     The 
incereil  of  money  was  at  fifty  per  cent*     It  cxportcJ  for  a  fmall 
fum,  hides,   far,   butter,   lead,  and  tin  ;  and  thirty   th  Kjfand 
igs  of  wool  brought  it  a  profit  more  couCid^^bV^.    ^vxVaL^'Cwt 


M  oi 


^\\"^v^ 


636     A  phihfofhical  and  political  Hl/ory  $ffhi  SmUments^  Uc. 

Efiglifh  underftood  not  at  this  time  the  art  of  dying  and  pre^ 
paring  woo),  the  greated  part  of  this  money  repafled  tho 
fea.  To  remedy  this  inconvenience,  they  invited  to  chemfo^ 
ri^ign  manufacturers,  and  prohibited  the  wearing  of  ftuffs  ia« 
bricatcd  at  home.  It  was  alfo  etiadied,  that  no  manufadurcd 
wool,  ai^d  no  wrought  iron  fhould  be  exported.  I'hefe  lawi 
were  worthy  of  the  age,  which  produced  them, 

«  Henry  VI f.  permitted  the  Barons  to  alienate  their  lands, 
and  the  Commons  to  purchafe  them.  7^his  law  diminiibed  the 
inequality,  ^^hich  had  fubfifted  between  the  great  and  their vaf- 
fais.  It  made  them  lefs  dependent  on  each  other;  it  fpread 
dmong  the  people  the  defire  of  getting  riches,  and  gave  tbcm 
<he  hope  of  enjoying  them. 

«  This  dcfire  and  this  hope  had  powerful  obftacles  to  ftruggle 

with Dcftru£live  combinations  were  formed,  and  trade ^vaa 

(%  icred  by  them.  The  profits  of  imercft  and  exchange  werd 
interpreted  10  be  ufury,  and  were  prohibited*  It  was  com- 
manded, that  money  (hould  not  be  exported  under  any  (hapc 
whatever  ;  and  that  foreign  merchants  might  not  carry  it  off 
in  a  ciandeftine  nianner,  they  were  obliged  to  invcft  in  Eng-« 
lifh  merchandize,  the  produce  of  their  faies  in  England^  Nor 
was  it  permitted  to  export  horfes ;  they  did  not  perceive,  that 
this  prohibition  would  render  them  lefs  common  and  difcourago 
the  breed,  in  iine«  they  created  corporations  in  all  the  towns ^ 
that  is,  they  authorized  all  thofe  who  followed  the  fame  pro- 
ftflion,  to  nnake  what  regulations  they  conceived  might  ope? 
rate  to  their  advantage.  The  nation  groaned  under  an  abule  fq 
contrary  to  induflrv,  ind  which  introduced  a  kind  of  mono* 
poly  in  every  bmnch  of  (radc. 

*  PV>m  the  ablurd  laws  which  prevailed,  one  would  be  apt 
to  conclude,  that  Henry  was  mdiftbteiit  to  the  profperity  tt 
his  kingdom,  or  that  he  w^^  totally  dcHitute  of  capacity.  It 
is  not  with  (landing  very  certain,  that  this  Prince,  though  hit 
avarice  was  extrciro,  often  furnilhed  confiderable  fums,  ah4 
iVithout  intercft  to  merchants,  whofe  funds  were  not  equal  ta 
the  enterprizes  they  meditated.  The  wifdom  alfo  of  his  ad- 
miniftration  is  fo  generally  admitted,  that  he  juftly  paflcs  forone 
of  the  greateft  monarchs,  that  ever  fwayed  the  fceptrc  in  Eng- 
land. But  in  fpite  of  ail  the  efforts  of  his  genius,  it  was  ne- 
ceiVary  that  fevcral  centuries  fhould  pafs,  before  this  fcience, 
could  be  reduced  to  certain  and  fimple  principles.  It  ia  with 
theories  as  with  machines,  which  at  firft  are  always  compK* 
catcd.  and  arrive  not  at  fimplicity,  but  with  time,  and  after 
much  experience  and  obfervation. 

•  Succeeding  reigns  were  not  better  informed  with  regard 
to  the  fubjeft  that  we  treat.  I'he  Flemings,  who  had  conne  to 
xt&ie  jn  England)  vreie  us  aXAtiH  m\^^:Qc^ y^^*^  ^^  ^^is  accouati* 


^ihi  Europitms  in  the  Rafi  mi  IVfft  Mies,  6jy 

4hey  were  infulted  and  oppreflcd  by  ihe  Englifh  artificers,  who 

were  jealous  of   thcm^    biti   wiihout  cmulatian.      The  httrr 

compbmed   that  all    the  butlncb  of  the  kingdam  went  to  tlic 

former,  and  that  ihcy  had  raiM  the  price  of  provifions*     The 

government  imbibed    thelc  abi'urd   prcjt»dices,  and  a  Ijw  was 

made,  prohibiting   foreigners  to  have  ahovc  two  workmen  in 

zit  houfcs*     Nor  were  the  foreign  merchants  better  treated 

nn  the  arufans ;  iholi?of  them  who  hud  b-en  n^^turalizcd  were 

bltged  to  pay  the  duties  which  had  been  impofeJ  on  aliens.  The 

Ignorance  that  prevailed  was  (o  gteat,  ih r.r  ihcy  abindoned  the 

cultivatmn  of  their  befb  lanJ^,  in  order  to  keep  them  in  paftu- 

age,  though  the  law  fixed  at  two  tho-jfjnd,  the   number  of 

beep  of  which  a  flock  wjs  to  con  ft  ii.     The  exportation  tr^dc 

ras  confined  to   the  Low  Cotinlrits:  the  inh:ibitanfs  of  thefe 

rovincTS  bought   up   the  Engliflj  commodities,  and  circuUted 

bcm  through  ihc  ditfercnt  quarters  of  Europe.     It  is  probable^ 

\nK^  wiihout  the  aid  of  hivourablc  circumftances,  the  nation 

would  have  continued  long  in  an  inferior  and  low  coOiiit^on* 

*  The  cruelties  of  the  Duke  of  Alva  engaged  a  number  of 
I  ftftificcn  to  leave  Flanders  to  rtfjde  in  London,  and  they  im» 
^borted  with  them  the  art>  of  their  manufa^ures.  The  pcrle-  * 
^Bucions  which  the  reformed  underwent  in  France  were  alfo  fa- 
^BfDurable  in  this  refpefl  to  England*  Elizabeth,  who  could  not 
^Trear  contradictions,  but  who  had   at  heart  the   good  of   her 

country,  and  knew  how  co  aS  for  it ;  and  who  was  dcfpotic, 
I  yet  popular  ;  who  was  enlightened,  zvid  obeyed  ;  Elizabeth,  I 
fay,  made  a  proper  ufe  of  that  fermentation  of  mind,  which 
was  no  lefs  general  in  her  dominions,  than  in  the  ocher  ftatcs 
oi  Europe:  while  in  other  nations,  it  produced  the  difputes  of 
theology  and  civil  or  foreign  wars,  fhe  excited  by  it  in  Eng- 
land an  etnulation  for  commerce,  and  the  advancement  of  na* 
vigation* 

*  The  Englffh  learnt  to  build  their  own  veficis,  and  no  longer 
thought  of  pur  chafing  them  from  Lubec  or  Hamburgh  They 
drew  to  themlclves  the  whole  trade  of  Mufoo^y  in  confequence 
of  the  difcovery  of  Archangel  j  and  they  delayed  not  to  K^rm 
connexions  with  the  H^nfe- Towns.  They  alfo  commenced  a 
trade  with  furttey.  Several  of  their  navigators  attempted,  but 
vwiihout  fuctef's,  the  difcovery  of  the  north-welt  palTage  to  the 
Indies.  At  length  Drake,  Stephens,  Cavendifh  and  fome  others 
arrived  there  ;  fome  by  the  louth  Tea  ;  and  fome  by  doubling 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

*  The  confequences  of  thefe  voyages  determined  the  more 
intelh£;cnt  merchants  to  form  a  company  j  :Ar\d  they  obtained  aa 

clufive  privilege  of  trading  to  the  Eaft  Indies,     The  patent 
anicd  CO  fheci  confined  their  aflbciation   within  fifteen  years, 
(leclarcdj  that  if  this  privilege   proved  h\iniu\  lo^^'iXjLVt^ 


6^8     A  phlhfophhal  ^nJ  pdliUal  Uiff^ty  of  the  SenltmiftU^  l£c. 

itlbould  be  annulled,  and  the  company  fupprelTedy  on  the  pt^ 
vious  noiificaiion  of  two  years. 

*  The  funds  of  the  compmi^y  ainounted  only  at  firft  t* 
three  hundred  and  fixiy-ninc  thoufand  eight  hundred  and  ntnerr- 
one  pounds  Hve  (tiil lings  flerling  *•  'I  he  fitting  out  o^  four 
veQ'eJs*  which  fee  fail  in  ihe  beginning  of  the  yc^r  1601,  ^ 
ibrbed  a  part  of  thb  fum  i  and  the  relt  was  carried  out  in  fpetif 
and  com niodi ties. 

*  Their  firft  eftabliflimenis  in  the  Eaft  were  peaceable,  lod 
formed  by  compa^  or  agreement.  They  did  not  think  i>f  con* 
quefts-  Their  expeditions  were  the  cntcrprizes  «f  merchanUt 
humane,  andjuft.  They  were  beloved;  but  this  love  did  not 
put  them  in  a  condition  to  contend  with  nations^  wbofc  powec 
was  formidable* 

*  The  Portuguefe  and  the  Dutch  were  in  poffefTion  of  extco- 
five  piovinces,  of  firong  forts,  and  had  the  command  of  encei*  ■ 
lent  harbours.  Thcie  advaniages  fecured  their  commerce  agaiuft  I 
the  natives  of  the  country,  and  againft  new  jdventurerfi  " 
they  facilitated  their  returns  to  Europe  \  and  gave  them  tb? 
opportunity  of  difpofing  of  to  adv;intage  the  merchandise  thrjr 
carried  to  Afia,  and  of  procuring  at  a  moderate  price  ihr  gooov, 
which  they  withed  to  purchafc.  The  Englifh  on  the  c-ntrary, 
dependaint  on  the  caprice  of  the  natives,  without  troops,  withoiit 
anazylum,  and  deriving  ihcir  funds  only  from  England,  wcr^ 
unable  to  carry  on  an  advantageous  trade.  They  prrreivfil 
that  to  acquire  great  riches  they  muft  commit  great  npprtffions, 
and  that,  tofurpafs  or  even  equal  in  weahh,  the  nation:^^  whoa 
they  cenfurcd,  they  mufi  imitate  their  condufi, 

*  The  projc£t  of  making  con  quells  and  eftahlifliments  wii 
too  great  for  an  infanr  fociety  i  but  the  company  Buttered  them- 
fetves,  that  they  would  receive  afliftiincc  from  govcrnmcntj  en 
account  of  their  utility  to  Kngbnd,  They  wcic  deceived  j 
they  could  obtain  nothmg  from  James  1 1  a  weak  Prince,  wha 
was  infc£led  with  the  falfe  phibfophy  of  his  age,  and  who  was 
better  calculated  to  govern  a  college  than  a  kingdom.  The 
company,  however^  by  their  aflivity  and  pcrfeveiancc,  joined 
to  the  choice  they  made  of  their  oiEcers  and  favors,  fupplied 
the  want  of  public  a  finance.  They  built  forts  in  fhe  ii].indi  of 
Java,  Polerone,  Amboyna,  and  Banda  i  And  they  (hared  witll 
the  Dutch  the  fpice-tradei  a  branch  of  traffic  not  the  Icaft  iiT»- 
portant  in  the  commerce  of  the  Eaft-  At  that  time,  it  was  of 
more  confequence  than  it  is  at  prefent,  becaufc  luxury  had  not 

*  Our  Author  has  probably  committed  a  miftake  here.  The  firfl 
ilcck  of  the  company,  in  Eliz*ibcth*s  time,  if  we  can  truft  fbmeof  oor 
hidorians,  amounted  only  to  72,000  h  but  ia  the  reign  of  James  Lii 
uas  augmented  10  ti^ocioog  U 


^tbi  Eunfanu  in  ibi  Eaft  and  JVift  Indies.  639 

tSieii  made  fo  great  a  progrefs,  and  the  ftufl^  of  the  Indies,  tea» 
and  the  varni&  of  China  had  not  fo  extenfive  a  Tale. 

^  The  Dutch  had  not  chafed  the  Portuguefe  from  the  fpice 
iiUnds,  to  make  way  for  the  fettlement  of  a  nation  whofe  mari- 
time power,  charader,  and  government  rendered  them  formid- 
able* They  had,  indeed,  iiuiumcrable  advantages  over  their 
jrjvals.  Powerful  colonies,  a  well  ordered  marine,  important 
alliances,  prodigious  riches,  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the. 
country,  and  with  the  principles  and  details  of  trade ;  all  thefei 
circumfianccs  were  wanting  to  the  Englifb ;  againft  whom  they 
employed  artifice  and  force.  The  Englifli  were  on  the  point 
of  being  deilroyed,  when  fome  moderate  politicians  fought  ia 
Europe,  where  the  fire  of  war  was  not  yet  kindled,  the  means, 
of  reconciling  th^  two  companies.  A  method  the  moft  ridi- 
culous was  adopted  for  this  end. 

*  The  Dutch  and  Englifh  companies  fubfcribed  in  1619  a 
treaty,  which  declared,  that  the  fpice  iflands  belonged  in  com- 
mon to  the  two  nations ;  that  the  Englifh  (hould  have  one  thirds 
and. the  Dutch  two  thirds  of  their  produce;  that  each  company 
ibould  proportionally  contribute  to  the  defence  of  the  iflands; 
that  a  council  of  intelligent  men  chofen  out  of  each  company 
ibould  regulate  at  Batavia  all  matters  of  commerce ;  that  thia 
treaty  guarantied  by  their  refpedive  flates  fhould  fubfifl  twenty 
years  \  and  that  if  during  this  interval  difputes  ihould  arife^ 
they  ihouid  be  decided  by  the  King  of  Great-Briuin,  and  the. 
States-General  of  the  United  Provinces.  The  political  con* 
ventions  recorded  in  hiftory,  offer  not  to  our  view  a  treaty 
more  extraordinary.     It  had  the  fate,  which  it  merited. 

*  The  Dutch  fought  an  opportunity  to  annul  it;  and  dr- 
cumflances  happened  which  favoured  their  views.-    ■■ 

*  A  Japonefe  in  the  fervice  of  a  Hollander  at  Amboyna,  had 
rendered  himfelf  fufpe<^ed  by  an  indifcrect  curiofity.  He  waa 
feiz^,  and  confeflcd,  that  he  had  engaged  with  the  foldiers  of 
his  nation  to  deliver  up  the  fortrefs  to  the  Englifh.  His  con- 
feffion  was  confirmed  by  that  of  his  companions.  The  authors 
of  the  confptracy,  were  taken,  and  did  not  deny  it.  .  An  ig- 
jiomious  and  cruel  death  punifhed  the  guilty*  Such  is  the  ac- 
count given  of  this  matter  by  the  Dutch. 

*  The  Englifh  have  never  diicovered  any  thing  in  this  accu- 
fation  but  the  avidity  of  their  rivals.  They  maintain,  that  it 
is  abfurd  to  fuppofe  that  ten  fadors,  and  eleven  foreign  foldiera 
vrould  form  the  projedi  of  pofTei&ng  themfelves  of  a  place,  de« 
/ended  by  a  garrifon  of  two  hundred  foldiers.  If  they  had  even 
been  certain,  it. is  faid,  of  fucceeding  in  fo  extravagant  an  at- 
tempt, they  yet  would  have  been  deterred  from  it,  by  the  ab- 
/olute  impoffibilitV'  there  was,  of  their  being  able  to  defend 
ibem/eJKC9.  ^s^ak  the  forces,  which  utouid  Yi^mc  Ya&kxccA  v^ 


640     A  phlhfophlcal  and  poUtkal  Hijiory  oftbt  SutUmnu^  trV. 

9tlack  them  on  all  fides.  To  render  a  treafon  of  this  kind  pro- 
bable, other  proofs  are  neceflary  than  confcHions  extorted  by  tor* 
ture.  Thefe  confiderations,  ilrengthened  by  others  no  kb 
ftrong,  render  the  confpiracy  at  A m hoy na  extremely  fufpicious; 
and,  in  general,  it  is  only  confidcred  as  a  cover,  employed  to 
conceal  the  mcft  infatiable  avarice. 

*  The  minifters  of  Jnmes  I.  and  the  nation,  were  fo  eDtirclj 
occupied  with  ecckfiatiical  mbtiliies,  and  with  difcuflions  con« 
cerning  the  rights  of  king  and  fubjed,  that  they  perceived 
not  thofe  outrages  which  fullied  the  £ngli(h  glory  in  tbt 
£aft.  This  indifference  and  weaknefs  was  fucceeded  by  cifB 
wars  and  convulfions;  a  fource  of  greater  interruption  tocom* 
ineice.  Men  engaged  about  what  moft  nearly  interefted  theo, 
forgot  the  Indies;  and  the  company  opprcflfcj  and  difcouraged, 
had  funk  to  nothing  at  the  time  of  the  violent  death  of 
Charles  L 

*  Cromwcl,  offended  that  the  Dutch  (houid  favour  the  ua* 
fortunate  family  of  Stuart,  that  thoy  (hould  fuintfh  an  sfy* 
)um  to  thofe  fubjeds  of  England  whom  he  had  profcrihed; 
and  that  they  aifeded  the  empire  of  (he  fca ;  fierce  from  fuc- 
cefs,  and  confcious  of  his  power;  was  folicitous  to  draw  to 
himfelf  refpeft,  and  to  fatisfy  his  revenge.  He  declared  wir 
againft  the  States  of  Holland  ;  and  hiftorv  has  prefervcd  no  me- 
morial of  a  maritime  war  more  fruitful  in  obfttnate  engagementi| 
tx  more  illuftrious,  from  the  capacity  of  the  commanders  and 
the  courogc  of  the  troops.  The  Englifh  had  the  advantagCf 
and  they  owed  it  to  the  conftruiflion^pf  their  veflcls,  which  tbt 
reft  of  Europe  have  fmce  imitated^ 

*  The  Prote£\or  did  not  do  all  that  was  in  his  power  for  the 
Eaft  India  company.  He  contented  himfelf  with  requiring  frofli 
the  States,  that  they  (hould  not  moleft  th^  Engliih  in  their 
trade;  and  that  they  (hould  give  compenfation  to  the  dcfccA- 
dants  of  thofe  who  had  fuffered  at  Amboyna.  But  no  mentkm 
was  made  in  the  treaty,  of  the  forts  of  which  the  Hollanders  bad 
violently  difpoireffed  the  Englifh.  It  is  true,  that  the  reftitmioa 
of  the  iflc  of  Polerone  was  (Stipulated ;  but  the  ufurpers,  affifted 
by  the  Engltfh  negociator,  whom  they  had  corrupted,  (bund 
means  to  wave  this  article, 

*  But  notwithftanding  the  neglefi  with  #htch  the  company 
was  treated,  they  had  no  fooner  procured  from  the  Protedortbe 
reitewal  of  their  charter,  and  the  certainty  of  iffiftance  from  go? 
veminetit,  than  they  exerted  themfelves  with  a  fucceisful  vi- 
|;our;  and  their  courage  grew  with  the  extenfion  of  their  rigbtt 
and  thehr  power.* 

On  the  whole,  if  there  is  arty  thing  that  deferves  centure  id 
the  prefent  valuable  performance,  it  is  the  lepetitions,  in  which 
Wc  Author  has  vtm^ttA  10  vtviiu\^^V:veftSA$\  -wd  U\e  obfciirityi 


$f  the  Eunpeani  in  the  £qfi  and  WtJ^  Indiei,  641 

Tcfi  strifes  from  his  fomeiimefi  leaving  a  fubje^l  in  which  he 
made  fome  prcgrefs,  and  his  recoRlidering  anJ  difcuiHng  u 
~ac  a  future  period. 


Art,     IIL 
fiifiw-M  di  tAcadmif  Rfyaie  dn  htfiri^ihni  ei  BelUt  Lettrn^  fcfr . — 

The  Hiflory  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Infcriptions  and  Belles  Leu 
Ucs,  ffpm  the  Year  176410  tKc  Year  1766  inclafive*  Vols.  34,  35, 
continued* 

IN  our  laft  Appendix  we  gave  an  account  of  a  few  articje» 
contained  in  the  hijforUal  part  of  the  thirty- fourth  volume 
of  this  work  ;  the  other  articles,  in  thts  department,  none  of 
which  arc  very  intercfting,  are  upon  the  following  fubjecis,  Wa, 
the  rcfpciS  which  the  Romans  entertained  for  relii^^ion— the  true 
extent  and  figure  tjf  the  Lacus  AJpbaltitcSy  qt  Dead  Sea,  by  M. 
D'Anville — the  necefliiy  of  citations  in  works  of  erudition^  and 
the  manner  in  which  the  ancients  introduced  their  quotations, 
by  M.  Burigny^ — on  Mjrius  Bifliop  of  Avranches,  author  of  the 
iDoft  ancient  chronicle  of  France,  by  the  Baron  Zur-Lauben^«< 
*-on  the  two  la il  French  tranllations  of  Virgil,  viz.  that  by 
Abbe  des  Fontainea,  and  that  publiflicd  by  Delaint  and  SailhnC 
in  1751 — on  the  Abbe  de  Foy'a  Notice  du  Dipkma^  by  the  Ba* 
ton  Zur-Laubcn. 

The  hiftorical  part  of  the  thirty-fourth  volume  is  followed 
hy  the  Ekgts  of  Count  D^Argenbn,  Count  Caylus,  and  I\/u  Le 
Beau,  juQ*  all  of  them  curious  and  entertaining  :  but  as  the 
character  of  Count  Caylus  is  known  to  almoft  aU  who  either 
arc,  or  pretend  to  be,  judges  of  the  fine  arts,  it  cannot  fail  of 
proving  agreeable  to  our  Readers  to  learn  fome  of  the  principal 
ctrcumlfances  of  his  life*  We  fliall  therefore  prcfent  them  witl> 
the  fubilance  of  what  is  contained  in  his  Ehge. 

Count  Caylus  was  dcfcecided  from  a  very  ancient  and  noble 
family  ;  he  was  born  at  Paris  in  OSober  1692-  The  Count, 
bis  father,  was  particularly  attentive  to  his  fon'i  health,  \\\  hi^ 
earlicft  year*,  and  did  every  thing  in  his  power  to  make  bi9 
conftitution  hardy  and  robuAl ;  in  which  he  p7rfeclly  fucceeiled. 
ThcCountcfs,  his  mother,  who  was  nearly  related  to  Madam 
Mainteoon,  and  whofe  amiable  qualities  rendered  her  the  orna* 
mcnt  of  the  court,  was  at  great  pains  to  irii prove  his  under- 
ftanding  and  his  heart ;  and  no  perfon  was  better  qualified  (br 
fuch  a  taik.  She  mfpired  her  fon  with  the  love  of  truth,  jul)ice» 
and  generofity^  and  with  the  niceft  fcntiments  of  hooour.  The 
amiable  qualities  and  talents  of  the  mother  appeared  in  the  fon, 
but  they  appeared  with  a  bojd  and  miiiury  air:  in  his  natural 
temper  and  difpofition  he  was  gay  and  iprightly,  had  a  laite  for 
pkafure,  a  Atong  j>affioxi  £91  indcpeA4eacC)  M.4  lu&^\?v>Jm^^Nft. 


f  42  7^^  tiiflory  of  thi  Rtfyal  Academy  cf  hfiriptUns 

avernon  to  the  fenritude  of  a  court,  though  tmalterably  at* 
lached  to  the  pcrfon  of  his  Prince* 

After  finifhmg  his  cxercifes,  he  entered  into  the  corps  trfthr 
Mujqvtiairn^  and  in  his   firft  campaign,  in  the  year  17091  be     ' 
diftinguilhcd  himfelf,  by  his  valour,  in  fuch  a  manner^  that  the  j 
King  commended  him  in  the  prefence  of  all  the  courts  and  rc^^ 
warded  his  merit  with  an  enfigncy  in  the  Gmdarma-it^     In  1711™ 
be  commanded  a  regiment  of  dragoons^  which  was  called  by 
his  own   name;  and  he  fignalized  himfelf  at  the  head  of  it  ia 
Catalonia.     In  1713  he  was  at  the  fiegc  of  Fribouig,  nvhere  he 
wa«  cxpofed  to  imminent  diingcr  in  the  bloody  attack  of  the 
covered  way.     Had  he  been  difpufcd  lo  enter  into  the  views  of 
his  family,  the  favour  of  Midam  Maintenon,  and  hia  own  pcr- 
Ibna)  merit,  could  not  fail  to  have  raifed  htm  to  ihc  high 
honours  \  but  the  peace  of  Raftadt  left  him  in  a  (late  of  ina  ~ 
vity,  ill  fuited  to  his  natural  vivacity. 

He  travelled  into  Italy,  and  his  curtofity  was  much  cxci 
by  the  wonders  of  that  country,  where  antiquity,  though  I 
tied,  is  ftill  fruitful,  and  rifcs  fometimes  from  her  tomb,  td 
give  birth  to  artifts,  and,  by  a  happy  imitation,  to  produce  ne# 
models.  The  mi  of  the  Count  were  not  yet  karmdy  but  they 
were  ftruck  with  the  fight  of  fo  many  beauties,  and  foon  be- 
came acquainted  with  ihem*  After  a  year's  abfence,  he  returned 
to  Paris,  with  fo  (Irong  a  pafTion  for  travelling,  and  for  antH 
qutttes,  as  induced  htm  to  quit  the  army. 

About  eight  months  after,  he  fet  out  for  the  Levant.    Whei 
he  arrived  at  Smyrna,  he  availed  himfelf  of  a  few  days  delay, 
and  vifitcd  the  ruins  of  Ephcfus*     It  was  in  vain  that  the  dan- 
gers attending  a  journey  of  this  kind  were  leprefcnicd   to  him 
The  formidableCaracayali  had  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  a  troo( 
of  robbers,  and   fpread   conflernation  over  all   Natolia.     Bui 
our  Adventurer  was  fuperior  to  fear;  and  bethought  himfelf  oJ 
a  ftratagcm  which  fucceedrcJ.     Having  procured  a  mean   garb, 
and  taking  nothing  with  him  that  could  attract   attention,  oc; 
tempt  any  robber,  he  put  hrmfclf  under  the  protcdion  of  xmi 
of  Caracayali*$  band,  who  lud  come  to  Smyrna.     He  made  iOJ 
agreement  with  them  ;  but  they  were  to  have  no  moaey  til 
they  returned.    As  they  had  an  intereft  in  protcvling  and  takinj 
care  of  him,  never  were  guides  more  faithful.    They  introdoci 
him,  with  his  interpreter*  to  their  chief,  who  received  ^ 
jgracioufly*   ^J^d    even  afliftcd  him  in  gratifying  his  c 
The  chief  inforrrcd  him  that,  at  no  great  diftance,  there  were 
ruins  worthy  of  being  vifited,  and  accommodated  him  with  i 
pair  of  fine  Arabian  horfes.  The  Count  was  not  long  in  finding 
ihcfc  ruins:  they  were  thofe  of  Colophon,     He  was   . 
larly  firuck  wjth  the  remains  of  a  theatre,  the  feats. c:,    . 
fccing  fcoopcd  out  ot  aVvvW  \ii^\.\o^^\ss^v4*  tbcfca^  ihc  fpcc-| 


td 


and  Belkt  LeUrrs,  from  1764  f^  1766. 


64  J 


tator^  bcfidc  the  plcafure  of  the  rcprcfcntation,  enjoyed  a  de- 
lightful profpe^l  The  next  day  he  examined  the  fue  of  the  an* 
Ciciic  Epheius. 

I  (baU  fay  nothing  of  the  condition  in  which  he  found  this 
city^  and  the  f*»mous  temple  of  Diana  \  he  has  given  an  ac- 
.  count  of  them  himfelf  in  one  of  bis  memoirs,  from  which  I  fliall 
beg  lc;ivc  to  quote  one  pafldge  only-  The  fight  of  the  ruins  of 
Ephcfus,  and  of  the  pJlars  which  the  Turks  hive  cut,  fawcd^ 
disfigured^  and  placed  in  their  houles  and  mofques,  without 
any  order  or  regu!atity,  produced  the  fame  eftedt  upon  my  mind^ 
fays  he»  as  the  greateii  number  of  the  modern  expianaiions  of 
ancient  monuments  would  produce  upon  the  mind  of  a  fcnftbie 
inhabiuntof  ancient  Greece,  were  he  to  come  to  tife  again«-^ 
Butf  in  my  opinion,  the  cottages  of  the  Turks,  fo  wretchedly 
built  with  the  fineft  ornaments  of  ancient  architei^urc,  afford  a 
more  ftriking  rtprcfcntaunn  of  thofc  compofitious,  both  in  verfe 
and  proie,  in  which  the  rich  inventions  of  the  ancients  are  mu- 
tilated, difplaced}  and  disfigured  by  an  aukward  and  abfurd 
ioiitauon.--^ 

He  palFcd  the  ftreights  of  the  Dardanelles,  to  indulge  himfctf 
with  a  view  of  thofe  plains,  which  make  fo  rich  and  beautiful 
an  appearance  in  Homer*s  poems.  He  did  not  expert  to  meet 
with  any  veftiges  of  ancient  lltum  ;  but  he  flattered  himfelf 
with  the  hopes  of  walking  on  the  banks  of  the  Xanthus  and  the 
Simois:  thcfe  rivers,  howevLr,  had  difappeared.  The  valkics 
of  Mount  Ida,  drenched  with  the  blood  of  fc*  many  heroes, 
were  now  a  dreary  wafle,  fcarce  affording  nourilhment  to  a  few 
puny  oaks,  whofe  branches  crept  upon  the  ground,  and  die4 
almoft  as  foon  as  they  appeared. 

Here  he  put  an  end   to  his  refearchcs  in  the  Levant.     The 

tendernefs  of  a  mother,  who  was    conftanlly  foltctting  his  rc- 

.turn,  checked  his  curigfity,  and  he  returned  to  his  native  couiw 

.try  in  February  1717.     When  he  had  finiflied  his  travels,  and 

became  f^rdentary,  his  mind  was  no  lefs  a^Slive,  for  he  applied 

Jltmfelf  to  mufic,  drawing,  aod   painting.     He  wrote  too,  but 

it  was  only  for  the  amufcment  of  his  friends  j  he  had  fire  and 

fptrit,  but  did  not  aim  a;  corretttnefs  or  elegance  of  (lyle.     In 

order  to  judge  of  the  works  of  art,  he  had  that  taiU»  that  in* 

^Itini^t  fuperior  to  iludy,  fdrcr  than  rcafoning,  and  more  npid 

.than  reflexion  j  his  firft  coup  da'H  fcldom  betrayed  him,  and  he 

lei^edp  at  one  glance,  the  beauties  and  defctfls  of  every  piece* 

^n  1731,  he  was  received  into  the  Royal  Academy  of  painting 
and  fculpture,  as  an  HriOrairiAmti:cur»  Count  Caylus,  who 
Joved  to  realize  titJc^,  (pared  neither  ins  labour,  nor  his  credit, 
lOor  his  fortune,  to  inftruct,  affi(l«  and  animate  the  artitls.  He 
^ Wrote  the  lives  of  the  moft  cel'^hrart  J  painters  and  engravers 
'thai  hiYe  done  honour  to  lhi&  illuihiuuj  Academy  \  and  U\  civi^^ 


644  ^^^  WJlofJ  ofthi  R$yalAcadmy  oftnfiripihm  1 

lo  extend  the  limits  of  the  art^  which  feemed  to  him  to  move  in 
too  narrow  a  circle,  he  colledcd,  in  (hree  difFerrnt  workf,  ut^ 
Tubjc^ts  for  the  painter^  which  he  had  met  with  in  the  work>  of 
the  Antient^.  I  leave  it  to  the  artifis  to  pronounce  upcxn  the 
utility  of  thefe  colle£tions  and  to  determine  whether  the  beai- 
liful  images  of  a  Virs^il  and  a  Homer  arc  ill  of  ibcin  fit  la  ap- 
pear upon  canvas  or  in  maihlc. 

The  zeal  of  writers,  who  propofc  to  inClruift  mankind,  is  not 
always  difintcrcfttd  j  they  pay   themftlvcs  for  their  itiftm^^-^r 
by  the  reputation  which  ihcy  expect  to  derive  from  them,  C 
Caylus  did  not  dcfpife  this  nuble  recompence,  but  he  Io^cj  ti . 
arts  on  their  own  account,  as  plainly  appcaicd  from  the  r  .u 
private  inftanccs  of  hia  generofity  to  thofe  who  were  pn  J  H  J    i 
talents,  but  were  not  the  favourites  of  fortune :  he  ercn  tuirc  rci 
for  fuch  in  thofe  retreats  where  indigence  kept   them  in  obfc- 
fiiy*     He  anticipated  their  wants»  for  he  had  few  hirr      ^ 
whole  of  his  luxury  confifttd  in  his  liberality*     Thoi^ 
come  was  mucii  inferior  to  his  rank,  he  was  rich  for  the  -ruii, 
and  when,  towards  the  clofe   of  his  life,  his   forttine  was  ir.* 
Cfcafcd  by  that  of  his  uncle,  the  Duke  dc  Caylus,   he  ;idJ^ 
thing  to  hii  expencc,  had  no  new   wants,  but   employee   v., 
whole  of  his  fortune  for  the  beneiit  of  literature  and  the  ins: 
JO  a  word,  he  was  but  their  ikward,  and  bts    r  ^'v  wu 

only  equaHed  by  that  of  fcvcral  artiiU  who  ackn^,  j  ihrat 

obi iga lions  to  him. 

Befide  the  prcfcnts  w^hlch  be  made,  from  liroc  to  timC)  n 
the  Academy  of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  he  founded  an  ^iiiMid 
prize  in  it  for  fuch  of  the  pupih  as  ihould  fuccced  beft  in 
ing,  or  modeling  a  head  after  nature,  and  in  giving  ihe 
expreflaon  of  thccharaderiftical  features  of  a  given  paffion  He 
-encouraged  the  fludy  of  anatomy  and  perfpec'tive  by  handfonic 
rewards  i  and  if  he  had  lived  longer,  he  would  have  cxcCtHdl 
the  defign  which  he  had  formed  of  founding  a  new  prize  m  fin 
vour  of  thofe  who  fhould  ap^ly  themfelvcs  with  moil  focccii  lo 
Jibtfe  two  efTcntial  branches  of  tl^  art* 

I  Such  was  his  paiTron  for  antiquity,  that  he  wiftied  fo  kaif 
.had  it  in  his  power  to  bring  the  whole  of  it  to  life  a^«in-  tfc 
faw,  with  re£;ret,  that  the  works  of  the  antient  painters,  whidi 
have  been  difcovcred  in  our  times,  arc  effaced  and  deiltoyod  al- 
moft  as  foon  as  they  are  drawn  from  the  fubterraneous  manfioM 
where  ihcy  were  buried.  A  hsppy  chance  funufbed  him  wkb 
the  means  of  »ihewing  us  the  compofttion  and  the  'ngof 

the  pidures  of  antient  Rome.     The  coloured  drav  ,*ht:h 

ihc  hmoMS  Pittrti-SaiitC' Bar tdi  had   taken  at  Rome,  frcm  an- 
tique paintings,  happened  to  fill  into  his  hands.     He  ^  •^^  t^'^ 
engraved^  and  before  he  enriched  the  King*^  cabinet  ss 
gave  an  edition  of  them  at  his  own  ex^nce*    Jkif  ftniipf  f^ 


\ 


a^d  BMi  Ltflreti  fruA  1754.  t»  1766. 


6*5 


i^ 


oft  cKtraordihary  baolc  of  antiquities  that  will. ever  appear. 

he  whole  is  pointed  with  a  precifion  and  a  purity  that  is  inimi* 

ble  ;  wc  fee  the  livelinefs  and  fre(hnefs  of  colouring  that  charm* 

d  the  eyes  of    the  Ca;fars.     There  were  only  thirty  copies 

ubiiihed  ;  and  there  is  no  reafon  to  expcdt  that  there  will  ever 

any  more.    What  will,  hereafter,  be  the  value  of  thefe  ad- 

irablc  copies,  the  faithful  monuments  of  ancient  painting,  in 

all  its  grace  and  beauty  ! 

Count  Caylus  was  engaged,  at  the  fame  t:me,  in  another  en- 
terprize,  ftill  more  honourable  for  the  Roman  grandeur,  and 
more  intercfting  to  the  French  nation.  In  the  latlr  age  Des  G&^ 
dit'L^  under  the  aufpices  of  Colbert,  publiihed  the  Antiquities 
of  Rome  *.  The  work  was  admired  by  att  Europe,  and  thofe 
nations  that  arc  mod  jealous  of  our  glory,  (hewed  the  opinioa 
they  entertained  of  its  merit  by  their  attempts  to  imitate  it. 
This  gave  birth  to  that  indefatigable  emulation,  which,  in  our 
il«iys,  carried  able  and  ingenious  travellers  to  Spalatro,  Halbcc, 
and  even  to  the  burning  fands  of  Palmyra,  in  order  to  vifit  the 
iainous  ruins  of  fo  many  magnificent  buildings,  and  to  prefent 
Cheni  to  our  view.  It  is  ihls  that  has  made  us  fpeclators  of  the 
onuments  of  Athens,  that  mother  of  learning,  of  arts,  and 
fcieiices ;  where,  in  fpitc  of  the  injuries  of  lime  and  barba- 
Tifm,  fo  many  illulhious  fculptors  and  architects  ftill  live  in  the 
ruins  of  their  edifices,  in  like  manner  as  fo  many  incomparable 
authors  lliU  breathe  in  the  valua^ble  fragments  that  remain  of 
Ihcir  writings.  The  fame  Colbert  had  formed  the  dcfign  of  en- 
graving the  Roman  antiquities  thiit  are  ftill  to  be  fcen  iu  our 
ibuihcrn  provinces-  By  his  orders,  Mignaid,  the  archite<i:t, 
had  made  drawings  of  them,  which  Count  Caylus  had  the  good 
fortune  to  recover.  He  refolved  to  iinifti  the  work  projccU-d 
by  Colberr,  and  to  dedicate  it  to  the  memory  of  that  great  mi- 
niftcr;  and  fo  much  had  he  this  glorious  cntcrpiize  at  heart, 
that  he  was  employed  in  it  during  his  latt  illnefs^  and  recom- 
mendtd  it  warmly  to  M.  Mariette.  The  projc^^l  ivilj  be  faith- 
fully executed.  Almofl  all  the  plates  are  already  engraved  ; 
and  if  no  unforcfcen  obftrudlion  arifcs,  the  work  will  be  fi- 
niihcd  with  a  precifion  and  beauty  that  will  leave  no  ad^^antage 
to  forctgn  nations.  An  able  archite.5t  is  now  upon  the  fpot, 
employed  by  M^  Mariette  in  meafuring  thofe  edifices  which 
cfcaped  former  rcfcarches,  and  in  verifying  the  drawings  of 
Mignard. 

'J  he  confidence  which  all  Europe  placed  In  the  knowledge 
d  tafte  of  Count  Caylus,  has  contributed  to  decorate  An^  cm* 
llifii  it.     The  powers  of  the  North  have  more  than  once 

•  See  a  traiiilaiioo  of  this  work  intoEogUih,  in RevIinVy  vpL  %Wu 

MO, 

Apf.  Rev*  V\A*  xlvi-  N  n  .    ^ai^W^v^ 


646  57;^  Hi/l^ry  of  thi  Royal  Academy  of  Infcriptions 

confulted  him,  more  than  once  referred  the  choice  of  artifts  t^ 
iiim  for  the  execution  of  great  undertakings.  Ic  is  to  the  pro- 
ledion  and  countenance  of  Count  Caylus,  that  Boucharaok, 
that  immortal  fculptor,  whofe  name  will,  in  future  times,  ac** 
company  that  of  Phidias  and  Praxiteles,  was  indebted  for  the 
noblcft  opportunities  of  difplaying  his  talents.  It  is  to  Count 
Caylus  that  the  city  of  P.aris  is  indebted  for  thofc  mafter-picces 
of  art,  which  are  two  of  its  nobleft  ornaments,  viz.  the  equef- 
trian  (latue  of  the  King,  and  the  fountain  in  the  Rue  di  GrentUe. 
>To  the  recommendation  of  Count  Caylus  our  Academy  is  in^ 
debted  for  the  bcft  defigner  in  Europe. 

He  (hunned  honours,  but  was  defirous  of  being  admitted  into 
the  number  of  the  honorary  members  of  this  Academy  :  he  en« 
•tered  into  it  in  1742,  and  then  it  was  that  he  feemed  to  have 
found  the  place  which  Nature  dcfigned  for  hrm.     The  ftudy  of 
literature  now  became  his  ruling  pailion  ;  to  it  he  confecrated 
•his  time  and  his  fortune ;  he  even  renour>eed  his  pleafures,  to 
give  himfelf  wholly  up  to  that  of  making  fome  difcovery  in  the 
vaft  field  of  antiquity.    But  he  confined  himfelf  generally  to  the 
fphere  of  the  arts.     In  confequence  of  his  refearches,  we  know 
how  the  Egyptians  embalmed  their  mummies,  and  converted 
the  papyrus  into  leaves  fit  for  receiving  writing.     He  (hews  us 
how  that  patient  and  indefatigable  people  laboured  for  years  at 
rocks  of  granite :   we  fee  the  moft  enormous  mafTes  floating 
along*  the  Nile  for  hundreds  of  leagues,  and,  by  the  efforts  of 
an  art  almoft  as  powerful  as  nature,  advancing  by  land  to  the 
place  deftined  for  their  reception.     His  knowledge  of  drawing 
enabled  him  to  explain  many  pafiages  in  Pliny,  which  were  ob- 
fcure  to  thofe  who  were  unacquainted  with  that  art.     He  has 
developed,  in  fcveral  memoirs,  thofe  expreffive  and   profound 
-ftrokes,  which  that  wonderful  Author  has  employed,  with  an 
energetic  brevity,  to  paint  the  talents  of  celebrated  painters  and 
fculptors.     He  does  more;  he  carries  us,  if  I  may  be  allowed 
the  exprcflion,  into  the  work-lhops  of  the  ancients,  and  he 
makes  the  Grecian  artifts  labour  under  our  eye.     In  Paufanias 
he  found  the  pencfil  of  Polygnotus,  and  the  compofition  of  thofe 
famous  pieces  of  painting  wherewith  that  illuftrious  artift  deco- 
rated the  portico  of  Dclphos.     He  rebuilt  the  theatre  of  Curio, 
and,  under  the  direftion  of  Pliny,  fhewed  again  that  aftoni(hing 
machine,  and  prefentcd  us  With  (^ie  view  of  the  whole  Roman 
people  moving  round  upon  a  pivot.     The  rival  of  the  moft  ce- 
lebrated archite61s  of  Greece,  without  any  other  affiftance  thaa 
'  a  paflfage  of  the  fame  Pliny,  he  ventured  to  biiiid  anew  the  mag- 
nificent tomb  of  Maufolus,  and  ro  give  to  that  wonder  of  the 
■  world  its  original  ornaments  and  proportions. —  . 

But  nbthmg  leemcd  more  flattering  to  him  than  his  difcovery 
of  cncauftic  painung.  K4dcu^\\oti  of  Piiny's^  but  too  concife  1 


^i  Belki  LeUrfff  from  1 7 64  f^  i  jSiS,  64^ 

one,  td  give  him  a  clear  view  of  the  matter,  fuggcfted  the  idea 
of  it.  He  availed  himfelf  of  the  fritnd(hi|>  ai>d  ticll  of  M.Ma* 
jault,  a  phyfjcian  in  Paris,  and  an  cX^ccilent  chcmift  ;  and^  bjr 
repeated  expcrimcnt^^^  fooini  out  the  fccrct  of  incorporating 
tvax  with  ditfcfent  tints  and  colours,  of  making  it  obedient  10 
Ibe  pencil,  and  thus  lendermg  pamti»g:s  immortal  *, 

Thus  it  was  that^  in  the  han dij  i;>i  Count  C^ylus,  litrratiire 
and  the  arts  lent  each  othrr  thcjr  mutual  aid — but  it  would  be 
Ciidlefs  to  give  a  particular  account  of  all  his  ditlcrtations  that 
are  publifhcd  in  our  Mtmotrs;  they  are  upwards ot  forty.  Never 
^^,%  there  an  academician  more  zealous  fur  the  honour  of  the 
Society  to  which  he  belonged.  The  artifts  he  was  particularly 
iittentivc  to  \  and  to  prevent  iheir  falling  into  miftakes,  from  an 
ignorance  oi  c^flumty  which  the  aWcft  of  them  have  fometiraes 
done,  he  founded  a  prize  of  five  hundred  Jivrc5,  the  objcS  of 
ivhich  is  to  explain,  by  means  of  authors  and  tnonuments,  the 
tifages  of  ancient  nations. 


♦  Pliny  mentions  two  kinds  of  encautlic  paintings  pra-^iifcd  by  the 
ajjcicnts  ;  one  of  which  was  performed  wilIi  *i^ax,  and  the  other  waa 
done  upon  svory^  with  hot  piinches  of  iron.  That  kind  of  painting 
with  wax*  Count  Caylos  had  the  merit  of  reviving.  M.  Miinu  af- 
terward made  mrsr.)  experiments  to  bring  this  arc  to  pcrfcftioo,  and 
wrote  a  book  upon  it,  of  which  we  gave  an  account  in  the  tzi  vo* 
lume  of  oar  Review;  but  we  believe,  through  fome  dii!ic«Ities  in  the 
rxecutioHi  it  has  not  yet  been  much  ufcd :  althouiyh  the  propertica 
actribtited  to  it  by  the  Abb^j  Mazeas,  In  a  Letter  to  the  Rcj  al  Society, 
are  fuch  as  could  not  fail  to  make  it  appear  of  gre."^:  value  to  fo  ex' 
celjent  a  connoii&ar  as  Count  Caylus^ 

The  Abbe  fays,  *  the  colours  have  not  that  natural  vanii0i,  or 
fliining,  which  ihey  acquire  with  oil;  but  you  are  capable  of  feeing 
the  pidurc  in  any  lif^ht,  or  in  whatever  fituation  you  place  it;  in 
fhort,  that  there  can  be  no  falfe  glare  gr  light  upon  the  pi£lurc,  for 
the  fpeflator  :  the  colours  are  fecured,  are  Itrong,  and  will  bear  wafli- 
Ing/  And  after  being  fmoaked,  and  then  expofed  to  tlie  dew,  he 
adds,  *  a  picture  becomes  as  clean  as  if  it  had  been  but  jutl  pointed.' 

Thefe  arc,  doubtlcfs,  the  grand  dtftdtrata  of  painting,  witn  refpefl 
lo  colours  ;  and  all  thefe  excellent  properties  belong  to  zi  much  Ingher 
/p^titi  ef  encaufiic  pAtntittg  lately  iifcovcrcd  in  England^  the  coloura 
of  which,  as  we  arc  informed,  are  fixed  by  a  very  intenfc  heat^  much 
(Ironger  than  that  ufed  by  the  enamel  painters  \  and  neither  the  co« 
lours,  nor  the  grounds  upon  which  they  are  laid,  arc  liable  to  be  dif« 
folved  or  corroded  by  any  chemical  mcnftruum,  or,  like  the  glaffy 
colours  of  enamel,  to  run  out  of  drawing,  in  the  fire; — propertiei 
that  raifc  this  fpccics  of  cncauilic  painting  far  above  all  other* 
hitherto  difcovered. 

Although  Pliny  doct  not  mention  them,  it  is  evident,  Ixom  nu* 
merous  monuments,  that  this  1  aft- mentioned  kind  of  encauftic  paint- 
ing, and  enamel  painting,  were  both»  /a  Jamt  digrte^  known  to  the 
aiK6teau# 


Na 


N^'i 


64^      Thi  KifltPj  ofthlR^yd  Aiaiifny  0f  Infer i^hm^  &d.  1 

With  this  view  it  was  that  he  collc£tcd»  at  a  very  great  fif-  1 
pence,  antiquities  of  every  kind*  Nothing  that  was  ancient  ' 
Seemed  indifferent  to  him.  Gods  and  reptiles,  the  richeft  me- 
tals, the  moll  bcauiiful  marble  monuments,  pieces  of  gUft, 
fragments  of  earthen  vafcs,  in  a  word,  every  thing  found  a 
place  in  his  cabinet.  The  entry  to  his  houfc  had  the  air  and 
appearance  of  ancient  Egypt  y  the  firft  objc^  that  pre  Tented  it- 
felf  was  a  fine  Egyptiun  flatue,  of  five  feet  five  inches^;  the  ftair- 
cafe  was  adorned  with  medalJionsand  curiofttres  from  China  and 
America.  In  his  apartment  for  antiques,  he  was  facn  fur- 
rounded  with  gods,  pritffts,  Egyptian  magiftraies,  Etrufcans, 
Greeks,  and  Romans,  with  fomc  Gaulic  figures  that  feemcd 
a&amed  to  flicw  themklvcs*  When  he  wanted  room  he  fent 
his  whole  colony  to  the  Royal  Depofitory  far  Antiques,  and  in 
a  very  little  time  his  apartment  was  filled  with  new  inhabitants, 
who  flocked  to  him  Uom  different  nations.  This  happened 
twice  during  his  life  i  and  the  third  co1le£lion,  in  the  midit 
of  which  he  ended  his  days,  was,  hy  his  orders^  camcdj  after 
his  death,  to  the  fame  Depofitory. 

7  his  curiofity,  in  many  inOances  fatal  to  private  fortuntSi 
was  always  proportioned  to  his  income,  and  never  burdcnfomc 
to  his  friends.  His  name,  which  was  known  in  every  country 
where  letters  are  refpcc^ed,  procured  him  a  great  number  of  cor- 
rcfpon dents.  All  the  antiquaries,  ihofc  who  thought  thcmfclvcs 
fuch,  thofc  who  wcic  dcfirous  of  being  thought  fuch,  were  am- 
bitious of  corrcfponding  with  him;  they  flattered  themfelvcs 
they  were  entitled  to  the  charadcr  of  learned  men,  when  ibcyl 
could  (hew  a  letter  fiom  Count  Caylus;  c*fSsit  f^ur  iux  (fay 
the  Author  of  the  Cloge)  un  brevet  d'anti^ualrc,  _ 

His  literary  talents  were  cmbcllifticd  with  an  incxhauftlble 
fund  of  naturrJ  goodncfs,  an  inviolable  zeal   for  the  honour  of  ^ 
his  prince  and   the  welfare  of  his  country,  an   unafFeiled  an 
genuine  polilcnefs,  ligorous  probity,  a  generous  difdain  of  flat- 
terers, the  warmcft  companion  for  the  wretched  and  indigent, 
the  gicaicft  fimplicity  of  charader,  and  fenfibility  of  friendihip 

The  ftfcngth  of  his  conlUtuiion  feemed  to  flatter  our  hopes 
of  his  continuing  many  years  longer  among  us,  but  in  the 
month  cf  July  J  764,  a  humour  fettled  in  one  of  his  legs,  whichj 
entirely  dctUoytd  his  health.  He  bore  fome  very  painful  op 
rations  with  great  courage  and  patience,  Whilfthewa^ 
to  keep  his  hcd,  he  fccmcd  icfs  affefted  with  what  h 
than  with  the  rLtlr^iint  upon  his  natural  aflivity*  Whea  thd 
wound  was  clofcd,  he  rcfumed  his  ufu^il  occupations  with  gr<a( 
^agemefe,  vifittd  bis  friends,  and  animated  ihc  labours  of  tJt« 
artids,  whilfl  he  himfelf  was  dying.  Carried  in  the  arms 
bis  domeAics,  he  fccmed  to  leave  a  portion  of  his  life  tn  every 
place  he  went  10.  How  ok\v2iN^  ^«^  Cectv  him  at  our  meetiugf  J 
in  this  condition?  Uonv  ol\  \v^\^  ^^  uiiii^Xii^ \^ V. ^^n^U J 


,m- 
vrs  J 

ro£j 
and 


V-<Awr^*s  ^eftiims  Jur  UEncyctopidU^ 


«49 


expire  in  the  midft  of  us  ?  When  an  univcrfal  languor  had  con- 
demncd  bim  to  his  bed,  he  tore  himfclf  from  it  whenever  the 
Academy  mer^  and»  in  fpiie  of  the  entreaties  of  his  friends,  ihc 
tears  of  his  domeftics,  in  fpitc  of  Nature  hcrtc  f,  who  refufed  ta 
fecond  his  efforts,  infifted  upon  being  carried  to  us.  He  cs^pircd 
on  the  fifth  of  September  1765  :  by  his  death  his  family  is  ex* 
xin<fl,  and  the  Academy,  the  arts,  and  the  literary  world,  hiivc 
Joft  their  warmcft,  their  moft  active  fuend,  and  their  molt 
-zealous  bonefa^^tor/ 

The  red  of  the  articles  ia  the  volume  be/ore  us^  mail  be  re* 
ierred  to  future  confideratton. 


Art.    IV: 

^tj9Unj  fur  tEacjhpidii. — [See  Appendix  to  Rev,  Vol,  44  J     By 
Voltaire,     Vols,  IV.  aad  V.     bvo,     171. 

THESE  two  volumes  contain  further  obfervalions  on  the 
celebrated  Di^ilipnary  of  the  Encyctopsedia  ;  but  they  only 
take  in  the  letters  C,  Z),  and  £,  fo  that  by  a  proper  ceconomy 
of  the  more  pregnant  parts  of  the  alphabet,  the  criticiffriS  oa 
the  Encyclopaedia  miy  pollibly  fwcU  to  the  fizc  of  the  Wiirlc 
itfctf*.  The  ftrf(Sures,  however,  cannot,  in  general,  be  faid 
to  be  impertinently  prolix.  1  hey  arc  frequently  acute,  and 
ibmetimes  well  founded  ;  but  they  often  betray  an  unaccount- 
able ignorance  of  what  is  confidently  affcrted  upon  knowledge^ 
For  inftance,  on  the  the  word  CiERK,  the  critic  fays,  that,  by* 
the  laws  of  England,  no  thief,  who  has  committed  a  robbery 
i^ot  exceeding  the  value  of  five  hundred  pound  {icrling,  can  be 
Ttin(^A  bis  pardon  if  he  can  read.  Were  the  now  exploded 
Benefit  of  Clergy  to  extend  thus  far,  the  tons  of  Tyburn  would 
have  fine  times  ! 

It  is  curious  to  obferve  with  what  cafy  alTurance  the  critic 
introduces  this  id.Ie  aflertioxJ.  *  We  have  remarked,  fays  he^ 
tpore  than  qnce,  that  the  ancient  cuftoms,  exploded  every  where 
elfe,  are  ftill  to  be  found  in  England,  as  the  Myftcrics  of  Or- 
pheus were  found  in  the  Ifle  of  Samothrace/  Now  this,  too, 
is  laq  egregious  mifrcprefentation  ;  for,  perhap?,  no  people  in 
the  world  are  farther  removed  fram  a  fuperflitious  reverence  for 
ancient  cuftoms  than  the  Engliih  fn  gcnrrai:  but  thofe,  who 
are  ignorant  of  our  laws,  ar^  not  Hk^cly  to  be  well  acquainted 
with  our  manners. 

Speaking  of  the  influences  of  climate  on  religion  (for  reli- 
gion, with  this  Author,  is  handled  on  every  Occafion,  and^ 
like  Jobfon^s  wife,  ig  to  receive  the  ftrappado  though  only  the 
cock  crows)  the  critic  fays^  '  There  are  people  on  whom  neithcc 

•  This  obfervation  was  made  before  we  f^w  a  fabfequcnt  conti^ 
nnaiion  of  tkefe  %f///5^/,  in  which    the  Authot  \v3i&  mTti^t  o^xOfLicx 
iiuQU  through  dw  iutcrior  pans  of  ibVi  gKW  %q^V.v 

N  0  3  <2iv^'* 


650  V.oltaIreV  ^ejliomfur  U Eneyclopidig* 

climate  nor  government  have  had  any  influences  with  refpefl  $0 
determining  their  religious  opinions.  What  wtt  h^  conCini|es 
he,  that  detached  the  north  of  Germany,  Dennurl;,  three  partf 
of  Switzerland,  Holland,  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
from  the  communion  of  the  Romiib  cluirch  ?-rPovcTty  I  Indul- 
gences and  deliverance  from  pyrgatory  were  fold  top  high  tQ 
the  poor  fouls,  who;e  bodies  had  but  little  money  in  theijp 
pockets.  The  prelates  and  the  monks  devoured  the  whple  pro- 
vincial revenues.  The  people,  therefore^  took  up  a  cheaper 
religion.       . 

This  logic  would  difgr^e  even  the  raweft  foph  in  Ombt- 
bridge.  It  is  well  known,  that  the  purcl^afe  of  preicnt  in- 
dulgences and  purgatorial  exemptions  is,  and  ever  was,  4 
voluntary  thing  among  the  Romanifts.  The  caufe  of  the  re-^ 
formation  could  not  therefore  be  poverty.  What  does  this 
y^uthor  think  of  the  principles  of  fuch  men  as  tbe  virtuous 
Lord  Cobham  ? — Men  who  Sacrificed  their  lives  to  the  liberty 
and  redemption  of  opinion  !  It  is  furely  wortf^  while  to  obviate 
this  fcandalous  aiTertlop,  that  poverty  was  the  pfinnuy  caufe 
of  eflablifhing  the  reformation  in  this  kingdom.  T-o  do  tbis^ 
We  need  only  look  back  to  the  fourteenth  century,  a  century 
•which  fecms  to  have  produced  a  new,  and  a  nobler  race  of 
men  !  Their  immediate  ancefiors  ftruggled  for  political  liberty, 
and  obtained  it;  but  they  contended  for  an  objcd  ftill  morq 
important,-^for  the  liberty  of  the  mind.  Superior  to  every  na- 
tural fear,  they  fought,  under  the  moft  defperate  difadvantagei, 
for  juftice,  for  honour,  for  the  independency  of  their  country: 
but  fuperior,  too,  to  every  moral  fear,  they  took  arms  under  the 
.|)anners  of  Reafon  for  the  privileges  it  afiigned  them. 

Thofc  privileges,  indeed,  were  great.  The  mod  deplorable 
degree  of  flavery  is  the  fubjedion  of  opinion.  If  a  mah  is  not 
permitted  to  think  for  himfelf,  he  furely  fuffers  a  worfe  impri- 
fonmtnt  than  the  mere  lofs  of  perfonal  liberty.  That  lofs  may 
be  incurred  by  natural  evils,  by  pain,  or  accident,  or  the  infir- 
mities of  age  ;  and  what  nature  has  made  us  liable  to  fufier, 
ihe  has  taught  us  to  fuftain.  But  that  we  fbould  forfeit  the  free 
exercife  o^  reafon,  was  never  her  intention  ;  and  for  this  ft^ 
has  not  left  us  a  refource,  even  in  patience.  Confcious  of  this, 
it  was  the  policy  of  thofe  who  made  a  property  of  the  mind,  to 
encourage  a  profound  and  univerfal  ignorance.  They  knew, 
that  to  awaken  ^bought  by  any  fpecies  of  learning,  would  be 
to  difa:m  their  own  power.  The  treafures  of  knowledge, 
therefore,  and  thofe  (hi ning  (lores  of  genius  and  moral  tnitb^ 
the  writings  of  antiquity^  they  fecretcd  in  their  cell^.  The 
ccclefnftics  had  two  motives  for  this  condud.     That  liberaj 

{*)hilofophic  fpirit,  that  freedom  pf  enquiry  and  e^^ertion  of  rea- 
otiy  yvhich  breathed  through  many  of  the  ancient  writerSt  they 
forefaw  would  b^  nctn  v]a^>\^'^vu.^>9A  xs^^^'^W^^^      tbei( 


Voltaire*!  ^eflionsfur  VEncychpidh. 


fijil 


is^  andf  in  the  next  place,  the  acquifition  of  bnguages 
krould  Uy  too  generally  open,  a  book,  tiom  which  they  prc- 
eodcd  to  draw  dui^rtnes  it  immediately  oppofed,  and  which 
}ieY  had  abufed  to  the  vileft  oif  purpofes. 

Their  apprchenfions  were  not  ground lefs.  Soon  after  tht 
liddleof  the  thirteenth  century,  that  book  was  hid  open,  and 
be  minds  oi  men  began  to  open  with  it.  The  parliament 
i;atled  upon  Richard  the  Second  to  revoke  the  power  he  had 
_ivcn  to  the  biftiops  for  the  arbitrary  punifhmcnt  of  heretics  ; 
^n^  it  was  revoked  accordingly. 

Unfortunately,  however,  for  the  caufc  of  religious  liber^y^ 
tht  fucceflbr  of  Richard  fupported  the  tyranny  of  the  ecclefi* 
aiFics.  Not  that  he  was  a  bigot.  Religion  was  indifferent  ta 
him  ;  but  he  was  poor,  and  they  were  rich.  Thus  poverty, 
inftcad  of  promoting,  as  the  Author  under  our  notice  aflerts, 
in  this  cafe,  prevented  the  reformation. 

Of  this  poverty  the  popifh  clergy  availed  thcmfelves*  and  , 
hy  fupplying  the  king's  pecuniary  wants,  which  were  frequent 
and  prcffing,  they  purchafed  his  authority.  The  manner  ia 
which  they  made  ufe  of  it  wa^  agreeable  to  the  rancour  of  their 
hearts.  When  the  underftandings  of  men  were  opened  againft 
them,  they  attacked  their  fears  i  and  thofc  who  profeflcdly,  or 
even  fufpeftedly,  dilFercd  from  them  in  religious  fentimentS| 
they  burned  alive. 

Still,  however,  as  learning  was  diffufed,  the  feeds  of  religi- 
ous reformation  were  fcattered  along  with  it:  the  doctrines  of 
WicklifF  had  many  fecret  abettors,  and  the  parliament,  as  it 
grew  more  enlightened,  held  the  clergy  in  fuch  deteftation, 
that  the  latter  prevailed  with  Henry,  when  he  iflued  bis  pro- 
clamation for  a  new  parliament,  to  recommend  it  to  the  peoplo 
to  chufc  fuch  reprefentadvcs  as  were  un? learned. 

But  the  enmity  of  the  parliament  againft  the  clergy,  how- 
ever reafonable  in  itfelf,  was  conduced  with  ill  policy.  Th« 
king  was  conftantly  applying  to  the  former  for  money,  and 
they  as  conftantly  petitioned  him  to  fupply  himfclf  from  the 
immcnfe  revenues  of  the  church.  The  ecclefiafttcs,  on  the 
other  hand,  artfully  prevented  hi*  requifitions  by  contributions 
which  they  could  eafily  fparc,  l^bus,  while  the  parliament 
fuppofcd  that  they  were  weakening  the  power  of  the  clergy,  by 
leflening  their  wealth,  they  were,  Tn  reality,  ftrengthcning  it, 
by  felling  the  royal  authority.  The  progrefs  of  religious  refer- » 
mat  ion  was  thereby  necefiarily  delayed,  and  thofc  who  favoured 
the  principles  of  Wickliff,  favoured  them  always  at  the  hazard, 
frequently  with  the  forfeiture,  of  life. 

The  above-mentioned  prince,  equally  inattentive  to  the  rights 
of  humanity^  and  to  the  fufFerings  of  his  people,  indifferent, 
ijideed^  to  every  interell  but  the  cilabliihtncnt  or  extenfioti  o£ 

N  n  4  Vysw 


652  VoltaircV  ^e/tiomfur  L £ncyclopidie: 

his  own  power,  left  a  fon  and  fucceflor  of  a  difpofidon  moc9 
favourable  to  the  privileges  of  mankind, 

Henry  the  Fifth  had  a  heart. — He  was  fulcepril^Ie  of  friend^ 
{hip,  compaffion,  and  general  humanity.  His  fentiments  were 
liberal,  pnembarrafled  by  fu perdition,  unlimited  by  bigotry; 
his  underftanding,  perhaps,  owed  fometbing  to  the  early  licen- 
tioufnefs  of  his  life;  and,  poflibly,  the  world  had  Icfs  to  fear 
from  fuch  a  tutor  as  Piers.  Gavefton,  than  from  an  Arundel,  of 
a  Chichely. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  it  is  certain,  that  the  accefEpfi  of  a  princp 
with  aiFeflions  friendly  to  human  nature,  warm  and  unimpaired 
by  any  long  experitrnce  of  the  ingratitude  of  men,  a  pnact 
who  had  been  fo  little  trained  in  the  fchool  of  fuperftition^ 
-not  nurs'd  in  creeds. 


Nor  fung  to  reft  with  vcfpcrs- 


It  is  obvious  that  the  acccfTion  of  fuch  a  prince  was  by  no  means 
promifmg  to  the  intcrcfts  of  religious  tyranny. 

The  churchmen  were  aware  of  this,  and  while  their  claim 
on  the  royal  authority  feemed  yet  unexpired,  they  made  an 
early  application  to  the  young  monarch  to  deftroy  the  fol- 
lowers of  Wickliff,  and  particularly  Sir  JohnOdcaftle,  one 
of  their  principal  leaders.  Their  applications  were  long  dis- 
regarded.  The  nionarch  was  too  liberal  to  deftroy  men  for 
their  opinion.  At  length  they  had  recourfc  to  artifice.  They 
knew  his  prevailing  paffion  was  ambition.  They  renfiinded 
him  of  his  title  to  the  crbwii  of  France,  and  oflFered  .  him  fup- 
plies  to  recover  it.  But  this,*  though'  it  would  weigh 
powerfully  with  Henry,  would  probably  have  been  infuiEcient 
to  make  him  facriRce  his  humattity,  had  they  not',  at  the  fame 
time,  found  means  to  perfuade  him,  that  the  inhoceht  reformers 
had  treafonable  defigns  upon  his  {krfon  and  gbvernment.  The 
papifls  fuc'ceeded,  and  the  nation  bluih^d  with  the  blood  of  fome 
of  its  beft  and  noblcft  *fubjc£h.  That  blood,  howc^r;  nbui 
I'iftfed  the  feeds  of  religious  liberty,  and  they  afterwards  grew 
into  a  fair  harveft.  * 

'  Frogi  this  vidw  of  the  origin,  ftate,  and  firft  principles  of 
the  reforrfi^iion  irf  this  kingdom,  the  falfity  of  the*  aflertion^ 
that  it  had  itl5  rife  from  pbverty,  will  be  fufficieiitly  obvious. 

•  VVe  ftiall'now  proceed  to  another  ftage  of  the  alphabet  with 
this  mai'auding  Authoi",  who,  like  a  certain  animal*,  ba$  the 
qualities  of  being  at  once  mifchievous  and  entertaining.     " 
^        —••••''•Crimes." 

<  A  Roman,  in  Egypt,  had  the  misfortune  to  kill  a  con- 
fecrated  cat,  and  the  people,  •  enraged  at  the  impiety,  tofe 
the'Koman'to  pieces'.  Had  this  Roman'^been  brought  to  a  fair 
trials  and'  had  his  judges  been  blefled  'with  conimon  fenfe; 
rhry  would  have  fentcnccd  him  to  «lk  pardon  of  the  Gypfief 


Voleaire'j  ^eftkm  fur  VEncyikpUU. 


S6l 


and  the  cats*  and  tp  pay  a  confidcraWc  fine  cither  in  money  Qr 
in  mice.  They  would  have  told  him  that  it  Wiis  neccijkry  to 
rcfpect  the  follies  of  a  people  ^hich  he  Jiad  not  pov^er  ^P 
corteA. 

*  The  chief  jufticc  would  probably  have  addreflfed  hirn  thut 
^-**  Every  country  has  its  legal  follies,  and  delinquencies  thac 
arc  fo  conftituted  and  denominated  merely  from  time  and  place. 
lf»  in  your  city  of  Rome,  which  is  now  miftrefs  of  Europe, 
Africa,  and  Afia  Minor,  one  (hould  kill  a  pullet  that  had  beeii 
confecratcd'  when  her  grain  was  given  her  to  know  precifely 
the  will  of  the  Gods*,  the  feverclt  puntfhments  would  be  the 
confequcnce.  We  believe  you  killed  our  cat  from  want  of 
knowing  her  quality  and  importance.  You  have  the  repre- 
heiiGon  of  the  court.  Go  in  peace,  and  be  more  circumfpeft 
for  the  future." 

*  It  is  certainly  a  matter  of  indifference  whether  a  man  has 
a  ftaiue  in  his  area  or  not,  yet,  when  Auguftus  was  maflcr  of 
the  world,  if  a  Roman  had  ereSed  a  ftatue  of  Brutus  in  hit 
garden,  he  would  have  been  puniflied  for  fedition.*  The 
Author  of  ihefe  remarks  has  here  the  voice  of  antiquity  againft 
him,  ^ith  refpcd  to  Auguftus  Caefar's  difpofition  to  the  me- 
inory  of  Brutus*  *  A  ftatue  t  of  bra fs  had  been  erected  to  the 
latter  at  Milan,  in  Gallia  Cifalpina,  which  was  a  fine  pprForm* 
ance,  and  a  flriking  likcnefs*  Caefar,  as  he  pafTcd  through  the 
town,  took  notice  of  it,  and,  fummoning  the  magilTratca, 
in  the  prefcnce  of  his  attendants,  he  told  them  they  had 
broken  ihe  league  by  harbouring  one  of  his  enemies.  The 
magiftrates,  as  may  well  be  fuppofed,  denied  this,  and  ftircd 
at  each  other,  profoundly  ignorant  what  enemy  he  could  mean. 
He  then  turned  towards  the  ftatue,  and,  knitting  his  brows, 
faid,  **  Is  not  thrs  my  enemy}'*  *  The  poor  MtUnefe  were 
idufirb  with  aflonifliment;  but  Cj^sar  tM  them^  with  a  fmili^ 
'that  he  wai  ptiafedts  fin^  them  faithful  to  thtir  friends  inadvtrftty  j 
4imi  ordered  that  the  flatut  jhmld  cmtif  tut  where  it  was,' 

Under  the  article  of  Crimes,  deriving  different  complexion* 
from  diffcri:nce  of  time, 'place  and  circumftance,  an  offence 
againft  our  Lady  of  Loretto  is  mentioned,  with  all  the  horrible 
cifirumftances  attending  it, 

*  It  is  well  knowii  what  rcfpeft  is  neceffary  to  be  paid  to 
our  Lady  of  Loretto,  by  thofe  who  travel  through  the  Mircbe 
ofAncona,  Three  young  men  go  thither,  make  them fetves merry 
91  thcexpence  of  our  good  Lady,  who  tnok  a  journey  through 
fhe  ajr,  baited  a  while  in  Dalmatia,  and  changed  her  fituaiion 
three  or  four  times  before  ftie  found  that  the  air  of  the  Adriatic 


•  Vide  LanghorneV  Plutarch,  vol*  v.  p.  iio» 
f  Ibid.  vol.  vi.  p.  ioj. 


^54  Voltaire'/  ^lejiionsfur  V Encyckpidii. 

i¥Ould  bed  agree  with  her.  Our  young  bloods,  after  fapper« 
fmg  a  catch,  written  by  fome  heathenifh  HugonoC,  againft  tbe 
removal  of  the  holy  houfe  from  Jerufalem  to  the  Giuf  of  .Ve- 
nice. A  fanatic  hears  of  this,  makes  diligent  inquiry,  prodoc^ 
witnelTes,  and  procures  warrants.  Thefe  warrant  alarm  the 
people.  Every  one  of  them  is  afraid  of  fpealciog.  Comoum 
criers,  alehoufe-keepcrs,  footmen,  ferving-maids^  have  beard 
what  was  never  faid,  and  feen  what  was  never  done.  All  is 
confufion,  all  dreadful  fcandal  through  the  Marcfie  of  Ancooa. 
About  half  a  league  from  Loretto,  it  is  reported,  that  the^ 
three  boys  have  killed  our  Lady.  A  league  farther,  it  is  aflert- 
cd,  that  they  threw  the  holy  houfe  into  the  fea.  In  the  end 
they  are  condemned, — firft  to  have  their  hands  cut  off,  then 
to  have  their  tongues  torn  out,  after  this  to  be  tortured  till  they 
ihould  confcfs,  by  figns  at  leaft,  how  many  ftanzas  the  catch 
confided  of,  and  lad  of  all  to  be  burnt  in  a  flow  fire. 

^  An  advocate  of  Milan  happening  to  be  at  Loretto  at  tb'tf 
time,  afks  the  chief  magidrate  what  crime  thefe  boys  had  beeii 
guilty  of  that  they  were  capitally  condemned — a(ks  him  if  they 
had  violated  their  mother,  and  afterwards  cut  her  throat  and 
cat  her.  Oh,  no  !  fays  the  judge,  to  aflfaflinate  and  eat  one'i 
father  or  mother  is  an  offence  againft  man  only.  This  is  quite 
a  different  affair.' 

Cromwell. 

*  Oliver  Cromwell  was  regarded  with  admiration  by  the  Pu- 
ritans and  Independents  of  his  time.  He  was  their  heroe,  but 
his  fon  Richard  is  mim.  The  father  was  a  fanatic,  who 
would  now  be  hided  in  the  houfe  of  commons  for  pronouncing 
half  a  fentence  of  that  unintelligible  jargon,  which  he  vented 
among  his  fanatic  brethren,  while  they  heard  him  with  gaping 
inouths,  and  eyes  turned^up  to  heaven  at  the  name  of  the  Lord. 
if  he  were  now  living,  and  fhould  fay,  "  We  muft  feek  the 
Lord,  we  muft  fight  the  Lord's  battles,"  if,  to  thic  difgraceof 
human  reafon,  he  (hould  introduce  this'Jewilh  jargon  into  the 
parliament  of  Great  Britain,  he  would  be  thought  more  fit  for 
the  fpciety  of  Bedlam,  than  for  xhe  command  of  an  army. 

*  Undoubtedly  he  was  brave — and  fo  are  wolves.  There 
are  apes  too  that  are  as  furious  as  tygcrs.  Of  a  fanatic  he  ber 
came  an  adroit  politician,  that  is  to  fay,  the  wolf  was  meti- 
inorphofed  into  a  fox.  By  his  knavery  he  rofe  to  the  firft  ranks 
that  the  outragious  enthufiafm  of  the  times  could  give  htnif 
He  rofe  to  the  pinnacle  of  grandeur,  and,  like  a  thorough-paced 
villain,  tipd  on  the  necks  of  the  fanatic  wretches  who  bad 
raifed  him.  He  reigned,  'tis  true,  but  he  lived  in  difcontent 
and  horror.  His  days  were  uneafy,  and  his  nights  without  reft. 
He  was  a  ftranger  to  the  confolations  of  friendfliip  and  fociety. 
His  death  was  untimely,,  and  certainly  more  juftly  fo  than  that 
•f  the  monarch  he  hiou^t  xo  ^'t  fe»&dA^    ♦ 


Voltaire*/  ^tjihmfur  V EncycUpiiie^ 


655 


«  Richard  Cromwell,  on  the  contrary,  born  with  an  humble^ 
tut  fciifiblc  mind,  rcfufcd  to  keep  his  tVther's  crown  •  ax  the 
expence  of  the  lives  of  three  or  fQi|r  faftious  fubjcdst  which 
|ic  might  eafily  have  facrificed  to  his  ambition.  He  chofc  rather 
to  retire  to  a  private  lUtion  ih^n  to  be  the  moft  powerful  affaf* 
fin.  He  rcjeded,  without  regret,  the  prote£toratc,  to  live  like 
a  common  citizen.  Happy  and  caly  in  the  country,  he  enjoyed 
a  good  Rate  of  health,  .and  pofleflcJ  his  foul  in  peace  for  the 
fpace  of  ninety  years,  the  friend  and  prctttlor  of  his  neigh* 
hours, — Let  the  reader  determine  which  condition  he  would 
^kufe«  that  of  the  unquiet  father,   or  that  of   the  peaceable 

The  Country   Rector* 

This  is  a  dialogue  between  Ariftus  and  Theotimus,  the  latter 
pf  whom  was  gf>ing  to  take  pollcjioo  of  his  living  in  the 
country.  The  dialogue  (for  this  Author  has  written  fo  much^ 
^at  he  frequently  re-writes  from  himftlQ  appeared  fomc  years 
ago  in  the  Di^ionmn  Philofiphique ;  however,  there  is  fo  much 
good  fenfe  and  humanity  in  it,  that  it  merits  the  moil  cxtenfivc 
circulatton* 

jfri/lus.  So,  my  friend,  yoi^  arc  going  to  take  poDTcffion  of 
your  living  in  the  country. 

Thmimm.  1  am  :  1  have  got  a  little  parifli,  and  I  like  it 
better  than  a  large  one,  1  have  but  a  fmall  portion  of  knowledge 
and  induflry,  I  could  not  polBbly  take  care  of  fevcnty  thoufand 
fouls,  as  I  have  myfctf  no  more  than  one.  A  great  flock  would 
make  me  afraid  ;  I  may  pofllbly  do  fome  good  to  a  fmall  one. 
I  know  enough  of  jurifprudcncc  to  prevent,  as  far  as  in  roc 
lies,  my  poor  parifhi  jncrs  from  ruining  themfclves  by  law-fuits. 
I  underftand  enough  of  agriculture  to  give  them  ufcful  advice, 
^he  Lord  of  the  manor  and  his  Lady  are  good  people,  without 
faperftitjon,  and  will  allilt  me  in  doing  good,  I  flatter  myfeliF 
that  r  ftall  be  very  happy,  and  that  1  fliall  fee  no  body  unhap- 
py about  me. 

Jrtft*  But  does  not  the  waht  of  a  wife  give  you  fome  uneafi* 
nefs  I  Such  a  companion  would  certainly  make  your  life  more 
comfortable.  You  would  hnd  it  very  agreenblc  after  having 
preached,  chanted,  confefled,  communicated,  baptised,  in* 
terred,  viftted  the  fick,  reconciled  the  difputes  of  your  pari- 
ihioners,  and  fpent  the  day  in  their  fervice,  to  meet  at  home  a 
render  and  amiable  woman,  who  would  lake  care  of  your  linen 
and  your  perfon,  who  would  cjiliven  you  in  bealcb,  nurfe 
ygu  in  ficktjefs,  and  bl efs  you  with  fine  children,  whom  you 
might  bring  up  to  be  ufeful  men^bers  of  fociety.  It  is  a  pity 
that  you  who  are  in  the  fervice  of  mankind  fhould  be  deprived 
of  a  comfort  fo  ncceffary  to  man. 

f  ^0  our  Author  txpreifti  himfelf. 


UEntjcwpmr*  ^H 

Thi$t.  Thf  Gfeek  church  h  very  arduous  in  cncm)ra|^Ti»^ 
ker  clcxgy  fo  marry  ;  the  church  ©f  England  and  other  Pro-   ' 
Ccliaiit  dMiDolMa  have  foUowed  the  fame  wtfc  principle*     But 
|4ic  church  of  Home  has  adopted  a  diflrrent  policy,  and  I  inuft 
luboHt.     Portibly,  in  thcfe  days,  when  the  fpiriiof  philosophy 
has  made  fo  confidcrable  a  proi^rcfs,  fomc  future  council  tsnf  j 
make  laws  more  favourable  to  humanity.     In  the  mean  time,  I 
however,  it   is  ficcefiary  that  I   (hould  cpnTorm  to  the  laws  in  I 
being;  the  facrifice  b  great,  I  own,  but  as  fo  many  people  of  j 
fupertor  merit  lubmit»  1  ought  not  to  murmur.  I 

Jrijh  You  fpeak  like  a  man  of  fenfc.  Pray  what  kio^  of  i 
fcrmonsdo  you  propofc  to  give  your  country  congregation  ?  'I 
Jheot,  The  fame  that  I  would  preach  before  kings ;  alwavs  I 
nioral,  never  controverfial.  Heaven  pfcfcrve  me  from  diving  J 
mtotiie  myileries  of  grace  concomitant,  grace  effe^Sual  but  re-'l 
fiftible,  and  grare  fufficient  which  fufRceih  not ; — from  cxa-  " 
mining  whether  the  angels  that  eat  with  Abraham  and  Lot  hd 
teal  bodies,  or  only  fcemcd  lo  eat,  A  thoufand  things  there  J 
are  of  this  kind,  which  neither  my  people  would  undcrfland,! 
nor  yet  their  paftor,  i  fliall  endeavour  to  make  both  them  an<M 
tbcir  miniftcr  konefl  men,  but  I  Ihall,  by  no  means^  be  ambi*  I 
tiou9  of  making  them  theologtan3,  and  I  itaall  be  as  little a$| 
poffible  in  that  charadlcr  myfelf.  ] 

ArijL  O  ivorthy  rector  !    1  will  purdiafe  a  country-houfe  m  I 
your  parini,<^But  tell  me,   pray,  what  ufe  will  you  make  of 
confefiion  I 

•   Thidt.    Confeffion  is  an  excellent  thing  :    a  reflralnt  upon 
^ice,  which   had  its  origin  in  the  remoteft  antiquity*     It  was 
ufed  in  the  celebration  of  all  the  ancient  myflertes*      We  have 
adopted  and  fan6lified  that  fage  cuftom.     Nothing  more  cfSrc* 
tuat  to  induce  thofe  hearts  that  are  eaten  up  with  the  rancuufl 
of  malice  to  reconciliation,    or   to  make  petty  thieves   reilor 
what  they  have  ftolen  from  their  neighbour.     It  has  fomc  iu 
conveniences.     There  are  many  indifcreet  confclTors,  paftkii!!^ 
lafly  among  the  monks,    who  fomciimes  teach  more   folltei] 
to    the  girls  than   alj   the    boys   of  the    village  would   mike 
them  guilty  of.     1  would  have  no  details  \r\  confeOion.     It  if 
not  a  judicial  examination.     It  is  an  acknowledgment  of  thofitf 
offences  which  one  finner  commits  again  ft  the  Supreme  Bcinjij 
to  another,  who  is  lo  make  the  fame  acknowledgment  in  hti 
rum.     It  is  a  falutary  acknowledgment,  not  calculated  to  gri^ 
tify  thecuriofity  of  man. 

Arifl.  Then,  with  regard  to  cxcommunication$«*-*wliat  will 
you  do  in  that  cafe  ? 

Thsot.    Nothing.     There  are  rituals  for  excommunicatin^J 

graflioppers,   conjurers  and  comedians.      VVb»lc  the  graihop>J 

6 


Vol  tairc'i  ^tflkni  fur  VEncydopidlin  60 

|»ers  come  not  into  my  church,  I  (ball  lay  no  itUerdti3  tifion 
tliem.  I  (hall  not  cxcommufircate  conjurers,  bccaufe  there  are 
no  coftj^rers  ;  and  as  to  the  players,  a^  ihey  are  pcnfioned  by 
the  kiog«  and  authorised  by  the  magiftrate,  I  (hall  bewaro  i^ 

I  hurting  thf  ir  chara<^ers.  I  will  own  to  you,  as  »  friertd^  that 
fe  have  a  taile  for  a  pJay,  if  there  is  nothing  in  it  o(fen&vt  to 
becrncy  or  gocid  manners.  I  am  paiHonately  fond  of  ilia 
HHifjnthrope,  and  of  all  the  moral  tragedies.  The  Lord  of 
the  manor  has  fomc  of  thefc  pieces  performed  in  his  houfe  by 
^oung  people  who  have  a  theatrical  turn,  Thcfe  exhibitionil 
convey  the  primriples  of  vfrtue  through  a  vehicle  of  pleafure* 
They  teach  the  art  of  fpeaking  and  pronouncing  wclK  I  Set 
nothing  but  what  is  both  innocent  and  ufcrul  in  all  this:  I 
fometimes  go  for  my  own  inilru<f^ion  }  bi»t  am  behind  tho 
fccncs,  that  I  may  not  offend  weak  minds. 

Ari/h  The  more  I  learn  of  your  fentiments,  th«  more  de* 
firous  I  am  of  becoming  your  pariihioncr;  but  thetfc  is  one  point 
of  confequcnce,  which  embarrafles  me.  What  will  you  do  to 
prevent  the  peafants  from  getting  drunk  on  holidays  }  That  is 
the  ufual  way  in  which  they  celebrate  them*  Yoti  fee  the 
poor  wretches  half  dead  with  fwallowing  a  liquid  poifoni  their 
heads  hanging  down  ro  their  knees,  their  hands  danglini;,  un* 
able  either  to  fee  or  hear,  reduced  to  a  condition  far  beneath 
that  of  biutes,  led  reeling  home  by  their  weeping  wives,  inca* 
pableof  working  the  next  day,  often  fick*  andbelotted  for  the 
TcR  of  their  lives.  Others  you  fee  abfolutely  frantic  in  their 
cups,  fall  into  bloody  frays,  and  cloic  in  murder  ihofe  fccnc» 
that  arc  the  difgrace  of  human  reafon.  It  is  certain,  that  the 
ftare  lofes  more  fubjefts  by  holidays  than  by  battles  ; — what 
will  you  i\o  to  conquer  this  execrable  abule  in  your  pariftx  ? 
^H  77j«/*  My  meafures  arc  taken.  I  will  fuftVr,  I  will  even 
^Hbllicif)  my  people  to  cultivate  their  grounds  on  holidays,  after 
divine  fervice,  which  I  (hall  begin  at  an  early  hi^ur,  fs  over* 
It  is  the  idtenefs  of  holiday-making  that  leads  them  to  the  ak- 
houfe.  Days  of  work  are  not  the  days  of  debauchery  and  mur- 
der. Moderate  labour  contributes  equally  to  the  health  of  the 
body  and  of  the  mind  :  this  labour  is  moreover  ntfccfiary  to  the 
ftatc.  Let  us  fuppo'e  five  millions  of  men,  who  make»  one 
day  With  another,  five  pence  each  by  their  labour,  and  this  w* 
putcin^r  the  account  on  a  moderate  footing.  You  make  thefe 
five  millions  ufelcfs  thirty  days  in  the  yc^r.  The  ftate,  there^ 
fore,  lofes  thirty-five  millions  of  ten  fous  pieces  [five  pcncej 
a  year  in  manual  labour,  Certaialvt  neither  thid  lofs^  not 
drunkennefs,  could  ever  be  inftituttd  by  Qcdu 

Arifi    So  you   would   reconcile   piayer   and   labour.      Botb^ 
^^idoubtcdly,   were  of  divine  appointment*      1  hus  you   wiU 


^s8  VoItaWr  S^j^lm/tdrV£s!^r9^B^^^^^ 

icrve  both  God  and  your  neighbour.  But  in  ecddiafifcat  dlC» 
puces,  what  part  wiii  you  take  ? 

•  Theof*  None*  Virtue  occafions  no  difpiitcs^  becaufe  virtue 
fa  of  God*     Opinions  create  quarrels,  becaule  they  are  of  m&L 

Jrifl.  O  WORTHY  Rector  !  worthy  Rector  f 
We  find  under  the  Icuer  D  a  rcfutnr"    -  rather  a  fim 

denial,  of  a  cenfurc  which  ihe  Bifliop  of  cr  has  paflcil 

on  Cicero    in  one  of  his    prefaces   to    ihc  Divmc   Lcgj| 

*  Warburton  has  abufed  Cirero,  and  ancient  Romc^  as 
his  own  contemporaries.     He  iias  the  aOUnnee  lo  take  k  fof 

f ranted,  that  Cicero  rhus  ejtprellcs  htmrdf  in  his  orati<Jn  Jor 
lacciiS  :  MajiJiaUm  imperii  nm  dauit  ut  unus  tartitnn  Dsm  csUi  - 
h  i*  It  is  inconfiftcnt  with  the  dignify  of  the  Rum.-  ,  u 

worfhip  one  God  only.     Indeed  i    who  could  havt  \i' 

Not  one  fyllablc  like  this  cither  in  the  oration  for  i*iac\:ud«  of 
in  any  other  part  of  Cicero's  works  '  Somt^  '« Jeufices  were  ai* 
leged  againft  Flaccus  in  his  pretorace  of  ^  or.     He  wii 

privately  perfccuted  by  the  Jews,  who  then  i warmed  in  Roo^ct 
for  they  had  purchafed  their  cnfianchifcment,  at  the  fame  linitf 
that  Pompey,  after  Crafliis,    having  taken  J  ,    caufeJ 

their  petty  King   Alexander,, the   fon  of  A\  ,    to  b^ 

hanged,  Flaccus  prohibited  the  currency  oi  gold  and  fijver 
coin  in  Jcrufalcm,  bccaufe  the  Jews  altered  it,  and  commerce 
fulFered  by  it.  What  was  fraudulently  conveyed,  he  after* 
wards  feizcd.  This  coin,  fays  Cicero,  is  ftiil  in  the  treafur  , 
and  Flaccus  has  condu£ied  himfclf  as  difin:crclled]y  as  Fotu- 
pey*  Cicero,  afterwards,  in  his  peculiar  ironical  way,  pro- 
ceeds thus:  **  Every  country  has  its  religion,  we  have  oursi 
While  Jerufalem  was  yet  free,  and  the  Jews  lived  in  peace, 
thofe  Jews  held  in  abomination  the  fplcndorof  the  Roman  em- 
pire, the  dignity  of  the  Roman  name,  and  the  iuftitutions  of 
our  anceftors.  l^hat  nation  has  now  fhewn  by  its  arms  wha! 
idea  it  ought  to  entertain  cjf  the  Roman  empire  ;  it  has  (hewn« 
by  its  valour,  how  dear  it  is  to  the  Gods!  All  this  it  has 
proved  by  being  conquered,  difperied,  enilaved  ['*  In  (hortt 
neither  Cicero,  nor  any  other  Roman  writer,  ever  let  fall  an 
cxprelTion  in  the  Icaft  importing,  that  to  acknowledge  one  God 
only  was  inconfiftent  with  the  dignity  of  the  Roman  empire* 
The  Roman  Jupiter^  the  Z^us  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  y^hv^ 
of  the  Phoenicians  were  always  confidered  as  the  fuprcmc  Divi^ 
nity ;  and  this  Is  a  truth  which  cannot  be  too  generally  culti- 
vated/ 

As  Spinofa  was  of  the  famous  band  of  the  ifprits  ftrtu  his  pro- 
feffion  oi  faith  may  be  a  cur iofity  to  many  of  our  Readers  who 
have  not  met  with  it.  It  is  as  follows  :  *  Should  I  conclude  from 
comprizingt  under  the  idea  of  a  Godf  the  LnAaity  of  the  unl- 

?«fC| 


Vo\t7axt''t  !^ifiUf!sfur  VEnejchffiSe. 


^59 


"Vcrfe,  that  my  Idve»  worftiipt  and  oWlcncc,  may  thertforW 
be  dtfpcnfed  with,  I  Chould  make  i  very  pernicious  tife  of  roy 
reafun.  For  it  is  evident  to  me,  that  the  laws  I  have  re- 
ceived^  not  through  human  negoc'utk  n  orconvcyance,  but  ito- 
mediately  from  himfelf,  arc  thofe  which  the  fight  of  nature 
gave  me^  as  the  true  guides  of  a  ratic 
fail  in  my  obedience  in  this  refpedl,  1 
againft  the  principle  of  my  being,  and 


ft.     Should  I 

Cn,  noi  only 

,  fociety  of  mjr 

V   u.^   r.ing  myfelf  of 

It  h  true  this  obedf- 

ftatioii,  and  makes  me 

invented  by  fupcr^ 


ces. 


fellow* creatures,    but  againft  myfelf,  ! 

the  grcateft  advantage  of  my  exiftence, 

ence  binds  me  only  to  the  ^^ 

look  upon  all  the  reft  as  ft 

fiition,  of  for  the  emolument  of  thoic  that  inftitutcd  them, 

*  With  refpect  to  the  love  of  God,  far  from  being  weakenttl 
by  this  idea,  1  know  of  nothing  more  calculated  to  cncouragfe 
and  infpirc  it.  It  is  the  idea  of  canne<51'ing  the  infinity  oPthe 
univcrfe  with  his  being  which  brings  him  home  to  myfij^ 
which  makes  me  perceive  his  intimacy  w*ith  my  own  exiftertc^ 
that  he  gave  me  this  exiftencc  with  all  its  f-icultrcs,  but  tb^ 
he  gave  it  me  freely  and  difmtereflcdly,  without  fubjcfling  m« 
to  any  thing  but  the  laws  of  my  own  nature.  This  idea  ba* 
ni(hes  fear,  rnquietude,  diftruft,  and  all  the  weaknefs  of  a 
vulsiar  or  intercfted  love.  It  convinces  me,  that  the  divrnc 
Being  is  a  bleffing  whrch  I  cannot  lofe,  and  which  1  pwjffefs  thfe 
snore,  the  more  I  know  and  Inve  him/ 

There  is  certainly  fomething  very  noble  in  thcfc  fentimcnts, 
and  were  the  whnle  world  a  fociety  of  philbfctphcrs,  actuated 
by  the  fame  refined   principles,    this  c       '  '  '    '  ^         1y 

fcrve  for  3  tVftcm  of  rtUgioo.     I:  h  fen  .  ii- 

fiments  on  the  love  of  the  Supreme  Bcmg  arc  precifely  the 
fame  with  thofe  of  the  divine  Fcnelon.  How  could  men  of 
fuch  oppofite  principles  unite  fo  clofely  in  fo  cfiential  a  point  ?' 

This  Wriier*s  rem;4rks  on  the  fabulous  nature  of  ancieitt 
htftory  are  certainly  very  juft,  Herodotus  and  Diodorus  Sicit- 
Jtis  were  the  threat  fathers  of  it,     Hear  his  c  :s  on  thoft 


writers :    *  VV'hcn  Harry  Stephens  called  h 


Rhapfody 


an  Apology  for  Herodotus,  it  U  obvious  thai  his  aim  was  not 
to  juftify  the  tale^  of  that  writer.  He  meant  only  to  laugh  at 
us,  and  to  (hew  that  the  foDiei  of  our  own  times  were  worfe 
than  thofe  of  the  Egyptians  and  Perfians,  He  treats  them  as 
a  protcftant  would  trc.it  the  papifts.  He  repro^^ches  them  with 
their  debauchery,  their  avarice,  their  crimes  expiated  with 
money,  iheir  indulgences  fold  in  public  houfes,  the  falfc  relics 
exhibited  by  their  monks. — He  calls  them  idolaters.  He  U 
daring  cnpugh  to  fay,  that  if  the  Egyptians  worfhipped,  ac- 
cording to  the  vulgar  report,  cats  and  onions,  the  papHts,  with 
c^ual  abfurdity,  worfliip  dead  boncs^     Tht  Uutx  Ut-  ciSX'fe;^  \tv 


\:m^ 


46o  VoluifcV  ^tJHamfir  t*EHeytli 

h'n  Jjrclimmary  difcourfc^  Tbeophap^  God-eiicrs/  Wc  kitt 
fourtccji  editions^  fays  Voltaire,  of  iht»  book,  bccaufe  we  »t 
fond  of  fciinclal  when  it  is  levelled  at  a  com rri unity,  though  mt 
hate  it  abominably  when  it  is  pointed  at  oLrritU'es,  And  bu 
obfcrvation  is  very  juft,  *  Harry  Stephens  then^  contiaiies  h<^ 
Availed  himiclf  ot  this  edition  of  Herodoius  only  to  render  ^ 
ridiculous.  We  have  a  diftercnt  view.  Wc  profKtfe  to  ftcw 
that  the  modern  hiftorics  of  our  beft  authora  are,  ii  1,  m 

replete  wirh  good   fcnfc  and  as  true,  as  ihofc  of  I  A^ini 

Herodotus  are  fabuloUs  and  foolifli. 

*  What  fays  the  father  of  hiftory  ih  the  hegifiiting  of  liii 
work?  The  rerfian  hiftorians  relate  thatwhc  Phccntciaii&  were 
fhr  authors  of  all  the  wars.  What  then  !  did  they  come  froip 
xht  Red  Sea  into  ours  f  &c-  It  Qiould  feem  that  the  Pham* 
cians  embarked  at  the  Gulf  of  Suez  ^  that,  when  arrived  at  tk 
Stretghts  of  Babel  TVUndel,  they  coafled  along  Ethiopta«  piiM 
the  Line^  doubled  the  Cape  of  Storms^  now  called  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  repaflcd  the  Line,  entered  the  Mediterranean  IC 
the  Streights  of  Gibraltar^  which  mull  have  been  a  voyage  of 
more  chiin  four  thoufand  leagues,  at  a  time  when  itavigation 
was  but  in  m  infancy.' 

With  tefpccl  to  Diodorus  SicuUis,  our  Author  obfervei,  and 
we  aj^rec  v^'ith  hlm^  that  his  veracity  is  as  little  to  be  depended 
upon.  *  One  of  his  moft  fliining  fcene.s  is  his  defcrjption  of 
the  ifland  ofPanchaia,  that  Pamhaka  TVy/i/r  celebrated  by  Vir- 
gil, Hat  dtc  villas  of  trees  that  breathe  cvcrhdling  fragrance, 
a  parti  di  vue^  myrrh  and  inccnfe  which  a  facnncing  worW 
could  not  exhaull  \  fountains  that  divide  themfclves  into  num- 
berlefs  canals,  whofe  borders  blufh  with  a  fuccefTtve  bloom  of 
flowers  ;  birds  that,  uiiknown  in  other  regions,  fmg  beneitb 
the  unf4din^  foliage  of  their  iliades  ;  a  temple  of  pure  marbk, 
four  thoufand  feet  in  Jength^  adorned  with  columns  and 
Igflal  (latucs. 

This  puts  one  In  mind  of  the  Duke  dc  la  Fertc,  who, 
flatter  the  humour  pf  the  Abbe  Servien»  faid  to  him  one  dayi 
Ah  !  mv  dear  Abbe,  if  you  had  fecn  my  fon,  who  dicJ  at  th« 
age  of  fifteen  1  Wbiit  eyes  !  what  a  vernal  bloom  of  com- 
plucion  !  What  a  (hapc  !  Symmetry  itfelf !  7^hc  Aruinoin  u 
Belvldcrc  was  a  Chinefc  baboon  to  him. — And  then,  wh^ 
fwect  affability  of  manners  !  Oh  !  whcrtfore  was  thai  excel* 
lent,  that  be;<utiful  ornament  of  humanity  fnatched  from  oic? 
—The  Abbe  was  affeflcd  ;  the  Duke  too  grew  tender  uodeithe 
influence  of  bis  own  ideas.  Bo(h  wept,  till  at  lafl  the  noble 
romancer  owned  that  he  never  had  a  fon» 
Dispute. 

*  Men  have  always  difputed,  and  upon  all  fubjeSs^  Mwi- 
ium  irailiii  di/ptitatUni  ccrum*     Viulcnt  have  been  ihc  quirrcU 

whether 


Volta 


ireV  ^ejiiottifur  V Enqclopidit, 


6&t 


^ 


Vhcther  the  wliolc  was  more  than  a  part^  whether  a  body  could 
Aie  in  more  places  than  one  at  the  fame  time  ;  whether  matter  is 
always  impenetrable  ;  whether  rhe  whitenefs  ol  fnow  can  fub- 
fift  Without  fnow  itfelf;  whether  the  fwecinefs  of  fu gar  can  be 
perceived  without  fugar,  and  whether  it  is  not  poflibie  to  think 
Without  a  head. 

^  I  ntafce  nd  doubt  but  that  if  a  Janfenifl  (hould  write  a  book 
to  prove  that  two  and  one  make  three,  a  Molinift  might  be 
founds  who  would  demonftrate  that  two  and  one  makt-  ftve.' 

Aiter  this  follows  a  very  fpirited  and  ingeuious  poem  on  dif- 
putation  |   but  it  is  too  long  for  us  to  tranHate. 

Divorce* 

«  Divorce  is  probably  as  old  as  matrimony  itfelf.  Though 
knarriage^  I  believe,  may  be  ibme  weeks  older*  and  upon  this 
fappoiitlon; — a  man  marries;  in  a  fortnight  he  quarrels  with 
his  wife ;  before  the  end  of  a  month  he  beati  her,  and  after  fix 
yreeks  cohabitation  they  part, 

^  The  cuftom  of  divorce,  inftituted  in  the  times  of  fgno* 
ralice,  has  extended  itfclf  through  enlit^thtened  ages.  It  it 
ftrange,  but  true,  that  every  moral  abufe  isgf  a  lifting  nature. 
This  Augean  ftable  requires  the  induftry  of  a  Hercales  to  clean 
jc/ 

Under  the  article  Doctrine,  wc  have  the  following  curi- 
tous  dream  :  *  On  the  eighteenth  of  Fcbrv>ary  1763,  the  fun 
being  in  the  fign  Pijhsy  I  wa«  tranflatcd  to  heaven |  as  all  my 
friends  very  well  knowv  I  neither  rode  on  Mahomet's  mare, 
Hor  yet  in  the  chariot  of  Elijah  ;  I  was  neither  carried  on  the 
elephant  of  Sommonocodom  of  the  Siamefe,  nor  on  the  horfd 
of  St*  George^  the  patron  of  England,  nor  yet  on  St.  Antho- 
ny's pig*     I  muft  own,  that  I  went»  1  do  not  know  how, 

<  I  VPas,  you  may  eafily  fuppofc.  aftoniflied ;  bur, what  you  will 
f\oi  fo  eafily  fuppofe,  I  was  afpeflitor  of  the  general  judgment* 
The  judges,  and  1  hope  you  will  not  be  offencJed  whilft  1  name 
them,  were  the  principal  benefadlors  of  mankind,  Confucius, 
Solon,  Socrates,  Titus,  Antoninus,  EpiSetu?,  all  glorious 
Itien,  who  having  taught  and  pratSiled  the  virtues  that  God  en- 
joinS)  fccmcd  to  have  a  natural  right  to  pronounce  his  decrees, 

*  1  fhail  not  take  notice  on  what  kind  of  thrones  they  were 
feated,  nor  how  many  millions  of  celeflial  beings  proftratcd 
thcmfcltes  before  the  immortal  Architeft  of  the  world,  nof 
what  multitudes  of  inhabitants  of  their  rcfpe(5tivc  globes  ap- 
peared before  the  judges.  I  iliall  only  attend  to  fome  parti- 
cular circumlbnces  which  ftiuck  me  at  the  time. 

*  I  obfervcd,  that  every  dead  perfon  who  pleaded  his  caufe 
had  in  attendance  all  the  witnefTes  of  his  actions.  For  infUncei 
when  th^  Cardinal  de  Lorraine  boafted  ih^t  he  made  the  Coun- 
cil of  Trent  adopt  fome  of  his  opiuioni,  and  deo^antled  tteroal 

AFP.  Rev.  VoL  xlvl.  O  n  \4it 


662  Vokaire'j  S^iejliom  fur  V EncjchpedUm 

life  as  the  reward  of  his  orthodoxy,  twenty  courtifans  immcdi* 
T^tely  appeared  around  him,  bearing  on  their  foreheads  the  num- 
ber of  their  appointments  with  him*     All  thofe  too  who  were 

-concerned  with  him  in  the  infamous  league  were  at  hand,  all 
"  the  accomplices  of  his  wicked  life. 

^  Llofe  by  Cardinal  Lorraine  fat  John  Calvin,  who  boafled, 

'  i:i  his  grofs  lan<>uagc,  that  he  had  given  the  papal  idol  a  griper 
ill  tlio  guts.  1  have  written,  faid  he,  againft  painting  and 
Icul'ture.  .1  have  made  it  plainly  appear,  dUt  the  works  of 
tafi"  and  srt  are  good  for  nothing  ;  and  I  have  proved,  that  it 
is  a  LC'vilKh  thing,  indeed,  to  dance  a  minuet.     Drive  out  thli 

■  fame  damned  Candinal,  and  place  me  next  to  St*  Paul. 

'  Immediately  as  he  was  fpeaking,  a  funeral  pile  appeared  in 
flames.  A  dreadful  fpc6tre  darted  from  the  middle  of  the  £rr, 
with  the  moft  hideous  ihrieks.  Monfter,  it  cfied,  execrable 
monfier,  tremble  !    Behold  that  Servetua  whom  you  robbed  cf 

*  his  life  by  the  moft  horrible  tortures,  merely  beciufe  he  had 
difputed  with  you  concerning  the  mode  wherein  three  per* 
fciis  could   form  one  fubftance.     The  judges,  upon  this,  or- 

•  dcicd  that  Cardinal  Lorraine  ihouldbe  thrown  into  the  bottom- 
Id's  pic>  but  that  Calvin  fhould  be  referved  for  fome  fevercr 

■  punifhirent. 

*  i  behold  a  number  of  Fakeers,  Takpins,  Bonzes,  Uack, 
r»hitc,  and  grey  Friars,  who  all  imagined  that,  to  pay  tbeir 
court  to  the  Supreme  Being,  it  would  be  neceflary  to  fing  and 
whip  thcmfelves,  or  to  go  naked.  When  thefe  wretches  ap- 
peared, I  beard  a  dreadful  voice,  crying^  **  What  good  have 
you  done  to  mankind  ?"  This  voice  was  followed  by  a  iblenm 
iikncr,  no  one  daring  to  anfwcr. 

«  At  )n1^  1  heard  the  awful  fentence  of  the  Supreme  Judge 
of  the  univcrfc  pronounced.     *^  Be  it  known  to  the  inhabitams 

'  of  the  n-.iliions  of  worlds  we  have  been  pleafed  to  create,  that 
Vvc  (hall  never  judj:e  them  by*  their  opinions,    but  by  ihdr 

'   actions  ;    \oT  Jiuh  Is  our  jujiice** 

*  This  v/as  the  i;rlt  time  I  had  fcen  fuch  an  edid.  Al 
thofe  I  hr.d  read  on  that  grain  of  fand  which  we  inhabit,. gene- 
rally  cji^icd  with,  fnch  is  our  pUajure  /* 

The  following  article  is  a  confiderable  curiofity. 
Extract  pern  the  Book  of  Rates  cf  theftverot  Sums  paid  ly  frmi 
to  il?e  Pcpi  Ur  Bu//s,  Dijpenjdtizns^  Ahjoluticns^  k^c. 

1.  Ahfolution  for  the  crin.c  of  apoftacy,  eighty  livres,  i.e. 
3I.    10s.   fi^rliin'. 

2.  ii  a  bafiiird  t:ikcs  orders,  he  muft  py  for  his  difpenfarioD 
five  ar.d  twciity  llvrcs ;  if  he  would  hold  a  finglc  living,  b^ 
muft  p?.v  upwiirds  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  livres  \  and  if,  in 
the  diii>«^*n<at\on,  he  would  not  have  his  illcgitioiacy  meotioocd) 
he  uavb  a  luou'iav.u  au^  \\UN\vNtv;^% 

^'  7  -  .         -v^ot 


.VpluircV  ^ijlimtfm  VEn^chpfdip 


Hi 


3»  For  21  difp^nfation  and  dbrolution  of  big^myj  a  thoufand 
^jm^  fifty  livrcj. 

4,  For  a  difpenfation  to  praitife  phyfic,  ninety  Uvreit 

5.  Abfoluciun  for  hcrefy,  eighty  livres. 

t,  Abfolutfon  for  homicide,  ninety-five  !ivrc3» 
N*  B,  Thofc  who  are  in  company  where  manflaughtcr  hap- 
gtni^  muft  pay  eighty-five  livrcsfor  abtblutton. 
^      7.  Indulgence  forfeven  years,  twelve  Ilvrcs. 

8.  Perpetual  indulgence  for  a  brotherhood,  forty  Ilvrcs. 

9.  Difpenfation  for  irregularity,   twenty-five  Uvres^  if  the 
•  irregularity  be  great,  fifty  livrcs,  a 

xo.  PcrmiiTion  to  read  prohibited  books>  twenty-five  livres. 

tl«  Difpenfation  for  Simony*  forty  livrcs,  or  more  in  pro* 
~  portion  to  the  circumCiances  of  the  oBendcr. 

12.  Brief  for  eating  prohibited  viiSuaJs,  fixty-fivc  livrcf. 

13*  Difpenfation  from  the  vows  of  chaftity  or  religion,  fif- 
teen livres. — Declaratcry  brief  of  the  nullity  of  the  profcUion 
of  a  religious  man  or  woman,  a  hundred  livrcs ;  if  demanded 
%(ut  ten  years  profefTion,  two  hundred/ 

One  would  be  unwilling  to  believe  this  falc  of  human  virtue 
poifible,  but  it  is  certainly  true.  Thefe  rates  were  regiflercd 
in  the  court  of  France*  in  the  year  1699,  and  they  arc  to  be 
found  at  large  in  a  book  called  Vlnjlru^hn  di  Jacques  U  Pcllt-* 
tier^  printed  at  Lyons  in  the  fame  year*  Have  we  need  of  any 
other  antidote  to  popery  ? 

French  Education. 
Dialogui  hiiwan  a  Jefuit  and  a  CounfclUr^  wh  had  farmfrly  hart 

his  PupiL 

Jifuit.  I  taught  you  Cicero,  1  taught  you  the  verfcs  of  Com- 
snirius  and  Virgil,  the  Chrifiian  Schoolmafler  and  Seneca,  the 
Pfalrm  of  David  in  Latin,  and  the  Odes  of  Horace  to  Lalage 
the  brown,  and  Ligurinus  the  fair,  fiavam  nUgantii  comam^  in 
(horr,  I  dtd  what  was  in  my  power  to  give  you  a  good  eJuca- 
tJun — And  now  behold  my  reward  1— I  have  eleven  pence 
farthing  aday  to  live  upon. 

C^unjtihr^  A  very  curious  education  truly  you  gave  me.  It 
jj  true  I  W2S  very  well  acquainted  with  the  fair  Mailer  Ligu* 
rinus,  but  when  I  came  into  the  world  and  opened  in  conver- 
fation,  I  wai  laughed  at.  I  could  quote  the  ode  to  Ligurinus, 
and  fome  part  of  the  Chriftian  Schoolmafter ;  but  I  neither 
knew  whether  Francis  L  was  prifoner  at  Pavia,  or  whether 
there  was  fucb  a  place  as  Pavia  upon  the  face  of  the  earth. 
1  was  a  ftrangtr  even  to  my  native  country,  I  neither  knew 
its  interefls  nor  its  laws — Nothing  of  the  mathematics,  nothing 

found  philofophy— A  little  Latin  and  a  good  deal  of  nonfenfe 
pas  all  I  knew. 

o  o  2  *3tj. 


^64  Voltaire V  ^iftUnsfur  V Enc^^hpidui  ^^| 

Jef  I  could  not  teach  you  what  I  had  flot  been  tai^hl  oiy 
feff.  I  ftudied  u\  the  fame  college  till  I  was  fifteen,  and,  two 
yaars  after  was  appointed  teacher.  You  could  not  expe£l  thf 
education  of  a  military  School.  ■ 

Counf^  No  J  but  I  think  every  young  pcrfon  ought  to  receive™ 
fuch  an  education  33  may  be  of  ufc  to  him  in  his  future  profcf- 
fion.  Clairaut*s  father  was  a  teacher  of  the  mathematics,  and 
as  foon  as  he  couM  read  ^in^  writc^  he  was  taught  hi5  father 'i 
art*  At  twelve  he  was  an  excellent  geometrician.  He  then 
learned  Latin»  which  was  of  no  ufc  to  them*  The  celebrated 
Maichionefs  of  Chutelet  learned  the  Latin  language  in  oac 
year,  and  underftood  it  pcrfeftly  well ;  while  we  arc  kept  fcrca 
years  in  college,  learning  to  blunder  at  it, 

'  As  to  the  ftudy  of  the  law,  which  I  entered  upon  when  I 
left  you,  it  was,  if  poflible,  ten  times  worfa  conducted*  I 
ftay  three  years  at  Paris  to  ftudy  the  obfolcte  laws  of  ancient 
Rome  ;  but  cuftom  would  have  be<fn  a  fulHcient  ru!c»  were 
there  not  144  different  cuftoms  in  this  country.  1  attended  th« 
IcSurespfmy  profclTor,  who  began  with  diftinguiftiing  juriCfl 
prudence  Into  natural  law,  and  the  law  of  nations,  Natur^^ 
law  was,  according  to  hii  doftrine,  common  to  men  and  beaihT^ 
The  law  of  nations  was  common  to  nations  in  general^  an4j 
none  of  them  aiircc  about  it. 

*  My  profedor  then  lectured  me  on  the  law  of  the  twelw 
tables^    as  totally  obfulctc  as  the  legiflators  thcmfeWc^  ;- 
the  cdi£l  of  the  prxtor,  though  we  have  no  praetor  |  and  < 
the  law  relating  toflaves,  though  we  have  no  (laves. 

*  I  foon  found  myfelf  plunged  into  an  abyfe  from  which  it 
would  be  impoffiblc  for  me  to  rife,     I  found  that  the  educatioci    I 
1  had  received  would  b^  quite  ufelefs  to  me  in  life.  J 

*  But  when  I  came  tu  perufe  our  orC;  -^^  I  was  perw 
fciSly  confounded — Eighty  volumes  coni;  each  othcrjl 

'  I  am  obliged,  when  I  pafs  judgment,  to  av^rl  myfcif  of  com*] 
mon  equity  and  common  fenfe  ^  and  by  the  aid  of  thefe  \  aa 
generally  fucccfsful, 

*  I  hawc  a  brother  who  flur!ied  theology  with  a  vicwof  rifing 
to  the  firll  dignities  of  the  church,  and  he  too  had,  if  po/Eblc, 
flill  more  reafon  to  complain  of  his  education.  He  fpcnt  (u 
years  in  fettling  the  point,  whether  there  were  nine  choirs  at' 
angels,  and  in  examining  the  precife  difference  between  thrtinei 
and  dominions  i  in  making  a  ftridt  fcruiiny  whether  Pifon,  o««i 
of  the  rivers  of  Paradife,  was  on  the  right  or  on  the  left  o<f 
G<*hoa  ;  whether  the  language  in  which  the  '-  ■  onverfci 
with  Eve,  were  not  the  fame  that  Baliam's  jcej  ho^t 
Melchifedec  could  be  born  without  father  or  m'vtncr  5  whcrs 
Enodi  lives,  who  never  died  i  where  the  horfcs  Hand  at  Irvery 

tlut 


l«  an4^ 


On  thi  Happ/nefs  6/  Mankind  in  civii  Soclitf^ 


665 


that  canted  Elijah  to  heaven  in  a  chariot  of  fire,  after  he  had 
divided  the  waters  of  Jordan  with  his  mantle  j  and  when  he 

would  resurn  to  announce  the  end  of  ihc  world.     My  brother  J 

told  me,  that  thefe  quc(!iuns  cmbarrdfteJ  him  a  good  dcaU  ^rid  I 

yet  he  has  not   been  able  to  procure  a  (taJI  in  the  church  dT  J 

N^tri^Dami^  which  we  fo  much  depended  upon*  ^ 

♦  You  fee,  ininnoui^  that  the  grcateft  part  of  our  education 
h  ridiculous,  and  that  a  mechanical  education  is,  in  gcncrali 
infinitely  preferable. 

Jtf  *  I  own  it;  but  I  am  abfolutely  Aarving  on  my  eleven*'  j 

pence- farthing  a  day,  while  a  fellow,  whofe  father  Hood  be-  1 

hind   a  coach,  baa  three  dozen  of  horfcs   in   his  fiable*  four  J 

cooks,  and  no  chaplain.                                                                    ^  1 

Ceunf,  *  Well,  come!  I  will  give  you  elcven-pc nee- farthing  j 

more  out  of  my  own  pocket,  though  it  is  what  John  Dcfpati^.*  fl 

tcrius  never  taught  me  in  my  educa  ion/  V 

From  ihcfe  copious  extrads  our  Readers  wiJI  perceive,  that  I 

in  thefe  volumes,  as  well  as  in  moft  others  of  the  fame  Writer,  'i 

there  is  much  ufcful  and  feafonable  fat  ire  ;  yet  at  the  fame  time  1 

we  can  aflurc  themj  that  there  is  much  ufelcfs  and  unfeafoii-  1 

able  cenfurc*  1 

A    R   T*       V.             ~  I 

Dt  La  Fclidte  Pultiiqui,     Ou  CanfidiraThm  fur  U  /pit  dtt  hmmes  ifami  I 

Jet  difftrtntti  tfcquti  dt  l* tl'tflairt  — On  the  Happioefs  of  Mankind  ^ 
in  civil  Society,  in  the  fevcral  Periods  of  Hitlory.     8vo.     2  Vob, 
Amfterdam, 
*T*HE  unknown  Author  of  this  performance  appears  to  us 
^     in  the  light  of  a  penetrating   and   liberal  phitnfopher,  dif- 

*  eourfmg  on  points  of  the  utmoft   importance  to  the  intereft  - 

and  welfare  of  focicty,  and  treating  hi&  fubje£t  with  confiderah!^  I 

compafs,  with   variccy  of  knowledge,  and  with  unaflcfted  be-  I 

nevolence  and  candour.    His  defign  is  to  (hew  that  mankind,  tn  I 

all  ages  and  nations  of  the  world,  have  hitherto  been  thrir  own  I 

greatcft   enemies,  and   have   fuffercd    under   evils   which  were  \ 
chiefly  of  their  own  creating.    Thefe  evib,  however,  heihinks,' 

are  now  lefs  likely  to  fubfift,  unlcfs   through  men's  own  fautt,  ■ 

than  they  ever  were  before;  and  that  we  (hall  be  therefore  UR-  I 

Cardonablc  if  we  do  not  difcern  the  {igns  of  this  time,  and  be  I 

oth  wifcr  and   happier  than   our  fathers.     And  in  illuthation  I 

of  thefe  fentiments,  he  lias  taken  a  philor>phicaI  and  to!cr*«bly  1 

eomprehcnfivc  view  of  ihc  ftate  of  mankirid  in   the  early,  the  I 

middle,  and  the  modern  ages  of  their  hiftory*    From  hence  arifes  1 

%  three-fold  divifion  of  his  work,  under  thefe  feveral  titlei  ;  and  I 

he  has,  upon  each  of  ihem,  made  a  variety  of  curious  and  im-  1 

portant  obfcrvations  refpe£ting  human  aifaix9|  governmcntyTiwSy  I 

conilitutionSf  &c.  n 


666  Oh  the  Happinefs  of  ManUnd  in  civil  Society. 

Our  Author  begins  his  enquiry  as  early  as  the  credibility  ani 
notoriety  of  hifl:orical  fa£ls  will  admit;  and  fets  out  with  fome 
brief  obfervations  on  the  Aflyrians,  Medes,  Perfiams,  Egyp- 
tians, and  other  ancient  nations;  from  which,  however,  he 
foon  pifl'es  on  into  the  country  of  the  Greeks;  amongft  whom, 
as  mi-hi. be  naturally  expe£ted,  he  makes  a  fomewhat  longer 
ftay  :  obferving  manifold  defedts  and  blcmiflies  in  their  fo  much. 
cfelcbratcd  conftitution«j,  manners  and  principles.  He  then  pro- 
ceeds to  confider  xhe  rife  and  conftitution  of  the  ferocious 
and  turbulent  republic  of  Rome;  the  ftate  of  mankmd,  both 
Roninns  and  others,  when  Rome  was  in  its  utmoft  power 
afid  glory ;  the  caufes  of  the  decline  of  the  republic ;  its 
convcriion  into  an  abfolutc  monarchy  under  Auguftus ;  and 
how  far  the  political  happinefs  of  mankind,  which  we  have 
hithcfio  fc.n  no  caufc  to  envy,  grew  either  better  or  worfe 
friiin  that  great  revolution. — And  here  our  Author  concludei- 
thc  fir  ft  part  of  his  woik;  from  which  we  could  make  a  variety 
of  very  eiy.crtaining  ex  crafts,  were  it  compatible  v/iih  the  nar- 
row bounds  within  which  we  are  forced  to  confine  the  prefent 
article. 

His  fccond  part,  or  fcflion,  might  have  been  not  improperly 
^ntiilcd  ^'  conccrnin;^  <  hriftianity,  and  the  influence  which  the 
propagation  aj:d  cftabiiihir.cnt  of  thechriftian  religion  have  bad 
upon  the  temporal  niid  political  felicity  of  mankind,"  For,  ex- 
cepting fomc  few  obfervations  which  are  made  upon  the  cha- 
rai^tiTS  and-  mainkrs  of  thofc  barbarous  nations,  who  during 
thofe  ages  lurit  in  like  a  flood  upon  the  Roman  empire,  thcfc 
arc  the  principal  i'ubjctis  which  are  treated  upon  in  it ;  and 
though  colifiJtrablc  rtfpecl  and  tcndcrncfs  are  fhewn  towards 
rtligioa  and  the  profcflbrs  of  it,  yet  it  is  in  that  manner  in 
which  thi;y  arc  ufuaily  treated  by  modern  polite  writers,  and  the 
French  phsloibphers.  His  manner,  in  particular,  of  accounting 
fpr  the  fi.ft  fpicaJin;:  and  popular  acceptance  of  chriftianity,  ap- 
pears to  us  to  be  io;ncv/hat  new  and  curious,  however  divines 
m;:y  di-trrmine  cojKcrning  its  truth  or  fallhood, 

fit:  obfcivcs,  that,  at  that  time,  Gretce,  which  had  been  emi- 
rer.tly  'lie  c^iuiitry  of  fupcrftitious  idolatry  and  falfc  woribip,  was 
quite  f'.ibJueJ  by  the  Romans,  and  confequentjy  with  it  fell 
tJc  rclij:ious  poli:y  apj  fyftcm  6T  which  that  country  had  been 
i})c  great  patroncl's  and  t-achcr;  and  that  in  lite  manner  the 
religious  fyfl^em  ♦inJ  piinciplcs  of  the  Romans  were  in  difgrace, 
ar.ti  as  oi.e  jpi^y  iay,  torn  to  pieces  by  the  profcriptions  of  Ma- 
^ius  and  Sylla,  with  other  cqnvulfipns,  which  h^d  difunited  or 
dcHro^ed  ail  the  noble  and, great, /afnilies,  from  amongft  whom 
the.  aolle^cs  of  au";urers,  pi;icfts,,  ind  other  religious  perfons 
iVL'.e  cholen  i'and  wVo  (>w\\icK  is'Rngolar  enough  to  be  ob- 
ifcTvvJ)  prcfided  ovet  i\vt  niW^v^tvxA  x\Xx'5:'%wWs^iick'^Wi^tt*    Frbtn 


^^^^  Off  tht  Hapfinefi  of  AfanUnd  in  dvtl  Society^  66 J 

hence,  ^nd  from  other  confiderations^  our  Author  infers, '  that 
when  ihr  ehrifliab  religion  appeared  in  the  wocld^  there  W4irt 
none  other  io  much  vigour  and  reputation  to  oppofe  it,  To* 
which,  f»p  he,  let  u^  add,  that  the  fcttlcmcnts  of  thejewf* 
2Llmo(l  every  where,  before  this  rinse  (amongft  whom  the  Chrif- 
tians  at  firft  appeared  to  be  only  a  fc^)  had  prepared  the  way^ 
and  the  minds  of  many  for  it;  and  that  even  certain  philofophers^ 
SLtkd  more  cfpecially  the  Platonics,  were  pleafed  ♦^th  fornc  of  then 
d$^mata  of  Jt,  as  were  the  common  people  by  the  confcquence^r 
tW  equality^  and  almofl  fuperiority,  which  It  n,  upon  at 

comparifon  with  the  worldly  wife,  the  rich,  an  ,  .  le,  whom^ 

it  lends  to  humble:  and,  therefore,  what  abfolate  necelTity  is 
there  to  fuppofe  any  thing  f^pfernatural  in  the  early  prcpaga^ 
tjon  and  acceptance  of  it  f '  » 

After  this,  our  Author  proceeds  to  contemplate  the  potiticJl^ 
cftablifiiment  of  this  new  i^ecies  of  religion  under  Gonftaniine^f 
which  he  very  juftly  confulers  as  one  of  the  moft  memorable  and 
interefting  events  in  the  hi  (lor)'  of  mankind;  and  he  fhcws  the-' 
influence   which   this  event  then  had,  and  ever  fiace  has  had^- 
upon  their  peace  and  happinefs :  in  which  difqiiifiiion  he  makes 
fuch  a  rcprefenration  of  the  difputatious  and  perfecuting  fpirit  ofi 
k^bofe  early  chriftian  times,  and  of  that  principle  .of  intoleranc^i 
Mlhi<?h,  accor<h*ng  to  him,  moft  properly  commenced  ftom  thai' 
',  as  we  arc  forced  to  acknowjedge,  fcems  to  have  toa 

.  jurtice  in  it,  and  to  mak^  a  very  gfeat  dcJuiition  from  that? 

fnm  of  temjKiral  felicity  which  onfe  might  have  atherwife  er»i 
pedte^i  woiitd  baVe  accrued  to  mankind,  ^rom  ^n  ia^liiution  orK. 
ginalty  fo  benevoient  and  pesicefat  '        - : 

In  this   part  of  the  r 

Readcrswill  meet  with  Im  ,  -r 

ra£!cr  and  o^hdud^,  both  politicat  aJiJ  retjgioiv^,  of  Uoalt^ntme: 
and  Jtjiiari,  and  ajfo  oi  the  heaihw  and  chriiii^  hilt  -         -*" 
thofe  times;  and  nhat  what  our  Author  ha«  advaniDcd 
ing  the  na  '  caufe  of  JulinnV 

to  rebuild    .  -le  at  JeTHfalcjm, 

curious,  and  to  carry  much  convivitioa  with  ir.  .  ^.r 

We  now  proceed  to  the  third  part,  which  is  alfo  rhjc  focorul 
,  volume  of  the  work   before   us.      Here   the  Wiiicr  pr*?pofcs 
to  confiJbr  what    has  been  tht- , lot  of    -,       '       V 
cially   with   refpf<£^  to  hvipirHjf^/  in  thr 
htftory^  aflJ  under  i 
terns  of  policy   wh: 

rope.  In  this  Iktter  part  of  his  li'Ork  wc  tiiiuk  ourrtutkior  is 
fomewhatlcfs  of  an  obfcrver,  and  more  of  ath^-ni*  -  r  ftUemcr^ 
than  in  either  of  the  two  former  parts;  tho  )«  ii  tbtt 

fame  humane  P'  "  rational  philoiophcri 

ing  hi?  good  c  and  propofmg  h^s  co.  :^ 

priaccsatnd  their  people,  with*  no  qtUct  \\%'m  i^ixvi^its^^^  s^^- 


>^\g 


i 


1668  Ofi  thi  Napptfjffs  of  Maniind  in  €lvit  Sm^^^ 

moting  the  common  happlnefs  and  welfare.  In  which,  if  utf 
peaders  fliouM  obfcrve  a  particular  reference  and  appricattim  of 
Ibis  thoughts  and  principJes  to  the  iUte  of  things  10  France,  in 
■particular,  (which  will  be  eafily  accounted  for)  yet  they  muft 
Pat  the  fame  time  own  that  few   writers  d:  "  i  greater  d<- 

pgree  of  freedom  from  natiorul  pre|udiccs  ;  a  \v^,  of  thU 

Bfiacion  in  particular,  have  no  caufe  to  compiain  ot  «  >ri 

fWho,  like  Moniefquicu,    (whom    wc   think    he    r^.....^..-   ia 
bmany  rcfpe^ls)  pays  us  many  tomplimcms,  and  difc<^vcrs,  upoa 
tall  oce^Gonsy  a  liberal  attention  towatds  us* 
I      In  the  two  firft  chapters  of  this  third  part^  he  take?  into  con* 
kfvderation  that  difficult  but  important  fubjc<5l,  the  t  -^ 

kof  government;  controverting,  in  hi^  way,  (oroc  ^ 
iMontefqulcu,  Da  Bos,  and  other  writers  *»  and  (hewing  ttow 
Ftbc  prefcnt  French,  Englifli^  German  and  Italic  conflitutioni 
I  grew  out  of  it,  with  the  probable  caufes  of  thofe  difterrncc% 
I  which,  noiwithftunding  this  common  derivation,  arc  ohfcfred 
f  amon»  them.  We  have,  iie>;t,  his  obicrvations  upon  another 
w  equally  notable  fubjc£f,  viz,  the  revival  of  learning,  and  thz 
I  iaflurnce  which  that  event  hath  had,  upon  the  peace  and  kip« 
I  |>tnefs  of  men;  concerning  which,  we  fliall  obfcrvct  that  h< 
m  thinks  we  have  already  derived  many,  and  expc£is  that  we  (hjll 
F  hereafter  derive  ftill  rnore^  advantages  from  it.  And  left  m 
I- this  connci^lion  it  fliould  be  obje^cd^  that  according  to  his  own 
I  principles  the  Greeks  wtre  unhappjf,  notwith (binding  all  thcif 
b  fine  arts  and  phllorophyi  and  that  it  will  be  abfurd  in  u«  to  ex- 
it pe£l  to  derive  any  greater  fehcity  from  them  -, — ha  now  under- 
K  takes  to  (hew,  that  philofuphy  and  letters  have  revived  amorvg 
P  iis  unicr  cifcumftances  very  difterent  from  thofe  under  which 
they  originally  cxK^ed  among  them;  and  fuch  as  make  it  rea- 
I  fonable  to  hope  that  the  happincfs  of  mankind  will  be  ^ventuallj 
L  more  promotrd  bv  them. 

[        With  ihefe  obfer  vat  ions  our  Author  *5  work,  confidcred  a$  a 
I    fyftcmatic  and  hiftorical  performance,  may  be  faid  to  conclude j 
-  the   remaining  ch,ipters   of  it  being  a   kind  of.  appeal    to  ibc 
I    prcfent   ftate   of    things  amongft  us,  in   proof  of  thefe   afler*, 
[    tious  ;  and  more  elpecially  to  the  prefcnt  ftaie  of  agriculture  an* 
I*  population  in  modern  nations^  which  he  endeavours  to  provcx 
f  m  two  diftin£^  chapters,  to  be  vaftly  fuperior  to  the  ftate 
h  tiihcr  of  them  amongft  the  ancients,  and  he  thinks  wc  canno 
have  a  more  unequlv  'cal  indication  of  the  fuperior  felicity  ol 
^    the  moderns^     On  the  fame  principles,  and  with  ftill  the   fam 
vievi',   he  argues,    in  another  chapter,  that  it  is   morally  tm 
potlil  le  th»  t  warj  which  he  confiders  as  the  grcateft  of  all  hu*' 
man  plagues,  fliould  be  fo  frequent,  and   produce  fucb  great 
calamities  in  the  ^tt(ei\l  ^\\4  ^\\\\ire  a^cs  of  the  world^  as  it  ip* 
pears  in  fid  vo  fea.Mt  i^oiit  \5x  \\^^  -^^f.^  ^^*^^*  , 

.. . .^.JM 


i 


Thf  H^cry  ofthi  Royal  Acaitmy  of  Scitnces^  i^c*         696 

)ur  Author  very  properly  proceeds^  in  thexonclufion  of  his 

iiV'ork,  to  anrwcr  a  formidable  objcdion,  which  would  fecm  tu 

if>i^kc  a  r  -^  dedudlion  from  the  vaTuc  and  importance  of 

[thole  pic     I  ^      -orics  with  which  he  has  hitherto  endeavoured 

io  confolc  u*,     VV'^c  mean  the  ohjedion  which  may  be  drawn 

^from  that  enormous  load   of  debt  with  whicfi  modern  nations, 

and  more  cfpecially  ErigU^^d  and, France,  arc  opprcired,  beyond 

the  example  or  even  the  ideas  of  the  ancients  j  together  with 

the  very  heavy  impofitions  and  ftanding  armies,  as  wc  may  term 

them,  of  farmers  general,  and  of  revenue  officerS|  which  thii' 

occaftons. 

With  rcfpe<£t  to  this  objcflion,   wc  can  only  recommenS 
what  our  Author  has  faid  by  way  of  replication,  to  thofe  wha 
from   pacriutic   principles  choofc^  or  to   whom   it  ofKcially  be- 
longs, to  concern  themfelves  with    this    moft  interefling  ob- 
ject; which  is  held  in  much  lighter  cftimarion  by  our  Author* 
and  is  treated  by  him  as  a  far  Jcfs  alarming  evil  than  it  has 
been  generally  fuppgfed  to  be  among  ourfelves,   cfpecially  ia 
fpme  recent  publications.     But  perhaps^  on  fuch  a  fubjefl,  the 
H  I*        '   '  :.  and  rcafoning  of  an  Englifliman  and  of  a  Frenchman, 
Hj.  nymuft,  from  the  diiFcrent  conftitutions  under  which 

^■they  live,  have  ftjme  degree  of  diverfuy  in  them» 
^K      We  Ihall  only  add,  that  by  the  aaalyfis  which  we  have  giveti 
^K^f  this  work«  we  would  recommend  it  to  the  notice  of   the 
^^virtuous,  humane  and  intelligent;  who  we  doubt  not  will  be 
entertained,  and  poflihly  iiiftruCtcd,  by  the  perufal  of  it,  how<^ 
ever  they   may   fee    caufe,  as  perhaps  they  may,  to  with*bold 
their  affent  from  fomc  of  the  Author's  principles. 


,     fro 


1A  R  T-  vr. 
f^tyf&in  di  tJcadtmU  Royak  d^s  Saences,  5:c. — ^The  Hiflory  of  the 
,  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Bulks  Ltftnj  at  Berlin,  for  the 
'  Year  17 6H.  Vol,  xxiv,  4to.  Berlin*  Haude  and  Spcncr,  177a. 
£  X  P  E  H  I  M  H  N  T  A  L  P  H  I  L  O  S  O  P  H  y. 
N  the  firft  memoir  of  this  clafs  M.  Marggrlf  gives  an  ac» 
count  of  the  remarkable  volatilifation  of  a  part  of  a  certain 
kind  of  fionc,  of  which  there  are  two  fpccies,  both  frequently 
employed  as  fluxes  in  the  fufion  of  minerals  and  metals,  and 
known  in  Germany  under  the  general  denomination  of  FluS" 
Spaht ;  the  properties  and  analyfis  of  one  fpeci-s  of  which  he 
had  largely  difculTed  iq  the  5ih  and  6th  volumes  of  thcfe  me- 
moirs. That  which  is  the  fubje<ft  of  the  prefent  article  (the 
Pfiudo'Smaragdus^  or  Pfeudo^Hyactnthm  of  the  Ihops)  though 
Jtnown  by  the  fame  general  name  as  the  former,  and  applied  to 
4hc  fame  ofes  in  metallurgy,  differs  very  confiderably  from  the 


57© 


my  iftli  ^n^al  ASS^^mmtt 


of 


Betber  in  fcvcral  at  its  properties,  and  parttcuiarjy  m  \h\%  re* 
IfpeAi  that  on  adding  to  it  the  vitriolic,  nitrous,  or  m;!fiiie 

■  icids,  and  fubjefting  tbc  mixture,  contained  \n  a  p  ,cJ^ 
Ito  a  violent  heat,  a  part  of  the  ftonc  is  a<5tually  voi-.,,*,v^,  or 
K,raifed  in  the  form  of  a  fublimate  which  adheres  to  the  neck  of 

■  the  retort.  The  acid  of  phofphorus  added  to  it  produces  the 
I  fame  cfFed;  and  even  that  of  vinegar,  dtflilled  and  conceo- 
I  tfatcd,  though  it  does  not  produce  a  dry  fublimate,  aifofdj  by 
I  drft^llation  a  liquor  that  really  contains  a  flony  fubtimate  fimilaf 
■to  the  foregoing,  v?hich  may  be  precipitated  from  it  by  the  atl* 

■  tftion  of  a  tixed  alcali^ 

■  ,  In  the  fecond  memoir  M*  Gleditfch  defcribes  fcvcral  different 
Bltinds  6f  the  pJant  called,  in  German,  Rifigmji  (the  Carex  Lin* 

■  ff^/.  Gen.  Plantar.  482.)  and  treats  of  the  various  ufes  to  whic(!i 

■  they  may  be  applied*     He  more  particularly  recommends  the 

■  life  of  fome  of  the  larger  fpecies,  in  the  conf^ru^ion  of  bankt 
Kur  caufewiys  acrofs  bogs,  or  lands  liable  to  be  ovctfiotved  by 
Bloater.     It  feems  they  may  be  conveniently,  effcdually,  and 

■  liheaply  employed  for  this  purpofe : — but  for  the  detail  of  hia 
■fiiethod  wc  mull  refer  thofe  who  are  intereilcd  in  this  matteri'' 

■  fo  the  article  itfclf* 

B  ^  Dr.  Cothenius,  in  the  third  memoir,  prcfents  the  Academy 
■with  fomc  general  reflexions  on  the  cftablifhment  of  a  f^etttm^ 
Bl^tf/i  fchool  or  academy,  which  the  King  of  Pruflia  prnf^nfef  to 
Wii^iX  in  his  dominions;   with  a  view  principally  to  d  rSe 

l&lifes,  and  flop  the  pro^rcf^,  of  the  fatal  and  con:.\^  .f- 

■Iciiiper  among  the  horned  cattle. 
'^Memoir  IV.    On  the  VJ&chy  of  Sound,     By  M.  Lambe/t.. 

The  velocity  of  found,  as  deduced  from  the  beautiful  ibeof}^ 
[ilf-Ncwton,  and  of  thofe  who  have  fmcc  adopted  anJ  improveii 
■it,  is  found  to  differ  from  that  which  is  given  by  a«f^ual  cxpe- 
■f*inientF»     According   to   tbc   calculations   tefulti/ig    from  the 

■  ibeory,  found  ought  to  move  900  Parts  feet  in  a  fccond  :  but  by 
tbe  «io|l  exa^t  experiments  iiiA(}c,t>y  HaJIcy,  Maialdj,  De  la 
Callle,  and  oihci;^,  it  has  been  found  to  pafi^  through  1040,  or 
ljqb*o  feet  in  that  time.  The  Author  here  enquires  into  the 
cioifci^f  .!  "  once  ;  which  is  the  more  remai  re 
lalao  real  ubt  eiiher  ^he  jufticcof  the  tht  jq 
f?^lcs  founded  upon  it»  <vr  the  accuracy  of  the  experiments/  Hft 
endeavours  to  <*)  •'  "^hatj^  though  the  theory  be  unexcepaonable: 
h  has  not  b  rly  applied  to  the  fubjeil ;  and  that  foine 
of  tbc  circymU.iact;;.  or  ^(a,  on  ivhich  the  c  '  '  ro 
iouiided,  aie  uot  a^luajly  fush  as  the  theory  rec^ 

fapp^jfcst  Toiiiyc,one  Inllancc  :^-One  of  t!  d 

pn  ihc,A!  r  .fiflnn  that  the  airis  perfeflly  ptn  t^ 

fiu^  upifv  rtic.     But  thii  is  far  Irom  'M 

£Lf  4?iur  a.tnio»4>i*;i:c  ;  aivd  as  Uatf^ '<s«AcuUugu?  aic  rgmi<itg  oii 


end  Belles  Lcttres  at  Serliftj  for  the  Tear  lySS.         671 

its  luppofcd  height,  which  is  deduced  from  the  weight  or  den- 
fity  of  the  common  air,  thus  mi:<ed  with  heterogenous  parti* 
cles,  it  is  not  furprizing  that  theory  and  experience  fhould  bo 
at  variance  upon  this  fuhjoft.  We  forbear  entering  more  fully 
into  the  Author's  minute  difcuffion  of  thcfe  points;  and  fhM 
only  add,  that  he  ;iftcr\vards  confidors  the  convcrfe  of  the  pro- 
blem ;  endeavouring,  from  thu  aftual  experiments  that  havd 
been  made  to  afcertiin  the  velocity  of  faun^!,  to  deduce  and 
compute  the  mean  quantity  of  vapours,  or  other  hctcrogeneoul 
particles  contained  in  the  common  aimofphcricAJ  air.  The  rc- 
fult  of  his  calculations  is,  that  the  weight  of  fa  cubic  foot  of 
common  air  is  to  that  of  a  cubic  foot  of  pure  air,  sis  37  to  25  j 
and  confcquently  that,  fuppofmg  the  heterogeneous  particles 
to  be  difpofed  only  in  the  inicrftices  between  the  aerial  partU 
c]es,  and  of  courfc,  that  they  do  not  incrcafe  the  bulk  of  the 
air,  they  form  7;ths,  or  nearly  one-third  part  of  the  weight  of 
the  whole* 
Memoir  V,    Ohfervathns  on  tin:  Photometrlcal  Part  of  the  Art  of 

Paintings  or  the  proper  Gradations  of  Light  and  Colours,     By 

M.  Lambert. 

As  that  philofonhical  painter,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  long  ag^ 
obfervcd,  the  moft  juft  artificial  method  of  rcprcfenting  objeA?^ 
and  which  almoft  in  every  rcfpeft  equals  the  natural  appearance 
of  them  as  given  in  diredl  vifion,  is  that  by  which  they  are  eX- 
bibited  by  reflexion  from  the  furfacc  of  a  plain  fpeculum.  Next 
to  ^hcfe,  in  point  of  truth  and  excellence,  and  which  it  (hould 
be  the  painter's  principal  fcope  to  emulate,  are  the  pi^ure^ 
that  are  formed  in  the  Camera  ohfura.  The  Author  of  thii 
memoir  (hews  in  what  refpcils,  and  for  what  rcafons,  a  land- 
fcape,  in  which  all  the  rules  of  pcrfpeilive  have  been  minutely 
attended  to,  and  all  the  proper  dcgradatfons  of  lights  and  co* 
lours  have  tc?n  obfervcd,  can  never  equal  the  reprefi^ntationft 
exhibited  by  thcfc  two  inftruments,  Wc  cannot  follow  him  ia 
his  obfcrVatidn^  and  rcafonings  on  this  fubjcfl,  and  on  other  in- 
cidental matters  relating  to  the  art  of  painting ;  but  fhall  give 
the  fubflance  of  an  eafy  and  curious  experiment,  which  he  pro* 
po(^s  in  cdnfirmdtion  of  feme  of  his  obfervations,  and  which^ 
we  believe,  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  optical  wrkers.    . 

It  is  well  known  that  in  the  common  way  of  viewing  the 
Images  of  objcfls  in  the  Cnmrra  Ohfcura^  they  are  fcen  qs  m  a 
commoti  ^i£lurc,  painted  on  the  very  furface  which  receivers 
the  images;  and  that  this  pidlare  consequently  is  inferior,  in 
this  one  refpefl,  to  that  of  the  fame  objedls  exhibited  by  a  plain 
fpeculum':  Where  they  are  beheld  apparently  behind  the  mip- 
ror,  all  at  the  very  fame  refpeAive  diftanccs,  that  the  objocib 
arc  really  befort  it.  By  the  Author's  experiment,  which  af- 
fords a  vei-/  agfccable  optrcal  deception)  ^^  tec   tv^ve  «x^^ 


Ft* 


tfSdimn 


i  rienccd,  the  Camera  Ohfcura  is  made  to  produce  an  ?er« 

\  fc^fily  fimilar  to  that  uf  the  mirror.     InJlead  of  dt  nil 

ipparaius,  the  conftrudion  of  which,  though  fax  irom  being 
.  complex,  cannot  cafily  bo  underftood  without  a  plate,  wc  (hiU 
\  ihcw  in  what  manner  the  experiment  may  cailly  be  made, 

A  convex  glafs  of  fix  or  fevcn  inches  focuS)  with  an  aperture  of 
one  inch,  is  fixed  into  one  extremity  of  a  fliort  tube,     Thii 
k  end  of  the  tube  b  received  into  another  tube  fixed  into,  and 
I  projecting  from,  one  end  of  a  cylindrical  box  of  a  proper  length, 
\  ami  about  3I:  inches  in  diameter^  at  the  farther  end  of  which  x 
f'picce  of  white  and  even  paper  is  paftcd,  on  which  the  image 
\  is  to  be  received.      A  fmall  hole  of  about  half  an  inch  in 
\  diameter  is  made  at  that  end  of  the  box  which  receives  the 
\  lens,  and  at  a  fmall  diiiance  from  the  tube  that  contains  iL 
\  Through  this  aperture  the  image  is  to  be  viewed  \  the  Icni 
\  being  firil  fixed  to  its  proper  focal  diftance  from  the  paper.  Oa 
\  applying  the  eye  to  the  opening,  the  images  of  the  objeSs  be- 
•"fore  the  lens  arc  not  feen  as  if  painted  on  the  plane  of  tbepa- 
^  per,  as  in  the  common  Carmra  Objlcura  \  but  the  fpe£l;itor  fccms 
to  perceive  the  objc<5h  thcmfelves,  of  their  natural  lizcs,  and  at 
^  iheir  real  diftances  behind  the  paper,  in  the  fame  manner,  a]- 
r  pioil  in  every  rcfpcft  (except  that  they  appear  invertci 
i  viewed  them  through  a  circular  aperture,  or  by  reflechon 
p  a  mirror.     In  (hort,  the  paper  cither  intirely  dff^ppi 
[  hiblts  tbc  appearance  of  a  looking  ghfs  not  perfectly 
^ilighily  covered  wiih  duft,     Wc  Aiould  add  that, 
^  the  deception,  the  field  or  image  (hould  occupy  the  whole  fur< 
[  face  of  the  circular  piece  of  paper*  1 

[  Mathematics.  1 

All  the  memoirs  of  this  clafs  are  of  too  refrafiory  a  najM^ 
to  fubmit  to  the  moft  diflant  attempt  either  to  analyfe  or  abrim^ 
them,  Wc  (hall  therefore  barely  tranfcribe  their  titles,  whick  ' 
arc,  I*  Additions  to  the  Mtmoir  en  the  Refalution  of  numerUai Efua* 
ihnsj  puhiijhed  in  the  Volume  for  the  Tear  1767  :  By  M.  de  la 
Grange,  2.  jf  n^W  Method  of  refohing  indeterminate  Protlemt 
in  whole  Numhen  :  By  the  Same,  j,  jt  new  Method  of  refihi^ 
k  ^itc7  "  ''^?;r,  by  the  AUans  of  Serin:  By  the  Same.  4.  yW- 
\  gorh  ObfervaticTii :  By  M,  Lambert. 

L  Speculative    Philosophy. 

^  .     In  the  6rft  memoir  of  this  clafs,  M.  Formey  concludes  the 
difcourfe  begun  in  the  preceding  volume,  in  which  he  oFcrs 
fomc  obfcrvations  on  the  principal  end   propufed  in  the  forma- 
tion of  academies,  and  on  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
b  4here  eftabjlfhments.     In  the  following  memoir,  M,  Begudin 
I,  applies  the  Leibnitzian  principle  oi  7i  Juffrcient  rtafon  to  the  fun- 
damental laws  of  mechanics;  particularly  to  the  three  princi- 
pal ones,  relating  to  vVvt  *ui&  inirtitic  qC  bodies^  the  compoCitioa 

\s4 


I' 

i 


snd  Bilks  Ltttrti  at  BifUiij  fsr  the  Year  1768.         673 

ilcconipofuion  of  forces,  and  the  law  of  equilibrium.  He 
dcavouis  to  prove  that  thefc  laws  are  not  of  ablblute  ntctjjlty% 
that  iSf  that  they  do  not  refult  necefTarily  from  the  intrinfic  na- 
ture of  matteff  as  has  been  maintained  by  fome  philofophers ; 
but  that  they  arc  really  eontingenti  ^hat  they  are  the  cffcfls  of 
the  choice  and  wifdom  of  a  Supreme  Being,  and  furniih  ths 
moft  admirable  proofs  of  the  cxiftencc  of  a  firit  cau fc,  fupremely 
intelligent  and  pcrfe£lly  free.  In  the  third  memoir,  a  cjueftion 
in  political  arithmetic,  rejativc  to  the  doclrine  of  chances,  1% 
laborioufly  difcuiTed  and  folved  by  M.  John  Bernoutii*  Sup- 
pofmg  that  a  given  number  of  pcrfons  of  the  fame  age,  half 
males  and  the  other  half  females,  are  married  together  on  the 
fame  day;  the  Author  enquires.  What  is  the  chance  that,  on 
the  death  of  one  half  of  the  parlies,  the  whole  number  of  mar- 
jriages  fhall  be  thereby  dillolvcd. 

The  laft  memoir  contains  fome  refleSrnm  by  M.  Beaufobrt, 
on  the  nature  and  influence  of  Obfcure  Idem ;  by  which  term 
he  means  that  infintie  number  of  ideas  which  every  pcrfon^  wha 
attentively  confiders  what  partes  in  his  own  mind,  muft  be  con- 
fcious  that  he  poflclTes  ;  though  they  arc  not  ufuaSly  perceived, 
nor  is  their  influence  In  determining  the  will  attended  to,  on 
account  of  their  indiftin^tnefs  and  obfcurity.  The  many  ac-  - 
tjons  which  we  perform  habitually,  and  as  it  were  mechani- 
cally, with  fcarce  any  confcioufntfs  of  their  motives,  furnifli 
numerous  Inftances  of  iheir  cxiftence  ;  and  the  Author,  through- 
out the  whole  of  this  memoir,  endeavours  to  {hew  how  far  the 
conduct  of  men  is  influenced  by  their  dif&rcnt  degrees  of  ob- 
fcurity. 

By  attending  to  the  clear  or  the  obfcure  Rate  of  certain  ideas 
in  our  mind,  M-  Bcaufobre  thinks  he  can  eafily  folve  that  mo- 
ral paradox  of  Horace — p'id^o  mUiara^  prabcqus ;  Deter hra  ftqusr* 
—A  confeffion>  certainly,  in  which  the  wtfeft  and  the  beft  of 
us  may  join  with  the  poet.  Here,  according  to  him,  human 
condud  is  manifeOly  inconfiftcnt  with  the  principles  that 
Ihould  dire<5l  it ;  that  is,  the  effect  is  diredtly  contrary  to  the 
caufe*  But  this  difficulty,  M.  Bcaufobre  obierves,  is  only  ap- 
parent, and  arifcs  from  our  not  attending  to  the  different  ftate 
of  our  ideas.  In  Inftaoces  of  this  kind,  he  fay^,  our  duty,  and 
the  motives  which  fliould  induce  us  to  perform  it,  arc  obfcurclf 
perceived  ;  while  the  ideas  of  the  pleafurc  expedled  from»  or  at- 
tending on,  the  violation  of  it,  are  clear  and  vivid,  and  con- 
fequently  determine  the  will  and  gain  the  vidory*  But  the  Au- 
thor, we  apprehend,  is  here  guilty  of  a  ^^///iV^nW^jV,  in  con- 
iidcring  approbation  and  action  as  caufe  and  efTcd,  We  can 
fee  nothing  more  in  this  cafe,  than  that  reafon  and  paiBon 
(fuppoiing  our  ideas  of  the  objcds  of  each  to  be  equally  clear) 
mic  often  at  variance  with  each  other,  and  difpute  tUeir  empire 


674-  ^^  Ilijlory  ofthi  Rcyal  Academy  ofScitmet 

"over  the  human  mind  with  various  and  alternate  fuccefs.  If 
the  dercrmin.itiuns  of  the  will  depended  folely  on  the  greater 

''clcariicfs  of  certain  ideas,  no  man  could  commit  ah  imtoonl 

.  a^ion,  if  he  had  as  clear  and  diftinA  ideas  of  his  duty,  and  of 
the  turpitude  of  (hat  a<£tion,  as  he  has  of  the  pleafures  attend- 

j  iilg  the  commiflion  of  it : — a  poiition,  which,  we  apprehend,  ii 
contradiflory  to  every  man's  experience;  which  wi!!,  on  reoDl- 
"le(^ion,  furiiifli  him  with  inftances  of  his  having  often  gratified 
his  appetites,  in  dircA  oppofition  to  the  oioft  luminna  conrtc- 

.  tions  of  his  undcrftanding. 

Belles     Lettres. 
We  do  not  meet  with  any. thing  fufficiently  interefting  in. 

.  the  papers  contained  in  this  clafs,  to  juduce  us  to  aiulyfe  or 
make  any  extrafts  from  them.  We  {hall  therefore  do  little  more 
•than  announce  the  fubjeds  treated  in  them.  The  firil  is  a  mo- 
ral eflay,  by  M.  ToufLint,  oa  Birufiance^  confidered  as  an  ac« 

.  five  virtue,  in  contradillindion  to  mere  inactive  BeBru$lemt, 
In  the  next,  M.  Bitaube  difcuflcs  the  queftion.  Whether  the 
multitude  are  competent  judges  of  eloquence ;  and  decides  it, 
againft  the  authorities  of  Cicero  and  Quintiliao,  in  the  nega- 
tive. With  ftili  greater  rcafon  he  difputes  the  competence  of 
their  judgment  in  the  various  fubje^s  of  the  fine  arts.  M. 
Wcguclin,  in  the  following  memoir,  explains  the  plan  of  an 
extcnfivc  work  which  he  has  undertaken,  under  the  title  of  an 
Univerfal  and  Diplomatic  Hijhty  of  Europe^  coQf^preh ending  the 
period  from  the  time  of  Charlemagne  to  the  year  174O;  and  in 
the  lafl  memoir  of  this  clafs  and  volume  M.  de  Catt  treats  of 
the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  a  knowledge  of  the  charaders 
of  men,  deduced  from  their  phyfiognomies. 

In  the  Appendix  to  this  volume,  are  given,  a  few  felefi  ob- 
fervations  of  eclipfcs  of  the  firft-and  fccond  fatelJitcs  of  Jupiter, 
made,  at  the  Royal  Obfervatory,  by  M.  J.  Bernouilli,  in  the 
months  of  May,  June,  and  July,  1768  i  and  in  April,  May, 
July,  and  Auguft,  1770. 

Art.     VIL 
hijloire  dt  VAcademie  Royak  de  ScUn.fj,  k^c, — The  Hiftoiy  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  &c.  for  the  Year  1707.   Coa- 
tinocd  from  the  Appendix,  Vol.  xiv.  Page  513,  and  concluded. 

WE  concluded  our  former  extracts  from  this  work  with 
a  pretty  full  account  of  M.  Adanfon's  difcovery  and 
defcription  of  the  very  fingular  and  ftemingly  fpomaneous  mo- 
tions obferved  by  him  in  the  conflitucnt  parts,  or  filaments,  of 
a  fuppofed  plant  called  the  Tr^w.'/ji  *.    Our  inquifitive  Readers 

•  See  our  ia(t  Aj-pcudlx,  ^agc  52^. 

HiiU 


«/  Parisy  fir  tht  Tt«r  1 767. 


€ti 


r*ll  not  be  difplcafcd  at  our  rcfuming  this  curious  fubjefl  for 

moment,  principally  with  a  view  of  informing  them  that  we  % 

haf  c  Gficc  rtcoUcQed  our  having  formerly  fomcwhcre  read  a 

:»n  of  a  fimilar  fubflana^  and  that  it  may  be  found  in 

U  :  quoted  below  f.     Any  pcrfon  who  compares  the  ariU 

Eie  Wc  referred  to,  with  M,  Adanfon's  memoir,  will  find  very 

itde  reafon  to  doubt  that  the  fame  fubftance  is  dcfcribed  in 

orb  I  and  that  M*  Adanfon's  pUmU  the  TremiUa^  fol^med,  as 

-  *'— ,  of  an  aiTociation  of  animated,  or  at  leaft  moving, 

nents,  is  really  a  community  of  the  very  fame  kind 

[)cir<g3,  to  the  indtviduab  of  which  Mr.  Baker  has  given  the 

tiamc  of  the  Hair*  like /;?/r<,7.     He  has,  in  the  work  above  re* 

erred  to,  very  accurately  defcribed  and  delineated  them,  as  an 

kggregate  of  animalcuUs^  weaving  themfelves  into  the  ftri^left 

ciety^   and  extending  themfelves    by  their  propagation  and 

^union  to  confiderable  lengths,  fo  as  to  conftitutc  a  fubftance  re- 

fjmblin:!  mud,  and  of  a  deepifh  green  colour.     That  ingenious 

|j  :%  M.  Spalanzani)    under  whofe  contemplation   thcfc 

-_as  fubftances  arc  at  prcfent,  may  poifibly  determine  in 

vhich  of  the  two  kingdoms  thefe  borderers  are  to  be  placed* 

Astronomy  and  Geometry* 
Memoir  I.  II*  and  III.  Obfervations  on  the  Ha^ht  of  thf  Sim 
ot  the  Summer  andH^mter  Sotflices^  in  the  Tears  1766  and  Ijtj^ 
i^u  By  Mcflrs.  Ca(Bni  de  Thury,  and  Le  Monnier. 
Obfervations  of  this  kind  have  been  annually  made  by  the 
members  of  the  Academy,  with  a  view  of  afcertaining  the  real 
obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  and  particularly  of  determining  whether 
it  ai^ually  undergoes  any  diminution,  as  has  been  fuppofed  by 
lany  eminent  aftronomers.  M.  de  Thury  found,  by  an  accu- 
rate obfcrvation  taken  at  the  winter  folfticc  in  the  year  17 66* 
that  the  meridian  altitude  of  the  upper  limb  of  the  fitn  wit 
precifely  iS'^  i'  30'';  differing  only  a  iinglc  fecond  from  the 
'  Ititode  obferved  in  the  year  1748;  and  confequently  that  the 
obliquity  of  the  ecliptic  had  not  fenfibly  varied  in  the  fpacc  of 
18  years*  RJ*  le  Monnier,  from  obfervations  of  a  Umilar  kind^ 
|taken  in  the  fummcr  folfticc  of  the  year  1767^  as  well  as  from 
thcrs  made  on  the  image  of  the  fun,  formed  by  an  obje& 
Jl;^fs  of  80  feet  focus,  fixed  in  the  church  of  St  Sutpice,  con- 
cludes that  jt  is  not  clear  that  there  is  any  fenfiblc  variation^ 
or  that,  if  fuch  variation  exifts,  it  is  exceedingly  (low  and  fmall  ; 
and  that  accordingly  this  clement  may  fafely  be  negle^cd  in 
aflronomica!  calculations. 


f  Bakcr'i  Employment  for  the  Microfcope,  partii.  page  353* 

MjSMOIlt 


d 


«?* 


Y%i  Hi/lory  af  the  RfiyaJ  Acaditny  ef  SciiJUii 


Memoir  IV.    N/tv  JftalytUal  Ot/n-vadons fcr  ca/c^-'"  ^^--^♦" 
,    nftbe  Sun^  anJ  Occuttaricm  of  ihi  fixed  Stats  nnd 

lihut^  ^r.    f'ifth  Memoir.     By  M.  ^\i  Scjour* 

This  memoir  is  a  continuation  of  a  moft  minute  ind  elibo- 
rate  dircuifioa  of  the  doclrinc  of  cchpf^fs*     In  otic  part  of  ii  \h 
Author  enqtiires  into  the  phyfical  caufc  of  the  inJUfihn  of  ih 
fun's  rays  in  pafling  near  the  limb  of  the  moon,  in  folar  eclipfcsi 
refcrving  bis   proofs  of  the   rr^Iity  of  this  Infit^:  *  the 

detail  of  the  different  methods  by  which  he  has  di  J  the 

quantity  of  it,  f^r  another  rtiemoir.  As  to  the  tdufe  ot  ihil 
appearance,  two  hypothefes  only  prcfidlic  themfelves  by  which 
it  may  be  explained.  It  may  cither  be  produced  by  the  attrac 
tivc  powrer  of  the  moon's  body,  or  by  the  reffa£live  quaJity 
an  atmofphcre  fuppofed  to  farround  that  pUnct,  With  regarj 
to  the  firft  of  thefc  caufcs^  the  Author,  after  tal  *  :  \h 
mafsof  the  moon,  and  ihe  quantity  6f  attraftivc  \  2n4 

near  its  furface  i  and  fuppofing  light  to  be  an  a^u^l  cmiiB< 
of  luminous  particles,  projected  in  right  lines  from  the  fitn*i 
furface,  with  a  known  velocity,  determines  that  the  trajefloi 
of  a  ray  paffing  near  the  mooj1»  and  foliclted  by  the  attrac^ir^ 
power  of  that  planet,  will  not  fenftbly  differ  from  a  right  line. 
He  therefore  concludes*  ixdufrvc^  that  as  the  folar  rays  arc  fen- 
Hblv  diverted  from  a  recBilinear  courfe  in  pafllng  near  the  mooaV; 
'  }in^Di  this  dcfleflion  mull  be  caulcd  by  the  rcffa£livc  power 
an  atmofphcre  furrounding  that  planet.  He  afterwards  pro- 
pofes  and  recommends  many  different  kinds  of  obfervations,  to 
be  made  during  folar  eclipfcs,  which  arc  adapted  to  determine 
the  quantity  of  this  element,  and  particularly  the  law  of  ihts 
inflection  at  different  duftances  from  the  moon's  circumference^ 
Memoir  V.    Ohjovathm  9n  the  C^mtt  (f  ijS9*  i^i^tbtr  with 

fmit  Refli^imi  en  tbi  Ritum  af  Csmetu     By  M*  Caffini  dd 
'Thury. 

From  this  paper  it  appears  that  the  rcfults  of  the  obfenratioiis 
of  this  celebrated  comer,  though  made  by  the  ablcft  aftroncHi 
mcrs,  difagreed  confiderabfy  with  each  other.     One  of  the  prio 
cipal  caufes  of  this  difference  was  its  obfcority  and  indiOtn^ 
ricfs,  which  rendered  many  of  the  obfervai ions  very  uncertain 
It  appears  likcwife  from  this  memoir,  that  the  forctclUng  the 
returns  of  thcfc  bodies,  in  conftiquencc  of  aclual  obfervations. 
is  much  more  difficult  than  has  hitherto  been  imagined.     The^ 
principal  elements  of  this  calculation  are,  the  diftance  of  the 
comet  from  the  fun,  the  place  of  its  perihelion,  that  of  its  nodes, 
fhnd  above  all  the  inclination  of  its  orbit  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic;  which  laft,  by  the  bye,  is  the  moft  diftin^ivc  cbarac- 
teriltic  of  the  identity  of  a  comet.     The  Author  (hews  the  dif^ 
Acuities  pf  afccrtaining  thefe  elements  with  a  prcciJion  rufficieni 


H 


oi  Parh^  for  th  Yiar  1767.  677 

to  ihe  rolution  of  ihc  problem  ;  and  proves  that  this  part  of 
stflronomy,  notwithftanding  ihe  great  progrcfs  that  has  beea 
made  id  it,  is  as  yet  only  in  its  intancy. 

MlMoiR  VL  On  the  Theory  sf  Alercury.  Third  Memoir.  By 
M.  de  la  Landc. 
In  the  two  prccedmg  memoirs  %  ^hc  Author,  having  deter- 
Vf\\i\cd  the  place  of  the  aphelion  of  the  planet  Mercury,  by 
means  of  his  own  obfervations  and  his  mean  motion,  by  em-" 
ploying  thofc  that  arc  come  df?wn  to  us  from  the  ancients; 
an  J  huving  likcwife  afcertained  the  mean  time  of  hjs  revolution  ^ 
and  his  diftancc  from  the  fun  j  here  undertakes  to  complete  the 
difficult  theory  of  that  planet,  by  determining  the  remaining 
elements.  He  has  negledlcd  the  perturbations  ^rifing  from  the 
attrailing  powers  of  Mars,  Venus,  and  the  Earth  ;  and  thinks 
xhey  may  be  neglc^ed  without  fcruplc:  as  adlual  obfervationa 
agree  with  the  tables,  even  within  a  few  feconds*  That  nothing 
however  may  be  wanting  to  perfe£t  the  theory  of  the  motions  of 
afplanct,  fo  little  known  within  lefs  than  a  century  part',  he 
propofes  to  difcufs  this  fubjef^  in  a  fourth  memoir, 

Wc  fliall  not  enumerate  the  remaining  artidlcs  of  thisclafs, 
which  contain  only  particular  obfervations.  Under  that  of 
Geometry  only  three  memoirs  arejsiven;  one  on  the  Integral 
Calculus,  by  M.  D'A'embert;  and  two  others  by  the  Cheva-i 
lier  dc  Borda,  and  M.  Fontaine,  relative  to  the  method  di  max*' 
imU  €t  mtnmh^  as  applied  to  certain  curves. 

^L    ^  Geography  and  Hydrography. 

P  Under  the  firft  of  thcfe  clalTes  M*  Buache  gives  an  arcoiint 
of  fome  geographical  and  phyfical  maps  cf  the  hafon  of  the  Scinep* 
and  of  aM  the  rivers  that  run  into  It,  executed  on  a  fingular' 
and  in  many  refpefts  ufcful  plan,  invented  by  him.  This  is 
followed  by  an  hirtorlcal  relation  of  the  continuation  of  M* 
Chaben's  operations,  in  the  execution  of  the  com  million  with 
which  he  was  intruded  by  the  Miniftry  ; — the  taking  an  a^ual 
furvcy  of  the  coafts  of  the  Mediterranean.  7*he  account  of 
his  laft  geographical  campaign  is  here  given,  which  was  made 
on  the  coafts  of  Barbary,  and  was  attended  with  m^ny  dlfiicul- 
tics,  as  well  as  pcrfonal  dangers,  from  the  uncommonly  favagc 
dtfpofition  of  the  inhabitants.  We  {hall  give  only  one  inRanc^ 
of  their  ferocity  and  cool  brutality. 

At  Birban,  or  Bibien,  his  laft  ftatlon  in  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis^  he  entered  his  frigate  as  a  merchant- fhi;>,  merely  that 
"he  mij^ht  have  a  pretence  to  pay  all  the  porf-dues  tcquired  front 
trading  veflels,  and  thereby  render  the  foWicry  of  the  caftle 
7X  that  place  propitious  to  him*  He  was  allowed  to  obfcrve 
tom^  ft-rs  on  ftjore  \  but  while  \it  was  thus  employed,  one  of 

X  Sec  Appendix  to  vol*  atUv*  pjtgc.  521. 
App.  Rev.  Vol.  ^lirt-  P  p  ^^^^^^^Bt 


678  ^1^*  Hijlory  tfthe  Royal  Academy  ofScinicis 

the  Moor5)  who  was  looking  on,  on  a  fudden,  and  apparently 
for  no  other  reafon  than  that  he  was  ennuye  at  our  Aftronomer^s 
qnenteruining  proceedings,  calmly  bid  him  finifli  and  decamp. 
M.  Chabert  dehred  only  a  moment's  delay,  and  fuppofing  his 
requeft  granted,  continued  very  unapprehenfively  obferviog  at 
his  quadrant  a  few  inftants  ;  When  the  Tuniflan,  without  any 
warning  or  other  preface  whatever,  drew  his  poniard,  which 
would  have  been  plunged  into  his  breaft,  had  not  the  ia- 
ftrument  been  fuddenly  ftopt  by  one  of  the  French  officers, 
ili^ho  was  cafually  looking  that  way.  The  whole  party  were 
glad  to  fnatch  up  their  inftruments,  and  fly  to  their  (hallop, 
execrating  the  coafts  of  Tunis,  as  a  (hore  infefted,  rather  than 
inhabited,  by  a  race  of  monilers. 

Hydraulics. 
Memoir  I.    On  the  Stance  of  Fluids.     By  the  Chevalier  de 

Borda. 
.  The  refult  of  a  feries  of  experiments,  made  with  a  view  to 
afcertain  the  actual  refiftance  of  water  to  bodies  moving  in  it, 
and  the  manner  in  which  thefe  experiments  were  made,  are  re- 
lated in  this  memoir.  Certain  accidents  prevented  the  profe- 
qution  of  thi^m  :  but  It  appears  fufficiently  from  Tome  of  thofe 
here  given,  that  the  theory  hitherto  adopted  on  this  fubjed  is 
iji  fome  inftances  exceedingly  defedlve  \  and  that  it  would  be 
dangerous  to  apply  it,  without  fome  modification,  to  the  art 
of  (hip-building. 

In  the  next  memoir  the  fame  Author  confiders  the  refpedlive 
advantages  and  difad vantages  of  diftecent  wheels  moved  by 
water,  in  order  to  determine  the  preference  to  be  given  to  over- 
(hot  or  under-fhot  mills,  according  to  circumftances. 

The  laft  memoir  of  this  clafs  is  purely  of  a  local  nature,  and 
relates  to  a  projetS  formed  by  M.  Deparcieux,  to  bring  the 
water  of  the  river  D'Yvettc  to  Paris  for  the  ufe  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  that  capital ;  in  preference  toother  fcbemes  which  have 
'  been  of&red,  to  furniih  the  city  with  a  proper  fupply  of  that  ele- 
ment. 

Dioptrics. 

Memoir  L    A  Continuation  of  thi  Inquiries  CGncerntng  Optical 

Glajfes.    Third  Memoir :  By  M.  D'Alembert. 

We  have  given  fome  account  of  the  two  preceding  memoirs 
in  the  form«r  numbers  of  our  work  referred  to  below  *.  Id 
the  prefent,  M.  D'Alembert  examines  the  eiFc£ls  of  different 
combinations,  in  objeft-glafles  compofed  of  three  contiguous 
lenfes,  and  which  produce  a  very  inconiiderable  degree  of  aber- 
ration.   He  afterwards  explains  the  principles  of  a  fimple  and 

*  See  Vol.  xL  Juqo  1769,  page  498^  and  the  Appendix  to  Vol. 
xliit  p&gcsoj. 


at  Paris ^  for  the  Year  1767.  679 

irafy  method  of  finding  ^ro^tf  formulas  for  the  conftrufiion  ctf 
achromatic  objeft-glafl'es,  formed  of  three  Icnfcs  likewife,  but 
hot  contiguous  to  each  other  ;  and  dcfcribes  the  manner  of 
employing  ihck  formula  to  the  greateft  advantage.  He  after- 
wards adds  fomc  ufeful  tables,  by  which  the  calculation  is  con- 
fiderably  abridged  ;  together  with  fome  reflexions  on  the  aber- 
nrtion  which  may  ftlH  remain.  An  anfvver  is  grven  to  fome 
objections  propoftfd  by  M.  tulcr  to  fome  of  the  doQrines  con- 
tained in  the  preceding  memoirs  ;  accompanied  with  a  few  re* 
tnarks  on  the  ftrudure  of  the  eyes  of  fiflics ;  from  which  M. 
D'A.  endeavours  to  prove  that  the  entire  deftruSion  of  the  co- 
loriiic  aberration  is  not  necefl'ary.  The  memoir  is  terminated 
by  fomc  refledtrons  on  the  combination  of  proper  eye-glafTea 
with  thefe  achromatic  obje£l-glafles,  and  a  few  confiderationi 
on  fome  other  objeds  relative  to  the  perfection  of  telefcopes. 
We  (hall  only  add,  that  the  Author  here,  as  in  the  preceding 
memoirs,  ftrongly  urges  the  abfolute  neceflity  of  fcrupuloufljf 
attending  to  and  afcertsining  the  precife  ratio  of  the  refradlivi^ 
«nd  difperfive  powers  of  the  glafs  to  be  ufed  in  the  conftrudion 
of  a  compound  objed  glafs  :  as  the  fmalled  error  in  this  article 
b  capable  of  producing  a  colorific  aberration,  greater  than  that 
arifing  from  .the  fphcrical  figure,  in  the  refleSing  and  common 
dioptrical  telefcopes. 

JWemoir  II.  On  fome  Experiments  relative  to  Dioptrics.     By  thd 
Duke  de  Chaulnes. 
In  the  preceding  memoir  the  further   iniprovement  of  the 
achromatic  tielefcope  was  attempted  by  analytical  reafoning  and* 
Calculation,  a  ^priori :  in  the  prefent  ingenious  cflfay  the  noble 
Author  purfues  a  different  and  contrary  courfe,  and  endeavours 
to  accompHQi  the  fame  end  by  obfervations  made  a  pojleriori  j 
that  is,  by  a  fcrupulous  examination  of  an   excellent  inftru- 
llient  of  that  kind   already  conftrudted.     Having  procured   a 
telefcope^   made  by  Mr.  Dollond,  which  was  found  greatly  to 
exceed  any  of  the  fame  dimenfions,  which  that  excellent  artift 
afte)rwards  endeavoured  to  form  on  the  fame  principles,  he  was 
ftrongly  incited  to  difcovcr,  if  poflihJc,  all  the  elements  of  its 
tonftrudion  to  which  it  owed  its  fuperiority.  ^ 

The  difficulty  of  this  undertaking  will  obvioufly  appAir, 
tvhen  it  is  confidered  that  the  three  combined  object -glaffes  of 
this  tclefcope  were  infeperably  fixed  in  a  cell,  or  iit  leaft  could 
not  be  feparared  from  each  other  without,  perhaps  irreparably, 
difordering  fo  valuable  an  inftrument  j  which  mi^ht  poffibly,  in 
a  great  meafure,  dfcrive  its  fuperior  excellence  fro'a  certain 
circumflanccs,  that  might  be  confiderably  affcdted  by  fuch  an 
attempt.  He  here  defcribes  the  different  methods' Which  he 
cfThpIoyed  in  order  toafccrtain  the  various  elements,  fuch  as  the 
rcfpcftivey«?r/,  thicknefs,  radii  of  curvatuiej  ic^\2iK\Ti^*^v>^^t^^ 

P  p  2  ^^- 


fcSo  ^e  H!/l$ry  of  thi  Royal  Academy  of  Scienus 

&c.  of  the  different  lenfes.  Many  of  his  expedients  apppcar 
equally  new  and  ingenious  ;  but  are  not  eafily  to  be  defcribed 
without  a  reference  to  the  numerous  plater  that  accompany  and 
illuftrate  this  very  inftruSive  Memoir;  in  which  the  Author 
labours  in  analyzing  this  lucky  hit  of  Mr.  Dollond^s,  with  all 
the  zeal  of  a  chemift  in  decompounding  a  valuable  noftrum.  For 
the  more  minute  particulars  therefore  of  this  optical  analyfis, 
we  muft  refer  to  the  article  itfelf. 

We  have  formerly  \  given  a  concife  account  of  the  noble 
Author's  new  and  curious  application  of  the  microfcope  and 
inicromecer  united,  to  the  conftrudiion  and  graduation  of  a 
fmall  and  accurate  aftronomical  fetSlor.  Thefe  inftruments 
were  of  thegreatcft  ufc  to  him  in  the  prefent  inquiry,  and  may 
in  many  cafes  be  advantageoufly  employed,  both  by  the  theo- 
retical and  pradiicai  optician.  We  (hall  endeavour,  therefore, 
in  order  to  give  a  fpccimen  of  their  utility,  to  convey  to  our 
Readers  a  general  idea  of  the  Author's  new  method  of  deter- 
mining, by  their  means,  the  mean  refradlive  power  of  any  par- 
ticular kind  of  glafs,  to  the  grcateft  exadnefs  :  as  this  is  a 
defideratvm^  according  to  our  obfervation  in  the  preceding  ar- 
ticle, of  the  grcatcft  importance  in  the  theory  of  the  achroma- 
tic ttlcfcope. 

Wc  fliafl  not  enumcrjite  the  Inconveniences  attending  the 
common  method  of  determining  this  element,  by  tfieans  of 
prifms  formed  of  the  glafs  to  be  examined.  According  to  the 
Author's  method  the  glafs  is  firft  ground  into  a  plate,  the  far- 
faces  of  which  are  pcrfedly  plain  and  parallel  to  each  other* 
Over  each  of  thefe  furfaces  he  fprinUes  a  little  of  the  duft, 
that  \^^  feathers  of  a  butterfly's  wing,  or  fome  other  equally 
minute  microfcopical  object ;  in  order  that  thefe  furfaces  may 
be  perceived  the  more  dillindly.  The  plate  is  then  placeci  be- 
fore the  microfcope,  at  that  precife  diftance  at  which  be  can 
fee  the  neareft  furface,  or  rather  the  fmall  objedls  fcattered 
upon  it,  with  the  greated  di(lin£lnefs»  From  this  point  he  fcts 
out,  and  proceeds  till,  by  a  regular  motion  given  to  the  micro- 
fcope towards  the  piece  of  clafs,  he  can  fee  its  farther  furface 
with  the  fame  exadtnefs.  We  cannot,  without  figures,  ex- 
plain the  apparatus  by  which  this  motion  is  efFe£ted,  and  its 
quanrity  meafured.  It  will  be  fufHcient  to  fay,  that  the  fpace 
moved  through  by  the  microfcope  is  afcertained  with  the  greatcft 
accuracy,  by  means  of  his  microinetrical  apparatus  ;  which 
thus  gives  him  ths  afparefity  or,  as  we  may  call  is  the  vijiifii 
thicknefs  of  the  glafs,  diminiihed  by  its.qwn  refrai^ive  power  j 
and  this,  without  the  hazard,  as,  he  aflirms,  of  erring  mote 
than'ilic  5o:b^artof4  line  in  the  admeafurement. 

f  Sec  Apgcivdixio  Vol,  x\iU  i^.  i^o. 


at  Parity  for  the  Year  1 767.  681 

Nothing  IS  now  wanting  to  afcertain  tnc  quantity  of  the  rc- 
fraflvc  power  of  the  glaJS,  but  (o  know  the  real  or  iangihU 
tbicJtnefs  of  the  plate.  For  this  purpofc  ihc  Author  firft  mea^ 
furcs  that  thickncfs  with  a  calliper  compafi,  and  then  applies 
his  microlcopc  and  micrometer  to  mcafurc  rhc  interval  betweco 
the  points  of  the  compafj.  By  means  of  thefc  two  inftruments 
chis  diftancc  is  determined  wirh  fucb  precifion,  that,  on  repeat- 
ing the  operation  feveral  times  on  the  f^me  piece  of  gHifs,  he 
never  found  a  difference  equal  to  the  400th  part  of  a  iJne. 
This  Jaft  meafurc  is  accordingly  fufccptible  of  greater  accuracy 
than  the  former  X*  The  refra(5tive  power  of  the  gtafs  is  thea 
•cafjfy  and  irnmcdiatcly  deduced  from  thefc  data  i  that  is,  by 
comparing  the  real  thicknefsof  the  plate  with  its  appannt  thick- 
nefs;  the  latter  of  which  is  dimlniOied  in  proportion  to  the 
fefraflive  power  of  the  glafs.  In  a  tabic  the  rclults  are  given 
of  the  Authors  examination  of  15  different  kinds  of  glafs  by 
thi3  method  ;  from  which  it  appears,  ihat  almoft  all  the 
different  fpecimens  pofliflcd  different  degrees  of  rcfrangibllity, 
and  that  actual  experiments  aionc,  made  with  the  particular 
glafs  that  is  to  be  employed,  can  give  its  rcfraMive  power  with 
the  accuracy  abfoluteiy  requiftte  in  the  couArufiion  of  an  achro- 
inatic  telcfcopc* 

The  Author  afterwards  defcrihes  the  apparat»w  with  uhich 
he  mcafures  the  other  remarkable  property  pofftiTed  by  the  va- 
rious fpecies  of  glafs,  and  which  fecms  to  be  independent  on 
iheir  general  or  mean  rcfra(^ve  power :  we  mean  th  ir  refpec- 

t  In  the  firft  operation^  that  is,  in  mcafiiring  the  eppttrtwt  thick- 
nefsof the  glafs,  fomc  degree  of  uncertainty  arifcs  from  hence;  that 
though  there  is  undoubtedly  at»  advantage  in  uftng  a  thick  plate  of 

fbG,  yet,  in  that  cafe,  a  great  magfiificr,  or  lcns»  of  a  ihort  focal 
iflaDce«  cannot  be  employed^  on  account  of  the  too  great  dt^^ance 
of  the  farther  furfacc  of  the  plate  from  the  lens.  In  Tad,  the  focnl 
dillancc  of  the  Irns  muft  not  be  \ti^  than  twonhlrds  of  the  thickncfs 
of  the  piece  of  glafs,  whofe  farther  furface  is  to  be  viewed  thrruJ^h 
It*  It  J».  however,  undoubtedly  advantagcoas  to  cmpby  a  lens  of 
a  (hort  focue ;  as  there  is  lefs  latirujde  or  uncertainty  in  eili mating 
the  pnint  at  which  the  objcel  is  fcen  moft  diflindly  through  it*  But 
if,  in  order  to  avail  himfcjf  of  this  advantage,  the  obfcrrver  makes 
choice  of  a  thin  fpecimen  of  the  glaft  to  be  examined,  the  advaiuagc 
hence  arifing  wilt  appear  to  be  in  fomc  meafarc  counterbalanced, 
when  we  confider,  that  though  the  uncertainty  in  determiniug  the  true  ^ 
focal  diilance  of  the  leas  is  Jefs  in  a  great  than  in  a  fmall  ma^nitier  ; 
yet,  on  the  other  hand,  the  remaining  podible  error  is  diilributcd 
through  a  fmallerfpace,  and  con feguestly  may  be  relatively  greater, 
in  a  thin  than  in  a  thick  piece  of  glafs.  The  Auihor  found,  by 
experience,  that  a  lens  of  half  an  inch  ^euj,  and  a  plate  of  ^  or  g 
lines  in  thickacfs«  formed  the  mod  favourable  combioaiioo  for  thU 
purpofe. 

P  p  3  w% 


68^  The  H'l/l&ry  of  the  Rcyal  Acadim^  of  Sciences 

live  qualities  of  difperfmg  the  differently  coloured  rays  in  diffe- 
rent degrees.  The  diftin(5^lon  between  thefe  two  proper- 
ties is  indeed  the  bafis  on  which  the  whole  theory  of  the  achro- 
nrtatic  telefcope  is  founded.  His  method  feems  to  be  fufceptible 
of  a  confiderable  degree  of  precifiont  and  appears  capable  of 
being  r^pplied,  with  great  advantage,  to  the  determination  of 
this  eflential  element.  We  fliall  only  add,  that  the  different 
methods  defcribed  in. this  memoir  exhibit  many  marks  of  an 
inventive  mechanical  genius  in  the  Author  j  and  that,  with  ra- 
fpe£t  to  the  more  particular  obje£l  of  this  article,  or  the  analifis 
of  the  excellent  telefcope  above  mentioned,  the  final  rcfult  of 
pis  in<]uirics  and  experiments  is  given  in  a  table,  which  exhibits 
the  radii  of  curvature,  thicknefs,  fojci,  and  refpedlive  diftancef 
pf  aU  the  glafles  which  conftitute  it. 

Mechanics. 

Memoir.    On  the  Proportion  between  the  Weights  ufcd  in   France^ 

and  thofe  of  foreign  Countries.     By  M.  Tillet. 

The  utility  of  a  fixed  and  univerfal  ftandard  of  weight,  an<| 
the  inconveniences  refulting  from  the  varieties  now  in  ufif 
throughout  the  commercial  world,  are  as  univerfally  );nown  and 
acknowledged,  as  is  the  difficulty,  or  rather  the  moral  impoffi* 
l)ility,  of  fettling  one  invariable  flandard,  which  the  European 
nations  would  agree  to  adopt.  Such  a  meafure  being  evidently 
impraflicable,  the  French  miniftry  have  lately  very  laudably 
interefted  themfelves  in  the  prafticable,  but  difficult  fcheme  of 
afcertaining  at  leaft  the  real  value  of  the  different  weights  ufed 
throughout  Europe,  or  rather  of  difcovering  the  exadi  propor^ 
tion  which  they  bear  to  thofe  ufed  in  France.  For  this  purpofc 
the  king's  ambaflfadors  and  refidents  in  foreign  parts  receivec) 
part'ncular  inftruftions,  not  only  to  procure  the  bell  information 
concerning  the  weights  employed  in  thofe  countries  wiiere  they 
refidcd,  but  likewife  to  fend  over  exafl  and  well  authenticated 
fpecimens  of  each.  This  memoir  contains  an  account  of  the 
methods  purfued,  in  the  courfe  of  an  elaborate  examination 
of  the  different  weights  that  had  been  procured,  by  the  com- 
mifTaries  appointed  by  the  Academy  ;  the  refulc  of  which  is 
given  in  31  tables,  containing  the  exaft  value  of  thefe  weights, 
and  of  their  various  fubdivifions,  which  are  ufed  in  as  many  of 
the  principal  cities  of  Europe  5  and  which  are  all  reduced  la 
the  Poids  de  Marc  and  its  fubdivifions  in  France,  as  to  a 
common  meafure.  We  need  not  dwell  on  the  utility  of  thefe 
very  cxtenfive  tables,  formed  with  the  moft  fcrupulous  accu- 
racy, and  which,  though  adapted  to  the  French  flandard, 
muft  be  of  common  benefit  to  all  the  countries  comprehended 
in  them. 

This  volume  is  terminated  by  a  fhort  enumeration  of  diflfe« 
nnt  machines,  picfcut^^  vo  mA  ^.^^\wt.4  h^  the  Academy; 


M  Parity  yir  tie  riariySS.  fiSj 

and  by  an  account  of  the  continuation  of  the  Hiftories  cftbe  Aris 
that  have  been  printed  in  1767.  Thcfc  are,  the  art  of  Organ- 
building  ;  of  making  Tennis-balls,  &c.  of  Leather- drefling  ;  of 
the  VermiceUi-makcr  j  and  of  the  Miller,  Baker,  and  Perriwig- 
oiaker. 

Art.     VIII. 

Hifiotre  de  PAcadtmie  Rcyah  des  Sciences^  lie, — The  Hiflory  of  thte 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris ;  together  with  the  Mathe- 
matical and  Ph)(ical  Memoirs  for  the  Year  1768.  ^^to,  Parii. 
1770, 

•     GsneralPhysics. 

Memoir  !•  Ohftrvati$ns  oa  the  Alotion  of  the  ^ickfdver  in  Baro» 
meters  of  various  Diameter s^  and  charged  in  different  Manners 
By  the  Cardinal  de  Luynes. 

TH  E  defign  of  the  Author  of  this  memoir  was  to  afcertain, 
by  a  regular  feries  of  experiments,  how  far  the  fize  qt 
bore  of  a  tube,  intended  for  a  barometer,  influences  the  height 
of  the  mercury  ;  and  in  what  degree  the  perfeSion  of  that  in- 
ftrument  is  afte£lcd  by  the  different  methods  that  have  been 
^  prafiifed  in  filling  the  tube.  For  this  purpofe  he  made  a  va- 
riety of  experiment!  with  tubes  of  different  fixes  j  the  leaft  of 
which  was  capillary,  being  only  two^thirds  of  a  line  in  dia- 
meter;  and  the  largeft  13I  lines,  requiring  no  lefs  than  18 
pounds  of  qulckfilver  to  fill  it.  For  this  iait  be  was  obliged 
to  contrive  a  particular  apparatus,  in  order  to  enable  him  to 
fubjed  the  mercury,  put  into  it  at  different  times,  (to  the 
amount  of  only  3  or  4  inches  each  time,)  to  a  boiling  heat ; 
and  afterwards  to  invert  it  into  the  bafon.  This  immenfe  tubcy 
it  will  eafily  be  imagined,  fupported  a  longer  column  of  quick- 
ftlver  than  the  refi,  and  was  accordingly  ufed  by  the  Author  as 
a  ftandard.  , 

From  the  whole  of  his  experiments  we  collect,  that  the  ad- 
vantage of  employing  very  large  tubes  is  not  very  confiderable. 
In  the  great  tube  of  above  13  lines  in  diameter,  the  mercury 
ftood  only  one  line  higher  than  in  another  tube,  the  bore  of 
which  was  little  more  than  2  lines,  or  the  flxth  of  an  incl) ; 
and  even  the  capillary  tube  above-mentioned  fupported  a  co- 
lumn only  2  lines  (borter  than  this  laff ;  that  is,  3  lines  lower 
Chan  that  of  his  ftandard  barometer  ;  all  the  three  having  been, 
alike  charged  with  boiling  mercury.  It  appears  likewife,  that 
this  capillary  tube,  thus  charged,  fuffaincd  as  long  a  column' 
as  a  tube  of  2\  lines  bore  which  contained  quickfilver  only 
moderately  heated  j  but  that  in  this  laft- mentioned  tube,  the 
mercury  was  2  lines  lower,  than  in  one  of  the  fame  bore,  in 
which  the  mercury  was  made  to  boil  violently.  I'he  Author 
afterwards  obferves^  that  a  capillary  tube,  only  two- thirds  of  a 

P  p  4.  Xv^^ 


684  ^^^  HiJIory  ofthiJLoyal  Academy  9f  Scignces 

line  in  diameter,  carefully  charged  with  boiling  quickfilver, 
forms  a  cheap  indrument,  and  which  may  be  depended  upon,  as 
to  the  regularity  of  its  motions  ;  which  were  found  to  corre- 
fpond  exadly  wi(h  thofe  of  the  quickfilver  in  much  larger  tubes, 
even  in  thofe  of  near  one- fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Of  all  the  methods  of  filling  the  tubes  of  barometers,  the 
Author  found  that  to  be  the  worft  (though  it  has  been  recom- 
mended by  fome  as  one  of  the  mofl  excellent)  in  which  the 
^mercury  is  introduced  into  the  tube  by  means  of  a  tunnel, 
with  a. long  capillary  ftem  reaching  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  it. 
In  a  tube,  thus  filled,  he  found  that  the  quickfilver  ftood  8| 
lines  below  the  ftandard.  Fie  obferves  too,  that  the  previous 
wafliing  the  internal  furface  of  a  tube  with  fpiric  of  wine,  is  a 
fitU  more  prejudicial  practice ;  as  a  barometer,  thus  treated, 
ftood  an  inch  lower  than  it  ought  to  do.  But  we  have  fome 
reafon  to  fufpefl  that  the  Author  has  not  been  accurate  in  this 
experiment ;  particularly  in  the  drying  the  tube ;  and  that  this 
remarkable  lownefs  of  tlic  mercury  was  in  fome  meafure  ow* 
jng  to  the  claftic  vapour  which  is  very  readily  generated  in 
vacuoy  in  a  very  moderate  degree  of  heat,  from  even  a  fmall 
quantity  of  moifture. 
Memoir  II.  and  IIL    Obfervathns  on  the  Circulation  of  Air  in 

Alines  J  together  with  an  Account  of  the  mojl  effeilual  Methk 

of  promoting  it,     rirft  and  fecond  Memoirs.     By  M.  Jars. 

It  is  well  icnown,  that  the  inconveniences  and  fatal  acci- 
dents attending  the  working  of  coal-pits  and  pther  mines,  prin- 
cipally derive  their  origin  from  the  ftagnation  of  the  air  within 
them;  and  that  the  prevention. of  thefe  dangers  is  only  to  be 
.  efTefled,  by  producing  a  motion  in  the  air  contained  in  thefe 
fubterraneous  cavities  :  fo  that  the  mephitic,  inflammable,  and 
other  noxious  exhalations,  continually  ariiing  in  them,  may  be 
expelled  by  a  current  of  frefli  air  introduced  from  without. 

In  thefe  memoirs  the  Author  throws  confiderable  light  on 
th»s  fubjeft,  by  offering  a  theory  founded  on  a  great  number 
of  obfervations,  made  m  the  different  mines  which  he  has  vi- 
fited  in  various  pans  of  Europe.  Of  thefe  obfervations  we 
fhall  fele£t  one,  which  is  undoubtedly  founded  on  juft  hydro- 
ftatical  principles  ;  and  of  which  we  may  podibly  fucceed  in 
giving  an  intelligible  account,  withou:  the  ai&ilance  of  plates. 
A  general  knowledge  of  the  Author's  theory  may  be  of  great 
fervice  in  directing  thofe,  who  are  engaged  in  works  of  this 
kind,  where  to  fink  the  Airihafcs,  or  other  fpiracles,  to  the 
greateft  advantage  ;  and  may  prevent  them  from  incurring  tery 
great  and  unneceflary  cxpences,  in  the  digging  them,  as  it 
were,  at  random,  and  in  fituations  where  they  cannot  poffibly, 
for  the  reafons  hereafter  explained^  produce  the  beneficial  ef- 
it&%  cxpeded  fiQia  x\vem« 

U 


* 


at  Paris y  far  ibi  Ytat  f  768*  685 

In  his  vifiu  to  the  mines  of  Chtlfly,  in  the  Lfonnois,  as  well 
as  to  Come  others  which  are  funk  under  the  declivity  of  a  biH, 
M.  Jars  obfcrvcd,  that^  in  the  winter,  there  was  a  regular 
current  of  air  which  entered  the  galleries*  or  the  horizontal 
pail'agcs  leading  to  the  mine,  at  their  mouths,  which  open  to- 
wards the  bottom  of  the  hill ;  and  that  the  air  at  the  fame  time 
came  out  of  the  Air  ftafts,  or  perpendicular  paflage?,  that  arc 
funk  down  to  thefc  galleries,  and  which  have  their  mouths  to* 
wards  the  top  of  the  hilL  in  the  fummer-time,  he  obfcrved, 
that  there  was  a  current  likewife,  but  that  it  now  moved  in  % 
contrary  dire6lion  ;  catering  at  the  mouth  of  the  air  fliaft,  and 
padtng  out  at  that  of  the  gallery  or  adit  ||.  In  the  fpring  and 
autumn,  fcarce  any  motion  of  the  air  was  perceptible ;  and 
accordingly  tbcfe  particular  mines  he  obferves,  as  well  as 
many  others*  arc  abandoned  at  thei'e  feafons,  on  account  of  the 
utter  impraifticabiJiry  of  working  them,  arifmg  from  this  ft,igna- 
tion  \  though  the  caufe  of  it  was  not  known. — The  following 
manner  of  confide  ring  the  fubjcct  will  probably  explain  the 
caufe  or  raUmolt  of  thcfe  different  appearances. 

We  may  confidcr  the  gallery  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill,  to- 
gether Wi(h  ifie  perpendicular  Air-(hiift,  afccnding  from  one 
exircmlry  oi  if,  and  an  imaginary  tube,  parallel  to  the  Air- 
ihaft»  and  fuppofcd  to  afcend  from  the  other  extremity,  as  % 
horizontal  tube,  to  the  ends  of  which  two  perpendicular  tubes 
of  equal  leni^th  or  height  are  connected,  and  which  is  pre  fled 
by  two  coltimns  of  uir,  each  extending  to  the  top  of  the  atmo- 
fphcre,  Suppofin^  the  air  contained  in  thefe  two  perpendicular 
tubes  to  be  of  equal  gravity  at  equal  heights  above  the  gillcry  ; 
no  reafon  can  be  ^iven  why  the  air>  contained  in  this  cum- 
pound  tube,  ihould  have  a  motion  in  any  direction  whatever. 
-But  if  thefe  iwu  columns,  though  equal  in  height,  confift  of  a 
fluid,  the  tcmpcMrure  of  which  \\\  one  of  the  legs  ii:i\  the  com-* 
pound  tube  fometimcs  differi  from  that  of  the  fluid  contained  in 
the  other,  a  difference  wtll  take  pUce  in  its  denfity  and  weight  ; 
he  two  columns  will  not  at  tttefe  times  be  tn  fquilihtio  with 
ach  other  \  the  heavier  column  will  confequently  dcfcend  and 
the  lighter  will  rile  j  in  fhort,  the  whole  fluid  will  be  put  in 
motion,  which  will  continue  as  long  as  the  caufcs  which  pro- 
duced it  continue  to  exift* 

Now  the  air  contained  within  the  perpendicular  Air- (haft 
(or  rather  that  part  of  it  which  is  at  a  certain  depth  below  the 

We  fpeak  from  memory  only,  n6t  having  the  work  at  hand  ; 
but  there  are  fomc  obfervations,  in  one  of  Dr.  Franklin'i  Lttitrs,  i^c* 
on  intcrmiltent  or  periodical  currents  of  air,  moving  alternately  up 
and  down  a  chimney,  where  there  is  no  tire,  at  diiFcrenc  ciiDcs  of 
fh(  dayj  which  have  a  near  relation  to  the  pteicat  Cab^^c^ 


-€66^  The  Hiflory  ofibi  Royal  Acadany  rfScUnces 

iurface  of  the  ground)  is  at  all  times  of  the  year  nearly  of  the 
faiDe  equal  temperature ;  whereas  the  temperature  of  the  coluam 
4)ver  the  mouih  of  the  gallery,  which  ^/Trfrv/vconiiftsoftheexcrr- 
nat  air»  varies  according  co  the  feafons.  In  fummer,  ibe  fos- 
mer,  or  the  air  contained  within  the  perpendicular  (baft«  is 
JCC^Atty  ami  confequentiy  heavier  than  the  latter,  or  the  exter- 
nal air  correfponding  to  the  hriouch  of  the  gallery.  It  defcends 
therefore  along  the  fliaft,  and  produces  a  current  which  pafles 
cut  at  the  mouth  of  the  gallery,  in  winter,  on  the  contrary, 
though  ftiil  of  the  fame  temperature,  it  is  relatively  warmer  and 
lighter  in  the  Air-fliaft,  and  accordingly  alcends  ;  being  puflied 
tout,  or  upwards,  by  the  fuperior  gravity  of  the  colder  exrcf- 
sal  air  correfponding  to  the  mouth  of  the  gallery.  In  fpring 
and  autumn,  no  motion  is  produced  ;  as  the  external  air  aid 
that  of  the  Air- (haft  are  of  the  fame  tempeiature  and  gravity.  . 
It  follows,  from  this  view  of  the  fubjcd,  that  A<r-{haf(S«  in 
the  above-mentioned  fituations,  will  not  only  be  of  little  or  no 
fervice  in  the  fpring  and  autumn  ;  but  like  wife,  that  if  they  are 
funk)  even  in  great  number?,  in  a  plain,  or  where  the  ground 
18  nearly  horizontal,  no  current  of  air  will  be  produced  through 
them  at  any  fcafon  of  the  year  :  as  the  warmth,  and  con^- 
qucntly  the  denfity  and  gravity,  of  the  lefpeaive  columns  of 
air,  in  thefe  different  paflages,  will  be  nearly  equal  to  ami 
counterbalance  each  other.  Under  fuch  circumftances,  hovtt* 
ever,  a  ventilation  of  mines  has  been  propofed  and  pradlii'ed, 
which  is  effected  by  a  kind  of  itove  placed  near  one  of  the  aper« 
tures;  by  which  the  liagnant  air  is  exrradted,  at  ail  feafons  of 
the  year  indifferently,  through  pipes  proceeding  from  the  fire, 
and  conveyed  into  the  inmoft  receffes  of  the  mine  :  in  a  man- 
ner finiilar  to  that  propofed  by  Sutton  for  renewing  the  air  in 
Ihips,  &c.  The  Author  recommends  this  practice,  and  after- 
wards offers  another  method  as  a  fubilitutc,  which,  however, 
can  only  produce  the  fame  eltecSl  at  particular  feafons  ;  and 
that  too,  we  apprehend,  in  a  much  fmalier  degree.  He  pro- 
pofes,  where  the  ground  is  level  or  nearly  fo,  a  remedy  to 
the  inconvenience  thence  arifmp  ;  which  is,  to  lengthen  the 
Air- (baft  upwards,  by  the  eredlion  of  a  high  tunnel  or  chim- 
jDcy  over  it,  the  fides  of  which  Paould  be  very  folid  or  thick; 
that  the  air  contained  within  it  may  not  be  eafily  affcded  by  the 
warmth  or  cold  of  the  external  air,  hut  may,  as  iiearly  as  pof- 
fible,  preferve  the  temperature  of  that  contained  in  the  fubter- 
jraneous  part  of  this  prolonged  tunnel :  fo  that  the  equiiihriuM 
may  be  deftroyed  between  this  and  the  other  paffages,  by  means 
of  the  viciilitudes  in  the  tempei«ture  of  the  external  air  ;  in  the 
fame  manner  as  where  the  mine  is  fituated  in  the  declivity  of  a 

lAjtVLOVL 


JHemoir  IV.  Om  tbt  CsRjirn^im  •/  HjJrvmta^s.    By  M.  de 

Montigny. 

The  Author's  obienranacs  on  thcCt  inftrumcnts  chiefly  idite 
to  the  accurately  dcterminiag,  by  their  means,  the  prccife 
ftrengtbs  of  diSereac  brandies  and  other  ^irituous  liquors  j  both 
fis  they  are  obje<3s  of  trade,  and  as  the  revenue  is  greatly  in- 
tereiled  in  fuch  detcra:in2tion.  In  his  propofed  improvement 
of  the  hydrometer,  for  this  particular  purpofe,  he  prindpalljr 
coniiJers  a  circumftmce  not  hitherto  attended  to  in  the  con* 
ih-udion  and  graduation  o(  thefe  inilruments  ;  though  the  ne- 
g]eQ  of  it  is  picductlve  of  confiderable  errors.  We  fliall  not  . 
(lefcribe  the  Author's  apparatus  at  large ;  but  (hall  briefly  exr- 
plain  the  principle  on  which  his  improvements  are  founded. 

M.  Reaumur  was  the  firft  uho  noticed  the  fingular />A#ivmmu 
non^  which  ^U  de  Mcntigny  here  applies  to  the  improvement  of 
the  hydrometer.  While  he  was  employed  in  making  the  fpirit 
thermometers  Icnown  by  his  name,  he  difcovered,  that  when 
re6!ified  fpirit,  and  water  or  phlegm,  the  oiher  conftituent 
principle  of  brandy,  are  mixed  together,  there  appears  to  be  a 
mutual  penetration  of  the  two  liquors;  and  not,  as  commonly 
happens  in  the  mixture  of  other  fluids  with  each  other,  a  mere 
juxta  pofition  of  parts.  In  fact,  a  part  of  the  one  fluid  fcemg 
to  be  received  into  the  pores  of  the  other ;  fo  that  if  a  pint,  for 
inftance,  of  re£^ifled  fpirit  be  added  to  a  pint  of  water,  the  mix^ 
Cure  will  be  very  fenfibly  lefs  than  a  quart.  The  variations 
produced  in  the  bulk  of  the  mixed  fluid,  by  the  action  of  their 
refpedive  particles  on  each  other,  render  the  hydrometer,  when 
graduated,  as  it  ufualiy  is,  by  equal  divifionf,  an  erroneous 
mcafure  of  its  flrength  :  as  the  fpecific  gravity  of  the  compound 
is  found  not  to  correfpond  to  the  mean  gravity  of  the  two  in^ 
gredients.  M.  Montigny 's  fcale  is  therefore  con(lru£led  on 
adual  obfervation  of  the  finking  or  rifing  of  the  hydrometer,  in 
various  mixtures  of  alcohol  and  water,  in  certain  known  pro* 
portions.  We  fhall  only  add,  that  Dr.  Lewis,  long  fince,  for 
the  very  reafons  that  are  given  in  this  memoir,  fuggefled  the 
pecefiity  of  thus  graduating  the  hydrometer,  for  the  examioa* 
tion  of  inflammable  fpirits,  by  a<3ual  trials  made  in  various 
mixtures.  [See  his  Tranflation  of  Newman's  Cl^imi/lryj  page 
450,  Note  r.]  But  whether  his  propofal  has  ever  been  at* 
tended  to  or  executed  in  this  country,  we  know  not. 
MEMOIR  iV.  Experiments  made  with  a  View  to  determine  tbi 
Strength  of  Timber,     By  M.  du  Hamel. 

M.  du  Hamel  begins  this  memoir  by  remarking,  that  it  is 
become  a  matter  of  general  obfervation  and  of  univerfal  com- 
plaint, among  thofe  interefted  in  the  fubje(^»  that  the  quality 
pr  flrength  of  the  timber  now  in  ufe  is  very  confiderably  infe- 


688  Tbi  HfJIory  of  the  Rdyal  Academy  of  Scitnces 

fior  to  that  employed  in  the  beginning  of  this  century.  The 
Engineer,  he  fays,  obfcrvcs,  that  fluiccs,  which  formerly  flood 
•  40  or  50  years,  now  laft  only  ten  or  a  dozen.  The  ArchiteA 
fcts  likewife  with  concern,  that,  notwithftanding  all  his  at- 
tention in  chufing  timber  of  the  beft  quality,  in  the  conftruc- 
'  tioii  of  grand  edifices,  he  finds  himfelf,  in  the  courfe  of  a  fctr 

Bars,  under  the  nccef&ty  of  fubflituting  others  in  their  roon. 
e  himfelf  has  feen  vefTcls  that  had  been  built  40  years,  and 
yet  had  the  greatefl  part  of  their  beams  in  a  found  ftatc: 
whereas,  in  thofe  of  modern  conftrudion,  the  timbers  evidentlj 
rot  in  the  fpace  of  a  few  years.  Indeed,  the  Author  had  for- 
merly declared,  in  his  Compleat  Treatife  on  Fortfis^  that  there 
is  not  at  prefent  a  tree  of  a  large  fcanding  to  be  found,  that  ii 
not  efTentially  diflempered  at  its  heart,  or  in  which  there  is  not 
at  leafl  a  commencement  of  decay  ;  which  fometimes,  indeed, 
is  not  perceptible,  when  the  tree  is  firft  felled,  but  which  wiH 
ftew  icfelf  in  a  very  fhort  fpace  of  time  afterwards. 

Some  have  attributed  this  depravation  of  the  wood  in  our 
times,  to  the  great  frofl  in  1709.  The  Author,  though  he  al- 
lows  this  caufe  to  have  had  fome  (hare  in  producing  this  cffird, 
is  of  opinion  that  it  is  chiefly  owing  to  other  circumftances 
which  be  enumerates.  The  principal  of  thefe  are,  that  for  a 
ytx"^  confiderable  time  paft,  trees  have  been  conflantly  felled, 
and  none  planted  in  their  room ;  that  the  timber  now  cut  down 
18  the  refufe  of  our  predeceflTors  ;  and  that  the  trees  in  the  major 
part  of  forefls  are  the  produce  of  old  flumps  and  roots,  vegeta- 
ting  in  a  foil  almoft  intirely  exhaufled. 

Whatever  be  the  caufe,  or  caufes,  of  this  diminution  in  the 
ftrength  of  the  modern  timber,  the  Author  obfervesvthat  it  would 
be  both  erroneous  and  unfafe  for  the  architefi  or  fbipbuilder  to 
eflimate  its  prefent  flrength,  from  the  refult  of  the  experiments 
made  for  that  purpofe  formerly  by  M.  Parent  and  others.  He 
here  relates  fome  trials  made  to  determine  the  jrefifbnce  of  large 
be^fms,  at  Brefl,  by  the  engineers  at  that  place,  under  ihe  ^x- 
reftion  of  the  commandant;  the  refults  of  which  confirm  the 
truth  of  the  foregoing»obfervation,  and  evince  the  neccflity  of 
cflimating  the  flrength  of  modern  timber  by  a  new  flandard. 

In  the  lafl  memoir  of  this  clafs,  which  is  of  a  local  nature, 
M«  Deparcieux  propofes  his  ideas  on  the  befl  expedients  to  pre* 
vent  the  inconveniences  and  dangers,  which  frequently  enfuc 
on  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice,  in  the  river  Seine. 


CHBMXSTRTt 


at  Pari$i  pr  the  Tiar  i  ^h%. 


689 


Chemistry, 

^Temoi It  T.  On  the  Caoutchouc,  er  thtEloftU  Rifm  <?/'Ciycnnc| 
mnd m  the  D'tfc6Viry  ef  a  Mithud  of  dl[Johmg  it^  wiibout  im- 
pairing  er  dt/iroying  iit  Pr$perth$*  By  M*  Macqucr  ♦* 
The  fubftaDCe  created  of  in  this  ariicle  is  in  fomc  rcfpefls 
one  of  the  moft  fingular  productions  of  the  vegetable  kingdortij 
both  on  account  of  its  remarkable  chemical  qualities,  and  of 
its  other  ftill  more  interefting  properties.  As  ic  appears  to  be 
very  little  known  in  this  country,  and  as  this  vtry  able  Chemift 
has  at  length  fuccccded  in  his  repeated  attempts  to  difcoverA 
pcrfcci  and  innoxictts  folvcnt  of  this  hetroclitc  fubftance,  which 
bad  hitherto  been  ineffediually  fought  after  by  other  chemi(isi  we 
ihall  dwell  fomewbat  largely  on  its  hiftory,  and  properties,  and 
on  the  method  here  indicated  of  compleatly  diUblmg  it,  and 
thereby  rendering  it  a  ufeful  acqulfuion  to  the  arts  and  to  ex* 
perimental  philolophy. 

This  refin,  as  it  is  called,  has  been  hitherto  brought  from 
different  parts  of  South  America  and  Afia.  Little  howei'er  was 
known  concerning  it,  (though  fome  utenfils  and  other  works 
formed  of  it,  by  the  natives  of  thofe  countries  that  produce  it» 
were  preferved  in  the  cabinets  of  the  curious)  till  the  return  of 
the  French  Academicians,  who  were  fcnt  to  meafure  ehc  earth 
in  Peru,  Of  thcfc,  Mr.  Condamine  particularly,  in  the  rela* 
tion  of  his  voyage  down  the  River  of  Amazons,  firft  enteccd 
into  fome  detail  concerning  its  origin,  and  the  manner  in 
which  the  Indians  collcft  it,  and  form  it,  by  means  of  earthen 
moulds,  into  various  fhapes.  From  his  and  other  accounts  ic 
appear!*  that  it  is  a  milky  exudation,  or  a  kind  of  natural  cmul- 
fion»  flowing  fiom  incihons  made  in  a  certain  tree*  While  ia 
this  liquid  ftate,  it  receives  from  them  the  particular  form  in- 
tended to  be  given  to  it.  The  liquor  foon  dries^  and  acquires 
a  folid  confluence;  manifcfting  at  the  fame  time  a  moft  cjc- 
traordinary  degree  of  flexibility  and  elafticity.  It  has  indeed 
been  faid  that  a  ring  of  this  /ubftance,  fo  fmall  as  to  fit  the 
finger,  would  bear  fuch  a  degree  of  extenfion  as  to  become  a 
girdle  for  the  body,  which,  on  being  flipped  off,  would  in- 
flanily  return  to  its  former  dimenfionsi  and  that  a  ball  of  this 
rtfin,  being  dropped  on  the  ground,  would  rebound  to  a  greater 
height  than  that  from  which  it  fell  f.     The  firft  aflertion  is  un^ 

•  Our  Readers  arc  referred  to  a  fhort  account  which  we  formerly 
gave  [in  our  57th  volmnct  September  irdj^  page  164]  of  Mr.  iJc' 
fifljint's  and  the  prefcnt  Author's  experiments  on  this  fubftancc,  as 
ftinimarily  related  in  the  volume  of  ihefe  memoirs  for  the  year  1765, 
Notwiihilanding  what  we  have  there  f^id,  it  now  appears,  from  this 
a7ticle,  that  at  chat  time  thcfe  two  Chemifta  had  only  difcovered  th<i 
iBtanc  of  foftening,  and  not  of  compleatly  diilolving  this  redn* 

f  Sec  father  Charlevoix's  Hillory  of  St«  Domingo. 


1 90  The  H!/l^  fif  the  Royal  AcoJUmf  of  Scienas 

doubtcdly  an  exaggeration,  and  the  latter  implies  a  manifeft 
impoffibility.  It  really  however  poiTefles  Aich  a  degree  of  elaf* 
ticity  and  ^pplenerS)  as  renders  itanobjed  equally  interefting 
to  the  experimental  philofopher,  and  tot  the  art^  \  who  muft 
naturally  wtfii  to  avail  themfelves  of  its  properties^  if  a  method 
were  dilcovered  of  giving  it  any  form  that  was  required. 

Ita chemical  properties  are  not  lefs  extraordinary  ;  as  this  in- 
traSaUe  fubftanc^  had  hilhiirto  refitted  every  attempt  that  hat 
been  made  to  reduce  it  to  its  original  fluid  ftate :  at  lead  fo  af 
Aat,  after  it  had  acquired  a  new  form,  by  means  of  a  pro^ 
moM^  it  might  bt  dried,  and  at  the  fame  time  recover  its  for- 
mer pliability  and  elafticicy.  We  (hall  pafs  over  the  fruitleCr 
dilays  made  for  thw  purpofe  by  M.  Frefneau  and  others.  Hut 
We  nwiy  have  i!Oom  to  relate  more  at  large  thofe  of  the  prefenr 
Author:  prtmFifmg  only  that  it  had  before  been  found  not  to 
be  foluble  in  water  \  that,  though  called  a  refia,  it  was  per- 
fsdly  indifibluWe  iilcewifis  in  fpirit  of  wine;  and- that  though 
ie  has  been  diflbl^ed  in^  certain  oil^;  the  folu<ion,  in  whatever 
manner  afterwards  treated,  remained  foft,  of  a  vifcous  coin 
iUlenoe,  and  totally  incapable  of  being  reduced  to  a  folid  itA 
elaftic  ftate. 

M;  Macqucr  He? crthelefs  fubjeded  it  afrefli  to  the  a£tronof 
various  oib)  thofe  called  drying  particularly,  and  in  diflereor 
Gombinatioiis ;  but  without  efFeS.  He  emertained  hopes  that 
camphire  might  be  made  iifftrumental  in  difl'<.Iving  it ;  and  as 
that)  fubihmce  is  the  moft  volatile  of  all  the  oily  concretes  widi 
'vHiich  we  are  acquainted  (being  the  only  one  that  will  evapo- 
rate intirely  rn*a  moderate  heat,  without  leaving  any  refiduum) 
it  feemed  that  it  might  caftiy  be  afterwards  feparated  from  rfa^ 
refin.  But  as  the  camphire  muft  be  melted  in  order  to  ad 
upon  this  fubftance,  and  as  it  can  fcarce  underoo  the  heat  ne- 
ceflary  for  t^is  purpofe,  without  fubliming,  M.  Macqucrfirft 
liquified  the  camphire  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  reftified  fpirit. 
In  this  flate  it  really  adted  upon  the  refin,  iand  difTolved  a  part 
cyfit;  but  when  the  camphire  was  afterwards  feparated  from  it 
by  evaporation,  or  other  means,  the  refm  which  was  left  was 
always  obferved  to  have  loft  its  elafticity. 

Defpairing  of  fucceeding  in  the  attempt  to  diflblve  this  re- 
frafiory  fubuance,  by  means  of  oils,  the  Author  applied  to  it 
different  kinds'of  falts ;  the  cauftic  alcali  particularly,  and  the 
various  acids.  He  fubjefled  it  likewife  to  the  powerful  aftion 
of  Papin's  digeftor,  which  reduces  the  hardcft  bones  to  jelly. 
He  afterwards  entertained  fomc  fccmingly  well  grounded  hopes 
of  effeding  its  diifolution  by  means  of  the  milky  juices  of  fome 
of  our  European  plants ;  of  the  mtlk  thjfile  in  particular,  the 
la£teou4  juice  of  which,  after  having  been  dried,  refembles  in 
3  '  ibme 


at  Pdrisj  ftr  4ki  7Var  1 768. 


691 


fomc  rcfpefts  the  Cayenne  wfin^  and  even  pofTeflcs  a  certaiti 
degree  of  ,clafticily: — but  all  bis  proccfl'es  were  equally  inef- 
ficacious. In  feme  of  them»  the  rcJiii  was  not  at  all  ai^l-dcd  ; 
and,  in  others,  was  altered  of  deftroyed. 

After  thus  exhauiling  almoft  every  probable  rcfource,  one 
m^nftruuni  only  remained  lu  be  tried  ;  to  which  the  Author  had 
rccourfe  with  regret,  on  account  of  Its  fcarcity  and  dearneft^ 
by  Its  means  however  he  at  length  rcfolved  thrs  very  difficdt 
chemical  problem.  This  mrn(^ruum  is  the  vitriolic  atther^ 
which  quickly  and  c;rrily  diflolves  the  whole  of  this  anomalotis 
fubltance;  formmg  with  k  a  rranfparent  tincture,  and  on  its 
evaporation  leaving  ihe  rcfin  behind,  pofl'cded  of  its  former  coti* 
frrtt-nce,  clafricity,  and  all  its  other  properties  j  and  of  fuch  a 
form  a»  the  operator  has  chofcn  to  give  10  it,  while  in  its  liquid 
ftatc.  Great  nicety  however,  we  are  informed,  ij  requifitc  in 
the  choice  of  the  irther  employed  in  this  proccfs.  It  is  abfo- 
lutely  nccefiltry  to  the  fucccls  of  this  experiment,  to  nrflify  S  or 
10  pints  of  the  common  «thcr  by  a  gentle  hear,  and  to  fet  apart 
f»r  this  purpofe  the  two  firil  pints  that  come  oven  This,  by 
the  bye,  our  Author  obfcrves,  is  the  only  anber  on  which  the 
chemift  can  depend,  who  would  invcftigaie  the  tjuslities,  or  the 
proper  aflion  of  aether,  quatenm  aether,  on  other  fubftances. 

The  ufes  to  which  thrs  difcovery  is  applicable  appear  to  be 
various.  The  folidity,  flexibility,  and  elallicity  of  the  Ca9ut* 
thonc^  and  its  property  of  not  being  affc^etl  by  aqueous,  fpi- 
rituous,  fatine,  oily,  or  other  common  fol vents,  renders  ii  a 
proper  and  valuable  matter  for  the  conftruftion  of  tubes,  ca- 
theters, and  various  other  inftrument^  in  which  thefc  united 
properties  are  wantrd.  The  method  by  which  the  Author  made 
fmali  tubes  of  it  Is  fimple  and  iii;^'"niouf.  He  fiilt  prepares  a 
folid  cylindrical  mould  of  wax,  of  the  proper  fi2c  and  (hapc^ 
and  then  dipping  a  pencil  into  ihc  ajthcrtal  lolution  of  the  refin^ 
daubs  the  mould  over  with  it,  till  it  is  covered  with  a  refinons 
coat  of  a  fufficicnt  thicknefs.  In  ord^r  that  the  tube  may  be 
fmooth  and  even,  this  work  mttft  be  executed  with  great  ex* 
pedif ion  \  as  the  xihcr  flics  off  from  l\\^  wax  and  leaves  the  fciin 
upon  if,  almoft  immediately  on  Its  application.  He  then  throws 
the  piece  into  boiiir^g  water  \  by  the  heat  of  which  the  wax  is 
foon  melted,  and  rifrs  to  tfte  fcirfacc;  leaving  the  reilnous  tube 
compleatly  formed  behind- 

The  remaining  memous  of  this  ctafs,  and  volume^  Ihall  be 
the  fubjedis  of  a  fuccccdlng  article. 


A  &  T% 


[    692    ] 
Art.    IX. 

yos»nis  Frederici  Meckel  Nova  Experimenta  et  Oh/er*uationes^  ISc,-^ 
New  Experiments  and  Obfervacions  relating  to  the  Extremities  of 
the  Veins  and  Lymphatic  Veflels  of  the  Human  Body ;  and  on  the 
Intentions  of  Nature  in  their  particular  Organifation.  ^^  John 
Frederick  Meckel.     8 vo  Berlin,  1772. 

THESE  experiments  and  obfervations,  which  are  addrefled 
to  the  long  and  juftly  celebrated  Morgagni,  do  not  sippear 
to  be  undeferving  the  refpei^able  patronage  of  that  anatomical 
and  medical  Neftor  of  the  prefent  age:  as  they  prefent  fome  nev 
and  curious  circumftances,  relating  to  the  ftrudure  and  ceconomy 
of  the  lymphatic  veiTcls,  and  veins,  in  different  organs  of  the 
,  human  bo.iy,  which  had  hitherto  efcaped  the  detection  of  the 
noil  accurate  and  expert  anatomifls. 

Theeflav  is  divided  int6  five  fe<S)ions  ;  from  the  firft  of  which 
it  appears  that  the  Author's  mercurial  injections  made  their  way 
from  the  fmall  lymphatic  veiTels  of  the  conglobate  glands,  di« 
reSly  into  the  branches  of  the  fanguiferous  vein  of  the  gland; 
ahd  this,  without  any  rupture  of  the  veflels,  or  extravafation 
of  the  fluid,  attending  the  experiment.  From  hence  it  necefla- 
rily  follows  that  there  is  an  immediate  anajiomofu  or  inofculation 
of  the  lymphatic  veflels  with  the  extremities  of  the  veins  belong- 
ing to  thefe  glands. 

The  fecond  fe6lion  contains  an  account  of  fome  eafy  and 
fimple  experiments,  in  which  the  quickfilver  was  introduced 
into  the  ladiferous  dufis  of  the papillay  in  the  breafts  of  two  fe- 
males ;  and  which  prove,  not  only  that  there  is  an  immediate 
vafcular  ccinne<3ion  between  the  minute  branches  of  thefe  duds, 
and  the  lymphatic  veins ;  (an  inofculation  which  had.  been  be- 
fore dcteded  by  our  Author's  colleague,  Walterus)  but  that 
there  is  likewife  a  fimilar  and  flill  more  evident  and  open  com- 
munication between  thefe  du£ls,  and  the  extremities  of  the  red 
or  fanguiferous  veins.  By  means  of  this  peculiar  and  hitherto 
undifcovered  organifation,  the  milk  is  occafionally  reconveyed, 
from  the  ladiferous  tubes,  by  a  dire£t  courfe,  into  the  mafs  of 
blood,  from  which  it  had  before  been  fecrctcd.  In  the  courfe 
of  thefe  experiments  the  Author  difcovered  likewife  an  inofcula- 
tion of  the  fmalleft  branches  of  the  ladlifcrous  dud^s  with  each 
oiher.  Thefe  and  the  other  difcovcrics  and  obfervations  con- 
tained in  the  following  fedtions  are  fucceeded  by  fome  phyfiolo- 
gical  and  pathological  remarks;  in  which  the  Author  invefli- 
gates  the  intentions  of  nature  in  the  ftrud^ure  of  the  parts,  and 
points  out  the  medical  or  curative  indications  to  be  derived  from 
the  new  lights  here  thrown  upon  it.  As  there  feems  to  be  no- 
thing peculiar  in  M.  Meckel's  manner  of  condu£ling  the  experi- 
7  ments 


McckclV  new  Expirlments  ^ft  the  E^trmUia  ^ftht  Vitm^  6fr.  69 j 

ments  related  ia  this  feflion,  it  may  appear  fingular  that  thefe 
finaflofmfes  (hould  have  hitherto  remained  uno'jfcrved  by  Haller, 
Morgagni,  and  other  great  auatumifti.  But  the  Author's  de- 
te£lloa  of  them  is  principilty  to  be  attributed,  as  he  candidly  in- 
timates, to  the  particular  fituation  and  circumtlmcesof  the  two 
female  fubjcQs,  on  whom  his  cxpcrimenti  were  made,  and 
which  rendered  thcfe  minute  and  cvanefcent  palTaged  more  thsui 
vfually  open,  and  pervious  to  his  injedtians. 

From  ihe  contents  of  the  third  fc^lion  it  appears  that  thcAii^ 
thor  has  been  equally  fuccef^jful  in  invcfti^^ating,  by  his  injcc* 
tions,  the  real  channel  by  which  the  Jtmin^  afttir  it  ha«  bcea 
fccrctcd  in  the  tejfes^  and  collcfled  into  the  vcficulr  '-■'■  'r^ 
jsabforbcd,  and  conveyed  from  ihefe  laft  mcntionvd  1  § 

back  again  into  the  mafs  of  blood.  It  feems,  from  hi>  exp^.  i- 
ments,  that  that  ftriiSt  cECunomift,  Dame  Nature,  excrcilcs  tins 
id  of  frugallry,  not  by  the  intervention  of  the  lymphatics,  but 
by  the  agency  ^of  the  veins;  the  mouths  of  whofe  extreme 
branches  immediately  open  into  the  cavities  of  thcfe  refer volrs, 
and  abforb  and  carry  off  their  ftagnatin;;^.  and  fupcrabunrfunt 
contents*  Among  other  important  purjiofcs  anfwefcJ  by  thia 
difpofuion,  (he  has  hereby  provided  a  lemedy  agaiuil  any  in- 
conveniences and  evils  that  might  refalt  from  a  llate  of  con- 
tinence« 

In  the  fourih  feflion,  the  Author  dem  on  ft  ratts  an  aflual  com- 
murucation  fubfiUing  not  only  between  the  hep^ticdudi  an  f  the 
lymphatic  \^eirel?i,  but  likewitc  between  the  f«me  du3  and  the 
branches  of  the  l^^tna  Cava  ;  from  which  he  deduces  fo  iie  practi- 
cal corollaries  refpcflin^  the  jaunJice  and  other  difcafes  of  the 
liver.  In  the  fifih  and  laft  fcdltoh^  the  Author  relates  fome  ex- 
periments which  evince  an  occaftonal  reforption  of  ihc  urine^ 
through  rhc  orifices  of  the  vrins  opening  into  the  cai'itv  of  the 
bladder  i  and  he  gives  ihe  r;*fif  of  a  young  man  (together  with 
the  method  oi  cure  fu  purfued  in  it)  in  which  this  ab- 

forption  was  fo  very  c*  ;e,  that  the  urine  had  almoH  en- 

tirely dcferled  the  palV-^ge  ot  the  urtthrttf  and  pafled  throogrh  the 
pores  of  the  Ikin  in  his  arm  pts,  where  his  linen  and  cluarhi 
were  eonnnuallv  wared  with  it.  With  a  few  obfervations  of 
the  fame  kind  he  concludes  this  clTay,  which,  as  the  preceding 
anaUfis  has  fticwn,  tontai<is  fome  new  and  curious  fa^^s  and  ob- 
fervations, that  will  recommend  it  u^  the  p  ruf^l  of  the  anato- 
stiiils  aitd  phytiologift,  and  which  may  poiUbly  have  a  diUant 
influence  on  medical  pradice. 


Arp.  Rev.  Vol.  %lvU 


Q.<i 


K\^x. 


r  694  ] 

A   R    T,      X, 

li  T^ijSn  dti  Rm^  ISt,     Ai*  Alarm  to  Kings.    B/  M.  de  Volait :    j 

With  the  Order  of  the  Muphti  for  the  SupprcHion  of  this  Work|fl 

and  the  Decree  of  the  Divan,  condemning  the  Author  to  be  im  J 

paled.     8vo»     2  s.  6d.     London.  ^ 

'X*  HIS  whimfical  publication  invites  the  princes  of  Cbrificn* 

^    dom  to  unite  their  arms    agamft   the  Ottoman  empifej 

and  yet  laughs  at  the  niadnefs  of  the  Crufades.      It  alfb  vi 

fture$  to  throw  a  ridicule  on  Chriftianity,  in  the  yiew,  that 

fpirit  tends  to  perfecution  and  cruelty.     But  here  the  Authofi 

It  IS  obvious,  has  afcrlbed  to  this  mode  of  faith,  the  cvUi  wbicil 

flow  from  the  fiery  zeal,  and  the  vices,  of  its  teachers* 


>tfe  J 


\ 


i 
I 


Art.    XI. 

Biklioiheca  Eoittnica.  Q^a  Jtripta  ad  rem  Hirhariam  fatintlia  a  r/rni 
tmtits  rntn/tntur*  AiUlort  AlhtrtQ  Van  Haller^  ^€,  <^c*  Tem*  IL 
— A  Bibliothcqac  of  Medicine  and  Natural  Hiilory  ;^-coiicaiQtog 
the  fccond  Part  of  the  Botanic  a  6iBtioTH£qu£«  ^tOw  iL 
London,     Heydinger.     1772* 

IN  our  hft  Appendix,  and  in  our  Review  for  March  enfcifjig« 
we  gave  an  account  of  the  firft  volume  of  this  work^  cd 
which  we  refer  our  Readers, — The  fecorvd  volume  confifls  of^ 
two  books^  v/z*  the  ninth  and  tenth)  and  completes  the  boU^ 
fiical  part,  which  is  carried  down  to  the  prefent  year  ;  aixf  tbd 
work  is  executed  with  that  accuracy  and  ability  that  quj  be 
expedlcd  from  Haller. 

Art,    XIL 

^ihiki'  (qm  di  Mudamt  la  Daufhine,  No.  I.  hji/shr*'— The  libraif 

of  Madame  la  Dauphirc,  No,  i,  Hiilory,     8vo.     Paris.     1771. 

^T^HE  Author  of  thi«  ingenious  and  fprightly  performance  ii  j 
'^    Librarian  to  the  D.uphinefs,  whom  he  intends  to  coodu^H 
through  the  different  walks  of  literature  that  are  proper  for  hcf  ^ 
rank  and  fex.     He  begins  with  hiftory  ;   lays  down  a  plan  q{ 
iludy  in  relation  to  it  i  fhews  what  books  are  proper  to  be  rei4« 
and  in  what  order  ;  points   out  the  objed^  and   moral    end  of 
hifVory^  and  marks  the  views,  in  particular,  wherewith  princes 
ought  to  read  it.     Though  the  work  Is  intended  for  the  ufe  of 
SI  young  princefs,   yet  the  generality  of  readers   may  rcceitre 
benefit  trom  the  perufal  of  it  ;  the  Author  appears  to  b«  a  maf¥ 
of  tafte,  a  lover  of  mankindt  and  a  friend  to  virtue. 

We  ftiall  only  give  one  fliort  pafiage  from  him  ;  it  relate  to 

Voltaire,  and   is  as  follows: — If  this  illuflrious   man,  whole 

si£}ivity  feems  equal  to  every  thing,  and  who  has  (truck  into  fo 

many  different  paths  of  literature,  had  given  the  firft  part  of 

his  life  to  poeUy,  aiv4  ^^  l<;;t<>tA  \ft\i&st^\\£->^  d^h  nc#^ 

% 


D^AnvilIeV  StaUs  6/  Europe^  -fi^j 

career,  he  had  employed  that  attention  stn^  that  fidelitft  !^  the 
ftudy  of  fa£ls  and  the  fearch  of  trufh,  which  mankind  have  a 
right  to  cxpeS  f/oiii  thofe  who  undertake  to  inftruft  ibem  j 
if,  in  a  word,  he  had  propofed  to  himfeU",  as  the  end  of  his 
labours,  not  the  empty  fatisfa^tton  of  plcafjng  and  amufmg, 
but  die  far  more  exalted  plcafurc*  the  jneftrniable  advantage 
of  ni.  king  men  better  and  happier^  we  liiould  then  have  had 
nothing  but  mifler  pieces  from  his  pf*n  ;  he  w^^uld  have  been 
confidercd  as  the  benefactor  of  bis  country,  and  would  have 
enjoyed,  univerfally,  th  reputation  his  talents  dcrerve,  and  the 
elleem  due  to  fo  honourable  an  appIic;ttion  of  rhem.  I  ihould 
then,  perhaps*  have  firuck  a  great  numb  r  of  writers  from 
the  lift  I  have  given,  and  put  VoLXAiRE  aUme  m  their 
place.  His  hiftory  of  Charles  XiL  ihc  only  hiftorical  per- 
formance of  his  that  I  fliall  recommend  t«  the  reader,  flicws, 
notwithftanding  its  inaccuracies,  thftt  no  pcrfon  i$  b«*tter  qua- 
lified than  the  Author  to  give  hiiiory  a  noble  and  intcrcfting 
air.  He  fuppreflcs  every  circumHance  that  is  unworthy  of  the 
attention  of  |K>ftcrity,  and  mentions  thofe  onlv  which  paint  the 
foul  gf  his  hero,  or  are  capable  of  roufing  that  of  his  reader : 
we  follow  htm  without  regret,  becaufe  he  in{lru£ta  us  ;  we 
remember  what  he  fays,  without  difficaUy,  beca^fe  he  t^ariUs 
and  animates  us. 


A    R    T.       XIII. 
Eiaitform$  tn  Europe  apni  la  Chuu  dt  VEtf^in  Remain  tm  Qccident*^-^ 
Staccs  formed  in  Europe,  after  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  in 
the  Weft,  by  M,  D'AnviUe.     410,     Paris,  1771. 

MD'Anvillc's  charafler  as  a  geographer  is  fo  well  ctta- 
*  blilhed,  that  wc  need  fay  nothing  concerning  it.— In  an 
advertifement  prefixed  to  this  work,  he  tells  us  that  it  ia  a  vtty 
common  thing,  in  books  upon  geography,  to  confider  two  ob* 

ie£ts  only»  very  diilant  from  each  othcrr,  viz,  the  antient  and 
ircfentftatc  of  countries*  Now,  as  he  very  juftly  obfervcs, 
his  is  ncgleiling  a  very  conftderable  interval,  and  pa0ing  ha* 
Mlyt  and  wirhout  any  connciUon,  from  the  firft  object  to  the 
kcgnd,  though  the  one  differs  from  the  other  fo  much,  as  to 
ender  it  a  matter  of  importance  to  know  by  what  means,  and 
by  what  revolutionj  fuch  a  difference,  and  fuch  a  change  took 
place. 

Having  publiftied^  therefore,  a  fyftem  of  ancient  geography, 

oor  Author  thought  it  would  be  doing  a  fervicc  to  the  worlds 

to  publifh  another  work  likewifc^  wherein  the  Reader  might 

,      have  a  view  of  thofe  ftates  in  Europe  that  were  raifed  upon  the 

ins  of  the  w«ftein  empire. 

Q.q  a  It 


^e^ 


TrajatfiTriumpfjal  Arch  at  Bhuviniumm 


It  c6hri{ls  of  five  pafts^  the  firft  of  which  relates  to  Gernuiiy, 
ithe'fccond  to  France,  the  (hirJ  to  Italy,  the  fourth  to  Spaiiii 
nnd  the  fifth  to  feritain.  The  fubjeft  is  treated  with  great  ac* 
pea  racy  and  perfplcuity,  and  a  very  corr6£i  map  is  added  by  w^ 
Wp(  illuitraiion.  The  Author h:i$  annexed  a  memoir  concerning 
Khe  nation  which  at  pfcfent  inhabits  Trajah's  province  of  Da- 
Bciaj  this  paper  was  publifhed  in  the  thirtieth  volume  of  the 
nnemoirs  of  the  academy  of  infcrtptions^  but  as  few  readers 
Hiavc  an  opportunity  of  confulting  fo  voluminous  a  collcftioD, 

Cnd  as  the  memoir  \%  quoted  in  feveral  places  in  the  work  befoc? 
s,  M  D'Anville  has  infertcd  it. 
P'  Hchas  likcwifc  colledcd,  with  great  care,  and  from  the  beft 
I  Authorities,  the  moft  material  fads  relating  to  the  Teveral  ftaics 
lie  defcribes,  during  a  period  of  eight  centuries,  vi%,  from  the 
Kfth  to  the  twelfth  inclufive.— The  work  is,  indeed,  in  every 
trcfpcLK  worthy  of  the  high  reputation  of  its  Author, 

P         ~  A    R    T.      XIV.  ' 

wn^dfifin  it  Salvifiii  Atitt^^tr  Anglnffit  ^V. — Adelfon  and  Salrmij  to 
t  Engliih  Story,  by  M.  D*Amattd,     8vo.     Patii.     1772. 

W^X^  HIS  is  a  mbnftrous^,  unnatural  romance,  ca! ciliated  only 
1*^  to  cmft  a  difgracc  on  human  nature,  and  to  leave  a  gloom 
l^upon  the  mind  o\  the  Reader,  by  deceiving  him  into  a  fal^iika 
f  sk  his  fpecies*^    This  amongft  a  great  deal  more  foreign  tralh 

of  the  prefent  ye:ir,  was  put  into  our  hands  abroad,  and  we 
r  mention  it  only  bccaufe  the  name  of  the  Author,  and  the  title 
roT  the  book  might  poffibly  induce  our  Readers  to  mif-ijpcnd  thrfr 

^oney. 

^       '-^^      '  Art.     XV.  ~~  ' 

Wt>tlP  jfrco  frajanfi  in  Bentveni9^  ^r,— Trajan's  Triumphal  AkH  ae 
r  Bcpevctitam,  engraved  and  publiihed  by  Charles  Nolli,  at  Naplea. 
I*     Fol.     1770. 

■  fTpW  O  famous  triumphal  arches,  t>f  prodigious  height  and 
I  ^  magnificence,  were  crefted  for  Trajan,  by  the  fenatc  of 
ITlome,  the  firft  in  Bcneve.ntum,  when  he  returned  into  Italy 
I  from  the  German  arid  the  Dacian  war,  the  other  in  thepoHof 
|/\ncona  J  poflibly  when  after  the  fecond  and  laft  defeat  of  De- 
Iccbalus,  King  of  the  Dacians,  he  landed  in  that  haven,  whrch^ 
liFor  the  benefit  of  navigators,  he  enlarged  at  hts  own  ex;>ence. 
I  There  have  been  feveral  engravings  of  the  arch  of  Bcnevcn*- 
Itunu  but  by  fome  accident  or  other  no  plate  hai  appeared  to 
||itra£t  that  attention  of  the  public*  which  the  ftngular  merit 
I  if  that  memorable  piece  of  architecture  dcfervcj. 
^      The  plates  in  this  colleflidn  are  eight  in  number,  exhibhing; 

fo  many  diftlnii  fedlion*  Qf  the  trhimphal  arch,  and  execute! 

^ith  great  eitaAt^cfa* 


The  feoood  pbie  hxt  fn^Sgioa.  hex^  mmi 
It  is  1  plui  Mad  ciriaiioo  q£  AstoBd  of  iim 


wholly  cQoStm&ffi  dL  GfTTTin  wiAir 

each  iide  of  tlK  ac^  are  two  ondcxs*^'  b^ft-^^K^  «k&  »  fust 


■H 


ilKfiUAcfv< 


of  carved  work  in  the  ttttervalH  iryrfepiiaf  «  ikti  ctadkAsck 
with  V»o  mmgc^  Ywmes^  hxnsig  mdcr  ihcir  kocc^  ivo  tidinft 
for  facrifice,  Abope  tike  odier  ha&-«c{ielV  winch  uko  m  the 
height  of  the  capttali  of  the  colamss^  i%  a  tnse,  in  the  auid  of 
which  appears  another  ca«fle<Bck  of  a  dfeiitot  fbcoi,  with  two 
offifiants  for  the  Cacrtficey  and  ttpo  ochef  figuie^'witll  niiiivjr 
fhierds.  Then  comes  the  gnod  rbmkt  of  rfjc  onkr,  with  a 
fculptured  frize,  which  ccmtaiDs  a  namher  of  fhnll  figures  ta 
full  relief^  rcprefeotiog  the  march  of  the  tnttmph*  lo  ihe  nicbct 
of  the  arch  are  cut,  lo  adtntraUe  talle,  pafttcubfly  on  the  (sie 
looking  from  the  citj,  two  figures  half  mko)^  \n  >  r^ctsfTrWnt 
pofturc,  which  repreient  a  fco-rirer  and  i 
twecn  thefc  en  the  oeotral  part  of  the  arch^  .-, 

cloathed  in  a  long  ganseot.     Ic  Is  not  faj  what  thi 
but  wc  appreheod  frocn  the  at&ibuces,  thit  it  muft  he  . 

The  wboIC|  in  Ihcirt,  bextrcrotlr  frne^  and  well  motth  t&f 
atteniton  of  tkofe  who  hare  i^rlcs  of  art. 

Th^  pUtes  arc  dedicated  :  jmiItoci|  ocr  Entc^ 
at  Naples,  who  Is  well  kooira  for  his  ime  uftc^  and  foe  bit 
rncouragemeat  of  the  pdite  am,  

A  R  T.   xvr,  5 

fom  Amii,  par  MMdami  Mitcthm, — Letters  by  Elizabeth  Sophia  de 
V^alliere  to  her  Friend  LoDifa  Horceofia  de  Caiiceko«  bjr  madaia 
Riccoboni.  izuio*  z  Voh.  6  s,  fewed*  Paris,  1771^  Im* 
ported  by  Becket  and  Co. 

^U\  A  D  A  M  Riccoboni  poffeflcs  great  command  over  ibe 
-^'^  paffions*  and  moves  us  as  fhe  pleafcs  with  refers  r 

pity^  with  love  or  admiration.     She  knows  how  to  <  r> 

thereccflcs  of  the  human  heart:  and,  while  her  fintiments  are 
affefiing,  ftic  cxpreiTes  ihera  with  a  delicacy  of  phrafc,  which 
adds  to  their  force  and  beauty.  Amidft  the  motly  and  infipid 
novels,  which  are  continually  puMilhing,  both  in  France  and 
England,  her  work  fliincs  with  fupcrior  and  dlftinguiflicd  luftre, 

*  ^  Art.     XVII- 

Hijloirt  dt  V  A'vtmment  df  la  M&'^sn  dt  Bottrhsn  a  ft  Trent  d^E/paj^ne*^ 
An  Hit^ory  of  the  AcceHion  of  the  Houfe  of  ISourbaii  to  the  Crown 
.   of  Spain,     iimo,     0  VoU.     Paris,     1772. 

•T'HIS   performance,  if  confidcred  as  a  colleflion  of  m-Tfe- 

-*     rials,  fcatiercd  in  a  muliitude  of  volumes,  is  intitlcd  to  a  con- 

^dcrablc  fliare  of  approbation.     Iti  ibc  ^^itl^W;|  ^^«L>»n^  ^^  x 


698        yittUitm^i  fphrgenia  in  Aultff  ttfr.  &f  Buripldit* 

hi{tor)%  it  has  little  claim  to  praife.  It  is  circumftantbl  11 
cxa£t ;  but  the  Author  fccms  to  want  the  penetration  ncccffarj 
to  difcover  and  unfold  the  principles  of  condu£!,  which  acluatd 
princes  and  ftatcfmcn.  He  never  enters  into  the  importance  of 
great  events;  he  wants  that  dignity  of  manner,  withcat  w'  "^ 
hiiforical  1  irrations  can  never  pleafej  and  br  only  cxexcifcs  .  t 
humble  an  i  laborious  office  of  a  mere  compiler* 

A  R  T.     XVUL  ~*^  ' 

St^pUmm^  4iM  Komdn  Ccmi^u€^  eu  Mem^irti  pnur  firtuir  a  h  Fit  dtjtm 
Menxf     '1. , — i.  e.  A  Suppletneni  10  the  Conumi  Rcmdvr^  * »  ar  Me- 
moir. 1  -V aids  th<f  Life  of  John  Monnct,  fonueriy  l>ire^or  of  ibe 
Comic  Opera  ac  Parif,  tnc  Oper  1    at:  Lyons,     and    the    French 
Theatrr  aucmptcvi  ro  be  cftabliftif  vi  ar  LotiJon*     Wiitteo  by  him- 
felf,    i^mo,    a  Vols.    Imporicd  b,  Bucket  aod  Dc  Hondt.     1771. 
'T'HIS   work  abounds  with  indecent  adventures,  uninterefting 
^     anecdotes  and  dtuils,  which  can  only  amule  the  corrupted 
iand  the  impure.     To  wit,  and  to  beautiful  comporuion,  ic  b 
no  pretenfions.     It  is  not  more  difgufting  from   its  abfccni 
than  from  the  vulgarity  with  which  it   is  written,     Conrempt- 
ible  mull  be  that  man,  who  having  paQed  his  vouth  m  diflipi 
tion  and  riot  can  find  a  plrafure  in  recolleding  its   particulars, 
and  who  can  fubmit,  in  the  decline  of  life,  to  be  the  hidohad 
of  his  own  infamy  [ 


Art.    XIX. 

EYPiniAOT    iptyinM    i»    AyX  I. — \ai    l^^ymtta     n    T»u^iu      Earifidit 
Dramatic     JphigtniA    in    Aulidex     it    Iphigimiu    nn    Tamrti*       A4 

Codd*  MSS.  rccenfuit,  ct  Notulaa  addidit.    Jer,  MiirkUnd^  Call. 
D.  Petri  Cantabrigienf.  Socius.— The  Iphigenia  in  Aulis»  and  the 
Iphigenia  in  Taurt,    of  Euripides,    corrected  from  a  coUattoa  of 
the  MSS.  vifith  Notes*     By  John  Markhaio.  Fellow  of  St,  Peten 
Coll    Cambridge,      8vo,      5  s.    fewed*      Bowycr    and    Nicholi, 
1771. 
"|~^  URIPIDES,  diftinguiflied  from  all  the  ancient  tragedians 
JP^  by  the  peculiar  tendcrncfs  of  his  drama^  bears  in  his  two 
Iphigenias  that  charadk*riftic  in  the  faircft  light*     Thcfe  playi 
were,  therefore^  proper  ob]e<3s  for  critical  fpeculacion,  and  fc- 
1e£lion,  poffibly  as  a  fpecinien  of  fomc  future  edition  of  tht 
whole.     That  fuch  an  edition  is  wanted  there  is  no  doubt  ;   (ox 
Euripides,  like  moft  of  his  cotemporaries»  has  met  with  no  ra- 
tional critic,     Barnes  read  and  edited  him,  as   he  would  have 
read  and  edited  a  vocabulary  1  Canterus^  more  brief,  was  not 
more  fenti mental ;  and  Paul  Stephens  has  only  (hewn  that  he 
read  Euripides  wiih  much  lefs  talie  than  Paul  the  ApoOk,  wh# 
has  made  a  moral  and  phiJofophicai  ufe  of  his  quotations  froa 
him.     But  St.  Paul  was  a  man  of  rafte,  not  a  verbal  critic,  ai 


i 


♦  A  wotk  b^  t^e  c^\tN>racyt^^^»^i<i^^ 


L 


I 


COftRCSPONDEKCE.  699  • 

rit  worth  vrhilc  to  obfcrvc  how  much  he  was  converfant  in  the 
ancient  Greek  poets,—*  In  him  we  Jive,  and  move,  and  have 
oiir  being,'  is  iitcraJIy  from  Aracus.  '  Evil  communications 
corrupt  good  manncrji,*  is  a  vcrfc  that  belongs  both  to  Menan- 
dcr  and  Euripides, 

Again,  ^  the  Cretans  arc  always  liars,  evil  beafls^  flow  bellies/ 
is  vtrhatim  from  Epimenides,  a  poet  of  Crete. 

KpiiTC^  c&fi  4'fur^i,  ^LAKx  dnp'A}  y»Ttw  afyat* 
The  poet  then,  whom  the  Delphic  oracle  pronounced  rt  cofx 
Xc^oKAfou^  (Tofutrt^oi^^  wifer  and  more  fentimental  than  the  wife 
Sophocles,  and  lu  whom  the  priell  of  a  greater  oracle  than  that 
of  Delphi  has  given  a  fandion  by  his  quotation,  muft  be  al- 
lowed to  meiit  the  rcftoring  care  and  attention  of  every  man  of 
tafte. 

With  refpeft  to  the  part  that  Nf  r.  Markland  his  Uken  in 
this  bufmefs,  it  muft  be  acknowledged  that  in  this,  as  in  his 
edition  of  the  Suppliants,  he  ha^  neither  fpared  any  pains,  nor 
betrayed  any  want  of  erudition.  If,  as  an  Editor,  be  has  any 
fault,  it  is  in  fometimes  giving  both  himfclf  and  his  Readers  too 
much  trouble  in  expatiating  upon  and  invefttgating  too  long 
and  too  minutely  a  reading,  which  at  laft  muft  be  left  to  con- 

6turc,  If  Commentators  could  be  brought  to  rcfle<^  on  the 
importance  of  thofe  hours  which  pafs  away  never  to  return, 
hey  would  fee  the  necefTity  of  employing  thrm  at  Icaft  to  fomc 

feful  purpofe.  But  they  feldom  take  this  principle  along  with 
them,  and,  prodigal  of  their  own  portion  of  time,  like  true 
fpendthrifts,  they  fcruple  not  to  prey  on  that  of  others. 
.  N.  B.  Although  the  above  is  not  a  Foreign  Article,  we 
have  given  it  a  place  here,  as  the  fubje£l  will  be  no  lefs  regarded 
by  every  nation  where  claflic  literature  is  cukivated,  than  hf 
Readers  of  our  own  country. 

CORRESPONDENCE, 

WE  have  received  a  refpc^lful  letter  from  Mr,  Peter  Waldo  •, 
in  which  he  candidly  acktiowlcdges  his  miJlake  in  having 
aficrtcd,  that  the  fcriptures  arc  not  read  in  any  of  the  places  of  wor- 
fliip  among  the  DifTenters  :  *  I  do  freely  own,  he  fayi,  that  I  was  - 
too  halty  in  bringing  this  charge  tgainft  them,  and  I  do  hereby  aik 
pardon  of  them  for  it/  But  there  are  fomc  things  in  the  account 
c  have  given  of  his  Commeniary  upon  the  Liturgy,  which  he  thinks 
ITord  him  reafon  for  complaint ;  however,  when  chcy  arc  impar- 
ially  coafidcred,  wc  apprehend  it  will  be  found  that  there  is  very 
little,  if  any  thing,  in  that  article,  which  may  not  be  juflified  1 
though,  at  the  fame  time,  we  arc  fully  fcnfiMc  that  we  are  equally 
liable,  with  moit  others,  to  mifapprchenfion,  or  fometimes  to  form  a 
too  hafty  conclufion.     As  to  the  ptrfeiliQw  of  the  iitujgy,  which  Mr. 

•  Author  of  a  Ccmmmfarj  ^tt  iht  LiHtrgy :   fee  Review  for  iaft 
Months  f.  S^S* 


an 
Vuf 


"till 


70O  CORRESPOrTDENCE. 

Waldo  thinks  we  repreient  him  as  naintaioing,  this  is  not  diredif  j 
aflerted,  though  it  may  be  in  focne  meafare  foggefted  in  oar  Reviev;] 
and  indeed  the  (hrain  oC  this  Gentleman's  work  affords  fame  geoeni  | 
^afon  to  fpeak  in  this  manner,  but  it  cannot  be  fuppofed  tk^l 
we  defigned  to  infinuate,  that  he  thought  any  bumam  compofiti—^] 
folutely  free  from  all  blemiih*  In  his  Preface,  p.  zr,  to  which  b' 
letter  xt^tx%  us,  he  fays,  when  addrefline  the  DiiTenters,  *  SomefmsU  j 
blemilhes  you  may  (>ofiibly  find  out^  wme  few  alterations  yonmaj! 
wifli  to  have  made.'' 

We  had  obferved  tjiat  this  Author  argued  for  the  cuflom  of  bow- 
ing at  the  name  Jefus.  In  his  letter/ though  he  owns  that  it  appears 
to  him  a  very  innocent,  if  not  an  edifying  pradlice,  yet  we  think  k 
does  in  eficdl  give  it  up  as  indefenfible,  when  he  acknowledges  that 
the  text  on  which  it  was  originally  grounded  is  not  to  be  interpreted 
literally. 

We  had  faid,  that  he  appeared  to  (hew  very  little  favour  to  die 
Di/Tentcrs.  any  farther  th^n  ^s  feme  of  them  may  be  efleemed  ordio- 
dox;  in  fiipport  of  which  we  refer  particularly  to  the  Preface  oi  his 
Commentary,  p.  17.  Mr.  Waldo  in  his  letter  replies,  *  1  wi/h  them' 
all  well,  and  am  in  perfe6^  charity  with  them,  and  with  all  man- 
kind ;  but  would  never  wi(h  to  bring  them  over  to  the  eftablifhed 
ohurdh,  till  they  have  changed  their  opinions,  and  can  joui  in,  her 
fervice  without  mental  refervation,  or  hypocrify.* 

We  had  r.bferved  in  our  article,  that  this  Author  feemed  rather  to 
value  himfelf  upon  his  orthodoxy,  by  wbich-we  meant  00  more  than 
that  he  wifhed  to  be  confidered  as  an  orthodox  member  of  our  eda- 
bliihed  church.  In  his  prefent  letter  he'  fays,  *  I  am  far,  ver}'  far, 
from' valuing  myfelf  yi^Qn  my  orthodoxy^  or  upon  any  thing  elfe— I 
am  duly  fcnfible  of  my  own  weaknefs  and  unworthmcfs,  m  every 
rcfpefl,  and  God  forbid  that  I  (hould  ghry  in  any  thing  bat  in  the 
€roJs  of  Chrift.^  We  offered  the  above  remark  principally  with  the 
yiew  of  reminding  him  that  he  was  not  fo  orthodox  as  he  (eemed  to 
apprehend ;  in  doing  which,  he  now  tells  us,  that  we,  as  ufual, 
^ -play  upon  the  term,  while  we  charge  him  with  incondilency.' 

The  general  meaning  of  the  word  orthodox,  as  applied  to  a  mem^ 
ber  of  the  church  of  rngland,  we  fuppofe  to  be,  that  a  perfon  em* 
braces,  in  the  Ilrift  Icnfe,  the  articles  of  faith  which  that  church 
cftablifhes  ;  and  therefore  as  Mr.  Waldo  acknowledges,  that  though 
lie  believes  predeilination,  he  does  not  believe  it  according  to  the 
Cabinillical  interpretation,  which  appears  to  be  the  meaning  of  the 
17'th  article  of  our  chusch,  we  fee  no  reaion  to  recal  what  is  faid 
in  our  Review  upon  tHis  fubjecl. 

In  regard  to  addreffing  prayers  to  our  Saviour,  as  is  done  in  the 
greated  part  of  the  litany,  we  apprehended  that  this  Writer  tntirdj 
Atprmjtd  ity  as  we  did  not  find  any  obje4^ions  to  it  in  his  Commen* 
tafy,  and  as  two  texts  qf  fcriptpre  are  quoted  to  juftify  the  pra£kice^ 
liowever,  he  now  fays,  that  *  whether  he  ralay  hot  in  the  general 
prefer  the  add^efling  of  prayers  to  the  Father,  is  a  quellibn  qot  d^ 
lermined  in  his  book  :'  He  alio  refers  us  to  his  remarks  on  the  prayer 
of  St.  Chryfollom,  ifrom'which,  he  fays,  his  fen ti men ts  on  this  point 
way  partly  be  coliedeJ  :  anu  10  which  therefore  we  refer  fuch  of  our 
keadcr5,  as  d£:urc  fanhcr  i;fctisf«idUQn  on  t^$  h^fad* 


I    N    D    E    X 

To  the  Remarkable  Passages  in  thi* 
Volume, 

.  N.  B,    To  find  any  partimlar  Bopk,  or  Pamphlet,  fee  tig 
Table  of  Contents,  prefixed  U  the  Volume. 

X^  For  the  remarkable  Pajfages  in  the  Foreign  Articles,  fee  the 
.    Second  Alphabet  of  this  Index,  in  the  latter  Part  of  the  Sheet. 


A. 

AGRICULTURE,    advice  and 
dixedions  relatjog  to  the  fe- 
veral  branches  of»  121— 127. 

All  AN  SON,  Mr.  his  paper  relating 
to  a  fimple  fra£lure  of  the  tUna^ 
in  a  pregnant  womaQ»  com* 
mended,  48. 

Alphabetic  writing,  origin  ^d 
'progreH.  of,  494. 

America,  remark  on  the  notion 
of  fome  part  of  it  having  been 
peopled  by  the  Wcllh,  58. 

Annuities.     See  Societies. 

^  R  A  B 1  c  language,  critical  remarks 
on.  39,  82,  QO. 

^^Tichokes,  Jerufalero,  recom- 
mended, for  winter  feed,  for 
horfes  and  hogs,  12I«  Proper 
management  of,  ib. 

Athol,  D,  of,  bis  gardens  atln- 
ver  defcribed,  143*  His  feat  at 
£iair,  144. 

B. 

Baldwin,  Mr.  his  culture  of 
lucerne,  126. 
^ANK,  of  England,  ks  great  lofs 

by  the  national  Coinage,  2^4. 
Becparia,  Sig.  his  cledrical  ex- 

per  men ts,  ^z8. 
Bengal-Fev^r,  account  of  that 

which  raged  there  in  1762,  602 
Bernini,  his  flatue  of  David  cri- 

pcifcd,  479. 
Blackstonb,  Judge,  his  opinion 

with  re(pe<6t  to  the  duty  and 

power  ot  juries,  473. 
Bl<^od.    SeeHEWsoN. 


Birds,  dead,  methods  of  pre(enr« 
ing,  185, 

Bollitur,  pafs  of,  defcribed,  146. 

Booth,  Barton,  a  famous  foog  of 

.   his  commended,  539. 

Bridewell,  Hofpital,  plan  for 

.   the  improvement  of,  509. 

British  conllitution,  its,  tendency 
to  fall  into  an  abfolute  monar« 
chy,  4^9. 

Britons,  ancient.  See  Man- 
chester. See  Romans.  Their 
borr(ps  and  dogs  defcribed,  107. 
Their    table    provifions,    io8. 

.  Their  language,  109.  Other 
particulars,  ib. — 111.    See  alfo 

WHITAKERandMACPHERSON. 

Bromfield.     See  Tumor, 
Browne,  William,  fome  account 
of,  526.  Specimen  of  his  poems, 

«  527:       ^ 

BuLLERsof  Bnchan,  a  natural  cu- 

riofity  in  Scotland,  147. 
Bullion,   judicious  obf.  on  the 
.   prefent  high  priee  of,  246. 
Lucerne.    See  Baldwin. 
C. 

CAmeloparo,   fome  account 
of  that  rare  and  curious  ani- 
mal, 185. 
Camphirb,  and  Calomel,  tScdL% 
.    of,  in  continual  feven,  216. 
Cancer.    See  Nicholson.    See 

Rush. 
Carteret,  Capt,  his  account  of 
the  Patagonians,  179. 

ofaCa- 


'^  melopardalu,  \^^* 


CVIK>.\.^% 


INDEX. 


CifARLts  K  account  of  hu  trfal 
and  death*  z.  His  charadcf 
advaniageoafly  delineated,  5* 

Ckis&ma,  bay  of*  narrative  of  the 
great  fca-fight  there  between  the 
Turks  and  Rufilans,   13d. 

Christ^  rem.  on  the  genealogy 
of,  62.  His  miraculous  cure  of 
the  kptr^  ohr«  out  1 1%,  On  his 
fending  the /tm^ji/ into  thefvirlne, 
X29*  On  his  miracle  of  the 
iott^uit  ind  fifi^if  150.  On  the 
iefurre£lion  of  LazaruSt  131. 
On  his  own  rcfurrcfition^  ib. 
His  prayer  commented  on»  jjS, 
Sundry  opinions  relating  to  his 
divine  and  human  nature  can* 

valTcd,  5?9— 5^f*     ^  ^      ^ 

Christ  IN  A,  Qaecn  of  Sweden, 
curious  particulars  relating  to 
her,  595 — 602. 

CtftJLLo,  Dr.  his  account  of  the 
manna  tree*  ^87, 

CiTiiJ,  great  ones,  the  graves  of 
mankind,  too.  Diiference  be- 
tween the  dotat.  of  human  life 
in  them  and  in  the  country,  ib. 

Coin*      Sec   Money,    Silver, 

BuLtlOfT, 

Constitution, of  feudal  monar- 
chy, curiou^i  inquiry  into,  588* 
Rights  of,  founded  on  compaft 
with  the  people,  ib,  Thii  doc* 
trine  contravened,  589,  Con* 
icfls  relating  to,  always  and  pro* 
videntially  end  in  favour  of  the 
people,  590. 

Consumptions.     See  FoTHia- 

CILL. 

Cooper,  Mr*  his  Winifreda com- 
mended, 538, 

CoRRispoNDENCE  With  the  Re- 
viewers, fee  the  la(l  page  of 
each  month's  Review,  and  of  ihe 
Appendix. 

CovEKANTs,  divine,  115,  117. 

CrtOWN,  its  undue  influence  over 
the  whole  IcgiHature,  459,  Great 
danger  from,  580- 
D. 

DEbt,    national.   Dr.  Price's 
obf.  on,    4.02.    IAt.W\m- 
pey's  remarks  00,  %y^* 


De  »  pot  I  s  M ,  a  ftrtking  pt^urc  of     J 
its  enormitjr,  94*  ^ 

DtCKsos<,Dr,  his  defence  of  Sy* 
denhsm's  method  of  ircaibg  the 
meafles,  44. 

Douglas,  Mr*  his  account  of 
attempts  made  to  afcerlain  the 
temperature  of  the  fea,  in  great 
depths,   tSt* 

DuFr-HousE  defcrtbed,  i4S» 

DuPLiK,  catltc,  detcribed,  §1. 

Dutch,  their  neatne^  and  oeco- 
nomy  celebrated.  ^6^  Kem. 
on  ihcirE,  IndiaCompany,  ^71, 
Their  faw-m»tU,  57  a.  Thdr 
herring  fi&ery,  575.  Educa* 
tion  of  their  youth,  574. 

DrsEKTERY,  epidemic,   account 
of,  15.   Curative  treatm^  of,  j8« 
E. 

ELbphaxts,      fkeletons     of, 
found  in  N.  America,  57, 
Electrical  fluid,  fbiCtures  oa 
an  inquiry  into  its  infiuci^ce  oo 
animal  beings,  443* 
ELscTRiciTy,  SccPaiESTLir, 

Sec  Beccaria.     See  Wink. 
Ellis,  Mr.  hi«  dire^ions for  pre* 

ferving  dead  birds,   |3^. 
*  his  Letter  to  LiomeoSf  on 

the  alcea  floHdaiiaf  187. 

his  defciiptioQ  of  a  new 


fpccics  of  the  itariy   annifeed 
tree,  ib, 

Elixaoeth,  Princefi  (afterwards 
Queen)  her  cruel  treatment  in 
the  rcrgn  of  her  filler  Mary,  jeo* 

Else,  Mr.  his  account  of  a  hic- 
cefsful  method  of  treating  ibre 
legs,.  46.  Of  an  uncomtiKm 
cale  of  a  fatal  htrnia,  ib, 

England,  the  prefent  number  of 
its  inhabitants  eltimatcd,  103, 

Etna,  Mount,  defcribed,  177, 

Evaporation.     See  Hill* 
F, 

Fallowing,  winter,  diredlofu 
for,  1  20. 
FARUf^Rs.  Dutch,  their  remark* 
able  neatneis,  ;68.    Their  ea« 
traordinary  care  of  their  horned 
c^\x\t^    ^^.    Their  hi^h  eftU 


1    N    D    E    X 


N 


FiVFR*  account  of  a  patnd  one, 

cpideinic  acBarbadoesp  44. 

- — pairid,  or  fen- fever.    Sec 

BSNCAt, 

Fifes H lite,    in  ScotUnd^   briefly 

defcnbed,   fo, 
FisruLA,  moodrous  prefcnpcions 

for  the  cure  of,  250. 
FiANOfiis»  general  view   of  the 

country,   57  ;• 
FoTHf  aciLL.  Dr»  his  rcmarkj  on 

thecureofconfLimptions,43,  44,, 
FYEii3»catura£lat»defcrJbcd,  151. 

GAiiDt£N»    Efigli(h,    tafle    in, 
g really  Improved  in  the  pre* 

fent     century,      219.      Natai« 

chiefly  cotiluUedtn,  221.     Fatfe 

tafle  in,  exem pitted,  222,  224. 
G£NTLeMEK,     of    the    country, 

their  difregard  of  independency 

lamented,  507, 
GfiitMANY»  ionie  remarki  on  the 

farmiTTfT  and  hufhandry  in  that 

country,  57 1,    Abfurdity  of  our 

maki^^g  ic  toe  &ac  of  a  war  with 

France,  576. 
GiBKALTAi,  account  of  a  folid 

piece  of  the  rock  of,  laicly  blown 

up*  184, 
Glasgow  dtfcribed,  154. 
Glovcestershire,    account  of 

an  epidem.  fever  in  that  county, 

216.     EffeAs  of  camphire  and 

calomel  in,  jb. 
Gold,  corn,  valuation  of,  accu^ 

ratcly  invelligated,  24^, 
GaEEic  church,  refutation  of  the 

ridiculous  llories  tofd  of  it,  136. 
Ghotjus,  hii  charaeicr,  484. 
H, 

HAlb»  Jodge,  his  opinion  con* 
cerring  the  office  and  power 

of  juries,  472.473, 
Hamburgh,  fome account  of,  577. 
HaUiltok,  Mr.  his  journey  to 

Mount  Etna,  1 77. 
Ha  NOV  Bit,  fome  remarks  on,  by 

an  Englilh  traveller,  ^76. 
Harrington,  Mrs.  her  propoials 

for  ceachinc  geography,  &c.  262. 
Hartley,  Dr^ihis  ^/trvoii^mm 


Hekry  h  parallel  bctweftfl  Ki cK»l 
radtcr  and  that  of  Hen,  11.    522. 

Henry  1L  undet takes  and  at* 
chieves  the  conqaefl  of  Ireland, 
41  U  His  recondliation  witli 
the  court  of  Rome,  4  f  2,  FJou* 
nfhing  ftate  o^  his  affafrj,  41^* 
Great  icvcrfe  of,  ib.  His  piU 
giimage  toBecket*s  tomb,  414, 
His  exccffive  joy  at  the  defeat 
and  captivity  of  the  King  of 
Scotland,  5r7,  His  mercifnl 
difpofition  ftrongly  ejfemplified# 
51^,  Scotland  wholly  fubroiti 
to  him,  ib.  Terms  of  the  fub^ 
miflion,  519.  Cenfure  of  thii 
meafure,  ib.  Parallel  of  hi« 
char,  with  that  of  Hen.  Of,  522. 

Hewson,  Mr.  his  experiments  om 
the  blood,  422.  Obf.  on  the 
lymph,  &c.  .^24.  On  the  Hop- 
ping of  hemorrhages,  &c.  ib. 

Hill,  Mr.  his  claim,  as  to  the 
liril  publication  ot  the  modern 
theory  of  evaporauon,  176. 
Contravcrted,  ib, 

HoPETON-HousE  defcribed,  155* 

Horsemanship,  principles  of, 22. 
Of  breaking  colts  to  the  bit  and 
faddlc,  25*     Of  the  fnalflc,  27. 

Horsley,  Mr.  his  obf.  on  the 
Ncwtoniaji  theory  of  light,  430. 

Hospitals,  erroneous  conftruc» 
tion  and  ill  management  of,  605 ♦ 

Hoven-cattle,  methods  of  re* 
licving,  124. 

HuKTiK,  Dr.  his  obf.  on  a  re« 
iroverced  uterus,  46. 

JEalousy,     Sec  Lovi, 
Jersey,    iflanders,    their  op* 
prcjiive  government,   112. 

Ikdia  Company,  its  fleoder  be- 
ginnii^g,  and  prodigiouj  growth^ 
236-  Its  real  conftitution,  258. 
lis  deviation  into  other  views  and 
undertakings,  foreign  10  its  pri- 
mitive dcfign,  230.  Evil  con- 
fequences  of  that  deviation,  242. 

Indians,  of  N.  America,  their 
ceremonies  at  their  adoption  of 


\^\i\^-vl 


INDEX. 


IiiDf^riiLiHCi,  political  invec- 
tive againft,  537. 

Influence.    Sec  Crown. 

Ingram.    See  Tumor. 

Inoculation,  for  the  fmall  pox, 
improv.  in  the  pradUce  of,   253. 

Job,  book  of,  one  of  the  oldeft 
in  the  world,  373.  In  what 
fenfe  allowed  to  be  dramatic, 
ib.  |cs  beauty  and  fublimity, 
374*  Specimen  of  Mr.  Scoci's 
verfion  of,  37S»  ^ 

Johnstone,  Dr.  his  doQrine  re- 
lating to  the  ganglions  of  the 
nerves,  42z. 

Irish,  their  favage  manners,  in 
former  times,  409.  Their  pa- 
tience in  enduring  hardfhips, 
410*  Their  (Irange  treatment 
of  their  children,  ib.  Henry  If. 
forms  the  defign  of  conquiring 
in  order  to  reform  them,  4 1 1 .  , 

Italians,  their  national  charac- 
ter pourtrayed,  92.  Their  ri- 
diculoas  pride,  93.  . 
Jun'iES,  the  grand quedion  wf^ether 
they  are  jndges  of  law  as  well  aa 
faa,  difculTed,  471.  Dcter« 
siiincd  in  the  affirmative,  47^. 
K. 

KItti wakes,    fea-birds,    hu- 
morous anecdote  relating  to, 
147, 
KucKAHAN,  M.   his  account  of 
the  methods  of  preferving  dead 
birds,  18c. 

L. 

LAw,  feudal,  inquiry  into  its 
origin,  585.  Progrefs  of, 
587.     Sec  Constitution. 

Laws,  penal,  Briti(h,  ncceffity  pf 
moderating  the  rigour  of,  470! 

L'bokling,  the  botanid,  feme  ac- 
count of,  6 1  • 

Liberty,  the  natural  birthright 
of  mankind,  579.  Eftimate  of 
the  nations  which  do  and  which 
do  not  enjoy  it,  ib.  The  great- 
c(l  part  of  mankind  (laves,  580. 
Equivocal  liberty,  581. 

Life/ human,  difference  between 
the  ftate  and  duraiiow  of,  \xi  c\- 
^s,  and  in  the  counu^,  ^%< 


Corioot  Uble  to  illuftrate  tVu^ 
99.     Moral  reflefUons  on,  590. 

Light,  difficulties  in  the  Newto* 
nian  theory  of,  confidered,  430. 

Lizard,  fcaly,  (bme  ace  of,  i8^. 

Love  and  Jealoufy,  pbilolbphi- 
cally  confidered,  386. 

Louoh  Nefs  defcribed,  i;o,  151. 

^u  defcribed,  152. 

'  Lomond  defcjribed,  153. 

Lynn,  Mr.  his  hiilory  of  a  retro- 
verted  uterus,  47. 

t4YTTE;.TON,  Lord,  bis  hifioryof 

Henry  XL  chara^eri/ed,  C26. 

M. 

MAcvherson,  Mr.  his  inr 
trod,  to  the  hift  of  England 
refuted,  416.  AbuEve  attack 
of  this  writer  cenfured,  460. 

Madan,  Rev.  Mr.  bis  diiinge- 
nuons  condud  with  regard  to 
the  memory  of  the  great  Dr. 
Clark,  161. 

Manchester,  formerly  a  Roman 
ilation,  29.  Antiquities  difco- 
vered  there,  30.  Rife  and  ori« 
ginal  condrudtion  of,  35.  Re^ 
volutions  of.  III. 

Ma  NNA-TRBB,  account  of,  187. 

Maratti,  Carlo,  his  pidures 
criticifftd,  480. 

Mary,  Queen,  her  cruel  perfecu- 
tion  ofherfifler  Elizabeth,  590. 
Conjedlures  as  to  fome  fccret 
caufes  of,  ib. 

Mathematics,  trads  relating 
to,  71—74,  2S5,  536. 

Matrimony,  caufes  of  the  pre- 
fent  flagnation  of  affigned,  6j6. 

MiNiNSKi*s  Didionary  of  the  Per- 
fian  language,  new  edit,  of,  re- 
commended to  the  encourage- 
ment  of  the  public,  89. 

Miracles.     See  Christ. 

Money,  judicious  obf.  on,  245. 

(^lossfis,  probable  theory  of  the 
formation  of,  in  Lanca^ire,  &c. 
io8.  1  heir  extraordinary  buffl«» 
ing  accounted  for,  109. 

N£w  l^ellamcnt,  criticifms  on 
^^i£kft  ^^i^u  in,    SS^*^ 


I   If   D    E    X. 


Nicholson,  Dr.  his  paper  on  the 
efFeds  of  the  cicuta,  &c  upon  a 
cancer  of  the  bread,  47, 

NowBLL,    Dr.    his   high-chqrch 
principles,  4^3. 
O. 

ORd  of  Caichnefs,  a  vad  pro- 
montory in  Scotland,.-  de- 
fcribed,   149, 

Oriental  literature,  (ludy  of  r6- 
coronifcnded,  37.  The  Perfian 
tongue  greatly  ufed  in  India,  39. 
Critical  remarks  on  that  lan- 
guage, 40,  82 — 92.  Farther 
recommendation  of,  89.  Poetry 
of  the  eaflern  nations  commend- 
ed, 509.  Specimen  of,  tran- 
flated,  ib. 

Otahitee,  or  George's  Ifland, 
account  of  the  inhab.  of,  205. 
Their  religion,  206.  Their  wo- 
men, 207.  Manufactures,  210. 
P. 

PAiNTiKG,  true  principles  of, 
475.  Uljlory  painting  the 
fame  thing  with  Poetical^  4.78. 
Of  Colourings  479.  The  LoH' 
guage  of  painters,  what,  481. 
Great  Style  of,  remarks  on,  482. 

Parable  of  the  builder,  juft  obf. 
on,  12.  On  that  of  Dive»  and 
Lazarus,  13. 

Parties,  whimfical  fcheme  for  the 
coalition  of,  45 1  • 

Pataconiaks,  their  great  (lature 
exaggerated  by  voyagers,  180. 

Patriotism,  modern,  inquiry  in- 
to the  tiue  fpirit  of,  441.  Of 
the  ancients,  ib. 

People,  in  England  and  Wales, 
pre fent  number  of,  103. 

Persic,  tongue,  its  general  ufe  in 
InJin,  39.  Stridtures  on  that 
language,  41,  82,  ftrq.  Minin- 
fki's  didiionary  <l!,  recommend- 
ed. 89. 

Perth,  town  of,  defcnbed,  52. 
Its  conGderable  trade,  53. 

Petasite,  its  medicinal  ufe*, 249, 

pETiTio5f  of  the  Clergy,  for  re- 
lief in  the  matter  of  lubfcriptioo 
to  the  )^  article^)  tracts  relating 
10,  53,  iij. 


PiTRARCH,  hU Laura,  an  eiegy, 

tranflated,  51 1« 
Philosophy,  its  eulogium,  383. 

Schools  and  univerfities  not  f«. 

vourable  to  it,  384. 
Ploughs,  the  utility  of  the  fere- 

ral  kind's  of,  difcufled,  124. 
Population,    in  England,   flaie 

of,  invefligatcd,  loi.    Eflfbiate 

of  the  prcient  number  of  people 

in  this  kingdom,   103. 
Freachikc,    abfurd    abufes.  I^^ 

pradlifed  in  Spain,  231,  432/ 
Pressing,    of  Seamen,    inquire 

into  the  legality  of,  533. 
.Priestley,   Dr.    his  exper.  on 

charcoal,    426.      Invelligatibns 

relating  to  eledlricity,  427, 
Prophecies,  obf.  on  the  inier- 

prcution    and'  application    ofi 

393.   The  true  way  of  reafoning 

on  the  fubjed,  396.    Prophecies 

relating  to  the  Chriftian  churchy 

48  s— 494r     -^ 
Prophets,  Jewlfli,  their  language 

and  flyle  explained  and  illullrat- 

ed,  486. 
Prosecution  of  felons,  &c.  great 

defcdt  of  our  laws  and  cuuonu 

in  relation  to,  474, 
Provisions,  obf,  on  the  prefent 

dearnefs  of,  620. 
R. 

RAsPE,  M.  his  diHerration  d§ 
modo  mairmoris  albi  prodm^ 
cendi^    182. 

Revelations,  book  ofl  its  lan- 
guage and  ftyle  illuftratcd,  483*- 

Richard,  the  Monk,  his  curious 
itinerary  of  Roman  Britain,  30, 
By  what  nuans  preferved,  31! 

Romans,  in' Britain,  their  grand 
miliury  roads,  3 1 .  Their  fum- 
mer  camps,  33,  Number  of 
their  troops  in  Britain,  34.  (^ 
conomy  of  th:;ir  government 
here,  105.  Influence  of  their 
manners  on  the  coiiquered  Bri» 
tons,  108. 

Rome,  ancient  buildmgs  of,  deh'« 
ncatfid  by  M.  Defgodetz,  140. 

Ru sH, Dr.his ace, ot  ihc vjJ.^i>i.W^\\ 


INDEX. 


RtiisiAitf,  tlie&r  great  naval  vu> 
tory  over  the  Turks,  138. 
S. 

SANmrot^D,  Dtt  hi*  accoom  of 
an  epidemic  fever  in  Barba- 
does»  44. 
Scotland,  travels  in,  49.  Stone 
hedges  in,  50.  Spirit  of  plant- 
ing diffufcd  throughout  that 
kingdopiT  ib.  Farther  accouiit 
of,  1 42*    Highlands  dcfcnbed, 

"Scots*  their  entire  fubjedion  to 
Henry  IL  King  of  England,  5 1  S# 
Terms  of  their  fubmifiion  and 
fcahy,  ib.     Remarks  on,  52c. 

'Serkanus,  Joannes,  fome account 
of  him,  and  hi5  Gr.  poems,  544* 

SiLVER.ftan,  ofinvcftigated,  244. 
I 'Sinking   Fund,    curious  remarks 
on»   403*     A  dilFcrcnt  fcheme 
propofcd,  53 u 

Slave-tic  ADE    vindicated,    ^41, 

•     Ccnfuredi  54a. 

Societies  for  providing  annulttes 
for  pet  Tons  !n  age,  &c«  fcvctc 
ftri£lures  on,   105. 

Sol  I M  A  y  an  oriental  eclogue  com- 
mended, ^09.    Specimen  cf,  ib. 
'"Subscription  to  ihe  35  articles, 
remarks  on,  and  cenlureofp  6j, 
Trails  on,  465,  J45,  61  u 

SwiNTON,   Mr.  his  obf.  on  aa 
ineditcd  Greek  coin,  421. 
T. 

TAlTI,      SccOTAHITEg. 
Talbot,    Mifs,  fpccimtui 
of  her  talent  for  poetry,  31^2, 
TeckbLj  Mr,  his  obf,  on  the  in- 

fenfibiity  of  tendons,  4^* 
TiETH,  human,    procefc   of  the 
formation  of,  603.    Tranfplatit- 
ingof,  604, 
TiNDONs,  obf.  on  their  mrenfibi- 

iity.  45. 

'TTnoMsoNt  Dr.  his  account  of  a 
fatal  eFtifion  of  bloini  into  the 
pericardium,  45. 
TuMoa,  incefted,  m  the  orbit  of 
the  eye,  cured  by  IVIeC  Brocn- 
field  and  Ingram*  47. 
TuitKUH  fleet  dcftigjcd  b^  <b« 
KuiTiani,  138. 


TuRKfsHCapr.  '  '^r of,  139. 

TtJRMP,  diffeiv  >  of,  re- 

commended, ii9«  Method  to 
preierve  from  the  fly,  ib.  CuJ* 
turc  of,  for  feeding  caiiJc,  no. 

Turnip- a  OOTID  Cabbage 
demnedy  ib, 

U. 


u 


Lcsas. 


See  Else; 


WAloo,  Mr.  his  commentary 
on  the  Lilorgy>  565, 

Wales,  Mr.  his  obC  madcittt 
voyage  to  HadJbn's  B^y,  1S4. 

Warburtok,  Bp,  his  inSituHoA 
of  an  aonui}!  Jcfture  on  the  coos* 
pleiion  of  Icrip.  prophecies,  393t 

Wat^un,  Dr.  his  account  of  a 
fuppoied  hydrocephalua  irtct* 
nus,  45, 

Wheat,  remarks  on  the  feveni 
kinds  and  culture  of,  t2i. 

Whjtaker,  Mr.  h^s  hiquiricsinio 
the  ancient  hiitory  of  the  firitosi^ 
416,     Sec  alfo  MANCKirsTtt, 

Whttefifld,  his  oratorical  fio0- 
rilhes,  cuiious  CpecimeDsof,  226i 

Wmitelqcke,  Ld.  Conimifliooef# 
hi*  rclpeftablc  char-i^cr,  ^91, 
Sent  ambaUador  (o Sweden,  595, 
Arrives  at  the  cuurt  of  Queen 
Chiiflina,  ib.  Dcrcription  of 
that  pranceG,  595.  Ceremo- 
nies at  his  fird  [^ublic  audience^ 
ib.  His  con  vcrfa don  with  Cbfi4^ 
tina,  relating  to  Cromwell,  597. 
She  reveals  to  Kim  her  delSgo  of 
abdicating  the  aown,  598,  Hit 
advice  to  her,  on  that  occaiion, 
and  pertinent  llory  of  an  old 
gentleman,  600. 

WiLMER,  Mr,  his  account  of  the 
good  cficc^s  of  dividitig  the  apo- 
ncorofis  of  the  biceps  mufclct  in 
a  painful  lacerated  wound,  4J. 

WiKN,  Cape,  hb  expehoienid  00 
lightning,  429. 

WoOLcoMB,  Mr.  his  account  of 
a  mortal  wound  by  giin0iot,43a« 

WoRKKOusEs»  hinti  for  their  sffl* 
provement»  504* 

Wo«tus,  three  kinds  pernicious  to 
^Qt^»  \XT^^  >A»^  Vik  ^Kftx^H ,  ib. 


INDEX 


rOiJNC,   Arthur,    his  abfurd 
_     atuck  on  the  Monthly  Re- 
viewers cxpofedj  169. 


YouTHt  of  the  prefent  age»  their 
ignorance  of   idigious  mattcri 

rcprefcntcd.  499,    PJan  for  their 
better  inftrudion,   50 U 


INDEX  to  the  Remarkable  Paflages  in  the  Foreicm 
Articles  contained  in  die  APPENDIX* 

A.  Ch  A  u  LP*  Ki,  Dakc  df,  Jiif  dioptHcil  db 
II  Ir,     SceDAMPi.  perimeou,  ^79. 

^\^  Amioyna,  Dutchcrucltintothc  Cicero,    defended  agiinft  the  Bf,  of 

Englifh  there  extenuated,  639,  Gloucester,  653. 

AiiAPNt,  defcriptioii  of  a  capital  ^C*  Ct I *i a Tt,Ui  influence oftHiglon,^^^ 
tufc  of,  difcov.  at  Uercttlaneump  631-  DoQrinc  of,  contraircrtcd,  6cq, 

an  other  on  the  fame  fubjcfl,  631.  Co_mmemcz,    rife  and    pro^ri  of,    JQ 


A«tTBMi^Tic,  political,  curiouf  ^uef- 

tion  in,  673, 
AvcvsTVSy  an  tndance  of  hUvu^der** 

tion  aad  cai>doiir«  653, 
B* 

BAKtK,  Mr,  dcfcribcs  m  infcd,  fup* 
poiedl  to  be  the  fame  with  the  plant 
rremella,  defcribed  by  Adanroo,  675. 
Paiiom»teii,  newcxptr.  on,  6S|. 
^AKTOLf,  hii  coloured  or  aviin^a  of  an* 

tiqoUics,  630,  644, 
BiAusoBit,  bit  redc^root  00  the  na* 

tore  of  ohjivrg  tdiatf  67  j# 
6icuEi.tNy  M.  his  application  of  the 
principle  i>f  a  ju^ctent  rcajan  Co  the 
Uwi  oi  mechanici,  672, 
BtKNOVttJy  Mt  bit  curious  queltioQ  111 
L   politick  arithmetic,  673.     Hieobf^on 
P    the  eclipfes  of  the  ift  axtd  id  fauUitci 
of  Jupiter,  674^  ^ 
Bit  A  OBI,    M.    hit    difcufficn  of   the 
queflion    whether  the    multitude  are 
competent  judge*  of  eloquence,  674. 
E»iDA,  Chev«  de,   hit  inemuir  on  the 
refi fiance  of  fluids,  67S* 
BvACME,  M.  hU  corioui  mapi  of  the 
>  baCon  of  the  Seine,  Ibc.  677* 
C* 
^Af.TiiifJofan,hIafetercptini(!iineot, 
_  i  in  the  other  vrorld,  for  burnini^  Ser- 
,  vetos,  662* 
^MtftA  obfcuraf  curiout  obf.  on  tbt 
pt^urei  formed  in,  67 j. 
loVTcuooc*    SeeMAGQjvfi, 
IT  I  held  in  religious  eilimation  bjr  the 
)  Egyfclain,  65a,      Story  of  a  Roman 
.wbo  bad  the  initfbrtune  to  kill  a  cat 
^  in  Egypt,  ib* 

iTLtrt,  Count,  bis  birth  and  edoci- 

tion,  64 1«     Hit  freat  military  charac^ 

ter,  64A.    Hit  tn?eli  in  the  Levant, 

lb.     Hii  paHion  for  antiquiriei,  643, 

Appliethtmfelf  wholly  to  ihe^ne  aru, 

.ib.     His  seal  and  aflirtty  at  an  acade- 

Biieiaa,  644^     Hta  difcoYery  of  encatif* 

tk  painting,  646»     Hit  vajl  coltedioAi 

of  mmtfmat  648*     Hii  death,  ib. 

Cmamxmt,  M.  hii  operariooi  in  furrey- 

ingtktci9^$  ofthv  Meditet4aic«A>67i^ 


D 


Enfland,  634. 
Cot*ri!aioK,  aurJcfllar,  good  efie£l«  ^r 

656.     Abufei  of,  tb.  * 

CoT«*f>lui,  Dr.     SeePnosiiA. 
CovNSELLoXf  hit  dialogue  with  4  Je* 

fuit,  concerning  education,  663, 
CaiMESt  dift'crent  complexion  of,  in  dtf* 

ferent  tirnei,  places^  and  cir^runjil.  655, 
CaoMwELL,  Oliver,  tianded  ai  a  fuia^ 

tic,  654. 
■"    -  —  -  -       Richard,  his  charafier  pre* 

ferrcd  to  that  of  hia  fiibcr,  6cc. 
D.  ^^ 

l*Ai.cMiEftT,  M.  his  inquiriet  re* 
_      latiog  to  optic  glaffei,  Syt^ 
TAMft,  in  minet^  curious  obf*  on,  684^ 
Divoaci,  antiquity  of,  55i, 
DoLt  Awu,  M,  a  famoBi  telefcopc  of  bii, 

eiECclling  all  his  othen,  679. 
DvTcii,  their  contefti  with  the  En^Hf]^, 

relating  to  their  Eail  India  trade  tod 

fettlementf,  63  S. 

ECLtpsft.    new  analytictl  obf*  Ibr 
calculating,  676. 

Ebvcatjo>*,  of  a  prince,  an  o«er*rel>« 
girruf  one  not  coodoctve  to  the  hippj. 
nefs  of  a  people,  651* 

ofa  counfellor*    Sic  JuviTm 

EftiryTiAHf,  their  reijgioui  veneraiioa 
for  cats,  652, 

Clo<^vekcc,  the  multitude  not  eompe* 
tent  judget  of,  ^74,  Nqt  of  the  fine 
tits,  ib,       *  * 

Encaoitic  painting.  Sec  pAt)fT|]«e« 
See  Caylus* 

En  c  (.  I  s  M,  their  tr^de  and  commtrce  forw 
metly  managed  iltofcther  hy  Je#t  and 
other  rorcTgoerj,  635,  B<'gin  to  exert 
themfelvea  in  the  reign  of  Etieabethi 
63 T.  EflaWifli  a  trade  to  the  E»  Indies 
638,  Their  contef^s  wvith  the  Dutch,  ib, 
F. 

FEaTi,  Duke  of,  droll  ftwy  of,  66<v 
FoftMty,  M,  continaet  hit  dif- 
courfc  on  the  inftimtion  of  academief^ 
and  tUt  a4v  ^t\s^*1y:^  X^a  Nar.  4b«<rvt«ik  ^ttrab 


■yy 


^t^  4 


^      '  • 


i  Mi^ 


o. 


See  VAtsM- 


E    X. 


1  Keftor  of  the 


:> 

Sr 


M.  hti  account  of  idi- 

t  country  moft  famous  for 
idolatry,  &c.  666. 
H. 
.,  M.  du,  his  experiments  on 
^    cAe  ftren^th  ot  timber,  687. 
Aappin%ss,  public,  how  faraifcdled  by 
the  revolut.  of  dates  md  empirea,  665. 
Henry  V.  favourable  traits  of  his  cha- 
rader,  652.     Mifled  by  the  church- 
men, ib. 
KzRCULANzuM,  iccoont  of  the  anti- 
quities difcovered  tKerr,  629* 
History,  ancient,  fab.  nature  of,  650* 
HoLLioAYS  pernicious  to  the  poor,  657. 
Hyorombt£Rs,  obf.  on,  687. 
I. 

JArs,  M.  his  obf.  on  the  circulation 
of  air  in  mines,  684. 
1dzas»  obfcure,  th«t  teim  defined,  673. 
jxsviT,  dialogue   between   one  and  a 
Counfellor,  663, 


K. 


N'^r^V*  '^*"8  ^^*  **"  princely  pu^ 
lioatton  of  the  antique  painting 
fonnd  atrierculanrom,  620. 
P. 

PAINTERS,  &c.  the  itaijof  nifure 
and  fimplicity  rerom.  to  them,     63^ 

Painting,  encauftic,  difcovcrcd  Ly 
Count  Caylus,  646.  Improvemcn:  of 
the  art  in  England,  647.  Ex^raosJi- 
njry  propcrritsof  it,  ib.  t be  mote. 

■~— — ;-  obf,  on  the  phorometrical 
part  of  the  art  of  painting,  671. 

Paintings,  thofc  difcovered  at  Her- 
ciilaneum  d.-fcribed,  636. 

Prussia,  Kinf!  oU  propofiri  to  fo'jnd  a 
P'eurlnarian  f'chool,  wuh  a  v.ew  to  re- 
medy the  contagion  among  the  hornid 
ciiiie,  6;o. 

R. 

RATES,  popift,  of  diffenfations  for 
i^arous  crimes,  661. 
Rector,    of  a  counrrf  pariffi,  worthy 
charad^erofone,  delineated,  6^5. 
J^DlAComp.lnv,  >*hen  firftfoftned,637,     Refor-m  ation,  rhe  true  principles  of^ 
f.-  ^-:..«,i   f,.^A     x,«      Tk-:..  fi.rf     -    deiendcd againft Voltaire,  650. 

S. 

SEjouR,  M,  do.  his  d'fruffion  of  the 
doArine  of  eclipfes.  676. 
Sound,  veltcitycf,  670. 
SriNoaA,  his  crccH,    6:9,     His  frnti- 
mens  agreeable  to  thr  fc  of  Fenel.jn,  ib. 
Sun,  heignr.  fin  tnc  lummcr  and  >* inter 
folft ices  of  1 766,  1 767 .    ^ee  Th  D  R  Y  • 
T. 

7    Eli  SCOPES,  curloas  xnquinei  re- 
lating to,  680. 
Thwry,  M.  de,  his  obf.  on  the  height 
ot  Tijc  fun,  in  the  winrcr  foli^ice  of  1 766, 

675.       Sec  MONMEK 

'  on  the  c^n.n  of  1759,  ^'^• 
TiLLKT,  M.  his  obf   on  tnr  proi>ortirn 

between  the  \v eights  uied  in  France  and 

other  coun.rici,  6n, 
Timber,  din.ir>utl  n   ^rf  larr  \cjr»)  ia 

itie  flicngth  tlicr  of,  688 
To  u  s S  A  N  T,    M .   r  s  eflay  on  Btn^fizenttt 

curifi'crr.i  in  cor.rrid.ftint'^iun  to  htne- 


Its  original   fund,    638.     Their  fir/f 
V-        cf^ablifhment  in  India  merely  mercan. 
tile,  ib.      Their    ftruggles   with  the 
Dutch,  639. 
jtLAKDSRS,  flower  than  the  inhabitants 
j^    of  a  conti  lent,  in  the  arts  of  refinement 
*  iiand  civiliiatiuo,  634. 
L. 

LAMBERT,  M.  his  memoir  on  the 
velocity  of  (bund,  670. 
■  on  the  proper  gradations  of 

light  and  colours  in  painting,  6?i. 
LANPSy  M.  de  la,  hit  3d  memoir  on  the 

theory  of  mercury,  677. 
Ls  lioKNiFR,  M.   his  obferv.  on  the 
height  of  the  fun  m  the.  fummcr  foU 
ftice  of  1767,  675. 
LoRETTo,  Lady  ot,   fupcrfliiious  vene- 
ration of  the  Papifts  for,  654.    Shock- 
ing iiAance  of,  ib, 
IrOtRAiNE,  cardinal,  VoItaire*s  dream 
.    concerning  liim,  6^1* 
..  LvvNr*,  C.iniin«l  de,  his  barometrical 
experiments,  683. 
M. 

MAc(^u£R,  bis  memoir  on  the  elaf- 
lic  rcfm  of  Cayenne,  68". 
Marcgraf,  M.  his  account  (»t' the  vo- 
latiiifatlonof  a  cert,  kindor  ilonc.  6'9. 
MA7KAf,  AliLe,  his  account  01  encauAic 

painting,  647. 
MrAC.Dr.hiii  capital  collet) ina  of  draw* 

ings  inaccefSble  tnthe  public,  630. 
Mines.    See  Damps. 
Mom  10 NY,    M.  uc,    his  obf   on  the 

conliruftion  of  hydtomtXerv.  6%t- 
AfooK,   Ttinifian,    biutaV  beUa.\io\iT   o( 
•ne  to  M.  Chabert;  67,. 

E  N  D     Ot 


vUnce,  674. 
Tremelia,  plant,  the  fame-w'rh  the 

bjvl:ke  infc6l  ( Ice  H a c  r  r  )  675 . 
Tunis,  ii)e  coafts  of,  inhibited  by  bir« 

birians,  67S. 

V. 

VEiNs,  &c.  of  the  human  body,  ex- 
perimentsi  relating  to,  69a. 
Vof.ATiMSATiON.  See  M A R r.r R AP. 
Vor.TAiRE,  niv  curious  dream,  661. 
Vut  flAR,  no'  comp'tenr  juJ^pf  oi"  elo- 
quence, nur  of  the  tine  ails.  6-^4. 
W. 


■niii 

3   bl05  OOfi  JoH   bui 


DATE  DUE 


LUO  MAY   4  '89 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
STANFORD,  CALIFORNIA     94305-6004