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THE 

MONTHLY   REVIEW; 

O    R, 
LITERARY    JOURNAL: 

From  Jan'uary  to  June,  inclufivt. 
M.DCC.LXXXU. 

By     several      HANDS. 


VOLUME     LXVI.    S, 


J^ 


LONDON: 
Printed  for   R.  G  R  i  F  r  i  t  h  s  : 
hrA  Sold  bf  T.  Bcckbt,  CorDcrof  ihe  Adelfh:,  Sirs^d. 
•  M.DCC.LXZXII. 


k        -^^^^ 


Sm 
^ 


3 


TABLE 

TO    T  HE 

Titles,   Authors  NameSj    &c.  of  the  Publi- 
cations reviewed  in  this  Volume. 

N.  B.    For  REMARKABLE   PASSAGES,  in  the  Crtttcifms  and 
ExiraSIs^  fee  the  INDEX,  at  the  End  of  the  Volume. 


A 


A. 

*^*«  •»••  in  Sackcloth  and  Aftjw, 

Adam's  Evangelical  Sermons,  315 

Address  to  tiic  Interior  Cabine%       T41 
—————  to  (he  independent  Memberi, 
^-c.  144. 

■  to  the  People  of  the  Nether- 

land?,  470 

Anp.LR  ^rTHBODoit.     See  Genlis. 
Advsnturks  of  a  Rupee,  395 

Alkmbics^  new  Method  of  ConAruCt- 
ing,  ^  .      13S 

Amkkica,  Publicationt  relat.  to,   143, 

»*^»  307.  3o*»  SS6»  387,  40i|  4**' 
ANCIENT  Scottifh  Balladt,  19a 

Andcbsok^s  Intereft  of  Great  Brit«|in, 

42s 
An'die'b*8  Elaftic  Trochar,  &c.  77 

AKDRK*f  Cow-chrfce,  a  Poem,  ^% 

Anecdotes  of  Sir  Richard  Eafy^  &c. 

475 
Answer  to  Vamp,  ire.  14% 

AppolloniOs  Rhodiufy  Two  Tranfu- 
tiuns  of,  109 
ApTHoa  pe's  Two  Sermons,              154 
— —  Sermon  on  ibe  BiAop  of 
Gloucefler*s  Confecririon,                S40 
AacH  AOLOGiCAL  Epiflic  to  the  Re r. 
J-nmi^h  Miilet,  D.I3.  &c.            a94 
A  u  ft  I  c  tf  L  A,  Cultuie  off                  47  6 


B 


B. 

Acot'i  Letter  to  Bell, 
0AiJLMaNTs,     SceJoHzs* 


3^4 


Bal(suy*s  DivLoe  Benevolence  aflerted 

4'Q 
Banditti,  Songs  in^  »3^ 

Barbauld*s  Hymns  in  Profe  forCb>l« 

dreii,  J  56 

Beauties  of  Johnfon,  237 

B  K  L  L  E  *8  Stratagem,  a  Comedy,  387 

Bexniaro,  M.  bis  EfTiy  on  the  Caout« 

chouc,  or  Elaffic  Gum,  139 

Berthelot,   M.   his  Mecbaniqui  cp" 

piiquie  aux  Artt^  Sec,  464 

Be  VER  s  Hiih  of  the  Legal  Polity  of  the 

Roman  Sute,  19/ 

'  concluded,  241 

Biographical   Memoirs  of  Willian 

Ged,  14S 

Borch,  Count  det  his  Letters  concerning 

Sicily  and  the  Ifle  of  Malta,  54S 

Bottom L£Y*«  Short  Plea  in  Favour  of 

Infant  B'ptifm,  479 

Br  issoT  de  Warville,  M.  his  Theory  of 

Penal  Laws,  46$ 

British  Hero  in  Captivity^  47s 

Br  Y  AM  T  on  the  Poems  of  Rowleyi  433 


C. 


C*Aii  SlLii  Italici  Jf  BeJU  Pm» 
I  nico  Sec  undo  Poema^  8cc,     See  Lx« 

FEBVRE    OE     ViLLEBRUNE. 

Calcutta,  Extra£t  of  a  Letter  from, 

f4& 

Candidates  for  the  Society  of  Ami- 

gallicans.  Part  IL  471 

Candid  Defence  of  Adminiftration,  149 

Caoutchouc.     SeeBBRHiARD. 

A  a  Cart* 


ir 


CONTENTS. 


CakTWbichts    Clvt  ut  our  Rights, 

300 

Causes  of  cur  hte  Difcontentty       469 

Cjbot,  M.  his  Memoirs  concerning  the 

Hiflory^  Sciencei*  &c.  of  the  Chinefe, 

466 
Chectknham  Guide,  147 

Chester  Guide,  397 

Chit-chat,  an  Interlude,  74 

Choice  of  Harlequin,  236 

Chronol or, IE  Phy/ifue  des  Ertipttem 
dis  VcUiifH  tttinti  de  ia  France  Ricridi' 
en^ff,  &r.  4^7 

Clai:.I3  of  Irelan'l  vindicated,  386 

Clark's  -nfwcr  t«»  Shaw's  Inquiry  con- 
cern.j.g  OfTian'"  Poems,  47 
C1.0ACIK A  Triumphant,                     307 
CoNDoi-ANcr.,   an    Epifile  from   Bur- 
toynr  loCornwallis                           147 
Colt. van's  Kvery  ManV  Mcnitor,  155 
C'i»Mc  Scflioiis.     Sie  ViNCE. 
A.'oNiinzp.  ATioKs  on  tiic  picl'ent  State 
ot  the  Wool  Trade,                              1^4 

.  ■         on  the  Tithe  P.ill,  309 

,.  on  Criniinil  FrocceU- 

ing;;,  &c.  310 

..i._  — ^...^  on  the  Attorney  Ge- 

neiaPs  B'il,  385 

CoNsoiATOEY  THcughts  on  American 

Independence,  387 

CoNrriTL'TioNAL  Defence  of  Govern- 


ment, 


;oi 


Contrast  $  or,  a  Ccmpariion  between 
cur  Woollen,  Silk,  Sec,  Manufa£lur6::, 

•^«    CoRRESrONPENCI   With    the    PvC- 

V  c>\ir',  79,  160,  940,  319,  400,  4?o 
Corruption  ccrrc^cd,  468 

CosMOCEArHiE  ElcmtKtaire,  Sec*     541 
Count  of  Naibonn^,  .♦  Tragedy,         64- 
Ccw ley's  Beit's  Struts,  rnif  187 

Craven,  Lady,  her  M j mature  Pldlu'e, 

a  Comedy,  74 

Criterion,  468 

Cursory    Examination    of    Johnfon's 

btnfiures  on  Gray,  i%% 

C  Y  ^  t  H  2  A  of  Propertitti  tranilated,    416 


D. 


T**t  Alrymple's  Queftion  ccnfidered. 

Damp  I  r.R*s  FaA  Sermon.  318 

DcA  i  ::  Sj  gut  Lodurug,  King  of  Dn- 

mirl:,  441 

Debt  yf  the  Nation,  71 

Declakati:;n,    fvc.  of  the  fuffenng 

Lo)diitt&  III  Ameiica,  38^ 

Decrce    or   £xchequ::r,    on   Ti  '.c   ot' 

M.!c,  ,  30S 

VzsLSA,  Abbe,    hi"  Pi/litical  and  I'i- 

.  leiary  Hiil,  o,  .'1:..  c,  549 


Dickson *s  Three  Sermons,  7V 

■  Sermon  before  the  Echlin- 

vile  Volunteers,  ib« 

■  Sermon  on  the  Death  of  the 

Rev.  James  Armftrong,  ib* 

Dictionary.     See  Pbospectus. 
Diderot's    En*ay    on    the  Reigns   of 

Clauditis  and  Nero,  513 

DiMSD ale's  Trades  on  Inoculation,  &c. 

Disney's  Fad  Sermon,  318 

DiTis  CHORUS,  147 

Divorce,  :\  Farce,  147 

Dramatic   PuB'ers,  236 

Dunbak*>  Ellay  on  Mankind,  2d  Edit. 

39S 
Dur  anhe's  Chcmiflry,  134 


E. 


r*  AsT  Indies,  Publication?  rcl.itive  to, 
72,  i^f.    30J.  ;o7.  38S 
EcCLESiASTES,     iiCA'     'i  ru:.1.4l:un    uf 

fume  Parts  of,  515 

EuucATioN>     SeeKAiK»s. 
£:.  r.c  y  en  the  Deatli  ot  Loiu  R.  Caven- 

dlflj,  147 

Eli  m  ic  n  s  de  CLymiCf  Ac  1^4 

Elliot's  Flla^s  en  Phyfiol- ;:icjl  Sub* 

jc£lj,  239 

Epistle,  in  the  Style  of ''v^^arth,     73 
^— -—  '"mil  Lady  Woif..  ■. ,  39a 

EsSAj/ur  lit  PbyJlOgfiemtr^  &C,  48 X 


fur  .f  Re^ne  de  CL'ude,  ike.  513 

Essay  on  I'rtjiidice,  yz 

— — —  on  the  Ljiw  of  Celibacy,  156 

—  on  De<enfive  War,  &c.  '219 

— — —  <>n  Co'i.edy,  30S 

— — -^  on  ih'.-  Nature  of  r  T.oan,  385 

Estimate  of  the  MiniP.ers  (Lord  N.'s) 

abiliriet,  3.>6 

FuDociA,  1  Poem,  305 

Every  Man's  Monitor,  155 
LxKTRACT  of  an  or:o:nzl  Letter  from 

Calcutta,  146 


F. 


FAbricius{  or.  Letters  to  the 
Pconie,  337 

Fair  An  erlcao,   Si'r.fj  ir,  475 

Fair  CiRrAS<>tAN,  ;  Tiajicdy,  (9 

Faithku  l  t'l^luief^r  thr  Tin.cs,  a  Ser- 

mi-n  lor  trc  Yea*"  1782,  317 

FAi.crNtn'b  Ren  arki  on  the  Influence 

o:  Clima'r    1*.  c.  ac 

F  » .  ii  u:  N  /.  p  I  r  Fo'.!'{  5,  305 

t  .*  wK  £5  s  Tiar.tiii.  ot  Afcllcnius  Rhc- 

r'.io*,  1C9 

FiM  \i  E    f>ibi;:lv,  394 

Female  Ilid...:^;crf,  473 

FcEllCN 


C^^P^U^fu^^  ,    J4LJL^ 


CONTENTS. 


ass 


ToiEION    LiTllATURBy     I34,      I38, 

375.  463»  48 f,  546 
FossTKR^s  ADfwer    to    Oalrymple   on 

Wool,  227 

Sermon  at  Colchefter,     316 

FonTCNATt  Si0ei&,  474 

Fouxrauv,  M.dt,   his  Elementary  In- 

A:u£iion3  in  Nat.  Hi(V.  and  Chemiftry, 

466 
Francis,  \frs.  her  Tranflation  of  Solo 

ncoo"^  Song, 
Fm  e  r  ard  Serious  Addrefs  to  the  Chrifti'in 

Laitv,  lot 

Fci£NosHip  and  Matrimony^  474 


G. 


GED,  William,  Memoirs  of,       14^ 
General  Hid.  of  Conneflicu;, 

251 
CxKLiSy  M^dam,  her  AJele  aid  Tht.i- 
duni?  {  or.  Letters  on  Education,    461; 
T5eoor  A?HY  for  Youth,  310 

Ceorce   Baceman,  a  Novel,  137 

CIisi."'KVs  Roman  H»ft.  concljt'eJ,    4^9 
Gi3son'>  JeruTaicfn  deRroyed,  a  P><c  u, 

3  7 
C I L  B  s p  t'  .  Plin  for  the  Relief  and  ^.-.w 

ploy  T.ciu  of  the  Pcor,  44 

— Obfervaiions    on    the   Pooi's 

Biilt,  311 

CivE  us  our  Rights,  y^o 

Glocester,   i5i:hop  of,  his  Faft  hcr- 

mun,  3  8 

ConoARD^s  Sermons,  157 

Greenes  frand  ition  of  Apollonius  Rho- 

diii<,  X09 

Crt/ith's  EfTiys,   addrefTed  to  mar. 

r:ro  ^Vomen,  43 1 

G  *  I  v  /.  L  pTs  Rf  fls£lioo8  on  the  Incqua- 

iu\  among  Men,  548 

Grom^s  tthics.  91 

c;  u  1 E 1 R  T  *i  £  s^A  Y  on  Tafitci,         39 


H. 


HA  LT  BUR  ton's  Gcorgics,         344 
Ha  MIL  ton's  Supplement  to  the 
Cimpi  Pilegralf  476 

H.^RRiNCTON*s    Philof.    Inquiry   inr.> 
Animal  and  Ve|peiable  Lite,  9S 

Harriy^s  Philological  Inquiries,        428 
Haw£s*s  Scriptural  Refutation  of  Ma- 
rtan'nn  Pdly^amv,  117 

H  p  N  a  Y*a  Hiiiuxy  ot  Great  Biitain,   Vul. 

iV.  ss 

yi  Hi*T  to  a  Patriot  Parliament,  471 

I-i  X'.  TO  I E  c  Pti'bjnpl  iqut  ct  Pulifi^ue^  Sec, 

54» 
—  Ji  PAaJ,  Riyale  dei  S:lcnces^ 

tec.  for  l:77i  4'j8 

dtRuJ/Uf&c,  5i» 


8 


HiSTOiRi   i/ePjirt  de  P Anttfu'iU.     See 

WlNCKELMANK* 

Historical  View  of  Surinam,        148 
History  of  fack Juniper  131 

'  of  the  Lf  ?al  Polity  of  the  Ro- 

man Stiitr,  conclu-ied,  341 

■  ■       of  Connecticut,  251 

■  of  LU.  North's  AdminiflratioOy 
Paitll.  469 

— of  the  War  In  Germany.    See 

Lloyd. 
Homer's  Kymn  to  Ceres,  tianflated  bf 

l'Ura<:,  4r4 

Hcpson's  tnay  en  Fire,  ^38 


J 


I. 


Fkb's  Letter  to  Sir  R.  Bernard,        71 

I  -  NKINbON,  L-ttcr  10,  70 

NecoRd  f<e^  to,  141 


Ji.?»:lcn's  Count  of  Narbjnne,  a  Tra- 

grd),  64 

Jermnhham'*  Honoiia,  146 

J  V  R  'J  •;  A  L  p  M  de(i  roved,  a  Pcem,         307 

Jew's  Lftttrs,  to  VrlraJre,  54* 

Im-'a::  riAL  KcUcihuns  i^n  the  late  Ad. 

fr,.^i(lralion,  468 

Ino  L'  iR  Y  concerning  Engi  W-ols,      3S8 

Jnicxestjng     Sketch     of     Genteel 

Life,  474 

I  s  T  0  K I A  foiitica   e  I'lterar'ta  delta  Grt.  ia, 

549 

Johnson's  Biographical   Prefaces    con- 

cluicd,  II J 

Johnson,  Beauties  rf,  237 

-  his  Siridurcs  on   Gray  exa- 
mined, 238 

. his  Lives  of  the  Poetr,  8vo« 

Edit.  397 

Jon  i  s's  Difquifiuon*,  &c.  9 

■  Mahumcdan  Law  of 'SuccciTion, 

44% 

—  his  EfJay  on  the  Law  cf  Biiit- 
mci.t^,  298 

Ireland,  Publications  re-,  to,  145,  386 
Jumper,  J^c!:,  Hlftory  of,  131 

Just  man's  Life,  474 


K. 


KAims's  Loofe  Hints  on  Education, 

Kp.kr's  Nitr.  ot  the  Rife  of  the  Mahr^c- 
ta  State,  145 


L. 


I    A  vat  PR,  M.    his   FfTiv  on  Phy- 
j     fj.  gijuiny,  or  the  Arc  of  Reading 
Facrf,  481. 

Landriani,  Ctcv,  his  Phyfico-Chemi- 
cA  'ttciiiics,  ^47 

LZBRECHT, 


^fB^^0^  i  i^teyy  ^  ypf  //if. 


/7 


vi 


CONTENTS* 


Ci 


I»SBRECHT»   *  JcWy    Narrative  of  his 

Coiivcrfon,  315 

LE50KS  Elementatrei  d*  Hijfohe  NatureUty 

et  de  Cbjmie,  466 

Lefebvrr    de  ViLr,r.BRUNB  M.  his 

Edit,  of  Silius  Italicus,  467 

Le 8S I  ng'i  Nathan  the  Wife,  307 

Lessons  in  Reai'ing,  151 

Leti  e»  to  Mr.  leni^infon,  70 

■  fircond  ditto  to  ditto,  141 

■  ■  from  a  C.i'hoUc  Chiiftian,     156 

■  to  Hdm.  Darkcj  V.(<\f  on    £>(}. 
India  Affairs,  3S8 

■  lecono  to  ditto,  ib. 
— — —  to  G'lbcrt,  470 
— —  to  the  landed  Clcntlrmc n  of  Lin- 

colnlhircy  472 

r— ' 10  the  Cltrgy  of  the  Church  or 

England,  4;g 

Letters     from     an     An^erican    Var- 

mcr,  4^-2 

■  on  Political  LJSerfv,  5^1 

LrTTRES   fami/ieres     de     M.    Pf'tf/kct- 

Lettres    de  S^ueJqucs  Ju'ifi   Fcrfugats^ 


SiC.      s^h  Edit. 

fur  la  S'ei/fy   Arc. 


54a 
Siz 


L'EvFsq^ui's  Hiftory  of  RufTia, 
Lbzioni,  &c.     See  Tkoja. 
LlKK  of  Mrs.  JuftrnJin,  474 

I-ITE  R  AR  Y  Aioo!crrcnf«,  ^.yu 

Lf.o  Y  n's  Continuation  ol  ihc  Hift.  of  the 

the  War  in  Germany,  375 

LoDBROG.     SeeDf.ArH. 
LorT  s  Eudola,  305 

London,  a  Satire,  151 

LurAs*<  Traiitlution  of  Homer's  Hymn 

fo  Ceies,  414 

Lucubrations  during  a  fhort  Receis, 

Lyon's   farther  Proofs,  &c.  relative   to 
Ele^ricity,  175 


M. 


MAcaolat's  Trandation  of 
Noodi't  Difc9urjes  on  Sovereign 

Powfr,    &c.  -501 

M>\c  cowan's  Difcourfes  on  the  Rook  of 

R..»h,  _  55^ 

Mac  N  ally's  Retaliation,  n  Farce,  393 
JMaiiomm£oan  Law  of  Sucrenioii,  442 
JMaret's  Chenijftry,  134 

Marriagr  AO,  a  Farce,  147 

AIason's  Fngii/li Garden,   B.  4.  405 

Mechanics   applied  &c.       See   Ber- 

THf  LO  r. 
MtLMoTH'i  New  Roman  H'ftory,   475 
Memoir  E  Sur  U  Cacutcbouc,  Jkc.        139 
M  E  M  o  I  N  c  s     ccpicer  nant     I'  H:jioire,     ies 

SdeneeSf  8tc.     See  Ci  a o t . 
ME^TtLLs's  Elements  of  Cofmographr, 

Ac,  541 


Mickle's  Almada  Hitf,  ^3^ 

MfiLFR's  Enquiry  into  the  Caufe  oF 

Motion,  i8t 

Milles's  Edt'on  of  Rowley's  Poems, 

206 
concTu«*ed, 


Mineralogie  Sni/'fnne,  ^c, 

MtNiATURT  Pifture,  a  Comedy, 

Modern  Manners, 

M»)  M  N  E  u  x's  Queft ion-book, 

Monro'?  Works, 

MoNT.'i's  T</ar  in  ^'orth  Wales.  Sec.  148 


32A 

346 

74 
420 

3^« 


M.)R  Vk.A  u'sCrim  lir 


»34 


Mose ley's  Obf.  on  tt.e  Dyfcntry  of  the 
WcfMiiairs  153 

Mou\t  Hennetb,  a  Novel,  129 

Movsr  an^  the   Lyon,  307 

Mucliston's  Letter  on  Wool,         234 


N. 


NARRATIVE  of  Lebrech*^,  31? 

Nautical  Almanack,  for  17.^^, 

"51 

Naval  Arch '.tenure,  444 

Nichols's  Sufpicment  to  the  Origin  of 
Hr.nring,  153 

Nixok's  »'rof>dy  made  eafy,  476 

Nooht's  Two  Dirc»:urfci  on  Sovereign 
Power,  trahfla??d,  301 

No u  V  E  L  L  E  ConJiruS'iSHf  &c.  Sec 
Al£.mbics. 


O. 


Observations  on  a  Commutation 
of  T'thcs,  309 

Ode    on  the  Surrender  at  York-Town, 

*73 
—  to  the  Genius  of  the  Lukes, 

>■     ■      to  tlie  (ienius  of  Scandal, 

OEnonk  to  Paris, 

On  the  Debt  of  the  Nation, 

On  the  Longitude, 

OpUfiCOLf,    &c. 

Origimal  Minutes  of  the  Governor  of 

Bengal,  7^ 

Or  no  and  Rutha,  309 


146 

»3S 

73 

7« 

353 

547 


P. 


PA L E  v's  Ordination  Sermon,        240 
P  A  N  c;s  of  a  Patriot,  217 

Parker's  View  of  Society  and  Man- 
ners, &c,  475 
Patriot  known  by  Comparifon,  227 
Pennant's  Thoughts  on  our  Militia 
La>AS,  309 
Penrose's  Poems,  3:14 
Perfect's  Cafes  in  Midwifery,  76 

— Cafes  of  Infanity,  77 

Pettman  on  the  Cultivation  of  Youth, 

«73 
PjULXr^'f 


•  •  • 


CONTENTS. 


vu 


>   -     PHitiPs'iEle^ion  C^Tcf,  559 

Philosophical       Tbansactions, 

Vol.  LXXI,  Part  I.  365 

^^pLAiN    Reafoos,  Aec.  rel.   toWooI,  t^i 

Plan  of  Reconciliation  wich  America, 

ti6 

PoiTicAL  Epiftle,  in  the  Scile  of  Ho. 

garth,  73 

Political  Ca^echlfm,  470 

-— Obf.  on  Population,      3^^ 

Population.     See  Uncertainty. 
PowN all's  Two  Me Tfiorials,  387 

Pratt's  Fair  CircilTun,  a  Tragedj,  50 
I         P««scNT  Hour,  ^85 

Psi£STLEY*t  Two    Lctterc  to.  BiAop 
Newcombr,  1 5 

PtiNciPLKS  of  Law  and  Government, 

190! 
Printing.     SeeNicHOLi. 
pRizc  Sugars. not  Foreifn,  75 

Proofs   that  Great  Bri rain  was  fucceii- 
ful  before  Ro<iney's  ViN'>ory,  4  'p 

PaOPKRTIUS.       S*eCvNTHfA. 

Propb  iety  of  allowing  a  qualified  Ev* 
portation  of  Wool ,  2  30 

Pbospectvs     (Tune    Ef:(ycft'/fedie    Me^ 


Seaman*s  Remarks  on  the  Bntifli  Ships 
of  the  Line,  304 

Serious  and  AfFe^ionate  Addrefs,  to 
all  Orders  of  Men,  15^ 

Sermons,  by  DiclcTon,  7^ 

■  by  Ap'horpe,  154 

■  by  Goddard,  157 

»  '     ■  by  Tatham,  385 

■  by  Adam,  ji'e 

^—^ — •—  by  Ramfay,  4-9 

Single  Sermons,  T3S,  316,  40O,  479. 
SHrRiDAN*s  Review  uf  the  Tkree  great 
N  it'onal  Qjeftions,   &c,  145 

Shfr  lock's   Letters  on    Sereral    Sub- 
jects, 1 
Short  Alarm  before  the  Fa((,             317 
'              View   of  the   Proceedings,  &c. 
on  Wiol,                                               jqx 
SiEOE  of  Aubigny,                               310 
SiNCLAiR*sU  bferva'  Ions  on  the  Scotti/h 
Dialed,                                             '^51 
"  '                   Lucubrations  during  a  /h*>rc 
Recefs,                                                3S3 

■  Tho'ights    on     the    Naval 


tJbodifue,  Are. 
PuDD]cossE*t  Faft  Sermon, 


o 


Q. 

^Uaibs  to  Lord  Audley, 
R« 


5»4 
319 


310 


R 


Amsay*s  Eflay  on  the  Duties  of  a 
Sea  Officer,  38S 

Sea  Sermons,  479 


Raynal,    Abbe,  his   Hiflotrt   Pbilefo' 
fbip/e,  &C.    new  Edition,  54a 

Raspe's  Nathan  the  Wife,  307 


Retaliation,  a  Farce, 


3<«3 


R  BYES  I  Es  of  the  Heart,  23S     Statutes 

Rilano*s  Scriptural  Piefervatite,  Sec, 

/*    RoLLo  on  the  Army-difeafea  at  St.  Lu- 


cu, 


Ro  vssB  A  v*4Confeffion^  ,.^(.  - 
RoVal  Naval  Review, 

■  Chafe,  a  Poeiji  j^ 
RvssiA,  complete N|i^{^y«l^  #^ 
Roth,     SeeMACGowAN^      ^^ 
Kyko  and  Alpioj^  a  Poem, 

s{ 


'54. 
53* 

73 
306 


Strength  of  the  Britifli  Empire,        469 
Sketches  ot'  the  Lives,  Sec,  of  Liten- 

ry  French  Ladies,  .397 

SKY-roclcet,  396 

^^  Solomon's  Song.     See  Francis. 

Songs,  Sec,   in  the  Carnival  of  Venice, 

7J 
— ,  Sec,  in  the  Banditti,  237 

.  Sec,  in  the  Fair  American,  473 

Sou  LAV!  B,    Abbe,  his  Pbyfiro-chrooo^ 

logical  Account  of  exiinguiihed   VoU 

canos  in  the  South  of  France,  4^7 

Southampton  Guide,  397 

Spbcch  in  the  AiTcmbly  at  St.  Chrido- 

pher's,  143 

Stair,  Lord,  his  Fafis,  &c.  144 

Stalkar  T*s  Naval  Architedore,     444 

State  of  India,  307 

at  large,  4to.  Vol.  XllI* 

Study  of  the  Scriptures  recommended, 

47S 

Substance   of  the    Charge  of  Mif* 

ynanagement,  Ssc  %j^     ^Zt 


Sugars.     See  Prize.  ^^ 

Surinam.     See  Historical* 
5i«     System,  a  Poem, 

J07  T. 


47» 


/  I  iAsLES  to  be  ufed  with  the  Nao* 
X       tical  Ephemeris,  tea 

ST.  NoK,  Abbe,  his  P///«r(fti»  Travels     Tat  ham's  Sermons,  »8^ 

through  Naples,  &c.  46;     Taylor's  Sexagefimal  Tables,  153 

Sab  OS  Mete^ohgt^ue^  548      ■  Thoughts  on  the  Grand  Apo« 

Scottish  Ballads,  %<)%        fiacy,  457 

■  DiaJeA,  Obfervations  on       351     THEODOsiA*sMifcel!anies,  VoL  IL  337 

^coTT*s  Rcficw  of  the  TranlaAion*  ^^     Theorie  des  Lo\x  CtimintlUty  463 

^cofalj  3C4    TiiiOAY  of  UieSjph9;i;iliuftrated,   180 

Thick- 


x^ 


^.■K^-. 


-i'*. 


viii 


CONTENTS. 


TaxCENiSht^  Mrs.  Ler  Sketches,  Sec. 

397 
■  Mr.  his  Queries  to  Lard 

Audley,  Jio 

Tick  ELL*s  Carnival  of  Venice,  73 

'ToALDOy  Abbe,  bis  Meteorological  Sw 

rot,  54S 

ToMLiNSOK*s  Le:ters  to  the  Admir^U 

Tour.   SccWyndham.    See  Month. 
Traiti  delaSjgcflc,  ftc.  149 

Ti  I A  L  between  Sir  R.  Worfley  and  Cap. 
tain  Bifler,  a 59 

TtiMM£R*s  Sacred  Hiftory,  Vol.  I.  313 


War  ton's  Hiftory  of  Engli/h    Poetrff 
Vol.  III.  St 

—  concluded,  16% 

-  EflHy.  on  Pope,  Vol.  It.     165 


Wathen's  Method  of  applying  a  Tube 
for  the  Cure  of  the  F'tfiul^  Lacbrymalii, 

77 
I     ■'  Conduftor,     and     containing 

Spiints,  ib. 

Ways  and  Means;  or,  a  Sjle,  &c*  382 
West  Indies.      See   Mosi^ley.       See 
RoLLO.—- Political  Fublicatioos  rela- 
tive to,  143 
Whim!  I!  or  Maid(}one  Bath,          jjS 
Tsoj't*  M.  his  Ledtured  on  Difordcrsof     W|iitak£K*s  Fafl  Sermon,  319 
the  Eyes,                                          547      V/illiam^   on    the  Pfalms,    Saipture 
Tucker's  ReA:£\ions  on  the  Price  of         Imprecations,  &c.                            169 

Wools,  &c.  tiS  -— — on  the  American  War,   300 

Ctii  Bans,  271  JiWikkklmann*8   IJiilory    of    the   fine 

37> 
518 

47  a 


T VR  V B  r's  Sermon  at  Halifax,  79 ' 

'Tyers's  Hiftoiical  Rhapfody  on  Pope, 

74 


Arts, 


hit  Letters, 


V^U. 


V 


ARitTY,  a  Comedy,  s6o 

which  is  the  Man  ? 

a  Poem,  306 


ViNCE*s  Elements  of  conic  Sections,  151^- 
Uncertainty  of  the  prefent  Fopo-^^ 

htion,  &c.  141      - 

Voltaire,    letters   to,    from    certain 

Portugaefe,  German,  and  FoliAi  Jews, 

Voyage   Pittoreffue,  cu   Defer iptiom    det 
Rojaumet  de  NafUs  et  de  Sidle,        465 


Wise's  Syjfem,  a  Poem, 
Wool,  Pamphlets  relative  to,  71,  144, 
117,  218,  230,  231,  234,  235,  392, 

<7» 
WoRSLEY'iHIftoryofthcIfle  of  Wight, 

— — "—  Tiial,  &c.  139 

Lady,     See  Trial. 

.     See  Whim  !  ! ! 

—         .    See  Epistle. 

.    See  Anecdotes. 
WoRTNiNeTON't   Sermon    on   Spilf- 
bury's  Death,  406 

Wynoham's  Tour  through  Wales,  &c. 

149 


W. 


WAkeficlo's  Efliy  on  Inrpira* 
lion,  43 

Wales,  Tour  through,  148,  149 

.  Wal  wyn's  Elfay  on  Comedy,  30^ 

WanostrochT's     Ficnch    Grammar, 
Second  Edition,  477 


Y 


V. 
OuNO   Philofopher^ 
Z. 


394 


z 


OgcH's  few  Words  in  behalf  of  the 
Poor,  311 


THE 


«  • 


V,  - 


\' 


\  1 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 


For    JANUARY,     1782. 


@-^^€f*$€^JiF^^^^^@^OS^'^^€(^^^^^|?^^ 


Art.  I.  Lttttrs  en /{<viral  Suhjt^s.  By  the  Rev.  Merlin  Sherlock* 
A.M.  Chaplala  to  the  Earl  of  B.iftoU  izmo.  2  Vols*  5  •• 
fewed*     Nicholi.     1781. 

THIS  Writer,  whom  we  h^ve  fo  frequently  introduced  to 
the  notice  of  our  Readers,  begins  the  Preface  to  his  pre* 
fcnt  publication  with  a  compliment  on  the  fweetnefs  and  placa- 
bility of  his  own  temper;  and  then  proceeds  to  complain,  in  a 
fort  of  mixed  ftrain  of  gaiety  and  ferioufnefs,  of  the  ill-nature  of 
thofe  critics,  who  have  had*  the  prefumption  to  find  fault  with 
him,  becaufe  their  feelings  of  his  very  fuperior  excellencies  were 
not  fo  lively  and  ardent  as  his  own.  But,  notwithftanding  all 
this  glowing  felf-complacency,  Mr.  Sherlock,  we  find,  is  a 
mtde/i  man  !  **  And  who  telis  us  fo  ?"— Why,  Mr.  Sherlock 
himfcif !  '  I  am  perfuaded  (fays  he)  that  my  mother  was  in  a 
good  humour  when  I  was  made*  Now  all  tiie  wit  of  this  paf- 
lagc  (for  the  Author  defigned  it  to  be  a  witty  one)  will  efcape 
the  Reader,  unlefs,  admoniflied  by  our  good  counfe),  he  turns 
his  eyes  on  the  oppofite  page,  where  th:s  reverend  Gentleman, 
having  a  great  Lady's  f  erf  on  in  admiration — the  Apoftle  James 
would  tell  him,  becaufe  of  advantage'^^n^  having  complimented 
her  Ladyfliip's  '  bright  eyes  and  rich  (hape,  appeals,  with  all  the 
fang  fr Old  in  the  world,  to  his  noble  patronefs  to  bear  teftimony 
Co  his  modejiy.  '  You  know  me.  Madam,  to  be  a  modeft  man.' 
And  in  truth  our  Author  feems  to  confider  himfelf  as  privileged 
Co  cake  very  uncommon  methods  to  (hew  his  modcfty.  But 
perhaps  he  will  avail  himfcif  of  Mr.  Pope's  plea  for  ^^  great 
wits:"  and  may  think  himlelf  at  liberty  to  ^^  ftart  from  vulgar 
rules.*'  Colley  Gibber  thought  the  fame  \  but  be  ufed  this  pri* 
vilege  with  more  addrefs. 

W^h.  LXVI.  B  As 


a  Shcrlock'j  Letters  on  feveral  Subjeffs. 

As  the  Author  hath  drawn  the  curtain,  and  introduced  hit 
mnher  in  the  fcene,  and  that  too  in  a  very  critical  part  of  the 
play,  we  cannot  do  pcrfcft  juftice  to  his  modejiy^  without  re- 
marlcing,  that  this  arrangement  was  more  for  his  fake  than  for 
her*s ;  for  all  the  proof  of  his  •  mother's  good-humour'  is  founded 
on  the  fwect  and  eafy  temper  of  her  fon.  '  I  am  perfuaded  my 
mother  was  in  a  good  humour  when  I  was  made,  for  it  is  very 
hard  to  put  me  out  of  temper.'  Excellent  logician  !  If  this  ar- 
gument were  drawn  out  at  full  length,  logic  would  be  in  a  bet- 
ter moody  and  cut  a  better y?^«r/,  than  when  (he 

dajh'd  thro*  thin  and  thick 

With  German  Crouzaz,  and  Dutch  liurgerfdyck. 

The  fon  however  hath,  in  one  refpeft,  the  advantage  of  the  mo- 
ther, for  (he  was  in  a  good  humour  when  nothing  elfe  could  be 
expe<^ed :  and  he — now,  this  is  the  argumentum  a  fortiori--* 
when  fo  many  untoward  circumftances  concurred  to  put  him 
out  of  temper ;  — particularly,  '  the  fevcrity  with  which  he  had 
been  treated  by  the  critics/  *  Mercy  on  me  V  he  exclaims, 
very  pathetically,  *  how  they  have  maul* d  me  V  Lamentable  in- 
deed ! — But  who  thofe  ruthlefs  critics  are,  that  have  treated  our 
Author  with  fuch  *  indignant'  rage,  and  in  fo  *  favage  a  mode,' 
we  know  not;  nor  are  we  concerned  to  enquire.  Whoever 
they  were,  we  think  them  moft  prepofleroufly  employed.  Mr. 
Sherlock  might  well  tax  their  '  indignation^  with  injuftice.  It 
was  not  his  due.  *  Who'd  crufh' — No — we  will  not  put  down 
the  next  word.  We  will  not,  for  the  fake  of  the  jeft,  forfeit 
our  candour,  and  belie  our  convictions.  Though  Mr.  Sher- 
lock's wings  are  of  the  **  pretty,  fluttering"  kind,  yet  they  will 
fometimes  take  a  bold  and  adventurous  flight.  We  have  fol- 
lowed them  with  pleafure :  and  though,  in  their  airy  rounds, 
they  have  often  offended  us  with  a  falfe  and  fleeting  dazzle  ;  yet 
many  of  their  beauties  are  (iibflantial,  and  all  their  flights  are 
not  at  random. 

To  point  out  the  defcds,  miflakes,  and  puerilities,  to  be 
found  inthefe  two  volumes,  would  carry  us  beyond  the  limits  of 
our  Review;  and  fo  it  would,  to  point  out  the  beauties  and  ex- 
cellencies. We  think  the  latter  to  be  indeed  much  more  per- 
fpicuous,  and  alfo  more  numerous  than  the  former;  but  the 
Author,  too  frequently  depending  on  a  kind  of  injlin^ive  tafte, 
decides  with  an  equal  want  of  judgment  and  modefty,  on  points 
which  required  attention,  and  by  no  means  warranted  aflfurance. 
Mr.  Sherlock  writes  in  hafte — writes  like  a  gentleman  at  eafe, 
and  reminds  us  of  what  Perflus  fays  of  the  Roman  nobles,  and— 

■  quicquid  denique  ledit 

Scrihitur  in  citrcis.' 

.Mr.  Sherlock  abo\jnds  too  much  in  fuperlatives^  when  he 
praifcs  ^  suid  pronounces  fentence  on  what  he  difltkes  with  an. 

oracular 


Shcrlock'j  Letters  oh  feveral  SubjeHu  J 

oracular  concifcnefs. — *  The  grcaieft  efFort  of  genius  that  per- 
haps was  ever  made  was  forming  the  plan  of  ClarifTa  Harlowe/ 
^  Mrs  Sheridan,  author  of  Nourjahad,  Sidney  fiiddulph,  ofte 
of  the  firft  female  genuifcs  that  ever  wrote.*  *  Ariofto  is  juftly 
to  be  reckoned  among  the  firft  geniufes  that  Nature  hath  pro- 
duced.* *  Shakefpeare  is  the  greateft  genius  that  ever  exiftcd/ 
'  Voltaire  is  the  firft  bel  efprit  that  ever  Jived/  *  Who  do  yoa 
think.  Reader,  were  the  three  greateft  wits  of  this  country  ?  I 
believe  you  will  anfwer,  Swift,  Congrevc,  and  Mr.  Sheridan/ 
*  There  are  different  degrees  of  good  tafte.  To  pofl*efs  the  high* 
eft  (as  Lo'd  Rriftol  does},  one  muft  unite  an  unerring  judgment 
to  exquifite  fenfibility/  ^  The  country  which  has  produced  the 
fineft  wits,  after  France,  is  Ireland.'— Fielding,  however^ 
was  an  Englifliman,  and  we  are  fatisfied. 

Mr.  Sherlock's  pofitions  are  fometimes  founded  on  facts  which 
have  no  exiftencc  but  in  idle  tradition.  The  following  is  an 
inftance  that  hath  been  pointed  out  to  us :  '  Genius  is  often' 
feen  in  works  of  very  little  compafs  : 

Vidit^  et  erubuit  lympba  pudica  Dmn,  . 
was  a  line  of  genius  that  announced  Dryden,  and  Bufby  felt  it/ 
Now,  unfortunately  for  our  Author,  this  line,  in  which  he  def-* 
cries   with  great  fagacity  the  dawn  of  Dryden's  genius,  was 
really  the  production  of  CraJhatO^  and   may   be  found    in  his 
works,  which  were  publiftied   before  Dryden's  genius  was  an* 
flounced  to  Bujhy.     Now,  who  was  Crajhaw?    Let  Mr,  Sherlock 
read   his  Poems,  and  inform  us,  honeftly,  if  his  '  notion'  be 
right,  viz.  ^  That  every  perfon  who  has  ftrength  of  imagina- 
tion  fufficlent  to  produce  any  thing  new,  be  that  produdlioa' 
ever  fo  fmall  [as  for  example^  this  line),  is  a  perfon  of  genius/ 
Is   this   notion   right  when  applied   to  Craftiaw ;    or  would  it 
only  be  right  when  applied    to  Dryden  ?     The   latter   was  %. 
lucky  name  to  ftrengthen  the  argument  \  but  it  was  not  the  true 
one.     With  regard  to  the  line  itfelf,  we  by  no  means  think  it' 
deferving  of  the  applaufe  that  hath  been  beftowed  on  it.     Mr.. 
Sherlock  may,  if  he  pleafes,  charge  us  with  dulnefs,  and  call 
our  tafte  in  qucftion  j  but  ftill,  in  oppofition  to  him  and  the. 
other  admirers  of  this  line,  we  think  it  but,  at  beft,  quamt  and 
fanciful:  it  is   not  elegant:   it  is  not  natural.     It  is  highl]^ 
drained.     The  metapiiors  are  mixed,  and  no  precife  image  i^. 
pre/ented  by  it.     If  Mr.  Sherlock  had  retained  the  original  word 
nympha^  one  part  of  our  objection  would  have  been  removed.. 
As  he  hath  exhibited  it,  and  as  it  hath  been  traditionally  handed 
down  from  fchool-^boy   to  fchool-boy,  he  fiiould  have  favoured' 
tbe  general  readers  of  his  Letters  with  the  common  tranflation, 
that  they  might  have  feen  where  the  point  of  genius  turned.   We 
wlU  fupply  this  defed. 

••  The  uiodeft  mtfateTf  aw*d  by  Pow'r  divine,  \ 

Beheld  the  God,  and  blufli'd— r>/^  rid^wineP' 

B  z  W« 


4  Sherlock*;  Letters  on  feveral  SuhjeHs, 

Wc  wifli  i6  check  Mr.  Sherlock's  confidence.  He  is  too  flip- 
pane  ;  too  dogmatical.  And  we  equally  wifh  to  encourage  hrs 
excellencies ;  for  he  hath  excellencies,  and  thofe  too  of  the 
higher  kind.  His  fentiments  are  often  very  (Iriking  and  beau- 
tiful ;  and  his  language  concife  and  elegant.  Tulit  punSlufn — 
and  that  too  with  an  addrefs  and  felicity  peculiar  to  himielf. 
As  a  fpecimen  of  his  abilities,  as  a  fprighdy,  ingenious^  and 
fenfible  Writer,  we  {hall  prcfient  our  Readers  with  a  few  ex- 
tra£is  from  each  volume,  afluring  them  at  the  fame  time,  that, 
in  fpite  of  our  remarks,  ihey  will  find  themfelves  well'recom- 
penfed  by  purchafing  the  whole. 

Though  our  Author  hath  f^oltaird  it  in  almoft  every  letter, 
and  feems  to  aifedt  the  flyle  and  manner  of  the  French  wits,  yec 
his  partiality  to  the  firft  of  them  hath  not  fo  far  obfcured  his 
judgment  as  to  make  him  blind  to  his  faults.  This  will  appear 
from  the  following  letters : 

'  You  think  Voltaire  the  firft  bel  efprit  that  ever  lived.  So 
do  I.  You  think  he  had  genius.  1  here  I  am  ferry  we  difl^sr. 
If  he  had,  it  was  fo  little,  I  could  never  difcover  it;  and  I 
looked  for  it  often.  But  I  can  find  genius  in  almoil  every  page  of 
Shakfpeare.  Though  I  have  little  learning,  1  fcarce  ever  dif- 
cover a  beauty  in  Voltaire,  without  being  able  to  ttll  where  the 
mother-idea  of  it  is  to  be  found.  The  works  of  Voltaire  which 
(hould  bed  (hew  his  genius,  if  he  had  any,  are  Canuide^  and  a 
poem  which  I  daro  not  name.  His  imagination  here  was  with- 
out reftraint ;  and  what  has  it  produced  ?  Ridiculous  extrava- 
gancies and  abfurdities  that  difguft,  Thefe,  however,  are  the 
two  produ<^ions  that  do  moft  honour  to  his  talents;  particu- 
larly the  laft.  There  are  as  happy  paflages  in  it  for  delicacy  of 
vrit  and  brilliancy  of  ftyle  as  ever  was  read  ;  but  the  number  of 
horrors  with  which  it  abounds  makes  it  Shocking  to  men  of  de- 
cency, and  difguding  to  all  readers  of  tafte. 

*  As  to  the  invention  of  this  poem,  every  one  knows  that  it 
belongs  entirely  to  Chapelain  and  Ariofto ;  as  the  ground  work 
of  Candide  is  borrowed  from  Swift.  So  that  his  admirers  may 
give  to  thefe  performances  every  other  merit  they  plcafe,  but  as 
to  genius,  it  is  out  of  the  queftion. — 1  am  Voltairc^s  friend  and 
enemy.  He  is  a  very  voluminous  and  a  very  unequal  author. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  good,  and  a  great  deal  of  bad  in  him. 
His  writings  fometimes  breathe  a  fpirit  of  humanity,  and  a  love 
of  tolerance,  which  muft  endear  him  to  every  reader.  His  ftylc 
is  charming  i  always  rapid,  eafy,  brilliant.  Diftion  in  writing 
is  like  colouring  in  a  picture  ;  it  is  the  firft  thing  that  flrikes, 
and  with  moft  perfons  the  only  thing.  Splendid  language  and 
bright  colours  will  dazzle  ninety-nme  people  in  an  hundred, 
captivate  their  eye  and  tneir  fancy,  and  impofe  upon  their  un- 
derftanding.    This  has  been  the  grand  magic  by  which  this  fe- 

ducing 


Sherlock'/  Leitirs  on  feveral  Subjects.'  r 

ducing  writer  has  fafcinated  almoft  all  clafTes  of  readers.  No 
man  ever  wrote  with  greater  elegance,  delicacy,  or  grace.  So 
poli(hed,  fo  agreeable,  fo  full  of  the  tone  of  the  bcft  company, 
he  mud  pleafe  every  perfon  who  loves  mankind,  who  admires 
wit,  and  who  knows  how  to  appreciate  the  charms  of  fine 
writing. 

*  Turn  the  medal,  and  what  an  unhappy  reverfe  !   Audacious 
preacher  of  infidelity,  malignant  calumniator  of  the  moil  virtu- 
ous characters,  odious  encourager  of  every  fpecies  of  vice,  he 
facrificed  all  human  and  divine  ideas  to  his  favourite  pa ifions  ; 
and  proftituted  talents,  formed  to  adorn  humanity,  to  a  jmtfe- 
rable  love  of  money  and  of  fame,     A  proftitute  he  was,  and  of 
the  mod  defpicable  clafs.     Born  to  independence,  and  pofllfTed 
of  affluence  e.irly  in  life,  he  could  not  plead  the  folicitations  of 
necc(fity  ;  and  the  innumerable  pafTages  of  invedlive,  licentiouf- 
nefs,  and  impiety,  which  abound  in  his  works,  make  him  fall 
an  unpitied   victim  of  his  own  innate  bafencfs  and  depravitv. 
Here  let  it  not  be  imagined  I  declaim  againfl  a  philofopher,  en* 
lightened  and  humane,     I  declaim  againft   him   becaufe  he  was 
not  humane.    Was  that  man  the  lover  of  his  race,  who  deprived 
the  afflicted  of  their  moft  healing  balm,  and  the  aged  of  their 
grcateft  confolation  ?  Let  the  aged  and  yffl  (Sled  anfwer  the  quef* 
tion. — Where  lies  the  chief  alleviation  of  their  fufFcrings  i   Is  it 
not  in  religion  ?   Was  that  man  then  the  friend  of  mankind,  who 
endeavoured  to  rob  fo  large  a  portion  of  it  of  their  ftrongeft 
hope,  and   of  their  moft  pleafing  enjoyments  ?    Was  that  man 
the  friend  of  mankind,  who  brought  the  Chevalier  de  la  Barre 
to  be  broke  alive  upon   the  wheel ;  and  who  fowed  unhappinefs 
through  the  world  as  far  as  he  propagated  immorality  ? 

*  His  'IVagedies,  you'll  fay,  are  moral  and  inflrudive.     And 
why  are  they  ?    Becaufe  to  fill  them  with  noble  fentiments  and 
found  morality  WuS  the  moft  likely  method   to  infure  rheir  fuc- 
ccfs/    Individuals  love  their  own  private  vices.     Bodies  of  men 
ever  love  m\6  countenance  virtue.     A  romance  or  poem  is  writ- 
ten for  an  individual  in  the  dark.     A  tragedy  is  addreiTed  to  a 
colle;itive  body  in  (he  face  of  day.     He  kntvv  ail  this;  and,  de^ 
firous  only  to  pK-afe  every  palate,  he  ferved  up  virtue  to  the  vir- 
tuous, and  vice  to  the  debauched  ;  and  gave  to  both  the  higheft 
feafoning  a  luxu/ianr  fancy  could  compoie.     If  you  will  permic 
me  to  follow  this  metaphor,  and  return   to  his  talents,  I  will 
fay,  Voltaire  was  a  great  literary  cook.     Give  him  good  meats, 
no  man  knew  better  how  to  drefs   then.     But  thiy  muft  be 
given  him,  for  he  was  not  rich  enough  to  provide  them  himfelf. 
Don't  you  think  his  works  referable  Curinihian  brafs  ?   He  took 
the  gold  of   Shakfpeare,  Virgil,    Corneille,    Racine,    Ariofto,  . 
and  Pope ;  and  the  lilver  of  La  Fare,  Chaulieu,  Fontencile,  an4 
Haa)iiton«  aj;d  melted  them  together  in  the  crucible  of  his  brain. 

6  3  Tbo 


f\.- 


6  Sherlock*;  Letters  on  feveral  SuhjeSls. 

The  metal  produced  was  neither  pure,  nor  gold,  norCIver;  it 
was  brafs  ;  but  it  was  Corinthian  brafs. 

'  But  Voltaire's  quantity  aftonifhes.     It  never  afionifhed  me. 
He  made  verfes  at  twelve  year^  old.     By  eighteen  he  had  pub- 
lifted  works,  and  was  introduced  by  Ninon  de  L'Enclos  to  the 
mod  poliihed  people  of  Paris.     From  ei^^htcen  to  ti|^hty-four  he 
never  cea fed  to  labour ;  and  is  it  aftonifhing  thiit  in  lixty-two 
years  he  produced  about  fix  good  volumes  ?    Will  any  impartial 
man  fay,  that  there  are  more  than  fix  volumes  of  his  forty  which 
arc  really  worth  mentioning?   Is  there  an  advantage  that  an  au- 
thor can  have  that  this  man  w?.ntcd  r    Born  independent ;  fitu- 
ated  at  Paris;  prote<5lcd   by  the  great;  courted,  I  may  lay,  by 
fovereigns ;  his  works  purchafed  with  avidity  by   bookftllerb; 
devoured  with  greater  avidity  by  the  Public  ;  the  advantages  of 
learning,  travel,  and  fo  long  a  life  ;  what  an  aflemblage  of  hap- 
py circumftances !    Is  it  prodigious  that  one-fixth   part  of  his 
works  is  worthy  of  praife  ?    I  think  Dryden  was  a  man  of  bet- 
ter parts  than  Voltaire,     But  how  different  their  fituations  in 
]ife  !    The  one  never  obliged  to  enter  his  cabinet,  till  to  enter 
it  gave  him  pleafure ;  the  other  fat  fhivering  at  the  table,  with 
famine  flaring  him  in  the  face  if  he  did   not  produce  his  four 
plays  at  the  end  of  a  year :  one  enjoying  every  luxury  of  life  ; 
the  other  in  want  of  i^Il  its  neceflaries  :    l^ryden  living  in  a  cli- 
mate unfavourable  to  fancy,  and  certainly  forced  to  live  upon 
malt  liquors,  which  almoft  kill  the  imagination  :  the  meat  and 
manner  of  drcffing  it,  the  milk,  cheefc,  and  butter,  and  every 
other  article  of  life,  decidedly  conducing  to  thicken  the  blood, 
clog  its  motion,  and  confequently  to  deaden  the  fancy,     Vol- 
taire breathing  a  pure  and  vivifying  air;  no  heavy  liquors;  no 
grofs  nourifliment ;  every  article  of  life  the  very  rcverfe  of  what 
jc  IS  in  England,    The  French  poet  living  on  the  theatre  of  Eu- 
rope (a  moft  important  circumftance)  :  the  En;:lifli  poet  con- 
fined to  the  Britifh  dominions.     If  Voltaire,  at  a  iupper,  pro- 
duced four  happy  lines,  in  fix  weeks  they  had  gone  farther  than 
Dryden's  fame  will  poffibly  ever  reach  :  his  language  univerfally 
undcrftood ;  his  merit  of  confequence  univerfally  pit.     Every 
thing  that  tends  to  raife  and  quicken  the  fpirits  is  of  ufe  to  a 
man  who  works  from  fancy;  and  what  raifcs  the  fpiri:s  higher 
than  the  idea  of  univerfal  admiration  ?    Every  circumftance  in 
France  is  favouf^able  to  talents  :  every  circumftance  is  againft 
them  in  England,  except  one.     They  are  recompcnfed  here  in 
a  manner  unknown  to  any  other  nation.     The  Earl  of  South- 
ampton gave  Shakfpeare  more  in  one  prefe;jt,  than  Voltaire  ever 
received   from  all  the  nobility  of  France.     Dr.  Robertfon  re- 
ceived, I  dare  fay,  fix  times  as  much  for  his  Hiftory  of  Charles  V, 
^s  he  could  have  got  for  it  in  any  other  capital  in  Europe,  fup- 
po(ing  the  book  had  beea  written  in  the  language  of  the  country^ 
^     ^        '  Reward^ 


Sherl&ckV  Latirs  on  fevnal  ZuljiHs.  j 

Rewards  like  thcfe  conquer  climate  and  every  other  difadvan-- 
rage.     But  poor  Dryden  lived  in  a  worthlefs  reign,  and  was  too 
happy  not  to  die  literally  by  hunger,  as  his  contemporary  Ot« 
way  d^. 

'*  The  Hcnriadc  is  a  finer  epic  poem  than  the  Iliad,  the 
*.^  -Sneid,  the  Jerufalem  Delivered,  or  than  the  Paradife  Loft." 
Well  faid,  Lord  Chefterfield,  I  like  a  man  that  has  an  opt* 
nion  of  his  own  :  and  this  opinion  was  pofitivelv  his  Lordfliip's, 
unlefs^  as  I  have  more  than  once  been  tempted  to  fufped,  he 
ftole  it  from  Voltaire,  ,  To  fupport  this  fingular  judgment,  he 
fays,  ^^  It  is  all  good  fen fe  from  beginning  to  end."  So  it  is  ; 
and  fo  is  the  Hiftory  of  Lewis  the  Fourteenth  ^  but  that  does 
not  make  it  an  epic  poem.  Lord  Chefteriield  might  have  faid 
a  great  deal  more  in  its  favour  without  annihilating  poor  Ho- 
mer, Virgil,  Milton,  and  Taflb.  But  he  fcems  to  me  to  have 
loved  Greek  as  little  as  a  Frenchman  does  ;  and  I  am  not  fure  that 
he  had  quite  talents  enough  to  praife  well.  Richardfon  remarks 
veryjuftly,  that  poverty  of  genius  is  the  reafun  that  men  can't 
prailc  one  woman  but  by  robbing  the  reft.  The  noble  writer 
might  have  courted  this  author  much  better,  bccaufe  more  truly, 
by  faying.  The  Henriade  is  a  fine  poem,  written  with  elegance, 
corre£lnefs,  and  dignity.  The  didion  is  rich  and  fplendid,  the 
thoughts  are  juft,  the  fentiments  noble,  and  the  verfification  as 
harmonious  as  French  verfification  can  be.  He  might  have  told 
him;  Your  poem,  notwithftanding  its  points  and  antithefes, 
has  lefs  defeds  than  either  the  j^neid  or  the  Iliad  ;— >and  (this 
he  need  not  have  told  him,  but  he  fliould  have  thought  it) — its 
only  material  faults  are  want  of  interefl^  want  of  enthufiafm, 
and  want  of  original  beauties.  Some  of  his  *  portraits  are  bril- 
liant and  bold.  The  de^th  of  f  Coli^ny,  the  defcription  of  the 
X  maflacre,  and  of  the  §  Temple  of  Love,  deferve  the  warmeft 
praife. 

^  Thefe  are  the  beft  paflages  in  this  poem  ;  and  they  are  truly 
excellent.  However,  I  cannot  think  they  are  fufficient  toeclipfe 
the  greaceft  works  that  England,  Italy,  and  Greece  can  boaft  of. 
Indeed,  my  Lord  Chcfterfield  feems  to  have  doubted  himfelf  of 
the  truth  of  his  aflertion ;  for,  forgetting  his  wonted  good 
breeding,  he  has  recourfe  to  fome  of  Lord  Peter's  ||  arguments, 
abd  abufes  grossly  every  one  who  prefumes  to  differ  from  him  ia 
opinion.' 

The.  following  obfervations  on  tafte  are  juft  and  elegant; 

*  Particularly  that  of  the  Duke  of  Guife,  Chant  3. 
f  Cbaot  2.  X  ^^'^'  §  Chant  9. 

i  Tale  of  t  Tub. 

B  4  though 


ac 


9  Sherlock*/  Letters  on  feveral  Subje^s. 

though  the  chief   of   them    have   been    anticipated    by   Mr* 
Burke  ♦. 

^  Many  people  have  a  kind  of  happy  in(lin<^  in  matters  of 
tafte,  and  determine  often  rightly  upon  difficult  fubjejls,  with- 
out having  any  principles  to  dire£(  their  judgments.     It  is  evi- 
dent, that  if  thofe  perfons  natural  faculties  were  cultivated,  they 
would  have  better  tafte  than  others.    But  tafte  being  a  combina-r 
tion  of  a  man's  judgment  and  feelings,  there  never  can  be  any 
certainty  in  the  determination  of  a  man  whofe  judgment  is  not 
formed.     To  form  the  judgment  there  is  but  one  method,  it  is 
by  making  comparifons.     To  compare  two  objefls  pcrfedUy, 
one  muft  underftand  them  both.    And  hence  it  follows,  that  the 
firft  ftep  towards  acquiring  a  good  tafte  is  knowledge.     With- 
out knowledge  no  comparifon  can  be  formed  ;  without  compa« 
rifons  the  judgment  cannot  be  chaftened  ;  without  judgment 
there  can  be  no  fure  tafte.     I  (hall  explain  myfelf  by  an  example, 
which  1  (hall  take  from  fculpture;  becaufe,  as  it  appears  to  me 
to  be  the  fimpleft  of  all  the  arts,  I  (hall  have  lefs  trouble  to 
make  myfelf  underftood.      A  young  man  wants  to  acquire  a 
tafte  for  fculpture.     If  nature  has  not  given  him  feeling,  he 
feeks  an  impoflibility.     If  (he  has  given  him  feeling,  he  mufl: 
then  acquire  knowledge  to  form  his  judgment,  and  this  know- 
ledge is  to  be  acquired  but   by  feeing  (tatues.     A  ftatue  is  the 
imitation  of  a  man  or  a  woman.     The  (irft  one  he  fees,  he  will 
be  able  to  fay,  whether  it  refembles  a  woman  or  a  man  ;  but 
he  will  not  be  able  to  fay,   whether  or  no  it  is  a  good  ftatue. 
Good  is  a  relative  :  it  is  only  by  comparing  that  ftatue  with  a 
number  of  others,  he  can  be  able  to  afcertain  its  value.     Apollo 
is  always  reprefented  as  a  beautiful  youth.     A  hundred  fculp- 
tors,  ancient  and  modern,  have  executed  this  fubjedV.     Shew  a 
very  indifferent  one  to  a  young  man  ;  and  another  very  capital 
one  to  another  young  man  ;  let  them  be  the  firft  flatues  that  either 
of  them  have  feen ;  and  their  judgments  upon  the  two  will  be 
probably  the  fame.     They  will  both  fay  that  thefe  two  ftatues  are 
Ane.     He  who  has  fecn  the  indifferent  Apollo,  will  be  as  much 
charmed  as  he  who  has  fcen  the  oiher;  and  bis  tafte  will  be 
equally  good.     This  ftatue  is  the  beft  he  has  ever  fcen  ;  and  he 
is' not  to  be  blamed  for  admiring  it.     It  is  evident  now,  that 
this  man's  tafte  is  not  fure;  and  it  is  evident  that  he   is  born 
with  the  means  of  making  it  fo.     Let  him  then  fee  the  Apollo 
of  Girardon,  that  of  Bernini,  feveral  others  ancient  and  modern, 
and  let  him  iini(b  with  the  Apollo  Belvedere.     He  will  then 
have  feen  all  that  is  moft  perfect  in  the  art.     If  he  examines 
each  of  thefe  ftatues  feparately  with  attention,  and  afterwards 


t* 


*  See  bi&  Inuodudion  to  his  laquiry  into  the  Sublime  and  Bcaa* 

fMVlr 


Jones'j  Pbyftological  Difquijklons.  9 

compares  them  together,  he  will  acquire  the  power  of  afcertain* 
ing  the  value  of  e;ich,  and  of  ailigning  to  it  its  true  ranlc.  The 
knowledge  that  he  has  obtained  will  form  his  judgment ;  his 
judgment  will  then  dire£t  his.  feelings  ;  and  that  man  will  aC'- 
quire  a  fure  and  perfefi  tafle.  This  reafoning  appears  to  me  to 
be  juft,  when  applied  to  poetry,  painting,  eloquence,  and  all 
the  other  arts.  The  EngliQi  education,  bad  as  it  is,  is  the  bed 
in  Europe.  It  is  eflentially  bad  in  one  point  *,  and  eflentially 
ftupld  in  another :  bad,  in  not  paying  the  fmallell  attention  to 
the  cultivation  of  the  Engllfli  language,  one  of  the  fineft,  in 
every  point  of  view,  that  ever  exified :  ilupid,  in  making  a 
youth  pafs  fourteen  important  years  of  his  life,  in  learning  as 
much  Greek,  Latin,  and  fcicnce,  as  might  very  eafily  be  ac- 
quired in  (ix.  However,  there  is  none  fo  good  any  where  elfe* 
Every  man  of  birth  in  England  goes  through  a  courfc  of  Latin, 
Greek,  French,  Italian,  fcience,  and  makes  the  tour  of  Europe. 
Thofe  advantages  are  aflonifhingly  great,  and  fuch  as  fcarceany 
Frenchman  has.  The  profit  that  a  lad  derives  from  this  de- 
pends upon  himfelf,  and  upon  the  perfons  to  whom  he  is  en- 
truded.  He  may  read  Cicero  and  Demofthenes,  TaflTo  and 
Milton,  Racine  and  Moliere,  and  fee  the  Transfiguration  and 
the  Apollo,  without  an  atom  of  improvement.  If  he  has  parts 
and  feeling,  the  underftanding  feveral  languages,  and  feeing  dif- 
ferent countries,  are  prodigious  advantages.  By  multiplying 
thus  the  (lock  of  his  ideas,  he  is  enabled  to  make  a  multitude  of 
comparifons  ;  thofe  comparifons  refine  his  judgment ;  and  thus, 
if,  as  1  faid,  he  has  naturally  parts  and  feeling,  he  becomes  a 
man  of  perfeA  tafle.  A  Frenchman  has  not  thofe  advantages. 
He  poflfefles  only  two  languages,  and  he  does  not  travel ;  and 
tnis  is  the  true  and  real  caufe,  why  the  few  in  England  have  a 
greater  number  of  taftes,  and  more  perfedi  tafles,  than  the  few 
in  France.* 

We  muft  now  take  leave  of  this  fprightly,  fenfible,  and  en- 
tertaining Writer.  We  have  often  been  informed  by  him  ;  but 
more  frequently  amufed  :  and  though  fometimes  difgufled  with 
bis  vanity,  he  has  never  fatigued  us  by  dullnefs.  -^        x^ 

A«T.  If,  PhyJiolcgUal  D'/quiJiitont  ;  or  l^ifcourfes  on  the  Natural 
FkiUfipb^  of  tbt  EUments,  t^c.  By  William  Jonc?,  F.  R.  S.  &c, 
Author  of  am  EJfay  en  tbc  fi^Jf  t*rinciphs  of  flaiural  Fbilcfo^hy,  4tO» 
1 1.  I  s.  Boards.     Rivington.     1 7^1. 

IN   our  27th  volume,    page    122,    our  Readers    will    meet 
with  an  account  of   the    Kflay  mentioned    at    the  end  of 
^e  title  of  the  prefent  work ;  which  may  be  confidered  as  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  Author's  fyftem,   to  which  he  was  led   *  very 
firly  in  life/  as  he  now  informs  us,  by  bis  having  obfcrved, 
^  •  that 


10  Jones'/  Phjiokgical  Difquifitiom. 

*  that  great  effefls  are  produced  in  nature  by  the  aSlionofthe  eU* 
pnents  on  each  other;  and  that  ^  all  philofophy  tr\\g\it  be  reduced  to 
one  fimple  and  univerfal  law, — iwx:  7iat  urn  I  agency  of  the  elements.* 

Such  Readers  as  with  only  for  new  ph'lo;up!iical  fadis  or  ex- 
periments, will  not  be  much  gratified  by  the  perufal  of  this  very 
bulky  volume.  The  Author  may  be  faid  rather  to  rcafon  on 
^hat  is  already  well  known,  than  to  contribute  much  new  mat- 
ter to  the  phiiofophical  ftock  of  experiments.  The  nature  of  his 
work,  ma.y  indeed,  in  a  great  mcafure,  be  inferred  from  what  he 
himfelf  fays  in  the  Introduction:  — 

•  We  have  a  ftrange  propenfity  to  be  looking  either  before  us 
or. behind  us  for  variety,  inftead  of  cultivatipg  the  fruitful  fpot 
we  (land  upon.  If  we  are  already  in  pofl'eflion  of  many  great 
things,  reafon  demands  that  we  fhould  be  niaking  our  ufe  of 
them)  rather  than  be  fearching  for  novelties,  which  may  be 
either  of  little  value,  or  the  fame  for  fubftance  with  what  is 
already  known.  I  have  therefore  preferred  the  profits  of  cul- 
^re,  to  the  pleafures  of  the  chace ;  and  would  rather  pafs  for  a 
labourer  than  a  fportfman  upon  phiiofophical  ground.' 

All  this  is  very  proper.  A  man  of  genius  certainly  may  con- 
tribute very  greatly  to  the  extenfion  of  phiiofophical  knowledge, 
merely  by  taking  a  comprehenfive  furvcy,  or  making  a  happy 
application,  of  the  difcovcries  of  others.  We  cannot  however 
iay,  that  we  meet  with  any  fuch  luminous  expohtion  of  natural 
phenomena,  or  of  phiiofophical  experiments,  in  the  theoretical 
part  of  this  woik.  Nevefthelefs,  injufticeto  the  Author,  we 
ihall  add  his  fubfequent  obfervation  ;  where  he  f«iys,  that  he  ^  has 
reafon  to  think  many  things  new  will  occur  to  the  reader,  if  he 
has  the  patience  to  look  for  them  ;  and  that  the  new  things  he 
will  meet  with,  are  fuch  as  will  lead  to  a  new  train  of  experi- 
ments.'—We  (hould  obferve  likewift-,  that  the  Author  docs 
not  treat  his  fubjc6ts  merely  as  a  philolophicitl  theorifl,  or  expt- 
rimenter ;  but  alfo  confiJers  them  philologically,  and  with  a 
view  to  the  heathen  mythology,  as  well  as  to  the  phiiofophical 
doflrines  fuppofed  to  be  found  in  the  facred  writings.  In 
fheft  the  Author  fhews  himfelf  to  be  a  man  of  letters,  and  com- 
pletely orthodox ;  whatever  may  be  thought  of  his  theoretical 
notions  refpecling  philofophy. 

In  the  three  firft  of  the  nine  difcourfcs  which  conftitute  this 
volume,  the  Author  treats — *  Of  Matter^  and  the  feveral 
Kinds  ef  Bodies  \ — *  Of  the  Nature  and  Caufes  of  Motion  \  — 

*  and  of  the  Nature  and  JJfes  of  the  Elements.^  We  willingly  pafs 
over  thefc  dilcourks,  partly  as  containing  matters  already  .yery 
well  known,  and  partly  as  they  relate  to  the  particular  doctrines 
maintained  by  the  Author  in  this  and  his  former  volume,  re- 
fpc£ling  a  vacuum^  and  the  reciprocal  a£iion  of  the  elements  ^  which 
0o  not  appear  to  us^  to  be  of  that  importance  which  he  is  in- 
clined 


Jones'i  Pbyfiokgical  Difqulfttlons.  %  % 

clincd  to  afcribe  to  thera.  Of  this,  however,  his  readers  will 
judge  for  themfelves.  For  our  part,  we  own  we  are  dull 
enough  not  to  perceive  the  great  utility,  or  indeed  the  novehy^of 
the  laft  mentioned  doftrine  j  on  which  the  Author  feems  to  lay  fo 
much  ftrcfs — *  ihat  the  clcfnents  aft  on  one  another  ? — Granted  : 
and  what  then  ? 

In  the  fourth  and  fifth  difcourfes,  the  Author  treats  of  firg^ 
and  of  air.  In  the  firft  of  thcfc,  he  defcribes  and  gives  a  draw* 
ing  of  a  pyrometrical  machine,  or  appararus  conftrufted  by  him, 
for  afcertaining  the  ex  pan  fion  of  bodies  by  heat.  By  means  of 
this  indrument,  the  flame  of  a  farthing  candle  was  found  to  be 
of  fufficient  force  to  lift  a  weight  of  500  pounds.  Bat  to  afp- 
certain  the  highcft  degrees  of  heat,  the  Author  employed  the 
expedient  of  plunging  a  ftrongly  heated  body,  a  piece  of  iron 
for  tnfiance,  into  a  given  quantity  of  mercury  ;  and  then  calcu^ 
lated  by  the  heat  which  the  mercury  was  found  to  have  acquired  ; 
what  mufthave  been  the  original  heat  of  the  immerfed  body  ? 

According  to  a  fcale  of  heat,  deduced  from  the  Author's  expe- 
riments and  calculations^  and  adjufted  to  Fahrenheit's  fcale,  mer# 
cury  is  fuppofed  to  freeze  at  350^  below  0:  fpiritof  wine,  at  52% 
likewife  below  o :  tin  is  found  to  melt  at  490^  :  oil  of  vitriol 
boils  at  546^:  lead  melts  at'6io^:  mercury  boils  at  700- : 
iron  juft  red  hot,  in  the  dark,  iqoo^  ;  by  day  light,  1120°  ;  iroa 
with  a  heat  almoft  white,    2080  ^\  in  fufion,   3000°,  and   up-r 

wards. The  inquifitive   Reader  will   however  undoubtedly 

wifii  that  the  Author  had  de(cribed  his  mode  of  operating  with 
more  minutenefs,  that  he  might  be, enabled  to  form  fome  judg«» 
ment  with  refpeft  to  the  accuracy  of  thefe  numbers. 

In  afcertaining  the  degree  of  the  white  fparkling  heat  of  iron^ 
at  a  fmiih's  forge,  and  which  was  founds  2780°,  a  very  fln-» 
gular  phenomenon  prefented  iifelf.  It  was  very  remarkable,  ftyt  * 
the  Author,  ^  that  when  the  iron  had  been  plunged  with  fo  great 
an  heat  into  the  cold  mercury,  it  contraflcd  a  thin  but  hard  and 
durable  coat  of  [quick]  fiiver.  Iron  being  the  only  metal  to 
which  mercury  will  not  adhere,  it  has  been  the  cuitom  to  fup- 
pofe  fome  repulfion  or  natural  antipathy  between  their  parts: 
but.thefe  appearances  are  all  over-rulod  by  the  different  degrees 
of  heat  and  cold.  In  the  hands  ot  iome  pradlica!  chemiflor  me* 
chanic,  this  fad  of  the  confolidation  of  quickfilvcr,  might  poffi- 
bly  lead  to  fome  new  and  uieful  application  of  that  wonderful 
fluid.  The  method  of  conloLdatir^  it,  ferms  to  depend  upon, 
communicating  to  it  the  high^rit  poOible  hear;  and  at  the  fame 
time  preventing  its  evaporation.'  — This  fceming  amalgamation 
of  mercury  with  iron  certainly  deferves  to  be  further  inquired 
into. 

In  the  next  difcourfc  on   Air^  the  Author — (to  ufe  his  own 
pbrafei  whic^i,  we  confefs,  gives  us  not  even  th^  ibadow  of  an . 

idea), 


1 1  Joncs'j  Phjifiolegical  Dtfqutjltlom. 

idea),  confidcrs  air  and  fire  as  *  different  conditions  of  the  fame 
elementary  matter  of  the  heavens.*  We  meet  with  no  motives  to 
induce  us  to  dwell  long  upon  this  difcourfc  ;  in  which  the  Auihor 
likewiie  fpeaksof  *  fixed  air,  and  elaflic  vapours  ;'  fuch  as  nitrous, 
inflammable,  foul  air,  &c.,  Our  phllofophical  Readers  will  be 
content  witK  a  very  (bort  pafTage  extracted  from  this  part  of  the. 
difcourfe : 

*  We  may  therefore  fay  of  all  thefe  faditious  airs,  that  they 
are  nothing  but  ether  combined  with  expandible  matter.  So  many 
conjeftures  have  been  formed  on  experiments  of  this  kind,  with 
fo  many  cranfitions  from  natural  air  to  artificial,  and  from  artifi- 
cial to  natural,  that  M.  Lavoifier,  who  reviewed  them  in  the 
ftate  they  then  were,  obfcrvcd,  with  fome  reafon,  that  the  fubjeft 

was   in  great  pt-Tplexity.' How  far  the  Author's  *  ether  and 

gxfandible  matter*  are  likely  to  clear  up  this  perplexity  ;  or  what 
idea  thefe  two  terms,  thus  united,  ate  defigned  to  convey,  we 
pretend  not  even  to  guefs. 

In  the  next  difcourfc,  '  On  the  philofophy  of  mufical  founds,* 
among  many  other  matters  well  known  to  the  mufical  theorift, 
the  Author  prefents  him  with  a  few  others  that  have  the  merit 
of  novelty.  Treating  of  temperament^  and  of  the  famous  mufi- 
cal contmay — a  fubjedl  which  we  had  lately  occafion  to  difcufs 
very  particularly  *— he  obferves  that  ^  that  little  comma  wou\d  af- 
ford a  man  work  enough  for  his  life; — and  I  apprehend  he 
would  find  it  untra£iable  to  the  laft.'  On  this  occafion,  the 
Author  prefents  his  Readers  with  the  fubf^ance  of  fome  manu- 
fcript  papers  of  the  hte  Mr.  Davis,  who  had  attempted  to  re- 
duce the  whole  fyftem  of  keyed  inftruments  to  an  equal  tempera" 
tnent.  It  appears,  neverthelefs,  that  Mr.  Davis  had  been  antici- 
pated in  this  fcheme  by  fome  former  thcoritts,  and  even  by  Father 
Merfcnne.  On  the  whole,  the  Author  is  *  rather  perfuaded  that 
a  variety,  in  the  tones  and  femitones,  is  not  only  neceffary  to  fa- 
tisfy  the  proportions  of  the  fcale ;  but  that  even  the  extreme  and 
kfs  tuneable  keys  have  their  beauries,  and  affift  the  efFc6l  of  the 
more  pcrfcft  ones.  A  mufical  Reader  may,  however,  be  curi- 
ous to  try  (he  clftcl  of  this  equality,  and  to  compare  it  with  the 
common  methods.  And  for  thorough-bafs  in  a  concert,  a 
harpfichord  might  anfwer  better  when  tuned  by  this  rule,  than 
by  any  other.' 

Treating  of  TartlniV  third  founds^  on  which  we  ofTercd  fome 

conjeflurcs  feveral  years  ago  t>  the  Author  gives  us  a  folution  of 

the  difficulty,  propffed  to  nim  by  a  learned  friend,  the  Rev.  Mr. 

.    Twining)  which  he  confiders  as  the  true  one.     We  (hall  give 

h/»  i(^^  *  *^**  ^^^  '^^  Review.^ 
*^Jr^'       +  See  M,  Review^  voK  4J.  November  \TJ\^  page  371 ;  and  Dc- 
•  f ember,  page  477* 


It 


■■9 


Joncs'i  Pbyfiolo^ical  Dlfquiftilons.  1  j 

It  in  the  Author's  own  words;  referring  our  muGcal  Reatlcrs^ 
for  an  explanation  of  the  fubjed,  to  the  articles  in  our  journal 
above  alluded  to. 

*  Suppofe  the  two  notes  that  are  founded  are  the  fifteenth  and 
the  fevcnteench  ;  their  vibrations  coincide  at  every  fifth  pulfe  of 
the  upper  note,  and  at  every  fourth  pulfe  of  the  lower  note  :  and 
when  they  confpire,  the  vibrations  of  each  become  more  intenfe, 
fo  as  to  be  di[)ingui(hed  by  the  ear.  But  thtrir  coincidence  hap- 
pens exadlly  at  the  fame  intervals  with  the  vibrations  of  the  fun- 
damental note,  or  unifon  ;  and  thence  the  unifon  is  heard  as  the 
third  found.  The  lower  tone  would  hit  the  unifon  at  everjr 
fourth  vibration  ;  the  higher  would  hit  the  unifon  at  every  fifth 
vibration.  Now  let  the  unifon  be  removed,  and  they  meet  each 
other  where  each  would  meet  the  unifon;  and  then  the  fenfa- 
tion  of  the  unifon  is  excited.  Whether  there  is  a  third  fphercof 
undulations,  produced  in  the  air  by  the  concurrence  of  the  other 
two,  is  a  queftion  of  fome  difficulty  ;  but  without  fuppofing  it, 
the  eifeiSl  muft  be  referred  rather  to  the  imagination  than  the 
fenfes.* 

In  this  difcourfe,  the  Author  gives  a  well-authenticated  ac- 
count of  the  invention,  or  rather  peihaps  the  re-invention,  of 
the  Eolicn  barpj  by  the  late  Mr.  Olwald.  To  account  for  the 
produdiion  ot  the  diflx'rent  tones  in  this  atrial  mufu^  he  fuppofes 
that  air,  like  light,  confifts  of  heterogeneous  parts  differently  re- 
frangible ;  and  that  ^  as  colours  are  produced  by  inflexions  and 
refradlions  of  the  rays  of  light ;  {(^  mufical  founds  are  produced 
by  fimilar  refra£)ions  of  the  air :'  the  air,  in  (hort,  becoming 
vocal,  by  a  kind  of  refraction  occafioned  by  its  paifing  over  the 
edge  of  an  aperture;  juft  as  light  prcfents  us  with  colours,  not 
only  by  paffing  through  a  prifm,  but  alfo  by  moving  over  the 
edge  of  a  folid  body. 

This  whimfical  theory  has  no  other  foundation  than  the  well- 
known)  and,  irobably,  merely  accidental,  analogy  between  the 
fpaces  occupied  by  the  feven  colours  in  the  folar  fpeilrum^  and 
the  feven  intervals  which  denote  the  tones  and  itmitoncs  of  the 
odave,  in  the  fcale  of  mufic ;  or  rather  in  a  fcale  which  is  not 
new  in  ufs.  The  Author  however  goes  further,  and  perceives  an 
analogy  between  three  of  the  feven  colours,  viz.  nd^  yellow^  and 
Utu^  which  he  confiders  as  fimple  and  primary  ;  and  the  three 
principal  tones  which  conditute  the  harmony  of  the  o£iave, 
viz.  the  unifon^  the  third,  and  the  ffth. 

For  our  part,  we  can  fee  no  reafon  tofuppoft^  th^ft4gny  thing 
happens,  in  the  refradlion  or  infie<Slion  of  light,  mat  can  jufily 
be  faid  Co  refemble  any  efFeds  produced  by  the  mere  change  of 
Jiriffhnj  which  a  current  of  air  fufiers  in  paHing  through  a 
narrow  paflage,  or  over  the  edge  of  a  body.  In  this  lafl  cafe, 
its  injkxions  are  fuch  as  are  common  to  any  e!«ftic  fluid,  moving 

in 


1 4  J'oacs'i  Phyjtological  t)tfquifitioris. 

• 

^n  fimilar  circumftanccs.  We  doubt  not  but  that,  under  the 
ame  circumftanccs,  mufical  cones  would  be  produced  by  fixed 
or  phlogijlicated  ;i\T^  or  even  by  the  elajiic  vapour  of  water ^  from 
an  eolopile:  but  we  fhould  not  fufpcdt  that  any  of  thefe  fluids 
would  be  decompoupdedy  merely  by  their  infle£tion,  or  change 
of  courife,  Tj^c  analogy  too  between  the  folar  fpe£!rum^  and 
the  mufical  dfla^'ve,  evident^  fails,  when  we  confider  that  a  ray 
of  light  is  not  only  aSiually  decompounded  by  a  prifm  \  but  that  the 
decompofition  \s permanent y  and  the  parts  remain feparate :  whereas^ 
even  granting  that  the  air  may  confift  of  heterogeneous  parti- 
cles of  difrcrent  magnitudes,  &c. ;  neither  the  nitrous^  or  any 
other  tej}  of  the  integrity  or  purity  of  air,  has  yet  exhibited  to 
our  modern  experimcn  .J  philofophers  any  figns,  or  even  induced 
any  fufpidon,  that  that  fluid  is  liable  to  be  decompounded  by  a 
inufical  iuflrumcnr,  or  an  air-prifm^  as  the  Author  terms  the 
Eolian  harp  — Were  we  to  attribute  to  the  air,  thus  fuppofed  to 
be  affected,  the  qualities  ufually  afcribed  to  ^air  decompounded^ 
we  (hould  be  ready  to  apprehend,  that  an  Eolian  harp,  placed  at 
a  window,  would  probably  confume  as  much  air  as  a  lighted 
candle;  and  that  huge  *  airprijm^  the  crgan^  would,  if  played 
upon,  refraSty  and  drccmpound  as  much  air  in  an  hour,  as  might 
ferve  for  the  confumption  of  a  moderate  family  for  a  whole  week. 

We  (hould  not  overlook  a  pra(flical  improvement  of  the  Eolian 
harp,  which  is  defcribcd,  and  has  been  executed  by  the  Author. 
— *  inflead  of  fixing  the  firings  to  the  outfide,'  fays*  the  Author, 
•  I  difpofe  them  upon  a  founding  board  or  belly  within  fide  a 
wooden  cafe,  and  admit  the  wind  to  them  through  a  horizontal 
aperture;  fo  that  the  affinity  of  the  inftrument  to  an  organ- 
pipe  appears  at  firft  fight :  and  thus  it  becomes  portable,  and 
ufeful  any  where  in  the  open  air,  infiead  of  being  confined  to 
the  houfe  ;  which  is  a  great  advantage ;  and  it  is  probable  this 
new  form  may  lead  to  fome  new  experiments.' 

We  have  not  yet  noticed  ihofe  pans  of  the  prefcnt  Work-- 
in which  the  Author  takes  occafion  to  combine  natural  and 
experimental  philofophy  with  philology^  theclogy^  ^c.  Ideat- 
ing of  the  ufes  and  application  of  mufic,  the  Author  makes  his 
orthodoxy  at  leaft  confpicuous,  by  citing,  with  complacency,  a 
paiTage  from  &ymfon\  Chelyi  \  in  which  that  writer,  dcfcantingon 
the  three  fundamental  notes  of  the  odtave — the  unifon^  third,  and 
^^A— confiders  them  as  affording  us  "  a  fignificant  emblem  of 
that  fupreme  and  incomprehenfible  three  in  one,  governing, 
comprifing,  and  difpofing  the  whole  machine  of  the  world,, 
with  all  its  included  parts,  in  a  mod  perfed  and  ftupendous 
harmony." — *  This  phyfical  trinity y  adds  the  Author,  *  as  an 
abfolute  fa£^  in  mufic,  muft  be  evident  to  every  beginner  in  the 
fcience ;  and  it  is  a  trinity  in  unity :  but  it  is  a  mirror,  in  which 
many  eyes  will  difcern  no  image  ;.— -  With  me  it  is  a  matter  of 

fmall 


*«  «. 


PrieftleyV  Letters  t9  Bijbop  Newcome.  I  j 

fqiall  concern,  how  fuch  an  allufion  would   be  rcliflied  by  a 

jUiddUion^  a  Bayle^  or  a  Voltaire^  whofe  minds  were  poifoned  by  ,j,i*' 

adiufFir£lion  to  truth,  &r.  &c.' 

In  the  7ih  and  Sih  difcourfes,  the  Author  treats  •  of  foffil  bo- 
dies, with  fome  obfervations  introdudory  to  a  theory  of  the 
earth;'  and  *  on  phyfical  geography,  or  the  natural  hiftory  of 
the  earth.'   Thofe  who  wi£b  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  prin-  ^ 

cipal  marine  (hell?,  ano  ocher  animal  and  vegetable  matters  found 
in  the  bowels  oi  the  earth,  will  here  meet  with  defcriptions  of 
feveral  fuhjt^dls,  illudratcd  with  plates ;  toq^ether  with  reflections 
concernin<r  the  oric^in  of  marine  foilils.  The  volume  is  termi* 
nated  by  a  difcourfe  ^  on  the  appearances,  caufes,  and  prognoftic 
fisrns  of  the  weather/  tl 

« 
Art.  III.     Tivo  Letters  to  Dr.  "Nt^wcome^  Bijhep  of  JVaterford^  on  tbi 
Duration  of  cur  Saviour*!  M.niftry.     By  JofepH   PficHlcy,  LL^  D« 
F.  R.  S.     8vo.     2  s.  6  d.     Johufon.     17B1. 

THE  firil  of  thefe  Letters  was  prefixed  to  Dr.  Priefiley's 
Englijh    Harmony    of  the    Evangelifii ;    and    our   Read- 
ers  will   find  an  account  of  it  in  our  Review  of  that  publi« 
cation  ^«     It  is  here  reprinted,  *  that  the  whole  correfpondeace 
might  be  before  the  Reader  in  a  more  convenient  form/     To 
this  letter  l^x.  Newcome  piblifhed  sn  anfwcr,  in  which,  agree* 
ably  to  Dr.  Pricftley's  wi(hcs,  bis  Lordfhip  entered  into  a  parti- 
cular confideration  of  the  fubjcCt,  ftated  the  fa<5ls  and  circum- 
ftsuices  upon  which  his  opinion   refpcdiing  the  duration  of  our 
Lord's  minifiry.  was  founded,  and  made  obfervations  upon  fome 
of  the  principal  arguments  which  the  Dodlor  had  alleged  in 
farour  of  Mr.  Mann's  hypothefis.     We  gave  our  Readers  an 
accouDt  of  his  Lordfhip's  publication  in  the  Review  for  June 
la/L     Thi^  fecond  letter  before  us  is  in  reply  to  Dr.  Newcome. 
Dr.  PrieAley  begins  with  cxprcfiing  the  pleafure  it  gives  him  to 
find  his  Lord(hip  enter  fo  fuiiy  into  the  difcuilion  of  the  fubje<S^, 
and  his  hope  that  fome  new  light  may  be  thrown  upon  it,  even 
though  it  (bould  not  be  decided  to  general  fatisfadion.     He 
next  apologizes  to  the  Bifliop  for  not  making  a  reply  fooner, 
declares  the  high  refpe£l  that  he  entertains  for  him,  and  afiures 
him,  tha(  he  cfteems  it  an  honour  to  difcufs  a  queltion  fo  into* 
refting  to  many  Chriftian  crities,  and   which  has  never  been 
prc^;>erly  difcuiTed  before,  with  a  perfon  of  his  LordOiip's  Iearn« 
ing  and  candour.     And  then,  after  a  few  curfory  reflections  on 
the  incidental  advantages  attending  fcriptural  inquiries,  he  ob* 
ferres,  chaf,  in  order  to  introduce  as  much  difttndtnefs  as  pof« 
fiUe  into  the  conduct  of  the  argument,  and  to  render  it  lefs  tire* 

*  Ji^eview  for  Febiuarjt  ijBi,  p.  84. 

fome 


♦ 


# 


1 6  Priefllcy'i  Letters  to  Bijhop  Newcome. 

fome  both  to  his  Lord(hip  and  to  their  readers,  he  (hall,  in  this^ 
and  all  fubfequent  letters  on  the  fubjef^,  difcufs  the  feveral  ar- 
ticles comprized  in  it  in  feparate  fed^ions.  The  articles  fpeci* 
fied  by  Dr.  Prieftley  in  this  letter,  and  which  he  has  difcufTed 
in  feparate  fedbions,  are.  The  teflimony  of  the  Chriflian  Fathers—^ 
the  conduH  of  Luke  in  giving  a  date  to  the  preaching  of  John  the 
Baptiji — the  ignorance  of  Herod^  and  of  other  jfews^  concerning 
yefusj  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  John  the  Bapttft — the  interpola- 
iion  of  the  ti;«r^  Paffover,  in  John  vi.  4, — the  tranfpofttion  of  the 
^th  and  6th  chapters  of  the  Gofpel  of  John -^j our nies  fuppofed  to  be 
mnitted  in  his 9  Dr.  Prieftlcy'j,  Harmony — the  number  of  miles  that 
Jefus  has  been  fuppofed  to  travel  per  day  -  references  to  more  than 
two  Pajfovers  in  the  Gofpel  of  Matthew  ^  Marky  and  Luke --the  ar^ 
^ment  for  the  probable  duration  of  our  Saviour's  minijlry  from  the 
€bje£ls  of  it — the  tranfaSiions  of  the  firft  Paffover — the  flay  that 
jefus  made  in  Judea  after  the  firfi  Paffover^  the  journey  from  Ju- 
dea  to  Galilee — whether  Jefus  vifited  Capernaum  or  Nazareth  firjl 
•— and,  the  harmony  of  the  Gofpels  according  to  the  ancients^  efpe^ 
dally  Eufebius  and  Epiphanius^  and  fome  of  the  moderns  who  have 
tnojl  nearly  followed  them.  To  thefc  the  Doftor  has  added  a  fec- 
tion  under  the  title  of  Mifcellaneous  ObfervationSj  containing  the 
following  articles.  The  firfl  excurfion  from  Capernaum — the  time 
of  the  journey  to  Nain — the  fecond  Sabbath  after  the  firfl — and,  the 
difciples  of  .John,  As  it  is  not  in  our  power  to  go  over  all  thefe 
fedions  in  their  order,  we  (hall  feledl  fuch  particulars  as  may 
conned  with  our  former  extrads  and  remarks  on  the  fubjec^,  or 
enable  our  Readers  to  form  an  idea  of  the  ability  and  fpirit  with 
which  Dr.  Prieitley  continues  to  fupport  his  argument. 

In  order  to  prove,  that  the  fpace  of  fifty  days  was  not  fuf- 
ficient  for  the  tranfaftions  fuppofed  to  have  taken  place  between 
the  PafTover,  John  ii.  13.  and  the  Feaft  of  the  Jews  mentioned, 
John  V.  I.  Dr.  Newcome  drew  out  a  plan  of  our  Lord's  jour- 
nies  during  that  period  ;  by  which  it  appeared  that  he  muft  have 
travelled  eight  miles  a  day,  including  Sabbaths.  As  Dr.  Prieft» 
ley's  obfervations  refpe£ting  this  reprefentation  contain  both  his 
Lord(hip's  plan  and  his  own  correction  of  it,  and  are  followed 
by  fome  curious  remarks  on  our  Lord's  manner  of  travelling, 
we  (hall  give  them  at  length.  Having  mildly  indnuated  a 
charge  againft  his  Lord(hip  on  account  of  his  mixing  their  two 
fchemes  together,  fpecifying  journics  which  he,  the  Dodor, 
docs  not  allow  to  be  included  in  the  period  alluded  to,  and  ex- 
tending others  beyond  his  idea  of  their  length,  he  proceeds  : 

*  That  we  may  examine  this  bufinefs  with  mdre  attention,  I 
muft  beg  your  Lordfhip  to  turn  to  p.  9;)  of  your  Letter,  and 
we  will  look  over  the  lift  that  your  Lordfhip  has  there  drawn  of 
our  Saviout's  journies,  and  I  will  point  out  what  articles  I  ad- 
mit^  and  what  I  obje^  to*    I  will  then  allow  the  reft  in  your 

I  •  #wn 


Prieftley*/  Leiiert  to  Sf/bcp  Nmcimil 


If 


Granted. 
Granted. 

J  Granted  in  part 
only; 


Granted  In  part 


Not  granted. 


own  nambersy  that  you  may  not  think  that  I  will  contend  for 
trifles;  and  we  (ball  fee  how  the  account  of  his  daily  progrefs 
really  ftands  upon  my  hypothefis,  unmixed  with  your  Lord- 
ibip's. 

No.  .  Miles. 

•  I.  "  From  Jerufalem  to  Judea     25." 

•  2.  **  From  Judea  to  Cana      -      50." 

*  3.  •*  From  Cana,  through  Na-  ?    ^  i» 

zareth,  to  Capernaum  -  5 
becaufe  I  do  not  fuppofe  Jefus  to 
ha?e  palled  through  Nazareth  ;  and 
for  this»  according  to  your  Lordfhip's 
map,  I  ought  to  deduA  more  than  I 
doy  when  fallow  20  miles. 

«  4.  "  The  circuit  about  Galilee  70.** 
I  dedufi  from  this  article  at  leaft  two* 
thirds,  becaufe  I  confine  the  circuit 
to  the  places  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Capernaum,  chiefly  to  the  north  of 
that  town.  I  therefore  call  it  30 
miles. 

•  5.    **  From  Capernaum  to  Je-7  g    „ 

Tufalem  -  -  1 
\yith  this'  journey  I  have  nothing 
at  all  to  do,  and  I  wonder  your 
Lordihip  (hould  not  have  put  to  my 
account  the  journey  back  again  as 
well  as  the  journey  thither,  as  one  of 
them  could  not  have  been  made 
without  the  other. 

•  6.    **  From  Capernaum  to  Nain    20 

*  7.    ««ToChorarmand  Bethfaida    5. 
This  I  do  not  admit,  becaufe  I  fup- 
pofe the  vifit  to  thofe  places  to  be 
included  in  No  4: 

*  8.    ••  The  fecond  circuit  about  7  ^^  j 

'      Galilee    -        .        .    i  7^' 
See  the  reafons  in  the  laft  fedion. 

*  9.     *<  Croffing  the  lake  in   a^ 

ihiptoGadara,  and  back  >  12V 
to  Capernaum    -    *     3 

•  10.  "To  Nazareth      -        -      20. 

*  H.  ••  Teaching  and  preaching  J        , 

in  the  cities  of  Galilee  -  J  33* 
This  journey  I  confine  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Nazareth,  and 
therefore  (hall  not  allow  much  more  than  half  the  number  of 
jafles,  or  20. 
Kiv.  Jan.  1782.  C  f  If 


9» 


99 


Granted. 
Not  granted^ 


ft 


99 


99 


Not  grafted. 

Granted. 

Granted. 
Granted  in  part. 


:fg  TriMtfs  tiffed  h  Sijbap  Navtmr. 

<  If  yoar  Lordfiiip  will  now  pleafe  to  caft  up  the  number  of 
ihilei,  as  I  have  correded  them,  you  will  find  the  whole  amount 
to  be  197,  inftead  of  400;  that  is,  not  quite  half  as  much  tra- 
velling. And  dividing  this  number  by  50,  you  will  find  that 
there  is  no  occafion,  on  my  hypothefis,  to  fuppofe  our  Lord  ta 
Kave  travelled  <|uite  four  miles  per  day ;  and  where  is  the  great 
improbability  in  this  I  Few  men  of  an  adive  life,  I  believe, 
Walk  lef^,  and  many  perfons  walk  three  or  four  times  as  mucb 
the  whole  year  through. 

*  k  is,  beftdes,  by  no  means  certain,  though  it  feems  to  be 
generally  taken  for  granted,  that  our  Saviour  always  travelled 
on  foot.  Luke  informs  us,  chap.  viii.  2.  that  in  one  of  his  pro- 
grefTcs  through  Galilee  (and  it  was  probably  the  fame  \xi  moft  of 
the  others),  he  was  attended  by  ^^  Mary  Magdalene,  and  other 
Women,  who  miniffered  ta  hkn  of  their  fubftance."'  Now  thefe 
women  cannot  be  Aippofed  to  have  travelled  on  foot,  and  would 
they  fuflFer  the  perfon  on  whom  they  attended,  and  whofe  ex- 
pences  they  defrayed,  to  do  fo,-  at  leaft  always  \  though  this^ 
night  be  the  cafe  in  Uttle  excurftons  from  any  more  confiderabic 
place,  to  the  neighbouring  villages,  where  the  women  might  not 
always  attend  him/ 

^  Thisy  I  own,  ia  eonje^hife.  But  if  our  Lord  was  attended 
by  rich  women  at  ail,  I  cannot  tbink  the  fuppofitiooy  of  his  not 
travelling  always  on  foot,  to  be  whblly  without  probability. 
The  twelve  A puftlcs  alfo  d6  not,  by  any  means,  appear  to  have 
been  poor,  or  unable  to  provide  mules  for  themfelvcs.  Pete)*, 
Andrew,  James,  John,  and  Matthew,  it  is  pretty  certain,  had 
fome  property^  and  none  of  the  Apoftfes  Wcte  in  the  capaci^ 
of  fervants,  or  in  the  loweft  dafies  of  life.' 

Thefe  obfervations  on  our  Saviour's  manner  of  trairelling  are 
jngenious,  and  may  be  }uft.  We  leave  them,  as  matter  of  con* 
jecTure,  to  the  judgment  of  the  Reader.  With  refped  to  Dr* 
Prieftley's  remarks  on  our  Lord's  joiirnies,  it  muft  be  allowed 
that  Jefus  might  travel  four,  or  even  eight  miles  a  day,  for  fifty 
days  together,  and  deliver  all  the  difcour/es,  and  perform  all  the 
miracles  recorded  ;  but,  as  we  formerly  obferved  *,  we  cannot 
think  fueh  a  rapid  progress  through  the  country  (iither  probable 
in  itfelf,  or  confident  with  the  defign  of  his  miffion  and  miniftry^ 
The  Dbdor  is  of  a  different  opinion.  The  Bifliop  had.juftly 
obferved,  that  the  adopters  of  an  h)rpothefis,  which  obliges  thent 
to  recur  ta  **  a  fingle  mif  acle  publkly  performed/*  or  '*  to  a» 
much  lis  was  tranfadled  at  Capernaum  in  the  evehing  of  a  fingle 
day,"  as  fuficient  to  jufiify  the  awful  declaraltionsf  of  our  Savi-i 
•ur  refpeding   the   cities  Chorafm  and  Bethfaida,   muft  find 


•  See  lUvicw  for  Feb.  178U  p.  8^ 

.      Ihei 


Prieftle//  Letters  to  6ijh9p  hfewcttm*  t^ 

themfclvea  not  a  little  embarrailed  *•    To  this  Dr.  Prieftley  rci* 
plies. 

*  Nowy  my  Lord,  if  I  may  be  allowed  to  judge  for  myfelf^ 
I  fed  no  embarraflhaeht  at  all  in  this  cafe.  On  the  contrary,  I 
think  your  Lordfliip  will  find  yourfelf  not  a  little  embarraiTed  in 
Ihewing^  that  even  Capernaum  itfelf,  that  /avoured  city^  as  you 
call  it,  enjoyed  any  more  advantage  than  1  fuppofe  our  Lord 
bad,  at  leaft  time  enough,  upon  my  plan^  to  allow  both  to 
Cborazin  and  Bethfaida.  For  all  that  we  know  of  his  perform- 
ing there  was  the  cure  of  the  demoniac  in  the  fy nagogue,  with 
the  other  tranfadions  of  that  particular  Sabbath ;  his  healing 
the  centurion's  fervant  on  his  return  from  his  firft  excurlion,  the 
cure  of  the  paralytic  perfon,  and  the  railing  of  Jairus^s  daugh- 
ter, with  the  other  events  of  the  day  on  which  he  called  Mat* 
thew,  and  the  difcourfe  in  the  fynagogue^  related  in  the  6th 
chapter  of  John. 

*  Your  Lordfliip  may  fuppofe  much  more  than  this  to  have 
been  done,  but  this  is  all  that  is  related',  and,  for  my  own  part^ 
I  fee  no  reafon  for  fuppofing  any  more.  Your  Lotdfhip  majf 
fpeak  as  iliehtly  as  you  pleafe  of  a fingle  miracle  publicly  performed^ 
but  certainly  if  the  circumftances  were  fuch  as  to  leave  no  doubc 
but  that  it  was  a  real  miracle^  it  muft  have  been  fufficient  to 
have  anfwered  all  the  proper  purpofes  of  miracles;  and  any 
thing  fiirther,  of  that  kind,  muft  have  been  fuperfluous.  What 
could  it  have  fignified  to  work  repeated  miracles  before  thofe 
that  aferibed  all  our  Lord's  miracles  to  the  power  of  Beelze<* 
bub  ? 

*  As  to  mmral  inftruitiens^  the  delivering  of  them  cannot  be 
feid  to  have  been  our  Lord's  particular  bulinefs.  He  certainly 
negleded  no  proper  opportunity  of  giving  ufeful  lefTons  to  the 
people,  and  efpeciaUy  of  corredling  the  abufes  which  the  Scribes 
and  Pharifees  had  introduced  into  the  interpretation  of  the  law* 
Bat  it  ought  not  to  be  forgotten  by  us,  that  our  Lord's  proper 
bttCnefs  (if  we  may  be  allowed  to  form  a  judgment  concerning 
it  from  the  tenor  of  the  Oofpel  hiftory)  was  to  exhibit  fufficient 
proofi  that  he  was  a  teacher  fent  from  God,  and  the  promifcd 
Meffiab,  and  efpecially  by  his  refurrefiion  from  the  dead/ 

To  the  fame  purpofe^  be  fays  upon  another  occafion, 

*  I  muft  again  infift  upon  it,  that  unlefs,  in  any  cafci  tb 
amdi  bttfioefs  be  AiAmSAy  Jptcified^  as  would  neceflarily  reqdire 
more  time  than  my  hypotheus  admits,  fupported  as  it  is  by  va« 
rious  external  and  independent  evidence,  I  cannot  relinquifli  it. 
On  a  variety  of  occaiions,  your  Lordfiiip  may  think  that  more 
daie  than  my  bypothefis  admits  would  have  been  better.  But  \% 
ia  oiough  for  me  if  it  always  allows  fufficient  time,  though  it 

f  See  the  paAige  at  kagtk.  Review  fiir  Jane  1781.  p»  4374 

C  a  flMy 


20  Pricftlcy'i  Letters  to  Bijhop  Newcomi* 

may  now  and  then  be  thought  fcanty.     In  general,  it  givei 
more  time  than  is  wanted.' 

If  the  GoifDcIs  were  complete  hiftories  of  the  a£lions,  and  con- 
tained Complete  copies  of  the  difcourfes  of  Jrfus,  this  reafoning 
might  be  admitted.  To  us  this  does  not  appear  to  be  the  cafe. 
Frequent  intimations  are  given  of  miracles  and  difcourfes  no€ 
recorded.  And  with  refpea  to  thofe  which  are  recorded,  they 
are  rather  heads,  or  leading  thoughts,  or  fo  much  as  the  writer 
could  recoiled^,  than  difcourfes  at  length.  That  they  are  not 
given  verbatim  is  evident  from  the  variations  obfervable  in  the 
fame  difcourfes  as  recited  by  different  Evangelifls,  and  efpecially 
from  the  different  ftrain  and  phrafcology  of  the  difcourfes  re- 
corded by  John,  from  any  that  are  to  be  found  in  the  other 
gofpels.  With  rcfpeci  to  moral  injiru^ions^  they  appear  to  us 
to  have  compof^d  a  more  confiderable  part  of  our  Lord's  dif- 
courfes, and  to  have  entered  more  into  the  defign  of  his  mini^ 
ftry,  than  Dr.  Prieftley  feems  to  imagine.  The  bulk  and  fijb- 
ftance  of  the  difcourfes  recorded  by  Matthew,  Mark,  and  Luke 
confift  of  moral  in/hu£f ions.  And  even  through  thofe  which  St* 
John  has  colledled,  in  which  our  Lord  in  a  more  particular 
manner  calls  the  attention  of  the  people  to  him,  as  a  Teacher 
fent  from  G(id,  and  the  promifed  Mcffiab,  a  variety  of  moral 
inftrudions  are  interfperfed. 

-  Dr.  Prieftley  continues  to  urge,  with  great  force,  the  impro- 
bability, he  would  be  inclined  to  fay,  impoffibility,  that  Herod 
ihould  be  ignorant  of  Jefus,  if  he  had  preached  and  wrought 
miracles  in  Judea  and  Galilee  almoft  two  years ;  he  replies  with 
much  ine^nuiry  and  propriety  to  the  feveral  confiderations  al- 
leged by  ur,  Newcome,  for  the  purpofe  of  folving  the  difficulty; 
and  juftly  obferves,  that  his  Lordfliip  has  hurt  his  own  caufe, 
by  remarking  that  ^  fome  others,  and  even  many  of  the  Jewiih 
people'  as  well  as  Herod,  were  Grangers  to  Jefus  before  the 
death  of  John  the  Baptift. 

Dr.  Newcome  had  obferved,  as  a  difficulty  on  both  fchemes, 
that  John  did  not  fpeak  of  Jefus  to  Herod.  I'o  this  Dr.  Prieft- 
ley replies : 

*  But,  my  Lord,  it  (hould  be  confidered  that  John  had  twb 
diftind  commiflions,  though  the  one  was  fubfervient  to  the 
other;  viz.  the  announcing  the  approach  of  the  Mtffiah,  and 
the  preaching  of  repentance.  We  read  of  foldiers  and  publicans 
applying  to  him,  to  learn  how  they  (hould  condu6l  themfelves. 
NoW'the  application  of  Herod  might  be  of  the  fame  nature,  and 
John  might  not  think  it  necefTary  to  fay  any  thing  to  him  more 
than  tp  them,  about  the  Meffiah ;  efpecially  as  this  was  fuffi- 
ctently  the  fubjed  of  his  public  preaching,  Befides,  at  the  be- 
'  ginning  of  his  preaching,  John  had  not  feen  Jefus,  and  pro- 
bably did  not  know  U  what  diftance  of  time  he  was  to  foUovr 

him ; 


FdeonerVRemarh  en  tie  tnfiuence  ofOimaie^  fcc.         21 

bim  :  (b  that  his  having  feen  Jefus  might  have  been  after  his 
interview  with  Hcrrod/ 

Upon  thi  reprefentation  of  things  we  be^  leave  to  remark^ 
that,  to  announce  the  approach  of  the  Mefliah  appears  to  have 
been  the  principal  defign  and  proper  commidion  of  John  the 
Bapcift.  This  great  event  he  urged  as  a  motive  (o  repentance. 
Is  it  not  furpriiing,  that  he  fhould  not  urge  it  upon  Herod  ?  The 
application  of  the  foldiers  and  publicans  to  him  was  in  conie- 
quence  of  his  exhorting  to  repentance,  becaufe  the  kingdom  of 
heaven  was  at  hand*  That  John  had  no  connection  or  interview 
with  Herod  after  he  had  fecn  Jefus,  is  a  conjedtijre  void  of  foun- 
dation. We  (hould  judge  from  the  hiftory  that  John  had  more 
interviews  with  Herod  than  one,  and  that  his  imprifonment  was 
the  immediatL'  confequence  of  his  taking  the  liberty  to  reprove 
Herod  for  h  s  marriage  with  Herodias. 

Dr.  Pricftlcy  has  fuggefted  feveral  particulars  refpeSing  the 
improbabilify  of  our  Saviour's  cleanfing  the  Temple  twice \  and' 
has  juftly  obferved  that  the  boldnefs  of  this  a£lfon  is  hardly  con-* 
fiftent  with  that  caution  and  reft- rve,  with  which  Dr.  Newcome 
rightly  fuppofes  he  condudled  himfelf  in  the  beginning  of  his 
public  miniftry. 

(n  the  conciufion  of  his  letter,  the  DotS^or  cxprefles  his  hope 
that  he  (hall  foon  have  the  pl^afure  of  hearing  from  his  Lurdfhip 
again.  Accordingly  the  Bi(hop  has  publiflied  a  reply  to  this 
fecond  letter;  of  which  we  (hall  lay  an  account  before  our 
Readers  with  all  convenient  expedition.  1&«m 


■•'^- 


Akt.   !V      Rtmarkt   on  the  Influence  of  <  hmate.  Situation,  Natun  tf 
Conntry,  Population^  Nature  of  Feed  <  and  IVay  of  L'fe    on  the  pif- 

'  pofiitons  and  Temper.  Manner t  ad  Behaviour.  JfitelUSi*  Laius  and 
Cufiomt,  Form  of  Government^  and  Reltgtoa  of  Mankind  By  WiU 
liam  FalcoDcr,  M.  D-  F.  R.  S.  ^to.  i^i.  B  >^rdi,  Plly. 
I781. 

THERE  are  fome  problems  which,  from  th-ir  nature  and 
extent,  appear  at  tirft  view  to  lie  bcyon«l  he  reach  of  the 
human  faculties.  Perhaps  that  which  the  Author  or  this  w.)rlc 
attempts  to  folve,  may  be  pronounced  to  be  of  ihis  kind  There 
arc  fach  boundlcfs  varieties  in  temper,  manners,  ca^)acity,  cuf- 
toms,  laws,  forms  of  government,  and  modts  of  rd ipon  aniong 
mankind,  and  fuch  a  combination  of  caufes  operates  to  prcHJuce 
thefe  varieties,  that  it  feems  an  undertaking  too  vaft  for  any 
individual,  fqlly  to  explain  in  what  manner,  and  ditermi.re  in 
what  degree,  thefe  efFc*As  are  to  be  afcnbtd,  to  clnnate,  tne  fi^ 
tuation  and  nature  of  a  country,  population,  the  nature  ot  fuod^ 
and  way  of  life. 

Some  light,  however,  may  undoubtedly  be  ca(l  upon  thefe 
liibjeAi  by  an  attentive  gbfervation  of  nuqi^rgus  fa^«,  Indgf- 

'         ^  C3  ^rioun/ 


.::i 


ta        Falconer*!  Rtmarks  9n  iU  Infiuifuk  9f  Climatic  itc. 

trioufly  colle£led  and  properly  arranged :  and  this  is  all  that 
Pr,  Falconer  profefles  to  have  attempted.  He  gives  out  hia 
work  to  the  public,  *  not  as  a  complete  difcuffion  of  the  AibjeO^ 
but  as  a  colle<3ion  of  fucb  obfervations  as  occurred  to  him  in 
confidering  it.* 

In  treating  of  the  (irft  Aibjed,  climate,  he  confiders  the  ef« 
fefis  of  a  warm,  a  colJ,  and  a  temperate  climate,  with  ft(ftSt 
%o  the  feveral  particulars  above  enumerated.  In  this  detail,  we 
frequently  find  his  opinions  well  fupported  by  fads :  but  fome* 
times  they  appear  to  reft  upon  little  more  than  bare  conje£lures 
Sind  at  other  times,  the  application  of  fa£is  to  his  purpofe  ftems 
far-fetched  and  unfatisfadory.  And  indeed  it  was  impoi&ble  it 
(hould  be  otherwife,  in  a  work  in  which  a  very  extenfive  plan  ia 
£rft  laid  down,  in.fupport  of  which  authorities  are  afterwards 
to  be  induftrioufly  colleded  from  every  quarter.  Out  of  the 
great  variety  of  materials  which  are  brought  together  in  this  part 
pf  the  work,  we  (hall  fele^i  what  our  Author  has  faid  concern* 
ing  the  tSc&%  of  a  warm  climate  on  manners ; 

SECT.  I.     G$mralftatt  •/  nuraU  iif  diffirM  climMtii. 

*  In  poiDt  of  .morality  in  general,  it  u,  1  believe,  agreed^  tliat 
the  manners  of  cold  climatei  far  exteed  tbofe  of  warm ;  in  the  lat* 
ter,  the  paflioos  are  naturally  ytty  drone,  and  likewiie  kept  in  at 
perpetual  ftate  of  irritation  from  the  high  degree  of  fenfibility  that 
prevails,  which  qaufes  a  great  multiplication  of  crimes,  by  multiply* 
ing  the  objects  of  temptation.  Many  defires  and  paflions  arife  there, 
from  caufcs  that  would  either  never  occur  in  a  cold  climate,  or  be 
fU^^  reiifled  ;  but  in  a  warm   one,  the   paflion  or  inclination  if 

*  nronger,  and  the  power  of  reftraint  lefi.  In  cold  climates,  the  de* 
fires  are  but  few,  in  comparifon.  and  not  often  of  a  vtty  immoral 
kind  ;  and  thofe  reprefled  with  lefs  difficulty,  as  they  are  feldom  \trf 
violent.  In  temperate  climates,  the  paiEoos  are  in  a  middle  date, 
and  generally  inconflant  in  their  nature;  fufficiently  firong,  however, 
to  furnifti  motives  for  a^lion,  though  not  fo  powerful  as  to  admit  of 
no  reihaint  from  confiderations  of  prudence,  juftice,  or  religion^  B^t 
it  will  be  proper  to  treat  this  matter  more  in  detail, 

♦  SECT.  II,  EfeBs  oftbi/tnfiUlitj  in/find  hy  a  b^t  (lm»U  oh  fht  meruit. 

*  The  qualities  of  a  people,  in  this  refpeft,  are  derived,  in  a  great 
speafure,  from  tbedifpofition  ;  the  confideration  of  which,  will  enable 
ps  to  account,  in  fome  degree,  for  the  differences  of  their  moral  cha« 
ra^er*  The  people  then  of  a  hot  climate,  pofleffing  great  fen^bility^ 
are  liable  to  all  its  efFeds  on  their  a6lions  and  behaviour, 

^  <  SRCT.  HI     Emotions  •/ paffi^n. 

*  Hence  the  inhabitants  of  hot  climates  are  difpofed  to  be  quarrel* 
feme,  palBonate  ^9  litigious,  and  revengeful.  They  are,  as  it  hat 
been  before  obfervtd,  cruel  from  the  fame  canfe.  In  fome  rare  in* 
fiances,  indeed,  where  a  great  degree  of  feniibiiity  has  been  united 
with  great  abilities  and  goodnefs  of  heart,  the  happieft  cfieds  have 

■   ■  ■  F  '  ■■■■»■    ■» ■  ■  ■■        ■  I  I      ■  I       ■■  ,    ■        ^ 

*  AmRif  Marcellin.  lib.  sivi.  cap.  6.  Cleghorn*!  Introdofiion  to  kit  Accoual 
ef  Minoica*    A4dUoVs  TrsTclif  Account  of  Nsf  let,    Ou  Haiders  Hiikorj  of  Chia  a. 

bee 


FaJconer^i  Rf maris  w  the  Influenci  rf^QUtpatiy  l^rct        f  2 

bteo  prodaced.    The  chtradfr«of  d^e  celebrated  Marquis  £eccaria  ia 
XuUjr  is  an  inftaace. 

«  SECT.  IV.     Fride. 

'  Pride  alio  appears  to  be  a  vice  of  hot  climates,  derived  from  tbtl 
iame  Iburce.  This  we  fee  in  almoft  ^stry  people  in  fuch  a  fituation« 
Numberiefs  inftance^  of  this  are  to  be  found  in  the  circamftancei  at* 
tending  the  eailern  monarcbt«  Herodotus  *  telh  o^  that  ^*  the  Per* 
£aas  eAeem  themfelves  much  more  worthy  in  every  thing  than  the 
reft  of  mei^^  and  others  to  participate  of  virtue  only  in  proportion  to 
their  nearntfi  Of  fitnation,  alwsys  acconnting  tbofe  the  worft  and  the 
jDoft  bafe  who  inhabit  fartheft  from  tbera.*'  The  term  of  barbariaai 
was  formerfy  beftowed^  even  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  on  all  na* 
dons  except  their  own:  and  what  is  more  remarkable,  and  which 
ihewa  how  deep  this  idea  was  rooted,  no  left  a  man  than  Ariftotit 
imbibed  a  prejvdice  of  this  kind  fo  ftrongly,  as  to  lay  it  down  in  hia 
works  t*,  that  his  countrymen  were  originally  formed  by  nature  to 
lie  fuperior,  aad  command  the  reft  of  mankind.  The  map  of  the 
world  in  China,  was  a  (quare  %  plate,  the  greater  part  pf  which  waa 
occupied  by  the  provinces  of  this  vaft  empire,  leaviivg  on  its  (kirts  4 
^w  obfcu re  comers,  into  which  the  wretched  remains  of  mankind 
were  fnppofed  to  be  drivefi.  If  you  have  not  the  knowledge  of  oar 
books,  or  the  nfe  kA  our  letters,  faid  the  learned  Chinefe  to  the  Eu- 
ropean miifionary,  what  literature  or  what  fcience  can  you  have? 
The  pride  of  the  Spaniards  in  Europe  has  aHb  been  long  known. — I 
have  taken  thefe  inftanoes  of  national  pride  from  improved  and  po- 
Itiied  nations,  that  it  might  not  be  afcribed  to  ignorance,  which,  in- 
dependently of  dimate,  produces  the  fsme  effetls.  Thus  the  Ru(^ 
fians,  when  in  a  barbarous  ftate,  called  all  other  people  by  the  name 
of  Nemei,  or  dnmb  nations;  and  held  them  in  a  proportionable 
Aiare  of  contempt.  But  when  improvements  prevailed  among  them, 
this  difpofition  vanifhed^  and  at  present,  foreigners  are  no  where 
iietter  received  or  refpefled  than  in  Ruffia, 

*  As  the  heat  of  the  climate  diminifhes,  as  in  France,  this  pride  if 
changed  into  vanity«  This  I  take  to  be  owing  to  a  decreafe  of  the 
lenfibilitys  where  this  is  very  great,  every  man  has  or  pretends  to 
have,  fuch  an  idea  of  his  own  importance,  as  to  ftand  in  no  need  of 
the  applaofe  of  others ;  but  when  the  feelings  are  not  fo  quick*  thia 
lelf-eltimatioa  is  not  fufficient,  and  the  praife  of  others  becomes  ite« 
qai6te,  and  forms  the  objed  of  defire*  Strabo  defcribes  the  vanity 
of  the  French  nation,  and  its  effeds  on  their  condu^  in  tenns  that 
exactly  fait  their  prefent  charader«  They  have«  faya  that  writer, 
added  to  their  ignorance  and  ferocity,  a  great  degree  of  arrogance 
and  folly,  and  affedation  of  ornament.  They  wear  golden  chaina 
about  their  necks,  and  bracelets  about  dieir  arms  and  wrifts ;  and 
thofe  who  are  in  honourable  ftations,  wear  garments  dyed  and  varie* 
gated  with  sold.  In  confequence  oif  this  levity  of  difpofition,  they 
are,  when  foperior  in  war,  extremely  infolent  and  overbearing ;  bat 
when  defeated,  ftupid  aad  helplefs.  Strabon.  lib.  iv.  Thus  the 
frenchman  afpires  with  eagernefs  after  what  the  Spaniard  would 
efteem  a  derogation, 

U  j-  Oa  Rhetoric.  X  Du  Halde,  ?q1,  i«  p*  H*   ^ 


■*    --C^ 


24        Falconer*/  Rnnarh  on  the  Influena  of  Climatic  &e» 

♦  SECT.  V.     Gallantry  and intri^ur 

*  From  the  fame  fenfibility  arifes  the  excefs  of  thofe  paflions  that 
are  connefled  wiih  love.  Thus  intrigue  and  debauchery  with  women, 
are  well  known  p  be  carried  to  a  high  degree  in  warm  climatei, 
Even  marriage  is  held  but  as  a  flight  bv,  and  often  confidered, 
where  the  women  are  at  liberty,  rather  as  a  pretence  fpr  greater  free- 
dom' of  behaviour,  than  as  a  *  reftrainr, 

?  SECT.   VL    Jiolou/j. 

^  From  the  fame  caufe  arifes  jealoufy,  which  in  fuch  a  country, 
efpecially  where  pride  prcdominatef,  it  carried  to  a  great  height* 
The  glory  of  ancient  defcent  and  great  family  are  fenfibly  injored  by 
infidelity  of  thi&  kind,  and  therefore  againft  fuch  dilhonour  the  guard 
|a  firiA,  But  in  France,  where  vanity  prevails,  and  the  paflion  of 
of  lovr  is  not  quite  fo  powerful,,  jealoufy  has  little  place.  Were  a  fine 
f^oman  to  be  confined  there,  as  formerly  in  Spain,  or  in  the  Eaft,  her 
buiband  would  lofe  the  gratification  of  his  vanity,  in  being  known  to 
poiiefs  a  woman  endowed  with  fuch  qualities.  The  admiration  paid 
%o  her,  is  to  hio)  a  fource  of  pleafure,  and  enhances  his  confequence 
%j  the  refpedl  paid  to  him  on  her  account. 

•SECT.    VII.     Cowardice. 

f  Cowardice  too,  as  before  has  been  remarked,  is  owing  in  a  great 
jpieafure  to  the  fenfibility  of  the  people,  and  is  one  of  the  vices  of  hoc 
^mates.  It  may  appear  flrange,  lo  rank  timidity,  which  may  be 
foppofed  not  to  be  in  our  power  to  prevent,  in  the  lill  of  crimes.  Ic 
is,  however,  in  fome  circumftances  undoubtedly  criminal,  and  was 
cfietmed  as  fuch  by  the  ancient  f  Germans,  who  puniihed  it  with 
death,  inflided  in  the  moil  ignominious  manner. 

•SECT.  VIII.  Su/piehn. 
.  *  Sufpicion,  coo,  which  almoll  naturally  attends  a  great  degree  of 
&nfibility,  joined  to  timidity  of  dii'pofitioo,  is  obferved  very  fre- 
quently in  hot  climates.  The  profiigacv  of  manners  in  fuch  fitua- 
tions,  contributes  greatly  io  encourage  fuch  a  temper  of  mind,  tvtry 
one  fuppofing  hit  neighboiM'  under  little  if  any  reUraint  from  prin* 
ciples  of  morality. 

*  SECT.    IX.     Fraud amd  kHavery. 

*  It  is  likewifc  remarked,  that  in  hot  climates  there  is  much  left 
probity  apd  honeOy  in  the  common  deilings  of  life;  the  prefent  ob- 
je6l  is  there  fo  much  attended  to,  that  fcarcety  any  confideration  it 
paid  to  future  ponfequences,  as  there  is  but  little  reflexion.  Every 
one,  therefore,  is  ^nxious  to  make  what  advantage  he  can  of  the  pre- 
fent mooMsnt ;  and  no  regard  is  paid  to  the  difcrcdit  or  lofs  that  may 
cnfue. 

•SECT.    X.     Perjidy  and  imconftancy. 

*  The  levity  likewife  of  the  people  of  warm  climates,  which  is  ul* 
timately  derived  from  their  fenfibility,  it  produ^ive  of  feveral  vices. 
Thus  they  are  remarkable  for  their  perfidy  and  kiconftancy,  even  to 
a  proverb.     Livy  X  {2^^!%^  that  the  people  of  Africa  are  inconilant  in 

t  Vide  the  Life  of  Petrarh,  and  the  Lives  of  the  Troubadours,  elegantly  tranf* 
]f^  by  Mt4.  DobYon  t  whe  e  it  appears,  that  addrefTes  of  love  to  married  womca 
W^^  RC  >nr.mon  at  that  timei  in  France  and  Italy,  at  at  prefent. 
'  f  tacitf  CermsAia*  -^     t  Livii,  lib.  lU,  4  c.    lab,  xixvi.  §  17. 


Falconer*!  R/marks  on  the  Injtuenci  dfCltmati^  &c.        t% 

Actr  expedationSy  and  faichlefs  in  tbeir  difpofitioni.  A  (imilar  cba* 
rader  of  them  is  given  by  Virgil  f  and  Cicero  (;  to  which  Sallol!  % 
adds,  that  they  were  not  to  be  kept  in  order  by  either  hope  or  ||  fear. 
A  fimilar  charadler  of  the  Syrians  and  Afiatic  Greeks,  is  given  in 
another  place  by  Livy^,  and  confirmed  by  -t-  Vopifcus,  It  noighr^ 
perhaps*  be  imagined,  as  indeed  Mr.  Montefqaieu  has  done,  that 
this  charader  of  the  people  of  Africa  was  exaggerated  by  the  Romaa 
hifiorianSv  from  the  hereditary  antipathy  between  that  people  and  the 
Carthaginians;  and  that  it  was  vidory  alone  that  caufed  the  proverb 
to  be  the  Punic,  rather  than  the  Roman  faith.  This  I  believe  to  be 
ID  (bme  meafare  true;  but  it  is  certain  alfo,  that  the  Phoenicians  had 
a  charader  of  this  kind  afcribed  to  them,  long  before  the  Roman  pe» 
Hod.  Homer,  who  we  have  no  reafon  to  think  lay  under  any  tempt- 
ation to  give  them  a  worfe  charadler  than  they  merited  •*,  fpeaks  of 
them  in  Hmilar  terms.  The  crooked  and  intriguing  politics  of  Italf 
have,  as  well  as  thofe  of  Carthage,  formerly  been  notorious  through 
the  whole  courfe  of  modern  hifiory;  nor  were  they  different  in  former 
periods.  The  Romans  ff  were  fcarcely  lefs  perfidious  and  di (honour- 
able than  thofe  whom  they  reproached  with  thofe  vices;  and  it  waa 
as  much  owing  to  their  deep  and  iniidiotts  %%  policy,  as  to  their 
arms,  that  they  acquired  the  fovereignty  of  the  world. 

'  But  in  what  manner  (ball  we  account  for  the  punAilious  honour 
of  the  Spaniards,  who  live  in  the  fame  latitude  with  the  Italians,  and 
aearly  in  the  fame  manner ;  and  who  have,  in  all  ages,  been  famoua 
for  their  honefty  f  [uflin  mentions  their  fidelity  in  keeping  whatever 
was  intmfted  to  their  care ;  they  have  frequently  fufFrred  death  ra- 
ther than  reveal  a  fecret.  They  have  dill  the  fame  fidelity  for  whicii 
they  were  formerly  diftingui(hed.  All  the  nations  who  trade  to  Ca- 
dis^ trnft  their  fortunes  to  the  Spaniards,  and  have  never  yet  repented 
it.  '  A  notable  inilance  of  this  quality  in  that  people^  occurred  not 
naaf  years  fince,  when  the  filver  which  was  returned  from  America 
by  their  plate  fleet,  was  debafed  by  one  of  the  Governors,  by 
whjicli    the  European  traders,    who   fent  goods  to  South  America, 

t  Virgil  ^oeid,  lib.  i. 

t  Carthaginchret  fraudiilenri  et  mendaces.    Cicero. 

\  Salltiil.  BcJl.  Jugurth.  de  Nomidia  loquens.— Modern  writers  give  the  fame  ac* 
(•vttt  of  them. 

I  **  The  craf^  and  deceit  of  thefe  people  are  equally  grrac  and  inexplicable.  To  lie 
Ibr  the  iake  of  falfliood,  and  to  over*re4ch  in  matters  of  no  Tnomrnt,  are  paradoxrt 
pcctiltar  to  the  Arabians.** .  Adventuret  in  tbt  C»u*fe  of  a  V'^yage  mp  the  Red  Sea,  dTc, 
h  Bylet  InKf'iM,  RJq\  4/0.  I780,  p-  54*  See  alfo  Shaw*«  Travels  to  the  Levant  and 
Barbary,  where  a  umilar  character  is  giv^n  of  there.  Ingratitude  and  treachery,  Uy% 
he  Bma,  are  fo  commoo  among  the  Perfiant,  that  children  make  no  fcruplc  to  cut  oiF 
the  can,  flit  the  nofe,  and  cut  the  throat  of  their  parent*,  if  the  King  requirea  it,  in 
0rdcr  re  piocore  what  placet  or  fonooe  they  died  potlefled  cf.  Le  Bruo*s  Traveb, 
vol.iv.  p.  143,  4toed.  17S5. 

^  Hie  Syri  &  Ahatici  Graeci  funt }  IcTiflima  genera  hominum.    Livii,  lib.  xxxv« 

4.  Raratn  ttt  ot  fidem  fervent  Syri  ;  imo  di^cile*    Aarelian*  Vopifci. 

••  Homer*!  Odyfley,  lib.  xiv. 

^f  The  fimilarity  of  the  ancient  Romans  to  the  modern  Italians,  hai  b«rn  rc» 
parked  by  Mr.  Ferguibo,  in  his  moft  iogeniout  and  elegant,  as  well  as  learn'd,  Liuy 
po  Civil  Socitty. 

1|  Moatef<|«fieDf  Gr|iidpif  and  Decline  of  the  Roman  Empire^  chap.  vi. 

^''  I  would 


mm 


'     *  ■  -«*»^4Hi 


96        Fikoner*!  Rmuarh  on  At  Influenci  tfCEnuttf^  Utm 

wottid  htve  been  jg^reat  lofcft.  Tbe  Spaoifh  merchaoti,  thoagh  am 
way  coDCcrned  or  anfwerable  for  tbe  fraud*  voluntarily  took  th« 
whole  of  the  lofs  upon  themfelves,  in  order  to  prevent  the  national 
chara^er  fafFering  any  *  reproach.  Perhaps  the  fiately  pride  and* 
kaughtinefsy  fo  effential  to  the  Spani(h  charadler,  may  have  been  of 
isrvice  in  preferving  them  from  this  fraudulent  difpoficion,  which  it 
always  connected  with  meannefs  and  cowardice.  Perhaps  this  pride 
nay  have  been  partly  infpired  by  the  peculiar  fituation  and  circam- 
fiances  that  have  attended  the  Spanilh  monarchy,  the  fubjeds  of 
which  have  been  always  led  to  depend  upon  their  perfonal  qualifica- 
tions, efpecially  thofe  of  a  military  kind,  and  to  difregard  the  im- 
portance produced  by  trade  and  commerce.  But  I  offer  this  only  at 
a  c6njedure :  if»  however,  it  be  true,  it  furniihes  an  obf  ioos  caulc 
tot  the  diffei ence  of  mannert. 

*  SECT.   XI.    UUmfi. 

*  This  prevailf  in  a  great  degree  in  hot  climates*  The  people  of 
Achim  t  Ac^  proud  and  lazy  ;  thofe  who  have  no  (laves,  hire  one,  if 
it  be  only  to  carry  a  qaart  of  rice  an  hundred  paces  ;  they  would  bo 
^ilhenoured  if  they  carried  it  themfelves.  In  many  places,  people 
let  their  nails  grow^  that  all  men  may  fee  that  they  do  not  work.  A 
fimilar  difpofirion  prevails  throughout  all  the  £aft.  Buc  idlenefa  it 
apt  only  a  vice  itfelf,  but  ilill  more  milchievous  at  an  incentive,  or 
at  kaft  as  affording  an  opportunity  for  others;  it  is  indeed  t  ^  pr^lt^ 
siinary  to  every  vice ;  nor  is  floth  ever  unaccompanied  wich  fotoe 
wickednefs  or  other.  What  muff  then  be  the  ffate  of  morality  }  in  a 
country  where  the  greateft  part  of  the  people  have  no  work,  employ* 
aient,  or  calling,  to  occupy  their  thoughts ;  and  no  idea  of  intellec* 
tual  entertainment?  The  reverfe  is  no  lefs  true  :  **  Oblige  men  to 
work,**  fays  the  elegant  and  fpirited  commentator  on  the  Marqiiia 
Beccaria,  *'  and  you  cerutnly  make  them  honeff."  It  is  well  kAOwn« 
that  atrocious  crimes  are  not  committed  in  the  country,  unlefs  when 
there  ii  too  much  holiday,  and  confequently  too  much  idlenefs;  and^ 
•f  courfe^  too  much  debauchery.  I'his  therefore,  is  no  (mall  caafil 
of  the  general  depravity  of  manners  in  warm  dimatet. 

•SECT.   XII.    LuxMfy. 

*  Luxury  Hkewife^  and  effeminacy,  the  children  of  fenfibility  and 
''indolence,  are  carried  to  a  high  degree  in  hot  climates.     This  wat 

obferved  of  them  from  the  ||  earlieft  times,  and  is  the  ca(e  at  prefent*- 

•  SECT.   Xm.      Exct/sinMit. 
^  There  are  however  fome,  though  but  few,  inftancet  in  point  of 
morals,  in  which  the  warmer  climates  are  fuperior  to  the  cold.    Thus 
the  vice  of  drunken nefs  ^  is  far  lefs  common  among  them  ;  and,  of 


*  Vide  RoWitfon*t  America. 

•f  Dampier*!  Voyages,  vol,  tii. 

t  Ulloa*s  Travels,  book  v.  chap.  5. 

^  Vide  alfo  an  excellent  paper  00  tbe  teadeocy  of  idleaeft  to  produce  vice,  in  thi 
Itambler,  No.  85. 

I  Vide  the  account  of  Tjre,  by  the  Prophet  £sekjel.«f-Xeaophoo*s  Cjropcdia^ 
hook  vii. 

%  Strong  ]iq«ort,  even  at  this  day,  tie  not  drank  tmoag  the  Arabs.  IrwiA*t 
Vojrap  up  the  Ked  Sea,  p.  %l$% 

conCtquencc^ 


Falconer'/  Rtmaris  m  the  Jnfiuerui  ofCUmaiif  &c.        %j 

cooleqaencf 9  the  violence  tnd  difturbance  which  it  (q  often  occafioDtt 
are  not  fo  frequent ;  nor  is,  I  believe  (though  of  this  [  am  not  cer* 
tain),  the  laxury  of  eating  cultivated  as  among  ut.  The  heat  requirea 
the  diet  to  be  moftly  fimple,  and  compofed  in  a  great  meafare  of  vc« 
fecablea;  and  of  confequence  cutt  oflF  maoy  of  the  llimulant  provo* 
catives  to  appetite ;  a  large  proportion  of  which  arc  of  the  animal 
kiiid^  which  compofe  the  catalogue  of  thofc  *  articles  that  miDidei  to 
ihia  neaa  aod  defpicable  paflion* 

«  SECT.   XIV.     Gamhf. 

*  I  am  likewife  inclined  to  think,  (thoogh  of  this  alfo  I  am  doobt- 
fol)  that  the  ruinous  and  deilrudive  vice  of  gaming,  is  lefs  prevalent 
in  warm  than  in  cold  climates. 

*  In  the  former  of  thefe,  the  people  are  more  pleafed  with  what 
dire^ly  produces  fome  pofitive  fenfual  pleafure,  than  with  what* 
pleafes  merely  by  intereding  the  mind,  and  putting  it  into  a  ftate  of 
agitation.  The  latter  of  thefe  would  be  too  violent  and  robuft  an  tx« 
erciie  for  a  hot  climate,  where  any  confiderable  degree  of  even  men* 
tal  employment  is  a  fatigue.  But  in  northern  countries,  a  machine, 
coarie  and  heavy,  finds  a  pleafure  in  whatever  is  apt  to  roufe  and  agt« 
taie  the  fpiriu ;  fuch  as  hunting,  travelling,  war,  and  wine :  and  it 
will  not  be  denied,  that  gaming  is  at  ieaft  as  likely  to  produce  thia 
cfed  as  any  of  the  foregoing* 

'  Experience  feems  to  countenance  this  theory.  Tacitus  f  informa 
■s,  that  the  ancient  Germans  were  paffionately  addided  to  this  vtcet^ 
which  is  fiill,  indeed,  very  prevalent  among  their  modern  fucceflbrs*. 
The  {  Canadian  favage  is  equally  fond  of  it,  as  it  a/Fords  an  intered- 
lag  occupation  to  him  in  the  intervals  of  war  and  hunting,  and  fervea 
to  difpel  that  jiaggifhnefs  and  inadivity,  which  the  ufual  affairs  and. 
cranfadions  of  life  have  not  fufficient  ftimulus  to  efFtd.  Warm  cli« 
mates,  on  the  contrary,  are  but  little  addided  to  this  vice ;  it  it 
with  them  a  matter  of  diverfion  merely  ;  whereas,  among  the  peoplo. 
of  cold  climates,  it  is  a  bufinefs,  and  one  of  the  moft  fenous  nature, 
Thos  the  Turks,  although  fond  of  ferre  kinds  of  play,  chefs  and 
draoghts  for  inftance,  make  it  a  rule  not  to  play  for  money  ||,  but 
ufe  it  merely  to  confume  an  idle  portion  of  time  in  an  indolent  amufe-  ^ 
meat,  which  the  climate  would  prevent  being  employed  in  an  adlive 
occupation.'  t 

Dr.  Falconer's  remarks  on  the  influence  of  fituation,  Extent, 
and  nature  of  country,  are  brief,  and  contain  little  that  me- 
rits particular  notice.  The  different  efFecls  of  great  and  fmaU 
population  he  has  clearly  marked  out,  and  fupporied  his  ob« 

*  Salluft  hjtf  that  the  people  of  Africa,  an<l  the  NumUiani  efpfctally,  were  nd* 
tlKf  foo4  of  faUt,  or  any  other  of  >he  ftimuUnti  to  appetite.     Bell.  Jugurthin. 

'f  Alcarn  (quod'mirere)  fo)>rii  inter  feria  eiercent  tanta  lucraodi  perdendive  trme^ 
fitate  ot  cnoi  omnia  defeccruat  extremo  ft  noviAmo  ja£lu  de  libcrt«ce  4e  de  corpora 
conteodunt.     Tacitut  dc  morib.  Cernan.  cap.  zxiv. 

X  Lafitaeo  Afwart  4e  Savsfet.    Charlevoix  Hift,  of  Caaada.««CarYCr*t  Travels, 

I  The  Aiahf  sever  game  for  maney,  or  any  thing  valuable.  AHventares  in  the 
•Dvrtie  of  a  Voyage  op  the  Red  Sea,  by  Eyl^i  Irwin,  %(^  p,  aSs.-vIt  it  forbid  in 
Japea^  M  pain  of  dentlu 

fervationa 


28         Falconer*/  Rimarks  on  the  Influence  of  Climate^  &o. 

fen^ations  by  many  well  chofen  quotations.  On  the  next  to- 
pic, the  nature  of  food,  it  will  be  expeded  that  his  medical 
knowledge  and  experience  (hould  enable  him  to  fpeak  with  par- 
ticular advantage.  We  (hall  therefore  lay  before  our  Readers 
Kis  remarks  on  the  eflFc£ls  of  liquid  food  : 

*  Liquid  food  may  be  confidtred  as  fermented  or  nnf<*rfnected.  Of 
tbe  Uutr  of  thefe  1  ih4ll  take  w^ter  as  an  inrtance,  aii  being  the  li- 
quor moitly  ufcd  as  drink,  either  fimple,  or  at  lead  with  fuch  admix- 
ture only,  at  does  not  materially  alier  its  properties  in  the  light  I 
mean  to  cooiider  it» 

•  SECT.    r.     Water. 

*  Water,  as  it  poflefles  no  (timulant  quality,  is  not  fubje£^  to  pro« 
^iice  any  irregular  irritation  of  the  *  paiDons ;  and  hence,  1  believe« 
tbe  drinking  of  it  bas  a  tendency  to  render  tbe  temper  even  and  re- 
gular. 

*  Likewife,  as  water  bas  no  tendency  ro  pat  people  off  their  guard, 
by  exhilaratiog  their  fpirits  above  the  natural  pitch,  or  by  diforder« 
IDg  tbe  underltanding,  thofe  who  drink  it  are  apt  to  acquire  a  habit 
<if  fecrecy  and  referve.  This  may,  perhaps,  be  one  caufe  why  the 
Turks  are  (o  rcferved  and  filent,  and  perhaps  of  the  fame  qualities  of 
tbe  Spaniards,  who,  it  is  faid,  drink  very  little  wine. 

•  *  The  drinking  of  water  is  alfo,  in  fome  refpedls,  favourable  to 
aiorality»  by  preventing  the  outrages  which  intoxication  is  fo  apt  to 
occafion. 

*  With  regard  to  the  intelle£ls»  it  is  obferved,  that  water-drinkers 
aaoftly  preferve  their  f  fenics  and  faculties  to  a  late  period  of  lif«*| 
and  are  alfo  more  calm,  prudent,  and  confiderate,  than  thofe  who 
vfe  fermented  liquors.  As  for  the  laws  and  cuftoms,  hoch  civil  and 
religious,  regarding  the  drinking  of  water,  as  they  are  mollly  d^rive4 
from  the  climate,  I  have  fpoken  of  them  under  that  head. 

«  SECT.  II.     Fermtikttd  liquon, 

'  I  (hall  next  fpeak  of  fermented  liquors :  which,  though  of  fere* 
fil  forts,  I  (hall  confider  colle&ively  as  to  their  general  qualities; 
adding,  however,  a  few  remarks,  occafionally,  on  fome  peculiar  qua« 
lities  of  the  diiFerent  kinds. 

'  Fermented  or  fpirituous  I'quors  have  ooivcrfally  the  effect  of  en- 
livening and  exhilarating  X  the  fpirits. 

«  Hence 

til  ■■■!■■  I  ■■IM.II  I  ■  ^ 

*  ShakC'peare  obfcrvei,  apparently  io  a  laiicroos  nntnner,  the  tendency  of  water- 
4rinlc'>ng  to  increafe  the  gene  ation  oi  ferralef,     (>ee  Fatft^ff's  fprech  in  the  fecond 

part  of  Henry  tbe  fourth.)  But  the  fair.e  obrrrvation  it  to  be  foitnd  m  Hippocratei, 
Trcatlfe  on  Diet  (lib  i.  ^  20. )»  and  it  it  obferved  in  many  partf  of  the  Faft  Indies, 
at  this  d^y,  where  they  dtink  no  wine,  that  the  number  of  women  exceeds  that  of 
nen  very  confidcrabty. 

\  Aquae  purar  qu«  ab  anno  aetatii  oAodccimo  fola  utor  triboo,  qaod  poft  tr>t  in  ful* 
gido  folo  fufceptoi  microfcopicoi  laboies  omnibus  lenfihus  et  ocuUs  fotiflimum  noa 
minus  valeam  quam  poer  valui.— Halleri  Phyf.  1«  xix.  ^  3. 

I  A  very  accurate  account  of  t^e  elf  As  of  wine,  and  their  progrefllive  order  in 
which  they  aA  upon  the  mind,  is  given  by  A riflotle  :•«-;'  When  a  Tober,  moderate, 
and  fiient  man,  drinks  winf  in  a  quantity  rather  more  1  beral  than  ordinary,  it  has  th« 
efTcA  of  cheri(hii  g  and  roufing  his  fpirits  and  genios,  and  repdertng  him  mora  Com* 
mttoicatifC  j  if  taken  i^ill  01019  freely,  it  lenders  him  i^iore  talkitivci  eloquent,  aodf 


Falconer'i  Remarks  on  the  Infiue\ice  ofCUhiaUy  itC»        19 

*  Hence  thofe  who  ufe  chem  are  fubiefl  to  a  greater  flow  of  fpirict 
than  chofe  who  do  not,  though,  at  the  fame  time,  they  are  le(t 
eqoable  and  regular.  Fermenred  liquors  have  alfo  the  efiVd  of  opea- 
iag  the  mind,  and  rendering  focial  intercourfe  more  free  and  cheer- 
ful, and  individuals  more  communicative.  Thus  it  is  obferved  by 
Tacicut  *,  chat  the  ancient  Germans,  whofe  fondnefs  for  flroag  li- 
quors he  particularly^  mentions  ufcd  the  time  of  drinking  for  that  of 
public  bafinefs,  on  account  of  the  cfFed  of  the  liquor  in  producing^ 
an  elevation  of  mind,  aild  a  freedom  of  debate  and  commuoication  of 
lentiment« 

*  Perhaps  the  greater  ufe  of  thefe  liquors  may  accoaac,  in  general* 
for  the  greater  opennefs  and  f  franknefs  of  the  northern  nations;  aii4 
alfo  for  the  great  degree  of  hofpicaiity  pradifed  by  them. 

*  Fermented  liquors  have  been  thought  by  fome  wriiers  to  have  a 
tendency  to  corrupt  the  morals  of  mankind.  Thus,  fome  nationa 
have  prohibited  the  planting  of  vines,  and  the  ufe  of  wine,  upon  that 
account ;  and  X  Livy  tells  us,  that  it  was  the  tradition,  that  wine 
was  introduced  into  Gaul  for  the  purpofe  of  debauching  the  roannert 
of  the  people.  Cxfar  alfo  gives  a  (in^ilar  account  of  the  opinioQ  of 
that  people  concerning  its  cfftds.  When  taken  to  excefs,  this  opi* 
Bion  of  the  effedts  of  intoxicating  liquors  is  undoubtedly  jull,  as  we 
found  by  experience  in  this  country,  before  the  law  was  made  for  re* 
Araining  the  inordinate  ufe  of  fpirituous  liquors;  which  wire  found 
to  be  no  lefs  ruinous  to  the  morals  than  the  health  of  the  people. 
Undoubtedly  they  fhould  be  taken  very  fparingly  in  hot  climates; 
but  the  moderate  ufe  of  them  in  cold  countries  appears  natural,  an4 
well  adapted  to  countera^  the  efFc^s  of  the  climate. 

*  Another  effed  afcribed    to  fermented    liquois  by  fome  wciterst 
is  that  of  infpiring  ^  genius  and  fentiment,  ei'pecially  of  the  poeti- 
cal 

confident  of  bis  powers  and  abiiities  ;  if  taken  in  &M  larger  quantity,  it  makei  biii| 
bold  and  daring,  and  defifout  to  exert  hi  iiielf  in  action  ;  if  taken  flill  more  iargeljr, 
itreodcfS  hioi  petulant  and  c<  nturrelious  ^  the  next  Ocp  render^  him  mad  and  outra- 
pe<  vt  {  and  if  he  proceed*  farther  ftill,  he  becomes  Hupid  and  fen!elefs.**— ProblcmaC* 

i  JO 

*  Tanquam  nullo  tempore  m^tgis  aut  ad  (implices  cogitationes  patrat  animus  aut  ad 

■sagnas  iociilefcat  — -Tacit  Gctwdnu. 

The  Perfiaat  likewife,  according  to  Hrrodotus  (lib  i)  and  Str  a  bo  (hb.  tv.)  de- 
bated on  the  moft  important  affairs  o\'rr  their  cupt,  an)  eliermrd  the  refolutiont 
taken  by  them  in  that  ftate,  as  more  reff^eflable  and  facred  than  thofe  taken  in  a  fiatc 
•f  fobriety. 

A  fir  liar  account  is  given  in  the  book  of  EAher,  where  the  divorce  of  a  Queen  is 
4eba'cd  over  cups. 

•f  A'henaeuft  remarks  tbe  effj-fls  of  wine  in  making  people  fpeak  truth.— Lib.  ii, 

4  ■  tflvexinTe  lo  Galiiam  vinum  illlciendie  genus  caufa  Aruritem  Clu/inuna 

in  cwro].Ut  ozorit  a  Lucumone. — Livii,  lib  v. 

Caefar  lays,  that  the  Sueyi  do  not  allow  any  wine  to  be  imported  among  them,  left 
it  Aoaid  make  rhem  Jaz*  and  effetnioate.— Comm   book  iv.  ch.  t.        ' 

Tbe  N'rv  i  never  drank  wine,  nor  fui}'ered  it  .c  be  b:ought  amongil  them,  for  the 
frme  reafons.— ^«far*s  Comm.  b<y)kii.  ch.  S. 

4  Shakefpeare,  altboogb  he  introduces  it  in  »  manner  apparently  burlefque,  appears 
to  have  been  aware  of  the  effeft  of  wine  in  exciting  ^rniut  and  quickening  the  un  ler* 
ftindiog  :'•»*<  A  good  flierris  fack  hath  a  twoMd  operatioa  in  it}  it  afcends  AiC*^nto 
the  brain  j  dries  me  there  all  the  fuoli/bi  dull,  and  crudy  vapourt,  which  enviion  it; 
it  apprehcoiif e,  ^uicky  forgetive,  full  vf  niabh,  fierjr,  and  delegable  Ibapca, 

whichf 


30        Falconer V  Rmarls  im  tUinfluinct  ofCUmate^  && 

cal  *  kind.  Tbit,  at  firft  figlit^  might  (eem  ladicrout,  botis  ferioaflf 
aflTerted  by  (everal  stx^  grtve  and  eminent  writers,  and  is,  1  believe,  in 
fome  degree,  founded  upon  truth.  Many  of  the  ancient  poets  fpeak 
mi  the  connexion  between  wine  and  genius;  and  alihough  we  (hould 
aot  believe  all  thefe  expreffions  to  be  meant  to  be  underftood  lite« 
rally ;  yet  it  may  ftill  be  inferred,  that  foroe  connexion  between  them 
was  fuppofed.  Our  own  Milton,  whofe  temperance  was  remarkable 
ID  every  period  of  his  life,  haa  czprelTed  the  fame  f  fentiment,  and 
•alarged  confiderably  upon  it. 

*  Malt-lfquor  poiTeflcs,  in  many  refpeAs,  the  fame >  qualities  witb 
wine,  but  has  not  the  fame  reputation  for  infpiring  genias,  and  im- 
proving the  t  intelledis.  This  may  be  afcribed  to  feveral  caofes :  firftw 
the  vifcidity  of  mah-liquor  is  fucb,  as  to  prevent  the  efiedls  of  the 
fpirituoos  part  upon  the  nervous  fyllem,  by  invifcating  and  entan- 
gling it  in  its  fubftance;  fecondly,  malt>liqaor  is  very  nutritious,  and 
apt  to  encreafe  corpulency,  a  circumftance  by  no  means  favourable 
to  mental  exertions ;  laftly,  malt-liquors  have  but  little  of  the  acid 
which  accompanies  wine,  which  is  of  great  efficacy  in  caufing  the  lat- 
ter to  paft  off  quickly  by  the  fecretions,  and  prevents  its  loading  the 
body,  and  powers  of  digeftion;  whereas  malt-liquors,  for  want  of 
fome  ftimulus  of  this  kind,  are  nearly  equally  oppreffive  with  animal 
food.    Diftilled  fpirits  might  appear  to  have  nearly  the  fame  effedt 

which,  deUvered  over  to  tht  voice,  the  tongue,  which  it  the  birth,  becomei  excellent 
wU.**«-Second  Part  of  Henrj  IV.  K€l  iv,«— Athencvt  makes  a  fimilar  obfeivatioa^ 
lib.  ii. 

Haller  maket  the  fame  remark.  Omai  vino  tommuoe  eA  calefacere  s  vires  ittgentl 
et  corporis  augere  — Halleri  Phyfiol.  lib.  xix.  fcA.  3. 

•  Halleri  Phyfiolog.  lib.  xvii.  fed  t.  ^  i3.—> •"  Ingenium  qood  excitet  vinam,  ejr 
eo  clarifitme  intelligitur,  quod  ad  poefin,  que  rei  ingenii  eft,  mirifice  oifponat.  Per- 
petu6  ab  antiquitate  creditum  eft«  et  ipfa  ret  docet,  vini  calorem  poetarum  furorem  et 
impetom  excitare,  et  Bacchi  et  Apollmii  furorem  unum  cfle  eundcmqae  j  qtamobicia 
Oinulios  vino  carent  in  exilio  de  fe  cooqueritur. 

Impctot  ille  facer,  qui  vatam  pe£lo-a  nutrit. 
Qui  priui  in  nobis  tSt  foUbat,  abeft.** 

Hoffnaan.  One  of  the  fummits  of  ParoaiTut  was  fubjeA  to  Bacchns,  the  othtf 
Id  Apollo. 

Jam  obfervamoi  omnet  hot  popolot  qui  vino  utuntur,  long^  ingeniofioret  efle  rc» 
liqais  omnibui.  NuUibi  enim  artet  liberales,  et  difciplinarum  ftudia,  melioi  flome* 
runt  et  florent,  quam  diAis  in  locis  s  vina  enim  fovcnt  vires,  pituitam  attenuanty 
mordacet  curat  bumanii  mentibui  infeftas  abftergunt,  vim  animo  redduot,  fpiritua(* 
feotiam  fangoinit  promovent,  iogeniumque  acuunc  \  unde  non  inept^  viattm  poitaxmiA 
C^nus  didus  eft.^-Hoflfman  Dc  Temperaroento,  Fundamento,  &c,  Are« 

f  Quid  quererii  refugam  vino  dapibufque  pcefio  ? 

Carmen  amat  Bacchum,  carmina  Bacchut  amat* 
Net  poduit  Phcebom  viridei  geftaffe  corymbot, 

Atqac  hederam  laaro  prxpofQifTc  fuse. 
Kafo  Corallsit  mala  carmina  itsifit  ab  agrit^ 

Non  illic  epuUr,  non  fata  vitis  crat. 
Qgid  nifi  vina  roiaiqut  racemifciurnqoe  Lycnn 

Cantavit  brevibui  Teia  mofa  modis  ? 
Pbdaricofque  inllat  numerot  Teumefius  Evaoy 

£t  itdolet  fumptom  pagina  quaque  meram. 

Slcgia  fexta  Idiltoni  ad  Carolum  Deo  dator  fori  coramoraatei^ 

\  Atheasns  remarkf,  that  vrine  taken  too  freely  caofed  the  head  to  be  more  pain- 
ty but  does  aot  ttader  people  (a  heavy  mmA  kthafgtc  as  Balt*liqttor.«-»Lib.  i..  mk 

witk 


Vtlcotnt^s  Rsmaris  #»  thi  lufiunui  pfCSmaU^  8(c;        pi 

mt\i  wine,  as  being  very  *  thia,  light,  and  poflfefling  netrly  the  fame 
powers  of  the  f|nrit«oiis  kind  ;  bat  hi  reality,  wine  and  fpirituout 
ii^aort  diier  very  much  from  one  another.  Didiiled  fpirics  want 
the  acid  of  wines — which  either  does  not  nfe»  or  is  deftroyed  in  the 
tfMillatioB— -and  therefore  remain  longer  in  the  body,  and  are  more 
iafla»flMaory«  7  hey  are  alfo  more  narcotic,  and  produce  worfe  ef- 
k&B  opon  the  nenroes  fyAem,  in  debilitating  it,  than  wine.  They 
ait  likewife  deititute  of  fixible  f  air«  to  which  wine,  in  a  great  meafore^ 
•wet  ita  invigorating  aad  cheering  qaalities,  but  which  is  deftroyed 
or  diffipated  in  the  difttUation  of  fpirits.  Hence  their  effedU  upov 
the  iotelleda  are  leU  happy  than  tho(e  of  wine. 

*  At  to  laws  refpeAiBg  the  nfe  of  wine,  or  the  omiiBon  of  it  alto* 
gether,  1  have  before  fpoken  under  the  article  of  Climate. 

'  I  know  of  ao  peculiar  or  fpecific  efie£ls  of  fermented  liqaort  Ott 
ihe  form  of  government,  or  religion  of  mankind. 

•SECT.   m.    Ifiaip/Tis. 

^  As  tea  now  makes  fo  large  a  part  of  the  pleafuret,  and  indeed  of 
the  diet,  of  a  great  nnmber  of  people,  efpeoially  in  our  own  country, 
a  (cm  remarks  upon  it  may  not  be  improper. 

'  Tea  appears,  from  the  (  beft  experiments,  to  prodace  iiKiativo 
eieds  upon  the  nerves,  diminifhing  their  energy,  and  the  tone  of  the 
Bafenlar  fibres,  and  inducing  a^confiderable  degree*  both  of  fenfibi- 
Kiy  and  irritability,  upon  the  whole  fy ilem.  It  alio  promotes  the 
thinner  evacuations  very  powerfully,  and  diminiihes  the  ftefii  and  bulk 
of  thofe  who  nfe  it.  Thefe  effedls  tend  to  impair  the  firength,  and 
promote  the  other  cenfequences  of  it  upon  the  nervous  fyftem  abovo 
deimbed.  Hence  the  afe  of  tea  has  been  fbnnd  wery  agreeable  to 
the  ftndioqs,  efpecially  thofe  engaged  in  the  compofition  of  works  of 
geains  and  imagination,  and  hence  is  emphatically  ilyled  the  poet'a 
friend.  But,  on  the  other  hand»  I  believe  that,  at  kaft  wiih  us,  it 
has  had  the  effect  of  enfeebling  and  enervating  the  bodies  of  our 
people,  and  of  introducing  feveral  diforders  that  arife  from  laxity 
aad  debility  ;  and  has  been  of  fiill  more  confequence  in  making  way 
liar  tbe  ufe  of  fpiritnous  liquors,  which  are  often  taken  to  relieve  thM 
depteffion  which  tea  occafions* 

'  From  thefe  effeds  of  tea,  I  cannot  but  think  that  its  confer 
quencei,  on  the  whole,  have  been  highly  prejudicial.  It  evidently. 
iajares  die  health,  and,  by  the  coniequences  laft  mentioned,  tends  to 
tomipt  the  morals  of  the  people;  and,  in  my  opinion,  by  the  effcda 
it  produces  upon  the  nerves,  contributes  to  abate  courage,  vigour, 

*  Af  oa  eft  occoho  acvre  et  plurimo  phlogifto  ekria.«>»Halkri  Pbyfiolog.  lib.  abr, 

•f  There  appear  to  be  two  cnfei  of  iocbriatioa  in  fermented  liqaort {  one  horn  the 
iuUa  air,  aad  eaelhcr  from  the  ^ooos  fpirit.  That  froas  the  fonner  takes  place 
fMaer,  and  it  the  more  traniSeaC  of  the  two,  aad  feeflm  alio  to  do  kfa  injury  to  the 
eeaftitvtiea,  aad  is  hkewife  more  apt.to  excite  cbcerfuloeft  and  good  fpiriti.  This  ia 
very  well  kaowo  to  thole  who  hare  compared  the  cfiedi  of  champaf  nc  with  thofe  ef 
the  ftiDDfer  winci. 

The  tee  dMt§  with  thofe  of  champagne  are  fooBd  in  feme  mineral  waters,  efpe* 
ttaUjr  ia  th»iii  of  Spa  aad  Pyrmoat,  and  in  ibme  degree  in  th^Tf  ef  Batb|  whca  draiak 
§it§k  at  the  fpriog. 

1  tse  Pr.  iMr«m*s  taioueas  Eflay  on  thii  lakjafti 

9^ 


32        Falconer'/  Remarks  on  the  tnjluinu  of  Climate^  UC. 

aikl  fteadineft  of  mind  :  circamftances  furelf  of  themiclves  fufficiett 
to  difcredit  iti  ofe^  with  thofe  who  are  engaged  in  any  fituacion  of 
life  that  requires  exertion  and  refolntion.  Perhapi»  however,  in  the 
hot  climatei  of  China  and  India,  the  ufe  of  this  liqaor  may  not  be  (b 
}>rejodic]al  as  in  the  colder  ones ;  it  may  there  tend  to  abate  the  wea- 
rinefi  occafiooed  by  heat,  and,  as  a  grateful  diluent,  promote  the 
thinner  evacuations ;  which  poflibly  may,  by  caufing  it  to  paft  off 
quickly,  counteradt,  in  fome  meafure,  its  bad  efiedls.  But  the  ||  noxioat 
qualities  of  this  plant  are  not  unknown  even  in  its  native  countries. 
The  Japanese  are  fubjed  to  the  diabetes,  and  to  confumptive  difor* 
6^u  refembling  the  atrophy,  from  its  ufe;  and  the  Chinefe,  it  is  (aid, 
are  ib  fenfible  of  thefe  confequences,  that  they  rarely  driok  green  tea 
at  all,  which  is  the  moft  remarkable  for  thefe  efFeds.  Perhaps  the  di* 
minutive  flature,  and  cowardly,  and  at  the  fame  time  acute  and  trick- 
ing  difpofition  of  the  Chinefe,  may  be  owing,  in  no  (mall  degree,  to 
the  ufe  of  this  vegetable/ 

In  treating  on  the  influence  of  a  favage  ftate,  the  general  pro* 
penfity  to  poetry  is  particularly  noticed,  and  the  caufes  of  this 
propenfity  are  well  explained  : 

*  Even  forae  qualifications,  which  we  efteem  to  be  matters  of  tade 
and  elegance,  and  therefore  leaft  likely  of  any  to  be  found  in  foch  a 
Aate,  have  been  difcovered  among  favage  nations. 

*  Thus  the  talent  for  eloquence,  and  even  for  poetry,  is  faid  to  be 
found  in  high  perfedion  among  them.  Every  idea,  every  concep- 
tioD,  is  cloathed  in  image  and  metaphor,  **  The  bones  of  our  de^ 
ceafed  countrymen  lie  an  buried,"  fays  an  American  orator  *,  **  they 
call  oot  to  Qs  to  revenge  their  wrongs ;  and  we  muft  fatisfy  thetr  re* 
qoefl.  Their  fpirits  cry  out  againft  us,  and  they  muft  be  appeafed* 
The  genii,  who  are  the  guardians  of  our  honour,  infpire  as  with  « 
refolutioe  to  (eek  the  enemies  of  our  mordered  brethren.  Let  us  go 
and  devour  thofe  by  whom  they  were  (lain.  Let  as  confole  the  fpi* 
rits  of  the  dead,  and  tell  them  they  (hall  be  revenged." 

*  What  is  the  caufe  of  this  apparently  extraordinary  circumftance, 
IS  diiiicult  to  explain.  Is  it  that  the  unbounded  liberty,  enjoyed  in 
this  iiace,  infpires  this  daring  freedom  into  the  language  and  expreA 
lion,  as  being  the  moft  proper  terras  .in  which  fuch  ardent  fentimentt 
could  be  delivered  ?  or  is  it  that  his  ignorance  of  abftrad  ideas  caufes 
bim  to  form  analogies  between  the  objeds  which  are  al«vays  prefeot 
before  him,  and  thofe  which  occur  to  his  onderftanding  or  memory-^ 
with  which  the  fcantinefs  of  his  language  concurs — which  compels 
bim  to  exprefs  his  fentiments  in  terms  and  expreftions  derived  from 
viiible  objeds  ? 

'  Nor  is  it  in  the  expreffion  and  (enttment  only,  that  thefe  compo- 
fitions  may  be  termed  poetical.  They  are  often  exprefted  in  a  kind 
of  rhythm  or  numbers,  which,  though  not  reduced  to  eaad  regularity 
of  meafure,  is  fufficient  to  eoroe  under  the  idea,  though  rodely,  of 
▼er(ifi cation,     Czfar  f ,  whofe  judgment  in  matters  of  telle  and  fci* 

I  Tea  bclons*  to  the  Batnral  ordtr  of  the  Coadunatsr,  which  aie  all  of  the  narcotic 
kind. 

*  Ctrver'i  Tratels,  p.  t99«  too.  tot^  tot« 
t  Cci;  Comm.  Uh.  ? i,  (c^,  if^ 

•BC« 


FilconePi  Rimarh  on  the  Inflmnci  ofCUmate^  &c.        33 

eiice  cannot  be  fofpcdedy  fpeaks  of  the  ibngs  of  the  Gallic  Droids  tt 
poecictl  pcrfbrmaocet ;  and  the  fame  epithet  is  beftowed  on  the  fongt 
of  the  Gallic  and  German  bardt,  by  Strabo  |  and  Tacitus  §.  Am- 
Dtaaof  Marcellinat  ||  and  Diodoros  ^  SicnloSy  are  more  particalar  in 
this  refped^  and  inform  ns»  that  thefe  compofitions  were  not  only 
metrical,  bat  alio  adapted  to  mafical  accompaniment;  a  circam- 
ftance  which  formerly,  above  all  others,  eiUblifhed  a  claim  to  tha 
poetical  charader. 

'  The  iame  obfenration  has  been  found  to  bold  good  of  almoft  eve< 
ry  nation  in  its  infant  tiace,  and  efpecially  of  thofe,  who  in  a  fubfe- 
qoent  period  attained  to  the  greateft  height  of  improvement.  Thoa 
Homer  and  Hefiod  preceded  any  of  the  prole- writers  in  Greece,  ei? 
ther  noralifts  or  hifloriaos ;  and  the  firft  efforts  towards  the  latter 
branch  of  compofitioa  among  the  *  Romans,  were  probably  of  a  po* 
etical  kind* 

*  Dan:e»  alfo,  and  Petrarch  preceded  any  profe-writers  of  eminence 
in  modern  Italy;  and  Corneille  and  Racine  were  prior  to  the  age  of 
good  profe-compofition  in  France.  Even  in  our  country,  fome  of 
the  moft  early  literary  performances  with  which  we  are  acquainted 
were  poetical ;  and  this  mode  of  writing  amongft  us  appears  co  have 
been  brought  nearly  to  its  higheft  perfedion,  before  any  confiderable 
advances  were  made  in  the  other.  Of  ih  s  we  have  a  remarkable 
iaftance  in  the  greateft  genius  this  country  ever  produced ;  whole 
proie-compofitions,  in  general,  though  fraught  with  good  fenfe, 
ftioag  reafoning,  and  often  with  nervous  didion,  are  moftly  uncouth 
io  phrafeology,  obfcure  in  exprcffion,  debaicd  by  volgarifms,  and  de« 
iicieat  io  harmony  of  period  ;  whtlA  his  poetical  works— -though  not 
^■ite  void  of  fcholaftic  didion,  afiedation  of  literature,  and  fome* 
times,  though  bot  feldom,  vulgar  txpreffion— excel,  not  in  plaot 
thonght»  fentiment,  and  charader  only,  but  alfo  io  purity  of  ftyle, 
elegance  of  words  and  epithets,  harmony  and  variety  of  numbers^ 
not  only  all  preceding  writers^  but  all  that  have  fucceeded  him.  In« 
deed,  his  fuperiority  in  this  way  has  been  fo  remarkable*  that  few  of 
our  poets  have  ventured  to  tread  in  his  ileps ;  and  thofe  that  have  at- 
tempted the  fame  metre,  though  far  from  deficient  in  the  poetical 
chara&er,  have  (hewn  their  own  inferiority  fo  much,  as  to  deter 
others,  in  a  great  meafure,  from  a  fimilar  f  emulation. 

'  Even  the  rude  inhabitants  of  Otabeite,  Kew  Zealand,  and  (eve* 
ral  other  places  mentioned  in  Forfter*s  Voyage,  appear  to  have  been 
aoch  addided  to  poetical  performances.  They  bad  evidently  a 
rhythm  or  cadenced  meafure ;  and  their  poetry,  which  appears  to 


1  laffci  fuv  vfcfrmi  1}  «tuiT«t.— Strabo,  lib.  iv* 
4  Geraania,  np.  iii. 

I  Be  bardi  ^aMcm  fortia  vtronin  Uluftriom  fa^t  heroicit  compcfita  vcrfibui  cum 
Mcabvs  Lyr«  modnlii  cantitarunt.-^Ammian.  MarceU.  lib*  av.  cap.  9. 
^  Diod.  Sic«l.  lib.  r.  p.  113. 
*  Ncvitti  aod  Eoniiit  wrote  the  Romto  hiftory  in  TCrie.     Probably  tht  Annola 


vatuas,  mcmiooed  by  Horace,  EpUk.  i.  lib.  2.  might  be  of  t hit  kind, 
t  Dr.  Yoofig*s  Might  ThoQghtt,   and  Thoinibn*s  Seafont,  though  fublime  and 
WavCifol  ptrforraaocei  in  maoy  itfpcAt,  are  fo  infericr  to  Milton  io  point  of  expref. 
fioo  Mid  hacoMoy,  as  lieaicely  to  be  raakod  in  theXune  ijk  ol  peetry  with  his  con* 
popnohi* 

'  Ran  Jatf;  178s*  D  kave 


34  Hi/lory  of  ihe  tjle  of  mght. 

have  been  both  rhyme  and  blank  verfe.  Many  of  them  were  likewi/^ 
the  produf^ion  cf  the  moment,  like  the  ancient  Carmina  Amabcca  ; 
apd  were,  like  them,  accompanied  with  moiic.  What  the  original 
motives  were,  that  caufed  mankind  to  adopt  Mi  mode  ofexpreiTion, 
is  not  clear*  Is  it,  that  for  want  of  a  permanent  record  of  any  fen- 
timent  or  tranfaflion — fuch  as  is  afforded  by  writing— they  expreft 
themfelves  in  fuch  meafores  as  may,  with  the  lead  difiicutty,  be  re- 
tained by  the  memory  ?  or  is  it — which  appears  to  be  more  probable 
—that  the  very  cadence  of  numbers  is  natural  to  the  language  of  fen- 
timent,  and  fcrves  bed  to  exprefs  thofe  ideas  that  naturally  prefent 
themTelves  tn  men  in  this  ftate  of  life.' 

We  could  with  pleafure  extend  our  extra£ls  from  this  inge- 
nious publication  ;  but  the  paiTages  we  have  fele£ted  will  be  fuf- 
ficient  to  give  our  Readers  an  idea  of  the  variety  of  entertain- 
ment which  may  be  expe£led  from  the  perufal  of  the  whole 
work. 

Dr.  Falconer's  obfervations  will,  we  apprehend,  be  found  in 
general  agreeable  to  fad  and  experience :  but  whatever  may  be 
thought  of  his  reafonings,  his  work  cannot  but  be  elleemcd  of 
confiderable  value,  as  a  copious  magazine  of  curious  fads,  col* 
leded  from  an  extenftve  cotirfe  of  reading.  And  tc  i»  no  fmall 
recommendation  of  the  work^  that  for  every  materlkT  hiftoricat 
fa£l  which  Che  Author  mentions,  he  quotes  his  aitthority  in  the 
itiafgjn ;  judging  it  more  eligible,  to  disfigure  his  page  with 
noces^  and  even  to  incur,  from  the  ignorant  and  fuperiicial^  the 
charge  of  a  pedantic  afFedation  of  great  erudition,  than  to  oblige 
the  reader  to^  depend  entirely  upon  the  fidelity  and  accuracy  of 
the  writer.  In  this  refped,  we  cannot  but  wi(h,  that  his  ex- 
ample were  univerfaily  followed  by  all  who  write  upon  hHlorical 
fubjeds. 

t^  A  good  Index  to  thefe  Remarks  on  the  Influence  of  CIi» 
mate,  &c.  has  been  printed  ftnce  the  frrft  publication  of  the 
book,  which  will  be  delivered  to  the  purchafers.  'C 


Mk 


lAMbi 


Art.  V*     TJifi  Hiftorj  of  tbt  JJU  of  Wight.     410.     1 1,  78.     Dod- 

(ley,  &c.      1781. 

FOR  this  valuable  piece  of  topographical  hiftory  the  Public 
fs  indebted  to  Sir  Richard  Worfley,  Baronet.  It  is  drawn 
up  from  the  manufcript  of  .his^  grandfather.  Sir  James  Worfley, 
Bart,  who  began  to  prepare  materials  for  it  early  in  the  prefent 
century,  and  profecuted  the  dcfign  till  his  death  in  1757;  and 
fmrri  additional  papers  of  his  father.  Sir  Thomas  Worfley,  Bart..^ 
It  is  likewife  enriched  by  valuable  communications  from  the 
gentlemen  of  the  ifland.  To  thefe  a  work  fo  well  written,  and 
fo  refpe^lably  authenticsited,  on  a  fubje6l  on  which  they  are; 
more  immediately  intereiled,  will  doubtlefs  be  particularly  ac-^ 
ceptablc.    £u(  i:.  will  alio  aiSbrd  entertainment  and  information 

1  V9^ 


Hlfiory  of  the  IJle.  df  WighU  JJ 

i^bthers  ;  efptfcially  in  thofe  parts  which  treat  of  the  civil  and 
military  hiftory  of  the  Ifland. 

The  following  is  a  more  minute  account  of  the  tranfadions 
which  pafled  during  the  confinement  of  Charles  I.  in  Carif^ 
broolce  Caftle  than  has  hitherto  been  made  public  : 

*  It  may  be  colle^ed  from  Sir  Thomas  Herbert;  that  on  the  firft 
arrival  of  the  King  in  the  ifland^  Colonel  Hammond  lodged  him  in 
Carifbrooke  ca01e ;  not  as  a  prifoner,  but  as  agued:  there  was  not 
the  leaft  appearance  of  reflraiuc  on  any  of  bis  actions;  he  rode  out 
for  his  recreation  when  and  where  he  pleafed  ;  his  faithful  fervanta 
were  permitted  to  repair  to  him,  and  all  who  defired  it,  were  ad- 
mitted into  his  prefence  without  diliindtion.  Tiit  iirft  reilraint  .oii 
this  freedom  was  refpedling  his  Chaplains,  I^t.  Sheldon  and  Dr. 
Hammond,  who  were  not  long  permitted  to  exercife  their  fund!ion8» 
a  lofs  the  King  fupplied  by  his  private  devotions,  and,  on  the  Lord's 
day  by  reading  the  Scriptures,  and  other  pious  books ;  not  being 
difpofed  to  hear  thofe  preachers  who  ufed  the  diredtory  then  adopted. 

*  The  enjoyment  of  this  degree  of  liberty  was  however  of  no  long 
duration  ;  for,  aboiit  the  middle  of  February,  Hammond,  one  after- 
noon, informed  the  King,  that  he  had  received  orders  '^ot  to  permit 
the  attendance  of  Mr.  Aihburnham,  Mr.  Legg,  or  any  other  of  hi^ 
fervants  whiD  were  with  him  at  Oxford,  their  continuance  about  his 
perfon  being  judged  improper.  The  King,  with  a  countenance  thac 
betraye^  both  furprize  and  trouble,  comipunicated  this  order  to  Aih- 
burnham  and  the  red  of  the  perfons  concerned,  as  a  circumftance  he 
did  not  expert,  and  which  was  by  no  means  confident  with  the  pro- 
likifes  made  him  by  fome  confiderable  perfons.  The  next  day,  after 
the  King  had  dined,  thefe  gentlemen  came  all  together,  and  proifrat-^ 
lag  themfelves  at  his  MajellyU  ft^i^  offered  up  their  prayers  to  God 
for  his  pi^fervation,  and,  kiiling  his  hands,  departeds 

'  The  day  following,  his  imprifonment  became  no  longer  equivocal; 
he  being  denied  the  liberty  of  going  about  the  country.  Still,  though 
he  was  limited  by  the  walls  of  the  caftle,  they  included  a  fufiicient 
rpace  for  the  exercife  of  walking,  and  afforded  good  air,  and  a  de* 
h'ghfal  profped  both  by  fea  and  *land  ;  and,  for  the  King's  recrea* 
tion.  Colonel  Hammond  converted  the  Barbican,  a  fpacious  ar<ra^ 
ufed  as  a  parade,  into  a  bo.wiing  green,  and  at  one  fide  erected  an 
agreeable  fammer-honfe  fof  his  amufement,  where  the  King  pafTed 
his  vacant  hours,  the  caflle  laying  no  gallery,  room  of  ftatf,  nor 
even  a  garden  ;  fo  that  his.Majefty  co'nflantly  exercifed  himfelf  in  thd 
morning  by  walking  on  the  raibparts^  and*  in  the  afternoon  in  the 
bowling-green,  at  the  fame  time  c^efully  obferving  Hated  hours  for 
writing  and  devotion.  Mr.  Harrington  a^d  Mr«  Herbert  conttnncd 
waiting  on  him  in  his  bed-chamber;  to  the  latter  he  gave  the  charge  • 
of  his  books,  of  which  he  himfelf  kept  a  catalogue.  The  books  he 
fttoft  ofaally  r^ad  were  the  facrcd  Scriptures,.  Bifbop  AndrewsN  Ser- 
aona*  Hooker*s  Ecdefiaftical  Polity,  Doftor  Hammond's  Wjrk%' 
VtlUlpandas  upon  Ezekiel,  &e.  Sandys*s  Paraphrai^  upon  David'f 
F*alms,  Herbert's  Divine  Poems,  Talfo's  Jerufalem,  in  Italian,  with- 
Fairfax's  £nglifli  tranflation,  Arioflo,  and  Spencer *s  Fairie  Queen. 
^'i  this  ciflie  lie  is  fappoicd  to  have  written  his  tujfiria  "Rfgalia.  the 

D  2     *  -iLaAtticrfp( 


Bi/hry  rf  ihi  IJh  rf  tr$gbi. 

ntflofeript  of  which  Mr,  Herbert  fbond  among  the  books  the  King 
gave  him 9  in  hit  own  hand-writiog. 

*  Notwichftanding  the  dridnefs  with  which  the  King  was  goarded, 
many  peribni  foand  means  to  prefent  themielves  to  him  at  bis  ofoal 
times  of  walking  within  the  Unei,  in  order  to  be  toucbed  for  the  diP- 
eafe  called  the  King'i-evil  The  Governor's  chaplain,  a  young 
many  named  Tronghton,  feldom  failed  attending  in  the  prefence- 
chamber  when  the  King  dined  ;  he  poflc/Tcd  all  ihe  argaments  in  fa« 
vour  of  hii  fed,  in  oppofition  to  Epifcopacy  :  the  King  ufed  fre* 
qoentlv  to  walk  about  with  him  an  hour  after  meals,  and  engage  in 
familiar  converfation  on  thofe  fubjeds.  Troughton  maintained  his 
arguments  with  great  earneftnefs,  and  the  King  never  difcouraged 
him ;  bat  being  a  better  logician,  and  deeper  read  in  hiftory  and  po* 
lemics,  always  obtained  the  advantage.  Once,  whilll  they  were  in 
the  heat  of  argument,  Charles  took  a  fword  from  the  fide  of  one  of 
his  attendants,  and  drawing  it  fuddenly,  frightened  the  young  chap- 
lain; but  another  gentleman  prefent,  who  better  nnderftood  the 
King's  inrentions,  foon  quieted  Troughton*s  apprchenfions,  by  kneeU' 
ine  down  and  receiving  the  honour  of  Knighthood  *•  This  was  Mr. 
John  Dnncomb,  who  came  into  the  ifland  to  concert  meafures  wiih 
the  King  for  his  efcape,  when  the  King  told  him  he  had  not  at  that 
time  any  better  means  of  acknowledging  his  fervices.  After  the  Re- 
iloration.  Sir  John  Duncomb  was  made  Chancellor  of  the  Exclle- 
qner. 

*  Soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  King  at  Carifbrooke  cadle,  an  at- 
tempt was  made  for  his  refcue  by  Captain  Burley,  mentioned  in  Sir 
John  Dingley's  letter  as  Captain  of  Yarmouth  caAle  :  the  particulars 
of  this  tranfadion  are  not  handed  down,  but  it  appears  that  the  plan 
was  ib  ill  laid  and  condudUd,  that  he  was  himfelf  apprehended  and 
executed.  This  attempt,  in  the  prefent  fituation  of  affairs,  was  ex- 
tremely prejudicial  to  the  King;  the  Army  and  Parliament  were' 
contending  for  the  fuperiority  they  had  jointly  gained,  and  as  the 
poflcffion  of  the  King's  perfon  was  a  matter  of  great  moment  to  each 
party^  fo  a  prevention  of  his  efcape  was  a  point  in  which  they  were 
both  intereiled.  This  therefore  will  account  for  the  fubfequcnt  ri» 
gour  of  his  confinement. 

^  Mr.  Henry  Pirebrace  relates,  that,  having  the  honour  to  bo 
known  to  the  King  by  feveral  fervices  rendered  him  during  the  treaty 
of  Uxbridge,  and  elfewhere,  he  received  a  private  letter  from  him, 
commanding  him  to  haften  to  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  with  what  intelli- 
gence  he  could  procure  from  the  moft  faithful  of  his  friends  about 
London.  He  accordingly  applied  to  the  Speaker  of  the  Houfe  of 
Commons*  and  other  Commiffioners,  for  permiffion  to  attend  his  Ma- 
jefty,  as  one  of  the  Pages  of  his  Bed  chamber;  which  precaution  he 
made  ufe  of,  that  he  might  ferve  him  with  more  freedom  and  lefs 
fqfpidon*  His  fird  objed  after  his  arrival,  was  how  fafely  to  deliver 
into  the  King's  hands  the  letters  he  was  charged  with  :  having  found 
a  convenient  and  private  place  in  his  chamber  for  depofiting  his  dif- 
patches,  he  flipt  a  note  into  the  King's  hand,  as  he  was  retiring  to 
fefi,  informing  htm  where  they  were  hidden  :  the  liext  morning  Mr. 

f  Sir  T.  Herbett's  Memoirs.  *{*  Rapin,  vol.  ii.  p.  545. 

Fire  brace 


Hijlvry  ofihil/Iiof  ITigbt.  J7 

Firebrace  fpand  a  letter  in  the  fame  place,  hy  wh'ch  hit  Majeftf  ex* 
prefled  his  approbation  of  what  he  had  done,  and  directing  a  contt- 
aaatioQ  of  the  fame  mode  of  correfpondence ;  which  they  ac'  rdingly 
made  ofe  of  for  feveral  weeks.  Firebrace  had,  previooi  to  his  leav- 
ing IiOndoBy  fettled  a  good  channel  of  commanication  with  the 
King's  friends  there,  by  means  of  two  trufty  and  anfufpefled  men^ 
always  coming  and  going ;  fo  that  his  Majefty  never  wanted  intelli- 
gence from  the  Qaeen,  the  Prince,  and  many  of  his  friends,  even  at 
the  time  when  the  vote  again  ft  any  more  addreiTes  to  him  took  place* 
Mr.  Firebrace  alfo  in6nuated  himfelf  into  favour  with  the  perfons 
appointed  by  Colonel  Hammond  to  watch  the  King,  by  turns,  at 
the  two  doors  of  his  bed-chamber  by  day,  and  at  night  to  deep  ia 
beds  ict  fo  clofe  again  ft  thefe  doors,  which  opened  outwards,  fo  that 
they  were  kept  faft  till  the  beds  were  removed.  The  King  conftantl/ 
retired  to  his  bed-chamber  as  foon  as  he  had  fupped.  Firebrace,  one 
aight,  pretending  he  had  no  appetite,  offered  his  fervice  to  one  of  chefe 
guards,  promifing  to  fupply  his  place  at  the  door  opening  to  he  back«» 
ttairsy  whilft  he  eat  his  fupper;  this  offer  being  accepted,  he  enjoyed 
an  uninterrupted  freedom  of  converiing  with  the  King ;  who  deiired 
him  to  renew  the  like  opportunity  as  onen  as  he  could.  Firebracet 
fearing  he  might  be  furpriied  with  the  door  open  by  any  one  coming 
faddenly  into  the  bed-chamber,  cut  a  flit  through  the  wall  or  parti- 
tion behind  the  hangings,  which,  on  the  leaft  noife,  he  could  ia« 
fiaotly  let  fall :  in  thefe  converfations  they  frequently  deliberated  on 
feme  means  for, the  King's  efcape,  his  impriionment  being  by  thia 
time  grown  intolerable.  Among  other  fchemes,  Firebrace  propofed 
his  getting  oat  of  the  chamber-window ;  but  fearing  the  bars  might 
reader  the  paflage  too  narrow,  he  propofed  cutting  tbem  with  a  (aw; 
hot  the  King  objeAiog  the  danger  of  a  difcovery,  comifianded  him  to 
prepare  all  things  elfe  for  his  departure,  being  confident  he  could  get 
through  the  window,  having  tried  with  his  head,  and  judging  that 
where  the  head  conld  pais>  the  body  would  eafily  follow.  Firebraca 
imparted  the  defign  to  fome  trufty  friends,  and  with  them  concerted 
the  pbn  of  operation.  Thefe  were  Mr.  Edward  Worfley,  a  gentle* 
man  of  the  ifland  mnch  efteemed,  afterwards  knighted  for  his  (tt'^ 
vices  oo  this  occafion ;  Mr.  Richard  Ofboroe,  a  gentleman  appointed 
by  the  Parliament  to  attend  the  King ;  and  Mr  John  Newland,  of 
Newport,  who  all  proved  them  (elves  worthy  of  the  confidence  repofed 
in  them.  The  plan  agreed  upon  was  as  follows :  At  the  time  ap- 
pointed, Firebrace  was  to  throw  fomething  up  agaiaft  the  window  of 
the  King's  chamber,  as  a  fignal  that  all  was  clear,  on  which  ihe 
King  was  to  come  out  and  let  himfelf  down  by  a  cord  provided  for 
that  parpofe  ;  being  defcended,  Firebrace,  under  favour  of  the  dark- 
■efs,  was  to  cooduA  him  crofs  the  court  to  the  main  wall  of  the 
caftlet  from  which  he  was  again  to  defcend  into  the  ditch,  by  means 
of  another  cord  with  a  fiick  fattened  cro^s  it,  ferving  as  a  feat;  be- 
yond thia  wall  was  the  connterfcarpa  which  being  low,  might  be  ea- 
fily  afcendedj  near  this  place  Mr.  Worfley  and  Mr.  Ofl>orne  were  to 
be  ready  mounted,  having  a  fpare  horfe,  with  pidols  and  boots  for 
the  King,  while  Mr.  Newland  remained  at  the  fea-fide  with  a  large 
boat,  ready  to  have  conveyed  his  Majefty  wb'ereever  he  fliould  have 
thought  4t  M  ^l^^f    A^  t^e  appointed  timcj  when  ail  thiols  wcr^ 

P  3  '>^ 


•V»:' 


39  Hijlory  of  tbi  IJle  of  IFight^ 

in  readineG,  aiid  every  one  inflrufled  in  his  part,  Fi»ebrace  {^ave  thii 
expected  fignal,  on  which  the  King  attempted  to  get  out  of  the  win- 
dow, but  found,  when  it  was  too  late,  that  he  had  been  fatally  ipif. 
taken,  for  although  he  found  an  eafy  paflage  for  his  head,  he  ilucif 
fad  between  the  bread  and  ihoulders,  without  the  power  of  advancing 
or  returning;  but  having  the  indant  before  midruded  fcmething  of 
this  nature,  he  had  tied  a  piece  of  cord  to  the  bar  of  the  winc^ow,  by 
the  means  of  which  he  might  force  himfelf  back  ag;iin.  Firebrace 
heard  him  groan,  without  being  sble  to  a^ord  hi>m  the  leall  iilTiilance  ; 
however,  the  King  at  length,  v^ith  much  difHculiy,  having  relcafcd 
himfelf  from  the  window,  placed  a  candle  in  it,  as  an  intimation  that 
his  attempt  was  fruflrated.  Had  not  this  unfortunate  impcdimenc 
happened,  there  is  the  greated  reafon  to  believe  he  might  have  ef* 
fedied  hisefcape;  every  part  of  the  plan  being  fojudiciouCy  arrangcdf 
It  now  became  necedary  to  give  notice  of  the  difappointmcnt  to  thof^ 
who  waited  without,  which  Firebrace  could  find  no  beuer  mewns  of 
doing,  than  by  throwing  dones  from  the  top  of  the  wall,  froni 
whence  the  Ring  was  to  have  been  let  down,  to  the  [^lace  where  thty 
were  in  waiting:  this  fo  well  anfwered  his  intention,  that  they  went 
quietly  away;  without  having  caufed  any  alarm. 

*  After  this  difappointment,  files  and  aqua  fortis  were  fcnt  for 
from  London,  to  corrode  or  cut  through  the  bars  of  the  wioduw  ;  but 
in  the  interim,  Hammond  received  a  letter  from  Dorb)huufe,  diredt-: 
ing  him  to  keep  a  watchful  eye  over  thofe  about  the  King,  as  there 
ivere  fome  among  them  who  gave  him  intelligence.  This,  though  4 
general  hint  of  fufpicion,  was  not  pointed  at  any  particular  pciion  ; 
Hammond  therefore  employed  his  emidarics  to  make  difcovciies,  whq 
gave  him  fo  much  light,  that  he  entertained  fome  fulpicion  of  Fire* 
brace,  and  examined  him ;  but  not  being  able  to  come  at  any  mate* 
rial  difcovery,  he  told  him  the  reafons  by  which  he  was  actuated. 
Some  time  after,  Firebrace  was  again  fent  for  by  Hammand,  who  in- 
formed him  he  had  received  more  letters  of  intelligence,  which  would 
oblige  him  to  difmifs  feveral  of  the  King's  attendants,  himfelf  among 
the  Jt^  ;  but  thit  he  might,  if  he  pleafed,  remain  three  or  four  days 
longer.  Firebrace  plainly  faw  this  permidion  was  an  intended  fnare  : 
he  ncverthelefs  determined  to  accept  of  it,  and  guide  himfelf  accord- 
ingly ;  informing  the  King  of  his  fufpicions,  and  fettling  with  him 
fuch  a  mode  of  correfpondence,  that  his  Majtdy  received  intelligence 
from  his  friends,  and  had  his  difpatches  forwarded  with  the  fame 
fuccefs  as  before  *• 

*  Another  inefTedkual  attempt  for  the  King's  efcape  wa?  made  after 
the  departure  of  Mr.  Firebrace,  by  his  remaining  adcciatcs :  the 
particulars  are  thus  related  by  Lord  Clarendon,  and  alio  by  a  private 
account  drawn  up  by  Sir  Edward  Worfley,  The  King  remembering 
his  former  mifcarriage,  owing  to  the  bar  of  his  windrow,  now  took 
care  to  have  that  impediment  removed,  either  by  aqua  fortis,  or  i. 
faw;  but  when  he  was  coming  through  the  window,  he  perceivcc{ 
more  perfons  under  it  than  he  expeded.  This  made  him  fufpedl» 
what  was  but  too  true,  that  his  intention  was  difcovered  :  he  there- 
fore diut'his  window,  and  returned  to  his  bed:  foon  after  which  the 


•~ 


Fircbrace's  Nairativei  in  Herbert's  Memoirs* 

'  Governor 


GuibertV  EJay  on  Tallies!  3^ 

Governor  came  into  his  chembery  and  examining  the  windov^,  per* 
ceived  the  bar  had  been  eaten  away.  It  appears  (bat  Major  Rolfe^ 
an  officer  of  the  caftJe,  had  To  far  infinuated  himfeif  into  the  confix 
dence  of  Mr.  Olhorne,  that  he  was  deceived  into  an  opinion  tba< 
Rolfe  would  heartily  join  in  any  attempt  for  the  King's  deliverance  1; 
whereas  his  real  defign  was  to  kill  him  as  he  came  through  the  win- 
dow. Hammond  was  privy  to  this  intention,  and  alfo  polled  mu{'^ 
qaeteers  near  where  the  gentlemen  were  of  ncceflity  to  pafs,  an4 
in  riding  oiF.  they  luckily  received  the  fire  unhurt,  getting  fafely 
to*  the  velTel  that  lay  in  readinefs  to  carry  cW  the  King  ;  but  as  they 
cane  ^itliont  him^  the  roafler  refufed  to  take  them  on  board,  fo  thar^ 
kaving  their  horfes  on  the  fliore,  they  were  obliged  to  conceal  theni- 
**  felves  for  feveral  days  in  the  woods,  finding  means  in  the  nit^ht,  by- 
the  afljflance  of  a  kiufman  of  Mr.  Worflev'?,  to  procure  fuil^nance, 
and  a  vefTel  to  take  them  off  from  the  {ouch  fide  of  the  ifland. 

'  Thefc  unfuccefsful  attempts  afforded  pretences  to  increafe  the  ri- 
gour of  the  King's  confinement,  who,  from  the  time  his  iervantft 
were  removed,  had  laid  afide  all  care  of  his  perfon,  fuffering  his  hair 
and  beard,  grown  co  an  extraordinary  length,  to  hang  diftievelled 
and  negleded;  a  decrepid  old  man,  employed  to  kindle  his  ^rCp 
whom  he  afterwards  fhewed  to  Sir  Philip  Warwick-,  was>  as  he  af- 
firmed, the  bell  company  he  enjoyed  for  feveral  months.'. 

The  work  treats  at  full  length  of  the  natural,  commercial, 
civil,  ecclefiaftical,  and  military  hiftory,  and  antiquities  of  the 
ifland.  An  Apj^endix  is  fubjoined,  containing  deeds,  charters, 
records,  and  other  original  documents,  at  full  length.  The- 
Hiftory  is  ornamented  with  many  copper-plate  views,  fome  of 
them  very  elegant.  ]£    < 

Art.  VL  ji  Gtrnral  Effay  on  Topics;  with  an  Introdu^ory  Dif- 
couKe,  &c.  Tranflated  from  the  French  of  Monf.  Guibert.  fy 
amCfffl^ir^n     ^vOm     2  vols.     12  s.  Boards.     MiJlan.     1781. 

WE  have  here  an  attempt,  hut  not  a  very  fuccefsful  one, 
towards  a  tranflation  of  Monf.  Guibert's  famous  Trea* 
tife  oin  TaAics,  already  fo  well  known  in  the  military  world, 

Our  lively  neighbours  have,  probably,  the  knack  of  faying 
more  on  this,  or  on  any  other  fubje£^,  than  all  the  reft  of  the 
world  ;  and  one  book  among  them  is  often  the  fertile  parent  of 
many  more ;  an  author  being  not  only  a  fource  of  ideas  in 
himfeif,  but  the  caufe  of  ideas  in  others.  Whether  in  thefe 
days  we  can  do  more  than  formerly,  we  can  furely  ta/Jt  and  turite 
as  much  as  in  any  foregoing  period, — and  fortunately  for  us  Re- 
viewers, and  for  feveral  other  trades,  if  Readers  do  not  fall  off, 
there  appears  as  yet  no  threatening  fcarcity  of  Authors. 
.  The  ^ngVifh  nation  has  been  confidered  as  rather  deficient  in 
military  authors,  but  we  certainly  are  not  deftituteof  good  tranf 

*  Lieutenant  Douglas^  of  the  North  LincQlnfhire  Militia.    Vid* 
(lie  Mvirii/emnts  of  the  book. 

P  4  latorsj 


49  Guiben*!  Effaj  on  TaHici. 

lators ;  and  aosongft  the  great  number  who  now  underftand  the 
French  language,  we  are  furprifed  to  fee  a  Tranflator  ftep  forth 
who  is  fo  little  qualified  for  the  office  f  •  His  ftile  is  throughout 
ftiflF,  bald,  aukward,  difagreeable,  and  fo  unlike  the  original,  that 
one  might  alm6ft  imagine  it  was  fo  contrived,  that  the  fpirit  of 
the  Author  might  the  more  eafily  evaporate.  Hap-hazard,  the 
Translator  appears  to  be  often  trying  to  guefs  the  meaning  of 
his  Author  by  x,\itfiund^  &c.  which  reminds  us  of  the  wag  who 
rendered  ille  fi  fronunoit  fur  Us  gazons JUuriSf'-^hy'^^^  (he  pro* 
mifed  herfelf  a  piece  of  flowered  gauze/'  The  Work  feems, 
however,  to  improve  a  little  as  we  advance,  and  we  have  reafon 
to  wilh  and  to  hope,  that  this  gentleman  may  improve  himfelf 
aot  only  in  the  French,  but  in  his  Englilh,  and  in  grammar,  be* 
fore  his  next  attempt. 

As  to  the  original  of  this  Eflay  on  Ta6)ics,  Monf.  Guibert  is 
certainly  an  ingenious  and  fpirited  writer,  and  (kilful  officer ; 
who  treats  his  fubjed  in  a  mafterly  manner,  though  he  may  be 
thought  fometimes  rather  pofitive  and  conceited, — efpecially  for 
fo  young  a  man.  But  we  muft  allow  for  the  vivacity  of  a 
Frenchman. 

By  the  way,  we  cannot  help  thinking,  that  a  number  of  the 
principal  authors  on  thefe  fubjeAs  might  be  taken  in  the  grofa, 
suid  abridged  by  fomeof  our  military  gentlemen  ;"—theeirence  of 
their  works  might  be  extraAed,  and  given  to  the  Public,  to  be 
read  and  fludied  by  many,  who  either  could  not,  or  might  not 
chufe  to  confult  the  originals. — Even  our  Monf  G.  a  young 
author,  ardent  to  give  us  all  he  knows,  i'propos  or  not,  might,  we 
fancy,  be  confiderably  abridged,  9nd  much  of  his  declantatory. 
and  prefatory  matter,  might  probably  be  fpared,  without  any 
great  lofs  to  the  £ngli(b  reader,  Monf.  G.  laments  the  want  of 
authors,  and  probably  expe&s  too  much  from  books. 

It  is  a  genera]  opinion,  that  the  art  of  printing  will  cer- 
tainly be  the  means  of  preferving  all  the  other  arts.  It  is  .to  be 
wifhed  we  may  not  deceive  ourfelves  in  this :  The  caufes  of  the 
decline  of  arts  and  of  empires  may  be  too  powerful  to  be  ftoppe4 
by  the  art  of  printing.     We  fear  that  tyranny  and  corruptioa 

f  He  traDQatei, 
Ifes gouvtrmnuwt /oMit — Our  goverDmentt  it. 

Memt  far  Its  tr^iiiej, — The  fame  by  the  treaties,  meaniog  even  by,  &c. 
C4ci  lis  ar«r#,— This  rifes  them  in  arms. 
Fmrt  plact^ — M<ike  place. 
Jlfaut  q^i*elU  (onduify dcfroni  toutisUs  parties  deladmhiftratitn^^^ThtJ 

mad  be  the  precurfe  of  every  circomftance  which  pertains  to  admi- 

niftpation. 
y /'Mt/f,— Through  envy,  meaning  tn  competition* 
Em  s^afprpchant 9^  In  having  a  nearer  proximiry* 
I///,^Hc  done,  ^c.  &c. 


Guibert*/  EJfaj  on  TaElia^  41 

miy  poflibly  overtake  the  arts,  and  may  ftop  or  divert  their  pro- 
gre6 :  and  we  know  that  fomc  of  the  moft  uicful  have  already 
been  driven  from  certain  countries  in  this  manner,  even  fince  th« 
invention  of  printing,  Befides,  there  are  arts  and  trades  which 
probably  cannot  be  taught  or  preferved  by  any  writing  \  and 
efcn  among  all  thofe  cleimentary  books,  which  Monf.  G.  feemi 
to  think  To  neceflary,  we  have  feldom  heard  of  any  that  could  ea? 
tirely  fupply  the  place  of  tn  apprenticelhip  in  any  of  the  com* 
mon  trades.  And  though  many  good  hints  might  be  gathered 
from  the  Works  of  Monf^.  &c.  by  officers  of  every  rank,  from 
the  general  to  the  drill* ferjeant,  yet  we  much  doubt  if  any  one 
of  them  could  be  completely  formed  by  all  the  books  in  the 
world. 

Monf.  G.\  Work  begins  by  a  preliminary  dilcourie,  a  noted 
and  elegant  piece  of  declamation,  containing  likewife  the 
plan  of  another  publication  with  which  he  purpofes  to  favour, 
the  world,  and  of  which  the  prelent  Eflay  is  only  a  part  Then 
follow  an  introdudion,  ^nd  the  Work  itfelf,  containing  the 
whole  Science  of  Ta£lics,  from  the  drill,  or  education  of  troops^  aa 
he  ftiies  it,  to  the  grand  manoeuvres  or  fcience  of  the  general, 
'  with  all  our  Author's  improvements,  which  feem  to  be  very 
confiderable,  and,  confequently,  (hould  require  time  and  reflec«^ 
tion  before  they -can  be  introduced,  however  warmly  and  clearly 
Ipe  may  ftate  their  fuperiority  over  all  other  fyficms  and  improve-* 
Bents. 

He  divides  Tallies  into  i.  Elementary  firfl  principles  ;  and  2. 
The  complicated  and  fublime  fcience  of  the  general,  which  (hould 
unite  all  the  different  parts,  and  comprehend  every  branch  of 
knowledge.  He  obferves,  that  this  fublime  part  was  loft  with 
the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire; — revived  again  by  Guftavus  and 
Nallau, — but  there  it  ftopped, — then  chance  and  routine  go* 
veroed.  The  genius  of  Saxe  had  a  glimpfe  of  this  great  art, 
which  he  had  not  time  to  create ; — that  was  referved  for  the  King 
of  Pruffia,— -to  manage  ioo,oco  men  as  eafily  as  loco.  He  has 
been  copied  without  being  underftood.  National  differences, 
chara^rs,  governments,  now  difappear ;  all  are  modelled  on 
each  other,  efpecially  in  whatever  is  military;  and  all  equally 
indolent  and  efieminate,  aukward  and  averfe  to  manly  exercifes, 
and  tacitly  agreed  in  depending  on  fire  arms  and  long  thin  lines. 

Our  policy  appears  moft  wretched  when  compared  with  that 
of  Greece  and  Rome,  where,  he  obferves,  during  a  (hort  t'me, 
more  great  and  eood  men  were  produced,  than  in  all  the  reft  of 
the  world  ever  fince. 

*  Syftems  of  government  are  now  formed,  not  on  the  happinef;, 
but  on  the  oppreffion  of  the  people,  who,  fo  far  from  chufing, 
loving,  or  fupporting  their  prefect  governments,  would  all 
gUally  hseak  their  cbainsy  and  change  their  laws  and  mafters, 

if 


4t  Guibert'j  Effay  on  TaiJici. 

if  they  were  not  fo  ftrongly  bound  by  vices,  habits,  or  force.'-^ 
Each  lives  for  himfelf ;  there  is  no  public  :  Governments  at 
war  with  their  fubjedbs,  corrupting  one  part  to  rule  the  reft,  in 
dread  of  their  being  inftrutSed  ;•  -  promoting  luxury  and  vice,  fo 
as  to  weaken  and  impoverifh,  abforbing  the  riche<>,  &c.  In 
ihort,  to  ^|^eaken  and  divide,  fo  as  to  govern  more  eafily, — to  op- 
prefs  with  impunity, — is  now  mifcalled  the  fcunce  of  government^ 
Defended  by  the  moft  defpicable  and  miferable  of  their  fubjedts, 
•— preferved  from  the  mutual  and  malignant  vengeance  of  each 
other,  more  by  weaknefs  and  refemblance,  than  by  any  of  their 
little  cunning  fyftems  of  balance  of  power  or  trade,  of  ntrgocia- 
tiiig,  cheating,  &c.  on  which  they  fcem  fo  much  to  depend.— ^ 
Their  peace  eftablifhments,  already  beyond  their  finances,  zni 
yet  they  declare  war,  drain  and  ruin  each  other  ;  till  forced  to 
peace  by  inability,  each  refts  feated  on  his  own  ruins,  ftrivrng  tc^ 
patch  up  his  affairs,  to  pay  his  debts,  and  whet  his  arms  afrefh/ 

Our  Author  has  hazarded  a  prophetic  furmife  of  the  increafmg 
fuperiorjty  of  our  nation  over  hisown,  which  he  may  probably 
live  to  fie  Contradi^ed. 

.  He  juftly  cenfures  t^e  want  of  nnity  and  greatnefs  in  our  go- 
vernments, and  all  th^fe  little  partial  ichcmes  and  interefls  ot  fo 
inany  feparate  departments.  > 

Some  kings  and  minifters,  he  fays,  have  procured  to  their  coun- 
try  a  little  temporary  fuccefs  ;  but  no  nation  has  ever  had  any  real- 
and  durable  profperity,  *  except  where  the  nature  of  their  govern- 
ment gave  them  fome  permanent  ihftitution,  or  body  of  people, 
to  colled  the  knowledge  and  reduce  the  interefts  of  the  ftate  to 
a  fyftem, — to  unite  the  paft,  prefent,  future  :  In  fhort,  a  conjii- 
tution  formed  on  the  principles  of  freedom,  wircom,and  dura- 
tion.' 

*  The  great  fcience  of  politics,  as  it  improves,  muft  thereby  be- 
come more  fimple,  folid,  and  eafy.  Liberty,  proteftion,  (ecu- 
rity,  would  form  the  whole  commercial  code.  'All  pares  of  po*' 
licy  and  of  war  would,  in  like  manner,  be  fimplified. 

*  It  is  a  melancholy  reflcdlion,  that  the  firft  art  invented  by 
men  fhould  have  betn  that  of  deftroying  each  other;  and  that, 
fince  the  beginning  of  time,  more  fchemes  and  talents  have  been 
employed  to  injure  than  to  benefit  humanity. 

Our  Author  traces  the  progrefs  of  War  round  the  globe,  and- 
fees  her  flying  the  rich  and  enlightened  nations,  and  rcfiding 
chiefly  with  thofe  that  areruftic  and  poor  ;  as,  for  inftancc,  the 
Perfiins,  Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans,  before  they  were  corrupt- 
ed.— He  fays,  *  That  the  invention  of  gunpowder  did  not  tend 
to  perfedfc  or  improve  the  military  art,  while  it  helped  to  deftroy 
that  enviable  inftitution  of  Chivalry  :— That  changes  have  fince 
been  introduced,  fatal  to  humanity  and  to  the  progrefs  of  the  art, 
as  thofe  numerous  and  unwieldy  armies,  with  their  immenfe  ar- 

tillcry^ 


-^v 


WakficldV  EJfay  on  In/piratm.  45 

tillery,  &c.  the  management  of  which  has  been  underftood  only 
ly  a  few,  and  has  never  been  properly  taught.  Hence  wars  be- 
come ftill  lefs  decifive,  more  frequent,  tedious,  and  fatal  to  na* 
tions  and  their  population/  He  recommends  fimplifying  and 
diminiOiing  our  armies  and  manoeuvres,  and  declaims  againft 
the  many  bad  efFe£^s  of  our  prefcnt  policy,  &c.  But  the  dawa 
of  morning  banifhes  the  night,  and  gives  hopes  of  day.  When 
the  propagation  of  knowledge  fhall  become  general  among  all 
ranks,  the  world  will  be  happy;  — and  his  hopes  of  this  happy 
period  proceed  from  the  chance  of  virtue  and  genius  being  bora 
together  on  the  Throne.  While  arts  and  letters  have  been  po- 
liOiing  mankind,  their  governments  have  permitted  thofe  reme- 
dies to  turn  to  poifon.  War  is  become  a  kind  of  polite  amufe- 
mcnt.  r^urope  is  now  peopled  with  a  fet  of  miferable  artiits  and 
tradefmen,  equally  indifferent  to,  and  incapable  of,  the  defence 
of  their  country.  Nations  now  depend  for  their  very  exiflencc 
on  a  bafe  and  mercenary  foldiery,  badly  conftitutcd,  and  un- 
interefted  in  viftory  or  defeat.  The  whole  of  the  people 
ibould  be  taught  the  ufe  of  arms,  and  military  difcipline  ought 
ID  be  an  indifpcnfible  part  of  education.' 

We  wi(h  that  our  limits,  as  well  as  our  abilities,  had  been 
more  equal  to  our  defire  of  doing  juflice  to  this  fpirited  and  in* 
genious  officer;  who  promifes  the  public  (lill  more  of  the  fruits 
of  his  application,  which  may  be  ftill  more  mature  and  ufeful: 
He  may  then  have  acquired  a  greater  portion  of  what  he  obferyeg 
to  be  a  rare  and  neccflary  talent,  and  only  to  be  obtained  with 
years,— that  of  coolly  expreffing  what  we  warmly  feel.'     --. -^^      •  * 

Art.  VII.      Jh  EJfay  on  In/piration,  ccnjtdered  chiefly  with  rt/ptS  to     x'    ^t,/, 
the  Evangelijis.     tJy  Gilbert  Wakefield,  B.  A.  laic  Fellow  of  Jcfus 
College,  Cambridge,  and  now  clafTiCbl  Tutor  at  Warrington.    8vo* 

'21.  6d.     Johnfon.     1781. 

THIS  Writer  is  a  fierce  advocate  for  free  inquiry;  and  as 
fierce  and  formidable  an  enemy  to  Creeds,  Catechifms, 
and  Articles  of  Faith.  He  is  terrible  in  his  wrath  againft  ^  the 
damnable  Athanafian  hcrefy ;'  and  cafiing  about  his  firebrands 
(though  not  in /port)  he  cries  Havocif  and  lets  loofe — the  thunder 
pf  *•  his  red  right  hand" — rubente  dextra  facras  jaculutus  arces — 
*  to  demolifii  the  outworks  which  the  blind  and  timid  credulity 
of  darker  ages  aiTifted  to  ere£l  for  the  entrenchment  of  fuperfti- 
tion  and  ecclefiaftical  fupremacy.' 

'*  Gon,  Drum,  Trumpet,  Blunderbufs,  and  Thunder!'' 
You  have  here  fine  work  cut  out  for  you. 

But  we  will  beat  a  parley  for  a  moment,  to  read  the  mamftft9 
which  tbi$  champion  hath  exhibited  as  a  plea  for  a  declaratloa 
pf  war  againft  Fathers,  Councils,  Synods,  Afiemblies,  Convo- 

cationSy 


44  Gilbert'^  Plan  for  the  ReUifof  the  Poor^  &c# 

cations,  I.  e.  againft  ignorance,  policy,  bigotry,  prieftcraft,  fu* 
perftition,  and  the  ground  of  M^pUnary  infpiration!  Hear 
liim. 

*  The  notion  of  a  plenary  infpiration,  oppofed  in  this  eflay,  ii 
one  of  thofe  many  fancies  that  have  impaired  the  ftrength  and 
tarniOied  the  beauty  of  our  religion  :  it  hath  conduced  to  extin«* 
gui(h  the  light  of  reafon,  that  candle  of  the  Lord  which  illumi* 
nateth  every  man  that  cometh  into  the  world.  Reafon  is  re- 
iuflantly  borne  away  in  triumph  without  a  temporary  permiffion 
to  advertife  the  conqueror  of  his  frailty  and  fallibility*  Reallj 
this  is  a  lamentable  complaint !  But  this  hero  of  Warrington 
is  determined  to  bind  the  ftrong  man  armed : — to  kill  t;he  great 
giantt  Infpiration^  that  hath  fo  long  (hut  up  Dame  Reafon  in 
his  enchanted  caftle,  and  treated  her  with  fcorn  and  negleA;  to 
put  the  fceptre  in  her  hand,  and  lead  her  forward  to  head  *  the 
CHOSEN  FEW  of  our  own  day,  who  (as  Mr.  Wakefield  (ays— ^ 
for  be  is  one  of  the  number)  may  be  of  fome  fervice  in  enlight- 
ening the  minds,  and  dilating  the  hearts  of  our  poflcri.ty,  by  fur* 
nifliing  right  notions  of  Chriftian  truth  and  Chriftian  liberty/ 

This  Writer,  in  the  *  ardor'  of  his  zeal  againft  *  an  ignoble 
acquiefcence  in  the  decifions  of  our  forefathers,'  applies  two 
lines  of  Mr.  Pope  to  thofe  ignoble  (laves  to  antiquity^ 

Who  fcorn  a  lad  fliould  teach  hit  father  ikiil* 
.Aod  baviDg  once  been  wrong,  will  be  fo  Hill. 

We  fuppofe  Mr.  Wakefield  to  be  the  lad  referred  to  by  tbia 
quotation.     We  hope  for  his  own  fake,  that  he  is  nothing  more^ 
■and  would  have  him  refled,  before  he  publi(hes  any  more  efTaya 
on  facred  fubjeds,  on  two  other  lines  of  the  fame  great  poet : 

We  think  oar  fathers  fools^^io  wile  we  grow ! 

Our  wifer  fons,  no  doubt,  will  think  us/o*  ^P^,  ••llW« 

Art.  VIIL  Plan  for  thi  hotttr  Rtlitf  and Empleymtut  of  tbt  Poor,  for 
tnforcimg  and  amending  the  Laivt  rtfpeBing  Houjet  of  CorreQion  and 
Vagrantx^  and  for  impro*ving  the  Pelice  of  this  Country ;  together 
nvi/h  Bllst  intended  to  he  offtred  to  Parliament  /or  tbefe  PmrpofeSm 
By  Thomas  Gilbert,  £fq.     8vo.     as.  6d.     Witkie,  1781. 

THE  imperfedions  of  the  prefent  fyftem  of  our  Poor  Lawi 
(as  they  are  called)  have  long  been  felt  and  complained 
of;  and  the  two  oppofite  defers  have  been  imputed  to  them, 
of  intolerable  expence,  and  deplorable  inefficacy.  To  bring 
about  a  reformation  in  fo  important  a  part  of  our  police,  *  to 

*  proniote  induftry  by  compelling  every  poor  perfon  to  labour 

*  who  is  able  to  work,  to  take  proper  care  of  thofe  who  are 

*  not  fo,  to  reform  the  difTolute  and  refradory  by  puni(hmenta 
f  well  adapted  to  their  offences ;  and,  by  a  feafonable  and  pru* 
f  dent  oeconomy,  to  guard  againft  every  impofition|  and  unne- 

S  jc(&ry 


— • "  • 


Gilbert*!  Plan  fir  tbi  Riluf  of  the  Poifj  &c*  45 

'  cfflaiy  expence/  ace  the  great  and  benevolent  purpofes  of 
the  very  refpedable  fenator  who  gives  this  plan  to  the  Public. 
To  enter  into  a  particular  detail  of  the  three^ills  he  has  drawn 
up,  would  lead  us  too  far;  to  pronounce  upon  their  merits 
miffht  be  a  violation  of  decorum,  efpecially  as  they  are  now 
under  the  revifion  of  that  great  Corps  of  LAwRfiviEWERs, 
the  two  houfcs  of  parliament :     We  (hall  juft  make  one  obfer- 
nation,  which  is  applicable  to  all  plans  that  are  extenfive,  and 
meant  to  be  carried  into  general  ufe,  namely,  that  it  requires 
lictle  lefs  virtue  and  pxiblic  fpirit  in  the  different  orders  of  men 
who  are  to  execute  a  falutary  law,  than  it  does  wifdom  and  en- 
largement of  mind  to  frame  it.     The  condudi  of  overfeers  and 
parilh-officers  has  too  often  been  fuch,  as  to  make  any  very 
raoguine  hopes  of  their  cooperation  in  a  law  which  depends 
much  on  them  for  its  fuccefs,  appeaf  fomething  like  ^ixoti/m. 
With  regard  to  juftices  of  the  peace,  as  they  are,  or  ought 
to  be,  men  of  education  and  property,  we  are  defirous  to  en-* 
certmio  the  fame  opinion  as  Mr.  Gilbert,  whofe  animated  fenti* 
ments  on  this  fubje£l  do  him  the  highelt  honour ;  and  we  hope 
bis    generous  labours  in  the  fervice  of  the  Public  will  not  lofe 
their  efled. 

'  I  have  heard  itobferved,  that  although  the  plan  of  tbefe  Bills  is 
confe£cdl]r  a  good  one,  yet  the  juftices  of  peace  (upon  whofe  (honl- 
the  great  burden  liei)  will  not  give  themfeives  the  trouble  to 
[ecote  it.  This  is  the  langaage  kA  Jlotb  and  timidity^  which  has 
long  prevailed,  and  well-nigh  ruined  the  internal  police  of  this 
cooacfy»  which  1  am  moil  anxious  to  revive.  I  will  not  judge  (b 
uafsvoorably  of  my  fellow- juiiices,  as  to  imagine,  that  when  they  fee 
their  country  at  the  very  brink  of  deftruftion.  they  will  not  lend  a  hand 
to  lave  her,  by  executing  a  law  which  is  plain,  eafy,  priCflicable,  and 
pffMiifiii|^  an  effe^ual  relief. 

'  The  magiftratei,  who  facrifice  their  time,  and  expence  too«  ia 
the  cxecatioD  of  the  laws  of  their  country,  without  fee  or  reward, 
have  safiaite  merit,  and  andoobcedly  ought  to  be  treated  with  very 
peat  refped. 

*  It  IS  an  office  of  great  trod  and  importance,  upon  which  the 
wtU-bdag  of  this  country,  in  a  great  meafure,  depcndi.  It  grieves 
oae  to  iea  gentlemen  of  fortune  and  ability,  in  every  county,  de* 
diaiag  co  iSt.  The  principal  cabfe  alleged  is,  the  difficohy  and  per* 
ykxity  af"  the  laws. 

*  I  chink  every  endeavour  (hould  be  ufed  to  make  the  laws  as  plant 
aad  intelligible  as  poffible ;  and,  for  thac  purpofe,  if  a  gentleman  or 
two^  edacaced  at  the  bar,  were  to  be  appointed,  by  fome  of  the  great 
iadicial  officers  of  the  law,  with  fnitable  falaries,  to  infped  all  pub* 
flC  hiUs,  before  they  are  pafl^d,  during  the  feffions  of  parliament,  and 
ariatervals;  and,  during  the  receft  of  parliament,  to  be  employed 
ia  colleding  and  digefting  the  fiatntes  upon  particular  heads,  when 
diey  are  numerous,  in  order  to  their  being  reduced  into  one  ad,  in 
a  facare  feffiona ;  and  if  there  (hoold  be  a  (landing  committee  ap- 
foiasttd  so  foperintcnd  thofe  proceedings,  it  might  be  the  means  of 

preventing 


46  ^  Gilbert'^  Plan  for  the  ReKef  of  thi  Poor;  &c; 

preventing  many  inaccuracies  in  penning  the  new  aAs»  and  wbok! 
loon  render  the  rclt  eafy  and  intelligible.  • 

*  To  the  fame  he^il  may  be  referred  another  difficulry  and  embar- 
rafTmcnc  attending  jiilUcts  of  the  poacs,  which  I  think  ought  to  be , 
prevented.     They  kre  at  a  great  cxpcnce  iu  purchafing   ti^e   afls  of 
parlianieut ;  and  complaints  are  frequently  brought  to  thenn,    upon 
new  laws,  before  they  have  been  able  to  procure  the  aft*. 

*  1  (hould  hope  fome  means  may  be  found  to  obviate  this,  withcoC 
XDuch  expence  either  to  his  Majelly  or  the  Public, 

*  Thefe  bills,  with  the  ob(ervacions  I  have  made  upon  them»  con* 
vey  nay  reotinsents,  upon  a  fubjcft  the  moll  interelling  and  impor-* 
taut  to  the  future  «%eifare  and  proiperity  of  this  country,  that  can 
po0ibly  come  btrfore  parliament ;  formed,  not  hallily,  but  upon  the 
mod  matuie  deliberation. 

*  I  can  aiTurc  the  reader,  whoever  he  may  be,   high,   low,   rich, 
or  poor,  that  I  have  no  purpofes  of  my  own  to  fervc,   no  views  to 
gratify,  no  expectation  of  reward  for  my   labours,  but  uhatarifes' 
from  the  pleating  refieclion  of  my  own  mind ;  that  J  have,  for  many 
years  pad,  devoted  a  great  fhare  of  my  time,  not  without  confider^ft  ' 
able  expence,  to  an  objedt,  pleafing  to  niyfelf,  and,  1  prefume,  not  • 
unworthy  the  attention  of  fuch  as  have  at  heart  the  welfare  of  their 
country,  — /i6a/  of  difeo*vtring^  and  tndta'UQuriHg  to  relit<vit  tbi  dif* 
tnjfn  of  many  hundred  tboufandi  of  our  flionv-crcaturtSy  who  fall  an*  . 
der  the  reach  of  thefe  bills. 

*  I  do  not  pretend  to  reprefent  thefe  bills  as  perfe^  and  fit»  ia  ^ 
their  prefent  (late,  to  be  paiTed  into  laws;  but  as  the  didrefTes  of  ^ 
the  poor,  and  the  burden  upon  thofe  who  maintain   ihcm,   are  fo 
great,  and  daily  increafing,  I  could   not  prevail  upon   myfelf,  any 
longer,  to  poftpone  bringing  the  fubje6t,  fairly  and  openly,  in  the  , 
ibape  it  now  is,  before  parliament ;  having  found,  after  waiting  many  . 
years,  that  no  other  gentleman  was  inclined  to  undertake  it,  nor  any 
plan  propofed,  for   bringing  forward   fo  very  cflTential  a  work,  by  . 
thofe  who  are  at  the  head  of  our  public  affairs.     Nor  have  I  been  . 
deterred  from  fleadily  purfuing  the  objefl  to  its  prefent  crifis,  by  ' 
meeting  with  the  frowns,  inllcad  of  receiving  the  countenance^  of. 
fdme  perfons,  which,  from  their  iituation,  and  the  great  importance  . 
of  the  fubjed,  I  thought  I  had  good  reafon  to  expect. 

*  The  utmoft  of  my  wifhes  are,  that  the  plan  and  bills  may  be' ' 
confidered,  dating  the  courfe  of  the  fummer,  by  the  members  of  botb  . 
houfes,  and  particularly  thofe  of  the  long  robe ;  and  alfo  by  magif-  , 
trates,'  and  others  converfant  in  the  fubjefl ;  and  that  they  may  be  . 
fairly  and  candidly  difcufTed  the  next  felTion,  in  a  manner  which  the 
magnitude  of  the  fubje^  deferves.  * 

'  If  they  (hould,  after  proper  correal  ion  and  amendments,  be  found  . 
admiflible,  it  will  afford  me  great  faiisfaclion ;  if  not,   I  hope  they 
will  be  the  means  of  producing   fome  others,  better  digeilcd,   and 
adapted  to  the  purpofe  ;  as  my  defircs  are,  that  this  nectfl'ary  fervice  ' 
may  be  rendered  to  the  Public  i  not  being  at  all  anxious  iiom  whofe 
hands  it  fhall  come'  rp 

Art* 


(    47    ) 

A  XT.  1\.   Supi^hrr.ent  to  Mr.  Cilberrs  Plan  and  Bills  for  tht  RtlUf  tf 
tbi  Peer,  CJf.     Delivered  Gratis  to  the  Purchafers  of  the  Plan, 

THIS  fupplcment  Ci>nta:,ns  foinc  further  explanations,  and 
judicious  alterations,  of  the   bills  as  originally  framed  j 
and  liicewifc  a  ihort  index  to  the  material  parts  of  each.       — ^ 

Art,  X     An  /,*ifnv?r  to  Afr.  ^lf.nv*s  Enquiry  into  tht  Authenticity  of 
the  Pams  afcribed  to   0{Jian,      Dy  John   Clark,  Tranflaior  of   the 
CaiedoDian  Bards  ft  and   Member  of  the  Society  of  dcots  Anti* 
quariea,     8vo.     i  .s     CaJeil,   1781. 

1  N  our  late  review  of  Mr.  Shaw's  Enquiry  *,  wc  expreflti 
I  an  opinion,  in  ftrong  terms,  of  the  neceffity  of  a  full  and 
clear  anfwer  to  it.  His  charges  were  direct,  and  perfonal  ;  and 
ftrucic  deep  at  the  credit  of  I'ome  refpedable  charad^ers.  Their 
veracity  was  impeached  by  the  moft  forcible  and  pointed  r;flcr- 
tions  ;  and  feveral  gentlemen,  in  whofc  honour  we  had  the 
fuileft  confiJence,  were  held  up  to  the  Public  as  the  wilful  abet- 
tors of  an  impofture. 

Amongft  others,  the  ingenious  and   learned  Dr.  Fergufon, 
profefTur  of  moral  philofophy  at  Edinburgh,  was   reprefented 
by  Mr.  Shaw  as  a  co-adjutor  in  the  fraud  of  Mr.  Macphcrfon, 
by  introducing   to  Dr.  Percy  a  Highland   ftucicnr,  to  rehcarfe 
ferae  parts  of  Oflian  in  the  pretended  original,  which,   in  fad^^ 
Mr,  Shaw  declares   were  tranllated   from  Englilh  into  Gaelic, 
in  order  to  carry  on  the  impofition.     Dr,  Fcrgufon,  by  a  pub- 
lic advertifcment  in  the  St.  James's  Chronicle,  and  other  pa- 
pers, not  only  denied   the  more   ferious    part    of   the  charge, 
which  fo  deeply  affe<Sted  his  honour,  but  alfo  declared  that  he  never 
was  prefent  at  fuch  a  recital  ;  and  that  every  circumilance  ia 
the  charge  was  falfc.     One  part  of  Dr.  Fergu ion's  declaration, 
however,  hath  been   cbntradickd   in   the  fame   papers   by  Dr. 
Percy  himfelf — but  with  a  politenefs   and  delicacy  beoming  the 
charader  of  that  ingenious  and  worthy  divine.     He  would  not 
fiippoie  that,  if  any   fraud  was  ai^ted.  Dr.  Fcrgufon  was  privy 
to  it ;  and   is  willing  to  believe,  that  his   having  been  prefenc 
at  the  recital  abovementioned  had  efcaped  his  recollection.    For,. 
in  fa£t^    it  appears,    that  Dr.   Fvrgulon  was  prefent^  together. 
with  Dr.  Blair;  and   was  alfo  the  very  pcrfon  who  introduced 
Che  Highland  (ludent  to  Dr.  Percy,  and  gave  the  Dodor,  who 
Wat   fceptical  about   Oflian's  poems,  an   invitation  to  his  own 
houfe,  for  the  purpofe  of  convincing  him  or  ihcir  authenticity 
by  means  of  this  very  recital. 


^  f  For  oor  account  of  the  Caledonian  Ba:d*,  Ac  Re/,  vol.  li.x.  p.  367. 
*  See  Review  for  iall  awnilk. 

The 


48  CIark*i  Anfwir  to  Shawns  Enjuifj^ 

The  author  of  this  pamphlet  informs  us,  that  ^  he  perfonally 
applied  to  Dr.  Blair,  and  Proftflbr  Fergufon,  and  they  autho- 
rifed  him  to  aflfure  the  Public,  that  the  whole  is,  in  exfiry  par- 
ticular, a  falfthcod.  If  Mr.  Shaw  wifliei  to  clear  himfelf  of 
this  dire£l  charge  of  writing  a  falfchood,  he  may  apply  to  Dr« 
Percy,  the  refpedable  Dean  of  Carliflc,  for  his  authority  to 
contradid  it  in  public*  Dr.  Percy  informed  the  Public,  that 
he  entered,  with  the  greateft  reludance,  into  the  controvcrfy  | 
but  that  he  was  compelled,  by  truth,  to  relate  what  he  knew 
of  the  aflPair. 

We  think  it  due  to  Mr.  Shaw  to  give  thefe  particulars  to 
the  Public,  with  their  full  evidence.  How  far  his  having  been 
cleared  by  fo  uncontrovertible  an  authority,  from  the  direA 
charge  oi  falfehoed^  in  one  inftance,  may  leflen  the  weight  of 
other  charges  of  a  fimilar  nature  alledged  againft  him,  is  a 
point  we  muft  leave  to  be  decided  by  every  man  for  himfelf. 
We  have  already  obferved,  that  impoftun  muji  txiji  finuwbire 
or  other.  Mr.  Clark  avers,  that  it  exifts  wholly  and  entirely 
with  Mr.  Shaw  ;  and,  to  convince  the  Public  that  this  is  really 
the  cafe,  he  bath  not  only  attempted  to  confute  Mr.  Shaw'a 
Enquiry  by  argument,  but  by  teftimony ;— -and  fuch  teftimony» 
(00,  as  appears  to  be  in  a  very  great  meafure  deciflve. 

As  we  have  ftated  Mr.  dhaw's  evidence  at  large,  the  fame 
juftice  is  due  to  Mr.  Clark ;  and  we  will  fully  difcharge  the 
obligation. 

We  were  indeed  aware,  that  much  depended  on  the  perfona! 
credit  of  Mr.  Shaw;  and,  from  fome  enquiries  concerning  his 
charader,  we  were  not  difpofed  to  rejedl  his  teftimony  as. 
wholly  fpurious :  nor  could  we  willingly  allow  ourfelves  to  think 
that  he  was  fo  far  loft  to  honour,  and  even  common  precau* 
Cion^  as  to  crowd  his  book,  not  only  withevafive  and  equivocal 
reafonings,  but  with  aflertions  fo  palpably  falfe,  as  to  open  the 
evident  door  to  detection  and  confutation^  However,  we  are 
forry  to  fay,  that  Mr.  Clark  feems  to  have  fucceedcd  too  well 
in  e'xpofing  Mr.  Shaw's  ^  pretenjkns  to  truth :'  for  if  we  might 
comprife  the  prefent  attempt  into  a  brief  yet  comprehenfive 
account  of  its  general  defign,  we  might  call  it— ^  The  Lii. 
direA  to  Mr.  William  Shaw.' — This  gentleman,  who  was  fo 
eager  to  fix  the  charge  of  impofition  on  his  countryman,  and 
who  flood  forward  as  the  only  Scotchman  who  had  the  honefl^y 
Qt  the  courage  to  fpeak  the  truth,  is  here  held  forth  to  public 
view,  in  the  horrid  light  of  an  abandoned  and  unprincipled 
man,  whofe  fole  motive  was  intereft,  combined  with  revenge : 
»^a  miferable  outcaft  from  his  country,  and  his  country's  e& 
teem  ;  a  venal  apoflate  from  the  Church  of  Scotland  \  an  in* 
grate  to  bis  bcft  friend,  and  a  mean  paraluc  of  Oilian's  worft 

eae* 


Clark' J  Anfwer  to  S  haw V  Enqutfj.-  49 

encmj — Dr.  Johnfon.      This— if  wc  may  credit  Mr.  Clark— 
\ii$  is  Mr,  Shaw. 

After  fome  general  remarks  on  Mr.  Shaw's,  birth,  edu^ 
cation,  and  profeflion,  Mr.  Clark  expofes  his  Gaelic  erudition 
with  the  aioft  pointed  feverity  ;  and  particularly  obferves,  with 
refped  to  his  DiSlionary^  that  *  inftead  of  adhering  to  thedialeA 
fpiken  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  he  haih  thrown  into  hit  work 
all  the  words  he  cou4d  collect  /rom  vocabularies  of  the  different  dia*> 
lefts  of  the  Celtic ;  particularly  that  which  it  ufcd  in  Irelapd.f 
This  corrupt  mixrare  is  attriburcd,  by  our  author,  to  Mr,  Shawns 
having  fpent  the  former  part  of  his  life  in  his  native  ide  of  A*ran^ 
'  where  a  dialed  of  the  Gaelic  tongue  is  ufed,  fo  corrupt  in  the  wordii, 
ind  fo  vciou^  in  the  pronunciation^  as  ro  be  almod  unintelligible  \xx 
the  other  weftern  iflands,  and  the  oppofie  continent  of  the  High- 
lands* where  the  langu^tge  is  fpoken  with  elegance  and  purity.' 

To  the  fingle  and  unfupported  aflertions  of  Mr.  Shaw,  his 
anfwcrer  oppofes  the  direft  and  explicit  teftimonies  of  foveral 
very  refpeclable  gentlemen  ;  and  hath  even  oppofcd  Mr.  ^haw's 
aflertions  by  hU  own  teflimony,  in  part  col ledlcd  from  his  Anar 
Ijlfis^  which  is  before  the  Pubiic,  and  in  part  from  privi(te  let- 
ters, which  arc  in  the  potnflion  of  the  Author  himfelf. 

With  refpcS  to  the  authenticity  of  the  poems  of  Offian^ 
which  it  was  the  dtfign  of  Mr.  Shaw's  Enquiry  totally  to  inva^* 
lidate,  Mr.  Clark  grants,  that  <  he  never,  indeed,  heard  the 
fimi^al  and  Ttmtra  rchcarfed  by  any  Jingit  Highlander  in  the  fame 
irraAgemenc  in  which  iVlr.  Macpherfon  liath  publifhed  them  '  But 
he  alicrtf,  that  *  he  hsh  frequently  heard,  from  different  per  fons, 
almoft  every  pafTige  in  ihc^e  two  poems/with  no  more  difference 
from  the  tranflation  than  uhat  the  genius  of  the  language  required  $ 
and  oot  near  fo  much  as  there  is  between  the  different  editions  of 
tkefe  poems  in  thcr  different  parts  of  the  Highlands.  This  variation 
was  well  accounted  fur  (fay 9  Mr.  Clark)  by  Mr.  Shaw  himfelf  [viz. 
in  his  AMaljfis]^  before  he  thoirght  it  his  intereft  to  difguife  the 
uoih.' 

There  was  a  time,  it  feems,  when  Mr.  Shaw  was  fo  firmly 
perfuaded  of  the  authent.city  of  thefe  poems,  that  *  he  pro* 
pofcd  to  me  (fays  Mr.  Clark),  to  print  propofals  for  a  general  col- 
IcAion  of  them»  as  well  as  of  oihers,  and  to  arrange  the  whole  Am- 
ply as  they  are  rehrarfcd  by  the  people,  without  making  them  up 
into  epic  pieces;  wb'ch  I  accordingly  did.  The  originahy  and  tranl- 
lations  were  to  have1>rcn  publilhed  in  fepar^te  volumes.  Mr.  Shaw 
liimfelfy  with  the  g^eateil  enthufiafm,  voluntarily  undertook  to  pro* 
cure  fobfcribers  for  me  in  England,  and  wrote  me  fevcral  letters  on 
that  fubjed  from  London,  affuring  me  in  the  moil  pofitive  manntr 
of  his  fuccefs.  But  indead  of  performing  what  he  had  thus  fponta* 
BCOiifly  promifed,  the  very  next  part  of  his  conduct  towards  me  was 
10  bold  me  forth  as  an  impnffor  to  the  Public' 

Mr.  Shaw,  we  find,  was  angry  with  Mr.  Macpherfon,  not 

for  palming  fiAitious  poems  on  the  Public,  but  lor  curtailing 

Rev.  J«in.  1782.  £  the 


5d  Glark*i  Anjwir  U  SbawV  Enfuiry. 

the  originftls.  Tht  Maid  of  Craca^  an  cpifode  in  Fingal,  wai 
omitted  by  the  editor,  but  is  now  in  the  pofleffion  of  Mr. 
Clark.  It  extends  to  fome  hundred  lines,  and  is  a  large  com- 
plete poem  of  itfelf, 

Mr.  Shaw,  in  his  Enquiry^  fpeaks  very  particularly  of  his 
vifits  to  Mr.  Mackenzie,  treafurer  of  the  Highland  Society^ 
for  the  purpofe  of  infpeding  Gaelic  MSS. ;  and  records  a  fingu* 
lar  circumftance,  which  we  quoted  in  our  laft  Review.  Ii;  i^ 
fit  we  Ihould  prefent  the  res^der  with  Mr.  Mackenzie's  own  ac- 
count of  this  tranfa^ion* 

'  To  prove  (fays  our  inthor),  beyond  the  power  of  contradiflioii^ 
the  difingejiiiity»  as  well  as  the  grofs  ignoraoce  of  Mr.  Shaw,  on  ft 
fnbjed  which  he  preteadi  to  aDderftand  better  than  any  nan  liviii|» 
I  will  lay  before  the  reader  the  following  fads.  Mr.  Mackenzie 
haib  authorifed  me  to  fay,  **  that  Mr.  Shaw  had  feen  the  MSS.  in  hit 
caftody  before  the  poblicatton  of  his  pamphlet ;  had  looked  at  them^ 
and  turned  over  the  leaves  ;  but  at  that  time  bad  read  only  a  few 
words  np  and  down  in  different  places,  but  not  one  complete  (cn« 
tcnce,  though  requeued  fo  to  do  by  Mr.  Mackenzie  at  that  time. 
That  fince  ine  pubiication  of  his  pamplet,  Mr.  Shaw  hath  again  ieeit 
thofe  MSS.  and  again  read  fingle  words  in  different  parts ;  but  opod 
being  preffed  by  Mr.  Mackenzie,  in  prefence  of  another  gentleman, 
to  try  to  read  a  few  fentences»  he  applied  htmfelf  to  one  page  of 
a  MS.,  in  verfe ;  and,  after  poring  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  he 
made  out  three  lines,  which  related,  as  read  aloud  by  Mr.  Shaw 
himfeir,  l§  Ofcar  thi  fin  tf  Offiam,  Upon  being  aiked  how  thofii 
lines  agreed  with  the  dodrine  of  his  pamphlet  ?  Mr.  Shaw  anfweredt 
that  he  believed"  they  were  the  compofitions  of  the  1 5th  century  ,aad 
not  of  Oflian.' 

After  remarking  fome  curious  inftances  of  Mr.  Shaw*s  al« 
leged  ignorance,  contradidion,  and  vanity,  our  Author  gives  u$ 
a  piece  of  valuable  information.  Dr.  Johnfon,  on  being  in- 
formed that  fome  part  of  Offian's  poems  had  been  found  in  the 
Saxon  charaSer,  remarks,  in  his  *  Journey  to  the  Weflern 
Iflands,'  that  the  *  editor  of  QfEan  had  difcovered,  by  fome  pe- 
culiar fortune,  an  unwritten  language,  written  in  a  chara£ler 
^^  which  the  natives  probably  never  behdd.'  '  Here,'  fays  Mr, 
Clark,  '  Dr.  Johnfon  betrays  ignorance  incompatible  with  his  high 

fireteniions  to  letters.  There  is  not  a  man  in  Great  Britain,  or  Ire- 
and,  at  all  ^onverfant  with  old  MSS.  but  knows,  that  the  Sazoas» 
Highlanders,  and  IriOi  wrote  their  feveral  languages  in  the  felf-fane 
charadter.  Whether  the  Iri(h  and  Highlanders  had  them  originally 
from  the  Saxons,  or  the  Saxons  from  them  is  a  matter  of  no  moment. 
They  are  undoubtedly  the  fame,  and  came  originally  from  the  Ro- 
mans, who  were  certunly  the  introducers  of  letters  into  Great  Bri- 
<  tain ;  from  which  they  were  tranfplanted,  with  the  Chriftian  religion, 
into  Ireland.  St.  Patrick,  who  was  a  Scotchman,  is  faid  to  have 
been  the  iirfl  who  introduced  letters  into  Ireland;  and  if  that  was 
the  cafe,  it  is  probable  that  the  Irifh,  Scotch,  and  Saxons,  received 
the  Roman  letters  through  the  hands  of  the  ancient  Britons*' 

2  At 


Chrk'i  Ahfimr  U  Shaw'i  Enquiry^  51 

As  the  ancient  and  even  modern  ftate  of  the  Highlands  is  not  \ 

generally  underftoodi  Mr.  Clark  lays  a  fliort  iketch  of  it  before 
the  Reader,  from  which  he  will  eafily  fee  how  their  ancienc 
Poems  came  to  be  preferved. 

*  When  St.  Columba,  in  the  6th  centvry,  gathered  the  monks  into 
adtoaieries,  the  Gaelic  was  die  only  language  of  Scotland  and  Ire- 
liad :  ftDd  Roman  learning  began  to  be  cultivated  in  thole  monafie* 
net  ^*  At  there  was  a  conftant  intercourfe  betVireen  the  inhabitants 
of  both  iflandft  as  the  defcendants  of  one  common  parent^  and  as 
their  faiBgaage  was  materially  the  fame,  it  was  reduced  to  writing  m 
the  fame  chsHrader,  and  on  the  fame  grammatical  principles»  by  both* 
The  policy  of  the  clergy  induced  them,  to  confine  ail  learning  to 
thdr  own  order,  by  which  means  they  not  only  kept  the  vulgar  in 
•we  with  greater  eale,  bat  often  aimed  at  the  moft  eminent  civil 
oficet  in  tbs  ftate.  At  the  genius  of  Chriflianicy  did  m>t,  like  that 
of  Dmtdifm,  admit  of  a  jua^ioii  becweea  the  bardi  and  the  clergy, 
the  former  we^e  prevented  ^m  partaking  of  the  advantages  arifing 
ham  the  cnhivatioii  of  letters.  The  poetic  trade,  however>  conti- 
Boed,  not  oaty  hoaourable,  but  lucrative.  As  books  were  unknown 
to  thr  people^  the  (bags  of  the  b4rdi  became  the  only  amufements  of 
iheir  hsifure  hourS»  The  authors  were  careiTed*  honoured,  and  re- 
warded by  a  people  cnthuiiallicaHy  fond  of  the  memory  of  their  fore« 
Others*  As  the  mind  was  not  dorcd  with  any  other  fubjefls  of  con- 
templation except  chofe  poems,  they  were  learned  with  a  degree  ot 
qai^khefs,  and  preferved  with  a  purity,  which,  to  perfons  accuftoitie^ 
to  the  ofe  of  books,  is  m>t  eafily  conceivable.  His  bard  was  to  the 
ancient  chief,  what  a  library  is  to  the  modern  one.  Public  aeade^ 
Bies  were  inftitutcd  for  the  Audy  of  the  poetic  art;  and  it  is  nor  to 
be  ioiagined  that  candidates  would  be  wanting  for  fuch  an  employ- 
aeot.  When  the  pious  Chriftian  went  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  tomb 
of  his  fiivoartte  fatnt,  thb  bard,  with  equal  enthufiafm,  travelled  to 
the  hahitatioa  of  his  favourite  poet,  to  learn  his  compofitions.  When 
the  compofitions  of  one  conntry  had  been  acquired,  tHofe  of  another 
woe  fought  after ;  Ireland  and  Scotland  were  alternately  vifited  by 
the  bards  of  each  nation. 

*  Although  literature  was  thus  negle£led  by  the  bards,  it  was  xn- 
daftr^nfly  caMvated  by  the  clergy  of  the  Highlands  and  Ifles,  befori 
the  reformflMon.  Bat  the  arc  of  printing  ivas  unhappily  little  pra^- 
dfed  10  our  country  before  that  period,  and  the  maDnf:ripts,  a  few 
excepted,  fliired  the  fate  of  the  monafteries,  which  perilhtd  by  the 
cathafiafttc  zeal  of  the  times. 

*  The  modern  ftate  of  the  Highlands  prefents  a  view  fomewhat 
difiereat,  which  eafily  accounts  for  the  negled  of  Celtic  literature,  of* 
late. 

*  The  people  of  fortune  fend  their  children,  when  very  young  tb 
the  low  conntry,  to  be  edocated,  who,  as  the  Gaelic  language  ii 
utterly  ookoown  at  the  univeritties,  have  not  an  equal  opportunitt 
of  iteniiTg  it  with  other  branches  of  literature. ...  On  his  knowledge 

« 

^  Particulary  at  that  illuilrious  feat  of  learning  I^coUmb^kiU,  4e* 
feoffliaated  from  its  founder,  St,  Columia.    Rev. 

£  2  of 


52  Clark'/  Anfwer  to.  Shaw^i  Etifuiry. 

of  clafljcal  learning,  and  the  £ngli(h  language,  every  promotion  through 
life  is  thought  encirel]^depend.  Whrn  his  education  is  compleated,  he 
]s  fixed  in  fome  prolSflion,  the  knowledge  of  which  takes  up  the 
next  period  of  his  life.  •  •  •  Hence  poetry  [the  Gaeffc]  is  with  a  few 
exceptions,  negleded  by  the  learned  in  the  Highlands*  We  (hall 
sexc  fee  by  whom  it  is  preferred. 

*  When  the  rich  fend  their  fons  to  the  univerfity  to  fearch  for  fci- 
ence,  the  poor  fend  theirs  to  the  mountains  to  look  after  their  cat- 
tle. Thefe,  as  the  land  is  not  in  general  favourable  to  agriculture, 
conflicute  the  principal  wealth  of  the  country  ;  and  confequently 
their  prefervation  becomes  the  firft  objc6l  of  attention.  The  moon- 
tains  on  which  they  feed  being  extenfive,  little  time  ia  exhaufted  in 
attending  them.  Leifure  and  retirenr.cnt  beget  refleflion ;  and  the 
mind,  ondifturbed  by  the  bullle  of  fociety,  has  full  time  to  look  back 
10  the  tales  of  other  years.  The  fcenery  of  ancient  poetry  it  familiar  to 
the  eye;  and  the  bread,  hitherto  vacant,  is  prepared  for  its  reception* 
Thus  the  inferior  fort  of  people  fearch  for  perfons  whoxan  rehearfe 
thofe  poems;  and  they  learn  them  with  incredible  facility.  And 
in  this  manner  they  acquire  an  early  acquaintasce  with  the  illuftri- 
ous  chara6\ers  celebrated  in  the  traditions  of  their  country.' 

Though  Mr.  Macpherfon  hath  declined  to  appear  in  perfon 
in  a  controverfy  which  he  himfelf  hath  excited,  and  whitih  for 
fome  time  hath  fubflfted  on  his  credit,  yet  on  his  authority 
Mr.  Clark  informs  us,  that  what  Mr.  Shaw  relates  concerninz 
his  interview  with  Mr.  Macpherfon  contains  the  mod  grofs  and 
wilful  falfehcods.  The  Author  of  this  pamphlet  declares,  that 
be  is  authorized  poiitively  to  deny  Mr.  Shaw's  infidious  charge 
againft  the  editor  of  Offian,  viz.  tf^at  on  defiring  to  fee  the  QaelU 
manufcrtpts  he  was  always  put  off  with  fome  evafive  apology.  Mr. 
Macpherfon  never  recolle£is  Mr.  Shaw's  having  prclumed  to 
afk  for  a  fight  of  them  :  though  if  he  had  made  the  requefl-,  Mr; 
Macpherfon  believes  he  (hould  not  have  granted  it,  as  he  dif- 
liked  the  man,  and  was  convinced  of  his  ignorance.  Mr.  M. 
farther  declares,  that  the  manufcripts  depofited  with  Mr. 
Becket  contain  no  Irifh  genealogies,  as  Mr.  Shaw  would  infi- 
nuate,  were  never  in  Mr.  Mackenzie's  hands,  and  never  out 
of  Mr.  Macpherfon's  poiTeffion,  fince  they  were  taken  from 
Becket's  (hop. 

Mr.  Clark  makes  a  modeft  apology  for  his  own  attempt  to 
Juftify  himfelf  from  the  charge  of  impofition  direSly  brought 
againft  him  by  Mr.  Shaw.  For  the  particulars  of  his  vindica* 
cation  we  muft  refer  the  curious  Reader  to  the  pamphlet  itfelf. 
Mr.  Clark  gives  a  flat  denial  to  Mr.  Shaw's  aflertions  ;  and 
after  offering  fome  bbfervations  to  credit  his  own,  he  hath  the 
following  bold  and  flriking  expreflions.  ^  I  am  tired,  and  I 
^MX  I  have  tired  the  Reader  much  more  with  joining  falfehood  to  the 
name  of  Mr.  William  Shaw  ;  though  downright  fictions  merit  little 
more  than  a  flat  contradiction.  And  yet  I  am  roufed  to  a  repetition 
lof  thefc  difagreeable  contradidlons  in  every  page  of  bis  pampbL-i; 


5..' 


ClarkV  Anfwer  to  Shaw'i  Enquiry.  5  J 

for  there  is  not  a  page  that  Is  not  replete  with  the  moft  impadent 
ftlfehoods.  Aroidft  the  agicacioil  whkh  an  honeft  man  feels  at  tstty 
daring  violation  of  veracity,  1  fomecimes  hefitate  whether  the  re* 
fped  due  to  trcthyOr  the  good  manners  to  «vhich  the  Reader  is  en- 
titled, (hould  preJominare,  But  as  an  attention  to  truth  is  itfelf  com* 
siendable,  1  trufl  I  ihall  be  excufed  for  expreflions,  which  under  that 
COflfitleration  cannot  be  deemed  too  fevqre.' 

A  letter  under  profeflbr  M^Leod's  own  hand,  addreflld  to 
our  Author,  contains  a  dire£l  and  unequivocal  denial  of 
what  Mr.  Shaw  aflerted  in  hrs  enquiry,  viz,  **  that  he  ofFered 
hicn  half  a  crown  per  word  for  all  that  he  could  produce 
of  OSan's  poetry,  above  fix  lines."  The  profeflbr's  letter  con- 
tains the  following  curious  particulars,  ''  Mr,  Macpherfon, 
**  with  whom  J  had  the  happinefs  of  commencing  a  very  early 
^  acquaintance  at  college,  read  a  confiJerable  part  of  thofe 
^^  poems  to  me  in  the  original  Gaelic,  before  the  publication  of 
'*  his  verfion :  and  it  was  owing  to  ^ny  own  engagements  at 
^*  the  time,  and  not  to  any  baclcwardnefs  on  his  part,  that  I 
•*  had  not  the  pleafure  of  hearing  him  read  the  whole.  He 
**  lately  indulged  me  with  the  original  of  feveral  paffagrs  of 
••  both  the  poems  of  Fingal  and  Tcmora,  to  gratify  a  third 
**  gentleman,  who  wi(hed  to  have  thofe  pafCiges  in  the  Gaelic: 
'*  and  I  have  not  the  leaft  doubt  of  his  dilpofition  to  oblige 
**  me,  or  any  man  who  applies  to  him  as  a  gentleman,  in  the 
^*  fame  way  again }  or  by  giving  any  other  fatlsfaflion  on  the 
"  fubjefi,  that  can  be  reafpnably  dcfircd." 

We  did  not  confidcr  the  affair  on  ih^  fcalioped Jhcll  in  a  fcrious 
light;  and  fufpcdcd  either  ridicule  on  one  fide,  or  mifiake  or 
exaggeration  on  the  other.  The  whole  ftory  is  heie  very  fatis- 
fadonly  explained  • — but  by  no  means,  we  fear,  to  the  credit  of 
Mr.  Shaw,  in  point  of  honour  or  gratitude. 

As  to  the  clergyman  who  offered  to  I'upporf,  by  an  oath,  the 
impofture  of  Offian,  if  Mr.  Shaw  would  join  in  carrying  it 
into  execution,  Mr.  Clark  cannot  guefs  at  his  name;  and  with- 
out hefitation  concludes  it  to  be  a  mere  fif^iun  of  this  lover 
9f  truths — as  he  ironically  calls  William  Shaw, 

We  are  next  prefented  with  a  letter  from  Mr,  M^Nicol, 
Our  former  acquaintance  with  this  gentleman,  did  not  greatly 
prepoflefs  us  in  his  favour :  and  we  are  forry  on  the  prefciu 
occafion  to  find  har(h  language  and  idle  petulance: — and  all  out 
of  pure  zeal  for  Caledonia  and  her  t>ards  !  ~  inUead  of  plain  faiS^ 

and  folid  argument.     This  *'  fretful  porcupine*' but  we 

have  already  faid  enough  of  Mr.  M*Nicol—  It  is  nectlfary  how* 
ever  to  obfcrve,  that  he  difclaims  all  acquaintance  wrth  Mr. 
Shaw,  though  he  was  able,  it  feems,  to  have  aflfiftcd  him  very 
materially  in  his 'enquiries : — that  Mr.  Shaw  knew  this^  and 
only  avoided  him^  becaufe  of  his  attack  on  his  great  patron  Dr. 
Jyluiigo* '  Mr«  M^Nicol  charges  Mr.  Shaw  wiib  Tome  inAances 

E  3  Of  - 


%  \ 


54  Clark'i  Anfwir  to  Shaw'i  Enqulrj. 

of  difingenuous  condufi ;  and  obferves  that  his  behaviour  waf 
fuch  as  difgufted  the  fenfible,  and  (hocked  the  religious  part  of 
his  countrymen  ;  and  by  his  rudenefs,  vanity,  and  want  of 
honour^  he  loft  many  advantages,  which  might  otherwife  have 
been  fecured. 

After  having  convided  Mr.  Shaw  of  the  moft  notorious  and 
aggravated  violations  of  truth  by  the  teftimony  of  others,  Mr.' 
Clark  obferves,  *  that  there  is  Aill  another  evidence  to  be  ad- 
duced, whofe  teftimony  would  not  probably  be  taken  on  any 
other  fubje^l,  but  that  under  confideration.'  This  evidence  is 
Mr.  Shaw  himfelf,  whom  bis  anfwerer  calls  to  the  bar  of  the 
Public  as  a  witnefs  againft  his  own  aflfertions.  This  part  of  the 
prefent  Work  is  entitled,  Shaw  contra  Shaw^  and  confifts  of 
extrads  from  his  Analyjis^  and  his  Enquiry  \  by  which  this 
gentleman  is  convi^ed  of  the  moft  glaring  inconfiftencies  and 
contradidions. 

With  thefe  extra£b  Mr.  Clark  fliould  have  concluded  his 
AnfwiT  to  the  Enquiry.  We  are  forry  that  his  indignatioa 
againft  Mr.  Shaw  ibould  have  betrayed  him  into  a  ftep  very 
unworthy  the  charader  of  a  gentleman.  In  feveral  inftances 
he  hath  defcended  to  minute  and  quibbling  altercations  which 
would  difgrace  the  beft  caufe ;  and  hath  fometimes  gone  out  of 
his  way  in  order  to  colled  anecdotes  to  double  the  confufioa 
and  infamy  of  his  antagonift.  We  <^an  anticipate  his  apology: 
but  it  will  have  no  weight  with  the  unbiafied  part  of  mankind. 
His  endeavouring  to  procure  private  intelligence  refpeding  Mr. 
Shaw,  from  a  mean  and  fufpicious  quarter — from  a  difcarded 
and  difappointed  fervant — (hews  too  great  tagernefi  to  blaft  Mr. 
Shaw's  reputation,  and  might  have  the  contrary  efied  to  what 
this  pamphlet  was  defigned  to  produce,  with  fome  nice  and 
fcrupulous  enquirers.  At  all  events  it  was  unnecefTary,  and  in 
every  view,  ungentlemanlike. 

In  other  refpefis  this  anfwer  appears  to  have  been  written 
with  fairnefs  and  precifion.  Its  appeals  are  direA  \  and  its  af- 
fertions  well  fupported.  The  Author  feels  moft  deeply  his  in« 
tereft  in  the  caufe ;  and  in  general  defends  it  with  judgment, 
fpirit,  and  addrefs. 

What  reply  Mr.  Shaw  will  make ;  or  whether  he  will  make 
any  at  all,  will  foon  be  feen }  for  it  muft  be  madey^^i?,  or  it  will 
avail  him  little.  If  his  reputation  be  worth  preferving,  he  will 
atleaft,make  an  effort  to  defend  it  from  afi  entire  diflblution.  If 
he  be  indeed,  as  he  boafts,  a  friend  and'  acquaintance  of  Dr« 
Johnfon,  he  will  doubtlefs  find  himfelf  obliged,  in  order  tofup^ 
port  fo  reputable  a  connexion,  to  clear  himfelf  of  the  charges 
alleged  againft  him.  He  will  remember  the  fate  of  his  coun- 
tryman Lauder.  Dr.  Johnfon's  own  integrity  made  him  for  % 
while  the  ioftrument  of  that  impoftox's  deceit :  but  when  the 

fraud 


Hcnry*i  Hlflorfof  Gnat  Britain.    Vol.  IV.  55 

fraud  was  deteded»  the  Dr.  immediately  acknowledged  his  own 
precipitation,  and  execrated  the  wretch  who  had  artfully  prac- 
tifed  on  his  credulity. 

The  prefent  Work,  together  with  Mr.  Shaw's,  hath  excited 
in  us  various  refleiSions.  We  are  often  mifled  by  ftrong  afier* 
tions,  and  plaufible  pretences ;  and  while  on  the  one  hand  we 
endeavour  to  avoid  an  irrefolute  fcepticifm,  we  may  fometimes 
appear  to  betray  too  eager  a  belief.  It  is  only  the  prefent  evi- 
dence which  can  influence  us :  and  on  the  weight  of  fa^is,  or 
probrinticy  of  arguments  our  judgment  muft  in  a  great  degree 
depend.  What  an  antagonift  may  adduce  in  reply  to  plaufible 
leafonings,  or  pretended  fads,  muft  be  unknown,  or  can  be' 
but  faintly  guefled  at.  Without  fufficient  reafon  to  oppofe  thofe 
which  do  appear,  would  be  obftinacy :  to  be  aware  of  every 
thing  that  can  be  urged  in  reply,  would  require  a  penetration 
which  we  have  not  the  prefumption  to  boaft  of. 

We  may  perhaps  be  obliged  to  this  plea,  in  reviewing  a  con- 
troverfv  which  hath  been  renewed  with  fre(h  fpirit,  by  two 
learned  gentlemen,  refpeding  the  authenticity  of  the  poems  at- 
tributed to  Rowley.  We  mean  to  refume  it  on  its  original 
ground  :  to  give  it  a  candid  and  attentive  confideration  :  to  ex- 
prefs  our  doubts  whence  they  exift,  and  to  relinquifli  any  poft 
we  may  have  formerly  aflTumed,  which  we  may  deem  no  longer 
tenable.  Future  difcoveries  may  entirely  change  the  appear- 
ance of  the  cootroverfy,  and  our  opinion  mull  neceflarily  be 
governed  by  the  information  we  receive. 

Stiice  this  Article  was  written.  Dr.  Fergufon  hath  again  pofi- 
tiveiv  and  publicly  denied  every  part  of  Dr.  Percy's  relation  con* 
cemmg  the  Highland  Student  We  Ihouldbeforry  to  impute  falfe- 
liood,  or  even  equivocation,  to  Gentlemen  of  fuch  refpedtable  cha- 
rafters  as  Dean  Percy  and  Profeflbr  Fergufon.  Candor  leads  us 
to  conclude  that  there  muft  be  fome  miftake  in  this  matter  ^ 
and  that  themiftake  is  to  be  attributed  to  forgetfulnefsj  and  no- 

Art.  Xf.  The  Hiftorj  of  Great  Britaim,  from  the  firft  Invaiion  of  it 
by  the  Romans  under  Jaliot  Czfar.  By  Robert  Henry,  D.  D.  one 
of  the  Mintfteriof  Edinbargh.  Vol.  IV.  4C0.  1 1.  is.  Boards. 
Cadeli,  &c.     1781. 

IN  our  Review  of  the  preceding  volumes  of  this  work,  we 
gave  an  account  of  the  Author's  plan,  mi^  our  opt-  inH 
Aioo  of  bis  merit  in  the  execution  of  it.  We  hazard  nothiri^ 
when  we  fay,  that  the  farther  he  proceeds  in  the  profecution  of 
bis  defigOy  the  more  ftriking  marks  he  gives  of  his  judgment^ 
accuraqr»  ^nd  impartiality.  In  the  volume  now  before  us,  his 
ftyle  apoears  to  be  improved,  and  to  flow  more  eafily  and  na* 
curally  i  in  a  word,  we  are  ftill  of  opiniooi  that  every  perfon, 
*'  E  4  who 


<« 


►5$  Hcnry'-j  Eljlory  of  Grtai  Britain^    Vol.  J^V. 

who  is  deiirous  of  being  well  acquainted  with  the  hrdory  of  the 
conftitution,  govcrnmfnt,  law5,  civil  and  military  affairs,  reli- 
gion, learning,  arts,  commerce,  fliippinj:^.  manners,  drcfi,  re- 
markable cuitoms,  &c.  of  Great  Britain,  will  think  himfelf 
much  indebted  to  Dr.  Henry  for  the  pains  he  Jias  taken  to  col- 
ic £1  almod  every  thing  that  is  ncc(flary  to  be  known  concern- 
ing the  feveral  heads  already  mentioned,  and  for  the  judgaicnr 
he  has  (hewn  in  the  arrangement  of  his  materials. 

This  Volume  continues  the  hlflory  frcm  the  death  of  Kirg 
John,  A.  D.  1216,  to  the  accefljon  of  Henry  IV.  in  139Q. — In 
the  fecbr.d  fcdlion  of  the  third  chapter,  we  have  a  (bort  but  dif- 
X\ti&  account  of  the  important  changes  that  were  made  in  the 
conftitution,  government,  and  laws  (if  this  country  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.,  who,  though  iiluftrious  as  a  general,  was  fiiil 
more  illuflrious  as  a  legiflator.  To  prevent  confufion  in  our 
views  of  this  fubj'fl.  Dr.  Henry  confiders  the  changes  that  were 
made  at  this  period,  i.  In  the  conflitution  of  the  parliament; 
2.  In  the  magillraies  and  courts  of  iufticc  ;  3.  In  the  ftatutc- 
i^w  ;  4.  In  the  common  law;  5.  In  the  prerogatives  of  the 
crown;  and,  6.  In  the  royal  revenues. 

As  the  parliaments  of  England  have  been  the  guardians  of  its 
liberties,  the  framers  of  its  laws,  the  impofeis  of  its  taxes,  the 
great  counfellois  of  its  Kirgs,  and  the  fupreme  judges  of  the 
fives  and  properties  ofits  people,  in  every  age,  the  ilate  of  thofe 
illuflrious  afTemblies,  their  conHituent  m.embers,  and  other  cir« 
cumftances,  claim,  our  Author  jufily  obfcrvcs,  the  firft  and 
chief  attention  of  all  who  wifh  to  trace  the  hiftory  of  theconflr* 
tption  with  any  degree  of  accuracy.  Accoidingly,  in  the  fourth 
and  fifth  fe£lions  of  the  third  chapter  of  this  volume,  he  givts  us 
a  clear  and  concife  view  of  this  important  fubjc^^* 

In  the  third  feftion  of  the  fourth  chapter  we  have  the  hiftory 
of  the  chief  feminaries  of  learning  in  Great  Britain  from  A.  D. 
12 16,  to  A.  D.  1399*  A  very  great  and  advantageous  ch'^nge 
in  thcLftate  of  our  two  unTverfitits  took  place,  we  are  told,  in 
this  period,  and  merits  our  attention.  It  had  been  ufual,  before 
this  time,  for  teachers  and  fcholars  to  lodge  and  ftudy  in  private 
houfes  or  halls,  which  they  rented  from  the  citizens.  This  was 
attended  with  many  inconveniencies,  and  gave  occafion  to  fre- 
quent quarrels  between  the  ftudents  and  citizens  about  the  rents. 
Various  methods  were  employed  to  prevent  thefe  quarrels,  which 
difturbcd  the  peace,  and  even  thieatened  the  deflrudlion,  of  the 
univerfities.  In  particular,  Henry  III.,  A. 'D.  1231,  appointed 
two  refpcdlable  citiztns,  and  two  muflcrs  of  arts,  to  be  chofeh 
'annually,  and  inverted  with  authority  to  dctfimine  all  difputes 
'between  the  citizens  and  ftudents  about  the  rents  of  boufcs  : 
'But  this,  and  all  other  methods  for  prefcrving  peace  between  the 
lownlmen  and  fcholar?,  while  this  occafion  of  contention  conti- 
'         '    «      '        3  ■       -nued^. 


•■    ^ 


Hcnry'tHI/Iory  of  Qnat  Britain.    Vol;  IV*  57 

Autd,  proved  inefFeflual.  At  length,  fome  generous  pcrfon^ 
(determined  to  deliver  the  members  of  the  univerfities  from  their 
too  great  dependence  on  the  townfmen)  purchafed  or  built  large 
houfes,  and  admitted  both  teachers  and  fcholars  to  refide  in 
them,  without  paying  any  rem.  Thofc  munificent  friends  of 
learning  fuon  difcQvcred  that  many  ingenious  young  men,  ad- 
n)itted  into  their  houfcs,  were  but  ill  provided  wich  th?  means  of 
rewarding  their  teachers,  purchaiing  books,  and  procuring  other 
neceffaries,  which  induced  them  and  others  to  enlarge  their  cha- 
rity, and  to  endow  thofe  houfes  wiih  lands,  tenements,  and  re- 
venues, for  the  maintenance  of  a  certain  number  of  teachers  and 
ftudents.  By  thefe  fteps  the  building  and  endowing  of  colleges 
became  the  prevailing  tafte  of  the  rich  and  generous  in  this  pe- 
riod, as  the  building  and  endowing  of  monjfterics  had  been  in 
former  times.  In  cocfequence  of  this  prevailing  tafle,  fever^l 
noble  halls  and  colleges  were  ere<^ed  and  endowed  in  both  our 
univerfities,  chiefly  between  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  and 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

The  fevench  chapter  contains  the  hiftory  of  the  manners,  rc- 
msrkable  cuftoms,  language,  dicfs,  diverfions,  &c.  of  the  people 
of  Great  Britain,  during  the  period  already  mentioned.  A  (horC 
extra«Sl  from  this  chapter  may  not  be  unacceptable  to  our 
Readers.  '  ' 

*  What  could  exbibic  a  more  fantallical  appearance  than  an  £0^- 
li(h  beau  of  che  fourteenth  century  ?  He  wore  long- pointed  (hoes, 
fattened  to  his  knees  by  gold  or  filver  chains;  hofe  of  one  colour  oa 
one  leg,  and  of  another  colour  on  the  other;  (hort  breeches,  which 
did  cot  reach  to  the  middle  of  his  thighs,  and  difclofed  the(h«peofall 
the  parti  included  in  them  ;  a  coat,  one  half  white,  and  the  other  half 
black  or  blue  ;  along  beard  ;  a  fill&.ho>  d,  buttoned  under  his  chin,  eoo- 
broidered  with  grotefque  figures  of  animals,  dancing  inen,^c.  and  fome- 
times  ornamented  with  gold,  fiiver,  and  preciou&  fione^.  This  AiA 
was  che  very  top  of  the  mode  in  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Third. 

'  The  drefs  of  rhe  gay  and  f^fhionabie  ladies,  who  frequented  the 
pobKc  diverfions  of  thcfe  times,  was  not  more  decent  or  becoming.— 
It  \%  thus  defcribed  by  Kayghton,  A.  D.  134^.  **  Thefe  tooma^ 
tnenti  are  attended  by  many  ladies  of  the  tirlVrank  and  greateft  beau- 
ty,  bat  not  always  of  the  mofl  untatnted  reputation.  Thcfe  ladiet 
^xt^rt^a*:^  in  party-coloured  tunics,  one  half  being  of  one  colooj% 
aod  the  o;her  halt  of  another;  their  lirripipes  or  tippets  are  very 
(hort ;  cheir  caps  .remarkably,  little,  and  wrapt  about  their  headia 
with  cords;  their  gijdlcs  and  pouches  are  ornamented  with  gold  and 
(jUer,  and  they  wear  (hort  fwords^  called  (iagg%rs^  before  tbeiDv  alitcle 
below  th^r  navels;  xkty  are  mounted  on  the  finetl  horfes,  with  the 
fichel)  furniture.  Thus  equipped,  they  iide.frbm  pl.ice  to  pUi^  in 
queil  of  tournaments,  by  which  they  diflipate  their  fortunes,  and 
ruin  their  reputations." — The  head-dreiles  of  the  ladies  underwent 
many  changes  in  the  courfe  of  this  period.  They  were  foraetimet 
ccormouOy  high,  ri^og  almoU  three  feet  above  the  head,  in  the  (hape 
',\\  ^  of 


% 


58  Hcnry'x  Hifiiry  of  Gnat  Britain.    Vol.  IV* 

of  fugtr-loavety  with  ftreaotert  of  fine  (Ilk  flowing  from  the  top  of 
fhem  to  thegroand.  Upon  the  whole»  I  am  fully  perfaaded,  that  we 
have  no  good  reafon  to  pay  any  compliments  to  our  ancellors  of  this 
period,  at  the  expeoce  of  oar  contemporaries,  cither  for  the  frogality, 
elegance,  or  decency  of  their  drefs.* 

The  Appendix  to  this  volume  contains  the  great  charter  of 
King  Henry  IIT.,  granted  November  ]2th,  A.  D.  1216,  in  the 
firft  year  of  his  reign,  with  a  tranflation  of  the  fame ;  his  char- 
ter, A.  D.  1258,  in  the  vulgar  £ngli(h  of  that  time,  with  a  lite- 
ral tranflation  interlined  ;  and  an  account  of  the  provifions,  &c« 
at  the  inftallation  feaft  of  Ralph  de  Borne,  Abbot  of  St.  Auftin's 
Abbey,  Canterbury,  with  their  prices  A.  D.  1309*  This  we 
fhall  inferc  for  the  entertainment  of  our  Readers. 


Wheat,  53  loads,  price             -                 -           ^ 

:-i9 

0 

0 

Malt,  58  loads             ... 

*7 

10 

0 

Wine,' 1 1  tuns                .            .             - 

24 

0 

0 

Oats,  20  loads                ... 

4 

0 

0 

Spices                -                •                -            - 

28 

0 

0 

Wax,  300  pounds 

8 

0 

0 

Almonds,  500  pounds             •             •            . 

3 

18 

0 

'CarcafTes  of  beef,  30                -                • 

27 

0 

0 

Hogs,  100 

16 

0 

0 

Sheep,  200                  .                .                • 

30 

0 

0 

Gecfe,  1000                -            - 

16 

0 

6 

Capons  and  hens,  500 

6 

5 

0 

Chickens,  463         -                 -               - 

3 

H 

0 

pigs,  200            - 

5 

0 

0 

Swans,  34            -                -            .            • 

7 

0 

0 

Rabbits,  600             ... 

IS 

0 

0 

Shields  of  Braun,  17 

3 

5 

0 

Partridges,  mallardS|||tterns,  larks 

18 

0 

0 

Earthen  pots^  lOCC 

0 

'5 

0 

Salt,  9  loads            -            -            -            - 

0 

10 

0 

Cups  1400,  difhes  and  plates  3300,  bafons,  &c. 

8 

4 

0 

rUh,  cheefe,  milk,  garlic 

2 

10 

0 

£gs,  9600                -                -            - 

4 

10 

0 

Saffron  and  pepper 

I 

14 

0 

jCoala,  cafks,  furnaces 

2 

8 

0 

Makiiig^tables,  treflles,  drefTers, 

I 

14 

0 

Canvas,  300  ells            -                .                • 

4 

0 

0 

To  "cooks  and  their  boys 

6 

0 

0 

To  minftrels            -               •               • 

3 

10 

0 

How  times  are  altered  I 


:Bo 


Art. 


■s 


(    59    ) 

AitI  X!I.    Thi  Fair  Cir(aJpM^  a  Tragedy.     As  performed  at  the 
Theatre- Royal,    Drury-Iane,     ^y  Mr.  Pratc»   Author  of  Sjmfa- 

tbj^  a  Poem*.     8vo.     i  s.  6d.    Baldwin.     1781. 

• 

HA WKESWORTH'8  oricBtal  talc  of  Aim^ran  and  Hamtt 
was  infcribed  to  His  Majefty.  The  Fair  Circaffian  is  of- 
ftfed  to  the  Prince  of  Wales ;  and  Mr.  Pratt  pronounces  tiiat 
at  *  an  age  when  the  heart  opens  to  the  moft.  warm  and  gene* 
rous  impreffions,  the  precepts  of  Ornar^  and  the  pradice  of 
Hamet,  as  drawn  by  Hawkefworth,  and  dramaiiznt  by  the  Au- 
thor of  this  tragedy,  will  win  upon  his  Royal  Highnefs*s  at-» 
teation.' 

The  draught  of  Hawkefworth  is  indeed  worthy  fuch  tttea- 
tion  i  but  this  tragedy  can,  in  our  opinion,  very  little  coniri?' 
bute  to  tb^  young  Prince's  inftrudion  or  eniertainment. 

To  the  Dedication  fucceeds  a  Preface,  couched  in  the  fol- 
lowing terms. 

'  This  tragedy  borrows  its  general  flory,  and  fome  of  its  iqcf* 
dents»  with  as  oiach  of  its  fentiroent  as  could  ha  preferved,  ffooi 
the  very  beauiiful  '*  Almoram  and  Ham$i'^  of  Hawkefworth*  Pid  npt 
troth  and  jafticf  require  foch  acknowledgment,  it  would  have  been 
OQacccflaiy  ;  for  what  can  be  added  to  the  fame  of  a  work  as  known 
as  aoiverfally  celebrated  ?  The  original  machinery  has  been  rejeQedt 
becanfe  it  would  have  been  too  daring  an  attempt  to  interweave  it 
with  the  fable  of  a  modern  compofition«  and  perhaps  too  mighty  a  « 
talk  to  nanage,  without  Violating  the  firft  great  law  of  dramatick  pro«  / 
babiltty.  Nevertbelcft  it  has  been  the  Author's  endeavour,  to  **  ^on« 
vert  the  fencentioQS  difpUy  of  eallern  wifdom,  aa  far  as  ehsrsfter 
would  permit,  into  the  language  of  paflion,  varied  by  t^tvf  motive 
which  might  aflFed  the  human  mind  in  the  mod  warm  and  iaterefting 
fitoatiotts.''  Thefe  are  the  words  of  a  critic,  who  feems  fully  to  have 
penetrated  the  defign.  The  lines  with  inverted  comas  were  omitted 
in  the  reprefentation,  to  favour  the  rapidity  of  the  adlion.  They 
are  retained  in  the  printed  copy,  not  more  at  the  tnltance  of  partico- 
lar  friends,  than  on  general  experience,  that  thofe  paiTaget  which 
retard  the  force  of  the  paffion  on  the  theatre,  are  frequently  read 
with  fatisfadion  in  the  dofet. 

'  ThePUy  ftill  continuing  to  be  received  on  the  i!age  with  the  moft 
brilliant  fnccefs,  the  Author  would  but  half  difcharge  the  debt  of 
equity,  were  he  to  confefs  obligations  only  to  Hawkefworth.  The 
lit>eral,  perhaps  the  unparalleled  fupport  which  the  managers  have 
aSbrded  by  the  drefles  and  fcenery,  the  intereding  manner  in  which 
Mr.  Linley  has  fet  the  Epi^halamium,  the  ca.^e  of  Mr.  De  Louther*  -f 
berg,  and  the  fplendour  which  the  performers  have  thrown  over  the 
charaders  by  their  excellent  reprefentation,  demand  and  receive 
the  moft  warm  and  pointed  expreflions  of  gratitude.  There  remains 
but  one  tribute  of  juilice  more,  and  that  is  due  to  Mr.  Sheridan,  whofe 
atuntion  has  been  friendfhip,  and  whofe  afliftance  mult  always  be 
lame«* 

From 

*  See  Review  for  September  laft,  p.  220. 


6o  Thi  Fair  Cif^affian,  a  Tragedy, 

From  this  Preface  we  learn,  that  could  any  reputation  b^ 
added  to  the  celebrity  of  the  tale  of  Hawkcfworth,  its  fame 
would  be  increafed  by  the  prefcnt  Tragedy  j  in  which  the  ori- 
ginal machinery  is  rejefled,  but  wi/dom  and  pajfton  are  mingled, 
and  that  fome  lines  omitted  in  reprefcntation,  are  retained  ia 
print,  to  oblige  particular  friends,  and  to  pleafe  the  Public  ia 
general ;— that  the  phy ^ill  continues  on  rhe  ftage  with  the  mofl 
brilliant  fuecefs  ! — that  the  tailor,  and  fcene- pa  inters,  the  com- 
pofer  and  machinift,  the  performers  and  managers,  have  all 
confpired  to  fliew  their  friendfhip  to  the  Author  by  their  atten* 
tion,  and  to  eftabliih  his  fame  by  their  aififtance. 

Amjdft  all  this  crowd  of  friends,  this  fplendid  hod  of  pa- 
trons and  upholders,  we  ftand  like  Cordelia  m  the  prefence  of 
Lear,  on  the  partition  of  his  kingdom  ;  and  we  moft  heartily 
wifh  that  we  could,  like  Cordelia,  when  demanded  to  declare 
our  fentiments,  anfwer — kothing  !  But  being  conftrained  to 
fpeak,  we  will  anfwer  according  to  our  bond,  nor  more,  nor 
lefs. 

Whoever  has  perufed  the  oriental  talc  of  Hawkefworth,  will, 
we  truft,  acknowledge  that  it  required  uncommon  addrefs  to 
adapt  it  to  the  ftage.  The  machinery^  as  Mr.  Pratt  calls  it, 
cpnllfts  chiefly  of  perfonal transformation^  which  is  not  only  par- 
ticularly unfutuble  to  tragic  exhibition,  but  is  by  Hawkef- 
worth  \o  clofely  interwovei>  in  the  bufinefs  of  the  ftory,  that  it 
is  almoft  impoffible  to  carry  on  the  main  incidents  without  its 
affiftance.  This  however  has  been  attempted,  and,  in  our  opi- 
nion, moft  clumfily  executed  by  the  Author  of  The  Fair  Cir* 
cajjian.  In  the  Tale,  every  circumftance  is  clear ;  in  the  Tragedy, 
all  is  confufion.  The  charadiers  are  ftript  of  all  their  intercft 
and  delicacy  ;  the  fentiments,  though  trite,  appear  forced ;  the 
didlion  is  generally  bald  and  inelegant,  and  often  conveyed  in 
the  moft  hobbling  verfitication.  Thefe  being  our  real  fenti- 
ments, we  cannot  join  the  afliftants  in  the  numerous  cavalcade, 
who,  like  the  proceffion  of  the  mock-mafons,  blow  theif  cow* 
horns,  and  poft- horns,  and  beat  their  butter-tubs,  in  the  thea- 
trical triumph  of  the  Author ;  nor  can  we  defcend  to  a  more 
minute  inveftigation  of  the  merits  of  his  work  :  but  from  re- 
fpe£l/5  the  brilliant fuccefi  with  which  it  fcems,  by  the  Author's 
own  report,  to  have  been  received  on  the  ftage,  we  (hall  fub- 
mit  to  our  Readers,  a  fcene  in  the  fourth  a<St,  between  the  two 
principal  perfonages  i»  the  drama, 

•  S  C  E  N  E  VIU.    The  UJide  of  thi  SeragUo,  Mufic    Mutis  atliudin^. 

*  J.'meida,    O  vain  magnificence  of  iropioos  grandeur — f 

Poor  incffedual  gildings  to  fet  off* 

Th'  imprifon'd  vi^im  with  a  (hew  of  pleafare^ 

Oh  1  for  Circadia's  unpolluted  ihores. 

And 


»/*T.- '- 


And  all  the  unblemifii'd  fcenei  ofguiklefa  life! 
Tell  ioc»  ye  infiromeoti  of  PerUa's , tyrant — 
Tell  IDC.  with  inilant  fpeed — Alas  I  ye  dare  not-— 
ChainM  by  your  haplefs  flavtry,  to  filence. 
Vain  is  to  yea  the  bleffed  power  of  fpeecb  i 
Retire,  retire — Ye  may  not  give  me  comfort ! 
Torn  froo^  my  father,  Omar,  Hamet  too— 
From  Hamet— hold  my  heart — what  have  I  ikid  ? 
It  wakes  a  thoaght  fo  foil  of  tender  forrow 
I  cannot  bear  it — it  overwhelms  my  ibol  ! 

«  SCENE  IX.    Emtir  Almoran  h  Almeida. 

*  AhMTM.   The  burfting  anguiOi  rolhes  to  her  eye^ 

And  her  fair  foi'm^  more  lovely  in  diftrefs. 

Droops  like  the  tender  bloflbm  of  thb  (pring» 

Beat  by  the  gather'd  force  of  pitilefs  ihowers. 

Fierce  as  1  am,  unbidden  (bftnefs  fteals, 

lagentkll  fighs  from  an  unwonted  fource.  ^   ' 

My  very  heart's  fubdued;    Almeida;  ceafe— 

Reprefs  thofe  tears,  this  angaifh,  this  defpair*      •-       '^^ 

I  come  to  fmoothe  thcf  tomnlts  of  thy  bofom» 

And  at  thy  feet  to  lay  the  PerGan  fceptre. 
*  Almtida.    The  Perfian  fceptre  ! — Why  mod  I  reproach  t(ee  ? 

Sach  trappings  are,  alas !  thy  fole  dependance. 

Keep  tbemy  taj  lord,  toawe  the  vulgar  inind. 

The  ^cepter'd  confcience  wants  no  crown  to  grace  it* 
'  jtlmcran.   For  thee,  behold,  J  leave  the  Perfian  throne— 

For  thee,  forgetting  empire  and  command, 

Lo  !  Almoran  now  bends  his  knee  to  earthy 

And  with  a  fubjefi's  low  humility,  ..." 

Thus  deigns  to  court  the  froile  of  fair  Almeida.         [kMttIs, 
^  jtLmeiJa.     And  doft  thou  ftrip  me  of  each  dearer  joy. 

Fix  the  fell  poignard  in  the  quivering  heart. 

And,  as  the  raddy  life  blood  gulhes  from  it. 

Calmly  furvey  thy  work,  and  bid  me  fmile  ? 
'  AbuBtan^   By  heav*n,  you  charge  unjallly,  my  Almeida. 

*  Almeida.    Oh  i  Almoran,  the  human  form  is  thine,  4H 

Yet  where's  the  honour  that  (hould  mark  thy  manhood  ^  \ 

•Relodant  thoufandscall  thee  mighty  fovereign  ; 

Yet  where*6  the  virtues  that  (hould  grace  thy  ftation? 

But  leave  me  to  myfeif— I'll  not  upbraid  thee. 

One  mournful  boon  is  all  that  I  (hall  a(k; 

I  beg  the  privilege  to  weep  alone. 
'  Almoran,   Sorrow  and  folitude  be  far  away  ! 

Thoa*rt  too  feverc,  Almeida.    Long  I  drove 

To  hide  my  love  in  pity  to  my  brother. 
^  Almilda*     He  talks  of  pity  too.  who  never  felt  it. 

Where  is  thy  brother,  tyrant  ?—> Where  is  Hamet  ? 

*  Almoran,    He  lives — is  fttt — Bot  wherefore  talk  of  him— 

Regard  him  not— 

*  Almtida,  Mark  me,  Almoran. 

Thoa  bid'ft  me  not  regard  him — then  obferve  me! 

If 


^     #^  Tbi  Fair  CirtAjjbm^  a  Trageij. 

Iftliy  oolidlow'd,  defolatinl;  htn4. 
In  utter  dtrknefi  ccmld  that  fpark  extingaifli. 
That  viewlefs,  vital  fpark  of  heatCD-borD  fire. 
Which  the  Onitiipotefit  in  this  croe  breaft 
Hath  kindly  kindled,  here  to  glow  for  ever. 
Pure  ai  the  (burce  that  firft  fopplied  the  ffamd, 
Then  might  thy  ^foner  ceafe  to  think  of  Hamet ; 
Bat  lotg  at  that  infpirei  my  faithful  fondutfi. 
Though  Waters  wide  as  yonder  heaven  ffom  earth. 
Though  worlds  remote  as  planets  from  each  oth^^ 
Should  frbte  his  hoaour'd  prnfence  far  divide  m^, 
Still  (hoold  Almeida's  prayers  be  offerM  for  him — 
Still  (hottld  h«r  ardent  tendernefs  increaie— 
And^&ill,  as  now,  in  all  bis  pride  of  fplendoar» 
'Midft  the  vain  glitter  of  his  vacant  grcatncfs.— 
Still  fliould  perfidious  Almoran  be  fcorned  I 

'  AhuTOM.  Then  be  t%  fio— Lsdy,  'tis  well— I'll  not  complain. 
For  the  cuM'd  ftripKng  can  obftrud  no  more. 

<  Almiim.    H«!— how  !— What  faid'll  thou  ?— Is  it  poflible^ 
Thoq  man  of  blood  j— Sore  thy  barbarian  hand— 
And  yet  I  fear-^for  in  thy  fanguineeye 
Minder's  inlcrib'd  l-^Yes^  yes,  thy  filence  ^aks!— ' 
Thacharaders  of  death  afre  legibla 
In  every  cruel  feature !    Oh,  difiradion  ! 
*  Here  then  unnatural — here,  well-pleafed,  behold^ 

Indulge  thy  ffeaius — take  thy  fill  of  blood. 
Point  thy  iniatiate  fabre  here— yes,  ftrike  1 
Think  me  a  ik^tx^  and  enjoy  the  flanghter. 

*  Almoran.  By  neaven  he  lives,  nndrcumfcrib'd  he  walks 

Thro'  Perfia's  reakn,  fave  this  one  dear  apartment. 
'  Almtida.     Prais'd  be  the  guardian  god  that  ihields  bis  virtues  ; 
AdorM  the  power  that  watches  all  his  ways  I 

*  Almoram.   Ah  !  lavifh  not  thefe  raptures  on  a  wretch, 

fiat  kindly  treat  thy  heav*n-allotted  huiband. 
'  *  Almida.    Speak'ft  thou  of  heav'n  ?— and  after  foul  deieaion  ?— 

Wm,  Of  heav'n,  where  fcepter'd  virtue  fits  enthron*d, 

I   I  Sul>lime,  amid'ft  the  ftars,  to  regifter 

The  decids  of  human  kind.    **  Oh,  bethink  thee: 
**  Can  he  who  hangs,  in  yonder  fpangled  vaultt 
*'  The  even  ficaleof  jaftice»  e'er  ordain 
*'  That  I  fliould  violate  this  wretched  form, 
'*  And  weary  out  a  life  of  lovelefs  perfidy  ?" 
^y^  No  Almorao,  thy  priefts  have  kd  thee  wrong : 

Whata'er  is  made  thy  deity— ah!  think  not 
Thou  doft  him  honour,  when  thou  mak'ft  him  pleas'd 
With  what  ofiends  the  fecret  judge  within  thee—* 
Yes,  flart ;  but  know,  infidions  king. 
E'en  now,  thou  ftand'ft  beneath  a  piercing  eye. 
That  notes  thy  crimes,  and  will  one  day  requite  them* 
f  Alm%rMM,   I  thought  to  have  found  thee,  lady,  lefs  reluctant; 
ril  talk  no  more — nor  have  I  time  to  lofe 
In  idle  parly  with  a  haughty  beauty* 

Thus 


Tbi  Fair  Grcajpitn^  a  Tragidf.  gj 

Thus  in  a  word — if  thou,  with  yielding  kindfleff. 
Within  an  hoBr,  con  fen  t  to  croorn  my  wiihes. 
The  next  (hall  honour  thee  as  Perfia^s  qoeen, 
(Something  thoa  feed  I  tan  allow  to  pride) 
If  not,  then  learn  the  ifTue— That  vile  boy 
Who  hath  ufurp'd  a  gem,  than  crown  n^ore  worths* 
The  throne  of  thy  a&dlions — think  upoi  it— 
Diet  the  facceeding  inflant — fo  refolvc. 

*  JimeiJd,    The  very  image  hnrriei  me  to  phrenzy. 

See,  cmel,  fee  Almdda  at  thy  feet ; 

She  condefcends  to  kneel— for  whom  ?-^Thy  brother. 

Is  human  pity  quite  extin^y  my  lord  ^ — Oh»  kcttVeh  I 

Where  is  thy  natare  that  it  fleeps  fii  ibnnd  ? 

Nay,  tarn  not  from  me — fpare  the  generoaa  Hamet*— 

Shed  not  thy  brother's  biood^-Thou  wilt  not  kill  kirn  I 

*  ji*m§r€tm.   *T\%  in  Almeida's  power  to  fave  or  ruin, 

*  Almddm.    Oh,  name  the  means — Almeida  dies  to  fave  him. 

*  Almtraiu  IVe  markM  oat  eafier  terms»  thoa  kaow*(l. 

'  Alnuida.    See  Sultan,  fee  !  behold! — ye  fhall  not  &ir'-« 
'  Jlmmram.  By  hell  he  dies  this  moment — nay,  thdb 

Shalt  aai  hitu  ftmgglii^g  in  the  pangs  of  death  ; 

That  hoary  traitor  t6o»  thy  fire  AboaHal, 

He  from  the  palace  fllall  be  dragg'd — 

*  Jlmiidm^  l&y  hxYnx ! 

«  Almoran.  Yes ;  thoa  (halt  gaze  upon  them—powerlefs  gaze««» 
With  frantic  hand  tear  thofe  luxuriant  locks. 
And  (hriek»  aad  weary  the  reverberant  air 
With  unavailing,  impotent  complainings  \ 
Thy  tears,  thy  itrugglings,  and  thy  woman's  arts* 
Aflail  in  vain.     Away,  and  hang  not  thus 
Idly  npon  me,  for  I  now  can  hate  thee-— Go-^ 
Go  and  prepare  for  angai(h,  bloody  and  horror.  [ BxiU 

'SCENE     X. 

*  JImeida.    Oh,  barbarous,  barbarous  man,  inhuman  tyrant  !'— 

Then  they  mud  die :  Well,  well,  I  will  not  weep,     . 
Am  I  not  very  patient,  righteous  gods  ? 
Am  I  not  vtry  calm  ? — Yes,  let  them  bleed. 
The  pitying  heavens  (hall  open  to  receive  thfem. 
Bleed !  whom  bleed  ?*-My  lord,  my  love,  my  fether  i 
Oh,  (hrouding  darknefs,  hide  me  from  the  figkt^ 
And  I,  I  murther  them— What  can  I  do  ? 
Point  out  the  path  to  me,  fome  kindly  power, 
Ia(b'u£l  my  daggering  fenfes  how  to  a£t. 
And  fave  the  innocent  from  the  aflaflin. 
It  (hall  not  be — I  cannot  bear  the  thought! 
Oh,  I  will  fave  their  lov'd.  their  precious  lives; 
Prevent  the  faul  blow,  or  with  them  die  !' 

Two  very  indifferent  prologues  precede  the  piece,  and  a 
mod  elegant  and  excellent  epilogue  is  fubjoined  to  it :  we 
wi(b  it  wete  in  our  power  to  point  out  the  author. 

C.         Art. 


,        .  (^  .64 . ) 

/  Art,  XIIF.  The  Count  0/  Narhonne,  a  Tragedy  As  it  !•  a£lfd  at  rhe 
Theatre  Royal  in  Coyent  Garden.  By  Robert  Jephson,  Elq; 
8vo.     I  s.  6'd.     Cadell.     1781. 

THIS  Tragedy  is  infcribcd,  with  great  propriety,  to  the 
Hon.  Horace  Walpole,  not  only  as  a  diftinguKhed  patron 
and  cultivator  of  Mteratu re,  but  as  the  avowed  author  of  the  fin- 

fular  ftory  on  which  the  drama  itfelf  is  profeiTedly  founded. — ; 
Raymond  of  Narbonne  is,  by  poetical  tranfmigration,  or,  if  you 
pleafe^  U'anfubftantiation,  no  other  than  Manfred  of  Ocranto, 
at  leaft  a  reileclion  from  him  ;  and,  like  a  reflf  ^iion,  fainter  than 
the  original.  The  CaJiU  of  Otranto^  with  all  its  peculiarities, 
inuft  be  alFowed  to  be  a  much  more  tnterefting  and  animat- 
ed compofition  than  the  Count  of  Narbonne ;  and  had  the  au- 
thor of  the  Gothic  Story  chofen  to  have  given  his  work  a  di^e£t 
dramatic  form,  he  would  moft  probably  have- exhibited  a  per- 
formance very  different  from  the  tragedy  before  uSv  l^is  magic 
might  perhaps  have  appeared,  in  fpectacle,  at  the  th'eatre  ;  or,  at 
leaft,  he  wbohazakrded  a  ludicrous  fimplicity,  in  the  deportment 
of  the  domeflics,  would  not,  like  his  theatrical  follower,  have 
allotted  to  all  his  perfonages  a  fsmenefs  of  language  and  charac- 
ter. Certain  it  is,  that  a  coldnefs  and  ohfcurity  pervades  tho 
prefent  fcenes,  from  a  perpetual,  but  indiflincl,  reference  to  2 
work  which,  entertaining  as  it  is,  hath  not  perhaps  been  read  by 
the  million,  and  is  not,  even  by  thofe  who  have  read  it,  fuffi- 
ciently  remembered,  to  enable  them  to  maintain  the  thread  of 
the  a<^ioii  in  the  reprefentation.  Fables  may  be  borrowed  ;  but 
borrowed  or  original,  the  drama  fhould  unfold  itfelf,  indepen- 
^nt  t>f  all  foreign  matter.  The  Count  of  Narbonne^  on  the 
contrary,  requires  a  conftant  commentary  from  the  CajUe  of  O- 
tranto.  The  very  opening  is  perplexed  and  obfcgie.  The  death 
of  the  fon,  and  the  flight  of  Ifabcl,  are  fo  blended,  that  neither 
are  interefting,  or  indeed  intelligible.  Godfrey's  challenge  too  is 
opened  rather  darkly.  The  appearance  of  the  herald  might  have 
given  it  adion,  and  have  fpared  a  cold  narration,  together  with 
the  heavy  perfonage  of  Fabian,  who  is  made  a  dull  and  unmoved 
hearer  and  retailer  of  the  ftory,  to  injinuate  the  plot  into  the  boxes. 

In  many  other  particulars  the  fable  is  unfuccefdfully  traced 
from  the  novel,  which  almoft  every  where  rifes  fuperior,  much 
fuperior,  to  the  drama  !  and  in  no  inftance  more  eminently  than 
in  the  delineation  and  conduA  of  the  two  female  charaiElers, 
Ifabella  and  Matilda,  which  are  fuftained  by  the  honourable  no- 
velift  with  the  moft  delicate  addrefs,  fo  managed  as  to  render 
each  of  them  refpedively  amiable,  as  well  as  to  add  much  force 
and  intereft  to  the  fituation  of  Theodore,  who  appears  in  the 
Tragedy  a  mere  drawing  after  Dorilas,  Tancred,  and  Douglas. 

On 


^ht  Count  of  Nor  bonne  J  a  Tragedy.  65 

On  the  whole,  the  fable  of  the  Count  of  Narbonne  1?,  in  our 
opinion,  maimed  and  defedtive.  It  \%  jsM  mii  iilifurn  .'  All 
the  leading  incidents,  inftead  of  coming  forth  in  dramatic  a£lion» 
are  loft  in  narration,  and  touch  not  the  pafBons.  Segnius  irri- 
tant animum^  DEMISSA  PER  AUR£$. 

One  circumftance  in  the  third  aft,  a  circumftance  however 
long  hackneyed  on  the  ftage,  engages  our  attention  ;  and  the  ca- 
faftrophe  again  revives  it,  after  the  moft  languifliing  fourth  aft: 
that  ever  exhaufted  a  writer,  or  fatigued  his  reader  and  auditor* 
Xhe  cataftrophe,  however,  is  much  inferior  to  the  maflacre  at 
the  altar,  in  Foltaires  Mahomet^  to  which  it  is  extremely  fi- 
milar.  The  abfence  of  Ifabella  in  the  play  is  much  to  be  re- 
gretted. Befides  the  lofs  of  many  other  pleadng  incidents,  her 
union  with  Theodore,  as  it  ftands  in  the  novel,  mitigates,  in 
fome  meafure^  the  feverity  of  the  morale  which  is  enforced  with 
aggravated  horror  in  the  Tragedy. 

The  Charalfers  are  not  happily  difcriminated.  They  are  co- 
pies from  books,  not  originals  from  Nature.  Their  prototypes, 
or  counterparts,  may  be  found  in  other  dramas.  The  Count  is 
defigned  and  coloured  afcer  Macbeth,  but  not  with  the  happy 
boldnefs  of  the  Great  Majler,  The  youthful  Adelaide  often  ex- 
hibits a  faint  likenefs  of  Juliet;  and  even  Hortenfia,  venerable 
matron  as  (he  is,  difplays  the  features  of  Imogen  and  Defdcmona. 
Auftin  is  the  moft  refpeftable  figure  of  the  groupe. 

The  fentimentSy  though  many  of  them  are  trite,  are  generally 
juft,  and  often  very  happily  expreffed.  The  reader  will  un- 
doubtedly approve  and  admire  the  following  paiTages,  as  well  as 
fume  others  which  he  will  find  in  the  Tragedy. 

*  Great  Ipiriti,  confcious  of  their  inborn  worth. 
Scorn  by  demand  to  force  the  praife  they  meri; ; 
Thfy  fed  a  flame  beyond  their  brighteft  deeds. 

And  leave  the  weak  to  note  them,  and  to  wonder.'^- 

*  Think,  confcience  is  the  deeped  fource  of  angoifh: 
A  bofom,  free  like  yourt,  has  life's  bed  funihine  ; 
'Tis  the  warm  blaze  in  the  poor  herdftnan'a  hut. 
That,  when  the  Uorm  howls  o*er  his  humble  thatch. 
Brightens  his  clay-bailt  walls,  and  che^^rs  his  foul.' — 

But  the  diSiion^  as  in  the  reft  of  the  Author's  pieces,  has  been 
the  principal  objeft  of  attention  ;  yet  the  diftion,  though  often 
highly  commendable,  is  unequal,  and  frequently  reminds  us  of 
Claudio's  converfation,  as  defcribed  by  Benedick: — ^^  A  very 
iantafticai  banquet,— *fo  many  ftrange  difhes  !"  Shakefpearc 
affords  the  chief  regale ;  but  there  are  many  little  entremets  and 
fide*plates  from  Otway,  Rowe,  Mafon,  Gray,  and  our  more 
humble  modern  dramatifts.  It  is  Harlequm's  Snufi^,  a  pinch 
from  every  man's  box  !  Almoft  every  expreftioa  is  carefully  cull- 
ed and  traofplanted  from  the  hot  and  cold  beds  of  tragedy  ;  and 

Rev.  Jan.  J  782,  F  -  there 


Jl 


66  735^  Count  of  iJarhonne^  a  tragedy* 

there  is  fcarce  a  fpeech  that  does  not  call  up  to  the  memory  a 
fpeech  in  fome  other  play.  Among  a  number  of  minute  in^ 
fiances  which  niight  be  adduced  of  the  expreffion  borrowed,  not 
always  very  judicioufly,  we  will  only  mention  two  pafiages 
where  the  idia^  as  well  as  the  phraje^  is  palpably  drawn  from 
Shakefpeare.  The  death  of  Raymond,  defcribed  at  the  end  of 
the  firft  aft,  is  a  fervile  copy  of  the  deaths  of  Duke  Humphry 
and  Cardinal  Beaufort,  in  the  fecond  part  of  Henry  the  Sixth  ; 
and  the  tranfport  of  Narbonne  at  the  Tight  of  Theodore,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  fifth  a<3,  is  an  imitation  of  Macbeth's  diforder 
on  the  appearance  of  the  ghoft  of  Banquo  at  the  banquet. 

The  inequalities  of  the  plays  of  King  Henry  the  Sixth,  tho' 
they  abound  with  fine  paiTages,  having  occafioncd  their  being 
but  feldom  examined,  we  wi(h  to  refer  the  Reader  to  the  fcenes 
above  mentioned,  both  which  he  will  find  in  the  third  act  of  the 
fecond  part.  In  the  mean  time  the  following  ihort  parallels 
will  ferve  to  fhew  Mr.  Jephfon's  intimate  acquaintance  with 

them. 

—  ■  *  Methinks  I  fee  him  ! 

Hit  afiiy  hue,  his  grizzled  brililiDg  hair» 
His  palms  fpread  wide.'  Count  of  N»  p.  i6. 

"  Oi  ajhy  fimblanci^  meagre,  pale,  and  bloodlefs, 

•     •     # 

Butfyl  his  face  is  black,  and  full  of  blood  ; 

////  bah  vprtard,  his  noftrils  Hretch'd  wide  ftraggling» 

His  bandi  abroad  difplaydV" 

The  beautiful  horror  of  the  fcveral  defcriptions  in  Shakefpeare 
tempted  his  imitator  to  blend  them  together,  and  betrayed  him 
into  the  impropriety  of  afcribing  to  the  guiky  death- bed  fome 
of  the  circumftances  originally  afcribed  to  the  obje£t  innocently 
murdered. 

There  has  of  late  years  fprung  up  amongft  us  a  clan  of  poets, 
who  compofe  £ngli(h  verfe  on  the  fame  principle  as  boys  at 
fchool  compofe  their  Latin  exercifes,  taking  half  a  line  from  one 
clafEc,  and  half  a  line  from  another,  feldom  or  ever  introducing 
half  a  line  of  their  own  original  invention  or  manufadlure. — 
Gray^  excellent  as  he  was,  had  a  touch  of  this  quality.  A  friend 
of  Gray  has  had  perhaps  more  than  a  touch  of  it :  but  the  imita- 
tors ofGrayj  and  the  friend  ofGray^  have  imitated  themj  and  thofe 
whom  they  hav^  imitated,  till  they  have  gone  through  every  leaf 
of  the  modern  Gradus  ad  Parnafjum* 

The  Author  of /^^  Count  of  Narbonnij  with  talents  perhaps  for 
original  excellence,  has  cramped  thofe  talents  by  the  ftudy  and 
pradice  of  dramatic  mimiery^  in  which  hemuft  be  allowed  to  be 
a  proficient.  But  this  is  poor  ambition,  and  unworthy  of  real 
genius !  Idly  as  we  have  been  accufed  of  political  republican- 
ifm,  we  muft  confeis  ourfelves  to  be  a  kind  of  republicans  in  li- 
terature 


^e  Ccunt  of  Isiarbontiff  a  Tragidjl  £7 

tf  raturc.  We  are  avowed  friends  to  the  independency  of  Par* 
nafliis  !  confident,  that  to  cut  and  fritter  out  the  ftate  into  a 
number  of  petty  principalities,  will  only  multiply  infignificanc 
fovereigns,  while  it  diminiflies  the  real  grandeut  of  the  empire* 
Such  literary  defpots  are,  each  in  their  turp,  fet  up  bj  their  pa- 
rafites  and  adherents,  as  a  kind  of  King  Log,  falling  with  a 
mighty  fplafh  into  the  Heliconian  puddle^  ai^d  ftrijcing  a  terror 
into  the  miferable  croakers  around  them,  till,  on  dete&ion  of 
their  weaknefs,  they  become  objeAs  of  infuit  and  contempt ! 

We  cannot  give  a  more  favourable  fpecimcn  of  the  Tragedy 
of  the  Count  ofNarhonne  than  the  difcovcry  of  Auftii)  and  Theo- 
dore in  the  third  aft.  The  circumftances  of  Theodorc!*s  birth  and 
fortune  are,  perhaps,  rather  too  abruptly  mentipDed  pn  his  part, 
as  well  as  too  haftily  catched  at  by  Aufiin  \  but  the  i^tnt  is,  we 
think,  on  tfae  whole,  the  moft  fpirited  and  a&Qjpg  in  the  play, 

*  S  C  E  N  E  Vs     To  /ij/ Coynt  and  Auflin,  Theodore  brought  in. 

Come  Dear,  thou  wretch  !  Whc;D  cali'd  before  ipe  firft,' 

Witb  jDoft  unwonted  patience  I  endur'd 

Thy  bold  avowal  of  the  wrong  thou  did*f!  n^e; 

A  wrong  (b  great,  that,  bat  for  fooliih  pity, 

Thy  head  that  inflant  (hould  have  made  atonement ; 

But  now,  convidied  of  a  greater  crime, 

Mercy  is  qoench'd  ;  therefore  prepare  to  die ! 

*  Tbeod.       Indeed !  and  ia  this  all  ? — \\s  (omewbat  jCiiddeiu 

I  was  a  captive  long  'mongft  infidels^ 
Whom  falfely  I  deem'd  favage,  (ince  I  find 
Even  Tunis  and  Algiers,  thofe  nefts  of  ruffians. 
Might  teach  civility  to  polifh'd  France, 
]f  life  dependd  but  on  a  tyrant's  frown. 
'  Ciunt.      Out  with  thy  holy  truodpery,  pried  I  delay  not; 
Or,  if  he  tru.ts  in  Mahomet,  and  fco/ns  thee. 
Away  with  him  this  inHant. 

*  Aufliit.  Hold,  I  charge  you ! 

*  Tbeod,      The  turban'd  mifbeliever  makcS  Tome  Ihow 

Of  jufticc,  io.his  deadly  proc^flcs; 
Nor  drinks  the  fabre  blopd  thus  wantonly. 
Where  men  are  valued  lefs  than  nobler  beafts.— ' 
Of  what  am  1  accufed  ? 

*  Count.  Of  infojence  ; 

Of  bold  preTomplivv  love,  (hat  dares  afpire         U^ttif 
To  mix  the  vilenefs  of  thy  fprdid  \tt^ 
With  the  rich  current  ^{ h  baron's  blood.  ^ 
'  Auftin.      My  hear!  is  touch'd  for  Um^^M^ich  injur'd  yonh, 
Supprefs  awhUe  this  fwelling  indignation  i 
Plead  for  thy  life ! 

*  Tbeod.  I  will  not  meanly  plead  ; 

Nor  were  vaj  neck  bow'd  to  his  bloody  block, 
If  love*s  my  crime,  would  J  difowa  jmy  love. 
'  Count,      Then,  by  my  foul,  thoa  died. 


6S  !^#  Count  of  Uarlormej  a  T^ragidy* 

*  Tbtidm  And  lee  me  die  : 

With  my  lad  breath  Til  blefs  her.     My  fpirit,  free 
Prom  earth's  encumbering  clogs,  (hall  foar  above  thee« 
Anxious,  LS  once  in  life.  III  hover  round  her. 
Teach  her  new  courage  to  fuftain  this  blow. 
And  guard  her,  Tyrarit !  fiom  thy  cruelty, 
'  Count.        Ha !  give  me  way  ! 

•  Aujiin.  Why  ihis  is  madnefs,  youth  : 

You  but  inflame  the  rage  you  (hould  appeafe. 
'  Tbiod.       He  thinks  me  vile.     'Tis  true  indeed  I  feem  (b  : 
But  tho'  thefe  humble  weeds  obtcure  my  oui^de, 
I  have  a  foul  difdains  his  contumely  ; 
A  guiltlefs  fpirity  that  provokes  no  wron^r. 
Nor  from  a  monarch  would  endure  it  offered: 
UninjurM,  lamb*like;  but  a  lion,  roused. 
Know,  too  iijurious  lord,  here  Hands  before  tbeet 
The  eqaal  of  thy  birth. 

•  Count.  Away,  bafe  clod  !— 

Obey  me,  ilaves! — What,  all  amazed  with  lies  ? 
'  Aufiiu,       Yet,  hear  him,  Narbonne:  that  ingenuous  face 
Looks  not  a  lie.     Thou  faid'l)  thou  wert  a  captive—* 
Turn  not  away  !  we  2>re  not  all  like  him. 
Something,  I  know  not  what,  rooft  friendly  to  thee. 
Nay,  more  than  friendly,  like  a  parent's  care. 
And  anxious,  even  to  pain,  bids  me  enquire—- 

*  TheoJ.        My  ftory%  brief.     My  mother  and  myfelf, 

(I  then  an  infant)  in  my  father's  abft:nce. 
Were  on  our  frontiers  feiz'd  by  Saracens* 

*  Count.        A  likely  tale  !  a  well  devised  impofture ! 

Wto  will  believe  thee  ? 

•  Aufiin.  O  deceiving  hope? 

A  gleam  fhouts  thro'  me  ;  and  my  Aarcled  foul. 
Fearful  and  eager,  (brinks  from  its  own  wi(h  : 
I  Ihake.  and  fcarce  have  power  enough  to  beg  thee, 
Go  on,  fay'all. 

•  Tbtod.  To  the  (ierce  Balhaw,  Hamct, 

That  fcourge  and  terror  of  the  Chhltian  coalls. 
Were  we  made  (laves  at  Tunis. 
«  Auftin.  Ha!  at  Tunis! 

Seiz'd  wiih  rhy  mother  ?  Live   (he,  gentle  youth  ? 

*  Tbtod,        Ah  no,  dear  faint !  fa:e  ended  (vjon  her  woes. 

In  pity  ended.     On  her  dying  couch, 
She  pray'd  for  bleflings  on  roe. 

*  Auftin.  Be  thou  bleflTed  ! 

O  fail  not,  Nature,  but  fupport  this  conflidf 
'Tis  not  deluiion  fure.     It  muft  be  he. — 
But  one  thing  more ;— did  (he  not  tell  thee  too 
Thy  wretched  father's  name  ? 

•  Tbtod.  The  Lord  of  Clarinfal. 

Why  do  yon  look  {o  earneftly  upon  me  f 
If  yet  be  lives,  and  thou  know'ft  Clarinfal, 
Tell  him  my  tale. 


Aujiin. 


Tb^  Count  of  Narbonnij  a  Tra^eJf. 

'  Auftin.  MylUrious  Providence  ! 

•  Count,  (Afide,)     What's  this,  the  old  roan  trembles  and  torns  pale. 

*  Tbtbd.        He  will  not  lee  his  ofFspring's  cimelefs  ghoft 

Walk  unappeasM,  but  on  this  cruel  head 
£xa6l  full  vengeance  for  his  (laughter  d  fon* 
'  Auftin.       O  Giver  of  all  good  !  eternal  Lord  I 
Am  1  fo  bkfs'd  at  lall  to  fee  my  ion^ 

•  Tbtod.        Let  me  be  deaf  for  ever,  il  my  ears 

Deceive  me  now  !  did  he  not  fay  h's  Ton  ? 

*  Auftin^       1  didy  I  did  ;  let  this,  and  th>s  convince  thee. 

lam  that  Clarinfal  ;  I  am  thy  father. 

•  Cfiuni,  (Afidi,)     Why  works  this  foolifli  moifiure  to  my  eyes  \ 

Down,  Nature  !  What  hat  thou  to  do  with  vengeance  \ 

*  Tbeod^       Oh,  Sir!  thus  bendin(v,  let  me  clafp  your  knees ; 

Now,  in  this  .precious  moment,  pay  at  once 
The  long,  long  debt  of  a  loft  fon's  afFedion. 
^  Cauni,  (AfiJi,)     Dedrudion  fcizc  ihcm  both  !  Mull  I  behold 
Their  tranfports,  ne'er  perhaps  again  to  know 
A  fon's  obedience,  or  a  f<ither*8  fondnefs  ! 

•  Auftin,       Dear  boy  !  what  miracle  prcferv'd  chee  thus. 

To  give  thee  back  to  France? 

•  Tbcod,  No  miracle, 

But  common  chance.     A  warlike  bark  of  Spain 
Bore  down,  and  feiz*d  our  veflel,  as  we  rov'd 
Intent  on  fpotl ;  (for  many  times,  ahis ! 
Was  Icompell'dto  join  their  hated  league. 
And  ftrike  with  inhdcls  )     My  coui  Cry  known. 
The  courteous  captain  fent  me  to  the  ihore  ; 
Where  vain  were  my  fond  ho.^es  to  find  my  father  ! 
'Twas  defoiat!on  all :  a  hw  poor  fwains 
Told  me,  the  rumour  ran  he  had  renounc'd 
A  hated  world,  and  here  in  Languedoc 
Devoted  bis  remains  of  life  to  heaven. 
'  Auftin.      They  told  thee  truth  ;  and  heaven  (hall  have  my  prayers^ 
My  fdul  poar*d  out  in  endlefs  gradrude. 
For  this  unhoped,  immeafurable  blcffing; 
But  thou  fhalt  have  my  care,  my  love,  my  life* 

*  Count.       Thus  far,  fond  man  !  1  have  Hllen'd  to  the  tale  ; 

And  think  it,  as  it  is,  a  grofs  contrivance, 
A  trick,  devisM  to  cheat  my  credulous  reafon. 
And  thaw  me  to  a  woman's  milkinefs. 

*  Auftin.       And  art  thou  fo  un(killM  in  nature's  language. 

Still  to  midruft  us  ?    Could  our  tongues  deceive. 
Credit,  what  ne'er  was  feign*d,  the  genuine  heart : 
Believe  thefe  pang*,  thefe  tears  of  joy  and  anguiOi  ! 
^  Count.       Or  true,  or  falie,  to  me  it  matters  not. 
I  fee  thou  haft  an  intereil  in  his  life. 
And  by  that  link  I  hold  thee.     Would'il  thou  favehim 
(Thou  know'lt  already  what  my  foul  is  fet  on), 
Teach  thy  proud  heart  compliance  with  my  will: 
If  not— >but  now  oo  more. — Hear  all,  and  mark  me— 
jCeep  fpecial  guard,  that  none,  but  by  my  ordeii 

F  3  PaTa 


^^•^■^^^^■— "i-*  -        ■-^■"      _       ■■  ■        11       ^M^^^^^^Pig 


y(>  MxJNTMLY  Catalocue,  Political. 

Pafs  from  tlie  caftlc.     By  my  hopes  of  heaven. 
His  head  goes  off,  who  dares  to  difobey  me. 

Farewel  I if  he  be  dear  lb  thee,  remember.' 

[Exit  Count, 

The  Prologue  is  intended  to  (how  the  horrid  fin  and  dangler 
of  criticifm;  and  the  firft  of  the  Epilogues,  for  there  are  iw?^ 
written  by  Edmond  Maloncy  Efq\  has  many  touches  of  humour 
and  pleafantry.  r^ 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    J  A  N  U  A  R  y,     1782. 

Political. 

Art.  14*     A  Letter  to  the  Right  Honourable  Charles  ytnkinfon. 

4to.     2  8.    Debrct.     1781. 

PRETENDS  to  give  the  fccret  hiftory  of  Mr.  Jenkiiifon's  ootfct 
and  progrcfs  in  the  public  offices.  He  aiTerts  the  exitience  of 
two  cabinet  councils,  by  Qne  of  which  the  affairs  of  this  nation  are 
§fiinfibly  ^XTcQit^t  by  the  other  effcQually  concrouled ;  the  official 
and  the  efficient;  the  Utter  the  dofet  of  bufinefs^  the  other  of 
form.  The  Author  places  Mr.  JeDkinfon  at  the  head  of  the  efficient 
counfellors,  ading  there  as  locum  ttnent  for  Lord  Bute  *.  He  afcribes 
the  American  war,  and  all  the  other  (late  meafureft,  and  policic&l 
manoeuvres  [here  totally  condemned],  to  the  efficient  council,  or  in- 
yijibie,  and  therefore  uneonji it ut tonal  power.  '  Now,  fays  he,  let  us 
view,  for  a  moment  only,  10  what  danger  does  this  innovation  in  our 
Conftittttion  lead.  It  a^umes  to  pervade  not  only  4II  executive  go-> 
vernment,  but  all  legiilative  and  judicial  authority;  all  civil  and  mi- 
litary power,  as  well  as  regulation,  it  ufurps  a  general  fweepiog, 
arbitrary  domination,  from  which  no  perfon  is  fafe,  no  property  ex^ 
cmpt.  Nd  means  of  redrefs  can  be  inftituted  againd  ii,  becaufe  it  is 
cognizable  no  where.  It  is  a  leviathan  and  a  non-entity  ;  an  inviiible 
hydra :  a  phosnix  rifing  out  of  the  aihes  of  the  old  conftitoiion  of 
the  old  inquifiiion,  or  rather,  to  drop  all  figure  (/>  is  timt  /),  from 
^ing  a  government  according  to  law,  this  mio  power  makes  it  a 
government  according  to  difcretion,  without  refponiibility  in  the  ad« 
vifers.' 

Having  fufficiently  expatiated  on  this  head,  and  trod  the  whole 
ground  of  our  prefent  '  difagreeable  and  melancholy'  fiCuation,  the 
Author,  after  treating  Mr.  Jenkinfon  in  the  mod  cavalier  manner,  at 
length  condefcends  *  earnellly  to  intreat  him,  as  chairman,  matter, 
leader,  or  ptincipal,  of  the  efficient  council,  not  to  make  another 
campaign  in  America.' — '  Abandon  the  American  war.  Say  nothing 
more  about  it ;  bat  withdraw  the  troops,  and  employ  them  elfewhere. 
Make  no  peace  with  America  only^    Leave  all  difcuffioo  with  Ame- 

*  Yet  in  one  place  our  Author  fayi,  '  Lord  North  ii  called  the 
pfl^afible  *  MiniOer ;  you,  Sir  [Mr.  JcnkiofoB],  the  r^/one.^ 


Monthly  CATAtocuB,  PoKtiud.  Ji 

rxt  to  a  general  peace, — Follow  Lord  Chatham's  plan ;  you  cannot 
follow  a  better.  The  houfe  of  Bourbon  was  always  his  ofajeft.— >' 
Sach  b  our  Author's  advice i  but  it  is  not  the  njuboU  of  his  advice. 
He  recommends  ttf/tfiafUi  to  government,  by  the  council  of  fit  and 
able  men — would  government  but  condefcend  to  afk  their  aid ;  and 
here  he  names  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham, 
Lord  Shelburne  (the  difciple  of  Lord  Chatham),  Lord  Camden,  &c« 
"&C. — From  the  fervices  of  fuch  men,  '  we  may  expeft  different  mea- 
farea  ;  and  the  public  (Irength  will  gain  new  vigour,  by  a  reftoration 
of  loft  confidence.' — His  concluding  fentence  is — *  Confidena  in  tht 
Mimifters  *wouU  en/urt /ucct/i  to  the  exertions  of  the  people.*  But  where 
ia  the  infurance^cffice  ? 
Art.  15.     A  Letter  to  Sir  Robert  Bernard,  Bart.  Chairman  of 

the  Huntingdon  (hire  Committee.     By  John  Jebb,  M.  D.  F.R.  S. 

8vo«     6d,    Stockdale.     1782. 

This  Letter  may  be  con/idered  as  the  worthy  Writer*8  apologetical 
cxpofition  of  bis  notions  refpeding  the  patriotic  fcheme  of  parlia- 
xaentary  reformation  *.  He  dififers,  in  one  or  two  capital  points, 
from  the  County  Committees,  though  he  agrees  with  them  as  to  the 
naio  objed  of  their  refolutions.  He  is  a  (launch  advocate,  with 
Major  Cartwright,  &c.  for  the  relloratlon  of  annual  parliaments ; 
and  he  has  Itaricd  what  feems  to  be  a  great  improvement  of  the  pro* 
pofal  for  adding  100  members  to  the  county  reprefentation,  viz.  the 
(nbf^rading  100  from  the  towns  and  boroughs :  by  which  means,  the 
number  of  deputies  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons^  already  numerous 
enough  for  all  the  purpofes  of  the  infiitution,  would  be  preierved 
liom  an  unneceflary,  perhaps  an  impolitic  increafe. 

Various  other  particulars  are  comprehended  in  this  little  tti€t, 
which  well  deferve  the  attention  of  the  Public. 
Art.  1 6.     On  the  Debt  0/ the  Nation,  compared  with  its  Reire- 

Due ;  and  the  Impoflibility  of  carrying  on  the  War  without  public 

(Economy.     8vo.    2  s.    Debrett.     1781. 

We  have  in  this  performance  a  plain^  difpaflionate  inquiry  intooor* 
political  circumftances,  under  the  articles  of  national  debt;  annual' 
Kvennes  ;  the  charges  of  coUedling  them ;  reports  of  the  commiffion- 
en  for  examining  public  accounts ;  the  expenditure  of  the  civil  lift ; 
with  ftriAures  on  the  army  and  navy  expences,  compared  with  their ' 
amoont  in  the  laft  war.     From  this  extenfive^  and  not  very  pleaGog 
fnrvey,  the  Author  deduces  fuch  wholefome  documents  for  domeftic 
oeconomy,  and  for  the  future  operations  of  our  prefent  unhappy  and 
difafirous  war,  as  will  convince  every  Reader,  that  inftead  of  being 
aduated  by  party  views,  he  honeftly  wiihes  to  promote  the  irne  wel- 
fare of  his  country.  ]/• 
Art.  17.     The  ^eftion  confidered.   Whether  Wool  ihould   be 

allowed  to  be  exported*  when  the  Price  is  low  at  Honie ;  on  pay* 

log  a  Duty  to  the  Public.    By  Sir  John  Dalrymple,  Bart.     8vo. 

6d.    Cadell.     1781. 

The  low  price  of  wool  has  long  been  an  obje£k  of  ferious  co^i- 
plainr>  both  in  the  firft  inftance,  and  in  its  confequencei. '  Sir  John 

*  Vid.  Addieffea  from  the  Yoiklhire  .Commiltef  1  and  other  pub- 
licatioA^. 

F  ^  Dalrymple» 


72  Monthly  Catalogue,  Eajl-Indies. 

Dalrymple,  therefore^  offers  (hort  and  plain  reafbns  for  allowing  the 
exportation  of  wool  under  a  limiud  price,  fubjed  to  a  doty.  Thia 
meafure,  he  contend.^  will  operate  like  the  bounty  on  the  exporta- 
tion of  corn,  to  improve  that  valuable  article  and  keep  it  at  a  me- 
dium price.  It  is  well  known,  that  great  quantities  are  always  ex- 
ported by  fmugglers,  fubjcd  to  the  rifles  attending  clandefline 
traufadions.  A  duty  therefore  proportioned  to  the  rifles  and  eura- 
ordinary  expences  attending  fmuggling,  would  convert  the  fmuggler, 
for  fecurity,  into  a  legal  exporter,  and  produce  a  revenue .  fo  that 
the  nation  would  be  bettered  by  fuch  a  regulation  in  every  point  of 
view.     7  he  fubjefl  certainly  deferves  mature  legiflative  confidera- 

East  Indies. 
Art.  18.  Original  Minutes  of  the  Governor -^-General  and  Council  of 
Fort  H^illiam  in  Bengal^  on  the  Appointment  recomfi^ended  and  car- 
ried by  Mr.  Ballings  in  O^lpber  1780,  of  Sir  Elijah  Impey,  to  be 
Judge  of  the  Sudder  Duany  Adawky,  «ith  a  Salary  of  Five  Thou- 
fand  Six  Hundred  Sicca  Rupees  a  Month,  or  Seven  Thoufand 
Seven  Hundred  and  Ninety-five  Pounds  Four  Shillings  per  Ann« 
8vo.     1  s.     Debrett.      1781. 

Little  as  we  may  be  fuppofed  acquainted  with  the  nature  of  the 
Qri^^ntal  provincial  courts  under  their  local  names,  thus  much  may 
at  leall  be  co]le;^!led  from  the  Minu:es  publifhed,  that  our  Eallern  do* 
minions  ftill  remain  fuhjedl  to  powers  not  well  defined  or  even  under- 
ilood  ;  but  liable  to  clafh  on  the  flighted  occafion,  and  to  renew  the 
difcords  by  which  they  uere  To  lately  didraded.  ' 

Poetical.  N 

Art.  19.     The  Cow  Chace :  an  Heroic  Poem,  in  Three  Cantos^ 

Written   at  New  York,   178c,  by   the  late  Major  Andre,     With 

Explanatory  Notes  by  the  Editor.     4to.     is.     Fielding.     1781. 

There  is  no  other  voucher  for  the  authenticity  of  this  poem  than 
the  adertion  of  an  anonymous  Editor.  As  it  contains  no  marks  ei- 
ther of  that  liberality  of  fentiment,  or  elegance  of  manners,  which  we 
ihould  have  expeded  in  a  compofiiion  of  the  accomplifhed  ofHcer  to 
whom  it  is  attributed,  we  fball  fcarcely  be  thought  uncandid  in  fuf- 
pedling  it  to  be  one  of  thofe  impofitions  which  the  prefs  is  almofl 
every  day  obtruding  upon  the  credulity  of  the  Public.  It  is  pro- 
bable, however,  that  this  mock-heroic  was  firil  printed  in  America* 
Jta  principal  objed  is  to  ridicule  General  Wayne's  unfuccefsful  at^ 
tempt  to  carry  off  feme  cattle.  C^t^^ 

Art.  20.     Jin  EJfay  on  Prejudla  \  a  Poetical  Epifile  to  the  Ho« 
nourable  C.  J.  Fox,     4to.     is.     Faulder.     1781. 

In  this  Writer's  vocabulary,  prejudice,  hypocrify,  bigotry,  and  re- 
ligion are  fynonymous  terms.  His  general  principles  are  fummed  up 
in  the  following  lines  : 

Fool,  wilt  thou  from  a  fubHance  turn. 

To  grafp  an  empty  (hade  : 
The  faireft  fruits  of  Nature  fpurn. 

And  let  her  flowers  fade  ? 

Fair  was  the  fcene,  till  griefs  begQil'd« 
And  bafelefs  fears  oppfcfs'd — 

For 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Dramatic^  yj 

For  when  (he  form'd  her  f&voarice  child* 

She  form'd  him  to  be  blfil. 
PJac*d  in  a  world,  where  joy  with  joy, 

Pleafure  with  pleafure  vic^i ; 
With  fenfe,  fiie  faidy  thy  time  employ. 

Be  happy,  and  be  wife. 
The  prefent's  thine — fate  rules  the  rell— 

No  future  terrors  fear ; — 
Enjoy  the  fleeting  hour;  be  bleft —  i^^P^fr 

And  make  thy  heaven  here.  ^  C  JJ  p 

Art.  II.     Oimne  to  Paris:  An  Epiftle  tranflatcd  from  Ovid* 

4to.     6  d.     Law.     1781. 

A  fecond  rate  c^py  from  a  firft  rate  original,  CL^f^"^  • 

Art,  22.     The  Royal  Naval  Review^    or  a  late  Trip  to  the 

Nore.     Being  a  Poetical  Epidle  from  Hodge  in  Town  to  Dick  ia 

the  Country.     Whh  Notes  Critical  and  EAplanatory.     By  a  De- 

fcendant  of  the  Great  Scriblerus.     4to.      is.   6 d.      Kearfley. 

1781. 

Hodge  probably  might  (hine  as  compofer  for  the  ballad- fingers  at 
a  country  wake  ;  but  he  much  miftakes  his  own  province,  if  he  thinks 
himfelf  equal  to  any  thing  elfe.  His  intention  is  to  give  a  ludicrous 
and  fatirical  defcription  of  a  late  celebrated  Naval  Revieiv :  but  hit 
powers  of  execution  and  his  intention  are  utterly  at  variance.  Q^'^'tf^^t^^ 

Art.  23.    A  Poetical  Epifile;  attempted   in  the  Style  of  Chur- 
chill's Kpiftle  to  Hogarth.     4to.     IS.     Fielding.     1781. 

A  feeble^  unmeaning,  and  petulant  invedlve :  but  againft  whom 
it  is  levelled,  or  by  what  provocation  it  is  excited,  does  not  appear. 
The  poetry  of  this  piece  is  as  contemptible,  as  the  principle  by 
#hich  it  appears  to  have  been  diflated  is  malevolent.  ^l^«fe— t^. 

Dramatic. 
Art.  24.     Songs^    DuoSy   Trios^   Cboruffesy   &c.    in   the  Comic 

Opera  of  the  Carnival  of  Venice,  as  it  is  performed  at  the  Theatre 

Royal  Drury-Lane.     8vo.     6d.     Baldwin.     1781. 

Thefe  Songs  have  much  more  poetical  merit  than  ufually  falls  to 
the  lot  of  airs  in  a  comic  opera.  The  Reader,  we  think,  will  be 
j^leafed  with  the  two  following  : 

'AIR,     by    Mr.    Bannister, 

I. 
Soon  as  the  bufy  Day  is  o'er. 

And  Evening  comes  with  pleafant  (hzdc. 
We  Gondoliers  from  fliore  to  fhore. 
Merrily  ply  our  jovial  trade. 

And  while  the  Moon  (hines  on  the  dream. 

And  as  foft  mufic  breathes  around  ; 
The  feathering  oar  returns  the  gleam. 
And  dips  in  concert  to  the  found. 

II. 
Down  by  fomc  Convent's  mould 'ring  walls 

Oft  we  bear  the  enamour'd  Youth  ; 
Softly  the  watchful  Fair  he  calls, 
Wno  whifpers  vows  of  Love  and  Troth. 

And  while  the  Moon,  &c. 

III. 


t 


*  7^  MovTHLY  Catalogue,  Mtfcellamous^ 

III. 

*•  And  oft  where  the  Rialto  fwelU, 

**  With  h<ippier  pairs  wc  circle  round; 
^'  Whofi  fecrct  f!ghs  fond  Eccho  tells, 

<*  Whole  murmur'd  vows  ilie  bids  rcToucd. 

And  while  the  Mooiij  &c, 
IV. 
"  Then  joys  the  Vcuth  thai  Love  conccaFd, 

'*  That  fearful  Love  mud  own  its  fighs ; 
*'  Then  fmiles  the  Maid,  to  h^ar  revcal'd 
**  How  more  tbaa  ever  ibe  complies." 

And  while,  &c, 

AIR,    by    Mr.    Du   Bellamy. 

I 
Not  for  thy  wings,  oh  God  of  Love  ! 
Sighs  the  Youth  that  wou'd  not  rove  ; 
Not  for  thy  arrow  pants  the  heart* 
Bleft  to  feel  the  mutual  dart. 

U. 
But  that  I  ne*er  may  jealous  llve^ 
Me  thy  carelefs  childhood  give. 
And»  to  fecure  unchanged  delight* 
/  Share  thy  bind,  and  veil  my  fight. 

Moll  of  the  other  airs  are  equally  plcafing.     Thi  Petit  Maitre^i 
pay  is  a  lively  piece  of  humour,  and.  Toung  Luhim  a  moft  affe^ing 
little  palloral.     No  name  is  prefixed  to  this  colledion  ;  but  we  uo- 
deriland  it  to  be  the  avowed  work  of  the  ingenious  Mr.  Tickell,  of* 
whofe  poetical  talents  the  world  has  before  received  the  moft  pro- 

iung  fpeclm<*n?.  C»# 

25.     The  ATtmature  Figure  \  a  Comedy,  in  Three  Afis  *, 
-  Performed  at  the  Theatre-Royal  in  Drury>Late.     8vo.     is.  6  df 
Riley.     1781. 

This  Miniature  is  confeiTedly  a  bally  fketch,  not  originally  in- 
tended for  public  exhibition.  The  Prologue  and  Epilogue  are  two 
brilliants  annexed  to  it :  the  ^rft  is  of  the  tiril  water.  C^  • 

/Vrt.  26.     Chit-Chat  \    or  the  Penance  of  Polygamy.     An  In- 
terlude.    Now  performed  at  the  Thtatre-Royal  in  Covent  Gar-* 
den.     Written  by  B.  WalwynJ     8vo,     6d.     Murray.     1781. 
A  dramatic  fquib  at  the  dodlrinc  of  Thelyphthora.  w* 

Miscellaneous. 
/^rt.  27.     ^n  HiftoricaLRhapfody  on  Mr.  Pope.     By  the  Editor 

of  The  Political  Conferences  \.     8vo.     2  s.     Cadell.      1782. 
We  have  commended    this  Writer's  Political  Conferences  t»  in 
which  he  ihewed  his  judgment ;  in  the  prefent  performance  be  mani- 
}  feds  at  lead  an  agreeable  portion  of  vivacity.     He  rambles,  obferves, 

y  quotes,  and  talks,  in  the  loofe  dcfultory  way  which   his  title-page 

(  implies  and  warrants,   concerning  Mr.  Pope,  and  fifty  other  perfons, 

piatters,  and  things ; — and  young  Readers  will,  particularly,  be  en- 

*  Said  to  be  the  produ^ion  of  Lady  Craven. 

t  Thomas  Tyers,  |£fq, 

1  See  Review  for  June  17809  and  May  1781. 

teitaiaed 


aiiur^ 
Art. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Mtfcellaneous.  75 

t^r'aired    by  b's    anecdotes,   and  numerous  citations  from  elegant 
and  popular  authors.     The  old,  the  grave*  and   the  fdiiidi3us,  wiU 
DOt  be  fo  eafily  plea  fed ;  and  fome  of  them  may,  perhaps,  farcailt- 
cally  rehear fe  upon  him  the  reply   which  CiWbcr  rqade  to  his  liitie 
dftogh'er,  when  (he  iilked  him  what  was  a  Rhapfodifl  ? — '*  A  Rhap- 
A>diH,*'  faid  LoMey,  •*  is  like  you.  my  dear,  a  prat  tie- hex, '^ 
Art.  28.     Prize   Sugar   not  Foreign,      An  EiYAy   intended   to 
vindicate  the  Rights  of  the  Public  10  the  Ufe  of  the  Prize  Sagars  ; 
and  to  ihe«v  the  Impolicy,  as  well  as  Ir.juftice,  of  forcing  the  Prize 
Cargoes  out  of  the  Kingdom,  at  a  Time  when  the  Manufa^ory  if 
languifhing  through  the  Want  of  due  Employmcrnr,  and  the  People 
arc  aggrieved  by  the  exceflive  Price  of  the  Commodity,     Witli 
Obfervationi  on  the  Eirport  Trade  of  Raw  and  Ri^ncd  Sugars,  ozt 
the  Drawbacks  aod  Bounties;   and  an  Inquiiy  into  the  proper 
Means  of  moderating  the  Price  of  this  necciiiry  Article.     Svo. 
j«.  6d.     C^clL     178*.  / 

This  well  written  eflay^appears  to  be  the  proHuv^ion  of  a  man  -y 
cf  boGnefs,  and  contains  reprefentalions  which  claim  early  and  due  r 
confideration.  The  exorbicmt  rife  of  fugar,  is  a  fad  that  comet 
home  to  the  knowledge  of  every  one  :  aad  wz  learn  that  the  events  of 
war  have  reduced  the  imporcation'of  Bri:i:h  fa^^ar,  fo  that  in  the  bit 
£ve  yearsy  the  average  advance  of  raw  fu^ar  in  pdce  has  been  nearly 
80  fir  cent,  while  the  revenue  from  this  article  has  during  the  four 
laft  years,  decreafed  150,000!.  per  annum,  'The  anxieties  of  tbofe 
who  were  engaged  in  the  manufaAory,  are  not  einly  defcribcd;  they 
foond  tbemfelves  on  a  fadden  reduced  to  the  alternative  of  flaking 
cbeir  property,  on  a  dangerous  rifque,  or  of  iUnding^  under  a  prodi^ 
gioas  burden  of  e^pences*  idle  fpet^ators  of  the  game.  Tirt;d  of  each 
experiment,  and  lofing  under  either,  feveral  withdrew,  and  more 
would  hare  followed  them,  if  they  could  have  found  purchafers  for 
their  premifes  and  utenfils.  The  occupied  fugar-hcufes  in  London, 
which  before  the  war  exceeded  one  hundred  and  forty,  were  become 
reduced  to  about  an  hundred,  and  feveral  of  thofc  were  oH^ered  to  be 
let :  ia  Briftol,  Literpool,  and  other  parts  of  England,  the  manufac- 
tory prefented  the  fame  gloomy  ap|>earance.' 

Plain  fenfe  would  dilate,  that  as  thefe  difadvanrages  flow  from  the 
wir,  we  (hould  counterafl  them  by  the  means  which  the  fame  war 
forniOief;  and  fupply  our  lofles  from  our  captures.  A  iegiflative 
power  for  this  purpofe  has  been  folicited  without  effeA;  fo  that, 
while  we  remain  under  thefe  hardships  at  heme,  our  French  antago- 
nifts  are  permitted  to  avail  tbemfelves  of 

'  ift.  All  that  part  of  the  fttgars  produced  in  the  French  idands, 
which  arrives  fafe  in  Prance. 

*  2d,  All  that  part  of  the  fugars  produced  in  the  French  iflands^ 
which  is  captured  by  the  Englifii,  in  its  courfe  home. 

'  3d.  All  the  produce  of  the  iilands  which  had  been  furrcndered 
by  the  GngliOi,  during  the  war. 

'  4th.  All  cargoes  of  Britifh  plantation  fu^ar,  which  the  chance 
of  wsr  at  any  time  may  ghrc  them,  and  which  in  this  initance  (far 
behind  ns  in  politenefs),  they  never  think  of  returning  for  our  ufe. 

*  Thus  (and  ftranger  things  happen)  if  an  homeward-bound  Ja- 
paici,  or  other  EngUfii  fugar  fleet  were  inteicepted,  and  carried  into 

France; 


*  7^  Monthly  Catalooue,  MgdlcaL 

France ;  and,  in  the  fame  feafon,  a  French  fugar  fleet  (hould  ha 
bought  into  our  ports,  what  would  be  the  refult? — The  French 
would  have  them  both  ; — they  would  keep  our's  and  we  ihould  fend 
tbem  back  their  own! — In  vain  it  would  be  urged,  that  the  mana- 
fa^ory  was  at  a  (land,  from  the  lofs  we  had  fuftained  ;  that  the  trade 
was  finking  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom,  for  the  want  of  a  neceffary 
liipply  ;  that  the  revenue  had  fuffered  a  deficiency,  which  other  taxet 
muil  make  good ;  and  that  it  was  but  jull  and  reafonable,  that  we 
Ihould  apply  what  the  good  fortune  of  war  had  thrown  in  our  way, 
■  to  alleviate  the  damage  which  its  untoward  events  had  occafioned. 

Surely  the  night  of  abfurdiiy  will  not  lad  for  ever ;  may  we  not  hope 
that  the  dawn  of  reafon  is  at  hand  ?  The  condud  of  the  Legiflature* 
ill  matters  analogous  to  thi.s  fully  authorifes  this  hope:  prize  to- 
lyacco,  cotton,  tea,  and  other  Eall-India  goods  (notwichAanding  the 
monopoly  vefled  by  charter  in  the  (Laft-India  Company,  andrccog- 
jtfzed  by  feveral  aCtb  of  parliament),  now  fotm  a  part  of  the  public 
IU)ck,  and  circulating  through  all  the  channels  of  indullry,  contri- 
birte  to  fupport  the  heahh  of  the  body  politic.  But  the  reafonable^ 
nefs  and  propriety  of  applying  the  prize  fugnrs  to  every  purpofe» 
/  which  can  promote  the  welfare  of  the  people^  to  whofe  arms  ihey 

;  have  been  Surrendered,  I  may  fafely  trull  to  the  rcHedlion  of  ihp 

leader.' 

*  In   no  event  could  the  manufadlory  of  the  prize  fugars  prove 
httrtful  to  the  Britilh  planter,  provided  the  policy  of  the-  ilate  gave 
{  due  encouragement  for  the  exportation  of  them  when  manufadured; 

'  let  the  reader  fteadily  reflect  on  this  pofition,  and  I  trult  he  will  find 

\  it  well  founded  ;  the  capture  of  a  fmall  number  of  the  enemies  (hips, 

[  of  courfe  could  have  but  a  weak  operation  ;  and  if  whole  fleets  (hould 

be  captured  what  would  follow  ? — a  demand  upon  this  market  from 
that  which  had  loll  its  ordinary  fupply,  and  an  advance  of  price  pro* 
portioned  to  that  demand.  1  have  been  favoured  with  an  anecdote^ 
which  (eems  quite  elucidatory  of  this  matter  — T'vo  years  ago,  whea 
cm r  Liverpool  privateeis  brought  in  feveral  French  Eall  India  jnea» 
fhe  holders  of  fome  kinds  of  bale  goods  which  had  been  bought  at 
I"  the  Company's  fales  were  alarmed  ;  they  apprehended  that  the  fales 

I  of  thofe  cargoes,  would  overilock   the  maiket  with  fuch  goods;  bat 

the  contrary  event  took  place  ;  French  and  oiher  foreign  buyers  fol- 
lowed the  goods  hither,  and  thry  were  rapidly  bought  up.  The  true 
danger  i^,  that  the  adopcion  ol  the  piizc  iugars,  would  not  in  the 
prefent  Aate  of  the  fugar  trade  prove  a  relief  proportioned  to  the 
wants  of  either  the  revenue,  the  coafumer,  the  manufadory,  or  th^ 
trade.' 

We  have  endeavoured  briefly  to  give  an  obvious  view  of  this  im- 
portant fubjefl,  without  following  the  Author  through  the  more  clofe 
profedional  arguments  he  produces.  Alas,  this  is  but  one  article  ii| 
the  long  lid  of  our  prefenr  public  difHculties  and  grievances !  «» 

Medical.  ^* 

Art.  29.  Cafes  in  Midwifery  \  with  References,  Quotations, 
and  Remarks  By  William  Vttit^^  Si/rgeon,  of  Welt  Mailing, 
in  Kent.  Vol.  I.  8vo,  6  i.  Rocheiler  printed  ;  Sold  by  Dodu 
ley,  &c,     178 1. 

This  publication  coaHfls  of  69  cafes  'n  the  Author*!  owd  pra£lice, 

7  beiides 


\ 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Medic-ah  77 

l>c(ides  namerous  references  at  the  end  of  each,  by  way  cf  iiludra- 
tioD  from  other  wri  crs.  The  ^hole  may  be  coniidered  aa  a  va- 
loab'e  cotledtion  of  fads  in  thi^  important  part  of  chirurgical  praf^ice, 
by  ifch'ich  the  mod  rational  and  improved  mode  of  treatment  in  a 
variety  of  circumiiances  is  attempted  to  be  elUblilhed.  That  th« 
greater  part  of  the  cafes  related  are  not  (ingular  or  uncommon,  will 
l>e  DO  objedion,  as  to  the  utilitv  of  the  work,  to  one  who  coniiders, 
that  the  mote  fre<|uently  any  dangerous  cafe  occurs,  the  more  im- 
portant it  is  to  have  the  moil  efiectuai  method  of  relief  properly  af- 
certained. 

1^  A  new  edition,  t^ith  feveral  additions,  of  the  fame  Author^i 
Cafis  of  Infanitj^  &c.  is   ajfo  lately  publiOied,  price  3  s.     The  iii^ 
edition  was  noticed  in  a  former  Review*  at  the  time  of  its  publica- 
tion. ^. 
Art.  30.     Account  of  an  Elajlic  TrochaVy  conftruScd  on  a  new 
Principley  for  tapping  the   Hydrocele,    or  Watery  Rupture,  &c« 
&c«     By  John  Andree,  Surgeon  to   the  Magdalen  Hofpital,  and 
the  Finibarv  Dilpenfary.     8vo.     is.     Caflon,  &c.     1781. 
It  is  well  known,    that  the  common  trochar  and  canula  cannot 
fafely  be  ufed  for  tapping  either  the  fcrotum  or  belly,  without  a  coa* 
fiderable  quantity  of  water  -firfl  colle£led  in  the  cavity,  in  order  to 
4!efend  the  fobjactnt  parts  from  the  point  of  the  perforator,  whick 
nod  be  pufhed  in  with  force  and  quicknefs,  to  carry  the  canula  clear 
in  with  it.     Mr.  Andree's  new  invention  (of  which  a  figure  is  given) 
appears  very  ingeououfly  to  obviate  this  difficulty,  and  therefore  it 
well  entitled  to  the  notice  of  Suryeons.  A^^ 
Art.  31,     A  raw  and  eafy  Method  of  applying  a  Tube  for  the 
Cure  of  the  Fijlula  Lachtymafts.     By  Jonathan  Wathen^  Surgeon* 
F.  A.  S.     4to.     IS.     Cadet).     1781 

Mr.  Wathen,  nbferving  the  frequent  failure  of  fuccefs  in  the  com- 
mon methods  of  clearing  the  ob!lructed  lachrymal  du6t  by  pieces  of 
bougie,  leaden  plummets,  &c.  conceived  hopes  of  fucceeding  better 
by  leaving  a  metal  tube  in  the  dudl,  and  healing  the  external  wound 
over  it.  Jn  order  to  introduce  the  tube  properly,  be  contrived  a 
kind  of  ftyle  fitted  to  it,  which,  with  the  tube,  is  here  figured.  The 
sictbod  appears  an  ingenious  one,  and  the  Author  afTures  us  of  its 
being  found  to  anfwer.  jC^  ^ 

Art.  32.  The  Condu^or  and  Containing  Splints ;  or  a  Defcrip- 
tioQ  of  two  Inttruments  lor  the  fdfer  Conveyance  and  more  perfedl 
Care  of  ffadlnred  Legs :  To  which  is  now  added,  an  Account  of 
Two  Tourniquets  upon  a  new  Conllru^ion.  Ihe  whole  illullratcd 
with  Copper-plates,  reprefenting  the  Inttruments  treated  of.  By 
Jonathan  Wathen,  Surgeon^  F.  A.  §•  Svo.  is.  6  d.  Cadell. 
1781. 

The  account  of  the  machines  for  fradured  legs  is  here  reprinted 
from  a  former  edition.  The  tourniquets  are  deiigned  as  improve- 
ments apon  Petit's.  No  particular  dcfcription  is  given  of  them,  but 
tJu  reader  is  referred  to  the  figures,  or  the  inHruments  themfelves.    ^ 


Rcucious* 


I 

* 


fr 

t 


78  Monthly  Cataloqve^'  ReH^ious. 

Religious. 
Art.  33.    Sermons,  on  the  fcUowing  SuhjeS} 5.     I.  The  Advantaged 

of  national   RepencaDce.     il.  Tne  ruiocus  Etfeds  of  Civil  War. 

}ll.  The  Coming  of  the  Son  of  Man,     IV.  The  Hope  of  meeting, 

kflowlntr,  and  rejoicing  with  viituou^  Fiiends  in  a  future  Wcrld. 

By  Vv'ilh^m  S:ccl  DickfoD.     izmo.     is.     Bel  fail,  printed. 

The  publication  of  the  two  (ird  of  t\ie/e  (ermoos,  we  are  told,  had 
been  refufcd  to  the  warm  folicitation  of  many  friends;  but  the  cir- 
culation of  Tome  reports  concerning  political  fenilments,  faid  to  be 
contaircd  in  them,  obliged  the  Auinor  to  expofe  them  in  ht9  own 
vindication.  They  were  each  preached  on  a  Faft  Day,  on^  ia  De- 
cember 1776,  the  other  in  Feb.  177S.  They  are  plain,  fi^nfible,  and 
calculated  to  be  ufcful.  The  former  recommends  national  repent- 
ance and  the  recovery  of  national  virtue,  in  which  tvtry  iodividujal 
fhould  unite,  as  the  probable  means  of  averting  calamities,  and  re- 
lloring  trancjuilliiy.  The  fecond  gives  a  juil  aiid  aFeding  defcrip- 
tion  cf  rke  evils  and  uiiieries  which  attend  cii^il  difcords  and  commo- 
tions. Here  it  may  be  fuppofed  he  is  led  to  fpeak  of  the  (late  of 
our  own  r^ation,  and  from  hence  it  ii  probabie  d  i  fad  van  tageo  us  re- 
ports were  circulated.  It  is  plain,  that  he  disapproves  and  laments 
the  war  with  A.ii'.'rica.  He  condemns  it  as  unnatural  and  inhuman  ; 
at  the  fame  time  he  does  not  vindicate  the  condud  of  America,,  but, 
allowir.g  her  offences  iO  be  great,  he  afks,  •  Are  we  to  facrilice  our 
all  to  a  point  of  honour?  Or,  to  ufe  a  favourite  mode  ofexpreffion, 
docs  authority  require  that  a  parent  fhould  rifque  his  own  perdition 
in  an  attempt  to  chaAife  the  ingratitude  of  a  child,  whea  experience 
ihews  that  be  is  unequal  to  the  talk?' 

The  third  difcourfe  contains  a  very  ferrous  and  afFefling,  as  well  at 
ienfible  admonition  to  the  diligent  improvement  of  life,  and  prepa- 
ration for  that  eternity  on  the  brink  of  which  we  Hand.  The  fourth, 
is  en  a  curious  fubjedt,  and  ofirers  feverai  confiderations  from  natural 
reafoo,  as  well  as  from  revelation,  to  eftablilh  the  belief,  that  pious 
and  virtuous  friends  will  know  each  other,  and  be  the  more  happy 
in  the  renewal  of  former  friend  (hips,  in  a  future  (late  of  felicity, 

SERMONS. 

J,    Om  the  Propriety  and  Ad'vantages  of  acquiring  the  KnonjuUdgt  and 

V/e  of  jirmSf  in  Times  of  public  Danger  \  preached  before  the  Ech- 

linvile  Volunteers,  March  28,  1779*  ^i^d  publi(bed  at  their  Re- 

quett.    By  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Dickfon.    Svo.     6  d.     Belfail,  printed. 

A  difcourfe  adapted  to  awaken  proper  fentiments  in  the  mind  of 

every  Chridian  Protedant,  and  offering  many  feafonable  and  afefui 

admonitions  to  the  volunteers  who  were  prefent.  ]| 

11.    Occafioned  by  the  Death  uf  the  Rev.  James  Armflrong,  late 

Froteflant  Diffenting  Minifler  of  Portaferry :   Preached  and  pub* 

lifhed  b)  DeGre  of  the  Congregation  of  that  Place.    By  W.  Steel 

Dickfoo.     8vo.     6d.     Belfaft,  printed,  1780. 

The  immediate  purpofe  of  this  difcourfe,  is,  *  to  enquire  what  par« 

ticular  happincfs  the  fpirits  of  the  jufl  fhall  derive  from  Cbrift,  who 

38  their  life,  when  they  fliall  appear  with  him  in  glory;  and  whac 

fnpport  the  caufe  of  virtue  may  derive  from  the  hope  of  this  happi- 

iicfi  amidft  the  troubles  and  temptations  of  the  prefent  world.'    Thia 

fermoD, 


Correspondence,  yg 

(brrooD,  like  the  former,  does  credic  to  the  piety  and  good  feofe  of  thel  ^ 
-Author.  ^{§ 

UL    S/,  Paul's  Sftt/e  cf  Souudne/t  and  Religion,     Before  an  Aflembf/ 

of  Procedanc  Difleoiing  MiniHers,  at  Hai'tfax  in  the  County  of 

York,  May  30,    1781.     By  William  Turner,     8vo.     6  d.     John- 

Ibo.     1781. 

The  account  given,  in  this  plain  and  Qfeful  difcourfe,  ^f  /oundfte/s 
in  matteis  of  religion,  is  as  follows  : — '  A  (incere  and  deadfall  belief 
io  the  Gofpel,  and  a  faithful  reprefentation  of  it  to  otherf^  as  a  di- 
vine infiitution  of  the  grace  of  God,  by  the  mediation  of  Jcfus 
Cbrid,  for  reforming  mankind  from  ^^n^  and  engaging  them  dili- 
gently to  pradife  all  holiocfs,  or  to  condud  their  lives  in  fmcere 
obedience  to  the  precepts  of  iheGofpcl,  requiring  piety  towards  God, 
parity  in  ourfelves,  and  righteoufncfs  and  gcodncfs  to  all  men ;  ani- 
mated heieio  by  a  iiim  belief  in  the  promiies  which  God  hath  made 
OS  by  Jefus  Cbrid,  a  llcadfad  expeflauon  of  a  future  judgment  at 
Cbrift's  appearing  in  glory,  and  an  efHcacious  hope  of  eternal  life 
from  him, — Thos  to  believe,  and  thus  to  przftiie,  is  to  be  y2tf«^//K 
the  failb  i  and  to  teach  and  exhort  others  10  believe  thefe  things^ 
and  thereupon  to  praftife  their  proper  duties,  is  to  tt^zh  found doc^ 
trimt — according  to  the  Apoftle*s  fenfe  of  the  words.  On  the  con* 
crary-»to  amufe  ourfelves  with  difHcult  quellions.  fpeculative  notions, 
and  zealous  contentions  al>out  high  and  myAerious  points,  of  little 
or  no  tendency  to  improve  the  heart  or  amend  the  pradice ;  or  to 
adopt  and  place  a  dependance  on  the  precepts,  obfcrvances,  and  or- 
dioanees  of  men,  or  on  any  external  rites,  privileges,  and  practices, 
CO  the  neglefl  and  prejudice  of  real  goodcefs—is  to  be  unfound  in 
ihi  faith. — And  to  pervert  the  attentiqn  and  abufe  the  credulity  of 
others  by  leaching  them  fuch  unprofitable  and  vain  matters,  and 
thereby  to  take  them  off  from  the  fubfUntial  and  indifpenfable  duties 
oPholinefs  in  heart  and  life,  is  to  ttacb  unfound  do&rint.^ 

Such  it  the  reprefentation  here  made,  and  we  mull  add,  that  tbrt 

reprefentation  is  fully  fupported  by  the  authority,  and  the  exprefs 

declarations,  of  St.  Paul.     The  Pteacher*s  text  is  Tituc  ii.    i,    Bt^ 

fptaktboutht  things  nvhiih  btcome  Jound  dc^rim.     Ail  the  pafiages  in, 

which  the  terms  y^irW  or  unfound  in  refped  to  faith  or  do^rine  are 

ufed,  are  brought  under  a  review ;  and  it  appears  in  a  manner  fuf- 

iiciently  plain,  we  fhould  fuppofe,  for  the  conviction  of  any  fair  and 

nnprejudiced  reader,  that  the  above  explication  contains  their  triKS 

intent  and  meaning.     Nay,  we  (hould  apprehend  that  fuch  readers 

might  infer  this  from  the  paHTages  themfelves  carefully  coniidered  in 

their  connedion,  without  any  comment  or  paraphrafe  at  alK  t^ 

— . .    XT.# 

CORRESPONDE  NCE. 

[ToourReaders.] 

Our  infcrtion  cf  Mr.  Roberts's  Letter  concerning  the  rot  io  (heep» 
at  the  end  of  our  Review  for  November,  has  procured  us  the  favour  of 
the  following  remarks  on  the  fame  fubjed,  from  another  Gentleman* 
— Fflrhapi  we  ought  to  make  an  apology  to  our  Readers,  for  having, 
bj  the  adffiillion  of  fuch  difcuOions,  departed  from  the  immediate 
parpofe  and  plan  of  a  literary  journal ;  but  when  the  importance  of 
the  inqoinr  is  confidered,  we.  farelv,  may  hope  fcf  abfolation.^- 

ShoiilJ 


--■J 


82  Warton'i  Hlftorj  of  EngUJh  PoUrj^  Vol.  III. 

'  This  yoang  nobleman^  who  a}(b  bore  other  titles  and  hoiioart» 
was  the  child  of  Henry's  afFedtion  :  coc  fo  xnach  on  account  of  his 
hopeful  abilities,  as  for  a  reafon  infinuated  by  Lord  Herbert,  and  at 
which  thofe  who  know  Henry's  hitlorj  and  chara^er  will  not  be  fur- 
prifed,  becaufe  he  equally  and  drongly  refcmbUd  both  his  father  and 
mother. 

'  A  friend  (hip  of  the  clofeft  kind  commencing  between  thefe  two 
inufirious  yoaths,  about  the  year  1530,  they  were  both' removed  ro 
Cardinal  WoIfey*s  College  at  Oxford,  then  univerfally  frequented^ 
as  well  for  the  excellence  as  the  novelty  of  its  inftitution  ;  for  it  was 
one  of  the  fird  feminaries  of  an  £ngli(h  Univerfity»  that  profefTed  to 
explode  the  pedantries  of  the  old  barbarous  phiIoibphy»  and  to  cul* 
tivare  the  graces  of  polite  literature.  Two  years  afterwards,  for  the 
purpofe  of  acquiring  tvtty  accomplilhment  of  an  elegant  education* 
the  Earl  accompanied  his  noble  friend  and  fellow-popil  into  France* 
where  they  received  King  Henry,  on  his  arrival  at  Calais  to  vific 
Francis  the  Pirfl,  with  a  moft  magnificent  retinue.  The  friendfhtp 
of  thefe  two  young  noblemen  was  foon  lirengthened'by  a  new  tie; 
for  Richmond  married  the  Lady  Mary  Howard*  Surrey's  fitter. 
Richmond,  however,  appears  to  have  died  in  the  year  1536,  about 
the  aee  of  feventeen,  having  never  cohabited  with  his  wife  *.  It  was 
long  oefore  Surrey  forgot  the  untimely  lofs  of  this  amiable  youth* 
the  friend  and  aflbciate  of  his  childhood,  and  who  nearly  refembled 
kimfelf  in  genius*  refinement  of  manners,  and  liberal  acquifitions* 

*  The  FAIR  Geraldine*  the  general  objed  of  liOrd  Surrey's  paA 
fionacc  foancts,  is  connmonty  faid  to  have  lived  at  Florence,  and  to^ 
have  been  of  the  family  of  the  Geraldi  of  that  city.    This  is  a  mif- 
take,  yet  not  entirely  without  grounds,  propagated  by  an  eafy  mi(^ 
apprehenfion  cf  an  expreflion  in  one  of  our  poet's  odes,  and  a  paf* 

,  fage  in  Drayton's  heroic  epiftles.     She  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
daufthters  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald.  Earl  of  Kildare.' 

The  reafons  for  this  fuppofition  were  originally  fuggefted  by 
Mr.  Walpole  f,  whofe  key  to  the  genealogy  of  the  matchlefs 
GeraMine  Mr.  Warton  his  adopted. 

*  it  is  not  preci(«r]y  known  at  what  period  the  Earl  of  Sarrey  began 
his  travels.  They  have  the  air  of  a  romance.  He  made  the  to«r  of 
Europe  in  the  true  fpirit  of  chivalry,  and  with  the  ideas  of  an  Ama- 
dis;  proclaiming  the  unparalleled  charms  of  his  millrefs*  and  pre* 
jMred  to  deftnd  the  caufe  of  her  beauty  with  the  weapons  of  knighc- 
errantry.  Nor  was  this  adventurous  journey  performed  without  the 
intervention  of  an  enchanter.  The  firft  city  in  Italy  which  he  pro* 
pofed  to  vifit  was  Florence,  the  capital  of  Tufcany,  and  the  original 
feat  of  the  anceftors  of  his  Geraldine.  In  his  way  ihither*  he  pafied 
a  few  days  at  the  Emperor^s  court ;  where  he  became  ac^ainied 
with  Cornelius  Agrippa*  a  celebrated  adept  in  iMtural  magic*  This 
vifionary  philofopher  Ihewed  our  hero,  in  a  mirror  of  glafs,  a  living 
image  of  Geraldine,  redioing  on  a  couch,  iick,  and  reading  one  of 

*  Wood,  Atb.  OxoD.  i.  68. 

t  Catalogue  of  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  vol.  i.  p.  ir5    edit. 

1759. 

his 


,  r 


Warton*/ .  Hijlory  ofEngKJh  Poetry^  Vol.  III.  83 

liU  moft  tender  fonneta  by  a  waxen  taper  *.  His  im agination,  whtch. 
wanted  not  the  flattering  rcprefeniations  and  artificial  incentives  of 
ilJnfion»  wai  heated  anetv  by  this  intereiling  and  a£fe£ling  Tpedtacle. 
Inflamed  with  every  enibafiafin  of  the  mofl  romantic  paflion,  be  haf-^ 
tened  co  Florence :  and,  on  his  arrival,  immediately  publi(hed  a  dep . 
fiance  againtl  any  perfon  who  could  handle  a  lance  and  was  in  love^ 
whether  Chriftian,  Jew,  Turk,  Saracen,  or  Canibal,  who  Ihould  pre* 
lane  to  difpute  the  fuperiority  of  Geraldine*s  beanty.  As  the  lady 
was  pretended  to  be  of  Tafcan  extraflion,  the  pride  of  the  Floren- 
tines was  flattered  00  this  occa'lon :  and  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tufcany;, 
permitted  a  general  and  unmoleiled  ingrcfs  in(o  his  dominioDs  of  the 
combatants  of  all  conntries,  till  this  important  trial  (houll  be  de* 
cided.  The  challenge  was  accepted,  and  the  Earl  vid^iriou  f .  The 
ihield  which  he  prefepted  to  the  Duke  before  the  tournament  began*, 
is  exhibited  in  Vertue's  valuable  plate  of  the  Artindcl  family,  and' 
waa  adually  in  the  pofleflion  of  the  late  duke  of  Norfolk  %, 

*  Thefe  heroic  vanities  did  not,  however,  fo  totally  engrofs  the 
time  which  Surrey  fpent  in  Italy,  as  to  alienate  his  miod  from  let* 
ters :  he  ftudied  with  the  greateft  fuccef*  a  critical  knowledge  of  the 
Italian  tongue,  and,  that  he  might  give  new  luftre  to  the  name  of 
Geraldine»  attained  a  jjft  tafle  for  the  peculiar  graces  of  the  Ita- 
lian poetry. 

*  He  was  recalled  to  England  for  fome  idle  reafon  by  the  King, 
moch  fooner  than  he  expected :  and  he  returned  home,  the  mofl  ele* 
ganc  traveller,  the  moft  polite  lover,  the  moil  learned  nobleman,  and 
the  moft  accompliflied  gentleman,  of  his  age.  Dexierity  in  tilting^ 
and  gracefttlneis  in  managing  a  hor(e  under  arms,  were  excellenciea 
now  viewed  with  a  critical  eye,  and  pradifed  with  a  high  degree  of 
emulation.  In  K40,  at  a  tournament  held  in  the  prefence  of  the 
Court  at  Weftminfter,  and  in  whicb  the  principal  of  the  nobility 
were  engaged^  burrey  was  diftinguifhed  above  the  reft  for  his  addrefa 
in  the  uie  and  exerciie  of  isrms.  But  hu  martial  fkill  was  not  folely 
difplayed  in  the  parade  and  oftentation  of  thefe  domeftic  dombatt. 
In  15  f2,  he  marched  into  Scotland,  as  a  chief  commander  in  his  fa* 
ther*s  army  ;  and  was  confpicuous  for  his  condudl  and  bravery  at  the 
memorable  battle  of  Flodden- field,  where  James  the  Fourth  of  Scot- 
land  was  killed.  The  next  year,  we  fipd  the  career  of  his  vi^oriea 
impeded  by  an  obftacle  which  no  valour  could  refift.  The  cenfurea 
of  the  church  have  humiliated  the  greateft  heroes  :  and  he  was  im- 
prifooed  in  Windfor-caftle  for  eating  fle(h  in  Lent.  The  prohibition 
had  been  renewed  or  ftrengthened  by  a  recent  proclamation  of  the 
King.  1  mention  this  circumftance,  not  only  as  it  marks  his  cha- 
ncer, impatient  of  any  controul,  and  carelefs  of  very  ferious  confe- 
quences  wnich  often  arife  from  a  contempt  of  petty  formalities,  but 
ai  it  gave  occafion  to  one  of  his  moft  fentimental  and  pathetic  fon- 
nets  ^.  In  i  $44,  he  was  Field-marftial  of  the  Engliih  army  in  the 
expedition  to  Bologne,  which  betook.     In  that  age,  love  and  arma 

conftantly  went  together :  and  it  was  amid  the  fatigues  of  this  pro- 

#  ^^^^ 

*  Drayton,  Her.  Epift.-^Howard  to  Geraldine,  v.  57. 

t  Wood,  ubi  fupra.  %  Walpole,  Anecd.  Paint,  i.  76. 

JFol.  6,7. 

G  z  traAed 


84'  \^on's  Hijlorf'of  Efignjb  Poetry,  Vol.  Ill;  ' 

tdided  cabptigOy  that  he  compofed  hu  IsfH  fonnet  called  the  Fansis 
of  a  *wtaritd  Lovtr  * . 

*/  But  iu  Sarrey*8  popnlarity  increifled,  his  intereft  declined  with 
the  Sing :'  whofe  caprices  and  jealoufies  grew  nmre  violent  with  hit 
yeiarfs  and'infiriniiifcs.    The  brilliancy  of  Surrey *s  charader*  his  ce- 
lebrity in  the  military  fcience,  his  general  abili'ties»  his  wit*  learn* 
ing,  and  affiibility,  were' viewed  by  Henry  with  difguH  and  fufpicion. 
It-  was  in  vain  that  he  po^eiTed  e\tTj  advantageous  aaalification* 
wliich  could  adorn  the  {cholar,  the  courtier,  and  the  foldier.    In  pro- 
portion as  he  was  amiable  in  the  eyes  of  the  people,  he  became  for- 
lAidable  to  the  King.     His  rifing  reputation  wai^  mifconftrued  into  a 
dangerogs  ambition,  aftd  gave  birth  to  accufations  equally  ground- 
lefs  and  frivolous.     He  was  fufpeded  of  a  defign  to  marry  the  Prin- 
ctfs  Mary;  and  by  that  alliance,  of 'approaching  to  a  poflibiliry  of 
Wearing  the  crown.     It  was  infinoaited,  that  he  converfed  with  fo- 
reigners, and  held  a'  cqrrefpondence  with  Cardinal  Pole. 
^  *  The  addition  of  the  efcocheon  of  Edward  the  Confeflbr  to  his 
own,  although  ufed  by  the  family  of  Norfolk  for  many  years,  and 
juttified  by  the  authority  of  the  heralds,  was  a  fufficient  foundation 
for  an  i impeachment  of  high  treafon.    Thefe  motives  were  privately 
aggtavated  b/Yhofe  prejudices,  witb  which  Henry  remembered  the 
miibebaviour  of  Catharine  Howard,. and  which  were  extended  to  all 
that  lady's  relations.    At  length,  the  Bar!  of  Surrey  fell  a  facrifice  to 
tjie'peeviih  irjuflice  of  a  mercilefs  and  Qngrateful  mafter.  .  Notwith- 
fianding  his  eloouent  and  mafcullne  defence,, which,   even  in  the 
Caufe  of  guilt  itfeif  i^rould  have  proVed  a  powerful  perfoarive,   he  was 
condemned  by  the  prepared  foffrage  of  a  fervile'and  cbfequioos  jury, 
and  beheaded  on  Tower-hill  in  the  year  1947  f.    In  the  mean  time 
we  ihould  remember,  that  Surrey*s  public  cond6£l  was  not  on  all  oc- 
cafions  quite  unexceptionable.     In  the  affair  of  Bologne  he  had  wade 
A  falfe  Hep.     This  had  ofiended  the  Ring.     But  Henry,  when  once 
ofiendedy  could  never  forgive.     And  when  Hertford  Was  fent  into 
France  to  take  the  command,  he  could  not  refrain  from  dropping 
fome  reproachful  expreflions  againtt  a  meafure  which  fecmed  to  im- 
peach his  per(onal  courage.     Coofcious  of  his  high  birth  and  capa- 
city, he  was  above  the  little  attentions  Of  caution  and  r^(tTy:t ;  and 
Be  too  frequently  negle^ed  to  confult  his  own  fituation,  and  the 
King's  temper.    It  was  his  misfortune  to  ttivt  a  monarch,  whofe  re- 
fentments,  which  were  eafily  provoked,  could  ohly  be  fatisfied  by  the 
moH  i'evere  revenge.     Henry  brought  thofe'men  to  the  block,  which 
other  monarchs  would  have  only  difgraced. 

*  Among  thefe  anecdotes  of  Surrey's  life,  I  had  almoft  forgot  to 
mention  what  became  of  his  amour  uiih  the  fair  Geraldine.  We  la- 
ment to  End,  that  Surrey's  devotion  to  this  lady  did  not  end  in  a 
wedding,  and  that  all  his  gallantries  and  verfe^  availed  (b  little  !  No 
mcmo.rs  of  that  incurious  age  have  informed  us^  whether  her  beauty 
was  equs^led  by  her  cruelty  ;  or  v^hcther  her  ambition  prevailed  io 
far  over  her  gratitude,  as  to  tempt  her  to  prefer  the  (bird  glories  of  a 


*  Fol.  18./  See  Dugd.  Barooag.  ii.  p.  z;^. 
f  See  Stowe,  Chron.  p.  592.     Challoner,  de  R^pubk  ^Aagl.  In- 
ftaorand.  lib.  ii.  p.  45. 

mo;e 


^  Wtrton'i  Hijlorf  tfEngli/h  Pairy^  Vol.  lUi  JBk 

noire  fplendid  title  and  ample  fortune,  to  the  challenges  a«(l  the  cpq|» 

^^     plimeocs  of  fo ,  ma|rnanixnpus«  To  faithful,  and  fo  cloouent  a  Ipv^r. 

^      She  appears,  however,  to  have  been  afterwards  the  third  wife  bf  Ba- 

Or       ward  Clinton,  earl  of  Lincoln.     Such  alfo  is  the  power  of^time'iliii 

"^       accident  over  amorous  vows,  that  even  Surrey  himfelf  outlived  tl\e 

«        violeace  of  his  pafllon.     He  married  Frances,  daughter  of  ]ohn  Eafl 

of  Oxford,  by  whom  he  left  feveral  children.     One  of  his  danghteti, 

Jane  Countefs  of  Weflmoreland,  was  among  the  learned' latfiek'6f 

that  age,  arid  became  famous  for  her  knowledge  of  the  Greek  anil 

Latin  languages  *.' 

The  friend  and  poetical  allbciate  of  Surrey  was  Sir  Thomas 

Wyat  tbe  Elder,  who  though  inferior  to  Surrey  as  a  writer  bf 

fonnets,  yet,  as  a  moral  poet,  had  confiderable  merit.     Bcfides 

tbefe.  Sir. Francis  Bryan,   George  Boleyn,  Earl  of  Roch ford, 

J^^and  Lord  Vaulx,  were  profeiled   rhymers  and  fonnet-writers, 

H  X  And  large  contributors  to  thelirft  printed  poetical  mifcellany  ia 

•^  C)  the  Englifh  language,  puhlifhed  by  Tottel  in  the   year  1557* 

r      Even  the  favage  Henry  caught  the  infection  of  the  times,  and 

^jT  compofed  fonnets  and  madrigah.     I  have  been  told,  fays  Mr. 

^|lLWarton,  *  that  the  late  Lord  Eglincoun  had  a  genuine  book  of 

\l   Xianufcnpt  fonnets,  written  by  King  Henry  the  Eighth.    I'here  is  an 

It"     old  madrigal,  fet  to  mu(ic  by  William  Bird,  fuppoied  to  be  written 

^       by  Henryjyhen  be  firfl  fell  in  love  with  Anne  fioleyn  f.    It  begins. 

The  eagles  force  fubdues  eche  byrde  that  flyes. 
What  metal  can  vtiy^t  the  flamyng  iyit  ? 
Poth  not  the  funne  da^&le  the  cleareilc  eyes, 
And  melt  the  yce,  and  make  the  frolle  retyre  } 

It  appeared  in  Bird's  Pfalms,  Songs,  and  Sonnets,  printed  with  ma- 
fical  notes,  in  161 1  %•  Poetry  and  rouic  are  congenial;  and  it  is 
certain,  that  Henry  was  (killed  in  mniical  compofition.  Erafmus  itt* 
tefts,  that  he  compofed  fome  church  fervices  § :  and  one  of  his  at* 
thems  ftill  continues  to  be  performed  in  the  choir  of  Chrhl-chorch  ht 
Czforid,  of  his  foundation.  It  is  in  an  admirable  ftyle,  and  is  fbr 
four  voices.  Henry,  although  a  fcholar,  had  little  tatle  fbr  the  daf- 
iical  elegancies  which  now  began  to  be  known  in  England.  His  edo- 
cation  ftems  to  have  been  altogether  theological :  and,  whether  it  beft 
fnited  his  cade  or  ht^  intereft,  polemical  divinity  feems  to  have  bean 
his  favourite  fcience.  He  was  a  patron  of  learned  men,  when  tliey 
hnmoared  his  vanities ;  and  were  wife  enough  not  to  interropt  bis 
pleafnres.' his  convenience,  or'  his  ambition,' 

To  trace  this  indefatigable  antiquary  through  all  the  curious, 
if  not  interefting,  matter  which  this  volume  contains,  woidd 
far  exceed  the  limits  of  our  defign,  '  To  pafs  over,  therefore, 

m 

*  Dagd  Baron,  i.  533.  ii.  27 V 

t  I  muft  not  forget,  that  a  fpng  is  af(;ribed  to  Anne  Boleyn,  but 

with  little  probability,  calii^  !her  Complaint.     See  Hawkins,  Hill* 

Mnf.  iii.  32,  v.  480.  .•     .  • 

X  See  alfo  Nugx  Antiquae^  n'z^Z, 

5  See  Hawkins,  Hill.  MufH.  535. 

63  "  "  -  what 


J 


Ar 


86  Warton'i  Ktjtt^  of  EngUJb  Pottrj^  Vol.  III.  ^^ 

what  we  (hould  otherwife  wifli  to  d  .ell  upon,  let  us  proceed  tm  ■'  ^ 

that  feSion  in  which  are  pointed  out  the  eiTefls  of  the  rrforma*  / 

tion  on  our  poetry :                                                                ^  ^  . 

'  1  he  reformaiion  of  cor  church  produced  an  alteration  for  a  time  if 

in  the  general  fyliem  of  fludy,  and  changed  the  charaAer  and  fob-  * 
je£b  of  oar  poetry.     Every  mind,  both  learned  and  nnlearned.  was 

pofied  in  religious  fpeculation  ;  and  every  pen  was  employed  in  re-  « 
commending,  illuftrating,  and  familiarifing  the  Bible,   which  was 
now  laid  open  to  the  people. 

*  The  poetical  annals  of  King  Edward  the  Sixth,  who  removed  jO 
thofe  chain.^  of  btgocry  which  his  father  Henry  had  only  loofened,  a 
are  marked  with  metrical  tranilations  of  various  part>  of  the  facred  . 
Scripture.     Of  thcfc  the  chief  is  the  verfification  of  the  Pfalter  by  ^  > 
Stern  hold  and  Hopkins ;  a  performance,  which  has  acquired  an  im-  ^ 

-portance,  and  confeqoently  claims  a  place  4n  our  feries,  not  fo  muchl  f 
from  any  merit  of  its  own,  as  from  the  circumftances  with  which  it  is^>  |V 
connedked.  ^    rr.  ^  . 

*  It  is  extraordinary,  that  the  Proteftant  churches  ihould  be  in-^    / 
debted  to  a  country  in  which  the  reformation  had  never  begun  to«   vi. 
make  any  progreff ,  and  even  to  the  indulgence  of  a  fociety  which  re- A 
mains  to  this  <iay  the  grand  bulwark  of  the  Catholic  theology,  for  pT '^ 
very  diHinguilhing  and  eflencial  part  of  their  ritual. 

*  About  the  year  i  ^^o,  Clement  Marot,  a  valet  of  the  bed-cbam* 

her  to  King  Francis  the  Fird,  was  the  fivourite  poet  of  France.  ^• 
Thi&  writer,  having  attained  an  unufaal  elegance  and  facility  of  fiyle, 
added  msny  new  embellifhmenis  to  the  rude  ftate  of  the  French  poe- 
try. It  is  not  the  leaft  of  his  praifes  that  La  Fonuine  ufed  to  call 
him  his  mailer.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  rondeau,  and  the  re- 
i^orer  of  the  madrigal :  but  he  became  chiefly  eminent  for  his  pafto- 
rals,  ballads,  fables,  elegies,  epigrams,  and  tranflations  from  Ovrid 
and  Petrarch.  At  length,  being  tired  of  the  vanities  of  profane  poe- 
try, or: rather  privately  tindlured  with  the  principles  of  Lutheranifm, 
he  attempted,  with  the  affi (lance  of  his  friena  Theodore  Beza,  and 
by  the  encouragement  of  the  ProfisfTor  of  Hebrew  in  the  Univerfity  of 
Pari?,  a  verfion  of  David's  Pfalms  into  French  rhymes.  This  tranfla- 
tion,  which  did  not  aim  at  any  innovation  in  the  public  worlhip,  and 
which  received  the  fandion  of  the  Sorbonne  as  containing  nothing 
contrary  to  found  doArine,  he  dedicated  to  his  mafler,  Francis  the 
Firll,  and  to  the  Ladies  of  France.  In  the  dedication  to  the  Ladies, 
or  Us  Damn  da  France^  whom  be  had  often  before  addreiTed  in  the 
tendered  ftrains  of  paffion  or  compliment,  he  feems  anxious  to  depre- 
cate the  raillery  which  the  new  tone  of  his  verfihcatien  wa*  likely  to 
incur,  and  is  embarraiTed  how  to  find  an  apojogy  for  turning  faint. 
Confcious  of  his  apollacy  from  the  levities  of  life,  in  a  fpirit  of  reli- 
gious gallantry,  he  declares  that  his  defign  is  to  add  to  the  happi- 
nafs  of  his  fair  readers,  by  fubllicuting  divine  hymns  in  the  place  of 
cbamjoms  d* amour ^  to  infpire  their  fufceptible  hearts  with  a  paflion  in 
whicn  there  is  no  torment,  to  banifh  that  fickle  and  fantallic  •  eity 
Cupid  from  the  world,  and  to  fill  their  apartments  with  the  praifcs, 
not  of  the  Utile  god^  but  of  the  true  Jehovah. 

£  voz  doigts  fur  lei  efpincttes 

PourdiresAiNTEs  chamsonkttii. 

He 


Warton'i  Hiflorj  $fEngliJh  Pottry^  Vol.  III.  87 

*  He  adtii»  that  the  golden  age  woaki  now  be  re(!ored,  when  we 
(honld  (ee*  tbe  peafant  at  his  plough,  the  carman  in  the  ftreecs,  and 
the  mechanic  in  his  ft)op,  folacing  their  toils  with  pfalms  and  can* 
tides:  and  the  fhepherd  and  (hepherdefs  repoiing  in  the  (hade,  and 
teaching  the  rocici  to  echo  the  name  of  the  Creator. 

Le  Laboureur  a  fa  charrac, 

Le  Charretier  parmi  le  rue, 

£t  TArtifan  a  en  fa  boutique, 

Avecques  un  P^baume  ou  CantiquE, 

En  Ton  labour  fe  (bu lager. 

Heoreuz  qui  orra  le  Berger 

Et  la  Bergcre  aa  bois  eflans. 

Fair  que  rochers  et  eftangs, 

Aprea  eux  chantant  la  hauteur 

Du  faind  nom  de  Crcateur  *. 

*  Marot*s  Pfalms  foon  eclipfed  the  brilliancy  of  his  madrigals  and 
fonneta.*  Not  fufpeding  how  prejudicial  the  predominant  rage  of 
pfalm-finging  might  prove  to  the  ancient  religioa  of  Europe,  the  Ca- 
tholics theroAslves  adopted  thefe  facred  fongs  as  ferious  ballads,  and 
as  a  more  rational  fpecies  of  domcllic  merriment.  They  were  the 
commoo  accompaniments  of  the  fiddic.  They  were  fold  fo  rapidly, 
that  the  printers  could  not  fupply  the  Public  with  copies.  In  the 
feflive  and  fplendid  court  of  Francis  the  Fir(l»  of  a  fudden  nothing 
was  heard  but  the  Pfalms  of  Clement  Marot.  fiy  each  of  the  royal 
family  and  the  principal  nobility  of  the  court  a  pfalm  was  chofen^ 
and  fitted  to  the  ballad  tune  which  each  liked  beft.  The  Dauphin* 
Prince  Henry,  who  delighted  in  hunting,  was  fond  of  Aiijiquon  •it 
U  or/  Sruirtf  or.  Like  ms  tbi  ban  dtfirttb  tbi  water  ireeh,  which  he 
coniiintiy  fang  in  going  out  to  the  chafe*  Madanie  de  Valentinois, 
between  whom  and  the  young  Prince  there  was  an  attachment,  took 
Du/omJ  d$  ma  pinfi$^  or,  Frmm  tbi  Deptb  •f  my  btart^  O  Lord.  The 
Queeo's  favoarite  was,  Nt  viuUki  pm*^  O  Sirg^  that  is,  O  Lon^,  re- 
bmke  mi  mt  in  tbi/u  imdigmatiiM,  which  (he  fung  to  a  fafhionable  jtg, 
Antony  King  of  Navarre  fung,  Reveugi  mijt  prtn  U  quenlU^  or. 
Stand  mf^  O  Lmrd^  /•  rrmngi  my  qkarrel^  to  the  air  of  a  dance  of  Pot- 
ton  f.  It  was  on  very  different  principles  that  pfalmody  flourifhed 
in  the  gloomy  coort  of  Cromwell,  rhis  fafliion  does  not  feem  in 
the  )aA  to  hive  diminiflied  tbe  gaiety  and  good  humour  of  the  court 
of  Francis. 

*  At  this  period  John  Calvin,  in  oppodtioo  to  the  difcipline  and 
dodrines  of  Rome,  was  framing  his  novel  church  at  Geneva:  in 
which  the  whole  fubdance  and  form  of  divine  worlhip  was  reduced 
to  praying,  preaching,  and  lingtng.  In  the  lad  of  thefe  three,  he 
chofe  to  depart  widely  from  the  Catholic  ufage :  ^nd,  either  becaufe 
he  thought  that  novelty  was  fure  to  fucceed,  that  the  practice  of  an- 
tiphonal  chanting  was  fuperditious,  or  that  the  people  were  excluded 


•  Let  Oeuvrcs  de  Clement  Marot  dc  Qahors,  vjilet  de  chambre  du 

Roy,  &c.     A  Lyon,  1551.  izmo.     See  ad  calc.  Traduftions,  &c* 

p.  192. 

t  See  Baylc's  Dift.  V.  Marot. 

Q  /^  from 


88  Warton'j  Htjlory  of  EngUJh  Poetry^  Vol.  III. 

from  bearing  a  part  in  the  more  folemn  and  elaborate  performance  of 
ecdefiadical  muiic,  or  chat  the  old  PapiAic  hymns  were  unedifyingr, 
or  that  verfe  was  better  remembered  than  profe,  he  proje£\ed,  with 
the  advice  of  Luther,  a  fpecics  of  religious  fong,  confiding  of  por- 
tions of  the  Pfalms  intelligibly  tranflaied  into  the  vernacular  lair- 
guage,  and  adapred  to  pl^in  and  eafy  melodies,  which  a!l  might 
learn,  and  in  which  ail  might  join.  1  his  fcheme,  cither  by  defign 
or  accident,  was  luckily  fccondcd  by  the  publication  of  Marot's  me- 
trical Pfalm)  at  Paris,  which  Calvin  immediatfly  introduced  into  his 
congregation  at  Geneva.  Being  fet  to  fimple  and  almoU  monotonous 
notes  by  Guillaume  de  Franc,  th^y  were  foon  eRabliihed  as  the  prin- 
cipal branch  in  that  reformer's  new  devotion,  and  became  a  charac- 
teriilical  mark  or  badge  of  the  Calviniflic  worihip  and  profeilion. 
Nor  were  they  fung  only  in  his  chnrches.  They  exhilarated  the  con- 
vivial airemblies  of  the  Calvinifts,  were  commonly  heaid  in  the 
iireets,  ard  accompanied  the  labours  of  the  artificer.  The  weavers 
ftnd  woollen  manui'a^urers  of  Flanders,  many  of  whom  left  the  loom 
and  entered  into  the  miniftry,  are  faid  to  have  been  the  capital  per- 
formers in  this  fcience.  At  length  Marot's  Pfalms  formed  an  appen- 
dix to  the  catechifm  of  Geneva,  and  were  interdi£ted  to  the  Catholics 
under  the  mod  (tyftxt  penalties.  In  the  language  of  the  orthodoXf 
pfalm- tinging  and  herefy  were  fynonimous  terms.* 

^^  ^^  ^^  ^^  ^^ 

'  The  infe^ious  frenzy  of  facred  fong  foon  reached  England,  at 
the  ytry  critical  point  of  time  when  it  had  juft  embraced  the  re- 
formation :  and  the  new  pfalmody  was  obtrudckl  on  the  new  Bngliih 
liturgy  by  fome  few  ollicious  eealots»  who  favoured  the  difcipline  of 
Geneva,  and  who  wifhed  to  abolifh,  not  only  the  choral  mode  of 
worfhtp  in  generaU  bttt  more  particularly  to  foppiteTs  the  Te  Dbum, 
BEK2DicTuSy  Maonificat,  JuBiLATB,  NuNc  DIM1TT1S,  and  the 
reft  of  ihe  Hturgic  hymns,  which  were  fappofed  to  be  contaminated 
by  their  long  and  ancient  conneflion  with  the  Roman  mifial,  or  at 
leail  in  their  profaic  form,  to  be  unfuitable  to  the  new  fyflem  of 
worihip. 

'  Although  Wyat  arid  Surrey  bad  before  made  tranfiationa  of  the 
Pfalms  into  methe,  Thomas  Sterphold  was  the  firft  whofe  metrical 
▼eriion  of  the  Pfalms  was  ufed  in  t4ie  church  of  England.  Sternhold 
was  a  native  of  tiampfhire,  and  probably  edueated  at  Wiachefter  col- 
lege. Having  pafled  fome  time  at  Oxford,  he  became  groom  of  the 
robes  to  King  Hei^ry  the  Eighth.  In  this  depirtment,  either  his  di- 
ligent fervices^  or  his  knack  at  rhyming,  (b  pleafed  the  King,  that  his 
l\4aje(!y  beqocathed  him  a  legacy  of  one  hundred  marks.  He  con- 
tinned  in  the  fame  office  under  Edward  the  Sixth;  and  is  faid*  to 
have  acquired  fome  degree  of  reputation  about  the  court  for  his 
poetry.  Being  of  a  ferious  difpoiition,  and  an  enthufiaft  to  reforma- 
tion, he  was  much  offended  at  the  lafcivious  ballads  which  prevailed 
among  the  courtiers :  and,  with  a  laudable  defign  ro  check  thefe  in- 
decencies, undertook  ^  metrical  verfion  of  the  Pfalier,  **  thinking 
**  thereby,  fays  Antony  Wood,  that  the  courtiers  would  fing  them 
•*  inflead  of  their  fonnets,  I^Mi  did  not^  only  fome  few  excepted  ••" 

'  •  i^th.  Oion^  u  76. 

Here 


Wirtbii^i  Hifiory  ^EngUJh  PQitrj^  Vol.  III.  89 

Here  wts  the  zeal,  if  not  the  Aiccefs,  of  bis  fellow  labourer  ClemeBt 
Marot.  A  (i Dgo I ar  coincidence  of  cireamttances  is,  notwithftanding, 
to  be  remarked  on  this  occafion.  Vernacnlar  verfions  for  general 
nfe  of  the  Pfalter  were  firft  publtQied  both  In  France  and  England* 
hj  laymen 9  by  coo rt- poets,  and  by  (ervants  of  the  coorc.  Nor  were 
the  refpe^ive  tranHations  entirely  completed'  by  therofelves:  and  yet 
ihey  tranflated  nearly  an  equal  number  of  pfalms,  Marot  having  ver- 
fified  fifty,  and  Sterhhold  fifty-one.  Siernbold  died  in  the  yclr 
1^49.  His  Hrty-one  pfalms  were  printed  the  fame  vear  by  Edward 
Whitchurcb,  under  the  following  tide.  **  All  fsch  Pfalms  of  David 
**  as  Thomas  Sternholde  late  Groihe  of  the  Kinoes  Maieflxes  robes 
«**dfd  in  his  lyfctyme  draweinto  Englyihe  metre."  They  are  with- 
out'the  roniical  notes,  as  is  the  fecond  edition  in  1552.  He  pro- 
bably lived  to  prepare  the  firft  edition  for  the  prefs»  as  it  is  dedicated 
by  himfelf  to  King  Edward  the  Sixth.' 

This  may  be  faid  to  be  the  aera  of  puritanical  poetry.  But 
the  religious  application  was  not  confined  to  the  Puritans  alone; 
it  feems  to  have  been  the  general  vehicle  of  ecclefiaftical  con- 
trover  fy. 

*  When  the  EngliO)  Liturgy  was  reftored  at  the  acceflion  of  Ellfa* 
bethy  after  its  fupprefOon  under  Mary,  the  Papids  renewed  their 
hoftiiiiies  from  theflage;  and  again  tried  the  intelligible  mode  of 
attack  by  ballads,  farces,  and  interludes.  A  new  injundlion  was  then 
iieceflary»  and  it  was  again  eqa^ed  in.  i^^99  that  no  perfon,  but 
under  heavy  forfeitures,  (hould  abufe  |be  Common  Prayer  in  *'  any 
£nterludes»  Plays,  fongsor  rimes  *•''  *%at  under  Henry  the  Eighth^ 
fo  early  as  the  year  1542,  before  the  Reformation  was  fixed  or  even 
intended  on  its  present  liberal  ellablilhmenty  yet  when  men  had  be- 
gan to  difcern  and  to  reprobate-  many  of  the  impoftures  of  Popery,  it 
became  an  objed  of  the  Legiilature  to  curb  the  bold  and  feditious 
fpirit  of  popular  poetry.  No  fooner  were  the  Scripturei  tranflated 
and  permitted  in  Engliih,  than  they  were  brought  upon  the  ftage: 
they  were  not  only  mifinterpreted  and  mifundcrllood  by  the  multi- 
tude, but  profaned  or  burlefqued  in  comedies  and  mummeries.  £f* 
fe£lually  to  rellrain  thefe  abufes,  Henry»  who  loved  to  create  a  fub* 
jed  for  perfecution,  who  commonly  proceeded  to  difannul  what  he 
had  juil  confirmed,  and  who  found  that  a  freedom  of  enquiry  tended 
to  Ihake  his  ecclefialiical  fupremacy,  framed  a  law,  that  not  only 
Tyndale*s  Englifh  Bible,  and  all  the  printed  Engliih  commentaries, 
cxpofitiphs,  annotations,  defences,  replies,  and  fermons,  whether 
orthodox  or  heretical,  which  it  had  bccafioned,  fhould  be  uttierly 
abolifhed;  but  that  the  kingdom  fhould  alfo  be  purged  and  chan/ed 
of  all  religious  plays,  interludes,  rhymes,  ballads,  and  fongs,  which 
Sire  c^^iXiy  ffftifireus  and  noyfomt  to  the  peace  of  the  church  f. 

'  Henry  appears  to  have  been  piqued,  as  an  author  and  a  iheologift, 
in  adding  the  claufe  concerning  his  own  Institution  of  a  Ch«is« 
TiAN  Man,  which  had  been  treated  with  the  faine  fort  of  ridicule^ 

*  Ann.  i«  £li2» 

t  ^tai.  Aun.  34*  35  Hen.  Vill.  .Ctp-  i»    Tyndaie's  Bible  was 
printed  at  Paris  1536. 
.:  Yet 


90  WartonV  Hiflory  ofEniUJb  Poitry^  Vol.  III. 

Yet  ander  the  g^eneral  injonflioa  of  fopprcffing  all  Englifli  books  oa 
religious  fubje^t,  be  fbrmalljr  excepts,  among  others,  fome  not  pro- 
perly belonging  to  thacciafst  foch  as  the  Canterbury  Tales,  the 
works  of  Chaucer  and  Gower,  Chronicles,  and  Stories  of 
aiENs  LIVES  t*  There  is  alio  an  exception  added  aboat  plays,  and 
thofe  only  are  allowed  which  were  called  Moralities,  or  perhapa 
interludes  of  real  charader  juid  adion,  "  for  the  rebuking  and  re- 
'*  proaching  of  vices,  and  the  fetting  forth  of  virtue."  Myster  i  es 
are  totally  rcjeded  §.  The  refervations  which  follow,  concerning  the 
■fe  of  a  corrected  Bnglifli  Bible,  which  was  permitted,  are  curioqa 
for  their  quainc  parciafiiyy  and  they  ihew  the  embarraflment  of  ad- 
Biiniftracion,  in  the  difficult  bufineis  of  confining  that  benefit  tm  A 
few,  from  which  all  might  reap  advantage,  but  woich  threatcatd  to 
become  a  general  evil,  without  fdme  degrees  of  re&ridlion.  It  is  ab^ 
iblocely  forbidden  to  be  read  or  expounded  in  the  church.  The  Lord 
Chancellor,  the  Speaker  of  the  Houie  of  Commons,  Capiaintt  •/  tbi 
^vars,  Jutlices  of  the  peace,  and  Recorders  of  cities,  may  quote  pat 
fages  to  enforce  their  public  harangues,  at  has  been  accmftnaid,  A 
nobleman  or  gentleman  may  read  it,  ia  his  houfe,  •rcbards^  or  gar^ 
dtm^  yet  quietly,  and  wiihout  difturbance  '*  of  good  order.'*  A  mer> 
chant  alfo  may  read  it  to  bimftlf  pri*vately.  But  the  common  people, 
who  had  already  abufed  this  liberty  to  the  purpofe  of  divifioB  and 
diHenfions,  and  under  the  denomination  of  nvomem^  artificers,  ap* 
prentices,  journeymen,  and  fervingmen,  are  to  be  ponifhad  with  one 
month's  imprifonmenc,  as  often  as  chey  are  detected  in  reading  the 
Bible  either  privately  or  opealy* 

*  It  (hottld  be  obferved,  thai  few  of  thefe  bad  now  learned  to  read. 
But  foch  was  the  privilege  of  peerage,  that  ladies  of  quality  might 
read  **  to  themfelves  and  alone,  and  not  to  others,*'  any  chapter  ei- 
ther in  the  Old  or  New  Teftament  *.     This  hu  the  air  of  a  fump- 

"^toary  law,  which  indulges  the  nobiH^  with  many  fuperb  articles  of 
inery,  that  are  interdided  to  thofe  of  inferior  degree  f  •  Undoubt* 
ediy  the  Ducbefles  and  Countefles  of  this  age,  if  not  firom  principles 

)  Stat.  34,  35  Hen.  Vill.  Cap.  i.  Artie,  vii. 
\  Ibid.  Artie,  ix. 

•  Ibid.  Artie,  x.  feq, 

t  •  And  of  an  old  uietarie  for  the  Clergy^  I  think  by  Archbifliop 
Cranmer,  in  which  an  A'chbilhop  is  allowed  to  have  two  fwans  or 
two  capons  in  a  di(h,  a  Bifhop  two.  An  Archbilhop  fix  blackbirds 
at  once,  a  BiOiop  five,  a  Dean  four,  an  Archdeacon  two.  If  a  Dean 
Iras  foor  difhes  in  his  firft  coorfe,  he  is  not  afterwards  to  have  coftards 
or  fritters.  An  Archbifliop  may  have  fix  fnipes,  an  Archdeacon  only 
two.  Rabbits,  )ark»,  pheafants,  and  partridges,  are  allowed  in  theie 
proportions.  A  Canon  Refidentiary  is  to  have  a  fwan  only  on  a  SuA- 
day^  A  Hc^or  of  fixteen  marks,  only  three  blackbirds  ia  a  week. 
See  a  fimilar  inftrument,  Strype*s  Parker^  Appind,  p.  6;.* 

'  In  the  Britifh  Mufenm.  there  is  a  beautiful  manufcripton  velltfm 
ofi  Pftnl:1)  tranQation  of  the  Bible;  which  was  found  in  the  tent  of 
King  John,  King  of  France,  after  the  battle  of  Poidliers.  Perhapa 
Ins  Majefty  pofltfled  this,  book  on  the  plan  of  an  exclafive  royal 
right.* 

7  of 


Grofe'i  Ethics.  9! 

ef  piety*  ftt  lesft  from  motives  of  curiofity,  became  eager  to  read  a 
book  which  was  made  inacccflible  to  three  parts  of  the  oation.  But 
the  partial  diftributioD  of  a  treafore*  to  which  all  had  a  right,  could 
not  loog  remain.  This  was  a  manna  to  be  gatbertd  by  t<vtry  mam* 
The  claim  of  the  people  was  too  powerful  to  be  over-ruled  by  the  bi- 
gotry* the  prejodice,  or  the  caprice  of  Henry.' 

Mr.  Warton  then  makes  fotne  pertinent  remarks  on  the  in« 
fluence  which  the  tranflation  of  the  Bible  had,  in  fixing  the 
£ngli(h  language*  With  thefe  remarks  we  (hall  for  the  prefent 
fufpend  our  review  of  this  very  entertaining  performance : 

*  1  muft  add  here*  in  reference  to  my  general  fobjed,  that  the  tranf- 
latioa  of  the  Bible,  which  in  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Sixth  was  ad- 
mincd  into  thecharches,  is  fuppofed  to  have  fixed  our  language.  It 
certainly  has  tranfmitted  and  perpetuated  many  antient  words  which 
woald  otherwiie  have  been  obfolete  or  unintelligible.  I  have  never 
feen  it  remarked*  that  at  the  fame  time  this  tranflacioo  contributed 
to  enrich  oor  native  Englifli  at  an  early  period*  by  importing  and 
familarifiog  many  Latin  words  *. 

*  Thefe  were  fuggelied  by  the  Latin  volgate,  which  was  ufed  as  m 
medium  by  the  tranflators.  Some  of  thefe*  however*  now  inter- 
woven into  onr  common  fpeech*  could  not  have  been  under  flood  by 
many  readers  even  above  the  rank  of  the  vulgar,  when  the  Bible  firli 
appeared  in  Eogliih.  Bilhop  Gardiner  had  therefore  much  lefs  reafdn 
than  we  now  imagine,  for  complaining  of  the  too  great  clearnefs  of 
the  tranflation*  when,  with  an  tnfidious  view  of  keeping  the  people 
hi  their  ancient  ignorance,  he  prooofed,  that  inftead  of  always  nfing 
Bngliih  phrafes,  many  Latin  words  (hoald  ftill  be  prefer ved,  becaufe 
they  contained  an  inherent  fij^rnificance  and  a  genuine  dignity*  to 
which  the  common  tongue  afforded  no  correfpondenc  expreffions  of 
fnfficieBt  energy  f  •' 

*  More  particularly  in  the  Latin  derivative  fubftantives,  foch  as^ 
dMmathMp  f§rditi§n^  adoption^  mami/eftati^m^  confol^tion.  eontrihuiiom^ 
mdmimtfirmii§m,  cP^mtmMuUssn,  recenciliati§m,  oprratiowt  c§mmuiucaiieMt 
rttribttiidm^  preparathn,  smm9r/siity,  princfpalUj^  Sec,  &€.  And  in 
Other  words*  /rmfirati^  imxcu/abUf  traatfigun,  comcupi/anci^  &c.  &c. 

f  Sock  as,  idolatriat  contritust  hdocuufia^  fM(ramtntum%  tltmtuta^ 
htmilitms^  /aiis/aSi;  tiremonia^  ahfoluthy  mjfltrium,  pinittntia^  Sec. 
See  Gardioer'>  propofals  in  Burnet,  Hifi.  Re/,  vol.  i.  B.  iii.  p.  315. 
And  FoUer*  Ch.  Htft.  B.  v.  Cent.  xvi.  p.  238.  i^  ^  ^ 

AtT.  IL  Ethics,  Rational  and  Throloj^ical*  with  corfory  Re- 
flexions on  the  general  Principles  of  Deifm.  By  John  Grofe* 
F.A  S.    8vo.    6  s.  fewed.    Faulder,  &c. 

AN  Author  who  fets  the  critics  at  defiance,  betrays  a  feciiet 
appreheniton  that  his  writings  will  not  bear  to  be  tried  by 
the  approved  rules  of  coropofition.  This  is  a  remark  which 
frequently  fuggefis  itfelf  to  us  in  the  courfe  of  our  lucubrations. 
We  are  led  to  make  it  at  this  time  by  the  fdlowing  paflage  in 
BAr.  Grofe's  prcfiice.    *  The  moft  undifceming,'  fays  he,  *  will 

eafily 


92  Grdre^i  Ethics. 

rafily  perceive  numerbus  defeds  in  this  unicrtikitig^  but  it  if 
on  the  candid  t\i2X  the  Author  folely  relies  :  as  to  the  critics,  or 
a  legion  of  their  time- ferving  adherents,  he  would  adopt  the 
words  of  a  celebrated  genius,  **  Making  human  opinion  tht 
ftandard  of  trtithy  is  like  making  the  camelion  the  ftandard  of  co- 
lour."  Nor  to  mention  that  this  obfervation  has  little  or  no 

affinity  with  the  fubjed^  it  is  brought  to  illuflrate,  we  would 
afk,  Are  candour  and  criticifm  then  incompatible  ideas  ?  Is  it 
a  mark  of  want  of  difcernment  to  perceive  the  defc£ts  and  ble- 
ini(bes  of  a  literary  performance  ?  Or  is  no  regard  to  be  paid  to 
the  general  opinion  and  judgment  of  mankind  in  matters  of  this 
nature  ?  Various  and  uncertain  as  human  opinion  may  be,  no 
one,  furely,  but  an  Author,  confcious  that  wh^t  he  has  written 
will  not  ftand  the  ted  of  examination,  and  dreading  the  public 
fentence,  would  anfwer  thefe  queftions  in  the  afHrmative. 

The  publication  before  us  confifts  of  diftindt  cfTays  on  a  va- 
riety  of  fubjedts  relating  to  morality  and  religion,  in  which  the 
Author  has  introduced  fome  particular  theological  fentihnents, 
with  a  view  to  evince  the  expediency  and  necffHty  of  a  Divine 
revelation.     To  thefe  are  fubjoined,  as  cxpreflcd   in  the  title, 
curfory  reflcd^ions  on  the  general  principles  of  Deifm.     Several 
of  the  efiays,  as  we  learn  from  the  Preface,  have  appeared  in 
fome  of  the  periodical  prints.     We  are  forry  that  any  of  the 
Author's  friends  (hould  fo  far  flatter  him,  as  to  induce  him  to 
coiled  and  pubiifli  them,  with  others  of  the  fame  kind,  in  a  vo- 
lume; as  wc  cannot  thfnk  that  they  are  calculated  to  yield  him 
any  reputation  as  a  Writer,  or  th^t  they  have  any  tendency  \o 
increafe  the  number  of  rational  Chriftians.     His  (lyle  is  turgid, 
quaint,  and  fometimes  incorred.     Among  other  anomalies,  the 
firft  perfon  lingular  is  generally  omitted  before  the  vetb;  a^d 
the  feveral  members  of  a  fentence  are  afiededly  fcparated,  after 
the  manner  of  Sterne,  but  without  his  fpirit,  by  Ihort  lines. 
The  train  of  thought  and  reafoning  in  the  effays  is  frequently 
unconnedcd  and  inconclufive.     The  views  which  the  Author 
has  given  of  human  nature  are  degrading  and   unjaft.     And 
confcQuently,  the  theological  fentiments  which  he  has  advanced, 
•  A"^  irrational  and  indefenfible.     C^ur  Readers,  we  doubt  not, 
will  be  of  our  opinion,  when  they  have  perufed  the  following 
quotations  and  romarks. 

We  need  go  no  further  than  the  firft  paragraph  of  the  fiift 
efTay,  On  Happinefs^  for  a  fpec  men  of  the  affefted  ftyle  of  this 
work,  or  for  an  inllance  of  the;  faKe  views  which  the  Author 
has  given  of  the  charadqr  and  condition  of  mankind, 

'  UQiercd  into  a  ftaie  of  e^ttUnce*  where  the  Battering  voice  of 

pleafure, — and  the  threatening  Uogoage  of  pain  alternately  refouod  ; 

•v-where  vice  is  arrayed  with  (pJcndor^-r-aDd  virtue  /carcely  fecn  ;— 

.  where  honour  is  applied  to  folly,— and  efleem  where  Ibame  is  d*^  ; 

a  wbe.e 


Grofe'x  Etbicf^  9j 

where  favour  leans  to  intcreft, — and  where  fjurit  is  bot  a  mami  ;«-* 
where  friend/hip  is  a  proftituteJ  term, — and  gaim  includes  refpe^  :— 
in  this  iu^vertii  paradife,  deluded  man  goes  far  in  fearck  of  beffi- 
mtfs' 

In  the  fequel  of  this  elDvj,  having,  noticed,  the  difappoint- 
mentto  Which  fcveral  other  chara£^rs  are  expofed  in  their  pur- 
(uit  of  happinefs,  he  adds,'  *  The  pbilofopher^  likewife,  who 
regulates  his  condud  by  reafon,— is  a  (Granger  to  this  refined  acquifi- 
doOf — and  though  he  fuppofes  himfelf  a  participant  of  it;— yet,  in 
the  end,  finds  himfelf  deceived. — Froii)  the  perplexity  annexed  to  a 
cirode  fyfteh)  of  adion,  be;  often  embafralTes  his  mind,  and  is  deluded 
ID  the  objcd  :  in  the  dark  reijearches  of  myftery  he  is  bewilderedy— ' 
and  as  reaipn  is  overpowc^red  by  injinttkdtt — his  difcoveries  terminate* 
his  coriofity  is  checked, — his  wifdom  confounded, — and  hb  happi'- 

wifi  iudtd  y 

What  idear,  it  may  be  aflced,  does  our  Author  entertain  of 
neafon  and  philofophy  ?  Can  he  be.  fajd ./«  rigtdatibU  C9udu£i  ty 
Tfqfin^  9r  can  he  .have  any  pretenfions  to  the  charafier  of  « 
pbiUfipbirj  wl)o  alicpts  axrui^  fyftm,  $/  M^iiout  or  who  fuflfeis 
him&lf  to  be  {feipiUUrid  in  the  dark  refearcbei  of  myjlery  ? 

In  a  fubfequjcnt  eflfay.  On  Philofipby^  he  fays^--*^  from  the 
CxiStnce  of  reafon,  it  is  plain  the  will  is  vitiated  \  otherwife  ic 
would  ^aye  needed  no  guide/  Thi^  i§  the  fir  ft  time,  we  be- 
Ueye,  that  reafon  has  been  confidered  as  a  proof  of,depravity« 
An  uavttjated  will  without  ceafon^  if  any  meaning  can  be  af** 
fixed  to  the  expreiOion,  is  re^tude  without  underflanding,  an4 
benevolence  without  wifdom. 

'  Philofophy,'  fays  he,  in  another  part  of  the  fame  eflay,  '  Phild- 
fiiphy  at  biefl  can  be  no  more  than  precept, — and  without  the  Will  is 
made  fubfervienti  it  will  never  be  pat  in  pradice.  The  extent  of 
PhrJofophy  is  Natare,  and  here  it  is  loft  in  wonder,— and  coafufed  ia 
mjttrj, 

*  As  it  was  by  man  invented,  how  can  it  inform  us  conceminj^ 
6od  ?  Idea  is  iu. common  agent,  and  mere  fuggellion  its  fupport,— « 
eke  one  is  immcfrfed  in  matter, — and  the  other  expofed  to  ao  in* 
leUeAive  chaos.  Caufes  are  proved  by  their  e^£t,  and  fubje^ls  are 
^daced  to  our  comprehenfion,  by  the  light  of  Nature,  and  the  radi- 
ncntt  of  Reafon.' 

'  Again,  *  This  fclence  is  deiervedly  admired  in  thofe  branches  of  it 
Aat  relate  to  logic  and  rhetoric ;  but  with  regard  to  Ethics  or  Moral 
Philofophy,  it  fervcs  only  to  (hew  us  how  exceeding  ignorant  the 
vifeft  of  men  are,  refpe6liag  human  nature,  when  left  to  the  mere 

didatet  of  abttradl  reafoning. Natural  religion  may  be  compared 

to  the  laathorns  we  ufe  on  a  dark  night,  that  afford  only  a  partica- 
lar  diicovery,  whilft  the  greatelL  part  remains  it*  iis  original  dark- 
aeia* 

'  Philofophy,  as  refpefling  man,  is  indeed  the  religion  of  Nature, 

X  N.  B.  In  thefe,  and  all  our  qnotations,  we  have  exa^ly  copied 
tha  breaks  and  lulics  of  the  original. 

ading 


94  Qrofe*/  Eibies» 

ailing  by  opiiiion»  and  guided  by  fcnie.  *'  Virtue,  tcoording  to 
Aiiflotle,  it  founded  upon  Nature  "  A  ditt£k  contradidUon  this  to 
the  Cbriftian  fyftem  of  Philofopby,  fince  Revelation  autborifes  os  to 
aflert,  that  vice  is  founded  upon  Natures  Md  virtae  only  founded 
upon  Grace/ 

In  the  next  eflay^  On  Ethics^  is  the  foUowisg  paragraph  : 

*  Were  ftoicifm  irrefiiUbly  prevalent,  and  a  blind  fatality  our  ani- 
▼erfai  creed,  our  hopes  at  beft  would  be  a  fruitleft  elibrt  of  endu- 
rance ;  and  our  confelation  a  miferable  uncertainty. — But  a  far  more 
pleafing  fcene  ia  exhibited,  and  from  the  opaque  abodes  of  conjednre, 
rnfbes  forth  the  perfpicaity  of  truth  i— our  borrowed  poweri  ftrain 

,  every  nerve  in  our  behalf,  bat  at  laft  implicitly  yield  to  infallible 

Suidance.— We  view  ourfelves  at  men  fubjed  to  various  incidents,— 
epraved  and  mortal, — but  we  fee  likewise  our  ymffort ;— we  behold 
the  road  to  never-ending  felicity,  w§i  ftrewed  with  knfual  delighu,— - 
or  immured  between  tranquillity  and  eafe,  but  powerfully  iecured 
from  everv  invader,  beyond  the  reach  of  injury/ 

Referring  the  fentiments,  the  reafoning,  and  the  ftyle  of  thefe 
paflagcs  to  th^  remtrki  of  the  Reader,  we  (ball  only  obferve, 
that  fentiments  equally  extr7.vagant,  metaphora  equally  harfli, 
and  language  equally  inflated,  may  be  found  in  every  part  of 
this  extraordinary  publication.  But  left  we  fliould  be  thought 
to  do  injoftice  to  the  Author  by  partial  quotations,  we  (hall  ex- 
trad  an  intire  efTay,  which  we  feled,  as  being  one  of  the 
iborteft,  and  as  conuining  the  principal  fentiments  refpeding 
human  nature  and  divine  revelation,  which  are  repeatedly  ad« 
vanced  in  the  courfe  of  the  work : 

•  On    Vice. 

*  At  the  earlieft.  period  of  time,  when  innocence  ornamented  ho* 
maoity,— -and  purity  worf  an  earthly  form,  extatic  bliii  reigned 
with  uninterrupted  fway,  and  illuminated  tvtiy  trace  of  being.— 
Danger  was  hitherto  unknown, — fear  had  never  (hewn  its  affrighted 
afped, — Dordi^efs  its  armed  hoft.  Refledlion  yielded  afucceffion 
of  increafing  joys — thought  was  the  feed-time  of  apparent  eafe,  and 
revolving  momeou  as  the  bar  veil  of  complete  fruition. — Encircled  by 
the  cheering  rays  of  unremitting  blifs,  Nature  exhilarated  the  happy 
pair  with  continual  delights,  and  proved,  in  majeftic  Inftre,  its  Au- 
thor to  be  divine.— But,  fad  to  re!ate,-*the  fatal  hour  arrived  when 
ipotlefs  innocence  exchanged  its  beauteous  garb  for  that  of  vice.— A 
midnight  gloom  pervades  the  tragic  fcene ;— and  ihame  veils  guilt 
with  awe.  Horror  Aalks  into  the  maze  of  life,  and  fonorous  ven- 
geance is  in  idea  heard, — rcfentment  is  the  expe£led  meflenger  of 
woe,  and  injured  jufltce  the  executioner  of  man.  What  conlcious 
innocence  had  emboldened  to  enjoy,  goilt  with  acrimony  forbids, 
and  flight  proves  the  fancied  refuge  ot  an  enfeebled^fallen  crea- 
ture. 

*  Vice  here  prefcnts  os  with  a  dreadful  view  of  the  dejpravity  of 
human  nature,  the  guilt  it  has  contra£Ud,«— and  the  punifliment  it 
has  incurred.  It  has  efledled  an  awful  feparation  b<ftween  the  crea- 
ture and  the  Creator,-— and  occafioned  enmity  between  God  and 

man. 


Grofe'x  Ethics.  95 

nan,  fink  tod  eontentUNi— cavy  and  malice,— pride  and  revengt,-— 
with  diieafes  and  deatb^  every  evil  in  the  world  it  has  entailed  oa 
the  Tons  of  men*  Notwithftanding  the  dellro^ive  nature  of  vice,— 
we  are  too  apt  to  liften  to  iti  voice,  thoogh  confcience  declares  what 
will  neceiTarily  enfue.  How  vitiated ! — how  fallen  !— how  frail,  then» 
is  humanity,  to  become  a  willing  Have  to  vice  ;— which  threaten9, 
thoogh  it  may  invite  !— Its  promifet  are  riches— pkafu re— -or  profit, 
bat  thefe  it  cannot  give. — It  invites  to  happinefs, — but  woe  alone 
appears  ;^to  riches,  but  poverty  impends  ;-^to  profit,  but  lofs,  yea 
dreadful  lofs,  enfnes.— Thus,  at  bell,  it  is  a  deceiver.— The  many 
fpecious  forms  which  vice,  on  almoft  evenr  occaiion  can  afluoe,— 
reiidera  it  a  more  invincible  adverfary,— for  it  has  a  bait  conftantly 
foited  to  every  genius  and  inclinatioa. 

'  Plato  fays,  **  Vice  is  involuntary  ;  for  no  man  can  purfue  ill,  aa 
foch,  without  a  proipeA  of  ibme  gooid,  or  fear  of  greater  evil/'— > 
Had  hnmanity  retained  its  original  purity  and  innocence,  it  would 
have  appeared  formidable ;— but  our  natures  being  depraved,  it  ia 
fitly  adapted  to  osr  will  and  inclination. — Though  many  unite  ia 
condemning  vice  in  the  sheory,  their  reaibn  teflifying  againft  ir,— 
yet  how  few  pradically  dtfavow  it  ?  The  caufe  hereof  is  a  vitiated 
aaiarr,— the  efieft  is  vice  in  the  pra£kice.  Vice  comprifes,  in  one 
fiagle  term,  every  degree  of  (in,  and  in  tvery  aA  is  oppofed  to  virtue* 
It  la  a  principle  coanterading  and  oppofing  every  human  virtue,— 
calculated  to  deftroy  our  peace  in  the  views  of  comfort,  and  to  pro- 
cure as  mifery  in  the  hopes  of  joy. —  ft  is  an  infatiabic  and  inordinate 
principle ;— infatiablcy  inafmuch  as  the  gratification  of  one  palfioa 
leads  to  many, — and  the  gratification  of  many  leads  to  more*  Inor* 
dinate,  as  it  denies  all  anthority,«-claiming  obedience  to  its  will ; 
and  fubmiffion  to  its  commands.  The  fervants  of  vice  are  willing 
ilaves  to  a  moft  cruel  tyrant ; — ^bnt  fond  of  their  chains,  are  happy 
ia  a  fad  delnfion.  Vice,  regardlefi  of  its  promifes,  binds  its  wretched 
fens  with  finters  of  alluring  woe ;-— while  virtue,  with  its  gentle  hand, 
condads  us  to  the  plains  of  bKfi.— Its  reward  is  ruin,  and  its  wagei 
death, — hofiilities  commence  between  vice  and  reafon,  when  the  firft 
prevails ;— fince  paflion,  the  promoter,  is  itfeif  irrational. 

'  This  principle  is  the  common  eaemy  of  Nature,— though  we  are 
aacantUy  inclined  to  it.  Every  faculty  of  the  mind — the  whole  ho- 
aMtt  fyflem  is  immediately  afifeded  by  its  influence, — and  it  is  their 
Mutual  intereft  to  refill  its  force,  and  withftand  its  flattering  charms, 
—but  fb  blinded  are  we  to  oor  common  welfare,  and  fb  fubtle  is  thia 
dangerous  foe,  that  he  meets  with  little  oppofition.  Inftead  of  mak- 
iw  the  fmallefl  eflfbrts  to  coonteradt  the  latent  and  ruinous  porpofea 
otvice,-— we  are  conftantly  extenuating — palliating — and  ibmetimea 
viadkating  its  baneful  exertions.  Under  the  idea  oi  iihnality  •fftn^ 
iiwumft  we  become  (ceptical  and  unbelieving, — under  the  veil  of  rv- 
Jimnumi,  diflipated— prophane, — in  the  garb  of  Ammjw,  we  affimilate 
CO  the  ferocity  of  the  favage,-*in  the  mafic  of  politenefs,  hypocritical 
— nader  the  aufpices  of  refinement,  indulge  a  levity  of  mannen— 
with  the  plea  of  modeft  tf^^jir/— indelicate,  amazonian,— and  in  the 
livery  of  cuftom,— >fafhionably  abandoned. 

*  If  vices,  by  the  ufurped  authority  of  the  vicious,  can  be  tranf^ 
ibrmed  into  virtues,— and  immoralities  jullified  on  the  fcore  of  necef- 

fity. 


0  Grofc'j  Ethics. 

• 

fity,  we  caiinot  Ibng  hefitate  io  detetwiflg  wherefore  they  zre  fo  get 
neraily  pra^i fed •?-« There  is  no  iaiUnc^  ia  which  man  a£ls  fo  con« 
trary  to  his  own  intereft,  as  in  the- performance  of  evil,  for  whateFer 
pJeafore  may  be  derived  from  a.  temporary  gratificapon, — it  invarif 
libly  reveru  injurtpufly  .to  himrelf.— Though  fads  preach  fo  loudly  to 
pa  the  confe(}iiences  of  vice>.  and  every  day  prefents  us  with  fome  tefti- 
IBOny  of  its  deftradlive  ipfluence,-*-though  it  robs  us  of  almoft  every 
comfort,— our  peace  of  mind, — ^repq tation^r-friends* — though  it  an- 
nihilates our  moil  valuable  enjoy ments^  and  renders  our  aninaal  f>T- 
lem  as  a  diHempered  prifon>— (hough  it  enervates  the  vigour  of  youths 
and  entails  the  infirmities  of  age, — thOMgl)>  it  threatens  prefenr,  and 
fature  mifery^— yet  we  blindly  purfue  it.— If  we  are  thus  infacuaced 
in  the  flavery  of  vice— it  mull  indifputabljf  arife  from  an  innate  dc^ 
pravicy  of  mind,  that  fnrmounts  even  the  dilates  of  reafon,  or  the 
ftill  more  powerful  voice  of  felf-iniereft. 

*  Vice  acquired  by  our  firfi  parents  is  hereditary^— conditutio^alf— 
ftnd  tranfmitted  to  their  whole  pofterity.  The  conceoders  for  hu- 
nan  dignity  deny  thb  glaring  truth, — but  the  vitioEiy  of  me.n  and 
manners  in  general  are  a  fufticient .  teftiroony.— 'Far  greater  thaa 
corporeal  *  ruin  is  produced  by  it,  iince  it  endangers  every  mental 
power»  and  the  foul  itfelf.  Not  fatisfied  with  the  wrecks  of  plunder 
and  devaltation  in  the  human  framet  it  extends  its  poifonous  darta 
unto  the  feat  of  life ;  and  that  which  was  formed  for  biiisful  immor- 
tality*  it  threatens  with  eternal  woe* 

:  '  Vice  is  the  friend  of  Death,  and  the  filler  of  Deftcaflion ;  the 
former  it  has  enfured,  the  latter  it  defires.  \i  is  diftiaguilhed  from 
virtue,  as  the  former  is  the  path  to  mifery,  the  latter  4be  rpad  to 
bsppine(s.  Vice  admits  of  degree^t  and  though  an  uaJverff  1  evil* 
DOt  of  equal  prevalence.  Were  it  to  reign  triumphant  over  the  men- 
tal fliorety  and  cladm  nnlimited  domain,  man  would  exceed  the 
beaft,  and  brutality  might  claim  the  preference.  The  whole  t^p 
fenies  become  impaired  by  it,  and  ruin  effeded  through  the  whole 
natural  fyftem..  The  fight  or  underftanding  is  blinded  to  every  fenie 
of  virtue,—- the  hearing  deaf  to  the  yoice  of  reafon,  or  prudence  ;-^ 
the  fmelling.infenfible  of  the  ioathfome  nature  of  vice ;— the  tafie 
naoieated  with  the  fruits  of  virtue^  (b  as  to  loath  and  abhor  it;— <tnd 
the  feeling  benumbed  by  the  deHroying  winter  of  fin* 

*  Thus  vice  threatens  every  faculty  of  foul  and  body  with  dellruc- 
lion.  Happinefs  and  contentment  afford  no  aCylum — peace  and  comr 
fort  no  retreat^— ruin  founds  the  dread  alarm*  and  the  (battered 
building  falls  a  wretched  yi^im.  Beauty,  now  becomes  deformed,--- 
wifdom,  fooliihaefs, — and  ricbesi— poverty.  It  frequently  effieda 
ihefe  changes* 

*  Original,  as  well  as  aflnal  guilt,  is  in  eluded  in  the  prefcnt 
theme  ;*-th€  former  fomedeoy,  the  latter  all  confefs.— Reafon  proves 
chem  true,  and  Revelation  now  confirms  it.— A  man  mud  be  apprized 
of  danger,  before  he  (eeks  relief.— >Hence  fo  many  are  eafy  in  the 
ilavery  of  vice,  fince  they  are  not  apprehenfive  of  their  danger. 

*  It  (hould  have  been  corporal, 

t  Of  this  metaphor  the  Author  is  fo  fond,  that  he  has  twice  made 
nfe  of  it. 

Philofophers 


Gfofe'i  Etiics»  97 

Vhilobphtn  woald  rtkr  us  to  re^fon  ai  a  «t^arDing;  bat  vice  over» 
'rolti  reafbn,  and  drowos  it  in  the  depth  of  madoeis.  Her^  oioralicjr 
iiataftand,  and  its  lioifCs  finilh  ;— ft  condeiiuic»— dehorts  and  rc^ 
proves ;— bat  cannot  change. — Nature  being  depraved,  cannot  be 
changed  by  natare.— This  is  a  rational  patadosr.  There  mad  be 
Ibawchsog  fttpernecoral  to  change  nature,  Hoce  fnperiorky  of  power 
is  itqaired  ao  effaft  »  oaioral  pur poie.  Learning,  fa^  the  retsonaliftt 
is  an  ac^aifiHPe ;  wBl  not  ihat  efic^  the  defign  ?  Prudence  is  a  ra- 
tional yirtoe,  feaiad  ip  thf  ninds  wiU  not  that  produce  the  change? 
The  negative  rea&nabJ/  replies.---Accordiog  tp  the  philofophic  no* 

ans»  vice  cannot  exift  in  the  fool  of  man,  or  in  the  rational  par(t 
ich  they  call  the  micd,  bccaufe  nature  oppofes  it.  Natare  icfelf^ 
betny  depraved,  ailentsto,— inilead  of  opposing,  viee. — The  mind  it* 
felf  ja  vitiaudt  coofciyienxiy  rcuafon  elooe  cannot  eradicate  this  in- 
grafted eviK 

'  Vice,  fo  far  as  it  prevails,  ha«  dominion  over  rea(bn,  though  the 
conqueft  if  not  complete.  Prodeoce  yields  to  vice,  fiece  natnre  ia 
itfelf  inclined  thereunto.  Every  human  refuge  failing,  whilhermuft 
ofeaders  feeic  for  pardoo?  Reyelatfon«  farfuperior  to  all  other  means 
of  knowledge,  direds  the  inquiring  penitent  to  a  medium,  in  which 
every  divine  attribute  fhines  with  equal  luftre.^Juftice  and  nsfrcy 
embrace  each  other,  and  are  mutually  exaltedL  The  offender  is  pro* 
nonnced  righteoos,  and  the  ofTendtd  Deity  reconciled.  Here  human 
realbn  is  confounded.  Nature  teaches  moral  obedience,  though- Jo« 
capacitated  for  the  duty.  Reafon-  fecks  for  human  fatisfatiioo^  but 
natu/e  canAOt^rant  it. 

*  Omnipotence  furmoonts  thefe  d'flicuhies,  and  wiith  fupernatoral 
wifdom  prmdes  a  way,  in  which  vice  can  be  atoned  for,  and  the  Af- 
mtgh^  jaft.<^To  the  adonifhment  of  all  ages— and  the  confnfion  of 
the  nnbelieving  worlds  we  are  piefented  in  the  facred  pages  of  -Reve^ 
latiottt  with  a  vitw  of  pcricdl  equity  and  confummate  caercy,— anil* 
iog  in  one  aA  o(  dieine  munififience*— Enemies  become  the  favoof- 
ites  of  heaven*  and  rebda  the  heirs  q(  »n  eternal  inheritance.— The 
offended  is  the  propitiaiory  (acr^fice  for  offenders,— »aod  man,  who 
had  no  daim  to  favour  enjoys  it  uninterruptedly.  Do  "ve  boaft  of 
fympathy  or  compa0ion  ?— Is  benevolence  in  anywife  the  cbara6krii*- 
tic  of  man  ?  Does  the  dillrefs  of  others  affail  our  moil  refined  feel- 
ings? Csn  we  prefer  the  intereft — the  pleafure— (he  happintft  of 
others  to  oifr  own  f  If  a  fpark  of  philanthropy  dwells  in  our  b'calt, 
•^what  a  diffiifive  flame  of  boandkfs  compafuon  has  appeared-  in  the 
reSoration  of  n  ruined  world  !*— i^very  benefit  we  derive  in  common 
-—all  that  we  can  expe^  in  ftftare,^arires  /slt^  from  this  fource  qf 
nhimate  fciicity,— While  Virtue  holds  forth  every  ft^al  bleiOng, — 
— Vice^  every  impending  evil,— may  infinite  Wifdoin  diied  oiir 
choice— that  while  we  purfue  the  one,— avoid  the  other  1' 

Tbofe  of  our  Readers  who  can  digeft  the  abfurdity  of  an  of^ 
fended  Deity  becoming  a  propitiatory  facrifice.  fqr  the  offcndera, 
0ia;  have  a  Judgment  and  tafte  fufficiently  perverted  to  approve 
of  our  Autnor^  manner  of  writing.  The  more  rational  and 
judioous  will,  we  believe,  equally  condemn  his  fiyle  and  fen* 
timents.    Tlie  reflections  on  the  principles  of  Dcifm  are  indeed 

Rev.  Fc6. 1^82.  '  H  written 


98      HarringtonV  Pbilofophieal  and  Experimintal  Enquiry^  &c. 

written  in  rather  a  more  fober  manner :  but  the  Au thorns  pro^ 
penfity  to  the  falfe  fublime  frequently  betrays  itfelf,  and  the 
£ime  kind  of  involved  and  inconduiive  reafoning  is  here  em- 
ployed as  in  the  cfiays. 

It  is  with  fome  regret  that  we  give  fo  unfavourable  a  charaAer 
of  this  publication^  as  the  Author  appears  to  have  written  with 
a  good  defign,  and  to  be  a  man  of  a  benevolent  and  liberal  turn 
of  mind.  The  ancients^  from  whom  he  fo  frequently  quotes, 
might  at  leaft  have  taught  him,  that  eafe  and  JmpUcitj  are  eflen- 
tiaf  properties  of  good  writing.  jtt 

A  a  T.  III.  J  Pbik/epbical  ^mi  Expifim$i9tal  Enquiry  int§  ihi  firjt  mni 
gtmral  PrincipUs  of  Animal  tmd  ytgetabU  Lift  :  likt^wifi  ii§tt  Mm§* 
fpbirieal  Air^  5ec.  With  n  Refutation  of  Dr.  Pricft'ey'f  Doaring 
§f  Air  :  Prowug^  fy  Exptrimtnt^  that  the  Breatting  ef  Ammals^  Pm* 
trefu&ien,  SiC,  do  mt  phhgijliiate^  hut  dephUgiJIicate  the  Air  \  and 
that  the  Office  of  that  ejentiai  Organ,  the  Lungt.  is  not  to  difcharge 
PhUgifton  to  the  Air,  hut  to  receive  it  from  the  Air  By  Robert 
Harriogioo,  of  the  Corporation  of  «>urgconfs  Loodoa.  8vo.  5  s* 
Boards.    Cadeli.     i;8i. 

A  S  the  title' page  of  this  performance,  and  particularly 
/A  the  laft  part  of  it,  which  indicates  a  refutation  of  Dr« 
rrieftley's  dodlrine  of  Air,  will  naturally  excite  fome  curiofity 
among  our  pbilofophieal  Readers ;  we  (ball  give  a  fuller  account 
of  it  than  it  is  intitled  to  from  its  intriofic  merits,  or  import- 
ance. It  is  evidently  the  work  of  a  perfon,  who,  having  early 
adopted  a  particular  hypothefis,  afterwards  fees  every  pbilofo- 
phieal hGt  through  that  particular  medium  only  which  beft  corw 
refponds  with  his  preconceived  theory.  Of  a  pnilofophtcal  work, 
founded  on  fuch  a  bafis,  little  is  to  be  faid :  fome  fpecimens, 
however,  of  the  Author's  manner  may  be  expe£bd,  in  jufliifi- 
cation  of  what  we  have  alreatfy  intimated.  We  ihall  principally 
confine  ourfclves  to  that  part  of  the  Author's  work,  in  which, 
according  to  the  tjtle-page,  he  undertakes  to  (hew,  *  by  experi- 
ment, that  the. breathing  of  animals,  putrefaAion,  &c.  do  not 
phlogifticate,  but  dephlogifticatc  the  air ;'  or  rather  to  two  ex- 
periments which  he  adduces,  in  proof  of  this  ftrange  dodrine. 

^  One  animal/  fays  the  Author,  ^  will  fwallow  another  when 
alive,  throwing  into  h\$J!omach  all  the  effete  and  noxious  fumes 
of  phlQgifton,  which  the  devoured  animal  poltefled  ^  yet  it  is  fo 
.for 'from  killing  the  devoiirer,  that  it  is  fo  immediate  to  its  life, 
ft  could  not  hvc  without  it.  I  took  a  dog,  and  after  making 
him  very  hungry,  he /erocioufly  devoured  two  quarts  of  blocd. 


(hdkn^ 


•  •        •  •  .     •  -  .         - 

asiningi(»i*s  Phihfophical  and  Ejcpirinunial  Enquiry^  &e.    ^(^ 

them ;  and  infieaJ  of  killing  the  dog,  as  from  the  Dbdor^s  the* 
ory  migh^  be  ex|>e6ied9  they  ferifibly  chkrtjhei  hiRl>  making  htni 
eat  with  greater  glee  ahd  ra|)lidity.  In  this  fa£(,  the  noxioul  . 
fumes  and  effete  mitter  not  only  Entered  the  ftomach  in  im- 
ihenfe  quantity,  but  wa%  likewife  received  by  tbef  lUngj ;  yet,  fd 
far  from  taking  life  was  tht.Cbnfequehce,  it  Was  the  lupport  and 
feeder  of  life/ 

The  Author  '^^i  To  adventurous— -ahd  this  is  his  fecond  ex- 
periment— as  to  introdute  His  heiid  intoaveflcl  <fontaInii)g  fbmd 
warm  bu1Iock*s  blood,  ^  I  argued,^  fays  he,  ^  from  rational 
and  philofophical  principles,  a  priori^  that  if  this  fume  is  (6 
very  noxious  and  effetd,  is  the  Doftoj*  caills  itj  that  it  would 
kill  me,  &c. — nobody  being  along  with  me  at  the  time^  to  drag 
roe  from  thofe  pernicious  fumeS,  in  cafe  I  had  beeri  cdnvulfed  : 
but  inftead  of  its  having  that  fcrlous  confequence,  I  found  not 
the  leaft  bad  efieds  from  it ;  on  the  cohtrary,  I  foudd  the  tiving 
prindpU  entertaimdhj  it,  feeding  its  appetite  ^"^ 

On  the  ftrength  of  theie  experiments,  the  Author^s  good  opi« 
nion  of  phlogifton  has  iince  carried  him  fofar  as  to  bx6tt  ^  con* 
fumptive  patients  to  attend  flaughter-houfei,  and  to  hang  thei^ 
heads  over  large  colleAions  of  warm  blood  ;  and,  that  they 
might  imbibe  as  much  of  the  effluvia  as  poffible,  to  give  the 
blood  motion  with  a  ftick ;  and  their  tender  difeafed  lungs  havd 

found  the  advantage  of  it/ Nay,  butchers,  he  tells  tis,  whd 

according  to  Dr.  Prieftley*s  dodrine  ought  not  to  *  live  five 
minutes,*  in  their  flaughter-houfes,  thrive  and  grow  fat  there  :•— 
the  lucky,  but  ignorant,  rogues,  it  feems,  owing  all  their  thrift 
and  fat  to  phlogifton. 

Soch  are  the  Author's  experiments.  They  incontrovertible 
prove  that  a  hungry  hound  can  tofs  ddwn  two  quarts  of  warik 
blobd  into  his  Jlomach  with  great  glee,  and  hiuch  to  bis  advan- 
tage s  and  that  a  hardy  experimenter  may  fnufF  tip  the  fleanf 
aHfing  from  a  bucket  oif  blood,  wiihdut  beihg  thrown  into  con- 
vttlfions.    Farther  than  this,  our  logic  will  not  carry  us. 

We  fliall  give  one  curious  inllance  mote  of  the  Authdr^f 
ittode  of  teafoning;  where  he  undertakes  to  prove^  tliat^  in  r^^ 
fpiration,  putrefadion,  and  other  phlogiftic  proCeflh,  ail  they 
ate  called,  the  air  is  not  phlogifticated,  but  dbphhgiJHiatid^  oi 
robbed  of  iti  phlogifton.  We  muft  b^g  leave  to  abridge  eohfi'^ 
derably  his  pompous  account  of  ^  putfefyiAg  animal  fubftanc^ 
Which  is  diffufed  through  four  pages. 

Take,  fays  he,  that  part  of  the  anittial^  which  Is  moft  ftff^^ 
ceptible  of  putrehtAion^  viz.  the  animal  inuciis.  You  will  find 
it  to  be  an  infipid,  inodorous  body,  pofleffing  /r/iAr  $r  no  phU^ 
gplM ;  tiay,  if  you  throw  it  into  the  fire,  //  iuili  ab/olmify  m^ 
ftnguifi  iff  like  Crater.  Expdfe  it  to  xhb  air,  and  you  will  foon 
find  that  k  has  aci^uired  a  (6tii  tadavcrous  fnoell,  and  a  taftt 

H  a  moft 


ICO    IlarringtonV  PhUofipbical  and  Exp^imsnial  Bnfmrj^  (cc« 

moft  pungent  and  noxms ;  and,  io  ihorr,  that  it  mw  (o  teems 
with  phlogifton,  that  it  is  become  inHammahle^  and  will  burn.^^ 
*  Hcrt/  fays  he,  *  is  a  moft  pointea  and  wonderful  falf*  Some 
ereat  and  important  proccfs  in  nature  muft  have  taken  place. 
Here  is  a  body  wbich^  before  it  was  expofed  to  the  atr^  pofTefled 
little  or  no  pUo^ifton  ;  and  now,  after  fuch  expofure^  it  con- 
tains, comparatively,  nothing  elfe.  This  immenfe  quantity  pf 
phlogfftpq,  thprefore,  has  been  all  ftolcn  from  thf  air;  for  the 
iQucus  fcarce  contained  an  atom  of  that  principle^  till  it  had  op- 
portunity and  time  to  rob  th^  air  of  it ;  which  accordingly  hay 
bpen  defhhfifticated  by  the  Jlinking  mucus.— But  hear  thf  Au- 
thor bimfea  exulting  towards  the  end  of  his  demonjlration^  as  he 
d^ems  It : 

^  Where  does  ail  this  phlogifton  come  from  ?  Will  any  pnc 
he  fo  ridicukujfy  abfurd  as  to  (ay  it  came  from  the  animal  mucus  ? 
—If  there  is  any  one  fo  projsly  ab/urdy  J  pity  him  i  being  not 
defirous,  nor  (hall  I  offcr^  to  refute  him :  out,  as  it  is  ^  cle^r 
as  any  demonfiraiion  in  Euclid  it  could  not  come  from  the  mucus, 
therefore,  as  tbtre  was  no  third  body^  it  muft  have  come  from 
the  air,  by  decompounding  of  it ;  in  cpnfequence  it  is  not  pblp* 
gifticating  the  air,  bi{t  dephlogifticating  of  it.' 

Will  no  logician  ftep  forth  here— for  we  fcarce  feem  to  want 
a  cbemifi-^vfhQ  can  And  out  fome  other  iblution  of  this  *  pointed 
:uid  wonderfvl  h€t  V  To  a  perfon  almoft  wholly  ignorant  of 
chemiftry,  it  will  naturally  occur,  netwithftanding  (be  Author** 
pretended  demonftration,  that  it  was  foJ/ibUt  at  kfift,  that  thia 
i^e  mucus^  in  it%  found  ftate,  mij^ht  contain  as  much  phlogifton 
t^a  cheniift  woufd  fay,  more)  concealed  in  it,  in  confequencc  of  its 
vrift  uttion  with  the  other  principles ;  as  prefents  itfelf  after- 
iprards,  when  the  phlogtfion  is  Ut  hofe  in  the  putrefaflive  pro- 
ccfs, and  is  rendered  apparent,  in  confequence  of  the  difunion  of 
the  principles  that  conuitute  the  mucus. 

Sulphur,  or  flowers  of  fulphur,  for  inftance,  have  nearly  as 
little  imell,  or  tafte,  and  exhibit  as  few  of  the  obvious  marks  of 
^  preftncc  of  phlogiftoo,  as  the  Author's  mucus :  but  exp4>(e 
thia  ftilphur  Amply  to  fire^  as  the  Author  expofed  his  mucui  to 
air  9  and  prefentlv  there  will  appear  abundance  of  phlogifton 
(to  iay  nothing  of  the  acid).  According  to  the  Author's  mode 
of  reafooing,  we  Ibould  fay,  that  as  the  fulphur,  before  its  ex- 
po/ure,  fcarce  fliewed  any  (igns  of  its  containing  phlogifton,  it 
IS  demonftrable  that  itYnuft  nave  fiolep  the  phlogifton  from  ihc 
fire^  which  it  has  accordingly  dephlogifticated. 
^  The  reafoning  throughout  the  wbok  of  this  work  ia  nearly  of 
Iht  fame  kind^  Thua  the  Author  will  allow  little  or  no  pblo- 
^ftonto  refide  in  vegetables  that  conftitute  the  food  of  animals; 
and  gives  reafons  juft  as  cogent  JiA  thofe  above  a/Iigoedt  Oo 
^be  other  band^  be  is  exceedin^jr  liberal  in  beftowing  this  prin* 

cipl^ 


Harnhgton*!  Phtldfipkicaf  and  E^epiHrneHtal  Enfuiry^  &c«    i<h 

eiple  on  other  fubftadces,  where  chemtfts  wduld  not  think  of 
looking  f6r  it.    We  fiiall  only  metitioti  an  exi^tnple  or  two  :' 

*  Saltpetre/  (ays  the  Author,  *  at  chemifts  know,  Or  at  le^ 
ought  to  know,  is  principal^  phkgifion.^  Thfa  h  dimonJltabU^ 
lie  afterwards  fays,  from  its  being  pro<iuce<f  in  greater  'poHty 
and  abundaifce  in  hot  cownxxitt ;  and  from  hs  high  ftateof  Ar- 
Jlammahitlty^  which  is  proved  froih  its  being  tile  bafis  of  gtJir* 
powder.  Again,  in, (peaking  of  the  C<)inm6n  experiment  Hf 
decompounding  Iime*water,  by  m^afis  <^f  fixed  air^  the  Aushot 
tells  us  that  a  decompofition  takes  plaCe^  becaufe  the  fiafed  iff 
neutfalifes  itfcif  with  ^  the  phhgtftm  of  iU  iDaUfy  Which  k«t* 
the  lime  in  iolution.'  The  Author  furety  dd6fd^^dt  l^arn  theifc 
"flrange  doarines  in  the  fchool  of  Dr.  Blatt;  by  whom,  life 
teHs  us,  be  *  had  the  honour  a^d  happlnefj  t6  be  taught  ch^«> 
^llft^y.* 

Having  TuiEcientTy  exhibited  6ur  opini6ri  df  thf^  performance, 
i^  bir^ir  to  give  our  Readers  the  Author's  opini()n  df  his  own 
Twfrk ;  wtrich  is  indeed  very  different  from  -ottrsi— — *  I  chink 
now,'  ikys  be,  '  after  eftarbliihtng  this  gnat  doSirine  in   this 
|>la*n,  obvious,  and  concife  relation,  which  we  have  in  thfs 
book  laid  dow»,  that  it  Will  open  to>  us  the  |^cat  arcana  o( 
ivat#re,  which  all  phitofophers  have  beeii  aiming  aC^  and  which 
*as  been  fo  long  fo  great'  a  bar  to  (Cfcncv )  hiving  eluded  the 
refearches  of  fuch  a  number  of  learned  ages;  aAd  yet,  h^on 
MipubUcMthu^  ^aviag  boen  almoft  as  far  from  being  dtfcovered 
as  ever ;  fitm  $ftbt  laU  doctrines  ttnding  rather  to  obfcure  it* 
•    The  philofophical  Reader  will  not,  we  apprehend,  be  muck 
|>rfjudiced  in  favour  of  ^  the  grtat  do^frine*  here  faid  to  be  efta- 
bliibtd  in  this  work;  when  he  is  told  that  the  Author  s  fup* 
pofed  discoveries  relating  to  air,  animal  life,  and  more  particu- 
larly phlogifton,  arc  the  refults  of  a  new  *  planetary  fyftem  of 
Jms  owfl,^  which  he  bad  previoufly  *  eftabtiAed/  and   <  which 
i\&n^  ia  fome  points,  coniiderably  from  Newton's/—'  Here,^ 
^ya  ha,  ^  I  found  out  what  phlogifton  is,  and  what  are  iis 
pollers  and  cffc£ls; — fo  that  after  I  had  thoroughly  digefte^d  my 
pUmgUtry  fy(ie0i  upon  paper,  and  then  attended  to  its  effet^s  oa 
#Bima),  vegetable,  and  mineral  life,  I  found  not  a  great  deal  of 
dificuhy  in  eUcidating  them,  as  I  found  out  the  great  key  be« 
fofe,  ift  (earching  for  planetary  life* 

It  givos  u«  pain  to  mortify  a  young  adventurer  in  philofbphyi 
ivbO|  ia  mimerous  paflages,  exprciles  his  high  opinion  of  the 
great  knpcMtance  of  faia  difcoyeriesj  and  who  does  not  ap<* 
^ear  to  ba  ia  the  kaft  degras  confcious  that  his  extravagant  the- 
ory, of  his  <  great  <Io&ioe,'  as  be  calls  it^  is  confuted  by  a 
choufand  fa<9s  or  experiments,  relating  to  phlogiflon  in  particu- 
Wf  wcilluiQwo  to  every  perfon  converiam  in  inquiries  of  thia 

H  2  nature. 


^2        4  fi^^  mii  firiout  Aiirtp  U  iht  CWtfiian  Latij: 

pature.  Though  h^  exprefics  his  hopes,  that  the  world  will 
not  *  too  feverdy  critjcife  upon  his  youthful  labours  \*  we  can** 
0ot  avoid  hinting  to  hjm — having  an  eyjs  to  the  future  worics, 
the  publication  of  which  he  announces  in  this  performance-^* 
that  his  progrefs  in  trui  phllofophy  would  have  been  greater,  if, 
jofte^d  pf  Ipoking  up  to  the  ^iScrif^j  fof  infprmationi  with  refped 
jU>  the  fMbieds  pf  this  treatife,  he  had  concjefcended  to  cultivate 
|Dore  affiououPy  that  humbler  kind  of  knowledge  which  is  to  bo 
flicquired  in  the  elabQratpry,  and  in  the  works  o>  thofe  who  have 
pf  late  fo  greatly  enligjitened  the  world  by  their  experimental 
^nveftigatiQnSy  Even  with  refpeft  to  thi^  laft  article,  the  philo- 
fophers  of  th.e  pfcfent  day  will  expe^  from  him  experimen^i 
letter  ptapned  apd  e^i^utrd  \  qbfervations  more  dire&  and  apr 
jpofite  tp  the  fpbjed  of  inquiry ;  and  a  mode  of  re^foning  much 
clofer,  than  are  to  be  found  in  any  part  of  this  treatife;  the 
language  of  whic{i  is,  befideSi  in  every  page,  remarkably  \Ln^ 
grammatical.  -^ 

Art.  IV.  Afirn  mid /erious  Jddrtfi  t§  tht  Chriftiam  Lmtj^  t/pe* 
f tally  Juch  at^  tm^rmeiwg  UmitifriaM  Siniimimts^  tomform  t§  Trinitmrimw 
W^J^.  To  which  is  prefixed.  An  lotrodudion ;  wherein  the 
Wor&iip  pf  the  Holy  Scriptpret  is  contrafted  with  tke  Worikip  of 
the  Churfh  of  England,  an4  of  Qifleat«rs-  8ro«  M*  6d* 
JohnfoB.     1781. 

TlfE  Aibjed  of  this  publication  is  a  matter  of  the  greateft 
importance.  The  Author  has  treated  it  with  a  becoming 
ferioufners  and  eameflnefs.  The  doArine  of  the  Trinity  is  nof 
only  contained  iq  the  articles,  but  alfo  interwoven  with  all  the 
devotional  fervices  of  the  Church  of  England.  The  devotional 
pxercifes  of  the  greater  number  of  Diflenting  congregations  are 
likewife  formed  upon  it.  With  what  propriety,  or  good  con* 
fciencci  c;^n  Unitarians  join  in  worihip  conducted  in  a  manner 
fo  repugnant  to  their  ftntiments  ?  The  pious  i^uthor  of  this 
Addref^  endeavours^  from  a  variety  of  topics,  to  convince  them 
that  it  is  their  duty  to  feparate  ^hemfelves,  and  to  form  difttnA 
ibcieties.  In  order  to  givp  the  greater  weight  to  his  arguments^ 
iie  has  prefixed  an  Introduction,  in  which  he  hss  pla^  upon 
pppofite  pages,  a  number  of  rules,  dincAions,  and  examples,  re- 
fpe£ltng  ttie  objed  of  wprChip,  prayers,  bcnedidions,  and  doxo- 
Ibgies,  colledea  from  the  New  Teftament,  aiyd  others  contained 
in  the  Liturgy  of  the  Church  of  ij^ngland,  and  in  the  writings 
pf  fome  eminent  Dii&nters.  The  contiaft  is  manifeft,  and  cao 
hardly  fail  of  ftriking  the  moft  carelefs,  or  the  moft  prejudiced 
j^eadcTf    ^€  |ball  jrire  a  fpe<;imeo  or  two ; 


4  fra  anifirioui  Minfs  U  thi  CbriftioH  Lai^.        16} 


*  DiuQims^  &c.   in  thi  New    ^  DinSfions^  &c.  in  tbt  Liturg 
Tijiamifit.  9f  thi  Church  of  England. 


*  Matth.  tv.  I  o.    Then  faith 

yifus  unto  himy   Git  tha  hena^ 

oatan ;  for  it  is  written^  Thou 

Jbab  vmjhip  thi  Lord,  thy  God, 

4mi  him  omjjhalt  thoufirvi.^^ 

• vi.  6,  9.    But  thouy 

whin  thou  prayijl^  pray  to  thy 
Father  which  is  inficntj  and  thy 
Facber,  which  f nth  infecrh^Jball 
riward  tha  opiniy,- 


<<  The  Catholic  faith  is  this^ 
that  we  wor(hip  one  God  in 
Trinity,  and  Trinity  in  Unt* 
ty.*'  Jthanajlan  Cracf* 


*^  Almighty  and  ererlafting 
God,  who  haft  given  unto  us, 
thy  fervants,  grace,  by  the  con- 
feffion  of  a  true  faith,  to  ac-* 
knowledge  the  glory  of  tbi; 
itirnal  Trinity y  an3  in  the  powet 
of  the  divine  Majtfty  to  wor« 
fliip  thel/iwVy." 

Colka  for  Trinity  Sitnd.' 

*'  Above  all  things  ye  muft 
give  moft  humble  arid  hearty 
thanks  to  God  thi  Fathir^  th$ 
^ouf  an4  thi  Holy  Ghofl^  for  the 
redemption  of  the  world  by  the 
death  and  paflion  of  our  Saviour 
Chrift,— -To  him  therefore, 
with  the  Father  and  the*  Bidly 
Ghoft,  let  us  give  (as  we  are 
■noft  bounden)  continual 
(hanks." 

Exhort,  at  thi  Commun. 

«  • 

^*  Ye  have  prayed  that  out 
Lqrd  Jefus  Chrift  would  vouch- 
safe to  receive  him,  to  releafe 
him  of  his  fins,  to  fiinSify  him 
with  the  Holy  Ghpft,  to  givr 
him  the  kingdom  of  Heaven, 
and  ev^flafting  life/^ 

Public  Baft,  fir  fnfantu 

*  N.  B.  This  is  the  firft  mention  that  oi^r  |liord  makes  of 
prayer  being  offered  up  to  God  in  his  name.  And  it  is  remark- 
able, that  though  he  tells  them  that  he  will  do  thofe  things  for 
them,  which  they  (hall  aik  of  the  Father ;  yet  he  does  not  bid 
them  tp  a(k  thofe  things  of  him,  but  of  the  Fathor  in  bis  name* 
Surely,  if  in  any  cafe  he  had  intended  to  direA  them  to  offer  up 
prayer  to  himfclf,  it  would  have  been  in  thofe  cafes,  where  he 
^uld  i>e  the  perfon  to  do  thofo  things  for  them  ^hich  they  afked. 

P  4  —\^ 


*  John  IV.  21,  23.  Jefus  faith 
unto  thi  woman^  Believe  jvm^  the 
hour  comithy  whin  yeJhaU.mithir 
in  this  nuuntainj  nor  yot  at  y#- 

rufalem  worflnp  thi  Father. 

But  thi  hour  coniithf  and  now  is^ 
when  the  trui  worjhippirf  Jhall 
worjhip  tl^e  Father  in  Jpirit  and 
in  truth  ;  for  the  Father  fakith 
fuch  to  worjlfip  him*^ 


*  John  xiv.  13,  14.  And 
whatjiuvir  yo.  Jhall  ajk  in  my 
uamij  that  will  I  do^  that  thi 
Father  may  bi  glorifiid  in  thi  Son. 
Jf  yi  Jhall  aJk  any  things  in  my 
tfifm^  J  will  4^  it.* 


f  04        A  frig  mtifirkuM  Jdirrfi  u  thi  ChriJiUm  LluPf. 

—Is  not  this  inference  neccflarily  to  be  drawn  from  hence.  That 
Mr  Saviour  intended  to  inftrudl  h}<  dtfdples,  that  prayer  was 
thtpicuSar  bdndur  due  tf^  the  Father,  the  fame  at  under  the  Old 

TeftaoiQf^t,  and  sii  the|i|hjt,of  reafon  dirtfls? -An  Jmfsrtial 

Sfifuiry  what  is  the  TEST  of  our  Saviour's  Miracles,  &c. 
Printed  fo.*^Noon,  1750,  p.  56,  57/ 

*  cb.  xyi.  23.  jfnJ  in  thai 
day  ycJbaUaJk  me  nothing:  vi- 
rify,  Virily^  I  fay  unto  youy  wbft* 
jiiver  ye  maU  ajk  the  Father  in 
(hy  name^  be  will  givo  it  you. 

» 

.  *  N.B»  Left  they  fbould  inifta|ie  and  think  they  were  to  pray 
10  hirn  for  any  thing  when  he  left  them,  and  returned  to  the 
Father,  he  ejtprefsly  forbids  tb^m  to  do  it.  *'  tn  that  day  (fays 
bc)»  ye  ibaU  4ik  me  Nothing." 

The  Author  produces  maf)y  other  pafiages  both  from  the 
GoijpeU  and  from  the  Epidles,  in  which  the  Father  is  repre- 
sented as  the  fole  objed  of,  prayer  and  praife.  We  proceed  to 
make  gii  extr»St  froin  another  fe^ion  of  the  introdu£)ion : 


^  Addrefles,  Prayers,  and  Be- 

nedidions,  found  in  thi  IfevJ 
Tiftanient* 

*  Malih.  vh  9«  fO«  Jfkrtbis 
wtanner  iherefofi  pray  ye :  Our 
father,  which  aft  in,  Heamm^ 
hallowed  be  thy  name ;  Thy  king'' 
dem  €$me.  Thy  will  be  done  in 
Sarth  as  it  is  in  Heaven.* ^^ 

.  *--T—  xi.  25,  26.  At  thai 
tfme  Jefui  mfiuered  and  faid^  1 
ibpik  tbee^  6  Father,  Lerd  of 
heaven  and  Earthy  becaufe  Thou 
haji  hid  thefednngs  from  the  wife 
and  frudenty  ami  ha/l  revealed 
them  unto  babei.  Even  fo^  Fa« 
thtT^forfo  itfiemidgcodin  Thy 
/gbt/ 


•  Pniyefff,  Addrefles,  &c.  in  the 
Book  of  Comfnon  Prayer^  bit*^ 
fides  thoft  Sfeifly  offered  itp  ti 
Gad  the  Pitrther. 

<<  Thou  art  the  King  of 
taory,  O  Cbrift,"     Te  Deum. 

**  We  therefore  pray  thee  to 
help  thy  fervants  whom  thou 
haft  redeemed  with  thy  precious 
bl«od/\  Thifame. 

*^  O  God  the  Son,  Redeem- 
er of  the  world  have  mercy  up* 
on^  us,  mifecable  finners. 

«  O*  God  the  Holy  Ghoft. 
proceeding  from  the  Father  and 
the  Son,  have  mercy  upon  us, 
miferable  finners. 

•♦  O  boly,  bif  fled,  an*  glo- 
rious Trinity,  three  Parfona^ 
and  orre  God,  bave  mercy  upon 
u?,  mrferabfe  finners. 

"  Son  of  God,  we  beftech 
thee  to  hear  as. 

**  O  Lamb  of  God  that  fak- 
eft  iway  the  fins  of  the  worM. 
3  •  John 


J  firH  9mi  firhus  JitUrip  iiihi 


LO^        lOf 


'  «  Jollii  xv\\.  t.  J,  Thefe 
WirdtJM^  Jifuts  and  lifi  up  hit 
£yp  to  Hioven^  andjdid^  Pathei* 
she  hour  is  comtf  gUrify  iky  Son^ 
ihai  fhSM  alfi  mofghri^  ThM. 
This  is  fife  etirnal  that  fhtf 
might  haw  T he^f  the  otify  true 
Gody  and  y^us  Ghrift  whom  thou 
bafi/entJ    And  fo  chrotfghout. 


•  2  Cor.  1.3.  Biffed  be  G«*^ 

#Mv  the  fzihtrefour  LorUJefus 

Qbrifty  the  Father  efmer^iiSj  tmd 

the  God  6f  all  cof^frrty  who  eom^ 

fortesk  MS  //f  4ll  4ur  trihulaUotu* , 

./ 


«  Epb.  i.  3.  BleJJid  he  the 
God  and  Father  of  our  Lord 
Jefus  thrifix  ivi'^  hath  bUJfed  us 
mtb  allfftrtiiiaUi^titgs  In  hid- 
ifenly  places  in  Chrijf.* 


^  poxolagies  eoJURed  fr^m  thi 
New  Tejlament,  » 


•  Mattb.  ?i.  11.  Tor  Thinc; 
is  the  kingdom^  thi  power ^  an4 
iie  glory.     An^u! 

*  Rom.  xvi.  25.  27.  Now  to 
him  that  is  tf  fowor  to^aUiJb 
jOMj  according  tomyGofpel^  and 
fhe  preaching  of  Jefus  Chrift^-^ 
To  God  9  onjty  wfe^  be  glory  thro* 
^ofus  Chriji^for  ever.    Amon* 

^  Gal.  i.  4,  5*  According  to 
$he  will  ff  God  the  Father,  U 
whom  be  glory /or  over  andover^ 
./Uun^ 


'  ^  Have  tfMTcy  vpM  fi8» 
^  O  Chrift  hctr  us.       ^ 
*^  Graeiottfljf  hear    «I9|   O 
ChrUt :  grackmfly  hctr  bt,  O 
LordChfift.  ^xAhyw 

••  O  Lord,  the  tinXy  bcgot^ 
ten  Son,  JeOi  Chrift,  O  L6ff4 
God,  Lamb  of  God,  Son  of 
the  Father,  that  takeft  awaj 
the  fins  of  the  world,  have 
mercy  upon  us.  Thou,  that 
takeft  away  the  fins  of  the 
wofid,  liave  ^nercy  upon  >us» 
Thou  th»t  takeft  away  the  fina 
of  tfieworjil)  receive  pMr  prayeK. 
Thou  that  fitteft  at  the  right 
hand  of  God  the  Father,  have 
mercy  upon  us. 

**  For  thou  only  art  holy, 
thou  onl/  art  the  Lord ;  Thou 
cnty,  O  Chlrift/wiih  fhe'rfoly 
Ghdft;  ait  mtift  high  m  the 
jjloiy  of  God  the'  Father.** 
Trayer  afiir  thi  CommuhiotL 

*  Dire£lions,  &c.  as  to  the  Oh-' 
jeSi  oflVorfhip\  and  Doxolo^ 
T  6'es  colkftcdyir^m /*<  fVrii-' 
PigsofDiVUnitn. 

**  The  fecood  P^t  <>/  V^^ 
is  adoration^  l^^  it  contains^ 
(j),  A  mcation  of  bis  nastire  aa 
Gog  I  and  this  includes^  bis  moft 
original  propatie^  and  perfec* 
tUmu  His  unity  of  eitence, 
thai  there  is  no  other  God  bo^ 
£d^s  him.  His  indonccdvable 
iubfifteoc^  inThfce  Pe^^tbns,  the 
Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy 
Spirit,  which  mjftery  of  the 
Trinity  is  a  moft  proper  objeA 
of  our  adoration  and  Wonder  | 
iiace  k  fa  much  furpafles  diur 
underfiandiog.'' 

/Tatts's  Guide  to  fr^er^  p.  6. 

*  Ephet 


T«6r        AftA  ndfirinn'JMrtfs  t$  ibi  Chriftum  Lmi^ 


*  EpKtf.  ill.  20,  2t.  Now 
tmto  him  that  is.  4Mr  U  do  ixcnd- 
big  ahundmntlf  akvi  all  tb^t-  we 
gfi  or  tbink^  auording  to  tbo 
foiwor  that  workith  in  us^  unto 
Him  bt  glory  in  tbe  Cburcb  by 
Cbtrijijejus^  tbrougbout  nU  ages^ 
^mrU Vfitb^ut eneU  Anun*-  ^- . 


•  •  Phil.  iv.  10.  Now  unio 
God,  even  our  Father,  be  ghrj 
Jot  ever  emd  ev&%    Amn^ 


••  W©  muft  give  boiK^urto 
the  Three  Perfons  in  the  God* 

head  diftinaiy/' 

•  *♦  We  pay  our  homage  to 
the  Three  that  bear  record  in 
Heaven,  tbe  Father,  the  Word, 
and  the  Holy  Ghoft,  for  thefe 
Three  are  One.  We  pay  our 
bomagt  tothceicalted  Redeem- 
er, who  is  the  faithful  Witnefs. 
We  alfo  worlbip  the  Holy 
Ohoft,  the  Comforter."  , 
.    Henry  4  Metbod  of  Prayer. 

**  Now  to  God  the  Father, 
the  Son,  aiid  the  Holy  Ghoft, 
that  great  name  into  which  I 
was  baptized,  be  honour  and 
glory,  dominion  and  praife,  for 
ever  and*  ever.    Amen/' 

Tbo  fame* 

^^  Now  unto  the  Kinp  eter^ 
nal,  immortal,  invifible,  the 
only  wife  God,  and  our  God, 
in  Three  Perfbns,  Father,  Son, 
and  Holy  Ghoft,  be  honour 
and  glory,  dominion  and  praife^ 
henceforth  and  for  ever.  A* 
men."  1  be  fame.* 

Such  is  the  difieirence  and  oppoiition  between  the  doArine 
and  langtiage  of  the  New  Teftament,  re(peding  the.  objeA  of 
woribip,  and  itiofe  of  modern  Chriftians.* — This  Introduaion 
Kkewtfe  tontaffis  the  devout  wjbet  found  in  the  New  l^eftament^ 
and  Doxolopes%  applied  to  God  the  Father  and  to  Chrift,  and  to 
Cbrift  alone ;  with  remarks,  partly  the  Author's  own^  and  part- 
ly colleAed  from  other  writers. 

-  In  the  Addrefs  itfelf,  among  other  topics  from  which  out 
At^tbor  argues,  are  the  foHoiinng:  the  fublimity  and  fimplicity 
of  the  form  of  worfhip  prefcribed  in  the  New  Teftament— its 
authority — the  awful  confe<)uences  of  deviating  tn  fo  important 
a  matter  from  the  Divine^ppointment,  exemplified  in  the  cafes 
of  Nadab  and  Abihu^  and  of  tbe  Corinthians^  the  infincerity,  the 
duplicity  chargeable  on  tbofe  who  join  in  forms  of  worfhip  (o 
vepumant  to  their  fentiments,  and  in  fuch  an  important  point  as 
the  Vijeil  of  worJbip-^xYit  countenance  hereby  afforded  to  what 
they  cannot  but  look  upon  as  a  ereat  corruption  of  Chriftianity ; 
uA  the  ill  efied  of  their  conduS  if)  preventing  a  reformation — 

♦  i}iat 


<  I  Tin*  i.  17*  Now  unto 
the  King  eUmalf  imsnortalj  in^ 
vijiUe^tbe  only  wife  God,  be  bo- 
Uour  and  glory i  for  ever  a) 
jtmn* 


Aftu  andfiri^us  Addrtft  U  tU  Cii/lian  Ldhp         107 

that  Trinitarian  worihip  is  idolatr§u$'^znA  the  importance  of 
conducing  oorfdvca  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  that  we  may  look 
forward  to  the  appearance  of  Cbrift  as  Judge  of  the  world,  with 
a  pleaGng  hope  and  confidence. 

To  enable  our  Readers  to  form  a. judgment  of  the  Autbor'a 
manner  of  writing  and  reafoning,  wie  ihsul  by  before  them  the 
following  paragraphs : 

*  It  is  a  leading  and  eflential  qualification  of  Cbriftian  devo* 
tion,  that  we  worihip  the  Father  in  fpirit  and  in  truth.  Exter* 
nal  worihip  is  a  duty  onl^  as  it  is  beahns  our  rcfiimony  to  the 
belief  of  aGod  and  his  Providence,  and  is  calculated  co  imprefs  and 
diffufe  fentiments  of  piety  around  us»  But  it  cannot  be  genuine* 
and  acceptable  to  the  Being,  wholoolceth  at  the  heart,  any  further 
than  as  ir  is  dilated  by  the  in  ward,  veneration  of  his  name,  an^ 
is  correfpondent  to  the  fentiments  of  the  hjpart.  Were  we  to 
addrefs  a  fellow-creature  under  acharafier  which  we  are  con- 
vinced doth  not  belong  to  him,  merely  in  compliance  with  fome 
eftablifhed  forms  of  compliment,  our  own  minds  muft  accufe  us 
of  infincerity ;  and  di4  others  know  the  diijbnance  between  our 
language  and  our  fentiments,  they  would  condemn  our  hypo* 
criiy.  How  much  more  blameable  is  our  duplicity  ia  the  wor* 
(hip  of  the  God  of  Truth  7 

*  Did  you  certainly  know  that  any  who  join  in  aAs  of  public 
worihip  Inwardly  believed  in  their  hearts  that  there  was  na 
God,  or  that  he  was  not  to  be  worihipped,  nor  would  rewarl 
them  that  diligently  feek  him,  would  you  not  judge  fuch  peribns 
as  afting  an  mconftftent  and  infincere  part  i  as  cdntradiftin^' 
their  own  convidions,  and  afluming  falle  appearances?   Couli 

{ou  regard  fuch  as  bomji  men  ?  Be  perfuaded  then  to  refieA 
ow  nearly  your  conduS  refembletb  thiein,  if  you  continue  to 
join  in  the  worfbip  of  beings,  who,  you  are  conyioccd^  have 
no  claim,  on  the  authority  ot  our  only  rule,  to  fuch  prayer  an4 
praifes  as  are  o^red  to  them.  Can  you  exculpate  yourfelvci^ 
in  this  cafe^  froni  the  charge  of  infincerity  V  p.  63,  64. 

*  Your  concurrence  in  the  Trimtariam  woruip  of  the  Church. 
t^fEfiflani^  or  of  any  other  church,  gives  countenance  and  fup-. 
port  to  that  fyftem  by  which  numbers  are  kept  in  ignorance  of 
the  true  charader  and  government  of  G^d^  are  led  to  worfliip 
4ie  Almiehty  under  a  falfe  cbarader — and  are  warped  afide 
frooi  the  nmplicity  of  the  Gofpel,  by  the  dint  of  authority  and 
fbe  fear  of  pepetraling  into  awful  myfteries*  Your  feparation 
and  proteft  would  ferve  to  awaken  the  attention  of  others,  to 
qccite  a  ferioqs  and  impartial  inouiry,  and  to  (hake  that  flavi(k 
reverence  for  public  forms,  ai)d  the  eftabliOied  religion  which 
fcreen$  abfurdity  ai)d  myfticifm  from  a  free  examination.  It 
would  /acilitate  the  fpread  of  the  Scriptural  worihip,  and  a  ra* 
iipi^al  fervicc  of  God  in  the  room  of  ao  obfcurc  \^^fuu    It  ia 


ict        A  fin  tmdfiftQUi  AJdnfs  to  tht  Cbrifiian  tatty. 

ho  wonder  if  many,  offended  with  the  harfli  founds  and  the 
irreconcileable  principles  of  the  cftablifbed  Liturgy,  forfake  the 
tflemblies  of  public  worAip,'  and  are  prejudiced  againR  Cbrifti- 
apiw*  Will  it  not  be  a  lervice  to  fuch  to  fee  them  an  example 
6f  oiftiogoiihing  between  the  Gofpel  and  the  corruptions  of  it? 
Will  it  not  afford  them  a  faTr  opportunity  to  judee  of  its  truth, 
if  you  exhibit  it  in  its  plain,  and  native  drefs  I  Let  them  fee 
^at  Chriftianity  is  in  itf$^.  Your  continued  conformity  mif- 
Iqads  rheiD,  and  contributes  to  keep  out  of  fight  tl^  real  and 
genuine  Gofpel.  Every  error  retained  obRrudls  a  further  re- 
fi>matix>n,  and  obfcures  the  light  and  glory  of  the  Gofpel.  Do 
niftice  then  to  Chriftianity/  p.  87. 

*  It  is  not  ea(y,  methinks,  to  evade  the  force  of  thefe  remon-* 
ihfiuiees  aetd  periuafions :  and  yet  (bme  may  feel  a  great  difficulty 
bow  io  aft  in  this  cafe.  To  thofe  of  you,  who  live  near  to  any 
ibciety  of  Dilleitters,  where  the  puritv  of  Chr4{{ian  worflbip  is 
ptt^jyftiy  Mi  the  One  God  and  Father  of  all  is  adored  and 
praifed  through  Jifut  Chrifl^  the  path  to  be  purfued  is  plain  and 
dbvious,  if  you  regard  the  convictions  o^yeurown  minds,  and 
the  truth  of  God.  If  your  fituation  be  not  fo  favourable  to 
your  femithents  and  wifhcs,'  yet  by  commiuiicating  your  fcnti« 
ments  to  others,  you  may  perhaps  find  a  fuficient  number  to 
join  yoti  in  forhiing  a  new  fbciety,  which,  like  the  refpcdable 
^Mie  that  che^s  at  EJJix  chapel  in  the  Strand^  (ball  have  for  x\m 
^rttcular  objeA  of  its  aflbciation,  the  worjhip  •/  ibt  $ni  tiving 
imd  tmt  tjod  the  PathiT.  A  number  of  perfons  united  upon  this 
frlnciple,  ar^  Eke  a  ctty  Jit  upon  a  hill:  their  conduA  inflruds 
ttf  n  :  it  ferves  to  diflcmiDate  far  and  wide  the  priiKiples  of  true 
Chriffian  Jl^offhipy  and  to^di^uTc  a  fpirit  of  (erious  and  rational 
teat.  They  af%  at  6nce  diiftinguiflied  examples  of  fiocerity  and 
integrity  lit' religion,  and  of  attachment  to  the  authority  and' 
Kmplicity  of  the  Gofpel.  But  if  your  fituation  be  ftill  lefa 
ItfroaraMe  to  tAe  profecution  of  a  condud|  which  is  conibnanC 
to  your  <ron'v)AionB  and  a  feofe  of  duty,  permit  me  to  aik,  wke- 
l!her  it  be  (ffintial  to  fhe  utility  and  acceptablenefa  of  focial 
v^fiilp,  that  numbers  ihould  be  afiembled  together  in  a  boufis 
dchroted  to  public  Worfhipi  and  with  all  the  attendants  of  a  mi-* 
stifter  xtwAix\y  educated,  and  other  officers  ?  In  the  firfl  ages 
0^  Chriftianity,  we  read  of  churcbe$  that  did  not  extend  beyond 
the  circle  of  a  family,  nor  even  always  to  that ;  as  the  church 
in  Csefof^^  houfe,  and  that  in  the  houfe  of  Pbikmon^  ice.  It 
cannot  admit  a  doubt,  whether  it  be  not  preferable  to  wor(hip 
ttre  only  true  God  With  ont^s  family  only^  agreeable  to  the  Scrip- 
ture^, and  in  the  language  of  fincerity  and  truth,  than  to  joia 
the  largeft  fociety,  with  every  circumftance  of  ftate,  convenience, 
and  fplendor,  in  a  worship  the  Scriptures  forbid,  and  our  hearts 
difapprove.    The  judicious  and  pious  bead  of  ah  houfe,   by 

devoting; 


dcTOtiiig  the  fame  portion  of  time  tc  regular  worlbip  iahls  qwo^ 
dwellingt  with  the  aid  of  good  fermons  and  prc>-compofed 
fwayers  (of  which  the  EngliOi  lao^uaffe  affords  a  variety  and 
abundance)  will  procure  weight  to,  and  reflect  dignity  on,  hit 
own  charaAer^^-evince  his  own  finoerity — edify  his  own  boufe 
—and  hotd  forth  an  InftruAive  pattern  to  others/  p*  1 12,  &c« 

The  fentiments  contained  in  the  latter  part  of  this  paragraph^' 
refpeAing  focial  worfliip)  cannot,  we  think,  but  approve  tbeni^, 
frlves  to  every  liberal-minded  Chriftiao.  Upon  the  who(^* 
though  the  prefent  publication  is  not  a  mafterly  performance^  ill 
regard  Co  either  (lyle  or  compofition,  it  contains  many  thion 
worthy  the  moft  ferious  conuderation.  of  tbofe  to  whom  it  tsi 
addrtl&d :  and  the  Author  is  much  to  be  commended  for  the 
frankncft  with  which  he  has  exprefled  his  own  fentiments,  zuA 
fpr  the  earneftnefs  with  which  he  hath  addrefled  his  fellow 
Cbriftian8»  upon  a  fubjed  which  every  ferious  mind  amft  con-! 
fider  as  of  the  firft  importance*  »  _ 

n%m ■  '  I  11.         ■  .1  I  I      i^M^— —^^^—1 ^— » 

AsT.  V.  Thi  Arg9Mu»kt  tfAp9lUmms  RbodiMS^  in  Fovr  Book8»  by 
Fraocif  Fawket :  The  whole  reviiedt  correOedt  and  coon^leted* 
by  kii  Coadjotor  and  Editor;  who  has  aooexed  a  Tfaailatioa  oC 
C9lutbus*s  Grf«k  Poem  00  the  Rape  of  Helen,  or  the  Origin  of 
the  Trojan  War;  with  Notes.    8vo.    6$.    Dodiley.     1780* 

Art.  VL    Tbt  Argomautic  ExpiMHon.    Tranflsted  from  the  Orcek 
of  Apollooiiii  Rbodiosy  into  EagUih  Verie,  with  critical,  hi ftori*. 
cal,  aad  explanatory  Remaikg,  and  prefatory  £flay%  with  a  iaigif 
Appendix.     Inieribed  to  his  Grace  the  Doke  of  Marlborough^ 
£vo«    2  VoIs^«    7  8. 10  Boards.    Payne.    1780. 

IT  is  not  ill  obferved  by  the  Editor  of  Mr.  Fawkes's  tranila* 
tton,  that  Apollonius's  nobleft  eulogy  is  to  be  found  in  tho 
writinp  of  VirgiL  The  paiTages  which  th^t  judicious  poet 
has  bOTrowed  from  his  Grecian  predeceilbr^  and  tranfplanted 
into  the  iEoeidy  are  as  well  known  as  they  are  numerous;  and 
yety  notwithftanding  that  there  are  many  paflages  to  be  met  with 
in  the  Argooantics*  which  the  Roman  bard  did  not  think  uq«« 
worthy  6i  adoption ;  with  refped  to  the  general  charadet 
of  that  performance^  ncidier  Longinus  nor  Quintilian  have^  wt 
apprehend^  decided  uncandidiy,  when  they  afign  it  but  a  fuh* 
ordinate  rank  in  the  fcale  of  poetical  excel ieoce.  j 

Longinus  in  difcuffing  the  queftion^  whether  the  great  and 
fublime  in  compofitioni  though  accompanied  by  apfiaient  ine- 
qnality^  is  to  be  preferred  to  a  faultlefs  medbcrity  ?  after  deter* 

*  Two  very  elej^ant  editions  of  the  original  have  laceiy  been  pubf 
liihed  from  the  Ciareodoa  prefs  :  the  one  in  quarto,  the  other  ii^cwo 
volamet  o^avo.  The  ingenious  Editor  ii  Mr.  John  Shaw,  Fellow 
of  Magdaieo  College,  Oxlord.    Sold  by  Mr.  Elmfley  ia  the  Strand. 

■'  mDininir 


f tor  7^/  Argonautlcs  of  ApdUnius  Rho£u$m 

mining  the  queflion  in  the  affirmative,  proceeds,  firijoi  yi  noLi 

«»  /(*aXXo»,  «  AroXXttViOf  td'iXof^  ^vftrd'ai ;  The  cenfure  of 
Quintilian  is  perhaps  ftitl  mbre  degrading:  Non  con  tern  nendum 
cdidic  opus  st^uali  qudJam  niidiocritate.  Inft.  Orac*  Lib.  x. 
cap.  f. 

But  it  is  not  merely  from  a  llavifli  rubmiflion  to  the  authority 
of  cither  of  thefe  refpefUble  critics  that  the  poem  of  Apollo* 
nius  is  not  held  in  higher  eftimation,  or  at  lew  more  generally 
read  by  the  moderns.  To  his  countrvnien  the  Argonautic  ex« 
pedition  was^  perhaps,  one  of  the  molt  flattering  fubjedls  that  a 
Grecian  poet  could  have  made  choice  of.  But  at  this  remote 
period,  whether  it  be  confidered,  as  moft  probably  it  was  con- 
fidered  by  the  Greeks,  as  an  hiftorical  event ;  or,  according  to 
later  opinions,  as  a  mythological  allegory ;  it  appears  through  » 
very  different  medium  from  that  through  which  it  was  viewed 
b%App|)onius's  cotemporaries.  The  difficulty  of  making  the 
merely  £nglt(h  reader  intereft  himfelf  in  mythological  allufions* 
which  he  could  rarely  underftand,  or  in  evenu  which  bear  no 
lelatioD  to  any  thing  now  exiftin|,  and  which  he  cannot  believe, 
may  have  been  the  principal  reafon  why  only  detached  parts  of 
this  poem,  previous  to  the  prefent  attempts,  have  hitherto  ap* 
peared  in  our  language.  Thefe  attempts  we  are  now  to  intro- 
duce to  our  Readers. 

Mr.  Fawkes's  reputation,  as  a  tranflator,  has  been  lone  efta- 
bliflied.  The  favourable  reception  which  his  verfions  of  Ana<* 
crcon  and  Theocritus  have  met  with,  has  fufficiently  proved  he 
was  not  miftaken  in  his  talents  when  he  applied  them  to  tranfla- 
tion ;  an  employment  for  which^  indeed,  hi  appears  to  have 
been  not  ill  qualified.  His  verfification  is,  for  the  moft  part, 
ifafy,  fli/ent,  and  perfpicuous.  And  though  bis  language,  it 
muft  be  confefled,  is  too  frequently  deficient  in  elevation  and 
dignity,  yet  that  deficiency  is  in  fome  degree  compenfated  for 
by  a  clearnefs  of  expreffion,  which  feld(^  tails  to  reflefi  the  fenfe 
of  the  original  with  a  diftindnefs  and  truth  not  always  to  be 
met  with  in  tranflition.  Were  we  to  draw  any  comparifon  be<^ 
tween  Mr.  Fawkes'ii  tranflatioo  and  that  of  bis  competitor,  efpe*« 
cially  after  what  has  been  premifed,  it  might  appear  to  be  invi^ 
dious :  let  each,  therefore,  fpeak  for  itfelf. 

The  pafTage  we  fhall  (eled  is  that  very  beautiful  one  in  which 
Medea's  paffion  firft  discovers  itfelf.  Which  Tranflator  ap^ 
proaches  neareft  to  the  exquifite  (implicity  of  the  original,  a  fiav 
plicity,  not  unworthy  of  the  great  father  of  the  epic  himiclf,  let 
the  learned  Reader  determine. 

Oi^irio'toy  f  iv  irxa'i  jucreifpcirer  Ai(rov0C  uior 

A^I^M  vufA  Ai^^pnv  ^o,ufv9)  ^nvTQ  KaXvirffnvf 


Tbi  Argonautics  of  Apollonivs  RhJtuii  1 1  i 

JTup  a^n  fffivx^ci^  wbc  #f  01,  kvt  chi^oC, 
Epirv^uy  Tifrorfilo  [xtr  ij^wa  wero'ofAf»ofo. 

Kd&/»xaXi/bi»(  ^otXoLfAovii  o'uv  utaerii^  ot^-i  fS^isxcu 
AuT(tf?  JT  at;  Mritm  furrrij^i;  roXAa  ^Jc  ^Jcam 
0^fjL»ip\  offcr»  T  'pwTK^  iJrotf uwq-i  |ufXi(r5au 
n^orpo  J*  a(k  -cf^xXfAuf  rri  01  (v^^i^Afro  votrroi* 
Auro^  y  Oioc  iDi'y  010(0*1  Ti  fot^fony  uro, 

H(c»*  uii  nif^  oiXXov  oico'«i'«  Top^Avroi 
EfAfAitfot^  eufi^  Toiov*  fvsoM'i  /  aifir  epeofifi . 

AniTU^  ^lo-ftCT*  oivpixo  f  uuTi  vafAiTa^ 
Hin  riS^¥U6olx*    rtfp  i%  qI  ofAft  irapux^ 
AcM^udf  uiyoraru  tXto  fit  xii^oo'vyijo'iy. 
Hxa  ^e,  fjLvpofAtifn  Xiyiuti  MftHixaro  jtAu3o»f 
TivT«  /At  iuXaifi¥  ToJ*  IX"  »X^»  ciSVoj'i  Twnwf 
^S'lo-fTAi  .i}pii}w»  yr pcf irctf^f  un  ^ipnAfi^f 
EfpfTtf*    D  ^fk  €f iXXi»  ftXD^t^  iSa(XM(d«i. 
Nai  Jn  THTo  yif  votyei  Bta  fIipo-i»<t  griXoiro* 
OixaJi  f om^Ki  ^t^irv  fAOfoif*    t%  ti  fxiy  atlra 
Af(i)dtivai  uiro  Pso-f,  ro^i  moirotjpoid'i  ^ftiiny 

Mr.  Fawkes's  trinflation : 

'  Fir  o*er  the  re((,  in  grace  tremttch^d  tIone# 
And  chaript  foperior'yonthfol  Jafon  (hone. 
Him  thro*  her  veil  the  love-diftraAcd  maid 
With  melting  eyes,  and  glance  oblique  fanre/d: 
Her  mind,  as  in  a  dreamt  bewilder'd  ran. 
And  traced  the  footftepa  of  the  godlike  man. 
Sorrowing  they  went :  to  flinn  the  monarch'a  ire. 
With  fond  Chalciope  her  foos  retire ; 
Medea  follow'd,  bnt  with  cares  opprefs*d ; 
Such  caret  ai  love  had  raisM  within  her  breaft* 
His  graceful  image  in  her'mnid  (he  bore* 
His  gait,  hit  manner*  and  thie  robe  he  wore^' 
His  pointed  words*:  thro*  earth's  remote^  bound 
No  pnnce  ihe  deem'd  with  fnch  perfediona  crowa'd. 
Hia  coneful  voice  ftill,  ftillilie  ftema  to  hear,  ' 

btill  the  fweet  accents  charm  her  liflening.ear. 
The  ball*  and  wrAhf^l Kingexcitie.her  dread : ,  , 
She  mooma  hta  fate,  as  if  already  dead. 
From  her  bright  eyes  the  fhowcr  of  angni(h  breaks. 
And  thus,  overwhelmed  with  woe, /Medea  fpeaks :  ^     ^ 

*•  Why  fall  the  tcart  of  forrow  frort  my  eyes,       ' '  * 
•'  Though  he  the  firftor  laft  of  heroes  dies  f  :.    .        i 


^  Qnere  tvayu>j<oiA*u 


"  Perifli 


112  Th  jfrgottoutus  ff  ApoUoniui  RkdiaH 

^*  Periih  the  nanl-^DO.  bfidy  lex  \dm  &il;    , 
**  And  may  mir  prayer,  kind.  Hecate,  prevail ! 
*'  Safe  fail  be  home:  bot»  ah!  if  doom  *d  to  bleedy 
**  Teach  him,  that  I  rejoice  !i6t  in  the  deed.^' 

Mr.  Green's  tranflatipn : 

*  Each  foileof  beaotyt  each  attra^ve  grace 
Bright  o'er  bii  form*  aad  inahly  in  bis  face«  ^  , 

Great  Jafon  ftood ;  oh !  nuch-enan^urM  aiaid 
Beneath  the  veil  with  varidnt  tintt  difp1ay*d 
Still  the  dear  youth  oMi^ac  thy  looki  parfde  ; 
There  fix'd  indulge  the  ftd)y>pkafiBg  vievr. 
As  in  a  dream  ebibrb*df  n  whirliBg  maae 
She  creeps,  Ae  fiica  where'er  her  |a£>a  ftreyt. 
Sorrowing  the  h^rou  waadef  !*<-froiB  her  fire 
The  mother  throbbing  wkb  a8e£tion's  fire 
Her  chamber  &ekt,  proteiQivt  of  her  foes; 
A  (ifter'i  office  nor  Medea  flinnt* 
Such  tidei  of  angutlh  in  her  bolbm  roll 
As  fwell  the  ftoriD,  when  love  nfarps  the  finil. 
All,  all  of  Jafon  fills  her  tlbje&s*  fcene. 
The  flawing  yeftment  end  Cbt  j^adient  mlea ; 
Eafe,  his  depottmeit,  while  ke  italks,  er  itS) 
The  dome  wkb  aetive  mejeily  be  quits  s 
Perfe6lion'*s  theme  the  ic^ni  ideas  ftait  s 
*  Earth  never  bore  tby  Uke.  thou  more  than  man !'       » 
Still  fweecly  tuii'd  his  jpctiiog  voipe  (he  hears* 
The  thrilljng  mufic  dies  npon  her  ears :  \ 

Deep  was*  he^  anguifli,  left'  the  warrior's  hiHA 
Sink  by  the  monarch,  or  his  bolls,  to  death* 
At  onoe  (be  ihrieks;  (hegives  Urn  to  the  deed. 
Her  paly  cheeks  the  tear  of  pity  (bed* 
PourM  from  afiiAion's  channel ;  filent  grief» 
'Till  the  (bbb*d  acceats  figh  a  fweet  relief. 
**  Ah!  why,  where'er  i  look,  the  (igbt  of  woe? 
**  If  doom'd  my  Jafon  to  the  (bades  below, 

A  God  in  worth,  or  dadard  in  his  might* 

Be  his  to  periih  1-^yet  a  wiib  1— the  fight 

Uninjar*d  clofe  he  4  be  his  cooqueft  ftingt 

Aafpicioos  Goddefi^  .thou  (rem  Perfeus  (pruog! 

Be  his  the  bleding  of  his  native  ftate! 

Bat  if  bis  hapUfs  fail  ih^  voice  of  fate, 
•*  Ohi  tell  him,  Hecat,  his  Medea's  love 
"  Coiiid  o'er  her  Jaibo's  deaib  affliOioa  prove !" 

This  latter,  to  the  uttUamid  Reader,  will  be  ignQium  per 
ignotitts;  while  the  more  learned  one  rmift  refer  to  the  original 
for  the  fenfe  of  the  tranSatidtu  Mr.  Green's  tranflation  is  ac- 
companied by  a  long,  a  very  long,  Appendik ;  in  which  almoft 
every  thin^  is  intro&ced  except  what  relates  to  his  Author, 
The  greate({  (hare  of  it  is  indeed  pccupied  by' Mr.  Green*s  theo- 
logical connundrums ;  matters  tbac  a^  ^ckcd  with  as  liule  pro- 
priety 


Jobofoft'x  BiogrephkalPn/acis*  J13 

priety  to  the 'Argari?.u tics  of  Apollbnius,  as  would  be  a  profound 
diflertation  on  the  Maforetic  points  to  a  new  edition  of  the  hif- 
tory  of  Tom  Thumb.  gi  ^/j^^ 


■•■ftMai«« 


AnT.  VII.     JohnfirCs  Biographical  Pnfaces^   concluded* 

THE  life  we  are  now  entering  upon  is  that  of  Dr.  Young, 
written,  at  the  requeft  of  Dr.  Johnfon,  by  Mr.  Herbert 
Croft,  junior,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  a  friend  of  the  poet*s  fon. 

From  the  narrative  part  of  this  well- writ  ten  piece  of  biogra* 
phy,  we  learn,  that  Dr.  Young's  father  was  Edward  Young, 
at  that  time  Fellow  of  Winchefter  College,  and  Reftor  of  Up- 
ham  ;  afterwards  Dean  of  ^arum,  and  Chaplain  to  King  Wil- 
liam and  Queeii  Mary.  He  was  a  learned  and  ingenious  man, 
and  is  flill  remembered  as  the  Author  of  two  volumes  of  fcr- 
tnons. 

Young,  the  Poet,  was  educated  at  Winchefter.  Remaining 
(here,,  till  he  was  in  his  nineteenth  year,  he  mifled  the  oppor- 
tunity,'being  fuperannuated.by  the  £tatutes,  of  being  elected 
u{ion  the  foundation  at  New  College  in  Oxford.  He  was, 
however,  admitted  an  independent  member  of  that  fociety,  in 
0(Sober  1703.  Here  he  continued  only  three  months.  The 
Warden,  who  was  a  particular  friend  of  his  father,  dying,  he 
removed  to  Corpus ;  invited  there  alfo  by  another  friend  of  his 
father,  the  Prefident  of  the  College  ;  who,  in  order  to  leiTen  his 
academical  expences,  accommodated  him,  as  had  the  Warden 
of  New  College,  at  his  own  lodgings.  In  1708,  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  Archbifhop  Tennifon  to  a  Law  Fellowfhip  at  All  Souls. 
In  1714,  he  took  the  degree  of  Batchelor  of  Civil  Law,  and  the 
degree  of  Dodor  in  1719. 

'  There  are  who  relate,  «  fays  Mr,  Croft,*  that,  when  firft  Young 
found  himfelf  independent,  and  hia  own  reader  at  All  Souls,  he  was 
cot  the  ornament  to  religion  and  morality  which  be  afterwards  be« 
came.  The  authority  of  his  father,  indeed,  had  ceafed  by  his  death 
in  170;  ;  and  Young  was  certainly  not  aihamed  to  be  patronized  by 
the  infamous  Wharton.  But  Wharton  befriended  in  Ydnng,  per* 
baps,  the  poet,  and  particularly  the  tragedian.  IF  virtuous  authors 
rauft  be  patronized  only  by  virtuous  peers,  who  ihall  point  theia 
put  V 

Mr.  Croft  afterwards  accounts  for  the  connexion  between 
them  from  motives  which,  while  they  exculpate. the  poet,  do 
credit  to  the  peer: 

'  Young's  father  bad  been  well  acquainted  with  Lady  Aaoe  Whar- 
ton, the  Arft  wife  of  Thomas  Wharcoo,  £fq;  afterwards  Marquis  of 
Wharton — ^a  Lady  celebrated  for  her  poetical  talents  by  Burnet  and 
by  Waller.  To  t^ie  Dean  of  Sarom*s  viiitation  fermon,  alteady  men- 
lioned,  were  added  (bme  copies.of  ver(ct  '*  by  that  excellent  poeteft 
y  Mrs.  Anne  Wharton/'  upon  .iu  jieing  (nuiflaCfd  inlo  9«gliflh  at 

JL;v.  Feb.  1782.  I  the 


114  JohnfoilV  Biographical  jPnfacis: 

• 

the  infianc^  of  Waller*  by  At  wood.  Whtrtoii«  after  he  became  eo« 
Bobled»  did  not  drop  the  Ton  of  hit  old  fneod.  In  him*  darinj^  the 
Ihort  time  he  lived,  Young  found  a  patron ,  and  in  his  diflblote 
•  ^delkendJlit  a  friend  and  a  companion.  The  Marquis  died  in  April 
1715/ 

Sometime  about  the  year  172 1  he  made  an  unfuccefsful  at* 
tempt,  through  the  fupport  of  his  patron,  to  get  into  parlia- 
ment. He  did  not  take  orders  till  the  year  1728,  foon  after 
which  he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  George  the  Second. 

'  In  July  1730  he  was  prefented  by  his  College  to  the  TtCiory 
pf  Wel^^yn  in  Hertfordshire,  In  April  1732  he  married  Lady  Eliza- 
beth Lee,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Licchfield.  and  widow  of  Colonel 
Lee.  His  connexion  with  this  Lady  arofe  from  his  father's  acquaint- 
ance, already  mentioned,  with  Lady  Anne  Wharton,  who  was  co* 
heirefs  of  Sir  Henry  Lee  of  DitchUy,  in  Oxfordfliire.' 

This  conne£lion  lafted  only  till  the  year  1740 ;  death  not 
only  depriving  him  of  his  lady,  but  of  her  amiable  daughter, 
the  child  of  her  former  huiband,  who  was  juft  married  to  Mr* 
Temple,  fon  of  Lord  Palmerfton.  Dr.  Young's  lady  brought 
him  one  fon,  Frederic,  now  living;  a  gentleman  whom  the 
world,  with  a  malignant  cruelty  fcarcely  to  be  paralleled,  has 
for  many  years  fuppofed  to  have  fat  for  the  pidureof  Lorenzo 
in  the  Night  Thoughts.  The  refutation  of  this  infamous  flan- 
der  we  Ihall  give  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Croft : 

*  The  humanity  of  the  world,  little  fatisfied  with  inventing  a  me* 
lancholy  difpofition  for  the  father,  proceeds  next  to  invent  an  argo* 
ment  in  fupport  of  their  invention,  and  choofes  that  Lorenzo  (honld 
be  Young's  own  fon.  The  Biographia  pretty  roundly  alTerts  this  to 
be  the  fa^  ;  of  the  abfolute  impoifibility  of  which  the  Biographia  it* 
felf,  in  particular  dates,  contains  undenisible  evidence.  Readers  I 
know  there  are  of  a  iirange  turn  of  mind,  who  will  hereafter  perufe 
the  i/tghi  Thoughts  with  lefs  fati^faflion  ;  who  will  wiih  they  had  ftill 
been  deceived ;  who  will  quarrel  with  me  for  difcovering  that  no 
fuch  character  as  Lorenzo  ever  yet  difgraced  human  nature,  or  broke 
a  father's  heartl  Yet  would  thefe  admirers  of  the  fublime  and  ter- 
rible be  offended,  fhould  you  fet  them  down  for  cruel  and  for  favage. 

'  Of  this  report,  inhuman  to  the  furviving  fon,  if  it  be  untrue,  in 
proportion  as  the  character  of  Lorenzo  is  diabolical,  where  are  we  to 
find  the  proofs  ?  Perhaps  it  is  clear  from  the  performance  itfelf. 
From  the  firft  line  to  the  laft  of  the  Night  Thought s  no  one  ezpreffion 
can  be  difcovered  which  betrays  any  thing  like  the  father.  In  the 
fecond  Night  I  find  an  expreifion  which  betrays  fomething  clfe ;  that 
Lorenzo  was  his  friend  ;  one,  it  is  poflible,  of  his  former  com  pa* 
Dions ;  one  of  the  Duke  of  Wharton's  fett.  The  Poet  (liles  him  Gaj 
Fritmd — an  appellation  not  very  natural  from  a  pious  incenfed  father 
to  fuch  a  being  as  he  paints  Lorenzo,  and  chat  being  his  fon. 

*  Buc  let  us  fee  how  he  has  iketched  this  dreadful  portrait,  from 
the  fight  of  fome  of  whofe  features  the  artift  hirafelf  muft  have  turned 

away  with  horror! A  fufajefl  more  Qiockingi  if  his  only  child 

really  fat  to  him,  than  the  crucifixion  of  Michael  Angelo ;  upon  the 
Jiorrid  fiory  told  of  whidt,  YouAJg  compofed  a  ihort  poem  of  foorteea 

liaea 


J  A. 


Johnfon*f  Biographicat  Prifackf.  if* 

!bes  in  the  eirly  part  of  his  life,  which  he  did  not  think  dtftrved  ta 
be  repobliflied. 

'  In  the  firft  Uigbty  the  addrefs  to  the  Poet's  fuppofed  fon  v^ 
Lorenzo,  Fortune  makes  her  court  to  thee* 

'  In  the  fifth  A>;^^/ 

And  burns  Loren:&o  Hill  fOr  the  fubHoie 
Of  life  ?  To  hang  his  airy  neft  on  high  ? 
Is  this  a  pidla^e  of  the  Ton  of  the  xtOiOt  Of  Wellwyn  } 

•  Eighth  JUtght—^ 

In  foreign  reslms  (for  thon  haft  travellM  far)-— ^s 
which  even  now  does  not  tpply  tO  his  ibn* 

•  In  Night  fist =. 

So  wept  Lorenso  &tr  ClarifTa's  fatd. 

Who  gave  tbtt  angel- boy  On  whom  hd  ddtet^ 

And  died  to  give  him^  orphaned  in  his  birth ! 

•  At  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  Night  we  find— -^ 

Lorenzo !  tp  recriminate  is  joft« 

1  grant  the  man  is  vain  who  writes  for  pnufi^. 

'  But,  to  cut  (hort  all  enquiry,  if  any  one  of  thefe  paflkges,  if  aa^ 
pafifage  in  the  poems  be  applicable,  my  friend  fhali  pafs  for  Lorenzo. 
The  fon  of  the  author  of  the  Night  Tboughh  was  not  old  enongb* 
when  the  Night  Thoughts  were  written^  to  recriminate^  or  to  be  a  fii* 
ther.  The  Night  Thoughts  were  begun  immediately  after  the  rnonm* 
ful  events  of  174.0.  I'he  ^t^  Nights  appear  in  the  Stationers  booki 
as  the  property  of  Robert  Dodfley,  in  1743.  The  Preface  to  Nigbi 
Seven  is  dated  July  the  yth,  1744.  '^^^  marriage,  in  cSonfequenceof 
which  the  fuppofed  Lorenzo  was  born,  happen^  in  April  173 a* 
Young's  child  was  not  born  till  June  17^3*  In  1 740  this  Lorenzo^ 
this  finilhed  infidel,  i\i\%  father^  to  whole  education  Vice  had  for  foma 
years  put  the  laft  hand^  was  only  >^<vf«  years  old.  An  aaecdote  ot 
this  crnel  fort,  fo  open  to  con  tradition,  fo  impoifible  to  be  trne» 
who  could  propagate  ?  Thus  eafily  are  blafted  the  reputations  of  the 
living  and  of  the  dead.* 

Having  in  vain  panted  after  advancement^  and  (we  ire  toxrf 
to  add)  courted  it  by  all  the  arts  of  adulation  through  everv  pe« 
riod  of  bis  life,  he  at  laft,  at  the  age  of  fourfcorc,  was  appointed^ 
in  1761,  Clerk  of  the  Clofet  to  the  Princefs  Dowager  of  Walesi 
He  lived  to  be  fourfcorce  and  four^  dying  in  April  1765. 

How  Young,  with  every  advantage  in  his  favour  that  a  can* 
didate  for  preferment  could  wi(h  for,  (hould  end  his  days  aC 
eighty-fouf  upon  a  College  living,  is  a  problem  not  eafily  to  b0 
folved.  It  has  been  faid,  and  indeed  feems  probable^  that  his 
talents,  or  at  leaft  the  mariner  in  Which  he  tta^lojtA  them^ 
procured  him  a  penfion  of  200  /•  per  anhittn  from  the  late  King* 
For  Young's  poetical  life  we  muft  refer  tq  Mr.  Croft  |  hav« 
iog  no  room  to  iofert  what  he  has  faid  on  that  fubjeA^^^nter* 
taining  as  it  is,  in  this  place.  With  refpedi  to  the  Itile  of  Mr* 
Crcrftfs  compofition^  the  ^ead^r  will  .be  amufed  to  obferve  bow 
well  he  has  taken  off  the  manner  of  hii  friend,  Dr,  Johnfoa* 

I  a  H« 


1  x6  Johofon*i  Biographical  Prefacts. 

He  has  done  it,  inde,ed,  fa  ingenjoufly,  that  it  muft  be  a  flirewd 
critic  who,  from  internal  evidence,  would  fufpetSl  that  the  life 
ef  'Y^uog  was  not  wriaen  by  the  fame  pen  .which  produced  the 
reft  of  the  Uvea  in  this  colk^ion. 

Young's  poetical  chara£ier  has,  however,  devolved  upon  Dr. 
Johnfon  ;  and  he'has  drawn  it  with  impaicialiiy  and  precificn  : 

*  Of  Young's  Poemt  it  is  difficult  to  give  asy  general  charader ; 
for  he  has  no  u^iformiiy  of  manner :  ope  of  his  pieces  has  no  great 
refemblance  to  another;  He  began  to  write  early,  apd  continued 
long;  and-at.diiF<ven(  (im^s  had  different  modes  of  poetical  excel- 
lence in  view.  His  numbers  are  fometinies  fmoothy  and  fometimes 
rugged  ;  his  (lile  is  fomedmes  concatenated,  .and  fometimes  abrupt ; 
fometimes  diffuiivey  and  fometimes  concife.  His  plan  feems  to  have 
ilarted  in  his  mind  at  the  prefent  moment,  and  , his  thoughts  appear 
the  eifedls  of  chance*  fometimes  adverfe*  and  fometimes  lucky,  with 
▼cry  little  operation  of  judgment.^ 

*  In  his  NigBt  Though/ Sf  he  his  exhibited  a  very  wide  difplay  of 
original  poetry,  variegated  with  deq>  refledions  and  ftriking  allu- 
£on8,  a  wildeirnefs  of  thought,  in  which  the  fertility  of  fancy  feat* 

*|€ri  flowers  of  every  hue  and  of  every  odonr.  This  is  one  of  the  few 
.poems  in  which  blank  verfe  could  not  be  changed  for  rhyme  bucwith 
«dtftdvantage.  The  wild  diiTufion  of  the  fentiments*  and  the  digref- 
•five  fallies  of  imagination,  would  have  been  coqiipreiTed  and  re  ft  rained 
*h>y  regard  to  rhyme*  The  excellence  of  this  work  is  not  exadloefs, 
Jbnt  copioufnefs  ;  particular  lines  are  not  to  be  regarded  ;  the  power 
if  in. the  whole,,  and  in. the  whole  there,  is  a  magniBcence  like  that 
-afcribed  f  Chinefe  Plantation,  the  magnificence  of  vaft  extent  and 
^ndlefs  diverlity.^ 

•  . '  It  muft  be  allowed  of  Young's  poetry,  that  it  abounds  in  thought, 
:bnt  without  much  accuracy  or  lekdion*  When  he  lays  bold  of  an 
alloflratioii,  he  purfuesit.beyond.expe£lation,  f6metimes  happily,. as 
in  his  parallel  of  ^ic^Jfiver  with  Fkafurty  which  L have; heard  re- 
f)eated  with,  approbation  by  a  Lady  *,  ofwhofe  praife  be  would  have 
been  jufily  proud,  and  which  is  very  ingenious,  very  fubtle,  and  al- 
fnoil  exa£b;  but  ibmetimer  be  is  lefs  lucky,  as  when,  in  his  Night 
VbpughtSt  having  it  dropped  into  his  mind,  that  the  orbs,  Hoaiiog  in 
^ace,  .might.be  called  the  tlufttr  of  Creation,  he  thinks  on  a  clufter 


." 


•  Dr»  Jo^infon  is  pointedly  fevere  upon  Pope  for  makinc:  an  oilen- 
tadout  difplay. of. his  intimacy  with  tht  Gnat.  If  t(ie  principle  upon 
^rhich  he  cenfuies  him  be  juft,  it  may  with  equal  propriety  be  ap- 
j^fifd  tOihimfelf  with  refped  to  tht  Fair;  wiph  uhom  the  Do6lpr 
^akes  frequ^nt^  opportunities,  as  in  the  paiTage  abpve,  of  hinting 
^at  he  lives  in  the  gr^a^cft  familiarity.  Jn  truth,  no  one,  not 
troubled. with  the  fpleen,  wi)l  think  there  is  much  room  for  re pre- 
henfion  in  either  cafe:  why  might  not  the  Poet  very  innocently  men- 
Vbn  thofe  with  whom  it  was  well  known  he  conAantiy  affociated  ? 
Vid  why  may  not  the  Critic  be  permihed  r6  go  a  little  out  of 
hh^  way  to  pay  a  compliment  to  the  anonymous  Ladfes,  by  wkofe 
ftuies  and  approbation.. he  appears^  and,  mt  prciume* .  not  wiihoot 
Jufi»o»^.bciahighlygrati&d.i  .  r 

7  of 


-  >A 


Joh  n  fon  *j  Biographical  Prefaces.  1 1  j 

of  grapes,  and  fays,  that  they  all  hang  on  the  great  V!ne»  drinking' 
^t  miHartout  juice  of  immortal  Lifi^ ^  «  • 

'  His  veffcFs  are 'fornfed  by  no  certain '  model ;  for  he  is  no  mot'e 
like  himfelf  in  his  different  prcdb^tions  than  he  is  like  other^/    He^ 
feetns  never  to  have  ftiidied  profody,  ndr  to  have  had  any  direCkion.' 
but  from  his  own  ear.     But»  with  all  his  defeds,  he  wai  a  nran  oiT 
geniuf,  anda'|:k3et/ 

The  next  in  fucccflion  is  Dyer;  the  flend^i'. particulars  oP 
whore  life  being  already  known,  it  were  nredlcfs  to  repeat' 
them. 

In  the  yeir  1757  hfe  publiflfed  the  Fleect,  his  greateft  poetical 
work ;  *  of  which,'  fays  Dr.  Johnfon,  *  I  will  not  fupprefs  a  lu- 
dicrous ftory.    Dodfley  tbe  bookfeller  was  one  day.  mentioning 
it  to  a  critical  vifiter,  with  more  expedation  of  ifucccfs  than  the* 
other  could  eafily  admit.     In  the  con\^erfation  the  author's  age 
was  afked  ;  and  being  reprefented  as  advanced  in  life,  He  w»U^\ 
faid  the  cridc,  be  buried  in  woolkn* 

With  moft  profound  fubmi^ion  to  the  recorder  of  this  ludi- 
crous ftory,  asit  is  here  called,  the  criticM  vifiter*?  remark  is,- 
furely,  as  lame  an  attempt  at  wit  as  ever  dHgrac^d  the  vileft' 
pages  of  the  vlleft  jcft  book. 

Of  Grongar  HiU^    Dyer's  earlieft  produflion,    we"  arc  tolcT,' 
that  when  it  is  once  read,  it  will  be  read  again  ;  of  the  Ruins  of 
Rome^  thit  the  titTe  raifes  greater  expe(9ation  than  the  perform- 
ance gratifies.     And  of  the  Fleece^  which  never  became  populart' 
that  it  is  now  unrverfally  neglefled,  and  that  little  can  be  faid, 
likely  to  recal  it  to  attention.    *  The  woolcomber  and  the  poety, 
appear  to  me  fnch  difcordant  natutes,  that  an  attempt  to  bring  them', 
together  is  to  toup/e  the  fixpent  txjitb  the  fowl.     When  Dyer,  who(e 
mind  was   not  unpoetical,  has  done  his  utmoil,  by  interefting  hia' 
reader  in  our  native  cornmoditj,  by  interfperfing  rural  imagery  and 
incidental  digreflions,  by  cloathing  fmall  images  in  great  words,  and 
by  all  the  writer's  arts  of  deluiion,  the  meannefs  naturally  adhering*, 
and  the  irreverence  habitoally  annexed,  to  trade  and  mahafaAore^' 
iitak  him  ondfe^  infuperable  oppreflion  ;  and  the  dif^gaft  which  blank' 
ytt{t^  entumbering  and  encumbered',    fuperadds  to  an  unplesliin^' 
fdbjeA,  foon  repels  the  reader,  however  willing  to  be  pi^afbd. 

*  Let  me  however  honeAIy  report  whatever  may  counterbalance 
thh  weight  pf  cenfure.  I  have  been  told  that  Akenfide;  who,  upon - 
a  poetical  queftion,  has  a  right  to  be  heard,  faid,  "  That  he  would 
regulate  his  opinion  of  the  reigning  tafle  by  the  fate  of  Dyer's  Fleece  i 
for,  if  that  were  ill- received,  he  Hiouid  not  think  it  any  longer  rpa- 
fonable  to  expefl  fame  from  excellence.'' 

We  fear  it  is  more  owing  to  a  decline  of  poetical  tafte  than  to 
any  defe^b  that  are  hefe  poiAted  out,  that  Dyer's  Fleece  has  been ' 
fo  undefervedly  neglefied.     Indeed,  if  the  time  would  permit,] 
it  would  be  no  difficult  undertaking  to  prove,  that  the  grealeft 
part  of  the  objediions  that  Dr.  Johnfon  has  raifed  againft  this 
excellent  poem  might  with  equal  juftice  be  brought  againft  the 

I  3  Gcorgics 


'-  J- 


••>• 


Ii8  Johnfon'j  Biographical  Prefaces^ 

G^orgics  of  Virgil,  a  performance  which,  neverthelefs,  will  be 
admired  as  long  as  poetry  is  underftood. 

Of  David  Mallet,  having  no  written  memorial,  I  am,  fays  his 
Biographer,  able  to  give  no  other  account  than  foch  as  is  fupplied  by 
the  anapthorifed  loquacity  of  common  fame,  and  a  very  flight  per- 
£>oal  knowledge. 

*  He  was  by  hu  original  one  of  the  Macgregori,  a  clan  that  be- 
came, aboQt  fixty  years  ago,  under  the  conduct  of  Robin  Roy,  fo 
Ibrmi4ab|e  and  fo  infamous  for  violence  and  robbery,  that  the  name 
was  annulled  by  a  legal  abolition  i  and  when  they  were  all  to  deno- 
minate theinfelves  anew,  the  father,  (  fuppofe,  of  this  iiuthor  called 
himfelf  Mailoch.' 

He  had  bis  education  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  afterwards  en^ 
gaged  by  the  Duke  of  Montrofe  as  tutor  to  his  fons.  Through 
(bis  connexion,  he  got  introduced  into  the  capita] ; 

f  Having  cleared  his  tongue  from  his  native  pronnadation  fo  as  to 
b0  no  longer  diftinguiflied  as  a  Scot|  he  feems  inclined  to  difencum- 
))er  himfelf  from  all  adherences  of  his  Original,  and  took  upon  him 
to  change  his  name  from  Scotch  Maihtb  to  Englifli  ^mUa,  without 
#By  imaginable  reafon  of  preference  which  the  eye  or  ear  can  dif- 
covar.  What  other  proofs  he  j^ave  of  difrcfped  to  bis  native  country 
I  know  not ;  but  it  was  remarked  of  him,  that  he  was  the  only  Scot 
fvhom  Scotchmen  did  not  commend.' 

If  what  ^fc  die  told  ii)  a  fubfequent  part  of  this  narrative  be 
truci  his  countrymen  are  fully  iuilified  in  withholding  their 
fommcf^dation  from  him : 

*  In  the  beginning  of  the  lad  war,  when  the  nation  was  exafpe* 
rated  by  ill  fuccefs,  he  was  employed  to  turn  the  public  Vengeance 
upon  Byng,  and  wrote  a  letter  of  sccufation  under  the  charader  of  a 
f^Iafn  Mom,  The  paper  was  with  great  induftry  circulated  and  dif- 
per  fed  ;  and  he,  for  his  feafon^ble  intervention,  had  a  confiderable 
penfion  bellowed  upon  him,  which  he  retained  to  his  death/ 

We  are  not  to  be  furprifed,  that  they,  who  were  every 
moment  eypeding  the  tide  of  public  yengfeaitce  to  overwhelm 
them,  (bould  make  little  fcruple  to  facrifice  another  to  favour 
their  own  efcape.  Sut  what  fentiments  are  we  to  entertain  of 
that  humap  bloodhound,  who  could  be  bafe  enough  to  under* 
take,  from  the  ineaneft  of  all  motives,  the  diabolical  buiinefs  of 
hunting  down  a  wounded,  perhaps  an  innocent,  man  !  If  the 
enormity  of  the  crime  be  confideird  in  its  full  extent,  as  afie£i« 
ing  not  only  the  unfortunate  vi£lim,  but  his  remoteft  con^P 
nexions,  the  aifaffin,  who  at  once  plants  a  dagger  in  your  heart» 
}s^  compared  with  fuch  a  monfter  as  this,  a  chara£ler  of  inno- 
cence.  It  is  wonderful  there  coiild  be  found  any  one  to  exe- 
ic'ute  fuch  a  fiend-like  employment.  But  \t  is  ftill  more  woii* 
derful^  that  Dr.  Johnfon,  the  delicacy  of  whpfe  moral  feelings 
c;ui  on  fome  occaflons  aflume  f^ch  exqiiifite  fenfibility,  ihouTd 
fcooliy  pafs  over  fo  atrocious  ^n  inftance  of  unprincipled  depra- 
vity a9  this,  ^ith  np  other  remark  than,  that  ^  for  his  feafonable 
i^^rventiofi  be  had  a|  confiderable  pepfion  t>eftowed  upon  him. 


JohnfbnV  Biographical  Prefaces*  119 

which  he  retained  to  his  death/  We  may  fay  in  the  words  of 
the  poet. 

Are  thefe  the  paths  that  lead  to  penfion'd  eafe  1 

But  let  us  turn  from  fuch  a  charader  as  this,  and  contemplate 
the  features  of  benevolence  and  humanity  in  the  blamelefs  life 
of  Shenftone. 

Shenftone  was  born  in  November  17 14,  at  the  Leafowes  in 
Hales-Owen,  near  Hagley.  After  being  awhile  at  the  Gram« 
mar-fchool  in  Hales-Owen,  he  was  placed  with  Mr.  Crumpton, 
an  eminent  fchool-mafter  at  Solihul.  From  fchool  he  was 
fent  in  1732  to  Pembroke-College  in  Oxford,  of  which  fociety, 
though  he  took  no  degree,  he  continued  a  member  ten  years* 
In  1737,  he  publiflied  a  fmall  mifcellany,  without  his  name* 
^  '  He  then  for  a  time  wandered  about,  to  acqaaint  himfelf  with 
life;  and  was  fometimes  at  London,  fometiines  at  Bath»  or  any  other 
place  of  poblic  refort ;  bat  he  did  not  forget  his  poetry.  He  pnb- 
liflied  in  ij/^ohitJudgmeMt  of  Hereuhs^  addrefled  to  Hr.  Lyttelton* 
whofe  intered  he  fupported  with*  great  warmth  at  an  cJeAibo :  this 
was  two  years  afterwards  followed  by  the  School- mj^re/s* 

*  Mr.  Dolman,  to  whofe  care  he  was  indebted  for  his  eafe  and  lei- 
fure,  died  in  i74)t  and  the  care  of  his  own  fortune  now  fell  upon 
him.  He  tried  to  efcape  it  a  while,  and  lived  at  hishoofe  with  his 
tenants*  who  were  diftantly  related;  hat  finding  that  imperfed  pof* 
feffion  inconvenient,  be  took  the  whole  ellate  into  his  own  hands, 
more  to  the  improvement  of  its  beauty  than  the  increafe  of  its  pro- 
dnce. 

*  Now  began  his  delight  in  rdral  pleafores,  and  his  ambition  of 
rarai  elegance :  he  began  from  this  time  to  point  his  profpeds,  to 
diveriify  his  furface,  to  entangle  his  walks,  and  to  wind  his  waters; 
which  he  did  with  fach  judgment  and  fach  fancy,  as  made  his  little 
domain  the  envy  of  the  great,  and  the  admiration  of  the  (kilfnl ;  a 
place  to  be  vifited  by  travellers,  and  copied  by  defigners.' 

How  exquifite  Dr.  Johnfon's  tafle  is  in  matters  of  this  kind 
may  be  coUeded  from  his  comment  on  what  he  calls  the  ambi- 
tion of  rural  elegance.  '  Whether  to  plant  a  walk  in  undulat- 
ing  curves,  and  to  place  a  bench  at  every  turn  whcfe  there  is  an 
obje^  to  catch  the  view ;  to  make  water  run  where  it  will  be 
heard,  or  to  ftagnate  where  it  will  be  feen;  tq  legve  intervals 
where  the  eye  will  be  pleafed,  and  to  thicken  the  plantation 
where  there  is  fomething  to  be  hidden,  demands  any  ereat 
powers  of  mind,  I  will  not  enqtiirej  perhaps  a  fullen  and  furly 
fpeculator  may  think  fuch  performances  rather  the  fport  than  the 
bufinefs^  of  human  reafon.'  Thefe  fplenetic  remarks  are,  how* 
ever,  in  fome  degree  qualified  by  what  follows  :  ^  But,  continues 
he,  it  muft  at  leaft  be  confeflfed,  that  to  embellifh  the  form  of 
Nature  is  an  innocent  amufement  \  and  fome  praife  muft  be  al- 
lowed, by  the  moft  fupercilious  obferver,  to  him,  yfh%  dqes  be|( 
what  iucii  multitudes  are  contending  to  do  wel^' 

I  ^  Shei)« 


12^  Johnfdn*j  Bi^^ipUtaT  Pnfacis* 

Shenftone^s  doath,  which  his  anxieties  probably  contrtbated  to 
haften,  was  occafioned  by  a  putrid  fever,  February  1763. 

His  poems  confift  of  elegies,  odes,  and  ballad^:,  humourous 
failles,  and  pioral  pieces.  *  Of  his  elegies.  Dr.  Johnfon  re- 
narksy  that  the  thoughts  are  pure  andfimple;  but,  wanting  com- 
bination»  they  want  variety.  The  lines  are  Ibmetimes,  foch  as  elegy 
requires,  fmooth  and  eafy ;  but  to  this  praife  his  claim  is  not  con- 
Hant :  his  didbn  is  often-  haHih",  improper,  and  af{^AeH ;  bis  words 
ill-fcoined,  oriH-ch(>fen«  and  his  pbralb  unflcilfully  inverted. 

*  The  Lyric  poems  are  almoft  aJi  of  thr  light  apd  airy  kind,  fuch 
as  tripiightly  and  nimbly  alojtg,  without  the- load  of  any  weighty 
meaning.  From  thefe,  however,  RurtU  Elegaiiti  has  fooie  right  to 
be  excepted.'  /  mm  beard  it  fruifid  by  a  *very  Uarmtd  lady ;  and 
tfaongh  the  lines  are  irregular*  and  the  thoughts  difTufed  with  loo 
much  verbofityt  yet  it  cannot  be  denied  to  contain  both  phjlofopliiiii 
cal  argument  anq  poetical  fpirit.' 

Speaking  of.  the  Faftoral  Ballad,  Dr.  Johnfon  fays,  '  I  cannot  biit 
regret  that  it  is  paBoral;  an  intelligent  reader,  acquainted  ivith  the 
iceaes  of  real,  life,  fickens  at  the  mention  of  the  crocl^  Cdt  pipt^  the 
fifttp,  and  the'i/V/^  which  it  is  not  neceflary  to  bring  forward  to  no- 
tice, for  the  poet's  art.  is  fcledion,  and  he  ought  to  fl)ew  the  beauties, 
without  the  grofliijcfs  of  the  country  life/ 

So  far  from  agreeing  with  the  Dd£l'6r,  in  regretting  that  it  is 
paftoral,  we  fbould  regret  (and  we  believe  moft  readers  .would 
join  with  ua)  if  it  were  any  thing  elfe  than  what  it  is.  An  in* 
telligept  reader  >nuiy  lie  allowed  to  ficken  at  the  mention  of  the 
crook,  the  pipe,  the  Iheep,  and  the  kids,  by 

A  Pafioral  Poet  in  Leaden hsl)*ili-eet; 

but  he  muft  be  unacquainted  with  the  fcenes  of  real  life  (unleTa 
Dr.  Johnfon  confine  the  idea  of  real  life  to  the  fmoke  of  a-city) 
who  khows  not  that  paftoral  images,  to  a  man,  who,  like  Shen- 
flone,  employed*  the  chi^f  part'  of  his  time  in  cultivating  and 
cmbelltfliing  his  grounds,  are  obvious  and  faniiUar,  and,  confe^^ 
quently,  their  introdudibn  irita  hrs  poetry  is^  natural  and  in 
charadter.  The  groflhcfs  of  fiich"  inrrges  as  are  nei'ther  phyfi- 
cally  impure,  nor  in  their  own  nature  difgufting,  it  is  not  eafy 
to  ciifcover/ 

Dr.  Akenfide,  whofe  life  and  poHical  charader  come  next 
in  review,  was  a  native  of  Newcaftic  upon  Tyne,  where  his 
father  was  a  butcher.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  fent  to 
Edinburgh;  that  he  might  qualify  himfelf  for  the  office  of  a 
DifTenting  Minifter";  his  inclination,  however,  direftcd  him  to 
the  ftudy  of^hjrfic.  *  WhctHtr,  when  he  rcfoWed  not  to  be  a 
Diflcnting  MinMlcr,  he  ccafcd  to  be  a  Diffenter,  fays  Dr.  John- 
fon, I  know  not.  He  certainly  retained  an  unneceflary  and 
outrageous  zeal  for  what  he  called  and  thought  liberty.*  This 
unmcijfarj  and  outrageous  zeal  for  liberty  feems  to  have  given 
bis  Biographer  ( who  fcldom  overlooks  that  objed)  great  ofiFence, 

as 


John(&n'i  Btogrnphicat  Prefaett.  1  tXT  ' 

as  he  has  ftigmatized  it  in  almoft  every  page  of  this  fliort  hlf- 
tory. 

In  1741  he  went  in  purfuit  of  medical  knowledge  to  Leyderk ' 
He  there  took  the  degree  of  DoStor  of  Phyfic.     On  hiB  return 
to  England  he  firft  pra(ftifed  at  Northampton;    From  thence  he ' 
removed  to  Hampflvad,  which,  after  two  years  refidence,  he 
quitted  for  London.     ^  At  London  he  was  known  as  a  poet^* 
but  was  dill  to  make  his  way  as'aphyfician^  and  would  perhaps 
have  been  reduced  to  great  exigencies,  but  that  Mr.  Dyfon,  • 
with  an  ardour  of  friendfliip  that  has  not  many  examples,  af* 
lowed  him  three  hundred  pounds  a  year.' 

He  lived  only  to  be  forty-eight;  dying  in  June  1776, 

Of  his  great  work,  the  Pleafures  of  the  Imagination,  Or. 
Johnfon  fpeaks  in  terms  of  approbation.  To  his  Lyric  compo- 
iitions  he  is  lefs  favourable* 

I'he  remaining  lives  to  be  confiJered  arethofe  of  Lytteltoh'^ 
Weft,  and  Gray.     Of  Lyttelton  we  are  told,  *  he  was  a  very   : 
cariV  writer,  both  in  verfe  and  profe,     His  Progrefs  of  L9n)i^  and'hil 
Ferfian  Letters^  were  both  written  when'  he  was  very  young';  and;   ' 
indeed,  the  chi^rafler  of  a  young  man  is  very  vifible  in  both,     The^< 
Verfes  cant  of  (hepherds  and  flocks,  and  crboks  drcHed  with  flower'i  \ 
and  the  Letters  have  fomething  of  that  indillind  and  headittxyn;^  ir*' 
door  for  liberty  which  a  man  of  genius  always  catches 'wtien  hi  ei^   • 
tcrs  the  world,  and  alwjy^  fuffers  to  ct)o]  as  he  paffes  forwatd.' 

This  laft  remark  is,  furely,  neither  ju ft  with  refpcA- to 'the  ' 
perfon  againft  whom  it  is  particularly  ^\xt(A^  5  nor  is^it  triife  in 
its  more  general  application.     Lord  Lytteltbn's  fubfeqiicnt  life 
and  writings  fully  evince,  that  tHb  fentiments  of  liberty  which  ' 
he  imbibed  in  youth  he  retainec!  tp  old  age.     There  is,  perhaps,  . 
no  paflion,  when  once  it  has  taken';firm  pofleffion  of  the  mind, 
that  burns  with-more  unabating  ardour  than  that  which  has  lir 
beriy  for  its  objeii :  and  for  this  very  obvious  reafon  ;  liberty  is 
an  ob]e£l  that  is^  equally  defirable  through  every  period  of  life* 

Gilbert  Wleft  was  the  fon  of  the -Reverend  Dr;  Weft ;  hia 
mother  was  fitter  to  Sir.  Richard  Ttmple,  afterward*  Ia^vA  • 
Cobham.  In  the  early  part  of 'life?  he  had  a  commiffion  in  a 
troop  or*  horfe ;  finding  himfelf  afterwards  more' inclined  t6 
civil  employment,  he  laid  down  Kis  comniilfioii  and  engaged  in 
bufinefs  under  Lord  Townfliend,  then  Secretary  of  Siate,  Hi's 
adherence  to  Lord  Townlhend  does  not  appear  to  have  been  at« 
tended  with  very  lucrative  advantages ;  it  ended  in  nothing  but  . 
a  nomination  (May  1729)  to  be  Clerk  Extraordinary  of  the 
Privj^ Council,  which  produced  no  immediate  prbfit.  It  win 
not  till  the  year  1752  that  he  r^ctWed  any  benefit  from  his  no* 
mination.  '  It  is  reported  th^t  the  education  of  the  young 
Prince  was  offered  to  him,  but  that  he  required  a  more  exiettfivi 
power  of  fuperintendence  than  was  thought  proper  to  allow  him* 
This  amiable  and  exemplary  man  was  taken  off  by  a  firokc  of 

the 


122  Johnfon*!  Biographical  Prefaas. 

the  palfy  in  March  1756.     His  poetry  and  its  charader,  which 
is  here  confirmed,  are  both  fufficiently  known. 

In  eftimating  the  poetical  pretenfions  of  Mr.  Gray,  Dr. 
Jobnfon  deviates  fo  widely  from  the  general  opinion,  that  ic 
may  not  be  amifs  to  pay  more  than  ufual  attention  to  what  he 
has  advanced  on  this  fubje£l.  We  (hall  confine  ourfelves,  how- 
ever, to  his  critique  on  what  he  calls  The  wonderful  wonder  of 
wonders^  the  two  Sifter  Odes;  ^  by  which,  fays  he,  though 
cither  vulgar  ignorance  or  common  (etiie  at  Hrft  univerfally  rejefted 
them,  many  have  been  fince  perfaaded  to  think  tbemfelvcs  delighced* 
I  am  one  of  thofe  that  are  willing  to  be  pleafed,  ind  therefore  would 
gladly  £nd  the  meaning  of  the  firft  flanza  of  the  Progrefs  of  Poetry. 

*  Gray  feems  in  his  rapture  to  confound  the  images  oi /preading 
Jomtd  and  running  nvater,  A  Jlream  of  mufick  may  be  allowed  ;  but 
where  doei  Mujick^  howtvtr  /moofh  and  frong,  after  having  vifited 
the  'uerdant  'vales,  roivi  dovjn  the  Jleep  amain,  fo  at  that  rocks  and 
modding  gro*ws  rebellonjo  to  the  roar  f  If  this  be  faid  of  Mufick^  ic  is 
Boafenfe;  if  it  be  faid  of  Waier^  it  is  nothing  to  the  purpole* 

'  The  fecond  danza,  exhibiting  Man's  car  and  Jove's  eagle,  is 
vnworthy  of  further  notice.  Criticifm  difdaics  to  chafe  a  fchoul  boy 
to  his  common  places. 

*  To  the  third  it  may  likewife  be  objected,  that  it  is  drawn  from 
Mythology,  though  fuch  as  may  be  more  eafily  aflimilated  to  real 
life.  Idalia*s  'ueT*vet  green  has  fomething  of  cant.  An  epithet  or 
■letaphor  drawn  from  Nature  ennobles  Art :  an  epithet  or  metaphor 
drawn  from  Art  degrades  Nature.  Gray  is  too  fond  of  words  arbi- 
trarily compounded.  Manj-tiuinUing  was  formerly  cenfured  as  not 
analogical ;  we  may  fay  manj'fp^ttedj  but  fcarcely  manj^fpottingm 
This  Aanza,  however,  has  fomething  pleafing. 

*  Of  the  fecond  ternary  of  llanzas,  the  iirft  endeavoors  to  tell 
Ibmething,  and  would  have  told  it.  had  it  not  been  crofled  by  Hy- 
perion :  the  fecond  defcribes  well  enough  the  univerfal  prevalence  of 
Poetry ;  but  I  am  afraid  that  the  conclufion  will  not  rife  from  the 
premifes.  The  caverns  of  the  North  and  the  plains  of  Chili  are  not 
the  refidences  of  Glory  and  generous  Shame »  fint  that  Poetry  and  Vir- 
tue go  always  together  is  an  opinion  fo  pleaiing»  that  I  can  forgive 
him  who  refolves  to  think  it  true. 

'  The  third  ftanza  founds  big  with  Delphi,  and  Egesm,  and  Ilijpi*^ 
and  MeaneUr^  and  hallonued  fountain  and  folemn  Jound\  but  in  all 
Gray*s  odes  there  is  a  kind  of  cumbrous  fplendor  which  we  wifh 
away.  His  pofition  is  at  lad  falfe :  in  the  time  of  Dante  and  Pe- 
trarch, from  whom  he  derives  our  firft  fchool  of  Poetry,  Italy  was 
over-run  by  tyrant  power  and  coward  vice ;  nor  was  our  ftate  much 
better  when  we  lirfl  borrowed  the  Italian  arts. 

'  Of  the  third  ternary,  the  firll  gives  a  mythological  birth  of 
Shakefpeare.  What  is  faid  of  that  mighty  genius  is  true;  but  it  is 
not  faid  happily  :  the  real  efFe6ls  of  his  poetical  power  are  put  out  of 
fight  by  the  pomp  of  machinery.  Where  truth  is  fufficient  to  fill  the 
mind,  fiAion  is  worfe  than  ufelefs ;  the  counterfeit  debafes  the  genuine. 

'  His  account  of  Milton's  blindnefs,  if  we  fuppofe  it  caufcd  by 
flttdy  in  the  formation  of  his  poem,  a  fuppo&tion  furely  allowable,  is 

poetically 


•lA 


Johnfon*;  Bkgrapbical  Prefaces*  12J 

poetically  true,  and  happily  ima^ioed.  But  the  car  ofDrydcii,  witk 
hit  t^o  c9Mrfirs^  has  nothing  in  it  peculiar ;  it  is  a  car  in  which  aojT 
other  rider  may  be  placed. 

*  The  Bard  appears,  at  the  fird  view,  to  be»  aj  Algarotti  aad 
others  have  remarked,  an  imitation  of  the  prophecy  of  Nereos*  Al« 
garotti  thinks  it  fuperior  to  its  original ;  and^  if  preference  dependa 
only  on  the  imagery  and  animation  of  the  two  poems,  his  judgment 
is  right.  There  is  in  The  Bard  more  force,  more  thoughts  and  mof* 
variety.  Bat  to  copy  is  lefs  than  to  invent,  and  the  copy  has  beem 
unhappily  produced  at  a  wrong  time.  7  he  fiftion  of  Horace  waa  to 
the  Romans  credible;  but  its  revival  difgoftt  us  with  apparent  and 
unconquerable  falfehood.    Imtredulms  edi^ 

*  To  feledl  a  fingular  event,  and  f«well  it  to  a  giant's  bulk  by  fa- 
bulous appendages  of  fpedrea  and  prediAions,  has  little  difficulty^ 
for  he  that  forfakes  the  probable  may  always  find  the  marvelloua  ;- 
and  it  has  little  ofe,  we  are  affeded  only  as  we  believe ;  we  are  im- 
proved only  as  we  find  fomething  to  be  be  imitated  or  declined.  I 
do  not  fee  that  Ti?f  Bard  promotes  any  troth,  moral  or  political. 

'  His  (Lanzas  are  too  long,  efpecially  hie  epodes ;  the  ode  h 
finiOied  before  the  ear  has  learned  its  meafures,  aad  confeqvently  be* 
lore  it  can  receive  pleafure  from  their  confpnanc^  and  recurrence. 

*  Of  the  firft  (lanza  the  abrupt  beginning  has  been  celabrated ;  bot 
technical  bicauties  can  give  praife  only  to  the  inventor.  Jt  is  in  the 
power  of  any  man  to  ru(h  abruptly  upoa  hi^  fubjed^  tliat  has  read 
the  ballad  of  Johnny  Armjireng, 

h  there  ever  a  man  in  edl  Scotland ^--^^ 

*  Hie  initial  refemblances,  or  alliterations,  rw/ir,  rutbU/s^  helm  aW 
iauherJt,  are  below  the  grandeur  of  a  poem  that  endeavours  at  fnbN*  ' 
limity. 

*  In  the  fecond  ftanza  the  Bard  is  well  defcribed  ;  bot  in  the  third  ' 
we  have  the  puerilities  of  obfolete  mythology.  When  we  are  told 
that  Cadwaile  bvjt^d  the  ftermy  main^  and  that  Modred  made  bng0 
PJinlimmsn  hew  his  cloud-to fd  bead^  attention  recoils  from  the  repeti- 
tion of  a  tale  that,  even  when  it  was  firft  heard,  was  heard  witk 
fcorn. 

'  The  njoeawing  of  the  winding  Jheet  he  borrowed,  as  he  owns,  from 
the  northern  Bards ;  but  their  texture,  however,  was  very  properlr 
the  work  of  female  powers,  as  the  art  of  fpinning  the  thread  of  iiM 
IS  another  mythology.  Theft  is  alway  dangerous ;  Gray  has  mado 
weavers  of  his  (laughtered  bards,  by  a  fidion  outrageous  and  incon- 
gruous. They  are  then  called  upon  to  IVeanfe  the  wmrp^  and  weavf 
$he  tuoof^  perhaps  with  no  great  propriety ;  for  it  is  by  crolFiDg  the 
<uw^with  the  warp  that  men  weave  the  web  or  piece;  and  the  firft 
line  was  dearly  bought  by  the  admiflion  of  its  wretched  correfpon- 
dent,  d'ye  eueffli  r$pm  ancf  *perge  enough.  He  has,  however,  no  other 
line  as  bad. 

f  The  third  ftanza  of  the  fecond  ternary  is  commended,  I  think, 
beyond  its  merit.  The  perfonification  is  indiftind.  TbirJI  and  HuM'^ 
ger  are  not  alike ;  and  their  features,  to  mafce  the  imagery  perfed, 
ihould  have  been  difcriminatcd.  We  are  told,  in  the  fame  ftanza, 
how  towers  are  fed.  But  I  will  no  longer  look  for  particular  faults ; 
]f  t  I^t  it  be  obferved,  th4t  thf  o4c  might  (lave  been  cpocluded  with 

4 


lij^,  Jobnfon'j  Biographical  Prefaau 

aii  adlion  of  better  example ;  but  fuicide  Is  always  to  be  had,  withont* 
ex)>erf)ce  of  thought. 

/  Thefe  odes  are  marked  by  glittering  acCaroulations  of  ungrace- 
fdt  bt-naments ;  they  flrike  rather  than  pleafe;  the  images  are  magni- 
fied by  affectation  ;  the  language  is  laboured  into  harlhoefs.  The 
mfnd  of  the  writer  feeth^  to  Work  with  unnatural  violence.  Dcuble^ 
diuhkf  toil  snd  trouhli.  He  has  a  kind  of  ilrutting  dignity,  and  is 
till  by  walkhig  on  tiptbe.  His  art  and  hil  Uruggle  are  too  vifible, 
add  there  is  too,  little  appearance  of  eafe  or  nature. 

'*  To  fay  that  be  has  no  beauties  would  be'unjdiV:  a  man  like  him, 
o(^  gteitt'learilirig' and  great  indullry,  cbuld  n6t  but  produce  feme- 
thing  valuable..    When  he  pUafbs  leal?,  it  c^n  only   be  faid  that  a ' 
gdbd  defigA  was  ill  dir'ea'ed/  ^ 

•Dri  JohnfohTets  oill  with  telling  his  Readers,  that7;<  is  one  of 
iBoJi  that  are  willing  to  be  pleafedy  and  that,  confequently,  he 
wpuld  be  glad/ to  find;  the  meaning  of  the  firft  ftanza  of  the 
Progref^  of  Poetry^  It  feems  rather,  that  he  is  lefs  dcfirous  of  . 
fisdifle^  the  roeaning  of  it  bimfelf,  than  of  preventins;  others 
frani  finding-  it.  Nothing  can  be  more  obvious  and  intelligible, 
we  ha^almoitfiid  trite,  than  the  allegory  with  which  the  Pro- 
g#rfs  of 'PbWr^y'comTntnces.  It  is  true,  there  is  an  inaccuracy 
iff  fafFering  the  conciealed  idea  to  break  through  the  figi^rative  ' 
estt^rtiffibn,  as  i(  does  in  the  feventh  line  : 

Now  the  rich  dream  of  mufic  winds  along. 

Qf  this,  little  as  it  can  add  to  the  embarrafTment  of  the  fcene, 
the  Critic  has,  however,  fpared  to  pains  no  avail  himfelf. 

The  obje(Elion  to  the  fecond  ftanza  (part  of  which,  indeed, 
islborrowed  froth  Pindar)  will  lofe  much  of  its  force  if  we  ad- 
vdrt  only  to  the  afmoft  infeparable  conne£lion  between  the  poe*  ' 
tiy  of  the  dn^ienM  and  their  mythology :  we  (hall  then  perceive, 
th^t  the  influence  of  the  poetical  art  upon  the  inhabitants  of 
G?re^ccmay  not  be  improperly  defcribed  by  claffical  imagery. 

.What  is,  faid  of  the  fecond  ternary  of  (lanzas  will  be  found, 
wjs  are  of  opinion,  a  continued  tiiTue  of  mifreprefentation.  . 
*  .The  iirft,  fays  he,  endeavours  to  tell  fomething,  and  would 
have  tol  J  it^  had  it  not  been  crojfed  by  Hyperion.  The  liberality 
and  candour  of  this  criticifm  will  beft  appear,  by  confronting  it 
with  the  beautiful  pnflage  againft  which  it  is  levelled  : 

Man's  feeble  race  what  ills  await, 
I.aboOrj  and  penury,  the  racks  of  paini 
Difcafe,  and  Sorrow's  weeping  train. 
And  death,'  fad  reTuge  from  the  ftorms'of  fate ! 
■  The- fond  complaint,  my  fong,  difprove, 
Apd  juftify  the  laws  of  Jove. 
Say,  hiis  he  giv*n  in  vain  the  Iicav'nly  Mule? 
I^ighc,  and  all  her  iickly  dews, 
Her  fpeflres  wan,  and  birds  of  boding  cry, 
tic  gives  to  range  the  dreary  Iky : 

TUl 


Johafon'i  .Bicgraphical  JPrefaces.  i  %^ 

Till  down  ^he  pzAzm  cliffis  9far 

Hyperion's  march  ihcy  fpy,  and  glittering  (htfrs  of  war. 

■  Gray  is  next  rcprefented  as  telling  his  readers  that  the  94- 

vcrns  of  the  North  and  the  plains  of  Chili  are  the  refidence  9f 

Glory  and  gtneroui  Shanu,     Whoever  will  look  into  the  ftansa 

.from  whence  this  information  is  colleSed,  will  fii)d  that  he  faju 

na  Aich  thing.     All  that  be  tells  his  leaders,  (divefiixig  it  of  \ts 

•puctieal  language)  is,  that  there  have  .been  poets  .evfn  aniOQg 

•  the  natives  of  Greenland  and   Chili;  and  thkt  in  thofe  breafft, 

that  are  fufct  piible  of  the  imprcllions  of,  poetry,,  thefe.is  the  t^^ 

lidence  of  Glory, 

And  generous,  (|iame» 
Th'  unconquerable  Mind,  ard  Freedom's  holy  gg;ne 

An  afllrtion  not  only  poetical,  but,  if  taken  with  that  degree 
of  latitude  with,  ^hich  a  general  aflertion  ought  to  be,  pbilofoi* 
phi^ally  truf. 

It  was  fufficient  to  aflert,  that  The  Bard  is  but  a  copy  from  the 
prophecy  of  Nereus  ^an  , aflertion,  however,  which  every  oilc 
lyill  not,  .probably,  agree  to),  without  degrading  it  by  a  f:har^e 
«f  a  fiill  meaner  plagiarifm:  it  certainly  requirea  fingular  ing?- 
nuity  to  find  out,  that  the  abrupt  manner  in  which  it  oj>ens  wsit 
fp^gefted  by  the  ballad  of  Johnny  Armftrong  !  The,\^eaving  9f 
thcLwinding-fi^eet  may  be  given  up :  Gray  was  no  Spitalfields 
^oet. 

That  *  his  odes  are  marked  by  glittering  accumulations  of 
ungraceful  ornaments,  that  flrike  rather  than  pleafe;  and  that 
his  images  are  magnified  bv  afTefiation,'  wiil,  at  leaft,  be 
thought  fevere :  but  it  is,  furely,  more  than  fevere  to  fay,  that 
^  he  has  a  ftrutting  kind  of  dignity,  and  that  he  is  tall  by  walk- 
ing on  tip-toe/ 

It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  if,  to  the  profefled  admirers  of 
yiv.  Gray,  the  manner  in  which  he  has  been  treated  by  Dr. 
Johnfon  (hould  appear  not  only  hoAile,  but  malignant :  and  if 
they  once  entertain  an  opinion  that  there  is  malignity  in  his 
cenfure,  they  will  fufpeil,  it  is  to  be  fea.ed,  that  there  is  trea- 
chery in  his  praife ;  the  pAflag^,  upon  which  he  has  beilpwed 
his  warmeft  commendations,  being,  perhaps,  the  moft  excep« 
tionable  that  the  feverity  of  cridcifm  coulJ  have  fele£ied.  It  is 
.that  in  which  he. accounts  for  Milton's  bhndnefs  : 

Nor  fecond  he,  that  rode  fublime 
Upon  the  feraph  wiugs  of  excafy, 
The  iec-ets  of  rh'  abyls  to  fpy. 
He  pafTcd  the  flaming  bounds  of  place  and  time : 
The  living  throne,  the  lapphireblazj, 
Where  ^n^els  ifcmble  while  they  gaze. 
He  iuw ;  but  blaited  wi;h  excefs  of  lights 
Closed  his  eyes  in  eodlefs  night. 

Jt 


126  Johnfon^x  BiograpMeal  Pnfauu 

Ic  is  not  to  be  denied  that  the  images  he  employs  are  Tplen^* 
didly  magnificent :  but  that  the  exertions  of  intelleAual  vifion 
fliould  extinguifb  the  poet's  cofporeal  eyes,  is  a  forced  and  un- 
natural idea.  It  is  one  of  thofe  falfe  and  hyperbolical  thoughts, 
which,  though  they  may  poffibly  be  admired  in  the  poetry  of 
Spiin,  thechaftefimplicity  of  claflicalcompofi'ion  ought  not  to 
admit  of.  But  even  fuppofing  the  pofGbility  of  the  fad,  the  confe- 
quence  is  inadequate  to  its  caul'e ;  lo  that,  whichever  way  the 
ienciment  be  examined,  it  comes  under  the  clafs  of  the  falfe 
liibHir.e  :  for  if  juft,  it  is  an  anticlimax  }  if  not,  it  is  bombaft. 
And  yet  it  is  this  fentiment  which  Dr.  Johnfon  has  particularly 
marked  as  *  poetically  true  and  happily  imagined.' 

But,  peace  to  the  manes  of  the  Poet  I 

The  esgie  towVing  in  his  pride  of  place 
is  ftill  an  eagle,  notwithftanding  a  defeAive  feather  in  his  wing. 

After  the  minute  and  particular  attention  that  has  been  be- 
flowed  upon  thefe  volumes  as  they  came  before  us  in  fucceffion, 
to  enter  into  a  general  difcui&on  of  them  colle6liveIy  would  be 
fuperfluous.     It  may  nor,  however,  be  unneceflary  to  obferve, 
notwithftanding  they  contain  a  fund  of  profound  and  original 
criticifm,  which,  perhaps,  no  other  pen  but  the  Dodor's  could 
have  fupplied,  that  fome  caution  is,  neverthelefs,  required  to 
perufe  them  with  advantage.   Inftances  too  frequently  occur,  in 
which  the  Critic's  judgment  feems  altogether  under  Uie  domi- 
nion of  predilection  or  prejudice.     To  think  for  himfelf  in  cri- 
tical, as  in  a1!  other,  matters,  is  a  privilege  to  which  every  one 
is  undoubtedly  in  titled  :  this  privilege  of  critical  independence, 
an  affedation  of  (ingularity,  or  fome  other  principle,  not  imme- 
diately vifible,  is  for  ever  betraying  him  into  a  dogmatical  fpirit 
of  contradidiion  to  received  opinions.     Of  this  there  need  no 
farther  proofs  than  his  aimoft  uniform  attempt  to  depreciate  the 
wciters  of  blank  verfe,  and  his  rough  treatment  of  Gray.     He 
obferves  of  Shenftone,  that  he  fet  little  value  upon  thofe  parts  of 
knowledge  which  he  had  not  cultivated  himfclf ;  his  own  tafle  of 
poetry  fcems  in  fome  degree  regulated  by  a  fimilar  ftandard  : 
method,  ratiocination,  and  argument,  efpecially  if  the  vehicle 
be  rhyme,  oftentimes  obtaining  his  regard  and  commendation, 
while  the  bold  and  enthufiaftic,  though  perhaps  irregular^  flights 
of  imagination,  are  pail  by  with  perverfe.and  obftinate  indifitf- 
4rence.     It  is  not,  then,  to  be  wondered  at,  that  the  panegyrift 
of  Blackmore  (hould  withhold  from  Collins  and  Gray  what  he 
has  beftowed  upon  Savage  and  Yalden.     Through  the  whole 
of  his  performance  the  dcfire  of  praife,  excepting  in  the  cafe  of 
fome  ^ti^  favourite  author,  is  aimoft  always  overpowered  by 
his  (iifpoution  to  cenfure;  and  while  beauties  are  palled  over 
*  with  the  neutrality  of  a  ftranger  and  the  coidnefs  of  a  critic,* 
tfie  flighted  blemilh  is  examined  with  microfcopical  fagacity. 

The 


Ha weis'x  Scriptural  Rifutallon  of  Madan.  1 27 

The  truth  of  this  obfervation  is  particularly  obvious  when  he 
defcends  to  his  cotemporaries ;  for  whom,  indeed,  he  appears 
to  have  little  more  brotherly  kindnefs  than  they  might  have  ex- 
peded  at  Conftantinople.  And  fo  vifibly  does  thefaftidioufnefe 
of  his  criticifm  increafe,  as  his  work  approaches  to  a  conclufion, 
that  his  Readers  will  fcarcely  forbear  exclaiming,  with  honeft 
Candide,  What  a  wonderful  genius  is  this  Pococurante  !  No- 
thing can  pleafe  him  I  ^  a   % 

Art.  VII  f.  A  Sriptural  Refutation  of  tbt  Argumtnti  for  Polygamy^ 
advanced  in  a  Treatife  entitled  Thelypbtbora.  ^i  T.  Haweis^ 
LL.  B.  ReAor  of  All  Saints,  Aldwinckle.  Svo.  1  ••  6d« 
Dilly.     I7>^i. 

TH  £  Author  informs  us,  that  at  the  firft  appearance  of 
Thelypchora,  it  was  his  intention  to  exert  his  beft  talents 
to  refute  its  pernicious  principles,  and  counterad,  as  far  as  he 
was  able,  its  fatal  influence  on  the  peace  and  morals  of  fociety, 
A  long  ftate  of  ill  health  prevented  him  from  making  the  pro- 
grefs  he  hoped  \  but  as  foon  as  he  was  able  be  refumed  (he 
ca(k. 

Mr.  Haweis  modeftly  difclaims  all  pretenfions  to  fuperior 
erudition,  or  fuperior  piety.  He  flatters  himfelf  that  he  hath 
enough  of  the  former  to  confute  Mr.  Maden  \  and  enough  of 
the  latter  to  credit  his  profeffions  of  zeal  for  the  purity  of  the 
gofpel. 

We  think  that  the  Author  hath  taken  a  very  proper  method 
to  confute  the  prevailing  errors  of  Thelypthora.  He  proceeds 
on  plain,  fcriptural  grounds,  and  hath  examined,  with  great 
perfpicuity,  all  thofe  texts  of  the  New  Teftament  in  which  mar- 
riage is  either  dire&ly  treated  of,  or  incidentally  referred  to. 

On  the  whole,  we  think  the  prefent  work  calculated  to  an- 
fwer  the  good  intentions  of  the  Author.  It  is  deiigned  for 
general  ufe ;  and  is  a  good  antidote  for  the  impiety  and  the  im- 
purity, which  ^Mr.  Madan's  Treatife  was  too  well  calculated 
to  promote. 

Mr.  Haweis  was  originally  one  of  Mr.  Madan's  moft  intimate 
friends.  Perhaps  it  may  be  thought,  that  it  was  fcarcely  con- 
,/iflent  with  the  remembrance  of  fuch  a  connexion,  to  treat 
Thelyphthora  with  fuch  unfparing  rigour,  as  Mr.  Haweis  hath 
exercifed  On  it,  and  (which  will  (bock  the  nicer  cafuifts  in  friend- 
ship ftill  more)  on  the  lucklefs  author  himfelf !  We  leave  thefe 
delicate  queftions  to  be  decided  hy  fentimintal  critics. 

We  never  had  the  honour  of  Mr.  Madan's  acquaintance  ;  we 
pever  faw  his  face :  and  as  to  the  writer  of  the  feveral  criticifms 
on  Thelyphthora,  he  is  certain  that  Mr.  Madan  never  heard  of 
his  name,  and  almoft  as  certain  that  he  never  will.  He  conjec- 
tured from  Mr.  Madan's  own  works  that  be  was  not  a  man  of 

folid 


. iz8  •  Haweis  V  Scriptural  Refutation  of  Madan. 

(olid  learning,  and  bad  dealt  abundantly  more  in  tranflatioris 
•  than  in  originals*  His  old  frieiYd  Mr.  Haweis  Aeps  forwards, 
and  confirms  the  conjedure;  and  from  a  long  and  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  man — his  (ludies,  acquiiitions,  and  abili- 
ties— declares  it  to  be  his  firm  opinion,  that  Mr.  Madan  *  can 
no  more  underfland  a  page  of  a  Greek  claffic,  or  a  chapter  of 
tbe<  Hebrew  prophets,  without  a  tranflation,  than  the  Chinefe  ;* 
|Mf4  fOtlHth (landing  his  infolcnt  and  magiftcrial  treatment  of 
the  primitive  Fathers,  Mr.  Haweis  fufpefls,  with  our  Critic, 
5  that  he  is  not  converfant  in  their  writings  ;  and  that  whatever 
4)arade.  of  learning  he  may  ma  Ice  in  his  Thelyphthora,  that  he  is 
not  ^^/^  to-read  the^n,  except  through  the  medium  of  k  tranf- 
lation.' 

Mr.  Haweis  juftly  confiders  Mr.  Madan's  Thelyphthora  *  a^ 
one  of  the  mofl  dangerous  attacks  on  the  Chrifiian  religion 
which  this  age  hath  produced;  mod  calculated  to  harden  the 
-hearts  of  infidels,  and  confirm  their  prejudices  againfl  Divine 
-Revelation.' 

•We  have  already  exprefled  our  fatisfaAion  at  the  abhorrence 
which  the  Methodifls  have  univerfally  {hewn  to  this  fpecious 
and  wiciced  performance  of  a  man  fo  long  held  in  veneration  by 
the  moft  eminent  of  their  minifters— Their  eyes  arc  now 
opened. 

But  there  is  a  clafs  of  men,  who,  though  they  defpife  Mr. 
Madan'b  fanaticifm,  are  yet  flrongly  difpofed  to  favour  his  The- 
lyphthora. Half'fceptics^  who  with  fome  remains  of  reverence 
for  the  Bible,  are  neverthelefs  very  eager  to  bring  Mr.  Madan's 
fyflem  into  repute.  The  only  obflacle  which  they  had  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  thofe  licentious  paeons  with  which  they  are  fwayed, 
arolc  from  fome  fecret  fear  of  the  confequenccsj  which  fear,  as 
it  was  originally  begotten  by  a  Chriftian  education,  they  could 
not  entirely  fubdue,  becaufe  they  could  not  wholly  renounce  the 
-facred  Scriptures.  Now  Mr.  Madan,  by  accommodating  thefc 
Scriptures  to  their  inclinations,  hath  removed  the  only  barrier 
to  the  full  freedom  of  indulgence. 

Thelyphthora  is  perfeflly  iuited  to  flatter  the  wifhes  of  a  gentle- 
man of  fortune,  who  comes  under  the  predicament  we  have  juft 
mentioned.  He  flouts  at  the  forms  and  ceremonies  of  marriage  ; 
perfonal  union  is  the-/^c  /^/i/iyj ;— this  is  God's  holy  and  fimplc 
ordinance ! 

In  confequence  of  this  perfuafion,  a  rich  man  feduce?,  or,  as 
he  would  call  it,  marries  the  girl  whom  he  wifhes  to  enjoy. 
Were  he  bound  to  adhere  not  only  to  this  woman,  by  all  '^  due 
•benevolence,"  but  to  her  alone^  he  would  be  more  cautious  of 
the  connection,  and  in  all  probability  would  not  indulge  his  ap- 
petite at  the  expence  of  his  liberty.  But  on  Mr.  Madan's  plan, 
a  farther  provifion  is  made  for  his  lufis*    He  may  marry  (in  the 

jaiTii 


Mount  Hefmeth :  A  'NoveU  Itg : 

fiiffti  manntr)  another  and  another  ;.  and  as  many  as  he  may  find , 
it  "  expedient"  for  his  fortune  to  fupport. 

But  (it  may  be  faid)  *^  till  the  laws  of  the  land  give  a  fanfiion! 
to  Mr.  Madan's  fyftem,  the  propofal  of  it  in  thecry  can  do.np 
other  harm,  but  that  which  arifes  from  the  altercations  of  cri- 
tics."    Yes  it  may  :--and  very  probably  will  produce  more  fe* 
rious  efFc^s.     The  gentlemen,  whom  we  have  been  juft  de«\ 
fcribing,  will  content  themfelves  with  acting  z$  cottjciefu^  6ire&$p 
and  the /(?«;  ^/'G^^/juftifios— that  isj  on  the  cafuiftry  of  The-, 
lyphihora.     They  will  recur,  and  very  naturally,  on  the  prin* 
ciples  offiuh  a  cafui(^,  to  this  fpecious  plea,  **  Why  ihouiJ  wi 
be  in  needlefs  bondage,  when  ^  the  word  of  God  is  not  bound  V 
Shall  human  governments  fubvert  the  divine  oeconomy  of  Hea^ 
ven'sown  legiflator  ?    No.    But  our  own  fecurity  calls  us  to  ad. 
with  precaution.     We  will  a<Sl  prudently.     We  will  not  openlf 
infult  that  government  to  which  we  are  obliged,  and  which  wc, 
are  unable,  to  re^ify.     We  will  accommodate  matters  between 
public  in tereft  and  private  indulgence.     The  latter  we  are  al-. 
lowed  by  the  word  of  God  \  and  the  former  we  muft  endeavour 
to  fecure.by  faving  appearances,  till  human  laws  being  reduced 
to  the  ftandard  of  the  divine,  we  fhall  no  longer  be  obliged  to  • 
fccrecy  for  our  prote<2ion." 

Thefc,  we  are  convinced,  will  be  the  reafonings  of  many 
who  can  bring  themfelves,  by  the  help  of  Thelyphthora,  to  be- 
lieve, that  marriage  requires  no  forms  ;  and  ih^t  polygamy  may  ii 
praSifed  with  impunity  by  a  Christian.  To  the  man  who. 
would  atten^pt  to  eflablifli  fo  wicked  a  pofition,  we  would  makjs, 
no  fcruple  to  apply  the  words  of  Plautus — Impudens^  impurus^ 
inverecundijjimus* 

We  (hall  now  quit  this  fubjefl.  We  believe  our  Readers  arc 
tired  of  it.  We  will  allure  them  we  are:  and  our  Critic  ex- 
claims, that  be  is  fick  at  heart !  ^ .  i  •  ll 


>•• 


Aur.lK.  Movnt  Henne/h:  A  Novel.    2  Vols.    12010.  6  s.  Lowndes. 

1782. 

WE  (houlJ  be' indeed  mortified,  if  the  very  fenfible  and^ 
ingenious  Author  of  this  Novel  meant  a  fatire  on' the* 
Monthly  Reviewers,  'by  the  little  Critique  which  he  himfelf  hath 
drawn  upon  his  own  performance.  Was  there  ever  a  w6rk  like 
the  prefent,  that  even  in  the  fulnefs  of  their  fpitc,  they,  were  fo 
uojuftor  (o  foolifh  as  to  pronounce  deftitute  of*  Wit,  humour, 
plot,  charader  or  keeping  ?'  Let  him  point  it  out^if  he  can.    * 

In  the  mean  time,  we  think  we  fhall  be  much  better  em- 
ployed  no,  not  in  pointing  out  the  various  beauties  of  Hen-^ 

fifth  Cafile  — for  that  would  employ  too  large  a  portion  of  our  Re- 
yjcw — b»it  in  recommending  it/  with  the  moft  (lAcere  convic- 

Rkv.  Feb.  1782;  K  tioa 


I^d  Hdtant  Hitmtth :  A  IfwiU 

tion  of  its  foperior  merit,  to  the  perufal  of  our  Read^r^;  kH 
we  do  not  remember  that  we  have,  for  many  years,  had  tht  fli« 
tfsfa£tion  of  reviewing  a  work  of  this  kind,  that  abenads  with 
more  lively  ftrokes  of  wit,  or  fallics  of  fancy;  with  nnoreju-' 
dicious  reftedions,  or  pleafing  and  interefting  charaAert^  ll» 
fentiments  are  liberal  and  manly,  the  tendency  of  it  is  per- 
fectly moral ;  for  its  whole  defign  is  to  infufe  into  the  heart, 
by  the  moft-  engaging  examples,  the  principles  of  honour  and 
truth,  focial  love,  and  general  benevolence. 

To  abridge  this  Novel,  or  even  to  give  a  general  outline 
of  its  characters,  plot,  or  denouement^  would  exceed  the  limits 
of  our  Work:  we  (hall  therefore  prefent  our  Readers  with  only 
the  following  little  epifode,  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  Author's 
fprightly  manner  of  reafoning  on  a  fubjeA  which  graver  politi- 
cians have  not  difcufled  with  more  folid  argument,  in  long 
orations  in  the  houfe,  or  in  laboured  produdions  from  the  prefs. 

^  Carthage  had  fettled  colonies  in  the  Hefperides,  which  in 
time  grew  to  be  worth  fomething.  Carthage  defired  to  tax  thefe 
fortunate  iflands.  The  fortunate  iflands  did  not  deiire  to  be  taxed. 

The  marrow  of  their  negociattons  may  be  comprifed  in  the 
following  (bort  Dialogue : 

*  Carth.  We  are  to  defire  you,  gentlemen,  to  fubmit  patiently 
and  lovingly  to  a  few  taxes  which  our  country  will  d6  itfelf  the 
honour  to  lay  upon  yours,  as  times  and  occafions  may  offer. 

^  Hefp.  We  mu(t  beg  the  favour  of  you  to  permit  us  to  tax 
ourfelves,  as  the  people  of  your  good  country  are  accuftomed 
to  do,  whom  we  are  fond  of  imitating,  and  of  calling  our 
friends  and  brethren  upon  all  occafions. 

*  C  Tq  tax  yourfclves  will  not  anfwer  ff»r  purpofe;  for  how*' 
can  you  be  judges  of  what  we  vrant  ? 

^  //.  At  tcaft  as  well  as  you  can  be  of  what  we  are  able  to  pay. 
•if  £f.Btf  if  you  give  us  no  more  than  yon  like,  that  will  pro«^ 
baWy  be  too  little. 

*  H.  And  if  you  take  from  us  what  you  pleafe,  that  will 
probably  be  too  much. 

'  C.  We  have  laid  a  heavy  4oad  on  ourfelves  for  your  emolu-. 
ment.   Gratitude  ought  to,  induce  you  to  fubmit  to  our  demands. 

*  H.  Honeidly,  aow»  did  you  do  this  fbr  our  fake  or  ymr 
dun?  But  be  it  for  ours,  we  are  making  your  people  a  large 
return,  by  working  for  them  with  all  our  might.  The  greateft' 
part  of  the  whole  profit  of  our  induftry  has  been  always  yours. 
Permit  it  to  continue  fo.  Turn  all  our  trade  into  your  own  har- 
bours, as  yoi^  are  wont.  Tax  in  your  own  country  the  commo- 
dities you  make  us  buy;  but  let  us  be  favoured  with  the  privi- 
lege your  people  fo  juflly  boaft  of  as  their  greatefl  ikfeguard  i 
let  us  give  and  grant  our  own  money. 


Hijiitr^  rf^chn  JiiHipit,  Bfi,  lj| 

*  C.  As  to  the  benefit  of  your  trade,  it  may  be  fbitietbi^g  t^ 
oux  people  in  general.  But  what  is  that  to  the  neceffiiies  of  go* 
vernment  ?  We  want  a  benefit  flowing  full  and  faft  into  (hf 
exchequer.  We  don't  undecftand  your  round-about  way  of 
(ending  it  through  the  body  of  the  |>eopte« 

*  /f.  We  believe  it ;  otherwife  you  would  certainly  be  coti^ 
tent  with  receiving  it  as  you  do^  in  the  beft  maooer  pofiiblc,  U^ 
the  good  of  the  whole. 

*  C  What  we  bffoi  already  we  have  no  rt^&tk  to  demand* 
—More,  gentlemen,  more  ;-*and  by  the  ftrait  forward  roadt 

^  H,  We  cannot  coofent  to  it. 

^  C  Then,  by  G — d,  we  will  dragooci  yoii  till  yoU  do« 

*  H.  Pray,  gentlemen,  confider.— Let  us  beg  you  ta  bea^ 
what  we  have  to  fay.^Let  ua  beg  it  for  both  our  Ulu%i  geotlo* 
oie». 

*  C.  Implicit  obedience-i-uiiconditiohal  (iibmiAoa— and  yoot 
OKMiey,  are  the  things  We  want^  and  will  bavt. 

*  H^  Win  them  and  wear  tb^m. 

.^  ■  And  fo  Carthage  feot  out  ^eets  aiid  afmie^,  and 

(pent  as  much  of  her  own  money  in  five  years,  as  (he  had  es* 
pe£Ud  to  get  of  her  colonies  in  one  hundred  J*  A*  cl*H< 


!««»■ 


Art.  X.  Tbi  Hijlory  of  John  Juniper,  E/q\  alias  Jmuifer  Jack:  Con- 
taining  the  Birtb»  Pareotage^  Edacatioo,  Ufe»,  Advencuree*  and 
Charader,  of  that  ooS  wonderful  and  furprifing  Gentleman.  6|r 
tile  Editor  of  the  Adventures  of  a  Oninea.  izmo.  3  ^oli. 
99.    fr^ed.     Baldwin.    1781. 

THE  general  and  predominant  charadet  of  this  '  moft  wod^ 
derful  and  furprifing  gentleman,'  majr  in  fome  good 
<fegree  be  guefied  at  from  the  motto  Which  is  prefixed  to  his 
Hiftory. 

Judi  aUquid  brevibus  GyarU  ei  careers  dignum 
Si  vis  effe  aliquis, 

tn  plain  Englifli — ^^  If  a  man  is  ambitious  of  being  diAiii- 
guiflied  9»fimehdy^  let  him  do  fimeibiftg  that  will  intitle  hm  14 
die  gailoms.*'  This  wholefinu  lefibn  of  adtrice  was  not,  we  ate 
told^  loft  on  juniper  Jack.  It  met  Ms  early  wi(he»}  and  frotm 
au  child  he  difcovcred  a  ftrong  propenfity  ta  put  it  in  practice*  It 
mingled  with  all  the  fchemes  of  future  life^  and  amidft  the  va>- 
nous  chacaders  he  difplayed,  artful  viUany  was  the  ruling  prin- 
ciple. 

The  Author  very  frequently^  and  with  an  air  of  triumph  not 
ofiten  aflumed  by  faithful  narrators  of. plain  and  fimple  fa^s^ 
calls  this  <  a  true  hiftory.'—But  it  is  with  zfalve  that  he  adopts 
this  title  for  the  work  before  us.  ^  Though  (fays  he)  every 
hSt  is  true^  the  aflemblage  that  nntkes  the  apparent  charader  is 
iovariably  fiditious,  and  defignedly  grouped  in  fuch  a  manner^ 

K  2  t» 


t3*  liijiory  of  John  Jumper^  Efq\ 

ts  not  to  refcmblc  any  one  pcrfon  living.*  Of  the  truth  of  this 
afiertion  we  leave  our  Readers  to  judge  by  the  following  out* 
line  of  the  hero's  character. 

*  Hefquints  like  the  devil  from  his  birth  ;  and  the  obliquity 
of  his  mind  is  only  (hadowed  forth  by  that  of  his  eyes.  The 
tricks  of  his  youth  favour  only  of  mifchief ;  and  the  fubtilty  of 
his  underftanding  is  only  equalled  by  the  wickednefs  of  his 
heart.  He  is  a  mimick  and  a  hypocrite  from  his  very  cradle  ; 
faithlefs  and  fickle  through  every  icene  of  youth  :  and  in  riper 
years,  what  he  wants  in  vigour  he  makes  up  in  craft  and  malig- 
nity.— Moreover  Juniper  was  a  thief!  not  that  he  robbed  for 
the  fake  of  the  moneys  but  for  the  fake  of  what  the  money  would 

procure  him; -which,  we  verily  believe,  is  the  cafe  with  the 

greatefl  part  of  ihofe  worthy  gentlemen  who  "  do  things  worthy 
of  Tyburn  !"  In  fhori,  to  fum  up  Mr.  Juniper's  rcfpcftable 
charader  in  the  words  of  his  ^' true  and  faithful  hiftorian,'' 
^  He  bubbled  and  was  bubbled.  He  borrowed  without  defign- 
ing  to  pay  :  he  lent  without  expeding  to  be  paid.  He  profefkd 
what  he  meant  not :  he  fuffered  himfelf  to  be  duped  by  profef- 
iions  which  he  faw  through.  He  talked  of  honour  in  the  mo^ 
Jlrfnl^.h^vas  committing  the  bafeft  villany ;  and  was  ready  to 
face  death  in  defence  of  a  character  to  which  every  zStion  of  his 
life  gave  the  lie.' 

It  is,  however,  from  our  Jack's  political  chara<9er  that  we 
difcern  the  mofl  ftriking  features  of  the  perfon  whom  this  hiftpry 
was  defighed  more  particularly  to  delintrate.  When  our  hero's 
affairs  grew  defperate ;  when  he  found  himfelf  totally  incapa«- 
citated  to  difcharge  his  debts,  whether  thofe  which  are  deno- 
minated Idgalj  or  thofe  which  have  been  called,  by  the  courtefy 
of  the  famionable  world,  debts  oT  honour  (as  if  honour  and  law 
flood  in  oppofirion  to  one  another),  he  ^  turned  his  hand  (as  his 
hiflorian  fays.)  to  politics;^  and  thus  applied  himfelf  to  the 
affairs  of  the  Public  when  he  had  none  of  his  own  to  mind. 

^*  For  this  purpofe,  as  he  Icnew  the  ladder  of  ambition  muft 
be  fixed  in  the  dirt  to  prevent  its  flipping,  he  immediately  made 
it  his  bufmefs  to  mix  with  the  people,  in  that  %le  of  familiarity 
which  never  fails  to  conciliate  their  favour,  by  freeing  thtm  for 
the  time  from  the  irkfome  diftindions  and  diftance  of.  rank. 
And  as  he  knew  alfo  that  the  human  heart  is  nK>f):  fenfible  of 
impreiGon  when  warmed  by  the  fecial  cup,-  he  linked  himfelf  a 
member  of  all  the  clubs  formed  for  the  patriotic  purpofes  of 
promoting  the  interefl  of  their  country,  by  the  confumption  of 
its  own  produce,  and  thofe  of  its  colonies,  beer,  punch,  and  to* 
bacco ;  and  watching  over  the  conftitution,  by  abufing  the 
rninillers  and  meafures  of  government,  in  the  true  fpirit  of 
En^lifh  liberty}  a  fpirit,  by  the  judicious  dircdion  of  which 
.        .        7  .  h« 


%  rt 


HlJIoryofJohn  Juntpery  Efq\  1 33 

fie  had  fccn  men  climb  up  to  confequence,  witliput  any  other 
qualification  or  merit  whatfocver. 

*  Tnere  cannot  be  conceived  an  inftance  in  which  the  FnconA 
fiftency  of  the  human  heart  appears  more  glaring,  than  that  a 
man,  whofe  life  was  one  continued  infult  to  honour,  honefty, 
and  truth,  who  gloried  in  the  grofleft  violations  of  every  moral* 
virtue,  and  founded  his  pretentions  to  wit,  on  turning  religion 
into  ridicule,  (hould  gain  fuch  credit  with  the  people,  as  to  be^. 
come  of  confequence  to  the  ftate.  Yet  fo  it  was  :  \o  eafily  it; 
man  perfuaded  of  the  truth  of  what  he  wtfhes  to  be  true,  that> 
the  very  perfons  who  would  not  truft  to  his  probity  for  the  pay^ 
ment  of  a  penny ;  who,  if  he  faid  the  fun  (hone  at  nooif^ 
would  not  believe  without  feeing  it,  merely  becaufe  he  faid  fo  ;i 
not  only  gave  implicit  credit  to  his  calumnies  (though  unfup»r 
ported  by  the  appearance  of  probability,  though  inconfiftenC; 
with  each  other,  and  ofcen  contrary  to  tbeic  own  knowiedg^)'^ 
but  gave  their  money  alfo  with  a  liberality  (not  often  (hewn  in  «• 
better  caufe)  to  fupport  him  in  the  propagation  of  them,  becaufo 
they  tended  to  bring  down  to  their  own  level  thofe  whom  they-, 
could  never  hope  to-rife  to  a  level  with. 

*  Nor  did  his  credit  appear  to  be  confined  to  thofe  who  knew 
no  better.  Many  whofe  fuperior  a6lions  raifed  them  above  thfi| 
reach  of  fuch  grofs  impofition,  were  not  a(hamed  to  carefs  t. 
man  whom  they  equally  defpifcd  and  detefted  ;  and  to  give  the 
ianflion  of  their  acceptance  to  (landers  which  they  knew  to  be 
groundiefs,  becaufe  they  knew  alfo,  that  when  thofe  danders, 
ihould  have  worked  their  eflfed,  they  could  turn  that  ^StBt  to 
their  own  ufe.* 

But  what  (the  Reader  will  naturally  afk)  becomes  of  this 
^  moft  wonderful  and  furprifing  gentleman'  at  laft  ?  Is  he 
hanged  ?  •  His  ^  faiihful  hilloian'  anticipates  the  quefiion,  and 
makes  the  following  Jly  remark  on  it :  ^  I  make  no  doubt  but 
ibme  of  thofe  nice-nofed  gentry,  called  critics,  have  fmelled  a 
fault,  in  my  not  having  given  my  hero  fo  exalted  ^n  end  as  his 
exploits  deferved  ;  which  1  am  well  aware  they  will  call  a  viola-, 
tion  of  poetical  juftice. — But  a  word  in  their  ears  :  Were  every 
man  to  meet  bis  deferts  in  that  way,  perhaps  there  might  not  be 
fo  many  critics  at  leifure  to  find  faults.'  We  might  whifper  a 
word  in  our  Author's  ear  about  ^  true  and  faithful  hiftorians,'. 
and  inform  him,  that  if  they  were  to  meet  with  their  defer ts^  they 
would  not  find  leifure  to  record  the  crimes^  or  adjudge  the  punijb^ 
zrtent  of  their  fellow -JinnerSj  having  enough  to  caU  their  attention  /# 
ti.n,Jeha,  B  •  4.  k  .         . 

JC  3  Art* 


V 


(    13+    ) 

FOREIGN  LITERATURE. 


fk9iff.  XI.   BUmfm  A  Cbpnk^  lie.    Eltroenrs  of  Chemiftry,  io  The-* 
:  ery  an^  Pra^lice  (  4i{eR#d  e€oordin^  to  a  new  Method,  and  after 
modern  Difcoverie*,  Ice.     i  zmo.     3  Vols.    Dijon. 

THOUGH  the  firft  volume  of  this  excellent  fyftem  was  pub* 
tiihed  three  or  four  years  ago,  the  two  following,  which 
eCMipIete  the  work,  have  not  reached  us  till  lately.  Theydeferve 
10  be  made  letdown  to  thofe  who  wifii  to  cultivate  the  fcieAoe  of 
diemiftry  :  we  fliill  therefore  give  a  (hort  account  of  the  me- 
thod adopted  fay  the  authors  (Meflrs.  de  Morveau,  Maret,  and 
Pur^nde),  which  i(  emirely  new,  and  weU  adapted  to  facilitate 
tht  ftudy  of  that  fcience ;  the  hounds  of  which  have  of  Iat« 
ve«r$  been  fo  greatly  enlarged.  Though  an  elementary  work, 
]|  is  not  SI  mere  compilation ;  but  contains  many  original  obfer- 
^tions  made  by  the  authors,  as  well  as  feveral  new  procefles 
licccuted  by  them.  We  (hall  k\c6t  one  of  the  moft  interefting 
fif  thefe  Iaft|  and  a4d  t  few  obfervations  of  our  own  relative 
t»it. 

The  authors  adopt,  as  M.  Bergman  has  likcwife  done,  the 
mat  law  of  attraction,  as  moft  clearly  aad  fatisfaiSorily  ex-^ 
Iflaining  f^tl  the  phenomena  of  chemtal  offmitf.  The  applica- 
tion of  this  principle  is  carried  fo  far  by  the  authors,  in  the 
theoretical  part  of  this  woik  ;  that,  in  the  firft  voiu^ne,  the  re- 
ftilts  of  fome  ftfilofipbical  cxpenmetitB  are  related,  in  which  the 
ftaraifian  §/  ahifion  of  mercury  to  polifliefl  plates,  all  of  the 
jfhlne  fuperficial  dimensions,  and  formed  of  ten  different  metals 
pr  metallic  fubftances,  is  afcertained,  and  actually  denoted  in 
tmnAin\  which,  it  muft  be  obferved,  correspond  in  a  very  fin- 
gidar  manner  with  the  refpediye  chemical  offinitUs  of  that  fluid  to 
piofe  febftanccs. 

The  particalarift^W  which  the  authors  have  adopted,  in  or« 
der  to  prefent  the  nuofverous  iubftanccs,  which  are  the  objech  of 
ohemiftry,  in  one  general  and  clear  point  of  view,  is  that  of 
poniidering  th<m  as  foboenU  or  fohends  \  and  that  too  recipro- 
Ctlly :  for  a  body,  which  is  the  folvent  in  one  cafe,  becomes 
the  folvend  in  another.  Thus  mercury  which,  in  one  cafe,  is 
the  folvent  oi  gold,  lead,  &c.  is  irfelf  diflolved  by  various 
sicids,  &c. :  but»  in  fa^,  as  the  authors,  after  Gellert,  obferve, 
all  bodies  a<5l  Jimultatiecujh  upon  each  other  :  and  the  difTolving 
power  cannot  properly  be  laid  to  refide  more  in  the  a^uafirps  in 
iHiich  marble  is  diflolved,  than  in  the  marble.  The  authors, 
however,,  very  gfPpcrly  reftrain  the  appellation  of  folvent,  to 
that  of  fhe  ^wo^hdies  which  pofleiTcs  the  eflTential  condition  of 
all  folutions,  j|?m^^'/y. 

.  ^Accordingly,  after  fome  neccflary  preliminary  obfervations, 
the  authors  proceed  regularly  through  the  various  claflcs  of  foU 
vents.    They  treat  fucce$vely  oi—dijiltaions  efFe^cd  by  fire ; 

—by 


Foreign  LiTtitATURB.  135 

-i-fcy  air;-— by  water; — by  the  three  miiieraf  actds,  2nd  aqita 
ngia  ; — by  arfenic  ;— by  the  fedative  acid  ; — the  acetous  ;•— and 
tlic  add  of  tartar ; — by  the  phofplioric  acid  ; — by-  the  ^cge- 
table,  iciGAj  and  volatile  alkalis  ; — ^  vinous  fpiritt; — %y 
ctlrer  ; — by  the  eiTcntial  and  fat  oils  ;— 4>y  the  a/Mngent  friu* 
W^fr;— and  la(tiy,  by  merci*ry.  Under  thcfc  tew  he«ds,  the 
authors  have  had  the  addrefs  ^  reduce  nearly  all  the  priociiial 
operations  of  chcmiftry. 

The  refolts  of  all  thefe  folutions  are  oompiiehended  and  oon- 
denfed  in  one  Iar?e  flieet  \  in  which,  at  one  view,  is  5>refefittd 
^  a  fynopcical  table  of  chemical  fol vents,  and  of  their  miSi 
iimple  bafes/  or  folvends :  the  foraicr  anranged  horimontall^y 
and  the  latttr  perpendicularly ;  while  the  compound,  or  the 
produd  of  the  union  of  the  two  bodies^  ia  foand  at  the  coiii- 
cidence  of  the  two  lines,  ^ 

As  a  fpecimen  of  the  new  matter  to  ^he  found  in  this  worky 
we  (hall  abridge  only  one  of  their  proceflTes ;  as  furniftingHs 
with  an  bpponunit\  of  adding  foare  further  partioolars  to  the 
account  we  have  already  given  of  the  curious  and  eafy  il^ethod 
of  procuring  the  fhofphoric  acid  from  hmes^  originaHy  diicoveiad 
by  M.  Scheele*  :  adding  occafionally  a  few  obfervations  made4|y 
Ourfelves,  refpe<%ing  the  detail  of  fuch  paits  of  the  proceft  ia 
they  have  overlooked,  or  which  require  further  explanation. 

They  ufed  twelve  pounds  of  bones  calcined  to  whitenefi» 
iinf^ly  powdered  and  fifted,  and  added  to  thetn  ^  a  fufficimt 
quantity  of  the  common  or  ftrong  oil  of  vitriol,  Wtf  an  ifftt~ 
vefcence  no  longer  appeared.*  They  then  added  a  lirtle  more  Df 
the  acid,  and  afterwards  a  little  water^  in  order  to  promote  the 
adion  of  the  acid  upon  the  earth. 

Wc^  (hall  here  ftop  to  obfervc  that  the  direAion  ahow  given, 
of  a<10!»)g  a  fufficient  quantity  of  the  oil  of  vitriol,  iiil  the  effif'* 
Vijccncc  difappears^  is  not  only  too  indefinite ;  but,  in  fad,  the 
effervefcence  appears  to  us  to  have  no  neceffiary  connexion  with 
the  main  proccfs,  or  the  expulfion  of  the  phofphoric  acid  firQfti 
the  bone^,  as  it  depends  only  on  the  expulfion  of  a  certain 
quantity  k)(  fixeki  air  contained  in  them.  In  this,  as  well  as  m 
M.  Macqutr's,  and  indeed  every  other  account  of  this  procefa 
that  we  have  yet  feen,  the  quantity  of  the  oil  of  vitriol  has  na^ 
been  afcertained.  A  quantity  of  the  ftrong  fpirit  fufficient  on- 
ly to  bring  the  powder  into  a  kind  of  femi-fluid  ftate,  would, 
as  we  have  experienced,  be  abundantly  too  large,  for  the  put* 
pofe  of  extricating  the  phofphoric  acid  from  thecakincd  bones. 
The  expence,  indeed,  of  an  excefs  of  vitriolic  acid  is  trifling; 

■  i-m    ■ .  - -  -  --  -     ■■   -^ 

^  See  oar  account  of  the  new  edition  of  Mr.  Macquer*i  Chefliicai 
Bifttonary,  in  the  Appendix  to  our  LXIIId  valamej  December  i7io, 
p.  co8. 

K  4  but 


136  .  Foreign  Literature. 

'.but  the  fubfequlent  expulfion  of  it  greatly  increafcs  the  trouble 

of  the  operator. 

For  the  fake  of  thofe  who  may  wi(h  to  procure,  for  the  pur- 

pofe  of  experiments,  an  acid  hitherto  fo  cofVIy,  by  a  very  eafy 
.  procefs,    we  (hall  fupply  the  abovcmentioned  deficiency  fropi 

our  own  experience, — by  adding,  that  in  a  procefs  of  this  kind 
.  (in  which  the  produce  of  phofphoric  acid  was  comparatively 

as   great  as  that   hereafter   mentioned     by   the    authors),    ten 

ounces,  in  weight,  of  the  firohgeft  oil  of  vitriol,  were  added  to 
•'iight  ounces  of  burnt  hart(born,  or  the  CCC  of  the  (hops, 
i  Tbci  powder  was  far  from  being  even  thoroughly  nmjlmid 
/jby  this  quantity  of  acid;  yet  in  the  fubfequent  (tagcs  of  the 
1- procefs,  or  towards  the  end  of  the  evaporation  of  the  diluted 
.liquor,  it  was  found  that  more  than  a  fufficient  quantity  of  vi- 
triolic acid  had  been  employed.  Perhaps  the  diluted  acid  might 
,  properly  be  iifed  at  firft  ;  though  of  this  we  are  not  certain.  But 
.  to  return  to  the  procefs  of  our  authors. 

'They  afterwards  boiled  this  matter  for  a  long  time,  and 
!  added  a  large  quantity  of  water,  which  was  afterwards  filtered  ; 
.and  the  matter  remaining  in  the  filtre  was  repeatedly  edulcorated 
.vith.hot  water.  The  whole  quantity  was  then  fet  to  evapo- 
i  rate  k  firft  in  earthen  vefTels,    and   afterwards   in  capfulcs  of 

glafs  or  china  ware.  The  felenite  depofited  during  the  evapp- 
/Ration  was  likewife  wafhtd  with  fre(h  water.  Even  the  white 
; matter^  which  appeared  afterwards  on  the  fides  of  the  vefTels, 

when,  the  acid  vapours  had  begun  to  rife,  was  found  to  con- 
itain  more    phofphoric  acid  than   felenite  :    for  on  drying   it, 

and  laying  it  on  burning  coals,  it  was  converted  into  a  vitreous 

fubflance. 

To  expel  the  vitriolic  acid  from  the  liquor  thus  concentrated, 

M*  Scheel^  dire^s  that  it  (bould  be  dilUlled   to  dryncfs,  in  a 

-  glafa  retort  placed  in  a  reverberatory  furnace.     The  authors  cf- 
fe^ed  this  expuldon  with  lefs  trouble  in  the  glafs  capfules  ;  and 

.  then  put  the  dry  matter  into  a  crucible,  where  it  was  ke^t  in 

.fufion,'till  it  ceafed  to  yield  fulphureous  vapours.     It  was  then 

.poured  out  of  the  crucible  in  a  vitreous  (late;  and  was  found 

to  weigh  two  pounds  nine  ounces,  cxclufivc  of  what  adhered  to 

-  the  crucible. 

..  '  When  the  vitrification  has  been  complete,*  fay  the  authors, 
,^  the  matter  appears  to  be  a  glafs  of  a  milky  hue,  which  ii  mt 
fi  ubli  iViti  in  hot  ling  water  J* 

With  refpe£i  to  this  laft  circumflance,  we  (hall  obferve  that, 
though  a  piece  of  the  vitreous  fubflance,  which  we  obtained  in 
the  procefs  abovcmentioned,  may,  when  firfl  poured  out  of  the 
crucible,  be  kept  in  the  mouth  fome  time,  before  any  fenfible 
acidity  be  perceived ;  yet  it  is  certain  that  it  afterwards  becomes 
foluble  and  acid,  probably  by   the  united  powers  of  (tir  and 

njoiflure; 


Foreign  Lztiraturs.  tjj 

ffiotfture :  for  on  keeping  the  matter  fome  weeks  expofed  to  the 
air  in  a  tea  faucer,  or  even  in  an  open  vial,  this  feemingly  in- 
foluble  fubftance  deliquefces,  and  the  liquor  into  which  it  is 
refolved  is  intenfely  acid.  What  fhare  the  air  may  have  in  this 
change  we  have  not  enquired  *. 

To  procure  the  phofphoric  acid,  however,  in  a  ftate  of  greater 
purity,  or  more  free  from  felenite,  or  earth,  it  is  proper  firft  to 
convert  it  into  phofphorus.  For  this  purpofe,  the  authors  bav^ 
ing  reduced  the  whole  of  the  viterous  fubflance  into  powder^ 
and  mixed  it  with  one-third  of  its  weight  of  powdered  char- 
coal, the  mixture  was  dlftilled  in  an  earthen  retort.  From  the 
quantity  of  calcined  bones  abovementioned  they  obtained  ^ 
•unces  and /even  drachms  of  excellent  phofphorus.  From  this, 
the  acid  may  eafily  be  afterwards  obtained  in  its  pureft  ftate,  by 

the  ufual  method  of   accenfion,    &c. We  have  elfewbere 

learned  that  the  phofphoric  acid  may  be  procured,  in  ftill  greater 
quantity,  from  egg-JhclU ;  and  that  it  has  even  been  found  in 

.  the  min^T^?/ kingdom,  and  obtained  from  certain  white  lead  ores. 

We  (hall  only  further  notice  two  curious  particulars  relating 

to  this  acid.     In  the  attempts  made  by  the  authors  to  procure 

.  a  phofphoric  ether^  they  did  not  completely  fucceed  ;  but  the  re^ 
Ailts  were  Angular.  On  diftilling  equal  parts  of  phofphoric 
acid  and  reflitied  fpirits,  the  fpirit  was  found  to  have  acquired 
fome  new  properties,  the  moft  remarkable  of  which^  perhaps, 

.  was,  that  it  came  over  exceedingly  acid.  This  (hews  that  there 
had  been  an  adual  combination  of  the  fpirit  with  the  phof- 
phoric acid  ;  which  laft,  alone,  as  is  well  known,  cannot  be 
raifed  into  vapours  even  with  a  ftrong  red  heat,  but  is  converted 
into  a  glafs.  A  ftiort  account  is  likewife  given  of  a  proccfs,  in 
which  the  phofphoric  acid  appears  to  have  been  attrad^cd  from 
the  powder  of  calcined  bones,  dire^Jy^  by  means  of  an  alca* 
line  fait  fufcd  together  with  it  in  a  crucible.  In  this  cafe,  the 
alcali  is  found  to  be  neutralifed  by  the  phofphoric  acid,  which 
it  muft  have  attracted  immtdiately  from  the  bones. 

*  Since  this  was  written,  we  have  found  that  if  the  matter  be  expofed 
for  a  long  time,  to  a  very  intenie  heat,  the  phofphoric  {^lafs  will  not 
{o  readily,  or  perhaps  at  all,  deliquefce  in  the  air.  The  deliqoei^ 
cence  is  therefore  probably,  in  part,  owing  to  fome  remaining  vitri- 
olic acid,  which  had  not  been  expelled  by  the  heat.  In  a  procc(f, 
where  a  much  fmaller  proportion  of  the  oil  of  vitriol  than  that  which 
we  have  above  indicated,  was  ufcd,  viz.  only  half  the  weight  of  the 
Ce  C,  a  glaG  was  procured,  as  tranfparent^  colourleff,  and  infoloble 
^s  ciown  glafs. 

B 


•  • 


Art. 


1  j8  FonwcBi  LrrirttAtviit, 

.  AftT.  XII.  Kotmdli  C^mJb'iUiwmt  ^c,  A  i»«w  Method  oF  conftraflmg 
Akfflbica,  ibr  tlie  Purppie  of  Dift^aupa  of  Urge  Qs^taicA ;  fo 
ai  to  cncreafe  the  Produd,  and  Icfien  tiie  Expeoce  of  the  Opera- 
tion.   4to»     1781. 

THIS  publication  appears  ti>  us  to  contain  fome  confi- 
derabie  impfovemams  in  tbe  art  of  diftiDition,  which 
4eferve  to  be  generally  known.  One  edition  of  it  has  been 
'priatcd  oflT^  with  a  view  to  its  being  diftributed  gratk^ 
thiDughout  all  the  provinces  of  France.  It  contains  a  vtry 
particular  defcription  of  an  improved  method  of  condufiinfg 
'ibe  diftillation  of  fpirituous  liquors ;  as  well  as  of  procuring 
frefli  water  from  that  of  the  fea.  This  method  has  been  re- 
4uced  «o  praAice  on  a  large  feale,  with  fuccefs^  under  the  in- 
^leAion,  and  with  the  approbation,  of  fome  of  the  moft  difticl- 
ttriflied  peribns  in  France,  both  with  refped  to  rank  and 
•Kienoe ;  particularly  M.  Turgot,  comptroller- general  of  the 
'finances,  M.  Trudaine,  Meflrs.  Macquer,  Le  Koi,  Lairoiiier^ 
and  many  others. 

In  the  preface  fome  hints  are  given  as  if  Dr.  Irwin,  who  is  CM 
-to  have  received  a  reward  of  5000  /.  from  the  Britiih  parltameiit, 
Wright  poffibly  have  availed  himfelf  of  fome  of  the  prefect  ano- 
Bymdus  author's  improvements  ;  the  principal  of  which,  though 
'they  now  appear  for  the  firft  time  iA  print,  were  well  known  to 
many  perfons  at  Paris,  fo  long  ago  as  the  year  1773.  Accord- 
ing to  the  authors'  own  account,  however.  Dr.  lrwin*s  appa* 
mtus  very  little  refembles  his  own ;  and  his  defer iption  of  it, 
Ibr  the  purpofe  of  diftilllng  fea  water,  was  publi(hcd  in  1774, 
id  the  account  of  the  voyage  to  the  north  pole,  undertaken  in 
1773  ;  and  it  is  reafonable  to  fuppofe  that  fome  confi<i?rable  time 
muft  have  elapfed,  before  Dr.  Irwin*s  invention  could  have  made 
iti  way  into  the  nary. 

The  mode  of  diftiilation  here  defcribed  appears  to  us  to  be 
preferable,  in  theory  at  leaft,  to  any  hithefto  propofed,  both 
with  refpe^  to  the  diftilling  of  vinous  fpirits,  and  the  flill 
snore  ufeful  art  of  procuring  frefli  water  from  that  of  the  fea. 
With  refped  to  the  latter,  in  particular,  the  author  fixes  his 
-dfftiliing  veiTel  in  fuch  a  fttuation  between  the  two  fire-places 
that  are  ufed  for  the  cooking  of  the  captain's  and  the  fliip's 
company's  provifions,  in  two-decked  fhips,  that  little  or  no  ad- 
ditional fuel  is  requisite  :  but  the  following  is  the  principal  cit- 
cumftance  that  diftinguiihes  this  new  conftrudion  from  all 
others. 

The  tube^or  Vgrm  as  it  is  called,  ufed  in  the  common  dif- 
tilling  app^fJwis,*  ^lerally  confids  of  a  fmdll  cylindrical  pipe, 
which  quickly  acquires  from  the  vapour  a  conflderable  degree  of 
bear,  that  is  very  foon  communicated  to  the  water  in  the  re- 
frigeratory, 

4 


FoReioK  LtTBRArvus.  f 39 

fri^ratory,  or  to  the  other  fubftances  employea  to  cool  and 
condenfexfic  vapoor.  The  aatbor,  for  this  porpofe,  ufes  a  ca- 
pacious fquan  tube,  formed  of  tin-plates,  twelve  feet  long,  or 
I9f  a  till  greater  length,  «ach  fide  of  which  meafures  civlitat 
fen  inches.  This  is  inclofed  within  another  fquare  tube,  the 
fides  of  which  are  diftanc  from  thofeof  the  other  above  half  til 
inch.  Through  this  fpiice,  or  between  ttie  two  tubes,  a 
ftream  4>r  hrniina  of  cold  water  ia  continually  paffing  and  run* 
ning  off.  This  cold  water  is  admitted  from  a  rcfervoir  p)acud 
abo^  %  and  which  is  replenilbed,  in  parc«cular  at  fea,  by  means 
of  a  pump  which  cooimunicates  with  the  fea  water. 

The  vapour,  being  thus  expofed  to  a  very  Unrgg  furfatt^  kept 
continually  cold  by  the  water  moving  in  comaA  with  its  fbvt 
fides,  is  readily  and  copioufly  condenfed  :  To  that,  with  an  ap^ 
paratus  of  a  much  fmaller  iize  than  that  which  is  here  propoied 
for  the  fea  fervioe,  the  author  has,  in  the  prefence  of  the  ^efi* 
tlemen  abovementioned,  diftilled  above  fifteen  Fmnch  piirtH^ 
ID  an  hour.  But  allowing  that  the  fire  may  not  be  conftantly 
kept  uplothe  fame  ^jegree,  and  that  only  12  French  ^mf^/ are  dtf«- 
lilled  in  an  hour,  the  dailv  produce  Will  amount  to  itSfhaes^ 

On  the  whole,  the  author '6  prcje^k  appears  to  be  founM  mi 
true  phiiofophical  principles,  and  u>  be  pradicable  at  fea  ai 
well  as  on  ihore.  i  he  detail  is  minutely  defcribed,  and  the 
toiiftnidion  of  every  memi>er  of  the  apparatus,  particularly 
at  fea,  is  very  iatisfa^rily  delineated  on  four  large  copper* 
plates. 

t  Wc  believe  that  the  Fraoch  >M/r  is  aboat  equal  to  an  Ea^ifli 

AaT.  XIII.    Mimoin/Mr  U  Ca$ittcJ^oiie,  lit.    An  EiTay  00  the  Ctfoar- 
cbouc^  known  by  the  Name  of  the  Elafiic  Gmm,    By  M.  Berniard. 

IN  the  Jfpmdix  to  our  46th  volume,  June  1772,  page  689, 
we  gave  a  pretty  full  account  of  M.  Macquer*s  curious 
experiments  on  this  Angular  vegetable  produdion  ;  which  might 
be  applied  to  numerous  ufeful  purpofes  in  cxperimentar phfp* 
lofophy,  and  the  arts,  if  an  eafy  method  of  dilTolviilg  it,  with-* 
out  depriving  it  of  its  moft  material  properties,  conid  bedif-^ 
covered.  This  little  eflay,  which  feems  to  have  been  lately 
reprinted  from  fome  periodical  journal,  contains  a  feries  of  ex** 
periments  made  on  this  fubftance  :  and  though  the  author  faaa 
Wkoi  fully  fucceeded  in  his  principal  deiign,  a  knowledge  of  the 
nefults  of  fome  of  his  trials  ooay  lead  otisen  to  mora  fucGe&fol 

attempts.  .v      £1 

Some  portions! hSvmg  been  digefted  with  reflified  fpirit^ 
were  only  fo  far  aded  upon  by  the  menftruum,  as  to  (hew  the 

aunner 


140  Foreign  Litsraturb, 

manner  in  which  the  fpecienens  which  we  receive  from  South 
America  in  the  form  of  bothies,  are  manufadured.  Each  frag* 
ment  was  found  to  be  compofed  of  twenty*feven  didind  la* 
mifUTf  feverally  diftinguiihed  from  each  other  by  a  blackiih  line. 
This  laft  appearance,  as  the  author  fuppofes,  has  been  pro- 
duced by  the  fucceffive  application  of  fmoke  to  each  layer  of 
|he  milky  juice,  in  order  to  givje  it  a  certain  degree  of  con- 
fiftence,  before  a  frefli  portion  of  the  juice  of  the  plant  was 
applied  to  the  mould. 

The  author  failed  in  diflblving  the  Caoutchouc  in  vitriolic  ether^ 
though  he  fpllowed  M.  Macquer's  dire<^ions  ;  which  he  com- 
plains-are  not  fufiBciently  particular.  He  found,  however,  that 
Sfirivfix. ether  a£led  upon  this  fubftance,  but  not  inifuch  a  man- 
ner as  to  promife  any  ufeful  refuJt,  rather  decompounding  than 
diilqlving  it :  for  the  feeming  folution  was  found,  on  evapora- 
tion^ to  he  totally  foluble  in  fpirit  of  wine,  and  in  fa<St  a  true 
lefin,  but  n$t  ilaftic* 

Certain  eflential  oils,  however,  and  even  the  common  oil  of 
turpentine,  afllifted  by  hear,  appear  to  have  a£lually  difiblved  the 
Caoutchouc^  in  the  proportion  of  nine  drachms  to  one  ounce  of 
the  oil.  After  proper  evaporation,  a  matter  was  left  of  an  ad- 
hefive  nature  like  pitch,  but  neyertheleis  elaftic,  and  which 
weighed  twelve  drachms.  Though  the  author  kept  this  fub- 
ftance  in  the  chimney  during  the  winter,  it  did  not  in  all.  that 
time  lofe  its  pitchy  and  adhefive  quality.  He  therefore  thinks 
it  impoITible  to  derive  any  advantage  from  this  manner  of  ope- 
rating on  the  Caoutchouc. 

.  It  appears  afterwards,  however,  in  an  attempt  to  analyfe  this 
(<^j\^e  alone,  in  a  glafs  retort,  that  a  volatile  alcali  came 
ovfcr ;  and  the  author  accounts  very  plaufibly  for  this  (ingu<« 
lar  product,  by  fuppofmg  that  it  proceeds  from  ihc/moh  which 
the  Indians  fucce^vely  apply,  with  a  view  to  dry  the  different 
layers  of  the  original  vegetable  juice.  We  are  furprifed  that 
the  author  (hould  have  delifted  from  profecuting  this  experiment 
farther  ;  and  would  hint  whether  this  oily  folution  of  the  Caout" 
ihouc  might  not  be  deprived  of  its  pitchy  and  adhefive  quality, 
or  made  perfcdtiy  dry,  by  proceeding  with  it  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  is  pra£iiied  by  the  Indians;  tharis,  by  applying  it  fuc- 
ceffivtly  to  a  proper  fubftance,  or  mould,  and  then  attempting 
the  drying  of  each  layer  by  means  of  fmoke.  Poilibly  the  VO" 
latile  alcali^  or  fome  of  the  other  principles  in  the  fmoke,  may 
produce  this  defireable  effc£^,  independent  of  the  mere  heat  em- 
ployed at  the  fame  time.  He  himfelf  (hews  that  oil  (huiU 
grajfe)  is  one  of  the  two  confiituent  principles  of  this  Angular 
fublUuce.  -Xk     m.M 

«  ^ 

MONTHLY 


(     HI     ) 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    F  E  B  R  U  A  R  Y,    1782. 

Political. 

Art.  14,     A  Second  Letter  to  the  Right  HwourahU  Charles  Jm^ 

kinjQH.     bvo.     IS.     Murray.     1781. 

THE  Writer  of  xVw  fecond^  Letter  to  the  prcfcnt  Secretary  at 
War,  may,  in  fome  refpefts,  be  confidei^ed,  as  the  Anfwerer 
of  the  firft.  He  figns  himfelf  *  A  Citizen  of  the  World,*' and  dates 
from  BriaJ/'eh;  but  he  Hands  forth  in  the  character  of  a  Briton,  lau- 
dably concerned  for  the  honour  and  welfareof  his  native conntry.  He 
combats  many  affertions  and  reprefentations  contained  in  the  former 
Letter;  and,  in  genera),  he  is  the  ftrenuoas  defender  (ihoogh, in  fome 
inilances,  rather  the  modeft  apologift)  of  our  Oatefmen :  ytt^  at  the 
fame  time,  he  candidly  acknowledges  that  the  performance  of  hit 
opponent  '  has  great  merit ;  aod  particularly  that  it  contains  many 
juA  cenfures  on  the  condufl  aod  ineafures  of  Adixriniftraiion  in  Bri- 
tain \  the  advifers  ivbereof  fhoatd  be  made  to  anJWer  to  the  naiioa 
with  their  fortunes  and  lives.' 

This  candid  and  inelligent  policiciin,  not  being  entirely  fatiified 
with  the  liberty  taken  by  the  Author  of  the  former  Letter,  Mn  rooting 
out  the  prefent  fet  of  men  in  Admintdracion,  ftump  and  rump,'  vea* 
tores  to  propofe,  by  way  of  party-conciliation  (which  alo^b,  he  it 
perfuaded,  can  reObre  this  nation  to  its  former  fplcndor,  &c.)  aoo- 
Iber  groape  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen,  feleAed  from  ^a/^  pjftits*  . 
He  is  juftly  confcious,  however,  that  both  the  former  Letter-writer 
and  himfelf  have,  in  tbefe  their  proje^ed  arrangements,  *  arrogated 
a  privilege,  the  exercife  of  which  is  indelicjite ;' — and  we  eniiieiy  ac- 
qoiefce  in  the  fentimenr. 

Art.   15.     //»  Addrefs  to  the  Interior  Cabinet.     4to.     2  8.    Dc- 

bret.     17S2. 

This  Addrefs  appears  to  come  from  the  Writer  of  The  Lether  to  Mr* 
Jtnkin/on^  It  is  fignrd,  as  that  publication  wa-,  An  Indeptndeni 
iFbig\  and  it  fets  out  with  the  following  formal  profelTton;  Ibat 
<  after  making  the  6rll  compliments  to  the  principal  of  the  hoafe,  ic 
is  afual  to  pay  otir  devoirs  to  the  reft  of  the  familv.  A  ^ilure  [be 
adds]  in  this  etiquette  of  ^litenefs  is  ccmmotily  called  a  want  of  good 
breeding.  The  proprie  y  therefore,  of  addr^fTm?  yoo,  OcntlemeBf 
after'p4ving  the  firft  compliment  to  Mr.  JenkinTon,  being  a  fettled 
point  ofgood  inanncrs.  a  rotal  negledl  of  this  attention  could  not  be 
afcribed  to  iMiy  uthef  modve  than  a  premeditated  public  aii'robt.*  * 

A/Tuming,  then,  a^  a  datum- granted  and  iodifputible,  iheexiflence 
of  an  internal  Cabmei,  or  *  dark  i^ominatien ;  and  confident  in  the 
certainty  of  what  he  fees  in  his  Peep  6ebind  the  turtaim,  where  the 
ejicient  gcn  Jemen  are  pulling  the  wires,  and  dancing  the  offi  ial  pup- 

i 

*  For  an  account  of 'he  Firft  Letter  (the  Author  of  which  ilgiia 
himfeif  ^  Indefcndent  Wbig\^  ice  oar  laft  Month's  Caulog.e«. 

petJ, 


142  Monthly  CATALOGifB,  Political 

pets, — \it  proceeds  to  a  review  of  their  whole  political  {y^tvtif  pTan* 
And  condud,  from  the  time  when,  *  in  ike  phrafe  of  Audlcy  Oreet/ 
the  '  hjlituticn  commenced  of  an  interior  Cabinet,  confiding  of  con- 
fidential friends  at  Ltictfi49^hitf^  before  the  peace  of  Aix  laCbapelle, 
under  the  aufpices  of  a  Prince,  whofc  memory  and  charafler  are  not 
honoured  by  a  patronage  as  dangeroo*  to  the  Contlitution  as  it  was 
ungraieful  to  ihe  friends  of  his'  family.' — This  review  is  carried  on 
fo  the  ti^wfaltioot  of  the  year  l/Si>  inctafive;  and  exbibitt  a  moft 
^rmidable  charge  of  mal-adminiftrationt  The  Addreifer  is  particu- 
larly ievere  on  Lord  Sandwich*  and  the  Admiralty  Board ;  and  ha 
appears  to  bave  fuppoxted  bis  accufations  of  abufe  of  trad,  want  of 
ttitrtloii,  and  mifapplication  of  Public  money,  by  fucb  documents  as. 
Ibim  ta  laerit  the  ilrid  ejiamliuition  of  tbofe  who  are  dnly  qualified 
IQ  judge  of  their  validity.  The  pamphlet  abounds  with  matter  of 
«(ewi  aad  ioporta&t  invefiigation ;  but  if  it  had  cootained  lels  of* 
ftrcafa  aod  afperity  f ,  we  (hould  have  beei»  lefs  relerved  io  com- 
aMndlng  it  to  the  notice  of  our  Readers. 
Alt.  1 6.     An  Anfwif  U  Vamp  Ovtr^nacb's  LetUr  to  the  Right 

Hon.  W.  C.  Jeokrafen.     Wrkteo  in  the  Chriftmai  Holidays,  by 

)lf  r.  Jcakmibii's  Poster.    4to«     i  s.     Smith. 

This  truly  /srisri^' Writer  charges  a  ccruia  booIUelier,  whom  he 
Barnes  Vamp,  with  the  crime  of  having  written  the  Letter  to  Mr* 
Jeokinfoa.  The  honeft  Porter,  with  the  zeal  of  a  iervaat,  laudably 
attached  to  a  good  mailer,  abo(es  the  Bookfeller  moft  plentifally  % 
a»d  whUe  be  ravev»  and  flings  bis  ilaver  aboot,  a  large  qnaatity  of  ic 
Ugbis  on  the  Monthly  Reviewers,  From  this  circamftance*  it  may* 
witb  probab>lity«  be  i»ferred»  that  the  prefeat  pamphktit  not  the  fif& 
fipnits  of  the  Porter's  autborlhip,  and  thai  he  has,  on  fone  qooadam 
oceafio^,  fmarted  frosa  the  ilroke  of  the  critics  rod.  The  poor  man 
SMift,  ittdeecU  have  been  much  bust,  aad  deeply  (luag  with  refeot-. 
Missit, — for  he  is  prodrgioufly  earaged  1  We  are  forry  tor  his  miibapi, 
but,  we  fear,  it  is  impoffible  for  us  to  afford  him  any  redrcfs  He 
aafi  procure  an  old  fen  of  his  aiaftcr'St  leave  off  fikhimg^  and  write 
better,  before  we  can  commend  his  prodafiions. 
ArL  1 7.  A  Candid  Ihfena  of  AdmimpraUany  agaioft  the  iil-^ 
feondcd  Charges  of  0//^/s«.     8vo.     is.     Wilkie.     1781. 

The  Aaihor,  witb  great  proleflions  of  candor,  enumerates  the  ge- 
nernlr  the  mod  popelar  objedioos  againft  the  prefent  Adminiftration# 
end  aniWera  them  in  the  moA  geikeral  aad  popular  way.  Netbii»g  is 
weoegt  eitcepton  the  part  of  the  pMrit$,  as  be,  in  contempt,  ftylca 
the  l^ers  of  Oppefition,  and  all  who  concur  with  them  in  cenfaring 
j^blic  maaTures.  'Tif  this  cenfure,  is  ieeoM*  aad  tiiis  abne,  wbicb 
does  all  the  mifchief  1 
Art.  t8.    Vnartaimy  of  tU  preJiM  Population  $f  this  Kitigd0m  % 

dedoced  from  a  candid  Review  of  the  Accounts  lately  given  of  it 

a  Dr.  Price  on  the  one  Hand,  Mr.  Eden,  Mr.  Wnlea,  aad  Mr* 
»wlett,  fm  the  otber«     Svo^    6  d.     Richardson  and  Urqnbnrt* 

As  it  is  not  incumbent  on  us  to  remove  the  ancertatnty  profefled 
hlf  this  writer,  we  (hall  only  obferve,  that  the  uncertainty  applied  in 


«■ 


^  Webnd  ibe-fetne  objeaion  le  the  Letctr  te  Mr*  Jeokinfoa. 

.    the 


MoiiTifLY  Catalogue^  P§liik4tL  14.} 

tlM  titU-pagc  to  the  fubje^L  at  large^  i&  in  tht  panpUei  wholly  tt*- 
ierred  to  the  data  and  ividmut  produced  on  t\Lt  fa^uanrahlt  fidi  pfthi 
'  ^M$fiM,  agmft  th«i  difcouragiog  coqclufiana  of  Dr.  Price*  The  per* 
iQcmaDCe  appears  indeed  to  be  nothing  more  than  a  fitQfy  attempt  to 
gaia  time  on  a  qaeflion  that  calU  for  clofe  confideracjoQ  and  precifioa 
in  every  one  who  undertakes  to  difeufs  it.  No  writer  ever  made  m 
more  convenient  n(e  of  the  conjunflion  if,  or  made  a  better  ufe  of 
his  opportunities  to  bewilder  hia  readers  among  d9uhts  zx^^/vggeftiMu^ 
to  di&ra£k  their  attention. 

Before  the  fubjed  is  diffnifled,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  try,  whe- 
ther the  particle  j/*may  not  be  converted  to  fome  ufe  on  the  agreeable 
fide  of  the  queftion  of  population.  If  thea»  as  Dr.  Price  and  hit  co« 
mdJQtor  admit  *,  that  in  the  counties  of  York,  Lancader,  Chefter^ 
Cumberland,  fuch  places  as  Liverpool,  Manchefter,  Sheffield,  the 
vicioity  of  London,  &c.  the  increafed  population  has  been  the  afto- 
Bifiunent  of  every  traveller ;  how  does  it  appear,  that  the  depopula^ 
tion  of  the  reft  of  the  kingdom,  has  been  fo  doubly  aftonifhing,  a» 
to  ablbrb  all  this  acknowledged  increale,  fo  as  to  determine  the  ag- 
^^pegate  amount  of  population  on  the  unfavourable  fide  ?  Were  thia 
CtDf,  vaft  dtftri£b  muA  A>me,where  evidently  lie  uncultivated  and  de« 
itxvtdi ;  with  their  farm-houfea  and  villages,  in  the  fituation  d'efcribed* 
by  the  fanciful  Goldfmith,  in  ruins,  over-run  with  brambles  and 
gftfa!  Bui  we  may  fafely  afk,  where  fuch  fcenes  of  deflation  are  to 
be  found?  for  though  to  juftify  both  the  politician  and  the  poet,  they 
ooght  to  be  fufficiently  vifible;  yet^be  if  remembered,  they  are  not 
as  yet  pointed  out. 

The  vaA  number  of  chapel^  of  ea(e  erefled  in  the  north  of  Eog* 
land  tt  this  Author  begs  leave  to  remark,  ought  to  have  been  con- 
cealed ;  as  they  have  occaiioned  a  confufioh  in  the  pariih  regifters* 
by  which  births  have  been  doubly  entered.  But  if  they  have  been' 
four,  or  even  ten  times  doubled,  what  becomes  of  the  chapels?  Were 
they  needlefily  ere^ed  ?  A  previous  acknowledgment  fays  no ;  for 
the  increafed  population  there  has  been  the  auoniihment  of  everjT 
crajveHer !  Nor  is  it  alTerted  that  they  are  now  converted  into  barns 
and  ftables.  If  they  were,  even  that  might  prove  fomething  ;  bat  ic 
IS  time  to  leave  this  unctrtain  Writer  to  the  coniideration  of  Meffirt* 
Waleaand  Howlctt,  if  they  deem  him  worth  attention.  31  < 

Art*  19.  A  &pi$ch  which  was  fpoken  in  the  Houfe  of  Aflem* 
biy  at  St*  Chriftopher,  on  a  Mouon  made,  November  6th  1781 » 
lor  prefenting  an  Addrefi  to  his  Majefty  relative  to  the  Proceemngs 
of  Admiral  Rodney  and  General  Vaughan  at  St.  Euftatius;  apd 
the  prefent  dangerous  Sitaation  of  the  Weil  India  lilands.  8vo« 
1 1.    Debrett.     1782. 

A  fpirited  remonftrance  agajnft  the  indifcriminate  confifcation  of 
private  property  at  St.  Euftatiiis ;  alleging  that  the  plea  for  fuch  con* 
fifcation,  on  account  of  its  havine  been  a  ftorehoufe  for  the  fupply  of 
our  enemies^  came  with  a  very  ill  grace,  when  the  (lores  fold  there 
by  the  captors,  were  conveyed,  under  protection  againft  our  cruizers, 
diredly  into  the  ports  of  our  enemies.  If  Admir^  R.  be  not  fairly 
exculpated  from  the  charges  exprefsly  brought  againll  him  by  thia 

•  ?•  i8r,  19.  27.  X  P.  27. 

Weft 


144  fttoNTHLY  CATAlooub,  PoKticaL 

Weft  rndian  legidaror,  moft  readers  of  this  Speech  may  conclude  thaC 

he  defervcs  the  treatment  which  he  here  receives.  JjT ^ 

Art.  ao.     Conjiderations  on  the  prefent  State  of  the  tVoolTrade^ 

'  the  Laws  made  conterning  that  Article,  and  how  far  the  fame  are 

cpnfifteDt  with  true  Policy,  and  the  real  Intereft  of  the  State.     By 

a  Gentleman  refident  on  his  Eftate  in  Lincolnfhire.     8vo.     i  s* 

Elmfley.     1781. 

•  The  prefent  Writer  afcribes  the  low  price  of  wool  to  the  increafe 
of  that  article,  owing  to  the  great  number  of  indofurcs  that  have 
taken  place  all  over  the  kingdom ;  and  from  the  diminution  in  the 
confumption  owing  to  the  alterations  of  fafhion,  which  has  intro- 
duced linen  and  cotton  among  thofe  ranks  who  formerly  wore  wool- 
len lluiFs.  From  a  review  of  the  (latute-book,  he  finds  that  the  ex- 
portation of  wool  was  never  prohibited  till  the  time  of  the  Refloration  ; 
and  yet  that  the  woollen  manufa^ure  had  eftabliOied  icfelf  under  the 
allowance  of  exportation.  He  therefore  contends  for  the  liberty  of 
fending  wool  to  a  foreign  market ;  becaufe  whenever  the  manufac- 
turer is  able  to  give  an  adequate  price  for  his  material^  the  prohibi- 
tion of  exportation  becomes  nugatory.  ^^ 
Art»  21.    An  Addrefs  to  the  independent  Members  of  both  Hoafcs 

of  Parliament.  8vo.  is.  Faulder.  17$2. 
The  particular  delcription  of  indtrpendent  members  to  whom  our 
Author  addre(res  himfelf,  is  given  in  the  following  words, — thofe 
who,  '  however  they  may  difapprove  of  Minillers,  or  their  meafures, 
fiill  the  dread  of  a  change,  introducing  anarchy  and  con fu (ion  into 
the  Hate,  deters  them  from  declaring  their  diilike  to  thofe  in  power.* 

The  AddreiTer  takes  a  candid  view  of  the  prefent  very  critical  (ito-. 
ation  of  oar  public  aifairs,  and  without  declaring  himfelf  in  favour 
of  Oppofiiion,  feems  to  think  not  only  that  a  change  of  Adminiftra- 
tion  is  necefTary,  but  that  the  change  *  cannot  be  for  the  worfe.*  He, 
therefore,  conjures  the  moderate,  or  rather  cautious  Lords  and  Gen- 
tlemen, whom  he  addrefTes,  to  '  take  an  a£live  par:,*  to  declare  their 
real  fentiments,  to  chufe  their  (ide,  to  exert,  '  ere  it  is  too  late,  the 
hidden  though  important  powers  tl^ey  poiTefs,  and  apply  them  to  the 
great  purpoles  of  national  prefervation.'  This  Writer  is  temperate* 
g|id  appears  to  be  intelligent. 

"ft.  22.    Fa^s  and  their  Confequences^  fubmitted  to  the  Confi- 
deration  of  the  Public  at  large ;  but  more  particularly  to  that  of 
the  Finance  Mi trfier,'  Sind  of  thofe  who  are,  or  mean  to  become. 
Creditors  of  the  S:ate.      By  John  Earl   of  Stair.      8vo,      1  s. 
Stockdale.     1782. 
'  In  our  Review,  Vol.  LI V.  No.  for  April  1766;  we  commended  to 
the  notice  of  our  Readers,  a  former  inftance  *  of  the  laudable  atfeti- 
tion  paid  by  this  patriotic  nobleman,  to  the  political  welfare  of  his 
country. — in  his  prefent  inveftigation  of  our  national  circumflaDces, 
particularly  with  regard  to  the  article  of  finance,  his  Lordlhip  con- 
nnes  himfelf  to  the /«//rf/?  and  annual  burdens  brought  on,  and  to' 
be  brought  on  the  State,  fmce  the  commencement  of  the  *  detef!ed 
American  war,'— As   to  the  principal^  what,  or  how  enormous  that 

*  <  State  of  the  Niiional  Debt>  Nauonal  Income,  and  National 
EYpcnditure.*  ... 

jna/ 


MoNtHLY  Catalogvx^  Jffairs  of  Ireland.  145- 

may  be,  his  Lordfhip  pronounces  it  lofa  of  tim6  to  calculate,  fince,  he* 
obferves,  <  00  man  is  wild  enough  to  expe£l  ever  to  fee  a  ihilling  of 
it  paid.' 

The   noble  Author's   flatement,    00  this  ground,  of  oar  public 
account,  and  his  dedudions  from  it,  are  fufHcient  to  ftrike  with  ter« 
ror  the  boldell  advocate  for  the  prefent  meafures  of  government.    la 
ihort,  from  the  reprefentation  here  given,  the  fitaacion  oi  thofe  who. 
are,  as  he  expreiTes  it,  '  creditors  to  the  State,*  feems  defperate  in- 
deed!   His  conclufion  is,  that  '  nothing  remains  in  our  power,  but 
among  evils,  to  chufe  the  leail.     Preiied  in  frdnt  by  foreign  enemies* 
to  whom  we  have  nothing  of  nearly- equal  force  to  oppofe,  gv^aded> 
behind  by  domeiUc  indigence,  and  the  well-grounded  appreheniiona 
of  public  bankruptcy,  and  its  fure  confcquences,  anarchy  and  civil - 
commotion,  no  peace,  (hort  of  .abfolute  ruin,  can  be  pronounced  a 
bad  one :  all  but  this,  is  either  phrei<zy,  folly,  or  6attery.' 

Affairs    of    Ireland. 
Art.  23.     A  Review  of  the  Three  great  National  ^uejfions^  rc» 
Jative  to  a  Declaration  of  Right,  Po\  ning's  Law^  and  cue  Mutiny 
fiill.     8vo.     2s.     Dublin  printed;  London  reprinted.     Dod£Ley« 

1781. 

•iTThe  Author  of  this  maderly  pamphlet  inveftigates  the  above  men* 
troned  three  great  national  queiHons  [which  have  been,  for  fome 
timepaft,  eagerly  agitated  in  Ireland,  both  in  Parliament  and  in. 
pnntj,afld  determines  them,  in  a  manner  very  fuitable  to  the  mea* 
fares  of  Government,  and  pcrfedlly  agreeable  to  its  friends ;  but  which 
may  fail  of  exaAly  meeting  the  withes  of  the  general  body  of  the 
people,  and  the  views  of  gentlemen  in  oppofition  on  the  other  {xd^t  of 
the  water.  The  Writer  (faid  to  be  Counfellor  bheridan)  is  undoubt- 
edly to  be  confidered  as  a  court-writer;  but  whatever  may  be  his  at* 
tachments,  or  his  caufe,  he  is  certainly  a  vtr^j  able  champion.  He 
reafons  clofeiy,  controverts  liberally,  and  writes  corre^ly.  The 
Reader  who  wilhes  to  gain,  or  revive,  a  competent  knowicdge  of  the 
fnbjefls  difcuiTed  in  thefe  differtations,  will  find  great  fati&fa^Uon  in 
*  peruixng  them.  He  will  fee  what  a  wide  diiFerence  there  is  between 
the  cool  obfervations  of  a  well-informed  and  difpafTionace  re;)foner, 
and  the  inflammatory  harangues  of  a  hot  headed  declaimer. — His  ge« 
neral  concludoos  are,  that  the  Mutiny  Bill  hath  not  that  dangerous 
tendency  which  fome  have  attributed  to  i: ;  nor  is  the  limitation  of 
it  fo  highly  requilite ; — that  the  repeal  or  modification  of  Poyning's 
Law,  would  not  be  of  any  very  elTential  benefit  to  Ireland  ; — and, 
*  bftly,  that  a  Declaration  of  Right  would  tend  more  to  create  a  jea- 
lonfy  in  England,  than  qfTedually  to  eftabliOi  the  independency  of 
the  I/ilh  Parliament.  mv 

East      Indies.  iV# 

Art.  24.     A  Jhort  HIJlorical  Narrative  of  the  Rife  and  rapid  Ad^ 

Hiancement  of  the  Mabratta  Statt^  to  the  prefent  Strength  and  Con* 

fcqaence  it  has  acquired  in  the  Ball.     Written  originailv  in  Per- 

£an ;  and  tranflated  into  Englilh  by  an  Officer  in  the  Bail  India 

Company's  Service.     8vo.     2  s.  6  d.     Cadell.     1782. 

This  narrative  of  provincial  intrigues  and  flaughter,  obfcared  by 

local  terms,  though  a  ihort  gloffary  is  added,  being  fubordinate  to 

the  general  hiftory  of  the  empire  of  Indoftan,  will  not  be  very  in- 

RfiY.  Feb.  l^%u  L  teUigible 


146  MosiTHLY  Catalogue,  PatUal. 

teitigible  to  thofe  who  hare  not  •  prcvioos  knowledge  of  the  latt^/ 
It  was  originally  written,  ai  we  are  informed  in  the  Preface,  by  a 
Mahometan  native  of  Indoiian;  retained  by  Mr.  Kerr,  the  tranHator, 
ma  a  teacher  of  the.  Perfian  laaguage ;  and  coroateoces  about  two 
hiuidfed  years  back,  with  the  origin  of  the  Mabratta  Siate,  which 
now  takes  fo  a^ive  a  part  in  the  diftvrbance  of  India.  J^^ 

Art.  25.     Extras  of  an  Original  Letter  frBtn  Calcutta^  relative 

10  the  Adminiilration  of  JuDice  by  Sir  Elijah  Impey.    8vo.    is.  6d. 

Dtbrctt.     1781. 

After  ftating  the  manifed  defeCis  in  the  confHtution  of  the  Sopreme 
Court  of  Judicature  in  Bengal,  and  the  inconfiflences  in  the  prefer. t 
mdntniflration  of  juftice  there,  the  intelligent  writer  recommends 
trial  by  juries,  in  civil  as  well  as  in  criminal  cafes;  to  avoid  the 
mockery  of  appeals  to  England,  which  are  almoft  impra^icabfe, 
againft  the  decifions  of  the  Judges.  As  the  Supreme  Court  was  in- 
ftituted  profefTcdlv  by  way  of  experiment,  and  as  its  effeds  have  now 
been  fuily  experienced ;  data,  cannot  be  wanting,  if  the  powers  ac 
home  are  equal-  (o  the  regulation  of  powers  ac  fuch  a  diftance,  to 
harmonize  a  plan  of  jurifprudence  to  provincial  circumlliancca,  fo 
as  to  protect  the  many  againfl  the  few,  inHead  of  Arengthening  the 
hands  of  oppreiSon,  Jl  ^ 

Poetical. 
Art.  26.     Honoriit:   or   the  Day  of  All    Souls*,   a  Poem, 
With  other  poetical  Pieces.    By  Mr.  Jerningham.    410*     is*  6d. 
Robfon.     1782. 

To  the  tendernefs  and  Ihnfibility  of  Mr.  Jerningham's  Mufe  we 
have  had  frequent  opportunities  of  bearing  telUmony.  She  wiil  lofe 
no  credit  by  the  pieces  which  form  this  colle£lion  :  as  a  (hott  fped« 
mcnof  ir,  take  the  following,  in  titled  Benfihilitj. 

Celeftial  fpring !  to  Nature's  favourites  given. 

Fed  by  the  dews  that  bathe  the  flow'rs  of  heaven  : 

From  the  pure  cryftal  of  thy  fountain  flow 

The  tears  that  trickle  at  another's  woe ; 

The  nient  drop  that  calms  our  own  diflrefs ; 

The  gufh  of  rapture  at  a  friend's  fuccefs ; 

Thine  the  foft  fhow'rs  down  Beauty's  breaft  that  flealf 

To  foothe  the  heart-wounds  they  can  never  heal ; 

Thine  too  the  tears  of  extafy  that  roll. 

When  Genius  wbifpers  to  the  liflening  foul ; 

And  thine  the  hallowed  flood  that  drowns  the  eye,  /^    a.  1* 

When  warm  Religion  lifts  the  thought  on  high  ?  C^a**" 

Art.  27.     Ode  to  the  Genius  of  the  Lakes  in  the  North  of  Eng^ 
\f  land.     4  to.     2  8.     Richardfon  and  Uriquhart. 

*  This  Ode,  though  by  no  means  a  finifhed  perfarmance,  contains 
feme  pleating  images,  and  fome  harmonious  lines ;  witnefli  the  fbl« 
lowing : 

*  The  fcece  of  this  poem  is  fuppofed  to  be  in  the  great  church  of 
St.  Arobrofe  at  Milan,  the  2d  of  November,  on  which  day  the  moft 
folemn  olEce  is  performed  for  the  repofe  of  the  dead.  \ 

Scr 


\ 


MoNtHLY  Catalogue,  Dramatic.  147 

See»  from  the  hilh  coil  onward  to  tbe  plaios. 

Streams  white  with  foam  dowD  rocky  channels  leap* 
Till  join'd  the  lal^r,  fome  fretfal  fpe^d  remains. 
But  there«  at  once,  they  all  in  quiet  ileep. 

Peace  fmiles  opon  the  deep ! 
So,  many  a  train  of  bufy  cares,  x 
Which  hart  the  human  mind. 
In  Tafte's  fair  bofom,  uoawareSj 
A  foft  oblivion  find ; 
With  gentleft  lapfe  life's  mingled  waters  glide. 
And  fair  refleded  (kies  dill  gild  the  placid  tide.. 
Towards  the  concluiion  the  Author  pays  a  compliment  to  his  aiu 
five  coantry  (for  fuch  we  prefume  it  is)  as  being  the  birth-pls^ce  oj( 
many  very  diftinguilhed  oien ;  a  catalogue  of  whom  is  to  be  met  with  ^^    ^  ^ 
in  a  note  at  the  end  of  the  poem.  .:0*v*t». 

Art.  28.  The  Cheltenham  Guides  or^  Memoirs  of  the  B-o-r;^ 
Family  continued,  in  a  Series  of  poetical  Epiitles.  8vo.  2  s.  6d.' 
Harriion..    1781.  ,  ,  ,         . 

Thefe  Memoirs  are  pretended  to  be  written  by  the  brother  of  our* 

Jomourons  friend  Simkin  B-n-r-d  j.  but.  Simkin,  we  prefume,  wil( 
Ifdaim  him. — In  the^opijiion  of  our  learned  alTociate  MA,iLTiNtJS» 
who  is  an  excellent  genealogill,  the  Cheltenham  Guide  is  not  even  a  /V* 
diftan't  relation.  ^    Aa'* 

Art.  29.     Condolence.:  An  Elegiac  ^piftlc  from  Lieut.  General 
B— rg — yne, captured  at  Saratoga,  061.  17th,  1777.  to  Lieut.  Geo* 
Earl  C — rnw— 11— 8,  captured  at  York-Town,  Odk.   17th,   i7J8i# 
With  Notes  by  the  Editor.  4to.  1  s.  6d«  Evans,  Strand.    1782.     . 
The  Reader  will  eafily  anticipate  (he  topics  of  condolence  which 
this  ironical  Bard  puts  into  the  mouth  of  the  captured  General  whofe 
charadtei*  he  has  aflumed.     The  chief  fault  of  this  carelefs  and  haH/^Y- 
epiAle,  for  foch  it  appears  to  be,  is  that  it  U  too  long.  .^^  « 

Art.  JO.  Ditis  Chorus;  or.  Hell  broke  loofc.  A. Poem.* 
Tranilated  from  the  Satyricon  of  Petronius  Arbiter,  and  faithfully 
adapted  to  the  Times.     4to.     is.  6d.     Kirby.     1781.  /^0 

Too  contemptible  for  criticifm  !  j^  .^P  • 

Art.  31.     EUgf  on  the  Death  of  Lord  Bachard  Cavendijh.     4to* 

IS.    DodiUy.     1781. 
A  juft,  and  not  inelegant,  compliment  to  the  memory  of  a  yfttf  Ct^ 
accompliihed  and  refpefted  nobleman.  ^^* 

Dramatic. 
Art.  32.     Tin  Marriage  A£l :   A  Farce.     In  Two  ASs.     As 
it  is  performed  at  tbe  Theatre  Royal  in  Coven t  Garden.    8vo.    1  s, 
^.  Kearfley.     1 781. 

'  Whoever  will  take  the  trouble  of  turning  to  the  Spedator,  No.  ^i  i^* 
will  fee  bow  much  more  agreeably  the  fubje^  is  there  treated  in  an    ^ 
efTay,  than  it  is  here  handled  in  a  clum fy  ballad  farce.  w  • 

Art.  33.  Xht  Divorce^  a  Farce,  as  it  was  performed  at  the 
TJieatre  Royad  in  Drury-Lane.  8vo.  is.  KeaiHcy.  1781., 
.Though  this  farce  turns  on  a  moil  nnnatural  idea,  that  0/  a  pre* 
meditated .  f«4rtf^#a/ divorce  between  a  fond  and  fafhionable  couple, 
with  an  inteatioa  to  furprife  the  world  by  a  fecond  marriage,  yee« 
there  u  mudi  addrefi  ihewn  in  the  condu^  and  charaders  of  the 

L  2  piece* 


•  ■  I    • 


I48  Monthly  Catalogue,  Mlfcellamous. 

piece.  Mod  of  the  incidents  and  perfonages  are  pleafant.  ^itam 
and  Difinis  Dogherty  have  each  more  than  a  to!erablc  portion  ot  far- 
cical bamour.  fi 

Miscellaneous.  ^' 

Art.  34.     Biographical  Memoirs  of  William  Gtd\    including  a 

particular  Account  of  his  Progrefs  in  the  Art  of  Block- printing. 

8vo.     IS.     Nichols.     17H1. 

We  have  here  '  fome  authentic  documents  of  an  ingeniotis,  though 
unfuccefsful  invention ;  and  fome  fugitive  memoirs  of  the  inventor 
and  his  family.'  Mr.  Ged's  fcheme  for  block-printing,  with  his  ex- 
ecution of  the  fpccimens  which  be  produced,  were  certainly  curious  ; 
but  had  his  invention  been  found,  in  all  refpefls,  fupcrior  to.  the 
niethod  of  printing  by  fingle  types,  we  cannot  fuppofe  that  it  would 
Bave  proved  *  unfuccefsfol.'  SufHcient  trial  was  made,  and  though 
perhaps  fome  unfair  pradices  were  chargeable  on  certain  perfons  who 
'were  intereded  in  oppo&ng  or  undermining  Mr.  Ged's  undertaking, 
yet  both  our  Univeriities  and  private  Printers  feem  to  have  been 
*  nothing  loch'  in  conitgning  not  only  the  artift,  but  his  performances, 
to  that  oblivion,  from  which  thefe  Memoirs  are  deligned  to  refcue 
them. 
Art.  35.  An  Hijlorical  and  Political  View  of  the  prefent  and  ancient 

State  of  the  Cclcny  of  Surinam  in  South  America;  wi;h  the  Settle* 

fnents  of  Demcrary  and  Iflcquibo.  By  a  Perfon  who  lived  there  Ten 

Years.     8vo,     3  s..  Nicoll.     1781. 

In  a  prefatory  advcrtifcment  we  are  informed,  that  the  Work  from 
whence  this  publication  is  extracted  and  tranflated,  was  written  by 
Philip  Fermen,  M.  D.  of  Maeftricht,  and  appeared  in  177.3.  Ic 
contains  a  hillory  and  defcription  of  Surinam,  &c.  the  government, 
produce,  commerce,  and  revenues  of  the  country,  and  the  caufes  of 
its  decay.  Its  fer:ility  in  the  produce  of  fugar,  cofTcc,  cocoa,  and 
cotton,  has  been   fo  great,  as  to  introduce  a  fatal  degree  of  luxury 

•  ^4nto  the  fettlement;  and  the  commerce  from  Europe  thither  has  been 

palhed  with  fuch  eagernefs,  that  the  fchemes  of  adventurers,  pro- 
ducing monopoly,  uiury,  and  relaxation  of  government,  added  to  the 
-  «    indifcretio^of  the  colonials,  who  treated  their  negro  flaves  wiih  fo 

•  '-jnuch  rigour,  that  (cttlements  of  refugees  ai'e  formed,  againfl  whom 

they  are  engaged  in  perpetual  war.     Ail  thefe  caufes  are  fald  to  have 
operated  to  the  decline  of  a  colony  naturally  formed  to  profper  under 
%«    prudent  management. 

•^.      We  underftand  that  Surinam  belongs,  one  third  part  of  it  to  the 
Dutch  Ball  India  Company,  another  to  the  town  of  AmAerdam,  and 
that  the  fibitd  is  in  private  hands.     The  Wiitcr  recommends,  as  bath- 
been  done  in  a  like  cafe  with  us,  chat  theitate  ihooid  take  it  into  their 
Own  management  for  ihe  reformation  o^  abufcs.  lt\^ 

Art.  36.  A  Month's  Tour  in  North  JValts^  Dublin^  and  its  En- 
*vhcni,  with  Obfervations  upon  their  Manners  and  Police,  in  the 
4      Year  1780.     i  zmo.     25.     Keardy.     1781. 

The  celebrated  Mr.  Yorick,  in  his  "  Sentimental  Journey,"  hath 
made  a  curious  arrangement  of  our  modern  traveiiers  and  tour^ 
makers,  and  claffed  them  under  various  heads,  expreilive  of  their 
charaderiflic  differences.  "  There  is  the  idle  traveller  ;'*  the  "  in- 
quiiitive  traveller;"  the  "  anfortunate,''  and  *'  innocent  traveller  :" 
and  moreover  there  ii  the  ^^  Jtmple  travcLer/'— Noi?  chat^   gentle 

Keader, 


<-%  « 


Monthly  Catalogue,  MlfceUamous.  149 

Reader^  is  our  traveller ! — and-  fo  we  need  go  no  farther  onward  in 
the  catalogue. 

We  confefs  the  xtrmjimpli  is  a  term  of  equivocal  import;  but  you 
are  heartily  welcume  in  the  prefent  cafe  to  take  it  o*  this  fide  or  th«t» 
— before  or  behind, — any  way,  or  every  way,  and  apply  it  to  your 
liking. 

"  There  is  the  fimplicity  of  babes  and  fucklings;"  and  fo  there  is 
of  the  mother's  milk  that  feeds  them.  Ic  is  foriuoate  that  Nature 
hath  matched  one  (imple  thing  with  another.  You  would  not  force 
your  tender  infant  to  fwallow  a  bottle  of  Champaign.  Its  food  muft 
be  of  the  mo^  Jtmple  kind ;— ic  muft  be  ntxt  to  nothing  at  all ; — it  maft 
bs  like  our  trauelUr  and  our  traveller's  book  !  3*<I«1^ 

Art.  37.  Traiit  fur  Us  Principes  Fondamentaux  de  la  Sageffi  ou 

Plnlofophit  Moralt.     A  lUfage  de  la  Jeunefle.     Par   MademJfelle 

£.  Cac^oualt  de  la  Mimardiere.    /  i,    A  Treatife  on  the  Funda« 

mental  Principles  of  Wifdom,  or  Moral  Pbilofophy.    Defigned  for 

the  Inftrudion  of  Vouch,     izmo.     31.     London.     17SJ.     Sold 

by  Hookham,  Elmdy,  Sec, 

This  iit:lc  Tradl  fcems  to  be  intended  for  a  fchoolbook;  and  in 
that  view  deferves  fome  attention.     It  confifb  of.very  (hort  differta** 
tions  on  mora!  fubjeds ;   fuch,  for  inftance,  as  *  the  Knowledge  of 
ourfclvcs,'   the  *  Pafiiona,  Pride,  Humility,  Avarice,  Caprice,'  &c. 
SiC.     They  are  as  plain  as  they  are  conctfe,  without  the  pride  of 
learning,  or  the  affedation  of  fcience.     The  Writer  of  this  Treatife 
acknowledges  that  her  language  is  not  her  own  :  and  judice  com* 
pels  us  to  obferve,  that  (he  is  very  defedive  in  point  of  idiom.     The 
t\a>rds  arc  Frenqh,  but  the  language  is  Englijh^  as  to  the  form  and  - 
(Irudure  of  compofuion,     Idium,  however,  is   the  Uft  acqaifitiottt 
while  the  more  early  attempt  to  acquire  words  is  fomerimes  embar- 
raiTed,  and  often  retarded  by  it.  We  fubmit  it,  therefore,  to  fchool*  ' 
mailers  by  profcilioD,  whether  thofe  books  which  are  not  written  ac* 
cording  ro  the  (Irided  rules  of  idiom,  may  not  be  at  leaft  equally  ufe- 
ful  in  acquiring  the  Hrd  principles  of  a  language,  with  thofe  in  which 
fuch  rules  are  more  rigidly  preserved.    If  fo,  the  prefent  performance  (0\^ 
may  be  found  ufeful,  and  deferves  recommendation.  ^^  ' 

Art,  38.  A  Tour  through  Monmouthjhire  and  IVales^  made  in  the 
.Mv>nth8  of  June  and  July  17 '4»  and  in  the  Months  of  June,  July^ 

and  Auguft,  1777«     By  Henry  Penruddocke  Wyndham.     The  Se* 
.<oiid  Edition*  .  4to.     1  1.   is.  in  Boards.    .Wilkie.    .1781. 

The  hrd  of  thefe  combined  Tours  was  publiHied  in  an  oftavo  fize, 
in  the  year  1775  *  \  and  the  preface  to  this  fecOnd  edition,^  which  bjr 
irs  enlargements,  and  the  embeiliihment  of  engravings,  may  be  con- 
fidered  in  the  light  of  a  new  publication,  thus  exprefles  the  improve^ 
mpnts  made  in  it. 

/  In  the  prefent  volume,  the  Reader  will  find,  many  places  de- 
fcribed,  which,  for  wane  of  necelfary  information,  were  omitted*  in 
the  firil  edition  ;  and  will  moreover  fee  fome  of  the  mod  iocerrfliog 
objed8<  illuHrated  by  engravings,  made  from  very  faithful  defignt* 
Thefe  will  give  him  that  general  idea   of  the  face  of  ^he  C'^unr-^y,.  to 


^^*ri 


"  ^<t  Rev.   Vol.  lii.   p.  ^55.  where,  from  mUUken  intorm4Uon» 
the  Authcr's  name  is  faid  to  be  Wynne. 

L  3  which 


150  Monthly  Catalogue,  Mt/cellamouu 

wfkich  mere  defcription  is  inadequate,  and  enable  him  to  form  a  much 
■lo^e  acctrrate  eftnnate  of  itrbeiacies,  both*  of  nature  iind  arf,  tbaii 
be  could  have  done  without  tbofe  auxiliaries. 

•'  As  this  Tonr  is  rather  intended  Ibr  the  general  traveller,  than  for 
the  particular  inhabitant,  the  Acrthor  has  endeavoured  to  confine  his 
obfervationt  to  chofe  things  only  which  he  ihonght  mod  necefTary  to 
be  known,  or  molt  deferring  to  be  fcen. For  this  reafon  the  Au- 
thor has  not  attempted  to  defcribe  every  pleaiing  fpot  or  profpefh 
which  occurred  to  him  in  his  tours ;  though  he  will  venture  tb  aflert, 
that  he  has  left  nothing  undefcribed  which  was  uncommonly  grahd  or 
beautiful,  or  which  deferved  to  be  pointed  out  to  the  attention  of  a 
firanger. 

•^Ic  may  probably  be  obje^led,  that  the  engravings  which  arc  in- 
firted  in  this,  volume  have  nor  been*  properly  fele^ed  ;  and  that  many 
of  the  mod  romantic  ruins  whicH  are  to  be  found  within  the  limits  of 
the  tour,  have  been  omitted.  If,  for  inflance,  fuch  buildings  as 
thofe  of  Qhepdow,  Tiotern,  Pembroke,  Conway^  &c.  have  not  met 
with  a  place  in  this  work,  it  is  becaufe  they  have  been  freduentl/ 
publi(hed|  and  are  too  well  known  to  be  again  repeated  :  thow  only 
have  been  here  introduced,  which  havb  either  never  been  ei^rivea, 
or  which  have  not  be^n  made  familiar  to  the  world  by  the  Ute  na- 
jiierous  publications/ 

Befides  a  plate  of  antiquities,  the  obje^  reprefented  are — A  View 
from  thePont  Aberglaflyn — Church  of  £wcny  Priory — Chapter>houfe 
of  Margam— Catarad  of  Melincoort-*— Cilgarran  Caftle — View  from 
the  Devil's  Bridge>-Pooi  of  the  Three  Grains-^Fatl  of  Dol  y  Myl- 
liA^Valeof  Tan  yBwlch— The  Pont  Aberglaflyn— Caernarvon  Caftie 
-^Dolbadern  Caille— Bridge  of  Llanrwft — Abbey  of  Vallis  Crucis— • 
JJantony  Abbey'* 

To  what  we  formerly  declared  on  the  iappearance  of  the  firft  edi« 
tioa  of  this  Tour,  it  only  remains  to  add,  that  the  plates  now  fup« 
plied  are  welidefigned,  and  executed  in  a  pleating  ftyle. 

With  refped  to  the  foregoing  declaration,  that  *  nothing  uncom- 
monly grand  or  beantifol  has  been  left  undeferibed,'  8cc,  we  have 
lean  a  hw  remarks,  in  fome  of  the  public  prints,  in  which  it  is  af- 
-ferted,  that  the  Author  has  left  unnoticed  feveral  beautiful  romantic 
fcenes,  highly  meritingf  the  attention  of  a  curious  traveller.  Thefc 
will  poQibly  excite  the  regard  of  our  Author,  with  a  view  to  his  next 
edition.— See  particularly  Public  Advertifer,  Sept.  29,  1781.  Vf« 

Art.  39.    SuppUment  to  the  Origin  of  Printing.     8vo*     l  s*  6  d, 

Nichols. 

The  Treatife  on  the  Origin  of  Printing,  by  the  late  Mr.  Bowycr, 
bas  been  fome  years  in  the  pofleffion  of  the  Public.  The  firft  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1774 ;  and  a  circumftantial  account  of  it  was  given 
in  the.  5 2d  volume  of  our  Review,  p.  51,  &c.  The  fecond  editioa 
was  printed  in  1776.  This  fupplement,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to 
Mr.  Nichols,  the  fuccefibr  of  Mr.  Bowyer,  contains  a  number  of  p>artt- 
calafs  relative  to  the  earlier  printers  in  this  country,  that  will  gratify 
the  curiofity  of  the  antiouary,  and  others  whofe  tafle  may  lead  them 
torefearches  into  thehiltory  and  progrefs  of  the  arts.  Some  pieces^ 
written  by  the  late  Mr.  Meprman.  and  Dr.  Docarel,  are  inferted  in 

ihia 


Monthly  Catalooue,  MathemMtku  \%\ 

ihii  Appeodix.  The  Editor,  Mr.  Nichols,  has.  with  his  Dfual  in* 
duHry  and  attention,  added  notes  and  remarks,  by  way  of  anecdote^ 
or  illuftratlon  of  the  fubje^s  under  inquiry* 

Art.  40.  London:  A  Satire^* 8vo.     i  s.     Stockdale. 

This  may  becoofidered  as  a  pi<flure  of  London  in  caricatura.  The 
painter  (but  we  will  drop  the  iigure,  and  fay  thi  Author)  like  Hudi« 
brai*s  Fame  with  her  nitlnr  trump,  makes  an  evil,  and  only  an  evil 
report  of  our  ^reat  metropolis,  the  admired  miiirefs  of  the  world  1 
According  to  his  reprefentation,  London  may  be  confidered  only  at 
the  grand  receptable  of  knaves  and  fools,  of  every  d.fcription :  he 
fpeaks  of  nont  that  duth  goody  no  not  one.  If  this  were  altogether  a 
juft  report,  the  wonder  would  be  that,  like  Sodom  and  Gomorrah, 
the  capital  of  the  Britifh  empire  hath  fo  long  remained  nnconfumed 
by  6  re  and  brimftone  from  heaven  ! 

Exaggerated,  however,  and  extravagant  as  this  fatire  will  be 
deemed  by  thofe  who  know  the  city  as  well  he  does,  and  who  maf» 
perhaps,  be  more  inclined  to  do  it  juClice,  it  mu(!  be  acknowledged 
that  we  have  met  with  many  good,  as  well  as  ihrewd  remarks,  in  thit 
new  kind  of  London  Spy.  The  objeds  of  our  Author's  unfavourable 
exhibition  are — the  City  in  general — the  Prifons^the  Inns  of  Court 
— the  Courts  of  Juilice — the  Jullices  of  the  Peace— the  Sheriff's  Ofi» 
cers  [a  fet  of  people  peculiarly  obnoxious  to  us  authors] — the  Woawft 
of  the  Town— the  Pawnbroke  s—the  Theatres — the  Gaming-hoafei 
—the  Churches  (or  rather  the  clergy) — the  Tower,  as  a  depofttor/ 
df  inftruments  for  the  daughter  of  the  hnmtn  fpecies — the  Cuftoaa* 
houfe — the  India  houfe — the  Excife  Office— the  Bank— Bedlam — the 
Royal  Exchange— the  Manfion-houfe,  Guildhall,  whh  the  Lottery, 
^c— Doftor's  Commons — the  College  of  Phyficians — Bridewell— 
Weftminfter  Abbey««-and,  to  crown  all,  the  Parliament,  whofe  t^\^% 
are,  on  account  of  the  unequal  reprefentation  of  the  people,  pro- 
nounced to  be,  to  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants,  literally  theedifia 
of  the  monarch.  We  wiQi  this  obfervation  were  iefs  fuccefsfully  made 
out  than  it  is,  by  this  poliiical  cynic,  within  the  compafs  of  two  or 
three  (hort  paragraphs 
Ar(.  41.  Lejfms  in  Reading :  or  Mifcellaneous  Pieces  in  Prole 

and  Verfe  ;  fele^ed  from  the  beft  EngHih  Authors,  for  the  hn* 

provement  of  the  Youth  of  both  Sexes,     lamo.     as.  6d.     Aber* 

deen.    Taylor,     1780. 

This  Medley  (the  greater  part  of  which  is  copied  feriatim^  with- 
out any  acknowledgment,  from  Enfield's  Speaker,  PerciofaPs  Moral 
Taleif  and  other  late  publications  of  the  fame  kind),  is  (o  contempt- 
ibly executed  with  refpefl  to  type  and  paper ;  that  it  deferves  only  to 
be  circulated  by  the  travelling  venders  of  godly  books  and  ballads*   <g 

Mathematics. 
Art,  4.2.  The  Elements  of  the  Conic  SeSfiontj  as  preparatory  to  the 

reading  of  Sir  I.  Newton'ti  Pnncipia.     By  the  Rev.   S*  Vince,' 

A*  M.    28.  6d.    fewed*    Rivington,  &c.     1781. 

Though  thefe  Elements  are  faid,  in  ttie  title- page,  to  be  prepara- 
tory to  the  reading  of  the  Prindpia,  it  is  neccffary  that  the  kamer 
fliOQld  have  fome  knowledge  of  the  doflrine  of  quatitricfs  m  heir 
eranefcent  (late,  as  delivered  in  that  work,  before  he  begins  ihtrfe 
Elemeotsi    For  the  Author  has  not  demonilrattd  lome  of  the  mof^ 

I,  4  £mple 


v#^  A/y^^^^  ^lAi/^^  ^^^^^0tr 


I5tt  Monthly  Cataiogue,  Mathematics. 

fimple  properties  of  the  feAionsy  namely,  tho(e  neceflary  to  be  knows 
ift  order  \o  draw  tangents  to  them,  without  making  ufc  of  the  pro- 
perties  that  arife  from  the  relation  of  lines  that  are  indefinitely  near 
each  other. 

He  begins  with  the  properties  that  furnifh  the  mod  ufual  method 
of  dcicribinj;:  the  fedions  in  piano ;  and  from  thence  deduces  the 
equations  of  the  ab^cifTa^  and  ordinates  rightly  applied  :  but  he  does 
it  in  an  operufe  manner  r  and  in  the  ellipfis,  in  order  to  come  at  the 
equation,  when  tne  ordinates  are  obliquely  applied,  he  firfl  demon* 
ilrat<fs  it  to  bj  the  reprefentation  of  a  circle  in  piano.  But,  if  it  was 
neced'ary  to  introduce  the  dcmonAraticn  of  this,  could  rot  the  book 
have  begun  here  ?  Are  not  all  the  general  properties  of  the  etiiptis, 
that  ret'pedt  its  diameters,  ordinates,  and  tangents,  moil  elegantly 
deduced,  by  thus  coniidering  it  as  the  frflion  of  a  cylinder?  Does 
not  every  one  of  thtm,  then,  flow  from  its  correfpondcnt  one  in  the 
circle  piven  in  Euclid^s  Elements  ?  As  to  the  properties  arifing  from 
the  excentrjcity  of  ihe  ellipfis,  do  they  not  naturally  follow  when  ti-e 
others  are  demonllrated  ?  Has  not  every  ellipiis  two  pair  of  conju- 
gate hyperbolas,  entirely  depending  upon  it,  fo  that  when  the  pro- 
pertie<:  of  the  one  are  known,  the  correfpondent  ones  in  the  others 
naturally  flow  from  them,  without  laborious  algebraical  operations  ? 
And  wouid  not  all  the  mofl  ufeful  leading  properties  of  the  parabola 
follow,  from  thofe  of  the  ellipfis,  confidcred  with  refpe^l  to  its  dired- 
riz  ?  And  all  this  without  tranfgreiUng  the  bounds  of  the  pureil  geo- 
metrical method,  or  enlarging  the  bulk  of  the  tra^,  ^ftl 
Art.  4-^.  Tables  requtfueto  he  uftd  with  the  Nautical  Ephemeris  for 

finding  the  Latitude  and  Longitude  at  Sea,  Publifhed  by  Order  of  the 

Commifiioners  ot  Longitude.     '1  he  Second  Edition,  coiretfled  and 

improved      8vo.     ;  s.  fewcd.     Nourfe,  &c.  1781, 
■    To  the  tables  publilhed  with  the  firit  Nautical  Ephemeris  (of  which 
feme  account  is  given   in    our  Reviensj  for  May  1767,  Vol.  xxxvi. 
p.  39)*  fome  conflderable  alterations  and  addition;;  8re  here  made. 

iAtiL  Lyon's  atd  Dunthorne^s  methods  of  finding  the  eflft^ds  of  re- 
frac  ion  and  parallax  are  rendered  eafier.  And  in  order  to  obtain  the 
difiaiice  o^  the  moOn  from  the  ilar  or  fun  by  a  more  (imple  operation, 
fome  of  Mr.  Lyon's  tables  are  omitted,  and  new  rules  given.  Inftead 
of  Ml.  Dunchorne's  rule,  in  which  natural  fines  are  ufed,  a  more 
conciie  o:<e,  by  logarithms,  is  given,  and  fo  as  to  make  the  dif- 
tindlioii  of  cafes  unneceflary.  With  this  view  two  of  his  tables  have 
been  much  fxttndcd. 

beveral  uitful  tables  have  moreover  been  computed  for,  and  others 
copied  in:o  this  edition,  which  were  not  in  the  former ;  viz  Table 
6th>  fQf  reducing  the  fun's  declination  at  noon  for  Greenwich,  to 
Any  other  time  under  that  meridian,  or  to  noon  under  ary  other. 
Tab.  16.  Logarithmic,  finding  the  latitude  from  two  obferyed  alti- 
tudes of  the  fun,  and  the  tin;e  be:vvecn  ;  taken  frop  the  Nautical  Al- 
manacks for  1?  I,  ard  17H1.  rabic  17.  Natural  fines.  x8-  Lo- 
garithms. 19  Logaiiihmlc  fines,  tangents,  and  fecants.  20.  Lon- 
gitudes and  latitudes  of  places,  from  obiervatiops  or  furveys.  21.  For 
reducing  the  time  of  the  moon's  palTage  over  the  meridian  of  Green- 
wich, to  that  of  its  palfage  over  any  other  meridian.  22.  For 
leduciog  the  moon's  declination,  a>  given  in  the  Nautical  Almanack 

for 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Mediiah  15J 

lor  noon  and  midnight  at  Greenwicby  to  toy  other  time  under  that 
miridian^  or  to  noon  or  midnight  under  any  otbtr,  23.  For  reducin9 
the  fun's  right  afcci  fion  in  time,  as  given  in  the  Nautical  AlmaDicK 
for  noon  at  GreeniAjicb^  to  any  other  cime  under  that  meridian,  or  10 
noon  under  any  other  meridian. 

We  are  here  told,  that  the  new  tables,  with  their  explanation  aiNi 
ufe,  were  drawn  up  by  W.  Walc5,  F.  R.  S.  Matter  of  the  Royal  Ma- 
thematical School  in  Chriil's  Hofpital,  a  perfon  well  verfed  both  is 
the  theory  and  pra^^ice  of  ailronomy  and  navigation. 

By  way  of  Appendix  arc  added  two  other  methods,  one  by  the 
Aftronomer-royal ;  the  other  by  Mr.  G.  Wicchel,  F.  R.  S.  for  COr* 
reding  the  apparent  diftance  of  the  moon  from  the  fun»  or  a  ilar,  oa 
account  of  refraflion  and  parallax. 

We  are  glad  to  find  that  this  fcientific  method  of  navigation  gains 
fo  mucn  ground,  as  to  have  exbaullfd  the  drW  edition  fince  1767^       « 
though  it  confilled  often  thoufand  copies.  VQ^X* 

Art.  44.  The  Nautical  Almanack^  and  AJirommUal  Epbemeris^  for 
1780.  Pubiiftied  by  Order  of  the  Commiffioneri  of  Longitadcw 
8'0.     3  s.  6  d.  fcwed.     Nourfe,  &c.     1781,  »^ 

Similar  to  thofe  for  former  years.  ^^ 

Art.  4;.  A  Scxageftmal  Table  \  ixhihlting^  at  Sights  the  Refult  «f 
any  Proportion,  luhen  the  Termt  do  not  exceed  Jixty  Minutes,  Alio 
Tables  of  the  Equation  of  Stcond  Difference  ;  and  Tables  for 
turning  the  lower  Denominations  of  EngliOi  Money,  Weightft,  and 
Meafures,  into  Sexagefimals  of  the  higher,  and  o^/Vf  <x;/r/«.  And 
the  Sexagefimal  Table  turned  into  Seconds,  as  far  as  the  1 000th 
Column  ;  being  a  very  ufeful  Millefimal  Table  of  proportional 
Parts,  With  Precepts  and  Examples.  Ufeful  for  Aftronomert, 
Math^maricianr,  Navigators,  and  Pcrfons  in  Trade,  By  Michael 
Taylor,  Publilhed  by  Order  of  the  CommiJJioners  of  Longitudtm 
Qjarto.      158.  ftwed.     Nourfe.      1780. 

Tne  Author  fays,    that  he  took  the  fame  care  in  corre6ling  the 
prefs,  as  in  the  cunllrudion  of  the  tables  ;  and  hopes  they  will  be 
lounJ  as  corredt  as  any  extant.     They  confiH  of  315  paget,  printed 
on  an  excellent  type  and  paper,  and  are  illullrattd  with  plenty  ^f^0 
examples.  ^^» 

Art.  46.  The  ^eJlion-Book :  or,  A  Pra£lical  Introdu£lion  to 
Arithmetic.  Containing  a  great  Variety  of  Examples  in  all  the 
fundamental  Rules.  By  Thomas  Molinentc,  lamo.  2  a,  bound* 
Bathurft.     1781.  ^ 

This  book  may  be  very  ufeful  to  alt  idle  fchoolmafters.  //^ 

Medical. 
Art.  47.  Obfervations  on  the  Dyfcntery  of  the  Wejl  Indies ;  with  a 
new  and  fuccefsfu!  Manner  ot  creating  it.     By  Benjamin  Mofeley^ 
Surgeon  at  Kingdom  in  Jamaica.     8vo»     i  s.    Jamaica^  printed, 
London  reprinted,  for  Becket.     1781.  ^ 

The  fubftance  of  this  (hort  tr^^i  is  comprifed  in  the  following  fum-       y  ' 
mary  given  by  the  Author:  *  That  the  dyfentery  \%  a  fe^vet  of  the  in* 
n/?ines  ;  (hat  the  caufe  is  ohftruSed ferfpiration  \  and  that  the  cure  if, 
in  calling  back  the  circulation  to  the  furface  of  the  body,  and  ia- 
creafing  the  feahble  perfpiration  by  the  moA  a^ive  Sudorifics.' 

Thu 


f  14  MOKTHLY  GATAI.OGUK,  Riligi$UU 

■  7hU  i^f a  ii  ^ercaialy  not  upw*  though  pcfhaps  the  extent  to  which 
i(  ia  pvvfuird  io  prafli^e  by  the  Writer  u  a  v^^riAUon  from  the  commoQ 
IVPthPci  of  treacoienc.  The  remedies  principally  recommended  by 
llin>f  afe>  sntimopi^l  vi\x\^  yfi'nh  Uudgnuoi,  and  Ja;ne&'s  powder. 
He  keeps  up  the  fweac,  when  begun,  by  wrapping  up  in  a  blanker. 
tnd  giving  warm  dijueprs ;  avoiding  carefully  any  llreams  of  cold  air. 
He  appeals  to  his  fuccefs  for  con^rmation  of  hi»  dodrine  \  and  bia 
9ftho4  certainly  claims  the  attention  of  thofe  concerned  in  the  ma- i| 
nagement  of  the  fame  alarming  and  fatal  difc^afe.  j\  % 

Art.  4.8.  Obfervatlons  on  the  Dlfeafes  wbih  appeared  in  the  Army 
M  St.  Luda,  in  1778  an^  1779*    ^^  which  are  prefixed^  Remarks 
calculated  to  alTill  in  afcertaining  the  caufes,  and  in  explaining  the 
Treatment,  of  thofe  Difeafes.     With  an  Appendix,  containing  a 
fkort  Addrefs  to  Military  Gentlemen,  on  the  Meant  of  preferving 
I^eahb  in  the  Weft  Indies.     i2mo.     2  s.     Dilly.     1781, 
>    The  utility  of  local  obfcrvatipns  on  Difeafes  has  been  evinced  by  fo 
aaity  excellent  nnodern  Publications,  tkat  it  is  needlefs  to  confirm  by 
attgttooenc,  what  experience  has  eiUbliihed.    The  amazing  exten(ton 
.  ^f  the  commercial  and  n^ilitary  operations  of  this  country  has  rendered 
'  iuch  communications   peculiarly  neceifary  and  uftful  in  our  days, 
ll^fo,  many  new  fourcct  of  danger  from  unwholefome  climates,  and 
Vfafoal  difeafes,  have  unfoi^tunately  been  opened.     Every  attempt, 
therefore,  to  add  to  the  (lock  of  knowledge  in  this  refp«d,  deferves 
UttcntioD  and  indulgence. 

The  Author  before  us,  who  figns  himfelf  ychn  Rolio  •,  has  very 
concifely  defcribed  the  iiland  of  St.  Lucia»  with  a  view  to  the  degree 
of  fp^ubrity  of  its  fevcral  parts ;  and  has,  with  equal  brevity,  given  a 
pillory  of  the  difeafes  which  prevailed  there  among  our  troopa,  for 
^booc  fix  months.  Though  neither  the  morbid  phenomena,  nor  the 
ippd^  of  treatment,  offer  any  thing  materially  di^crent  from  what  has 
before  been  obferved  in  fimiiar  climates,  the  Work  may,  however, 
1^  uft fully  c«nfulted  by  medical  gentlemen  employed  on  the  fame 
^,vice.  The  concluding  Addrefs  to  Gentlemen  of  the  Army  contains 
fptf^e  advice  which  they  would,  doubtlefs,  dnd  advantage  in  fol- 

Ipwilig.  A 

Religious.  *^* 

Art.  49.  Two  Simons.   I.  At  St.  Bridget's  Church,  before  the 
Lord  M^yor  and  the  Governors  of  the  fcveral  Hoifit^ls,  in  Baiter 
y/eek,  17S0,    11.  At  St.  Paul's,  Sept.  2.  1730,  being  the  annual 
Commemoration  of  the  Fire  of  London.     By  £a(i  Apihorp,  D.  D* 
Redor  of  Su  Mary-le-Bow.     4to.     i  s.  Law« 
The  firft  difcourfe  gives  a  fiiorc  hidorical  account  of  the  origin  of 
hpfpitals  in  this  conntry,  after  the  diflblution  of  the  monafteries ;  and 
pa^s  a  joft  tribute  to  the  munificence  of  their  founders,  and  the  ex- 
cellence of  their  inftitution. 

The  fecond  confifts  of  pious  and  candid  reflexions  on  the  conduft 
of  Divine  Providencef  particularly  with  refped  to  that  terrible  event 
which  this  Sermon  was  deligned  to  commemorate.  The  leading  ob- 
jeA  of  it  is  to  enforce  the  principles  of  humility  and  reiignation ;  that 


^  Sargeon  in  the  Royal  ArtiUeryi  now  in  the  Weft  ladies. 

nndet 


Monthly  CATALopgz,  ReEgiat.  155 

inder  ;fae  ioAuence  pf  [h«  foTmer  we  fpay  improve  oar  meiciei,  aiuf 


the  lid  of  tie  laticr  may  detire  benefit  from  oar  B^iflioni.  R   J    li 


SJ' __,._. ,.,.,....„.. 

Art.  50.  Emry  Mant  Menmr;  or  the  Univcrfal   CounffflorJ 

In  Ptore  >nd  VeHe.  Being  a  Colleaion  offelca  Septencet,  cho'jc? 

Maximi,  add  divine  Precepii ;  fuiicd  buih  for  Youili'  and  Age  of 

every  Se9  4&d  Decomination.  aa  long  ai  Tim^  cnduiet.    By  Jpba 

CqltnsD.     gvo.    ^2  1.  6d.     Buckland,     1781. 

Among  [be  '  choice  maxims'  of  cnii  book,  tbc  foIlQwtng  is  tli^ 
th^ttfi. 

'  Poverty  is  a  creature  oftlie/dK^jr.' 

Cum/AUr  Coltmao  would  defervc  a  fc;,  if  he  could  matci;  good  hti 
*  inixiiD*  10  the'  rai'itfaAiop  of  '  balf-darv'd  hackney  raanetEeeii,' 
and — l'i,  /Mr  Kcvjeweri ! — ^oc  alai !  all  our  riches  lie  'iafantj,  an^ 
our  poverty  ii  the  lerrlble  rtality  wg  have  [o  compluaol — '  judv  ^fi 
^toner-time !'  ^ff* 

Art.  51'.  A  firitus  and  affeillonate  Jdflrtfi  it  aliOrdtrtof  Mtni 

adaptidu  ihii  ai/jful  Crijii.  [n  whicb  at^  ^ainr^l^  (fi^tunrntm^fl 
-    the  Work!  of  the  late  Rev.  William  Law,  A.  Ifl.     To  'whicl\  a/n 

addedTbree  Leiters  written  by  Mr.  Law  to  i&eAatliQr.    8vo.  i  a. 

Robinfon.     plji. 

't'lie  AutV  °f  ''■<>  '  ^ertODs  and  affeAioqaie  Addrels,'  U  a  g^at 
adnlirer  oflhe'  itiyftic  ariter),  |nd  cai^ddefi  M/  I.jw's  works  as  ^b 
DuiDtedence'of't'faat  '  di'uiui phiii/cphj  wbic^'  njurv-loufly  i-bfoldt  all 
thfe  mTlleriei  of  uai/trt  and  grac^,  and  immutably  elUhlilhci  ^s 
CSr0ieii  ritigUn  on  its  own  filf-evident  and  eiernal  principlei.' 

7he  AuiTior  hath  recorded  the  laft  words  of  ihij  ituly  pious  ifiA 
excellent  man.  "  Aw^y  with  ihefe.fiUhy  ^atmcnis,  fsid  iKii  dying 
fkinf: — I  feel,  a  facred  fire  kiodied.  in  my.  fp^I.  which  tyiji  dclUMr 
every  tiling  contrary  to  iifelf,  and  barn  s^s  a^tne  of  dii'ine  love  to>U 
eternity.'  *  In  fuch  a  iriumph  of  holy  joy  did  thiscxiiaoidinary  li;r- 
*aftt  of  God  moll  devontly  refign  hii  blelTcd  fpiric  inio  ihi:  hands  of 
fais beloved  Lord  and  MaOer,  at  the  pJace,o£  his  Qatirityi  the  toiva 
oTKiwg't-Clift,  in  the  county  of  l^srtliampisn.  And  in  the  Church- 
yard of  that  parilh  he  lies  interred  ui/dcir  a^  handfome  tomb,  creQ^ 
iblfi*  nemory  by  a  particular  and  dear,  friend,  who  lived  many  yean 
with  bim,  and  therefore  had  long  known,  and  highly  and  jaftljr. 
JeScened  his  fingular  worth.' 

The  infcripcioD  on  his  tonjb  it  ai  fnlloirs ; 

"  Here  lieth  the  bodv  of  the  late  Rev.  Wdliam  Law,  A  M,  vho 
died  April  9.  1761,  aged  75.  He  was  known  to  tbe  world  In  4, 
nomber  of  truly  ChriOian,  ploui  writing! ;  excmpliGcd  by  a  Ii|$ 
fpent  in  a  manner  faitable  to  a  worthy  and  true  difciple  of  his  heii^' 
veoly,  divine,  crucili'.'d  Mailer  and  Saviour  Jefus  Chtitt,  who  J!nnjf< 
«id,>^#in  him  and  by  him.  In  his  younger  days  he  fuScici^t)|r. 
diSjogailli'd  himfelf  by  his  pans  and  progrcfi  in  human  literatnit. 
J^f^rwards  taking  chc  advice  of  our  Savipur  to  the  rich  yoapg  maj|» 
lie  totally  renounced  the  world,  and  fbllowed  ChriK  in  meekqefs,  !ib> 
Plility,  and  felf  denial :  and  in  hit  lall  years  be  was  wholly  abfoibed 
in  love  to  God  and  mankind  ;  fo  that  virtue  in  bim  was  nothipg  but 
)i«aveiily  love  and  heavenly  flame." 

The.  Author  of  this  Addrefs  fecm)  to  have  imbibed  the  feDtimCDtt 
()f.iJ)e  m^K  upuble  inyftics;  he  cxpteiTeihimfdffofgGwbat after. the 


156  Monthly  Catalogue,  Reltgtous, 

manner  of  good  old  Peter  Sterry  of  Cromwellian  memory  ;  and  like 
^him  and  Jeremy  White,  efpoufes  the  dodnne  of  a  Univer  sal  Resti- 
tution. jB'i- 
Art.  52.  Hymns  in  Pnfe  for  ChiUren,     By  the  Author  of  Le(-^ 
fons  for  Children,     izmo.     is.     Johnibn.      17'M. 
The  defign  of  ihefc  Hymns   is  to  iraprels  the  infant  mind  with 
early  ideas  of  God,  by  coonedling  religion  with  a  variety  oi  fcnfible 
obje£ls>  and  with  every  thing  that  aifeft*  it  with  wonder  or  delight ; 
and  thus,  by  deep,  llrong,  and  permanent  aiTociaiions,  to  lay   the 
bell  foundation  for  pradtical  devotion  in  future  life. 

Speaking  of  hymns  in  \tt(e^  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  children, 
Mrs.  Barbaald  has  a  very  judicious  obfervation  :  *'  It  may  well  be 
doubted  whether  poetry  ought  to  be  lowered  to  the  capacities  of  chil- 
dren, or  whether  they  (hould  not  rather  be  kept  from  reading  verfe 
till  they  are  able  to  reliih  good  verfe  :  for  the  very  effence  of  poetry 
is  an  elevation  in  thought  and  ftyle  above  the  common  (laadard  ;  and 
if  it  wants  this  charadler,  it  wants  all  that  renders  it  valuable.'*  ]2* 
Art.  53.    A  Letter  from  a  Catholic  Chrifttan  to  his  Roman  Catholic 

Friend.  8vo«  6d.  Worcefter,  printed.  1780. 
Art.  54.  An  EJfay  on  the  Law  of  Celibacy  impofed  on  the  Clergy  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Churchy  and  obferved  in  all  the  Orders  abroad  ; 
in  which  are  delineated  its  Rife  and  Progrefs,  from  the  mod  early 
Ages  of  its  £\iilence,  down  to  the  preient  Times :  and  the  Impro- 
priety of  this  Ecclefiaftical  Conllitution  is  fhewn,  whether  it  be 
confidered  in  a  moral,  a  phyfical,  or  a  political  Light.  As  alfo 
a  fummary  Account  is  given  of  the  monadic  Life;  of  the  Pre- 
judices which  chiefly  contributed  to  introduce  it;  and  in  what 
Manner  thefe  have  been  perpetuated,  &c.  Interfperfed  with  va- 
rious Remarks  on  feveral  other  Obfervances  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
difcipline.  8vo.  3  s.  Worceller,  printed.  London,  fold  by 
Rivington,      1781, 

We  unite  thefe  two  pamphlets  in  one  article,  as  they  have  both  the 
fame  author,  and  their  fubjedts  are  connedled.  ]^n  the  firft  we  Hnd  the 
Writer  modellly  and  handfomely  apologizing  for  his  having  feparated 
liimfelf  from  the  church  of  Rome,  in  which  he  had  been  educated, 
ordained  a  pried,  and  continued  for  feme  time  to  difcharge  the 
fundlions  annexed  to  that  character.  This  letter  is  written  with  an 
apparent  candour  and  integrity,  which  does  the  Author  honour.  Ife 
Hill  confiders  himfelf  as  a  Chriftian  minifter.  Among  other  remarks, 
he  JTuppofes  the  queftion  to  be  propofed.  Whether  he  ilill  intends  to 
continue  in  a  (late  of  celibacy  ?  To  this  he  replies  in  the  negative. 
And  by  this  means  he  is  led  to  enquire  a  little  into  the  grounds  of 
this  pradfce  in  the  Romifli  church ;  which  gave  rife  to  the  fecond 
very  feniible  pamphlet,  the  fubjefls  of  which  are  particularized  in 
the  above  title.  In  general,  to  Proteftants,  efpecially  fuch  who  have 
ufed  a  little  refleflion,  it  is  unnecelTiry  to  offer  much  in  order  to 
prove  the  unreafonable  and  abfurd  condudl  of  the  church  of  Rome  on 
this  point  of  celibacy,  as  well  as  others  ;  and  accordingly  our  Author 
remarks : 

*  This  labour  may  appear,  perhaps,  at  firft  fight,  fnperfluous,  and 
the  whole  controverfy  of  little  importance,  in  a  kicgdom  where  nei- 
ther the  obliga  ion,  nor  propriety  of  fuch  a  law,  it'itta  irefpeft  to  the 

numerous 


Monthly  Catalogue-,  Religious.  fjy- 

numerous  body  of  the  Chridian  clergy,  is  admitted.  But  as  it  is  a 
fad,  chat  thefe  inliicutiocs  are  not  oaly  revered  as  facred  by  many  of> 
our  fellow-citizens,  who  fly  to  a  voluntary  exile  in  foreign  climates, 
to  the  prejud  ce  of  their  mother*country,  and  by  thoufands  of  either 
fex  in  every  date  where  the  Roman  Catholic  difcipline  prevails,  to 
the  detriment  of  fociety  in  general,  it. is  the  intereH  of  every  indin* 
dual,  of  every  citizen  of  the  world,  to  have  this  matter, duly  canvaf^ 
ftd,  and  exhibited  in  its  proper  light.  Thus  confidered,  it  is  no 
longer  a  fubjed  6t  merely  for  private  fpeculation  and  debate,  bat  be- 
comes of  public  concern,  and  claims  the  attention  of  all  who  have  mt 
heart  the  general  advantage  of  mankind,  and  are  willing  to  promote, 
its  welfare  ' 

To  the  above  we  may  add  a  farther  pafTage,  in  which  it  is  faid,  '  My 
1  ffvifh  is  rather  to  be  ufeful,  by  co»>tri bating  to  fupport  what  1  really 
•cftccm  the  caufe  of  truth,  than  to  feck  Uiimcrited  and  unfaiisfadorjr. 
applaufe,  by  advancir^g  any  opinions  which  may  diflurb  the  peace  of 
the  community  On  the  contrary,  it  is  in  the  defence  of  its  moft  fa- 
cred rights  that  I  have  here  prefumed  to  (land  forth,  without  any: 
other  preter.Gons  to  the  favour  of  the  Public,  than  what  the  merits  of 
the  caufe  itfelf  may  dci'ervc,  I  have  combated  miAaken  notions  thte 
have  long  prevailed  ;  but  I  have  neither  treated  them  ludicroufly  nor 
with  contempt.  Ancient  prejudices  dcferve  at  all  times  a  ctrtain  de* 
gree  of  refped  ;  but  our  deference  for  them  (bould  not  be  carried  fo 
far  as  to  command  our  filent  homage,  when  they  evidently  tend  to 
deftroy  the  happinefs  of  mankind.' 

The  Au:hor  s  fpirit^and  manner  of  writing  are  agreeable  to  thefe 
profeflions.  He  appears  like  an  honed  man,  a  man  who  feels  him- 
felf  Ijappy  in  being  releafcd  from  chains  by  which  he  once  was  (hack* 
led,  and  at  the  fame  time  does  not  feem  to  entertain  any  of  that  ran* 
cour  and  bittcrnefs  of  temper  which  new  converts,  efpecially  if  hafty 
and  intereiled,  have  fomeiimes  difcovered  ;  but  writes  at  once  like  a 
nan,  a  fcholar,  and  a  Chridian.  Ic  needs  hardly  be  faid,  that  lie 
eilablifheb  his  point :  in  feveral  controverfies  it  is  difficult  to  affirm 
this  on  either  fide,  but  here,  we  aporehend,  it  may  be  done  with 
Aifety.  Bofluet's  faying  concerning  theatrical  entertainments  is  pro- 
perly applied  on  this  occafion  :  II  y  a  di  grands  exemplet  four,  mai$ 
de  fortes  rai/onscPtttre.  It  may  be  pleaded  for  from  great  examples,  ^ 
but  there  are  folid  arguments  againil  th«  pradice.  \i» 

Art.  55.  Sermons  preached  before  the  Univerfity  of  Cam- 
bridge. By  Peter  Stephen  Goddard,  D.D.  Mailer  of  Clare- Hall. 
8vo*     4s.  Boardi).     Rivington.     1701. 

In  thefe  Sermons  Dr.  G.  infills  on  the  following  topics;  A  true  and 
zealous  Chriftian  the  greatell  and  beft  of  charadters ;  Eternal  life 
clearly  and  fully  revealed  by  the  Gofpel  only ;  Ridicule  no  ted  of 
trnth;  The  freedom  of  man's  will  confident  with  the  grace  of  God  ; 
Our  Lord's  treatment  of  the  woman  of  Canaan  explained  and  jnlli-  - 
£ed  ;  Needlefs  curiofity  ;  A  day  of  grace  and  a  day  of  wrath  ;  fins  of 
infirmity  and  fins  of  prefumption;  Covetoufnefs  idolatry;  Criminal 
compliance  with  prevailing  culloms ;  Hezekiah's  behaviour  on  re- 
ceiving the  melT^ge  from  God  by  Ifaiah  ;  The  duty  of  prayer  ;  Duty 
both  of  the  preacher  and  his  hearers : — To  which  is  added^  Conci§  ad  . 
CleruM,  a  Latin  oration  delivered  in  1761. 

2  Thefe 


tjfi  S  i  R  M  O  N  S. 

Thef^  difcourfes  are  principally  recbmmeoded  by  folid  tcnfe,  and  a 
tit^^ncy  10  improve  and  amend  the  heart ;  which,  after  all,  are  the 
bed  recommendations  that  pulpit  connpofitioos  can  have :  they  are 
not  remarkable  for  the  beauties  of  langQa^e,  or  elegance  of  fenti- 
lAent  and  exprefTion  ;  but  they  are  grave,  ferious,  plain ,  pradica'l, 
mtid  judicious ;  adapted  bo  peri'uide  men  to  attend  with  diligjcnc^  to 
thofo  objci^ts  which  are  of  the  greatell  moment  to  their  prcknt  and 
f&tore  welfare. 

^h^  drift  and  aim  of  the  dtfcoarfes  is  to  do  good  to  the  heart;  the/ 
preftnt  thofe  weighty  rcfledlfons  and  pertinent  addrelTes  which  are 
likeTy  to  have  an  Sappy  influence  on  thofe  who  will  perufe  them  with 
doe  attention. 

if  he  CoHcic  ad  Clerum  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  ingenious  Latin  bra* 

SERMONS. 

!•  Preached  before  the  Univerfity  of  Oxford,  tt  St.  Mary*i,  No« 
vember  5th,  1781.  By  William  Crowe»  LL.B.  Fellow  of  New 
College.     4to.     1  s.     Cadell.     1781. 

This  is  a  well- written  difcourfe,  and  in  fome  refpe^s  remarkable. 
While  the  Author  properly  celebrates  the  events  which  moft  ever 
Tttiitf  the  4th  and  5th  days  of  November  memorable  in  the  Engliih 
aonils»  he  pleads  in  favour  of  thofe  Roman  Catholics  refideht  among 
QSy  from  the  confiderations»  that  their  number  is  inconfider'abley 
their  difpofition  peaceable  and  loytU  and  farther^  that  the  Romifli 
power  is  no  longer  an  obje6l  of  dread.  It  may  be  faid,  in  anfwe^  to 
this»  that  if  the  real  principles  of  Popery  have  always  the  fame  ten- 
dency,  they  mnft  be  unfriendly  to  liberty.  But  we  will  not  di(pute 
the.  point.  We  mnft,  however,  objeA,  as  we  have  ofteq  done  on  other 
occifions,  to  the  infinuation,  that  the  late  dreadful  and  furious  havock 
id  London  wal  efFeded  by  the  Prbteftant  Aflbciation*  No  fnfficient 
reafon  hat  yet  appeared  to  induce  us  to  believe  this,  and  there  is  great 
caufe  to  think  otherwife.  What  renders  this  Oxford  Difcourfe  prin- 
cipally remarkable,  is  the  proper  manner  in  which  the  Author  fpeaks 
o«  the  fubje^  of  religious  liberty,  and  the  account  that  is  ffiven  of 
the  prefent  ftate  of  our  country,  when  he  mentions  our  unfortunate 
.difpute  with  America  as  *  a  war  of  appreheniion  and  difmay,'  and 
fays,'  *  Surely  that  (late  cannot  but  be  in  a  perilous  condition,  where^ 
on  one  hand,  'corruption  maintains  a  wide  and  increafing  influence, 
acknowledged  but  nncontrouled,  and  prodigal  bevond  example :  on 
the  other,  a  people  indulge  themfelves  in  idle  and  luxurious  diflipa- 
tion,  fo  to  avoid  reflexions  too  ferious  and  too  diftrefsful,  becaufe 
they  care  not,  or  defpair  of  the  commonwealth.  Yet  thefe,  and 
other  pra£iices  as  bad  as  thefe,  are  but  as  difeafes  which  a  found 
conftitution  may  throw  off,  and  again  recover  its  priftine  health. 
Much  worfe  is  the  cafe,  when  national  principles  are  vitiated  ;  when, 
for  in'Jance,  it  is  aflerted  with  a  wicked  boldnefs,  that  corruption  is 
nfefal  and  neceflary  to  the  government ;  or  when  thofe  plain  and  fa- 
cred  dodrines  of  civil  liberty,  which  no  fophiftry  can  perplex,  and 
BO  ftrengih  of  argument  confute,  are  flandered  with  the  injurious 
name  of  empty  fpeculations* — l^efe  are  dreadful  and  fatal  tokens, 

S  and 


Sermons*  15^ 

atrd  unkis  fome  tnndote  can  fubdue  their  malignity,  tht  tonftittrfidi 
ID  which  they  are  found  will  foon  decline  into  that  Hate  of  agony  AiiJi 
defpair,  when  its  evils  (hall  be  both  in'to)etab)e  and  ineofA(>Te.* 

From  this  gloomy  profpcft  the  Preacher  tarns  himfelf  to  th'i<t  gfttic 
Being  who  only  can  deliver,  and  with  homble,  earnetl  piety,  fuppift. 
cates  his  guidance  and  his  aid.     And  with  this  reverent  addrefs  ihe  ^ 
Sermon  concludes.  J^  ^ 

IL  Preached  in  the  Carhedral  at  York,  Jtilyr  20t  i78r,  at  the  AffteHi 

By  Samuel  Beilby,  M.  A.  Chaplaii^  to  the  Duke  of  Racland,  Reb* 

tor  of  FoHcton,  &c.     8vo«     is.     Baldwin. 

An  injreaioas  harangue  againll  flander  and  detradlion,  from  'tithnf 
ifi.  2.  S/entJk  tvil  0/  no  man.  At  the  fame  time  recommeiitfin^  if 
*  proper,  manly,  conilitutional  obedience  to  magiilrates ;'  arid  ciL* 
honing  us  to  *  fupporc  the  fpirit  of  the  gofpel  with  vigour  and'  ^^* 
^  4<nce,  blettded  wrth  meeknefb  and  moderation.'  While  th)i  PriatB'di^' 
laments  the  diftionour  brought  on  the  Chriflian  caufe  by  tAe  i/iMlhKft- 
tMtable  condudof  many  of  its  profeflbrs,  he  add^,  *  Let  us  fot^tit  it 
^  poi&ble,  the  late  daring  attempts  ofjanafid/m  to  overawe  the  icgittw^ 
ture»  to  dellroy  oar  fenators,  aod  to/r/  girt  capital.*  We  particularize 
this  paflage,  becaufe  it  cafts  an  odium  on  a  fet  of  people,  who,  po(^ 
fibly,  do  not  deferve  it,  and  therefbre  if  unju(!,  becomes  propeilr 
a  JUfdtr.  ]t  has  not  yet  appeared  with  any  cerurnfy,  thiat  th'e  b^-' 
rid  devafiatioh  which  lately  difgraced  our  metropolis,  wa^  r^Uy  ^adtf 
by  the  petitioners  againfi  Popery.  In  truth,  it  rather  feems  to  HihriftT 
been  efteted  by  the  felons,  &c.  who  were,  by  t  general  g^ol-dfclS^' 
veiy,  let  dot  of  the  prifons  by  the  rioters,  in  order  to  A^tat  Hb^riy  Kk0 
foch  of  their  companions  as  had  been  taken  iiito  cuftodyl  i^  * 

III.  Th$  Cbriflian  Duty  0/  cuUrvating  a  Spirit  ofuni^erfal  BenttfiHeiki' 

moMlfl  tht  prefint  unhappy  national  Hofiilftiis.     Prcadtetf  ]^^'  \* 

1781 9  tt  Bradford  in  Yorkihire,  before  an  Aflembly  of  Diflenthsg 

Mieifiers.     By  William  Wood.     8v6.     6d.     JohnfOn. 

In  (hit  ingenioas,  lively  difcourfe,  the  Preacher's  aim  iir  to  peF- 
fuade  uty  *  while  we  love  our  country,  and  fervently  pray  thac/r#- 
fptrity  may  h$  within  htr  palaces,  to  be  careful  that  we  dd  not  hate  tM 
reft  of  mankind.'    Had  it  been  preachied  bt;fbrethofe  depirdatdi's.iii' 
the  Eaft  Indies,  who  have  difgraced  the  Bnglilh  riatnd;  oF  biiftM' 
others  abroad  and  at  home,  whofe  deflre  and  labbur  is  to  enHch*  «fid' 
aggrandize  them(elves  with  the  fpoil  and  plunder  of  their  owH'  6i 
other  countries,  it  had  been  very  feafonable,  and  might  have  proYlifl^' 
ttfeful.     Univerfal  benevolence,  good-will  and  good  wiihes  towards 
aU  onen,  without d i Hi n (Hon,  is,  however,  agreeable  to  the  excdlebt 
fpirit  of  the  gofpel.  and  ihoold  be  incnltated  and  cherifte^ \Pf  cWify 
bnman  being  ;  at  the  fame  time  that  their  more  direA  attention  muft 
be  paid  to  immediate  connexions,. and  to  their  own  coantry. 

Though  this  kingdom  is  unhappily' engaged  in  war  with  different 
nations,  we  hope  that  our  people,  in  general,  do  not  maintain  a  fpi- 
rit of  hatred  and  rancour  even  towards  thofe  who,  in  a  more  public 
view,  may  be  deemed  enemies.  Such  a  fpirit  may  indeed  be  politi- 
cally cherifiied  among  fome  ranks,  or  may  be  excited  in  thofe  who 
are  more  immediate  fpedators  of  the  calamities  and  cruellies  of  v^ar ; 
bnt  we  truft  it  is  not  generally  prevalent.  This  Sermon  agreeably  re- 
commendt  aa  oppofite  temper,  aad  arget  us  (o  be  UnMj  afftQiontd  ro 

tht 


X60  Cor  &ESPON  DEKCE. 

tbe  whole  haman  raCe,  as  children  of  one  Almighty  and  All  gracicYos 

Parent^ 

IV.  Preached  at  the  Anniverfary  Meeting  of  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy, 

in  the  Cathedral   of  St.  Paal,  May  ii,    1780.     By  John   Law. 

D.D.  Archdeacon  of  Rochctler,  &c.     4:0.     is.     Cadcll,  &c. 

This  Difcourfe,  from  Pfalm  Ixviii.  ^.  i&  well  calculated  for  iheocca- 
*  '^fion  on  which  it  was  diredtly  delivered.  The  Preacher  endeavours  to 
*^yeinove  certain  objections  which  might  poflibly  be  urged*  and  then 
offers  fome  affecling  and  weighty  confideracions  to  enforce  an  atten* 
tion  to  this  charity.  Particular  notice  is  taken  of  a  late  generous  be- 
nefadrefs,  Mrs*  Elizabeth  Dongworth,  lace  of  Durham,  who  be- 
queathed the  fum  of  1000  1.  which  was  received  in  July  1780.  The 
ttcretary  to  this  charity  having  found  that  his  delign,  of  publiQiing 
an  exaCi  lift  of  the  ftewards  and  preachers,  is  approved  has  now  pro* 
cor^d  a  more  accurate  account  than  has  heretofore  been  given,  and 
has  alHxed  it  to  this  Difcourfe,  together  with  the  Sums  colleded  at 
the  anniverfary  meetings,  fince  the  year  1721.  XT 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

%•  A  "  Friend  and  conflant  Reader,*'  who  dates  at  •*  Norwich, 
Jioaary  20tb,*'  expreffes  his  diffatiifadion  in  regard  to  the  account  of 
Art*  28.  in  our  Catalogue  for  December,  as  we  have  therein  ^iven 
BO  opinion  of  the  merits  of  the  feveral  Thefes  contained  in  Dr.  Web- 

Acr'a  Colleftion. In  our  Review  for  February  iali,  we  mentioned 

tlie  two  preceding  volumes  of  the  Dodor's  publication  ;  and  had  oor 
'<%0>rrefpondent  peruftd  that  Article,  he  would,  perhaps,  have  taken 
our  word  as  to  the  **  impoflibility"  of  our  giving  more  than  "  a  lift 
of  thcfubjeds,  with  the  names  of  the  refpedtive  authors;"  and  would 
litve  faved  himfelf  the  trouble  of  writing.  If  this  apology  does  not 
meet  his  comprehenfipn,  let  him  become  a  Reviewer :  let  him  an- 
derttke  to  cleanfe  the  Augean  (lable  [no  reftedion  on  the  Work  to 
which  he  alludes],  and  then  he  will  be  convinced  that  none  but  an 
Hercules  is  perfectly  equal  to  the  tafk.— Befide,  the  Iliad  is  not  to  be 
written  in  a  Nutiheil. — Indeed  were  every  Review  a  folio,  we  are 
perfuaded  that  we  (houldftill,  from  the  multiplicity  of  thejnew  psb- 
lications  that  come  before  us,  be  obliged  to  difmifs  many  articles  in 
the  fummary  way  which  this  Correfpondcnc  refers  to,  in  a  fingle  in* 
fitnce. 

^■MBHaaan^  avaVBaaiW^  a^amia^B^ 

f+t  Two  Letters  are  received,  concerning  the  rot  in  Jbtep ;  with 
Others  on  different  fubjeds^which  will  be  noticed  hereafter. 


^n^ 


■ 
mU 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 


For    M    A    R    C    H,     lyS,^. 


^•$^^^^@9®^^^^@®S^^®9^^^{§^@^9j8» 


Art.  I.    Warton'i  iti/fory  ofEngUjb  Pttrj,  Vol.  III.  concLUOED* 

See  laft  Month's  Review. 

THE  interval  of  darknefs,  which  occupies  the  annals  of 
Englifli  Poetry  from  Surrey  to  Spenfer,  was  illuminated^ 
and,  as  Mr.  Warton  juftly  obferves,  with  uncommon  luftjne,  by 
that  once  very  popular  work,  Ths  Mirror  for  Magiftrates,  Its 
plan  was  confefledly  borrowed  from  Boccace's  De  Cafibus  Prim* 
apum.  A  company  is  feigned  to  be  ailembled,  each  perfon  oi 
which,  one  excepted,  by  turns  perfonates  the  character  of  one  of 
the  great  unfortunate.  The  whole  was  to  form  a  kind  of  dra* 
matic  interlude,  including  a  feries  of  independent  follloquies. 
In  the  execution  of  this  piece,  it  is  well  known  many  were 
concerned  :  but  its  moft  diftinguifhed  contributor,  and,  indeed^ 
its. inventor,  was  Thomas  Sackville,  the  firft  Lord  Buckburft, 
as  alfo  the  firft  Earl  of  Dorfet.  He  is  no  lels  celebrated  as  the 
author  of  Gordobuc^  the  firft  legitimate  tragedy  in  the  Englifh 
language.  Of  his  (hare  in  this  work,  namely,  thi  Indu&ion^ 
and  thi  Gomplaynt  of  Henryi  Duke  of  Buciingbam,  Mr,  Warton 
has  given  an  analyiis.  His  examination  of  the  InduAion  fS 
accompanied  by  a  general  view  of  Dante's  Italian  poem,  en* 
titled  Commidioj  containing  a  defcription  of  Hell,  Paradife,  and 
Purgatory  *.  This  juxtapofition  of  performances  on  iimi]aj( 
fubjeAs,  as  is  rightly  remarked,  ill uftrates  and  afcertains  the  re- 
fpe&ive  merits  and  genius  of  the  different  poets.  We  are  ibrry 
that  we  cannot  make  room  for  this  ingenious  criticifm. 
.    ■■  \ ,1  

*  The  printipal  fidlion  of  Sackville's  Indudliofi  is  a  defeat  into 
Hell. 

Vot.  LXVI.      '  M      "  ThU 


|6l         WartonV  Hlflory  of  Englijh  Poetry ^  Vol.  III. 

This  volume  is  brought  down  to  the  commencement  of 
Queen  Elizabeth's  reign.  And  the  concluding  fedlion  of  it 
contains  a  general  view  and  charader  of  poetry  at  that  period. 
It  is  not  Mr.  Warton's  principal  merit,  that  he  inveftigates  his 
fubjed  with  the  patience  of  an  antiquary  and  the  acutenefs  of  a 
critic ;  from  his  accurate  delineation  of  charader,  it  is  evident^ 
that  he  has  infpeded  the  manners  of  mankind,  as  they  occa- 
iibnally  pafs  before  him,  with  the  penetrating  eye  of  a  philo- 
fopher. 

*  Enough  has  been  opened  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  to 
afford  us  an  opportanity  of  forming  feme  general  reflexions,  tending 
to  eftablifh  a  AiIl  efymace  of  tlje  genius  of  the  poetry  of  that  reign  ; 
and  which,  by  drawing  conclojions  from  what  has  been  faid,  and  di- 
rcding  the  Reader  to  what  he  is  to  expedk,  will  at  once  be  recapitu- 
latory and  preparatory.  Such  a  furvey  perhaps  might  have  ttood 
with  more  propriety  as  an  introdndion  to  this  reign.  Bat  it  was  firft 
neceflary  to  clear  the  way,  by  many  drcumSantial  details,  and  the 
regular  narration  of  thofe  particulars,  which  lay  the  foundation  of 
principles,  and  fuggeft  matter  for  di£:.arfive  obfervatton,  My  fenti- 
inetits  on  this  fabjed  fhall  therefore  compofe  the  concluding  fe£lion 
of  the  prefent  volume. 

'The  age  of  Qi^ecn  plifabeth  is  commonly  called  the  goMnn  ag^ 
of  Englifh  poetry.  It  certainly  may  not  improperly  bi  ftyled  the 
moft  POETICAL  age  of  thefe  annals. 

'  Among  the  great  features  which  ftrike  us  in  the  poetry  of  this 
period,  are  the  predominancy  of  fable,  of  fiAion,  and  fiincy,  and  a 
predileftioa  for  ioterefting  adventures  and  pathetic  evcms.  I  will 
•ndeavoor  to  afljgn  and  explain  the  canie  •!  this  charadciriftic  dif- 
tinftion,  which  may  chiefly  be  referred  to  chp  following  priqeiplcft 
ibmetimes  blended,  apd  fomt^iqAes  operating  (ingiy  :  the  re?ival  and 
yfriiacular  verfioni  of  the  daflies^  the  tmportatioo  and  trandation  of 
lulian  nov(hf  the  vifionary  reveries  or  refinement^  of  falfe  philofp- 
phy»  a  degree  of  fupcrilition  fufficient  for  the  purpofes  of  poetry,  the 
adoption  of  the  machineries  of  romance,  and  the  frequency  and  im- 
provements of  allegoric  exhibition  in  the  popolar  fpeClades. 

*  When  the  corruptions  and  impoftnres  of  popery  were  abolifhed, 
the  faihion  of  cultivating  the  Greek  and  Roman  learning  became 
■niverfiil  i  and  ilpe  literary  charader  was  .no  longer  appropriated  to 
Molars  by  pro£eflion>  but  affueied  by  the  nobility  and  gentry.  The 
ecciefiailics  had  fbnqd  it  iheif  intfreft  to  keep  the  languages  of  aati- 
qiiicy  to  themfelvet,  and  anen  w^re  eager  to  knpw  what  had  been  fo 
long  injariottfly  concealed.  Trnth  propagates  truth,  and  the  mantle 
of  oyftery  was  removed  not  only  from  religion  bi)C  from  literature* 
The  laity,  who  had  now  been  taught  toi^ert  their  natural  privileges^ 
became  impatient  of  the  old  monopoly  of  knowledge,  and  demaMed 
admittance  to  the  nfurpations  of  the  clergy.  The  general  curioiity 
for  new  dtfcoveriea»  heightened  either  by  j«(l  or  imaginary  Sdeaf  of 
the  treafares  contained  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  writers,  excited  all 
peribns  of  leifure  and  fortune  to  fiady  the  claflics.  The  pedantry  of 
the  prefent  age  was  the  politenefs  of  the  laft^  An  accurate  compre* 
hciifion  of  the  phrafcology  and  peeiiliarities  of  the  ancient  poeti„  bif^ 

toriansy 


WATtooV  Hift^  $f  EngUfi  P^f  Vol.  Uh        |£ j 

torians,  and  orators,  which  ytt  feldom  went  farther  than  a  kind  of 
tecboical  erudition,  was  an  iodirpenlablet  and  tlmofl  the  prioQ^^I 
obje^  }n  the  circJe  of  a  gentleman's  educAtioo*.  Evtry  yoaog  U4f 
of  fiihioQ  was  carefully  inliituted  in  cia0ic#l  letters:  and  the  da4^)ir 
Ur  of  fk  duchefs  was  taught,  not  only  lo  diilii  Aroog  watofs^  bim^ 
coQiiroe  Greek.  Among  the  learned  (emalof  of  b|gh  dUtioSdnfji^ 
Queen  Elifabeth  herlelf  was  the  moft  coafpiciious*  Rogjer  Afchaim 
her  preceptor,  fpeaks  with  rapture  of  her  aOopiihing  progreis  ia  thf 
Greek  nouns ;  and  decJarei,  with  no  fmall  degree  of  triuaiph»  d^ 
during  a  long  reiidence  at  Windlbr-cadle,  ihe  was  accuHomed  to  t^ii 
Biore  Greek  in  a  day,  than  *'  fome  Prebendary  of  that  churcl^  ^14 
L«cin,  in  one  week*."  And  although  perhaps  a  Priocefs  lookyng 
out  words  in  a  lexicon,  and  writing  down  hard  phrafes  from  P|ar 
larch's  Lives,  cnay  be  thought  at  prefect  a  more  incumpatible  ao^ 
extraordinary  chara^er,  than  a  canon  of  Wiod(br  ander^nding  uq 
Greek  and  but  little  Latin>  yet  Eliiabet^'s  pa^n  for  theie  acqi4fit 
tioos  was  then  nataral,  and  refuUed  fjnopa  (he  geoiat  and  habitndo 
of  her  age. 

*  The  books  of  antiquity  being  ttini  familiarifed  to  the  greatt 
every  thing  was  tin^ured  with  ancient  hiftory  and  mythology.  The 
heathen  gods,  although  difconntenanced  by  the  Calvinifta  on  a/i&^t^ 
cion  of  their  tending  to  cheriih  and  revive  a  fpirit  of  idolatry,  Cfifai$ 
into  general  vogue.  When  the  Queen  paraded  through  a  countrX'r 
totyoy  almoft  every  pageant  was  a  pantheon.  When  (he  paid  a  vjttf 
at  the  hoofe  of  any  of  her  nobility,  at  entering  tfie  hail  iht  waajbr 
Ittted  by  the  Penates,  and  conduced  to  her  priyy-chamber  by  NjEfir* 
cory.  £veB  the  paflry-cooks  were  e;cper^  mythologies*  At  diniMrf 
(kle€t  transformations  of  Ovid's  metaoorphofea  were  c;xhil^itfi(l  in  coQt 
fedionary :  and  the  fplendid  iceingof  an  immenfe  hiftoricplamb-cab^ 
waaembofled  with  a  delicious  baiTo  relievo  of  the  defirudion  of  Tr<^. 
In  the  afternoon,  when  flie  condefcep^led  to  walk  in  the  garden,  the 
lake  wes  covered  with  Tritons  and  Nereids:  th^  P*g€>  of  the  fanuly 
were  converted  into  wood-nymphs,  who  peeped  from  every  bower: 
u»d  the  footmen  gamboled  over  the  lawns  in  the  figure  of  Satyrs.  I 
fpeak  it  without  de&gning  to  ipfinnate  any  pp/avourable  fufpicipiitt 
but  it  feems  difficult  to  lay,  why  Elifabeth's  virginity  (hould  bava 
been  made  the  theme  of  perpetual  and  cxcefllve  panegyric ;  nor  dpee 
it  immediately  appear,  that  there  is  lefs  merit  or  glory  in  a  married 
than  in  a  maiden  Qtte';n.  Yet,  the  next  mprning,  after  flceping  ia 
a  room  hung  with  the  tapeflry  of  the  voyage  of  Eoeaa,  when  her  M^- 
jefty  hunted  ia  the  Park,  (he  was  met  by  Dj^na,  who  pronouncing 
our  royal  prnde  to  be  the  brighter  paragon  of  )infpoued  chaftity,  »!• 
vited  her  to  groves  free  from  the  intrufions  of  A^eoa.  The  troth  U, 
ihe  was  fo  profufely  ilatterf*d  fo;-  diis  virtue,  becaofe  it  was  eAeemed 
the  charaderiftical  ornamezu  of  the  heroines,  ^s  fantaftic  honour  WM 
the  chief  pride  of  the  champions,  of  tliie  old  barbarous  rom^ce.  It 
waa  in  conformity  to  the  fpnti^ae^ts  of  chivalry,  which  iill  continued 
in  vogue,  that  (he  va«  celebrated  for  chf  ^ty :  the  compliment,  hoir« 
ever»  n$*  paid  in  n  daffical  allnfion,  t 

■  ■  'i  I         1       III.       ■  11  .  ■  r*  I      I   »i  i  I    J    J  HU . 

•  Sfhpbmajfer,  pTTlQ-  b.  edit.  1589.  4to«  ^ 

^      M  2  *Qdeen» 


t 

$64        Warton^j  Mijt^ry  rf  EngUJb  Pettry,  Vol.  lit, 

^  Qoceni  mud  be  ridicaloas  when  they  would  appear  as  women'* 
The  fofter  attradions  of  fex  vanilh  on  the  throne.  Elifabeth  fooghc 
alloccafions  of  beicg  extolled  for  her  beaaty»  of  which  indeed,  in  the 

Erime  of  her  youth,  fhe  poflefied  hot  a  finall  (hare,  whatever  might 
•ie  been  her  pretenfions  to  abfohite  virginity.  Notwithllanding  her 
•x^|;gcrated  habiti  of  dignity  and  ctremony^and  a  certain  affedatjon 
of  -inpciial  feverity^  (he  did  not  perceive  thii  ambition,  of  being 
complimented  for  beauty,  to  be  an  idle  amd  on  pardonable  levity,  to- 
tally inconlillent  with  her  high  ftation  and  charader.  As  (he  con* 
qotred  all  nation  with  her  arms,  it  matieri  not  what  were  the  tri* 
■^hs  of  her  eyes.  Of  what  confequence  was  the  complexion  of  tho 
siiRrefs  of  the  world  ?  Not  left  vain  of  her  perfon  than  her  politics, 
this  (lately  coqaet»  thegoardian  of  the  Proteftant  faith,  the  terror  of 
tbd  fea,  the  mediatrix  of  the  factions  of  France,  and  the  fcourge  of 
Spain,  was  infinitely  mortified,  if  an  ambt(rador,  at  the  hr^  audience, 
dtd  not  tell  her  (he  was  the  fineft  woman  ni  Europe.  No  negociation 
fncceeded  irnlefs  (he  was  addre(fird  as  a  goddefa.  Encomiaftic  ha« 
rangues  drawn  from  this  topic,  even  on  the  fuppofition  of  yonth  and 
Beanty,  were  fbrely  fuper^ons,  nnfuitable,  and  nnwonhy ;  and 
were  offered  and  received  with  an  eqnal  impropriety.  Yet  when  (he 
rode  through  the  ftreets  of  the  city  of  Norwich,  Copid,  at  the  com- 
flNknd  of  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen,  advancing  from  a  groope  of  gods 
Hfho  had  left  Olympns  to  grace  the  procefiion,  gave  her  a  golden  ar- 
row, the  mod  etfe£i\vt  weapon  of  his  wellfurni(hed  quiver,  which, 
sdder  the  influence  of  fuch  irrefiftible  charms  was  fure  to  wound  the 
ahoift  obdurate  heart.  **  A  gift,  fays  honed  Holling(hed>  which  her 
Majefty,  now  verging  to  her  fiftieth  year,  received  very  thankful- 
Ke^*.''  In  one  of  the  fnlfome  interludes  at  court,  where  (he  was  pre- 
letft,  the  finging-boys  of  her  chapel  prefented  the  (lory  of  the  three 
rival  goddefles  on  mount  Ida,  to  which  her  Majefty  was  ingenionfly 
added  as  a  fourth :  and  Paris  was  arraigned  in  form  for  adjudging 
the  golden  apple  to  Venns,  which  was  due  to  the  Queen  alone.' 

*  Thif  inundation  of  clialfical  pedantry  foon  infeded  our  poetry. 
Our  writers,  already  trained  in  the  fchool  of  fancy,  werefuddenky 
datsled  with  thefe  novel  imaginations,  and  the  divinities  and  heroes 
of  pagan  antiquity  decorated  every  compofition.  The  perpetual  al- 
lufions  to  ancient  fable  were  often  introduced  without  the  leaft  regard 
to  propriety.  Shakefpeare's  Mrs.  Page,  who  is  not  intended  in  any 
degree  to  be  a  learned  or  an  affeded  lady,  laughing  at  the  cumber- 
fome  courtthip  of  her  corpulent  lover  Falltaffe,  fays,  *'  I  had  rather 
lie  a  giantefs,  and  lie  under  mount  Pelion  f*"  This  familiarity  with 
the  Pagan  ftory  was  not,  however,  fo  much  owing  to  the  prevailing 
Uttdy  of  the  original  authors,  as  to  the  numerous  Englilh  verfions  of 
them,  which  were  confequently  made.  T9ie  tranflations  of  the  daf- 
fies, which  now  employed  tvtry  pen,  gave  a  currency  and  a  cele- 
brity to  ihefe  fancies,  and  had  t^e  efie^  of  difiFufing  them  amone  the 
people.  No  fooner  were  they  delivered  from  the  pale  of  the  ?cho« 
laiic  languages,  than  they  acquired  a  g^eral  notoriety.  Ovid's 
metamorphofes,  juft  tranflated  by  Golding,>to  inftaace  no  farther,  dif- 
clqfed  a  new  world  of  fidioo,  even  to  4he  Uliterate.     As  we  had  now 


■4- 


;  if.t^M*  ill*  f.  1207.  Af/rry  fFiva^  AAix.  Sc.  i. 

all 


Warton'j  lE/ltry  of  EngKjh  Poetry^  Vol.  Ill/  li| 

an  the  ancient  fables  in  RDglifh,  letrned  aTlnfibns,  whether  10  a 
poem  or  a  pageant,  were  no  longer  obfcure  and  unintelligible- to  . 
common  readers  and  comhion  fpe&itors*  Anti  here  we  are  led  Co 
obferre,  that  at  this  rellbration  of  the  claffics,  we  were  firft  firock' 
only  with  their  fabulous  inventions.  We  did  iiot  attend  to  their'Ve-' 
galarity  of  defign  and  juftiiefs  of  fentiment.  A  rude  age,  beginnlnr 
to  read  thefe  writers,  imitated  their  extravagat^cies,  not  their  natt/rai 
beauties.  And  thefe,  like  other  novelties,  were  parfoed  toablaiAe*- 
able  excefs.  ' 

^  *  I  have  before  given  a'&etch  of  the  sntroduAion  of  claffical  fto- 
rtes,  ia  the  fplendid  fhow' exhibited  at  the  coronation  of  Qoeen  (iUXkp 
Boleyn.  But  that  is  a  rare  and  a  premature  inilance :  and  the  Pa^an 
fidions  are  there  complicated  with  the  barbfrifms  of  the  Catholic 
worihip,  and  the  dodrines  of  fcholaftic  theology.  Claffical  learBM|t' 
was  not  then  fo  widely  fpread,  either  by  ftudy  or  tranflation,  ajf 'to 
^ring  thefe  learned  fpedacles  into  faihion,  to  frame  them  with  fbffi--* 
cient  (kill,  and  to  prefent  them  with  propriety.  *'    ■• 

'  Another  capital  fource  of  the  poetry  peculiar  to  this  period,  toil*, 
fiftcd  in  the  numerous  tranflations  of  Italian  tal^s  into  Eitglilh.  TUeib 
narratives,  not  dealing  altogether  in  romanticinventions,  but  in  ittlX' 
life  and  manners,  and  in  artful  arrangement^  of  fifliiions  yet  {Jro^*. 
bable  events,  sfForded  a  new  gratification  to  ^people  which  yet^*. 
tttined  their  ancient  reiifh  for  tale-telling,  and  became  the  fafiiionimie 
amufement  of  all  who  profeiTed  to  read  for  pleafure.  Tbfy  gaveriib 
to  innumerable  plays  and  poems,  which  wo&ld  not  otherwiie  bkvp; 
exiAed  ;  and  turned  the  thoughts  of  our  writers  to  new  invention!  of 
the  fame  kind.  Before  thefe  booits  became  common,  afiefling  fi^t-* 
tions,  the  combination  of  incident,  and  the  pathos  of  catalFrophey 
were  almod  unknown.  DiHrefs,  efpecially  that  arifing  from  the  con«» 
^i61s  of  the  tender  paffion,  had  not  yet  been  ihewn  in  its  mod  inte- 
refting  forms.  It  was  hence  our  poets,  particularly  the  dramatic, 
borrowed  ideas  of  a  legitimate  plot,  and  the  complication  of  fads 
neceflary  to  conflitute  a  (lory  either  of  the  comic  or  tragic  fpecfet. 
In  proportion  as  knowledge  increafed,  genius  had  wanted  fubj6^ 
and  materials.  Thefe  pieces  ufurped  the  placfe  of  legends  and  chro« 
niclea.  And  although  the  old  hillorical  fongs  of  the  minftrels  con* 
tained  much  bold  adventure,  heroic  enterprife,  and  ftrong  touches  of 
rude  delineation,  yet  they  failed  in  that  maltiplication  and  difpofi* 
tfon  of  circomftances,  and  in  that  description  of  charaflers  and  eveatt 
approaching  nearer  to  truth  and  reality,  which  were  demanded  by  a 
aoore  difcerning  and  curious  age.  Even  the  fugged  features  of  the 
original  Gothic  romance  were  foftened  by  this  fort  of  reading :  and 
the  Italian  pailoral,  yet  with  fome  mixture  of  the  kind  of  incidents 
defcribed  in  Heliodorus's  Ethiopic  hiftory  now  newly  tranflated,  wai 
engrafted  on  the  feudal  manners  in  Sydney's  Arcadia, 

*  But  the  Reformation  had  not  yet  dellroyed  every  delufion,  nor 
dfifinchanted  all  the  ftrong  holds  of  fuperftttion.  A  few  dim  cha- 
radert  were  yet  legible  in  the  mouldering  creed  of  tradition.  Every 
goblin  of  ignorance  did  not  vaniih  at  the  firft  glimmerings  of  the 
morning  of  fcience.  Reafon  fuffered  a  few  demons  ftill  to  linger, 
which  Sit  chofe  to  retain  in  her  fe^vice  under  the  guidance  of  poetry. 
Men  believed^  or  were  willing  to  believei  that  ipirits  wire  yet  ho* 

M  3  Tciing 


^         Warton'i  HiJI$ry  of  Englljb  Pattj,  Vol.  UI. 

rn^BEg  areoikdy  who  broogkt  with  them  mrs  fr$m  btrnvin^  §r  blajfs 
fnm  Jbiiif  that  the  ffhoft  wm  duely  rele»r«4  from  hit  prifon  of  tor«> 
moot  at  the  (bond  of  tbe  curfae,  and  that  fairies  imprinted  m^fteri- 
c»M;Cjrcie8  on  the  turf  by  moonlight.  Much  of  this  credulity  was 
ev^n  consecrated  by  the  name  of  fcience  and  profbond  fpecalatton, 
Frofpero  bad  not  yet  iroktm  aud  bwritd  bit  flaff*  nor  drtwmtd  bis  bc§if 
AifiT  tban  did  ever  flimimtt  fiund.  It  was  now  that  the  alcbymift^ 
ana  the  jadicial  aflrologer^  condufted  his  occult  operations  by  the 
potent  intercourfe  of  fome  preternatural  being*  who  came  obfeqaious 
tohircaHy  and  was  bound  to  accomplifli  his  fevereft  fervices,  under 
certain  conditions,  and  for  a  limiced  duration  of  time.  It  was 
aftoafly  one  of  the  pretended  feats  of  thefe  fancaftic  philofophers,  to 
evoke  the  Queen  of  tl^e  Fairies  in  the  foUtqde  of  a  gloomy  grove, 
wli9»  preceded  by  a  fodden  ruftHng  of  the  leaves,  appeared  in  robes 
qf  tranfcendent  luftre  *^,  The  Shakefpeare  of  a  more  ioftrudtd  and 
pot^med  age,  would  not  have  given  as  a  magician  darkening  the  fun 
Ht  Boon,  the  fabbath  of  the  witches,  and  the  caoldroo  of  iocsHitacion. 
%  Undoubtedly  moft  of  thefe  notions  were  credited  and  entertaintd 
liri^much  higher  degree,  in  the  preceding  periods.  But  the  arts  of 
cpmpbfition  had  not  then  made  a  fuificient  progrefs,  nor  would  the 
poets  of  thofe  periods  have  managed  them  wiib  fo  much  addrefs  and 
jedgment*  We  were  now  arrived  at  tl^at  point,  when  the  national 
creouUty,  chaftened  by  reafon,  had  produced  a  fort  of  civilized  fu- 
perdition,  and  left  a  ^t  of  traditions  fanciful  enough  for  poetic  de- 
coraiioa,  and  yet  not  too  violent  and  chimerical  for  corromon  fenfe, 
iio](^bes,  although  no  friend  to  this  dodrine,  obferves  happily,  '*  In 
a  good  poend  both  judgment  and  fancy  are  required ;  but  the  fency 
S|ia&  be  more  eminent,  becaufe  they  pleafe  for  the  ExraAVACANCY, 
Vot  6ught  not  to  difpleafe  by  indiscretion  f." 

'  In  the  mean  time  the  Gothic  romance,  although  ibraewhat  (hook 
iv  the  cUffical  fidlions,  and  by  the  tales  of  Boccace  and  Bandello, 
mil  mainuined  its  ground ;  and  the  daring  machineries  of  giants 
tiragona,  and  inchanted  caillet,  borrowed  from  the  magic  ftorchoufo 
of  Betardo,  Ariofto,  and  TafTo,  began  to  be  employed  by  the  £pic 
iSlttft.  Thefe  ornaments  have  been  cenfored  by  the  bigotry  of  pre- 
ciui  and  iervile  critics,  as  abounding  in  whimfical  abfurdities,  and  as 
•nwarrantable  deviations  ^om  the  pradice  of  Homer  and  Virgil* 
rthe  aotbor  6f  Jh  l&nqnirj  int§  tbt  L9/9  ami  Writings  o/HAmtr^  is  will* 
ing  to  allow  a  fertility  of  genius,  and  a  felicity  of  exprefiion,  to 
TaA>  and  Ariofto ;  boc  at  the  fame  time  complains,  that,  **  quitting 
life,  they  betook  themfelves  to  aerial  beings  and  Utopian  charaAers, 
end  filled  their  works  whh  Charms  and  Viiions,  the  modern  Supple* 
ments  of  the  Marvellous  and  Siiblinoe.  The  beft  poets  copy  Nature, 
and  give  it  fuch  as  they  find  it.  When  once  they  lofe  fight  of  this^ 
iWy  write  falfe,  be  their  talents  ever  fo  great!."  Bui  wbaf  fball 
we  fav  of  thefe  Utopians,  the  Cyck>pea  and  the  Leftrigoas  in  the 
0dirfieyjf  '|'be  hippogrif  of  Ariofto  pkZff  be  oppofed  to  the  harpies 
of  VirgtL  i(  {eaTes  are  turned  into  (hips  in  the  Orlando,  nymphs 
ere  tFansformed  into  (^ips  in  the  Eneid*    Cacos  is  a  more  unnatural 


*•■'  ■■— i^W>^*i^ 


•  Lilly's  Lifip,  p.  151,  f  l.eviath.  Paj^t  i.  eh.  viii. 

I  8e«.  V.  p.  69.       •  *   ^ 

fayage 


Warton'j  Hiflvry  ofEngltfi  Poetry,  Vol.  HI.  f^ 

ftvige  than  Caliban*  Nor  am  I  coi&vinced»  that  tk«  iaagcry  of 
Ifoaeno's  necromantic  foreft  in  the  Giernfaicttiiie  Libcraca»  j^aardcd 
by  walls  and  battlements  of  fire,  is  lefs  roarveliotls  and  Aiblimei  thaB 
the  leap  of  jono's  horfes  in  the  Iliad,  celebrated  by  JUonginus  for  ita 
fiogular  magnificence  and  dignity  *•  On  the  principkt  of  this  cri* 
tic,  Voltaire's  Henriad  may  be  placed  ac  the  head  of  the  modern 
epic.  But  I  forbtar  to  anticipate  my  opinion  of  a  fyftem,  wbkk 
will  more  properly  be  confidered,  when  1  come  to  fpeak  of  Spenier^ 
I  mulV,  however,  cbferve  here,  that  the  Gothic  and  Pagan  fi^iona 
were  now  frequently  blended  and  incorporated.  The  Lady  of  the 
Lake  floated  in  the  fuite  of  Neptune  before  Queen  klifabeth  at  Ke- 
nUworth  ;  Ariel  afTumes  the  fcmblance  of  a  fea-nympb,  andHecaia^ 
hy  an  eafy  aflbciation,  condudls  the  ritfs  of  the  weird  fifters  itt  Mae* 
beth. 

*  Allec^ory  had  been  derived  from  the  religious  dramas  into  6iir 
civil  fpcdacles.  The  mafques  and  pageaairies  of  the  age  of  Elifa* 
beth  were  not  only  farniihed  by  the  Heathen  divinities,  bat  often  by 
the  virtues  and  vices  imperibnated,  fignificantly  decorated,  accurately 
4i(Hngoi(hed  by  their  proper  types,  and  represented  by  living  it^rai^ 
The  ancient  fymbolical  (hews  of  this  fort  began  now  to  loft  their 
old  barbarifm  and  a  mixture  of  religion,  and  to  aiTume  a  degree  of 
poetical  elegance  and  precifion.  Nor  was  it  only  in  the  con^ornMi* 
tioo  of  particular  figures  that  much  fancy  was  (hewn,  bet  :JQ  thf^ 
contexture  of  fome  of  the  fables  or  devices  prefented  by  groiipct  oif 
ideAl^fonages.  Thefe  exhibitions  quicHcened  creative  Tnventioo» 
and  refleAed  baek  on  poetry  what  poetry  had  given*  From  t^eif  fjiH 
fifiliarity  lind  peblic  nature,  they  formed  a  national  ufie  (^  tllegorj.i 
ttld  (be  allegorical  poets  were  now  writing  to  the  people.  Even  19* 
toaoco  was  turned  into  this  channel.  In  the  Fairy  Qu^n,  allegoiy 
fa  wronji^ht  npon  chivalry,  and  the  feats  f  and  figmeata  of  Arthpr'a 
fo0ii4  table  are  moralifed.  The  virtues  of  magnificenee  and  ^hafti^ 
are  here  perfonified  :  bat  they  are  imaged  with  the  forms,  and  under 
i\k€  agency «  of  romantic  knights  and  dapifcls*  What  was  an  after* 
tb^glht  in  Taflb^  appears  to  have  been  Spenfdr's  premeditated  ao4 
^i'lmary  defign.  In  the  mean  time,  we  moil  not  confbond  theie  mo* 
rat  combatanis  of  the  Fairy  Qaeen  with  fome  of  its  other  embodk4 
AllftraA»ons^  which  are  purely  and  profeiiedly  allegorical.  . 

*  It  may  h^re  be  added,  that  Only  a  feW  critital  treatiies,  and  bot 
tfkt  drt  if  Pceifjt  were  now  written.  Sentiments  and  images  wero 
Mt  ablblutely  deteriliined  by  the  canons  of  compofitions  nor  was  go- 
6ias  awed  by  the  confcioufnefs  of  a  future  and  final  arraignment  aft 
the  tribunal  of  tafte.  A  certain  dignity  of  inattention  to  niceties  ia 
liow  vifible  in  our  wfiters4  Without  too  dofely  confultlng  a  crito^ 
#ion  of  correal nef>,  every  man  indulged  his  oWn  capricioufneia  of  ia«* 
veotion*  The  poet's  8j>peal  was  cbieBy  to  his  own  volunury  (eel* 
iapa,  his  own  immediate  and  ptouliar  mode  of  conception.  And 
this  fj^iedbm  of  thought  was  often  fxprelTed  in  an  nndifguifed  frank* 
%tb  of  diftidn.  A  cifcumiUnce,  by  the  way,  that  greatly  coatriboied 
to  giv^  the  iidwing  modulation  which  now  marked  the  meafurea  of 
oor  poets,  and  which  foon  degenerated  into  the  oppofite  extreme  of 


*  Iliad,  V.  770.     Longin.  5.  ix. 

M  4  diiTonance 


i 


jW  Warton'i  Hj/?«y  of  Englijh  Poetry^  Vol.  111. 

difibnaQce  and  afperity*  Sele^ion  and  difcrxmination  were  often 
overlooked.  Shakefpeare  wandered  in  purfuit  of  univerfal  nature. 
The  glancinga  of  his  eye  are  from  heaven  to  earth,  from  earth  to 
heaven.  We  behold  him  breaking  the  barriers  of  imaginary  method. 
In  the  fame  fcene,  he  defcends  from  his  meridian  of  the  oobleft  tragic 
foblimity  to  pans   and  quibbles,    to  the  meaneil  merriments  of   « 

Stebeian  farce.     In  the  midft  of  his  dignity,  he  refembles  his  own 
ichard  the  Second,  \\kt  Jkippittg  Kingt  who  fometimes  difcarding 
the  (late  of  a  monarch, 

Mingled  his  royalty  with  carping  fools  *• 

fie  feems  not  to  have  feen  any  impropriety,  in  the  mod  abrupt  tran- 
fitions,  from  Dukes  to  bu^oons,  from  Senators  to  faiiors,  fron^ 
Counfellors  to  conflables,  and  from  Kings  to  clowns.  Like  Virgil's 
v^eiUc  oak, 

■  Quantum  vertice  ad  aurat 

i£theria8,  untum  radtce  in  Tartara  tendit  f, 

*  No  Satirett  properly  fo  called,  were  written  till  towards  the  lat* 
ter  end  of  the  Queen's  rejgn,  and  then  but  a  few.  Pictures  drawn 
fl  large  of  the  vices  of  the  times,  did  not  fuit  readers  who  loved  to 
itrander  in  the  regions  of  artificial  manners.  The  Mufe,  like  the 
people,  was  too  folemn  and  referved,  too  ceremonious  and  pedantic^ 
fo  ftoop  to  common  life«  Satire  is  the  poetry  of  a  nation  highly  po* 
lifted. 

*  The  importance  of  the  female  character  was  not  yet  acknowr 

ledged>  nor  were  women  admitted  into  the  general  commerce  of  fo* 

eiety.    The  e^dl  of  that  interconrfe  had  not  imparted  a  comic  air  to 

pocftry.  nor  foftened  the  feverer  tone  of  our  verification  with  che 

levities  of  gallantry,  and  the  familiarities  of  compliment,  fometimea 

perhaps  operating  on  ferious  fubjeds,  and  imperceptibly  fpreading 

tfelemftlves  in  the  general  habits  of  ftyle  and  thonght.    I  do  not  mean 

fo  infinoate,  that  oar  poetry  has  faffered  froo&  the  great  change: of 

jDaanerSf  which  this  afibmption  of  the  gentler  fex,  or  rather  the  im- 

^rerved  flate  of  female  education,  hu  produced,  by  giving  elegancq 

and  vaffcty  to  life,  by  enlarging  the  fphere  of 'converfation,  and  by 

inoltiplying  the  topics  and  enriching  the  (lores  of  wit  and  humour. 

But  I  am  marking  the  peculiarities  of  compolition  :  and  my  meaning 

4rmi  to  fugged,  that  the  abfence  of  fo  important  a  circnmdance  from 

the  modes  and  confti^ution  of  ancient  life,  muft  have  influenced  the 

cotemporary  poetry.     Of  the  date  of  manners  among  our  ancedort 

fefpe£ling  this  point,  many  traces  remain.     Their  dyle  of  coort(bip 

nay  be  collected  from  the  love- dialogues  of  Hamlet,  young  Percy, 

Henry  the  Fifth,  and  Mader  Fenton.     Their  tragic  heroines,  their 

Defdemonas  and  Ophelias,  although  of  fo  much  confequence  in  the 

piece,  are  degraded  to  the  back*ground.     In  comedy,  their  ladies 

are  nothing  more  than  merry  wives,  plain  and  cheerful  matrons, 

who  dand  upon  the  cbaritufi  9/  tbtir  bpnifij.    In  the  fmaller  poems, 

^  a  lover  praifes  his  midrefs,  (he  is  complimented  in  drains  neither 

polite  nor  pathetic,  without  elegance  and  without  affection  :  (he  ia 


Firft  fart  flcnry  IV.  A^  Wu  Sc  ii.  f  G?o»'g-  »•  29»- 


•    T 


Wflliamsy  Bo$k  of  Pfalms.  1 69 

defcribeJ,  not  id  the  ^ddrefs  of  intelligible  yet  artful  panefryric,  not 
io  the  real  colourf,  aod  wiih  the  genuine  accompHQimenc^,  of  nature^ 
but  as  an  eccentric  ideal  being  of  another  fyllcm,  and  as  infpirin^ 
fentiments  equally  unmeanirg,  hyperbolical,  and  unnatural. 

*  All  pr  mod  of  thefe  circumftances,  contributed  to  give  a  deA:np* 
tive,  a  pidurefque,  and  a  figurative  cad  to  the  poetical  language. 
This  efTfd  appears  even  in  the  profe  compofitions  of  the  reign  cf 
Elifabeth.  in  the  fubfcquent  age,  profe  btcame  the  language  of 
poetry. 

*  In  the  mean  time,  general  knowledge  was  encreafing  with  a  wido 
diS'jfioD  and  a  hady  rapidity.  Books  began  to  be  multiplied,  and  4 
variety  of  the  mod  ufeful  and  rational  topics  had  been  difcuiTed  iiL 
our  own  language.  But  fcience  had  not  made  too  great  advance^ 
On  the  whole,  we  were  now  arrived  at  that  period,  propitious  to  the 
operations  of  original  and  true  poetry,  when  the  coynefs  of  fancjr 
was  not  always  proof  again d  the  approaches  of  reafon,  when  geniot 
was  rather  directed  than  governed  by  judgment,  and  when  tade  an<l 
learning  had  fo  far  only  oifciplined  imagination,  as  to  fud^cr  its  ex«i 
ce^es  to  pafs  without  cenfure  or  controul,  for  the  fake  of  the  beaaticf 

to  which  they  were  allied.  |i       j;  /r 

Art.  II.  Tht  Book  cf  P/afms,  as  tranflated,  paraphrafed,  or  imi<» 
rated,  by  fome  of  the  mod  eminent  EngliHi  Poets,  viz.  Addifon,' 
Blacklock,  Carter,  Merrick,  Watts,  Sec  and  adapted  to  Chriftiait 
Wordiip,  in  a  Form  the  mod  likely  to  give  general  SatisfaAioft* 
To  which  is  prefixed,  A  Didertation  on  Scripture  IroprecationStf 
By  Benjamin  Williams.     8vo*    4  s.  fewed.     johnfoo.     i78f« 

THE  dilTertation  prefixed  to  thIscoJIcSion,  is  written  *  with 
the  view  of  vindicating  the  facred  writers  In  general,  and 
fhe  Pfalmifts  in  particular,  againft  the  heavy,  but  happily  ill- 
founded  charge,  of  indulgiiig  and  countenancing  a  malevolent 
fpirit.'  The  diflertator  obfervcs,  that  the  imprtfcatory  paflages 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  Englifb  trandation  of  the  Old 
Tcftament,  arid  more  efpccially  the  Pfalms,  have  given  great 
and  juft  offence,  and  been  the  caufe  of  much  painful  difquietud^ 
(0  ferious,  unlearned  Chriftians  of  all  denominations.  They 
had  alfo  (he  remarks)  been  employed  in  the  hands  of  infidelity* 
as  one  of  the  moft  powerful  engines  to  undermine  the  credit  of 
Divine  Revelation  in  general,  and  the  moft  fuccefsful  means  of 
expofing  it  to  contempt  and  ridicule. 

To  give  fome  proof  of  this  laft  aflertion,  the  atithor  appeals 
to  the  "  Hiftory  of  the  Man  after  God's  own  Heart  j"  and  ob- 
ferves,  that  the  ^  facetious  hiftorian'  hath  availed  himfelf  of 
•*  the  ekeings  out  of  Meflrs.  Thomas  Sternhold  and  John  Hop- 
kins/' to  charge  David  himfelf  with  pouring  out,  even  in  his 
devotions,  the  mod  rancorous  curfes  on  his  enemies.  He  ac- 
knowledges that  the  ^  hiftorian's'  reflexions  would  be  as  juft  as 
(hejr  are  (brewd  and  farcaftic,  if  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  bad 

5  been 


iyo  Williams^  B99i  of  Pfalms. 

Bcfcn  faithful  interpreters  of  David's  Pfalms.  But  as  they  were 
not,  the  infidel's  attack  muft,  of  confequence,  be  impotent : 
and  at  the  utmoft  difcover  only  what  he  wi(hed|  not  what  he 
could  prove. 

After  fome  general  obfervations  on  the  benevolent  defign  of 
ikkt  Old  Teftament,  Mr.  Williams  attempts  to  eftabiifli  the  fol- 
lowing  pofition,  that  *  the  Hebrew  texts  exprefs  no  kind  of 
wijh^  but  are  only  fo  many  denunciations  of  the  jufl:  difpleafurc 
6f  God  againft  thofe,  who  were  or  (hould  be  guilty  of  the  fe- 
i^ral  fins  there  mentioned,  and  of  the  judgments  they  might 
yeafonably  expert  to  follow,  unlefs  prevented  by  a  timely  and 
(borough  repentance.     And,  agi'eeably  to  this,  the  facred  texts 
ought  to  have  been  rendered,  **  Curfed  they  ;  or  **  curfed  are 
they,'*  and  not  **  curfed  hi  they,"  in  the  fenfe  of  Lit  them  hi 
mrfid:   the  word  bi^  though  inferted  in  our  tranflation,  having 
nothing  anfwerable  to  it  in  the  Hebrew.' 
•    In  a  preliminary  difcourfe  the  Author  fpeaks  of  his  objedi  in 
,   tbe  pro^ent  copioub  coIie£lion  \  and  briefly  confiders  the  compa- 
jative  excellencies  of  the  three  principal  vcrdons  of  the  Pfalms, 
viz.   By  Watts,  by  Tate  and   Brady,  and   by    Merrick.     He 
clafles  Dr.  Watts  in  the  very  firft  rank,  as  a  divine  poet :  and 
iuppofes  that  his  verlion,  or  rather  imitation  of  the  Pfalms,  is, 
upon  the  whole,  bett;er  fitted   for  ChriJIian  worOiip  than  any 
cicher  compofition.     *  The  Dodor  (fays  Mr*  Williams)  Was 
a  perfon  of  exemplary  meeknefs  and  humility,  fo  perfectly  good-' 
Datured,  and  of  fuch  unconfined  charity,  that  he  withed  ta  avoid 
every  word  and  fyllable,  that  was  likely  to  give  the  fmalleft  of- 
fence to  ferious  Chriftians  of  any  denomination.     And  when  he 
found,  in  the  latter  part  of  life,  he  had  not  been  fo  fuccefsful  in 
this  refpe£l  as  he  had  aimed  to  be,  he  wi(bed  for  nothing  more 
ardently,  than  fufficient  health  and  tim^.  to  revife  both  his  rfalms 
and  Hymns,  in  order  to  render  them  wholly  unexceptionable  to 
every  Chrlftian  profeflbr.' 

In  a  note  the  Author  bbferves,  that  ^  this  account  was  re- 
Reived  from  Dr.  Watts  hinifelf,  a  few  years  before  his  death,  by 
the  late  Dr.  Amory,  and  by  him  given  to  one  of  his  pupils,  who 
communicated  it  to  the  Editor.  The  Editor  has  alfo  good  au- 
thority to  add,  that  the  nvifal^  fo  fervently  wifbcd  for,  was 
undertaken  and  finifhed,  and  would  moft  certainly  have  been 
fMbliJhedi  had  not  the  Author's  death  unhappily  prevented  It,' 

That  the  D^flor  had  altered  his  opinion  with  refpe£i  to  fome 
points,  of  what  is  called  Orthodsxy^  it  undeniable.  T'his  is  a 
fiibjedt  that  fome  of  his  encomiafTs  (brink  from  with  concealed 
mortification,  and  would,  if  poilible,  confign  to  oblivion,  as  it 
cannot  be  remembered,  without  bringing  fome  re$e£lion  either 
on  the  Dofior  himfeif  or  their  own  darling  caufe.  But  it  would 
^e  in  vain  to  deny  a  fadt  known  to  manyy  who  were  intcrcfted  iii 

making 


f..   ■     .'  ^      ••■     -'*''*•  *'Y*^* 


Waiiams*i  fi^l  of  Pfilm.  171 

making  it  public.  It  wm  known  ta  Dr.  Lardner,  and  by  him 
communicated  to  the  late  excellent  Mr.  Merivale  of  £xetef» 
from  whofe  mouth  the  Writer  of  the  prefent  Article  immediateljr 
received  it.  Dr.  Watts's  papers  (many  of  which  contained  the 
mod  explicit  renunciations  of  fome  of  his  former  fentiments  with 
refpcd  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity)  were  mutilated  and  pub* 
lifhed  in  a  very  imperfeA  manner.  Some  were  wboify  fupprtfid^ 
and  it  ^s  with  difficulty  that  Dr.  poddridge  could  refcue  from 
deftrufiion  a  certain  curious  paper  refpe^ing  the  Trinitarian  coa- 
troverfy,  publifbed  among  his  pofthumous  works,  entitled  a  &i!rimi 
Addrcji  to  the  Deity ^  ice.  The  condu£t  of  fome  of  Dr.  Watts's 
friends  in  this  affair  was  fo  difingenuous,  that  it  called  forth  very 
loud  complaints  from  thofe  who  were  acquainted  with  the  6« 
cret :  and  it  was  but  a  (hort  time  before  Dr.  Doddridge  em* 
barked  for  Lifbon,  that  he  complained  to  Mr.  Merivale  of  unfair 
condud  both  with  refped  to  Dr.  Watts  and  himfelf,  to  wbofil 
charge,  in  conjun6lion  with  the  late  Dr.  David  Jennings,  hit 
papers  were  entruded  for  publication. 

But  to  return  to  our  Author.  He  remarks,  that  ^  the  verfiQa 
of  Mr.  Tate  and  Dr.  Brady  may  in  fome  reipeds  juftly  claim 
the  preference  even  to  Dr.  Watts's.  It  is  (fa>8  he)  not  only  in 
many  places  highly  poetical,  but  moreover  (o  plain,  as  to  be  level 
to  the  meaneft  capacities.  And  as  it  is  a  clo/er  tranflation  of  the 
original  te>^r,  it  naturally  contains  many  ufcfui  and  proper  fub^ 
jc&s  for  Pfalmody,  that  could  not  obtain  a  place  in  a  prof^id 
fmitBtion* 

(Ji  Mr.  Merrick's  verHon  the  Author  fpeaks  very  highly,  and* 
^t  think,  juftly.  *  This  Gentleman*  (fays  he)  was  juft  fuch  a 
poet  as  the  excellent  Dr.  Watts  had  formed  an  idea  of,  and  ferw 
vently  wtthed  fome  time  or  other  to  arife,  though  with  verjf 
feeble  hopes  that  his  idea  would  ever  be  realized,  it  being  fcarce)^ 
to  be  fupp^fed,  that  fo  many  eflential,  requifite  qualities,  (hould 
at  any  time  be  combined  m  one  perfon.'  ...  *  As  to  the  feveril 
other  veifions,  fuffice  it  to  obferve,  that  they  extend  only  to 
fome  particular  Pfalms^  or  Parts  of  Pialms  ;  yet  the  compiler 
prefumes,  that  they  poflefs  fome  fupcrior  excellency  peculiar  tb 
themfelves,  and  will  afford  an  agreeable  variety.' 

\n  the  prefent  colie^ion  the  compiler  hath  attempted  to  adapt 
himfelf  to  the  general  fervice  of  Chriftian  churches.  He  batil 
omitted  every  thing  peculiar  to  yudaifm^  and  with  great  cars 
hath  ^voided  the  infertion  of  any  words  or  phrafes  of  a  £9ntr$» 
vMid  meaning;  concluding  with  this  pertinent  and  benevolent 
refle£lion ;  vis.  That  *  without  adhering  to  the  univerfal  rule 
of  charity,  conformity  to  the  Apoftolical  precept,  ^'  to  make 
melody  in  the  heart  to  the  Lord,"  would  with  refpe£l  to  wbcile 
affemblies  of  Chriflian  worfhippers  be  utterly  impra6licable, 
^i^  tbm  faith  ?  this  or  the  other  opinion  different  from  what 

fome 


k 


17ft  DimrJaVj  TnUIi  on  InMtUftUn. 

fonic  of  thy  fellow  ChriOians  may  entertain,  be  it  \i\  itfclf  ever 
(o  harmlefs  and  juft,  keip  it  to  thyfi'f^  rather  than  be  the  qcxa- 
iion  of  diminifhing,  in  any  degr^,  either  the  pleafure  or  profit 
cf  focial  worfhip ;  or  of  diilurbing  the  devotion  of  a  fellow*  wor- 
shipper.    Therefore,  let  all  o\xx  things  be  done  in  charity/ 

We  think  the  pre  fen  t  colkdion^  though  too  multifarious^  is 
in  general  calculated  to  anfwer  the  charitable  end  defigned  by 
the  Author.  xi  ',   * 

Art.  III.  Tra3s  on  Inoculation^  written  and  publifbed  at  St  Peter/bur||^ 
in  the  year  1 768,  by  cominaod  of  her  Imperial  Majefty,  the  Emprtit 
of  all  the  Roflias:  with  additional  Ohf^rvations  on  Epidemic  Sinall. 
pox,  on  the  Nature  of  that  Difeafe,  and  on  the  diifereot  Succefs 
of  the  various  Modes  of  Inoculation.  By  the  Hon.  Baron  T. 
pimfdalc,  Phyfician  and  a^ual  Counfellor  of  State  to  her  Imperial 
M<*jeily»  the  Emprefs  of  all  the  Ruifias,  and  ?,  R.  S»  8vo.  3  f, 
G^enp  &c.     1781. 

THIS  volume  may  be  confidered  as  a  kind  of  legacy  left 
by  the  author  to  this  country,  on  his  late  departure  for 
Kuilia.  Its  contents  are  fuch  as  may  either  gratify  common 
curiofity,  or  convey  inftruAion  to  the  medical  reader;  arid  the 
deferved  reputation  of  the  author  entitles  it  to  attentive  con- 
^deration. 

The  firft  chapter,  containing  *'  fome  account  of  a  journey 
Id  Ruflia,  and  of  the  introdu<3ion  of  inoculation  into  that  coun- 
ty/^ affords  little  matter  for  quotation  or  remark.  We  rather 
Fiefcr  to  the  work  itfelf  for  the  curious  and  intercfting  particu- 
lara  of  the  inpeulatioo  of  her  Imperial  Majefty,  and  the  Grand 
Duke,  in.  which  he  will  find  additional  reafon  to  admire  the 
good  fenfe  and  magnanimity  of  the  great  Catharine.  One 
anecdote  we  cannot  forbear  relating,  as  tending  powerfully  to 
impcefs  that  horror  of  defpotifm,  which  we  hope  will  never  be 
effaced  from  the  minds  of  Englilhmen. 

It  was,  it  feems,  a  popular  opinion  in  Ruffia,  tbat  the  perfon 
from  whom  m^itter  for  inoculation  was  taken,  would  infallibly 
die*,  fiaron  Dimfdale,  hearing  of  a  child  in  the  fmall-pox, 
"went  to  procure  matter  from  it.  On  entering  the  room,  he 
found  horror  exprefied  in  every  countenance ;  and  the  mother, 
throwing  herfelf  at  bis  feet,  entreated  him  to  fpare  the  life  of 
her  child.  The  Baron's  humanity  was  (hocked,  and  he  order- 
ed his  interpreter  to  fay  every  thing  that  might  remove  her  pre- 
juditres,  and  if  this  did  not  fucceed,  to  aflfure  her  that  he  would 
give  up  the  point,  an^  retire.  As  the  interpreter  was  converfmg 
with  the  family,  he  obferved  a  good-looking  man  talk  for  fome 
time  with  the  mother,  who  then  acquainted  the  interpreter, 
that  the  woman  confented.  This  man  was  the  father  ;  and  the 
fiaron  afterwards  learned  \^'bat  his  difcourfe  was.     After  finding 

on 


4.  A 


'  ■  t  .. 


Dimfdale'f  TraSf  on  Inoculaticfi^  ty J 

on  enquiry,  that  they  came  by  the  exprefs  comtnlRd  of  the 
iLmprefs,  he  turned  to  his  wife,  **  My  dear,"  fays  he,  "I 
*^  would  no  nDore  than  yourfelf  confent  to  lofe  our  child,  for 
*^  the  advantage  of  any  perfon  breathing ;  but  you  hear  that 
**  this  gentleman  comes  by  her  Majefty's  orders;  and  if  her 
**  Majefty  bad  commanded  the  hands  or  feet  of  our  child  to  be 
.  ^^  cut  off,  which  would  have  been  worfe  than  death,  we  muft 
'*  have  fubmitced  \  let  us  therefore  (hew  our  obedience,  and 
^^  not  oppofe  the  orders  of  her  Majefty."  It  is  but  juft  to  add, 
that  the  method  taken  by  the  Emprefs,  to  remove  this  unhappy 
prejudice,  was  to  have  feveral  inoculated  with  matter  taken 
from  herfelf.  > 

With  refpe£t  to  a  very  flrange  and  grofs  miftake  in  cakula- 
tion,  in  one  fedion  of  this  chapter,  relative  to  the  number  ru|>- 
pofed  to  die  annually  of  the  fmatUpox  in  Ruffia,  as  it  has  been 
very  amply  expofed  by  one  of  the  fiaron's  mod  rancorous  ad« 
verfaries,  and  is  in  fome  degree  corredled  by  himfelf  in  a  note, 
we  fhall  fay  nothing  further  about  it. 

In  the  fecond  chapter,  containing  ^^  Additional  Obfervations*^ 
to  the  Baron's  former  much-efteemed  treacife  on  inoculatfon. 
there  are  feveral  things  proper  for  the  information  of  our  medi^ 
cal  readers.  < 

The  friends  of  early  inoculation  will  ararl  themfelves  of  the 
writer's  conceflion,  that  although  he  ftill  difapproves  of  inocu« 
lating  children  under  two  years  of  age,  he  has  frequently  prac- 
tifed  it  without  a  Angle  mifcarriage. 

Repeated  experience  has  confirmed  an  opinion  he  formerly  et>» 
tertained,  that  the  whole  of  the  preparatory  courfe  of  regimen  and 
medicine,  before  the  operation,  may  be  difpenfed  with,  by  fuch 
as  are  in  a  good  ftate  of  health.  He  is  alfo  perfuaded  that  much 
mifchief  has  been  done  by  too  ftri3  an  abftmence,  and  the  ufe 
of  mercurial  and  other  powerful  medicines.  ^ 

The  method  of  communicating  the  infedion  which  he  now 
prefers,  is  thus  defer ibed.  '*  The  point  of  a  lancet  flightl^ 
dipped  in  the  recent  variolous  matter,  uhich  I  prefer  taking 
during  the  eruptive  fever,  is  introduced  obliquely  between'  the 
cuticula  and  cutis,  fo  as  to  make  the  fmalleit  pundure  poiKbie, 
rardv  producing  a  drop  of  blood.  The  finger  is  then  gently 
prefied  on  the  lancet  while  introduced,  which  being  turned,  is 
withdrawn."  This  method,  he  fays,  is  more  certain  than  the 
fimple  fcratch  he  formerly  recommended. 

With  regard  to  expofure  to  Cold  air,  we  find  a  ycvy  confide- 
rable  relaxation  from  his  former  pra£lice  in  this  point.  When 
the  eruption  is  completed,  and  is  abundant,  he  now  enjoini 
amfimment  to  the  chamber^  which  is  to  be  of  fucb  a  temperature  u 
to  be  agraabfy  warm  t$Mhofe  Jhting  in  it.    ^ 

....  r    .  -,......  -In 


Ij^  Difnrdate*i  Tra^s  $h  Inocuhtlon. 

In  cafes  where,  after  eruption,  the  fever  keeps  up,  with  a 
tenfe  dry  (kin,  and  fore  throat,  he  finds  great  advanta^^e  from 
applying  a  fmall  blifter  diredly  upon  the  incifioo,  which  gives 
little  pain,  and  procures  w^vy  {^^tcdy  rehcf. 

To  the  WjX  of  anomalous  fymptoms  fometimes  attending  ino« 
culation,  the  following  is  added  by  the  Baron.  A  patient, 
after  having  apparently  paiTd  through  the  difeafe  with  a  fmali 
eruption,  has  been  unexpededly  attacked  with  a  fmart  feycr,  ac« 
companied  with  great  rcilltfl'nefs,  and,  in  children^  with  un^ 
common  fits  of  crying*  The  cnufe  of  this  he  at  length  dif<* 
covcKcd  to  be,  puftules  oii  the  internal  part  of  the  niouth,  or  on 
the  membranous  parts  of  the  nofe  or  osfophagus.  The  com? 
plaint  is  removed  in  24  hours  by  moderate  cordials,  producing  a 
flight  perfpiration. 

In  a  chapter  upon  Epidemic  Small- pox,  the  Baron  clearly 
ftates  his  opinion,  how  far  this  difeafe  may  ever  be  termed  epi* 
dcmical  ?  On  the  whole,  though  he  allows  that  certain  conili** 
tutions  of  the  air  may  favour  its  fpread  more  than  others,  yet 
be  denies  that  it  is  ever  generated  without  contagion,  and  afierts, 
fbal  its  fuppofed  periodical  returns,  in  certain  places,  depend  more 
upon  the  number  of  fubjedts  capable  of  receiving  and  propa'* 
gating  contagion,  than  upon  any  hidden  caufe  in  the  atmofphere. 
This  is  certainly  the  fa£t,  as  we  could  produce  numberlefs 
inftances  to  evince. 

Another  chapter  is  ^^  in  favour  of  the  opinion  that  the  true 
fmall-pox  attacks  the  fame  perfon  but  once/'     Here  we  meet 
with  fome  curious  inftances  of  the  chicken-pox  being  taken  for 
the  fmalUpox,    and  of  inoculations  with   the  matter  of  the 
Ghicken*pox  having  been  performed  by  miftake,  after  which  the 
patients  were  attacked  with  the  real  fmall-pox,  to  the  great  dif«. 
credit  of  inoculation,  till  the  true  cafe  was  afcertained.      Prac-> 
titioners  cannot  be  too  much  on  their  guard   with  refpe^l  to 
this  circumftanee.     Under  this  head,  we  meet  with  a  very  fen- 
fible,  and,  as  we  think,  a  fati-fadory  critique  on  a  remarkable 
fafi,  publi&ed  by  Mr.  Mudge,  which  we  remember  to  haveat- 
tM^ed  our  particular  notice  at  the  time.     Thirty  perfons  at 
Plymouth  were  inoculated  with  crude  maaer  taken  from  the 
arm  of  a  woman,  five  days  after  (be  herfelf  had  been  tnocplated. 
The  arms  of  all  thefe  perfons  inflamed,    but  none  had  either 
fever  or  eruption;  and  all    being  afterwards  inoculated   with 
concoAed  matter,  bad  the  difeaie  regularly.     Mr.  Mudge  ad^ 
duces  this  hiftory  to  prove  the  uncertainty  of  snoeulating  with 
crude  variolous  matter.    If  it  proves  any  thing,  it  proves  a  great 
deal  too  much ;  and  abfolutely  contradids  the  whole  pradice 
of  Baron  Dimfdale  and  other  celebrated  inoculators,  who  give 
the  preference  to  crude  matter.     The  Baron,  faowcver,  is  clear, 
that  the  matter  from  which  the  30  perfons  were  inoculated,  was 
6  not 


lj^on*s  Farther  Pr^ofs^  bfc^  lyt 

not  variolous  matter,  bat  fome  other  morbid  humour,  acci^ 
dentally  depofited  updh  the  inflamed  part ;  as  a  fufHcienc  proof 
of  which  he  aflfcrts,  that  never,  in  the  courfe  of  all  bis  expe* 
rience,  does  be  remember  an  inftance,  in  which  even  four  per- 
Tons  could  have  been  inoculated  from  the  arm  of  any  one  patient 
fo  early  as  the  filth  day. 

The  6th  chapter  contains  *•  obfervations  to  prove,  that 
though  a  perfon  has  been  expofed  to  the  natural  fmall-pox^  if 
be  is  inoculated  in  time,  the  inoculation  will  fuperfede  the 
natural  difeafe/'  In  the  7th  and  lafl  are  given  ^^  conjedurea 
on  the  probable  caufes  of  the  different  kinds  and  degrees  o£ 
natural  fmall  pox,  and  on  the  different  fuccefs  of  the  methodt 
adopted  in  the  pra^ice  of  inoculation."  Thefe  chapters,  not 
properly  admitting  of  abridgment  or  extrai^s,  we  refer  oih^ 
readers,  defirous  of  further  information,  to  the  work  itfelf^ 
which  is  extremely  well  worthy  the  perufal  of  chofe  who  are  ia* 
cerefied  in  the  fubjed.  a 

Art.  IV^.  Farthtr  Proofs  that  Gla/s  U  ftrmeahlt  hyfht  EUQric Efflwvtm^ 
and  that  the  Eleclric  Par  tides  are  pajjeffid  of  a  Pttlar  Firtui ;  '^utitb  Ri^ 
marks  on  the  M$Hthlj  Revie<wers  Amimad^trfions  on  a  Uitt  Wwk^  intittH 
Udf  Experimeats  aod Obfervations  made  with  a  View  to  poiotovttli* 
Errors  in  the  prefent  received  Theory  of  Electricity.  By  thfl  Rev« 
Jokfl  Lyon,  of  Dover.    4(0.     3  s«  &wf  i.    Dodfley*     17S1* 

01  irXtovt^  Ko^xoi,  fi^id  old  Bias-—*'  The  majority  are  evU\  tiid 
the  ailertion  i^  at  leaft  as  true  in  letters  as  in  morals.  The 
majority  of  books  are  evil ;  and  confequentiy  the  juft  difchargtt 
of  our  duty,  even  in  the  mofi  tender  manner,  unavoidably  ex<A 
pofes  us  to  much  ill  humour  from  the  numerous  members  of 
the  literary  majority  :  we  ncvcrthelefs  fcarce  remember  our 
having  met  with  To  unjuft  and  unexpected  an  attack  as  is  her6 
made  upon  us  by  this  reverend  and  moft  intolerant  £le£lriciaii. ' 
It  is  true,  we  have  not  held  Mr.  Lyon  up  to  the  world  unde^ 
the  (piendid  character  of  a  victorious  fubverter  of  the  FrankliniaA 
fyftem^ ;  which,  be  modeftly  telis  us,  was  *  an  hypothe(is  pfo^ 
*  pofed  in  the  infancy  of  elefiricity.'  We  hare  propofed 
doubts,  and  requefted  explanations;  and  have  gone  fo  far  as  €0 
gueftion^  whether  the  author  might  not  poflibly  be  deceived  iii 
making  fome  of  his  experiments  ?  We  likewife  took  the  very 
allowable  li^rty,  furely,  of  expreffing  our  good  opinion  of  tb^ 
Franklinian  theory  ;  on  our  not  finding  that  Mr.  I^yon  haA 
fubfikuted  a  better^  or  indeed  any  other,  in  its  ftead  *.  On 
thefe  accounts  we  are  here,  to  our  great  aflonifliment,  reprefent- 
cd  by  the  author  under  the  titles  of  his  JJverfaries  ^nd  OpponenisT 

*  See  M.  Review,  January  178;,  pag.  i»  &Ct 

otif 


iy6  iLyon's  Partber  Proo/s,  t^fc* 

our  remarks  are  treated  as  tUlberal^  and  zs  defervirtg  coniempii 
and  we  are  charged^  either  dircd^ly  or  by  implication,  with 
fupprgjjlons  and  evafions.  Nay,  the  author  defcends  to  that  mean 
and  antiquated  refource  of  difappointed  authors— the  throwing 
out  hints  of  bribery  and  corruption. 

'  I  am   apprehenfive,'  fays  he,  *  that  I   have  been    thought 

*  wanting,  in  neither  prcfcnting  incenfe^  or  a  peace- offerings  at 

*  the  altar  of  criticifm,  as  pra£iifed   by   fome   authors,    as  a 

*  powerful  antidote  againft  the  cenfurcs  of  the  Critic' — He 
ftoutly  declares,  however,  that  he  ^  never  did,  nor  will,  take 

*  any  indired  method  to  procure'  praife  unmerited^  or  to  avoid 
cenfure  undeferved. 

In  the  article  above  referred  to,  we  related  one  of  the  leaft 
complex  of  his  intricate  experiments,  relative  to  the  fending  an 
elefirical  (hock  through  a  pane  of  glafs;  and  in  the  mod  candid 
manner  exprefled  our  readinefs  to  communicate  to  the  public 
any  cAspIanations  with  which  he  would  favour  us.  We  not  only 
printed'  every  word  in  the  letter  he  fent  us,  relative  to  the  Tub- 
jeA  of  our  inquiry^  [M.  Rev.  April,  1781,  pag.  318]  but  ex- 
tended our  good-nature  ^o  far,  as  to  tranfcribe  three  additional 
paragraphs,  with  the  friendly  view  of  informing  the  world  that 
the  author  bad  made  a  variety  of  new  experiments,  both  in 
cledlricity  and  magnetifm;  which  he  was  inclined  to  publi(h,  if 
he  met  with  a  very  moderate  degree  of  encouragement  from  the 
public. 

In  return  for  our  good-nature  and  condefcenfion,  in  publifh- 
\ng  fo  much  of  his  letter,  this  grateful  electrician  accufes  us  of 
'  having  fupprefled  the  beginning  and  the  conclufion  of  it  i  and 
afterwards,  for  reafons  to  which  we  are  utter  Grangers,  declares 
that  ^  he  experts  no  quarters  from  the  candour  of  his  Anta- 
^  gonifts;' — that  he  ^  makes  no  doubt  but  they  will  dip  their 
^  pen  in  the  bittereft  gall^  and  dwell  upon  every  flip  of  the  pen 

*  with  ^fecret  delight^  &c.'— Stunned  as  we  are  with  all  this 
unexpeAed  and  unprovoked  violence  of  language,  we  find  it  as 
difficult  to  anfwer  it,  as  we  are  ignorant  of  what  can  have 
given  occafion  to  it.  With  refped  however  to  the  beginning 
and  conclufion  of  Mr.  Lyon's  letter,  with  xht fupprejjion  of 
which  he  charges  us,  we  could  not  expofe  his  unchnftian  con- 
dud  more  efFedually,  than  by  here  printing  the  whole  of  the 
three  paragraphs  that  were  omitted :  but  they  are,  as  he  muft 
know,  (o  thoroughly  uninterefting,  that  we  ought  to  beg  par- 
don of  our  readers  for  the  allotting  any  part  of  our  page, 
though  in  our  own  defence,  to  the  giving  here  a  fhort  abftradi  of 
them.  In  the  firft,  Mr.  Lyon  exprefles  fome  furprize  at  our 
requefiing  further  explanations  relative  to  his  fixth  experiment. 
In  the  fecond,  be  only  talks  about  *  truth^  and  of  his  readinefs 
to  fubmit  to  it's  ^  unerring  teft:*  and^  in  the  third  and  laft^  telle 

tISj 


Lyon's  Farther  Pr^fs^  l^c.  IJJ 

us,  that  he  has  pcrufcd  Mr.  Wilfon's  Short  View  of  Ele^ricityt 
Which  we  had  recommended  to  him  ;  and  quotes  a  paflage  from 
it,  which,  he  muft  know^  we  had  before  very  particularly  no- 
ticed, in  the  very  page  s^moft  iitimediately  following  our  Re- 
view of  his  own  work.      [M.  R.  January  1781,  pag.  8.] 

Mr.  Lyon's  prefent  work  contains,  as  we  fuppjfe,  thofe  new 
experiments  in  eledricity  and  magnetifm,  which  we  officioufly, 
though  with  a  kind  intention  towards  him,  announced  to  the 
public,  in  the  copious  extraft  we  gave  of  his  above-mention- 
ed letter  to  us,  in  our  Review  for  April  laft.  The  following 
are  the  contents. 

*  Chap.  1 .  Containing  a  fet  of  experiments^    with  remarks^  to 

*  Jhew  the  eUSlric  effluvia  do  pafs  through  glafs :  with  a  defcription 

*  of  the  apparatus  ufed  in  perjorming  the  experiments* 

*  Chap.  2.  Containing  a  new  fet  of  experiments^  with  remarks  on 

*  themy  to  Jhew  the  direftion  of  the  electric  fluid  in  charging  and 

*  difcharging  coated  jars,* 

*  Chap.  3.  Containing  a  fet  of  eleSirie  and  magnetic  experiments^ 

*  to  Jhew  that  all  the  phenomena  in  thefe  two  branches  of  fcienee  are 

*  to  be  rationally  explained^  by  granting  a  polar  virtue  in  each  of 
«  the  particles  * 

With  refpedt  to  the  experiments  contained  in  the  firft  of  thefe 
chapten,  we  muft  repeat  the  fame  offenfwe  language  which  we 
employed  before ; — that  Mr.  Lyon  **  has  not  made  us  converts  to 
**  his  opinion  ;  though  we  are  far  from  being  difpofed  to  quejlion  his 
**  ajferiion^  &c."  His  new  experiments  are  diverfifications  of  the 
foi'mer;  and  from  them,  in  general,  it  appears,  if  we  under- 
iland  his  machinery,  that  a  fenfible  part  of  a  charge,  fometimes 
even  fufficient  to  fet  fire  to  fpirit  of  wine,  may  be  tranfmitted 
from  the  knob  of  ajar  charged  pofitively,  to  that  of  another  jar 
charged  negatively,  by  means  of  a  pointed  wire  ufed  as  a  dif- 
charging rod,  and  which  is  inferted  into  a  glafs  tube  that  ter- 
minates in  a  thin  glafs  ball :  the  point  of  the  wire  being  in  con- 
tzSt  with  the  inner  furface  of  the  ball.  The  charge  is  here  faid 
to  pafs  from  the  point  of  th£  wire,  through  the  glafs  ball,  to  the 
ijpirit. 

Suppofing  the  truth  of  the  experiment,  we,  who  are  not 
poflelled  of  the  Author's  alacrity  in  drawing  conclufions,  caa 
only  infer  from  this  and  (imilar  experiments  related  in  this  chap- 
ter, that  a  part  of  a  charge  may,  now  and  then,  and  under  pe* 
culiar  circumjiances — for  Mr.  L.  owns  that  this  is  an  exceeding 
difficult  experiment  to  ^  perform' — be  conveyed  from  a  metallic 
point  to  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  infide  furface  of  a  glafs  ball ; 
and  confequently,  according  to  Dr.  Franklin's  theory,  expel  an 
equal  portion  of  eledric  fire  from  the  oppofite  parts  0f  the  out- 
lide  furface ;  although  neither  of  thefe  fur  faces  he  coated.  This  laft 
mentioned  circumftance  is  the  only  one  that  caAs  an  air  of  fin- 

RfiV,  March  1782*  N  gularity 


178  IjyoTi^s  Farther  Proofs^  t^c. 

gularity  over  the  experiment.  Were  the  glafs  ball  coated,  there 
ii^ould  be  nothing  uncommon  in  it :  and  there  are  few  eledri* 
clans  who  are  ignorant  that  uncoaud  ghk  is  capable  of  receiving 
a'  charge. 

But  the  author's  alacrity  in  drawing  concluHons  is  dill  more 
confpicuous  in  the  fecond  chapter ;  where  he  denies,  in  the  moft 
|k>fitive  and  unmeafured  terms,  one  of  the  moil  clearly  eflablifhed 
fads  in  the  whole  fcience  of  electricity.  The  fa£t  is,  that 
whereas  metals,  &c.  cannot  retain  the  e1e£lric  fire  communi- 
cated to  them,  unlefs  they  are  infulated  ;  a  glafs  vial  or  jar,  on 
the  contrary^  cannot  be  charged  with  eledtricity,  if  it  be  in- 
fulated ;  or  unlefs  one  of  its  furfaces  have  a  communication  with 
the  earth,  or  at  lealt  with  the  cufiiion  of  the  eledrical  machine. 
{lere  is  the  experimem,  nearly  in  his  own  words,  which  he 

Jiroduces,  to  (hew  the  blindnfjs  of  eledricians  for  upwards  of 
orty  years  paft. 

Take,  fays  he,  a  pane  of  glafs,  dry,  warm,  'and  clean. 
Place  an  uncharged  Leydm-phlal  upon  the  middle  of  it,  with  its 
knob  in  conta(^  with  the  prime  conduCior.  Turn  the  cylinder 
of  the  machine,  and  charge  it.  *  As  the  ele£lric  fluid  is  con- 
senting in  the  jar  [phial],  you  may  fee  it  (hooting  in  corrufca- 
tions  round  the  bottom  of  the  jar  to  a  confiderable  diftaince : 
(bmetimes  two  inches,  or  more.^  And  who  doubts  it  ?  He  diay 
even  charge  the  pane  of  glafs,  on  which  the  phial  (lands,  in 
this  manner,  with  a  wry  little  trouble,  if  he  pleafes.  But  here 
follow  his  *^  Remarks"  on  this  curious  experiment,  verbatim : 

*  It  has  not  onjy  Been  confidently  ajjertedy  but  gencraUy  be- 
lieved, that  a  jar  cannot  be  charged  if  ini'ulated,  viz*  (landing 
on  an  ekflric ;  unle(s  a  communication,  be  found  between  its 
coating  and  the  floor. 

*  That  this  (hould  have  been  received  as  a  fundamentaV 
axiom  by  eledricians,  in  the  infancy  of  ele^ricity^  is  not  fur- 
prizing  }  as  they  hardly  knew  any  thing  more  of  the  fubjt<^ 
than  how  to  collefl  the  cleflric  efliuvia  in  a  coated  jar.  As 
light  has  been  gradually  ridng  upon  this  fubjeA  for  upwards  of 
forty  years,  it  is  ajlonifhing  that  they  (hould  blindly  and  impli^ 
citly  follow  each  other  fo  long  in  the  beaten  track ;  when  the  fal- 
lacy of  this  axiom  might  have  been  fo  eafily  detedled  by  only 
placing  ajar  upon  a  pane  of  glafs,  and  trying  the  refult  in  en- 
deavouring to  charge  it.' 

We  own,  we  cannot  even  yet  get  rid  of  this  *  fallacy,'  of 
forty  years  (landing ;  nor  can  we  find  any  difficulty  in  account- 
ing, according  to  tbe  *  popular  hypothefis,'  for  the  *  corrufca- 
tions'  above  mentioned,  (hooting  round  the  bottom  of  the  jar 
placed  on  the  pane  of  glafs.  But  the  principal  intention  of  the 
Author,  in  this  fecond  chapter,  is  to  (hew  the  direction  of  the 
cleric  fluids  in  the  charging  and  difcharging  coated  jars«   Had 

2  ^ 


Lyon'i  Farihir  Prodfsj  He.  175 

« 

He  afcertain^d  this  matter,  the  philofophical  world  would  Have 
been  much  obliged  to  him :  but  notwichftanding  the  promifing 
titles  prefixed  to  his  experiments,  we  do  not  here  meet  with  one 
decifive  or  even  plaufibleejjperiment  to  this  purpofe. 

We  all  know  that  the  tra<k  of  the  eledric  fluid  may  be,  and 
has  loitg  been,  rendered  vifible  by  the  perforations  made  by  it  \a 
pafteboard,  &c.  by  the  difperiion  of  bran  and  other  light 
bodies,  and  by  the  marks  which  it  leaves  of  its  paflage  en  the 
naked  or  uncoated  part  of  the  furfaceof  the  Leyden  phial,  after 
a  fpontaneous  explofion.  The  Author  exhibits  its  tracks  either 
by  means  of  a  little  bran,  or  by  a  thin  coating  of  tallow  given 
to  a  glafs  pane;  but  the  Reader  has  only  Mr.  Lyon's/))/?  dixit 
for  its  particular  dire£iion\  for  wheiever  he  ufes   the  phrafes, 

*  pouring  downy  and  running  off\  another  philofopher  has  jull 
as  good  a  right  to  read,  rifingup^  and  entering  in  ;  and  in  dead' of 

•  a  cone  of  rays  converging  to  his  finger,'  he  may,  with  equal 
confidence,  read,  diverging  from  his  finger :— at  leaft  fo  far  as  wc 
can  judge,  after  beflowing  much  time  aod  confideration  mjiuc^^ 
ing  his  experiments  5  which  are  made  with  an  apparatus  moil 
wonderfully  complex. — Why  would  not  he  adopt  the  luminous 
/implicity  of  the  philofopher  whofc  fyftem  he  is  fo  ambitious  to 
fubvert ;  and  who,  in  a  few  familiar  letters,  dcfcribed  and  ex- 
plained the  principal  and  mofl  difficult  phenomena  of  eiedtri* 
city,  almofl  without  putting  the  Reader  to  the  trouble  of  even 
once  cafting  his  eye  on  the  fcanty  plate  at  the  end  of  the  col* 
lefllon  ? 

Of  the  third  chapter,  we  fcarce  need  to  fay  more,  than  that  it 
treats  of  what  the  Author  calls  *  His  Polar  Syflem  :'  but  of  this 
fyflem,  and  of  its  particular  application  towards  explaining  the 
phenomena  of  the  Leyden  phial,  Mr.  Lyon  has  not  yet  enabled* 

us  to  give  a  confiflcnt,  or  indeed  any,  account. ^Whcn  the 

Leyden  phial  is  charging,  as  much  fire  feems  to  pafs  from  the 
outfide,  as  feems  to  enter  within ;  and  yet  the  phial  chus,  and 
thus  only,  acquires  a  charge !  Dr.  Franklin's  theory,  and  the 
hypothefisof /w^eleflric  fluids,  are  the  only  fyftems  with  which 
we  are  acquainted  that  afford  us  an  explanation  of  this  diiHculty, 
or  give  the  mind  the  leafl  fatisfa£lion  on  the  fubjedt.  If  there 
be  a  third  fyftem  contained  in  this  and  the  Author's  former  per- 
formance ;  it  is  fo  imperfe£^,  is  enveloped  in  fuch  obfcurity,  and 
overwhelmed  in  fuch  a  confufed  mafs  of  machinerv,  that  we  have 
nor,  with  all  our  care  and  attention,  been  able  to  difcover  it ; 
and  yet  few,  we  believe,  will  fubmit  to  fludy  his  text  and  ma- 
chinery with  fo  much  patience  as  ourfelves ;  or  be  difpofed  to 
treat  this  captious,  ungrateful,  and  vain- glorious  Eledlrician, 
with  more  refped  than  we  have  (hewn  both  to  himfclf  and  iiis 
writings, 

N  z  Uu 


j8^  7%e  Tl*iOry  df  the  Syphon  illiffiratM. 

Mr.  Lyon  avows  his  intention  *  never,  in  future,  to  tatce 


to  which  he,  we  fear,  fomewhat  toa confidently  appeals,  wemoft 
'Cheerfully  confign  him,  "B—^ 

- ^ 

A%T,  V.  The. Theory  of  the  Syphon  plainly  and  nuthodically  iiluftrated ; 
containing,  bcfides  the  chief  Properties  of  the  Inftrument,  feme  new 
Remarks  on  its  Ufe  in  accounting  for  reciprocating  Springe^  8vo» 
is.6d.     Richardfon  and  Urqahart*     1781. 

TN  this  fmatl  Tra£t,  the  Author  has  endeavoured  to  lay 
down  the  chief  principles  and  properties  of  this  ufeful  in- 
flrument,  m  a  methodical  manner,  and  to  form  them  into  an 
uniform  fyi^em,  in  hopes,  he  fays^  that  it  may  not  only  be  of 
fervice  to  the  pradbical  artifan,  but  yield  fome  amufement  to  the 
fpeculative  enquirer.  The  firfl,  from  gaining  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  inftrument,  may  generally  be  enabled  to  fee  the 
event  of  any  application  of  it,  without  the  rifque  of  an  ex- 
penfive  experiment;  and  the  latter  will  meet  with  his  own  jde;is 
of  the  fubjed,  reduced  to  fome  kind  of  order.  The  Author  be- 
lieves too,  that  he  has  pointed  out  fome  limits  lo  the  operation  of 
the  fyphon^  not  hitherto  obferved. 

The  principles  on  which  he  explains  the  power  of  the  inflru- 
ment,  are  the  fame  as  thofe  ufed  by  Pafcat,  Sturmius,  and 
others  ;  and  he  remarks,  fince  the  fum  of  the  defcending  forces 
of  a  fyphon,  cannot  exceed  twice  the  meafiire  of  the  preflure 
of  the  atmofphere,  the  greateft  height  to  which  a  (yphon  can 
raife  water  over  an  obftacle,  muft  be  fomething  lefs  than  half 
this  quantity,  or  lefs  tban  the  height  of  35  feet* 

The  principles  on  which  he  explains  the  caufes  of  recipro- 
cating fprings,  are  fimilar  to  the  theory  of  the  running  of  the 
famous  fKrtemburg  fyphon. 

It  is  advanced  by  Chambers,  in  his  Dictionary,  as  quoted  by 
this  Author,  *^  that  a  fyphon  once  fet  a-running  will  perfift  in 
its  motion,  though  removed  into  the  moff  perfed  vacuum  our 
air-pumps  can  make ;  and  that  therefore  this  extraordinary  and 
well-known  phenomenon  (i.e.  the  working  of  a  common  fy- 
phon) needs  fome  farther  difquifition."  In  anfwer  to  this,  we 
are  here  told^  that  it  may  be  pretty  fafely  aflerted,  that,  if  there 
has  been  no  deception  in  thele  experiments,  nor  unfaithfulnefs 
in  their  relation,  the  effedls  muft  be  owing  to  fome  adventitious 
circumftance,  which  can  have  no  place  in  the  explanation  of 
the  kind  of  fyphon  meant  in  this  trad. .  •  •  But  the  fyphon  here 
treated  on  is  no  other  than  the  common  one,  neither  has  this 
Author    adduced   any  experiments  to  coatradiA  what  is  ad. 

•  vanced 


jMillerV  Enquiry  rnto  the  Caufe  cf  Motion*  i6i 

vanced  by  Chambers^  who  doubtlefs  had  the  beft  means  of  in- 
/brmation,  and  fpealcs  very  pofitively  as  to  the  fad  \  he  certainly 
.therefore  claims  fome  credit.  'Tis  true,  Martin,  in  his  P&i/y* 
fophia  Britanmcaj  under  the  head  of  Hydraulics,  ejcplaining 
the  theory  of  the  fyphon,  fays,  ^*  that  when  the  air  is  drawn  out 
by  the  mouth-piece,  the  preflure  of  the  air,  on  the  furface  of  the 
water  in  the  veiTcl,  caufes  it  to  rife  into  and  fill  the  fyphon/' — 
which  is  certainly  (rue;  but  the  proof  that  he  adduces  is  this^ 
that  "  we  need  only  put  a  fyphon,  while  working,  under  there*- 
ceiver  of  an  air-pump;  for,  uponexhaufting  all  the  air,  the  fyphon 
will  ceafe  running/'  So  that  here  is  quite  a  contradidion  between 
Martin  and  Chacnbers  :  but  dill  Martin  does  not  fay  that  he  has 
adiually  tried  the  experiment,  and,  for  fome  particular  reafons^ 
which  we  cannot  give  here,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  whac 
Chambers  has  advanced  is  the  truth;  and  would  recommend  it 
to  any  gentleman  who  is  furniflied  with  the  proper  apparatus^ 
to  try  fo  curious  and  ^jfefui  an  experiment.  xwf 

Wi^  , 

Art.  VI.  Ah  Enquiry  into  thi  Cauft  of  Motion ;  or,  t  general  TheOff 
of  Pbyfic?,  grounded  on  the  primary  Qualities  of  Matter.  Illui^ 
trated  with  Copper-plates.  By  6.  Miller.  4:0.  10  s.^d.  Boards. 
£thriogton,  &c.     1781. 

THE  moft  ancient  philofophy,-*that  which  came  out  of 
Phoenicia  into  Greece,  made  a  vacuum  and  atoms,  and 
the  gravity  of  atoms,  the  fxrft  principles  of  fcience  j  but  whether 
this  was  fuggefted  from  obfervation  of  the  operations  of  nature^ 
or  derived  from  fome  other  origin,  does  not  now  appear.      In 
procefs  of  time,  diiFerent  fyftems  were  propofed,  and  thefe  an- 
cient  principles  were  varioufly  interwoven  with  the  particular 
tenets  of  Succeeding  philofophers,  being  the  fountain   of  the 
xnoft  uniform  part  of  their  very  various  opinions.     They  taught 
that  nothing  was  made  out  of  nothing,  that  no  fubftanceis  ge« 
nerated  or  deftroyed,  and  that  colour  and  ufte  are  not  in  the  ob» 
jeds  but  in  the  perceptions ;  which  appear  to  be  the  genuine  prin- 
ciples of  this  atomical  philofophy  among  the   Greeks.     The 
oiore  ancient  atomifts  feem  to  have  taught  that  there  were  living 
fubftances  alfo,  which  pre-exifled  before  the  union  of  the  fyftemi 
of  thofe  elementary  corpufcles,  and  continued  to  exift  after  their 
diflblution.     They  faw  the  neceffity  of  admitting  adive  as  well 
as  paiive  principles  ^  life,  as  well  as  mechanifm,  throughout  the 
world.     But  this  philofophy  was  afterwards  difmembered,  and 
one  fort  of  permanent  fubftance  was  thought  fufficient.     One 
party  retained  the  paffive  matter  only,  and  from  the  fortuitoua 
concourfe  of  its  corpufcles,  pretended  to  explain  the  formation 
of  the  univerfe«    Others  afcribed  reality  and  permanency  to  ac- 
tive incorporeal  fubftances  chiefly,  or  only.    And  fucb  were 
their  diviuons  and  difputes,  that  a  third  fort  fectn  to  have  re- 

N3  JcAcd 


1 82  Miller* J  Enquiry  into  tlj€  Caufe  of  Motion. 

jtGtti  the  reality  of  both,  maintaining  that  there  was  no  ftability 
cither  of  efltnce  or  knowledge  to  be  found,  but  that  both  were 
fantaflical  and  relative  only :  till  at  laft,  as  we  learn  from  Plato, 
PfOtagoras  the  Abderite  taught,  that  man  was  the  meafure  of 
truth  to  himfelf  in  all  things  ;  and  that  every  opinion  or  fancy 
of  everv  one  was  true.  As  to  Thales,  and  his  fucceflbrs  of  the 
Ioni€  fchool,  one  of  them  is  faid  to  have  made  Water  the  prin- 
ciple of  all  things;  another. choTe  air;  a  third  fire;  a  fourth 
earth ;  and  fome  took  them  all  in,  and  made  thefe  four  the 
elements  of  all  things.  So  early  did  (he  padion  for  fyflems  be- 
gin ;  and  difputes  were  the  neceffary  confequence.  We  find 
however  fome  hints  of  the  gravitation  of  the  celeftial  bodies,  in 
what  is  related  of  the  do^rines  of  thefe  Ionic  philofophers  ;  and 
tbiSy  perhaps,  is  what  Pythagoras  meant  to  infer,  from  what 
he  taught  concerning  the  harmony  of  the  fpheres;  but  his  dif- 
ciples,  though  poflefled  of  the  true  fyflem  of  the  univerfe,  could 
not,  jt  ^ems,  defend  their  do<E^rines  ;  for  Ariftotle  feemingly  re- 
fute* ^hem  with  the  appearance  of  truth  on  his  fide,  in  the 
treatiG:  de  Cceloy  afcribed  to  Ariftotle,  it  is  pretended  to  be  de- 
monftrated,  that  the  matter  of  the  heavens  is  ungenerated,  in- 
corruptible, and  immutable;  and  it  is  fuppofed  that  the  ftarsare 
carried  round  the  earth  in  folid  orbs.  TheCe  dodrines  were  ge- 
/lerally  held,  till  Tycho,  by  his  obfervations,  and  Galileo,  by 
bis  arguments,  expofed  their  fallacy.  For  the  opinion  of  Arif- 
totle was  long  allowed  to  ftand  upon  a  level  with  reafon  and 
truth  itfelf,  and  univerfally  prev;iiled,  fo  that  the  Pythagorean 
dodrines  were  quite  forgot,  and  folid  orbs  and  epicycles  were 
multiplied  to  anfwer  every  appearance:  till  on  the  reftitution  of 
the  Pythagorean  fyftem  by  Copernicus,  they  were  fet  afide  by 
Kepler;  who,  in  his  Epitome  of  JJironomy^  fuppofes  that  the 
motion  of  the  fun  on  his  axis  is  prefer vcd  by  fome  inherent 
rital  principle ;  that  a  certain  virtue,  or  immaterial  image  of  the 
fu;i,  IS  diffufed  with  his  rays  into  the  circumambient  fpaces,  and 
revolving  with  the  body  of  the  fun  on  his  axis,  takes  hold  on  the 
planets,  and  carries  them  along  with  it  in  the  fame  diredion,  as 
a  loadftone,  turned  round  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  magnetic 
needle,  makes  it  turn  round  at  the  fame  time.  The  planet,  ac- 
cor<}ing  to  him,  by  its  inertia ^  endeavours  to  continue  in  its 
place,  and  the  adion  of  the  fun^s  image,  and  this  inertia  are  in 
a  perpetual  ftruggle.  He  adds,  th»t  this  adion  of  the  fun,  like 
l^is  light,  decreafes  as  the  diftance  from  him  increafes  ;  and 
ther^rore  moves  the  fame  planet  with  the  geeater  velocity,  the 
lieiir^r  it  is  to  the  fun.  To  accourK  for  the  planets  approaching 
this.flin  as  it  moves  towards  the  perihelion,  and  then  receding 
from  him,  he  fuppofes  that  the  fun  atcra6h  one  part  of  each 
planet,  and  repels  the  oppoiite  part,  and  that  the- parr  which  is 
«ttra£ted  is  turned-  towards  the  fun  ifi  the  acceft,  an^  that  the 

•  other 


MiWtr^s  Enguiry  into  ih  Cauje  of  AMfKi  1 83 

other  part  is  towards  Kim  In  the  rocefs.  By  ijuppoiti ws  of  Ums 
kind  be  endeavoured  to  account  for  all  the  va^ictks  of  Uve  ^cekf- 
tial  notions. 

As  both  Copernicus  and  Kepler  appear  to  hav^eJiad  notions  ^f 
univerfal  gravita«tion,  fo  this  tbepr)^  oi  Kepler's  may  be  confidertd 
as  the  firft  attempt  to  (bew  what  it  was,  and  how  it  a^d  %  or, 
in  other  words,  to  explain  the  caufe  of  motion^  It  would  be 
ftepping  too  much  oat  of  our  way  to  give  tbe  obj«dio|is  tojKefl- 
ler's  theory  here;  but  after  him  X>es  Cartas,  taking  the  high 
priori  road,  endeavoured,  fron)  our  knowledge  of  thf^.Dei^bioi- 
felf,  to  deduce  the  explication  of^aJl  hip  works.  Tbemaonerf  ^^ 
and  particular  tenets  of  this  philofopher,  and  the  ob}e£tio||a 
that  have  been  made  to  thexn,  ai;e  too  weU  ki^own^.  aad  too  nu* 
merous,  for  us  to  pretend  to  give  an  account  of  them  here*  Freifi 
his  placing  the  eflence  of  matter  in  extgiiion,  ^^nA  zfUnum^-it 
was,  that  Spinoza  took  occafuxn  to  draw  the  mod  fionftrovs 
conclufions.  Leibnitz,  calling  Spinozifm  u»  tarufianifmin^tri^ 
retained  the  fubtle  matter  of  Des  Cartes,  with  the  plenum  a«d 
vortices,  and  reprefented  the  univerfe  as  a  machine  that  ftould 
proceed  for  ever,  by  the  Jaws  of  mecbanifm,  in  the  moft  perfect 
ftate,  by  an  abfolute  unavoidable  neceffity.  Jn  ibme  things,  he 
differs  from  Des  Cartes,  whofe  dof^rine  has  been  often  altered, 
and  varioufly  mended  fince  its  fir  ft  promulgation,  by  inge- 
nious men,  fuch  as  the  Bernoullis  and  Euler,  who  have  ufed 
their  utmoft  efforts  to  patch  it  up,  and  fupport  its  credit,  againft 
Newton  and  his  followers  :  but  it  feems  to  have  been  to  little 
purpofe,— the  do£)rine  of  attradion,  or  univerCal  gravitation, 
has  been  ftill  gaining  ground,  in  fpite  of  all  oppofitiisin,  fo  th^t 
the  defenders  of  Des  Cartes,  at  this  day,  appear  to  be  very 
few.  ^ 

The  great  obje£lion  to  the  theory  of  univerfaJ  gravitation  h^ 
that  it  is  an  occult  caufe,  aixi  fuch  as  the  propofer  bii»felf  could 
not  explain*  This,  it  muft  be  allowed,  is  true,  /10  probabde  to- 
count  of  it  having  been  given,  either  by  Sir  I(aa^  Newton^  or 
any  one  elfe,  though  Several  attempts  have  been  majde.  Indeed 
the  illuftrious  propofer  was  well  aware  of  the  diCcnky  of  aiCr 
counting  for  the  caufe  of^attra&ion  or  gravitation,  a^d  there- 
fore he  only  propofes  it  as  a  known  effe6^,  that  extends  tbrougli 
all  nature.  That  great  bodies,  fuch  as  the  fun  and  planeM^ 
Ibotild  emit  operative  particles^m  .thennfelves,  is  very  caify  to 
conceive ;  but  then  italfo  fEXfn3  ^ vi4ei^«  tba^t  theie  would ^ime 
a  repellent,  and  not  an  attractive  effeiSl ;  fev«ral  attewpts  have 
therefore  been  made  to' (hew  ho^v  an  a^^adive  effect  might  be 
produced  by  a  r^pelL^t  cau^,  h^it  their  fucoefs  has  been  fuch 
as  might  be  expededi  from  fo  abfurd  an  hypothefis.  It  is,  ^Z 
doubtlefs,    "^ti"^  dejlir^ble   that   the    caufe   of  gravitation   or        ^ 

attra<^io4i^  ^  e&n^  fo  univer,ial  and  .powerful^  Muld  be  de^ 

N  4  fined 


184  Miller^  Enquiry  into  the  Caufe  of  Motion. 

fined  and  illuftnted,  fo  as  to  involve  no  contradictions,  but  to 
(hew  how  it  extended  and  operated  through  all  natbre.  It  would 
be  a  noble  contemplation. — We  imagined  that  the  Work  before 
lis,  from  its  title,  would  have  proved  an  attempt  of  this  kind  ; 
and  are  forry  to  find  ourfelves  miftaken :  the  defigo  of  the  Au- 
thor being  to  overthrow  what  we  were  in  hopes  he  meant  to 
iupport  and  explain.  However,  as  truth  ought  to  prevail, 
he  has  a  right  to  be  heard,  and  that  his  fyftem  be  tried, 
to  fee  whether  it  is  confonant  to  truth,  or  whether  it  involves 
contradidions  and  faUacies  (o  as  to  confute  itfelf. 
)  The  foundation  of  this  Aythor's  theory,  as  laid  down  by  him- 
felf,  is  as  follows— 

*  Since  neither  attradion  nor  gravity  ought  to  he  confidered 
otherwife  than  as  neceflary  effeds,  flowing  from  fome  perma- 
nent caufe,  it  is  obvious  our  enquiries  (hould  penetrate  deeper, 

'  even  to  the  primary  caufe  thereof;  having  minutely  inveftigated, 
combined,  and  compared  the  various  operations  of  the  phyfical 
world,  it  has  induced  me  to  lay  down  the  following  as  general 
principles,  (viz.) 

*  FirJI,  That  all  bodies  whatever  are  compofed  of  two  dif- 
tin£l  heterogeneous  fpecies  of  particles,  which  I  will  call  Am- 
ply inert  particles,  or  particles  of  paffive  matter;  and  elaftic 
particles,  or  particles  of  adive  matter, 

^  Secondly.     That  the  inert  paflive  particles,  are  particles  of 

water,. being  perfectly  incompreffible  and  inelaftic ;  and    that 

all  other    particles  of   matter  are  as  perfectly  volatile,   com- 

rpreifible,  and  elaftic,  having  the  properties  of  expanding  them- 

felves  ad  infinitum. 

^  Thirdly.  That  from  their  incompreffibility,  and  inelafti* 
city,  the  watery  particles  have  no  power  but  of  fimply  falling 
into  any  diredion, 

*  Fourthly.  That  from  their  being  direded  to  a  centre, 
by  the  caufe  hereafter  explained,  arifes  al!  that  power  of 
gravity  obferved  in  the  various  phenomena. 

*  Fifthly.  That  the  afiive,  compreffible,  elaftic  particles,  are 
under  every  ftate  of  compreffion  indiqable  to  motion. 

^  Sixthly.  That  this  elaitic  power  in  matter,  is  the  caufe 
of  cobefim^  gravitation^  fermentation^  coagulation^  ebullition^  &c» 
iic. 

^  Seventhly.  That  the  inelaftic  paffive,  and  the  elaillc  aCtive 
matter,  are  the  only  perfeA  elements,  by  the  varied  combina- 
tion whereof  every  fubflance  is  produced  :  it  feems  evident  thefe 
two  are  the  only  primary  principles ;  for  the  particles  of  all 
bodies  which  come  under  our  obfervation  being  feparated,  refolve 
into  thefe  two  heterogeneous  fpecies  of  matter/ 

Thus  far  our  Author ;  but  what  is  afierted  in  the  fecond  of 
tbef^,  that  all  particlca.of  matter  (except  thpfe  of  water)  are  as 
'  perfcdljf 


Miller'j  Enquiry  into  the  Cavfe  of  Motion.  1 85 

perfeflly  volatile  and  elaftic,  having  the  property  of  expanding  them" 
Jilves  AD  infinitum!  is  certainly  the  ercatcft  of  all  miracles. 
That  a  particle  of  matter,  Icfs  than  the  leaft  body  imaginable, 
Ihould  have  in  itfclf  the  property  of  expanding  or  extending  it- 
felf  fo  as  to  fill  the  whole  univerfe  (for  fo  much  ad  infinitum 
fignifies)  furcly  furpafles  all  probability  and  belief!  Yet  fuch 
is  the  foundation,  it  feems  from  his  own  word.*;,  of  this  author's 
fyftem  :  and  in  fupport  of  this  he  aflerts,  that  Sir  Ifaac  Newton, 
as  well  as  all  our  modern  philofophers,  have  agreed  that  the 
particles  of  aflive  matter  have  this  inherent  property,  of  feparat- 
ing  and  expanding  themfelves  ad  infinitum^  and  that  they  are 
perfeftly  volatile  and  comprcfEble.  But  we  may  reafonably 
enough  entertain  fome  doubt  of  the  truth  of  this  afTertion  ;  and 
he  has  adduced  no  evidence  thereof,  but  Sir  Ifaac's  definition  of 
light  and  fire,  in  which  it  does  not  appear,  however  his  words 
may  be  didorted,  that  he  had  any  fuch  meaning.  The  New- 
tonians indeed  aflcrt,  that  matter  is  divifible  in  infinitum^  but 
there  feems  to  be  nothing  that  is  very  contradidory  to  reafon  in 
this,  for  it  may  be  poHible  for  this  to  be  done,  although  it  be 
out  of  men's  power  to  efFecSl  it.  However  all  impoflible  pofi- 
tions  generally  carry  their  own  confutation  along  with  them  ; 
let  us  then  try  this  luppofition  of  our  Author's  by  the  ftandard 
of  reafon  and  common  fenfe;  if  the  adlive  particles  have  a 
power  of  expanding  themfelves  in  infinitum^  they  muft  alfo  have 
a  power  of  acquiring  a  velocity  greater  than  the  grcateft  af- 
fignableone;  and  fince  their  power  of  expanfion  muft  be  the 
greater,  the  iefs  the  fpace  is  into  which  they  are  compreffcd, 
therefore  taking  away  the  compreffion,  the  velocity  muft  be 
greateft  the  firft  inftant,  and  confequently  infinite  ;  hence  if  the 
quantity  of  matter  in  thefe  elaftic  particles,  bears  any  finite  pro- 
portion to  that  in  the  non-elaftic  one;;,  fince  the  former  mufl: 
almoft  inftantaneoufly  have  the  power  of  expanding  wiih  an  in* 
finite  velocity,  and  confequently  with  an  infinite  momentum, 
they  muft  likewife  impel  the  others  with  the  fame  momentum; 
and  the  confequence  muft  be,  that,  fo  far  from  there  being  any 
fuch  thing  as  reft,  there  could  not  exift  any  fuch  thing  as  finite 
velocity  in  the  univerfe,  which  is  abfurd,  and  contrary  to  all 
fad.  Here  then  the  neceflary  dedudlion  is,  that  thefe  particles 
have  not  the  power  of  expanding  themfelves  ad  infinitum  \  con- 
fequently there  muft  be  fuch  a  thing  as  their  natural  ftate,  in 
which  they  are  under  no  compreflion,  and  confequently  have  no 
further  power  of  expanfion. 

Air  is  perhaps  the  only  elaftic  fluid  that  wc  are  in  any  degree 
\i;rell  acquainted  with,  and  experiments  feem  to  prove  that  its 
power  of  expanfion  is  as  the  comprefiion  nearly  ;  and  we  find, 
that  when  the  comprefEon  is  taken  oiF,  as  in  the  experiments  on 
(h^  wiod-gMn,  although  only  imperfedlly,  it  has  the  power  of 

expanding 


l86  MillcrV  Enquiry  into  the  Caufe  of  Motion. 

expanding  itfclf  with  a  very  great  momentum  ;  and  hence  it  may 
be  conceived  with  what  a  momentum  a  medium  like  this  Au- 
thor's^ that  has  an  infinite  power  of  expanding  itfelf,  would  fly 
tbefirft  inftant. 

7^he  above  mentioned  law  of  the  power  of  expanfion  in  the 
air,  may  be  fo  near  the  truth,  as  to  make  it  impoffible  for  us 
to  obfcrvc  any  defeft  therein,  by  the  niceft  experiments  that  we 
can  make  ;  and  yet  it  will  by  no  means  hinder,  but  that  there 
may  be  fuch  a  thing  as  air  with  the  particles  in  their  natural 
flatc,  or  when  they  are  not  at  all  compreffed,  and  confequcntly 
can  have  no  power  of  cxpanfion  which  ceafes  with  the  compreN 
fion.  This  natural  ftate  cannot  poflibly  be  higher  than  the 
point  of  equal  gravitation  towards  the  moon  and  earth  ;  and 
may  not  be  at  ^  greater  height  than  48  or  49  miles,  for  any 
thing  we  can  prove  to  the  contrary.  If  a  fpring  of  elaftic  metal 
be  prefTcd  out  of  its  natural  (late,  we  know  that  it  has  a  power  of 
putting  itfelf  in  motion  ;  but  it  by  no  means  follows  from  hence, 
that  it  may  not  be  in  fuch  a  ftate  as  to  have  no  fuch  power,  for 
we  certainly  know  the  contrary  :  and  to  fuppofe  that  any 
thing  can  prefs  or  move  without  a  caufe,  or  be  perfectly  vola- 
tile and  elaftic  in  this  Author's  fenfe  of  the  words,  is  certainly 
abfurd.  And  as  it  is  probable  that  there  are  no  bodies  in  the  ' 
univerfc  thus  pcrfeftly  elaftic  ;  fo  alfo  perfcdlly  non-elaftic  ones 
are  perhaps  to  be  reckoned  among  the  non-entities.  As  to 
water,  it  is  known  not  to  be  compreflible  by  us  in  any  great  de- 
gree, but  it  by  no  means  follows  from  hence  that  it  is  pcrfedly 
iion-elaftic.  And  how  this  Author  came  to  fuppofe  that  the 
particles  of  water  are  inelaftic,  is  not  eafy  to  fay;  for  that  they 
are  elaftic  in  a  very  confidcrable  degree,  is  a  well  known 
truth. 

The  power  of  expanfion  in  the  air,  or  that  by  which  it  is 
put  in  motion  when  the  compreflion  is  lefTened,  being  propor- 
tional to  the  compreftion  ;  it  follows,  that  when  there  is  no  com-  • 
prc(Kon,  there  can  be  no  expanfion  ;  and  that  the  one  being 
leftened,  the  other  muft  be  fo  too,  confequently  the  air  has 
no  fuch  property,  as  that  *'  the  motion  of  the  particles  (hould 
increafe  in  proportion  to  their  rarity.**  But  the  power  of  cx- 
panfion in  the  air  being  allovyed  to  be  only  proportional  to  its 
compreflion  ;  then,  in  a  medium  that  has  a  greater  proportional 
power,  the  particles  nearer  the  furface  being  more  denfe  muft 
force  off  the  rarer  ones,  and  thefe  them  that  are  ftill  rarer,  &c. 
till  the  whole  medium  would  fly  off  from  the  central  body,  after 
it  had  by  this  means  acquired  an  uniform  denfity,  unlefs  we  fup- 
pofe fome  other  central  power  to  a6l  to  prevent  this. 

The  Author  fays,  ♦  that  the  particles  of  elaftic  matter^ 
being  continually  preflcd  upon  by  the  weight  of  the  inelaftic, 
muft  pf  courfc  be  furrounded  by  tbofe  particles.*    This  is  his 

firft 


MilkrV  Enquiry  InU  the  Cauji  xf  Abtion.  1 87 

V 

fir  ft  pofition  for  the  folutioo  of  the  phenomena  of  the  heavenljr 
bodies.  But  what  is  this,  but  begging  the  queftion,  or  arguing 
in  a  circle?  If  the  particles  of  bodips  hai^  weight,  they  muft 
have  a  tendency  to  a  centre  ;  for  without  fuch  a  tendency,  there 
is  no  fuch  thing  a^  weight.  And  if  the  inelaftic  particles  have 
weight,  and  the  elaftic  ones  none ;  then,  even  if  they  had  this 
infinite  power  of  expanfion,  they  could  produce  no  motion^ 
when  they  are,  as  he  fays,  ^  of  courfe  furrounded  by  the  pthers. 
And  then  what  becomes  of  his  fecond  petition,  (at  (c£l.  3.) 
*  That  the  adive  particles  muft  be  conftantiy  forcing  through^ 
ieparattng  and  carrying  upwards  the  paffive  watery  particle^  ?*— « 
And  if  the  adive  particles  have  weight ;  then,  with  whatever 
velocity  they  are  projected  from  the  central  body,  that  weight 
muft  continually  diminifli  it\  which  is  quite  contrary  to  all 
his  fuppofttions,  and  aftertions.  Such  being  (he  foundation  oa 
which  he  builds,  what  muft  become  of  the  fuperftru6lure? 

Let  us  iee  then  whether  thefe  principles  of  his,  if  true,  coul4 
po(Ebly  be  fufficient  to  account  for  the  various  phenomena  of 
the  motions  of  the  celeftial  bodies.  He  fays,  at  p.  32.  *  The 
particles  of  fine  adive  matter  are  continually  ifTuing  from  the 
body  of  the  fun,  from  the  bodies  Q(f  the  planets,  and  from  the 
bodies  of  the  fixed  ftars,  in  every  dire£iion  with  great  velocity  ; 
light  pafles  from  the  fun  to  the  earth  in  8  ^  minutes,  which  is 
at  the  rate  of  164,494  miles  in  a  fecond  ;  and  as  the  motion  of 
the  elaftic  f>articles  increafes  in  proportion  to  their  rarity,  their 
velocity  muft  be  greater  at  the  orbit  of  the  earth,  than  at  their 
firft  emiftion  from  the  fun's  furface,  and  will  continually  in* 
creafe  in  proportion  as  the  diftance  and  rarity  increafes ;  fo  that 
the  velocity  of  the  particles,  even  at  the  orb  of  Saturn,  muft  be 
extreme ;  hence  the  momentum  muft  be  inconceivably  great 
when  the  particles  of  matter  emitted  by  the  fun,  and  thofe 
emitted  by  the  fixed  ftars,  meet  and  refift  each  other ;  whjch  will 
be  the  cafe  (as  appears  by  the  phenomena  of  magnetiGn  and 
cledlricity)  where  the  particles  are  of  fimilar  denlity.' 

*  Now  as  the  fixed  ftars  are  not  of  equal  magnitudes,  nor  at 
equal  diftances  from  the  fun,  nor  from  each  other,  it  follows, 
that  the  momecitum  or  lefiftance  cannot  be  equal  on  every  fide; 
from  this  unequal  refiftance,  unequal  rea&ion  mufteofue,  an4 
thereby  motion  is  communicated  to  the  body  of  the  fun/ 

BiK  ihis  is  not  ftiewing  the  caufe  of  motion,  it  is  only  ihifti«g 
it  frem  one  thing  to  another,  from  the  fun  to  the  ft^rs,  and  from 
theic  «o  others,  till  the  mind  is  bewildered  in  the  jmukiplkity  tf 
ebje6l8  ;  and,  after  all,  it  is  evideacly  neceflary,  to  fuppofcfo^ie 
firft  caufe  continually  ading.  Again,  though  the  particles  front 
the  f4jR^  and  thofe  from  the  ftars,  when  of  iimilar  denfii;/,  befup- 
pefed  to  meet  and  refift  etfch  other  with  ever  fuch  an  ioconceivr 
ably  great  momentum)  Aill  \k  is  very  eafy  to  be  demonftrs^t^ 

that 


iCT  MlllcrV  Enquiry  into  the  Caufe  of  Motion. 

that  this  can  have  no  tSt&,  at  all  vpon  the  body  of  the  fun^  to 
caufe  him  to  turn  round  on  his  own  axis,  till  fuch  time  as  the  ' 
velocity  of  every  particle,  between  that  place  of  fimilar  denfity^ 
and  the  body  of  the  fun  be  deftroyed,  and  the  whole  becomes 
one  compa6i  orb. <-> So  here  again  the  hypothecs  deftroys  itfelf. 
•  •  . .  And  the  fame  will  appear,  if  we  try  how  the  motions  of  a 
planet  are  hereby  accounted  for.— • 

He  fuppofes  the  particles  of  aftive  matter  to  revolve  with  the 
fun  about  his  axis,  as  if  they  conftituted  one  body  with  him  ; 
and  that,  by  their  aftivity,  they  give  motion  to  the  planets  ;  for 
he  fttppofes  thefe  to  be  quite  inert,  having  neither  proje£lile 
nor  rotatory  motion,  excepting  fuch  as  is  caufed  by  or  commu- 
nicated to  them  by  thefe  adive  particles.  Let  us  then,  waving 
for  this  time  the  neceffity  for  folid  orbs,  confider  the  confequence 
cf  this  hypothefis. 

Thefe  a£tive  particles,  having  a  progreffive  motion  from  the 
centre  of  the  fun,  and  a  rotatory  one  about  his  axis,  muft  flrike 
a  planet  in  the  diagonal  of  a  parallelogram,  or,  in  a  direction 
oblique  to  the  right  line  joining  the  fun  and  planet,  and  confe- 
quentiy,  as  the  Author  rejects  projedile  force,  would  drive  the 
planet  oiF  in  that  direction  ;  but  it  will  be  /aid  that  the  matter 
from  the  fixed  ftars,  ading  in  a  contrary  direction,  would  pre* 
vent  this  ;  be  it  fo,  then  the  planet  having  no  projedlile  velo- 
city, if  this  a£iion  be  equal  and  contrary  to  the  other,  the  planet 
muft  (land  ftiU,  as  no  motion  at  all  could  enfue.  And  if  the  ac- 
tion be  unequal  on  oppoAte  hemifpheres  of  the  planet,  as  he 
f  ippofes,  this  would  indeed  produce  motion ;  but  ftill  a  rotatory 
motion  about  its  centre  of  gravity,  could  not  hereby  be  pro- 
duced, without  giving  the  planet  icfelf  another  motion,  about  a 
fpontaneous  centre  of  rotation,  making  it  recede  from  the  cen- 
tral body,  in  a  path  that  for  a  fmall  time  would  differ  but  little 
from  a  prolate  cycloid,  quite  different  from  any  thing  obferved 
k\  nature ;  neither  could  a  planet  by  this  means  be  made  to  re« 
volve  about  the  fun  at  all. 

Since  then  the  hypothcAs  on  which  this  work  is  built,  is  con- 
tradictory to  itfelf,  fince  neither  the  motion  of  the  fun  about 
his  axis,  nor  that  of  a  planet  about  the  fun  can  be  accounted 
for  by  it,  it  is  perhaps  needlefs  to  purfue  our  remarks  any  fur- 
ther. •  •  This  Author,  however,  appears  to  blame  Mr.  Fergufon 
without  any  juft  grounds,  as  having  given  a  defedive  theory  of 
the  tidesy  at  p.  3 1  f .  of  bis  Trads  ;  and  hence  he  takes  occaiion 
to  draw  this  extraordinary  conclufion,  viz.  that  the  Newtonian 
theory  of  the  laws  of  motion,  is  erroneoufly  founded.  But  it 
is  evident,  that  Mr.  Fergufon's  deAgn  was  only  to  give  a  popu- 
lar account  of  the  matter,  fuited  to  (be  capacity  of  ordinary 
readers,  or,  at  leail,  fuch  as  were  not  verfed  in  the  higher 
Waochcs  of  the    matheovitics  ^    to  whono,    a  deoaonftratioa 

founded 


Miller*i  Enquiry  into  the  Caufe  rf  M9ti&n»  j2^ 

founded  on  the  iriveftigation  of  the  fpheroidal  figure^  into 
which  the  waters  would  be  put  by  the  attraction  of  the  fun  and 
moon,  would  fcarcely  have  been  intelligible,  and  therefore  very 
improper  for  him  to  give  in  that  place. 

One  thing  we  would  advenife  this  Author  of>  namehr,  that 
force  and  weight  are  different  things,  that  admit  of  no  kind  of 
coroparifon  with  each  other,  any  more  than  furface  and  folidi- 
ty,  or  vis  inertis  and  accelerative  gravity  (vide  p,  128  of  his 
book). 

However,  his  chief  objeAion  to  the  Newtonian  theory,  or 
that  which  he  feems  to  lay  the  moft  firefs  upon,  is  that  the  ex- 
perimental path  of  projectiles  near  the  earth's  furface,  is  yerjff 
different  from  that  given  by  the  theory.  But  this  may  be 
wholly  owing  to  the  refiflan^of  the  air,  for  any  thing  that 
has  yet  appeared  to  the  contri^  ;  the  theory  hitherto  given  of 
that  refiflance  being  wholly  hypothetical,  and  the  exadt  power 
thereof,  and  the  law  by  which  it  varies,  are  yet  unknown. 

He  fays,  at  p.  84.  *  But  a  phenomena  [phcenomenon]  which 
till  of  late  efcaped  the  obfervation  of  the  philofophical  world, 
throws  a  new  light  upon  this  fubj.e£t,  proving  that  gravity  is 
a  more  innate  operation,  and  not  theeffedl  of  any  aitradive  pro- 
perty lodged  in  the  particles  of  matter  of  which  the  earth  is  com- 
pofed,  I  allude  to  this  well  known  fadt,  that  if  two  bodies  of 
iimilar  [equal]  diameters,  but  of  different  denfities,  are  projected 
with  equal  force,  the  heaviefl  body  will  fly  farther  than  the 
light  one;  e.  g.  fuppofe  two  cannons,  loaded  with  a  ball  each^ 
whofe  fuperficies  are  equal,  but  the  one  fpecifically  as  heavy 
again  as  the  other,  are  difcbarged  with  the  fame  force  of  pow- 
der, the  heavieft  ball  will  be  proje<£led  to  confiderably  the 
greateft  diflance.  This  circumf^ance,  attentively  confidered,  will 
be  found  abfolutely  to  demonftrate  that  the  whole  force  of  gra- 
vity, when  a  body  is  projecftcd  horizontally  [with]  above  a  cer- 
tain degree  of  velocity,  is  not  dire£led  towards  the  centre  of 
the  earth ;  that  the  earth  does  not  attraSi  bodies  in  proportion 
to  their  quantity  of  matter,  and  of  courfe  that  every  particle  in 
nature  does  not  aitra^  every  other  particle.  Perhaps  it  may  be 
urged,  the  reflftance  of  the  air  occafions  the  earlier  defcent  of 
the  light  body ;  but  as  the  atmofphere  can  only  prefs  upon  the 
furfaces  which  are  equal,  it  is  impofBble  that  fhould  be  the 
cafe.   •    • 

But,  granting  that  we  have  no  true  theory  of  the  motion  of 
proje&iles,  certainly  the  world  has  not  been  quite  To  ignorant 
as  this  Author  fuppofes.— 'Tis  very  evident,  gravity  and  vis 
hiertiae  being  out  of  the  queflton,  that  the  adtion  of  the  air  upon 
the  lighter  of  thefe  bodies,  will  deflroy  its  velocity  fooner  than 
that  of  the  heavier.  What,  does  this  Author  think  that  it  has 
till  lately  efcaped  the  obfervation  of  the  philofophical  world, 

5  that 


I  go  Principles  of  Laiv  and  GovifnmenU 

tliat  the  wind,  ftriking  agalnft  an  ounce  weight,  and  againft  a 
feather,  would  drive  away  the  latter  with  the  greateft  velocity  ! 
Siippofe  two  fuch  balls  as  he  mentions  to  be  projected  with  a 
velocity. of  looo  feet  per  fecond,  then  he  fays  that  the  velocity 
of  the  lighter  Will  bedeftroyed  fooner  than  that  of  the  heavier. 
But  certainly  this  is  no  proof  that  the  whole  of  gravity,  as  he 
fays,  is  not  diredcd  to  the  centre  of  the  earth,  Suppofe  the 
Ame  two  bafls  to  be  laid  on  a  perfedly  frhooth  horizontal  plane, 
and  that  the  air  or  wind  impinges  agalnft  each  of  them  with  a 
velocity  of  lOOO  feet  per  fecond  j  is  it  not  very  evident,  that  it 
will  in  the  fame  time  generate  a  greater  velocity  iri  the  lighter 
body  than  in  the  heavier  ?  And  here  gravity  is  out  of  the  quef- 
tion.  Cpnfequently,  in  the  former  cafe,  when  they  are  pro- 
je£ted  with  the  fame  velocity,  fbp  lighter  muft  fly  to  the  lefs 
diftance  \  without  any  need  for  fuppofing  the  dire^ion,  or  force 
of  gravity  to  be  altered. 

At  p.  134,  the  Author  has  advanced  the  appearance  of  a  fadt, 
in  fupport  of  his  hypothefis,  in  the  following 

*  Query,  Is  it  not  from  Sirius  that  the  fun  meets  the 
greateii  refiftance  ?  Is  not  the  vicinity  of  this  body  the  grand 
caufe  of  all  the  motion  in' our  fyftem  ?  Is  not  this  idea  fupported 
by  the  earth  being  found  neareft  the  fun  (when  between  thofe  two 
bodies),  as  from  the  nature  of  compreffion  this  would  be  an  in- 
evitable confequcnce  ?* 

To  this  we  anfwer,  that  the  earth  is  never  between  Sirius  ancf 
the  fun,  becaufe  the  ftar  is  not  in  the  ecliptrc,  but  has  39  ^  32' 
fouth  latitude;  that  when  the  diftitnce  between  the  earth  and 
ftar,  meafured  on  a  great  circle  of  the  fphere,  is  the  leaft,  the 
earth  is  not  then  accurately  in  its  perihelion  ;  the  longitude  of 
Sirius  being  3  figns  11  ^  15%  and  the  place  of  (he  perihelion  of 
the  earth  3  figns  9®  13'  16'';  befides,  that  place  is  continu- 
ally altering,  and  the  motion  of  the  perihelion  being  at  the  rate 
of  66'^  and  the  ftar's  alteration  of  longitude  at  about  the  rate  of 
50""  per  annum  ;  the  ftar's  place  in  longitude  has  in  former  ages 
been  more  diftant  from  the  perihelion  point;  and  even  if  tTiey 
had  been  always  together,  if  this  Author's  confequence  were 
jtift,  the  fame  reafon  ftlould  make  the  perihelia  of  the  other 
planets  in  the  fame  place ;  whereas,  the  contrary  is  too  well 
known  for  us  to  multiply  words  about  it  hei-e,  ^9 
, Wt* 

Art.  VII •  PrincipUs  0/  Law  attd  Go'utrtfmtiit ,  with  ao  Inqairy 
into  the  JulUce  and  Policy  of  the  prefect  War,  and  moll  cfFeefutl 
Means  of  obtaining  an  honourable,  permanent,  and  advanta^cout 
Peace.    410.     7  8.6d.    Boards.    Murray.     178  u 

1  F  the  political  dodrines  of  the  iHuftriotB  Locke  be  juft, 
^  and  fuch  as  have  a  Undeacy  to  inereafe  the  kapyinefB  of 

mankind. 


•  •  • 

Principles  of  Law  and  Government.  191 

nlartkind,  the  writer  who  endeavours  to  illuftratey  confirm,  and 
difieminate  them,  may  be  numbered  among  the  friends  of  hu- 
n^anity. — In  this  predicament  ftands  the  Author  of  the  *  Prin- 
ciples of  Law  and  Government.'  But  though  a  difciple  of  Mr« 
Locke,  for  as  fuch  he  may  be  conridered^.he  does  not  implicidjf 
follow  him;  he  ventures  to  think  and  to  judge  for  himfelf^ 
and  in  fome  fubordinate  paints,  todiflent  from  his  maftcr. 

'  He  has  endeavoured/  he  tells  us,  '  to  divelt  htmfelf  of  prejudice 
and  partiality,  and  to  vie^r  events^  charaAers  and  cirCttmA'aacev 
with  the  unimpaffioDed  eye  of  calm  philofophy.  If  he'  can  truft  hia 
own  feelings,  his  heart  bears  witnefs  to  the  difintereiled  parity  of  bia 
antctftioas.  He  cannot  ftoop  to  the  low  arts  of  popularity,  *'  with 
do^rioes  fotted  to  the  varying  hour  :*'  and  as  he  doe   not  wi^  to  do* 

coive,  he  cannot  eondefcend  to  flatter. ^Unconnected  with  party, 

and  uninfluenced  by  fadion,  he  ufes  no  artful  InQnuations,  willingly 
aifrepreftncs  no  fadls»  or  draws  any  iniidious  inferences ;  and  however 
ardent  the  zeal  with  which  he  is  adluated,  however  great  bis  affedioa 
for  his  country;  yet  he  flatters  himfelf,  he  is  not  (6  much  influenced, 
by  narrow  illiberality  of  fentiment,  as  to  forget  for  one  moment  tbac 
he  if  a  citizen  of  the  world;  or  in  any  inilance  to  prefer  the  advan* 
cages  of  his  country,  to  thofe  of  humanity. 

*  Bold  in  confcious  innocence,  and  animated  by  the  rectitude  of 
hit  intentions,  he  gives  full  fcope,  to  the  wiihes  of  his  heart ;  he 
writes  with  freedom,  and  a  perfe6V  contempt  of  perfonal  confe- 
qoences;  but  he  has  avoided  perfonal  abufe.  lets  measures,  not 
lien,  he  wifhes  either  to  cerfure  or  recommend;  and  if  his  work  con- 
tains any  thing,  that  may  i^ivcjull  offence,  that  may  wound  the  bofont 
of  innocence' »  or  be  prcdudive  of  any  pernicious  confrquences ;  he 
C3B  only  fay,  that  it  wa^  not  iniencionstl ;  and  that  if  he  had  beta 
finrfible  of  it  while  he  wrote,  the  repenting  tear  had  wiped  it  out. 

This  Work  confifts  of  two  parts,  the  one  containing 
*  Principles,  &c/  the  other  *  an  Inquiry,  &c.  The  former  of 
thefc  commences  with  an  account  of  fome  of  the  opinions 
which  have  been  held  concerning  the  origin  of  fociety,  in  which 
the  Author  takes  occafion  to  remark,  and  we  think  juf^ly,  fhaC 
the  phrafe  ^'  natural  equality"  does  not  diftinguifb,  with  fuffi- 
cienc  precifion,  the  kind  of  equality  which  is  fuppofed  to  have 
(iibfifted  among  mankind,  pri.jr  to  a  ftate  of  fociety.  For  as 
mankiod  are  not  naturally  equal,  with  refpecl  to  the  poflcflioii 
of  either  mental  or  corporeal  powers,  but  only  in  having  th0 
fime  clafm  to  freedom  and  independence,  the  above  phrafe  is 

certatiriy  too  indefinite Inftead,  therefore,  of  caUing  this 

tqaality,  the  *  natural  equality  of  mankind,'  the  Writer  would 
nfe  a  more  appropriate  language,  and  call  it  the  *  natural  poli- 
tical equality  of  mankind.' — He  is  aware,  however,  of  the  appa- 
redt  impropriety  of  denominatmg  any  thing  in  a  ftate  of  nature, 
political) — *  but'  fays  he,  *  as  this  equality  refpefts  political 
power  only,  I  am  really  at  a  lofs  fur  a  more  proper  ittm^  and 
ihould  gladly  adopt  a  better/ 

That 


192  Principlis  $f  Law  and  Government, 

That  mankind  are  naturally  in  a  ftate  of  political  equality,  i$ 
a  propofition,  he  obferves,  that  appears  to  be  felf-evident. 

*  If  rulers/  fays  he,  '  derive  their  political  fuperibrity  from  divine 
rigbt»  that  divine  right  has  not  been  promulgated  to  mortals,  either 
by  reafon  or  revelatioo  ;  and  I  cannot  avoid  regarding  it  at  an  im- 
picas,  as  well  as  an  abford  and  fervile  dodrine,  which  invefts  one  fee 
of  meo  with  the  power  of  tyrannizing  over  and  trampling  on  their 
fellow-creatoresy  and  which  pretends  to  derive  that  right,  from  a 
Being  infinitely  wife  and  good — that  clothes,  with  the  power  and 
authority  of  the  Almighty,  thofe  who,  from  the  defeats  of  their  edu* 
cation,  and  the  peculiar  difadvantages  attending  their  iitaation,  are 
frequently  among  the  weaked  and  mod  vicious  ofmortala,' 

After  exploding  the  dofirine  of  paflive  obedience,  inculcat* 
ing  that  of  refiftance,  and  ihowing,  that  it  i$  the  incumbent 
duty  of  all  to  maintain  their  natural  and  juft  rights  inviolate^ 
he  contends,  in  oppofition  to  Sir  William  Blackfione  and  others, 
that  the  wants  and  fears  of  mankind  do  not  form  the  bond  of 
voluntary  fociety.  Thefe,  indeed,  fays  he,  may  ^  make  them 
aflbciate,  but  it  is  juKice  alone  that  cements  the  union/ 

In  treating,  Se£^.  2.  of  the  nature  and  exercife  of  the  legif- 
lative,  executive,  and  judicial  powers,  the  Author  obferves,  in 
a  note  upon  the  laft  ot  thefe  heads,  that  ^  the  number  of  jurors 
fiiould  be  determined  and  eiiabliihed  by  law  for  each  particular  trial, 
as  well  as  the  number  that  may  be  peremptorily  challenged  ;  for  if 
the  latter  number  is  fpecified  and  not  the  former,  the  privilege  of 
challenging  in  this  manner,  may  be  rendered  of  very  little  effe^,  if 
not  altogether  abortive.  The  accnfed,  befides  being  allowed  counfel* 
ihould  not  be  denied  the  privilege,  of  fpeaking  in  his  own  defence. 
Counfel  may  mifapprehend,  or  (from  undue  influence)  mifreprefent 
fafls,  and  many  circumftances  render  the  accufed  more  proper,  for 
Hating  and  elucidating  the  matter,  for  juftifying  his  intentions,  and 
proving  his  innocence.  Counfel  (hould  be  allowed  the  accufed  for 
afliiling  them,  not  as  a  pretence  for  depriving  them  of  the  privilege 
of  fpeaking  in  their  own  defence,  or  proving  their  innocence.  To  pre* 
tend  that  the  judge  will  ad  in  all  cafes  as  the  friend  and  counfel 
of  the  accufed,  is  in  the  laft  degree  abfurd,  and  is  contradidled  by  ex- 
perience. The  judges  are  the  creatures,  and  often  the  inftruments  of 
the  executive  power,  and  frequently  (particularly  in  cafes  of  high 
treafon)  a6l  as  counfel  againft  the  accufed,  and  regard  it  as  their  bu- 
iinefs  rather  to  criminate  than  exculpate*  The  fpirit  of  £pfom  and 
Dudley  will  never  be  extinfl,  and  a  Jeffries,  if  tolerated,  will  never  be 
wanting.  The  crime  of  high  treafon,  in  particular,  (hould  be  dif- 
tindlly  and  accurately  defined.  To  find  among  the  lift  of  legal  crimes^ 
fuch  a  one  as  conftruAive  treafon,  muft  be  a  difgrac^.  on  a  free  peo- 
ple ;  if  fuch  a  people  can  juftly  be  called  free.' 

The  light  in  which  the  conduct  of  judges  is  placed  in  the 
above  note,  is  a  very  unfavourable  one  indeed,  but  in  this  light 
we  fear  it  will  be  viewed  by  the  eye  of  impartiality,  as  long  as 
an  exemplar  (hall  remain  of  that  '^  Libel  on  Judges/*  as  a  vene- 
rablejudge  once  called  the  State  Trials, 

As 


Prindphs  of  Law  and  Gofimmefi.  j§^ 

As  juftice,  according  to  our  Author,  is  the  onlf  cement  o^ 
Voluntary  fociety,  the  prevention  of  injuftice,  he  thinks,  ought 
to  be  the  principle  which  (hould  influence  every  human  law  ; 
agreeable  to  which  *  laws  may  be  defined,  ordinances  of  the 
fuprame  power  for  the  prevention  of  injufiicc/  Juftice,  in  our 
language,  as  well  as  in  others,  he  remarks,  admits  of  minjr 
different  fignifications ;  but  injuftice,  he  apprehends,  *  admits 
only  of  one  precife,  determinate  meaning)  and  may  be  dt« 
lined,  not  rendering  every  one  bis  due,* 

Adopting  the  diftindion  made  by  the  moral  writers,  betweeft 
perfeA  and  imperfeS  rights,  and  alfo  the  divifion  of  perfect 
rights,  into  perfonal  rights,  and  rights  of  property  ;  thefe  he 
again  divides  into  natural  and  political. 

A  crime,  he  defines  to  be  an  a£l  of  injuftice.  The  divifioa 
of  crimes  into  thofe  of  commiffion  and  omiffion,  is,  he  thinks^ 
unncceflary,  fince  *  properly,  they  are  all  of  commiffion,  as  he 
who  omits  a  juft  duty,  commits  injuftice/  Equally  unneceflary^ 
and  ill-founded,  in  his  opinion,  is  the  divifion  of  them  into  public 
and  private,  fince,  *  he  who  injures  the  individual  injures  the 
Public,  and  he  who  injures  the  public  injures  the  individual.* 

This  favours  however,  too  much  of  verbal  nicety  and  refine* 
menc.  Nor  is  the  Author  at  all  accurate  in  the  ufe  of  his  terms. 
We  have  read  and  heard  o(^ns  of  omijjion^  but  what  particular 
offences  cognizable  by  human  tribunals,  are,  or  ever  were,  in- 
cluded under  Crimes  of  omifiion,  we  do  not  exadly  uader*^ 
fland.  As  little  do  we  Comprehend  what  he  precifely  means 
hy  private  fr/m«.— Private  injuries  had  been  a  jufter  term. 

The  objects  of  human  puniQiment,  ought,  in  the  judgment 
of  our  Author,  to  be— the  reparation  of  the  injury } — the 
amendment  of  the  delinquent; — the  prevention  of  crimes  by 
deterring  others  ;-^and  laftly,  the  prevention  of  crimes  by  de« 
priving  the  criminal  of  the  power  of  doing  future  mifchief.— — « 
With  refpcdl  to  the  firft  of  thefe  objeds,  he  remarks,  that, 
*  reparation  of  the  injury,  or  redrefs  co  the  injured,  in  many 
cafes,  is  entirely  negleded  by  the  EngliOi  crioiinal  Uw  ;  and  what,  if 
poffibJe,  is  flill  more  anjoft  and  abfard,  the  injared  are  dill  further 
injured,  by  being  obliged  to  be  at  the  cxpence  of  the  profecntioo. 
This  h  giving  additional  bitcernefs  to  the  cup  of  adverfity.  It  is 
coonceraaing  the  very  intention  of  political  fociety*  which  is  to  pro- 
ted  and  affiil  the  weak^efs  of  the  individual,  by  the  oniud  ftrength 
and  powers  of  the  cooimanity,  and  an  unjuft  attempt,  to  make  the 
poor  and  weak  individual,  when  ftili  further  weakened  by  injufUce, 
proted  the  community.* 

Here  our  Author  feems  to  want  information  with  refbeft 
to  the  fubje£l  be  writes  upon.  We  refer  him  to  Sttt.  25  Geo* 
II.  c.  36.  where  he  will  find  the  treafurer  of  the  county  is 
ordered  to  difburfe  to  the  profecutor  his  reafooable  expences^ 

Rev.  March,  1782.  O  on 


I  ^  .Principles  of  Law  and  Gwirnment. 

on  applicatron  to  the  court,  before  whom  the  felon  Is  eon* 

The  de^rine  of  Precedent^  which  has  long  prevailed  in 
CQurjLs  of  judicature,  and  thereby  in  tStOt  giving  to  precedents 
the  .force  of  law,-^a  dodlrioe,  in  favour  of  which  many  ftiong 
axguments  have  been  offered,  and  againft  which  foone  ingenious 
4nfi  plauitble  dbjcAions  have  been  urged,  this  Writer  coofiders 
^.unreafonable  in  itfelf,  and  dangerous  in  its  confequences* 

'  The  dodrine  of  precedent^  which  ajt  prefent  kaf  fo  much 
weight  ID  law  procfedingt,  (hould  be  entirely  difregarded  in  the 
giviog  of  judgment ;  as  coDferring,  ia  eiFe£t,  a  legiilauve  aiithoriiy 
on  lawyers  and  judgei;  and  as  being,  in  many  cafes^  contrary  to 
julUce;  for  thoagh  the  dccifiQa  mi^ht  have  beei).  equicable  when 
made  ;  yet,  the  alteration  which  time  may  occafion,  in  the  manners 
^nd  circumfiances  of  the  people,  may  render  a  repetition  of  it,  or  a 
£milar  judgment,  highly  injurious  and  ur.juft.  A  judge,  in  his  ju- 
dicial cupacity,  fliould  pay  no  refped  to  authorities i  aod  be  influ- 
jeofied  by  law  and  equity  only.  r 

Q  '  i^omt^  but  thoie  who  have  a  jufi  right  to  make  lawSf  or  f«ch  as  they 

^^     jQ^ay  appoiji;  for  that  pvrpofe,  can  have  a  jaU  rrgbt  to  aUer,  expound, 
or  ii>terpret  them.' 

We  are  forry  to  obf<^rve,  from,  the  conclMding  part  of  this 
extraA,  that  the  Author  appears  not  to  .have  well  dige(le4  hi« 
ideas  upon  this  fubje^.  He  has  ftrangely  c^nfpuod^d  together 
two  very  diflind  things  ;  the  power  of  altering  the  laws,  and 
the  province  of  interpireting  them.  The  on^  is  clearly  legifla-^ 
tive,  the  other  only  judicial.  In  propoiing  that  judges^  in  jtheir 
political  capacity,  ihoutld  pay  no  rcfpedl  to  authorities;  he  would 
place  more  confidence  in  their  uprightnefs  and  ^ifdopn,  than 
feems  to  be  in  any  wife  confiAent  with  the  general  fpirit  and 
tenor  of  bis  work.  (See  his  awn  fentiments  in  one  of  the  pre- 
ceding extracts.)  How  different,  yet  how  much  more  accurate, 
jind  more  juft,  is  the  opinion  of  the  learned  and  ingenious 
JpNfs  on  this  fubje6^  though  written  with  a  view  only  to  the 
Englifh  municipal  Jaw:  notbing^  faid  Mr.  Juftice  Powell,  em« 
phaMcal]y,  is^  law^  thatch  not  reafon :  a  maxim,  in.  theory  excel* 
knt,  but  in  pradice  dangerous;  as  many  rules,  true  in  the 
abi)ra£^,  are  falfe  in  the  concrete;  for  fince  the  reafon  oiTitius 
tna)s  and  frequently  does,  difivr  from  the  reafon  of  Septimius^ 
no  man  who  is  not  a  lawyer  would  ever  know  how  to  ad,  and 
no  itian  who  is  a  lawyer  would,  in  many  i^nftances,  know  what 
to  advife,  unflefi^' courts  were  bound  by  authority,  as  firmly  as 
the  Pagan  deities  were  fuppofed  to  be  bound  by  the  decrees  of 

ktef-" 

•  •  • 

w    .   )    .1  .      will 


t"       »^ 


*  EJitf  on  tht  Lenv  of  Bmlmenu%  by  W.  JoNts,  Efq.— Of  this 
iogeniout-law  tia^  hc  Iball  give  an  account  in  our  next  Review. 

5  In 


Principles  of  Law  and  Government  1^5 

In  Seft.   3. — the  different  forms  of  government  are  enu- 

tkierated,  and  the  nature,  of  them  explained. — Of  thefe  formsi 

.t>ur  Author  gives  the  preference  to  that  of  a  Democracy,  which, 

uader  proper  regulations,  he  endeavours  to  (how  is  the  beft ; 

and  chat  of  an  Ariflocracy  the  word : 

'  Defpotifni,  whecber  regal  or  ariftocraticti,  depends  on  the  vio- 
lence of  the  few,  the  timidity  of  tke  many,  and  the  ignorance,  folly, 
and  vices  of  the  whole. 

'  The  flaves  who  are  opprefTed  are  not  lefs  culpable,  than  the  ty- 
rants who  opprefs  them.  It  is  their  daty  to  aflert,  vindicate  and 
maintain  thofe  rights^  which,  as  human  creatures,  they  are  juftly  en- 
titled to  enjoy,  by  all  the  laws  of  God  and  nature.  Nor  are  the  op- 
j^refllbrs  more  happy  than  the  opprefTed.  It  involves  the  whole  com- 
BBunity  in  mifery  and  wretchednefs.  It  debafes  human  nature,  pre- 
vents the  acquifition  of  knowledge,  depreffes,  or  rather  annihilates^ 
genios;  and  every  exalted,  every  noble,  and  generous  fentiment  or 
exertion  of  the  human  mind.  Man  becomes  the  enemy  of  his  race; 
opprefles,  and  is  oppreiled  by  turns.  Nowabjedi  mean,  and  fervile, 
at  the  beads  of  burden,  bafely  fawning,  and  feemingly  courting  the 
yoke.  Now  haughty,  afTuming,  bloody  and  rapacious,  "  more  fierce 
than  empty  tygers,  and  the  roaring  fea.**  At  all  times,  fu(picious, 
crafty,  cruel,  infidious  and  revengeful;  fociety  becomes  a  Icene  of 
lorror,  meanneff,  and  infamy ;  and  confifti  only  of  flavet,  robbers^ 
asd  murderers.' 

The  duration  of  parliaments  for  fo  long  a  term  as  feven 
Teara^  he  confiders  as  one  of  the  fundamental  defers  of  the 
Brittfli  conftitution. — The  remedy  he  propofet,  and  in  favour 
of  which  he  ftrenuoufly  contends^  is  (hortening  the  above  term 
to  one  year.-^This  meafure,  he  conceives,  would,  in  the  pre- 
fent  ftate  of  things,  be  produdlive  of  the  mod  falutary  ttkSiSm 
But  efFedually  to  prevent  the  corruption  of  parliaments,  it  is 
not  only  neceflary,  he  thinks,  that  they  (hould  be  annual^  but 
alfo,  that  no  perfon  (hould  be  eligible  as  a  member  for  more 
than  three  parliaments  out  of  fix  *• 

Id  Sed.  4  entitled,  *  of  deviations  from  the  true  principIeSy 
and  of  the  diflblution  of  law  and  government,'  be  treats  oj^ 
ttfurpation,  tyranny,  and  rebellion. 

Hifr  fentiments  on  thefe  topics  are  delivered  with  great  plain<* 
ncfs,  but  they  are  fuch,  as  are  neither  calculated  to  gratify 
thofe  who  dired  the  affairs  of  ftate,  nor  thofe  who  are  endea- 
vouring to  fupplant  them, — they  are  too  liberal  to  be  pleding 
to  either. 


^Quere?  as  to  this  remedy. — Would  it  not  be  unwrfe  in  any  ftattt 
to  deprive  itfelf  volontarily  of  the  fervices  and  abilities  of  its  greateft 
political  cfaaraAers  for  joft  owe  haff  oi  their  lives;  elpeeially  wheil 
wt  re€ed  on  the.  paucity  of  really  great  men,  the  (hortaefs  of 
iMmko  life»  and  the  very  few  years  of  their  rtry  (hort>  Kves,  thac 
devoee  to  nkt  fervice  of  tfaeiv  eouaf  ry  } 

0%  Th« 

I- 


"1 


196  Principles  of  Law  and  Gowmnunt. 

The  refult  of  the  enquiry  into  the  juftice  and  policy  of  the 
war  with  America,  is,  as  the  Reader  will  naturally  conjedure, 
unfavourable  to  the  pretenfions  of  Great  Britain. 

A  fcederal  league,  or  union,  between  this  country  and  Ame- 
rica, according  to  the  plan  propofed  by  our  Author,  which  is, 
that  each  kingdom  (hall  have  a  Houfe  of  Peers  and  a  Honfe  ol 
Commons ;  that  the  former  (hail  be  created  by  the  common 
Sovereign,  George  the  Third,  in  whom  the  executive  powei 
(hall  be  invefted ;  that  there  (hall  be  a  convention  of  (late  foi 
ai&iling  in  managing  the  general  concerns  of  the  empire,  &c. 
&c  — might  once,  perhaps,  have  appeared  to  America  as  defire- 
able ;  but  whether  (he  would  now  permit  the  executive  powei 
of  that  people  who  have  endeavoured  to  reduce  her  to  uncondi- 
tional obedience,  and  whofe  ftrength  is  exhaufted  in  the  fruit- 
lefs  attempt,  to  have  that  controul  over  her,  which  this  plan 
propofes,  is  a  queftion  that  needs  no  difcuffion. 

The  typographical  and  other  errors,  of  which  indeed  we  have  met 
with  a  con(iderable  number  in  the  perufal  of  this  performance, 
and  which  the  Author  fays,  ^  hafte  and  particular  circum* 
ftances'  prevented  him  from  correding,  we  (hall  pafs  over  with 
only  obferving,  that  hafte  in  itfelf  is  far  from  being  a  fufficient 
excufe  for  appearing  before  the  Public  in  a  literary  di(habille.— ^ 
As  for  the  ^  particular  ctrcum(lances',  to  which  the  Author  al- 
ludes^ whether  they  were  of  a  nature  fimilar  to  thofe  which 
impelled  the  poetafter  whom  Pope  defer ibes, 

— ••  to  print  before  ttrm  ends.*'— 
or  whether  they  were  of  a  lefs  important  kind,  we  do  not  think 
it  delicate  in  us  to  inquire.  But  when  he  prefers  the  fame  apo* 
]ogy  for  *  omitting  to  acknowledge  the  obligations  he  is  under 
to  fome  of  the  authors  of  whofe  works  he  has  availed  himfelf,* 
^e  cannot  help  faying,  that  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  Afmgf^ 
nuous  mode  of  proceeding,  and  argues  a  confcioufnefs  on  the 
part  of  the  Author,  that  if  he  was  to  *  reftore  every  bird  his 
proj^r  feather,'  he  would  leave  himfelf  and  his  work  but  few 
original  fentiments.  It  is  the  undoubted  privilege  of  every 
writer  to  avail  himfelf  of  the  knowledge  and  learned  labours  of 
his  predeceflbrs ;  but  then  it  becomes  .a  debt  of  juftice  to  mark 
the  fpeciiic  fources :  and,  according  to  this  Author's  own  dif« 
tindfon,  above  quoted,  *  he  who  omits  a  juft  duty,  commits 
injuAice/ 

Upon  the  whole,  notwithftanding  fome  few  objeAions  that 
have  occurred,  we  have  read  this  Work  with  confiderable  plea* 
fure.  There  is  a  liberality  of  fentiment  throughout  that  is 
highly  commendable.  It  leans  ftrongly  (as  we  intimated  on 
the  commencement  of  this  Article)  to  the  caufe  of  freedom  tod 
virtue.— -The  language  is  lively  and  fpirited  ;  though  in  fomo 
parts  too  florid  and  decUmatory,  and  too  much  overrun  with 
the  /alfe  glitter  and  tinfel-eloquencc  of  the  French  Writers. 

A._-«  «*aT « 


(    197    ) 

AnT.  VIII.  Thi  Hiftory  of  tbt  Legal  PoHtf  of  tht  Roman  State ;  and 
of  (he  RI(e,  Prog:refs»  and  Ezcesc  of  (be  Roman  Laws.  By  Tho- 
mas Be  ver,  LL.D.     4(0.     18  s.  Boards.     Cadell.     1781. 

TH  E  objeiSts  proper  to  engage  the  notice  of  the  general 
hiftorian  are  fo  numerous,  that  it  is  extremely  difficult 
to  allow  to  each  that  (hare  of  attention  which  is  its  due. 
It  commonly  happens,  that  the  writer  is  direded  in  the  choice 
of  his  principal  objefls,  and  the  train  of  his  reflexions,  rather 
by  his  own  particular  caft  of  mind,  or  his  previous  ftudies  and 
habit  of  thinicing,  than  by  the  nature  of  the  materials  which  lie 
before  him :  the  confequence  of  which  is,  that  many  of  the 
moft  interefting  topics  in  hiflory  are  often  treated  fuperficially^ 
or  entirely  overlooked.  It  is  therefore  a  material  improvement 
in  hiftorical  writing,  introduced  by  the  moderns,  to  treat  of  the 
feveral  fubjedls  which  merit  the  attention  of  the  hiflorian,  not 
promifcuoufly,  but  in  feparatc  works,  or  in  difiindl  divifions  of 
(be  fame  work. 

The  hiftory  of  the  ancient  Romans  furnilhes  ample  materials 
for  treatifes  of  this  kind,""  on  national  chara^r,   and  private 
manner^,  on  military  operations,  on  religion,  and  on  policy  and 
laws.     This  latter  fubje£l,  in  particular,  merits  the  attentive 
ftudy,  not  only  of  ftatefmen  and  civilians,  but  of  all  who  are 
defirous  of  becoming  perfectly  acquainted  with  the  moft  fplen- 
did  period  in  the  hiftory  of  the  world.      T  he  Roman  govern- 
ment appeared  in  fuch  a  variety  of  forms,  and  underwent  fuch 
extraordinary  changes,  and  (he  laws  of  Rome  rofe  into  confe- 
quence from  fuch  fmall   beginnings,  and  by  fteps  fo  ftrongly 
marked  in  the  pages  of  hiftory,  that  they  afford  an  extenfivc 
field  for  philofophical  fpeculation.      And  the  civil  law,  in  the 
digefted  ftate  in  which  it  was  left  by  Jufiinian,  having  been 
uoiverfally   admired   on  account  of    the  extent,  variety,   and 
methodical  arrangement  of  its  contents,  and  having  been  al- 
lowed a  confidcrable  fhare  of  authority  in  aimoft  every  legal 
eftablifliment  in  modern  times,  the  ftudy  of  this  code  is  be- 
come  an  important  branch  of  education,  and  is  a  necefTary 
foundation  for  the  thorough  knowledge  of  the  laws  and  policy 
of  the  prefent  ftates  of  Europe. 

Ipterefting  however  as  this  fubjedl  is,  and  frequently  as  the 
Roman  tale  has  been  related  in  different  forms  in  the  Englifli 
(angtfage,  the  conftitution  and  laws  of  Rome  are  now,  for  the 
£rft  lime,  treated  of  at  large  in  an  bifiorical  narrative  by  aq 
Englifh  Writer.  But,  befides  that  Dr.  Bever  has  the  merit  of 
novelty  in  the  defign  of  his  work,  he  has  likewife  that  o^ 
having  executed  his  plan,  as  far  as  he  has  proceeded,  with  af- 
fiduous  induftry  and  great  ability.  We  fee  in  his  perforo^ance, 
ftot  the  carelefs  hand  of  a  needy  compiler,  but  the  evident  marks 

O3  of 


198       BevcrV  Hljtorfof  tbi  Legal  Polity  0/  the  Raman  StaH. 

of  cloffl  ftudy,  and  extcnfive  erudieion.  The  flyle  in  which  the 
work  is  written,  is,  in  general,  correal  and  perfpicuous,  ^nd 
withal  fufficiently  ornamented  to  anf^ver  the  purpofes  of  hifto- 
rical  writing.  We  wiOi  it  were  in  our  power  to  complete  this 
eulogium,  by  adding  to  it,  thofe  eflential  charaders  of  a  goo^ 
hiftorian,  an  unbiaffed  judgment,  and  a  liberal  fpirit.  But  in 
thefe  refpedts,  we  are  apprehenfive,  that,  in  the  courfe  of  our 
ftridures  upon  the  work,  our  Readers  will  find  much  occafion 
to  pronounce  it  materially  defeftive. 

In  this  undertaking.  Dr.  B.  appears  to  have  had  two  leading 
objedls  in  view— to  mark  the  rife  and  progrefs  of  the  Roman 
]aw, — and  to  exhibit  a  view  of  the  political  conftitution  of 
Rome,  in  the  feveral  forms  which  it  aflumed  through  the  feveral 
periods  of  the  (late.  In  what  manner  each  of  thefe  defigns  is 
executed,  we  (hall  diftindly  examine:  and  firft,  let  us  view 
our  Author  in  the  charader  of  a  civilian. 

Having  marked  the  origin  of  legiflation  among  the  RomanI 
in  the  diftribution  of  the  people,  under  Romulus,  into  tribes 
and  curii^i  and  into  patricians,  knights,  and  plebeians,  our  Au- 
thor enumerates  the  regulations  which  were  made  under  the 
feveral  kings,  to  improve  the  civil  police,  increafe  the  military 
f^rength,  or  in  other  ways  advance  the  profperity  of  the  ftate. 
At  the  introdu<5lion  of  the  con fular  government,  and  thecreation 
of  tribunes,  the  changes  which  took  place  in  the  ftate  of  the 
laws  are  clearly  marked,  particularly  the  introduAion  of  the 
law  of  Valerius  Poplicola,  by  which  perfons  accu(ed  of  crimen 
were  authorized  to  appeal  from  the  fupreme  magiftrates  to  the 
aflembly  of  the  people,  without  whofe  confent  no  capital  pu« 
nifhment  could  be  inflicted. 

A  diiiinA  view  is  next  given  of  the  primitive  fources  of  the 
Roman  law,  as  contained  in  the  Papyrian  law^  or  digeft  of  the 
laws  which  had  been  enaded  under  the  kings,  and  were  ftill  in 
force  under  the  charaSer  of  ancient  ufages  ;  the  twelve  tables^ 
formed  by  the  decemviri ;  the  ^ori  difputatimes^  or  opinions  of 
men  (killed  in  the  law  given  in  private  focieties :  the  refpmja 
prudentumj  or  decifions  of  learned  lawyers,  given  profeffionally 
and  publicly  at  their  houfea ;  and  the  legis  aSfienes^  or  e(bbli(hea 
writs,  or  forms  of  adminifleringjuftice,  introduced  for  the  fake 
of  preferving  regularity  in  iudicial  proceedings ;  which  toge-» 
ther  conftitute  what  is  called  the  ancient  jurifprudence.  After 
which  are  particularly  explained  the  feveral  kinds  of  kiwsy 
pnder  the  heads  of  leges  plebifcita  fenattis  eonfulta^  and  jus  hon§^ 
rariutttj  with  the  forms  obferved  in  the  fenate  and  the  aflembliea 
of  thr  people,  in  voting  and  enafting  laws, 

Tliis  general  view  of  the  rife  of  the  civil  law  under  the  com- 
m(m wealth,  is  clofed  by  a  particular  account  of  the  progrefs  of 
the  Jgrarian  hwt^  whicb^  becaufe  the  fabjeA  is  interefting,  and 

holds 


Bcvcr*i  Htjiory  of  the  Legal  Polity  of  the  Roman  StaU.        199 

holds  a  confpicuous  place  in  the  Roman  hiftory,  we  fliall  lay 
before  our  Readers.    . 

*  As  cbe  Romans  grtdaally  extended  tkeir  viAorious  arms  over 
the  weaker  ilates  of  Italy,  they  were  accuftomed  to  take  a  certain 
portioa  of  the  conquered  lands  into  their  own  poiTeffion  ;  part  of 
which  was  fold  by  audion  for  the  ufe  of  the  public ;  and  the  reft 
divided  among  the  poorer  citia^nit  on  the  payment  of  a  fmall  quit- 
rent  to  the  treafury,  in  acknowledgment  of  the  tenure. 

*  For  the  better  regulation  of  thefe  diftribations,  various  laws 
had  been  paiTed  from  time  to  timCy  under  the  title  of  Agrarian.  The 
firft  of  thefe  was  the  CaJJian  Laixj^  ena£ted  not  many  years 
afser  the  beginning  of  the  confular  government;  which  was  fol- 
lowed, at  different  periods,  by  many  others  of  the  fame  import ; 
though  the  introdu^ion  of  them  was  commonly  attended  with  riot 
and  difconcent. 

'  The  comforts  arifing  from  the  enjoyment  of  feparate  property 
are  more  apt  to  ilimulate,  than  to  fatisfy,  the  appetite ;  and  though  a 
fimplkity  of  manners,  and  a  happy  ignorance  of  the  fuperfluitiet  of 
life,  may,  for  a  while,  reftrain  the  importunities  of  the  human  pafr 
fioAS,  they  will  naturally  afife  in  their  demands,  with  the  abilities  of 
the  llate  to  indulge  them.  Cato  the  cenfor,  therefore,  of  honeft  and 
fregal  memory,  clearly  forefeeing  that  Rome  was  hafteniog  to  cor- 
ruption through  her  own  greatnefs,  vigoroully  oppofed  the  increaflng 
luxury  of  the  age,  both  by  his  example  and  authority.  For  this  he 
was  lewarded  with  a  llatue,  by  the  fufFrages  of  a  grateful  people; 
•nd  yet,  by  a  ftrange.inconiiftency,  more  common  than  accountable* 
ia  the  contra^ed  fphere  of  worldly  politics,  he  fufFered  his  inveterate 
prejudices  againft  an  unfortunate  rival  to  counterad  his  own  zeal, 
and  efiedually  to  defeat  his  favourite  plan  of  reformation.  The  de* 
ftz-adion  of  Carthage  eafed  Rome  of  her  fears  ;  and  thus  the  malady 
grew  every  day  worfe,  by  the  removal  of  the  only  check  that  could 
have  prevented  it. 

*  The  richer  citiaens  getting  pofleilion  of  large  trafls  of  wade 
landf  and  being  confirmed  in  them  by  long  prefcription ;  adding  to 
thefe  likewife,  either  by  force  or  purchafe,  the  fmaller  pittances  of 
their  poor  neighbours,  by  degrees  became  mailers  of  territories  inAead 
of  farms.  As  a  further  grievance,  the  management  of  thefe  was  often 
committed  to  the  care  of  flaves;  whereby  the  multiplication  of  the 
free  inhabitants  was  impeded ;  fuch  as  remained  were  opprefled  by 
;penory,  exadions,  and  military  fervici^s;  or,  if  left  unemployed* 
were  enervated  by  idlenefs,  without  lands  of  their  own  to  occupy ; 
and  excluded  the  privtle^  of  earaing  their  bread  upon  thofe  of  others, 
by  captives  and  foreigners. 

*  Such  enormous  monopolies  once  more  raifed  the  indignatiop  of  ■ 
Cribonitian  patriotifm,  and  gave  birth  to  the  famous  Licinsas  Co^- 
fo  dcBominaced  from  ita  author,  Licinius  Stolo.  By  this  it  waa 
ordaiacd,  that  no  citizen,  of  what  ftatioo  (bever,  ihould  poflefs  m^ro 
than  -five  hundred  acres  to  his  own  (hare ;  nor  maintain  more  Chan 
one  hundred  head  of  large,  and  five  hundred  of  fmall,  cattle^  and 
that  a  certain  number  of  free  men  fliould  be  conftantly  em|lDsr4r  in 
the  bniinefs  of  httibandry* 

O  4  "Wj 


aoo       Bever'i  Hiftory  of  the  Ugal  Politf  oftbe  Raman  Sfati. 

'  Thli  law  was  admirably  faited  to  the  modeft  ideas  of  a  repah* 
lie ;  and  well  calculated  to  preferve  the  juft  eqaipoife  between  the 
higher  and  lower  orders  of  the  conntonity.  While  it  fupplied  the 
nobles  with  fafficient  afiloence  to  command  all  that  refped  which 
was  due  to  their  ftation,  it  deprived  them  of  the  power  of  corrapting 
or  depreffing  the  poor:  and  while  it  fupported  that  diftinftioo 
of  rank,  which  is  elTenti^l  to  the  dignity  and  good  order  of  civil 

§overnment,  it  prevented  the  common  people  from  becoming  a  bar- 
en  to  the  (late,  by  enabling  them  to  maintain  their  families  with 
their  daily  labour.  That  no  fan€lion  might  be  wanting  to  infnre  the 
operation  of  a  law  of  fuch  extenfive  importance,  it  was  guarded  like- 
wife  by  oaths,  fined,  and  forfeiture. 

*  It  might  well  have  been  expe^ed  that  thefe  heavy  penalties, 
enforced  by  ftch  folemn  obligations,  would  have  checked  the  growth 
of  this  crying  evil  for  ages  to  come.  But  the  befi- concerted  de- 
figns  of  human  wifdom  foon  become  impotent  and  ineffictcions,  wlien 
oppofed  by  the  cravings  of  avarice,  the  infolence  of  power,  and  the 
audacity  of  ambition.  No  fooner  was  the  law  paiTcd,  than  it  was 
broken  by  the  author  himfelf ;  who  is  the  firft  upon  record  that  be- 
came the  objfd  of  its  feverity. 

*  This  well-timed-example,  mod  probably,  put  a  ftep  to  any  grofs 
and  open  violation  of  it  for  the  prefent ;  though  it  was  far  from 
being  a  fufficient  birrier  againft  the  future  courfe  of  the  evil  itfelf. 
The  more  cautious  and  circumfpe^  evaded  the  prohibitions,  by 
making  purcbafes  under  borrowed  names  ;  while  others,  more  dar- 
ing, fet  tnem  at  open  defiance.  A  law,  defigned  to  humble  the  pride 
of  riches,  and  give  countenance  to  parfimony,  was  ill  adapted  to  the 
afpiring  views  of  the  conquerors  of  Carthage  and  Numantia.  The 
anticnt  abufes  gathered  (liength  from  the  fuccefles  of  the  ftate;  and 
were  daily  renewed,  with  many  aggravations,  threatening  the  utter 
ruin  of  the  indudrious  hnlhandmaui  and  the  eztindlion  of  popular  li* 
berty. 

*  While  avarice  and  rapine  were  thus  ranging  at  Utt  quarter 
over  the  patrimony  of  the  poor,  one  firenuous  effort  was  made  to 
repel  their  hodile  invafions,  by  the  virtoe  and  courage  of  the  famous 
Tiberius  Scmpronius  Gracchus ;  a  yoathful  hero,  adorned  with  tstry 
valuable  accomplifhment  of  the  genuine  Roman.  Melting  with  pity 
at  the  defolate  view  of  the  Hetrurian  plains,  forfaken  by  their  native 
inhabitants,  and  over-run  by  foreign  (laves ;  animated  likewife  by  the 
tries  of  the  whole  people,  who  importunately  demanded  the  reftitu- 
tion  of  the  alienated  hndf|  he  refolately  iiood  forth  the  advocate  of 
their  defertrd  caufe. 

*  Atmcd  with  the  power  of  the  tribunate,  he  meditated  an  excel- 
lent fcheme  of  it^rth ;  and  engaged  feveral  other  eminent  perfbns, 
who  had  yet  efcaped  the  general  contagion,  to  fopport  it  with  their 
onitftd  authority.  The  candid  and  equitable  principle  upon  which 
thii  low  was  framed,  is  a  convincing  proof  both  of  his  wifdom  and 
toibderiition  }  for  it  may  be  truly  affirmed,  that  a  gentler  remedy  was 
nevir  before  applied  tofo  defptirate  a  mifchief.  Free  from  the  impolitic 
an^ialevoient  defiredf  reducing  all  orders  to  one  common  level,  his 
on^obj^d  was  to  preferve  rhe  proper  diilinAion  between  each  ;  by 

ll^rigging  back  tl.f  rich  witbio  the  ]^^\t  of  thofe  laws  which  they  had 

fo 


Be  verV  Hlftory  of  the  Ligal  Polity  of  the  Roman  StaU.       20  f 

b  flianefully  tranrgrefled ;  and  by  reftoring  the  poor  to  tkofe  rightt 
of  which  they  had  been  fo  uojuftly  deprived.  To  quiet  the  appre* 
henfioos  of  the  offenders,  he  remitted  the  fines  inflided  by  the  Ltci- 
sian  law  ;  and  to  alleviate  their  hardihips,  directed  that  the  value  of 
the  lands  to  be  refigoed  ihould  be  repaid  out  of  the  public  treafniy* 
As  a  farther  indulgence,  he  allowed  the  heir  of  the  family  to  retaint 
two  hundred  and  fifty  acres,  over  and  above  the  eftatepoflefied  by  his 
lather. 

*  The  humble  commonalty,  amply  fatisfied  with  the  propoftd 
reformations,  would  willingly  have  buried  all  former  ads  of  injuf- 
tice  in  total  oblivion,  on  condition  only  of  having  their  poflefiiona 
fecured  from  any  future  incroachments.  But  the  opulent  landholders* 
enraged  at  the  law  by  the  iniligations  of  avarice,  and  at  the  author 
by  refentment  and  perverfeners,  drove  to  alarm  the  jealoufy  of  the 
people  again fi  Tiberius,  by  charging  him  with  a  defign  to  introduce 
innovations,  and  excite  commotions  in  the  fitte.  The  powers  of 
eloquence,  however,  exerted  in  fo  juft  a  caufe,  rendered  him  invind* 
ble ;  and  bis  adverfaries,  confounded  by  the  force  of  it,  had  reoourie 
to  the  common  expedient  of  dividing  the  tribunitian  authority  againft 
itfelf ;  by  prevailing  upon  Odavius,  another  of  the  fame  body,  to  an- 
terpoie  his  negative. 

'  But  this  injudicious  refiftance  ferved  only  to  aggravate  the  evil* 
which  it  meant  to  remove.  It  inflamed  the  seal  of  the  intrepid 
Tiberius ;  provoked  him  to  abandon  the  mild  and  humane  deiign  of 
bis  Brd  law,  and  to  bring  in  another,  much  more  fevere  upon  the 
engroflers  of  lands ;  enjoining  thef«i  to  give  up  immediately  whatever 
they  poiTeiTed,  contrary  to  the  permiflion  of  the  laws  then  in  being* 
The  difTenfions  dill  encreafing,  he  went  further ;  fnfpended  the  mif 
giftrates  from  the  cxercife  of  their  refpeflive  jurifdidions,  fealed  op 
the  treafury,  and  put  an  entire  fiop  to  the  ordinary  courie  of  publie 
bufinefs. 

*  After  various  fruitlefs  attempts  to  reconcile  the  contending  par- 
ties, Tiberius,  by  his  fuperior  influence  over  the  people,  depofed 
Odavius  from  his  office  of  tribune ;  and  having  thus  violently 
overpowered  all  oppofition,  his  law  was  confirmed  by  the  voice  of 
the  **  comicia/'  and  himfelf  appointed  one  of  the  commiflioneri 
to  regulate  the  intended  diftribution.  At  the  fame  time,  to  fecure  the 
affedion  of  his  fellow-citizens,  he  took  advantage  of  a  fingular  be- 
quefl|  lately  made  by  Attains  King  of  Pergamus,  of  his  whole  domi- 
nions and  fortune  to  the  Roman  people ;  and  propofed  that  the 
ready  money,  left  by  this  infatuated  prijice,  (houid  be  divided 
among  fuch  of  the  poor  as  had  obtained  a  fliare  of  the  public  lands* 
to  enable  them  to  improve  their  farms;  and  as  to  the  cities  and 
territories,  he  denied  the  difpofal  of  them  to  the  fenate,  infilling  that 
the  right  belonged  to  the  people  in  general,  whofe  pleafure  he  (hoold 
confult  upoii  that  occafion. 

'  To  proted  him  againft  the  malice  of  the  exafperated  nobles,  he 
waseleded  tribune  for  another  year;  andj^  ftrengtbened  by  this  re- 
newal of  his  authority,  gave  daily  proofs  of  the  nncereft  attachment 
to  the  popular  caufe.  But  his  enemies,  watching  his  mol!  innocent 
motions  with  an  eye  of  prejudice,  carried  the  folly  of  fufpicio^  to  fe 
great  a  Ipngth,  as  to  interpret  a  fudden  elevation  of  his  band  toward 


202       Bevcr^j  HlJIory  of  the  Legal  Poltty  of  the  Roman  State. 

his  head  (defigned  by  himfelf  only  as  a  fignal  of  diflrefs  in  the  hestt 
of  a  tamult)  into  the  demand  of  a  diadem.  What  was  fuggeftioo 
only  in  the  **  (orom,"  was  truth  in  the  feoate.  The  members  of 
that  haughty  body,  trembling  for  their  ufurped  property,  were  cla- 
noroQs  with  the  conful  to  avenge  them  of  the  tyrant.  But  thatwifh 
tod  juft  nagilUate  refufing  to  pafs  fentence  before  the  guilt  wa) 
proved,  Scipio  NaGca,  whom  fear  and  fclf  interefl  alone  had  fudden- 
ly  trinjformed  into  a  champion  of  liberty,  rulhed  oot,  at  the  head  of 
a  band  of  defperate  partizant,  upon  the  defencelefs  tribune  ;  and  put 
him  to  a  barbarous  and  ignominious  death  with  a  vile  weapon,  the 
life  of  which  could  only  have  been  excufcd  againll  a  favage  and 
noxious  animal :  and  thus  fell  Tiberius  Gracchus,  an  illullrioub  vic- 
tim to  a  rapacious  and  implacable  fenate/ 

After  difcourfing  at  large  concerning  the  nature  and  caufes 
of  the  political  revolutions  which  took  place,  from  the  latter 
period  of  the  commonwealth  through  a  long  fucceflion  of  em- 
perors (of  which  we  (hall  afterwards  take  more  particular  nor 
tke),  our  Author  proceeds  to  explain  the  manner  in  which  the 
emperors  iiTued  their  mandates  from  their  council  or  confif- 
tory,  in  the  feveral  forms  of  refcripts,  decrees,  and  edids.  In 
treating  of  the  ftate  of  the  profeffion  of  law  under  the  emperors, 
he  gives  a  particular  account  of  the  two  remarkable  fe6ls  called 
Sahinians  and  ProcuUianSy  who  introduced  the  fubtle  difputations 
of  metaphyfics  into  the  fcience  of  jurifprudcnce  j  of  the  feft  of 
Moderators,  who  afterwards  rofe  up  under  the  name  of  AUdii  et 
Hercifiundiy  and  endeavoured  to  reconcile  the  contrarieties  with 
which  the  former  difputants  had  perplexed  the  law;  and  of 
leveral  eminent  lawyers  who  diftinguiflied  this  period. 

Dr.  B.  next  enumerates  the  alterations  and  improvements 
which  took  place  in  the  Roman  law  under  Conftantine,  and 
takes  notice  of  feveral  attempts,  which  were  made  by  Theo- 
dofius  and  others,  to  methodize  the  laws.  His  account  of  Juflt- 
nian'fi  great  itndertaking  for  this  purpofe,  is  as  follows  : 

*  When  Jullinian  afcended  the  imperial  throne,  the  laws,  being 
dlfperfed,  with  the  other  writings  of  the  antient  magiftrates  and  pro- 
fefiors,  among  no  lefs  than  two  hundred  thoufand  volumes,  or 
lolls,  were  now  grown  almoll  ufelefs,  and  were  lofl  in  their  own 
immenfiiy.  Juftinian,  at  this  time  in  his  full  vigour  of  body  and 
mind,  conceived  vaft  defigns  for  the  refloration  of  the  empire  to  its 
original  fplendour,  as  well  as  for  the  improvement  of  its  conditution. 
Of  the  many  former  attempts  to  methodize  the  laws,  none  had  ever 
yet  been  carried  into  execution,  fuch  detached  colledlions  only  ex- 
cepted as  have  been  already  mentioned.  But  thefe,  being  all  very 
partiad  and  confined,  both  in  refneft  to  their  fubjeQ- matter,  and  the 
periods  wherein  they  .were  enaded,  fell  far  (hort  of  that  noble  and 
comprehepfive  plan  wnich  Jallinian  had  projeded  in  his  own  mind, 
.Xhi^  WAS,  to  take  a  minute  and  careful  furvey  of  this  indigefted  mafs 
, of  diffiordant  materials;  to  fenarate  and  arrange  its. parts,  and  from 
thence  to  form  one  rejgular  and  welUconneded  body  of  laws,  to  be  the 
future  ftandard  of  juilice  for  the  whole  empire^ 

'  A  fcheme 


Be vcr*i  Hiftorj  of  the  Legal  Polity  of  <A#  Roman  State.       103 

*  A  fcheme  (o  fall  of  confcqaences  to  the  future  we]fare  of  the 
Sate  requiring  the  utmoft  ctrcumfpeAion,  he  entrufted  the  manage^ 
meDt  of  it  to  a  committee  of  ten  perfons  of  the  mo&  approved  learn- 
ing and  abilities,  who  had  borne  fome  of  the  higheft  oflices  above  the 
court;  intruding  them  to  begin  their  work  with  a  careful  re^ifaloJF 
the  three  foregoing  Codes,  and  of  all  the  other  imperial  conftitaciona 
of  his  predecefTors,  whether  Pagan  or  Chrillian,  as  well  before  as 
fince  the  time  of  the  fecond  Theodoiius.  From  hence  the^  were  to 
extract  a  feries  of  plain  and  concife  laws ;  omitting  the  former  fuper* 
fluous  preamble!,  as  well  as  all  other  matters  that  carried  a  too  iimi« 
)ar  or  too  oppoiite  a  meaning  ;  but  with  liberty  either  to  exten4  or 
limit  their  fenfe,  or  to  alter  them,  in  whatever  manner  they  (hould 
think  moft  likely  to  facilitate  their  future  ofe  and  operation.  Thia 
done,  they  were  to  arrange  them  under  feparate  tides ;  that,  by  thua 
bringing  whatever  related  to  the  fame  fubjedt  under  one  point  of 
view,  their  import  might  be  the  better  underilood.  Several  djrec« 
tions  werelikewife  given  concerning  the  order  in  which  they  were  to 
Hand  according  to  their  dates,  and  the  Confols  in  whofe  times  thejr 
were  publifhed  ;  with  fome  other  lefs  material  particulars,  which  re- 
late more  to  their  internal  form,  than  to  their  binding  authority. 

*  The  whole,  thus  compiled,  was  called  the  CcJe  bearing  his  own 
name;  from  whence  alone,  for  the  quicker  difpatch  of  bufinefs,  the 
imperial  conftitutions  were  to  be  quoted  on  all  future  judicial  dec!- 
fions.  It  was  divided  into  twelve  books,  and  each  book  into  feveral 
titles*  with  other  fmaller  fubdivifions ;  and  includes  all  the  imperial 
laws  that  were  thought  worth  prefervlng,  from  Hadrian  to  Judinian. 
Being  thus  finifhed,  in  the  third  year  of  his  reign,  it  received  his  pub- 
lic and  folemn  confirmatiooi  by  a  refcript  direded  to  Meanaj  the 
Praetorian  Prxfedl. 

*  Joilinian  appears  to  have  confidered  the  Code  only  as  an  intro- 
dodion  to  a  work  of  much  greater  extent  and  utility,  which  was  to 
go  back  to  the  very  beginning  of  the  Roman  governtnent  itfelf,  and 
to  comprehend  every  branch  of  the  antient  jurifprudence,  which 
has  been  the  fubjed  of  our  former  inquiries.  The  chief  of  thefe 
were  the  Reffonfes  of  the  Lawyers,  and  the  Edi3s  of  the  Magiftrates  5 
which,  with  the  comments  of  fubfequent  annoiators,  were  fcattered 
aboQt  in  two  thoufand  volumes,  and  were  fubdivided  into  more  than 
three  hundred  thoufand  verfes  or  fentences.  The  emporor  himfelf 
feems  alarmed  and  ftaggared  at  the  difficulty  of  the  undertaking ; 
bar,  with  the  Divine  favour,  determines  to  perfevere  to  its  final  com- 
pletion. 

'  To  this  end,  he  iflued  a  mandate  to  Tribonian,  whom  he  calla 
the  ^ueftor  9/  hit  Palace^  committing  the  whole  to  his  direftion  ;  and 
empowering  him  to  call  to  his  afliftance  any  number  of  the  moft  ikil- 
fbl  advocates,  ftateOnen,  and  politicians,  that  he  (hould  approve. 
Their  firft  bufinefs  was,  to  perufe  the  writings  of  all  the  great  profef- 
fors,  whom  former  princes  had  intruded  with  the  power  of  interpret- 
ing the  law  ;  and  from  thence  to  feled  the  moft  material  parts*  rejed- 
ing  all  fuperfloities  and  contradidions,  fo  that  one  principle  might 
iiiffice  for  one  fubjed.  In  their  determinations  upon  queftions  either 
of  expediency  or  equity,  they  were  nottofuffer  their  judgments  to  be 
biafled  by  the  mnltitude  of  authorities ;  as  (he  fingle  opinion  of  an 

inferior 


204       Bever^i  Hifioryiff  the  Legal  Polity  ofthi  Roman  Statu 

inferior  writer  iiii^ht«  in  fome  inftafices,  be  preferable  to  that  of  a 
najority :  (6  that  if  any  dodrine  could  be  extraded  from  wriciogt  of 
left  general  inerit»  that  was  capable  of  throwing  a  better  light  upon  a 
paflage  even  of  Papinian  himfelf,  it  (hoold  be  inferted  without  hcil- 
Ution.  They  were  likewife  indulged  with  the  fame  liberty,  as  before 
in  the  Code,  to  admit,  rejedy  or  alter  whatever  they  thought  rood 
conducive  to  the  perfedion  of  the  work;  and  what  they  fo  adopted 
was  to  be  received  as  law,  without  being  liable  to  be  impeached  or 
invalidated,  in  confequence  of  any  difference  from  the  original, 

*  Thefe  colledions  were  to  be  diftribuied  into  fifty  books,  and 
tbefe  again  into  certain  titles,  in  imitation  either  of  the  Cole,  or  of 
the  Pirpttual  EdiS^  as  the  compilers  (bould  judge  mod  proper.  They 
were  to  contain  the  whole  of  the  antient  Uw,  for  near  fourteen 
hundred  years  patl ;  and  the  opinions  of  t^tery  author  therein  pre- 
ferved  were  to  be  treated  with  an  equal  degree  of  refped,  in  thoie 
branches  of  the  fcience  in  which  each  was  particularly  known  to 
excel ;  none  of  ihem  being  alike  excellent  in  all.  Upon  the  whole, 
no  laws  were  to  be  revived  which  had  been  abolifhed  by  long  difufe ; 
bot  thofe  only  were  to  prevail  which  had  been  the  moil  cooftantly 
pradifed  in  courts  of  jutt ice,  or  approved  by  the  uniform  reception  of 
the  meuopolis;  according  to  the  maxim  of  Salvius  Julian,  who  lays 
it  down  at  a  principle,  that  all  other  cities  (hall  follow  the  cuftom 
•f  Rome  ;  by  which  the  emperor  uo*w  means,  not  only  the  primitive 
city,  but  that  likewife  in  which  he  prefides. 

*  This  learned  body  of  men  obeyed  the  imperial  mandate  with  the 
greateft  alacrity ;  and,  though  allowed  ten  years,  a  time  (hort  enough 
tor  fo  extenfive  a  work,  conuived  to  perform  it  in  about  three;  fan- 
cying^  perhaps,  there  was  more  merit  in  expedition  than  in  ac- 
curacy. But,  whether  it  was  owing  to  this  caufe,  or  to  the  want  of 
attention  in  the  compilers,  it  was  certainly  not  executed  with  that 
precifion  and  exadnefs  which  the  emperor,  from  his  inftrudionx, 
appears  to  have  intended ;  and  which,  if  ftridly  purfued,  would 
have  made  it  the  pride  of  human  wifdom  and  policy.  Notwith- 
flanding  his  exprefs  diredions  to  tbeoi,  to  avoid  all  contradidory 
Jaws,  and  to  preferve  fuch  a  general  concord  among  them,  tbit 
they  ihould  all  lead  to  one  confequence^  nothing  is  more  com- 
mon, than  to  find  the  judgment  fufpended  by  doctrines  of  a  qui;e 
oppofite  tenor;  upon  tne  (Irengih  of  which,  an  acure  advocate  may 
eaDly  maintain  either  fide  of  a  controverted  quellion  with  equal 
confidence .' 

*  Thus  was  this  elaborate  work  completed,  and  ufhercd  into  the 
world  under  two  folemn  inftrumeoCs  of  confirmation,  addreffed 
jointly  to  the  bcniate  and  People.  The  name  by  which  it  is  mod 
ufualty  known  is  the  Digeft^  from  the  order  into  which  it  is  re- 
duced ;  bur,  from  the  comprehentiveners-  of  ais  plan,  it  is  likewife 
called  the  Paudias .* 

*  While  the  Digeft  was  preparing  for  publication,  the  emperor 
gave  orders  to  Tribonian*  in  conjuodjon  with  two  other  eminent 
profeiTors,  Dorotheus  and  Theophiius,  to  colled  all  the  fundamen* 
tal  principles  of  the  antient.  law  into  a  fmall  manual,  containing 
fpur  books  ;  which  he  diftinguiOied  by  the  title  of  lmfiitut9t^  in 
imitation  of  the  InHitutions  of  Caius,   meniioned  upon  a  former 

6  occafion^ 


Bever*i  Hiftory  of  the  Legal  Pciity  of  the  Rman  State.       205 

occafion,  Tbefe  be  defigned  principally  for  the  ufe  of  noviciates  ; 
whoy  by  making  themfelves  firll  perfedly  acquainted  with  the  ele- 
ments, might,  with  greater  eafe  and  ceruinty,  proceed  to  an  in- 
vefiigation  of  the  more  deep  and  abtlrufe  parts  of  the  fcience.  Ic 
was  publiihed  about  a  month  before  the  Digeft,  by  way  of  an  in- 
troduAion.  thoagh  they  both  received  their  legal  confirmation  at  the 
fame  time. 

*  This  little  work  is  fo  troly  admirable,  both  for  its  method  and 
concifenefft,  as  well  as  for  the  elegance  of  its  compofition,  that  ic 
has  been  imitated  by  almoft  every  nation  in  Europe,  that  hath  ever 
made  any  attempt  to  reduce  its  own  laws  to  a  regular  and  fdentific 
form,  h  has  paffed  through  a  vaA  variety  of  editions,  with  com* 
mentaries  fuiied  to  the  particular  conftitntions  of  thofe  countries 
where  they  were  publiihed :  and  whoever  will  take  the  pains  to 
compare  it  with  the  antient  writers  on  the  Laws  of  England,  from 
the  twelfth  century  downwards,  will  find,  that  the  very  beft  of 
them  lie  under  the  greateft  obligation  to  this  work  of  Jnftinian, 
not  barely  for  their  models  alone,  but  alfo  for  the  chief  part  of  their 
rules  and  principles,  and  in  feme  inftances,  where  the  fubjed  require^ 
for  whole  titles  aJmoft  literally  cranfcribed  from  thence;  how  much 
foever  their  more  modern  fucceflbrs  in  the  fame<hononrable  profeffiom 
may  sfifrdt  an  ignorance  or  contempt  of  thole  fertile  fbortes  of  juri- 
dical learning. 

*  In  the  fame  interval,  Juftinian  having  obfenredy  that  many  qnef* 
tions  had  occurred,  and  controverfies  arifen,  which  had  never  re« 
ceived  any  determination,  either  by  the  antient  imperial  C0Bftil»» 
tions,  or  by  his  own  Code,  he  ordered  that  work  to£e  revifed,  and 
republifhed,  with  feveral  correflions  and  alterations,  together  witk 
fifty  ftw  decifions  upon  feme  other  doubtful  points ;  ftili  prefi^'ving 
tb§  Sv>^  form,  brder,  books,  and  titles,  as  in  the  former.  Thia 
was  called  the  Coiiex  Ripeiita  PraUShnh^  and  is  the  fame  that  is 
now  extant ;  the  firft  edition  having  been  purpofely  fopprefled  oa 
account  of  it»  incorredtnefi,  fo  that  no  remains  of  ic  have  ever 
reached  poller ity« 

*  Though  juftinian  had  thus  completed  this  nfefnl  defxgn  of  re- 
forming the  ancienY  laws,  the  buHnefs  of  legiflation  continued 
always  to  be  his  favorite  object.  He  fcized  ^vtry  opportunity^ 
which  a  long  reign  gave  him,  of  enlarging  his  orignal  plan,  by  the 
addition  of  fuch  laws  as  the  exigencies  of  the  fucceeding  times  de- 
manded. Tbefe,  he  eafily  forefaw,  would  gradually  increafe  to  fiiek 
a  bulk,  as  to  fornilh  ma;erials  for  another  colledion  ;  which,  there- 
fore, he  intended  to  make,  and  to  publiih  them  all  together,  as  a 
fupplement  to  the  former|  under  the  name  of  Novelty  or  Nenn 
Comjiiiuticns.  But  thefe,  though  ena^ed  on  purpofe  to  fapply  the 
Omilfions,  and  correal  the  faults,  of  the  preceding  publications,  want 
much  of  that  brevity,  dignity,  and  foltdity,  which  fo  remarkably  dif* 
tit)gui(h  the  juridical  compofitions  of  the  ancients*  Thtir  fenfe  is  too 
ofien  either  obfcu red  by  barbarifms,  or  loft  in  a  labyrinth  of  nnne* 
cefTsry  phrafes.  Many  of  them,  however,  are  of  acknowledged 
merit  and  utility :  witnefs,  in  particular,  the  hundred  and  eighteenth 
Novel,  to  which  the  Engliih  Icj^iilature  will  be  for  ever  obliged,  for 

feme 


\ 
\ 


ao6  MilfesV  Edit,  of  Rowley^i  Poems. 

ibiD«  of  Uie  mod    ofeful    principles  of  cbat  famoua  and  exeell<r»i 
fiatate  for  the  diilributioo  of  intetUte  effcds« 

*  Thefe  laws  were  originally  compofed  in  Greek,  a  very  few  only 
excepted,  ibat  being  the  vernacular  language  of  ihe  Eaftcro  em- 
pire. But,  whether  they  were  co]le£led  together  by  Jaftinian  him* 
ielfy  according  to  his  own  propofition,  is  a  matter  of  controversy 
among  the  learned ;  though  the  moil  general  opinion  is,  that  this 
part  of  tb»  plan  was  undertaken  by  fome  anooymons  hands  after 
his  death ;  to  which  was  added  a  ytry  minute  verbal  tranflation,  from 
whence  they  obtained  the  name  of  Auilnntits^  Bot*  in  the  mean 
while,  JuliaDy  an  eminent  profeflTor  in  the  academy  at  Conftantinople 
Qoder  the  reign  of  Jnilin  the  Second,  publifhed  an  abridgment  of 
them,  with  an  elegant  Latis  verfion  of  his  own,  chiefly  calculated 
for  private  ofe;  as  the  former  alone  carried  the  authority  of  law. 

'  The  four  principal  parts  above  mentioned,  colledively  taken, 
Cflinftitiite  the  Body  of  the  Qvvil  Lawt  to  be  generally  received  and 
obeyed  through  every  part  of  the  Roman  dominioni;  and  to  be 
ocmBdered  either  M /r0«ai(^#di^  or  rsm/^ri/  by  Jaftinian.  Under  the 
irft  defcripcion  are  included  all  the  Novels,  and  thofe  Cooftitutions 
of  the  Code  that  were  expreGly  eaaded  by  himfelf;  under  the  latter, 
the  Inftitutet,  Digei^»  and  remainder  of  the  Code,  that  were  already 
framed  to  his  h^nds,  but  were  only  reduced  to  better  order,  and  re* 
pablifhed  under  his  aufpices.' 

.  Th«  Hiftory  clofes  with  an  account  of  the  progrefs  and  de- 
cline of  JiiiUnian's  laws,  and  their  revival  in  the  12th  century  \ 
§m  the  parttcalars  of  which  we  muft  refer  to  the  work  itfelf, 
mVkdk  %^  %  Hiftoij  of  Civil  LaWy  is  a  valuable  addition  to  our 
Hock  of  Englifli  literature.  Its  merit  as  a  hiftory  of  the  Roman 
Gonftitution^  we  (hall  examine  in  a  future  article.  fip 


>*« 


At  r.  iX.  ttoimi  Jkppoftd  to  ha^ut  been  'wriittn  at  Briftol  in  the  1  ^tb  C^«- 
tMry.  By  Thomas  Rowley,  Prieft,  &c.  With  a  Commentary,  in 
which  the  Antiquity  of  them  is  confidered  and  defended.  By  Je- 
remiah Milles,  D.  D.  Dean  of  Exeter.  4to.  1 1.  is.  boards* 
Payne.    1782. 

THE  revival  of  this  curious  controverfy  hath  excited  us 
to  examine  its  merits  with  renewed  attention  ;  and  as  we 
would  e?er  wiih  to  make  impartial  conviction  the  ground-work 
of  all  our  decffions,  we  hefitate  not  to  declare,  that  our  fenti- 
iiients  refpeding  thefe  Poems*  have  undergone  a  very  confider* 
able  revolt^tion,  and  that  we  find  ourfelves  neceffitated  to  quit 
that  ground  which  we  formerly  held.  We  prepared  our  Read- 
ers for  this  declaration  at  the  conclufion  of  our  account  of  Mr* 
Clark's  Anfwer  to  Mr.  Shaw  *.  Neverthclcfs,  we  pretend  not  to 
Ufi  that  all  difficulties  refpedling  this  controverfy  have  been  fo 
totally  vaoquiflied  in  our  minds  as  to  admit  of  no  doubt.  There 


iMhi 


*  Vid.  Rev.  Jan*  Art.  to. 


M'lWcs' r  Edit.  9/  Rowlcy'j  P&trm^  70J 

h  femeibifi^  ytK  myfterious  which  eludes  our  fnquified;  and  at 
the  moment  when  we  are  ^-eady  to  flatter  ourfclves  with  the  pof- 
fcifion  of  the  truth,  fome  inexplic^^hle  cloud  arifes  before  it, 
which,  if  it  doth  not  wholly  darken  its  fubftance,  yet  at  leaft 
ob  feu  res  its  form. 

To  take  up  the  matter  in  a  general  view,  we  would  propoie 
the  following  remarks  to  the  inquiiitive  and  critical  reader  of 
Rowley's  Poems. 

As  a  literary  impofition  is  fufpe^led,  it  is  incamb^nt  on  the 
partisans  of  this  fide  of  the  controverfy  to  prove  clearly,  that  un- 
equivocal and  decifive  circumftances  are  entirely  incompatible 
with  what  hath  been  prefumed  and  aflerted  by  the  advocates  for 
the  authenticity  of  thefe  Poems.  This  proof  vrilfeafily  reft  oil 
the  ftyle  and  language  of  the  poems,  the  fentiments  and  allufioffy 
which  occur  in  them,  and  the  form  and  ftrudure,  complexieir 
and  finifhing,  of  the  moft  confiderable  of  them.  Here  vtrbai 
critmfm  bath  alarge  fcope,  but  that  of  tajlt  is  ftill  more  ex- 
teniive. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  fupportcrs  of  the  authentfcity  of  thefc 
Poems  ou^ht  to  combat  fuch  ftrong  objedfpns  with  perfpccuity 
and  precinon,.  not  by  an  implicit  reliance  on  the  aifeverations 
of  Chatterton,  whom  they  themfelves  calumniatd  as  ^^'uiiprinr 
cipled,"  and  who  indeed  contradtfied  himfelf  in  the  vefy  outfet 
of  his  adventure,  and  freely  acknowledged  the  impodtion  wbicb 
be  had  not  taken  fufficient  pains  to  guard  j-^not  by  partial  qucK 
tattons  from  the  Poems  themfcUes,  for  a  difplay  of  antiquated 
words  and  'obfcure  expreffions ;  nor  by  quotations  ftill  more 
partial,  from  one  or  two  old  £ngli(h  poets,  in  ord«r  to  fliew^ 
how  pojftble'xt  was  for  them  to  produce,  now  and  then,  an  iMihaN'  fij 
monious  coincidence  of  words.  All  this  is  nothing,co  ttre  pur* 
pofe.  The  man  of  tq/icj  who  hath  alfo  been  converfaiit  witb 
the  poets  of  the  1.5th  century,  feels  every  argument  oh  xhis  head  ^  . 
to  be  de^ve,  by  an  emotion  which  is  fuperior  to  all  labourejL  i^  / 
reafonings,    but  which,  neverthelefs,  ^vtvy  reafon,  ainl  everj^  / 

examination  ftill  more  ftrongJy  concur  to  fupport.  ]%  alfo  bc«n 
boves  the  gentlemen  on  this  fide  of  the  argument  to  provie'thae 
Chatterton  was  unequal  to  this  literary  fraud;  both*- as  to^m 
genius  and  acquired  knowledge,  by  a  fair  and  cihdid  conrrparr* 
fon  of  thefe  Poems,  with  thofe  produ&ions  which*  ilc  atcknow* 
ledged  to  have  been  his  own.  This  latter  hath  been  attempted 'i^ 
but  in  our  opinion  the  comparifon  hath  been  conduced- witE! 
great  unfairpefs  and  partiality.  Of  this,  we  iluU  fpcak  more 
particularly  hereafter. 

Dr.  MilleSy  the  learned  prefideotcf  the  Antiquariad.Soctety^. 
bath  here  ftepped  forward  with  an  honeft  zeal,  ^^Xo  gjivehoDOur 
to  whom  honour  is  due,''  and  to  fubftantiatd  a  claim  which  had? 
been  judged  ideal  by  feme  of  our  beft  critics — ptrtietilarly  lAn 

Tyrwhitt 


2oS  Millea'x  E£f.  of  Rowley'i  Poemt. 

Tyrwbitt  and  Mr.  Thomas  Warton.    He  is  ardent  in  the  caufe 
of  the  *  gode  priefte/  and  has  exerted  his  bcft  endeavours  to 

'  -— —  roaze  him  ap  before  the  jodgcnent  daie^ 

To  fay  what  be  as  clergyood  can  keone. 

And  bow  be  fojourn'd  in  the  vale  of  men.' 

Entroiua.  to  EIUu 

*  It  is  to  be  remarked  (fays  the  Dean)  in  the  firft  place,  that- 
cvery  circumftance  relating  to  this  uncommon  difcovery  feems 
to  reduce  us  to  this  alternative,  either  to  believe  that  ihey  were 
really  copied  by  Chatterton  from  parchments  found  in  RadclifFe 
church,  or  that  they  virere  written  by  himfelf,  and  produced  to 
the  world  under  that  falfe  title/  We  are  willing  to  join  iflue 
with  the  learned  prelident  on  this  ground  ;  for  the  intervention 
of  a  third  perfon  is,  we  think,  too  improbable  to  be  admitted 
on  any  fuppofition  whatever  :  at  leaft  it  is  a  conjecture  built  on 
fuch  ideal  props,  that  to  admit  it,  inftead  of  removing  the  main 
difficulties,  would  only  add  to  their  number,  and  increafe  their 
weight. 

With  refpe£):  to  Chatterton,  the  prefent  Editor  obferves,  that 
'  in  the  former  editioos  we  may  fee  fome  general  lineaments  of  this 
C3traordinary  youth.  But  as  the  fads  and  circumilances  attending  his 
progreft  through  a  very  (hort  and  unhappy  life,  will  fupply  many 
topics  of  argument  to  illuflrate  the  prefent  fubjed,  it  may  not  be  im- 
proper to  produce  the  refults  of  a  mod  exa^  and  diligent  enquiry 
made  by  a  gentleman  of  great  credit  and  veracity,  from  Chatterton's 
mother  and  fifter,  and  from  fuch  of  his  farviving  friends  who  were 
able  to  give  him  information  on  this  fobjedk. 

*•  His  mother  fays,  chat  be  wu  born  Nov.  20.  17^2,  and  bap* 
tized  at  Raddiff  church  the  ift  of  January  following.  That  be  went 
to  (c\gp\  at  five  years  of  age ;  was  admitted  into  Colfton's  charity* 
ftkoolAag.,  3»  1 761;  was  bound  apprentice  to  Mr.  John  Lambert* 
attorney  at  Briftol,  for  feven  years,  on  the  ift  of  July  1767,  removing 
the  fame  day  from  the  fchool  to  his  mailer's  hoa£.  The  inftrudlioivs 
at  Colftob^  fchool  were  confined  to  reading,  writing,  and  arith- 
metic ;  the  honrs  appointed  for  it  doring  the  fummer  half-year  were 
from  feven  to  twelve,  and  from  one  to  five ;  in  the  winter,  two  hours 
kfs  each  day.  He  was  always  in  bed  by  eight  of  the  clock,  and 
never  permitted  to  be  abfent,  except  on  Saturdays  and  faints  days, 
firom  between  one  and  two,  till  between  fovea  and  eight  at  night. 
When  he  firft  west  to  fchpol  he  was  obferved  to  be  of  (low  apprenen- 
fion,  and  uncommonly  dull ;  was  about  five  years  old  before  he  knew 
bis  letters ;  his  writing-mafier,  Mr.  Low,  who  fucceeded  Chatterton's 
father  as  mafterof  the  fchool  In  Pile-Ureet,  thought  it  was  impoflible 
to  make  him  learn  them  ;  and  he  bad  a  fancy  to  oe  taught  them  by 
his  mother  from  the  illuminated  initials  in  an  old  vellum  French  ma- 
Bufoript  treatife  on  mnfic,  and  which  moft  probably  came  from  Rid-* 
difiFcharch.  She  taught  him  afterwards  to  read  from  a  black-lettered 
Teftament  (as  ihe  called  it),  meaning  a  Bible,  Bot  before  he  left 
that  fchool  he  grew  fond  of  reading,  and  borrowed  from  Mr.  Long 
and  Mr.  ShorelifiFi  and  particularly  from  Mr.  Green,  who  ha^i  the 

largeft 


Milles*j  Edit,  (f  Rowley  V  Poemu  209 

laretd  colle£lion  of  aoy  bookfeller  in  Bridol  (and  to  whom  he  was 
obliged  for  Speght's  Chaucer)^  fuch  books  as  their  (hops  produced. 
Bat  he  knew  nothing  of  the  parchments  taken  from  Radcliff*  church,. 
nor  of  their  contents,  till  he  had  \th  Mr.  Colflon's  fchool.  The  of- 
fice hours  at  Mr.  Lambert's  were  from  feven  in  the  n>oroing  till 
eight  at  night ;  and  Mr.  Lambert,  who  atiefts  ths  regularity  of  his 
attendance,  fays,  that  he  was  never  once  known  to  be  out  of  the  hoafe 
after  ten  of  the  clock  ac  nighc ;  but  he  then  went  to  bed  very  late, 
and  rofe  ytty  early,  feldom  fpending  more  time  with  his  mother  and 
fitter  than  from  eighc  to  rine  in  the  evening.  He  left  Mr*  Lambert 
in  April  1770,  and  went  to  London,  where  it  is  fuppofed  he  put  an. 
end  to  bis  miferable  life  in  the  month  of  Auguft  following. 

**  As  to  the  parchments,  Mrs.  Chattercon  fays,  that  her  hufband't 
uncle,  John  Chatter:on,  was  chofen  fexton  of  RadcliiF  church, 
March  z^,  ^7^S'  ^^^  ^y'*'^g  ^^  ^^^^  ofHce  174^,  was  fucceeded  by 
Hump.  Perrot,  who  died  May  17^6.  That  her  hufband  keeping  a 
writing  fchool  in  Piie-ftreet,  the  uncle  furnifhed  htm  with  many  old 
parchments  for  covering  the  boys  copy  books,  a  litJe  before  the  death 
of  Mr.  Gibbs,  vicar  of  RadcliiF,  which  parchments  were  taken  oa^  of 
fome  ancient  cheils,  in  the  room  over  the  north  porch  of  RadcUfF 
chnrch'(now  empty,  and  dill  to  be  feen  in  the  room).  Tha:  the  cha*' 
rity-boys  belonging  to  the  fchool  in  Pile-ftreet  brought  thefe  parch* 
ments  to  her  hufband^'s  houfe ;  and  that  they  filled  a  large  mannd 
baiket :  That  many  of  them  had  feals,  the  figure  of  a  pope  or  a  bifhop 
in  a  chair;  others  had  no  feals :  That  her  hu/band  put  them  in  cup* 
boards  in  the  fchool,  for  the  purpofe  of  covering  the  boys  writing* 
books;  the  beft  of  them  were  put  to  that  ufe,  and  the  reft  remained 
in  the  cupboard.  She  thinks  her  hufband  read  fome  of  them,  but 
does  not  know  that  he  tranfcribed  any,  or  was  acquainted  with  their 
value  ;  but  being  particularly  fond  of  mufic,  he  employed  his  leifure 
hoars  in  writing  it  for  the  cathedral,  of  which  he  was  a  finging  man* 
He  had  been  employed  in  London  in  engrofiing  deeds  for  the  attor* 
nieSf  and  was  probably  acquainted  with  the  old  hands.  He  had  alio 
been  writing  ulher  to  a  fchool  where  the  clafiics  were  taught,  and 
thereby  knew  a  little  of  the  Latin  tongue.  He  died  Augufl  1753^ 
abont  three  months  before  his  fon  was  born.  She  fays,  That  the 
parchments  in  quedion,  at  the  time  of  her  hufband*!!  deat^,  were  con- 
tained in  a  cupboard  in  the  fchool-room,  where  they  remained  at 
long  as  the  widow  remained  in  the  houfe,  which  was  an  indulgence 
granted  her  for  fome  time  after  her  hufband's  death.  On  her  removal 
from  thence,  (he  emptied  the  cupboard  of  its  contents,  partly  into  a 
long,  large  deal  box,  where  her  hufband  ufed  to  keep  his  cloathi, 
and  partly  into  a  fquare  box  of  a  much  fmaller  fize,  carrying  both, 
Vfiih  their  contents,  to  her  lodgings,  where,  according  to  her  ac- 
count, they  continued  negle£led  and  undiflurbed,  till  her  fon  firft  dif- 
covered  their  value ;  who  having  examined  their  contents,  told  his 
mother  that  '^  he  had  found  a  treafure,  and  was  fo  glad  nothing  coald 
be  like  it."  That  he  then  removed  all  thefe  parchments  out  of  the. 
long,  large  deal  box,  under  the  bed,  in  which  his  father  ufed  to  keep 
his  doaths,  into  a  fquare  oak  box  of  a  fmaller  fize.  That  he  waa 
perpetually  rummaging  and  ranfacking  every  corner  for  more  parch- 
ments, and  from  time  to  time  carried  away  thofe  he  had  already 

Rfiv.  March,  1782.  P  found 


lio  Millcs**  Edit,  of  Rowley 'i  Poms.' 

found  by  pockets-foll.  That  one  day  happening  to  fee  Clarke's 
Hiilory  of  the  Bible  covered  with  one  of  thefe  parchments,  he  fi»  ore 
a  great  oath,  and  ftripping^the  book,  put  the  parchment  into  his 

Socket,  and  carried  it  away  ;  at  the  fame  time  Gripping  a  common 
ttle  bible,  but  finding  no  writing  on  the  cover,  replaced  it  again 
Tcry  leifurely.  Twenty  bibles  were  prefentcd  to  the  charity-boys  of 
File-ftreet,  of  which  Chatterton  was  mafter,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Gibbs, 
vicar  of  RadcHfF  church,  under  whofe  appointment  Chatterton  adied; 
which  bibles  were  afterwards  covered  wi:h  the  parchments  taken  from 
l^e  room  over  the  porch.  Upon  his  being  informed  by  his  mother 
from  whence  and  by  what  means  his  father  hr(l  procured  thefe  parch- 
ments; he  went  himfeif  to  the  place,  and  picked  up  four  more» 
which,  if  Mrs.  Chatterton  remembers  right,  Mr.  Barret  has  at  this 
time  in  his  pofleffion.  Mr.  Barret  confirms  this  tedimony  with  re- 
gard to  Chatterton*s  bringing  parchments  to  him,  which  be  took 
fh>m  the  room  over  the  porch,  who  alfo  faid,  that  he  had  been  there 
more  than  once.  But  Mr.  Barret  obferves,  that  thefe  parchments 
contained  deeds  of  land,  &c.  in  Latin  ;  and  that  Chatterton  defired 
Mr.  Barret  to  read  them  to  him,  as  he  neither  underllood  the  lan- 
guage nor  charadler  in  which  they  were  written. 
'  *  Mrs.  Newton,  his  Gfler,  being  afked,  if  (he  remembers  his  having 
mentioned  Rowley's  Poems  after  the  difcovery  of  the  parchments  ? 
Ays,  that  he  was  perpetually  talking  on  that  fubjeft ;  and  once  in 
particular  (about  two  years  before  he  left  Brillcl),  when  a  relation, 
one  Mr.  Stephens  of  Salifbury,  made  them  a  vilic,  he  talked  of  no* 
thing  el^;  which  Mr.  Stephens  hath  fi nee  confirmed,  as  to  the  ge- 
neral tenor  of  the  converfation,  though  at  fuch  a  diftance  of  time  he 
doch  not  charge  his  memory  with  particulars. — That  he  ufed  to  read 
Rowley  vtty  often  to  her,  and  fometimes  his  own  poems ;  but  as  the 
latter  were  ahnoll  wholly  fatyr'T^l,  the  mother  and  grandmother  grew 
imeafy,  fearing  chat  they  Jhould  involve  him  in  fomefcrape;  after 
which  he  chiefly  read  Rowley  to  her.  One  of  the  poems  on  Our  La- 
dy's church  (bu:  which  of  the  two  (he  doth  not  know)  he  read  from  a 
parchment,  and  (as  (he  believevs)  the  Battle  of  Haltings  alfo,  but  is 
not  certain.  Being  afked,  if  (he  remembered  any  particular  pafTages 
which  he  read  ?  (he  replied,  "  The  language  was  fo  old,  that  I  could 
not  nnderDand  them  ;  (hey  were  all  to  me  a  blank  ;  [  had  no  kind 
of  relifh  for  them.  This  my  brother  ufed  fometimes  to  perceive  ; 
would  grow  angry,  and  fccid  at  me  for  want  of  tallc.  But  what  I 
fickened  my  poor  brother  with,  1  remember  very  well,  was  my  inat- 
tention to  the  Battle  of  HaRings,  which  before  he  ufed  to  be  perpe- 
tually repeating."  When  he  was  ccmnunicative  he  would  read  the 
play  of  Ella  to  his  fiHcr ;  and  (lie  recollcdls  his  having  mentioned 
the  names  o(  Target  and  John  Stow.  She  never  faw  him  copying  the 
parchments  at  his  mother's,  but  concludes  that  he  did  it  at  Mr.  Lam- 
bert's office,  where  once^  and  once  only,  (he  thinks  that  (he  faw  hfrn 
tranfcribing  one  of  them.  She  defcribes  thefe  parchments  as  curled 
and  crumpled^  and  green  about  the  edges,* 

To  thefe  curious  relations  refpefting  Chatterton  and  his  dif- 
coveries,  fucceeds  his  iifler's  letter,  originally  publilhed  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  Love  and  Madnef$f  by  the  extenfivc  circula- 
tion 


Mi]lti*s  Edit,  of  Rowley 'x  Poims,  an 

tion  of  which  this  letter  is  fo  well  known,  that  we  (hall  not 
tranfcribe  it.  We  (hall  only  remark,  that  we  have  Ofiea  read 
It,  and  every  time  with  fre(h  emotions  of  fympathetic  ten- 
dernefs.  Its  unaiFedled  fimplicity  feizeth  on  the  heart;  the  en- 
thuflafm  of  fancy  kindles  as  we  read  ;  we  feel  the  greatnefs  of  a  i 
rtiing  genius,  and  deplore  the  cataftrophe  that  fo  foon  and  fo 
faully  ftopped  its  progrefs,  and  robbed  the  world  of  a  being 
equally  formed  to  aftonifli  and  delight  mankind.— —But  we  are 
got  on  ground  as  delufive  as  the  land  of  Fairies  we  muft  retreat 
before  fancy's  enchanted  cup  hath  made  us  forget  the  ii9»t  duty  ^ 
of  fober  and  unbiafled  critics. 

•  From  Mrs.  Newton's  letter  refpe&ing  her  brother,  the  learned 
Dean  draws  fome  inferences,  tending  to  eftabli(h  the  authenticity 
of  thefe  Poems.  .  The  firft  inference  is,  *  that  there  did  exift, 
and  come  into  young  Chatterton's  poiTeflfon,  parchments  be- 
longing to  his  father,  which  appear  by  other  accounts  to  have 
been  taken  from  the  room  over  the  porch  of  RadclifF church.' 
We  objedl  not  to  this  inference ;  and  we  believe  it  is  agreed  on 
all  (ides,  that  a  number  of  parchments  came  into  Chatterton's 
hands 'by  thefe  means.  But  ftill  the  evidence  to  their  contents 
is  vague  and  indeterminate  in  the  higheft  degree.  Mrs.  Newton 
was  no  judge  of  them,  nor  the  o^her  witnefles  that  the  Dean 
bath  produced  to  corroborate  and  add  to  her  teftimony*  They 
univerfally  exprefs  themfelves  in  language  which  bears  a  quef- 
tionable  (hape.  Not  that  we  mean  to  lufped  their  veracity  ; 
but  from  their  own  confeiEon  we  take  the  liberty  of  fufpedting 
their  judirments.  They  faw  MSS.  but  they  could  not  read 
them.  How  then  were  they  certain  that  they  contained  the 
Pc^ms  which  have  been  Ance  publifbed  under  the  name  of 
Rowley  ?  Why,  they  are  certain  of  it,  becaufe  Chatttrton  faid 
they  were.  7^his  is  a  very  inconclufive  method  of  reafoning 
indeed !  For  on  the  fuppofition  of  impofture,  Chatterton. 
doubtlefs  would  not  have  faid  otherwife.  And  was  it  lefs  an  im- 
pofture becaufe  they  were  not  let  into  the  fecrctf  He  that  was 
capable  of  the  main  fraud,  was  furely  capable  of  thofe  fubordi- 
jiate  artifices  which  were  defigned  to  give  it  credit. 

With  rerpe<a  to  thofe  parchments  of  which  we  have  heard  (o 
much,  we  have  very  little  reafon  to  believe  them  to  have  been 
any  thing  more  than  gr^nrs  to  the  church,  deeds  of  lands,  in- 
dulgences, L^c.  &c.  This  appears  from  the  feals  which  are  faid 
to  have  been  affixed  to  them,  and  which  well  agree  with  fuch 
inftruments.  There  may  have  been  alfo  fome  hiftorical  records 
lodged  iiuMuniment  Room,  and  from  them  Chatterton  might 
poflibly  fuvc  received  information  rcfpcdling  fevcral  events  it* 
corded  in  the  Poems.  But  that  Ptems  (hould  have  been  con- 
(igncd  to  a  cheft,  locked  with  fix  keys,  lodged  in  a  private  room 
belonging  to  the  church  of  Radcliff,  which  cheft  was  only  to  be 

p  2  Opened 


ii2  Millcs*j  Edit,  of  Rowley*/  Poms^ 

opened  by  the  mutual  confent  of  fix  perfons,  and  that  in  gene- 
ral only  once  a  year,  at  a  fet  feftival,  is  a  fuppofition  equally 
improbable  and  abfurd.     We  can   account  for  theic  particular 
reftri(ftions  relpcSing  a  cheft  that  contained  deeds,  grants,  re- 
gifters,  records,  &c.  &c.  which  reTpet^ed  the  church  or  the  city  ; 
but   no  piaufible  reafon  can  be  given  why  poems,  confiding  of 
tragedies,  ballads,  epilUes,  eclogues,  epitaphs,  &c.  &c,  (hould 
have  been  configned   to  the  fame  depofit,  and  fubjeiled  to  the 
fame  regulations,  efpecially,  too,  when  it  is  confrJcred  that  this 
pretended    arrangement   took  place   after    the    introduftion  of 
printing.    A  fingle  poem  might  have  been  unnoticed;  but  that 
fuch  a  number  (hould  have  been  huddled  amongft  pamphlets  of 
lb  very  different  a  nature,  with  which  they  had  no  connexion  : 
that  having  been  once  known,  they  (hould  have  lain  in  a  ftate 
of  abfoluie  negleS,  at  a  time  too  when  poetry  had  begun  to  be 
in  reqiicft,'  and  when  the  multiplying  of  copies  was  rendered 
cafy  by  means  of  the  prefs — The  fuppofition  contains  in  it  fo 
many  improbabilities,  that  we  need   evidences  and  fadls  much 
f^rongtr  thanthofe  which  have  hitherto  appeared,  to  give  it  any 
fort  of  credit  whatever. 

As  to  the  MSS.  which  were  given  to  Mr.  Barret,  we  will 
only  fay,  that  if  they  are  of  the  fame  nature  with  that  which 
Mr.  Strutt  hath  engraved  in  a  fac  fimile^  we  (hould  Have  no 
fcruple  in  pronouncing  them  to  be  impofitions.  The  latter  is 
evidently  fuch.  It  contains  no  fpecies  of  hand- writing  that  ever 
exifled  in  any  age ;  and  could  only  have  been  read  by  the  pcrfod 
who  writ  it.  Will  Mr.  Barret  (land  forv/ard,  and  declare  as  a 
tiian  of  honour,  that  in  his  conicience  he  believes  it  to  be  ah 
authentic  original  r — and  that  the  MS.  which  contained  the 
Song  of  Ella,  with  Lydgate's  Anfwer,  was  the  fame  ? 

To  proceed  with  the  Dean's  inferences  from  Mrs.  Newton's 
letter  :  He  obferves  from  it,  *  that  Chatterton  very  early  dif- 
covered  a  thirft  for  pre-eminence;  that  his  temper  was  proud 
and  imperious  ;  that  his  ambition  made  him  fpeaic  in  great  rap- 
tures of  the  undoubted  fuccefs  of  his  plan  for  future  life.' 
Agreed.  And  what  then  ?  What  inference  would  the  Dean 
draw  from  Mrs.  Newtim's  very  (iriking  account  of  the  natural 
turn  of  her  brother's  difpofition  and  purfuits,  which  the  oppo- 
nents of  Rowley  mi^ht  not  avail  themfelves  of  with  mucK 
greater  advantage  to  fupport  their  own  hypothefis  ?  In  (hort, 
biT  account  ftrongly  tends  to  credit  the  fuppofition,  that  Rowley 
and  Chatterton  were  the  fame.  Could  any  thing  more  Ihik- 
ingly  mark  the  features  of  genius  than  the  following  ira'tts 
which  Mrs.  Newton  hath  given  of  her  brother.  **  i  remem- 
ber (fays  (he)  his  early  ihirlt  for  pre-etninence  ;  and  that  be- 
fore  be  was  five  years  old  he  would  always  prefide  over  his 

1  p'*y- 


M'\\]es*s  Ed$t.  of  RowUy^s  Poms.  2ij 

play*mates  as  their  mafter,  and  they  his  hired  fervants.— — 
About  his  joth  year  he  began  to  hire  books  from  the  circu- 
lating library  with  the  trifle  allowed  him  for  pocket* money, 
and  made  a  rapid  progrefs  (as  his  u  (her  fa  id)  in  arithmetic.  Be* 
tween  his  i  ith  and  12th  years  he  wrote  a  catalogue  of  the  books 
he  had  read,  to  the  number  of  feventy.  His  fchooUmatca  faid, 
that  he  retired  to  read  at  the  hours  allotted  for  play.  About 
the  age  of  twelve,  he  wrote  vcrfcs  on  the  Laft  Day— para- 
phrafed  the  ninth  chapter  of  Job,  and  fome  chapters  of  Ifaiab* 
Soon  after  he  wrote  fome  fatirical  *  pieces, — His  fpirits  were  ra- 
ther uneven  ;  fometimes  fo  gloom'J,  that  for  many  days  toge- 
ther he  wodd  fay  very  little,  and  that  by  conftraint;  at  other 
times  exceeding  cheerful.  When  he  was  in  fpirits,  he  wouM 
enjoy  his  rifiiig  fame  :  confident  of  advancement,  be  would  pro- 
mife  my  mother  and  me  (hould  be  partakers  of  his  fuccefs."  It 
is  faid  that  he  enjoyed  his  rifmg  Fame,  after  the  difco very  of  the  . 
pretended  MSS.  ^^t  tranfcribing  oi  another*^  vtorks  qo\x\6  ne^ 
ver  have  infpired  him  with  fo  much  confidence.  No— it  was 
the  confcioufnefs— rthe  fecret,  but  ardent  feeling  of  his.  own  abi- 
lities, fitted  to  almoft  every  purfuit  in  literature,  and  capable 
of  rivaling  almoft  any  poet  of  any  age. 

The  third  inference  which  the  learned  Dean  hath  deduced 
from  Mrs.  Newton's  letter,  is  founded. on  a  very  curious,  and 
fomewhat  laughable  miftake.— *  Chatterton  could  not  be  charged 
with  venality.^ — The  Dean  is  willing  to  make  the  moft  of  this 
inference,  and  brings  it  a  fecond  time  in  play,  by  way  of  de-> 
ducing  an  inference  from  it.  ^  It  is  highly  incredible  (fays  he) 
that  he  who  was  above  venality^  and  fo  great  a  lover  of  truths 
(hould  make  himlelf  a  living  lie.'  Gravely  reafoned  !^but^ 
like  fome  other  ^r^tw  reafons  made  ufe  of  in  this  argument,  the 
inference  in  queftion  is  wholly  founded  on  Mrs.  Newton's  ufrng 

the  word  venality  as  a  more  decent  term  for  .     Tb« 

Reader  will  judge  what  (he  meant,  by  permitting  her  to  fpeak 
for  herfelf.  *^  My  brother  would  frequently  walk  the  Col- 
lege-green with  the  young  girls  that  ftatedly  paraded  there  to 
(hew  their  finery  ;  but  I  really  believe  he  was  no  Debauchee 
(though  fome  have  reported  it) :  the  dear  unhappy  boy  hid 
faults  enough  :  I  faw  with  concern  he  was  proud,  and  exceed- 
ingly imperious  :  hut  that  of  Venality  he  could  not  be  jujlly 
accufed  with,'* 

The  laft  inference  from  Mrs.  Newton's  letter  rcfpefls  Chat- 
terton's  love  for  truth.  "  He  was  a  lover  of  truth  from  the 
earlieft  dawn  of  reafon  ;  and  nothing  could  move  him  fo  much 

*  Perhaps  that  fatirical  piece,  entitled  Apojiate  Hill,  puWifhfd  by 
the  author  of  *  Lov^  and  Madaefs/  might  haye  been  one  of  the  nuoiT 

P3    .  w 


214  MillcsV  EJt(.  of  Rowley V  Poems, 

as  being  belied.  His  mailer  depended  on  his  veracity  on  all  oc* 
cafions."  So  fays  Mrs.  Newton ;  and  we  efteem  her  for  her 
honeft  zeal  for  the  reputation  of  her  deceafed  brother.  But  of 
ivhat  ufe  can  this  teftimony  be  to  the  Dean  ?  Very  great,  ho 
thinks.  We,  on  the  contrary,  think  it  of  little  avail  to  eila* 
biiih  the  auth^fity  of  Rowley.  Chatterton's  attachment  to  truth 
muft,  at  leaft,  be  proved  to  have  been  uniform^  before  any 
concluiion  can  be  formed  from  it.  Now  the  Dean  himfelf 
hath  laboured  to  prove  him  a  liar  in  two  inflances;  the  firft  re^ 
fpeds  the  paper  concerning  the  Bridge^  publiflicd  in  Farley^ 
Journal ;  and  the  fecond  refpe<3s  cme  of  the  pieces  entitled  the 
BattU  ojf  Hajiings.  Both  of  thefe  Chatterton  acknowledged 
himfelf  to  have  written :  but  in  fpite  of  this  declaration  the 
Dean  will  allow  him  no  credit ;  and  of  a  fudden,  this  lover  of 
truth  makes  **  himfelf  a  living  He!**  What  then  btcomes  of  the 
fourth  inference  ?  and  what  becomes  of  the  Dean's  confiftcncy  ? 
«<-*-We  cannot  avoid  inflancing  another  unfair  mode  of  argument 
in  the  Preliminary  Difcourfe.  When  the  authenticity  of  Row- 
ley's Poems  is  to  be  efta&lifhed  by  the  help  of  Chatterton 's  de- 
clarations, the  Dean  appeals  to  his  fitter's  Letter  in  behalf  of 
the  young  man's  moral  charadler :  but  when  the  Poems  them- 
felves  are  appealed  to  for  their  intrinfic  merit ;  and  their  moral 
leiTons  and  pure  tendency  are  difplayed  in  order  to  fupport  their 
claim  to  z  facerdoial  origin^  then  we  no  longer  hear  of  Chatter- 
ton's  morality  !  then  the  epithets  oi  debauched^  unprincipled^  irre^ 
kgiouSy  are  applied  to  the  unfortunate  youth  ;  and  he  wtio  before 
was  too  good  for  the  impofition,  becomes  at  laft  too  bad  to  write 
Aich  verfips  !  Yet  take  the  matter  in  any  view,  and  we  cannot 
fee  that  it  will  tend  much  to  eftablifh  the  Dean's  reafoiiing. 
Chatterton's  love  for  truth  might  have  been  naturally  very 
great,  and  yet,  as  the  impofition  only  tended  to  flatter  his  va- 
nity, without  doing  any  injury  to  the  world,  he  might  imagine 
that  he  did  not  materially  wound  his  veracity  by  this  curious 
trial  of  his  ingenuity.  He  had  fome  refpe£(able  examples  before 
him  :  and  though,  as  rigid  moral ifts,  we  muft  condemn  fuch  con- 
du£^,  yet  when  we  confider  his  youth,  our  cenfure  is  relaxed, 
and  in  his  misfortunes  we  forget  his  errors.  His  refcntmcnt  at 
being  belied  might  arife  from  that  pride,  of  which,  according 
to  his  fifler's  account,  he  poflTeiTed  a  fufficient  (hare.  He  at 
Icaft  knew  the  importance  of  trath,  and  the  credit  it  bore  in 
the  world  ;  and  that  alone  was  enough  to  irritate  a  fpirit  like 
his,  when  any  thing  fo  difgraceful  as  a  lie  was  imputed  to  him. 
But  granting  that  Chatterton  had  been  the  flagitious  and  un- 
principled youth  he  hath  been  reprcfented,  we  fee  no  great  ad- 
vantage that  the  Dean  can  make  of  the  conceffion.  The  fineft 
leflbns  of  morality  and  religion  are  often  inculcated  with  great 
eloquence  and  pathos  by  men  whofe  hearts  are  totally  cftranged 

from 


Millcs'x  Edit,  of  Rowlcjr'i  P$mtk  115 

from  their  influence,  and  whofe  condu£l  is  a  perpetual  contra- 
di£lion  to  their  own  infiru£tions.  It  would  be  invidious  to  point 
out  examples ; — and  we  are  forry  to  fay,  that  fuch  examples 
are  fo  numerous,  that  it  would  be  unneceflary.  We  learn  frooa 
Mrs.  Newton's  Letter,  that  hijiory  and  divinity  were  the  chieif 
fubjedls  of  his  (tudy,  from  the  earlieft  period  of  it.  The  knovr 
ledge  that  he  acquired  of  both  in  the  courfe  of  four  or  five 
years,  added  to  that  aftoniOiinjg  genius  which  nature  had  endued 
nim  with,  was  perhaps  fufficienc  to  render  him.  equa)  to  all  the 
compoiitions  which  he  gave  out  under  the  name  of  Rowley. 
That  he  was  capable  of  writing  on  a  religious  fubjeA  with  great 
appearance  of  devotion,  is  evident  from  his  Ode  to  Rifignati$n^ 
publiflied  in  Love  and  Madmjs^  in  which  we  fcarcely  knovr 
whether  mofk  to  admire,  the  piety  of  its  fentiments,  or  the 
beauty  of  its  poetry. 

The  other  tefti monies  which  the  Dean  hath  produced  in  fa^ 
vour  of  his  hypothefis,  ftill  manifeftly  tend  to  confirm  our  opi- 
nion (if  it  needed  any  confirmation  beyond  his  own  writings)^ 
of  the  extraordinary  genius  and  abilities  of  Chatterton.  Thefe 
tefiimonies,  as  far  as  they  are  produced  to  prove  the  authenticitjf 
of  the  Poems,  carry  little  or  no  weight  in  our  account  (  and  we 
have  already  given  a  reafon  for  regarding  them  as  triflii^g  and 
unfatisfadtory.  The  fuccefs  of  Chatterton  depended  on  hif 
ficrejy.  He  had  no  accomplice  ;  he  was  above  looking  out  for 
one.  He  difdained  afSftance  ;  and  iuiew  too  that  not  one  of  hia 
acquaintance  was  capable  of  affording  him  any  eflential  aid  ta 
the  profecution  of  his  fcheme.  It  was  fufficient  for  him  to  re* 
ceive  applaufe  by  oblique  means,  when  perhaps  it  would  have 
been  denied  him  by  thofe  that  were  plain  and  dired.  Whc||i 
Rowley  was  admired,  he  knew,  to  whom  the  praife  was  due: 
and  this  fecret  exultation  will  fully  account  for  the  tranfport 
he  difcovercd  in  reading  the  Battlt  of  Haflings  to  his  fifter,  and 
other  poems,  which  he  called  Rowley  s,  to  his  friend  Mr» 
Smith. 

*  Tney  (fays  the  Dean)  who  are  willing  to  think  Cbatterton's 
time  and  abilities  equal  to  all  that  is  attributed  to  him,  mud  confider 
the  great  compafs  and  variety  of  knowledge  neceilary  to  qualify  him 
for  fo  ex  ten  five  a  forgery.  He  muft  have  been  converfant,  to  a  certain 
difgrec,  with  the  language  of  oar  ancient  poets,  with  the  meanin|; 
and  inflexion  of  their  words,  and  with  the  rules  of  grammar  whicS 
they  obfervcd.  He  mutt  have  formed  a  vocabulary  from  their  books, 
which  muil  have  been  previoufly  read  and  underftood  by  him,  as  the 
ground-work  of  his  imitation,  and  undoubtedly  the  moft  difficult  part 
pf  the  undertaking.' 

To  the  Jfuih  of  thefe  obfervations  we  in  a  great  degree 
fubfcribe ;  and  yet  are  by  no  means  convinced  that  Cbattercoa 
was  unequal  to  the  talk  in  queftioa. 

P  +  ,  Thii 


2i6  Millc8*i  Edit,  of  Rowley V  Pcems. 

The  furprifing  prematurity  of  Chatterton's  abilities  hath 
been  already  noticed,  together  with  his  very  early  application  to 
lludies,  and  indefatigable  affiduity  in  the  purfuit  of  thofe 
branches  of  literature  which  particularly  qualified  him  for  this 
undertaking.  His  fifter  obferves  in  her  letter  (and  it  is  worthy 
of  attention),  that  though  he  was  conftantly  in  his  matter's  of- 
fice ^^i«  isgbt  in  the  morning  to  eight  in  the  evenings  yet  that  hi 
bad  littli  of  his  mafler's  hujinefs  to  doyfometimes  not  above  two  hours 
in  a  day;  which  ((he  adds)  gave  him  an  opportunity  to purfue  his 
'genius.  We  know  from  Mr.  Catcot's  own  teftimony,  that  this 
-uncominon  youth  had  a  moft  remarkable  facility  in  compofition ; 
and  as  an  inftance  of  it,  the  following  curious  anecdote  is  re- 
lated by  the  author  of  Love  and  Madnefs  \  viz,  that  Catcot  talk- 
ing one  day  with  Chatterton  about  happinefs,  the  latter  averred 
that  he  had  never  turned  his  thoughts  on  the  fubjeS,  but  that 
lie  would.  The  next  day  he  produced  a  poem,  confifting  of  up- 
^9rds  of  a  hundred  lines,  in  heroic  meafure,  and  prefenting  it  to 
Catcot,  informed  him  that  it  contained  his  creed  of  happinefs« 
The  poem  is  undoubtedly  irreligious  ;  but  it  bears  the  ftrongeft 
inarks^of  genius,  fagacity,  and  acutenefs,  and  convinces  us  of 
the  great  extent  and  variety  of  his  abilities. 

Chatterton  was  undoubtedly  converfant  with  the  writings  of 
our  ancient  Englifh  poets ;  and  feems  to  have  had  a  very  early 
prediledlion  for  old  words,  and  black- leiier- lore.  He  had  not 
only  read  Chaucer,  but  had  with  his  own  hand  tranfcribed 
Speght's  Gloflary.  The  copy  is  now  in  the  pofieffion  of  Dr. 
Glynne.  What  is  alfo  deferving  remark  is  a  circumdanc  re- 
lated of  him  by.  his  fitter,  \\z*  that  foon  after  his  apprenticc- 
ihip,  and  fome  months  before  he  was  fifteen,  he  wrote  a  letter  to 
em  oldfchool  mate  (then  at  New  York),  confifting  of  a  collection  of 
all  the  bard  words  in  the  Englijb  language^  and  requejied  him  to  an" 
fwerit.  He  that  could  colled  hard  words  for  a  letter,  might 
colled  old  ones  for  a  poem. 

But  heie  we  are  frequently  aflced,  "  Where  were  his  re- 
fourccs  ?"  To  this  we  might  reply,  That  as  wc  never  faw  the 
catalogue  of  the  books  he  had  read  (confitting,  when  he  went  to 
X^ondon,  of  fome  hundreds,  according  to  his  fitter's  account)^ 
we  cannot  exadly  enumerate  them  ;  but  that  the  poems  which  he 
writ,  under  the  name  ofRow]ey,did  not  requireany  other  rclources 
^han  we  may  naturally  fuppofe  he  had  accefs  to.  Many  fruitlcfs 
queftions  have  been  ftarted  on  this  fubjed,  and  much  idle  learn- 
ing hath  been  expended,  to  prove  that  it  was  not  poffihle  for  the 
•*  illiterate  boy  Chatterton"  to  have  been  acquainted  with  fafls 
recorded  in  the  Potms»  nor  with  the  names  and  iitrms  which 
occur  in  (hem.  If  we  had  a  fight  of  the  catalogue  of  the  many 
learned  books  which  he  had  read,  we  doubt  not  but  that  we 
](}lo^ld  be  able  to  reply  to  every  argumcfit  that  bath  been  urged 

•  •  tp 


Milks*j  Edit,  of  Rowley's  Poems.  iij 

to  prove  Chatterton's  want  of  rcfources.     But  who  will  under- 
take pofitively  to  aflert  that  fuch  refources  were  wanting,  only 
becaufe  it  is  out  of  the  power  of  any  one  to  point  them  out  par- 
ticularly, and  to  bring  teftimony  to  his  having  availed  himfelf 
of  them.     But  we  arc  convinced  that  the  learning  and  informa* 
tion  that  were  neceflfary  for  the  compofition  of  thofe  Poems  by 
no  means  required  fuch  rare  and  fecret  refources  as  hath  been 
pretended,  by  feme  learned  gentlemen  who  have  fufFered  them- 
felves  to  be  deluded  on  this  head  ;  and  with  a  gravity  wbidi 
hath  frequently  made  us  fmile,  have  been  digging  deep  for  that 
which   lay  on  the  fur  face.     ^  Where  (fays  the  learned  Oean) 
could  Chatterton  meet  with  the  word  gouU^  but  in  a  Latin  glol^ 
farift  whom  he  did  not  underftand  ?    Why,  he  met  with  the   ^^^/* 
word  in  Bailey's  Didlionary.     ^^  Where  (fays  another  learned    ^^U* 
advocate  for  Rowley) — where  could  Chatterton — the  illiterate         / 
boy  Chatterton,  find  out  the  word  Hfbr^icej  which  comes  from  the   0/ 
Greek,  befides  a  multitude  of  words  that  are  almoft  Latin  ?"      / 
Why,  in  Bailey's  DiSionary.    "  What,  and  Zabulus  too,  the 
old  barbarous  Latin  word  ufed  by  Tertullian  ai}d  St.  Cypriaa 
for  the  devil — is  Zabulus  to  be  found  in  fo  common  a  didio- 
nary  ?"    Yes  it  is  ;  and  ^eed  too,  the  old  Saxon  word  for  the 
fame  perfonage.     Yea,  Cberifaunie  for  Cherifaume^  and  Be/ioiki 
ior  Bejlwike^  may  be  found  alfo  in  this  fame  Bailey,  to  the  total 
difcomliture  of  ftveral  hundred  words  which  have  been  moft  learn* 
ediy  employed  to  prove,  and  even  to  demonJiraU  (demonftrate  I) 
that  Chatterton  muil  have  had  an  original  manufcript  before  him^ 
and  was  fo  ignorant  as  to  miftake  a  c  for  an  /,  and  a  ft;  for  ai 
dipthong  !  Alas  !  Bailey's  £)i(5iionary  will  explain  the  whole  ! 

Mr.  Tyrwhitt,  the  original  Editor  of  Rowley's  Poems,  hath 
attempted  to  convi£l  Chaticrcon  of  the  impofition,  by  producing 
a  lifl  of  words  which  were  either  not  ancient,  or  not  ufed  by 
ancient  Englifh  writers  in  the  fcnfe  given  to  them  in  the  Poems- 
He  alfo  attempts  to  account  for  the  various  miflakes  into  which 
the  Author  was  betrayed.  But  if  this  ingenious  and  learned 
gentleman,  inflead  of  confulting  Skinner's  Etymologlcon^  had 
turned  to  Kerfey  or  Bailey,  he  would  have  been  able  more  fa* 
(isfa(Slorily  to  have  accounted  for  Chatterton's  blunders. 

Amidfl:  the  variety  of  miftakes  into  which  this  youth  was  led 
by  depending  with  too  great  confidence  on  the  definitions  of 
thofe  didtionary-makers,  we  will  n*ention  one  which  hath  not 
been  noticed,  and  which,  in  our  opinion,  tends  as  much  as  any 
thing  to  ftrike  at  the  authenticity  of  thefe  roems. 

In  the  En^lijh  Met  amor pljofu^  the  word  houton  occurs,  which, 
the  Dean  fays,  Chatterton  hath  mifinterprcted.  We  believe  he 
hath  ;  but  unfortunately  for  the  credit  of  the  "  gode  pricfte,'* 
the  Poet,  as  well  as  the  Commentatori  muft  have  mifiook  it 
alfo.     Let  our  Readers  judge, 

•  The 


2tS  Millffi'j  E^t.  of  Rowley 'i  Poms* 

'  The  goddes,.  who  kenned  the  adliooi  of  the  wyghte. 
To  leg|rfn  the  fadde  happe  of  twayne  (o  'ayre, 
HomtoH  dyd  make  the  mountabe  bie  the.r  mighte  : 
Forth  from  Sabryna  ran  a  ryverre  clecrc, 
Roarynge  and  roilcynge  on.*  &c.  ^c. 

The  meaning  of  which  paflage  is  evidently  this : — That 
^  when  the  gods  jaw  what  the  giant  had  done  at  the  inftigation  ofthi 
jealous  queen  Gondolyne^  they  lejjcned  the  calamity  of  the  fair  Elflrld 
end  her  daughter  Sabrtna^  by  making  an  opening  In  the  mountain 
tvhich  the  giant  had  thrown  upon  them^  In  order  that  Sabrlna  might 
tj/ue  forth  as  a  beautiful  and  dlfilnguljhed  river. 

Chatcerton  underfiood  the  paflage  in  this  fenfc ;  and  hath  in* 
tcrpreted  the  word  houton  by  hollow. 

Bot  the  Dean  in  a  note  obferves,  that  *•  the  word  doth  not 
mfean  hollow  ;  nor  could  that  circumflance  be  any  alleviation  to 
.  the  fate  of  Elflrid  and  Sabrlna,  But  hawten  is  explained  in  the 
\^1'.  Prompt.  parv»  by  exaho^  andfn  this  fenfe  is  ufcd  by  Peter  Lang- 
toft  \  and  hautaln  in  old  French  fignifies  proud  or  lofty.  The 
file  and  height  of  the  mountain  are  mentioned  as  an  exertion  of 
tniglit  by  the  gods,  to  add  dignity  to  tlmr  fate ;  and  with  the 
fame  idea  the  Poet  hath  chofen  the  higheft  hill  in  Wales  for  the 
knonument  of  the  giant/  What  abfurd  and  con  trad  iftory  rea- 
fbntng  is  this  !  Drawn  out  at  full  length  it  comes  to  this  incon- 
Itftency,  vl%.  That  the  gods,  to  •*  leflen  the  fadde  happe"  of 
two  fair  ladies,  on  whom  a  mountain  had  been  thrown  by  a  hor* 
fible  giant,  made  this  mountain  high  and  lofty  to  add  dignity 
to  their  fate  :  and  on  the  cruel  monfter,  whom  the  vengeance  of 
thefe  gods  purfued,  and  deftroyed  with  lightning,  as  he  hafiened 
to  tell  the  bloody  tidings  to  his  bafe  employer,  Gcndolyne— — 

on  this  accurfed  giant  thofc  very  gods  reared a  high  and  lofty 

mountain/  even  the  higheft  in  Wales,  the  mountain  Snowdon  : 
undoubtedly,  on  the  ground  of  the  Dean's  logic,  to  add  dignity 
to  his  fate  ;  and  on  the  Poet's,  to  leggen  his  fadde  happe  I  Now 
this  is  a  reduSflo  ad  abfurdum. 

But  the  learned  Dean  is  as  unfortunate  in  his  example  to  il* 
luftrate,  as  in  his  reafoning  to  confirm  his  acceptation  of  the 
the  word  houton.  *  In  this  fenfe  (fays  he  at  the  conclufion  of 
his  note),  we  may  alfo  underftand  that  line  in  Robert  Canning's 
epitaph ; 

*  Houton  are  wordes  for  to  tell  his  doc.' 
f.  e,  *  it  required  lofty^  not  hollow^  words  to  celebrate  his  praife.* 
This  is  a  forced  and  unnatural  interpretation  of  the  line.  The 
Dean,  by  a  mo(t  unwarrantable  licence,  underflands  are  fub* 
jundively,  as  if  the  Poet  had  faid,  *^  Words  that  exprefs  his 
worth  y^«A/£f  lofty  and  magnificent.'     But  the  meaning  is—- 

*  The  dory  of  thia  metamorpbofift  is  told  in  the  Mirror  of  Magi" 
firaies. 

«  His 


EJpi^  on  Difenftvf  W^in  %\q 

^<  His  worth  is  beyond  all  expre^on.    Words  419  defiant  to 
give  a  juft  account  of  his  merits.*' 

Wc  will  readily,  then,  fubfcribe  to  the  Dean's  opinipn  re- 
fpedihg  the  original  and  ancient  meaning  of  this  t^rcn.  Bi|t 
while  we  allow  of  a  miftake  in  the  comment,  we  muft  equally 
admit  it  in  the  text.  Poet  and  gloflarift  are  perfedly  agreed  : 
and  this  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  when  both  are  indebted  for 
the  word,  and  its  interpretation,  tcf  Bailey'9  Didionary  { 

[To  be  continufd.l  T^    J    It 

Art.  X.  4|ff  £ffay  on  Dtfenfim  War  and  a  Confliintional  Militia^ 
with  an  Acconot  of  Q^  Elizabeth^s  ArraogemeiAti.  By  an  Officer^ 
3yo.    48.  Boards.    Evaoi,  &c.     1782. 

ANY  new  and  good  ideas,  or  information,  on  the  above-men- 
tioned interefting  fubje^^s,  muft  certainly  be  feafonable  at 
t*his  time,  and,  we  believe,  have  often  been  wi(hed  for  by  magy 
of  the  military  part  of  the  community  ;  and  that  party  according 
to  our  Author,  fhould  now  comprehend  almoft  all  that  are  able 
to  bear  arms.  Hence  we  think  this  eflay  cannot  fail  of  being 
acceptable  to  many^  and  may  animate  others  to  purfue  the  fub« 
jed,  as  it  is  written  with  great  fpirit,  and  contains  more  in* 
formation  and  good  fenfe  than  may  at  firft  appear  from  an  irre- 
gular and  unequal  ftyle,  and  from  being  compofed  of  parts  in 
fome  refpeds  diflimilar  to  each  other. 

This  young  Author,  as  we  muft  fuppofe  him  to  be,  feems 
often  warmed  by  his  fubjef^,  to  a  degree  of  enthufiafm,  whjch 
carries  him  at  leaft  to  the  extreme  limits  of  good  tafte,  or  good 
fenfe ;  and  which  may  give,  to  fome  people,  rather  too  much 
ground  to  confider  him  as  an  inflammatory  party-writer :  to 
which,  however,  we  cannot  fubfcribe.  Wc  confefs  ourfelves 
happy  to  difcover,  as  we  fometimes  do,  the  warm  and  honeft^ 
though  it  may  be  incorred,  pen  of  the  independent  gentleman^ 
among  the  crowd  oi  profejfed  and  party  writers. 

There  are  periods  during  which  it  is  perhaps  fortunately  im- 
poiiible  to  avoid  talcing  a  fide,  or  joining  fome  party,  even  though 
there  fhould  be  none  of  whofe  condu£l  and  principles  we  r/r- 
tlrcly  approve  ;  and  this  will  generally  be  the  cafe  on  certain  oc- 
cafions,  till  DESPOTISM  (hall  have  brought  all  fpirits  nearly  to 
a  level,  by  ihedding  her  drowfy  indifference  over  the  whole 

community. 

The  fubjeft  of  defenfive  war  is  certainly  of  the  otmoft  im- 
portance,— even^  poffibly,  of  more  than  appears  in  the  pages  of 
this  Author.  On  the  knowledge  and  practice  of  fuch  principles 
as  his,  being  more  or  lefs  generally  difTeminated,  and  habitually 
known,  depends,  perhaps,  the  future  fate  of  Europe  :— as,  whe- 
ther it  is  to  become,  gradually,  a  half-peopled  defart,  belonging 

to 


520  EJfay  on  Defenjwe  War, 

to  a  few  tyrants,  or  a  great  colledion  of  populous  and  induf- 
trious  nations,  virtuous,  brave  ?  &c« 

In  this  country,  whatever  be  .our  danger,  which  feems  to 
approach  while  we  write,— whether  France  and  Holland  may 
be  inclined  to  peace,  or  mean  only  to  deceive  ?  or  how  long 
they  may  be  in  preparing  and  determining  co  take  all  advant^es 
of 'their  fituation,  and  other  circumftances,  to  invade  us  ?  And 
where  ? — how  ?-rand  in  what  manner  ?  it  is  impoflible  for  us 
•  A  totfore^  or  calculate  exadly  ;  but  whether  they  invade  us  or 
not,  we  entirely  agree  with  our  Author,  that  we  ought  all  to 
be  ready  for  fuch  an  event ;  and  th6  neceility,  which  feems 
yearly  to  increafe,  of  preparing  fome  plan  to  repel  invasion, 
cannot  be  too  much  inculcated.  The  Joldiir  properly  prepared 
was  never  conquered,  according  to  the  proverb,  which  may  flill 
more  properly  be  applied  to  a  nation. 

Whatever  may  be  the  refult  of  the  prefent  war,  we  hope  it 
may  ferve  to  turn  the  attention,  not  only  of  individuals  but  of 
government,  more  efirclually  towards  the  objeds  of  this  publi- 
cation ;  and  if  the  duties  and  pra^ice  of  arms,  with  the  relative 
eftabli(hments,  (hould  thereby  become  generally  difFufed  and  un- 
derflopd^  we  may  be  gainers  on  the  whole,  even  though  we 
fliould  be  invaded,  and  lofe  one>third  of  the  empire — fuch  is 
the  importance  of  the  ufe  and  habit  of  arms  ! 

Since  feudal  anarchy,  and  a  more  general  ufe  of  arms,  have 
been  driven  out  of  Europe,  we  have  not  been  well  provided 
with  any  eftablifbment  to  fupply  that  national  or  feudal  militia  ; 
and  no  nation,  except  the  Swifs,  have  had  boldnefs  or  wifdom 
enough  to  attempt  it. 

The  divifion  of  labour,  and  the  modes  of  indudry  neceflTary 
in  our  arts  and  manufaSures,  have  confined  each  individual  to 
a  fingle  proftifion,  or  even  to  part  of  one,  in  a  manner  that 
tends  to  render  him  ufelefs  for  any  other  purpofe ;  and  it  feems 
not  yet  decidedly  known  what  will  be  the  ultimate  efFe(3s  of 
this  new  and  uncertain  ftatc  of  fociety  ; — whether  the  commer- 
ciil  good  increafes  the  moral  evil  \  in  (hort,  whether  the  art  of 
government  be  not  now  lefs  underflood  than  it  was  2coo  years 
ago  ? — One  evil  is,  the  general  perfuafion  that  the  greateft  num- 
ber may,  and  hence  they  adiually  do,  become  unfit  to  defend 
tbemfelves,  and  arc  therefore  content  to  remain  ignorant  of  the 
common  ufe  of  arms  ;  confenting  to  be  defended  by  others, 
who  muft  thereby  inevitably  become  their  mafters. — There  is 
fcarce  any  good  without  its  concomitant  evil.  The  people 
having  thus,  w  th  a  view  to  eafe  and  riches,  given  up  all 
power,  and  right  to  liberty  and  fecuricy,  fubfcribe  to  unlimited 
obedience }  and  can  have  no  other  influence  on  government, 
but  as  they  may  individually  become  ufeful  to  their  ma fters,-— 
who,  for  fome  timCi  Will  continue  to  deceive  them  with  a  few 

forms 


EJfey  on  Deftnfcue  IVofm  221 

forms  or  laws,    which    they   wilU  execute    as   long  as   the/  ^/tt^u^ro  % 

may  fincLconvenient.     Unlefs  the  people  are  thrown  into  feme 

form   in   which   they  can  eafily  meet,  afl,  vote,  &c.   and  of 

which  the  ufe  of  arms  muft  make  an  efl'encial  part,  they  may  as 

well  ceafe  to  amufe  themfelves  with  any  public  queftion,  in  none 

of  which  they  can  have  any  influence  but  fuch  as  is  worfe  than 

none,  that  of  an  unformed  and  lawlefs  mob. 

That  influence  proceeding  from  the  divifion  of  wealth,  which 
has  different  meafures  according  to  manners,  &c.  and  is  at 
length  rcfolved  into  natural  ftrength,  will  ever  be  precarious  and 
ihort-lived)  and  will  be  gradually  turned  againd  the  people  bjr 
being  confined  to  fewer  hands,  as  all  governments,  in  their  na-  ^ 

tural  progrefs  towards  d>  fpotifm,  mufl  gradually  fcize  on  all 
funds,  and  their  fources;  and  muft  as  infallibly  drain  and  mif- 
apply  them  by  tyranny,  and  a  carelefs  and  infolent  mifmanage* 
ment, — to  which  ail  human  beings  invefted  with  power  are  na- 
turally prone. 

We  have  been  accuftomed,  in  thefe  latter  ages,  to  fee  philofo- 
phy  and  improvements,  commerce  and  riches,  all  on  one  fide, 
combating  and  undermining  ancient  tyranny,  ignorance,  and 
fuperftition,  by  dividing  and  incprafmg  property,  &c.  and  the 
conteft  is  not  yet  decided  :  but  from  defc<Sive  governments» 
ihofe  very  bleflings  may  bring  in  their  train  other  kinds  of  ty-  • 

ranny  and  weaknefs  with  luxury ;  and  again  throw  all  property 
and  power  into  a  few  hands  on  one  fide,  leaving  only  poverty, 
dependance,  and  an  increafe  of  wants  with  the  multitude  on  the 
other:  fo  that  our  golden  chains  may  have  been  forging  for  us 
in  other  climes,  to  be  iinifhcd  and  fitted  at  home. 

Sumptuary  laws  feem  to  be  confldercd  as  impracticable  and 
even  injurious  in  a  great  and  rich  empire. — None  can  fay  to 
ARTS  and  LUXURY,  thus  far  (ball  ye  go  and  no  farther. 
Whether  there  be  any  pffibiiity  of  ftoppirig  or  diredling  this 
progrefs,  few  feem  inclined  to  try  ;  which  affords,  of  itfelf,  but 
a  bad  appearance  of  the  conflru^ion  of  our  governments.  Nay, 
governments  have  been  chiefly  employed  in  corrupting  the  people, 
and  then  holdmg  them  up  to  (hew  how  unfit  they  are  to  govern 
themfelves,  in  every  rcfpeft,  and  as  examples  to  enforce  the  prin- 
ciplcs  of  defpotifm: — and  the  defign  will  probably  fucceed. — 
They  will  eafily  gain  over  to  fuch  principles  moft  of  thofe  who 
think  themfelves  in  any  degree  above  the  people,  and  are  thereby 
doubly  flattered  with  pretentions  to  be  their  mafters ;  all  thofe 
who  look  no  farther  than  the  prefent  ftate  and  example  :  and  the 
principles  of  natural  liberty,  and  equality  in  rights,  may  foon  be 
worn  out.  If  any  efFcdual  remedies  for  thefe,  and  many  other 
fuch  defeds,  be  now  pradicable,  we  think  feme  of  the  loofe 
hints  of  our  Author  would  form  a  neceflary  part  of  them  ;  and 
if  he  bad  chalked  out  for  us,  and  for  government^  a  little  mor^of 

that 


ail  ijfay  on  Defenjive  Jt^ar% 

that  rational  outline  which  he  mentions,  towards  fome  fySem 
or  arrangement  fo  neceffary  to  the  execution  of  what  he  pro- 
pofes,  we  conceive  it  mighc  have  been  of  more  ufe  than  all  his 
fine  writing  about  it. — It  the  divifion  of  hundreds,  compofed  of 
the  lefler  ones  of  tythings,  be  inconvenient,  as  he  fays,  we 
Ihould  have  been  glad  to  know  why  ;  and  he  that  would  divide 
this  ifland  properly  for  thefe  purpofes,  in  the  fame  view  and 
manner  that  Alfred  did,  might  probably  be  of  greater  fervico 
to  his  country  than  all  the  writers  and  ftatefman  of  the  age. 

We  hope  much  might  yet  be  done  in  this  country  towards  its 
lk>litical  reftoration,  or  to  ftop  its  decline,  if  government  had 
the  courage,  and  were  really  willing  to  try,  and  were  to  begin, 
by  giving  to  the  whole  nation  the  ufe  of  arms  on  a  proper  plan. 
The  people  once  accul^omed  to  aflemble,— to  arm,— to  confult 
together,  in  fmall  contiguous  divifions,  properly  commanded 
and  direded,  would  thereby  have  made  the  firrc  and  greateft 
ftep,  not  only  towards  the  greateft  quantity  and  beft  quality  of 
national  force,  but  likewife  towards,  perhaps,  the  beft  kind  of 
government  of  which  men  are  capable,  whatever  be  their  ftock 
or  fpecies  of  virtue. — How  eafy  then  to  make  them  a£l,  vote| 
confult — to  obtain  the  fenfe  of  a  whole  nation  on  any  queftion  r 
There  are  a  few  to  which  they  are  adequate,  neceiTary,  and 
competent. — Such  are  always  the  happy  efFefis  of  every 
wife  and  good  principle,  that,  like  thofe  of  nature,  each  anfwers 
hiany  more  purpofes  than  one,  and  many  more  than  at  firft  may 
be  forefeen. 

Something  of  this  kind  has  been  hinted  now  and  then,  by 
ibme  of  our  beft  heads,  and  particularly  of  late,  in  a  pamphlet 
intitled,  A  Plan  of  AfTociation  on  Conftitucional  Principles  * 
(Kearfly) — and  by  a  great  and  patriotic  nobleman  in  a  fpeech 
and  plan,  &c.— rbut  thefe  things  feem  to  die  away,  and  are  un* 
attended  to,  amidft  the  rage  of  military  and  political  madnefs  i 
and  the  authors  (perhaps  in  defpair,  but  we  think  unadvifedly} 
ivithdraw  their  endeavours  for  the  Public  weaK 

But  we  fear  fuch  principles  will  not  long  be  admitted  even  in 
theory,  and  much  lefs  fubmitted  to  experiment,  in  any  mo- 
narchy in  Europe, — not  even  the  principles  and  pradice  of  the 
arbitrary  Elizabeth, — fuch  is  too  generally  ^'  their  guilt  or  their 
error.'*  In  the  defpotic  progrei&on  of  all  governments  there  is  a 
ftrange  timidity,  which  (eems  to  increafe  as  the  motives  or  caufes 
of  it  diminifb,  and  will  form  a  growing  impediment  to  all  be- 
neficial eftabliftiments  for  arming  or  improving  the  people,  and 
prove  an  increafing  caufe  of  national  decay,  Weaknefs,  and  bar- 
barifm.     We,  however,  would  flill  willingly  hope,  in  fpite  of 

the  inflammatory  declamations  of  one  party,  or  the  deceitful  cn^ 

■    I  ■  ■         ■  ■ 

*  See  Review  for  Augaft  tyBo,  Arc.  15.  of  the  CaiaU^M. 

deavourt 


EJfaj  on  Defenftve  War.  laj 

diiavours  of  the  other,  that  this  nation  is  not  yet  quite  fo  far 
gone  as  fome  others;  and  that  thofe  little  cowardly  fears  of  arm- 
ing the  people  are  only  the  fentimetlts  o^  fome  few  individaah, 
and  not  yet  the  ftanding  maxims  of  government,  intailed  on  us 
by  any  miftaken,  private,  or  family  views  : — and  that  the  peopte 
arc  not  yet  fo  irrecoverably  loft  as  the  court  may  hope,  or  as  their  r 
thermometer  of  corruption  may  indicate. — We  would  gladly 
belreve  with  our  Author,  that  there  is  flill  virtue  enough  left  ik 
this  kingdom  to  avenge  any  fudden  or  violent  attempt  of  their  emv 
tnie$y  foreign  or  dome/lie:  but  fome  form  or  mode  muft  be  given^ 
whereby  either  is  to  be  done ;  without  which,  our  nambers,  oor 
laws,  and  conftitution,  are  but  empty  founds. 

We  have  ftudied  human  nature  a  little,  as  well  as  his  Ma- 
jefty's  Miniilers ;  and,  we  believe,  that  if  all  the  people  wer6 
in  fome  meafure  trained  to  arms,  inftead  of  being  more  turbu« 
lent  and  dangerous,  they  would  be  juft  the  contrary  (/.  /•  foe 
any  good  purpofe),  and  would  certainly  improve  in  their  beha- 
viour and  moral  charader  as  they  become  more  pleafed  with 
thcmfelves. — When  once  a  little  habituated  to  the  regularity 
and  order  of  parades,  exercife,  and  command,  they  would  b^ 
come  more  orderly,  peaceable,  and  obedient,  and  ac<)uire  tbe 
rfalstj^  of  that  charader,  of  which  the  foldier,  by  profeffion,  i% 
obliged  to  aflfume  only  the  appearance. 

A  military  life  m^y  be  viewed  in  the  fame  light  with  fome  me-^ 
dictnes;  a  little  of  it  may  do  good,  and  improve  the  man,  while  a       ^ 
great  deal  poiibns,  and  rtindwrs  him  fit  for  riothing-elfc.     WhefiX**^lMf  jfhf  1 
embraced  as  an  only  proftffion,  we  find  that  the  way  of  life,— -its/5^i^^^S^«^*^l 
not  being  fufficient  occupation,  &ic.   all  tend  to  produce  an  idle, 
vitioud,  and  oftrn  a  flagitious  charadler.— Thefc  are  confidera* 
tions  furely  not  unwortny  of  a  place  among  the  numerous  rea- 
fons  for  diminiOiing   our   Handing  armies,  and  for  increaixng 
our  militias,  of  different  kinds. 

Tbe  prevailing  political  maxims  of  the  laft  generation  feem 
to  be  nearly  worn  out  among  us,  and  other  nations ;  even  our 
enemies,  are  aftoniihed  at  our  fudden  change,  and  to  fee  fo 
many  of  us  agree,  not  only  to  throw  away  our  colonies,  but  alfo 
to  abandon  the  real  fource  of  all  our  greatnefs,  viz,  the  confti- 
tution  of  our  government,  fo  much  admired  by  the  reft  of  the 
#orld.  It  would  furely  be  prudent  at  leaft  not  to  be  quite  ia 
fach  a  hurry.  Gradation  makes  every  change  eafy.  We  had 
better  be  tenacious  of  the  few  rights  and  pofieflions  we  have  yet 
left,  which,  if  once  loft,  are  probably  irrecoverable ;  and  in  or- 
der to  make  the  moft  of  them,  take  our  Author's  advice,  and 
fet  about  forming  the  whole  nation  into  a  conftitutional  militia 
and  armed  aiTociations ;  efpecially,  as  it  is  perhaps  the  only  me«- 
tbod  by  which  our  ineftimable  Coaftitution  can  be  reltored  and* 
improved. 

7  The 


a  24  ^F^  ^^  De/enjrue  ffan 

The  importance  of  the  fubjetEb,  and  perhaps  the  Author^s  ir-* 
regular  warmth  and  freedom,  fugged  ideas,  and  lead  us  to  in- 
dulge, like  him,  in  this  (ort  of  circuitous  courfe  of  refledlions, 
fd  as  to  take  a  comprehenfive  though  curfory  view  of  thefe  mat* 
ters;  and  we  hope  our  Readers  will  excufe  boih  him  and  us. 

The  prefent  performance  confifts  of  five  chapters,  and  an  Ap- 
pendix ;  the  three  firfl  are  chiefly  hiftorical,  to  (hew  what  has 
been  done  in  national  defence,  &c.  and  they  contain  fome  cu- 
rious aitd  ftriking  information. 

It  appears,  that  in  Elizabeth's  time  there  were  once  about 
70,000  militia,  armed  and  trained  ;  which  was  probably  then  a 
greater  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  than  arc,  now^  both  army 
and  militia;  and  that  the  able-bodied  men,  in  England  and 
Wales,  trained  or  ready  to  be  trained,  and  all  ready  to  do  fome- 
thing  againft  the  enemy,  amounted  to  upwards  of  320,000. 

The  work  will  be  thought  to  improve  on  advancing  through 
it.  The  two  taft  chapters,  in  particular,  contain  many  things 
that  merit  the  moft  ferious  attention  of  the  Public.  The  great 
utility  of  AfTociations,  fo  much  approved  by  Elizabeth,  and  of 
Con/litutional Militias^  are  clearly,  and  indeed  forcibly,  fiated. 

The  Author  obferves,  that,  *  referring  to  the  origin  of  power, 
it  will  be  found  delegated  for  the  gcner^ii  good,  aid  any  acqui- 
cfcence  under  it  on  any  other  terms,  is  to  abandon  thoie  very 
principles  they  were  feleftcd  to  prote£l, 

*  The  fovercign  can  only  fpeak  the  voice  of  the  people,  and 
the  fubjeds  can  obey  no  other,  fo  long  as  they  continue  the 
guardians  of  the  nation's  rights,  and  not  the  ilaves  of  perverted 
authority.' — 

But  flill  there  is  a  great  difficulty  as  to  the  point  when^  and 
themannerZ^fftt;,  this  acquiefcence  and  obedience  (hould  ceafe, — 
and  who  are  to  be  the  judges  ? 

Though  thefe  points  cannot  all  perhaps  be  well  defined,  and 
muft  only  be  felc;  yet,  when  the  mode  of  difcovering,  arrang- 
ing, and  di reeling  thofe  feelings,  the  manner  of  doing  the  mofl: 
material  things  towards  the  prefervation  and  improvement  of 
ths  Conftitution,  are  wanting,  we  fear  that  Coniiitution  muft 
be  allowed  to  be  fo  far  defefiive,  and  muft  probably  decline  in- 
iiead  of  improving. 

We  could  wim  our  Author's  fancy  not  quite  fo  replete  with 
the  flalh  and  brilliancy  of  wit,  figure,  fentimcnt,  and  ardor : 
cfpecially  where  they  might  fo  well  be  fparcd— -where  they  are 
obvioufly  intruding  theilifclves  into  tlie  company  of  ferious 
good  fenfe  and  realbn.— But  to  indulge  in  a  figurative  and  de- 
clamatory ftyle,  inftead  of  being  at  the  trouble  to  write  and 
reafon  with  coolnefs  and  fimpliclty,  may  be  a  part  of  modern 
authoribip. 

.Though 


i 


Epyi  on  Dtfrn/hr  Jl^ar^  ^f 

Though  the  quackery  of  fhapfody  and  declamation  may  have 
too  often  fucceeided  in  mifleading  both  Authors  and  Public,  and^ 
though,  amidft  the  gfeat  uncertaintiea  and  changes  in  the  tafle  of 
the  age,  we  cannot  pretend  to  determine  which  is  the  mode  o^ 
writing  the  moft  calculated  for  fale,  we  know  that  there  have^ 
been  periods  when  a  more  rational  and  fober  manner  of  writing 
would  have  been  more  generally  stppcoved^    But  even  now,  wc' 
believe,  there  are  many  who  will  not  like,  in  works  of  thh^"^ 
kind,  to  be  carried  To  frequently  and  fo  far  out  of  their  Way  b]r' 
the  metaphors  and  cptibdes  of  poetic  fancy; — as,  amidft  a  difcujt^' 
fion  of  defenfive  war,  to  be  led  away  by  a  digreffion  on  nsftional 
pride,  and  then  by  another  on  education,  both  of  them  rather 
fmart  and  clever,  than  apropos  or  profotmd'^His  treadfe  ^  neveir 
wandering  among  the  madowy  landfcapes  of  imagination,  or ' 
phtlofbphifing  through    the  magic    lanthorn    of    hypothefis/ 
Again— -^  Political  corruption  being  an  infedion, — the  Egyp- 
tian darknefs,  the  univerfal  menftruum  of  opinion,  the  Alge- 
braic charafier,  the  philofopher^s  ftone,  the  Deftinies  thatco-** 
vered  Troy,*  are  furely  too  many  figures  for  one  fentence  j  aod  * 
thefe^  with  fome  other  fimilar  phrafes,  are  rather  too  poetical  for  ' 
plain  profe.    Little  pert  witticifm  and  alliteration  was  alfo  be- 
neath fo  ingenious  a  writer,  as  ^  the  fooleries  of  the  firelock, 
-—the  puppyifms  of  parade  repeated.* 

However,  with  thefe  few  faults,  and  though  the  work  fivours 
of  the  hurry  and  occupations  of  a  camp,  where  it  was  confeff* 
edly written; — though  m^ny  things  are  imperfeftly exprefled,"-* 
with  more  warmth  than  correft  judgment ;  with  more  levitjf 
than  truth  and  elegance ;  and  though  a  refined  tafte  may  ob- 
ferve  both  defers  and  redundancies,  much  good  matter  will  ftill 
remain  ;  many  excellent,  patriotic,  and  liberal  fentiments,  and 
a  great  deal  of  military  infocmation.  We  wilh  the  Wftter  had 
proceeded  to  give  us  a  little  more  of  what  he  regrets  that  we 
ihould  yet  wane,  viz,  a  chapter^  or  a  few  more  leflbns,  on  Field 
Fortification,  or  the  defence  oif  a  country;  an  important  art^ 
to  whiah  we  may  foon  be  forced  to  have  recourfe.  He  ofiers- 
fome  Mmirable  hints  on  that  fubjed^,  fufiicient  to  make  us  re- 
gret he  does  not  go  on  to  give  us  more. 

Where  truth  accompanies  elegance  of  declamation,  all  muft 
admire.-*£x.  Where  he  delineates  the  peculiar  talent  or  fa- 
culty of  blundering  in  our  Councils, — *  That  meafures  wick- 
edly adopted,  were  weakly  executed,  might  eafily  be  imagined  ; 
but  furely  fome  daemon  muft  have  ftiaken  his  baneful  piAioila^ 
over  the  Council  Board,  if  every  thing  operated  exadly  con- 
trary to  their  intentions.  When  the  Minifter  firuck  at  wealth^, 
national  beggary  was  the  refuit.  His  endeavours  to  divide  ^ 
America  united  the  whole  continent.  His  fliutting  up  their 
porta  deftroyed  half  the  commerce  of  England,  and  ruined  the  ' 

&av.  March  1782*  Q^  Weft 


--t-.  ^ 


4  f 

n^  MoNTHtr.CATALOOOB,  Pilituat.     ^^ 

Weft  Inc[ies.-*His  with-bo]ding  our  oncrchandife  eftablifli^ 
new  manufadures  for  thfemfcUes :  bit  reftraining  their  fiflierics 
manned  tbeir  navy :  bis  burning  tbeir  villages  recruited  tbeir 
army ;  and  his  attempt  at  unconditional  fubmiffion  promifes  to 
terminate  in  unlimited  independence/ 

Again,  '  'I'he  penfioned  conftellation  *  of  party  literature  ja 
the  uime  work,  where  he  goes  out  of  bis  way  to  call  Hampdm- 
ibi  fualat  §/  nbtUion^  remarks  the  infenfibility  of  James  the  Se- 
cond's courtiers  to  the  dangeis  of  the  precipice  they  ftood  on. 
What  could  appear  more  bopelefs  than  the  revolution,  when 
anothec  ZiaUt  ofrtbilUon^  the  gallant  Ruflel,  lamented  its  impof- 
ilbility,  becau/e  we  had  no  great  men  left.  Yet  even  his  father 
lived  to  fee  the  weak  monarch  taught,  that  royalty  in  fuch 
hands,  is  but  the  gilded  weathercock  that  tops  the  ftrudure  of 
the  date.  A  (lorm  rends  its  fides,  an  earthquake  roots  up  the 
foundation,  and  the  atom  periflies,  unenquired  for,  in  the  ruin. 
A  blaft,  too  impotent  to  (bake  the  walls,  may  overfet  the  bauble, 
and  leave  the  fabric,  unimpaired,  to  ftand  the  wonder  of  fuc« 
ceeding  ages,  with  the  illuftrious  dignified  names  of  Brunfwick 
or  Naflau/ 

Such  fentiments  cannot  be  too  generally  known  throughout 
the  nation  ;  but  we  muft  refer  to  the  Author  bimfelf,  of  whom 
we  cannot  help  entertaining  a  hope  of  his  being  one  day  a  va- 
luable acquifition  to  the  literary  world,  when  the  warmth  and 
poetic  fancy  of  youth  come  to  be  allayed  with  experience,  and  a 
more  refined  taUe  and  judgment. 

On  the  wholr,  this  treatife,  with  all  its  faults  and  negligen- 
ces, will  be  found  to  contain  more  new  and  important  ideas  oiv 
thefe  fubje£ts  than  any  work  of  the  kind  that,  to  the  beft  of  our 
recolIe£lion,  hath  been  produced  in  this  country  for  a  long  time^ 
—if  we  except  thbfe  of  General  Llovd  f* 

•  Urfa  Major. 

f  We  owe  to  the  Pablie  an  account  of  this  Oeatleoian's  continoa- 
ti«n  of  his  Hiftory  of  the  Lace  War  in  Germany ;  and  we  mean  to 
difcbarge  the  debt  as  foon  as  poffible.  f 

■    ' ■    ■  ...    -    1,1      ■  ■ 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For     MARCH,     1782. 

Political. 

Art.  If.  J  Plan  of  Reconciliation  with  America \  confiftent 
with  the  Dignity  and  Intereft  of  both  Countries.  Humbly  ad* 
drtfled  to  the  King.    £vo.     i  f.     Coghlao,  &c.  178a. 

THIS  plan  hath  an  appearance  as  rational,  and  promiiing,  as 
any  fcheme  of  the  kind  that  hath  yet  occurred  to  oor  notice; 
and  the  Writer  generally  expreifes  himfelf  with  proprcty  of  language; 


bot  we  maft  pAiticolArljr  except  what  has  fallen  from  bif  pen,  wber« 
he  rpeaks  oJF  a  political  diftin^ion  liiade  by  the  ]ate  Lord  CHATHAifr^^^ 
relative  to  American  refiftance,  at  being  the  diftindion  *  of  a  blocks 
^4/'— This  i«  iQOgroft^  as  well  at  too  alfurd,  to  require  any  com* 
nient. 

His  plan  yields  to  America  every  thing  bat  the  <ivW  indepeB4* 
deocy.  He  would  conciliate  with  heron  terms  fimiiar  to  thoTe  of 
oor  coonedion  with  Ireland,  but  undogged  with  any  thing  like  Foya* 
ing't  Law. — This  is  coming  nearly  to  Lord  Stair's  idei :  Peace  oa 
any  terms  better  than  no  peace ' 
Art.  12.    Tlic  Patriot  known  hy  Comparifon%  beirig  a  Difquifitiofi 

of  ibme  great  Charaders.    By  a  Friend  to  the  Frofperiiy  of  tbo 

Briti£h  £mpire,     8vo.     1  s.     Wilkie^ 

A  rhapsodical  invedive  j^^io^  the  Opposition^  under  the  ridi« 
tilled  name  of  Patriots.    The  Writer  (who  gives  us  this  piece  as  t 
WUudtH  perforinance)  fays  nothing  worth  repeating^  or  cenfuring. 
Arc.  13.    Thi  Pangs  of  a  Patriot  i  expreflcd  in 'a  Letter  to  % 

Nobleman,  00  the  unfortunate  Capture  of  Lord  Comwailis.     8ro» 

6d.     Walker.     1782^  . 

If  the  Nobleman  to  whom  this  Letter  is  addrefled  hath  received 
from  it  no  more  entertainment,  or  indrudlian,  than  it  hath  afforded 
to  us,  his  Lof  d(hip  will  not  be  violently  difpofed  to  encourage  a  con* 
isnoance  of  the  correfpondence. 

Pampblits  on  tbo  Woollen  Manufacture* 

Art.  X4.     An  An/iver  to  Sir  John  DalrympU*s  Pamphlet  upon  tha 

Exporiatiom  o/Wtol.    By  Nathaniel  Foraer,  D.  D.  Re^or  of  AU 

8aints»  Colchefter»  8vo«    is.    Robinfon.     1782. 

Sir  John  Dalrymple'a  pamphlet,  which  was  briefly  mentioned  it 
oar  Rev.  Jan*  p.  71.  contains  many  fpecious  arguments  for  a  regu* 
Jated  exportation  of  wool;  which  received  foroe  countenance  frooL 
coaparing  his  propoCll  with  the  cftablifhed  regulations  for  the  export- 
ation  of  corn.  His  reverend  opponent,  however,  enters  deeply  into 
the  fnfajtfiy  di(p]ayi  the  impropriety  and  danger  of  the  expedient  1 
and  charges  the  Baronet  with  inconfiftency  in  different  parts  of  hit 
leaibning.  As  it  will  not  be  expeded  that  we  (hould  enter  into  thit 
detail,  we  (hall  juft  exhibit  his  anfwer  to  Sir  John  Dalrymple's  aflertiony 
that—**  every  argument  for  the  exportation  of  corn,  when  the  price 
b  low,  applies  equally  to  the  exportation  of  wool  when  the  price  ia 
low." 

'*  Answer.  This  is  indeed  furprlzing*  For  fnrely  no  two  cai^ 
were  erer  more  diflimilar,  in  every  circumftance.  Corn  is,  ,to  all 
pnrpofesof  exportation,  a  maoufadiure,  a  finilhed  manufafture  f  ■" 
Wool,  a  raw  produce.  To  the  raifing  of  corn,  much  labour  is  re« 
quired— To  the  growing  of  wooU  Tcarce  any*  The  return  for  corep 
confequently,  aBFords  to  thoufands  the  means  of  fubfiftence,  over  and 
abore  the  rent  to  the  land-owoer,  and  the  profit  to  the  farmer — Tlio 
letttrn  for  wool  amounts  to  little  more  than  fuch  rent,  and  fuck 

*  That  truly  great  man,— in  every  thing  but  his  ptorago.  ^ 
t  The  tayior  in  the  one  cafe  may  fairly  be  iet  againtt  t)ie  miller  and 
the  baker  in  the  other. 

CLa  pfofit 


228      MovTHLY  CAtAtOQVM^  H^MUiH  MaHufoifurii 

pfofit*  By  ezporudon  of  coro,  we  provide  (bod  for  otker  coontneiy 
at  thtir  cofl— B/  exportation  of  woof,  foreign  nations  tre  enabled  to 
provide  clothes  for  tnemfelvei  and  otheri,  at  •ur  coft.  By  the  export- 
ation of  corn,  we  enfore  do'mellic  indullry,  of  the  moft  afefnl  kind— 
By  the  exportation  of  wool,  we  deftroy  the  very  means  ofindaft/f; 
Laftly,  by  the  exportation  of  corn,  we  increafe  its  growth  for  the 
home  confuroption,  and,  at  the  fame  time  (taking  into  account  thtf 
regulations  of  the  import- trade)  diminifli  its  home  price,  upon  thi 
whole — By  the  exportation  of  wool,  we  increafe  its  growth  for  lb- 
reign  confomption,  with  a  certainty,  nay,  with  a  view»  ofraifiifglti 
price,  at  home*  So  poinied  is  the  oppofition,  between  thefe  two 
cafes,  one  of  which  is  here  held  out  to  us  u  a  mle  for  the  other. 

The  parallel,  indeed,  between  the  exporntion  of  corn,  and  that 
of  a  finilhed  manafadnre,  is  fufficiently  ejtatt.  And  the  fame  trgo* 
feents  may  be  applied,  with  nearly  equal  force,  to  both  cafes*  ,Thd 
very  lame  encooyragements  too  might  in  fimllar  circnmfiances  be  at 
flfefuliy  employed,  in  the  one  inftance,  as  in  the  other.  A  fum  oF 
public  money  could  not  be  better  expended,  than  la  giving  a  bounty 
upon  exported  wooUep**  Qiould  foreigners,  by  any  untoward  crents 
On  our  part,  be  enabled  to  underiell  us.'' 

This  IS  rather  an  aukward  feafon  for  pointing  out  new  applicaHon) 
of  pubKc  moneys  but  whether  we  can  adopt  the  meaforeor  aoe,  ao 
way  afieds  the  propriety  of  it*  Ad verie  circnmftances  abroad,  oogki 
to  redouble  our  attentioiv  to  thofe  of  aa  iaieraal  iiatafe»  efpeduly 
fttch  as  are  affected  by  any  temporary. inconveniences ,:  and  among 
Chefe»  what  can  be  inftanced  of  higher  importance  than  the  woolhns 
asann&f^ure  \  Dr.  Porfter,  very  juftly  obferves,  '  If  there  be  any 
falvation  for  this  country,  it  moft  be  by  the  prefervation  of  its  r#- 
Jwrces,  That  is,  by  keeping  the  people  in  ptriuttnnt  ability,  to  lap- 
port  the  burthens  laid  upon  them.    £very  tax  wHl  indeed,  ta  fomt  de«* 

free,  affeft  either  lands  or  trade,  or,  as  is  generally  the  cafe,  both* 
ttt  there  is  a  wide  difference,  between  laying  an  additional  burthen 
opon  men's  fhoulders,  and  difabling  them  from  bearing  any  burthew 
at  all*  A  tree  may  be  wounded  in  its  braitches,  without  hazard  of  ittf 
life  or  vigour,  but  a  blow  at  the  root  will  be  mortal,  and  at  Oncede' 
cifive  of  its  fate.  The  meafure  propofed  has  this  dired  aim.  ie 
ftrikes  at  the  original  fources  of  all  national  ability,  and,  coofeqnent* 

S,  of  all  revenue— at  induftry — at  population—at  that  confampttoa, 
erefbre,  as  well  of  foreign,  as  of  home,  produce,  whence  a  revenue 
can  alone  arife."«  ■  But  more  difcuifions  of  this  fubjed  crowd 
upon  08*  iH 

Art.  15*    JUfli^ions  on  the  prefmt  Low  Price  ofcoarfe  JVoohy   its 
immediate  Caufes,  and  iti  probable  Remedies.    By  Jofiah  Tucker, 
D*  D.  Dean  of  Gloucefter.     8vo.    is.    Cadell.    1782. 
Dr.  Tucker  is  a  bold  adventurer;  but  when  he  defcetids  from 
abftrad  politics  to  qucilions  of  commercial  fafls,  that  is,  from  the 
lofty  region;  of  imagination  to  the  plains  of  common  fenfe,  he  knows 
Ihe  ground  better,  and  is  not  in  fach  peril  of  wandering  till  he  lolbs 
himftdf :  thus,  whatever  may  be  thought  of  his  fpeculations  on  govern- 
mear,  his  hints  and  obfervations  on  commerce  defervedly  claim  our 
tfttrntioB.    On  this  ibbyeA,  he  attributes  the  low  price  of  coarfe  wool 
to  four  caufes,  which  more  or  lefs  all  certainly  combine  to  operate  a«' 
faint  ^hu  naaufadurers  of  that  ioiportanc  article. 

I.  An 


I.  Am  obftradioa  to  tbe  exportation  of  our  coarfe  cloths^  blanket* 
iagf  rugt,  fergeiy  ^c.  to  foreign  countries,  particolarly  to  America ; 
owing  to  the  preient  war.  On  this,  however,  he  does  not  laj  (b 
poch  ftrefs  at  fomemajr  do;  he  confiders  tbe  home  confumption  as  of 
iH^re  oonieauence  than  a  foreign  demand ;  the  iaccer  only  draining 
off  the  overflowings  of  the  home  market. 
^  n«  The  principal  cao(e  he  affirms  to  be  the  great  and  general 
difnfeof  Goarfe  woollen  goods  throogbout  the  kingdom.  Females  of 
aH  ages  and  conditions^  from  her  grace  in  the  drawing-room,  down 
^  tbe  i(:ulLioa  in  her  kitchen,  hardRy  nfe  any  woollens  except  of  tbe 
ioeft  texture.  Silks,  cottons,  linens,  diverfified  under  names  witbont 
noimbar;  together  with  chinu  and  other  prohibited  articles,  are  now 
become  almoft  the  univerfal  wear :  Ci'cn  the  men  nfe  ten  times  the  cot* 
iMi  and  (Uks  they  formerly  did  ;  and  rugs,  with  other  coarfe  article«^ 
|MC  in  a  sianner  bani(bed  from  ^11  hoofes  both  in  town  and  country! 
Tbeieare  certainly  notorious  fa£ls,  that  need  only«to  be  mentionti 
19  extort  conftffion ;  and  prove  that  pride  and  oAentation  are  deaf  tp 
ill  ^icy,  both  private  and/if^/'V. 

If  this^iring  circumdance,  which  no  individual  will  pay  the  lent 
IM^rd.to,  in  private  oecoaomy,  needed  any  illuftration,  it  cannot  be 
isor^  ftroogly  furniflied  than  in  the  Dean's  own  words. 

'  But  though  theexiftenceof  the  prefent  evil  may  thus  be  accounted 
lor,— tbe  magnitude  and  extent  thereof  remain  dill  to  be  confidernL 
In  a  natipo  coniifting  at  leaft  of  7,000,000  of  fouls,  it  is  but  a  very 
moderate  calculation  to  allow,  that  2,oco,oco  of  thefe  may  have 
abandoned  the  ufe  of  woollens  in  their  garments,  bedding  and  fnr- 
Aitere,  to  that  degree,  as  to  confume  annually  five  pounds  weight  per 
bead,  at  an  avcfrage,  l^s  than  their  grandfathers  and  grandmothen 
were  wont  to  do.  Now  this  feemingly  trifling  quantity  of  wool  re« 
%ieAing  each  individual,  amounts  in  the  whole  to  10,000,000  qf 
■pounds  weight !  And  furely,  furely,  were  ten  millions  of  pounds 
weight  of  coarfe  wool  now  to  be  bought  up  [na^matter  on  what  oo> 
scafien]  there  would  be  no  complaint,  that  this  commodity  wu  % 
4img,  and  bore  no  price.' 

III.  The  diminution  of  cottagers  in  country  villages,  a  clafs  of 
people  withont  whom  it  is  impofiible  for  us  to  fubfilt,  and  yet  who 
have  perpetual  war  made  upon  them  by  two  ibrts  of  relentlefs  ene* 
nies,  tbe  parifli  officers,  and  the  aflbciation  for  pre(l;rving  the  game; 
4he  one  left  they  Ihould  become  paupers,  and  tbe  other  left  tbq^ 
ftioold  kill  hares  and  partridges ! 

^  IV.  While  thefe  alarming  circumflances  tend  fo  dl^ly  to  diM- 
iiifli  tbe  confumption  of  coarfe  wool,  ihe  quantity  of  tint  article  ba# 
iikcreafed,  by  the  breaking  up  of  wafte  grounds,  druning  of  mar/bca» 
end  the  cnlrure  of  turnips  and  artificial  graifes,  which  enable  farmiees 
to  enlarge  their  Hocks.  The  (beep  alfo,  by  having  greater  plenty  of 
food  throughout  the  yeara  bear  heavier  flccfca,  ,lx>tb  longer  .aid 
eoarier. 

Such,  briefly,  are  the  caufes  to  which  tbe  Deaq  afcribis  the  dif- 
treflea  of  the  woollen  manufuaAure ;  and  we  apprehend  their  op^a* 
tion  can  be  no  more  contefted  than  their  exiftence.  W^  Ihall  nO|it|at* 
tend  to  the  remedies  he  prefcribes  againA  the  malady* 

He  jnft  hints  at  a  permiffion  to  export  ipm  wool»fabje^.Co  a  Ikbt 

4aqr  #  and  the  produce  of  this  duty  to  be  aFpii^  k  <boaA|^  ^W 

X  Q^j    •  ~  espbrutioa 


%jfi      MoKTHiY  Catalooub^  H^doSiH  MmufaBwr: 

exportation  of  coarfe  woollens  and  worfteds  of  oar  own  manufa6lare|[ 
a  reeulition  which,  he  obferves,  would  operate  as  well  co  carry  cv 
our  oianufadlurei  at  onr  wool;  and  while  the  duty  and  charges  of  ex- 
porting the  wool  would  enhance  the  raw  material  to  the  foreigneri 
our  own  workmen  would  be  rewarded  by  the  premittm  on  the  ex- 
portation of  their  labours. 

Lefty  however,  fuch  a  fcheme  (hould  not  be  liftened  to,  he  waves 
it  in  favour  of  a  bounty  on  the  exportation  of  coarie  woollens  and 
worfteds  to  any  of  the  ports  within  the  Baltic,  fimilar  to  that  on  the 
exportation  of  coarfe  linens.  Ihe  peafants  in  the  North  of  Europe^ 
partictilarly  jn  the  Ukraine,  he  obferves,  ftand  in  need  of  warm 
cloathSog^during  their  fevere  and  long  winters,  and  are  not  yet  ar* 
rived  at  fo  ^reat  a  degree  of  pride  and  luxury  as  to  difdain  the 
coarfeft  of  our  wooIleDS,  did  they  know  where  to  purchafe  then  at 
prices  not  ejipceeding  their  abilities.  To  raife  the  propbfed  boonfjr^ 
the  Dean  recommends  withdrawing  one- third  of  the  l^nnty  on  the 
exportation  of  coarfe  linens,  and  one-third  of  that  for  grain ;  theft 
(WQ  articles  having  been  at  nurfe  for  many  years,- and  oar  coarfa 
woollen  goods  now  demanding  our  nurfing  care.     He  adds, 

'  The  propofal  is  now  laid  in  full  view  before  the  reader*  And 
pn  the  whole  of  this  plan  for  opening  a  new  market  to  diftent,  fe- 
Tcign  countries,  for  the  vent  of  Engliih  coarfe  woollens,  I  have 
but  one  remark  more  to  make:  viz.  that  the  greateft  objediok 
againft  It  remains  yet  to  be  mentioned  :  which,  however,  1  ought 
not  to  conceal  from  the  unprejudiced  reader.  It  if  this, — That  ma 
there  would  be  no  colonizing  in  the  cafe,  there  would  of  conrft 
be  no  charters  to  be  granted,— no  fees  or  perquifites  for  clerks  to  t%m 
ceive, — no  governments,  no  places  or  iinecures  for  miniftera  to  be- 
Bow, — no  difputes  about  privileges,  no  grievances,  no  remonftrancei, 
|io  nnalienable  rights  for  patriots  to  declaim  upon,— no  hopei  of  faf- 
ceeding  to  the  places  of  thofe  who  (hould  be  turned  out,— no  food  for 
inflammatory  paragraphs  in  news-papers, — no  jobs  for  contradors,— - 
knd  no  monopolies  for  fel6(h  traders  and  manofa£lurera  :-^tberefore 
the  fcheme,  however  feafible  in  iifelf,  and  how  much  foever  calcu- 
lated for  the  public  good,  is  in  great  danger  of  mifcarrving  ;-*unle(s 
inore  public  virtue  fhould  be  exerted  in  this  cafe,  than  hat  been  nfoal 
on  the  like  occafions.' 

Another  remedy  is,  by  raifing  up  fuch  a  generation  as  (hall,  Inr 
their  ftation  in  life,  be  obliged  to  be  clad  in  garments  of  coarft 
voollen,  and  to  ufe  the  like  materials  for  bedding  and  furniture. 
^is  the  0||an  would  accompli(h,  by  eftabliihing  a  police  for  the 
^r^tion  of  cottages  for  militia  men  and  their  »milies,  on  wafte 
land  near  tornpike  roads,  on  a  new  plan,  and  with  new  refoorcea. 
But  for  the  particulars  of  this  e(!abli(hment>  we  muft  refor  the  Reader 
to  the  pamphlet,  where  they  are  explained  at  large.  J^ 

Alt.  16.  Hit  Profrkty  of  alhwing  a  qualifiid  Exportation  of  Woof 

difcoffed  hiftorically.     Fo  which  is  added  an  Appendix,  contain* 

Ing  a  Table,  which  (hews  the  full  Value  of  the  Woollen  Goods  of 

every  Kind,  that  were  entered  for  Exportation  at  the  Cafton- 
'konfe  from  1697  to  lytfOi  inclufive,  as  well  as  the  Prices  of  Wool 

In  Engird,  during:  all  that  Period.  8vo.  2  s.  Elmfley.  1782. 
'^f  aitvcr  might  be  ihevaloe  of  the  hiftorical  fads  colleAed  by  this 
^Kritdr,  Were  'tkiy  digefted  by  other  haada,  hf  hi^  a^  the  h^ppf 


MoNTHtT  Catalqoue,  £^/b»  Munufiiauri.       931 

^ft  of  exhibiting  them  in  a  dear  point  of  vie«r ;  nor  are  hit  re- 
narki  dofely  direded  10  the  principles  he  laboori  to  eftabliih  s  fo 
that  he  it  freqaently  congratalating  hinifelf  on  difcoveriet  that  the 
leader  does  not  enjoy  with  him.    At  length,  in  one  ill  exprefTed  pa- 
ragraph, p.  ^5,  where  the  caofea  of  the  low  price  of  wool  are  enn* 
merated,  and  where  one  of  them  it  fplit  into  two,  we  difcover  that 
Dean  Tacker's  pamphlet  had  jaft  farnilhed  him  with  hit  condofioie. 
On  the  whole,  inftead  of  coofideriDg  wool  at  an  article  that  good 
policy  hat  didated  to  us  to  retain  at  macb  atpoffiUe  in  oar  own  handt^ 
until  oor  manofiid^arert  have  worked  it  op  into  goodt  for  confenp- 
tion»  he  treatt  the  raw  nuterial  merely  at  an  article  of  trade,  and 
complaint  moch  of  the  operation  of  a  monopolizing  fpirir,  in  proM- 
)>iting  itt  exportation.    The  expediency  of  coantenanciog  the  ex*' 
portation  of  a  commodity  that  afibrds  employment  for  fuch  numbera 
of  our  own  people,  to  enable  oar  neighbourt  to  work  for  themftlvea 
(and  if  they  did  not  want  it  they  would  not  bay  it),  is  indeed  a  mofft 
4dicate  queftion  to  decide.    But  how  the  retention  of  raw.  wool,  10 
be  worked  up  before  it  is  fold  abroad,  can  be  termed  a  monopoly,  la 
difficolt  to  conceive !     We  have  ever  anderftood  a  monopoly  to  mean 
n  privilege  of  trade  or  manufadnre  enjoyed  by  one,  or  by  a  fe#, 
to  the  excluiion  of  others,  in  fome  particular  country  or  dinHft. 
To  confine  an  advantage  to  a  country  at  large,  has  hitherto  been 
termed  patriot! fm  ;  yet  if  oar  Author  chufet  to  fnbftitute  the  term 
BMMiopoly  for    patriotiim,   we  fhail  difpnte  the  propriety  of  hii 
dioice;  for  patriotifm  it  certainly  a  national  fdfiihneft,  of  which  we 
do  not  eafily  diveft  ourlelvet.  That  thit  Writer  has  not  got  quite  tfa^ 
better  of  thit  national  felfifhnefs,  appeart  from  hit  recommending 
,mily  a  fira/^#y  exportation  of  wool «  which  is  only  a  qnalified  free- 
dom of  trade,  or  a  qualified  monopoly,  let  him  fabfcribe  to  whidi 
of  the  expofitions  he  pleafet.  [^ 

Aft.  17.  Plain  Reajinsy  addrefled  to  the  Peopk  of  Great  Britaroy 
againft  the  intended  Petition  to  Parliament  from  the  Ownert  and 
Occupiers  of  ]l,and  in  the  County  of  Lincoln,  for  Leave  to  export 
Wool.  With  fome  Remarkt  on  Sir  John  Dalrymple't  Treatife, 
lately  publiihed,  in  Favour  of  a  generd  Exporution  of  WooL 
Svo.     I  s.     Robinfon.     1782. 

If  any  credit  is  due  to  the  prefent  Writer,  whodatet  from  Leedt,  tho 
alarm  raifed,  of  the  ftagnation  of  oor  wool  in  the  handt  of  the  grower^ 
ijprings  from  a  mere  locd  and  temporary  inconvenience.  The  fa£k,  aa 
he  ftatet  it,  it  no  more  than  thit  e-**  The  farmert  and  other  occupiers 
of  land  in  the  county  of  Lincoln,  have,  for  fome  yeart  paft,  paid  great 
attention  to  their  wool ;  and  had  their  modet  of  improvement  been 
direfled  with  as  much  wifdom,  at  they  had  been  purfued  with  dili- 
gence, both  themfelves  and  their  country  would  have  been  benefited 
.by  them.  In  too  eager  purfoit  of  ihdr  prefent  intereft,  while  wool 
was  of  ready  fale  and  at  a  high  price,  they  loft  fight  of  it  in  time  to 
come,  when  a  change  ihould  take  place,  when  the  demand  for  wool 
.fhould  be  ief?,  and  the  price  lower. 

*  They  have  uniformly  endeavoared  to  increafe  the  length  of  the 
woo],  and  the  weight  of  the  fleece,  regardleft  of  ite  other  quditiet ; 
and  though  they  have  frequendy  been  warned  by  the  dedetis  and  ma* 
paf«Afifcrt,  tw^icy  wertonkbg  tMrjfOot'Wift  ibr  ttegcnerd 

0^4  aannbanret 


%%i      AdoMTHLY  Catalooue,  JFtmUiM  Mamfram^. 

manafaftttref  of  tkU  coantry  ;  ditt  tht y  iveold  redoce  it  to  fack  « Ibte 
ibat  they  coold  only  hope  to  vend  it  mt  a  psnicuUr  market,  nnd 
would  of  confeqnence  be  greatly  <iiSrefled  if  that  market  ikcpuld  fail, 
they  have  ftill  perfifted.— In  niaiiy  parts  of  Ltocolmftiire,  where  £rvc» 
.  fix,  or  feven  fleeces  afed  to  make  np  a  todd,  it  will  now  i)e  made  .np 
of  two  or  thrce.--Their  Iheep  are 'grown  very  larger-their  wooi  long 
and  coarie. 

'  Before  the  preient  war  broke  Ottt»  goods  nmufadnred  from  this 
fort  of  wool,  found  a  market  principnily  in  Spain,  and  partly  in 
America  and  Holland..— But  finoe  the  greatcft  part  of  oor  trade  to 
.  thefe  places  has  cetfed,  and  there  has  been  left  demand  -Ibr  goods  of 
this  particular  fort,  the  wool  from  which  they  were  made,  baa  not 
■  the  ready  fale  it  uAmI  to  have,  and  if  confaquently  mnch  decrenied  in 
its  value, 

*  This  is,  1 4ipprehead,  a  fair  Hate  ef  the  origin  and  extent  of  tbe 
prefent  grievance ;  the  inconveniences  complained  of  ««  Ital  and 
ttmforary ;  the  mode  of  redrefs  wh»th  they  feem  to  wi(h  to  adopt, 
would  produce  othe»  which  are  gtwtral  and  ptrnummi, 

*  As  there  is  nogentral  redundancy  of  wool  in  the  nation,  for  Aort 
and  £ne  wool  uicd  in  making  cloth,  and  alfo  fine  combing  wool,  hns 
advanced  in  price  for  fome  years  paft  (and  thefe  two  fons  comprbe 
much  the  greateft  part  of  the  national  ftock),  we  are  onwilttngto 
fuppofe  the  Liftcolnfii ire  wool-growers  wi(h  to  propofe  fo  deljperate 
Hn  expedient  as  a  general  exportation  of  all  forts  of  wool ;  but  only 
of  that  fpecies  which  they  fet  forth  to  be  redundant,  namely,  long 
coarfe  wool.  The  lofs  fufPered  by  the  nation  from  the  eKpormtion 
of  fuch  wool^s  oor  mannfaAorers  nre  in  want  o&  'and  are  able  4o 
work  up  and  vend  at  four  or  five  times  its  original  valne^  is  too  ob- 
vious to  miention. 

'  In  the  firft  place,  a  permiflion  to  export  long  ccarfe  wool,  mnft  aft 
.as  #  general  |)ermiffion  to  export  all  inu  of  wool.  Long  and  ihtnt, 
coarfe  and  fine,  are  relative  terms;  impartial  men,  who  had  no  in- 
tereft  in  the  cafe  to.  miflcad  them,  would  often  find  themfelves  at  a 
lofs  to  decide  under  which  of* thefe  general  deferiptions  a  particular 
^parcel  of  wool  ought  to  be  ranked,  tiow  then  Giall  a  coAom*honfe 
ofiicer  determine,  which  wooi  the  law  will  call  long  or.  fiiorti  coarfe 
jor  fine  ? 

'  This  diflkoliy  is  much  augmented  from  the  confideratioft,  that  eke 
execution  of  a  penal  Aatute  mnft  in  all  cafes  depend  upon  its  being 
accurately  detef mined,  «nd  that  opon  oath.  What  an  opportoniiy 
would  this  aSbrd  fot  exporting  the  mod  vahiable  wool  in  tbe  king* 
dom,  that  which  onr  own  manofa^lnres  have  die  greateft  want  of; 
and  what  temptation  would  itcanfe  for  fraud  and  perjury  ? 

*  But  ffcondly,  ihort  «nd  fine  wool  would  be  indofed  in  the  fleeces 
of  theloi^  and  coMfe*  This,  it  i«  to  -be  fieared,  would  becomes 
very  .general  praAinc*  «nd  for  the  foUowtng  reafoos : 

*  Be^i^e  the  (horter  «nd  finer  fort  of  our  wool  of  which  dock  it 
made,  add  oor  fineft  combing  woo^  <ore  mote  wanted  abroad  ;  wonki 
confeqoently  bo' of  readier  fele,  «Bd  «fibrd  a  mnch  higher  profit  to  the 
exporter  than  tbe  coarfe  lom^  wool;  ftr^the  duty  on  exportation  mnft 
.V  laid  in  a  -^Itttrainate  fom  o«  dwry  pound  of  wod  exported^ 
licttcib  ^^  Ctttfe  io^t  maol,  of  ikmll  snlut  by  the  poand,  migk^ 


••  « 


e 


MOHTMLT  Catalog VI,  JEFMIoi  Mmmfaikafi,      lj3 

be  the  legal  and  ofteftfibk  objeA  of  the  exporter,  yet  fine  wool  wouM 
"be  dM  real  one;  as  thte  duty  would  beer <a much  gaeater  proportion  to 
the  price  of  che  iomier,  than  to  tbac  of  the  latter. 

*  Alfo,  bccaofe  the  wools  defcribed  jabove  might  be  thus  exported^ 
almoft  wfthoot  fear  of  detedioa  ;  it  being  only  oot  impoffible  for  cof- 
tom-houfe  officers  to  find  it  oot,  withoot  opening  erery  package,  OAi 
ODwrapping  every  «fleeGe. 

*  The  grief  ances  therefore  of  the  wool-gcowert  tn  Ltocdlaihive* 
however  real,  are  the  necefTary  coofeqneficet  of  their  own  iajndicioefl 
Alterations  in  the  Aaple  Of  their  wool :  and  she  remedy  they  with  liNTf 
would  deftroy  the  trade  of  their  coontry.* 

If  fnch  is  the  real  flcte  of  the  cafe,  the  remedy,  as  well  os  the  d!(l 
.order,  will  be  local,  whhout  calling  for  any  national  esenioot.  The 
Writer  adds,  '  I  f«ppof<^,  by  this  tiaie^  they  perceive  that  their  laie 
akeratioos  have  been  attended  with  pernicions  confeqaences,  and  that 
theirpwn  experience  has  uoght  them,  what  the  dealers  and  mannfiic- 
tnrers  attempted  to  do  withoat  cfied.  The  caofe  of  the  compkiiot 
ihas  been  gradeal  and  progreffive ;  {o  moft  the  remedy  be.  alfb.  Let 
them  feed  their  ewes  which  have  the  longei  and  coar^ft  fleeces,  ami 
introdoee  rains  of  a  finer  and  ihorter  wool,  and  let  them  qfe  evetj 
method  which  their  ingenuity  and  thetr  intereft  fhall  Aiggeft  to  them 
to  improve  the  quality,  rather  than  to  incieaie  the  weight,  of  the 
fleece.  If  the  carcafe  oip  the  fheep  becomes  radier  (mailer,  they  wilt 
Jhave  the  more  in  number  upon  the  fame  ground*  If  they  have  left 
wool,  they  will  be  amply  compmifated  by  the  iocreafe  of  price  by  the 
todd  ;  and  being  of  general  ufe  in  the  maouiadlares  of  their  country, 
they  will  always  have  a  fare  market  lor  it,  without  being  at  the 
mercy  of  contingencies,  as  they  have  been  of  late*.   . 

'  When  any  particular  fort  of  mennfadnre,  from  change  Of  faihton, 
or  from  any  other  more  fabfhintial  caufe  becomes  unfaleable,  or  even 
ivhen  the  demand  iot  it  decreafes  to  any  confiderable  degree,  and  the 
<value,  of  confisquence,  is  diminiihed,  the  manu&dnrer  immediaceiy 
changes  it  for  fome  other  more  fa(hionable  and  more  faleable  article ; 
mid  though  it  be  no  fmall  hardihip  and  lofs  to  him,  to  quit  a  kind  of 
laboer  to  which  he  has  been  long  accnflomed,  and  in  which  he  is 
grown  dexterous  by  habit,  and  to  take  up  a  fort  that  is  new  to  him, 
he  cheerfully  fabmits  to  what  he  confiders  as  a  common  event  in  hit 
profei&oo. 

'Why  then  fhould  not  the  wpoUgrower  imitate  the  manufaflurer  ia 
this  mode  of  proceeding,  and  endeavour  to  accommodate  the  produoe 
pf  his  flocks  to  the  demands  of  the  trade  of  his  country  ^ 

*  If  it  fhall  be  objected  to  this  mode  of  redrefs  (snd  I  know  of  no 
other  objection),  that  it  will  take  fbme  time  to  produce  its  ef&dl,  and 
that  many  of  the  wool^growers  will  be  hurt  before  they  can  be  ttm 
lieved  by  it^  I  beg. leave  ^  obferve,  that  they  are  only  in  rhe  condi* 
tion  of  many  others,  who  have  not  attended  to  the  nciffitodes  cif 
trade,  aad  that  their  cafe  is  i»t  quite  fo  bad  as  has  been  repfereiite4. 
In  many,  perhaps  in  mod,  of  the  paru  of  Lincolnfhire  from  whence 
iktSt  comf^nts  proceed,  they  now  (bear  double  the  weight  of  wool 
Jrom  their  flieen  which  they  nfed  to  do  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago.  If 
then  they  are  able  to  fell  it  at  half  the  fom  per  todd  which  they  did 
ttthnt  time^  h  will  prddnce  the  lame  value. 

4  tit 


*  It  b  probable  alfo,  thst  the  prefest  redundaocy  of  wool  in  Liii« 
colofliir^  may  be  fonewrhat  g|ener»  fix>Bi  a  caafe  which  1  fuppofe  tho 
fitrroer  woald  not  chofe  to  metttion,  a»  contrtbutinK  to  hit  JoiiL  Tb« 
foc  among  flieep,  which  ufed  to  viiic  them  at  swy  £oit  intervalt»  hat» 
foi  the  laft  tea  yeart,  at  I  am  credibly  informed,  done  rery  iittte  - 
damage.* 

Sir  John  Dalrymple,  with  the  Writer  of  the  preceding  pamphlet^ 

Ctd  the  great  extent  of  fmaggling  to  extenuate  the  eFtls  apprc^ 
ided  from  a  legal  permiffion  to  export  wool.  The  prefent  Wrttet» 
is  his  re^darks  oo  Sir  John^  difpotet  the  faQ  with  fome  appearance 
^  reafoo. 

'  I  beg  (fayt  he)  the  indolgence  of  my  reader  for  any  miftake  I 
may  make  in  a  point  of  fach  importance,  and  on  which  {q  little  it^ 
0r  probably  can  be»  known  with  certainty,  while  I  ftate  to  him 
Ibme  reaibnt  why  woo]  cannot  eafily  be  fmuggled  abroad  to  any  great 
nmoanr,  together  with  ibme  canfe  to  believe  that  it  it  not. 

<  Wool  if  a  large  bnikj  commodity,  difficalt  to  be  difgaked  in  ita 
Ipacknge,  and  conjeqoently  very  difficult  to  be  conveyed  abroad  ii| 
great  quantities  witboot  detedUon. 

*  The  penalty  is  very  high,  fo  that  the  contraband  exporter  of 
wool  ii  utterly  mined,  if  he  it  deceAcd.  Few  people  thererore,  who 
lave  credit  to  porchafii  wool  for  fmoggling,  wonld  ehoofe  to  ran  the 
fUbae  of  ruin  upon  fo  dangerous  an  expedient. 

^  The  fmoggler  of  wool  muft,  from  the  natnre  of  the  commodity, 
which,  as  we  have  obferved,  is  large  and  bulky,  have  many  fervants 
and  other  dependants  privy  to  it ;  and  as  any  one  of  thefe  w6u]d  have 
it  in  bis  power  to  benefit  himfelf  bv  informing  againft  his  employet, 
the  rifqae  would,  on  this  account,  be  greatly  increafed, 

'  I  nibmit  to  my  readers  the  folfowing  rcafon  why  much  wo<rf  is 
aot  fmuggled  abroad.  In  the  time  of  »ar,  when  we  have  fo  many 
ftips  of  war,  cutter5,  and  other  armed  veffels  on  the  coaft,  their 
leixores  of  wool  muft  be  frequent  and  Urge,  which  w^  do  not  find  to 
be  the  cafo. 

*  But  if  it  (hould  be  a  real  faft,  that  much  of  our  wool  is  a^ually 
carried  abroad  by  the  fmuggler,  it  is  nndoubtedly  in  the  power  ci 
the  Brittib  legiflatnre  to  prevent  it,  whenever  the  evil  ihall  be  worfe 
than  the  remedy.  By  an  aft  prohibiting  the  conveying  of  wool  by 
water  at  all,  or  even  upon  the  fait  water,  fmuggling  would  be  efiecr 
mally  fopprefled ;  and  the  onhr  mtlchief  arifing  from  it  would  be, 
that  the  price  of  the  carriege  of  it  from  one  part  of  the  kingdom  to 
another,  by  land,  would  ht  higher  than  it  is  by  water/ 

However  the  teftimony  immediately  before  us  may  influence  us  for 

the  moment,  yet  in  an  affair  of  foch  magnitude^  and  amidft  fuch  con* 

tradtdory  allegations,  all  we  ought  to  do  it  to  exhibit  the  moft 

triking  differences  and  arguments,  leaTing  our  Readers  to  decide  ac- 

e»Mding  to  their  own  knovHedge  or  jedf^ment,  11^ 

Art.  ]8.  A  LettiT  on  tbi  SuhjiSi  9/  lV$olj  interfperfed  witb  Rcr 

marks  on  Cotton  ;  addrefTed  to  the  Public  at  large,  but  more  par^ 

ticttlsrly  to  the  Committee  of  Merchants  and  Mtnufa^urers  at 

Leeds.    By  W.  MugliAon,  a  Manufa^orrer  of  Hoiiery.at  Alfretoa. 

\ivo.    6  6,     Fvans.     1782. 

Friend  Mugliiion  has  a«  undoubted  prfvilege«  from  the  nature  W 
bis  profeffion,  to  give  his  opinion  on  the  fubjed  of  wool;  ti^  unly 

one. 


MotfTtttY  Catai.ogvi»  Fmri€tlm  s^ 

ooe,  perliapt,  on  which  we  wiih  to  fee  kirn  declart  hit  fendmentf, 
becaofe  be  appears  to  apderftaiKl  it  to  hit  own  nght»  without  muck 
extrinfical  affiance.  He  conBnbi  what  the  Author  of  PUim  Ruffims 
y  allegety  that  the  prefent  conplainu  origtamte  from  the  rcdondaut 
prodoce  of  the  loof*  coaHe,  I^tncplQfliire  ^^tces.  He  alfo  givei  hia 
verdi^  agaiaft  allowing  raw  wool  to  be  exported;  and  thinka  s 
fffluggling  veffely  load^  with  Britifli  wool,  almoft  at  rare  a»  a  pho^ 
tax  i  wheieai  a  permiflioo  to  export  it>  noder  a  doty,  wooU  oofcf 
mock  Ulidt  traffic  of  that  kiad. 

Art.  19.  Tbi  (kntrafti  or  a  Conparifon  between  our  Woolleiit 
Linen,  Cotton,  and  Silk  Manufadoret :  Shewing  the  Utility,  of 
each,  both  in  a  national  and  commercial  View ;  wherein  the  trae 
I^iportance  of  the  Fleece,  the  firft  and  great  Staple  pf  oi|r  Land* 
will  appear  evident ;  the  fflFedl  that  moft  nataralljr  ^i(e  ftrom  tho 
Syftem  we  now  porfoe,  and  the  Confeqoeocea  we  may  rational^ 
hope  for  from  a  contrary  Policy.     8vo.     1  t.    Bucklaod.     Vffz^ 
An  honeft,  well-meaning  Writer,  who  if  willing /o  tell  utalliis 
knows  on  the  fobjeds  mentioned  in  hit  difbfive  iBlli^ge,  He  is  clear- 
ly againft  allowing  the  exportatbn  of  wool ;  and  to  prevent  (mngglinf 
it  abroad,  if  for  cftablilhing  wool-hallt  ifi  all  the  manofaaorinf 
^onnties,  to  which  the  fleeces  ihoold  be  fent  and  lodged,  after  the/ 
fre  fliorn;  to  be  received  and  delivered  under  permits;  with  a  heav/ 
penalty  on  all  wool  found  at  large  after  clipping.  m 

Poetical.  W« 

/Lrt.  20f    An  04^  f9  tbi  Genius  of  Scandal.    4to.    ,1  s.    Kear« 

fley.     i78i. 
This  rhapibdical  performance  is  not  without  merit :  the  featnrea 
pr  Scandal,  though  perliaps  not  delineated  by  the  hand  of  a  maftcrt 
j|re  yet  iketched  with  a  vtry  livelv  pencil : 

Hafte  thee^  then,  ana  with  thee  bring. 
Many  a  little  venomM  ding ; 
Many  a  tale  that  no  one  knows 
Of  ChaH-be-namelefs  belles  and  beaux; 
J  oil-imported  curtain  ledlores, 
Winks^  and  nods,  and  flirewd  conjedures  t      • 
Half  a  dozen  flrange  fufpicbns 
Built  on  flrilnger  fuppofitions ; 
Unknown  marriages  fome  twenty. 
Private  child-bed  linen  plenty ; 
And  horns  juft  fitted  to  fome  people's  heads* 
And  certain  powder'd  coats,  and  certain  tumbled  beds ! 
The  dramatic  air  that  is  given  to  this  piece,  by  the  introdudion  of 
a  young  lady  driven  to  dillra^on  by  the  artifices  of  calumny ;  and 
of  a  veteran  foldier  by  the  fame  bafe  arts  rendered  miferable  and 
undone,  has  an  interefting  cfeA.    We  would  recommend  it,  how- 
ever, to  t^is  young  Writer  (for  fuch  we  prefume  he  it)  to  coniidert 
whether  he  has  not  rather  tranforefled  the  bounds  of  probability, 
ivheoy  in  defcribing  the  anguifh  of  his  warrior,  he  tells  aS| 
To  wild  impatience  madly  wrought, 
With  fodden  ftamp  the  ground  he  beats. 
As  Memory  paints  bis  former  fepts, 
*  ^^  How 


* 

%l%  MomrffLY  CATAf.osuB,  Drmutie. 

fibw  OAce  iaaJitp  m  Uo§d 
ImmowtMj  he  Aooi^  Bee 

IttCf  pctkaps,  it  nay  be  (kM  in  apology,  tihat  tlie  old  g^tkman*! 
imagiBadon  beiBf^-bevrikfered,  his  meipory  deceived  bim.     Be  tt  fo.    t 
An.  21.     Tkt  JVUmH  !  or,  Tbe  Maidftone  Bath.    A  Kent- 

kh  Poetic.    Dedicated  to  Lady  Woriley.    440.     1  ••  6d.    Wil- 

liaoM. 
*  SoiDed«feBeraie4cioa,  f|>rai>g  from  tbe  venerable  root  of  good 
Matter  Thooias  Sternhoid,  here  proftitotet  the  honeft  Eke^-and-Aye 
Mafeof  bitpioM  aoceftor;  forcing  her  to  fiag  the  onhallowcd  deeds 
of  tbe  HampfbifC  Mefla(iBa.--'0  Skamr^  nvlfire  is  thy  hht^! 

Dramatic. 
Art.  22.    TJf  Dnmatic  fuffers^  a  Prdudc ;  as  performed  at 

the  Theatre  Royal  Cbrent  Uarden.    Bro.     6d.     Kearfley.  1762.^ 

A  flight  ootwerk  of  a  tkeafrical  fortification.  C 

Art.  23.     yjf  Ch^ici  of  Harlequin  \  or,  The  Indian  Chief.     A 

A  Pantonnmical  fincertainilient ;  as  it  is  a^ed  at  the  Theatre  Royal 

Covent  Garden.     8vo.     i  s.     Riley.     1782. 

Pantomime  Smtrtainrnintj  (fo  they  are  calUd!)  thongh  acted 
with  the  HIGHEST  ArpLAUSEy  are  commonly  rtrnd  with  the  Tery 
hmft  degree  of  fatisfaAion  or  delight.  The  following  fcene  is  fup* 
j^ofed  to  contain  a  corre6k  exhibition  of  the  mMnntrs  and  langui^e  of 
fbt  place  it  it  intended  to  reprefent : 

'SCENE  Vni.  BridtwiU.  A  French  macaroni— a  modern 
bean — a  well»drefled  Jew — two  genteel  harlots — a  black  one  drdTed 
in  white— an  infarance-office  keeper — and  a  hackney  coachpiao,  dif- 
covered  beating  hemp.  Keepers  overlooking.  They  force  Juno  and 
.  the  maid  to  worlc.  One  of  the  keepers  comes  forward  and  ftrikes  at 
Harlequin  with  a  rattan.  He  avoids  the  blow,  jumps  over  the  wall, 
and  efcapes.     A  keeper  enters,  and  fings  the  following  fbng : 

Ye  fcamps,  ye  pads,  ye  divers,  and  all  upon  the  lay* 

In  Tothill-fields  gay  (beep  walk,  like  lambs  ye  fport  and  play, 

llattling  op  your  darbieij^  come  hither  at  my  call; 

Vm  jigger-dubber  here,  and  yon're  welcome  to  mill  doll. 

IFith  my  tfw,  dero^w,  tsTr. 
The  game  youVe  play'd  my  kiddy,  youVe  always  ^re  to  win. 
At  yoor  infarance-officct  the  flats  youVe  taken  in, 
Firft  yon  touch  tbe  fhiners— the  number  up,  you  break ; 
With  your  iarariag  policies,  Vd  not  infure  your  neck. 

Jfith  mjf  toWf  dtrctv,  He, 
The  French  with  trotters  nimble  coold  fly  from  EngliJh  blowj, 
And  they've  got  nimble  daddies,  as  Monfieur  plainly  (hews. 
Be  thus  the  foot  of  Britain  bang'd ;  ay,  thump  away,  Monfieur; 
The  hemp  you're  beating  now,  will  make  you  a  folitaire. 

JFith  my  /^au,  dgr^w,  tfr.- 
My  peepers!  who've  we  here  ?  Why,  this  is  fure  black  Moll ; 
Why,  ma'am,  you're  of  the  fair  ((Bx,  and  welcome  to  mill  doll; 
The  dull  with  you  jwho'd  venAnre  into  a  fnoozii^-ken. 
Like  bladuunooi  Othello,  Ihould-*-"  put  out  the  light,  and  then — 

I  f.y. 


MoRTHLH  Catahooub,  Nm$h.  337 

I  rty»  my  Mky  co«chflian»  tkM  yeu^H  taise  btttcf  cif% 

Nor  for  a  Ihcle  tHib.  come  the  flaog  i^on  yo«r  ftiM» 

Your  jazy  ptyi  the  ganii(h»  aolcfs  the  fees  yoa  dp? 

Tho*  youVe  a  lafhy  coachnan,  here  the  Oat^ger  boMa  dw  whip. 

CHORUS.    W^nfiMt^t^mHt^prndi^iSA: 

A  deal  of  OrUmal  Uarmkg  may  alio  be  coHeHed  from  the  Qfdtr§f 
Ai'Fnftjpon^  in  which  Hircarrtrt  and  fhJkMmkwfdari^  Ssjmmmgat 
with  ?««r-74»«r/,  Ramjanmits  and  Tickta'wtt.Co^lk*  tmd IMit/ttJ^  ajpb 
pear  withont  number  f  *  €^« 

Af{;  24.    S^j,  Dstfx,  Trios^.Cboruffii^  &c.  &c.-  i*  the  CooiiO    • 

Opera   ef  Or  Batfilittkx  at  performed  at  the  Theatre  Jtoyal^ 

Covent  Garden.    The  Mufic  hy  Dr.  Arnold.    SfO;    6i.<  Gi* 

dell. 

Thefe  verfes  feem  to  hare  been  pemied  with  a  riew  of  JtawnwiMj' 
rather  than  p§etical  expreffioo»  and  might  perhapt  prcKhuBa  the  ia^ 
tended  effeA  in  their  placet  in  the  drama.  At  a  detached  oMiMuM 
of  SoMgif  therr  merit  is  very  moderate.  /*| 

Novel.  v^» 

Art.  25.     Gtorge  BaUfhan.     3  Vols.     I2tna.     ^s.  6d.ftwetf» 

Dodfley.     lytu  " 

The  Authore/}  (for  (b  fhe  ftiles  \;^tCclf,  though  the  difthfUoa  wat 
unneceflary,  fince  many  *'  minuiias**  concurred  to  evince  her  ftx) 
hath  related  a  plain  and  fimple  tale,  in  an  agreeable  i^hef.  She  ^. 
tempt5»  however^  the  bow  of  UlyfTes,  without  llrength  to  hend  it  C9 
advantage,  by  endeavouring  fometimei  to  imitate  Fielding,  and  st 
Qiher  cimei  the  Author  of  **  £rclina.**  On  the  whole,  however,  ae 
a  novel,  this  work  is  much  fuperior  to  the  ufual  furniture  of  a  circa^ 
Uting  library  ;  and  though  it  will  not  bear  the  feverity  of  criticifmt 
yet  it  fome'times  affeds  tbf  heart  without  offending  the  jadgmenti 
and  entertains  the  fancy  without  wounding  the  modefty  of  the  moft 
delicate  and  innocent  of  her  fex.  The  adventures  follow  each  other 
with  rapidity  ;  but  though  we  have  often  been  difgufted  by  a  tedioua 
minutenefs  in  fimilar  publications,  we  could  not  help  regretting,  in 
this  work,  that  the  little  iketches  of  nature  are  fo  foon  clofed,  and 
that  we  are  often  feparated  from  the  company  of  agreeable  acqnaxnc- 
ance,  whom  we  wi(hed  to  have  carried  with  us  to  the  end. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  we  have  heard  that  the  Writer  ia 
Mi(s  E.  Blower.  ^       e   ll^ 

MiSCELLAKEOUS.  -^  •  Ct%  K  # 

^.•|^t|f%^  Beauties  ofjobnfin:  Confifiing  of  Maxims  and 
Obfervations,  Moral,  Critical,  and  Mifcellaneous,  accurately  ex- 
traded  from  the  Works  of  Dr.  Samuel  John fbn  ;  and  arranged  itf 
alphabetical  Order,  after  the  Manner  of  the  Duke  de  la  Roche- 
foocaidt's  Maxims.  8vo.  a  Vols.  4s.  6d.  fewed.  Kearfly. 
1782.  •  • 

The  merit  of  Dr.  John  (on,  as  a  moral  and  critical  writer,  is  (6  welf 
kaown,  that  it  would  be  fvperfluous  to  point  it  out.     His  greatf 
excellence,  however,  lies  in  deep  obfervations  and  acute  remarks  on'  * 
men  and  manners,  worthy  both  of  the  Sage  and  the  Wit :  With  thefe, 
he  iiitcrweavei  reAc^Ians,  whidi  arc  admirably  calculated  to  imprefi 

the 


tbe  heirt  with  a  finife  of  the  beauty  of  virtaa,  and  the  obligations  o^ 
religion.  The  ColleAor  of  hit  Maximi  fofficieotljr  exprcflet  tbe  de* 
fign  of  thit  publication  in  the  Ticle- page  i  and  we  heartily  wi(h  it 
focceff  anong  the  yoong,  for  whofe  improvemeDt  and  coaTehience^ 
particolarly  in  fchooli^  it  feemt  principallr  intended.  "9^. A    It 

Art.  27.  Cwrfirj  Examnaim  rf  Dr.  jtbnJmU  Strh^ttres  on  SJ^ 
tjrie  fnfmrwuMcu  rf  Gray,     8 vo.     1  s.     Crowder.     1781. 

Thit  curfory  Bxamination,  though  apparently  the  prodndion  of 

liaftet  is  written  with  liberality  and  candour.     Thofe  who  interetf 

I  themfelfet  in  the  poetical  reputation  of  oiir  modem  Pindar,  will  read 

it  with  pleafure.  ...  C^-t^.t 

Arc.  2D«  RiViries  rfthe  Hutrt ;   during  a  Tour  through  Part  of 

Bnglaad  and  France,    In  n  Series  of  Letters  to  a  Friend,     izno. 

s  Vols.    4S.  fewed.     Tohnfon.     1781. 

By  accident  this  agreeable  Medley  hath  been  too  long  ne^leded  ; 
and  wa  hope  the  candoor  of  the  Author  will  excufe  an  omi&on  that 
was  lK)t  iataadadt  eithey  as  a  flight  to  him  or  hit  performance. 

The  title  fofidently  exprefles  the  defign  of  the  work ;  and  the  txt* 
cution  is  fuch  as  merits  at  lead  indulgence,  if  not  applaufe.  A  lively 
yeia  of  Shandean  hilarity  runs  through  it»  fuperior  at  leafl  to  foma 
of  the  modern  imitators  of  Sterne,— >the  bungling  menders  of  his  old 
and  worn-oat  pen  I 

SoBia  will  undoubtedly  find  fault  with  the  Author  for  many  Ytrf 
anneceitary,  and  even  liceodous  atlufioas  to  fcripture,  and  charge 
bim  with  profanenefs  and  infidelity,  ^  And  indeed  with  ibme  reaiba. 
This  freedom  with  facred  cbara£lers  is  unwarrantable  in  vttjj  view» 
and  generally  arifes  from  ignorance,  siFeAaKion,  or  fpleen.  The 
y^riter  of  thefe  Reveiies  may  poflibly  have  feen  much  to  difguft  him 
among  the  dafs  of  people  who  have  aiTumed  a  prefcriptive  title  to  or* 
thodoxy.  and  who  would  monopolize  all  the  excellence  of  the  earth 
within  their  narrow  circle.  On  artam  mindi  this  early  impreffioa  is 
often  unfortunate ;  for  Horace  hath  obferved, 

Stulti  /'«  coMtrana  curruni. 

Though  not  woUmt/j  attached  to  the  miniftry,  we  are  equally  dif- 
pleafed  with  this  Writer's  virulence,  and  direuiled  at  his  tedious  re- 
petitions of  national  grievances,  to  double,  it  poffible,  the  odium  of 
government. 

At  prefent  this  Tour-maker  is  not  got  out  of  England.  We 
tremble  for  the  very  fmall  remnant  of  religion  which  he Teems  to  pof- 
left,  when'he  (hall  arrive  in  France.  The  fight  of  Dr.  Franklin  wiU 
certainly  make  him  forget  the  ff cond  commandment ! ! !     «*   ^    .. 

Philosophical.  9*#*'Jl 

Art.  29.  An  Effiy  on  Fire.    To  which  is  anmxed  an  JpptmBx : 

Bv  C.  R.  Hopibn,  M.  D.    8vo.     as.  6d.    Rivington.     1781. 

There  are  two  a^thodsof  enlightening  the  world  in  philofophical 
matters.  The  firft,  to  which  we  moll  readily  give  the  preference, 
confifts  ia  inveftigating  the  properties  of  bodies  by  new  and  appro- 
priate experiments ;  and  the  fecond,  in  deducing  conieqaences,  and 
forming  theories  from  the  phenomena  already  known,  and  the  expe- 
rimental inveftigations  of  others.  The  prefent  performance  is  flri&ly 
of  the  lattc!^  dafs;  as  it  does  not  contain  any  new  experiment  of  the 
Author's,  whofe  principal  view  appears  to  be,  to  prefent  us  with  a 

4  theory 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Zm^,  i^- 

t)»fory  which  be  hat  fbrmej,  to  tccoant  for  \\kt  pbenoacBa  of  whkh 
the  phiiofophical  world  rs  already  in  pofleflion. 

Had  the  Aitbor  produced  any  new  and  intereftin^  experineatt  on 
the  curiOQi  fubjc^s  of  which  he  treats;  we  (hoold,  as  it  our  oonftaac' 
pradlice,  have  taken  a  pleafare  in  extending  the  knowledge  of  them 
among  ouft  phttflt^plI16KrreaJcrs7"But  an  ft^d^nt  oFa  mere  theorf^ 
on  a  dark  and  involved  fubjed»  poald.  not  gratify,  much  lefs  en- 
lighttn,  any  of  oar  readers;  efpecially  in  the  .narrow  liofiics  to  .which. 
we  are  confined :  unlcfs,  indeed*  the  Author  had  the  goQd  fortune  to* 
hit  upon  fome  finipleand  luminoas  priricipl^,  by  dteant 'of  which  the 
phenomena  into  which  he  inquires  might  be  explained  within  a  mo* 
derate  compafi. 

Nocwithftanding  thefe  remarks,  we  would  have  it  nnderftood,  that. 
though  %fce  <vilh  the  Author  h^d  gi'  us  fome  new  ixferimintsg  rathei^ 
than  bypothtfiSy  on  fire,  phlogi(lon»  &c,  yet  he  appears  to  be  well 
acquainted  wi.h  what  has  been  written  on  thefe  fabje^t ;  and  hi^ 
I '"fpecuUtioni  and  rcafoaings  on  them  may  poffibly  fogged  new  ideu, 
and  furaifh  hints  for  new  cxperiment9»  to  others.  For  this  laft  rea^' 
ion  principally,  we  (hall  briefly  fpecify  the  heads  of  the  Aatho/a 
chapters. 

His  principal  hypothecs,  which  forms  the  fobjed  of  the  firll  thret 
chapters  is,  that  firt  (which  he  confiders  as  a  fuhft^na^  and  act  %. 
mere  quality)  is  not  an  element ;  as  it  confifts  of  two  componeot  partit 
Ugbt  and  btat :  and  that  pblogifton  conlifls  likewife  of  the  (ame  two 
principles  ;  and  accordingly  is  fre,  but  in  a  ftate  of  fixity.  In  the 
following  chapters  he  treats  of  the  communication,  and  the  prodac^ 
^l  ido4|of  heat ; — of  the  proceiTes  in  general,  in  which  the  air  is  phlogif- 
ticated ;— of  inflammation  and  combuftion ; — of  the  deflagration  of 
aitre;— of  the  explofion  of  gunpowder  and /if/v/#ywW««ff/,  as  like* 
wife  of  aurum  fulminans^  zn^  the  fulminating  mercurial  precipitatea 
of  M.  Bayen.  A  thefis  on  the  fubjed  of  fircy  publilhed  by  the  An* 
thor  in  1767,  is  fubjoined,  under  the  whimfical  title  of  '  Ttntsmtm 
*  Tbjfif-cbimcQ*  mtdicum  di  trihus  im  umo*  3^  • « •  V  • 

Art*  30.   EJays  on  Phjfiohgical  Subjt^ls:  By  J.  Elliot.     8Tro.J^* 

is.  6d.  Johnfon.  1780. 
Thefe  EflTays,  which  have  throngb  accident  been  loi>g  overlooked 
by  OS,  contain  feveral  mifcellaneous  obfervations,  hypothefet,  hints^ 
&c  00  various  fubjeds  of  phyfiology,  which  bear  a  relation  to  the 
ingenious  Author's  former  publication  [Pbilo/hpbical  Ob/iroariamip 
&c«  See  M.  R.  January  ]7So.]f  and  principally  to  his  obfervationa 
on  animal  heat*  For  many  reafons,  we  muft  refer  oar  philoibphicat 
readers,  who  have  a  tafte  for  mere  byfotbi/esp  to  the  Pamphlet  itfelf*  ^  q 

Law.  y)» 

Art.  31.  Tbi  Trials  with  the  Whole  of  the  Evidence,  between 
the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Richard  Worfley,  Bart.  Comptroller  of  his 
Majefty's  Houihold,  Governor  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  Meinber  of 
Parliament  for  the  Borough  of  Newport,  One  of  his  Majelly*s 
Moft  Hon.  Privy  Council,  &c.  PAif«/f^,— aad  Giorgi  Maurict  Bifi^ 
ftt^  Efq;  Dtftndant\  for  Criminal  Coavcrfation  with  the  PlaintiflF'a 
Wife :  ^ziox^  the  Right  Hon.  William,  Earl  of  Mansfield,  and  n 
Special  Jury,  in  the  Court  of  King's  Beach,  Weftminfter  Hall, 

Feb» 


140  S  B  t  U  O  K  8« 

Pebbaf,  i7Si*    Talmi  in  SiMfff  Hind  bjrR.  P.  Doakiia.    4ft>^ 
J  t.    Kearily. 

One  iHiLLiHO  DmmMgisi  -^^Houp  aortifying  t*  the  injured  b«£- 

ipk  to  the  vicioat !  O  amform!  O  mmrts  I 


\mxA !  Whtt  a  trion]^ 

S    £    R    li    O    N    Sv 

I.  /« iMikit ,Chafd^  at  the  Coafecration  of  Dr.  S.  HtlHftx,  Lord 

Bidiop  of  Glooceftcr»  Odob.  28,  I781.    ^^j  £aft  Apthorp,  D.  D. 

4to.     I  s.    Cadell. 

Ad  ingeidoat  bat  flattering  enlogium  on  Bpifcoptcy  and  the  Con* 
ftitatiqo  of  the  Charch  of  Eoglaod^  There  U  an  affiaation  ia  thU 
Writer*!  Syle  and  manner  wUcb  favoort  of  great  vanity :  if  the  yonng 
divine  can  difpenfe  with  tb^^  we  woold  recommend  to  hit  attention 
Dr.  Apthorp't  jadiciont  hints  re(peding  the  fludy  of  theology  as  a 
Icience^  affiled  to  the  prefcnt  difcooiie,  ^  J  ^ 

n.  Jdw€9  mddr^df  thi  yonng  Clirgj  of  the  Dioceie  of  Carlifle;^    ^^ 

preached  at  a  general  Ordination  bolden  at  Rofe  Caftle,  Joly  29, 

1781.    By  William  Paley,  M.  A«  ChapUin  to  the  Bifhop  of  Car- 

lifle.    4to.     $d.    Fanldcr. 

Wa  have  peruiled  this  fermoa  with  nore  than  common  pleafare. 

For  the  jaftnefs  of  its  refledions»  the  propriety  of  ics  language,  and 

the  bcnevolenct,  good  ienfe»  and  piety  which  breathe  through  the 

whole,  we  have  rarely  met  with  its  equal.    That  young  divine  muft 

be  ftupid  01  vicious  to  the  laft  degree^  who  can  read  it  without  being 

afc6ted  and  improved  by  it.  -q  j  fj 

I  Jl»el«y 

%*  In  anfwer  to  the  Correfpondent  who  enquires  concerning  the 
Mr.  Joaes  who  is  the  Author  of  Piyjhhgicnl  DifynifitUns,  men» 
tinned  in  our  Review  for  Januarv  lail^  Art.  )1.  we  are  to  obferve,  that 
the  Difqaifitor  is  the  Rev.  Mr.  Jones,  Redorof  Pafton  in  Northamp* 
tonflurc.  Our  Correfpondent  is  miftaken  in  fuppofine  the  Writer 
ter^^eaati  co  be  William  Jones,  Bfq.  The  laft  named  Gentleman 
is  of  the  Law ;  and  one  of  the  £rft  literary  charadlers  of  the  age. 

tif-  In  anfwer  to  B.  D.*8  Letter,  dated  from  CotefbiU,  Dec.  8th, 
1781,  we  can  oaly  fay,  that  we  know  of  no  Work,  on  the  fubjcd  ht 
mentions,  that  will  give  him  fo  much  pleafure  and  inftrn^on  at 
Millot's  Ancient  and  Modern  Hiftory.  If  B.  D.  onderfiands  the 
French  language,  we  would  recommend  the  original  Work  to  him  ; 
if  he  doesi  not,  theie  is  a  good  Tranilation  of  it,  publiflied  for  Mr. 
Cadell.  -^ 

ty  The  Sermons  on  the  late  Gener^  Fajf  in  our  next :  Alfi)  tba 
Letters  on  the  £•/  im  ^mf^  mentioned  ac  the  end  of  our  laft  month*a 
Review. 


MtiMBMiMMMaai^iiMMaaMaipMMiMBnMaHwni^Maai 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 


For     APRIL,    1782. 


Art.  h    Btver*s  Hiftoty  tf  tht  Ltgd  Pdity  tf  tb§  Remum  Static 
CONCLUDED.    Sec  our  ]aft  Month's  Review. 

HAVING  paid  the  refpeft  which  we  judged  to  be  due  to 
the.  ingenious  Author  of  this  work,  under  the  chandet 
of  a  civilian,  we  ihall  now  attempt  to  do  juftioe  to  hit  merit 
under'the  other  charafler  in  which  this  hiftory  places  him  befim 
the  public,  that  of  a  politician. 

'  It  is  certainly  a  degradation  of  the  dignity  of  hiftorical  writ*' 
ing,  and  neceuarily  creates  fufpicions  of  partiality,  to  admit 
local  and  temporary  politics  into  general  hiftory.  The  hiflo* 
rian  who  fteps  out  of  his  way  to  apply  his  narrative  to  the  timet 
In  which  he  writes,  muft  not  be  furpriftki  if  his  readers  fuppofe, 
that  he  has  fome  favourite  caufe  to  ferve,  or  fyftem  to  eftabliflu 
How  far  Dr.  B.  has  given  occafion  for  fuch  fufpicions,  may 
perhaps  in  fome  meafure  appear  from  what  follows. 

Concerning  the  extindion  of  the  regal  government  at  the  ez^] 
pulfion  of  Tarquiii,  our*^Author  fays  : 

'  Fortunate  as  thii  event  really  was  ia  itielf,  eonfideied  at » 
dtliveraiica  from  one  accidental  tyrant;  yet  the  anarchy  and  con- 
fafion  which  immediately  enfued,  was  a  very  poor  exchange  for 
the  tranquillity  th^  enjoyed  under  their  primitive  kingly  govern* 
meat*  In  thofe  golden  days,  when  the  people  were  kept  in  fubjec* 
tioo  by  the  influence  of  manners,  rather  than  by  the  dint  of  antho- 
rity ;  where  a  happy  mediocrity,  both  of  fortune  and  defires,  pre- 
vailed irniverfally  through  all  orders  and  ranks  of  the  ftate ;  each  en- 
joyed his  lot  in  content  and  fecurity*  Wealthy  luxury  and  ambition, 
the  certain  (bnrces  of  licentioufneisy  vice,  and  diforder,  had  not  then 
invaded  their  innocent  manfions.  The  laws  were  few»  many  being 
luineceflary  ;  and  they  were  obeyed  with  cheerfuhnefs,  bccsufe  in  their 
obedience  the  people  faw  their  intereft* 

VoL.LXII,  ^'R  •  !Li>yi 


*  • 


H2       Bevtr^s  Hj/tory  of  the  Legal  Polity  of  the  Roman  Stafel 

*'^  Li?7,  therefore,  jtiftly  obferves  f»  that  "  Had  another  Bratui 
vrifted  (He  fcepcre  out  of  the  hands  of  any  of  the  former  kings,  it 
mud  ba?€  been  fatal  to  the  very  being  of  the  (late.  For  what  evila 
would  not  hare  arifen  from  a  tamaltnons  rabble  of  (hepherdi  and  re- 
fugees, who  bad  obtained  liberty,  or  rather  impunity,  under  the  in* 
violable  fanduary  of  a  temple ;  when  uncontrolled  by  regal  autho* 
rity ;  agitated  by  the  florms  of  tribanitian  fury  ;  and  engaged  in 
conteCs  with  the  patricians  in  a  ftrange  city  ;  before  the  pledges  of 
wives  and  children,  and  an  affedion  for  the  foil  itielf,-to  which  dme 
only  could  reconcile  them,  had  cordially  united  their  minds  ?  Difcord 
would  have  totally  diflbWed  their  infant  date,  which  the  mild  hand 
of  regal  government  careliilly  cheri(hed»  and  gradually  brought  to 
foch  a  perfedtion  of  ftreng th  and  maturity,  tbmt  they  were  well  pre* 
pared  to  fupport  To  violent  a  convulHon  ;  and  to  enjoy,  with  eafe,  the 
full  harveft  of  liberty.*' 

On  this  pafTage  it  is  an  obvious  remark,  that,  in  their  repre- 
fentatrons  of  the  confequences  of  this  event,  the  Englifli  and 
the  Roman  hiftorian  materially  differ;  the  former  reprefenting 
the  happinefs  of  the  Roman  people  as  much  greater  in  the  gol- 
flen  days  '  of  the  kinjgs,'  than  under  the  confuls ;  the  latter  de« 
fcribing  the  period  of  the  regal  government  as  a  courfe  pf  pre- 
paratory difcipline,  neceflary  to  train  up  the  ftate  for  enjoying 
thfc  full  harveft  of  liberty. 

In  the  beginning  of  our  Author's  detail  of  the  early  revolu- 
tiohs  in  the  confular  ftate  of  Rome,  we  find  him  treating  with 
contempt  the  general  voice  of  hiftory,  which  has  pronounced 
the  firft  Briitu^  a  oiodel  of  patriotifm— holding  up  his  conduft 
befcke  the  death  of  Lucretia  to  ridicule— reprefenting  this  great 
fcvolution  as  the  tStBt  of  envy  and  jealoufy  in  the  patricians, 
who  employed  the  popular  cry  of  liberty  to  accompliih  their 
ambitious  defigns— and  pronouncing  the  change  which  was  then 
made  in  the  political  fyftem  of  Rome  an  zSt  cf  injujiice. 

'  *jrntua  has  been  held  up  to  all  following  ages,  as  a  confummate 
model  of  genuine  patriotiOsi ;  yet  it  was  a  (udden  accident  only 
that  called  forth  his  virtues  into  adion,  and  made  him  the  fortunate 
inftroflMat  of  his  country's  deliverance.    If  we  look  back  upon  this 


f ''*'  Neque  ambigitur,  qnin  Brutus  idem,  out  tantnm  glorisB,  So- 
perbb  fsrado  rege,  meruit,  pefCmo  publico  id  fadnrns  fuerit,  ii  li- 
bertatis'immaturae  cnpidine  priorum  regum  alrcui  regnum  extorfiilet. 
Quid  eniita'fuiuriun  fuir,  fi  ilia  paftorum  convenarumque  plebs  tranP- 
fttga  ex  fais  popolis,  fnb  tutela  inviolati  templi,  aut  libertatem,  aut 
certe  impunitatem  adepta,  iblnta  regio  metn,  agitari  cxpta  ell  tribu- 
nidis  proccllis  ?  Et  in  aliena  nrbe  cum  patribus  ferere  certamina, 
prinfquam  pignora  conjugum  ac  liberorum,  caritafque  ipfius  foil, 
ctti  longo  tempore  alTuefcitur,  animos  eorum  confocisffet  ?  Diflipatse 
res,  nondum  aduUae,  difcordia  forent:  quas  fovit  tranqailla  modern* 
tio  imperil,  eoqne  nutriendo  perduxit,  ut  boaam  frugem  libertatii 
maittxi^  jam  viribus  Itxit  poiTcntt'*    Liv.  il.  i. 

inflexible 


Be  vcr 'j  HiJIory  of  the  Legal  PiUiy  ^f.  tht  Roman  State.       243 

loflexible  adverfary  to  the  regal  office,  daring  the  earliii'part  6f  hit 
time^  and  till  the  prefent  critical  moinent ;  we  fi^all  fee  him  fubmit^ 
ting,  in  filent  and  fullen  patience*  to  an  uninterrupted  courfe  of  the 
xnoH  cruel  and  mortifying  indignities,  for  the  tediooa  fpace  of  twea^ 
ty-five  years ;  and  coodel'cending  to  preferve  a  comfortlefs  life  tff  htt- 
miliation  and  ignominy,  by  an  affected  renunciation  of  the  \iCe  olT 
his  underflanding.  Even  at  lad,  had  not  Lucretia  been  violated** 
Rome,  perhaps,  hsd  never  been  frte.  Bat  vengeicce  was  now'  gout 
forth.  Tarquin  was  deftined  to  expiate  the  crimes  of  a  long  reign | 
and  becaufe  the  tyrant  bad  joftly  drawn  upon  hia*Qwn  head  the 
whole  weight  of  the  national  refentment*  the  king*  at  onjuftiy)  was 
for  ever  to  be  degraded  from  the  throne.  To  tSc6t  ihefe  fandamen^ 
tal  changes  in  the  political  fyftem*  the  concurrence  of  the  people  wm 

necefTaxyy and  /i^erfy  was  the  word  ;  yet,  among  the  many  new 

fchemes  of  government  at  firfl  propofed,  that  only*.  viFhich  favoured 
the  intereft  of  the  ariftocratical  party,  met  with  any  t(>rdial  eiidoa£ 
ragement.'  * 

In  this  manner  does  Dr.  B.  by  one  ftroke  of  his  pen,  d'afl^ 
out  all  the  virtue  of  Brutus,  and  all  the  patriotifm  of  thofe  who 
took  up  the  fword  in  defence  of  the  liberties  of  their  country^ 
'  by  whofe  glorious  efforts  the  Romans  (in  the  judgment  of  their 
great  hiftorian  Livy  *)  '  from  that  time  became  a  free  people/ 
How  contradidlory  this  novel  opinion  is  to  the  do£lrine  of  our 
moft  eminent  lawyers  and  ftatefmen,  it  is  fcarcely  neceflary  Co 
Ibow.  Blackftone  (on  whom  Dr.  B.  has  pafled  a  laboured  eu* 
logium  has  faid,  that  ^  whenever  any  queftion  arifes  between  k 
focicty  at  large,  and  any  magiilrate  vefted  witl^  powers  origin 
nally  delegated  by  that  fociety,  it  muft  be  decided  by  the  voice 
of  that  fociety  itfclf,  for  there  is  not  upon  earth  any  other  tri- 
bunal to  decide  it/  And  Bolingbroke  (whom  no  one  will  fuf* 
pcSt  of  favouring  republic;in  principles)  aflerti,  that  ^  the  king, 
in  a  limited  monarchy,  is  but  the  firft  fervant  of  the  people/ 
On  thefe  principles,  eftablifhed  by  the  authority  of  the  moft 
refpedable  names,  and  by  the  higher  authority  of  reafon,  the 
Roman  people  had  an  undoubted  right  to  difmifs  their  ferVanC 
Tarquin,  when  he  became  a  tyrant ;  and  were  guilty  of  no 
injtt/iici,  when  they  adopted  a  new  mode  of  government  from 
which  they  expeded  greater  public  h^ppinefs  than  they  had  hi* 
therto  enjoyed. 

Dr.  B.  boldly  charaAerizes  the  confular  government  asa/pe* 
cies  of  defpotifm,  adapted  to  give  the  patricians  an  opportunity 
of  becoming,  in  their  turn,  ^  annual  tyrants,'  but  *  not  tQ  en* 
large  the  circle  of  general  liberty  f  /  •  That  thi&  is  an  afiertioa 
eontradided  by  fads*  fofficiently  appears  (without  entering  into 
a  minute  hiftorical  detail)  from  the  power  which  the  people  en- 


*  Liberl  jam  hinc  populi  Romani  res.  .  Liy.  II.  It 

R  2  joyad 


144     Bever's  Hift^ry  •/  the  Ligd  Polity  $/  the  Roman  Stau* 

joyed  in  their  general  aflemblies,  of  finally  determining  many 
important  matters  of  ftate,  and  particularly  the  inflidion  of  ca- 

{ lital  punifhments ;  and  from  the  conftitutional  guard  of  their 
iberties  which  they  obtained,  in  the  tribunes  of  the  people. 
On  this  latter  circumftance,  with  the  increafe  of  popular  liberty 
whicn  followed  it.  Dr.  £•  infifts  at  large ;  vehemently  declaim- 
ing againft  the  ^  daily  ufurpations  of  thofe  reftlefs  demagogues, 
and  their  daring  invafions  of  the  rights  of  the  other  orders  *  ;' 
md  acknowle^tns  that  ^  in  thefe  ftruggles  the  fcale  generally 

{preponderated  in  nivour  of  the  popular  party :' With  what 

degree  of  confiftency  with  his  aflertion  that  the  change  from 
kiegal  to  confular  government  did  not  enlarge  the  circle  of  ge- 
ineral  liberty,  we  mall  not  undertake  to  determine.  Our  Au« 
thorns  idea  of  the  Roman  government  under  the  confuls,  is  fully 
expreiled  in  the  following  paflage  : 

.  *  Great  and  profperoot  at  it  a£tually  became  in  the  coarfe  of  time* 
It  owed  very  litde  of  that  grandeur  to  any  regular  chain  of  poKiical 
reafonings,  or  to  the  prophetic  deduftions  of  deep*fighted  pbilofo- 
^hy ;  bat  rather,  to  a  diligent  and  unremitting  attention  to  the  va- 
^us  incidents,  that  occafionally  offered  themfelves,  in  the  feveral 
ftronles  and  diAcoltiet  in  which  this  adive  people  were  fo  fre- 
Iqoently  involved.  By  taking  a  proper  advantage  of  thefe.  at  they 
liappened,  and  by  always  chafing  the  moft  promifing  and  beneficial, 
they  arrived^  (ays  Polyhitfs,  at  ine  very  fame  end  that  Lycargos  at- 
tallied,  and  formed  the  moft  beautifal  fyftem  of  government  then  ex- 
ifting* 

*  In  contemplating,  therefore,  its  rapid  increafe ;  Its  tfn'erampied 
focceft ;  the  profound  awe  and  veneration  which  it  imprefled  upon 
the  whole  ancidnt  world ;  we  ma^  be  tempted  to  believe,  tbtt  the  va- 
rioas  parts  of  it  were  to  ing^ioufly  contrived,  and  the  rtfpedive 
'powers  of  each  order  to  equally  -poifed,  at  to  fecare  to  It  an  unin- 
terrupted fiate  of  union  and  ftability ;  and,  from  hence,  to  accede 
'to  the  opinion  of  the  fame  writer,  that  '  it  was  not  pofiible  for  hn- 
4Baii,  wifdom  to  invent  a  more  perfed  fcbeme  of  civil  policy.' 

'  It  is  to,  be  feared,  however,  that  this  eminent  author  wss  too 

nnch  dazzled  by  the  laftre  of  the  period  in  which  be  wrote  ;  and 

that  he  ffave  a  higher  colouring  to  his  piflure,  than  coald  be  well 

joflified  from  a  view  of  the  original.    By  the  final  fabje^libn  of  her 

moft  potent  and  formidable  rival,  the  republic  was  then  advanced  to 

the  brighteft  sera  of  her  glory ;  when  (he  might,  indeed,  beft  deferve 

to  flattering  m  compliment,  at  the  Icaft  expence  of  fincerity  and 

troth.    Bat,  with  all  his  knowledge  of  Roman  affairs,  the  fidelity 

of  the  hiftbrian  feems  to  have  yielded  too  much  to  the  partiality  of 

the  paaegyrift,.  in  fiivour  of  that  ftate,  which  had  atchieved  fach 

•.wonders,  by  the  hand,  efpecially,  of  his  pupil,  friend,  and  patron. 

. .    '  In  die  cooler  moments  of  his  reflexion,  he  well  knew,  that  the 

.  inoft  valuable  produflions,  both  of  the  political  and  phyfical  world, 

carried  within  themfelves  their  own  congenial  defeds ;  infomncb. 


*  Page  46,  48. 

that 


Sever'/  Hijhry  tf  the  Ltgal  Polity  ofthi  RmoB  StaU.      245 

that,  thoQgh  they  might  chance  to  efcape  external  iojuiiei»  they  were 
liable  to  be  corroded  and  deftroyed  by  certain  internal  principlea  of 
corra prion,  implanted  in  their  vitalf  by  the  hand  of  Natnre.  Sodl 
was  the  contexture  of  the  Roman  conftitntion*  which,  even  in  the 
fammit  of  itt  felicity,  was  plentifally  fiored  with  the  feedt  of  iti 
own  diflblotion.  The  fame  powert,  that,  by  an  amicable  coM>peni-> 
tion  with  each  other,  cemented  itt  variont  parta  in  one  firm  bondf 
of  union  and  friendfhip,  by  any  wilful  abofe  or  mifapplicationy  be* 
came,  with  the  fame  facility,  the  canfef  of  the  moft  ruinous  difcord* 

'  The  time  was  not  very  far  diftant,  when  the  pride  of'vidory,  ae^ 
the  deccitfulnefs  of  profperity,  were  to  extinguiib  that  patient  bra* 
very,  that  nnafiedled  purity  of  manners,  which  had  hitherto  diredUd 
her  feet  in  the  paths  of  true  glory.  The  meek  fpirit  of  obedience^ 
which  it  the  foul  of  political  order,  was  now  to  give  way  to  a  tnr* 
bnlent  impatience  of  legal  reftraint,  and  to  an  overweening  conceit 
of  felf^confequence  ;  when  every  pert  demagogue  wat  to  think  him* 
felf  at  liberty  to  difturb  the  decorum  of  popular  aiTemblies  by  Ida 
-(editipus  declamations ;  as  if  effrontery  of  face,  and  volubility  of 
tongttf ,  were  the  only  oeceflary  accompliOimentt  of  an  orator  and  f 
ibtefman. 

*  When,  therefore,  we  confider  thit  celebrated  conftitutaon,  wii;^ 
all  thefe  precarious  and  uncertain  effeds ;  there  will  be  no  injnfticp 
in  faying,  that,  in  almoft  every  period  of  its  exiffence^  it  wat  more 
excellent  in  its  parts,  than  in  the  whole*  Though  the  materialt  QJf 
which  it  was  compofed  were  good  in  their  kind,  yet  they  wanted  the 
hand  of  one  able  architect,  to  give  (hem  that  nniibrmity  and  har- 
mony, which  axe  eflential  both  to  the  ftrength  and  beauty  of  the  edi* 
ice.  The  numerous  conflituentt  of  this  vaft  find  complex  body  were 
generally  much  too  independent  of  each  other :  they  too  often  ne- 
gledled,  or  even  purpofely  avoided,  that  mutual  communication  of  fen- 
ciments,  which  the  nature  of  legiflation  always  requires ;  confequently» 
.the  laws  made  by  each  refpe^ively,  bore  too  partial  a  relation  to  the 
intereft  of  their  own  order,  to  be  of  any  extend ve  nfe  to  the  whole 
community.  This  was  particularly  the  cafe  in  the  more  nnfettled 
and  difira^ed  times  of  the  republic ;  when  laws  were  frequently 
pafTed,  even  as  it  were  in  fpite ;  and  were  di£iated  by  a  jealonfy  of 
each  other*t  fnperiority,  rather  than  by  a  difinterefted  xeal  for  die 
common  caofe  of  focial  tranquillity.  Thus,  the  balance  of  orderly 
policy  could  never  fettle  into  itt  due  equilibrium ;  but  was  kept  in  n 
continued  ffate  of  ofcillation  between  both  extremes,  till  it  finally 
preponderated  in  favour  of  one  great  leviathan  of  power,  who  bik 
came,  of  himfelf,  more  than  equal  to  all  the  reft  together ;  a  fatal 
confequence,  that  will  ever  refult  from  popular  liberty,  when  moee 
eagerly  coveted,  than  well  understood  i  and  mOre  tnmultuonfly  ailert* 
cd,  than  temperately  enjoyed, 

*  Under  the  prefent  view,  therefore,  of  the  legal  polity  of  thia  3* 
loftrions  ilate,  it  may  be  well  compared  to  a  plentiful  magaxine  dF 
heterogeneous  merchandizes,  which,  when  thrown  together  in  one 
undiftinguiihed  mafs,  difguHs  the  eye  with  its  confufed  and  (hapelefii 
appearance;  but,  when  the  feveral  parts  are  judicloufly  felededt 
end  difftt&d  through  their  regular  channels,  makes  glad  the  henrt 

&3  of 


44.6       Bcvcr^  Hijory  of  the  Legal  Polity  of  the  Roman  State. 

of  man*  and  enriches  the  aniverfe  with  the  abundance  of  its  trea-r 
fo.-es.' 

It  is  impo/Sble  iiot  to  remark,  in  this  picture,  the  Audled 
contempt  with  wbiph  the  author  treats  the  voice  of  the  pubIiC| 
and  the  facility  with  wbieh  be  cenfures  the  ftruggle  of  the  ple- 
beians for  their  rights,  as  a  tumultuous  afTertion  of  popular  li- 
berty, and  ftigmatiees  freedom  of  fpeech  with  the  opprobrious 
character  of  ^  feditious  declamations,'  didated  by  a  ^  turbulent 
impatience  of  legal  reftraint/  There  is  alfo  a  manifeft  incon- 
(iftency  between  nis  former  cenfure  of  the  reftlefs  fpirit  of  the 
demagogues,  and  his  prefent  aflertion,  that  *  the  meek  fpirit  of 
obedience,  which  is  the  foul  of  political  order,  was  now  giving 
pjay^  &c.  &c.'  It  was  not  till  long  after  this  period,  that  the 
aera  of  this  meek  fpirit,  fo  much  admired  by  our  author,  com- 
menced. 

Concerningths  appointment  of  Sylla  to  the  office  of  perpe- 
tual didator,  Dr.  B.  fays  : 

*  By  a  la\y  paiTed  in  the  general  afTembly  of  the  people  tbemrelves, 
at  thp  inftance  of  the  '  Inter-rex/  Valerius  Flaccus»  the  famoas  Cor- 
nelias Sylla  was,  by  a  moft  onprecedeoted  compliment,  created  dic- 
tator for  a  time  aniimited  ;  all  his  former  a6t8»  however  irregular 
and  nnconftitutionaly  were  ratified  ;  and  a  full  power  was  given  him 
over  the  lives  and  fprtones  of  his  fellow-fubjedts ;  a  power  which  he 
cxerdfed  with  the  feveriry  of  a  tyrant,  and  abdicated  with  the  fere- 
nity  of  a  philofopher.  Bot  it  was  too  late,  by  this  n£t  of  affedled 
moderation,  to  prevent  the  fatal  contagion  of  his  former  example. 
He  left  far  too  many  faithful  imitators  of  his  violence  and  ufurpa- 
tions,  but  not  a  fingle  one  of  his  voluntary  humiliation,  A  felf-dct- 
aying  ordinance  was  not  likely  to  gain  much  ground,  in  thofe  ages 
of  corruption,  voloptuonfnefs,  and  iniquity.  The  people  tbemfelves» 
indeed,  were  grown  weary  of  a  conflirution,  under  which,  with  the 
form  and  femblance  of  freedom,  they  fafFered  every  evil  both  of 
anarchy  and  defpotifm.  They  thought  one  tyrant  more  tolerable  than 
8  tboufand  ;  and,  therefore,  were  eafily  drawn  in  to  aid  the  ambicioui 
Tiews  of  thofe  afpiriog  potentates,  who  fucceflively  grafped  at  the  fu- 
preme  command ;  and  infenfibiy  co»operated  with  them  in  forging 
thofe  chains,  which  were  to  hold  both  themfelves  and  their  poilerity 
in  everlafling  bondage. 

*  May  this  melancholy  and  afFefling  example  humble  the  infolence 
of  republican  licentioufnefs  !  May  it  point  out  to  ail  fadions  oppo- 
fers  of  lawful  authority,  the  very  thin  partitions  which  divide  the 
extremes  of  liberty  from  thd  extremes  of  tyranny  I  and  convince 
tbem,  that  without  the  reflraint,  no  lefs  than  the  protedlion,  of  regu* 
]ar  government,  men  would  daily  worry  and  dei'oor  each  other, 
like  the  favage  beafts  of  the  def^irt !  M^y  it  difpofe  chem  to  look  up 
with  ijpverence,  doty,  and  gratitude,  to  that  conflitucion  of  which 
they  ai%  members ;  a  condicution  that  is  the  pride  of  civil  policy  ; 
and  nn^er  whofe  wife  and  benign  aufpices,  they  muft  be  their  own 
preateflf  enemies,  if  they  do  not  enjoy  every  bluffing  that  man  can 

'^afonably  expefl,  in  the  coiDpoond  und  impexfcd  Hate  of  human 
Society  1' 

The 


BevePi  Hiftiry  of  the  Legal  PoUty  rf  tbi  Rhnan  ^tate^.      J47 

The  application  of  the  hiftory  of  Sylla's  difiatorihip,  as  a 
warning  againft  entrufting  too  much  power  in  the  hands  of  one 
Dian,  woald  have  been  fufficiently  obvious  ;  but  how  a  volun- 
tary grant  of  power  to  one  man,  in  full  though  miftaken  con* 
fidence  that  he  would  fave  his  country  from  ruin,  can  be  con* 
ftrued  into  an  affeding  example,  to  humble  the  infolence  of  re- 
publican licentioufnefs,  it  is  not  fo  cafy  to  conceive.  We, 
however,  heartily  agree  with  our  Author  in  admiring  the  Bri- 
ti(h  conftitution  as  a  glorious  ftrufiure,  the  pride  of  civil  po- 
licy. We  refpedi  and  revere  the  memory  of  that  long  fucccf- 
fion  of  patriots,  who  have,  from  age  to  age,  been  employed  in 
founding,  ereding,  and  adorning  this  venerable  pile  -who^ 
refolutely  oppoiing  every  invafion  of  the  liberties  of  Britain, 
have  at  length  eftabliffaed  them  on  the  firm  bails  of  law.  And, 
although  we  cannot  fuppofe  the  Britiih  conftitution  fo  entirely 
exempt  from  that  imperfe£iion  which  is  the  common  lot  of  all 
things  human,  as  to  be  incapable  of  improvement,  yet,  we 
look  up  to  it  with  reverence,  and  acknowledge  it  to  be  the  in- 
tereft  and  duty  of  every  Briton  to  exert  himfelf  for  its  defence 
and  prefervation,  againft  iil/a^lous  oppo/ers  of  the  authority  of 
the  laws,  and  the  fpirit  of  the  conftitution,  whether  their  op- 
poiition  arifes  from  the  ^  infolence  of  republican  licentioufnefs! 
on  the  one  hand,  or  on  the  other  from  the  bafenefs  of  that 
meek  fpirit,  which  crouches  under  the  yoke  of  defpotifm.  Why 
our  Author,  who  is  fo  *  feelingly  alive  at  every  pore,'  with  re* 
(pcSt  to  the  former  evil,  has  not  given  the  latter  a  place  in  his 
pious  deprecation,  we  muft  not  ftay  to  enquire. 

In  the  view  which  Dr.  B.  next  proceeds  to  giv^  of  the 
events  which  gave  birth  to  the  imperial  government,  we  find 
the  moft  fevere  cenfures  caft  upon  thofe  who  exerted  themfelvet 
to  preferve  the  freedom  of  Rome,  and  the  moft  laboured  apo- 
logy for  the  conduct  of  Caefar,  in  taking  upon  himfelf  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  ftate,  at  a  period  when,  in  our  Author's  opi- 
nion, it  was  no  longer  able  to  regulate  its  own  aftairs.  Cicero, 
in  particular,  is  traduced  as  an  tnfidious  orator,  ^  who  by  the 
word  republic  only  meant  the  fenate  and  its  friends,  and  by  li* 
berty,  the  right  of  the  ariftocracy  to  tyrannize  at  pleafure  over 
the  common  people  *,' — and,  it  is  infinuated,  was  capable  of 
any  abfurdity  or  inconfiftency  of  political  condud,  from  ihf 
hope  of  honour,  profit,  or  applaufe.— — The  narrow  limits  to 
which  we  are  obliged  to  confine  our  remarks,,  will  not  admit 
of  our  entering  into  the  detail  which  would  be  necefiary  in  jafr 
tifying  the  political  principles  and  character  of  this  grea.c  maiv 
But  we  appeal  to  the  whole  courfe  of  his£ondu6t  prior  to  his 


•  Page  i|8.  146..  .  : 

R4  cxilei 


248       Be? er*/  HiJI$ij  $fiht  Ligal  PoUty  of  the  Xoman  ^Mi.' 

exile,  as  an  undoubted  proof,  that,  with  whatever  foibles  he 
might  be  chargeable,  he  zStcd  with  great  ability  ^and  firmnefa 
in  fupport  of  public  liberty,  and  merited  the  appellation  of  the 
father  of  his  country.  If,  towards  the  latter  part  of  his  life^ 
he  difcovered  fome  degree  of  puiillanimity  an(]  unfteadinefs,  it 
clearly  appears,  from  the  general  hiftory  of  the  times,  and  from 
bis  own  private  letters  *,  that  it  arofe  not  from  any  defertion 
of  his  principles,  but  from  defpair  of  being  able,  amidft  the 

gneral  corruption  which  was  fpread  through  all  parties,  to  pro- 
;ute  hit  patriotic  views  with  any  profpefiof  fuccefs.  He  faw 
that  the  people  were  now  become  too  degenerate  to  wi(h  for 
political  falvation,  and  hejudged  that  it  would  be  in  vain  to  at- 
tiempt  to  iave  them  againft  their  will.  It  was  a  maxim  which 
he  adopted  from  Plato,  Tantum  contendin  in  npubJica^  quanium 
frobm^  tuts  iivihis  pojfis ;  vim  neque  partntiy  neque  patria^  adftm 
0pmrUri. 

Our  Author's  reprefentation  of  the  condud  of  Julius  Caefar 
is  too  ftrongly  marked  with  contradiction  to  be  pafled  by  with- 
out particular  notice. 

When  Caefar  was  one  of  the  triumvirate  with  Pompey  aiid 
CraflTus,  in  Dr.  B.'s  opinion  *  the  only  common  principle  which 
united  them  was  the  love  of  power  f ',  and  their  government 
ti>at  ati  ^  ufurpation  ;'— -while  Pompey  was  conful  he  <  (hewed 
how  far  he  dared  infult  a  mighty  people  by  unconftitutional  ex* 
erti<mt  joF  unlimited  power  %  ;*— during  the  whole  of  this  pe* 
fiod  *  the  wounded  conftitution  lay  bleeding  at  every  vein,' 
<  whatever  was  the  name  of  the  tyrani^  Marius  or  Sylla,  Pom* 
pev  or  Caefar  1/  The  decifive  adion  which  gave  Caefar  an  in- 
delible tide  to  the  appellation  of  tyrant,  when  in  defiance  of 
the  authority  of  the  ftate  he  paflfed  the  Rubicon,  Dr.  B.  ac- 
knowledges Co  have  laid  the  foundation  of  abfolute  monarchy  in 
Rome,  «md  laments  it  as  «  ^  triumph  of  defpotifm,  at  which 
every  generous  mind  muft  feel  deep  concern  §/  And  after  his 
death,  when  the  imperial  government  is  eftabli(hed  in  Auguftusi 
he- calls  upon  his  readers  to  ^  marie  with  the  minuteft  attention 
the  progiefs  of  this  power,  as  it  afibrds  an  infirudive  lefTon  to 
the  fubjeds  of  all  free  ftates  to  guard,  with  the  moft  jealous  cir-* 
comfpediont  the  inefiimable  bleffing  of  political  liberty,  and  to 
)>feventtheai  from  being  too  lavifli  of  their  conceffions  even  to 
the  moft  virtuous  foveretgn  **•* 

What  could  a  Locke  or  a  Sydney  have  (aid  tnore  ?  But,  aiu^ 
ifkiram  partim.  No  fooner  has  this  ufurper  and  tyrant,  at  the 
hrnd  of  a  powerful  «rmy,  poifclTtd  himfelf  of  the  capital  of  the 

"♦  THdcEpift.  1.  8.    LcBtuL  &  Attic,  i.  19,  f  P*  Hi* 

X  P,  163,  II  P.  165..  f  P.  167.  *?  P.  203. 

empirCj 


Bever'i  Hiftory  of  the  Legal  Polity  pf  ihi  Raman  SiaU.       249 

empire,  ^  with  a  full  opportuaity  of  feizing  wbaitever  degree  of 
power  beft  fuited  the  views  either  of  his  revenge  or  ambition  ^, 
and  extorted  from  the  peofrie  *  a  fervile  renunciation  of  theic 
political  liberty  t»'  than  he  becomes  the  '  friend  and  deliverer 
of  bis  country,  and  the  brighteft  ornament  of  the  Roniaa 
world  J.' 

*  He  now  applied  himfelf,  with  a  truly  patriotic  zeal,  to  the  com^ 
pletion  of  the  great  objedl  of  his  wifhes ;  which  was  to  dofe  the 
wounds  of  his  bleeding  coaotry  ;  to  reform  and  new-model  the  brokes 
conftitution  ;  and  to  repair  the  many  injuries  it  had  fufFered  from 
the  late  unhappy  diviiions :  and  had  not  the  untradtable  arrogance  of 
the  ariftocratical  fa<niony  alike  unfriendly  both  to  regal  and  popular 
government,  difconcerted  his  befl  endeavours,  there  is  every  reafbm 
to  believe,  that  be  would  have  given  them  a  more  liberal  and  ra* 
tional  (cheme  of  civil  policy,  than  had  ever  been  known  among  them 
fince  the  days  of  Romulus ;  and  hate  convinced  them,  that  his  de* 
fire  was  *'  not  to  command,  but  to  prefide ;  not  to  tyrannize,  but  to 
govern."—-* 

*  A  regular  feries  of  political  improvements,  purfued  with  fuck 
warmth  and  perftverance,  is  not  to  be  afcribed  to  the  fudden  falliea 
of  pomp  and  oftentation,  as  if  defigned  for  no  better  purpofe,  than 
to  difguife  ambition,  and  palliate  defpotifm  ;  but  has  a  perfed  right 
to  be  confidered  as  the  deliberate  refult  of  a  long  and  mature  re- 
flexion $  as  the  fuggellion  of  an  ardent  and  patriotic  compallioa  for 
the  deplorable  ftate  of  his  declining  country*  So  careful  likewife 
was  Caefar  in  every  thing  that  concerned  the  public  welfare,  that  Iw 
formed  no  refolution  of  coniequence  without  firft  a(king  the  advice  of 
the  fenate ;  and  therefore,  though  feveral  of  bis  laws  carry  upon  the 
face  of  them  a  tincture  of  feverity,  they  were  amply  juilified  by  ever/ 
fandUon,  that  the  concurrence  of  fo  venerable  an  aAembly  could  pol^ 
fibly  give  them.' • 

'  *  To  deliver  this  difeafed  and  debilitated  conftitution  from  the  com^ 
plicated  miferies  under  which  it  then  lay  expiring,  certainly  required 
no  fmall  effort  of  power ;  but  fuch  a  power,  as  was  far  from  being 
incompatible  with  the  rights  of  nature  and  civil  liberty.' 

Thus  does  the  mighty  charm  of  military  force,  change  the 
ambition  of  this  daring  invader  of  his  country's  rights,  into  <^n 
/  ardent  and  patriotic  compaffion  for  its  deplorable  ftate.'  His 
tyranny  becomes  ^  a  libera)  and  rational  fcheme  of  civil  policy  :' 
his  edifis,  liTued  under  the  mock  authority  of  a  fervile  and  inti» 
midated  aflembly  of  fenators,  are  ^  juftified  by  every  fanction 
of  a  Roman  fenate ;'  and  his  power  is  *  not  incompatible  with 
the  rights  of  nature,  and  civil  liberty/ 

With  thefe  ideas  of  civil  liberty,  it  is  not  at  all  furprifing, 
that  our  Author  (hould  feel  an  invincible  antipathy  to  the  me- 
mory of  thofe  patriotic  fpirits,  who  made  the  lali  unfu^cefsful 
ftru^le  to  recover  the  dying  liberties  of  Rome ;  and  that  he 


P.  176.  +  p.  i78t  X  P.  199» 

ibould 


tja       BeverV  HiJIory  of  the  Legal  Polity  of  the  Roman  Stati.- 

Aould  charge  them  with  having  *  proftitutfd  the  facred  znA  ado^ 
rable  name  of  liberty  to  the  bafeft  and  moft  rancorous  purpofes 
61  oppofition,  fadion  and  murder  *,  and  brand  them  with  the 
appellation  of  ^  infatuated  afTaflins  f  / 

Our  Hiftorian,  finding  fome  difficulty  in  reconciling  his  re- 
prefentations  of  the  political  views  and  conduct  of  Julius  Cae- 
tkv  with  the  ancient  records  of  that  period,  maintains,  that  the 
prejudices  which  have  been  entertained  againft  his  chara^er  have 
*  derived  their  orgin  from  the  writings  of  his  avowed  ene- 
mies %.*  He  therefore  kindly  correds  thefe  prejudices,  by  con- 
tinually referring  his  readers  to  an  hiftorian,  whom  he  charac- 
terizes as  very  difcerning,  very  faithful,  well-informed,  judi- 
cious and  candid.  The  learned  will  be  furprifed  to  find  fuch  a 
multitude  of  commendatory  epithets  thrown  away  upon — Dio 
Cassius,  a  writer  who  fiouriihed  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  Se- 
5perus,  and  cannot  deferve  to  be  confidered  as  an  original  autho- 
rity with  refpeA  to  affairs  which  happened  near  300  years 
before  bis  time; — who  wrote  under  the  ftrongeft  imprefTion  of 
court  influence,  to  which  he  yielded  fuch  implicit  obedience, 
that  he  kept  his  fiation  and  honours  under  five  fucceffive  em- 
perors, among  whom  were  Caracalla  and  Heliogabalus  ; — who 
pretends  to  write  under  the  impulfe  of  an  invifible  fpirit :  and 
lafily,  who  inveighs  with  fuch  bitternefs  againft  many  refpec- 
table  charaflers,  that  Voffius  fays  concerning  him,  ^adam  fru 
judicii  feu  morum  pravitate^  virtutn  fuo  pretio  eflimare  nefcit ;  fed 
virus  fuum  ejaculatur  in  optimos  et  prajtantijpmos  viros,  ut  Ciee» 
Tdnem^  et  Brutnm^  Caffiumque  et  L.  Senecam.  Omnino  hac  aut 
imfignem  judicii  defe^um^  aut  malam  mentem^  arguunt  ||. — Con- 
cerning this  hiftorian,  fo  highly  in  confidence  with  Dr.  B, 
,Mr.  Hayley  gives  the  following  particulars  §. 

^^  Dion  Caffius,  the  fordid  advocate  of  defpotifm,  endeavour- 
ed to  depreciate  the  charafler  of  Cicero,  by  inferting  in  his 
biftory  the  moft  indecent  oration  that  ever  difgraced  the  page 
of  an  hiftorian.  in  the  opening  of  his  46th  book,  he  intro- 
duces Q^  Fufius  Calenus  haranguing  the  Roman  fenate  againfl 
the  great  ornament  of  that  aflembly,  calling  Cicero  a  magician, 
and  accufing  him  of  proftituting  his  wife,  and  committing  in- 
ceft  with  his  daughter." — Againft  writers  of  fuch  a  fpirit,  what 

good  man  will  not  exclaim  with  the  poet  §  : 

'  Go  gild  v^ich  adulations  feeble  ray 
The  imperial  pageant  of  your  paHiDg  day  ! 
Nor  hope  to  (lain,  on  bdfc  detratlion's  fcroll, 
.    A  Tully's  morals,  or  a  'ix)^Xity*%  foul ! 


•  P-  194.  t  P.  204.  t  P.  175.  II  Voflittt 

de  Hifloncis  Grscis,  11.   15.  §  Hay  ley's  EfT-y  pn  Hillory, 

tp.  iii  note  8.  §  ib.  Ep.  iit.  vcr.  ijj.  * 

Juft 


BcvcrV  Hijlorj  of  the  Legal  Pility  of  the  Roman  State.       %$t 

Jaft  nature  will  abbor»  and  virtue  fcorn. 
That  pen,  though  eloquence  its  page  adoro. 
Which 9  brib*d  by  incereft,  or  from  vain-  pretence 
To  fu brier  wit,  and  deep  difcerning  (enfe. 
Would  blot  the  praife  on  public  toili  beftoiv'd. 
And  patriot  paifions  as  a  jell  explode.' 
Dr,  B.  employs  a  large  chapter  of  his  work  in  determining 
fhe  nature  and  extent  of  that  declarative  aS  of  the  ftate  which 
is  fuppofed  to  have  taken  place  in  tly  reign  of  Auguftus,  ufuall]f 
called  the  Lex  Regia^  and  takes  much  pains  to  prove,  that  this 
%&  did  not  imply  an  entire  rcfignation  of  the  ancient  confit- 
tutional  rights  of  the  people.  But  the  queftion  is  of  no  mo- 
ment; for,  when  the  ineftimable  bleffing  of  public  liberty  is 
gone,  it  is  of  little  confequence  to  a  people,  that  its  (hadow,  in 
fhe  unfubftantial  form  of  words  and  ceremonies,  remains.  It 
would  be  a  poor  confolacion  to  thofe  of  the  Romans  who  were 
capablyf  comparing  the  times  of  flavery  with  thofe  of  freedom, 
to  feef  Tcringing  and  daftardly  herd  of  courtiers,  ftamping  the 
fignature  of  the  Roman  fenate  upon  every  capricious  or  cruel 
edidt,  which  it  might  pleafe  their  imperial  lord,  (upported  by 
the  military  power  of  the  fiate,  to  iflue  forth,  PoilirJy,  how- 
ever, it  might  happen,  that  when  the  Roman  people  loft  the 
pofleffion  of  liberty,  they  loft  all  idea  of  its  value,  and  felt  no 
regret  when  they  faw  all  their  rights  and  powers  transferred  to 
the  emperor  by  law  *,  and  received  the  decree  of  the  fenate  ; 
which  *  releafed  f  him  from  all  coercive  power  of  the  laws, 
leaving  him  at  liberty  to  do,  or  not  to  do,  what  was  moft  agrees 
able  to  his  own  inclination/  In  this  comfortable  ftate  of  poli- 
tical lethargy,  they  might  poffibly  fancy  (as  it  feems  our  Au- 
thor- in  the  like  fituation  would  have  done)  that  they  <  expe- 
rienced a  more  folid  and  rational  happinefs,  than  had  ever  been 
known  in  the  pureft  ages  of  the  democracy,  when  they  were 
the  moft  uncontrolled  repofitaries  and  guardians  of  their  owa 
conftitutional  liberties  %•* 

To  thofe,  however,  who  underftand  the  value  of  political  li- 
berty, it  can  never  be  a  matter  of  indifference,  whether  they 
enjoy  protedion  and  happinefs  at  the  pleafure  of  their  prince,  or 
under  the  fecurity  of  their  own  laws,  liven  the  voluntary 
fubmiffion  of  Theodofius  and  Valentin  tan  to  the  reftraints  of 
law,  and  their  declaration  *•  by  the  oracle  of  an  edi£f^  what  li- 
berties they  did  not  think  (it  to  allow  themfeives,'  wiil  be  fo  far 
from  being  thought  by  them,  '  words  that  ought  to  be  written 


•  htgt  antiqua  qu2  regia  nuncupatur,  omne  jus,  omoifque  po- 
teftas  populi  Romani  in  imperatoriam  rranilata  funt  poteftatem.  Jaf* 
^D.  cap.  2.  17.  1.  2.  -f  Dio  Caff.  53.  28,  }  ?•  23 1« 


la 


%jt  Gitural  Hi/lory  of  Conm^cutm 

in  letters  of  gold  over  every  throne  in  the  univirfi  %%  that 
they  will  be  confidered  as  the  explicit  language  of  defpotifm. 
The  king  of  a  free  people  will  not  fay  *  We  do  not  think 
meet  to  allow  ourfelves  fuch  and  fuch  liberties;'  but  ^  We  con- 
fent  to  aflume  to  ourfelves  naliberties  beyond  thofe  which  are 
given  us  by  the  laws  of  our  country/  A  defpot  may  limit  hit 
own  power  by  a  gracious  edi£t  \  but  in  a  free  ftate,  the  monarch 
can  make  no  fuch  edi&,  for  his  power  is  already  limited  bj 
Law.  "^ 

From  thefe  remarks  we  Ihall  deduce  no  conclufion  with  re* 
fpcA  to  our  Author's  political  principles  ;  but  leave  the  public 
to  judfi;ey  whether  his  work  be  free  from  *  the  flighteft  tendency 
towards  the  principles  of  arbitrary  power,  and  the  Author  from 
*  the  ren^oteft  deiire  to  foften  its  terrific  vifage  ^/ 

Dr.  B.  propofes,  in  a  fecond  volume,  to  trace  the  progrefi 
of  the  civil,  feudal,  and  canon  laws  conjointly,  from  the  12th 
century  to  the  prefent  time.  f|^ 

^ar.  II.  A  Gtmral  Hiftery  of  ConneSicut^  from  iti  firft  Settlement 
under  G^rge  Fenwick,  £fq;  to  its  lateft  Period  of  Amity  with 
Great  Britain  ;  including  a  Defcription  of  the  Country,  and  many 
carioQi  and  interefting  Anecdotes.  To  which  is  added,  an  Appen* 
dix,  wherein  new  and  the  true  Sources  of  the  prefent  Rebellion  in 
America  are  pointed  out ;  together  with  the  particular  Part  taken 
by  the  People  of  Conneflicut  in  its  Promotion,  fiy  a  Gentleman 
of  the  Province.     8vo.     5s.  5d.  Boards.    Bew.     1781. 

^«  T  AM  bold  to  aflert,"  fays  this  Gentleman,  <<  that  I  have 
\^  followed  the  line  of  truth  freely,  and  unbiafled  by  par- 
tiality or  prejudice."  The  aflertion  is  indeed  fuificiently  lold: 
but,  in  this  puffing  age,  in  which  almofl  every  writer  thinks  it 
necefiary  to  exhibit  his  own  merit  in  the  title-page  or  preface  to 
his  work,  if  it  were  withal  irue^  we  could  eafily  pardon  the 
«Author*s  confidence,  for  the  fake  of  his  impartiality.  On  per- 
uiing  this  hiftory,  however,  we  find  it  defiitute  of  every  claim 
to  this  rare  quality  ;  and  obferve  in  it  fo  many  marks  of  party* 
'fpleen  and  idle  credulity,  that  we  do  not  hefitate  to  pronounce 
it  altogether  unworthy  of  the  public  attention. 

In  proof  of  the  malignant  fpirit  with  which  this  hiftory  is 

'written,  nothing  farther  is  necefiary  than  to  gather  up  a  few  of 

the  brilliant  phrafes,  belonging  to  that  branch  of  rhetoric  which 

confiils  in  calling  foul  names,  which  are  fcattered  through  al* 

jBoft  every  page. 

So  high  doth  the  fpirit  of  holy  indignation  in  our  Author 
iu*ife  againii  the  difciples  of  Luther  and  Calvin,  that  he  boldly 
afferts,  that  ^  few  of  them  are  willing  to  obey  either  civil  or 
fpiritual  mafters.'  The  feveral  feds  of  thefe  difciples  in  New- 
»—*———  I  11  III  I  I  ■ 

}  Db  Ca£  p.  353«  )  P.  loo. 

York, 


Gmrtd  Hijhry  §f  eomimM.  itsi 

York,  diftinguifhed  by  the  appellatioil  of  Old  Lights  be  callt 

•  mongrel  Chriftians,  whofe  policy  ind  felf-incereft  have  al* 
waya  domineered  over  confcience  and  morality/  To  the  poor 
inhabitants  of  Newhaven  he  cannot  allow  the  fmalleft  portion 
of  honefty,  and  fpeaica  of  it  with  furprize,  that  *  the  fmiis 
of  Newhaven,  exad  in  tithing  mint,  /or  once  affiffed  the 
weightier  matters  of  juftice/— His  account,  of  the  relighn  and 
giVimmifrt  of  Connedicut,  he  introduces  thus:  «  Properly 
fpeaking,  the  Connedicutenfians  have  witbir^  nor  ever  bad.** 
At  one  ftroke  he  annihilates  all  the  good-faith  of  the  country  : 

*  Treachery,*  fays  he,  «  is  the  ftaple  commodity  of  the  four 
New*£ngland  Provinces/  In  the  ardour  of  his  seal  agaiaft 
«  Sober  diffentws,'  he  ridicules  their  minifters  for  following 
the  Bible  as  their  rule.  Speaking  contemptuoufly  of  a  conven«- 
tion  or  ailembly  of  divines,  held  at  Saybrook,  he  fays,  ^  Tim 
tondufion  of  this  reverend  and  venerabU  body  \%^  the  Bible  ii 
cor  rule/ 

Thefe  fpecimens  of  the  language  of  this  hiftorian  may  ferve 
to  ^ive  eur  Readers  fome  idea  of  his  fpirit,  and  enable  them  to 
judge  how  far  he  is  free  from  partiality  and  prejudice. 

The  following  fitly  and  improbable  tales  will  be  abundantly 
ItiiEcient  toexpofe  the  Author's  credulity,  and  ihew  how  little 
tredit  is  due  to  his  narrative. 

Speaking  of  the  town  of  Windham,  he  fays,  ^  One  night, 
in  July  1758,  the  frogs  of  an  artificial  pond,  three  miles 
fquare,  and  about  five  from  Windham,  finding  the  water  dried 
up,  left  the  place  in  a  body,  and  marched,  or  rather  hopped, 
towards  Winnomantic  river.  They  were  under  the  neceffity  of 
taking  the  road^  and  going  through  the  town,  which  they 
entered  about  midnight.  The  bull  frogs  were  the  leaders, 
and  the  pipers  followed  without  number.  They  filled  a  road 
40  yards  wide  for  four  miles  in  length,  and  were  for  feveral 
'hours  paffing  through  the  town,  unufually  clamorous.  The 
inhabitants  were  equally  perplexed  and  frightened  :  fome  ex- 
pefled  to  find  an  army  of  French  and  Indians ;  others  feared  an 
iiarthquake,  and  difiblution  of  nature.  The  confkrnation  was 
univerfal.  Old  and  young,  male  and  female,  fled  naked  from 
their  beds,  with  worfe  (hriekings  than  thofe  of  the  frogs.  The 
event  was  fatal  to  feveral  women.  The  men,  after  a  flight  of 
half  a  mile,  in  which  they  met  with  many  broken  fliiiM,  find- 
ing no  enemies  in  purfuit  of  them,  made  a  halt,  and  fummoned 
refolution  enough  to  venture  back  to  their  wives  and  children ; 
when  they  diftin&ly  heard  from  the  enemv's  camp  thefe  words; 
Wigbt^  HiUerken^  Dier  Titi.  This  laft  he  thought  meant 
iriatj ;  and  pluckine  up  courage,  they  fent  a  triumvirate  to 
capitulate  with  die  luppofed  French  and  Indians.  TheYe  three 
nteo  approached  in  their  fliiris^  and  begged  to  fpeak  with  the 

3  Gcr.tTAl ; 


9j(4  Gitieral  HiJIdrf  of  Conne&Uutm 

General  ;  but  it  beine  darlt,   and  no  anfwer  given,   they  wer6 
forely  agitated  for  fome  time  betwixt  hope,  and  fear ;   at  lengthy 
liowever^  they  dffcovered  that  the  dreaded  inimical  army  was 
ftn  army  of  thirfty  frogs  going  to  the  river  for  a  little  water/ 
•    The  following  is  his  defcription  of  the  tree-frog. 

^  The  tree-frog  canpot  be  called  an  infed,  a  jeptile^  or  one 
(dT  the  winged  hoft.  He  has  four  legs,  the  two  foremdl  ihort^ 
with  claws  (harp  as  thofe  of  a  fqoirrei :  the  hind  legs  five  inches 
long,  and  folding  by  three  joints.  His  body  is  about  as  big  as 
the  firft  joint  of  a  man's  thumb.  Under  his  throat  is  a  wind* 
tog,  which  affifts  him  in  finging  the  word  Lja^ac^  all  the  night; 
"When  it  rains,  and  is  very  dark,  he  fings  the  loudeft.  His 
Ifoice  is  not  fopleafingas  that  of  a  liighting^e;  biit  this  would 
be  a  venial  imperfedion,  if  he  would  but  keep  filence  on  Sa* 
turday  nights,  and  not  for  ever  prefer  l-fa-ac  to  Abraham  and 

'  '^acob*  He  has  more  elafticity  in  his  long  legs  than  any  other 
creature  yet  known.  By  this  means  he  will  leap  five  yards  up 
i  tree,  fattening  himfelf  to  it  by  his  f6re-feet;  and  in  a  mo- 
ment will  hop  or  fpring  as  far  from  one  tree  to  another.  It  is 
from  the  finging  of  the  tree-frog,  that  the  Americans  have  ac« 
quired  the  name  of  Littli  Ifaac.  Indeed,  like  a  certain  part  of 
them,  the  creature  appears  very  devout,  noify,  arbitrary,  and 
phlegmatic,  and  afibciates  with  none  but  what  agree  with  him 
■jnhis  wajrs.' 
•  Of  the  river  Connedicut  this  Gentleman  gives  the  following 
wonderful  account. 

'  *  This  vaft  river  is  50Q  miles  long,  and  four  miles  wide  at  its 
mouth :  its  channel,  or  inner  banks,  in  general,  half  a  mile 
wide.  It  takes  its  rife  from  the  White  Hills,  in  the  north  of 
New- England,  where  alfo  fprings  the  river  Kennebec.  Above 
500  rivulets,  which  ifl!ue  from  lakes,  ponds,  and  drowned 
lands,  fall  into  it :  many  of  them  are  larger  than  the  Thames 
at  London.  In  March,  when  the  rain  and  lun  melt  the  fnowand 
jce,  each  ftream  is   overcharged,  and   kindly  baftens  to  this 

'ffreat  river,  to  overflow,  fertilife,  and  preferve  its  trembling 
nieadows.  They  lift  up  enormous  cakes  of  ice,  burfting  from 
their  frozen  beds  with  threatening  intentions  of  plowing  up  the 
frighted  earth,  and  carry  them  rapidly  down  the  falls,  where 
they  are  dafhed  in  pieces,  and  rife  in  mift.  Except  at  thefe  falls, 
of  which  there  are  five,  the  firft  fixty  miles  from  its  mouth,  the 
river  is  navigable  throughout.  In  its  northern  parts  are  three 
great  bendings,  called  cohoflTes,  about  100  miles  afunder.  Two 
hundred  miles  from  the  Sound  is  a  narrow  of  five  yards  only, 

formed  by  two  (helving  mountains  of  folid  rock,  whofe  tops 
intercept  the  clouds.  Through  this  chafm  are  compelled  to 
pafs  all  the  waters  which  in  the  time  of  the  floods  bury  the 
northern  country.    At  the  upper  cohoi  the  river  then  fpreads 

'  *    24  miles 


I 


General  Hijiory  tf  CwneSfUut.  255  ^ 


^4  miles  wide,  and  for  five  or  fix  weeks  (hips  of  war  might  fail 
o?er  lands,  that  afterwards  produce  the  greateft  crops  of  hay 
and  grain  in  all  America.  People  who  can  bear  the  fight,  the 
groans,  the  tremblings,  and  furly  motion  of  water,  trees,  and 
ice,  through  this  awful  paiTage,  view  with  aflonifliment  otie  of 
the  greatefl  phenomenons  in  nature.  Here  water  is  confolidated, 
without  froft,  by  prefiure,  by  fwiftnefs,  between  the  pinching, 
fturdy  rocks,  to  fuch  a  degree  oi  induration,  that  no  iron  crow 
can  be  forced  Into  it : — here  iron,  lead,  and  cork,  have  one 
common  weight  -.—here,  fteady  as  time,  and  harder  thaa 
marble,  the  Aream  pafTes  irrefidible,  if  not  fwift  as  lightning  :— • 
the  eledric  fire  rends  trees  in  pieces  with  no  greater  eafe,  than 
does  this  mighty  water.  The  pafiage  is  about  400  yards  ia 
length,  and  of  a  zigzag  form,  with  obtufe  corners/ 

From  this  time,  let  no  incredulous  philofopher  doubt  of  the 
compreilibility  of  water  \  let  him  ilep  over  the  Atlantic,  and 
vifitthe  river  Connecticut,  where  he  may  fee  water  confolidated 
by  preiTure,  and  the  laws  of  fpecific  gravity  fufpended. 

Having  now  enabled  our  Readers  to  form  fome  judgment 
concerning  the  merits  of  this  work,  we  (hould  take  our  leave  of 
it  without  further  notice ;  but  that  we  apprehend  the  foUowrtig 
extradl  from  the  code  of  laws,  made  in  the  dominion  of  New* 
haven,  at  its  firft  fettlement,  will  be  thought  a  fpecimen  of  the 
opinions  and  manners  of  thefe  fcttlers,  too  curious  to  be  over* 
looked. 

*  The  Governor  and  Magiflrates,  convened  in  general  Aflem- 
bly,  are  the  fupreme  power  under  God  of  this  independent 
Dominion. 

*'  From  the  determination  of  the  Afiiembly  no  appeal  ihall  be 
made. 

*  The  Governor  is  amenable  to  the  voice  of  the  people. 

^  The  Governor  ihall  have  only  a  fingle  vote  in  determining 
any  queftion ;  except  a  cafting  vote,  when  the  Aflembly  ma/ 
be  equally  divided. 

^  The  Aflembly  of  the  people  (hall  not  be  difmifled  by  the 
Governor,  but  (hall  difmifs  itfelf. 

*  Confpiracy  againft  this  Dominion  (hall  be  puniflied  with 
death. 

^  Whoever  fays  there  is  a  power  and  jurifdiClion  above  and 
over  this  Dominion,  (hall  fuffer  death  and  lofs  of  property. 

^  Whoever  attempts  to  change  or  overturn  this  Dominion 
(hall  fuffer  death. 

<  The  judges  (hall  determine  controverfies  without  a  jury. 

^  No  one  (hall  be  a  freeman,  or  give  a  vote,  uniefs  he- be 
converted,  and  a  member  in  full  communion  of  one  of  the 
Churches  allowed  in  this  Dominion. 

4  '  No 


1 


256  Gineral  Hiflory  rf  Cmu^icui, 

• 

*  No  man  (hall  hold  any  office,  who  is  not  (bund  in  tkc 
faith,  and  faithful  to  this  Dominion,  and  whoever  gives  a  vote 
to  fuch  a  perfon,  (hall  pay  a  fine  of  il.  For  a  fecond  ofFence,  lie 
fliall  hedisfranchifed. 

^  Each  freeman  (hall  fwear  by  the  bleflfed  God  to  beair  true 
allegiance  to  this  Dominion,  and  that  Jefus  is  the  only  King. 

^  No  quaker  or  diiTenter  from  the  eftabli(bed  wor(hip  of  thia 
Dominion  (hall  he  allowed  to  give  a  vote  for  the  eledion  of 
Magiftrates,  or  any  officer. 

*  No  food  or  lodging  (hall  be  afforded  to  a  Quaker,  Adamite, 
or  other  Heretic. 

^  If  any  perfon  turns  Quaker,  he  (hall  be  bani(hed,  and 
not  fufFered  to  return  but  upon  pain  of  death. 

^  No  Prieft  (hall  abide  in  the  Dominion  :  he  (hall  be  bani(hed, 
and  fuffer  death  on  his  return.  Priefts  may  be  fei:&ed  by  any 
one  without  a  warrant. 

*  No  one  to  crofs  a  river,  but  with  an  authorized  ferry- 
man. 

^  No  pne  (hall  run  on  the  Sabbath-day,  or  walk  in  his  gar- 
den or  elfewhere,  except  revjerently  to  and  from  pieeting. 

^  No  one  (hall  travel,  code  viduals,  make  beds,  fweep  houfe, 
cut  hair,  or  (have,  on  the  Sabbath*day. 

^  No  woman  (hall  kifs  her  child  on  the  Sabbath  or  fafting* 
day. 

*  The  Sabbath  (hall  begin  at  funfet  on  Saturday. 

*  To  pick  an  eiar  of  corn  growing  in  a  neighbour's  garden, 
fiiall  be  deem^  theft. 

^  A  perfon  accu fed  of  trefpafs  in  the  night  (hall  be  judged 
guilty,  unlefs  he  clear  himfelf  by  his  oath. 

<  When  it  appears  that  an  accufed  has  confederates,  and  he 
refufes  to  difcover  them,  he  may  be  racked. 

^  No  one  (hall  buy  or  fell  lands  without  permiffion  of  the 
iele£lmen. 

*  A  drunkard  (ball  have  a  mafter  appointed  by  the  fele^men^ 
who  are  to  debar  him  from  the  liberty  of  buying  and  felling. 

*  Whoever  publilhes  a  lie  to  the  prejudice  of  hia  neighbour^ 
(ball  fit  in  the  ftdckt,  or  be  whipped  fifteen  (faripes. 

*  No  Minifter  (hall  keep  a  fchool. 

*  Every  rateable  perfon,  who  refufes  to  pay  his  proportion 
tothefupport  of  the  Minifter  of  the  town  or  parifli,  (hall  be 
fined  by  the  Court  2L  and  41.  every  quarter^  until  be  or  (he  pay 
the  rate  to  the  Minifter. 

*  Men-ftealers  (hall  fuffer  death. 

'  *  Whoever  wears  cloaths  trimmed  with  gold,  filver,  or  bone 
laoe,.  above  two  (hillings  by  the  yard,  (ball  be  prefented  by  the 
grand  jurors,  and  the  fele^mea  (hall  tax  the  offender  at  500U 
eftate. 

<  AdebtM} 


General  Hiflory  rf  ComeSflcut.  257 

^  A  debtor  iri  prifon^  fwearinghe  has  noeftate,  (hall  be  let* 
out,  and  ibid,  to  make  fatisfa<^ion.  >  -■* 

*  Whoever  fets  a  fire  in  the  woods,  and  it  bums  a  houlc«< 
fhall  fafFer  death  ;  and  perfons  fofpeSed  of  this  crime.  fliaU- 
be  ipfiprifoned,  without  benefit  of  bail. 

'  Whoever  brings  cards  or  dice  into  this  Pominion  (ball 
pay  a  fine  pf  5I.        . 

^  No  one  (hall  read  cdmmpn^prayer,  keep  Chriftiiias  or 
Saints  days,  make  minced  pies,  dance,  play,  cards,  or  play  dn 
any  inftrumcnt  of  mufic,  except  the  drum^  tri^pet^  apd 
jews-harp. 

^  No  gofpelmtnifter  fhall  join  people  in  marriage  ;  xYit  Mi* 
gifirates  only  fhall  join  in  marriage,  as  they  may  do  it.  with 
Icfs  fcandal  to  Chrift'i  church*  ^  '  ^ 

*  Whpn  parents  refufe  their  children  convenient  marriagesl 
the  Magiffrates  (ball  determine  the  point. 

*  The  fele(5l  men,  on  finding  children  ignorant,  m^y  tak'eT 
them  away  from  their  parents,  and*  put  them  into  hotter  hands^' 
at  the  expence  of  their  parents*  \      1 

^  ForMcation  fhall  be  punifhed  by  compelling  mafrtige^'or  as 
the  Court  may  think  proper.  '   '  ". 

*  Adultery  fhall  be  punifhed  with  death.  ' 

^  A  man  that  ftrikes  his  wife  (hall  pay  a  fine  6f  lol.  i  a  womafit 
that  ftrikes  her  hufband  fhall  be  punifhed  as  the  Court  diredv; 
^  A  wife  fhall  be  deemed  good  evidence  agaSnfl  her  hufband. ' 
V  No  man  fhall  court  a  maid  in  pcrfon,  Or  by  letter,  '^ith* 
out  firft  obtaining  corifent  of  her  parents  :  5I.  penalty  fcQr  tbc^ 
firfl  offence;  icf.  for  the  fecond  ;  and,  for  the  third,  impri- 
fonment  during  the  pleafure  of  the  Court. 

*l  Married, perfons  muft  live  together,  or  be  imprifoned.  * 

^  Every  male  fh^ll  have  his  hair  cut  round  a'ccording  to  a 

cap  t/  :  • 

Confidered  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  wifdom'ahd  fpirit  of  the 
times,  thefe  Blue-Laws  (as  they  are  called)  give  us  no  very  fa- 
vourable idea  of  eithe.r.  But  that  the  (ame  fpirit  flill  prevails, 
and  is  the  caufc  of  the  prefent  alienation  of*  America  from 
Great  Britain,  are  ajTertions  which  thi^  Gentleman  maintains 
without  fufficient  proof.  The  Author  himfelf  allows,  that 
human  nature  is  every  where  the  fame  ;  and  that  in  thofe 
times  the  mitred  Lord  and  canting  Puritan  were  equally  dan- 
gerous, both  agreeing  in  the  unchriftian  do<ftrine  of  perfecu- 
tion  :    but   he  ihould  have  recolledied  another- <)bvious  axiom* 


•  The  Savage  Pawawwers,  or  Prielh,  never  concern  themfolves 
with  marriages;  but  leave  them  to  the  Ptnie(h;  ^r-Mtfgiftrat^s. 

t  The  Levjiical  law  forbidi  cutting  the  hair,  or  rooodiog  the 
head. 

Re?.  April,  1782.  S  that 


^9  FrtfdekV  Swg  of  SAnrn. 

that  iimiTar  c^iufes  produce  fimilar  eiFefis;  and  confeijii^tiy^ 

that  the  fame  improvement  in  the  fpirtt  of  the  times  which  bar 

rendered  the  mitred  Lord  inofienfive,   may  poffibly  have  givea 

the  canting  Puritan  tome  portion  of  jBodesation  and  catho*-^ 

licilm*  «^ 

K  • 

AaT.  Ill*    J  Poeticml  TraHjlatioH  of  tht  Song,  §/  Soidmon,  from  thr 
oirigiwal  Hibtrw,    With  preliminary  Difcoarfe  aod  Noteft»  hiftori- 
•  caH  critical  and  explanatory.     By  Ana  Fraocit*     4to,  7  s.  6d» 
fev(red.    Dodfley.     1781. 

THE  Author  feeras  aware  that  an  apo|ogy  for  thia  under- 
taking was  abfolutely  neceflary  ;  and  fhe  bath  attempted 
lo  make  one.  How  far  it  will  excufe  her  with  the  Uamei  of 
our  fex  who  might  be  difpofed  to  condemn  her  prefumption,  or 
tlie  dilUati  of  her  own,  who  might  be  ready  to  tax  her  modefty, 
we  wilt  jK>t  determine.  She  at  leaft  deems  herfclf  entitled  ta 
the  merit  of  induftry  :  and  if  fte  will  be  content  with  that  praife^ 
we  have  it  very  fiberally  to  beftow. 

The  Preliminary  Difcourfe  is  a  very  inflated  and  injudicious 
pfece  of  declamation.  The  tranfiation  is  very  unequal.  A 
f(BW  elegant  expreffions  occur  :  and  here  and  there  a  ner- 
vous line.  But  in  general  the  verfification  is  weak,  fantafti- 
caly  and  inharmonious ;.  and  the  figures  and  comparifons  of  the 
tranfiation  are  ftlK  more  extravagant  and  unnatural  than  thoie 
Qf  th^  original.  The  mod  curious  part  of  the  notes  is  extraded 
fromuhe  ingenious  and  learned  produ^ona  of  Dean  Percy,  and 
Mr.  liarmar^  on  this  fubjed;  and  the  Author  acknowledges 
herfelf  efientially  indebted  to  Mr.  Parkharft,  the  learned  He- 
bracan,  for  affiftance  in  the  ftudy  of  the  original. 
^  The  Author  confiders  the  Sonj;  of  Solomon  as  a  (acred,  hy- 
ineneal  drama ;  .divides  it  into  aSa  and  fcenes ;  and  gives  the 
following  lift  of  the  perfons  who  are  fuppofed  to  bear  a  part 
tn  k« 

.    .  SOLOMOK. 

N^Us  of  Zion  attendant  on  the  King.  Ch.  vi«  l^ 

NoUes  of  Zion.    Ch.  iii.  1 1. 

The  Egyptian  Spoufe.   Ch.  i.  16. 

Choral  yirgins  of  Egypt.   Ch.  i.  5* 

Choral  Virgins  of  Jerufalenu  Ch.  i.  2. 

Virgins  rfJervJaUm  attendant  on  the  ^ewijb  ^een.  Cht 

iii.  7« 
Choral  Virgins  of  Zion.  Ch.  iv.  i. 

The  whole  i^  fuppofed  by  tht  Author  to  have  a  myftical  re« 
ference  to  the  ftate  of  the  Jewiib  and  Chriftian  church ;  anil 
*  Solomon  is  confidere^i  as  a  lively  and  ftriking  type  of  Jcfua 
Cbrifl^* 

Giowtiif 


Franci^'i  S$ng  of  Sil^m.  ^^ 

blowing  with  the  Tubjef^,  our  Author  (hakes  off  theihackle$ 
bf  vulgar  profj^  and  burfts  into  blank  verfe,  in.  the  following 
eulogy  on  her  beloved  Song.—*  The  Song  of  Songs  is  n6 
humari  compoiition,  but  the  work  of  an  infpired  penman :  and 
the  fame  God  who  tuned  to  melody  the  tongue  of  the  Jewifli 
bard  w6uld  likewife  chai*m  to  reverence  the  Chriftian  Reader's 
heart,  would  he  but  yield  up  that  heart  to  Kim,  attend  the  Jfr'aiH 
nnd  inark  the  f acred  import.  JVbj  not  attempt  to  dritw  ajtde  tbi 
myjiic  veil,  and  in  the  eartbfy^  view  the  heavenly  Solomon  ^*— 

As  a  fpecirhen  of  the  tranflation  we  will  prefent  our  Readers 
with  the  following  curious  addrefs  of  Solomon  to  one  of  his 
(queens;— the  time^  the  evening  of  the  iixth  day;  tht fcene^  t 
chiofk  in  the  royal  garden,  [vid.  chap.  vii.  of  the  Canticles*J 

'  V.  I.     How  beautiful  thy  feet,  O  noble  fair ! 

Adorn*d  with  fahdals  wrought  with  niceft  caret 
Where  gold  and  threads  of  variegated  hue8» 
Tby  cap^ivfli  lbv^r»  all  ienraptttr'd  views. 
Thy  ftately  legs  the  curious  draw'rs  infold^ 
Deckt  as  with  graven  Ornaineoti  of  go]d. 
Where,  b^  the  toilfome  artifi's  ileady  hand. 
The  mimic  buds  and  leaves  and  flow'rs  expand. 
V.  i.  Thy  clafp  is  like  a  goblet  round 

Where  jtoingled  liqiiors  filay. 
Where  wines  with  manding  rtibies  crowh'ci 
Reflect  the  changeful  ray. 
Thy  waift  is  like  a  heap  of  golden  grain. 
With  lilies  bounded  ri6ng  from  the  plain. 
V.  3.        Thy  two  fair  breafts'like  two  young  rocs  appear^ 

The  tender  daughters  of  the  vernal  year.  • 
V.  4.        Thy  tapef  neck,  inimitably  fair ! 

Nature  hath  form'd  with  more  than  common  care : 
From  thy  fine  (houlders  we  behold  it  rife 
I  ike  fome  white  tower,  afcending  from  the  gropnd  $ 
Whole  lofty  fommit  (hoots  into  thfc  fkies. 
Still  leffening  to  the  view  its  fpiring  round. 
Thy  large  full  eyes  with  humid  luitrefhine. 
Like  Heihbon's  ample  pools,  unftain'd  and  clears 
Serenely  mild,  and  amiably  benign, 
•WC  faithful  tokens  of  a  heart  iincere; 
Thy  nofe  arifeth  with  refifllefs  grace, 
DifFufing  majeAy  o*er  all  thy  face; 
Such  grace  adorns  fam  d  Lebanon's  high  towV^ 
Whole  jull  proportion  charms  the  judging  vievV^ 
Which  Hands  a  monument  of  regal  pow>, 
Rais'd  ^liU  nice  ^rt,cominenfurate  and  true. 
V.  5*        Thy  ftately  head  mijeftically  high 

With  various  flowerets  elegantly  grac'dy 
Of  ev'ry  (hade,  and  tv*ry  vivid  dye* 

With  wond'rous  (kill  and  lively  fancy  ptac'd. 
Appears  like  Carmera  top  with  vefdore  crown'd 
Where  flow'Tsi  and  plantsi  and  od*rou»  (hriibs  aboniid# 

S  i  Thy 


264'  V^riiiy ;  a  Comedjr; 

Thy  plaited  hair  in  gaudy  trelTes  flows 
As  in  the  cryftal  wave  the  royal  pnrple  glows 
V«  6.  How  beautifal  art  tbou  my  love  I 

How  charming  to  the  fight  f 
More  fragrant  than  the  fpicy  grove. 
And  fbrm'd  forfofc  delight. 
V.  /•  PleasM  1  behold  thy  gracefol  flature  rife 

As  (bme  ilrait  palm-tree  of  majeflic  iize. 
V.  8«  I  faid*  with  ardent  love  poiTedy 

Up  to'this  (lately  palm  Fll  go. 
And  dafp  her  cluflers  to  my  bread, — 
Her  clnfters  nbh,  where  daces  luxurious  grow. 
Like  clufters  of  the  vine  thy  breads  appear. 
Thro'  the  light  gauze,  too  exquifiteiy  clear! 
More  fweet  the  breath  thy  fragrant  nofe  exhales 
Than  citron  groves,  refrelh*d  by  morning  gales/ 

On  the  laft  verfe^  our  Author  hath  the  following  obfervation, 
which  we  produce  as  a  fpecimen  of  her  ikill  in  the  note-v^zj. 

Vcrf.  8.  line  6»  Tkro*  thi  light  gauze---^^*  I  am  here  aware 
of  an  obfervation  of  the  critic.  **  Gau^e,  cries  he,  is  made  of 
filk;  and  filk  this  lady  tells  us  was  not  known  in  Judea  in  the 
days  of  Solomon/'  But^auze  is  likewife  made  of  thread.  The 
Scotch  gauze  hath  no  fuk  in  it,  yet  is  equally  tranfparent. 
The  Lacedemoniah  maidens  wore  gauze-like  vedments;  and 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  had  fiich  tranfparent  ftuiFs  long  before 
filks  were  commonly  worn  among  them.  It  is  not  to  be  fup* 
pofed  that  the  ladies'  neck  was  quite  concealed  :  but  more  natu- 
ral  and  confiftent  with  the  prefent'  mode  of  the  Ariatics  to 
conclude,  that  the  fliape  and  colour  of  the  bofom  appeared  ad- 
vantageoufly  through  the  light  trantparent  covering,  as  Lady  M. 
W.  Montague  informs  us  her*s  did,  through  her  Jhlft  of  gauze 
which  was  fattened  under  her  chin  with  a  diamond  button  ;'— or, 
we  may  add,  as  the  Duchefs  of  Kingfton's  Iphigmia  once  ap- 
peared at  the  mafquerade* 

*  Thro*  the  light  gauze.  /^^  exquifiteiy  clear!* 

But  enough  of  myfiic  fymbols !  and  (hadowy  veils  !  our  duty 
lies  in  the  naked  truth.  %         -r 

Art.  IV.     Variety  \  a  Comedy,  in  Five  A6ls :  as  it  is  performed  at 
the  Theatre  Royal  in  Drury  Lane.     8vo.     is.  6 d.  "  Becket. 

1782. 

T^ARIETYx  A  Comedy  !— Every  Comedy  ihould  undoubt- 
edly be  compofed  of  varied  incidents,  varied  chara£^ers, 
and  varied  dialogue ;  but  a  regular  fabte  (hould  as  neceflarily 
connect  the  whole;  or  the  work,  inftead  of  engaging  the  at- 
tention by  an  agreeable  variety^  will  excite  difguft  by  its  ab- 
furdity  and  cvnfyhn*    A  prevailing  iatereft  Ihould  pervade  the 

drama^ 


^m        «-    --> 


FarUtyi  a  Comedy.;  a(| 

^rama,  like  harmony  in  a  mufical  compofition*  A  mttltif^icitj 
of  charafterS)  engaged  in  detached  and  feparate  purfuiCSy  though 
regiilered  in  the  ^me  lift  of  dramatis  pirfina^  cannot  be  coim- 
dered  as  confticuents  of  a  legitimate  fable )  they  rather  refenUe 
a  number  of  muficians,  feated  indeed  in  the  fame  orcheftra^  but 
employed  in  a  Dutch  concert,  where  every  man  playy  his  owa 
tune! 

The  Author  of  the  Comedy  before  us  has  multiplied,  wttbv 
out  nieafure  or  order,  irrelative  perfonages,  and  disjointed  ..14* 
cidents  \  and  feems  to  have  thrown  together  the  fraementa  of- 1 
dramatic  common- place  book,  giving  to  the  indigefted  maft  tbf 
title  otFariity^  merely  becaufe  it  was  impoffible  to  point  out  any 
leading  circumftance,  or  predominant  colour,  in  the  medlij 
compofition  of  the  drama. 

The  fabUf  if  it  may  be  fo  called,  inftead  of  being  finpU  and 
pniy  is  to  loft  in  complications,  that  it  fplita  itfelf  into  divers 
little  fables,  independent  on  each  other ;  not  admiffible  even  as 
epifodes,  growing  out  of  the  main  ftory,  but  unnaturally  forced 
into  it  by  the  arbitrary  ^  volo  of  the  writer. 

The  fabUs  alfo,  feparately  taken,  are  but  inartificially  con* 
duded,  even  according  to  the  apparent  idea  and  intention  of  the 
Author.  Can  it  be  fuppofed,  that  Midi  Harriet  Temple,  the 
daughter  of  a  General  Officer,  a  young  lady  of  remarkable  de- 
licacy, fliould  refufe  the  prote£lion  of  a  repuuble  relation  of  hitt 
own  fex,  and  prefer  to  her.  hofpiuble  roof  a  mean  lodging,  in 
which,  as  far  as  we  can  colled,  ibe  is  fupported  by  a  young 
officer,  who  has  conducted  her  from  America,  and  whom  (he 
concludes  to  be  enamoured  of  her  ?  Again  »  can  it  be  fdppofed 
that  a  woman  of  honour,  fituated  like  Lady  Courtney,  would 
fend  a  billet  of  affignation  to  Lord  Frankly  ?  or  could  MtT* 
Morley,  the  lover  of  Lady  Courtney,  who  overhears  their  con- 
ference, come  forth  from  the  clofet,  in  which  the  Author  haa 
placed  him,  without  a  convidion  of  the  mutual  guilt  of  Lady 
Courtney  and  Lord  Frankly  ?  The  audience,  it  is  true,  are 
aware  that  the  Writer  meant  to  reprefent  the  lady  at  leaft  as 
perfedly  innocent ;  but,  for  want  of  due  dramatic  art  and  ad- 
drefs,  (be  is  involved  in  an  appearance  of  culpability,  from 
which  (he  is  not  properly  extricated.  It  would  not  indeed  ha^ 
been  cafy  to  cfFed  it ;  and  as  it  is,  it  feems  impoffible  for  a  man, 
of  a  much  kYs  jealous  complexion  than  Morley,  thrown  into 
his  iltuation,  not  to  be  aflUred  of  her  perfidy. 

Tke  chara^ers  are  but  faintly  drawn.  The  moft  natural 
(ketches  (for  they  are  but  (ketches)  are  thofe  of  Sir  Frederic  and 
Lady  Fallal.  The  Commodore  and  the  Major  are  coloured  in 
the  old  manner :  one  is  given  as  zfea^piece^  the  other  as  a  hattig^ 
piici :  their  language  is  wholly  tachnical^  the  Commodore  uiii% 
Haval^  add  the'MajOt  miUtary  terms,  throOgh  their  whole  diV 


t6l  Varteiy ;  a  Comedy. 

iQgue.  ^  /  mujl  qmekin  my  march  to  prevent  the  young  iog  firon^ 
JTurrendering  as  prifoner  for  life/  fays  the  Major ;  and  immedi- 
ately after,  ^  I  muft  frejh$n  fail  to  come,  up  with  him  in  time,  in 
order  to  keep  this  brifk  lad  from  getting  the  windward  gage  of 
my  niece,'  fays  ihi  Commodon,  The  Major  alfo  is  firft  intro- 
duced as  an  humble  imitation  of  Sterne's  admirable  Uncle  Toby ; 
but  this  Scene,  the  book  informs  us,  is  omitted  in  reprefenta- 
fion.  Sir  Timothy  Valerian  is  a  ftrange  excrefcence  indeed,  a 
wart  or  wen  of  the  drama,  adding  to  its  bulk,  and  taking  from 
its  confeouence.  Sir  Timothy  runs  to  and  fro,  forces  himfelf 
in  at  the  door,  and  jumps  but  at  the  window,  for  no  vifible  end 
or  purpofe.  Lady  Courtney  is  the  moft  infipid  woman  of  qua- 
lity ever  exhibited  ;  and  the  other  females  are  but  faint  copies  of 
originals,  long  familiar  to  the  eye  of  the  Public. 

The  dialogue,  though  not  corred,  nor  remarkably  brilliant, 
is  the  leaft  exceptionable  part  of  this  drama.  The  beginning 
of  the  fecond  Ad  affords  no  unfavourable  fpecimen  : 

'     f  ACT.  11.    SCENE  I.    5/r  Frederick  FallaPi  HtMfi. 
*  Sir  Frederick  hllin^  in  a  Chair,  Lady  Fallal  Jtttittg  at  Work. 

*  Laij  FaUal.  Upon  my  word  now.  Sir  Frederick,  I  wonder  howr 
joa  find  time  to  be  fo  indolent;  for  my  parr,  I  have  always  fo  much 
to  do,  that  I  can  never  get  a  minote  to  myfelf  all  tbc  day  loog^  if  I 
|iad  ever  fo  mat  a  mini  to  do  nothing. 

*  ^f>  Frturick*  Really,  my  dear^  I  fee  not  the  lead  reafon  for  har- 
rrying— my'time  never  hangs  heavy  on  my.  bands,  and  i(  ii  always 
fofficicBt  for  my  occupations. 

'  IfO^  FallaL  Qccnpations  1  and  a  very  pretty  fort  they  are  to  bf 
fare.'  ^o  get  np  every  4iy  at  two  o'clock,  and  fit  ilretcbing  an4 
gaping  there,  like  a  wide>moathe4  frog,  till  they  give  you  yoi^ 
preaknft  t  then  take  a  turn  in  Kotten-row,  and  with  difiicolcy  get 

I  oar  French  monkey  to  make  that  wig  you  wear  look  like  your  own 
«r,  by  fix  o'clock  in  the  evening ;  and  to  tell  you  a  fecret.  Sir  Fre- 
derick, I  woold  never  have  gone  within  a  mile  of  a  chorch  with  yoo, 
if  I  had  known  yoa  wore  the  leaft  bit  oi  falfity  about  you ;  for,  in 
'Sny  coontry,  the  men  fcorn  to  hide  any  thing,  and  you  may  always 
Ipy  their  defers  as  well  as  their  perfedions  v^ith  a  €ouf  d^ceil,  or  a 
knock  of  the  eye,  as  the  French  call  it. 

•  Sir  Frederiek,  But,  my  dear,  you  quite  (hock  me  by  faying  I  wear 
a  wigf  ^hy,  this  hair  yoa  fee  is  all  my  own,  except  a  couple  of 
elaftic  carls  at  the  fides,  and  a  little  addition  I^hind,  to  Ilrengthen 
ihe  chincn, 

•  Laify  Fallal.  Well,  we  will  leave  it  fo,  Sir  Frederick  ;  bat  to  be 
fure  1  can't  help  a(king  myfelf  ten  times  a  day,  and  I'm  never  the 
wifer  for  it  neither,  bow  I  came  to  marry  yoa  at  all,  at  all. 

•  Sir  Fndiriik.  I  fancy,  my  dear,  there  were  not  many  prettier 
fiellows  than  Sir  Frederick  Fallal  in  the  Bog  of  Allan. 

<  Lady  Fallal,  IVby,  I  could  not  help  liking  you  to  be  fare,  becaufe 
you  called  me  your  Angtl,  and/yoor  Goddeis,  and  feemed  mighty 
fond  of  me^but  you  had  no  other  charm  that  I  can  tdJ,  except  yqpr 
being  eafy  and  carelefs,  like  myfclf. 

^  '     '  •Sir 


'•'Sir  TmieHci.  Well,  my  dear,  Md  an*t  I  ftill  ai  mSf  aad  carcl«ft 
«s  ever  I  was  ? 

^  iMfyFMllaL  O!  letyoa  alone  for  that,  Sir  Frederick,  bat  Fd 
hav^  you  underdand  that  a  carelefs  acquaintance  may  be  mighty 
agreeable,  bat  a  carelefs  hviband  is  qatte  the  contrary — the  one  may 
pay  you  now  and  then  a  pretty  little  fiiort  viffit,  but  the  other  is  f 
vifitation  for  life. 

*  Sir  Fnderiei.  Now  indeed,  my  dear,  you  are  quite  on  reasonable ; 
have  not  i  ftiewn  the  greacell  amciecy  for  your  improvement,  ever 
fince  we  have  been  married }  Did  1  not  provide  the  Mi  mafter  a€ 
Paris  to  teach  you  to  move  with  grace  f 

<  Lai^FaUaL  And  a  pretty  thing  he  was  te  be  fare,  to  teach  mt 
motion  and  grace.  A  fawning,  iliff,  fnafFy  old  fright — But  I  have 
the  fatisfii£tion  to  think  I  puni(hed  him  more  than  he  did  me,  for  f 
took  care  to  fall  on  his  old  toes,  every  time  I  was  to  make  a  jomp^ 
jull  for  the  |:fleafure  of  hearing  him  fay  **  by  Gar,  iier  Ladyflup  did 
liif  foot  a  too  much  honour." 

'  Sir  Frtdtrick,  I'm  not  much  furprifed  at  the  vail  progrefs  yo« 
made,  if  that  was  rhe  way  yoii  employed  your  time ;  but  J  was  juft 
going  to  mention  to  3fou,  my  dear,  that  I  had  appointed  Signor  Ada* 
gio,  this  very  day,  to -give  you  a  few  leflbns  in  linging,  as  f  apn  of 
opinion  that  feme  knowledge  of  harmony  might  poffibly  help  toina« 
diilate,  or  foften  oflT  a  little  of  your  delightful  brogue. 

'  lady  FalUL   What's  that  you  are  faying,  ^ir  Frederick  ?  Softes 

off  a  little  of  my  brogue? Then  indeed  you  may  fpare  yourfelf  the 

{rouble,  and  fo  may  Signor  Dagio  too :  for  I  would  not  part  with  any 
thing  I  brought  from  my  own  dear  country  upon  any  account  what* 
ever;  and  I'd  have  you  to  know,  that  I  think  my  brogue,  as  you  call 
ft,  the  prettied  feather  in  my  cap ;  becaufe  it  tells  tstty  body,  with* 
out  their  afking,  that  I  am  an  Irifh  woman  ;  and  I  aflure  you,  1  am 

frouder  of  that  title,  than  I  am  of  being  called  my  Lady  Fallal.   For 
don't  believe  there^s  a  Fallal  to  be  found  in  all  Ireiaod,  except  my' 
felf ;  and  V,m  out  of  it. 

'  Sir  Frtdmck.  No,  I  flatter  myfelf  the  Fallala  are  «f  a  foreign  ex- 
traflion. 

^  Lad^  Fallal.  Well  now«  Sir  Frederick,  will  you  pleafe  to  anfwer 
me  one  queftion  ? 

*  Sir  Frtderick.  Moft  willingfy^  my  dear,  if  it  don't  require  much 
confideration  ;  but  in  that  cafe  I  muft  beg  leave  to  be  excufed — for  I 
hate  confideration — it  quite  fatiguej  me— and  when  I  am  obliged  to 
refled,  I  feel  as  if  I  had  a  great  weight  to  lift,  and  1  expice  at  the 
^^Tj  apprebenfion  of  it. 

'  Enitr  8ir  Timothy  Valerian. 

*  Sir  Tim9tby,  Right,  Sir  Frederick,  thought  is  an  abfolute  enemyi 
to  digeftion ;  and  I  am  fo  thoroughly  perfnaded  of  it,  that  i  wouM 
give  half  my  fortune  to  be  entirely  deprived  of  ihe  poweri  of  reflec* 
tion. 

*  Lady  Fallal.  O,  then  it  is  a  pity  you  can't ;  for  I  beliene  iic  lK>dy 
«v^ould  ever  mifs  it.  \.^Jidim 

*  Sir  Timothy.  Yet,  upon  fecond  thoughts,  nephew,  I  think  your 
^aknnefs  amountt  to  a  greater  degree  of  imnity  than  Jl  (boi4d  in% 

S  ^  ta 


1^64  Varuty  i'  a  Comedy* 

to  poffefi ;  it  riAer  ipproaches  to  a  torpid  date — Do  yoa  fleep  welf 
at  nights  ? 

<  £aJj  Falla!.  [SirFredtrkk  takn  a  bock.1  O,  that  he  does,  I  aflure 
yoa ;  and  aij  day  too — Why,  he's  dozing  now. 

'  Sir  Timotiy.  Aye,  very  likely — I  wi(h  I  had  my  apparatus  here 
«r-bat  as  foon  as  I  get  all  my  cle£trical  inftroments  home,  V\\  fet  gp 
Sir  Frederick  with  a  touch— It  is  a  failing  I  know,  buc  1  can't  help 
it«    I  o>vo,  I  do  love  to  ferve  my  friends. 

.  *  Lady  FaUd.  O,  if  it  will  give  him  but  a  little  life,  Sir  Timo« 
thy»  let  us  have,  the  inftro men ts  dire^ly,  and  Til  play  upon  them 
snyfelf,  for  I  have  tried  lively  tunes,  and  dull  tunes,  and  all  forts  of 
tunes  with  him,  but  I  never  couid  get  him  out  of  a  minuet  ftep, 

*  Sir  Fndtrici.  You  are  very  kind,  bir  Timothy,  to  confider  my 
pife  fo  minutely— but  as  1  am  not  at  all  alarmed  at  it — and  as  none 
of  my  friends,  thank  iieaven,  are  members  of  the  (Iroog  club— X 
flatter  myfelf  they  will  like  me  better  as  I  am,  than  if  I  were  to  firike 
fire  at  them  from  every  pore — fo  i  hope  you  will  excufe  my  attending 
the-confultatioD  any  looger.  [Exit. 

Sir. Timothy.  MoA  readily  nephew — I  woi\]d  not  force  health  upon 
you,  if  you  do  not  chafe  it — but  he  (hall  have  a  touch  of  the  Prome^ 
thean  torch  for  all  that,  when  he  leail  expedis  it— I'll  (hake  hands 
vyith  him  fome  day,  and  ele^rify  him  frbm  top  to  toe,  without  hi| 
knowing  it*     .  .    ,    [Exit  Jirttcbing  bimfilf, 

•  J?«r//r  Harriet  Temple. 

^  Ladj  Fallal,  My  dear  Harriet,  Tm  mighty  glad  to  fee  yon ;  but 
what*s  the  matter  with  you  to-day,  that  you  look  fo  chearful?  for  I 
think,  fince  you  came  from  America,  1  have  never  feen  a  fmile  upon 
your  countenance  before. 

*  Harriet.  Can  f  look  ocherwife  than  happy  when  tvtry  moment  I 
cxpe6l  to  fee  my  Seafort,  my  dear  William,  whom  1  have  fo  oftea 
mentioned  to  you. 

'  Lddy  Fallal.  Faith  then,  I  am  as  glad  of  it  as  if  he  was  coming 
to  fee  myfelf— that's  the  gentleman  I  fuppofe  that  awoke  poor  Sir 
Frederick  this  morning,  with  the  noife  he  made  in  the  hall,  when  he 
heard  you  were  not  here  ; — but  pray,  my  dear,  if  you  expedt  him 
tycry  moment,  why  would  you  (lir  out,  for  who  knows  but  you  may 
find  him  gone  before  you  get  home  again  ? 

'  I/cirritf.  I  know  your  friendship  will  excufe  a  liberty  I  mean  to 
take  

*  Lady  Fallal.  That  you  may  be  fure  of,  my  dear,  though  I  don't 
know  what  it  is — fo^  there*s  nothing  in  the  world  1  would  not  par* 
don  in  a  friend  except  a  too  great  want  of  freedom. 

'  Harriet.  Jt  is,  th«t  I  would  wi(h  to  meet  toy  Seafort  here,  he 
knows  00  other  addrefs  to  me  at  prefent;  for  though  he  is  acquainted 
jwith  my  father's  death,  he  is  yet  ignorant  of  the  fad  jcverfe  of  for- 
tune whica  hab  attended  me  from  that  unhappy  moment— and  I  would 
not  wi(h  to  pain  his  generous  breaft,  by  difcovering  to  him  my 
wretched  ilation.  No,  I  would  hide  myfelf  for  ever  from  him,  uither 
than  make  him  a  (harcr  io  my  poverty. 

'  Lady  Fallal.  That's  a  plain  proof,  Harriet,  that  jroa  love  him  a 
great .dieal  bctier  than  yon  love  me;  for  you  nake  me  a  (barer  of 


Warton^  EJfaj  on  the  Genius  and  fFriihgs  ^Peff^     9$jp 

yoar  poverty  every  day»  by  refofing  to  partake  of  my  little  abnn* 
dance,  when  you  know  mighty  well  that  I  never  found  any  pleafur* 
in  a  heavy  purfe  in  my  life,  but  when  it  could  lighten  the  heart  of  a 
friend. 

'  Harritt.  My  dear  coufin,  I  am  fure  your  kindnefs  ever  iighteni 
iDine. 

*  Lady  Fallal,  Then  why  will  yon  vex  me,  by  refuting  continually 
to  come  and  live  with  me  entirely  ;  when  I  have  told  you  over  and 
over  again,  that  if  you  had  a  houfe  of  your  own,  and  I  «vent  hot 
within  a  mile  of  it,  I  would  ftay  there  for  a  twelvemonth  or  longeri^ 
if  I  liked  it,  and  think  1  did  you  a  great  favour  all  the  time ;  for  to 
be  fure  there  is  no  condefcenfion  fo  great  at  that  of  receiving  an  ob« 
ligation. 

*  Harriet.  I  am  fare  I  have  always  coniidered  your  honfe  ai  my 
own. 

*  Lady  Fallal,  Yes,  my  dear,  and  fo  you  ufe  it,  juft  as  the  fine 
folks  ^o  theirs,  by  being  feldom  in  it;. but  now  Harriet,  that  yoar 
gallant  Seaforc  is  arrived,  you  will  (bon  have  a  houfe,  oratleafti| 
ihip  of  your  own. 

.  *  Harriet.  I  do  not  doobt  my  Seafort's  love,  and  I  know  that  if 
be  were  pofTeiTor  of  a  throoe,  with  joy  he'd  place  me  on  it — but  I 
aJfo  know  that  his  fortune  is  confined,  and  that  his  marrying  roe,  asL 
now  am,  without  a  (hilling,  and  againil  his  father's  confenc — miift 
fhut  out  all  his  opening  profpeds;  and  though,  amidtl  that  affluence 
which  furrounded  me  duiing  my  father's  life,  my  fondeil  hope  was 
that  of  becoming  Seaforf  8  wife,  I  no\v  Hy  from  the  idea. 

*  Lady  Fallal,  And  pray  then,  my  dear,  will  yoo  tell  me  what 
other  idea  you  fly  to  ?  tor  we  feldom  part  with  a  pleafant  hope»  till 
we  meet  with  an  agreeable  certainty. 

'  Harriet,   Then  1  have  none  but  that  of  being  wretched. 

*  Entit  a  Servamt. 
Madam,  there's  a  gentleman  below  detires  to  fee  Mifs  Temple* 

*  Lady  Fallal,  Shew  him  up  diredtly.  [Exit  5/rv.]— I  believe^  mf 
dear,  you'll  be  able  to  entertain  the  young  gentleman  without  my 
afliftance — fo  you  will  excufe  my  impolitenel's  in  leaving  you.  [Exit J 

The  Prologue,  humcuroufly  and  poetically  written,  but  in* 
accurately  printed,  is  the  produ(%on  of  Mr.  Tickell ;  and  the 
Epilogue  muft,  we  conceive,  have  a  very  t>leafant  efie£l,  whea 
delivered  by  an  adroit  comic  a£lrefs  in  the  theatre.  #| 

■      ■     -   ■  '■    ■.,■■■■■■■...■.  — <i^— fc^ 

Art.  V.  Jm  EJfay  on  tU  Gemius  and  IFritings  of  Pope.      Vol.  II. 

8vo.     7  s.  bound.     Dodflcy.     1782. 

IT  is  now  upwards  of  twenty  years  fince  the  firft  part  of 
this  celebrated  performance  Arft  made  its  appearance.  In 
the  volume  then  publifhed.  Dr.  Jofeph  Warton,  following  the 
arrangement  of  Warburton,  commenced  his  critical  examina* 
tion  with  the  Pajioralsy  and  terminated  it  with  the  epiille  of 
Eloifa  to  Abelard,  This  publication  before  us  comprthtnds, 
exciufive  of  his  Homcr^  the  remainder  of  the  poet's  works. 

I  '   Uwing 


t66      WartonV  BJij  on  thi  Wf^ritif^s  and  Genius  of  Pope. 

Owing  to  caufes  which  the  Author  has  not  thought  proper  td 
ijpecify,  and  into  which  the  public  has  no  right  to  enquire,  the 
prefent  volume,  though  a  confiderable  part  of  it  has  been  ac- 
tually printed  near  twenty  years,  has  been  wich*held  from  pub- 
lication till  now ;  and  probably  its  appearance  might  have  beeil 
ftill  farther  delayed,  had  not  the  opinions  which  Dr.  Warton 
was  fuppofed  to  have  advanced  been  indire£Uy  controverted  by 
a  critic,  whofe  decifions,  though  not  always  free  from  preju- 
dice or  partiality,  have  defervedly  great  influence  in  the  literary 
world ;  and,  confequently,  demand  the  attention  of  thofe,  at 
]eaft>  againft  whofe  opinions  they  militate.  Our  Author  flat- 
ters bimfelf,  however,  that  no  obfervations  in  this  work  can  be 
fo  perverfely  mifinterpreted  and  tortured,  as  to  make  him  in- 
finuate,  contrary  to  his  opinion  and  inclination,  that  Pope  wai 
not  a  fTiot  poet :  be  only  fays,  and  thinks,  be  was  not  the 
gnauji* 

Nothing  can  be  fairer  or  more  candid  than  the  manner  in 
which  the  fcrutiny,  upon  which  Dr.  Warton  has  entered,  is 
conduced.  Each  piece  is  feparately  and  diftindly  examined, 
and  its  particular  beauties  and  defe£b  ar^accurately  poihted  out. 
The  imitations  of  Horace  are  compared  with,  the  originals,  and 
the  refpedive  merits  of  the  originals  and  imitations  are  judici- 
oufly  dcertained.  Add  to  this,  thofe  pafiages  (and  they  are 
numerous)  which  the  Twickenham  bard  has  borrowed,  or 
adopted,  without  acknowledgment,  from  others,  are  here  re* 
llored  to  their  rightful  owners.  Nothing,  in  fliort,  feems  to 
bave  efcaped  Dr.  Wtrton's  attention,  which  has  either  collateral 
connexion  with,  or  even  diftind  relation  to,  the  object  of  his 
enquiry.  His  work  abounds  alfo  with  mifcellaneous  criticifm, 
and  literary  anecdotes :  of  the  laft,  it  muft  be  confefied,  that 
Ibme  of  them  want  the  recommendation  of  novelty ; — in  that 
part  of  the  work,  we  mean,  which  has  been  fo  long  printed ; 
they  having,  during  that  incerval,  found  their  way  to  the  pub- 
lic through  other  channels  of  communication.  In  the  midft  of 
fiich  variety  of  entertainment  which  this  lively  and  drgreffive 
^wMter  has  provided  for  us,  we  are  almoft  bewildered  in  the  fe- 
Jefinon.     Take,  however,  what  he  fays  on  dwilling  in  genera^ 

'  Like  fomt  lent  Chartreux  flands  the  good  old  hall, 
Siliftci  without,  aod  fails  within  the  wall ; 
No  raftir^d  roofs  with  dance  and  tabor  found. 
No  noontidi  bell  invites  the  country  round  : 
Tenants  with  fighs  the  /moakU/s  cow'rs  furvey. 
And  tarn  th'  unwilling  fteeds  another  way  : 
Benigbud  tjuandirirs^  the  forefl  o>r, 
Cors'd  the  fw^dcoMili^  and  unop^ning  door ; 
While  the  gaunt  inafUff  grvnvling  at  the  gate» 
Jffrighu  the  beggar,  whom  he  longs  to  eat. 

In 


I 


WartonV  EJfaj  en  ihi  Genius  and  JVritlnp  %f  P§pi.      a6y 

In  the  word  inn*s  worft  rooosy  with  mat  i^^^-hang^ 
The  floors  of  pUifltr,  and  the  avails  cf  iung^ 
On  once  a  flock'\it^^  but  repaired  with  ftraiw^ 
With  tapt'ifd  curtains,  never  meant  to  drav^. 
The  George  and  Garter  dangling  from  chat  bed 
Where  ta^wdry  yelloiu  llrovc  ivitb  dirty  rtd. 
Great  Viliers  lies. 

*  The  ufe,  the  force,  and  the  excellence  of  langaagf,  certainly  con* 
(fts  in  raiiing  r/z^r,  complete,  and  cir cum/I antial  images,  and  io  torn* 
Ing  readers  into  fpe9ators,  I  have  quoted  the  two  preceding  paflages 
as  eminent  examples  of  this  excellence,  of  all  others  the  motl  eiTen- 
tial  in  poetry.  Every  epithet,  here  ufed,  paints  its  objeft,  at\6  painu 
It  diftin3ly.  After  having  paiTed  over  the  moat  full  of  crepes,  d»  ■ 
you  not  aQually  find  yourfelf  in  the  middle  coart  of  this, forlorn  and 
folicary  maniion,  overgrown  with  docks  and  nettles  f  And  do  you 
not  hear  the  dog  that  is  going  to  afl*ault  you  ? — Among  the  other 
fortunate  circumJlances  that  attended  Homer,  it  was  not  one  of  the 
lead,  that  he  wrote  before  general  and  abfiraS  terms  were  invented. 
•Hence  his  Mufe  (like  his  own  Helen  Handing  on  the  walls  of  Troy) 
points  our  twtxy  per/om.  and  thing,  accurately  and  fercibfy.  AD  the 
views  and  profpeds  he  lays  before  us,  appear  as  fully  ^tid  perfeSly  to 
^he  eye,  as  that  which  engaged  the  attention  of  Neptune^  when  te 
yiras  fitting  (Iliad,  b.  13.  v.  12.) 

*  Tkofe  who  are  fond  oi  generalities,  may  thick  the  nnmber  of  mi* 
fural,  little  circumdances,  introduced  in  the  beautiful  narration  of 
the  expedition  of  D  lon  andDiOMEo  (Book  the  10th)  too parUcnUr 
and  tricing,  and  below  the  dignity  of  Epic  poetry.  B\it  tvcry  reader 
of  a  juil  talle  will  always  admire  the  minute  defcription  of  the  helmet 
and  creft,  at  verfe  the  257th;  the  clapping  of  the  wings  pf  the  heron 
which  they  could  not  fee  ;  ihe/jnatting  down  among  the  dead  bodiet 
till  Dolon  had  pafTed  ;  UlyHes  /?fj/jng  to  Diomed  as  a  iigoaJ ;  the 
firiking  the  horfes  with  his  bow,  bccaufe  he  had  forgotten  to  bring  hia 
whip  with  him;  and  the  innumerable  circumftances  which  make  this 
narr4don  fo  lively,  fo  dramatic,  and  fo  interefling.  Half  the  Iliad 
and  the  QdyiTey  might  be  quoted  as  examples  of  tnis  way  of  writing. 
So  different  from  the  unfinifhcd,  half-formed  figures,  prefented  tp  na 
by  many  modern  writers.  How  much  is  the  pathetic  heightened  by 
Sophocles,  when,  fpealtingol  Deianira  determined  10  deflroy  herfelf, 
and  taking  leave  of  her  palace,  he  adds,  a  circuffillaoce  that  VoUairM 
would  have  difdained ! 

—  K7.«ii  ^  o^yjeyjw  ct» 

Among  the  Roman  poets»  Lucretius  will  furnifh  many  inllaocet  of 
this  fore  pf  ftrung  painting*  Witnefs  his  portrait  of  a  jeaioua  mani 
Book  the  4th,  v.  1 1 30. 

Aut  quod  in  ambigao  tier  bum  jaeulata  reltqaitt 

Aut  nimiumytfi7/ir#  oculos,  aliumve  tueri 

Quod  putat,  in  voltuque  videt  *veftigia  rif^. 

*  Tracbioiacy  t.  92a; 

Of 


1^68      Warton*4  EJfay  ^n  the  Genius  and  IVritings  rfPtffi^ 

Of  Iphigeixia  going  to  be  facrificed,  at  the  moment*  when» 
— —  maedum  ante  aras  aftare  parcntem 
Sen  fir,  &  hunc  propter  ferrum  celart  miniilros  *• 

Of  Fear,  in  Book  lii.  V.  i^t;. 

Sudorem  xt^que  &  palhrem  exidere  toto 

Corpore;  & /^iVr^/ linguam  ;  vocemque  aboriri ; 

Cdiigart  oculos  ;  Jonert  aures ;  fucciden  artus. 

•  Without  fpccifying  the  various /r^i//  of  nature,  with  which  Vil^ 
^il  has  defcribed  the  prognoftics  of  the  weather  in  his  firft  Georgic, 
£rt  ni  only  confider  with  what  energy  he  has  tnumtrated  and  pariUm^ 
faritud  the  gefiurea  and  attitudes  of  hi^  dying  Dido.  No  five  verfcs 
l^rer  contaitied  more  imagei,  or  images  more  diftinQly  exprelTed* 
"*  Ilia  gra*ues  ocuUs  conata  attoUertt  rorfus 

Dificit ;  infixam  ftridit  fub  peftore  vulnas : 
%      ^er  fefe  atioUns^  cubittqut  innixa  levavit. 

Tor  revoluta  ior9  eft  :  9culi/qui  trramtihus^  alto        ' 

Quaeiivit  caelo  lucem,  imgemMttqut  reperta  f 

The  *wdrds  of  Virgil  have  here  painted  the  dying  lyxdo^  Zip^wtrfitllj 
ai  the  pencil  of  Reynolds  has  done,  when  (he  is  juft  dead. 

*■  But  none  of  the  Roman  writers  has  di(played  a  greater  force  and 
vjgour  of  imagination  than  Tacitus  ;  who  was  in  truth  a grtmt ptt. 
With  what  an  aiTemblage  of  mallerly  iirokes  has  he  exhibited  the  dif* 
uefs  of  the  Roman  army  under  Cacina,  in  the  firft  book  of  the  An- 
»a)s!  Nox  per  diverfa  inquies  ;  cum  barbari  feftis  epulis,  l^eto  cantu^ 
ant  iruci  fonore,  fubjefla  vallium  ac  refuttantes  faltns,  complcrenti 
Apud  Romanos,  in^validi  ignes,  intirrupti^  voces,  atqne  ipfi  pafiim 
mdjactrtnt  vallo,  oherrartnt  tentoriis,  infomnes  magis  quam  pervigiles, 
iliicemqoe  terruit  dira  quigu  And  what  a  fpeftre  he  then  imme- 
diately calls  up,  in  the  ftyle  of  Michae.l  Angelo  1  Nam  Quintilium 
Varom,  /anguine  oblitum,  Sc  paludibus  emerjum^  cernere  8c  audire  vifua 
tip  veiat  vecanum,  non  tamen  eb/ecutus,  Sc  manum  intendentis  repu- 
liffe. 

'  A  celebrated  foreigner,  the  Count  Algarotti,  has  paiTed^  the  foU 
lowing  cenfure  on  our  poetry,  as  deficient  in  this  reipe^. 

'*  La  pcefia  dei  popult  fetuntrionali  pare  a  me,  che,  generalmente 
parlando,  confida  pi^  di  penjteri^  che  d*  imm^gini,  fi  compiacci^  delle 
riflefiione  cq  aalmence  che  del  fentimenii :  non  fia  co^ pariic$lareggiata, 
e  plticTffca  come  e  la  noftra*  Virgilio  a  cagione  d'efempio  rappre- 
fcntando  Didune  quando  efce  alia  caccio  fa  una  tal  defcrrzione  del 
iuo  vciiimento,  che  tutti  i  ritrattifti,  leggendo  quel  paflb,  la  veftireb- 
bono  a  un  modo : 

Tandem  progreditur,  magna  (lipante  caterva, 
Sidoniam  pidlo  chtamydem  circuihdata  limbo; 
Cui  pharetra  ex  auro,  crines  nodantur  in  aurum, 
Aurea  purpuream  fubne^ii  fibuU  veftem. 

Non  cofi  il  MiLTONO  quando  defcrive  la  nnda  belleaza  di  Eva ; 

G'ace  was  in  all  her  (!ept,  heav*n  in  her  eye. 
In  every  gefture,  dignity  and  love. 

■  '  .1     ■  ■ ..  ■  ,     ^  .  Ill  I 

•Booki.  V.  21.     -^-^        f^n.iv.  688, 

Coa 


Walton'/  EJfaj  en  the  Geniu)  tiiid  tTnitfigs  of  Poff.      26^- 

Con  qaellft  parole  generale,  e  aftraiu  idee  di  grizit,  cielo,  amore*  e 
tnaella  noo  pare  a  lei  che  ognano  fi  formi  in  mcnce  una  Eva  a  pote 
faa  •  ?'• 

« 

'  It  muft  indeed  be  granted^  that  this  pa/Tage  givci  fiodiftind  and 
particalar  idea  of  the  perfon  of  Eve;  but  in  bow  many  others  hat 
Milton  drawn  his  fgrnrts^  and  expreiTcd  hit  images ^  with  tntrgy  aodi 
diftimamfs  I 

Under  a  coronet  his  flowing*hair 
In  cnrls  on  either  cheek  play*d ;  ,wiog^  he  wore 
Of  many  a  colour'd  plume  fprinkled  with  gold  ; 
His  habit  fit  for  fpeed  fuccin6t»  and  held 
Before  his  decent  ftcps  a  iilver  wand  f. 

Dire  was  the  tofllng,  deep  the  groans;  Dbspaih 

Tended  the  Tick,  buftell  from  couch  to  couch  ;  \ 

And  over  them  triumphant  Death  his  dart 

Shook*  but  delayed  to  lb  ike  |. 

From  his  (lack  hmd  the  garland,  wreathed  for  E?e» 
Down  dropr,  and  all  the  faded  rofes  (bed; 
Speechlefs  he  ftood,  and  pa]e§  ! 

Aud  Spbnc^r.  the  mafter  of  Milton,  fo  much  abounds  in  portraits 
peculiarly  marked,  and  ftrongly  created,  that  it  is  difficult  to  koo«r 
which  to  feleA  from  this  copious  magazine  of  the  moil  lively  paiot*^ 
ing.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  Shake-peare;  whofe  little  toochea 
of  nature  it  is  no  wonder  Voltairf  could  not  relifh,  who  afibrdt  sa 
example  of  this  beauty  in  bis  Henriade^  and  gives  no  proofs  of  a  //c** 
tmri/qki  famcj^  in  a  work  that  abounds  more  in  dtclamatiou,  in  moral 
and  political  refle£\ions  than  in  poetic  images ;  in  which  there  is 
Tittle  cbaraSier  and  lefs  nature^  and  in  which  the  author  himfeif  mf^ 
ftars  throughout  tht  piea,  and  is  bimfclf  tht  hero  of  his  poem. 

*  I  have  dwelc  the  longer  on  this  fubjeft,  becaufe  I  think  I  cam 
perceive  many  fymptoms,  even  among  writers  of  eminence,  of  de« 
parting  from  thefe  true  and  li^vely^  and  minute,  reprefentations  of  Na* 
ture,  and  of  dwMug  in  generalities.  To  thefe  I  oppofe  the  teftimonf 
of,  perhaps  the  molt  judicious  and  elegant  critic  among  the  ancienti* 
Procttl  dobio  qui  dicit  expugnatam  efle  civitatem,  compleflitnr  omnia 
quxconque  talis  fortuna  recipit:  fed  in  affe^us  minus  penetrat  brevia 
hie  velut  nuntius.  At  fi  aperias  hxc  quse  verbo  uno  inclufa  erant» 
apparehunt  effiifx  per  domos  ac  templa  Jlamm^,  &  rucntium  teAorom- 
fragor,  8c  ex  diverfis  clamoribus  unus  quidem  Tonus;  «//orirm  fuga 
incerta ;  alii  in  extremo  ccmplexu  fuorum  cohsrentes,  &  iofanriuin 
feminaramque  ploratus,  U  male  ufque  in  ilium  diem  fervati  fato 
fenes ;  turn  ilia  profanorum  facrorumque  direptio,  eff.tentium  prardts, 
repetentiusnque  difcurfus,  5e  e^i  ante  fuum  quifque  pra:donem  eatenati^ 
&  conata  retintre  infantem  fuum  mater,  8c  licubi  majus  lucrum  edt 
pogna  inter  viAorCt.  Licet  enim  hsec  omnia,  nt  dixi,  compledlatar 
e'verfio.  Minus  est  tambn  totum  dicbrb  quam  omnia  {]. 


<mm 


•i; 


*  See  his  works.   Leghorn,  t.  8.         '   f  Par.  Lod,  B.  iii.  V.  C40. 
X  ^'Xi.  V.  489.  S  B.  ix.  V.  892.  II  QuiNi  iLiAK. 

lib.  viii*  cap.  3. 

Not- 


VfO     Wtrton'/  Effay  9H  the  Geniui  and  IFritings  ofPopii 

Notvrithftanding  the  principles  that  are  here  laid  down^  aikt 
which,  indeed,  ^are  incontrovertible,  fome  caution  is  neceflary 
againft  carrying  them  too  far  \  *^  great  efFeds,"  according  to  the 
oDfervation  of  an  ingenious  writer,  *'  not  being  produced  by 
minute  details,  but  by  the  general  fpirit  of  the  whole  piece  *." 
And  it  will  admit  of  a  doubt,  whether  minute  reprefentations  of 
Nature,  though  they  are  the  foul  of  defcriptivc  poetry,  and  add 
to  and  enliven  the  tender  impreffions  of  the  pathetic,  may  not 
wtaken  the  force  of  the  fublime. 

To  regulate  the  fcale  by  which  the  comparative  merit  of  poe'i* 
tical  pretentions  is  to  be  eftimated,  is  one  of  the  moft  difficult 
undertakings  of  criticifm  :  fomething  of  this  kind  is,  however^ 
attempted,  and  not  unfuccefsfutly,  in  the  concluding  pages  of 
this  work,  in  which  the  poetical  qualifications  of  Pope  are  as 
candidly  examined,  as  they  are  judicioufly  difcriminated  : 

*  Thus  have  *wi\  Indeavoored  to  give  a  critical  accoont,  with 
fircedoin, '  hot  it  is  hoped  with  impartialtty,  of  each  of  Pope's 
works ;  by  which  review  it  will  appear,  that  the  largtfi  portion  of 
them  is  of  the  did^aic^  morah  and  Jatyric  kind  ;  aod  coofeqoently, 
mot  of  the  moft  fottic  fpecies  of  poetry  ;  wheoce  it  is  roanifeft,  that 
^oid/iHjk  and  judgmtnt  were  his  chara^eriftica!  excellencies,  rather 
nhwti/aMcj  and  iM^entiea ;  not  that  the  author  of  the  Rapi  9/  tbi  Lock, 
and  Elei/a,  can  be  thought  to  w^iot  imagination^  but  becaofe  his  imm* 
^iMotiom  was  not  his  predominant  tstlent,  becaufe  he  indulsed  it  noc« 
and  becaufe  be  gave  not  fo  foany  proofs  of  tJbis  talent  as  of  the  sthif. 
This  torn  of  miad  led  him  to  admire  French  models;  he  flndied 
BoHiau  attentively;  formed  himfcif  upon  him,  as  Milton  formed  him^ 
lelf  upon  the  Grecian  and  Italian  fons  oi  Fancy,  He  gradually  be« 
cane  one  of  the  mod  corre^,  even,  and  txadl  poets  that  ever  wrote  | 
poliihing  his  pieces  with  a  care  and  afCduity,  that  no  bufincfs  or  avo- 
cation ever  interrupted :  fo  that  if  he  docs  not  frequently  raviih  and 
tranfport  his  reader,  yet  be  does  not  difguft  him  with  unexpected  in- 
equalities, and  abfurd  improprieties.  Whatever  poetical  enthufiafot 
l^e  aftnally  pofleiTed,  he  with hf  id  and  (liBed*  The  perufal  of  him 
afiefts  not  our  minds  with  fuch  Hrong  emotions  as  we  feel  from  Honuf 
and  MiltQn ;  fo  that  no  man  of  a  true  poetical  fpirit  is  maftir  o/bim^ 
JilfnvhiU  bt  reads  them.  Hence,  he  is  a  writer  fit  for  univerfal  per-« 
nial;  adapted  to  all  ages  and  ftations ;  for  the  old  and  for  the  young; 
the  man  of  bufinefs  and  the  fcholar.  He  who  would  think  PalamoM 
and  Artite,  the  Temptjl  or  Comus^  childiih  and  romantic^  might  re* 
lifli  Pope.  Surely  it  is  no  narrow  and  niggardly  encomium  to  fay, 
he  b  the  great  Poet  of  Rcafon,  the  Fir^  of  Ethleal  authors  in  verfe* 
»i  .1  '  .        ■  II.- — ~    « 

^  See  Jones%  admirable  Eflay  on  the  Arts  commonly  called  Imtta> 
tive,  printed  at  the  end  of  the  volume  of  his  Englifli  Poems* 
.  f  Wby<w#?  Dr.  W.  do^  not  appear  to  have  an  aflbciate.  T0 
avoid  an  egotifm>  by  uiing  the  plural  number,  is  a  method  as  clnmfy 
as  it  is  abfnrd.  Second'-rate  authors  are  mnch  given  to  this  filly  af* 
fetation  of  modefty ;  in  which,  it  is  to  be  feared,  the  example  af  fitd| 
a  writer  as  Dr.  W.  will  help  to  con£xtt  them* 


TuckrrV  Cut  B$n$  f  tjt 

Aod  this  fpccies  of  writing  if,  after  a]l»  the  fartft  road  to  an  extea* 
five  reputation.  It  lies  more  level  to  the  general  capacitiet  of  men^ 
than  the  higher  flights  of  more  genuine  poetry.  We  all  remember 
when  even  a  Cburcbili  was  more  in  vogue  than  a  Grmu  He  that 
treats  of  fafhionable  follies,  and  the  topics  of  the  ity^  that  deicribea 
prefent  perfons  and  recent  events,  finds  many  readers,  whofe  nnder- 
ftandings  and  whofe  paflions  he  gratifies.  The  name  of  OheJhrfoU 
on  one  hand,  and  of  fVstlpoU  on  the  other,  failed  not  to  make  n  poea 
bought  up  and  calked  of.  And  it  cannot  be  doubted^  that  the  Odea 
of  Horace  which  celebrated,  and  the  iatires  which  ridiculed,  well- 
known  and  real  charaders  at  Rome,  were  more  eagerly  read,  and 
more  frequently  cited,  than  theiEneid  and  the  Georgic  of  Vii;^!. 

'  i^'hert  then,  according  to  the  queilion  prooofed  at  the  htginninf  9f 
ikii  Effaj,  (hall  we  with  iuilice  be  authorized  to  place  our  admired 
PoPB  f  Not,  afiiiredly,  in  the  fame  rank  with  Sptnctr^  Shaki/piore^ 
and  MilioH ;  however  juftly  we  may  applaud  the  Elot/a  and  Ri^  of 
the  L9ck ;  but,  confidering  the  correftneft,  elegance,  and  utility  of 
kit  works,  the  weight  of  A^ntiment,  and  the  knowledge  of  man  they 
contain,  we  may  venture  to  affign  him  a  place,  mxt  to  Milton^  and 
Jmft  above  Drydtm,  Yet,  to  bring  our  minds  fietdily  to  make  this  de* 
c^oa,  we  moil  forget,  for  a  moment,  the  divine  Mufic  Odi  of  Drj^ 
dtu ;  and  may  perhaps  then  be  compelled  to  confeis,  that  thougk 
Orydin  be  the  greater  genius,  yet  Pope  is  the  better  artift* 

*  The  preference  here  given  to  Popb,  above  other  modern  EngUlh 
poets,  it  moll  be  remembered,  is  foufided  on  the  excellencies  of  hia 
works  in  gemraif  and  taken  all  toztther\  for  there  are  paru  and  pn/^ 
Juget  in  other  modem  authors,  in  Young  and  in  ThcmfoHi  for  inftance^ 
eqaal  to  any  of  Pope ;  and  he  has  written  nothing  in  a  drain  fo  tiuly 
faDlime^  at  the  Bard  of  Gra^' 

Before  we  difmifs  this  Article,  it  muft  be  obferved,  that  Dr« 
Warton,  though  often  happy  in  the  metaphors  and  analogical 
illuftrations  which  he  borrows  from  painting,  introduces  then 
with  a  frequency,  not  to  fay  afFe^tation^  that  favours  too  much 
of  the  pedantry  of  connoilTeurfliip.  His  ftyle,  though  clear  and 
fpirited,  will  poffibly,  to  the  faftldious  critic,  appear  in  many 
ioftances  (to  ufe  an  expreflion  of  bis  own)  too  familiar  and  gfif" 
/Sping*  And  the  rambling,  defultory  manner  in  which  he  di* 
gre&s  into  fubje6ls  of  general  criticifm,  (hould  have  pointed  out 
to  him  the  neceffity  of  an  Index. 

It  muft  not  be  inferred,  that  by  hinting  at  fuch  trivial  defi- 
ciencies, we  wifli  to  detradt  from  the  merit  of  a  work  abounding 
with  information,  learning,  and  juft  principles  of  taftc.        C^^t^if  • 

AaT,  VI.     Cni  bono?  or^  an  Inquiry,  what  Benefits  can  arife  either 
to  the  GngliOi  or  the  Aoiericansy  the  French,  Spaniards,  or  Dutch, 

{rom  the  gicated  Victories,  or  SoccefTes,  in  the  prefent  War  f 
leing  a  Series  of  Letters,  addreifed  to  MonHeur  Necker,  lace  Con«> 
troUer  General  of  the  binances  of  France.  By  Jofiah  Tucker, 
D.  D.  Dean  of  Glocefter.     8vo.     as.     Cadell.     1782. 

THE  principal  delign  of  this  publication  is  to  prove,  that 
whichever  way  the  prefent  unhappy  war  may  serminnte, 
2  na 


itft  tucktt*s  Cut  Bono  ? 

tio  party  will  be  a  gainer  bj  it.    With  refped  to  the  European 
powers,  the  Author's  opinion  may,  in  all  probability,  be  right : 
for  even  fuppofing  (what  the  Dean  by  no  means  will  admit) 
that  every  commercial  advantage  is  to  be  reaped  by  the  power 
that  may  be  fucceffful ;  yet  what  commercial  advantages  can  be 
(lut  in  the  fcale  to  counterbalance  that  efftifion  of  human  blood 
which  a  war,  like  this  we  are  engaged  in,  muft  occaiion  i   The 
fiime  reafoning  which  is  applied  to  the  European  powers,  will- 
not,  however,  extend  to  America.     Though  (he,   no  doubt, 
may  have  formed,  and  not  unjuftly,  very  flattering  expectations 
of  commercial   advantages;    yet  thefe,    however  great,    are, 
in  her  eftimation,  perhaps,  but  fecondary  confiderations :  her 
views  are  profefledly  extended  to  a  nobler  objt£l,  the  eftablifii« 
ment  of  that  equal  freedom,  which,  as  it  is  the  birthright  of  all, 
fo  it  is  the  duty  of  all  to  ailert.     This  is  an  objeCl  of  fuch  mag- 
nitude, that,  compared  to  it,  the  temporary  calamities  of  war  are 
but  as  the  dud  of  the  balance.     How  far  her  ideas  on  this  fub^ 
jt6t  are  juft  or  erroneous,  this  is  not  the  place  to  enquire:  fuf« 
iice  it,  that  (he  herfelf  is  perfuaded  of  the  jufticeof  hercaufe,* 
and  then  victory  muft  to  her  appear  as  the  moft  fortunate  of 
human  events.     But  thefe  anticipations  of  happinefs  and  free- 
dom are,  fays  this  reverend  politician,  vifiooary  smd  delufive. 
No  fopner,  he  tells  us,  will  the  Americans  have  eftabli(hed  their 
independency  on  the  parent  ftate,  than  they  will  be  enflaved  by 
their  prefent  rulers,  the  Members  of  Congrefs,  who  will  go- 
vern them  with  a  rod  of  iron.     The  moment  they  are  at  peace 
with  England,  they  will  quarrel  among  themfelves ;  and,  with 
the  fury  of  fami(hed  wolves,  they  will  endeavour  to  tear  eadi 
other  in  pieces.   Nay  farther:  in  thecourfeof  afewyears,  thofe, 
whom  by  their  violence  or  their  crimes  they  had  compelled  to 
migrate  into  the  interior  parts  of  the  continent,  will,  after  the 
manner  of  the  Afiatic  and  European  Tartars,  invade  them  with 
a  numerous  and  irrififlible  body  of  cavalry  !  ! !    With  refped  to 
trade,  their  fituation  will  be  ftill  more  deplorable — but  it  wduM 
encroach  too  much  upon  ours,  and  the  readers  time,  were  we 
to  follow  this  reverend  fortune-teller  through  the  whole  of  his 
malignant  prophecy;  in  which  oiir  American  brethren  (for  fuch 
we  hope  ftill  to  call  them]  are  fcarcely  treated  with  Chriftian 
eh^  ity :  as  a  nation,  thev  are  reprefented  as^  cruel,  perfidious, 
and  unjuft ;  as  individuals,  little  better  than  rafcals  and  Olarp- 
ers.     It  muft  be  obfervcd,  however,  that  the  Dean  has  had  fo 
much  art,  not  to  fay  decency,  as  to  contrive  for  ^he  fputterings 
of  his  exafperated  venom  not  to  come  immediately  from  his  own 
mouth,  but  from  that  of  a  patriotic  American  orator,  who,  he 
fuppofes,  will  on  fome  future  occaflon  make  ufe  of  an  harangue 
fuch  as  this  which  he  has  given  him.    His  plan  for  a  gencr^il  pa* 
cification,  which  is  the  fubjeft  of  bis  laft  letter,  and  which  has 

been 


fceco  retailed  in  mod  of  the  news-papers,  is  too  chimerical  ta 
ifeerit  attention.  ^    ^  4k 

■■  ■    ■  11  'I        ■  ■  -I-  * 

AitT.  VIL  Ah  Ejffay  coHcerning  thi  Profrisijf  mnd  iht  tiMnmr  §/  cul* 
ti^uatifigt  if  Cbidrtn  and  Ttnth,  m  Difptfititi  U,  mnJ  cf  in/firing 
them  <witb  an  Inelinathn  for^  any  particular  Ofia,  Pr9feffi9mt  Tradt^ 
or  EmfUymiMt,  *wbicb  Partmti  may  think  pnptr  f  laakt  CAtiee  rffit 
tbem,  hy  William  Petcmaiiy  of  Sandwich,  in  Kent.  lano.  ai« 
iewed.     Law.     1781. 

WE  know  not  but  this  Author  may  be  right  in  th6  fuppo« 
fition,  that  greater  ftrefs  is  frequently  laid  on  confult- 
ing  the  inclination  of  children  and  youth,  as  to  their  future 
employment  in  life,  than  truth  and  reafon  Will  fupport  and  jufti- 
fj.  Some  attention  it  may  be  right  to  pay  to  fuch  choice;  but, 
at  that  early  fcafon,  youth,  unleTs  in  fome  few  excepted  cafes^ 
are  but  little  qualified  to  determine  on  fo  important  a  pdint.  This 
Writer's  opinion  may  be  colle^d  from  what  follows :  *  At  fo  early 
an  age,  he  fays,  as  would  be  requifite  for  the  parent  to  make  a 
final  determination,  the  efforts  of  genius  can  but  be  few  and 
trifling,  and  confequently  not  much  to  be  regarded  or  depended 
on.  And  if  it  really  does  fo  happen,  ^*  that  many  a  man  runs 
bis  head  againft  a  pulpit,  who  might  have  done  his  country  ex- 
cellent fervice  at  a  plough-tail  V'  ^^  ^^  >P  ^^  probability  owing 
much  more  to  a  want  of  induftry,  inclination,  and  ftudy,  in  his 
profeffion,  than  to  any  real  deficiency  of  mind^  or  want  of  ge- 
nius.' 

Further,  it  is  obferved,  in  another  place, — *  an  attachment  to 
the  genius  of  children,  does  not  appear  to  be  attntdid  with  all 
thofe  advantages,  which  are,  in  general,  fuppofed  to  accrue  there* 
fhm.  It  being  well  known,  that  the  labours  of  thofe  who  pur« 
fue  what  their  genius  diftates,  are  feldom  attended  with  profit* 
Very  rarely  indeed  do  they  raife  a  man  one  degree  above  me* 
diocrity.  very  frequently  do  they  render  him  obnoxious  to  in* 
tonveniencies  and  embarrafiments,  from  which  he  is  unable  to 
extricate  himfelf.'  Again  it  is  remarked,  *  The  onlv  teft  of 
genius  is  invention.  Imitation,  as  it  refembles,  fo  alk>  may  ic 
bt  miftaken  for  genius,  but  in  reality  it  makes  no  part  thereof^ 
JlLt  who  has  nothing  to  boaft  of  but  what  he  has  received  from 
others,  has  difcovered  no  figns  of  genius.  He,  therefore,  who 
waits  tod ifpofe  of  his  children  according  to  their  genius,  may 
perhaps  leave  them  finally  undifpofed  of.  A  capacity  to  receive^ 
retain,  and  underftand  any  in£bru&ions  that  may  be  given,  is, 
too  frequently,''ttiiftaken  for  genius.  An  intenfe  application  of 
mind  is  no  lefs  frequently  miftaken  by  the  fuperficial  ohferver, 

^  Dr.  Soaih. 

Rsv.  April  178a.  T  for 


174  Pfttman^/  EJfay  on  Cultivating  Youthj  tec: 

for  duincfs.— Labour  and  diligence,  will  provide  a  man  with 
^oofd^aM  raiment ;  and  induftry,  application,  and  perfeverance, 
"will  furni(k  the  mind  with  learning  «nd  knowledge  :   fo  that  he 
who  wants  genius  may  want  neither  of  thefe.     This  is  a  com- 
fortable ^eflefl  ion,  and  will,  *in  many  refpefts,  amply  compen- 
fate  for  the  want  of  genius. — Ability  is  equally  neceflary  in 
every  line  of  life.     Nor  are  we  to  fuppofe  that  men  in  general 
are  (6  defiitute  of  ability  as  they  may  appear  to  be.     When  a 
man,  by  purfuing  the  drift  of  his  own  inclinations,  or  by  an  ha- 
bitual lev4ty  of  difpofition,  negleds  the  duties  of  bis  calling,  to 
employ  his  talents  on  matters  foreign  to  the  proper  bunnefs 
thereof,  the  eiFeAs  of  fucK  mifc'ondu^  are  frequently  attributed 
to  the  want  of  ability.     Whereas,  had  he  but  made  his  inclina- 
tions fubfervient  to  his  knowledge  and  his  duty,  he  might  have 
pafied  without  exception  for  a  man  poflefled  of  very  competent 
abilities :   our  notion  of  ability  being  generally  formed  from 
the  knowledge  which  a  man  appears  to  have  of  the  bufincis, 
profeffion,  or  calling,  which  he  takes  on  him  to  follow.     And 
indeed,  a  man's  ability  is  founded  in  the  proper  application  of 
his  knowledge  in  the  difcharge  of  his  refpedive  duties  :  it  being 
the  union  of  knowledge,  with  pra£iice,  that  conftitutes  ability. 
And  fuch  are  the  abilities  of  children,  that,  at  beft,  they  are 
j^ut  lame  and  deceitful  guides,  and  fuch  as  will  afford  but  little, 
if  any  adiftance  to  the  fcrupulous  parent ;  becaufe  in  thofe  early 
days,  it  is  impofUble  for  him  to  form  an  adequate  judgment  of 
what  they  may  be,  by  what  they  then  are  capable  of.     The  pa- 
rent therefore  muft  follow  the  didlates  of  common  fenfe  and 
prudence  in  the  difpofal  of  his  child,  and  leave  the  refult  to  Pro- 
vidence/ 

From  thefe  extrads  the  Reader  may  form  fome  judgment  con- 
cerning this  work.  L«t  us  add  the  following  paflages ;  *  In  a 
word,  the  want  of  genius  is  feldom  to  be  regretted  in  any  courfe 
of  lift*,  where  inclination  excites  a  man  to  be  diligent  in  the  dif- 
charge of  his  duty.  And  inclination  will  feldom,  if  ever,  be 
wanting  in  any  courfe  of  life,  if  proper  means  have  but  been 
made  uie  of  by  the  parent,  to  beget  and  fecure  it  in  the  child/ 
1'his  is  the  point  which  our  Author  has  principally  in  view. 

*  Our  notions,  fays  he,  of  education  are  too  frequently  con- 
fined to  the  learning  and  knowledge  that  is  acquired  at  fchool. 
This,  however,  is  but  a  part  of  education.  It  is  that  part 
only  which  tends  to  quality  youth  for  fome  future  occupation. 
The  moft  important  one,  that  of  infpiring  them  with  a  love  of 
feme  oi\e  particular  profeffion,  office,  or  trade,  4)as,  perhaps, 
hitlieno  been  but  little  thought  on,  if  not  totally  negleded.  A 
want  QL.Sil£.Ot*'pn  this,  that  jDOthlng  can  juftify,  fo  long  asman 
is  cjpublc  oi  awti;i^  NViih  deliberation  and  dcllgn.' 

From 


■  .        ■  ... 

Ifloyd'i  Hlftory  tf  tht  War  in  Germanf.  ajf^ 

.  Fi'om  confideratioos  of  this  and  the  like  kind,,  this  Writer 
proceeds  *  to  point  out  the  mod  cfteSiual  means  of  eftablithing 
an  early  and  a  perpianent  influence  over  thepafSons  and  inclina- 
tions of  children,  in  order  to  fecMre  their  actachhfient  to  fbch 
purfuits  as  they  are  intended  fur,'  which  puriuits,  he  recomi 
l&ends^  to  propofe  to  them  as  foon  as  poffible,  as  the  worthy 
oh|e£l  of  their  more  particular  regard. 

.  The  love  of  praife  is  a  principk,  for  the  cultivation  of  which 
Mr.  Pettman  ^ya^mly  pleads ;  flrongly  urging  the  parent  t6  aim 
at  exciting  a  fpirit  of  emulation  in  the  youthful  bofom.  In  a 
degree  this  is  certainly  proper,  out  there  may  be  an  excefs  whicH 
will  be  followed  by  pernicious  confequehces.  A  defire  to  exi:el 
IS  laudable,  if  it  means  a  defire  of  making  every  poffible  im- 
provement in  the  particular  employment  to  which  perfons  are 
called:  a  mere  defire  of  excelling  others  may  be  accompanied 
with  hurtful  paflions  \  and  when  a  youth  attains  thfe  end,  hist 
seal  for  farther  improvement  may  droop,  till  be  finks  into  He- 
gli^nce  and.  inac^vity. 

On  the  whole,  the.fubje£l  of  this  little  volume  muft  be  ac- 
knowledged of  great  importance.  The  Writer's  refle<Stions  are 
feofible  and  pertinent  |  though  he  is  at  times  rather  difFufe,  and 
does  not  give  much  attention  to  ftyle.  Parents  and  goard- 
ians,  and  youth  too,  may  reap  benefit  from  duly  conflderiiig 
what  he  offers  to  their  refledion.  He  laments,  and  it  is  to  be 
lamented,  that  the  early  modes  of  education,  both  at  home  and 
at  fchools,  are  not  feldom  unfavourable  to  thofe  fituations  in 
which  youth  arc  likely  to  be  afterwards  placed  :  too  frequently 
they  are  fuch  as  tend  to  .divert  young  minds  from,  or  raife  then! 
above,  thofe  occupations  and  purfuits  to  which,  by  circumftances 
and  ftation,  they  are  naturally  and  properly  directed.  Tob  often 
an  indifpofition  to  fuitable  employments,  and  a  fancied  fupe- 
riority  of  genius,  are  nothing  more  than  a  love  for  indolence,  ex- 
travagance and  pleafure.  It  will  be  happy  if  this,  or  any  cthftt 
publication,  may  be  a  means  of  correcting  fuch  «yils.       u 

Art.  VIII.  Gtneral  Lloyd's  Cv/tHnuMion  tf  tht  Hiftwy  tf  the  War  ik 
Germany.  410.  i  1.  68.  6d.  Boards.  With  the  iVIaps  coloured, 
1 1.  13  s.     Hooper. 

AFTER  waiting  feveral  years,  with  fomc  degree  df  impa- 
tience, for  the  profccution  of  this  much  approved  hiflory^ 
we  are  at  length  favoured  with  a  volume,  which  is  rather  an 
mterrupilon  than  a  coht'tnuaiion  Cf  the  work,  as  fpecified  in  the 
:itle,  and  prom i fed  in  a  former  part  *•  We  have  here,  in  the 
iiiddle  of  the  war,  a  volume  of  fpeculations  or  theories  on  the 

*  SecRtv.  Vol.  XXKV.  Aogaft  1766, 

T  2  Tlvf 


1)6  Ueji*s  Hiftorj  §f  the  War  hi  Gemumfm 

art  in  gentral,  without  a  word  more  at  yet  of  the  promifed  hif- 

This  might  have  pafled  very  well,  and  thefe  fpeculation$ 
Would  have  been  read  with  pleafure  at  the  beginning  or  end  of 
fuch  a  treatife ;  but  now  they  rather  produce  difappointment, 
put  us  out  of  humour,  and  make  us  fo  mueh  the  readier  to  find 
fault,  and  join  the  cry  againft  the  arts  of  book^makins  or  au* 
thor-craft,  which,  when  taken  up  as  a  trade,  we  fhoufd  think 
unworthy  the  exertions  of  fo  reputable  an  officer,  unlefs  forced 
to  it  by  '  dire  neceffity,*  which  would  indeed  be  a  very  ftriking 
eammple  of  the  bad  fortune  of  great  abilities,  and  of  the  ingra- 
titude and  illiberality  of  the  many  princes  whom  the  General^ 
aa  we  learn,  has  ferved  with  great  fucccfs  and  reputation* 

We  are  forry  to  fee  in  this  volume  fo  many  of  thofe  ideaSy 
which  may  now  be  ftiled  military  common*place,  joined  with 
what  is  obvioufly  the  refult  of  long  experience,  deep  refloAion, 
and  real  genius ;— together  with  fome  controverted  and  almoft 
exploded  opinions,  mingled  with,  the  beft  and  moft  evident  prin- 
ciples of  the  art.  We  hope  aU  this  was  not  fo  contrived,  as  in 
many  other  works,  merely  for  the  purpofe  of  fwelling  the  vo* 
lume,  or  making  an  additional  one ;  nor  ihall  we  mend  the  mat- 
ter much  by  fuppofing  this  a  manoeuvre,  forming  a  part  of  A>me 
other  defign.  If  the  General's  talents,  and  thofe  of  many 
others,  are  not  employed  as  they  ought  to  be,  it  is  evidently  not 
i^fficient  for  a  nation  to  poflefs  men  of  the  greateft  knowledge 
and  virtue,  if  without  a  head,  or  method,  fit  to  place,  employ^ 
and  dired  fuch  members. 

Our  Author  fets  out  with  a  long  preface,  which  he  had  pub- 
nihed  before,  to  the  firft  volume ;  and  ends  by  riiking  fome 
iiafty  opinions  on  the  war  in  America— though  he  has  never 
Veen  there,  and  has  formed  his  notions  of  it  lb  dogmatically 
and  inconsiderately,  that  we  fancy  they  will  be  ridiculed  by 
the  officers  who  have  ferved  in  that  part  of  the  world.  This 
Wi|f|ifi|t  aAing  like  a  cautious  General  ;  and  his  chufing  a  line 
of  operations  (as  he  ftiles  it),  or  of  penetration  from  Bofton 
Streight  to  Albany,  inftead  of  fome  navig»ble  river,  &c.  was 
incompatible  with  his  own  rules,  which  direA  to  the  (horteft, 
eafieft,  and  fafeft  lines,  &c. — Permitting  even  one  fuch  careleb 
idea  to  flip  into  a  work,  may  do  it  more  injury  than  the  Author 
ia  perhaps  aware  of« 

Thus,  having  vented  fome  of  our  ill-^humour,  after  farther 
perufal  and  candid  reflection,  wc  begin  to  difcover  in  this  vo« 
lume  very  conficterable  merit;  much  good  fenfe,  real  experi- 
ence, and  folid  judg  ent^— juft  and  great  principles,  fueh  aa 
fona  induhicahk.  m4rks  of  xy^i.  miliiary  genius.  Though  few 
may  at  firft  be  difpoied  to  (c<ucli  lor  thefe  treafurcs,  wc  fancy 

that 


Att  Aich  will  be  nearly  the  progreffive  fentiments  of  moft  of  his 
military  readers,  who  have  ftudied  their  profeffipn. 

It  ihoald  be  confidered  that  no  work  can  be  of  equal  merit 
throughout ;  that  many  good  heads  have  been  lately  employed 
nearly  in  the  fame  way ;  that  we  muft  therefore  often  meet 
With  the  (ame  or  fimilar  ideas ;  and  that  it  was  not  to  be  ex- 
fi^Bttd  that  our  Guifchards,  Mczeroys,  Guiberts,  Lloyds,  &c« 
cmild  keep  quite  clear  of  each  other,  while  fleering  fo  nearly 
in  the  fame  courfe.    Some  repetition,  common-place^  &c*  muft 
ever  be  tolerated ; — we  (bould  recoiled  that  men  were  pro- 
bably born  to  differ  as  much  as  to  agree;  and  that  through 
the  great  varieties  of  opinion,  lies  the  way  to  truth.     Thoueh 
we  may  not  adopt  all  the  opinions  of  our  Author,  either  m 
politics,  roetaphyfics,  morality,  religion,  &c.  (for  he  touches  on 
all  fubje£ls),  yet  it  were  well  if  we  could  profit  by  fome  of 
his  excellent  leflbns,  and  learn  from  fuch  refpe^abh  becaufe 
frmSiical  authority. 

There  certainly  never  was  an  age  that  furnilhed  more  in« 
ftrudion,  of  every  kind,  or  a  greater  abundance  of  writers  on 
every  fubjed,  than  this : — but  whether  we  are  proportionablv 
improved  in  condud  and  virtue,  is,  we  think,  at  leaft  doubtful* 
Though  knowledge  and  virtue  are  not  natural  enemies,  we  fee 
they  are  not  infeparable  friends,  as  many  have  fuppofed.  We 
have  reafon  to  fufped,  that  the  number  of  socd  Generals  does 
sot  increafe  in  proportion  to  that  of  the  military  authors,  and 
that  the  age  of  fine  writing  is  not  Infallibly  that  of  the  moffc 
virtue,  and  heroic  adion.  There  were  probably  many  great 
poets  before  Homer ;  and  before  Ariflotle  and  Plato,  as  great  and 
ufeful  philofophers  as  either  of  them,  though  perhaps  they  could 
BOt  write  fo  welL  The  men  who  have  done  the  greateil  and 
beft  things,  have  feldom  been  able  to  write  an  account  of 
them. 

We  fee  that  the  general  charaflcr  and  merits  of  the  indivi- 
duals that  compofe  a  nation  may  be  of  one  kind,  and  that  of 
its  government  of  quite  another.  Numberlefs  fenfible  and 
learned  volumes  may  be  written  on  war,  policy,  and  govern- 
ment, while  all  are  very  badly  conduced. — As  our  Author  ob- 
ferves,  a  bad  government  dcflroys  the  refources  of  the  moft 
Powerful  kingdoms. 

The  fudden  rife,  and  more  fudden'decline  of  this  nation,  amidft 
fuch  ftores  of  knowledge,  arts,  fcience,  and  tafle,  may  form  an 
iiftance,  equally  new  and  flriking,  of  the  truth  and  application 
3f  thefe  obfervations,  and  of  our  being,  with  all  our  learning, 
till  ignorant  of,  or  unable  to  reduce  to  pra(9i(e,  the  principles 
Ml  which  national  ftrength  and  profperity  depend  ;  and  theex* 
imple  may  give  rife  to  new  opinions  on  thofe  fubje^ls,  which  may 
aft  till  driven  out  by  others  taken  from  other  events. — Such  is 

T  3  the 


ayS  Lloyd'x  Hijiorj  of  the  War  in  Oernumji. 

the  progreflioi)  of  human  wifdom  and  error !  and  our  greateft 
#nd  beft  efForts  muft  probably  ev^r  have  a  mixture  of  both. 
put  it  Qiould  be  engravca  in  the  heart  of  every  (Vatefman,  that 
falfc  principles  can  never  be  adopted  vf'ith  impunity  :  fuch  is  the 
eternal  mpfa}  connexion  pf  things.  The  caufe  once  given, 
tne  efi^4^  fnuft  follov^.  At  leaft  half  the  miferies  of  the  world 
liavc  been  owing  to  errors  in  government  and  policy  : — both  thp 

food  and  bad  principles,  the  right  and  wrong,  go  farther,  and  pro* 
uce  more  confequcnces,  than  the  wifeft  could  ever  yet  forefcc. 
ISrrors  and  abufes  hang  together  like  falfehocds,  as  in  a  chain ; 
one  lie  qVeatcp  3  nrcefRty  for  more  :  nay  the  confequences  of 
fvcn  one  may  be  a!mo(l  infinite.  Men  may  be  thoufands  of 
years  in  difcoyeripg  their  error,  and  then  flying  to  the  ether  cx- 
freme,  niay  continue  vibrating  foi-  many  ages  between  oppofitc 
crrofs  and  extremes.  Nations  may  repeatedly  fmk  and  revive, 
before  they  difcover  or  fettle  oh  truth:  and  the  people  who, 
^itb  their  pyes  open,  permit  blundering  fiatefmen  to  lead  theip 
l^e  known  way  to  ruin,  and  cannot  be  perfuaded  to  adopt  any 
eflFeftual  remedy  or  preventative,  arc  probably  too  far  gone,  arid 
Iiot  to  be  favcd,  nor  worth  laving.  Perhaps  they  mud  fmk  on 
to  fope  period,  where  they  may  be  either  again  reftbred  or  wound 
up  by  fome  violent  revolution,  or  failmg  in  the  attempt,  plunge 
fiill  deeper  into  flavery,  and  become  a  province  of  fome  neigh- 
t?ouring  power. 

Wc  are  naturally  led  to  fuch  reflexions  by  our  ingenious 
Author,  who  treats  thefc  and  other  fubjefts,  connedlcd  with  wa^ 
;^nd  policy,  in  a  mafterly  manner. 

This  volume  confifts  of  five  parts,  each  divided  into  chapters, 
|)cfidcs  the  former  preface,  i.  Of  the  compofition  of  armies* 
g.  The  philofophy  of  war.  3.  Of  the  diflerent  fpccies  of  go- 
vernments, and  their  nulitary  charadlers.  4.  Mifcellaneous ; 
And,  5.  Of  the  frontiers  of  the  different  nations  of  Europe. 

In  the  (hort  fpace  fince  the  invention  of  gun-powder,  and 
£nce  the  moderns  began  to  ftudy  the  ancients,  mure  alterations 
and  iofiprovcments  have  bej?n  introduced  into  the  art  of  war,  as 
well  as  many  other  arts,  than  during  perhaps  jooo  years  before. 
Mod  of  our  diftinguifheci  generals  have  agreed  in  recommend- 
ing feme  things  which  have  not  yet  been  adopted,  nor  fairly 
jriecj.  lyiany  have  confidertd  (he  prefent  almoft  entire  depend- 
ance  on  fire  arms,  and  long  thin  lines,  abandoning  the  pike 
and  all  other  arms  arid  methods,  as  rather  unfafe,  as  hafty  and 
)remature,  and  done  at  a  time  before  we  knew,  or  could  eitimate 
:hc  effedh  of  fire  arms.  Latterly,  fince  more  adequate  ideas  of 
tbefe  eflb6ls  have  beeri  acquired,  and  it  is  found  that  not  above 
one  (}jot  in  four  hundred  takes  place,  many  begin  to  regret  the 
iiifc  of  hand  weapons,  of  defenfive  armour,  and  a  thicker  order, 
ppable  of  more  weight  and  vigour  of  attack :  fometimes  by 
'     '      '  •  columns 


Lloyd*i  Hijory  of  the  War  tn  Germany.  279 

columns  or  plcfions ; — all  of  which  our  Author  joins  to  recom- 
mend. 

It  is  not  eafy  to  account  for  thefe  things  being  fo  often  re* 
commended  and  never  tried.  Use  King  of  Prujpa^  by  aiTuming 
the  lead  in  military  matters,  and  knowing  how  to  take  advantage 
of  that  fituation  under  which  other  nations  have  fo  readily  ac- 
quiefced,  has  probably  contributed  not  a  little  towards  retarding 
the  improvement  of  his  neighbours  in  the  art  of  war,  by  keep- 
ing them  employed  in  fuch  trifling  changes. — Moft  nations, 
without  the  fame  kind  of  genius  and  judgment  at  their  head, 
have  fervilely  imitated  his  inftitutions  apd  manoeuvres,  inftead 
of  forming  their  own  on  fimilar  or  national  principles ;  and 
liave  copied  indifcriminately  the  good  and  bad  :  thofe  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  his  circumftances,  with  others,  thrown  out 
perhaps  as  a  tub  to  the  whale,  purpofely  to  amufe  his  enemies, 
and  imitators  ;  and  he  has,  by  thefe  and  other  means,  fucceeded 
wonderfully  during  thefe  two  wars. 

Indeed,  without  a  monarch  of  equal  or  fimilar  genius  and  ap- 
plication, a  nation  is  perhaps  fafer  by  walking  the  plain  track 
of  imitation,  than  by  attempting  the  wide  and  pathlefs  field  of 
invention,  fubjed  to  the  perpetual  changes  of  fucceeding  com- 
manders ^.id  favourites.  No  perfon,  who  ranks  as  a  fubjedl,  is 
Jure  of  being  equal  to  the  tafk,  or  of  being  fupported  through- 
out in  making  any  great  national  changes,  efpecially  againfl 
former  habits  and  prejudices.  There  are  certain  things,  m/V/- 
tary  in  particular,  which,  once  adopted  by  one  nation,  mufl  be 
followed  by  the  reft  of  our  European  republic ;  and  fo  far  the 
imitation  of  each  other  becomes  abfolutdy  necefTary. 

Our  Author  gives  us  fome  excellent  lefTons  on  thefe,  and 
other  fubjefls,  connected  with  war :  fome  of  which  we  (hall 
endeavour  to  extracSl,  in  an  abbreviated  manner. 

He  calls  an  army  an  inftrument  which  fhould  have  the  three 
requifites  oi  Jlrengthj  agility^  and  univerfality. 

He  maintains  that  fuccefs  depends  mofl  on  the  greateft  ve- 
locity. 

He  dire£t8  to  mix  cavalry  and  infantry  in  the  line. 

Though  apartizan  forclofe  fight,  herejeds  tht  Roman  fwor J. 
But  we  think  it  will  ^probably  again  be  found  to  be  the  beft 
weapon  for  that  purpofe,  if  the  art  of  war  does  not  decline. 

He  fays,  that  difcipline  fhould  be  founded  on  national  cha- 
racter, and  not  on  fear.  The  cane  may  make  a  tolerable  Jlave^ 
but  can  never  make  a  hero* 

That  chance  has  much  more  influence  on  the  events  of  bat- 
tles than  human  prudence. 

That  moft  engineers  know  only  what  they  have  been  taught, 
whereas  their  art  fhould  depend  on  the  nature  and  face  of  coun* 
Cries,  which  arc  infinitely  varied. 

T4  He 


%Zo  LloydV  Hlfi&rj  rf  thi  War  in  Gtrmanj. 

He  recommends  firing  bjr  ranks,  and  the  third,  not  the  front 
rank,  to  begin— or  (bmetimes  by  files.  But  he  thinks  firing 
only  ufeful  when  they  cannot  get  at  each  other,  as  in  defenfivc 
war ; — that  the  mufquet  is  the  rcfource  of  prudence  and  weak- 
nefs ; — that  hand  weapons  are  the  arms  of  valour  and  vigour,-— 
the  one  protrafiive,  the  other  decifive.;: — that  we  (hould  have 
both  miffiie  and  hand  weapons,  if  one  cannot  be  made  to  ferve 
ts  both ; — that  wars  are/iot  now  decifive,  being  only  terminated 
by  the  want  of  means  to  go  on  ;— that  no  kingdoms,  being  over* 
turned,  the  fubjofts  alone  feel  the  calamities  of  war,  while  the 
monarch,  ignorant  of  their  miferies,  fits  down  in  peace,  and  en- 
joys his  pleafures,  regardlefs  of  the  ultimate  event,  becaufe  it 
fefdom  aneds  the  throne :  he  makes  war  to  gratify  his  own 
caprice  or  ambition,  or  that  of  a  favourite. 

Our  Author  goes  on  to  obferve,  that  the  art  of  war,  which  was 
fimple  and  decifive  with  the  ancients,  is  complicated  and  fcientific 
lunong  the  moderns } — -that  we  ftudy  camps,  pofitions,  and  lines 
snore  than  they  did; — that  our  armies  of  long  thin  lines  are  weak 
^d  inadive  \ — that  a  line  of  thirty  battalions  and  fifty  fquadrons 
being  five  or  fix  miles  long,  cannot  move  or  attack  together  :— 
^nd  that  the  order  of  three  ranks,  with  only  fire-arms,  is  de« 
fedive  in  the  three  requifites  before  mentioned. 

Only  huflars,  but  not  the  reft  of  the  cavalry,  he  would  allow 

to  have  muftets*     Velocity  is  of  fnore  importance  than  weight. 

Hence  the  Spanifli  cavalry  are  ranked  among  the  beft  in  Europe* 

He  points  out  many  defe£ls  from  our  making  the  mulket  the 

general  infirument,  and  adapting  to  it  the  formation  of  troops 

Und  orders  of  battle.     He  propofes  a  fourth  rank,  the  talleft, 

with  twelve-feet  pikes,  a  febre,  and.piftols;  all  to  have  fome 

defenfive  armour,  as  a  hat  and  cuirafs  of  bend-leather,  con- 

jicEtzA  together  with  wire  chains.     The  other  three  ranks  to 

have  a  four-feet  lance,  inftead  of  a  bayonet,  to  fix  on  the  piece* 

The  cavalry  to  have  a  feven*feet  lance,  a  four-feet  fabre, 

and  piftols.     The  drefs,  arms,  and  exercife  to  be  formed  only 

with  a  view  to  health,  and  the  purpofes  of  war* 

A  battalion  to  confift  of  4  companies  heavy  =  512;  and 
one  company  light  =:  200*    In  all  =::  7  or  800  men* 

An  aftny,  of  ^60  battalions  and  40  fquadrons  =  48,000 } 
only  one*  eighth  or  5  or  600  of  them  to  be  cavalry,  and  only 
100  foot  and  40  horfe  to  reconnoitre*  In  order  of  battle,  the 
battalions  to  be  drawn  up  with  intervals  equal  to  their  front  %  with 
4  pounders  and  7  or  8  inch  howitzers  on  their  flanks ;  with 
the  light  infantry  to  aim  and  a£k  at  liberty  before,  and  the  ca* 
valry  behind  thofe  intervals;  with  only  thirty  or  forty  12 
pounders  in  batteries  on  chofen  fituations* 

This  army  and  order  of  battle  fcem  to  have  feveral  advan* 
lips  OYCJT  the  preient,  and  to  refemblc  more  in  ftrength  and 

^divity 


lAoji*s  mjlory  of  the  War  in  Gtrmmtf.  s8t 

lAivity  that  of  the  Rdmans  :  and  fomething  of  this  kind  may 
probably  at  length  prevail,  if  Europe  and  the  art  of  war  do  not 
decline. 

When  artillery  and  cavalry  increafe  fo  as  to  keep  the  enemy 
at  a  diftance,  we  fear  it  is  too  ftrong  an  indication  tbtt  the  in* 
fantry  and  the  miliury  art  itfelf  are  on  the^iecline. 

He  fays  there  were  above  500  pieces  of  heavy  artillery  at  the 
battle  of  Prague,  and  that  they  niuft  coft  more  than  40,000 
foot. 

He  has  three  objedions  to  a  numerous  artillery,— the  ex^ 
pence;  the  number  of  horfes  ;  and  the  delays. 

To  fupport  an  army,  he  propofes  fixed  quarters  or  barrack^ 
with  land.  The  cultivation,  doathing,  &c.  to  be  done  by 
themfelves,  women,  old,  wounded,  and  children.  In  (hort, 
military  colonies,  which  we  fear  would  create  a  feparation  be- 
tween them  and  the  reft  of  the  people,  too  favourable  to  that 
power  which  ibould  command  them,  unlets  all  were  fufficientty 
mixed  to  form  only  one  obvious  intereft,  by  giving  to  all  toe 
ufe  of  arms,  and  their  turn  to  ferve  in  fuch  regiments,  quartera^ 
and  camps.  But  even  then,  without  a  variety  of  precautions^ 
whoever  commanded  them,  would  command  the  whole  natioo: 
—and  without  fome  method  of  fecuring  the  beft  poffible  com- 
manding officers  of  corps,  &c.  (perhaps  by  elefiion),  this  would 
produce  a  form  of  fociety  defpotic  and  intolerable  to  tbemCcives 
and  to  the  nation. 

He  alTerts,  that  forty  years  peace  does  not  atone  for  fix  years 

war ;  and  that  the  Ruffians,  during  their  laft  war,  raifed  above 

300,000  men,  for  an  army  which  was  not  50,000  at  the  peace. 

His  philofophy  of  war,  though  it  may  (eem  an  itk&cA  title, 

contains  many  mafterly  and  well  ftudied  obfervatioris. 

That  a  general  benevolence  and  affedion  create  fimilar  fenti-* 
Bients  in  others:— pride  is  fullen  and  difdainful, — vanity  open 
and  loquacious,  to  intemperance.— That  rewards  fliould  go  be- 
yond, and  punifliments  below  the  mark ;  for  no  man  is  infallible, 
and  errors  muft  be  forgiven. — That  adivity  is  only  exerted  during 
the  interval  between  the  time  of  wifiiing  for  and  that  of  acquir- 
ing a  thing,  and  hence  only  found  in  the  intermediate  clafies. 

We  are  not  obliged  to  adopt  all  the  fpeculative  opinions  of 
our  Author ;  and  many  will  believe,  that  other  motives  may 
aduate  men  befides  the  defire  of  pre-eminence  and  glory.  We 
cannot  reafonably  expe<^  a  great  General  to  be  equally  deep  in 
philofophy  as  in  war,  though  his  pradical  cbfervations  on  meii 
and  things  may  be  of  more  utility  than  all  the  theories  of  the 
fchools. 

He  is  juftly  furprlfed  to  find  generals  fuppofing  fear  to  be 
the  only  principle  of  a^on  in  a  foldier,  as  if  he  were  an  ani<v 

mal 


aSi  Lloyd'i  Hijlory  of  the  JVarjn  Germany^ 

mal  of  ?i  different  fpecies ;  fo^  furely  they  will  not  acknowledge 
it  as  the  motive  of  their  own  aftions  ! 

Wherever  there  is  a  ce/tainty  of  the  nobility  obtaining  the 
lewards  and  emoluments,  and  the  equal  certainty  of  not  obtain* 
ing  them  in  the  other  clafTes,  the  principles  .of  heroifm  will  be 
cxtrnguifbed  in  all. 

A  few  republics  have  produced  more  great  men  than  all 
the  monarchies  put  together.  In  one,  the  utility  of  the  whole, 
in  the  other,  the  favour  of  the  prince,  is  the  chief  objeft. 

A  foldier's  rewards  and  enjoyments  flioqld  be  (hort,  and  his 
hopes  ever  kept  alive* 

Our  wants  and  dependance  increafe  together,  and  produce  a 
voluntary  fubmifHon  to  thofc  who  can  gratify  them  ;  but  when 
no  advantage  attends  compliance,  every  command  is  an  oppref- 
£on.  Man  has  only  a  certain  degree  of  fuffcrance,  beyond 
which  lies  defpair ;  and  that,  with  a  little  means  and  wif- 
d|om,  is  invincible.  Tremble,  ye  mighty  monarchs,  and  be- 
ware; the  effects  of  defpair  are  terrible !— But  this  period  of 
defpair  may  arrive  fooner  with  fome  people  than  with  othtrrs, 
according  to  their  chara^r  for  fpirit,  integrity,  &c.  Ex,  The 
-difference  in  this  between  a  fet  of  poor  Jews  and  Englifh  of  the 
lame  rank  would  be  great.  Our  colonies  had  little  to  complain 
or  defpair  about ;  but  happily  for  them,  and  perhaps  for  man- 
l^ind,  they  wifely  forefaw  and  nobly  exerted  themfclvcs,  to  pre- 
vent the  evils  and  oppreHions  before  they  came,  when  it  would 
perhaps  have  been  too  late;. 

But  he  obfcrvcs,  that  the  exertions  of  rcvolters  dlminifn  with 
fuccefs,  and  as  their  dangers  leffen,  if  no  longer  attacked  and 
irritated.  Had  Tarquin, — had  Spain,  given  the  revolters  time 
to  cool,  and  diflembled  their  refentmenfs,  a  more  favourable  op- 
portunity would  have  offered,  and  perhaps  the  Roman  and  Dutch 
icpoblics  would  never  have  exifted. 

Men  truly  animated  with  the  fire  of  liberty  are,  he  obferves, 
fuperior  to  thofe  who  fight  for  the  power  and  emoluments  of  a 
mailer. 

He  fays,  that  no  religion  offers  more  powerful  motives  to 
aflion  than  the  Mahometan,  and  none  lefs  than  the  Chriftian, 
whofe  rewards  are  vague  and  incomprehenfible,  its  general  te- 
nor peace  and  fubmiffion,  and  therefore  proper  to  promote  the 
defigns  of  tyranny  and  defpotifm  ;  yet  the  ambition  of  its 
clergy  has  covered  the  earth  with  blood  and  flaughter. — That 
the  attachment  between  the  fexes  is  much  ftronger  in  the  lower 
and  middling  clafles,  than  in  the  more  elevated  ; — that  women 
ibould  carefully  ftudy  our  focial  as  well  as  animal  wants ; — that 
could  they  be  made  the  recompence  of  honourable  anions,  we 
ihould  fee  great  exertions,  in  order  to  deferve  their  efteeoi  and 

^  He 


JAoyd* s  Hi/lory  tf  tbi  ffl^r  in  G^nuntff  283 

'  He  remarks  that  an  Afiatic  province  is  not  zfocUtj  conneded  bv 
mutual  ties  an^  obligations,  but  a  fimple  aggregation  of  individuals^ 
like  a  flock  of  flieep,  whofe  ex jftence  depends  on  the  will  of  the 
Pacha, — I'hat  wherever  tbe  property  is  fixed  and  hereditary,  fome 
civil  liberty  mud  fubfift.  In  Europe,  induftry  hath  produced  ^ 
new  order  of  men  :  the  people  bepaqie  free,  acquired  riches,  privi- 
leges, 9nd  power.  A  diftribution'of  power  into  King,  Lords, 
|ind  Commons,  feems  the  mo(l  perfe£l  plan,  if  they  can  be  kept 
feparate  and  independent  of  each  other.  Such  diitribution  was 
general  in  Europe  for  fome  centuries,  till  the  executive  power, 
the  king's,  dellroyed  the  reft.  By  introducing  (landing  armies^ 
parade,  and  expence,  he  foon  reduced  the  nobility  to  want  and 
dependance;  by  ading  conflantly  and  fyftematically  with  thd 
forces  and  revenues  in  hand,  he  reduced  the  whole  to  fervitude, 
—That  an  occafional  militia  was  long  found  fufficient:  the  crown, 
always  inimical  to  liberty,  pretended  it  was  infufficient,  and  pro« 
jcured  the  railing  and  command  of  (landing  armies.  Political  liber- 
ty vani(hed,  and  civil  liberty  became  precarious.  The  army  h  no 
jonger  a  clafs  in  the  (late,  but  an  inftrument  of  power  in  the 
hands  of  the  crown.  When  the  clafs  of  the  law  is  reduced  to 
few,  and  eafily  intimidated  and  corrupted,  a  civil  tyranny  will 
enfue,  as  at  Rome  under  the  Caefars.  But  armies  will  concur 
to  enforce  arbitrary  power  only  to  a  certain  length,  unlefs  the 
foldiers  are  entirely  unconnected  with  the  ftate ;  but  even  then, 
they  are  equally  fatal  to  the  nation  and  to  the  fovereign. 

He  fays,  That  all  armies  degenerate  by  a  long  peace,  and 
phiefly  thole  of  a  defpot\ — but  their  attacks  are  violent  and  im- 
.petuous  from  irregularity,  &c.  and  if  you  break,  you  are  undone 
by  their  numerous  borfc. — But  they  are  weak  when  attacked  ; 
and  refinance  diminKhes  as  you  approach  the  capital,  where 
it  vani(hcs :  and  that  the  armies  of  monarchies  often  want 
.vigour,  celerity,  and  confiftency,  unlefs  when  led  by  the  mo* 
narch  in  perfon.  The  court,  full  of  intrigue,  is  weak  and 
fluctuating  as  the  charader  of  the  favourites,  who  often  rapidly 
change; — that  a  republican  army  muft  be  a  militia  of  citizens 
who  cannot  a6t  far  from  their  country,  are  fufficient  for  de- 
fence, and  exert  themfelves  in  proportion  as  they  arc  prefTed  ;— 
that  long  and  diflant  wars,  fupported  only  by  money  and  mer- 
cenaries, brought  Carthage  into  diftrefs,  and  finally  to  deftruc- 
tion ; — that  when  the  different  powers  in  a  ftate  are  balanced, 
it  will  foon  incline  to  the  fide  of  the  executive  power,  unlefs  it 
be  kept  entirely  feparate  and  independent  of  the  legiflative,  and 
Piould  in  no  cafe  be  a  part  of  it;— that  there  can  be  no  civil 
wars  where  the  nobility  have  no  influence  over  the  people  to 
unite  them,  which  can  only  be  done  now  by  permanent  motives 
of  great  importance  ;— and  that  the  more  extenfivc  a  country, 
|h^  more  eafily  is  it  defended — by  its  army  being  fupplied  from 

every 


^84  li&fA^s  Ulftory  tftbe  War  in  Girmmtj. 

crciy  pointy  and  the  attackers  only  from  one,  who  will  be  wafted 
bgr  fruitlefs  exertions  more  languid  as  repeated.  If  not  decided 
in  the  beginnings  it  fliould  be  given  up. 

On  camps,  marches,  forming  and  opening  columns,  &c.  be 
has  fome  very  good  obfervations.  He  fays,  that  the  pro*^ 
jeAing  points  or  baftions  of  every  place,  fituation,  and  country 

nottid  be  fortified,  and  hence  firft  attacked  ; that  it  is  bcft 

to  encamp  icrofs  your  enemy*s  fiank,  and  aA  on  his  line  of 
operations.  To  ihorten  the  columns  on  almoft  all  marches  \ — 
and  that  100,000  light  cavalry,  like  the  Tartars,  would  lay  all 
Europe  wafte,  in  fpite  of  our  fine  armies  chained  to  their  ma* 
gazines  and  fortrefles. 

The  line  between  the  army  and  the  place  from  whence  it 
draws  its  fupplies,  he  ftiles  tht  lim  of  opiration ;  on  the  choice 
and  importance  of  which  he  \%  fedulous  and  learned. 

He  thinks,  that  50  or  60,000  men  cannot  fubfift  100  miles 
within  an  enemy's  country  \  and  even  25,000  muft  either  go 
to  meet  their  convoy,  difperfe,  or  periih,  if  their  enemy  can 
foffibly  keep  the  field  :  fo  that  the  (hortcfl:  line  of  operation, 
and  beft  protected  muft  cet.  par.  at  laft  prevail. 

On  an  ofienfive  or  invading  war,  he  has  likewife  general  lef- 
Ibns  which  merit  attention  ;  though  probably  each  cafe  has 
fomething  fo  peculiar  to  itfelf,  as  to  render  it  of  little  ufe  to 
him  who  (hould  obftinately  or  literally  adopt  it,  without  confi- 
dering  the  particular  circvmftances  which  commonly  prevent  the 
entire  application  of  general  rules. 

Thofe  who  contribute  any  thing  towards  rendering  defenfive 
war  equal  or  fuperior  to  the  ofieilUve,  are  friends  to  humanity. 
Our  author  takes  great  pains  in  pointing  out  the  many  advan- 
tages which  the  defenders  of  a  country  have  over  the  attackers  ; 
and  does  not  forget  the  old  and  excellent  ruie,  to  Jkirmijh  often^ 
end  avoid  a  battle ;  to  aA  on  the  enemy's  line  of  operations, 
cutting  oflF  his  convoys,  &c. — On  the  oiFcnfive,  he  would  only 
have  a  few  light  troops  for  obfervation ;  but  on  the  defenfive, 
half  the  army  might  aA  as  light  troops. 

The  diviflon  of  the  earth  into  kingdoms,  &c.  has  been  very 
yariable.  The  divifions  of  nature,  and  of  compaA,  have  been 
often  difregarded  by  the  ambition,  cruelty,  and  injuftice  of  man; 
and  thefe  vices  belong  ftill  more  to  colleAions  of  men,  or  na- 
tions. From  Fletcher  of  Saltoun,  down  to  the  prefent  time, 
many  have  thought  that  Europe  might  be  better  divided  for  the 
good  of  mankind  ;  but  we  know  of  none  who  have  fpeculated 
on  better  principles  than  he.  Our  Author  too,  we  fee,  has 
many  ideas  on  that  fubjeA ;  and  his  arrangement  and  examina« 
tion  of  the  prefent  frontiers  of  the  difirrent  European  nations^ 
opens  a  large  field  for  miliury  and  political  inveftigation. 

Sudi 


Tatfaam'i  Difcmfa  m  th$  Studf  §/  Dharnkf^  tt  j 

Such  are  fomt  of  our  able  General's  leflbni  auid  refle£HoAS|^ 
for  the  length  or  number  of  which  we  furely  need  noC  apologize^ 
as  they  cannot  be  too  n^ucb  known  and  reflefied  oo.  lianj 
of  them  are  obvioufly  written  from  afiual  oblervation  and  ex« 
perience,  which  gives  them  a  vaft  advantage  over  the  ideas  of 
writers  who  are  only  learned ;  and  though  he  may  fometimea 
give  IIS  what  might  have  been  gucfled  or  known  before,  we  da 
Qot  therefore  confider  fuch  as  repetitions  or  plagtarifms^  but 
uke  every  thing  from  fuch  mcn>  with  a  degree  of  refpeA  and 
attention,  not  to  be  granted  to  the  merely  fpiotkthi  or  jjki 
writer. 

tf  Since  the  above  was  written,  we  are  happy  lo  (ee  ib 
ftrong  and  unexpeded  a  gleam  of  hope  arife  for  the  falvatkMiof 
this  Country; — that  the  people  are  yet  capable  of  adopting  a  i«* 
medy,  and,  we  further  hope,  of  obftinately  andfkadiiy  goiagofif 
through  all  its  confequences.  • 

Art.  IX.  Twsivi  Di/c^ur/a  Intro Jua^rj  /«  ili  Stmff  tfDMmtjt  im 
mfbicbtht  PrincifUs  of  tbi  Cbrifiian  Religion  an  atttmftid  H  bi  UH 
^own  ivitb  Plainm/s  and  Pnctfiftn,  By  Edward  Tatham,  A.  M« 
8vo.     5  8«  Boards.    Ricbardfoo,  and  Urquhart.     1780. 

TH  E  Author  in  the  Introdudlion  to  his  laft  Difcourfir^ 
gives  a  recapitulation  of  the  leading  fubjeds  of  this  vo- 
lume. We  ihall  prcfent  our  Readers  with  it,  both  as  a  fpeci« 
men  of  the  matter  and  manner  of  thefe  Sermons. 

^  Before  we  clofe  this  immortal  argument,  let  us  draw  tcge* 
ther  the  heads  of  this  compendious  fyftem,  and  exhibit  them  in  a 
fingle  poiiit  of  view,  in  order  to  difplay  the  EN  11  of  our  religion 
in  the  moft  ftriking  light,  as  well  as  the  M£ans  which  are  to 
conduct  us  to  it. 

*  ^  Happinefs  in  a  future  life  is  the  end  of  religion.  The  hu* 
man  foul  is  the  fubjed  which  is  to  enjoy  it.  God  is  the  obje£k 
from  whom  it  muil  proceed. — We  traced  the  will  of  God  by 
the  lights  of  confcicnce,  reafon,  and  revelation ;  and  by  th« 
fame  lights  difcbvered  man's  native  inability  to  perform  it«— — m 
f  God  created  him  originally  able  both  to  know  and  to  do  htf 
duty,  and  engaged  to  make  him  happy  on  the  performance  of  it  i 
this  is  the  covenant  of  works. -r-His  depravation  was  derived 
from  the  voluntary  difobedience  of  his  primitive  parents,  whence 
fin  and  death  enfued  with  lofs  of  happinefs.  ■  ■  %  The  iovq 
of  God  interpofed  and  projed^ed  the  plan  of  man's  redemption^ 
by  which  his  immortal  attributes  are  reconciled^  and  our  title 
to  happinefs  founded  anew.      He  gave  his  eccrnal  Son  to  take 

^^——  ■■■■  ■■  I'l  II  ^  »l.ii^tl,l.  .Mill, 

*  Difc.  I.  Kom.  vi.  23.      f  II.  Rm.  v.  12.     t  HI.  Rm.  v«  i8»  f^ 

mpoa 


^^."  ■  Me  nr- 
:-^  n:g  itirre 
:  'ni.':i  ;n',  .ind 
::i  :o  :.;une  ior 


I 


CowleyV  Beliefs  Stratagem'.  l8^ 

our  religion  ;  a  review  of  them  as  they  ftand  in  the  irrcverfihle 
decrees  of  God,  may  form  no  improper  concludon  to  thefe  Dif- 
courfes.  Devote  we^  therefore  this  occadon  to  contemplate-^ 
*  the  refurredtion,  future  judgment,  and  the  kingdom  of  thd 
juft.* 

We  imagine  that  this  fpecimen  will  not  greatly  prepoflefs  the 
judicious  Reader  in  favour  of  thefe  Difcourfes.  The  Author 
flatters  himfelf  too  much,  when  he  fuppofes  that  *  he  hath  had 
the  good  fortune  to  adopt  a  ftylc  that  is  fimple,  nervous,  and 
fuited  to  the  fubjeft.'  It  is  too  affected  to  be  fimple  ;  and  too 
vcrbofe  to  be  nervous.  On  the  whole,  the  predominant  feature 
of  thefe  Difcourfes  is  vanity  ;  the  next  is  orthodoxy  ; — both  arc 
enlivened  with  a  certain  degree  of  elegance  and  vivacity,  which 
may  pafs  them  ofF  with  fome  readers  ior  fine  Difcourfes^    M    \a    V 

Art.  X.    The  Beliefs  Stratagem  ;  a  Comedy,  as  a^cd  ac  the  Theatre 
Royal  in  Lovent- Garden.    By  Mrs  Cowley.    8vo.  is.  6d.  CadelL 

1782. 

AND  what,  enquires  a  lady,  was  the  Belle's  Stratagem  ? 
VVe  cannot  give  a  more  precife  anfwer  to  th<it  quefiion,  or 
more  properly  commence  our  examination  of  the  Comedy  before 
us,  than  by  tranfcrlbing  a  Scene  in  the  iirft  AdV,  which  ferves  as 

a  key  to  the  reft  of  the  drama. 

'  Enter  Leticia. 

*  Letitia,  (gi-ves  her  clcak  to  hsr  maid  )  Order  Du  Qacfnc  never 
to  come  again  ;  he  (hall  poRcively  drefs  my  h?.ir  no  more.  \Exie 
Alaid.]  And  this  odious  iillc,  how  anbecoming  it  is!  —  I  w£s  be- 
witched to  chufc  it.      (Thro'ivifig  her/elf  on  a  fcpha^  and  leaking  in  a 

pockttglaft,  Mrs.  Racket  Jiaring  at  bir.)     Did   you  ever  fee  iuch  a 
fright  as  I  am  to  day  ? 

*  Mrs,  R/ick.     Yes,  I  have  fccn  you  look  much  worfe. 

*  Letit,  How  can  you  be  fo  provoking  ?  If  I  do  not  look  th:s 
morning  worfe  than  ever  I  looked  in  my  life,  I  am  naturally  a  fright. 
You  fhall  have  it  which  way  you  will. 

'  Mrs,  Rack.  J  nil  as  you  pleafe  ;  but  pray  what  is  the  meaning  of 
all  this? 

'  Letit,  (rtfing  )  Men  are  all  difTemblers,  flatterers !  deceivers  ! — 
Have  1  not  heard  a  thoufand  times  of  my  air,  my  eyes,  my  (hape — all 
made  for  victory  !  and  to-day,  when  I  bent  my  whole  heart  on  one 
poor  conqueit,  I  have  proved  that  all  thofe  imputed  charms  amount 
10  nothing  ; — for  Doricourt  faw  them  unmov'd — A  hulb.md  of  fifteen 
months  could  not  have  examined  me  with  more  cutting  indiiFererce. 

*  Mrs,  Rack,  Then  you  return  it  like  a  wife  cf  fifteen  months,  and 
be  as  indifferent  as  he. 

*  Lttit,  Aye,  there's  the  fling!  The  blooming  boy,  who  left  his 
image  in  my  young  heart,  is,  at  four  and  twenty,  improved  in  every 
grace  that  fix'd  him  there,  it  is  the  fame  face  that  my  memory, 
and  my  dreams  conflantly  painted  tome;  but  its  graces  are  iinilhed* 

*  Difc,  XII.  Afis,  xvii.  30,  31, 

and 


tS8  Cowley  VJ?^ttV  Straiaiim^ 

and  every  betuty  Iieigbtened.    How  morufying,  to  feel  nyielf  at  the 
£uDe  moment  his  (lave,  and  an  objed  of  perfect  indifference  to  him ! 

*  Mrs.  Rack.  How  are  you  certain  that  was  the  cafe  ?  Did  you  ex- 
pert him  to  kneel  down  before  the  lawyer*  his  clerks,  and  your  father* 
to  make  oath  of  your  beauty  ? 

'  Litit.  No;  bat  he  (hould'haye  look'd  as  if  a  fadden  ray  had 
pierced  him  ;  be  ihould  have  been  breathlefs !  fpeecfalefs  I  ior ,  oh ! 
CaroJinei  all  this  was  L 

*  Mrs.  Rmk.  I  am  ibrry  yoa  was  fuch  a  fool.  Can  you  expe£l  % 
aiafi,  who  has  courted*  and  been  courted,  by  half  the  £ne  women  in 
Ibuope,  to  feel  like  a  girl  from  «  boarding-fchool  ?  He  is  the  prettieft 
fellow  you  have  feeo,  and  in  courfe  bewilders  your  imagination  ;  but 
ke  has  feen  a  million  of  pretty  women,  child,  before  he  law  you;  and 
kit  firil  feelings  have  been  over  long  ago. 

*  Litit.     jQiat  raillery  diftrefies  me ;  but  I  will  touch  his  heart,  or 
•    f  eveji^e  his  wife. 

''^"^flrx.  BjadL  Abfnrd  and  romantic  !  If  you  have  no  rea(bn  to  be- 
lieve his  heart  pre-engaged*  be  fatisfied;  if  he  is  a  man  of  honour*, 
'yoa'll  have  notjiing  to  complain  of. 

*  Litit.  Nothing  to  complain  of!  Heavens !  (hall  I  marry  the  man 
I  adore*  wit^i  fi^ch  an  expedation  as  that? 

*  Mrt.  Rmek.  P^tkd  when  you  have  fretted  yoorfelf  pale*  my  dear « 
you'll  have  mended  your  expectation  greatly* 

*  Litit.  (pAufiug.J  Yet  I  have  one  hope.  If  there  is  any  power 
wkoit  peculiar  care  is  faithful  love,  that  power  I  invoke  to  aid  me. 

*  Entir  Mr.  Hardy, 

*  Hardy.  Well,  now;  wasn't  I  right?  k^t^  Letty!  Aye,  Coufin 
Racket !  wasn't  I  right  ?  I  knew  'twould  be  fo.  He  was  all  agog 
to  fee  her  before  he  went  abroad  ;  and,  if  he  had,  he'd  have  thought 
BO  more  of  her  face,  may  be,  than  his  own. 

'  Mrs.  RsKk.    May  be,  not  half  fo  much. 

'  tfardy.  Aye,  may  be  fo : — but  I  fee  into  things ;  exa£Uy  as  I 
Ibrefaw*  to-day  he  fell  defperately  in  love  with  the  wench,  he  f  he ! 
ke! 

'  Lttii.    Indeed,  Sir !  how  did  yoa  perceive  it  ? 

*  Hwtdy.  That's  a  pretty  queftion  !  How  do  I  perceive  every 
thing  ?  How  did  I  forefee  the  fall  of  corn,  and  the  rife  of  taxes  \  How 
did  1  know,  that  if  we  quarrelled  with  America,  Norway  deals  wouM 
be  dearer  ?  How  did  I  foretel  that  a  war  would  fink  the  funds?  How 
did  I  forewarn  Parfon  Homily,  that  if  he  didn't  fome  way  or  other 
contrive  ro  get  more  votes  than  Rubrick,  he'd  lofe  the  le£lare(hip  ? 

How  did  I But  what  the  devil  makes  you  fo  dull,  Letitia?  I 

thought  to  have  found  you  popping  about  as  briik  as  the  jacks  of  your 
karpfichord. 

*  Lttit.     Surely,  Sir*  'tis  a  very  fertouseccafion. 

*  Hardy.  Pho*  pho !  girls  fliould  never  be  grave  before  marriage. 
How  did  you  feel,  Coufin,  beforehand  ?  Aye! 

<  Mrs,  Rack.    Feel,  why  exceedingly  full  of  cares. 
«  Hardy,    Did  you  ? 

«  Mrs.  Rack.  I  could  not  fleep  for  thinking  of  my  coach,  my  Ii* 
Teries,  and  my  chairmeB ;  the  taAe  of  dothea  I  ihoald  be  preieoted  in^ 

diftradea 


Gowhfs  Beik's  Straiageik.  £89 

^itrzikei  mk  for  a  week ;  and  whttber  I  ii^^li  be  married  id  wkice 
or  lilac*  fare  me  the  moft  cruel  anxiety. 

*  Leiii.     And  is  it  poffible  tbat  you  felt  no  other  care  i 

*  Hardy,  And  pray,  of  what  fort  may  your,  cares  be,  Mri*  Letitia  ? 
I  begin  to  forefee  now  that  you  have  taken  a  diilike  to  I>oricourc, 

'  Lit  it.     indeed.  Sir,  I  have  not. 

'  Hardy,  Then  what*s  all  this  melancholy  abont  i  A'n't  yoo  go- 
ing to  be  married  ?  and,  whac*8  more,  to  a  fenfibl^  oaan  ?  and,  what't 
more  to  a  young  girl,  to  a  bandfome  man?  And  what'i  alitbUme* 
lincholy  for,  I  fay  ? 

*  Mrs,  Rack,  Why,  bectofe  he  //  kandibme  and  fenfible,  and  be« 
caufe  fhe^sover  head  and  ears  in  love  with  bim  ;  all  wbkh,  it  feemst 
your  foreknowledge  bad  not  told  you  a  word  of. 

'  Letit,     Fye,  Caroline  \ 

*  Hardy,  Well,  come,  do  you  tell  me  whatS  the  natter  then  ?  If 
you  don't  like  bim,  hang  the  tigning  and  fealing,  be  (ha'n't  have  ye  ; 
and  yet  I  can't  fay  that  neither ;  for  you  know  that  eftace,  tbat  coft 
bis  father  and  me  upwards  of  fourfcore  thoofand  pounds,  moil  gO  all  to 
him  if  you  won't  have  bim  :  if  be  won't  have  you,  indeed,  Will  be  dll 
yours.  Ail  that's  clear,  engrofs'd  upon  parchment,  and  the  poOrdear 
man  fet  bis  band  to  it  whilil  he  was  a-dying.-****  Ah  !'*  faidt,  **  1  fore-^ 
"  fee  you'll  never  live  to  fee  'em  come  together ;  bat  their  filft  fon 
*^  fhall  becbriftened  Jeremiah  after  you,  that  t  promife  yau«'*-^But 
come,  I  fay,  what  is  the  matter?  DoD*t  you  like  him  ? 

'  Lttit,  I  fear,  Sir— if  I  rauft  fpeak— I  fear  I  was  Ifft  agreeable 
in  Mr.  Doricourt*s  eyes,  than  be  appeared  in  mine. 

*  Hardy.  There  you  are  miftaken ;  for  I  afl^ed  him,  and  he  told 
me  be  liked  you  vadly.  Don't  you  think  he  miid  have  taken  a  fancy 
to  her } 

*  Mrs,  Rack,    Why  really  I  think  fo,  at  I  was  not  by. 

*  Litit,  My  dear  Sir,  1  am  convinced  he  has  not  ;  but  if  there  Is 
(pirit  or  invention  in  woman,  he  (hall. 

'  Hardy,    Right,  Girl ;  go  to  your  toilette 

'  Litit.  It  is  not  my  toilette  tbat  can  ferve  me :  but  a  plan  bas 
ftrock  me,  if  yon  will  not  oppofe  it^  which  flatters  me  with  brilliant 
fuccefs. 

'  Hardy,    Oppofe  it !  not  I  indeed  !   What  is  it  ? 

'  Letit,  Why,  Sir — it  may  feem  a  little  paradoxical ;  but,  as  h« 
does  not  like  me  enough,  I  want  bim  to  like  me  dill  lef»,  and  will  at 
our  next  interview  endeavour  to  heighten  his  indilFerence  intodiilike* 

*  Hardy,    Who  the  devil  could  have  foref^fen  that? 

*  Mrs,  Rack.    Heaven  and  earth  1  Letitia,  are  you  ferions  ? 

*  Litit,  As  ferious  as  the  mod  important  buflnefs  of  my  life  de- 
mands. 

*  Mrs,  Rack,    Why  endeavour  to  mike  him  diflike  yoo  ? 

*  Lifit,  Becaufe  'tis  much  eafier  to  convert  a  fentimeot  into  ita 
Oppofite,  than  to  transform  indifierence  into  tender  pafiion. 

*  Mrs.  Rack.  That  may  be  good  pbilofopby ;  bot  1  am  afraid  yoo'U 
find  it  a  bad  maxim. 

'  Lftit,  1  have  the  (Irongeft  confidence  in  it.  I  am  lAfpired  witk 
onufuBl  fpirits,  and  on  this  hazard  willingly  flake  my  ehance  for 
irappinefa.    I  am  impatient  to  begin  my  meafarcs*       [BMk  Lcdsia.* 

Rev.  April  1782.  U  la 


ft^fO  Cowley  *i  Belli s  Stratagem. 

In  the  next  interview,  wherein  Letitia  endeavours  to  heighten 
Doricourt's  indifference  into  difliice,  fhe  fucceeds  in  her  purpofe ; 
which  is  what  we  can  hardly  fay  for  the  Author :  fince  that  in- 
terview exhibits  little  more  than  a  vapid  imitation  of  the  ideot 
behaviour  of  Maria  in  The  Citizen.  The  Author  indeed  feems 
to  fink  under  the  idea  of  imitation  ;  and  rifes  proportionably,  as 
it  were  by  rcbouiid,  when  fhe  proceeds  to  exhibit  her  heroine, 
in  all  her  attractions,  at  the  mafquerade.  Mrs.  Cowley  is  then 
triumphant,  as  well  as  Mifs  Hardy;  and  we  will  tranfcribe  the 
paffage,  as  we  cannot  lay  a  more  favourable  fpecimen  of  the 
comedy  before  our  Readers  : 

'  DoricourC  dmJLtXiM  come  fomuari* 

*  Dtr*  By  Heavens !  I  never  was  charinM  till  now. — Englifh  beau- 
ty— French  vivacity — wit — elegance.  Your  name,  my  Angel! — cell 
^e  yoar  name*  though  yoii  periift  in  concealing  your  face. 

'  Ltt.  My  name  has  a  fpeli  in  it. 

<  Dor,  I  thought  (o ;  it  mad  be  Charming. 

*  Let.  Batif  reveal'd^  the  charm  is  broke. 

*  Dor.  I'll  aniWer  for  its  force. 

*  Let.  Suppofe  it  Harrier,  or  Charlotte,  or  Maria,  or 

'  Dor.  Hang  Harriet,  and  Charlotte,  and  Maria — the  name  your 
Father  gave  ye! 

*  Let.  That  can't  be  worth  knowing,  'tis  fo  tranfient  a  thing. 
'  Dor.  How^  tranfient? 

*  Let.  Heaven  forbid  my  name  fhould  be  lajling  till  I  am  married. 
'  Dor.  Married!  The  chains  of  Matrimony  are  too  heavy  and  vul* 

gar  for  fnch  a  fpirit  as  yours. The  flowery  wreaths  of  Cupid  arc 

the  only  bands  you  (hould  wear. 

'  Let.  They  are  the  lighted,  I  believe  :  but  'tis  pofOble  to  wear 
thofe  of  marriage  gracefully. — Throw  'em  loofely  round,  and  twift 
'em  in  a  Trae-Lover's  Knot  for  the  Bofom. 

'^  D&r.  An  Angel!  But  what  will  you  be  when  a  Wife  \ 

*  Let.  A  Woman. — If  my  hufband  Ihould  prove  a  Churl,  a  Fool « 
or  a  Tyrant,  Td  break  his  heart,  ruin  his  fortune,  elope  with  the 
firft  pretty  Fellow  that  aflc'd  me— and  return  the  contempt  of  the 
world  with  fcorn,  whillt  my  feelings  prey'd  upon  my  life. 

'  Dor.  Amazing'  [4/i^]  What  if  you  lov'd  him,  and  he  were 
worthy  of  your  love  ? 

«  Let.  Why,  then  I'd  be  any  thing — and  all! — Grave,  gay,  ca- 
pricious— the  foul  of  whim,  the  fpirit  of  variety — live  with  him  in 
the  eye  of  fafhion,  or  in  the  (hade  of  retirement — chan{;e  my  country, 
my  fex,— feaft  with  him  in  an  Eiquimaux  hut,  or  a  Perfian  pavilion 
—join  him  in  the  vidorious  war-dance  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Onta- 
UOp  or  fleep  to  the  foft  breathings  of  the  flute  in  the  cinnamon  groves 
of  Ceylon — dig  with  him  in  the  mines  of  Golgonda,  or  enter  the 
dangerous  precindts  of  the  Mogul's  Seraglio — cheat  him  of  his  wilhes, 
and  overturn  his  empire,  to  reltore  the  Hufband  of  my  Heart  to  the 
bleflings  of  Liberty  and  Love. 

•  *  Dor.  Delightful  wil^lnefs!  Oh, -to  catch  thee,  and  hold  thee  for 
ever  in  this  little  cage !  {^Attrnfting  to  clafp  htr. 

•  Let. 


dovrieyV  BtU^s  StratagMl  i^t 

*  Let.  Hold,  Sir  I  Though  Cupid  muft  give  the  bait  that  tempts 
tne  to  the  foare,  'tit  Hymen  muft  fpread  the  net  to  catch  me. 

'  Dor.  'Tit  in  vain  to  aflume  airt  of  coldatft — Fate  hat  cffdain'd 
you  mine. 

*  Let,  How  do  you  kntfw  ? 

'  Dor.  I  feel  it  hen,  1  never  met  with  a  woman  To  perfeflly  t(> 
my  tafte  ;  and  I  won't  believe  it  form'd  you  To,  on  purpofe  to  tanta- 
lize me. 

*  Let,  This  moment  it  worth  my  whole  etifieiice.  [JfiA. 

*  Dor.  Come,  ihew  me  your  face,  and  rivet  my  chains* 

*  Let.  To-morrow  you  (hall  be  fatisfied* 
'  Dor.  To-morrow!  and  not  to-night? 

*  Let.  No. 

'  Dor.  Where  then  (hall  I  wait  on  you  to-niorrow? Where  (tt 

yon? 

*  Let.  You  (hall  fee  me  in  an  hour  when  you  leaft  expe£l  me. 

*  Dor,  Why  all  this  myftery  ? 

'  Let.  I  like  to  be  myfterious.  At  prefent  be  content  to  know  that 
I  am  a  Woman  of  Family  and  Fortune.     Adieu ! 

•  Enter  Hardy. 

*  Har.  Adieu!  Then  T  am  come  at  the  fag  end.     [Jjide.'] 

*  Dor.  Let  me  fee  you  to  your  carriage, 

*  Lh.  As  yon  value  knowing  me,  ftir  not  a  dep.  If  I  am.  fol* 
low'd,  you  never  fee  me  more.  \J£xit.^ 

Moft  of  the  fable,  that  relates  to  Lxtitia's  ftratagem,  is  con- 
duced with  adroitnefs,  elegance,  and  vivacity  ;  but  there  is  un- 
fortunately grafted  on  it,  after  the  manner  of  our  late  comedies^ 
an  underplot,  which  divides  the  intereft,  and  interrupts  the 
current  of  the  (lory.  The  idea  of  the  charader  of  Sir  George 
Touchwood,  with  the  little  circumftance  of  his  jealous  cruelty 
to  the  bird,  is,  if  we  recolleA,  taken  from  i\it  Contes  Moraux 
of  Marmontel ;  but,  borrowed  or  original,  the  interefts  o^  Sir 
George  and  his  Lady  might  have  been  more  advantageoufly  dif« 
played,  and  had  better  have  been  made  the  ground  of  a  feparate 
drama,  than  thus  interwoven  with  the  adventures  of  Mifs 
Hardy. 

In  regard  to  the  manners  and  dialogue^  though  the  play  con- 
tains many  lively  traits  of  charader,  as  well  as  lucky  hits  of 
wit  and  humour,  yet  they  do  not  feem  to  proceed  from  a  perfon 
familiarly  acquainted  with  the  habits  of  high  tife,  or  theconver- 
fation  of  men ;  the  reprefen rations  of  both  which  the  Author 
fcems  to  have  gathered  from  hovels  and  news-papers,  rather 
than  to  have  tranfcribed  them  from  the  book  of  Nature.  Some 
of  the  dialogue  is  indeed  in  a  ftyle  that  we  never  before  met  with 
in  any  writings,  or  any  converfation.  '  I  could  (fays  Sir  George 
Touchwood)  weep  over  that  purity,  expofed  io  the  fu  I  lying 
breath  of  falhion,  and  the  ten^  in  whofe  lafitudineiry  vortex  chaf- 
tity  bcrfelf  can  fcarcely  more  unfpotted  !' 

U  f  The 


1^2  Sc9tiijh  Ballaif. 

^  The  charafleri  ^rc  not  fll  difcriminatcd.     Thofc  of  the  He- 

roine, Doricourt,  and  Hardy,  arc  pre-eminent.  On  the  whole, 
the  Comedy  of  The  Belle's  Stratagim  approaches  much  nearer  to 
dramatic  excellence,  than  any  other  piece  yet  produced  by  Mrs. 
Cowley.  r% 

Akt,XL  Scoft/Jb  BmUaiis,  Small  8 vo.   as.  6d.  fewcd.   Nichols.  ijSi. 

BESIDES  a  correded  edition  of  fuch  tragic  Ballads  as  are 
to  be  met  with  in  former  collections,  this  publication  con- 
tains four  others,  that  have  hitherto  been  preferved  only  by  tra- 
dition, and  a  fecond  Part  or  continuation  of  the  beautiful  frag- 
ment of  Hardyknutc.  For  the  recovery  of  this  laft  the  Editor 
acknowledges  himfelf  indebted  to  the  metmryof  a  Lady^  The 
Public  will  recolledl  that  it  was  to  fomething  more  than  to  the 
memory  of  a  Lady  they  were  indebted  for  the  former  Part  ♦. 
Our  Editor,  however,  fturdily  denies  the  pojftbility  of  Mrs- 
Wardlaw,  or^  indeed,  any  one  of  modern  times,  having  that 
(bare  in  its  produdion  which  Dr.  Percy,  and  all  competent  and 
impartial  judges,  have  hitherto  fuppofed^  ^  That  fhe  did  not  re- 
fttfe  the  name,'  fii}*)  he,  *  of  being  the  original  compofer  is  a 
ftrange  argument :  would  not  the  firft  poet  of  Europe  think  it 
added  to  his  reputation  ?'  We  are  as  ready  as  the  Editor  to 
think  it  would  :  but  it  implies  a  ftrange  opinion  of  the  fpirit  and 
honefty  of  fuch  poet,  to  fuppofe  he  wodd  fubmitto  be  indebted 
for  his  reputation  to  a  lye.  But  even  though  the  antiquity  of 
the  former  Part  refted  upon  the  mod  immoveable  bafis,  we 
Aiould  have  had  many  doubts  refped^ing  the  authenticity  of  this; 
which,  though  not  without  merit,  is  evidently  the  produdion 
of  a  very  inferior  hand. 

As  the  Reader  may  perhaps  wiih  to  have  fome  fpecimen  of 
thefe  reliques  of  traditional  poetry,  we  (hall  lay  before  t|iem  the 
following;  which,  however,, as  far  as  its  antiquity  is  conccfned^ 
muft  be  taken  upon  the  faith  of  the  Editor. 

*    THE    DEATH    OF    M£NT£ITU. 

*  Shrilly  fhriek'd  (he  raging  wind. 

And  rodelie  blew  the  blalt ; 
We  awfum  biink,  throucb  the  dark  1m> 

The  fpeidjr  lichcoiog  paft* 

*  See  Reliques  of  ancient  Engliih  Poetry,  Vol.  II.  p.  87.  dee  aifiy 
the  fame  worK,  Vet  III.  p.  98.  1.  109*  where  the  Reader  will  find  i^ 
cbe  ballad  of  Child  Maurice,  or  as  it  Uy  perhaps,  improperly  flilcd. 
Gill  Maarice,  a  ftanza  and  half  which  the  prefent  Editor  hat  omitted, 
at  the  interpdlatioii  of  a  moderft  and  very  iDferior  hand  s  but  furefy 
wkhoat  rcaioa. 

•  O  hear 


Sc^tijb  BaUad$.  3gjf 

0  bear  ye  nae*  fni^  mid  the  loch* 

*  A  rife  a  deidly  grane  ? 
Sae  evir  doei  the  fpiric  warn* 

*  Whan  we  fa^  detbe  maon  mane, 

1  feir,  I  feir  me,  gude  Sir  JohOj 
'  Ye  are  nae  fafe  wi  me : 
What  wae  wald  fiJI  my  hairc  gin  ye 

*  Sold  in  my  caftle  driel* 

'  Ye  oeid  nae  fcir^  my  leman  dcir, 
'*  I'm  ay  fafe  whan  wi  thee  ; 

<  And  gin  I  maun  nae  wi  tbee  live, 
'*  I  here  wad  wifli  to  die. 

His  man  cam  rinning  to  the  ha 

Wi  wallow  cheik  belyv« : 

Sir  John  Meoteitb,  yo^r  faes  are  neir^ 

'  And  ye  maun  flie  or  ftrive. 

<  Whac  count  fyne  leidt  the  cruel  knicht  l^ 

*  Thrie  fpeirmen  to  your  ane : 
I  red  ye  Die,  my  mafter  deir, 

*  We  fpcid,  or  ye'll  be  flain.' 

'  Tak  ye  this  gown,  my  deir  Sir  John 

•*  To  hide  your  fhyning  mail : 
*  A  boat  waits  at  the  hinder  port 

"  Owr  the  braid  loch  to  fail.'* 

'  O  whstten  a  piteous  fhriek  was  yoa 
••  That  fbogh'd  upo  my  eir  r  " 
Nae  piteous  S)riek  I  trow,  ladie, 
'  But  the  rouch  blaft  ye  heir/ 

They  focht  the  caflle,  till  the  morn» 

Whan  they  were  bown'd  to  gae. 
The  faw  the  boat  turn'd  on  the  loch, 

Sir  John's  corfe  on  the  brae.' 

Prefixed  to  thefe  Ballads  are  two  introdudlory  Diflertationa ; 
on  the  Oral  Tradition  of  Poetry,  and  on  the  Tragic  Ballad* 
They  tell  us  a  great  deal  about  ^gypt  and  Ofiris,  and  rhe 
Magi  and  Mofes,  and  Deborah  and  the  Druids,  &c.  with  eru* 
dite  references  to  Ariftot. ;  Scalig. ;  Dubos ;  Trapp ;  Burke; 
Herodot. ;  Diodor.  Sicul.;  Jambl.  de  vit,  Pythag. ;  -flElian.  Var. 
Hift. ;  Ammian.  Marcel. ;  Saxo  Grammat. ;  Jo.  Mag.  Forfac.  ; 
Jones  Comment.  Ahtiq.  Hibern. ;  DilTert.  de  Bar.;  Roufleau  DiSt» 
de  Muf. ;  Hickes  Ling.  Vet.  Thcf. ;  Le  Clerc  Biblioth.  Univ. ; 
Ol.  Worm.  ;  Macpherfon,  &c,  &c.  &c.  And  what  is  all  thlsdif- 
p!ay  of  ma^  profound  and  marvellous  erudition  to  prqve?  Wt^y^ 
tliat  before  men  could  write,  they  rrufted  to  tl^eir  mefnories;  aod 
that  oral  tradition  is  both  fafe  and  cafy  ;  and,  irgo  (for  |hi$  feenfis 
to  be  .the  principal|  though  concealed  ^  drift  pf^he  whole)^  that  tfee* 
long  poems  of  Oifian  have  h^cn  faithfully  tranfmitted  down  to  ua^ 
Jiz  it  fo  :  as  wc  mean  not,  at  prefent,  to  take  any  deciQve  part  in 

U  3  the 


_  m 

104  Jrchadogtcal  EpiftU  to  the  Rgv.  Dr.  ATtlUs. 

the  Oflianian  controverfy,  we  (hall  not  prefume  to  difpute  any 
thing  that  may  relate  to  it ;  yea,  even  though  it  fhould  pleafe 
Mr.  Macphcrfon  to  tranflate  (which,  for  ought  we  know,  he 
may  do)  forty  volumes  more  from  the  fame  authentic  materials 
from  which  he  has  tranflated  his  Fingal  and  Temora. 

There  is  fomething  fo  fingularly  modeft  in  the  following  pa- 
ragraph, that  it  might  be  injuftice,  both  to  the  Author  and  our 
Readers,  to  with- hold  it :  *  We  may  laugh  at  Sir  Jfaac  Niwtorty 
as  we  have  at  Defcartes ;  but  we  (hall  always  admire  a  Homer, 
an  OfTian,  or  a  Shakefpeare/  At  what  may  the  admirers  of 
O/Han  NOT  laugh  ?  in  (bortj  what  may  the  Admirers  of  Offian 
NOT  do?  /^      -     ,  • 

_ 5%.,-^ 


I » I 


^RT,  Xir.     Jm  Archadogical  Epifllt  to  tht  Revtrtnd  and  Worjbip^ 

Jul  Jgretniah  MilUs^  D.  D,  Dean  of  Exeter,  Prefident  of  the  Society 

of  Antiquaries,  and  Editor  of  a  fupeib  Edition  of  the  Poems  of 

Thonnas  Rowley,  Pried.    To  which  is  added  a  GlofTary,  extrafted 

from  that  of  the  learned  Dean.  4to,  is.  Nichols,  Walter,  &c.   1782. 

THE  reverend  and  worfliipful  Editor  of  Rowley  hath 
laid  himfclf  fo  open  to  the  fliafis  of  wit,  that  if  he  had 
isfcaped,  it  would  have  been  almoA  as  wonderful  as  the  Caufe  he 
hath  undertaken  to  defend.  Unluckily  for  the  Dean,  his  Op- 
ponents cannot  be  repulfed  by  the  y2rin^  weapons  with  which 
they  have  aflaulted  him.  A  critic,  who  thinks  the  Poems  attri- 
buted to  Rowley  to  b6  modern,  has  an  ample  field  for  ridicule  ; 
for  there  can  fcarcely  be  a  more  laughable  circumftance  ima- 
gined, than  the  delufion  and  gravity  oTthofe  learned  gentlemen 
who  have  defended  iheir  antiquity.  The  nature  of  their  argu- 
ment obliges  them  to  be  grave.  They  dare  not  laugh,  even  in 
felf-defence.  And  fo  mortifying  is  the  pod  they  have  taken, 
that  while  they  hold  it,  the  laugh  muft  be  againfl  them  ;  and 
if  they  are  determined  to  maintain  it,  they  mud  afTume  a  graver 
and  ftill  gratrer  countenance,  till  folemnity,  drained  beyond  its 
own  powers,  fuddenly  gives  way;  and  he  who  thought  he 
looked  important  to  the  world,  feels  how  foolifh  he  looks  to 
bimfelf ! 

To  the  r^tf/^  judicious  part  of  marrkind  it  will  be  no  recom- 
mendation of  wit  to  fay,  that  with  the  generality  it  hath  the  ad- 
vantage of  argument  ;  and  that  the  belt  reafons  have  loft  their 
)effie£l  on  the  public,  only  becaufe  the  chance  of  literary  war 
bath  turned  the  weapons  of  ridicule  on  them.  The  learned 
Dean  cannot  avail  himfelf  of  fuch  conceffions  as  thefe;  for,  un- 
fortunately for  him,  in  the  prefent  inftance,  Truth  feems  to  be  on 
flic  fide  of  JVit ;  and  Reafon  and  Ridiculi  only  fcrvc,  in  the  con- 
troverfy  concerning  Rowley,  to  lend  their  cordial  aififtance  to 
tach  oihcf, 

la 


^ArchaoUpcal  EpiftU  U  tii  Rev.  Dr.  XSiilii.  295 

In  the  preface  to  this  little  poem,  the  Reader  will  find  much 
food  for  laughter,  furniflied  at  the  expvnce  of  more  dodors 
than  one  :  anil  the  comparative  merits  of  archaeologic  and  lexi» 
phanlc  lore  are  eftimated  with  that  pleafant  irony,  which  fre- 
quently cuts  deeper  into  a  bad  argument,  than  the  graveft  rea- 
foning,  or  the  mod  poignant  fatire. 

The  ingenious  Author  concludes  his  ironical  panygeric  on 
archaeological  learning  in  the  following  manner : 

<  Bat  the  lad  and  belt  thing  I  (hall  mention  it,  that  great  and  ori* 
fpeaicableemolumentwhich  the  Anglo-Saxon  prefix  jr,  brings  to  a  ne« 
ceflitated  verfifier  ;  as  yprauncing  {or  prauncing^  ynenging  for  mmgitig^ 
Sec,  By  having  this  always  at  his  beck,  that  poet  who  cannot  .write 
a  fmooth  line  in  any  given  number  offyilables,  deferves,  in  my  opi- 
nion, never  to  write  a  line  at  all.  For  this  dear  little  jp  comes  and 
goes  juft  as  one  pleafes,  and  may  be  truly  called  the  arch xological 
poec*s  toad-eater.  In  ftiort,  with  a  little  variation,  we  may  apply 
that  eulogy  to  it  which  Dryden  has  givea  to  St.  Cecilia's  mufic ;  it 
hath 

'  Enlarged  the  former,  narrow  bounds, 
And  added  length  to  any  founds. 

Such,  with  a  great  many  more,  are  the  advantages  that  attend  this 
date  of  poetry.  It  is  noc,  therefore,  I  think,  greatly  to  be  wopdnrd 
at,  that  either  a  prieft  of  the  15th  century,  or  a  boy  of  fifteen  yeara 
of  age  (take  which  you  pleafe),  fhould,  write  with  greater  facility  at 
leall,  if  not  greater  fpirit,  than  thofe  mifcrable  vernacular  poets^ 
who  are  fo  poor,  comparatively,  in  point  of  rhirae,  that  they  hurp 
not  one  to  throw  at  a  dog :  who  are  tied  fo  tight  to  the  whipping* 
pod  of  grammar,  and  fixed  fo  fall  in  thc.ftciiBs  of  orthography,  that 
they  have  hardly  an  idea  at  liberty  ;  and  which  is  word  of  all,  cannot 
eke  out  a  halting  Hoe  by  any  other  method  than  a  totally  differing 
exprediGn.  Oh!  if  you  reflet  coolly  on  thefe  things,  my  dear  bre* 
thren  of  the  quill,  I  am  fully  perfuaded,  that  all  of  you,  like  me^ 
will  turn  Archseologids. 

*  Havirg  thus  carforily  (hewn  what  great  benefits  this  dyle  con- 
fers upon  writers,  1  might  now  proceed  to  prove  what  fup'.rior  de- 
leflation  '^t  affords  to  readers  But  here  I  am  forelUIlcd  by  the 
learned  Dean,  who  in  his  Preliminary,  and  all  his  other  maderly  dif* 
fertatious  on  the  works  of  my  predccedbr,  hath  irrefragably  proved 
the  point.  Indeed,  as  Prefident  of  the  Societ>  of /^  ntiquarief,  and 
Editor  of  their  valuable  Arcbaologia,  he  has,  I  ihiuk,  an  abfiolute 
prefcriptive  right  to  diflert  on  this  fubjedl.  I  am  nor,  therefore, 
without  my  hopes,  that  he  will  one  day  coinnien:  on  the  following 
epilUc,  which,  if  it  wants  any  thing,  I  am  bold  to  fay,  wants  only 
the  illuftrarive  notes  of  fo  fagarious  an  editor. 

'  P.  S.  I  have  lately  conceived  that  as.  Dryden,  Pope,  &c.  em- 
ployed their  c^reat  talents  in  trandating  Vir^ri),  Homer,  &c.  that 
It  would  be  a  very  commendable  employment  for  the  poets  of  the 
prefenr  age  to  treat  fome  of  the  better  fort  of  their  predecedbrs,  fuch 
as  Shakefpeare  and  Milton,  in  a  fimllar  manner,  by  putting  them 
into  archexological  language.  This,  however,  I  woold  not  caU 
ffan/lation,  bat  tra^/mutnttMy  for  a  very  obvious  reafon.    It  is,  I  be* 

U  4  1»«^ 


a^  4rcb4fohgUal  BpifiU  U  ihi  Riv.  Dr.  MiUa. 

Xif^ve^  a  fettled  point  among  the  critics,  with  Dr.  JohDfon  at  their 
Jiead»  .that  the  greateft  fault  of  Milton  (exclafive  ot  his  political  te- 
Tf^txi)  is,  that  he  writ  in  blank  ver(e.  See  then,  and  admire,  hov^ 
^afily  this  may  be  remedied. 

'  pAiADisE  Lost.  6. 1. 
Oftt  mantles  fyrfte  bykroos  volonde  woUe  I  finge^ 

And  ofFe  the  fraide  ofFs  yatte  caltyfnyd  tre 
Whofe  lethal  tafie  into  tbys  worlde  dydde  brynge 
Bothe  morche  and  tene  to  all  poftcritie. 
How  ¥ery  ftear  alfo  (in  point  of  dramatic  excellence)  would  Shake** 
/peare  come  to  the  author  of  ^lla,  if  fome  of  his  beft  pieces  were 
ti>H5  tranfmpc^d!  As,  for  inftance,  the  foliloqay  of  Hamlet,  *^  7« 
tft  cr  mt  to  be*' 

To  biynne  or  not  to  biynne  the  denwere  is ; 
Gtf  it  be  bf  tte  wy thin  the  fpryte  to  beare 
Thebawfin  floes  aod  tackels  of  dydreife, 
And  by  forloyning  amennfe  them  clere. 

^at  I  throw  thefe  trifles  oat  only  to  whet  the  appetite  of  die  reader, 
for  what  he  is  to  feaft  on  in  the  fubfequent  pages/ 

The  *  Epiftclle  to  Doftourp  Milles/  (as  the  fecond  title 
gives  it}  is  a  moft  fuCcefsful  imitation  of  Chatterton's  mode  of 
joifguifing  tnodern  poetry,  to  make  it  bear  the  appearance  of  an- 
tiquity ;  and  if  its  merit  is  to  be  eftimated  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  obfolete  terms  and  quaint  phrafes  which  may  be  found 
Tusk  it,  the  boy  of  Briftol  is,  we  think,  fairly  foiled  on  his  own 
ground,  and  wkh  his  own  weapons  too  ! 

As  a  fpecimen  of  our  Author's  happy  talent  in  this  line,  we 
will  prefent  our  Readers  with  the  two  firft  ftanza^  of  bi^ 

*  As  whanne  agronfer '  with  ardurous'glowe^ 
Han '  from  the  mees  ♦  lichc  ?  fweltrie  ^  fun  arift  7, 

The  lordyn^c  ■  toad  awhaped'creepethe  flowe 

To  hilic  *°  his  jrrotcd  **  wcam  **  in  mokic  "  kifte  •♦; 

Palettes  yblente  *'  alyche  dooc  flizzc  *^  awaie. 

In  ivye- wympled  '^  ihade  to  glomb  ''  in  dipe  difmaie. 

ir. 

So  dygne  *  Deane  Mylles,  whanne  as  ihie  wytte  *  fo  ranj 
Han  Rowley's  amen  ufed' fame  chevy  fed  ♦, 

His  foemenne  '  iillc  forlettc  *  theyre  ^rofHQi  ^  gare, 
Whyche  in  theyre  hooton  fprytcs?  theic  han  devyfed : 

Whanne  thee  theic  ken  ^  wythc  poyntcL*^  in  thic  honde. 

Enroned^*  lyche  an  lace^*  fell,  or  lyche  a  burly-bronde".' 

— I  III'."  I  ^  -  —     

EXPLANATION. 

Stanza  I.  ^  A  meteor,  ^Burning,  ^  Hath.  ^  MeaJ^ws,  ^  Like* 
f  Sultry.  '  Are/e.  "  Standing  on  bis  hind  legs,  rather  heavy,  Jltig- 
gijh.  »  Aftonijhed.  *°  H'de,  »*  SiuelUd.  "  H'omb  or  body  '^  ^/^^^, 
♦t  Coffin      »»  DaKvded      **  Fly  away.     "^  lyy.mantUd.     *"  Fr<w}^. 

Stanza  II.   '  Worthy  or  glorious »     *  Wi/dom,     ^  Diminified  or  /«• 

jured,       ♦    Reftored,       '   Enemies,    '  *  Relinqui/b.       ^   Uach/il  cau/e* 

!  Haughty  Simls.    f  Sa.     *^  Pim.     "  BrandiJM.     "  Swrd.     '^  Fh- 

Whs  faUhioHt  4 

'•      '  '  ^  After 


Jrclaologlcal  Bpiftk  to  the  Rw.  Dr.  Miles.  297 

After  wearing  this  amique  gulfe  through  fourteen  ftanzas, 
the  poet  drops  it  very  gracefully,  and  appears  in  a  modern  drefs. 
^hich  fiU  on  hiqfi  with  e^fe  and  elegance. 

<  each  line  fhall  flow  as  fweet  and  clear 

As  Roivlcy*s  felfhad  writ  them  in  hit  roll, 
So  they  perchance  may  fooch  thy  fapient  ear» 

If  au^ht  httt  pbfolete  can  touch  thy  fool. 
Poliih'd  fo  pure  hy  my  poetic  hand, 
That  kings  then^felvee  may  read»  and  courtier^  anderfianiL 

XVI.  ^ 

O  mighty  Milles,  who  o'er  the  realms  of  fenfe 

Hall  fpread  thy  marky  antiquarian  cloud. 
Which  blots  out  truch,  eclipfes  evidence. 

And  tafle  and  judgment  veils  in  fable  (hroodf 
Which  makes  a  beardlefs  boy  a^onkiih  prieft. 
Makes  Homer  firing  his  lyre,  and  Milton  ape  his  jeft« 

xyii. 

Expand  thy  cloud  ftill  broader,  wond'roas  Dcto  I 

In  pity  to  thy  poor  Britannia's  fate,     . 
Spread  it^her  pad  and  prefent  (late  between. 

Hide  from  her  memory  that  (he  e'er  was  great ;. 
That  e'er  her  trident  aw'd  the  fubjed  iea. 
Or  e'er  bid  Gallia  bow  the  proad,  reUdant  ktee* 

XVIII. 
Tell  her,  for  thou  haft  more  than  Molgrave's  wit. 

That  France  has  long  her  naval  ftrength  farpa^. 
That  Sandwich  and  Gcrmatn«  alone  ore  fie 

To  ihield  her  from  the  defoliating  blaft ; 
And  prove  the  fa£t  as  Rowley's  being  clear. 
That  loans  on  loans  and  loans. her  empty  purfe  wilt  bear. 

XIX. 
pid  all  her  Lords,  obfequious  to  command 

As  Lords  that  belt  befit  a  land  like  this. 
Take  'valiant  Vifcount  Sackville  by  the  hand^ 

Bid  Biihops  greet  him  with  a  holy  kifs. 
For  fcming  plans  to  quell  the  rebel  tribe, 
Whofe  execution  foil'd  all  bravery  and  all  bribe. 

XX. 
Teach  her,  two  Britilh  armies  both  fabdaed. 

That  flill  the  free  American  will  yield. 
Like  Macbeth's  witch  bid  her  *'  fpill  much  more  blood/' 

And  Ilain  with  brethren's  gore  the  flooded  field. 
Nor  fl\eath  the  fword,  till  o'er  one  little  ifle, 
Jo  fnug  domeflic  pomp  her  King  (hall  reign  and  fmile, 

^  XXL 
So  frcmi  a  dean'ry  '*  rifmg  in  thy  trade,'* 

And  puflfM  with  lawn  by  Byfhoppe-millanere'y 


EXPLANATION. 
'  Bylhoppemillanere: — the  word  is  formed  from  horie-milli/ic^ 
(Vid.  Rowley's  Ballad  of  Charitie),  and  means  the  R^bi-makir^  ^^ 
$emfj]rt/f  oitbi  L9rdj  SfirituaL 

•         *  —  ■ 

Ev'n 


3o8  JonesV  Law  of  BailmentSm 

Ev*n  glommed  *  York,  of  thy  amede  *  afraid. 

At  Lollard's  ^  cower  with  fpyryng  '  eye  (hall  peer 
Where  thoo*  likei£lU's  fpryte^  (halt  glare  on  high* 
The  triple  crown  to  feizc,  if  old  Cornwallis  die. 

*  All  Readers  (fays  our  ingenious  and  witty  Author)  will,  I  tro(^» 
applaud  this  concluding  Hanza,  which  returns  to  the  ftyle  in  which 
the  Epiille  began,  in  judicious  fubferviency  to  the  rule  of  Horace. 

"  /emjttur  ad  Imum 

^alij  ab  inctpto  proctffirit^  IS Jibi  c§n/let* 
From  the  fpirit  and  ftyle  of  this  little  piece  we  (hould  be  in- 
clined to  attribute  it  to  the  author  of  the  Heroic  Epiftle  to  Sir 
William  Chambers.  It  difcovers  the  fame  freedom  of  political 
principles  ;  the  fame  acute  and  fpirited  irony  ;  and  may  in  fome 
refpedts  vie  with  that  admired  poem  in  pointedncfs  of  expreffion» 
and  facility  of  numbers. 

EXPLANATION. 

*  Sullen^  chtufyt  or  dijtStd,  '  Prefermiut,  ♦  The  highejl  toioer  in 
thi  palace  of  Lambtth,      ^  Ajpiring^  or  ambitious. 


^'  A'X. 


Art.  XITI.     An  EJfay  on  the  Lanjo  of  Bailments,     By  William  Jones, 
Efq;  of  th^  Middle  Temple.     8vo.     a  s.     Dilly  1781. 

FEW  perfons  are  apprized  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  this 
pradical  branch  of  the  law  of  England,  and  yet  perhaps 
there  is  hardly  any  part  of  our  law  which  enters  more  into  com- 
mon lifct  or  is  more  neceflary  to  be  known  by  ev^ry  rank  and 
condition  of  men.  If  we  are  compelled  to  fmile  at  the  fimpli- 
cityof  the  honeft  man  who  difcovered,  to  his  great  furprize,  that 
he  had  talked  profe  all  his  life,  without  knowing  it,  we  cannot 
but  remark  how  mai^y  perfons  are  inv^olved  in  the  do£lrine  of 
Bailments,  who  perhaps  never  fo  much  as  heard  of  the  term. 
Mr-  Jones  defines  it  to  mean  '  a  delivery  of  goods  on  a  condi- 
tion, cxprefled  or  implied,  that  they  (hall  be  redored  by  the 
bailee  to  the, bailor;  or,  according  to  his  dire£lions,  as  foon  as 
the  purpofe  for  which  they  were  bailed  (hall  be  anfwered  :'  he 
juftly  obferves,  that  there  is  hardly  a  man  of  any  age  or  (lation 
who  does  not  every  week,  and  almoft  every  day,  contra£t  the  ob- 
ligations, or  acquire  the  rights,  of  a  hirer  or  a  letter  to  hire,  of 
a  borrower  or  a  lender ^  of  a  depofitary  or  a  perfon  depofitingy  of  a 
eommijjtoner  or  an  employer^  of  a  receiver  or  a  giver  in  p'edge :  and 
*  what  can  be  more  abfurd,  adds  he,  as  well  as  more  dangerous, 
than  frequently  to  be  bound  by  duties,  without  knowing  the  na- 
ture or  extent  of  them,  and  to  enjoy  rights  of  which  we  have  no 
ju(l  idea  ?  Nor  muft  it  ever  be  forgotten,  that  the  contrads 
above  mentioned  are  among  the  principal  fprings  and  wheels  of 
civil  fociety ;  that,  if  a  want  of  mutual  confidence,  or  any  other 
Caufe^i  were  to  weaken  them^  or  obftrud  their  motionj  the  whole 

machino 


Jones^x  Law  of  Sailmifiit.  S99 

machine  would  inftantly  be  broken  to  pieces  :  preferve  tbcm^ 
and  various  accidents  may  ftill  deprive  men  of  happinefs;  but 
deftroy  them,  and  the  whole  fpecies  muft  infallibly  be  miferable. 
It  fee ms  therefore  aftonifliing,  that  fo  important  a  branch  of 
jurifprudence  fliould  have  been  fo  long  and  fo  ftrangely  un* 
fettled  in  a  great  commercial  country  ;  and  that,  from  the  reiga 
of  Elizabeth  to  the  reign  of  Anne,  the  dodrine  of  bailments 
Ihould  have  produced  more  contradictions  and  confufion,  more 
diverfity  of  opinion  and  inconilftency  of  argument,  than  any 
other  parr,  perhaps,  of  juridical  learning;  at  leaft,  than  atlj 
other  part  equally  fimple.' 

After  this  handfomc  difplay  of  the  importance  of  the  fubjed^ 
in  which  fomething  mufl:  be  allowed  to  the  warmth  of  fancy^ 
and  fomething  to  a  proper  addrefs  of  the  Writer  in  conciliatii^ 
his  Reader's  attention  to  a  dry  fyftem  of  law,  he  proceeds  to 
treat  the  fubje£l  with  the  /kill  of  a  mafter. 

It  is  evident,  that  whoever  has  the  goods  of  another  delivered 
to  him  upon  a  trud  to  reftore  them,  is  under  a  legal,  a^  well  Hi 
a  moral,  obligation  to  take  care  of  them  ;  and  is  refponfiblc  to 
the  owner,  if  they  are  either  loft  or  damaged  through  his  default,: 
but  the  degree  of  care  that  he  is  bound  to  beftow  varies  with  the 
nature  of  the  contradl  or  bailment.  In  fome  cafes  he  i^  an- 
fwerable  at  all  events,  in  others  for  ordinary,  and  in  others  for 
grofs  neg)e<3  ;  and  good  fenfe  and  common  honefty  will  portion 
the  refponfibility  to  the  truft,  with  as  nice  a  difcrimination  of 
circumftances  as  tomes  of  cafuijiry^  or  the  diffliiidions  of  a  thou- 
fand  commentators,  can  do.  In  making  this  obfervation,  we 
do  not  mean  to  throw  any  refle£lion  on  Mr.  Jones's  ingenioos 
and  learned  performance.  He  has  treated  the  fubjeft  with  all 
the  perfpicuity  and  grace  of  which  it  is  fufceptible ;  and  the 
luminous  method  he  has  purfued  (firft,  of  tracing  it  analyticallj^ 
or  to  the  principles  of  natural  reafon  ;  then  htftorically^  by  (bow- 
ing the  harmony  with  which  thefe  principles  have  been  recog« 
nized  by  the  Roman,  Knglifb,  and  other  laws,  and  when  pro* 
perly  underftood  \  and  laftly,  fyntheticallyy  by  recapitulating  the 
do£(rine  he  has  expounded  in  the  courfe  of  his  performance, 
with  the  rules  and  definitions  that  flow  from  it),  is  the  jufteft 
model  of  a  Law-tra6V  that  we  recollect  any  where  to  have  met 
with.  We  aflert  this  with  the  greater  pleafure^  as  the  Pttb!i6 
has  reafon  toexped,  from  the  pen  of  this  able  Writer,  fomc  fur- 
ther  attempts  to  digeft  and  methodize  the  laws  of  his  country. 
*  If  the  method  ufed  in  this  little  tra£l  be  approved,  I  may  pof- 
fibly  (fays  he)  not  want  inclination,  if  I  do  not  want  leifure,  to 
difcu fs,  in  the  fame  form,  every  branch  of  Englifh  Law,  Civil 
and  Criminal,  Private  and  Public/  He  concludes  with  his 
ufual  fpirit  and  dignity  ; 

«  The 


200  Monthly  CATAioour,  Political. 

^  The  ^reat  CyHem  of  jarirprudence,  like  that  of  the  Unii^erfet 
coniifts  of  many  fubordioate  {yfUmv,  all  of  which  are  connedled  by 
Bice  links  and  beautiful  dependencies  ;  and  each  of  them,  as  I  have 
lolly  perfuaded  myfelf,  is  reducible  to  a  few  plain  elements^  either  the 
wife  maxims  of  national  policy  and  general  convenience,  or  the  poji^ 
ti*ot  rules  of  our  forefathers,  which  are  feldom  deficient  in  wifdom  or 
utility  :  if  Law  bt  a  fcience,  and  realJy  deferve  fo  fublime  a  name,  it 
aduft  be  founded  on  principle,  and  claim  an  exalted  rank  in  the  em- 
i/Mt  of  nn/oM ;  but,  if  it  be  minlj  an  unconneded  feries  of  decrees 
and  ordinances,  ito  ufe  may  remain,  though  its  dignity  be  leiTened, 
VlA  He  will  become  the  greateft  lawyer,  who  has  the  flrongeft  habi- 
tnal  or  artificial  memory.  In  prafiice,  law  certainly  employs  two 
of  the  mental  faculties;  na/on,  in  the  primary  invefligaiion  and  de- 
eifion  of  points  enfi rely  new;  SLnd  memory,  in  tranfmitting  to  us  the 
ftafon  of  fage  and  learned  men,  to  which  our  own  ought  invariably 
10  yield,  if  not  from  a  becoming  modefty,  at  lead  from  a  jud  atren- 
Hon  to  that  objef^,  for  which  all  laws  are  framed,  and  all  focieties 
inftituted,  the  good  of  mankind.'  m^ 

r? : ■    ' 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For     APRIL,      ijSi. 

Political. 

^rt.  14.  Confiderations  on  the  American  IVoTy  under  the  follow- 
ing Heads :  American  Independei.cy,— Purfuit  of  the  War, — War 
of  PoVs, — Plan  of  Operations, — French  Policy,  By  Jofeph  Wil- 
liaihs,  Efq.    4to.     2  s.    Hookham.     1782. 

MR.  Williams  having  ferved  four  years  as  a  mtluary  officer  ia 
America,  and  having  for  twenty  years  employed  himfcif  alfo 
in  political  fiudies,  appears  to  have  acquired  fuch  a  knowledge  of  the 
fubjeds  above-mentioned,  as  (he  prefumes)  gives  him  at  lead  as 
good  *  a  title  to  write  upon  them  as  Dean  T  ucker  claims,  by  fpe- 
culating  out  of  the  pale  of  his  profefiion/ — Accordingly  he  offers  to 
the  Public  his  thoughts  on  the  pad  and  future  condud  of  the  Ameri- 
can war ;  with  all  its  adual  and  probable  confequences.  He  ftrohgly 
inculcates  the  idea  of  relaxing  our  refentment  againft  the  revolted  co- 
lonifts  ;  of  a  total  change  in  our  military  operations  againft  them  ; 
of  withdrawing  our  troops,  except  what  (hoold  remain  for  the  defence 
of  particnlar  polls  which  he  points  out ;  and  diredHog  our  whole 
Iforce,  attention,  and  expence,  to  the  navy  : — in  order  to  recover  the 
dominion  of  the  fea,  and  cru(h  the  rifing  power  of  France  on  that 
element.  In  this  way,  and  in  this  only,  he  apprehends,  we  may  be 
able  to  prevent  the  American  fcheme  of  independence  from  becoming 
fata]  to  Great  Britain  :  and  be  fupports  this  notion  by  a  variety  of 
(enfible  renisrks  and  propofals  under  each  of  the  heads  above  enu- 
sserated.  His  reafoning  is  clear,  though  his  language  is  incorred. 
Art.  15.  Give  us  our.  Rights!  Or,  A  Letter  to  the  prefent 
Electors  of  Middlefex  and  the  Mstropolis,  (hewing  what  thofe 
RiQMTstfr^;  and  that,  according  to  a  jail  and  equal  Reprefenta- 

lion, 


Monthly  Ca* Atooui,  PdMeoi  301 

tion,  Middlefex  and  the  Metropolis  are  entitled  to  tare  Fift^ 
Members  in  the  Commons'  Hoof^  of  Parliachent;  Forty  of  wfaoni 
are  now  placed  thereby  decayed  Cinque  Ports,  and  almoft  nnpeo- 
pled  Boroughs;  to  the  perpetual  Nnrture  of  Corruption,  and 
the  Rnin  of  the  State.      By  John  Cartwright,  Efq;  Major  to  thO 
Notcidghamfhire  Militia.     8v6.     is.     Dtlly,  &c.     \j%t. 
This  is  one  of  the  moft  important  political  trads  that  hath  ap- 
peared during  the  prefent  feffion  ofParliatnent.     It  was  written,  th^ 
Author   tells  us,  in  his  Preface,  fix  months  ago.     He  adds,  *■  that 
when  it  went  to  the  prefs,  he  did  not  fbrefee  a  removal  of  minideri 
fo  fooH  as  that  event  afiually  happened  ;  bat  that,  however,  as  no 
alteration,  no  amendment,  with  refpe(5t  to  the  fubjeft  of  it.  hath  yet 
taken  place,  he  apprehends  the  pohlication  cannot  be  Impertinent 's 
and  although  he  trails  and  believes,  that  no  Adminiflration  can  now 
be  formed  out  of  the  oppofers  of  the  late  peftilent  miniftry,  that  will 
not,  that  mud  not  have  Reformation  for  its  bafis,  perhaps  it  ma;^ 
not  be  u/thfs.     Its  intention  is,  to  (hew  the  rights  of  the  People,  and 
the  duty  of  Statesmen  with  regard  to  thofc  rights.' 

The  fpiriicd,  judicious,  and  patriotic  Writer  proceeds  in  his  pre* 
fatory  obfervations,  as  follows :  * 

*  The  removal  of  wicked  mitiiflers  can  produce  no  permanent 
efiefts,  onlefs  followed  up  by  an  iminediate  overthrow  of  Corrup* 
TiON.  It  was  corruption  that  fo  long  fupported  fuch  miniOen,  and 
enabled  them  to  plunge  their  country  into  the  depths  of  calamity, 
and  to  bring  it  to  the  very  brink  of  ruin  and  defpair,  before  the  tor- 
pid beings  who  fill  the  Commons'  Hoafe  of  Parliament  coold  be 
roozed  and  flimulated  to  a  ftnfe  of  their  duty.  Comtptitm  therefor^ 
is  what  we  have  moft  to  dread.  It  mud  be  torn  up  by  the  roots,  hewn 
to  pieces,  and  cad  into  the  fire  of  reformation  to  be  utterly  confumed, 
or  we  are  undone.  Of  fo  generative  a  facolty  is  it  pofTefled,  that  if 
bat  a  branch,  a  fprig,  a  bud  of  it  efcape  the  fire,  wherever  tc  fallii 
'twill  again  take  root,  and  flourifh  as  luxuriant  and  rampant  as  ever. 
The  Stptennial  and  the  Triennial  A6ts,  and  the  Sfalutt  of  Ditfranchift'* 
ivm/of  the  8th  of  Hen.  YI.  mud  be  cad  into  the  dames.  They  are 
the  difgrace,  as  they  have  proved  the  -curfe,  of  oar  country.  They 
carry  Havery  in  every  line,  and  every  word  is  a  link  in  the  chain  that 
binds  us.  Once  freed  from  thefc  fettters,  nothing  then  remains  want* 
ing  to  fccare  our  freedom  but  a  fingle  bill,  fuch  as  that  of  the  Dake 
of  Richmond  in  1780,  for  regulating  the  detail  of  eledttons. 
GiVB  us  OUR  RIGHTS*  and thiu  all <ujili hi fafe r 
This  diort  extrafl  may  fudice  to  intimate  the  main  purport  of  thia 
animated  addrefs.  The  nature  and  importance  of  thofe  ?yhk<  Rights^ 
for  which  the  worthy  Major  fo  drenuoudy  contends,  are  amply,  and 
in  our  apprcheofion,  fatisfaOorily  fet  forth,  in  this  very  feafonablt 
performance;  a  performance  which  we  heartily  recommend  to  the 
perufal  and  mod  ferious  attention  of  our  countryman  of  every  rtnk^ 
from  the  peer  to  the  cottager :  for  ail  are  interefted  in  the  fobjc6^. 
Art.  1 6*   AConJiitutional  DtfenceofG^^m'nment.    ^vo*     is.6d. 

Wilkte. 
Among  other  principles  advanced  in  this  aaticonditutional  defene^^ 
of  the  late  adminiflration,  as  this  jramphlet  Ought  properly  to  be 
ftiled,  one  is,  that  the  people  at  large}  htieg  nwrdy  cyphers  is  the 

fiate. 


jost  Monthly  Catalogue^  PMucah 

ftttty  have  no  bufinefi  whatever  to  concern  or  trouble  themfelvet 
•boat  public  affairs ;  and  that  aftef  the  confiituent  body,  i.  e.  the 
iorcy  Oiiliing  freeholders  and  borgefles  have  eleded  their  reprefenta^^ 
dves.  from  that  moment  their  inflaence  ceafes^  and  it  is  their  duty  to 
acquiefcein  the  determination  of  thofe  to  whom  they  have  delegated 
their  power;  and  con(eqaently»  to  murmur  or  petition,  whatever 
nay  be  the  motive,  is  little  ihort  of  mutiny  and  creaibn.  We  are 
told  alfoy  that  atherifF,  convening  an  aflembly  of  his  county  for  any 
•ther  purpofe  than  to  eled  a  reprefentative,  lays  bimfelf  atthe  mercy 
af  an  attorney-general.  How  far  the  dodtrines  contained  in  this 
performance  might  coincide  with  the  ideas  of  thofe,  to  whom  the 
Writer  evidently  appears  as  a  retainer*  we  prefume  not  to  determine* 
With  refped  to  the  prefent  ad  mini  (I  ration,  however  we  will  hope 
Non  tali  auxilio,  non  difin/orihus  iftis,  &c. 
In  a  fawning  dedication  of  coniiderable  length,  the  Writer  has 
bad  the  prefumption,  we  will  not  fay  audacity,  to  endeavour  to  make 
bis  poifon  palatable  to  an  amiable  perfonage  of  high  rank, 

And  in  the  ear  of  £ve,  familiar  toad,  ^ 
Half  froth,  half  venom,  fpits  himfelf  abroad.           C^  /  •>   't' 
Art.  17.     A  ^««^«  «^«4&  in  Sackcloth  and  A(hes;    or,  a 
Copy  Hieroglyphic,  of  a  lad  Will  and  Tellament,  political,  tem- 
poral, fpiritual,  &c. Found  at  the  Outfide  of  the  Door  of  St. 

Stephen's  Chapel.  8vo.  6d.  Debrer.  1782. 
A  fatirical  exultation  over  (bme  (politically)  defundl  (latefman,— 
Lord  North,  belike:  but  there  is  no  being  fare  of  the  Author's  mean- 
ing, either  as  to  the  general  deiign  of  his  performance,  or  the  parti- 
cular aim  of  his  various  llrokes  of  wit  and  humour, — for  witty  and 
humourous,  no  doubt  he  intended  them  to  be.     His  Satire,  however, 

aafo  completely  hid  under  his  numerous 5,  and  •  •  •  •  •  ♦s, 

that  we  imagine  nobody  will  feel,  and  few  will  find  it  out. 
Art.  1 8.  Two  Difcottrfes ;  on  Sovereign  Power,  and  Liberty  of 
Confcience;  translated  from  the  Latin  of  G.  Noodt,  formerly 
Profeflbr  of  Law  in  the  Univerftty  of  Leyden ;  by  A.  Macaulay, 
A*  M. :  to  which  are  added,  the  Notes  and  lUuftrations  of  Barbey- 
rac,  with  Remarks  by  the  Tranilator.  8vo.  5  s.  Boards.  Dilty. 
1781. 

When  the  Re£lor  of  the  Univerfity  of  Leyden  refigns  his  office, 
which  he  holds  only  for  a  year,  it  is  cuftomary  to  deliver  an  harangue* 
This  cuftom  produced  the  Difcourfes  of  which  Mr.  Macaulay  has  now 
prefented  the  Public  with  a  tranflation.  Of  the  Difcourfes  them- 
lelves,  which  have  been  long  publiihed,  it  may  be  fufficient  to  fay, 
that  their  celebrated  Author  has  proceeded  upon  the  fame  principles 
that  have  diftinguifiied  the  writings  of  our  countrymen,  Locke, 
HoadJev^and  Milton.  The  Tranilator  appears  not  only  to  have  exe- 
cated  his  verfion  with  exadlnefs  and  fidelity,  but  has  given  convin- 
cing evidence  of  the  found  nefs  of  his  underftanding,  and  of  the  jodnefs 
of  his  fentiments,  by  the  very  jutlicious  and  excellent  remarks  with 
which  his  performance  is  enriched.  Were  it  not  that  plain  common 
fenfe  muft  of  itfelf  rejed  fnch  ill-difgnifed  poifon  with  loathing,  the 
firft  of  thefe  Difcourfes,  with  the  notes  that  accompany  it,  might  ferve 
at  a  very  efFtdual  antidote  to  a  late  Treatife  on  Government.  How 
diffixnilar  Mr.  Macaulay'i  ideas  are  from  thofe  of  the  author  alluded 

to 


Monthly  Catalogue,  EnJl^InXts^  30|  * 

to  above,  oh  another  fubjed  on  wbkh  he  hat  lately  exercifed  hie  pea, 
may  be  feen  in  the  foUowiog  remark  mi\i  which  his  commentary  oa 
the  firA  Difcourfe  concedes. 

'  Whether  the  features  of  the  prefent  age  difcover  any  of  thofe 
fatal  fymptoms  which  have  io  former  ages  portended  th«  faJi  of  em« 
pire,  we  will  not  pretend  to  determine ;  but  this  we  may  (afely  ven- 
ture to  affirm,  that  the  inroads  of  fenfuality,  luxury,  and  avarice,  will 
gradually  relax  the  noble  finews  of  our  conftitution  ;  and  chat  the 
confequent  decay  and  lofs  of  public  virtue  will  complete  the  cata- 
ftrophe.  In  the  gloomy  profpedi  of  our  downfal,  it  is,  however,  m 
comfortable  refledion,  that  when  the  boaHed  conflitttcion  of  firiiaia 
ihall  have  funk — as  iink  it  mull — a  happy  afylum  will  be  opened  be* 
yond  the  Atlantic  for  freedom,  arts,  and  fciences.  We  may  look 
npon  America  as  deftined,  in  the  courfeof  Piovidence,  to  be  tbeieac 
of  empire ;  and  it  is  a  confideration  which  ought  to  fwell  the  heart 
of  every  generous  Briton,  that  our  name,  our  language,  oar  arts» 
cuftoms,  manners,  and  forms  of  education,  but,  above  d\\^  oorliberty^ 
are  deftined  to  furvive  us,  and  to  be  fpread  over  the  immenfe  cOBii- 
nent  of  North  America.  Greece  and  Home  live  only  in  the  annals 
of  /ame ;  but  Britain  will  revive  in  America  like  a  Phcenix  from  her 
alhes.' 

The  Gentleman  to  whom  the  Public  are  indebted  for  thi?  poblica*  j 
tion,  is  curate  of  Claybrooke,  in  Leicenerfhire.  C^-^i"^  ^ » 

Art.  19.     Fabricius:  or  Letters  to  the  People  of  Great  Britain  ; 

on  the  Abfurdity  and  Mifchiefs  of  defeniive  Operations  onljf  imbe. 

American  War;  and  on  the  Failure  in  the  Southern  OperaCHMit« 

8vo,     2  s.     Wilkie.     1782. 

Befide  what  the  Author  fays  on  the  Abfurdity,  &c«of  oar  profecutinj; 
the  American  War  on  defenfive  principles  only,  we  have  here  a  ftd^ 
enquiry  into»  and  an  animated  difplay  of,  the  cuufes  from  whence  our 
failures,  and  the  fources  of  all  our  national  misfortunes,  ia  that  par^ 
of  the  world,  have  fprung.  The  Author  is  particularly  fevere,  toward 
the  concluiion  of  his  correfpondence,  on  the  noble  commander  in  the 
late  unfortunate  Southern  expedition.  Thefe  Letters  were  originally 
poblifhed  in  the  news  papers,  and  are  fuppofcd  to  have  come  f/om  the 
very  able  pen  of  Mr.  Galloway,  formerly  a  member  of  Congrefs,  who 
has  favoured  the  Public  with  a  great  number  of  fenfible,  acute,  and 
intereiting  remarks  on   the  American  Tragedy  of  '*  All  in  thi 

WRONG  1" 

East-Indies. 
Art.  10.  Stait  of  India ;  in  Two  Letters  from  Warrca 
HafUngs,  Efq;  to  the  Court  of  Diredors  ;  and  One  from  the  Na- 
bob AftifuJ  Dowla,  Subadar  of  Owde.  To  which  are  added,  a 
Series  of  Explanatory  Fads  and  Remarks.  8vo«  i  s.  6d.  De- 
brett.     f  Si  i»A      1782. 

This  reprefentation,  which  appears  to  originate  on  the  part  of  Mr« 
Francis  and  Mr.  Wheeler,  Members  of  the  Council  at  Fort  William^ 
tends  to  impeach  the  difcrecionary  condu<^  of  Mr.  Hadings,  by 
charging  him  perfonally  with  producing  the  Maratta  war ;  and  wiih 
oegociating  a  difgraceful  accommodation,  by  which  the  treafury 
there  was  exhaultcd,  and  the  province  of  Bengal  reduced,  in  thre« 
;^ars,  from  a  fecure  and  proiperoua  AatCf  to  the  ataoH  degree  of  dii^ 

3  trciii 


J 


trefs  and  danger.  In  tratb,  the  Company  at  home,  and  efpeciallj^ 
their  agents  abroad,  ft«m  to  extend  their  Views  and  exertions  to  on- 
dertakings  too  micbty  for,  and  incociident  wkb,  the  natural  objefts 
of  a  commercial  eftablifliment*  Af  • 

Art.  21.     ^  Short  Review  of  the  Tranfa^tom  in  Bengal^  during 

the  laft  Ten  Years.    By  Major  Joho  Scott.    8vo.     2  s.    Debrett. 

1782. 

This  review,  authenticated  with  the  name  of  the  Writer,  fets  the 
aifiitrs  of  Bengal,  the  condo^  of  Governor  Haftings,  and  the  oppo- 
iltion  formed  in  the  Council  againii  bim>  in  a  far  different  point  of 
view  from  the  preccdfng  reprefentations.  Which  fide  is  in  the  right 
in  this  contention,  or  whether  either  fide  can  claim  the  exclufive  pof- 
ftffion  of  it,  are  points  that  .we,  whofe  ^ock  (in  grey  goofe  quills)- 
will  not  introduce  us  to  the  General  Courts  of  the  Company,  can* 
tfot  undertake  to  determine :  we  only  recoiled  on  fuch  occafions,  the 
final  exclamation  attributed  to  gued  King  Jamie*  when  hit  curiofity 
once  prevailed  on  him  to  attend  the  difcordant  pleadings  in  our  courta 
of  law !  T^ 

Naval    Affairs.  ♦^ 

Art.  22.     J  Seaman*s  Remarks  on  the  BrittJJj  Ships  of  the  Lini\ 

from  the  id  of  January  17^69  to  the  id  of  January  1782.     With 

fome  occafional  Obfervations  oa  the  Fleet  of  the  Houfe  of  Bour« 

bon.     8vo.    6d.    Debret. 

According  to  this  fenfible  letter,  uhich  is  afcribed  to  the  fon  of  a 
late  diilinguilhed  Admiral,  alEfted  by  his  noble  father's  papers,  our 
prefent  naval  inferiority  to  the  houfe  of  Bourbon  has  arifen  from  a 
fatal  error  in  pra^ice^  of  late  years,  proceeding  from  an  opinion, 
that  (hips  fpeedily  built,  or,  as  they  are  termed,  green  (hipsi  are  unfit 
Ibr  fervice :  and  that,  to  render  them  durable,  the  frames  muft  remain 
a  confiderable  time  on  the  docks  to  feafin.  Thus  we  are  told,  that 
*  the  Polypheme  of  64  guns,  the  St.  George,  and  Glory,  of  98,  and 
ibe  Royal  Sovereign  of  too,  fet  on  in  1774,  ^^l^  continue  on  thd 
fiocks;  and  that  the  fame  blind  ill-fated  fyftem  is  flill  purfued,  which 
chills  tvtry  manly  effort,  and  blafts  tstry  exertion  in  the  caufe  of  our 
country.'  In  the  mean  while  how  have  our  enemies  aded?  *  It  is  well 
known,  they  completed  a  three-decker  of  110  guns  in  fourteen 
months  at  Bred,  two  fixty-fours  in  feven  months  at  Toujon  ;  and  a 
ieventy-four,  in  the  fleet  which  engaged  Admiral  Kempenfelc,  was 
built,  launched,  rigged,  and  dored,  in  ninety-five  days  at  Bred.* 
Thefe  fa^s,  for  fuch  they  may  now  be  deemed,  having  been  before 
fiatcd  in  Parliament,  are  beyond  expreffion  melancholy,  when  we  con- 
fider  the  time  thus  lod  under  an  infatuation !  If  we  fuder  ourfelves  to 
be  vanqnifiird  by  green  diips  until  our  frames  are  feafoned,  what  are 
we  to  do  then?  Shall  we  not  be  feafoning  (hips  for  the  ufe  of  our 
enemies  ?  But  the  Writer  diews,  from  chronological  tables  of  our 
Jhips  of  war  for  many  years  back,  that  this  notion  of  feafoning  (hips 
it  a  fpecnlative  midake.  Were  it  alloM  able  to  defpalr  of  the  common* 
wealth,  it  might  be  judly  inferred,  that  quern  Deus  vult  ftrdtre  prtm 
tkmeniat.  «^ 

Poetical. 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Poetiui^  3M 

Poetical. 
Art.  23.  Eudojia :  or,  a  Poem  on  the  Univerfe.  By  Capel  LoSr, 
Efq.  bsnall  ftvo.  20.  6d.  fewcd.  Dilly.  1781. 
The  magnitade  of  this  Writer's  atcempt  may  be  gaefied  ac  by  the 
bare  enumeration  of  the  fobje^fls  of  each  of  the  feven  books  into  which 
his  poem  is  divided.  TheySry?  treats  of  the  Earth ;  the  fecond  of  the 
Planets;  the  thirt/  of  the  Seafons  and  the  Zodiac;  the /ourih  of  the 
Fixed  Stars;  iht  fifib  of  Eclipfes,  Phafes  of  the  Planets,  Tides, 
Light  and  Colours;  tikt  Jixtb  of  Comets,  the  Elements,  and  Eledlri- 
cit/.  The  iaft  book  is  appropriated  to  the  human  Anatomy,  and  the 
Microfcope, 

Mr.  LofFt  writes  like  one  who  having  an  extenfive  knowledge  of 
the  fubjedls  on  which  he  is  treating,  wifhes  to  communicate  that 
knowledge  to  others.  tJis  work  is,  therefore,  argumentative  and 
preceptive,  rather  than  entertaining  and  amnfive.  His  great  obje^ 
being  to  convey  information,  he  rarely  digrefles  in  fearch  of  adven* 
titioas  embelli(hments.  As  a  fpecimen  of  this  performance,  with 
refpefl  to  the  pc^etry,  we  fhall  lay  before  our  Readers  the  lines  with 
which  it  concludes,  and  in  which  are  recapitulated  the  fcveral  fub« 
jedls  that  have  been  difcufled  in  it : 

*  Here,  my  EUOOSIA,  let  as  paufe:  and  view 

The  range  which  we  have  made.     Obferving  firft 

The  powers  of  Mattir,  on  the  Earth  we  caft 

Our  medicating  eye ;  faw  it  a  Globe  ; 

Noted  its  annual  and  diurnal  courfe ; 

Beheld  how  little  to  the  Universe  : 

The  Order  of  the  Planets  view'd,  and  faw 

Their  DiftoMCi^  and  admir'd  their  Magnitude  \ 

With  awe  explored  the  glories  of  the  fix'o. 

And  Gravitation's  universal  Reign: 

The  laws  of  Light  and  Sbadi  ;  the  varying  Fhafii 

The  Eclip/e,  the  Tidt ;  the  comet ary  Orbs; 

The  powers  of  Jir;  the  laws  which  Fluids  own. 

Common  to  all  their  clafles :  thence  afpir'd, 

*  "  *  '  ^OfEU^riciJjf ;  and  hit  the  Framt^ 

The  Ponutrs  of  Man  ;  his  Dutj^  Bli/s^  and  Endi 

To  caltivate  benevolence,  and  know, 

^— As  in  his  works  or  in  his  word  reveal'd — 

And  love,  the  infinitely  Great  and  Good: 

According  with  iht  phila/ofbic  choir 

Oi every  age^  and  faithful  to  the  voice 

Of  Con/ciencet  and  the  impulfe  of  the  Hearty 
,  ^f    And  thus  in  happy  onion  may  we  walk 
^         The  allotted  fpace  of  life :  Philosopht 

Divinely  charming  us  in  full  content : 

And  whether  rural  Solitude  delight^ 

Or  if  the  cro*wded  Capital  engage, 

Whether  fair  Health  her  porple  wings  difplay,  *^ 

Shedding  delight  and  peace  upon  my  head. 

Or  paleey'd  Sicine/j  o'er  my  couch  extend 

Her  fable  pinions,  may  ibe  fpare*  at  leaft 
:  Jtiv.  April  178?.  X  Thy 


^ 


Monthly  Catalogue^  T$ausL 


Thy  tendir  EUgtuui  of  Ftrm  and  Mind, 
Thy  gentle  converfe  never  may  I  lofe. 
My  mild  Fhihfiphtf^  my  better  felf ! 

'  And  O!  to  humanife  and  blefs  the  world. 
May  the  high  ftody  of  great  Nature's  works 
Prevail;  fuhduing  Ignorance  and  Vice, 
Adding  new  grace  XoftmaU  L^n^tUmifs^ 
Attemperine  and  confirnning  mamlj  fTortb  ; 
Of  private  blifs  and  public  good  profufe  ; 
Bright  in  progr$Jfi*vi  Virtue,  from  the  dawn 
To  the  Miridtan  ;  never  to  decline. 
Or  be  thenceforth  obfcur*d.     O  come,  gremt  Dmj! 
When  neither  Pain  nor  Death.  Error  nor  Fice^ 
Nor  partial  Imterefi^  nor  fancied  Good, 
Shall  reign  :  but  pureft  Sympathy  and  Love, 
Freedom^  and  all  the  Heaven  official  Peace, 
Guile,  War,  and  baneful  Tjremny  extind; 
While  Man,  not  flave  to  local  prejudice. 
Shall  triumph  in  the  happineft  of  Man, 
Wherever  plac*d  :  Friend  to  his  nati^ve  foil. 
Bat  PATaioT  of  the  World  :  nor  lefs  attan'd 
To  the  beft  plea fu ret  oidomeftie  life; 
Parent  and  Cbild^  and  the  endearing  tie 
Which  Reafim,  Choice,  and  PaJJion^  and  Efteem, 
And  Love's  m/ftcrious  union  cloietl  binds— 
Hufiand:  {o  powerful  o'er  his  foal  diffui'dp 
The  fcnfe  of  univerfal  Harmony, 
Ecftaiie,  pnre^  diwne  I  and  felfilh  pride. 
Sordid  ptirfaits,  and  bafe,  corrupt,  delight 
So  loft,  in  contemplation  of  the  whole. 

'  Thai  Ihall  the  renoveUed  Earth  with  joy 
Confefs  her  great  Creator  ;  and  his  name 
Fill  all  his  worlds  with  awe  and  facre d  blifs. 
Triumphant  through  the  boundlefs  Universe  !* 
To  the  poem  are  fubjoined  feveral  very  ufefol  Tablet ;  and  Notet» 
both  inftrodive  and  explanatory.  (^^^^  t # 

Art.  24.  7%#  R$yal  Cbact ;  a  Poem.  Wherein  are  defcribed 
ibme  hnmbarout  Incidentt  of  a  Hunt  at  Windsor.  The  whole  in- 
cluding an  Addrefs  to  his  R— y— 1  H— gh— (a  the  P  c  of 
Wales.    4C0.     It.    Kearfley. 

This  poein,  if  the  moft  infipid  verfet  that  ever  were  fabricated  can 
be  called  a  poem,  contains,  notwithftaoding  the  homonrous  inci- 
dents that  are  promifed  in  the  title-page,  neither  incident  nor  homonr. 
It  is  one  of  the  moft  unmeaning  things  that  we  ever  were  compelled 
to  announce  in  our  monthtv  bills  of  mortality.  Vi 

Art#  25.  Varietyy  or  Witch  is  the  Man  i  A  Poem.  Dedicated 
toLadyW— fl — y.  410.  it.  Swift.  1782. 
Lady  Worfley's  motoriens  frailty  wat  a  lucky  thing  for  the  catch* 
penny  authors,  verfcmen,  and  protemen.  Thit^  Grobean  perform- 
ance comet  from  one  of  the  firft  named  tribe.  One  or  two  otbera 
were  lately  mentioned  in  our  Journal :  a  diftindioa  which  fsck 
* '    \%  owe  to  the  nniverfality  of  iu  plan* 

Art. 


( 

I 

M<HiTHLY  Catalogvb,  Dromotsa  307 

Art.  i6«    Tbi  Moufi  and  the  Lion :  a  Tale.    Infcribed  to  the 
.  very  if%eread  and  Icarocd  The  Dean  of  Glocefter.    4(0.     is« 
r  Stockdjb. 

The  Author  of  thii  Tale  hai  done  us  the  honour  to  adopt  an  idem 
which  dropped  from  os  in  reviewing  Dr.  Tucker's  Treatife  on  Go* 
vernment  *,  and  to  make  it  the  ground  work  of  his  poem.  We  are 
fully  feniible  of  the  compliment :  but  at  it  is  not  in  our  power  ho* 
ncftly  to  repay  it  with  tliat  (hare  of  praife  to  which  the  Writer  ma/ 
think  himfelf  intitled,  it  will  be  moft  advifeable  to  (ay  nothing.  ^O 
Art.  27.    Jerufakm  dejirojid :  a  Poem,  in  three  Cantos.     By  ** 

William  Gibfoo,  M.  A.  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge.     410* 

2s.    Cadell.     1781. 

This  Kifltogbury  bard  is  a  lineal  defendant  from  Blackmore: 
He*  like  Sir  Richard»  rnmbling«  rough,  and  fierce. 
With  arms,  and  Jews  and  Gentiles  crowds  the  ver(e. 
Rends  with  tremendous  founds  your  ears  afander,  ^g 

With  ftorm,  fire,  frenzy,  broiling  babes,  and  thunder.  V^ 

Art.  28.  RyH9 and ytlpin :  zPocm,   410.    la.  6d.   Swift.  1782* 

A  father,  under  the  fuppoficion  of  his  fon  having  been  flam  in 
bittle,  goes  to  mourn  over  his  grave.  In  his  progreis  to  the  place^ 
the  father  and  the  fon  meet;  a  converfation  enfues,  and  they  mo* 
tually  difcover  each  other.  Such  are  the  outlines  of  a  performance^ 
which  comes,  as  we  are  informed,  from  the  pen  of  a  juvenile  («ve 
imagine  a  very  juvenile).  Writer.  Thole  who  are  acquainted  witk 
this  circumftance  will,  therefore,  perufe  it  with  fome  indulgence:  of 
which  the  Author  ftands  in  much  need.  We  do  not  mean,  howeveft 
by  the  (bftnefs  of  this  cenfure,  to  encourage  the  young  gentleman  ta 
proceed*  or  quit  any  ufeful  calling  for  this  '  idle  trade?  ^# 

Art.  29.    Cleacina  Triumphant:    confifting  of  the  foUowinsT 

Poems;    wz.  Bett's  Wedding;    Anticipation;    Pfowzilinda;  U 

Fawufi  D^ttmn  JMtmMdmto;   Hafty  Pudding;   Tom  Tofspotf 

The  Miftake,  &c.    4to.    !••  6d«  ^  Bew.     178a. 

Witty,  and  nafiy. 

Dramatic. 
Art.  30.  Nathan  thi  JVifi.  A  Philofophic  Drama.  Frov 
the  German  of  G.  B.  Leffing,  late  Librarian  to  the  Doke  of 
Bronfwick.  Tranflated  into  Englifli  by  R.  B.  Rafpe.  8vo« 
IS.  6d.  Fielding.  1781. 
''  One  defign  of  this  drama  is  to  (heW|  what  fnrely  no  perfbn  was  ever 
filly  or  illiberal  enough  to  dpabt  of»  or  deny,  that  men  of  virtue  and 
principle  are  to  be  found  among  the  profeflbrs  of  t!9tTj  religtoa. 
Another  objed  which  the  Author  has  in  view»  is,  to  infinnaee  that 
the  Chriftian,  the  Jew,  >4ind  the  Mahommedan,  have  each  of  thea 
equal  reafon  to  believe  their  own  religion  th§  trm  mv.  The  inference 
from  this  is,  that  u  all  cannot  be  true,  it  is  moft  probable  that  all 
are  falfe.  So  much  for  the  philofophic  candour,  which,  according  to 
the  Preface,  breathes  through  the  whole  of  this  compofitioe.  CShh 
fidered  merely  as  a  drama,  whatever  may  be  the  Aothor's  repotados 
in  Germany,  it  is  unworthy  of  notice. — We  are  forry  to  lee  the  time^ 
..  —  ■  ■ .     < 

«  Vid.  M.  Review,  Od.  1781.  Aruc.  IV. 

X  a  uA 


368  MoKtHlY  Cataloove,  MfciOoMuu 

aad  ike  Very  refpcdaMe  taletiti  of  Mi;.  Refpe  employed  to  fo  liuie' 
adviouge,  either  to  the  Pobiic,  or  himielf,  /^     X    A 

MiSCBLLANBOUS.  W*  U  «  C» 

Art.  31.   An  EJfay  on  Comidy.    ByB.Walwyn.   8vo.    I8.6d. 

Hookham.     1782. 

After  m  DtJieaiUm  to  Edmond  Borke,  Efq;  followed  by  a  Prtfiut^ 
aa  which  Mr.  Walwyo  bequeaths  to  the  Public  his  inttHticn  of  pro- 
46ui9g  mjkhftqum  work  on  this  fart  oftbi  irmma^  annexieg  an  aAht- 
J^lfmna^  by  way  of  codicil,  in  £iirour  of  a  certain  admirer  of  the 
EflSiyift*  called  PbiU-Drmia^  Mr.  Walwyn  proceeds  to  open  hit  eflay 
with  a  definition  of  comedy;  faying,  that  *  the  reafen  of  his  chus 
attempting  to  define  tubat  bos  mfpiorod  by  tbo  ixpUeaiUms  op  the 
QRBATitT  CRiTict  iNDBFiNiTt!  If  no  Other  than  to  (hew  firem 
whence  the  difficulty  hath  arifen  ;  they  confidered  that  only  m  fmint- 
iMgf  which  wtt  tbi  nml  rofltOiom  of  natnrt.*  Ariftotle»  however,  the 
jMteft  of  the  great  critics,  calls  it  neither  fmming  nor  tfftoBion^ 
Di^fimply  M  imiiMtion.  Mr.  Walwyn's  definition  is  indeed  imtirefy 
sM%v.  "  CoMBDY,  concludes  he,  is  a  '  rifit^ng  pMmiimg — in  other 
words,  a  dramatic  cambe  a  I*  The  comedy,  we  foppofe,  of  the  An- 
tipodes I— To  this  he  fabjoins ,  in  a  note,  a  definition  of  Trt^ulj^ 
WBoft  as  curious*  *  Tragidy^  fiiys  Mr.  Walwyn,  is  a  DRAHAnc 
MicaoBCoPt,  that  enlarges  the  virtues  and  vices  of  human  nature,  in 
Older  to  make  the  greater  impreffion  on  the  heart  and  mind  of  tho 
obfarvers/  Thus  Tragedy  is  a  m%tt  magnifying  gU^s  %  while  Corner 
dy«  like  Colman*s  Beggar's  Opera  in  the  Haymarketi  toms  all  cha- 
vaAers  topfy-tnrvy.  And  here  you  have  in  two  words  the  whole  na^ 
Mral  philoibphy  of  the  drama  f 
2f|^o  the  general  ignorance  of  this  acute  definition,  Mr.  Walwjrs 
Cttributet  ail  the  defers  of  Comedy  $  alternately  finking  iu  natural 
dignity,  by  force  of  which  the  fock  attempu  to  go  pari  pajjk  with  the 
bufltin ;  or  weakening  its  humour,  when  its  exuberance  overflows  the 
*   ihallow  banks  of  common,  narrow,  criticifm. 

Mr.  Walwyn  then  proceeds  to  examine  ibi  compauui  parts  of  C«- 
midyi  which  are,  according  to  his  esu mention,  *  tbe  pkt^  cbarac^ 
4wv»  Monnifft  incidoms^  and  unit  iot ! 

All  other  ancient  and  modern  critics  mnft  yield  the  palm  in  theie 
narticnlar  defignations,  as  well  as  in  the  general  definition  of  Come- 
dy, to  Mr.  Walwyn.  They  have  not  only  mentioned  tbt  fintisnonti 
and  dsaiogm  u  component  paru  of  the  drama,  but  they  have  fwp- 
fo(ed  tbi  inadinis  to  conftitnte  tbo  plot,  and  have  uniformly  fpokea 
pf  ibi  €baraBirSf  and  tbi  mamurs,  as  one  and  the  very  fiime  thing. 
Ifr,  Walwyn^  however,  fcorns  the  common  accepution  of  the  tec£- 
lical  terms  of  criticifm,  and  confiders  tbi  manmrt  not  merely  in  the 
svceiv^  ienfe,  the  nuns  botninnm  of  Horace,  but  as  the  peculiar 
Jlplo  nod  mammr  of  the  Jsubor,  as  well  as  the  bnmonrs  of  tbi  pir» 
JonoMs^  of  Comedy;  and,  in  an  EfiQiy  00  Comedy,  feleds,  as  the 
OMm  eUgible  infiances  of  vicious  manmrifis^  no  other  drapiatifts  than 
the  troigii  poeu  Lee  and  Rowe ! 

la  the  coorfii  of  this  e/Iay,  Mr«  Walwyn  makes  ibme  other  curtoni 
^ilcovcriea,.  oarticularly,  that  criticifm  Jias  (aid,  am  umdtr  pUt  is  in* 
difpinfihlii  tnat  Ben  Jonfon's  Every  Man  in  his  Homoor  was  flolen 
i^rnn  Shakefpeare'^s  Merry  Wives  otWindfor;  that  there  is  fcarce  A«y 

pirUptibU 


Monthly  Catalogus,  JURfallanHusZ  JO9 

pireeptihli  diffirtna  betwam  Sballenv  and  D9*wnrigbt  %  and  that  Gair- 
rick's  Ciptaia  Flafti  \%  far  fuptrior  to  Ben  Jonfon's  Bobadil ! 

Afcer  this  iroperfeA  analyds  of  Mr.  Walwyn's  E/Tay,  to  wUch  it 
is  impoflible  to  do  entire  juftice,  any  more  than  to  the  learned  con* 
troverfy  between  him  and  his  friend  and  admirer,  Philo-Drama,  ao- 
jiexed  to  his  EfTay  ;  after  looking  back  with  wonder  on  his  dtfiniti9nt 
and  di/cavniett  we  doubt  not  bat  we  (hall  leave  the  Public  loft,  like 
oorfelves,  in  filent  admiration,  and  remaining,  like  us,  in  ardent  and 
anxious  expectation  of  Mr.  Walwyn's  fuh/equent  work  on  tbu  fori  9/^ 
ibi  drama  I  ^/  ^ 

Art.  32.    Fra  Thoughts  on  our  Militia  Laws^  by  Thomas  Pen« 
nant>  Efq.     Addreifed  to  the  Poor  Inhabitants  of  North  Wales. 
jH  ,,"8vo.     6d.    White.     1782. 

To  explain,  to  the  apprehensions  of  the  common  people,  fuch  lawa 
^s  intimately  affed  them,  it  doing  a  kind  office ;  but  this  paraphrase 
of  the  Militia  laws  has  a  littl^acrimony  in  it,  tending  rather  to  iU« 
malate  that  litigious  fpirit  attributed  to  the  people  of  Wales,  than  to 
inftruA  them  in  a  quiet  conformity  to  thofe  legal  obligations,  which 
are  fometimes  thought  to  condicute  one  of  their  moft  valuable  pnvi-^. 
leges.  JVe 

Art.  33.    Conjiderations  on  the  Tithe  Billj  for  Commutation  of 
Tithes,  now  depending  in  Parliament.     Wherein  the  Argamentt 
on  both  Sides  of  the  Qoeftion  are  candidly  difcufled,  and  a  Plaa 
foggefled  that  may  conciliate  both  Parties  in  the  Debate.    4(0* 
IS.     L.Davis.     1782. 
Art.  34..    Obfervations  on  a  general  Commutation  of  Tithes^  for 
Land,  or  a  Corn  Rent,  in  a  Letter  addrefled  to  the  Lord  High 
^  (^Chancellor  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  Lord  Biihop  of  St.  Davids* 
In  which  the  principal  Objedions  urged  agatnft  Tithes  are  confi* 
dered,  and  a  Proof  of  the  Inexpediency  and  Injullice  of  a  general     - 
Commutation  is  attempted.    By  a  Mafter  of  Arts  of  the  Univer£tjr 
of  Cambridge.     8vo.     is.     Cadell.     1782. 
The  two  foregoing  pamphlets  being  both  on  one  fubjedl,  and  aiming 
to  prove  the  ill  policy  and  probable  injuftice  of  fubflituting  any  com- 
,||>enration  for  the  aboIiOiment  of  tithes,  are  clafled  together.     Thear* 
.^ament  in  each  turns  on  the  difHculty  of  fettling  a  permanent  equiva- 
lent  for  the  aflual  tithe  under  all  circumftances;  and  the  ill  con (e- 
quences  of  converting  the  fpiritual  paftor  into  a  worldly-minded 
landholder  and  dealer.     In  a  matter  for  parliamentary  decifion,  all 
that  needs  to  be  faid  is,  that  the  farmer  and  his  paftor  being,  generally, 
equally  tenacious  of  what  they  efteem  their  right,  it  may  prove  a 
tender  point  to  unfettle  long  e^abliflicd  ufages.     If  the  ufage  itfelf 
excites  occafional  ill- blood  where  harmony  ought  to  prevail,  a  no- 
velty impofed  on  them  will  hardlv  mend  their  tempers.  IT 
Art.  35.     Otho  and  Rutha.     A  dramatic  Talc.     By  a  Lady, 

I2ffi0.     2s.  6d.     Bew. 

'  The  Author's  defign  (as  we  are  informed  by  an  Advertifement) 

is  to  inculcate  fuch  truths  as  are  of  eternal  and  eflential  importance 

.  to  human  life :    i.  That  its  whole  oeconomy  is  fuperintended  and  re- 

.gulatcd  by  a  wife  and  beneficent  Providence,  which  renders  its  moft 

gloomy  vicifTitudes  and  adverfe  occurrences  ultimately  prodadive  of 

Uie  higheft  felicity»  nqt  only  to  communities,  bat  even  to  individaals: 

X  3  2.  That 


:a 


3it  Monthly  Catalogus,  Ldw. 

2.  Tlitt  every  external  advantage  wbich  man  cAn  either  tcqniic  or 
poflefs  is  laborious  in  its  attainmeot^  faithlefs  in  its  pretences,  and 
and  onfatisfadory  in  its  fruition  :  3*  That  piety  and  virtue,  improved 
ssd  cultivated,  conftitute  the  fupreme  happinefs  of  an  intelligent 
creature.' 

The  defign  is  commendable ;  we  wifli  the  execution  had  been  more 
worthy  of  it*  But  as  juftice  to  the  Public  is  of  more  importance 
than  complaifance  to  a  Lady,  we  are  compelled,  by  the  necefltty  of 
I  vdaty,  to  pronounce  this  work  deficient  in  almoft  every  requifice  of  a 
JDramatic  f^i/r.  The  language  is  difguAingly  cumid ;  full  of  (ble» 
cifms  and  grammatical  inaccuracies.  The  nfirrative  is  infnfferably 
tedious :  and  we  are  never  more  iaclined  to  laugh,  than  when  the 
Aotbor  is  w§li/itlj  bent  on  making  us  weep!  .ID**  Ik 

Arc.  36.  Giography  ftr  Youth^  or  a  plain  and  eafy  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Science  of  Geography,  for  the  Ufe  of  young  Gentle- 
men and  Ladies  :  Containing  an  accurate  Dekriptioo  of  the  (cveral 
Parts  of  the  known  World.  To  which  are  added,  Geographical 
Queftions,  and  a  Table  of  the  Longitude  and  Latitude  of  the  moft 
lemarkable  Places  in  the  terraqueous  Globe,  llluftrated  by  Eight 
Maps,  on  which  are  delineated  the  new  Difcovcries  made  by  Com- 
modore Byron,  and  the  Captains  Wallis,  Carteret,  and  Cooke. 
i2mo.     31,  bound,    Lowndes.     1782. 

This  litile  treatife,  we  think,  may  be  ufefnlly  employed  by  fchool- 
mafters  or  private  tutors  as  a  guide  and  afliftant  in  the  iedures  they 
filve  to  youth.  Young  perfons  themfelves  may  alfo  hereby  attain 
some  competent  knowledge  of  the  fubjedt,  though  they  will  neceflari- 
ly  require  the  far;her  explications  and  remarjcs  of  a  judicious  in- 
llrnflor.  ^1  ^ 

Art;  37.    Tin  Siigt  cf  Aubigny.     An  Hiftprical  Tale,    SmSRl 

8vo.  2  s.  Hookham. 
A  Utile  tale-  of  female  heroifm,  from  the  hillory  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France  dreifed  up  a  im  modt  di  Paris^  for  the  tranfient  amufement  of 
our  young  countrywomen,  who  love  to  read  with  rapidity  \  any  one  of 
whom  would  require  three  or  four  fnch  /«as«/  as  this,  to  fill  up  the 
gap  between  dinner  and  tea  time.  Jf^ 

Art.  38.    ^eriis  to  Lord  AudUy,    By  Philip  Thicknefle,  Senior^ 
8vo.     £ight  Pages,     if.     Davis  in  Picadilly.     1782. 
Id  thefe  queries,  Mr.  Thicknefle,  father  to  Lord  Audley,  fets  forth 
the  extraordinary  ill  treatment  he  has  received,  through  the  cruel  and 
unfeeling  behaviour  of  bis  fon,  towards  him.    The  particulars  are 
here  exhibited  in  a  variety  of  fuch  tnftances  as  will  not  fail  to  (hock 
the  Reader's  humanity. — It  muft,  however,  be  remembered  that  we 
.^  have  httt  only  one  fide  of  the  queftion. 
•rl  Law*. 

•  Art.  39^  Confiderations  on  thi  Criminal  ProcaMngs  of  this  Country  ; 
On  tbe  Danger  of  CoiSviflions  on  circumftanciai  £vidence ;  on  the 
Cafe  of  Mr.  Donnellan,  and  on  the  alarming  Confequences  of  Pre- 
judice in  the  Adminiftration  of  Juftice.  To  which  are  annested. 
Cafes  of  innocent  Peribni  cbndemned  and  executed  on  circumftan* 
tial  Evidence;  with  Remarks.  By  a  Barrifier  of  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple. 8vo.  38.  6  d.  Boards.  Hodper,  &c.  1781. 
^  As  the  law  at  preiirnt  flands,  the  perfon'wko  ku  the  miafortsae 
'    '  to 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PmtIakwu  jii 

to  be  tccttfed  of  a  capital  crtme»  has  by  no  means  a  chance  for  eqiml 
juftice.*  Such  it  the  alarining  pofition  of  thii  Writer,  which  he  hach 
attempted  to  evince  from  the  trial  of  Mr.  Donnellan,  and  a  loaf 
firing  of  Cafes  of  many  innocent  perfons  condemned  and  executed  oa 
drcumftantial  evidence  ;  and  the  refult  is  indeed  a  mortifying  refle6doa- 
on  the  fallability  of  human  judgment ;  but  is  no  more  a  reflexion  oa* 
the  criminal  law  of  England,  than  acolledion  of  inftances  where  mea 
have  been  occaiionally  miftaken  upon  the  moft  important  fubjeflt, 
would  be  a  fair  argument  againft  the  admiffion  of  reafoning  and  phi* 
lofophy  on  any  fubjedt.  The  latter  might  indeed  promote  univerfal 
fcepticifm :  and  the  pains  this  Wiiter  has  taken  to  (hew,  that  in 
the  (Irongeft  apparent  cafes  of  guilt,  men  have  afterwards  proved  to 
be  innocent,  would  naturally  operate  to  fufpend  all  decifioo  in  cri* 
mioal  juftice,  till  mathematical  demonllration  can  be  had  on  fubje^a 
that  are  not  theobjeds  of  mathematical  evidence ;  but,  qui  nimis  fr§* 
iaif  mibilfrohat 

It  will  be  raid  that  no  manS  life  is  fafe,  *  if  circumftantial  evidenct 
if  to  be  admitted.'  It  may  be  anfwered,  No  man's  life  is  fafe  evea 
though  pofitive  proof  be  required,  ai  long  as  the  hardinefs  of  deli*  - 
berate  perjury  may  be  allowed  to  iSc6t  it.  Moft  of  the  cafes,  which 
the  Writer  produces,  are  on  diredl  andpofittve  evideoce  of  this  fort; 
which,  as  we  have  before  obferved,  is  lefs  to  be  confidered  u  a 
refledion  on  the  laws  of  England*  than  on  human  wickednefs.  He 
appears  to  us  to  be  little  acquainted  with  the  general  nature  of  evi* 
dence,  or  be  would  have  diKovered,  that  a  circumdanttal  proof,  aril^ 
ing  from  a  number  of  independent  fads,  though  apparently  minote^ 
and  eftabtifhed  by  circumftances  and  by  witoefles  anconneded  with 
each  other,  is  often  a  fpecies  of  evidence  fo  ftrong  and  convincinigt 
that  a  jary,  bound  to  decide  upon  their  oaths,  can  no  more  refift  ita 
force,  than  a  man,  with  his  eyes  open  can  avoid  feeing  an  objeA  that 
18  prefented  to  him  in  the  face  of  day. 

This  learned  Birrifler  has  appropriated  fe^enty-etgkt  pages  to  tba 
confideration  of  Mr.  D3nnellan's  cafe,  and  his  reaibningrs  upon  iCt 
are  ingenious  and  plaofible.  We  do  not  much  admire  this  kind  of 
hfuifitio  poft  morttm.  We  think  however  be  has  made  out  one  point; 
that  if  the  full  benefit  of  counfel  were  allowed  to  prifoners  in  all  ca* 
pital  cafes  (which  he  ftrongly  recommends),  many  a  criminal  might 
efcape,  who  poffibly  deferves  hanging  more  than  Mr.  Donnellan.       _ 

Poor    Laws.  ^T\ 

Art.  40.     Obfervations  on  the  Bills  for  amending  and  rendering 
more  effiedual  the  Laws  relative  to  Hoafes  of  CorreAton ;  for  tha 
better  Relief  and  Employment  of  the  Poor,  and  for  amending  aad 
rendering  more  efFeflual  the  Laws  relative  to  Rognet,  VaMboadt, 
and  Beggars ;  with  a  Table  annexed,  for  theDiredion  of  the  fhve* 
ral  Officers  and  Perfons  to  adjuft  and  paft  their  Accounts^  under  tha ' 
Direelion  of  the  A£t,  in  the  eafieft  and  mod  concife  yi^untr.    B/ 
T.  Gilbert,  Efq.  M.  P.     giro.     6d.     Wilkie.     178a. 
See  the  enfuing  Article. 
Art.  41.     A  Few  Words  in  Behalf  of  the  Poor;  Being  Remtrks 
upon  a  Plan  propored  by  Mr.  Gilbert,  lor  improvingtbe  Police  of' 
this  Country.     Alfo  Remarks  upon  the  Three  Bills  which  are  to  ht 
offered  to  Parliament  refpeding,  i.  The  Poor,— a.  Honfei  of 

X  4  ComfiioBft 


3ia  Monthly  CATALocuit  P$or  Laws. 

CorreftioDy 3.  Vagrants.     By  H.  Zooch,   a  Joftice  of  tho 

Peace*    4to»    6d.    Robinfoo* 

While  this  importaDt  Aifajed  is  under  the  deliberation  of  Parlia- 
ment, it  were  to  be  wiihed  that  magiftrates  and  others  who  are  led» 
bf  their  daty  and  habits  of  life,  to  confider  it  with  attention,  would 
commanicate  their  obfervations  upon  the  bills  now  depending.  Mr# 
Zonch  is  of  opinion,  that  the  innovations  propofed  by  Mr.  uiibert  in 
liis  celebrated  Plan,  are  liable  to  much  exception  ;  and  he  has  given 
Ilia  reafons  to  the  Public  with  a  fincerity  that  does  him  honour, 
tkoogh  perhaps  with  a  degree  of  harlhnefs,  that  borders  opon  cynical 
aorofenefs.^-Every  gentleman  who  devotes  hii  labours  to  the  public 
good,  is  highly  refpedlable  in  the  eyes  of  the  community  ;  and  has  a 
right  to  the  utmoft  candour  and  fairnefs  of  interpretation.  We  con- 
mt  ourfelves  highly  pleafed  with  the  liberal  condnd  of  Mr.  Gilbert, 
Ia  inviting  the  afliftance  and  emendations  of  others.  It  appears  that 
die  Bills  he  has  brought  forward,  are  already  in  a  flate  of  much 
gireater  maturity  and  improvement,  than  that  in  which  they  were  ori* 
ginally  offered  to  Parliament.  The  Oh/er<vmtioHs  mentioned  on  the 
other  fide,  comprize  an  abitradt  of  the  improved  plan,  and  are  intra* 
duc^d  with  the  following  Addrefs  to  the  Reader. 

*  Having,  the  laft  year,  publiihed  my  thoughts  upon  thefe  Three 
Bills,  of  the  greateft  national  importance,  and  having  been  encouraged 
by  the  favourable  reception  which  that  fmall  pamphlet  found,  in  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  to  profecute  the  Plan,  I  accordingly  prefented 
the  Three  Bills  to  the  Houfe,  which  were  afterwards  read  a  firfl  and 
fecond  Time,  without  the  leaft  oppofition.  They  have  fince  alfo 
been  very  fully  examined  and  difcuiTed  in  Committees,  attended  by 
members  from  tvtry  part  of  the  kingdom,  from  wbofe  fuggeftions, 
alterations,  and  addfitioos,  now  inferted  in  feveral  parts  of  the  Bills, 
they  have  received  confiderable  amendments. 

*  Every  member  who  attended  the  Committee  faw  the  infinite  im- 
portance of  the  matter,  and  moft  generonfly  offered  his  aflilUnce  to 
sdapt  the  Bills  to  the  circumftances  and  fituation  of  every  part  of  this 
country.  Whenever  a  difference  of  opinion  arofe  in  the  committee, 
e«ch  member  expreffed  his  ientiments  with  the  ntmoft  candour ;  and, 
after  the  general  fenfe  of  the  committee  was  colleded,  the  claufe 
vader  coafideration  was  poftponed,  in  order  to  have  it  amended,  if 
the  amendments  were  not  very  numerous ;  or.  if  they  were,  to  have  it 
jp^hdrawn,  and  a  new  claufe  propofed,  which  might  better  anfwer  the 
pnrpofes  of  the  Public,  and  be  moft  agreeable  to  the  ientiments  and 
wiihes  of  the  committee.  Thefe  amendments,  or  new  claaies,  when 
Ibnnd  neceffary,  were  afterwards  produced,  examined,  and  approved 
by  the  committee,  and  received  into  the  Bill. 

'  In  this  manner,  and  by  thefe  means,  have  the  Three  Bills  gone 
tbrough  the  committees,  without  a  fiagle  divifion. 

*  They  have  fince  been  reported  to  the  Houfe,  and  ordered  to  be 
ie))rinted  with  the  amendments. 

*  A  larger  number  than  ufual  have  been  printed,  in  order  to  circu- 
late them  amongft  the  magiftrates,  and  others  who  may  be  difpofed  to 
confider  them»  and  fuggeft  any  amendments  which  may  be  farther 
Acccflary^  befoff  they  pais  the  Hoafe  of  Commoni* 

Mt 


MoKTflty  Catalogo£»  Ri^kki^  jif 

^  It  it  therefore  propofed  to  mote  the  Hoafe*  at  foom  ai  pOffiUc 
after  the  adjdammeat  for  Bajiir  hoKdays,  to  have  th«  Bilb  recoaii* 
nitted,  that  che  errors  aod  defeat  which  nay  be  difcorered  (and  of 
whichy  from  my  own  more  accurate  obfervation,  I  acknowledge  theri 
were  many)  may  be  corrected;  aod  that  tbefe Bills,  upon  which  to  moti 
•  fif  ^J^P^fpt  Order,  and  good  Government  in  the  Police  of  thsa 
coontry  depends,  may  go  as  ptrfed  to  the  Honfe  of  Lords  as  they  cat 
be  made.'  fi^ff 

Religious.  <!• 

Art.  42.     Sacred  Hijinj^  feleded  from  the  Scriptures,  with 
Annotations   an4  Kefiedions,    fuited   to  the  Comprehenfion  of 
young  Minds:  particularly  calculated  to  facilitate  the  Stttdy  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures  in  Schools  and  Families,  and  to  reader  this  im* 
portant  Branch  of  Education  eafy  to  the  Teacher,  and  pleafing  10 
the^  Pupil.    Vol.  I.  From  the  Creation*  to  the  numbering  of  thO 
Ifraeliies  before  their  Departnie  from  Mount  Sinai.      By  Mrs* 
Trimmer,  Aathor  of  An  Eafy  Introduflion  to  the  Knowledge  of 
Naturc^&c.     i2mo4     3  s.    Dodfley,  &c.     1782. 
We  had  the  pleafurc  fome  time  ago  to  recommend  a  former  publi- 
cation of  this  Author's  in  oar  Review  for  January,  1781.     The  pre» 
fent  volume  equally  merits  the  attention  of  the  Public.     In  the  Oe* 
dication  to  the  Queen  (which  is  jnft,  fenfible,  and  polite),  Mrs,  T. 
informs  Her  Majelly,  that  this  Work  was  compofed  with  a  view 
to  aifift  young  minds  in  the  acquifition  of  religious  knowledge,  bf 
removing  the  difficulties  which  prevent  their  attaining  an  early  ac* 
quaintance  with  the  Holy  Scriptures :  and  that  (he  prefumes  to'hopo 
her  deiign  will  excufe  her,  both  to  Ifcr  Majefty,  and  the  world,  for 
the  boldnefs  of  her  undertaking,  and  the  defedls  in  the  execution  of 
it.     In  the  Preface,  (he  obferves  that  the  objedions  that  have  beett 
made  by  fome  of  our  beft  authors  (Mr.  Locke  and  Dr.  Watts  in  their 
treatifes  on  education)  to  the  indifcriminate  ufe  of  the  Scriptofoi^ 
have  great  weight,  for  numberlefs  paflages  both  in  the  Old  and  New 
Teftament,  abound  with  incidents  and  dodlrines  much  beyond  th0 
comprehenfion  of  young  perfons ;  and  there  is  reafon  to  apprehend^ . 
that  if  the  words  of  Scripture  become  familiar  to  their  ears,  withoqt 
having  proper  ideas  annexed  to  them,  they  will  not  afterwards  be  fnf* 
ficiently  afFeded  with  that  beautiful  fimplicity  of  language^  and  fob*, 
limity  of  fentiment,  which  fo  peculiarly  diftinguifii  rhe  facred  volume. 
But  on  the  other  hand,  in  this  age,  when  it  muft  be  acknowledged 
there  is  too  great  an  indifference  for  religion,  it  is  particularly  necef- 
fary  to  point  out  the  (Irait  path  of  doty ;  and  how  can  this  be  fo  ef«  " 
fednally  done,  as  by  having  recourfo  to  the  word  of  God  ? 

As  we  (hall  not  attempt,  by  any  extracts  from  this  Work,  to  do  ju(^ 
tice  to  its  merit,  we  leave  our  Readers  therefore  to  judge  for  them- 
felves:  and  we  believe  they  will  not  think  their  time  loft  in  pemfingi 
it.  They  will,  we  doubt  not,  agree  with  os,  that  the  deiign  is  gooda^ 
« »a94i9hat  the  execation  is  fuch  as  cannot  fail  of  promoting  rational 
religion,  and  virtue  amongft  the  rifing  generation. 

We  moft  not  take  leave  of  this  prodoStion  without  noticing  the  fbl* 
lowing  palTage  in  the  Preface. 
<  I  beg  leavt  to  obferve^  that  it  (eems  to  me  highly  necafiiry,  that 

a  book 


\ 


314  MovTBLY  Catalog vBy  RtEgt$u$. 

%  book  profcffedly  pabliihed  fov/ih—is^  ihoold  contain  nothing  cOD« 
tfwy  to  the  do&rinet  of  the  natioDal  religion.' — 

This  expreffion  night  lead  as  to  fappofey  chat  the  Authorcondemna 
lie  principles  of  the  reformation ;  but  from  what  follows,  it  is  plain 
fte  means  nothing  more  than  this,— 'that  children  (bould  not  bo' 
tffoiibled  with  re iigions  controverfie^.  ^-^iL^  Uf% 

Art.  43*    J  Lattr  tQ  tb$  Rru.  WiUiam  BiUy  D.  D.  Prebendary 
v^pf  St.  Peter's  Weftminfter»  on  the  5ubjedt  of  his  late  Fabrications 

*  (pon  the  Authority,  Nature,  and  Defigo  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  By 
Lewis  Bagot  *,  LL.  D.  Dean  of  Chriii-Church.  8iro.  i  s.  Ri*. 
vington*     1781. 

It  was  not  to  be  expend  that  fo  plain  and  rational  an  account  of 
the  Lord's  Supper,  as  that  given  by  Dr.  Bell  in  his  late  publications  f 
m  the  fubjed,  (hould  pafs  uncenfured  by  thoie  whofe  inclination  or 
antereft  atuchcs  them  to  obfcnricy  and  myftery.  That  no  immediate 
attempt  has  been  made  to  fubvert  his  doArine,  or  confute  his  reifon-* 
ittg,  may  be  juftly  impated  to  the  truth  of  his  poiitions,  and  the 
Jbree  of  his  argument.  I'he  prefent  is  an  attack  upon  the  author, 
anther  than  upon  his  doArine.  The  Prebendary  of  St.  Peter's  is  ac- 
Cttfed  of  advancing  principles  '  inconiiilent  with  the  Public  Doc- 
tirines  and  Ser%'ice  of  the  eftabliflied  Church.' 

According  to  Dr.  Bagot,  to  endeavour  to  undeceive  the  unlearned 
believer  with  refpcfl  to  any  miftake  into  which  his  Prayer  Book  may 
luive  led  htm,  ii  *  to  trifle  with  the  confciences  of  men,  and  can  only 
tend  to  weaken  the  influence  of  religious  principle.'  The  unlearned 
who  wants  inftruAion  on  any  religious  fubjed  ought  to  apply  to  the 
minitter  of  his  parilh  ;  *  and  that  miniller,  on  fuch  application  ought 
10  refer  him,'  not  to  the  Bible,  but  *  to  his  catechifm  and  to  cho 
church  fervice,  as  moft  competent  to  determine  his  judgnoent.' 

Such  are  the  principles,  and  fuch  is  the  fpirit  of  this  publication ; 
^|ad  in  our  opinion,  they  are  as  inconfiftent  with  thofe  of  protelUntifm, 
m  any  thing  in  Dr,  Bell's  Tradt  can  be  with  the  do£irines  and  (ervices 
of  the  cilabliihcd  church. 

Near  the  clofe  of  his  Letter,  the  Dean  has  infinuated  a  charge  of 
difingenuity  againfl  Dt*  Bell,  becabfe  in  his  PraSical  Enquiry^  p.  19. 
■Ij.  he  has  mentioned  a  paiTage  in  St.  John's  golpel,  and  another 
in  St.  Paul's  firil  Epiftle  to  the  CorinthiAus,  as  haviog  been  falfcly 
fappofed  to  relate  to  the  Lord's  fupper^  for  the  proof  of  which  he 
lefers  to  the  <^ppendix  and  notes  of  his  Jtttmpt  /#  a/artmin,  &c.  ib§ 
Natun  of  chat  Inllitution ;  whereas  in  that  larger  work  no  notice  at 
all  is  taken  of  the  paiHige  in  St  John's  gofpsl.  Candour  would  have 
imputed  this  to  inadvertence.  The  charge  may  be  eafily  obviated 
whenever  another  edition  of  either  of  Dr.  Bell's  publications  is  called 
for.  Surely,  even  Dr.  Ba^ot  himfelf  cannot  believe,  that  any  part 
of  the  vi.  chap,  of  St.  John's  gofpel  has  a  reference  to  the  Lord's  (up- 
per. In  our  opinion,  it  requires  but  a  little  more  credulity  to  under* 
iiand  the  exprciliuns,  as  the  Papilh  do,  in  their  literal  fenfe*       fiTDe 

•  ^  Promoted  to  a  feat  in  the  Epifcppal  Bench,  fince  the  pnbltcation 
of  this  Letter. 

f  See  a  large  account  of  Dr.  Bell's  *'  Attempt  to  afotrtaby  &c.*' 
in  oar  Review  for  December,  1780.  p.  448. 

Art. 


MoNTHLT  CATALOOUI9  RiUgimt.  315 

Art.  44.  Ah  Authentic  Narrathe  vf  ih$  Lift  and  CMVtrJkn  tf 
/•  C  Lebertebt^  a  Jew,  who  died  in  rbe  Faith  of  the  Son  ofGoa^ 
November  i3ch»  1776,  at  Koningiberg,  in  Proffia.  To  which  ia 
added,  a  remarkable  Account  of  three  Jewifii  Children  of  Berlia* 
Founded  on  Faft.     12 mo.    3d.     Waliis, 

The  Editor  of  this  account  profeflet  bis  hope' that  it  majr  obratt 
what  he  terms,  a  ralh  and  oojoft  pre^dice  'which  has  been  formed, 
▼ic.  *  That  a  Jew  can  never  become  a  Chriftian,  and  that  all  bap* 
tiaed  Jews  return  to  Jndaifm  before  their  death.*  The  narrative  majr 
poffibly  be  true ;  bot  it  contains  nothing  that  will  greatly  excite  at- 
tention.  It  is  however  very  happy  when  any  perfon,  who  hu  beea 
under  miftakes  of  an  important  kind,  is  convinced  of  his  error,  eai* 
braces  troth,  and  aAs  under  its  influence.  Tpim 

Art.  45.  Evangelical  Sermons.  By  Thomas  Adam,  Redor 
of  Wintriogham,  Lincoln/hire.      8vo.     6t.  boand.     Bnckland* 

The  number  of  thefe  Sermons  is  eleven :  they  are  ibmewhaf  loi^ 
and  feveral  of  them  are  divided  into  two  parts.  They  are  ftiled,  Evmem 
gtHcalp  a  term  which  certain  writers  are  very  fond  of  aflnming,  and 
confining  to  themfelves,  bat  which  mnft,  neverthdefs,  belong  en 
others  who  fincerely  endeavour  to  make  divine  revelation  Sidr 
fludy  and  guide. 

,  pjhefe  Difcourles  are  in  the  calviniftical  ftrain,  of  the  dedamatoijr 
kind,  very  warm  and  argent,  and  appear  to  proceed  from  a  beaic 
fervently  defirous  of  doing  good  to  mankind.  We  are  informed, 
that  the  Author,  being  incapacitated  through  age  and  infirmities  from 
appearing  in  the  pulpit,  is  defirous  of  contributing  to  the  benefit  of^^ 
his  fellow-creatures  by  fuch  means  as  are  yet  in  his  power.  '    Xn  • 

Art.  46.     A  New  Tranjlation^  with  a  Paraphrafe  rffime  Paris  $f 

EefUfiafies,     12 mo.     id.    Leicefter,  printed,     Lowndes.     178 1« 

This,  though  indeed  a  little  performance,  deferves  fome  attentioe, 
cfpecially  as  ic  may  be  defigned  as  a  fpecimen  of  a  larger  work«  '  It 
was  intended,  we  are  told,  to  print  only  a  few  copiea  of  this  paper, 
to  be  given  to  the  Tranflator's  particular  friends ;  but  on  confidera* 
tion,  that  the  more  it  it  difperfed,  the  better  the  (entiments  of  the 
Public  in  general  concerning  it  muft  be  known,  the  Tranflator  baa 
ordered  a  number  to  be  printed,  and  Ibid.'  To  give  our  Readen  . 
fnme  view  of  this  Tranflation,  we  (hall  rele£l  two  or  three  verfes  fron 
the  account  of  old  age,  or  of  ficknefs  and  diforders  to  which  the 
buman  conftitution  is  liable,  in  the  twelfth  chapter. 

'  V.  4.     IVhitt  the  gates  of  difcowrfs  Jball  hi  kept  fimt  hecaufi  tha 

veUe  is  lo^v  and  dejiituts  efgrmce^  and  founds  like  the  voice  of  m  liStb 

bird,  and  all  reiijb  for  mufixkJkaU  be  Uft% 

•  V.  ^,  Thin  bills  tn  tbt  wajf  Jbeul  frigbten,  and  ivaters  terrific 
bintp  and  be  Jhall  grow  negligent  of  bufinejs^  and  feafting  JbaU  (§ 
trouhlifime  to  bim^  and  tbe  love  of  quiet  fitall  grow  on  bim,  as  tb§ 
man  dra*ws  tovnardi  hie  long  bomCf  eud  bis  friends  tome  about  bim  in 
tbefireet  mttitb  condolence, 

*  V  •  6 .  Before  tbefcbtmes  of  getting  sanney  are  laid  afide^  and  tbe 
pleafure  of  [polfefiing]  gold  be  naeakened^  sued  infiead  •ffyrinnng  bote^ 
be  Jball  iave  [only]  a  proj^eff  of  dijolution^  and  tbe  ieheAhe  rolled 
into  the  pit.* 

6  To 


3t6  £  B  R  M  O  V  9. 

To  etcli  of  the  irerfet  it  added  a  kind  of  paraplirafe,  but  the  A«* 

tkw  does  aot  farniOi  hia  readers  with  particular  criticifms,  or  aflign 

Jiis  reaibia  for  the  feveral  aod  great  al:era:iuns  which  he  makes  in 

tke  text*     We  moft  leave  this  for  the  cootemplation  of  Hebricians, 

and  ihall  finifli  oar  article  by  adding  the  following  paiTage  from  thia 

fttit  poblkatioa.    '  The  Tranilacor  confiders  the  Hebrew  text  aa  it 

appears  in  our  printed  Biblef,  mtrtly  u  a  tranflation  :  the  original 

acxc  being  the  letters  withoat  vowel  points,  withoat  paafes,  and  even 

witiioat  any  divtfion  into  words.    He  therefore  thinks  himfelf  at  li- 

^^erty,  whenever  the  context  requires  it,  either  to  read  with  different 

points,  or  to  divide  the  letters  differently  into  words  or  fentences, 

lie  fuppofesiiimfelf  too  at  liberty  to  read  fome  forts  of  words  either 

^\  ^with  or  withoat  a  vow,  with  or  without  a  jr^/.     For  ail  readers  have 

ieen  and  allowed  the  neceffity  of  doing  this  in  many  inftances,  and 

therefore  it  may  be  neceflary  in  others,  which  they  are  not  aware  of. 

He  has  too,  now  and  then,  taken  the  liberty  of  applying  that  com- 

JB«B  rale»  LiterM  irtm^gemi^,  fivt  mnim  orgaaifacilt  inUr/g  pirmmium^ 

Jiar  I  where  no  application  of  it  has  been  made  before*      And  theie 

are  all  the  liberties  he  has  prefumed  to  take,  except  he  has  in  a  fingle 

•aeftance  foppofed  a  word  (hould  be  read  with  an  AUfb  efimtbtticum^ 

'9M  is  done  in  the  prefent  way  of  reading  the  text  in  many  places/ 

N.  B.  A  fecond,  a  macb  larger,  part  of  this  work  is  publilhed  ; 
•arhich  we  (hall  duly  notice.  ^ 

SERMONS. 

.1.     Grace  ivitb§ui  Emtbtifimjm.     Preached    at    All    Saints,  Colchef- 

tt       ter,  on  Trinity  Sunday,  1781.     By  Nathaniel  Forfter,  D.  D.  Rec- 
^.      tor  of  the  faid  Parifli,  and  Chaplain  to  the  Coontefs  Dowager  of 
Northington.     8vo.    ^d.    Robinfon^  &c. 

The  extravagant  ideas  that  have  been  entertained  by  ancient  and 
modern  enthnfiafts,  refpeding  the  influence  and  operation  of  the  holy 
fpirit  on  the  human  mind,  are  well  known,  and  cannot  but  be  fin* 
cerely  lamented  by  every  fober  minded  Chriiliao.  It  is  the  profeffed 
dcfign  of  Dr.  Forfter,  in  this  Difcoorfe,  io  to  explain  the  dodrine  as 
to  guard  againft  the  abufe  of  it,  and  to  reconcile  his  explanation  to 
the  articles  and  liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England, 

'  Now  there  is  one  obvious  way'  fays  he,  '  in  which  the  holy  Spi* 

fit  may  very  properly  be  faid  to  afiift  all  Chriftians,  as  well  in  the 

'  knowledge,  as  in  the  practice  of  their  duty  ;  and  that  without  any  in* 

fringement  upon  the  freedom  of  our  rational  powers  (for  it  is  by  the 

free  exercife  of  thcfe  powers  that  fuch  aflillance  can  alone  be  ob-> 

'  tained),  and  this  is,  by  that  plain  role  of  lifey-^which  is  laid  before  us 

in  the  Gofpel,  and  the  powerful  motives  held  out  by  the  fame  Gof- 

'  pel,  to  the  obfervance  of  it.     **  All  Scripture  is  given  by  infpiration 

*  of  God."  When  therefore  we  are  taught,  are  converted,  are  com- 
'  forted,  by  thofe  Scriptures,  we  may  very  properly  be  Tatd  to  be 
'  taught,  to  be  converted,  to  be  comforted,  by  God,  the  Author  of 

them.     When  we  are  thus  led  into  the  paths  of  truth,  of  virtue,  and 

*  happinefs,  by  the  word  of  God,  it  is  God  himfelf  who  is  our  teacher, 
our  leader,  and  our  guide.  He  hath  revealed  his  will  to  us,  by  the 
mouth  of  his  infpii^  Apoftles  and  Prophets,  which  have  been  iince 
the  world  began.    He  hath  opened  life  and  immortality  10  onr  view. 


S  £  It  M  o  N  ••  3i]fr 

as  tlie  great  reward  of  all  our  libo«rt«  by  fbe  Gofpel  of  bit  Son,  Ho 
hath  moreover  given  us  reafon  and  anderftanding  (wiiboot  wbicli 
cfcry  other  bleffing  would  have  been  loft  to  at)  to  Know  bit  will,  «a 
tius  related,  and  to  weigh  the  force  of  tbo(e  motives  wbicb  are  far 
JMote  1^  in  thU  revelation.  All  therefore  that  we  know,  all  that 
we  think,  and  all  that  we  do^  in  confequence  of  tbeia  ligbu,  whether 
from  without  or  within  us,  whatever  virtne»  whatever  praifc  there 
laaybe,  in  our  own  endeavoura,  and  an  oorowaimproveneatt  anden 
them,  it,  in  this  view,  ultiiaately  aad  folely  to  be  referred  so  God : 
is  to  be  afcribed  to  his  unbounded  benevolence,  thos  plaialy  fttewiag 
na  what  is  good,  and  what  he  reqoiretb;  aad  aft>rdtng  as  the  noft 
powerfal  motives  to  perfcvere  in  that  path  of  daty,  which  he  hath  pro- 
fcribed.' 

This  is  ratioaal  and  jodicioos.  By  Hopping  bete,  Dr»  Porfiev 
would,  in  our  opinion,  have  much  more  eCedlnally  gaarded  hia  pa« 
rifliiooers  agatnft  *  enthuiiailic  deloiioai,'  than  by  talkinf*  as  ho 
afterwards  does,  of  a  communication,  infltience,  aad  operatioa  of  cho 
fpirit,  of  which  wf  have  no  cM/dw/Mi/i^  or  fir€^ti$m ;  the  efie^  of 
which  cannot  be  diftinguifhed  from  the  natural  foggeitions  of  oar 
own  minds ;  from  which  *  no  hnmaa  beiag  can  ever  fay,  that  any 
chooghty  any  word,  any  work  of  hia»  itmmsduUify,  mnch  kla  «ik/v« 
frodji  proceeds ;'  and  which  no  mortal  can  ever  kaow,  withoat  a  mi* 
racle,  that  be  is  favoured  with.  Boc  perhaps  the  faatimeata  contaiaed 
in  the  former  paragraph,  however  conibnant  to  reafon  or  Scripcaia* 
aiight  not  have  been  fo  eafily  reconciled  to  the  articles  or  litorgy  of 
Che  church  of  England. 

In  a  note,  profeiledly  defigned  lor  the  -'  philofophical  reader*,  Dr, 
F.  hat  foggefted,  that  vttM^  moral  and  free  ageat  bcia^  deteraniaedi 
by  motives,  and  the  Almighty  having  the  abfolaie  diredioa  of  every 
motive  in  nature,  a  wide  field  is  opened  for  the  divine  ageacy,  aad 
interpofitioa,  without  the  leaft  infringement  of  human  Htoty*  Bat 
he  had  previoafly  aiierted  in  the  Difconrfe  icfelf,  chat  *  the  ftrongeft 
motives  are  no  motives,  to  thofe  whofe  hearta  are  tnfenfible  to  their 
imprefion.'  So  that  in  order  to  give  efficacy  to  motives,  there  mo€ 
be  fome  operation  upon  the  naind  itielf ;  which,  thoagh  according  co 
the  Dodor*a  fuppofition,  we  be  not  conicioos  of  it,  it  will  be  diiicalt 
CO  prove  entirely  confifleat  with  moral  and  free  agency*  ^_ 

Previous  to  thb  csMEaAL  Fast,  Pebroary  a8,  1782. 

!•    A  Short  Alarm  bifin  tbi  Fafi,    in  1782 ; .  and  to  be  ierionfly 

I  *  .^  confidered  after.  By  a  Friend  10  his  Country.    6vo.     1  a.    DiUy* 

A  warm  advocate  Ibr  America,  makes  no  icruple,  in  thia  lixdt 

piece,  to  arraign  ^hecondud  of  ^vernment  in  the  moft  bitter  Ian* 

gaage,    and  to  load  even  royalty  with  opprobrium*    AmiM'the 

.>^.Biai^s  of  degeneracy  which  appear  with  fach  aggravated  colonri  on 

*  ^the  face  of  our  country,  we  may  rank,  as  one  0?  the  moft  alarming^ 

that  cwtsmft  illegal  authomiyy  which  this  pamphlet  ia  evidently  eal* 

calated  to  promote  amidli  the  lower- ranks  of  people :  ic  ia-oae  of  the 

left  fymptoms  of  a  fslling  ftate !    •  ]|}«  ,|^^ 

if.   Ji  Faithful  Piaur$  rf  tb$  Titmt ;'  beiag  a  Sermon  for  the  Year 

'^(t  '    '7^'*  addreiTed  to  the  Xing,  Nobility^  Cler^,  aad  Laiqr  of  tkim 

***"      profligate  and  perKhing  Kingdom.    By  a  Belicigirof  the  axploflail 

'-  •  %  and 


J-.* 


Jit  PAST-d^AY  SeRMOKS* 

and  fttmoft  andqaated  Dodrinet  of  Chriftianity.     lamo,     ad.- 
Biadon* 

A  frightful  r«fYr^«r« /— not  a  Fmitb/Mi  PiQun  : at  lead  it  ia 

orercharged»  if  npc  diftorted*  ^        # 

Fas  t-D  ay    Sermon  s, 

III.     A  Sermoa  preached  before  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  in 

the  Abbef  Church  of  Weftmiaftery  oo  the  late  Faft.     By  SamneU 

Lord  BiQiop  of  Gloucefter.     4*0.     i  s.     Cadeli. 

This  is  a  very  elegaot  and  ffotible  Difcoarfe.  The  objc6l  of  it  ia 
to  prove  that  war  cannot  be  the  natural  date  of  man : — that  one  great 
canfe  of  the  Ruin  of  public  commanitics,  is  the  power  of  internal 
corruption ;  which  corroption,  ariiing  from  infidelity  and  an  indif- 
Icrance  to  all  religioa*  manifefts  itfelf  in  all  the  forms  of  vice  and 
immorality  ;  and  that  tha  only  probable  meant  of  averting  impend- 
ing judgments,  and  recovering  the  peace  and  profperiiy  of  this 
country,  coaiift  in  what  ought  to  be  the  ruling  principles  of  a  Fast 
^-humility,  repentance,  and  reforaaation. 

The  following  refledions,  which  icem  principally  levelled  at  the 
infiauating  and  pernicious  fyftem  of  education  inculcated  by  Lord 
Cbefterfieldy  are  as  juft  as  they  are  elegant,  *  The  time  was,  when 
a  ierious  regard  to  the  commands  of  God  was  thought  to  be  the 
fared  foundation  on  which  to  ereft  the  ftruAure  of  virtue ;  when  in>> 
ptefling  maxims  of  probity  on  the  young  and  yielding  mind  waa 
judged  to  be  the  bed  fecurity  from  the  dominion  of  inward  paffion,  or 
thcfudden  violence  of  outward  temptation.  But  a  ferviie  refpefl  to 
the  will  of  a  fuperior,  we  are  told,  would  deftroy  the  merit  of  obedi- 
ence; and  infnfing  early  habits  of  felf  government,  would  cramp 
the  efforts  of  natural  genius.  An  eafier  difcipline  hath  been  in* 
vented,  in  which  the  fevere  and  antiquated  roles  of  morality  aredif* 
carded,  and  other  regulations  introdaced,  better  fuited  to  the  capri- 
cioas  delicacy  of  modern  manners.  In  this  fehool  of  polite  inftruc* 
doo,  a  prudent  accomodation  to  the  modes  of  thinking  and  a£iing» 
which  prevail  in  faihionable  life,  is  inculcated  as  the  great  leflbn  to 
be  learnt  by  every  afpirant  to  worldly  diftindions,  the  cardinal  ex« 
ceHence  which  is  to  lead  to  certain  honour  and  fortune.  An  obfe* 
qnioui  and  unmeaning  civility,  in  which  the  affediions  have  no  con* 
cern,  is  taught  to  affume  the  air  and  ufnrp  the  place  of  benevolence  ; 
and  a  ftudied  attention  to  exterior  accomplifhments,  ferves  as  a  decent 
veil  to  hide  the  hoilownefs  and  corruption  of  the  heart/  3.  «  ] 

1V«— Before  the  Honfe  of  Commons.     By  Thomas  Dampier,  D,  D. 
Prebendary  of  Durham.    410.     i  s.    Payne. 

A  plain  and  pradical  Difcourfe  on  Ezek.  xviii.  30.  <*  Repent  and 
fura  yourfelves  ftom  your  iniquities,  and  fo  fin  (hall  not  be  youf  ^^ 

V.—Preached  ia  the  Parifh  Church  of  Swinderby,  in  the  County  of 
Liacola.  ^y  JohaDifney,  D.  D*  F.  A.  S.  8vo.  6d.  Johnfon* 
Spirited  and  Utti  perhaps  it  will  be  thought  too  much  fo  idt  the 
Dccafioa  I  for  the  idea  of  a  faft  implies  modelly  and  meeknefs.  Bat 
the  wound  is  deep  and  dangeroai  $  and  the  Do^or  thinks  it  his  duty^^^ 
90  probe  it  to  the  quick.  D<- 


Cor  ABapoNDENCE.-  319 

VL— Pretched  it  FitzRoy  Chapel.  Bj  J.  N.  Puddicombf^  Miniier. 

4to.     1  ••    jobnfon. 
Another  fpirited  decljumer !— bat  on  the  9ibir  fide  of  theqaeftm* 
Dr.  Difney  haraDgaei  on  the  parent's  cruelty  to  the  child,  and  Mr. 
Puddicombe  on  the  child's  ingratitnde  to  the  parent.     Much  may  te 
fatd  on  both  fides !— and  much  may  be  faid  againft  both !  T^^ 

VIL— At  St.  John's  Clerkcnwell.     By  the  Key.  E.  W.  Whitaker* 
B.  A«  Re6ior  of  that  Parifli.    4to.     1  a.    Rtvingtoo. 
A  well  drawn  parallel  between  the  people  of  ancient  Ifrael  anl 
mcyiern  Britain,  both  with   refpefi  to  their  privilegu  on  the  tme 
f  vli^d,  and  their  abufe  of  them  on  the  other.    This  Sermon  breathes 
a  ipirit  of  piety  and  moderation.    The  Preacher  avoids  all  polkkat 
difcufiiont ;  and  very  properly  confines  himfelf  to  what  is  of  mOfff 

Seneral  concern  ;  and  more  becoming  the  duty  of  a  Chriftiaa  i&iai* 
er  on  a  day  of  fafiing  and  humiliation*  ^0 

*^*   Tbi  Remaimfer  tf  tbi  Fmft  Sermnu  in  ntr  wxt. 


.i 


CORRESPONDENCE.  ^ 

7e/Ar  Authors  {/*/A^  Monthly  Review* 

Gbmtlbmbn, 

MOT  doubting  your  readinefi  to  convey  any  literary  infbr»i» 
tion  compatible  with  the  plan  of  your  work,  I  take  the  libert]f 
to  make  an  obfervation  on  a  pafifage  in  yonr  Review,  for  Februaijr 
Jaft.  page  85,  quoted  from  Mr.  Thomas  Warton*s  ingenious  Hiftoc^ 
of  Engliih  Poetry.  **  There  is  an  old  madrigal  fet  to  mufick  bf 
William  Bird,  foppofed  to  be  written  by  Henry  *  when  he  fell  ialOfV 
with  Ann  Boleyn.     It  begins* 

**  The  eagle's  force  fubdues  each  birde  that  fliea 
What  mortal  can  refifte  the  flaming  fyre  ? 
Dothe  not  the  fun  daxzle  the  clearefte  tye% 
And  melt  the  eyce,  and  make  the  froft  retire  f^ 

When  1  firft  read  thefe  verfei  in  the  Nu^it  Jntiqua  they  (um»L 
to  me  too  good  to  be  written  by  a  king  ;  and  I  have  fioce  found  that 
their  real  author  was  Thomas  Churchyard,  a  poet  of  Queen  Eliaa- 
bethytime,  andoneof  the  ailiftantsinthe  Mirror  9/ MagiftnU^Sm  The 
lines  in  queftion  are  part  of  a  ftanaa  in  Churchyard's  legend  of  Jane 
Shore,  and  may  be  found  in  Mrs.  C—ftr*s  Hufit  Libr4irj^  ^vo« 
1741.  p.  122. — Confidering  Mr.  Warton's  very  exteuGve  acquaint- 
ance with  old  Engliih  poetry,  it  b  ftrange  this  circumftance  fliould 
have  e(caped  him*  Royalty  (hould  not  have  been  deprived  of  thia 
little  fprig  of  bays  which  former  flattery,  or  prefent  accident  hasgiveft. 
it,— but  for  the  confideration  that  every  author  dead»  or  lifing,  oogkC 
to  have  the  merit  of  his  own  works,  be  it  what  it  may. 

I  am  Gentlemen,  Yoarty  ^c« 

•  The  VlUth. 


M   '/^ 


JIO  CORRESPONDBNCS. 

f  4't  We  tcknowledge  the  receipt  of  m  Letter  relative  to  t  late 
pofthomoui  publication,  from  a  perfon  who  figns  himfclf  *  jin  Emmy 
t§  pious  Frauds ;'  and  who  charges  the  Editor  of  that  work  with  having 
*  been  guilty  of  a  trefpafi  againft  fidelity,  as  an  Editor,  which  nothing 
.^^canexcufc.* 
'  We  rather  wonder  that  our  ingenious  but  anonymous  Correfpondenc 
ihould  not  perceive  the  manifeft  innpropriety  of  oar  publifhing  a 
charge  of  a  vtxy  ferious  kind,  on  the  telUmony  of  an  unknown  per- 
fon :  nor  indeed  is  it  our  buiinefs  to  make  oarfclves  parties  in  dif- 

cuffions  of  this  kind,  even  on  the  beft  authority.  -t\      _ 

-ld««Jf« 

1^  A  fecond  letter  on  the  rot  in  iheep,  has  been  received  from 
bar  obliging  correfpondent  Mr,  Robtrts,  Another  ingenious  corre- 
fpdndent,   who  figns  himfclf  PbiUpatria^  has  alfo  favoured  us  with 

'^ne  on  the  fame  fubjed.  We  are  forry  that  neither  the  nature  nor 
the  limits  of  our  undertaking  permit  us  to  engage  any  further  in 
this  excurfive  inquiry.    From  our  general  rule  of  admitting  nothing 

^bu  not  relation  either  immediately  or  remotely  to  literature/  1K[e  uJ 
iha^deviated  in  the  firft  induce,  fcdoced  merely  by  the  importance  of 
the  fubjeA,  and  by  the  hope  of  awakening  the  general  attention  to  a 
natter  of  fuch  great  national  importance.  As  this  efifedl  is  in  fome 
degrele  anfwered,  we  muft  here  take  leave  of  our  correfpon dents. — 
They  will  no  doubt  find  fome  other  vehicle  of  public  intercourfe,  to  the 
nature  of  which  their  commnnicationi  will  be  more  fuitable. — We  #•- 
Ussdid  to  infert  thefe  letters  entire  ;  but  on  re*perufing  them,  we  per- 
ceive that,  befidei  their  being  of  a  length  that  would  encroach  too 
snnchon  our  limits,  as  well  as  on  the  immediate  obje£t  of  our  journal, 
they  wear  fomewhat  of  a  controverfial  complexion,  with  an  appear- 
ance oi  pn/onalitj*,  to  which  we  can  by  no  means  aflR)rd  admit- 
tance. 

*  This  is  lefs  applicable  to  one  of  the  letters  than  to  the  other.  ^^J^; 

*J^  Our  Readers  are  requefted  to  correal  the  following  errata  in 
the  article  of  Milles's  edition  of  Rowley's  Poems,  in  our  lad  Review, 
viE. 

Page  207.  1.  30.  for  '  unharmonious  coincidence  of  words/ 
read  harmonious, 

—  L  34,  for  •  decifive*,  r.  dilufinte. 
-~  201.  towards  the  bottom,  r.  *  thi  muniment  room.* 

—  214.  1.  6.  for  ^  authority,'  r.  authenticity. 

—  2i6.  near  the  bottom,  for '  forms,*  r.  ttrmsm 

—  217,  1.  16.  for  '  Embrice/  r,  Etuhria. 
For    fome  fmaller    mifiakes,    we  beg  the  Reader's   indulgence, 

CO  which  the  hurry  often  attending  periodical   works  gives  theni 
4111  efpecial  claim. 

1^   We  are  obliged  to  poilpone  our  conclufion  of  the  review  of 
,  Dean  Millei^'j  edition  of  Rowley ;  but  it  will  certainly  appear  in  the 
Mxt  MoaQi^s  Rfivifew. 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 


For      MAY,      ly^c^. 


^@<^SJ-:&®SS^®a®®^^®@^(^^S?®^©§@<SKjF 


Art.  I.     Dt^an  Milhs^s   Edition   of  ltonjohy*s  Poems  CoKCLUDip. 

i>ec  Review  for  March. 

THERE  are  two  points  which  may  be  regarded  ^  the  main 
hinges  on  which  this  controverfy  turns.  The  firft  xc- 
fpeds  the  genius  2nd  abilities  of  Chatterton :  the  fecond,  the 
aera  of  the  fuppofed  Rowley.  The  oppofers  of  the  authenticity 
of  thefe  Poems  have,  at  the  utmoft,  only  an  extraordinary,  or,  if 
it  mujl  be  fo  Called,  an  improbabli  circumftancc  to  ftruggle  with : 
but  thofe  who  dcftnd  it,  have  an  abfolute  impoflibility  to  fur- 
mount. 

We  have  already  delivered  our  opinion  refpefting  the  fingular 
genius  and  abilities  of  Chatterton  ;  and  in  proportion  to  our 
acquaintance  with  the  hiftory  and  acknowledged  produdlions  of 
this  extraordinary  youth,  fo  are  we  the  more  (irnnly  convince^ 
that  he  was  fully  equal  to  the  impufition  of  Rowley.  The  fup» 
pofition  might  at  firfl  confound  a  carelefs  and  uninformed  en* 
quirer;  and  indeed  there  are  few  perfons  who  would  not  be 
flaggered  to  have  luch  a  qijefHon  as  the  following  propofed  t^ 
them  on  a  fudJen,  or  without  any  previous  acquaintance  with  the 
chara<f):er  of  Chatterton  ; — **  How  was  it  poifible  for  a  low-bred 
boy,  juft  emancipated  from  the  rii^orous  bondage  of  a  charity* 
fchool,  to  have  written  poems  which  evidently  beai  the  deep 
traces  of  antiquity,  reflexion,  learning,  and  genius  ?"  We  grant 
the  fail  to  be  extraordfnary  to  a  very  high  degree.  Let  it  even 
be  called  improbable.  It  was^a  circumftance  not  likely  to  hap- 
pen in  the  courfe  of  a  century.  But  what  then  ?  The  fa£t  im- 
plies no  abfurdity — no  contradiction,  it  is  at  leaft  poHible: 
«ind  we  think  it  on^  of  thofe  \ti^  figgular  eyents  that  fometimes  ^ 
occurs  to  amufe  and  altonilb  mankind,      Chatterton  was  hin^ 

Vol.  LXVI,  Y  fclf 


322  Millcs'x  Edit,  of  Rowley^  Poems. 

.fisif  a  wonderful  being;  and  can  we  be  furprifed  that  he  (hould 
projeft  fomething  as  extraordinary  as  himfelf  ?  By  his  own  con- 
fcffion  he  wrote  the  firft  part  of  the  Battle  of  Haftings ;  the  ac- 
count, originally  publiChed  in  Farley's  Briftol  Journal,  refpedl- 
ing  the  ceremonies  ufed  at  the  opening  of  the  bridge  in  the  fif- 
teenth century,  was  acknowledged  by  himfelf  to  be  a  fi£tion  of 
his  own  :  and  we  are  afTured  by  Mr.  Rudhall,  one  of  his  confi- 
dential friends,  that  he  blackened  parchment,  and  imitated  the  old 
mode  of  writing,  in  order  to  give  his  MS.  the  appearance  of  an- 
tiquity. If  the  truth  of  his  own  acknowledgments  be  queftion- 
ed,  we  have  at  leaft  ftrong  internal  evidence  to  appeal  to  for 
their  fupport;  and  that  fupport  is  afforded  very  amply,  not  only 
to  one  poem,  but  to  all ;  for  the  marks  of  impofition  are  uni- 
form and  univerfal.  If  his  confef&on  receives  ciedit  (and  why 
(hould  it  not  ?),  it  at  leafts  afFofds  a  fufpicion,  that  he  who  was 
capable  of  a  fraud  (and  a  fraud  too  fo  very  ingenious)  in  one  cafe, 
was  capable  of  varying  the  impofition,  and  of  devifing  fictions 
without  number,  in  a  line  fo  congenial  to  the  bent  of  his  genius 
and  the  habit  of  his  fludies.  If  he  was  more  guarded  in  the 
language,  fentiments,  and  allufions  of  the  fecond  part  of  the 
Battle  of  Haftings,  than  in  the  firft,  it  only  tends  more  forcibly 
to  fupport  the  fuppofttion  of  impofture.  The  imitations  of 
Chevy  Chace,  in  the  firft  part,  were  fo  flagrant  and  palpable, 
that  we  apprehend  they  muft  have  ftrucic  Mr.  Barret  himfelf,  to 
whom  the  poem  was  at  firft  given.  His  fufpicions  very  proba- 
bly made  him  fo  eager  (as  we  find  he  was)  to  prefs  for  the  origi- 
nal MS.  When  it  could  not  be  produced,  the  fufpicion  of  an 
impofture  was  undoubtedly  confirmed  in  Mr.  Barret's  mind,  and 
very  reafonably.  What  was  the  ifliue  of  this  tranfaSion  ?  Why, 
we  are  fairly  informed  by  Mr.  Barret  himfelf,  that  Chattcrton 
confeiTed  the  whole  was  a  trick  ; — that  the  poem  was  his  own  ; 
and  that  he  wrote  it  at  the  folicitation  of  a  friend  !  This  con* 
fe/fion  was  very  natural,  on  the  fuppofition  of  Chatterton's 
having  aAed  the  part  of  an  impoftor  ;  but  in  any  other  view,  it 
Is  unnatural  and  improbable  in  the  higheft  degree.  If  he  had 
been  in  poiTeflion  of  the  original  MS.  what  fbould  have  hinder- 
ed his  producing  it?  and  if  he  had  at  any  time  pofleiTed  it, 
what  Qiould  have  tempted  him  to  have  deftroyed  it  P  If  he  wi(b- 
cd  to  give  credit  to  his  pretenfions,  how  could  he  betcer  have 
effected  his  purpofc  than  by  (hewing  his  originals?  What  (we 
a(k  again)  could  have  been  his  motive  for  deftroying  them,  under 
the  fuppofition  of  his  having  pofleflfed  them? — This  queftion 
was  never  anfwercd  ;  and  we  believe  it  out  of  the  power  of  any 
advocate  for  Rowley  to  give  any  anfwer  to  it,  that  can  afford  the 
leaft  fatisfa£tion  to  an  impartial  enquirer. 

To  return  to  Mr.  Barret.     When  Chattcrton  confefled   the 
impofition  in  the  firft  Battle  of  Haftings,  bccaufe  having  been 

prefled 


MillcsV  Edit,  of  Rowley'/  Poems^  343 

prefled  for  the  original  MS.  he  was  incapable  of  producing  it,  he 
promifed  to  fupply  the  defed^  and,  in  fome  mcafurc,  to  atone 
for  his  fraudulent  attempt,  by  prefenting  him  with  a  poem  on 
the  fame  fubje£l,  that  Oiould   undoubtedly  be  original.     The 
producing  of  fuch  an  original  was  now  abfolutely  necefTary  to 
his  credit ;  and  it  mud  have  (truck  him  with  double  force,  that 
if  his  firft  attempt  was  fufpeded  for  want  of  evidence,  the  fecond 
would  be  more  ftrongly  fufpedled  on  the  fame  grolind  ;  efpe* 
cially  as  he  had  engaged  to  furnifh  the  evidence  which  was  re* 
quifite  to*  give  credit  to  his  pretenfions.     The  objection  to  the 
authenticity  of  the  fecond  part  of  the  Battle  of  Haftings  woold 
have  been,  in  every  degree,  more  weighty  than  that  which  was 
urged  againft  the  firft,  if  it  was  after  all  found  deficient  in  evi* 
dence,  fo  eafy  to  have  been  produced,  if  it  could  have  been  pro* 
duced  at  all ; — for  what  fo  eafy  as  the  producing  the  MS.  from.^ 
'which  the  tranfcript  was  profeffed  to  have  been  taken? — We 
would  aflc  Mr,  Barret  the  foiiowing  queftions : — What  made 
him  fufpe6l  the  authenticity  of  the  firft  poem  which  Chatterton 
gave  him  ?  Did  he  believe  Chatterton  when  he  aftured  him  that 
the  poem  was  his  own  ?  If  Chatterton  only  faid  this  to  avoid  all 
further  enquiries  refpe£ling  the  MS.,  from  whence  it  might  be 
fuppofed  to  have  been  taken,  did  he  fufpedl  that  the  MS.  was  in 
Chatterton's  hand,  or  that  he  had  deftroyed  it  ?    If  it  was  in  his 
hand  what  motive  could  he  have  for  refufing  to  (hew  it,  which 
might  not  have  induced  him  to  have  kept  other  MSS.  of  the 
fame  ^r//^ffif^/ antiquity,  concealed  with  the  fame  care  ?  If  he  had 
deftroyed,  or  accidentally  loft  this  MS.  would  he  not  have  been 
more  careful  to  havepreferved  the  other ^  in  order  to  have  given  Mr. 
Barret  that  fatisfa£tion  which  was  both  exped^ed  and  promifed  I 
When  Chatterton  produced  the  copy  of  the  fecond  part  of  the 
Battle  of  Haftings,  did  not  Mr.  Barret  afk,  as  in  the  former 
cafe,  to  fee  the  original  ?  If  this  requeft  was  refufed,  what  rea- 
fon  was  given  for  the  refufal  ?    If  no  MS.  was  produced,  but 
Chatterton's  pretended  tranfcript,  what  could  have  induced  Mr« 
Barret  to  give  it  that  credit  which  he  had  denied  to  the  former  ? 
Would  Hfe  not  naturally  have  faid, — *'  Young  man,   I  am  not 
to  be  deceived  a  fecond  time.  You  acknowledge  yourfelf  to  have 
made  an  attempt  on  my  credulity  in  a  former  inftance.     Do  you 
imagine  me  to  be  fo  great  a  fool  as  not  to  be  guarded  againft  a 
fecond  attempt?    My  objedlion  recurs  with  additional  forcew 
Produce  the  MS.,  nor  pay  fo  poor  a  compliment  to  my  under* 
ftanding  as  to  fuppofe  that  I  ftiall  always  be  a  dupe  to  your  ar- 
tifices."— Would  not  this  have  been  the  language  of  any  man  of 
fenfe  in  Mr.  Barret's  fituation  ?  Was  it  not  his  i    We  wifli  he 
would  inform  us. 

Thefe  queftions  ara  not  confined  to  the  poems  we  have  been 
fpeaking  of^  but  to  all  th^  reft }  and  efpecially  to  the  Tragedy 

Y  a  qI 


324  Milles*i  Edit,  of  Rowlcy'x  P^ems. 

ofiElla. — The  faft  '  was,  Chattcrton  confined  bis  attempts  at 
forging  MSS.  to  fmallcr  pieces  ;  but  in  thefc  he  failed.  How 
much  more  would  he  have  failed  in  poems  of  any  confiderable 
length  ?  The  attempt  was  too  daring  even  for  his  adventurous 
pen  ! 

The  Dean  imagines  thnt  the  Uteraiiire  difcovered  in  thofe 
I'oems  is  decifive  againft  Chatlerton.  We  are,  on  the  contrary, 
fully  perfuaded  that  the  literature  difplayed  in  them  eafily  fell 
within  the  compafs  of  Chatiert(»n's  reading,  and  perfetSlly  level 
to  an  underflanding  like  his.  But,  after  all,  what  is  the  litcra- 
tUfe  of  ihefe  Poems  ?  It  is  common,  familiar,  and  by  no  means 
fp  various  or  fo  recondite  as  fome  have  pompoufly  reprefented  it, 
in  order  to  prove  that  it  was  impoflible  to  hav^  been  the  acqul- 
iition  of  a  youth  fo  uneducated  as  Chattcrton.  It  is  a  tafk  of 
no  great  difficulty  to  point  outfuch  fourcesof  information,  as  he 
might  eafily  have  had  recourfe  to,  for  all  the  learning  and  know- 
ledge which  thofe  Poems  exhibit.  Common  glofiaries  and  die* 
tionaries  furniflied  him  with  moft  of  the  obfoletc  terms  which  he 
hath  introduced ;  and  common  hiftories,  with  mof^  of  the  fadls 
he  hath  alluded  to.  But  of  this  we  fhall  fpealc  more  particu- 
larly in  our  review  of  Mr.  Bryant's  Obfervations. 

Yet,  although  it  was  eafy  for  Chattcrton  to  copy  antient 
wordsj  it  was,  however,  by  no  means  fo  eafy  for  him  to  copy 
antient^///.  Here  lies  the  main  defc<Sl  in  the  impofition  ;  and 
by  thisy  and  this  aloncy  the  controverfy  may,  we  think,  be  fairly 
decided  to  the  fatisfadlion  of  every  perfon  ot  tafte  and  judgment. 
The  old  words,  thickly  laid  on,  form  an  antique  crufl  on  the 
language,  which,  at  firft  view,  impofes  on  the  eye  ;  but  which, 
on  examination,  appears  sot  to  belong  originally  to  it.  It  was 
put  on,  the  better  to  cover  the  impofuion  ;  but,  like  moft  impo- 
fttions,  it  is  overloaded  with  difguife,  and  difcovcrs  itfelf  by  the 
very  means  which  were  defigned  to  hide  it.  The  words  arc  of 
no  uniform  ftandard,  either  as  to  age  or  country.  They  were 
taken  from  general  glofTaries  ;  and  they  were  chofen  indifcri- 
minately  for  their  meanings  without  a  due  care  to  avoid  an  in- 
termixture of  terms,  which  were  peculiar  to  a  particular  |>eriod 
or  a  particular  province.  The  words  are  Saxon  and  Anglo- 
Saxon,  and  Scottifb  and  Englifh.  We  have  provincial  terms 
of  the  North  and  of  the  South  ;  we  have  Chaucer  and  Pope, 
and  Skelton  and  Gray  ;  and  that  frequently  within  the  ihorc 
compafs  of  a  finglc  verfe  ! 

The  ^//f  of  thcfe  Poems  is  modern;  the  vcrfificatlon  is  of 
modern  date  ;  and  the  general  flrudture  and  form  of  the  Poems, 
as  well  as  a  thoufand  particular  turns  of  exprefHon,  fentiment, 
and  allufion,  are  evidently  modern.  It  is  impoffibie  that  a  poer^ 
of  the  age  of  Edward  IV.,  could  have  written  in  a  language 
and  manner  totally  unknown  in  that  age.  It  was  imj)of&ble  for 
*•  him 


Millcs'i  Edit,  of  Rowley'i  Pomu  %%% 

him  to  have  adopted  fuch  modes  of  expreflion  as  were  the  tStSt 
cf  habits  which,  at  that  time,  had  no  exiftcnce,  and  of  which, 
perhaps,  no  pcrfon  had  the  leafl  conception.  This  obfervation 
refers  to  all  the  poems  ufhered  into  the  world  under  the  name 
of  Rowley  ;  and  more  particularly  refpf(5ls  thofe  of  the  greateft 
confequence,  fuch  as  the  Battle  of  Haftings,  and  the  Tragedy 

An  exprcflion  here  and  there  may,  with  great  difficulty,  be 
collected  from  antient  poems,  to  fhow  how  pojfible  it  was  for  the 
authors  of  them  to  Aide  into  fmoothncfs  of  verfification  and  re- 
finement of  fentiment  ;  but  for  one  example  to  illuftrate  this 
inftance,  we  can  produce  a  thoufand  to  confront  it.  Aukward 
attempts  at  fomcthing;  which  looks  like  metre  and  rhyme;  af- 
feded  conceits  of  exprcflion  ;  dull  and  trite  refl^rdiions;  or  te- 
dious and  unadorned  narratives,  make  up  the  general  fum  of 
what  was  called  poetry  in  the  age  in  which  Rowley  is  fuppoied 
to  have  writtrn  with  the  fpirit  of  Dryden  and  the  judgment  of 
Pope  !  The  Poems  of  Rowley  are  uniformly  good.  They  are 
the  produdlions  nf)t  only  of  genius  but  of  tafte  ; — a  tafte  which 
could  not  pofTibly  have  been  acquired  on  a  fudden,  or  by  any 
fpontancous  efforts,  or  by  a  penetration  or  feeling  which  anticU 
pated  the  improvements  of  a  poliftied  age ;  but  by  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  manners  and  fentiments  of  the  prefenC 
times,  and  a  diligent  ftudy  of  the  beft  produflions  of  our  mo« 
dern  poets. 

The  above  remark  refpcfls  the  general  cafl  an^  complexion  (if 
we  may  fo  fpeak)  of  the  Poems;  and  we  are  furprifed  that  it 
(hould  not  h^t  felt  by  every  perfon  that  hath  been  converfant  witb 
the  writings  of  the  fifteenth  century,  whether  in  profe  or  verfe. 
To  this  general  pofition  we  may  add  a  great  variety  of  particu- 
lar inflanccs  by  way  of  illuftration.  We  could  demonftrate  evi- 
dent traces  of  plagiarifm  ;  fuch  traces  as  are  decifive  proofs  of 
imitation  in  a  modern  author  j  fuch  as  r\o  antient  writer  could 
poflibly  have  ftumbled  on  even  by  accident ;  but  fuch  as  it  was 
next  to  impofTible  for  a  mere  modern  wholly  to  have  avoided. 
Of  thefe  infla/ices  of  imitation  we  had  made  a  large  catalogue  ; 
but  we  hnve  been  anticipated  by  two  very  ingenious  writers,  viz, 
the  Author  of  the  Remarks  on  the  Poems  o\  Rowley,  published 
in  the  Gentleman  s  Magazine ;  and  the  Author  of  the  Parallel  Paf- 
fages  in  the  St,  Jameses  Chronicle,  The  imitations  are  fo  flagrant 
and  fo  numerous,  that  it  feems  to  be  out  of  the  power  of  preju- 
dice itfelf  to  evade  the  inference  which  arifes  from  them.  For 
it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  the  imitations  are  not  of  a  general  and 
equivocal  nature  ;  they  do  not  belong  to  thofe  indefinite  clafles 
under  which  may  be  ranged  thofe  habits  of  thinking  and  fpeak- 
ing  which  are  too  obvious  and  too  common  to  be  particular  or 
appropriate  ;  but  thefe  imitations  are  particular — they  are  ap- 

Y  3  propriaie. 


3^6  MillesV  Edit,  of  Rowley 'j  Pomt. 

proprlate^ — they  poflefs/Atf/  which  isdifcriminaiive;  a  fcmething 
which  two  perfons  could  not  have  hit  upon  without  fuch  a  va- 
riation in  the  form  as  would  have  placed  a  boundary  of  diilinc- 
tion  between  them.     To  give  an  example  or  two. 

The  Ballad  of  Chevy-Chace  is  frequently  imitated  (as  we 
have  already  obferved)  in  the  firft  part  of  the  Battle  of  Hayings; 
and  in  the  following  lines  the  imitation  is  fo  palpable^  that  U 
muft  ftrike  the  mod  carelefs  eye. 

Battle  of  Hajlings.     Pa  r  t  I . 

T'bt  grty-goo/e  pynion  that  thereon  was /ett 
Efcfoons  with  fmokynk  crymfon  bloodde  'was  ivei* 

Chevy-Chace. 

So  right  his  (haft  he/et. 

The  grey  "goof e  *wing  that  was  thereon 
In  his  heart's  hlood  nuas  *wtt. 

The  learned  Commentator  is  indeed  aware  of  a  fimilarity  be-» 
tween  the  two  palTages ;  but  attempts  to  evade  the  force  of  the 
objection  which  arifes  from  fo  ftrong  an  appearance  of  imitation. 
We  will  grant  all  he  fays  relating  to  the  hiftory  of  the  grey-goofe 
tvingi — the  ufe  made  of  it  in  antient  battles  and  in  antient 
poems.  But  all  this  is  nothing  to  the  pvirpofe.  We  dill  ad- 
here to  cTur  own  pofition,  that  the  fimilarity  between  the  two 
pafTages  was  not  accidental  and  fortuitous ;  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, that  the  one  was  borrowed  from  the  other  :  for  it  is  not  the 
fhing  expreflcd  (which  may  be  common  enough},  but  it  is  the 
peculiarity  of  the  exprejfton  which  clearly  points  out  the  imita- 
tion^ One  word  may  fometimes  be  fufficient  to  efFeft  this. 
There  may  be  that  in  its  pofition  and  conne£lion  which  will 
very  clearly  difcover  the  paffcige  which  the  writer  thought  of 
when  he  made  ufe  of  i^.  Th^  word  unakmird^  in  the  follow-^ 
ing  line^ 

Their  fouls  from  corpfes  unaincird  depzrt, 

was  evidently  borrowed  from  a  wrong  reading  in  Warburton's 
edition  of  Shakefpeare.  [Vide  the  celebrated  fpeech  of  the  ghoft 
in  Hamlet, — *'  Unhoufell'd,  unanointed,  unaknelFdy^ — inftead 
of  unaneaFd,]  Ouphant  fairies y  and  the  race  of  defiiny^  in  the  Bat- 
tle of  Haftings,  are  indebted  for  their  name  and  employment  to 
the  defcription  of  thefe  imaginary  beings  in  the  Merry  Wives  of 
Wind  for.  Vide  Warburton's  edition,  where  the  old  reading, 
**  orphan  airs  of  fixed  deftiny"  was  firft  altered  to  ouphen.  The 
Dean  gravely  infers,  from  the  ufe  of  this  word  in  Rowley,  that 
Warburton's  emendation  was  right.  The  inference  we  would 
draw  from  it  is,  that  the  poet  borrowed  from  the  critic  ;  for  as 
the  word  ouphant  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  old  gloilarifts,  we 
cannot  account  for  the  ufe  of  it  by  a  poet  of  the  fifteenth  cen-  ' 
^ury,  but  can  clearly  (he \y  how  Chaicerton  came  by  it. 


Millcs^s  Edit,  of  Kovr\ty*s  Pcems*  327 

The  expreffion,  ^^  fleeve  unravelsy  was  evidently  borrowed 
from  Shakefpcare, — '*  the  ravelVd  jleeve  of  care,"  There  is 
fomething  fo/>^rz////7r  in  this  expreflion,  that  it  ought  to  have 
great  weight  in  determining  the  poem  to  be  modern ;  and,  by 
the  way,  it  is  a  ftronger  inftance  than  hath  yet  been  brought  by 
the  defenders  of  the  authenticity  of  thefe  poems,  to  prove  that 
Chatterton  did  not  always  undcrftand  the  terms  he  made  ufe  of. 
Birt  this  inftance  would  have  been  fatal  to  their  argument. 

In  the  Battle  of  Haftings  we  meet  with  an  expreflion  flill 
more  peculiar,  viz.  Clouds  of  Carnage*  This  is  literally  taken 
from  one  of  Gray's  Odes  ;  and  we  believe  an  exprefljon  fo  ytry 
uncommoa,  not  to  fay  bombaft,  would  have  fallen  from  no  pen 
but  his. 

Scatters  night* s  remains  from  out  (he  fky, 

!€  a  very  (Iriking  imitation  of  a  line  in  Milton,  viz. 

Scatters  ths  rear  of  darknefs  thin. 

The  following  plagiarifm  is  really  barefaced  : 

Battle  of  Hastings. 

With  thiik  a  force  it  did  bis  body  gore^ 
That  in  hs  tender  guts  it  entered, 
in  verity,  a  full  cloth -yard  or  more» 

Chevy-Chace. 
Withfuch  a/orcesLnd  vehement  might 

He  did  his  body  gore,  41 

The  fpcar  went  thro'  the  other  fide 

A  large  cloth  yard  and  more. 

The  Dean's  learned  remarks  on  the  cloth  yard^  have  juft  as 
much  to  do  with  the  controverfy,  rcCpefling  the  authenticity  of 
the  Poems  of  Rowley,  as  thofe  which  he  had  before  made  on  the 
grey-goofe  wing.  He  may  be  true  in  his  premifes,  but  he  is  cer- 
tainly wrong  in  his  conclufions.  Two  warriors  might  ufefpears 
and  arrows  of  the  fame  length,  but  doth  it  follow,  that  two  poets 
would  give  the  fame  literal  description  of  their  force  and  execu* 
tion  ?  By  no  means ;  unlefs  the  one  fhould  borrow  from  the 
other. 

It  is  fomewhat  remarkable  that  the  Dean,  inftead  of  quoting 
the  above  verfc  from  the  old  ballad  in  which  the  refemblance  is 
fo  Angularly  obvious  at  the  very  firft  fight,  produces  another  ♦ 
in  which  the  traces  of  imitation  are  fcarcely  apparent.  We 
confider  this  as  an  inftance  of  great  difingenuity ;  and  we  can- 
not avoid  thinking,  that  the  Dean  himfelf  was  confcious,  that  if 
the  two  paflages  were  viewed  together,  the  refemblance  would 
be  too  glaring  to  credit  his  hypothcfis. 


*  Viz.    **  An  arrow  of  a  cloth-yard  long 
'^  Up  to  the  head  drew  hfi.** 

V4  It 


328  Milles*j  £<///.  of  Rowley*/  Voemu 

It  would  be  an  endlefs  talk  to  point  out  all  the  inftances  of 
weak  and  contradidtory  reafoning  which  occur  in  this  volunne  \ 
and  as  endlefs  to  remark  on  the  learned  Editor's  want  of  a  re- 
fined and  critical  tafte.  As  endlefs  alfo  would  it  be  10  enume- 
rate every  imitation  of  the  moderns  in  thofe  poems,  and  to  point 
out  the  perpetual  recurrence  of  modern  cpiiheis,  language,  and 
ilyle,  amidft  the  rude  garb  of  antiquity  which  hath  h^tu  forced 
on  themi 

The  Appendix  to  this  voluminous  Work  confifts  of  what  the 
Dean  is  pleafed  to  call.  Additional  Evidet7cey  to  corroborate  the 
authenticity  of  thefe  Poems.  This  additional  evidence  chiefly 
arifes  from  the  tcftimony  of  a  Mr.  Thiftlethwaite,  viho,  it  feems, 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  voune:  Chatterion.  Of  this  Mr. 
Thiftlethwaite  we  know  nothing  more  than  may  be  inferred 
from  his  letter;  and  as  fo  much  (trvfs  is  laid  on  it  by  the  Dean, 
to  whom  it  was  addrefTed,  it  is  at  leall  candid  to  ;'roduce  ic. 

••SIR, 

**  IN  obedience  to  your  rcqueft,  ard  my  own  promife,  I  fit  down 
Co  give  you  the  bed  accounc  in  my  power  of  the  rife,  progref?,  and 
termination  of  Oiy  acquaintance  with  the  late  unfortunate  Thomas 
Chatterton. 

**  In  the  fummcr  of  1763,  being  then  in  the  twelfth  year  of  my 
age,  I  contradled  an  intimacy  with  one  Thomas  Phillips,  who  was 
fome  time  uQier  or  aflidant- mailer  of  an  hofpital,  or  chariry-fchool, 
founded  for  the  education  and  maintenance  of  youth  at  B  illol,  by 
Edward  Colfton,  Efq.  Phillips,  notvvithftanding  the  dlfadvaniagc  of 
a  very  confined  education,  poflefTcd  a  liftc  lor  hiliory  and  poetry  ;  of 
the  latter  the  magazines,  aad  other  periodicals  of  thai  time,  furnifh- 
cd  no  \try  contemptible  fpecimen. 

**  Towards  the  latter  end  of  that  year,  by  means  of  my  infimacy 
with  Phillips,  I  formed  a  conne£\ion  with  Chatfertc  n,  who  was  on 
the  foundation  of  that  fchool,  and  aboiit  fourtcn  months  younger 
than  myfelf,  ITie  poetical  attempts  of  Phillips  had  excited  a  kind  of 
literary  emulation  amongil  the  elder  claiTes  of  the  fcho'ais :  the  love 
of  fame  animated  their  bofoms,  and  a  variety  of  competitors  appear- 
ed to  difpute  the  laurel  with  him.  Their  endeavours  however,  in 
genera],  did  not  meet  with  the  fuccefs  which  their  zeal  and  afliduiiy 
deferved ;  and  Phillips  iUIl,  to  the  ir.OiMlicatioB  of  his  opponents, 
came  off  viflorious  and  unhurt. 

**  In  all  thefe  trifling  conttntionr,  the  fruits  of  which  are  now, 
and  have  been  long  fince  defervedly  and  er.tirely  forgotten,  Chatter- 
ton  appeared  merely  as  an  idle  fpeiU.or,  nv-way-  interefled  in  the 
bttfinefs  of  the  drama,  fimply  contenting  himfelf  with  the  fports  and 
padimes  more  immediately  adapted  to  his  age  ;  he  apparently  poflVlf- 
cd  neither  iaclination,  nor  iodeea  ability,  for  literary  purfuics;  nor 
do  1  believe  (notwithilanding  the  evidence  adduced  to  the  contrary 
by  the  Author  of  Love  and  Madnefs)  that  he  attempted  the  compofi- 
tion  of  a  (ingle  couplet  during  the  firll  three  years  of  roy  acquaint- 
ance with  him* 

•*  Going 


Millcs'i  EJU.  of  Rowley*i  Poems^  329 

*'  Going  down  Horfeftreet,  near  the  fchool,  one  da/,  during  th« 
fuoimer  of  1764,  I  accidentally  met  with  Chacterton.  Entering  into 
converfation  with  him,  the  fubjetfl  of  which  I  do  not  now  recolledl» 
he  informed  me  that  he  was  in  poffcflion  of  certain  old  MSS.,  which 
had  been  found  depofued  in  a  cheft  in  RedclifFe  church,  and  that  he 
bad  lent  feme  or  one  of  them  to  Phillips.  Within  a  day  or  two  after 
this  I  faw  Phillips,  and  repeated  to  him  the  information  I  had  re* 
ceived  from  Chatterton.'  Phillips  produced  a  MS.  on  parchment  or 
vellum,  which,  1  am  confident,  was  EUnoure and  Juga,  a  kind  of  paf- 
toral  eclogue,  afterwards  publifhed  in  the  Town  and  Country  Maga» 
zine  for  May  1769.  The  parchment  or  vellum  appeared  to  have 
been  clofely  pared  round  the  margin,  for  what  purpoft*,  or  by  what 
accident.  I  know  not ;  but  the  words  were  evidently  entire  and  un* 
mutilated.  As  the  writing  was  yellow  and  pale,  manifelUy  (as  I  con- 
ceive) occafioncd  by  age,  and  confequently  difiicult  to  cecypher, 
Phillips  had  with  his- pen  traced  and  gone  over  feveral  of  the  lines 
(whith,  as  far  as  my  recoilccUon  ferves,  were  written  in  the  manner 
of  profe),  labouring  to  attain  the  objecl  of  his  purfuit,  an  inveftigatioa 
of  th<:ir  meaning.  I  endeavoured  to  alfiil  him  ;  but,  from  an  almoft 
total  ignorance  of  the  charaders,  manners,  language,  and  orthogra* 
phy  of  the  age  in  which  the  lines  were  written,  all  our  efforts  were 
unproHtably  exerted;  and  although  we  arrived  at  an  explanation  of, 
and  connected  many  of,  the  words^  ilill  the  fenfe  was  notoriouHy  de* 
iicient.  For  my  own  part,  having  little  or  no  taile  for  fuch  (ludiea,  I 
repined  not  at  the  difappoiniment.  Phillips,  on  the  contrary,  was  to 
all  appearance  mortified;  indeed  much  more  fo  than  at  that  time  I 
thought  the  objed  defcrved  ;  exprefTing  his  forrow  at  his  want  of 
fuccefs  and  repeatedly  declaring  his  intention  of  rcfuming  the  at* 
tempt  at  a  future  period.  Whether  he  kept  his  word  or  not  is  a  cir« 
cumilance  1  am  entirely  unacquainted  with,  nor  do  I  conceive  a  de- 
termination  thereof  anyways  material  at  prefcnt. 

*'  In  the  year  176;,  I  was  put  apprentice  to  a  (lationer  at  Briflof, 
at  which  period  my  acquaintance  and  correfponderce  with  Chatterton 
and  Phillips  feem  to  have  undergone  a  temporary  diiTolution  ;  how* 
ever,  tovvards  the  latter  end  of  1767,  or  at  the  beginning  of  1768, 
bring  fentto  the  oiHce  of  Mr.  Lambert,  an  attorney  then  refident  at 
Briliol,  for  feme  books  which  wanted  binding,  in  the  execution  of 
that  errand  I  found  Chatterton,  who  was  an  articled  clerk  to  Mr. 
Lambert;  and  who,  as  I  cclledled  from  hii  own  converfation,  had 
been  adventuring  in  ths  fields  ol  Parnailus,  having  produced  feveral 
t'iiies  both  in  p  ole  and  \x:f(Qt  which  had  then  lately  made  their  ap* 
pearance  in  the  public  prints. 

**  In  the  courfeof  the  years  1768  and  1769,  wherein  I  frequently 
faw  and  converfed  with  Chatterton  ;  the  excentricity  of  his  mind,  and 
the  verfatility  of  his  difpoliion,  feem  to  have  been  fingolarly  dif- 
played.  One  day  he  might  be  found  bufily  employed  in  the  iludy  of 
heraldry  and  Englini  antiquities,  both  cf  which  are  numbered  amongft 
the  favourite  of  his  purfuits  ;  the  next  difcovered  him  deeply  en- 
gaged, confounded,  and  perplexed,  amidd  the  fubtleties  of  metapby- 
iical  difquifnior,  or  lod  and  bewildered  in  the  abiirufe  labyrinth  of 
mathematical  refearches;  and  thefe  in  an  inilant  again  neglefled  and 
thrown  aftde,  to  make  room  for  aftronomy  and  muHCi  of  both  whicti 

fcience? 


330  Millcs'j  Edit,  cf  Rowley 'j  Pcems. 

fciences  his  knowlcd^  was  entirely  confined  to  theory.  Even  phyfic 
«vas  DOC  without  a  charm  to  tllure  his  imagination,  and  he  would 
talk  of  Galen,  Hippocrates,  and  Paracelfus,  with  all  the  confidence 
and  familiarity  of  a  modern  empiric. 

**  To  a  genius  fo  fickle  and  wavering,  however  comprehenfivc  the 
mind  may  be,  no  real  or  folid  attainment  could  reafonably  be  expecl- 
ed.  True  it  is,  that  by  not  confining  himfelf  to  one  fcience  only,  he 
contraded  an  acquaintance  with  many,  but  fuch  as,  fuperficial  in  it- 
fclf,  neither  contributed  to  his  intered  nor  his  credit. 

•*  During  the  year  |-68.  at  divers  vifits  1  made  him,  I  found  him 
employed  in  copying  Rowley,  from  what  I  then  confidered,  and  do 
ftill  confider,  as  authentic  and  undoubted  originals.  By  theafliQarrce 
be  received  from  the  glofTary  to  Chaucer,  he  was  enabled  to  jvad^ 
with  great  facility*  even  the  mod  difficult  of  them  ;  and,  unlefs  my 
memory  very  much  deceive  me,  I  once  faw  him  confulting  the  £/_/- 
mologicom  Lingua  /fttglicarrt^  of  Sk\r\T\cr. 

•'  Amongll  others,  I  perfedlly  remember  to  have  read  fcveral 
ilanzas  copied  from  the  D  fat  be  of  Syr  Charles  Ba^wdini  the  original 
of  which  then  lay  before  him.  The  beautiful  fimplicity,  animation, 
and  pathos*,  that  fo  abundantly  prevail  through  the  courfe  of  that 
poem,  made  a  lading  imprclBon  on  my  memory :  1  am  nevertheless 
of  opinion,  that  (he'language,  as  I  then  faw  it,  was  much  more  obfolete 
than  it  appears  in  the  edition  publilhed  by  Mr.  Tyrwhitt,  probably 
occafioned  by  certain  interpolations  of  Chatterton  ;  ignoraatly  made 
with  an  intenrfon,  as  he  thought,  of  improving  them. 

*^  Several  piects,  which  afterwards  made  their  appearance  in  the 
Town  and  Country  Magazine,  notwithftanding  their  more  modern 
date,  were  written  by  him  during  this  year  1768;  particularly  cer- 
tain pretended  tranflations  from  the  Saxon  and  aniient  BritiOi  ;  very 
bumble,  and,  in  fome  inflances,  very  unfuccefsful  attempts  at  the 
manner  and  llile  of  O/Tian.  Chatterton,  whenever  afked  for  the  ori- 
ginals of  thefe  pieces,  hefitated  not  to  confefs,  that  they  exided  only 
in  his  own  imscination,  and  were  merely  the  offspring  and  invention 
of  fancy  ;  on  the  contrary^  his  declaration,  whenever  qaeftioned  as  to 
aothent-city  of  the  poems  attributed  to  Rowley,  was  invariably  and 
uniformly  in  fupport  of  their  antiquity,  and  the  reputation  of  their 
author  Rowley;  inflantly  facrificing  thereby  all  the  credit  he  might, 
without  a  pofiibility  of  detediou,  have  taken  to  himfeJf,  by  a/Turning 
a  charader  to  which  he  was  confcious  he  had  no  legal  claim  ;  a  cir- 
cumdance  which  I  am  affured  could  not,  in  its  effe^,  fail  of  opera« 
ting  upon  a  roind  like  his,  prone  to  vav^ity,  and  eager  of  applaufe 
even  to  an  extreme.  With  rcfpCdl  to  the  firil  poem  of  the  Battle  of 
Haftings,  it  has  been  faid,  th^c  Chatterton  kimfelf  acknowledged  it 
to  be  a  forgery  of  his  own  ;  but  let  any  unprejudiced  perfon,  of  com- 
mon difceroment,  advert  only  for  a  moment  to  the  fltuation  in  which 
Chatterton  then  flood,  and  the  reafon  and  neceility  of  fuch  a  decla- 
ration will  be  apparent. 

'•  The  very  contra^ed  (late  of  his  finances,  aided  by  a  vain  defire 
of  appearing  fuperior  to  what  his  circumilances  afforded,  induced 
him,  from  time  to  time,  to  difpofe  of  the  poems  in  his  poffcflion  to 
thofe  from  *whofe  generofity  and  patronage  he  expelled  to  derive 
fome  confiderable  pecuniary  advantages ;  i  wiJl  not  hciitacc  to  aiTert, 

aad 


Milles*j  Edit,  of  RowleyV  Poems.  331' 

• 

and  I  fpeak  from  no  lefs  authority  than  Cbatterion  himfelf,  that  he 
was  dKappointed  in  this  expectation,  and  thought  himfelf  not  fufiU 
ciendy  lewarded  by  his  Bnliol  patrons,  in  proportion  to  what  he 
thou^iht  his  communications  deferved.  From  this  circuroftance,  it  is 
eafy  10  account  for  the  anfwer  given  to  Mr.  Barret,  on  his  repeated 
folicitaticns  for  the  original,  viz.  That  he  himfelf  wrote  that  poem 
for  a  friend, — thinking,  perhaps,  that  if  he  parted  with  the  original 
poem,  he  might  not  be  proptrly  rewarded  for  the  lofs  of  it. 

'*  That  vanity,  and  an  inordinate  thiril  after  praife,  eminently 
didinguiihed  Chatterton,  all  who  knew  him  will  readily  admit.-— 
From  a  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  him,  I  venture  to  a/Terr* 
that,  from  the  date  of  his  6r(l  poetical  attempt,  until  the  final  period 
of  his  departure  from  liriftol,  he  never  wrote  any  piece,  however 
trifling  in  its  nature,  aud  even  unworthy  of  himfelf,  but  he  iirilcom- 
municated  it  to  every  acquaintance  he  met,  indifcriminately,  ai  wilh* 
ing  to  derive  applaufe  f.om  produdlioos  which,  I  ain  afTured,  were  he 
DOW  living,  he  would  be  heartily  aihamed  of;  from  a  full  aiTurance  of 
the  truth  of  which  propofuion  I  concei/te  myi'elf  at  liberty  to  draw  the 
following  inference  :  That,  had  Chatterton  been  the  author  of  the 
poems  imputed  to  Rowley,  fo  far  from  fecreiing  fuch  a  circumllance» 
he  would  have  made  it  his  Brit,  his  greaceil  pride  ;  for  to  fuppofe  him 
ignorant  of  the  intriniic  boauty  of  thofe  cumpoiitioos,  would  be  a 
mod  unpardonable  prefumption, 

'•  Towards  the  fpring  of  1770,  fome  difFercnces  having  previouflf 
thereto  arifen  between  Chatterton  and  his  mafler  Mr.  Lambert,  the 
former  publicly  expreiTed  his  intention  of  quitting  his  fituation,  and 
repairing  to  the  metropolis,  which,  he  flattered  himfelf,  would  afford 
him  a  more  enlarged  held  for  the  fuccefsful  exercife  and  difplay  of 
his  abilities ;  accordingly,  in  April,  he  began  making  the  neceflarjf 
preparations  for  his  journey  :  Anxious  for  his  welfare,  I  interrogated 
him  as  to  the  obje^l  of  his  views  and  expeflations,  and  what  mode* 
*  of  life  he  intended  to  purlue  on  his  arrival  at  London  :  The  anfwer 
I  received  was  a  memorable  one:  *'  My  firll  attempt,  faid  he,  ihali 
be  in  the  literary 'way  ;  the  procDifes  I  have  received  are  fufiicient  to 
difpel  doubt ;  but  ihould  I,  contrary  to  my  expeOations,  find  myfelf 
Received,  1  will,  in  that  cafe,  turn  Methodift  preacher — Credulity  is  at 
potent  a  deity  as  ever,  and  a  r  ew  fed  may  eaiily  be  devifed  ;  bat  if  that 
too  Ihould  fail  me,  my  lad  and  Hnal  refource  is  a  piflol." 

*'  That  fpirit  of  literary  Quixotifm  which  he  pofFefTed,  and  which 
had  the  immediate  afcendency  over  every  other  confideratioo»  had 
been  much  encreafed  by  correfpondence  with  divers  bookfelleri  and 
printers^  uho,  finding  bim  of  advantage  to  them  in  their  publications^ 
were  by  no  means  fparing  of  their  praiArs  and  compliments,  adding 
thereto  the  mod  liberal  promifes  of  afliHance  and  employmenr*  (hoold 
he  choofe  to  make  London  the  place  uf  his  refidence. 

••  Thefe  were  the  hopes  upon  which  he  relied  ;  this  it  was  which 
induced  him  to  quit  the  place  of  his  nativity,  and  throw  himfelf, 
for  a  precarious  fubfidence  upon  drangers.  It  is  unneceiTary  to  re- 
mark how  far  his  expeditions  were  an iwered.  His  unfortunatate  and 
untimely  exit  deplorably  (hews  ihe  fallacy  of  his  hopes,  and  the  ex- 
treme deficiency  of  his  knowledge  of  the  world ;  who  could  for  a 
ipom^nt  idly  fuppofe  that  the  moft  didinguifhed  talenti,  anpatronized, 

would 


J32  Milhes'j  Edit,  of  Rowley'i  Poems. 

would  meet  with  faccefs,  and  lift  him  to  that  eminence  which  he  flat* 
Ured  himfelf  he  merited. 

**  Thus,  Sir,  I  have  atceir.ptcd.  in  a  hafty  and  curfory  manner,  to 
prefent  you  with  whatever  comes  within  the  limits  of  my  own  ob- 
ftrvation  and  knowledge  relative  to  this  extraordinary  youih,  in  re- 
fpcd  to  whofe  memory  I  beg  leave  to  make  one  further  remark. 

**  It  has  been  faid,  that  he  was  an  unprincipled  libertine,  depraved 
in  his  mind,  and  profligate  in  his  morals;  whole  abilities  were  pro- 
ftiiuced  to  ftrve  the  cauic  of  vice  ;  and  whofe  leifure  hours  were 
waded  in  continued  fcenes  of  debauchery  and  obfcenity. 
.  •*  Mr.  Warton  tells  us,  tnat  he  was  *  an  hirelivg  in  the  trade  of  li~ 
Uf  At ure^  unprincipled y  and  compelled  to  fuhftjl  by  expedients.*  (Sie  his 
Emendations  to  the  Jicond  'volume  of  the  Hijhry  of  Poetry  J  And  ano- 
ther gentleman  tells  u?,  that  his  death  'was  of  no  great  conftquence,  fince 
hi  could  not  long  have  efcaped  being  hanged,  (tee  Love  and  Madnej}^ 
f,  i;2)  V\hciheraiiy  or  all  of  thcfe  epithets  are  mcaat  as  argu- 
ments to  prove  that  Lhattcrion  is  the  author  of  Rowley's  Prems, 
abounding,  as  they  do,  with  piety  and  morality,  and  the  moil  refined 
fentiment,  I  know  not  ;  but  I  cannot  help  obfcrving,  that  fuch  cv- 
preiTions  (anfupported,  as  they  appear  to  be,  by  truth  and  reafon) 
neither  do  credit  to  the  heads  or  to  the  hearts  of  ihofo  who  fo  uncha- 
ritably bellow  them. 

**  I  admit,  that  amongft  Chatterton's  papers  may  be  found  many  paf- 
figesnot  only  immoral,  but  bordering  upon  a  libertinifm  grofs  and  un- 
pardonable.—It  is  not  my  intention  to  attempt  a  vindication  of  thofe 
parages,  which,  for  the  regard  I  bear  his  memory,  I  wiih  he  had  ne- 
ver written,  but  which  I  neverthelcfs  believe  to  have  originated  rather 
from  a  warmth  of  imagination,  aided  by  a  vain  afTeOation  of  fingu- 
Hrity,  than  from  any  natural  depravity,  or  from  a  heart  vitiated  ty 
•vtl  example. 

•*  The  opportunities  which  a  loncj  acquaintance  with  him  afforded 
me,  jullify  mc  in  faying,  that,  whilil  he  lived  in  Brillol,  he  was  not  the 
debauched  charader  rtprefented.  Temperate  in  his  living,  moderate 
in  his  pleafures,  and  regular  m  his  cxcrcifes  ;  he  was  nndeferving  of 
the  afperfioa.  What  change  London  might  have  eilc^llcd  in  him  I 
know  not;  but  from  the  drain  of  his  letters  to  his  mother  and  filler, 
and  his  condud  lo^vards  them  after- he  quitted  Brillol,  and  aifo  from 
the  fertimony  of  thofe  with  whom  he  lodged,  I  have  no  doubt  but  the 
intemperances  and  irregularities  laid  to  hi>>  charge  did  either  not  exitt 
at  all,  or,  at  the  word,  are  coniiderably  aggravated  beyond  what  can- 
dour can  approve. 

I  am,  Sir, 
with  the  utmof^  refped, 

J^th  Jpril,  I ySl*  ,    your  moii  humble  fcrvant, 

J  AS.  This  r  LET  HWAiTL." 

What  inferences  our  Readers  may  draw  from  this  letter  we 
would  not  take  upon  us  to  determine.  Let  every  man  judge  for 
himfelf. 

In  the  firft  part  of  this  Article,  wc  have  freely  given  our  opinion 
fffpe£ling  the  other  tcftimonies  adduced  by  the  Dean  in  defence 
of  his  bypocfacfisj  and  in  the  prefent  cafe  we  take  the  liberty  of 

obierving, 


Millcb'i  EJlt,  of  Rowley'i  Poems.  33J 

obferving,  that  Mr.  Thiftlethwaiie's  letter,  fo  far  from  altering, 
hath,  oji  ihe  contrary,  confirmed  our  ftntiments  with  refpcdl  to 
the  genius  of  this  wondcrfuJ  and  enterprizing  youth.  We  by  no 
means  allow  the  companions  and  play*mates  of  Chatterton  to  be 
the  proper  jud^t-s  of  his  merit.  VVe  know  the  efie6l  of  fami«^ 
liarity  :  *'  Rowley  was  venerable  5  but  what  was  Tommy  Chai" 
tert^nf*  The  influence  of  a  prepoileflion  like  this  is  v^ry 
powerful  ;  and  pcrluns  of  more  experience  than  Mr.  Cary,  and 
Mr.  Smith,  and  Mr.  Thiftlethwaite,  and  more  wifdom  too  (we 
n^ean  no  offence  to  thefe  gentlemen),  might  not  cafily  get  rid  of 
fo  partial  and  10  unfavourable  an  impreffion. — There  was  a  briU 
liancc  in  Charterton's  genius  that  could  not  but  be  difccrned  by 
theduiieft  and  ntoft  ignorant  of  his  fchool  fellows.  It  is  for  their 
credit  to  acknowledge,  that  it  was  not  loft  on  them.  It  is  even 
acknowledged  by  the  Dean.  But  the  vanity  which  pretends  to 
have  feen  and  felt  the  genius  of  Chatterton  in  its  more  obvioos 
exertions,  is  unwilling  to  confeft  how  much  their  fagactty  was 
bnfflcd  by  its  more  fccrtt  and  difguifed  operations.  And  yet  it. 
was  in  thefe  deep  and  hidden  recefles  that  this  wonderful  genius 
was  proud  to  work.  But  becaufe  all  his  intimates  were  not  en- 
trufted  with  his  fchemes,  are  we  to  fuppofe  he  planned  and  exe« 
cuted  none  ?  Thtir  vanity  would  fay — **  Yes."  But — Chat* 
terton  knew  tbfm — and  knew  himself. 

The  other  part  of  the  Appendix  contains  an  anfwer  to  Mr. 
Tyrwhitt,  who  had  attempted  to  prove  the  Poems  of  Rowley  to 
be  modern,  by  the  mifapplication  and  mifconftrudion  of  a  va* 
riety  of  antient  words^  as  well  as  by  the  i n trod ucHon  of  others 
totally  unknown  to  the  writers  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Wc 
muft  acknowledge,  that  fome  of  Mr.  Tyrwhiit's  objections  ai« 
fatisfaC^orily  anfwercd  by  the  Dean.  But  there  are  others  which, 
with  all  his  ingenuity,  he  is  unable  to  furmount.  We  (hall  noc 
point  out  a  variety  of  inftances  (Mr.  Tyrwhitt  will  do  this  hini- 
felf } ;  but  we  cannot  avoid  remarking,  that  the  Dean's  account  of 
the  word  6j^^,  ufed  twice  in  the  Poems  of  Rowley,  is  equal l]f 
fotJft'a'nB^nfatistaftory.  We  will  give  our  Readers  Mr. 
Tyrwhitt's  lemark,  and  the  Dean's  anfwer,  in  their  own  words. 

'*  Calfce.  {Tragedy  of  Goodwin yh.  2^.)  Cq/l,  Chatterton. 
Calked.  (Eclogue  I.  L.  49.)  cajl  out^  ejecled.  Chatterton. 
f  ^.  B»  Chatterton  gives  thofe  explanations  of  ihe  word  in  his  glojfary.^ 
This  word  appears  to  have  been  formed  upon  a  m  i  fa  p  pre  hen  (ion 
of  the  following  article  in  Skinner :  *^  dll&Cti  exp.  Cdft.  credo 
Cdft  up."  Chatterton  did  not  attend  to  the  dift'erence  betweea 
cajiing  out  and  cajling  up  \  i.  e.  cajiing  up  Figures  in  caUulatimm 
That  the  iatrer  was  Skinner's  meaning  may  be  dolle£ied  fromr 
the  next  article.  ««  CalkcD  for  CalCUlareO  ;  Chaucer  in  the 
fVanktleyne's  Tale."     Ic  is  probable  too,  I  think^  that  in  both 

articles 


J34  Penrofc'i  Poems. 

articles  Skinner  refers   by  miftake  to  a  line  of  the  Frankelein^s 
Taki  which  in  common  editions  (lands  thus  : — 

*•  Ful  fubiclly  he  had  calM  all  this.*' 
Where  calieJ  is  a  mere  mifprint  for  calculated^  the  reading  of  the 
MS.    See  the  late  edit.  verf.  11596." 

To  this  judicious  remark  the  Dean  makes  the  following 
effort  at  fomething  which  is  at  lead  to  bear  the  femblance  of  a 
reply.     What  it  is  let  the  Reader  judge. 

'  Calked,  ca/i  out^  eje£ied.  This  explanation  of  Chatter- 
ton  feems  to  be  taken  from  Speght's  rendering  it  by  the  general 
word  caji.  Had  he  confulted  Skinner,  that  author's  remark 
could  hardly  have  efcaped  him,  '*  Credoy  caft  up.^*  In  the  paf- 
fage  of  Godwin,  where  this  word  occurs, — Calke  away  the 
hours  ^  may  be  eafiiy  fuppofed  a  mi  flake  for  Cajle  away  the  hours. 
And  if  the  paflTage  [Eel.  I.  v.  49,]  Calked  from  every  joy^  will 
not  bear  the  fame  interpretation,  we  may  change  it  for  the 
word  cachitf  ufed  by  Bifhop  Douglas  to  figni fy  drive ^  and  which 
the  Prompt.  Parv.  explains  by  abigo.' 

This  poor  refuge  of  conje£lure  only  demonftrates  how  weak 
the  caufe  is  which  the  learned  Dean  hath  undertaken  to  fup- 

Srt !  As  to  the  word  in  queftion,  it  may  be  found  in  Bailey's 
idlionary,  in  the  double  fenfe  of  ca/iirtg  up  and  cajling  cut. 
Chatterton  chofe  the  latter  fenfe,  when  he  faid,  calked  from  every 
joy;  and  finding  in  Speght's  glofTary  to  Chaucer  (a  work  he 
was  known  to  have  tranfcribed),  that  the  word  was  explained 
by  the  general  and  equivocal  term  caji^  he,  without  farther 
fcruple,  adopted  one  of  the  fenfes  in  which  that  term  is  ufed  • 
and  becaufe  it  would  have  been  modern  to  fay,  ca^  the  hours 
away^  he  chofe  to  look  as  antient  as  poiBble,  and  fo  altered  cajl 
to  calke  !  Thus  Chatterton's  blunder  (for  an  egregious  one  it 
is  !}  can  be  eafiiy  accounted  for  ;  but  it  would  exceed  the  faga- 
city  of  even  a  prefident  of  an  antiquarian  fociety,  to  give  a  ra- 
tional and  fatisfadory  account  of  this,  and  fimilar  blunders,  in  a 
poet  of  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Fourth.  ^ 


•  •  • 


Art.  II.  Poems  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Penrof*,  late  Reflor  of  Beck- 
ington  and  Standerwick,  Somerfeilhire.  8vo.  38.  fewed.  Wai- 
ter. 1781. 

AS  we  naturally  feel  a  fort  of  perfonal  regard  for  thofe 
writers  who,  in  the  exercife  of  our  critical  employment, 
have  given  us  pleafure,  it  cannot  but  be  with  regret,  that  we 
enter  upon  the  melancholy  office  of  attending  the  obfequies  of 
departed  genius  in  the  pofthumous  edition  of  their  works. 

This  ingenious  and  amiable  Author,  whofe  poetical  remains 
are  now  colle£led  into  a  volume,  '  was  fon  of  the  Reverend  Mr. 
Penrofc,  Reftor  of  Newbury,  Berks ;  a  man  of  high  cbarader 

5  and 


Penrofe'i  Potmt. 


335 


urd  abilities,  c^cfcended  from  an  ancient  Cornifh  familjr,  beloved  and 
refpe^led  by  all  who  knew  him;  Mr.  Penrofe,  jun.  beina  intended 
ioT  the  Church,  purfucd  his  lludics  wiih  fuccefs,  at  Chrift  Churchy 
CJxv)n,  until  the  fuminer  of  1762,  when  his  eager  turn  to  the  Naval 
and  Military  line  overpowering  his  attachment  to  his  real  interefl,  he 
left  his  College,  and  cmbaxked  in  the  unfortunate  expedition  againft 
Nova  Colonia,  in  South  America,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Macnaraara.  The  ilTue  was  fatal. — The  Clive  (the  largeft  veflel) 
was  burnt — And  though  the  Ambufcade  efcaped  (on  board  of  wbich 
Mr.  Penrofe,  ailing  as  Lieutenant  of  Marines,  was  wounded),  yet  the 
hardfhips  which  he  afterwards  fuftained  in  a  prize  (loop,  in  whtch  he 
was  (lacioncd,  utterly  ruined  his  conftitution.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land, with  ample  tellimonials  of  his  gallantry  and  good  behaviour^ 
he  finifhed,  at  Hertford  College,  Oxon,  his  courfe  of  ftudies;  and^ 
having  taken  Orders,  accepted  the  curacy  of  Newbury,  the  income 
of  which,  by  the  voluntary  fubfcription  of  the  inhabitants,  was  con» 
fiderably  augmented.  After  he  had  continued  in  that  ftation  about 
nine  years,  it  feemed  As  if  the  clouds  of  difappointment,  which  had 
hitherto  overOiadawed  his  profpeds,  and  tinctured  his  Poetical  EfTays 
with  gloom,  were  clearing  away ;  for  he  was  then  prefented  by  a 
friendy  who  knew  his  worth,  and  honouced  his  abilities,  to  a  living 
worth  near  500I.  per  annum.  It  came  howevei'  too  late;  for  the 
date  of  Mr.  Penrose's  health  >vaa  now  fuch  as  left  little  hope,  except 
in  the  aflillance  of  the  waters  of  Friflol.  Thither  he  went,  and  there 
iie  died,  in  1779,  aged  36  years.  In  1768,  he  married  Mifs  Mary 
Siocock,  of  Newbury,  by  whom  he  had  one  child,  Thomas,  now  on 
the  foundation  of  Winton  College. 

'  Mr.  Penrofe  was  refpedted  for  his  exteniive  erodition,  admired 
for  his  eloqi!ience,  and  equally  beloved  and  efteemed  for  his  focial 
qualities. — By  the  poor,  towards  whom  he  was  liberal  to  his  utmoft 
ability,  he  was  venerared  to  the  higheft  degree.  In  oratory  and  com- 
polition  his  talents  were  great. — His  pencil  was  ready  as  his  pen,  and 
on  fubjefks  of  humour  had  uncommon  merit.  To  his  poetical  abili- 
ties, the  Public,  by  their  reception  of  his  •  Flights  ofFancy^  &c.  have 
given  a  favourable  teilimony.  To  fum  up  the  whole,  his  figure  and 
addrefs  were  as  pleafing  as  his  mind  was  ornamented.' 

Such  was  Mr.  Penrofe ;  to  whofe  memory,  fays  his  Editor,  Mr.  J.  P. 
Andrews,  '  I  pay  this  jud  and  willing  tribute,  and  to  whom  I  condder 
it  as  an  honour  to  be  related. 

Mult  is  illt  bonis  flehilit  9ccidit 
Nuili  flebilior  quarH  mihi»* 

It  is  not  to  be  expeSed,  that  in  a  collection  of  this  kind  every 
piece  will  be  equally  correct  and  iiniOied,  as  it  might  have  been 
had  the  Author  lived  to  have  fuperintended  the  publication  him- 
felf:  it  neverthelefs  contains  feveral  pieces  not  unworthy  of  the 
lame  pen  which  produced  that  excellent  Ode  intitled,  Madnefs^ 
noticed  with  fo  much  approbation  in  the  volume  of  our  Review, 
referred  to  in  the  note  below,  page  140.  Of  thefe  not  the  leaft 
beau ti  f u  1  is  the  Field  of  Battle : 

•  See  Review,  Vol.  LUL 

'  I.  FaintI/ 


336  Penrofc'j  Potms. 

I. 

•  Faintly  bray'd  the  battle's  roar 

Diilanc  down  the  hollow  wind; 
Panting  terror  fled  bciorc. 

Wounds  and  death  were  kfc  behind. 

II. 
The  War- fiend  cursM  the  funken  day. 

That  check'd  his  fierce  puriuit  too  foon  ; 
While,  fcarcely  lighting  to  the  prey, 

Low  hung,  and  lour'd,  the  bloody  xnooo. 

III. 
The  Field,  (o  late  the  hero's  pride, 

Was  now  with  various  carnage  fpread ; 
And  floated  with  a  crimfbn  tide. 

That  dreoch'd  the  dying  and  the  dead. 

IV. 
0*er  the  fad  fcene  of  dreariefl  view, 

Abandon'd  all  to  horrors  wild. 
With  frantic  ftep  Maria  flew, 

Maria,  Sorrow's  early  child  ; 

V. 

By  duty  led,  for  every  vein 

Was  warm'd  by  HynMm's  pureft  flame: 

With  Edgar  o'er  the  wintry  main 

She,  lovely,  faithful,  wanderer,  came. 

VI. 
For  well  flie  thought  a  friend  fo  dear 

In  darkefl  hours  might  joy  impart; 
Her  warrior,  faint  with  toil,  might  chear. 

Or  foothe  her  bleeding  warrior's  fmart* 

VIL 

•  Tho'  lookM  for  long— in  chill  affright, 

(The  torrent  burfting  from  her  eye) 
She  heard  the  iignal  for  the  fight — 
While  her  foul  trembled  in  a  figh^— 

VIII. 
She  heard,  and  clafp'd  him  to  her  bread. 

Yet  fcarce  could  urge  th'  inglorious  (lay; 
His  manly  heart  the  charm  confefl — 

Then  broke  the  charm, — and  rufh'd  away* 

IX. 
Too  foon  in  few-^bot  deadly  words, 

Some  flying  ftraggler  breath'd  to  tell. 
That,  in  the  foremoll  flrile  of  fwords. 
The  young,  the  gallant  Edgar  fell. 

X. 
She  preft  to  hear — (he  caught  the  tale — 

At  every  found  her  blood  congealed  ;«^ 
With  terror  bold — with  terror  pale. 
She  fprung  to  fearch  the  fatal  field. 

7  On 


Thcodofid'x  Mifcellantous  Pieces  in  Verfe  and  Prefe.      jjj^ 

XI. 
OVr  the  fad  fcene  in  dire  amaze 

She  weat — with  courage  doc  her  own-^ 
On  many  a  corpfe  (he  caft  her  gaze — 

And  turn'd  her  ear  to  many  a  groan* 

xri. 

Drear  an^uifh  urged  her  to  preia 

Full  many  a  hand,  as  wild  (he  oiourn'd;— « 

«--Of  comfort  glad^  the  drear  carefs 
The  dampy  chill,  dying  hand  returnM* 

xiii. 

Her  ghadly  hope  was  well  nigh  fled— 

When  late  pale  Edgar  i  form  (he  foand, 
Half-bury.M  with  the  hoftile  dead. 

And  bor'd  with  many  a  gridy  wound. 

XIV. 
She  knew — (he  funk— ^he  night  bird  fcream'dy  i 

— ^The  moon  withdrew  her  troubled  light. 
And  Uft  the  Fair, — tho*  fall'n  (he  feem'd — - 

To  worfe  than  death — and  deepeii  night.' 

To  the  Reader  of  fenfibility  it  will  be  needlefs  to  point  oat 
the  particular  merit  of  the  loth,  iith,  and  12th  ftanzas;  efp^- 
cialiy  of  that  exquifitely  pathetic  and  natural  thought  contained 
in  the  laft  of  them, 

— th/B  drjeajr  careft 
The  damp,  chill*  dying  hand  returned—    ^ 

a  thought  which  would  Tcarc^ly  have  fuggefted  itfelf  to  any  one 
who  had  not  been  adually  an  eye-witnefs  of  the  affeSing  fcenea 
fubfequent  to  a  military  engagement ;  and  who  had  not,  pro* 
bably,  experienced  from  the  hand  of  fome  expiring  friend  a  re- 
turn limilar  to  what  he  has  fo  feelingly  defcribed.  /^  •  i    L 

Art.  III.     Mi/iiUaneous  Pieces  im  Verfe  and  Prefi.    Vol.  Ill,    By 

Theodo(ia.     izmo,    31.    Cadell. 

THE  two  former  volumes  were  noticed  with  approbation  in 
our  Review,  Vol.  xxii.  p.  32  !•  The  prefcnt,  though 
a  pofthumous  publication,  was  prepared  for  the  prefs,  and  put 
into  the  hands  of  the  Rev.  Caleb  Evans  of  Briftol,  the  Editor^ 
fome  months  before  her  deceafe. 

The  Lady,  to  whom  the  Public  is  indebted  for  thefe  pious 
efFufions  (for  they  are  chiefly  devotional),  was  Mrs.  Anne  Steel, 
daughter  to  a  diflenting  minifter,  of  refpe£lable  character,  at 
Broughton  in  Hampfhire.  As  her  life,  fays  her  Editor,  *  was 
for  the  moft  part  a  life  of  retirement  in  the  peaceful  village  where 
fhe  began' and  ended  her  days,  it  cannot  be  expe£bd  to  furnifli 
fuch  a  variety  of  incidents  as  arife  in  the  hiftory  of  thofe  who 
have  moved  in  circles  of  greater  aAivity.  The  duties  of  friend* 
ihip  and  religion  occupied  her  time,  and  the  pleafures  of  both 

Rev.  May  1782*  Z  ^   conftituted 


^38      Thcodofia'i  Mtfcettamous  Pieces  in  Verfe  and  Profe. 

conftituted  her  delight.  Her  heart  was,  "  apt  to  feel,"  too  often 
to  a  degree  too  painful  for  her  own  felicity,  but  always  with  the 
mod  tender  and  generous  fympathies  for  her  friends.  Yet,  united 
with  this  exquifite  feniibility,  (he  pofTeflfed  a  native  cheerfulnefs 
of  difpofition,  which  not  even  the  uncommon  and  agonizing 
pains  (he  endured  in  the  latter  part  of  her  life  could  deprive  her 
of.  In  every  (hort  interval  of  abated  fufFering,  ihe  would,  in  a 
variety  of  ways,  as  well  as  by  her  enlivening  converfation,  give 
pleafure  to  all  around  her.  Her  life  was  t  life  of  una  (Felted  hu- 
mility, warm  benevolence,  fincere  friendfliip,  and  genuine  devo- 
tion. A  life,  which  it  is  not  eafy  truly  to  defcribe,  or  faithfully 
to  imitate.' 

And  he  afterwards  adds,  *  that  as  Theodofia  was  placed  by 
Providence  in  a  flate  of  independence,  and  religfoufly  devoted 
the  profits  .arifing  from  the  fale  of  the  former  edition  of  her 
works  to  the  purpofes  of  benevolence  |  fo  the  profits  which  may 
arife  from  this  edition  are  appropriated,  by  her  furviving  rela- 
tives, to  the  ufc  of  The  Bristol  Education  Society.     An 

'ihifitution  worthy  of  fuch  pitronage,  and  which  thinks  itfelf 
honoured  in  receiving  it*' 

-  They  iMbo  ate  acquainted  with  this  Lady's  former  produdions^ 
will  know  what  is  to  be  expeded  from  the  prefent ;  and  the  fol- 
lowing £hort  fpecimen  Will  inform  thofe  who  are  not : 

•  6*  «  Day  of  Prayer  for  Suec(/s  in  War. 

'  Lord»  hbw  dull  wretched  fioners  dare 
Look  up  to  thy  divine  abode  ? 
Or  oiler  their  im|>erfe6t  pray€r 
Before  a  j  oft  a  holy  God  ? 

•  A  •  A  •  J  Bright  terrors  ftiard  thy  awful  feat. 

And  dazzling  glories  veil  thy  face! 
Yet  mercy  calls  as  to  thy  feer» 
Thy  throne  it  itili  a  throne  of  grace. 

.0  nay  oor  fouls  thy  crace  adore. 
May  Jeftts  plead. our  humble  claims 
While  thy  prbte^idn  we  implore. 
In  his  prevailingy  glorious  name  \ 
With  all  the  boafted  pomp  of  war 
lo  vain  we  dare  the  hoftiie  field : 
In  vain,  nnlefs  the  Lord  be  there ; 
Thy  arm  alone  is  Britain's  (hield. 

Let  pafl  experieboe  of  thy  care 
Support  our  hope,  our  truft  invite  1 
Again  attend  our  humble  prayer. 
Again  be  mercy  thy  delight ! 

Oor  arms  fucceed,  our  councils  guide. 
Let  thy  right  hand  our  caufe  maintain  ; 
Till  war*s  deftrudtive  rage  fnbfide. 
And  peace  refume  ker  gentle  reignt 

O  whc« 


MickleV  Abnada  Hill.  §3^ 

O  when  fliall  time  the  period  bring 
When  raging  war  (hall  watte  no  more  1 
When  peace  fiiaJl  ftrecch  her  balmy  wing 
From  Europe's  coaftto  India's  ihore? 

When  (hall  the  gofpefs  healing  ray 
(Kind  (burce  of  amity  divine!) 
Spread  o'er  the  world  cekfUal  day  f 
When  ihall  the  nationty  Lord,  be  thine  ?' 


£^.-e. 


Art.  IV.   Almada  HtU:  an  EpifUe  from  Lifbon.   By  William  Julias 

Mickle.    4to»     2t.6d.    Bew.    ijSi* 

NO  form  of  compoiition,  in  poetry. or  prqfc,  admits  of 
greater  variety  than  the  Epiftolary  ;  there  being,  indeed, 
few  fxibjeQs^  whether  light  or  ferious,  that  may  not  with  pro« 
priety  be  di(buired  in  it.  But  the  epiftolary  form  has  advantages 
peculiar  toitfelf:  by  placing  the  Reader  in  the  fituation  of  a 
particular  friend,  it  creates,  as  it  were,  a  kind  of  perfonal  con* 
nexion  between  him  and  the  Author,  which  in  fome  degree  has 
an  influence  in  pre-engaging  the  attention ;  and,  from  its  ani- 
mated and  dramatic  nature,  it  is  enabled  to  make  a  more  for- 
cible and  lafting  impreffion  on  the  mind,  than  could  be  expected 
from  a  compoCtion  merely  narjrativc,  or  dida&ict  Of  thefe  ad« 
vantages  Mr.  Mickle  has  not^  perluips,  availed  faimfelf  ib  much 
as  he  might  have  done.  Excepting  at  the  commencement  of  his 
poem,  he  feems  in^reat  meafure  to  have  loft  fight  of  the  friend 
to  whom  the  Epiftle  is  addrefled :  he  is,  indeed,  twtiie  after* 
wards  adverted  to,  btit,  from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  done, 
it  feems  as  much  with  the  view  to  fill  up  the  meafure  of  the 
verfe,  as  to  awaiken  and  dire6l  the  attention  to  any  particularly 
ftriking  objedt.  The  writer  of  epiftles,  if  he  wi(bes  -to  make 
them  as  intereftiog  as  their  nature  will  admit,  (bouid  lofe  no 
opportunity  of  appealing,  whea  it  can  judicioufly  be  done,  to 
the  feelings  and  fentiments  of  thofe  to  whom  he  is  fuppofed  to 
be  immediately  addfeiSng  himfelf. 

The  Poet  opens  his  Epiftle  with  a  well-drawn  pi£hire  of  a 
joylefs  winter's  day  in  England,  contrafted  with  tbs  genial  in* 
fluence  of  a  warmer  clime : 

*  Yet  dill  regardful  of  my  native  (hore. 
In  every  fcene  my  roaming  eyes  explore, 
Whate'er  its  afpedt.  dill,  by  memory  brotog[ht. 
My  fading  country  ru(hes  on  my  thought/ 

After  hinting  at  what  will  probably  be  the  caufes^f  our  poH« 
tical  decay,  he  enters  more  immediately  upon  hisfitfbjed. 

The  defcriptive  parts  of  this  poem  are,  the  Author  tells  us, 
ftri£Uy  local.  In  confirmation  of  this  affertion,  we  inay  venture 
to  produce  the  foUowing  laodfcape^  which  basj  what  defcriptive 

Z  z  poefry 


340  Mickle'i  Jlmada  Hill 

poetry  is  To  frequently  deficient  in,  every  appearance  of  being 
truly  chara6leriftical  and  appropriate : 

*  Where  high  o>r  Tago^s  flood  Almada  lowers* 

Amid  the  folemn  pomp  of  moaldering  towers 

Supinely  feated,  wide  and  far  around 

My  eye  delighted  wanders.— "Here  the  bound 

Of  fair  Europa  o'er  the  Ocean  rears 
«        ^      ^Au  wedern  edge ;  where  dimly  difappears 
^  •   •    .!jrhe  Atlantic  wavej»  the  flow  defcending  day 

Mild  beaming  pours  ferene  the  gentle  ray 

Of  Lufitania's  winter,  filvering  o'er 

The  tower-like  fummits  of  the  mountain  ihore  ; 

Dappling  the  lofty  cliffs  that  coldly  throw 

Their  fable  horrors  o*er  the  vales  below. 
^      Far  round  the  llately-ihoulder^d  river  bends 

Its  giant  arms,  and  fea-like  wide  extends 

Its  midland  bays,  with  fertile  iflands  crown'd» 
^  And  lawns  for  Englifli  valour  dill  renown'd  : 

Given  \o  Cornwallia's  gallant  fons  of  yore> 

Cornwallia's  name  the  fmiling  paftures  bore  ; 

And  flill  their  Lord  his  Eogli(h  lineage  boafts 

From  RoIIand,  famous  in  the  Croifade  Hofts. 

Where  fea-ward  narrower  rolls  the  (hining  tide 

Through  hills  by  hills  embofom'd  on  each  fide> 

Monaftic  walls  in  every  glen  arife 
•     *        In  coldeft  white,  fair  gliSening  to  the  fkies 

Amid  the  brcwn-brow'd  rocks ;  and«  far  as  fights 
t  Proud  d6mes  and  villages  arrayed  in  white  f 

.  ^         Climb  o'er  the  fteeps,  and  thro'  the  dufky  green 

Of  olive  groves,  and  orange  bowers  between, 
^  Speckled  with  glowing  red,  unnumberM  gleam-— 

And  Lifboa,  towering  o'er  the  lordly  (Iream^ 

Her  marble  palaces  and  temples  fpreads 

Wildly  magnific  o'er  the  loaded  heads 

Of  bending  hills,  along  whofe  high-piled  btfe 

The  port  -capacious,  in  a  moon'd  embrace. 

Throws  her  maft-foreft,  waving  on  the  gale 

The  vanes  of  every  (hore  that  hoills  the  (ail.' 

After  curforily  pointing  out 

What  mighty  deeds  the  lofty  hills  of  Spain 

Of  old  have  wimefs'd— ^ 
he  next  notices  the  change  of  manners  that  hath  prevailed,  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  fubverfion  of  the  Roman  empire,  by  the  irrup- 
tion of  the  Goths  and  other  northern  tribes  ;  and  though  the 
caufes  he  affigns  for  that  peculiar  charader,  which  has  fmce 
marked  each  of  the  different  divifions  of  Europe,  may  not  be  hif- 
torically  true,  yet  the  ideas  he  has  darted  on  this  fubjefi  are  at 
lead  poetical  and  ingenious  : 

f  The  houfes  in  Portugal  are  generally  whitened  on  the  outiide, 
white  being  eftcemed  as  repuliiveof  the  rays  of  the  Sun. 

'   -  -When 


t  • 


MxMtV  Almada  ma.   '  34I 

*  When  R</nie's  wide  empire,  a  laxarioos  prefr 
Dcbifed  in  faife  rcHnement  nervelcfs  lay. 
The  northern  hords  on  Europe's  varioot  climet 
Planted  their  ruling  virtues  and  their  crimes. 
Cloiderd  by  Tyber*s  ftream  the  flothful  (laid. 
To  Seine  and  Loire  the  gay  and  friv'Jous  ftray'd^ 
A  fordid  groupe  the  Belgian  marihes  plea/ed 
And  Saxony *s  wild  foreils  Freedom  feized. 
There  held  her  juries,  poifed  the  legal  fcales;— 
And  Spain's  romantic  hills  and  lonely  dales 
The  penfive  Lover  fought;  and  Spain  became 
The  land  of  gallantry  and  amorous  Hame. 
Hail,  favour'd  clime  !  whofe  lone  retreats  xnfpire 
The  fofteft  dreanois  of  languifhing  defire^ 
Aft'edlions  trembling  with  a  glow  all  holy. 
Wildly  fublime,  and  fweetly  melancholy  ; 
'Till  rapt  devotion  to  the  Fair,  refine 
And  beod  each  pafllon  low  at  Honour's  (hrine. 
bo  felt  the  iron  Goth  when  here  he  broughc 
His  worfhip  of  the  Fair  with  valour  fraught : 
Soon  as  Iberia's  mountains  fixe  his  home. 
He  rofe  a  charadler  unknown  to  Rome  ; 
Hit  manners  wildly  colonr*d  as  the  flowers 
And  flaunting  plumage  of  Brazilian  bowers : 
New  to  the  world  as  thefe,  yet  poli(h*d  more 
Than  e*er  the  pupil  of  the  Attic  lore 
Might  proudly  boaft.     On  man's  bold  arm  roboft 
The  tender  Fair  reclines  with  fondeft  trnft : 
With  Nature's  fined  touch  exulting  glows 
The  manly  breaft  which  that  fond  aid  bellows: 
That  firft  of  generous  joys  on  man  bellow'd. 
In  Gothic  Spain  in  all  its  fervour  glow'd. 
Then  high  burn'd  honour;  and  the  dread  alarms 
Of  danger  then  aflumed  the  deareft  charms. 
What  for  the  Fair  was  dared  or  fuffiered,  bore 
A  faint-like  merit,  and  was  envied  more; 
'Till  led  by  love-fick  Fancy's  dazzled  flight, 
FrQm  Court  to  Court  forth  roam*d  Adventure's  Knight ; 
And  tiles  and  tournaments,  in  mimic  wars. 
Supplied  the  triumphs  and  the  honour'd  fears 
Of  arduous  battles  for  their  country  fought, 
'Till  the  keen  relifli  of  the  marvellous  wrought 
All  wild  and.fever'd  ;  and  each  peaceful  (hade. 
With  batter'd  armour  deckt,  its  Knight  difplay'dji 
In  foothing  tranfport,  liAening  to  the  flrain 
Of  dwarfs  and  giants,  and  of  roonfters  flaio  | 
Of  fpells  all  horror,  and  enchanters  dire. 
And  the  fweet  banquet  of  the  amorous  fire. 
When  Knights  and  Ladies  chafte,  relieved  from  thrallf 
Hold  Love's  high  holiday  In  bower  and  hall. 

*  'Twas  thus,  all  pleafing  to  the  languid  thonghty 
With  magic  power  the  ules  of  magic  wrought  i 

Z  3  Till 


34^  Mickle'^  Almaia  HtB. 

Till,  by  the  Mofes  armed,  in  all  the  ire 

or  wit,  refiftlefs  as  ele^ric  fire. 

Forth  rode  La  Maocha's  Knight ;  and  fadden  fled 

Goblins  and  beaateoui  nymphs,  and  Pagans  dreadi 

An  the  delirious  dreim  of  ficknefs  flies. 

When  health  returning  fmiles  from  vernal  ikies/ 

It  is  needlefs  to  point  out  the  happy  illuftration  of  the  roman- 
tic charader  he  has  been  painting,  contained  in  the  following 
fimile ; 

His  manners  wildly  celour'd  as  the  flowers 
And  flaunting  plumage  of  Brazilian  bowers. 

There  is  (p.  19.}  another  beautiful  fimile  on  the  fame  fubje£l : 

As  through  the  pidured  abbey. window  gleams 
The  evening  Sun  with  bold  though  fading' beams. 
So  through  the  reverend  (hide  of  ancient  days 
Gleam  thofe  bold  deeds  with  dim  yet  golden  rays. 

The  influence  of  chivalry  in  freeing  Europe  from  the  growing 
dominion  of  the  Moors,  is  next  adverted  to : 

'But  turn  we  new  from  Chivalry  difeafed, 
To  Chivalry  when  Honour's  wreath  (he  feized 
From  Wifdom^s  hand.-^From  Taurus*  rugged  deep* 
And  Caucafus,  iar  round  with  headlong  fweep* 
As  wolves  wild  howling  from  their  fami(h'd  deOf 
Ru(h'd  the  devouring  bands  of  Sarazen  : 
Their  favage  genius,  giant-llke  and  blind. 
Trampling  with  fullen  joy  on  human  kind* 
A(ryria  lay  its  own  uncovered  grave. 
And  Gallia  trembled  to  th'  Atlantic  wav< : 
In  awful  wafle  the  faireft  cities  moan*d. 
And  human  Liberty  expiring  groan'd 
When  Chivalry  arofe  : — Her  ardent  eye 
Sublime,  that  fondly  mingled  with  the  (ky. 
Where  patience  watchM,  and  fledfaft  purpofe  frown'd 
Mixt  with  Devotion's  £re,  (he  darted  round. 
Stern  and  indignant ;  on  her  glittering  fliiield 
The  CroCi  fhp  bore,  and  proudly  to  the  field 
High  plum'd  (he  rufh'd;  by  Honour's  dazzling  6red, 
Confcious  ot  Heaven's  own  caufe,  and  all  infpircd 
By  holy  vows,  as  on  the  frowning  tower 
The  lightning  vollies,  on  the  crefled  power 
Of  Sarazen  Die  wing'd  her  javelin's  way,  *- 

And  the  wide-wafting  giant  proftrate  lay.* 

Then  drawing  a  comparifon  between  the  prefent  ftate  of  thofe 
parts  of  Europe  that  are  flill  under  the  yoke  of  the  Turks,  and 
of  others  from  whence  they  have  been  driven,  he  thus  very  per* 
tinently.clofes  it: 

— A(k  what  Chriftian  Earope  owes  the  high  ^ 

And  l^rdent  foul  of  gallant  Chivalry,  i 

Aik,  an4  l^t  T«rkiQi  EutoftU  gfoans  reply !  J 

The 


Mickle'x  4lmada  HiU.  343, 

■    •    ^ 

The  naval  glory  of  the  Portuguere,  during  the  time  they  firft, 
eftabli(hed  themfelves  in  Afla,  and  their  fubfequent  degener^cjf, 
and  decline,  are  next  confidered  :  and  here,  in  every  fcene,         , 

His  fading  country  rufhes  on  his  thqugbc. 
But  the  oaral^l,  according  to  Mr.  Mickle,  is  not  likely  to  bold 
unlverfalTy  ;  xortugal  is  fo  ficuated,  that  though  (he  may  be  oc- 
cafionally  deprefled,  (he  is  fure  in  time  to,  emerge  agai^i  into 

confequence :  not  fo  his  fading  country 

When  Albion  falls,  (he  falls  to  rife  no  morr« 

Were  not  Mr.  Mickle's  poetical  character  already  afcertalned 
by  his  excellent  tranflation  of  the  Portuguefe  Homer*,  thcf 
Reader  might  eafily  be  enabled,  from  the  fpecimens  we  have 
given,  to  make  a  proper  eftimate  of  his  abilities.  His  verfifica* 
tion  is  undoubtedly  fpirited  ^nd  harmonious ;  but  we  think  it 
would  be  more  fo,  did  he  lefs  frequently  make  a  pra£tice  of 
running  one  verfe  into  another. 

Has  not  the  Poet  violated  the  propriety  of  our  language  in  the 

following  line  i 

Great  Albuquerk  renown  ditn  generous  pride. 

And  has  he  not  alfo  violated  metaphorical  propriety  in 

Iberia's  fields  with  rich  and  genuine  ore 
Of  ancient  manners  woo  the  traveller's  eye? 

To  woo  the  eye  with  ore  of  ancient  manners  is  certainly  a  moft  un» 
ufual  figure  of  fpeech.  Thefe,  however,  are  blemi(hes  too  tri- 
vial to  detrad  from  the  general  merit  of  the  poem. 

It  may  be  a  pleafing  piece  of  intelligence  to  moft  Readers  to 
acquaint,  them  that  the  Royal  Academy  of  Lifbon,  of  which  Mr. 
Mickle,  who  was  prefent  at  the  ceremony  of  its  commencement^ 
had  the  honour  to  be  admitted  a  member,  is  under  the  prefi- 
dency  of  one  of  the  moft  iiluftrious  charaflers  of  the  age.  Prince 
Don  John  of  Braganza,  Duke  of  Lafoens.  **  His  Grace,  who 
has  within  thefe  few  years  returned  to  his  native  country,  was 
about  twenty-two  years  abfent  from  it.  During  the  late  war^ 
he  was  a  volunteer  in  the  army  of  the  Emprefs  Queen,  in  which 
he  ferved  as  Lieutenant  General,  and  particularly  diftinguifhed 
himfelf  at  the  battle  of  Maxen^  where  the  PruiSans  were  de* 
feated*  After  the  peace,  he  not  only  vifited  every  court  of  Eu- 
rope, moft  of  whofe  languages  he  fpeaks  fluently,  but  alfo  tra- 
velled to  Turkey  and  Egypt,  and  even  to  Lapland.  His  Grace 
is  no  lefs  diftinguifhed  by  his  tafte  for  the  Belles  Lettres,  thaa 
for  his  extenfive  knowledge  of  Hiftory  and  Science." 

It  is  with  Angular  complacency  we  look  forward  to  the  revo- 
lution fuch  a  character  as  this  is  capable  of  producing  in  the 

•  For  our  account  of  the  Tranflation  of  the  LnfiAd  of  Cdmoens^  fee 

Review,  Vols,  LIV.  and  LV. In  bor  59th  volame,  we  iikewift 

mentioned  the  ad  edition  of  that  valaaUe  work. 

Z  4  manners 


J44  Halyburton*j  Georgia. 

mtnners  of  his  countrymen  :  under  fuch  patronage,  and  with 
fetch  an  exalted  example  of  imitation  to  Simulate  and  urge  them 
on,  the  day  may,  poffibly,  be  not  far  diftant  when  even  Portu* 
gal  may  rival  the  reft  of  Europe  in  Arts,  in  Letters,  and  Hu« 

Art.  V.  Georgia^  In  a  Series  of  Letters  to  a  Friend.  By  William 
Halyburton,  D.  D.  8vo.  68.  fewed.  Edinbargh  printed.  Sold 
by  Donaldfon  in  London.     1782. 

FROM  the  title  of  this  book,  we  were  led  to  imagine  it 
might  poilibly  be  formed  upon  a  plan  fimilar  to  that  of 
the  Georgics  of  Virgil.  We  find  we  were  miftaken.  Virgil's 
poem  is  merely  didactic ;  this  is  of  a  fubiimer  fpecies :  nothing 
lefs  than  epic  honours  will  gratify  the  ambition  of  Dr.  Haly* 
burton.  And,  if  an  epic  poem  be  rightly  defined,  '*  a  fable 
related  in  verfe  (and  elevated  profe  is  nearly  the  fame  thing),  to 
infpire  admiration,  in  reprefenting  to  us  the  a£lion  of  an  hero, 
favoured  and  affided  by  heaven,  who  executes  fome  grand  de- 
fign,  notwithftanding  all  the  obftacles  that  oppofe  him,"  the 
Doftor's  title  is  indifputable.  We  will  venture  to  pronounce 
this  performance  to  be  as  unexceptionable  in  its  conftituent 
parts,  as  in  its  general  conftruSion.  The  fable,  the  charaAers, 
the  fentiments,  the  language,  the  machinery,  are  all  in  their  fe- 
veral  kinds  perfect  and  complete.  The  afbion,  in  obedience  to 
a  precept  of  Aridotle,  is  great,  one,  and  entire.  It  is 
no  lefs  than  the  producing  from  an  eftate,  yielding  at  prefent 
only  the  paltry  fum  of  3,700  \.  per  annum^  an  annual^  revenue 
of  upwards  of  70,00.01.  exclufive  of  timber,  fufScient  for  the 
building  an  Armada;  wool,  as  much  as  will  lengthen  all  the 
fillibegs  in  the  Highlands  into  breeches ;  and  honey,  as  a  fubfli- 
tute  for  fugar,  more  than  will  compenfate  for  the  lofs  of  the 
Weft  Indies.  To  the  creative  imagination  of  Homer,  the  Author 
has  united  the  judgment  of  Virgil.  He  never  deviates  into  any 
wanton  or  ufelefs  digreflions:  his  epifodes,  fuch  as  that  of  the 
chimney  and  the  gun- barrel,  the  manufadluring  of  pea-chicks, 
the  converfion  of  the  Highlands  into  a  rice-garden,  &c.  are  all 
connected  with  his  fubje£l,  fubfervient  to  his  principal  defign, 
and  cfTentially  necefTary  to  the  conduct  of  his  fable,  in  the  em- 
ployment of  his  machinery  he  had  no  occafion  to  advert  to  the 
Horatian  precept, 

Na  dem  inierjit^  nifi  dignus  vindice  Nodus 

Inciderli. 

Here  is  dignus  vindice  Nodus  enough,  with  a  witnefs,  to  au- 

thori?:e  the  appearance  of  all'the  divinities  of  the  Pantheon. 

Afferting,  therefore,  the  poet's  charter  of  quidJihet  audendi,  the 

Author  introduces  Miner va,  or  the  genius  of  Scotland  (for  tho 

*    .  fcenc 


HalyburtonV  Georgics*  345 

fcene  lies  in  that  country),  afluming  the  perfon  of  Dr.  Halybur* 
ton,  and  conducting  the  hero  of  this  epico-didadic  romance 
through  variety  of  adventures  and  enchantments,  to  his  Fairf 
palace  on  the  banks  of  Fairbroolc.  And  here,  Reader,  fhall  yoa 
be  introduced  to  the  hero  and  his  conduflor : 

'  5ir,  1  know  not  where  you  could  pafs  fix  or  eight  weeks  of  tb^ 
fummer  fo  agreeably  as  on  your  own  improved  eftate.  To  mark  the 
increafing  fertility  of  the  fields,  the  growth  of  hedges  and  creet  lA 
progrcfOon  from  the  laft  to  the  firft  plantation,  your  numerous  handy- 
works  on  Fairbrook  and  its  banks,  and  above  all,  a  mulciplying  racft 
of  happy  men,  mud  give  great  delight.  ^ 

'  One  quaternion  will  fuffice  for  head-quarters.  Forage  for  « 
dozen  horles  will  not  be  felt.  By  (hifting  from  one  quaternion  to 
another,  you  obtain  a  minute  detail  of  the  oeconomy  of  the  whole* 

*  As  you  approach,  the  fmiling  babes  are  lifping  your  name;  the 
herds»  the  flocks  exult,  while  trees  in  fre(her  foliage,  and  pailuret 
and  corns  in  deepening  verdure,  bail  the  coming  pretence. 

*  Hofpital'ty,  cha:ad^er,  gratitude  call  on  you,  to  make  every 
thing  agreeable  to  your  fummer  fociety.  From  chem  your  people 
catch  a  complacent  urbanity  of  manners.  Even  neighbouring  fquiret» 
divelled  of  fullen  ferocity,  learn  to  relifh  the  joys  o^  polilhed  life. 

*  Afs  milk  can  be  had  by  fubllituting  fhe-adcs  for  goats  in  anyone 
quaternion.  The  whole  waters  of  fouch,  and  half  thofeof  fouth-eaft 
quaternion,  in  confluence  at  Millville  triangle,  enable  you  to  have 
baths  of  ail  forts.  Let  the  building  be  elegant,  though  fmall.  Our 
climate  and  clothing  render  bathing  of  little  ufe  to  the  healthfel* 
Greeks,  Kontans  and  Hebrews,  under  an  elevated  fun,  were  clothed 
in  frowzy  woollen.  Collc^^ed  in  his  imperatorial  purple,  the  might/ 
Julius  met  the  fate  of  dire  antbition,  without  a  (hirt  to  his  back. 

*  A  tower  of  ico  yards  on  the  top  of  your  fugar*]oaf  mount  wooU 
be  highly  ornamental,  and  would  give  a  commandirg  view  of  feaand 
jand,  and  terminating  mountains.  The  materials  are  at  hand.  la 
making  the  afcent,  where  fpades,  pickaxes  and  fledges  fa*l,  recourfe 
can  be  bad  to  vinegar,  fire,  and  gunpowder.  The  whole  expence  it 
below  yoor  notice. 

'  1  have  faid  nothing  of  dry  rice,  nor  of  Spanifli,  Sicilian  and 
Siryrna  fpring- wheats,  nor  of  the  Siberian  wheat,  nor  of  the  new  po- 
tatoes, nor  of  the  new  grafl*es  from  America  and  elfewheie,  becauie 
their  utility  is  nor  as  yet  fufFiCiently  afcertained. 

'  Jt  were  proper  you  planted  one-third  of  your  wheat  land,  with 
that  bearded  fort  called  by  bakers  rivets  and  cones.  Though  the 
mixture  embrowns,  it  gives  a  talieful  juicintfs  to  bread. 

*  Your  wheat  will  weigh  not  lefs  than  64  lib.  the  bufliel,  which 
{>ives  (;6  lib.  flour,  which  makes  of  flandard  bread  69^  lib.  The 
quarter  then  gives  bread  556  lib.  The  annual  bread  of  a  man  at  1} 
Jib.  daily,  in  a  leap  year,  amounts  only  to  549  lib.  Your  oats  give 
3^  iib.  meal  the  bufliel.  Along  with  one  pint  flwimmed  milk  ale* 
bourer^s  break  fad  is  i  half  pound  oatmeal  made  into  pottage.  His 
anrual  oatmeal  then  is  183  lib.  or  five  bufliels,  18  lib.  His  fmall 
beer  is  1  d.  a-day,  and  his  ftrong  for  60  holidays,  whereof  San* 
days  make  ^2,  is^  (^  s.  per  annwm.  His  flefli  is  9  d.  and  fifli  3  d. 
a  week.    Tulk  is  better  than  cod-flfli  for  winter,  and  will  not  coft 

more 


2^6  Halyburton*/  Gecrgicu 

npne  tban  149*  the  qointaL  His  batter  is  12  ouncet,  and  cheefe 
one  lib.  a* week.  His  rice  eight  ounces,  and  honey  two.  Barley 
cighr,  and  peafe  four  ounces,  and  eggs  one  dozen  a-week.  The 
Goodman's  large  garden  gives  pot-herbs,  j^reens  and  roots.' 

Then  follows  the  labourer's  annual  bill  of  fare.  A  few  pages 
more  conduA  us  to  the  laft  chapter ;  which  we  (hall  give  as  a 
farther  fpecimen  : 

*  By  the  fimple  rule  of  doing  one  thing  at  once.  Mynheer  Jan  de 
Witiz  did  more  bufinefs  than  any  one  man  in  Europe,  and  found  fpare 
time  befides  for  difplaying  thofe  gentlemanly  accomplifhmenti  he  fo 
liberally  pofTeiTed. 

*  Amidft  your  Columella's  regular  multiplicity  of  affairs,  his  bnH- 
iiefs  diredl  is  with  the  fix  firft  Goodmen,  the  mill-mafler,  hog-mailer» 
gardener,  bee-mader,  and  mafter-forel^er. 

*  Among  your  fervants,  lee  the  fcale  of  preferment  reach  from  the 
jrounged  plow  boy  to  the  fenior  firfl  Goodman.  Thus  you  will  pro- 
duce and  encourage  merit. 

*  Goodmen's  deputies  are  picked  from  the  inferior  fervants.  De* 
poties  in  courfe  fucceed  Goodmen.  Of  the  fix  iiril  Goodmen  you 
can  have  a  gradation  of  75,  85,  95,  lo^t  m^*  and  125 1.  a-year. 

*  For  the  fame  reafon  why  millers  wane  poultry,  your  threfhers  are 
unmarried. 

*  Your  feftivals  are  four,  according  to  the  feafons.  Their  utility 
if  felf-apparent.     This  or  fome  fuch  may  be  the  order. 

*  The  quaternions,  and  fo  forth,  being  put  under  the  care  of  mar- 
ried women,  in  the  morning  the  people^  in  their  bed  array,  rendez- 
vous on  the  fchool-green. 

*  You  take  your  ftation  on  horfeback  in  front  of  the  inn,  and  the 
procfflion  begins. 

*  Preceded  by  a  band  of  mufic,  march  the  Goodmen's  deputies, 
vitb  iheep-hooks  in  their  bands.  They  are  led  by  amaller-fhepherd 
^le^ed  by  tbemfelves,  who  has  a  filver  iheep-hook,  with  which  he 
iaiuces  as  with  a  fpontoon* 

'  Next  come  96  milk-maids,  followed  by  24  boys  on  poneys,  fol- 
lowed by  24  dairy- miftrefTes  on  palfreys.  The  dairy-miftrefTes  falute 
wifh  the  right-hand* 

*  They  are  followed  by  18  Goodmen  on  horfeback,  one  of  them 
bearing  a  llandard  with  rural  fymbolical  devices.  Next  comes  Colo* 
mella,  fingle,  followed  at  proper  diftance  by  the  fix  iirll  Goodmen. 
A\\  th.efe  falute  with  the  hat. 

'  Next  conne  92  threftiers,  then  70  plowmen,  then  48  cowherds, 
then  24  hogherds,  then  48  feeders,  followed  by  120  lads  and  boys. 
Follows  the  bee*mafter  at  the  head  of  beemen,  gardeners  and  foreft- 
Cr^,  followed  by  the  mafter-gardener  and  mafter-foreller.  The  maf- 
tcrs  falute  with  the  hat.  Next  comes  the  mill-mailer  on  horfeback, 
leading  your  fervants  of  Millville,  whoCe  rear  is  brought  up  by  the 
hog-mafler  on  horfeback.     The  rnaders  falute. 

*  Next  comes  a  band  of  mufic.  Then  the  fchoolmader  who  fa< 
lutes,  and  is  followed  by  bis  fcholars,  followed  by  the  ufhers,  who  fa- 
Jute :  then  the  other  inhabitants  of  Millville,  and  the  whole  of  PariQi- 
town  pioperly  difpofcd,  who  all  faluic. 

The 


Halyburtoo'i  Georgia.  347 

*  The  weather  permitting^  the  proceffion  is  fucceedecl  by  a  con- 
cert on  the  mill-pond.  The  people  then  difperfe  to  their  homes,  and 
after  a  plentiful  good  dinner,  pafs  the  reft  of  the  day  in  dancing  and 
innocent  revelry.  In  the  evenings  of  winter  and  ^ring  feafts,  fire- 
work:i  are  played  o£  from  the  Tower.  The  article  of  406 1.  13  s. 
annual  liberalities  will  pay  yoar  whole  expences  of  theie»  and  four 
other  holiday s»  *viz,  new  year,  your  birth- day ,  and  two  parochial 
wedding-days. 

*  Proportioned  to  your  eflate  unimproved,  the  peafantry  of  all 
England  fall  (hort  of  3.600,000  fouls.  Proportioned  to  the  fame  im- 
proved, they  would  be  io,8oo,ooo» 

*  From  the  encouragement  given  to  marriage,  your  annual  births 
will  not  be  fewer  than  1 20,  or  the  224  part  of  the  whole.  From  the 
found  good  food,  and  the  cleanly  well-aired  dwellings,  your  burials 
will  not  exceed  70.     Your  annual  fupernumeraries  then  are  ;o. 

'  This  extended  to  all  England,  the  annual  increafe  were  200,000. 
In  time  of  the  hotted  war,  here  were  recruits  for  a  navy  and  army  of 
half  a  million  of  natives.  In  times  of  peace,  after  recruiting  both, 
after  recruiting  the  overgrown  devouring  metropolis,  and  fupplying 
the  demands  of  trading  navigation,  there  would  remain  s  numerous 
accretion  to  colonies. 

'  Before  I  conclude,  let  me  be  indulged  with  a  retrofpedive  glance 
at  the  quantity  of  human  food  annually  produced  00  your  eftate;  it 
being  underftood  beforehand. 

\mOf  That  each  article  be  valued  at  the  price  it  is  worth  to  a  full* 
growp  man,  whofe  liberal  annual  fare  is  equal  to  lol.  10  8«;  while 
that  of  each  perfon  taken  in  grofs  is  7 1.  or  two*thirds  of  the  abofe 
fnm* 

idot  That  honey  and  fruit  be  left  out  of  the  account,  as  few  land- 
holders can  be  fnppofed  pofleiled  of  your  advantageous  iituation  for 
fuch  culture. 

'  3//0,  That  fuperabundance  can  be  bartered  for  deficiency,  and 
for  wha^^cy  v\^^  ^^^^  Thus  yon  fuperabound  in  wheat  and  pork, 
are  dencient  in4>arley  and  oats,  and  plant  neither  hops  nor  pea&. 

*  Annual  Predu^  0/ human  Food  on  thtEfiatt  of  Parijhtvwn^  tin  Apiary 

and  Gardtn  ixchifive. 
Wheat,  7224.  quarters,  at30  8.        •  -         / 

Barley,  5670  quarters,  at  16  s.  8  d« 
Oats,  7087^  quarters,  at  13  s*  4d« 
Potatoes,  86,400  buihels,  at  i  s. 
Poultry  at  2  d.  per  lib.  only,        -  -  . 

£ggs  At  3  d«  per  dozen,  •  •  • 

7800  hogs,  at  35  s.  only,  •  -  - 

6240  pigs,  at  1  8.  6  d.  only,        •  •  . 

484  cows,  at  25  !• 
366  ditto,  at  21 1. 
Trouts,  at  i  d.  per  lib.  only. 
Beef,  reared,  at  3  d.  per  lib.        -  *  • 

Ditto,  ftall-fed,  ■     ■  increafed. 

Ditto,  grafi-fed,  on  two  farms. 

Carried  over,    £.  71 1849  17    o 

Brought 


10,83b 

0 

0 

4725 

0 

0 

472'; 

0 

0 

4320 

0 

0 

3801 

8 

0 

>737 

9 

0 

I3»650 

0 

0 

468 

0 

0 

12,100 

0 

0 

7686 

0 

0 

1000 

0 

0 

3600 

0 

0 

3840 

0 

0 

360 

0 

0 

J48  Lord  KaimsV  Loofe  Hints  upon  Education. 

Brought  over    ^.  71,84.9  17  b 

gi20  Umbs,  ati2s*6d«  -            -            -             1950  o  o 

Milk  of  ewesy                -  -                  .                 10^8  o  o 

864  wcddcfs,  at  25  s.  -                -                -         lv8o  o  o 

48  >  old  cwcs,             -  -                 •            -          480  o  o 

Goac5y  fay  only,                 .  -                 .                 360  o  o 

Hoots  of  Forcft wick  only,  t                -                •     6co  11  4 

>C-  78.377     8     4 
To  be  fubtraaed,         8125     8     4 

Balance,     j^.  70,252  o  o 
which  is  eqaal  to  the  annual  fare  of  10,036  people  in  grofs. 

To  be  fubtraaed. 

Corn  to  4950  hogs  at  1 1  s.             -                 •         £,  2722  10  o 

Picto  10  396  roolts  at  50  8.        -            -            -            990  o  o 

Ditto  to  trouts,         -               .                 .                 •          434  3  4 

Potatoes  to  396  fows,  91^  bafliels,             «             •         1806  15  o 

Ditto  to  ^96  roods,             ...            1806  15  o 

Meat  to  80  dogiy  at  1 1.  //r  ^/m,         -                ^             3^S  S  ^ 

C  8«25     8     4 

*  Tt  follows,  that  the  arable  of  all  England,  broaght  tb  fuch  height 
of  cultivation,  would  liberally  feed  above  forty  millions  of  inhabitants. 

*  1  bus,  Sir,  in  compliance  with  yoor  dtfirt,  have  I  given  you  ray 
vnreferved  opinion.  JnHead  of  a  (harper  among  Iharpers,  I  have  de- 
)infacfd  a  patriarch  loving  and  beloved,  bleifing  and  blefied  by  a 
great  family,  if  ought  I  have  written  prove  beneficial  to  yourfelf 
and  my  corcmporarjes,  I  have  my  reward.* 

More  lafl  words^  Our  Author  has  added  a  Poetical  Dialogue 
between  Agriculturb  and  Commerce.  It  is  a  difpute  fpr 
precedence,  and  u  carried  on  with  humour.  i    1,   m 

Art.  VI,     Loo/e  Hints  upon  Education,  cbitfiy  concerning  the  Culture 
of  the  Hearts     ^vo.      5  s.      £ell,  Edinburgh;    Morrsyi  London, 

1781. 

WE  have  fo  often  been  entertained  by  the  ingenious  writ- 
ings of  the  refpeflab?e  Author  of  this  work.  Lord 
Kaims,  that  it  is  with  much  regret  we  announce  a  publication 
from  his  pen,  in  which  we  difcover  little  of  that  keen  penctra- 
tion,  and  vigorous  conception,  which  we  always  expci^  in  his 
productions.  The  obfervations  are,  in  general,  too  obvious  to 
be  intereftlng: ;  the  example*  are  for  the  moft  part  trivial ;  there 
is  a  nc;;ligence  in  the  flyle,  fcarcely  to  be  pardoned  in  the  Au- 
thor of  Elements  of  Criticifm\  and  the  work  is  encumbered  with 
a  colleclion  of  talcs  and  vcrfcs,  in  the  fcledlion  of  which  the 
Editor  has  exerted  but  a  fmall  portion  of  his  wonted  judgment 
and  tafte.  PVom  a  writer  of  fuch  reputation,  we  are  apprehcn- 
f;ve  it  will  hardly  be  aduutted  as  a  fufficient  apology,  that  the 
6  '    Author 


Lord  Kaims*i  Locfi  Hints  upon  Education^  349 

Author  onljf  profefies  to  write  Loofi  HintSy  upon  Education. 
The  fubjedt  was  fo  important,  and,  after  all  that  has  been  writ*- 
fen  upon  it,  is  fo  far  from  being  exhaufted,  that  it  deferred, 
and  required  this  eminent  Writer's  wtlUdigeJied  thoughts. 

The  following  remarks,  refpe<9ing  the  improvement  of  the 
aftive  virtues,  are  a  favourable  fpecimen  of  the  piece: 

*  With  regard  to  adive  virtue?,  there  is  a  beauiy  in  candour  and 
plain  dealing.  Which  procures  good  will  and  affection  even  above 
many  virtues  that  make  a  more  fplendid  figure.  Nature  prompts  to 
this  virtue;  for  no  perfon  ever  recurred  to  diflimulation  but  to 
hide  fome  wrong.  Candour  is  indeed  a  great  fweetener  in  fociety  ; 
for  wirbout  it  there  can  be  no  friendfhip  nor  mutual  confidence. 
Marifchal  de  Turenne,  when  he  commanded  in  Germany,  was  offered 
a  confiderable  fu«i.  by  a  neutral  city,  to  march  another  way.  "  I 
cannot  accept,  faid  the  Marifchal,  beaaufe  I  do  not  intend  to  take 
the  road  to  your  city."  This  fingle  flroke  of  charader,  was  fufiicieac 
CO  endear  that  great  man,  even  to  the  enemies  of  his  country  :  fodi 
candour  is  fcarce  confiflent  with  any  vice.  As  children  are  naturally 
candid,  it  is  an  eafy  and  pleafant  taflc  to  keep  them  {0,  If  their  con- 
fidence be  gained  by  kindly  treatment,  they  will  never  think  of  dif- 
fembling. 

*  24^,  In  the  foregoing  fe£lion  it  was  obferved,  that  the  way  to  ifl« 
vigorate  compaflion  in  a  child,  is  to  fhow  it  objedls  in  diftrefs.  Yoa 
may  now  add  inftruflion  to  fight.  Make  your  children  fenfible  that 
none  are  fecure  againft  misfortunes,  and  that  neither  birth,  heaith^ 
nor  riches  afford  proteAion.  Give  them  inftances  of  the  viciffitudet 
of  fortune,  of  men  in  high  life  reduced  like  Haman  to  bitter  roiierjr. 
Cicero,  talking  of  Caefar  in  one  of  his  pleadings,  paints  in  lively  co- 
lours his  martial  atchievements,  overcoming  feafons  as  well  as  ene« 
mies ;  but  mentions  wi:h  more  fatisfadlion,  the  generous  protedioa 
he  gave  to  an  old  friend,  who,  by  an  unforefeen  event,  had  fallen  not 
only  into  mifery  but  into  di/grace.  *'  Conqueft,  fays  he,  makes  a 
man  immortal ;  and  who  would  not  exert  every  power  to  become  im- 
mortal !  Adts  of  private  friend ihip  can  have  no  motive  but  goodneft 
of  heart.  And  coofidering  Caefar,  at  the  top  of  human  grandeur, 
continuing  attentive,  like  a  private  perfon,  to  the  neceffities  of  the 
unhappy,  I  efleem  him  a  greater  man  than  in  the  midft  of  his  vido~ 
ries." 

'<  3^,  There  cannot  be  a  more  inftruflive  lefTon  to  young  perfons, 
than  that  happinefs  depends  not  on  pomp  and  grandeur,  nor  on  other 
external  circumitances.  The  feat  of  happinefs  is  in  the  heart :  one 
contented  with  his  lot  cannot  be  unhappy.  AuguHus,  after  prevail- 
ing over  his  rivah,  governed  during  40  years  a  mighty  empire.  Hit 
immenfe  power,  however,  could  not  proted  him  from  affiiAion.  It 
did  not  prevent  him  from  exclaiming  againft  Varus,  for  the  lofs  of 
his  German  le  j^ns  ;  nor  from  beating  his  head  againft  the  wall,  and 
filling  his  palace  with  lamentations.  What  availed  his  conquefts, 
when  his  intimate  friends  plotted  againft  his  life  ?  His  grandeur  did 
not  prevent  the  mifcondudl  of  fome  of  his  relations,  nor  the  death  of 
all.  He  himfelf,  the  laft  of  his  family,  was  mifled  by  his  wife  to 
name  a  monfter  for  his  fucccftbr.     Such  was  the  miferable  fate  of 

that 


35^  2^^  KaimsV  Loofi  Htnls  upcn  Mducathfti 

-thtt  mafler  of  the  world ;  thoof  h  prononnced  tbe  bappfeft  of  men  hf 

likoCe  who  can  pierce  no  deeper  thin  the  forface. 

'  4ii,  Taile  is  one  of  oar  faculties  that  is  the  flowed  in  its  progreft 
toward  natarity ;  and  yet  may  receire  fome  improvement,  during 
the  courfe  of  domeftic  education.  Compare  with  your  pupils  two 
poems  on  the  fame  fubjed^  or  two  paflages.  Take  the  lead  in  point- 
ing out  beaaties  and  blemifhes,  in  tbe  fimpleft  manner.  After  fome 
time,  let  them  take  the  lead  under  your  correAion,  You  cannot 
kave  a  better  book  for  that  exercife  than  the  SpeSaior*  A  pleafing 
Teio  of  genteel  humour  runs  through  every  one  of  Addifen's  Papers, 
which  like  the  fweet  flavour  of  a  hyacinth,  conftantly  cheers,  and 
sever  overpowers.  Steele's  Papers,  on  the  contrary,  are  little  better 
than  trafh :  there  is  fcarce  a  thought  or  fentiment  that  is  worthy  to 
be  transferred  into  a  common-place  book.  My  pupil  reads  a  few 
Papers  daily,  without  a  fingle  obfervation  on  my  part«  After  fome 
time,  I  remark  to  him  the  difference  of  compofitton  ;  which,  in  the 
courfe  of  reading,  becomes  more  and  more  apparent.  The  laft  Hep 
is  to  put  him  on  diilinguiihing  the  two  authors.  He  at  firft  makes 
an  aukward  figure;  but  I  know  from  trial,  that  he  may  be  brought 
to  diftinguifh  fo  readily,  as  fometimes  to  name  the  author  from  the 
very  firft  period.    *'  Fob !   fays  he,  that  is  Steele,  wq'Il  have  no 

.l^ore  of  him.^ 

*  ^th.  During  infancy,  authority  fhould  be  abfolote  without  re- 
laxation. But  let  the  parents  or  governor  watch  the  firft  dawn  of 
reafon,  which  ought  to  be  laid  hold  of  for  giving  exercife  to  the 
judment  of  their  pupil.     They  may  begin  with  prefendng  two  fimple 

.  things,  and  bidding  him  choofe  for  himfelf.  Let  them  proceed  flow- 
If  to  things  lefs  fimple.  After  fome  exercife  of  this  kind,  it  is  time 
to  demand  a  reafon  for  his  choice.  If  he  be  at  a  lofs,  a  reafon  may 
be  fuggefted  fo  fly]y>  as  to  make  him  think  it  his  own,  which  will 
raife  a  defire  to  find  out  reafon s.  Exercife  is  not  more  falutary  to 
tbe  body  than  to  tbe  mind.  When  be  wants  to  have  any  thing  done^ 
let  him  firft  try  what  he  can  do  himfelf.  A  favage  having  none  to 
apply  to  for  advice  or  diredlion,  is  reduced  to  judge  for  himfelf  at 
every  turn :  he  makes  not  a  fingle  flep,  without  thinking  before-hand 
what  is  to  follow ;  by  which  meani ,  a  young  favage  is  commonly 
endued  with  more  penetration,  than  an  Oxford  or  Cambridge  (cho- 
lar.  In  point  of  education,  I  hold  it  better  for  a  young  man  to 
tn  ibmetimes  on  hii  own  judgment,  than  to  follow  implicitly  tbe 
more  mature  judgment  of  his  preceptor.  A  boy  who  is  never  per- 
mitted CO  think  for  himfelf  till  he  is  fifteen,  wil^^probably  continue  a 
boy  for  life/ 

This  book  is  dedicated  to  the  Queen,  in  a  ftrain  of  good 
fenfe,  and  manly  freedom,  which  does  great  credit  Co  tbe  ua* 
derAandiog  and  heart  of  tbe  Writer. 


Art, 


(    3St    ) 

Akt.  VII.     Oi/irvatiens  on  iht  Sccttijb  Dihha.    By  John  Sincfadr, 
Efq;  M.P.     8vo.    4t.  Boards.     Cadeil.     1782. 

MR.  Sinclair's  defign  is  laudable.  He  profefleth  to  remove 
the  difagreeable  diftindion  which  a  difFerent  dialed  hath 
produced  between  nations  united  under  the  fame  government, 
and  connected  by  fimilar  cuftoms  and  laws.  It  will,  however, 
be  at  once  obvious,  that  this  muft  be  imperfeAly  done,  unlefs 
the  pronunciation  and  tone  be  changed  as  veell  as  the  words. 
The  latter  can  only  be  acquired  by  habit  and  attention,  for  no 
rules  can  teach  it;  and  for  the  former,  our  neighbours  have  a 
very  refped)abie  afBftant  in  Mr.  Sheridan. 

The  prefent  performance  may,  we  imagine,  be  very  ufeful 
for  the  purpofes  intended  :  and  we  have  little  doubt  but  that  it 
will  be  favourably  received  by  thofe  who  think  the  £ngli£h 
language  an  objed  worthy  their  attainment.  It  would  be  un« 
candid  to  obje61,  that  the  execution  is  hitherto  incomplete, 
fince  the  Author  fairly  allows  it,  and  politely  requefis  aififiance 
for  a  future  edition.  .We  vnfh  it  were  in  our  power  to  fuppiy 
his  deficiencies  ;  but  fuch  details  would  be  very  unentertarnrog 
to  the  greater  part  of  our  Readers.  He  will  however  allow  us 
to  fuggeft  to  him,  that  the  perufal  of  his  work  hath  led  us  to 
fufped,  that  he  bath  been  chiefly  converfant  with  the  inbm- 
bitants  of  the  northern  and  eaftern  coafts  of  Scotland ;  for  an 
inhabitant  of  Edinburgh  would,  we  are  convinced,  have  afford* 
ed  him  much  of  the  affiftance  he  wanted.  It  is  not,  perhaps, 
univerfally  known,  that  the  Englifli  language  doth  not  degene- 
rate in  txzSt  proportion  of  the  diftance  from  the  capital,  it  is 
very  indiiierent  in  Yorkfhire ;  it  is  Worfe  in  Northumberland ; 
and  ftill  more  corrupt  in  the  Lothians;  but  it  amends  in  Inver- 
nefslhire;  it  is  very  tolerable  in  Aberdeen,  and  not  materially 
worfe  in  BamfF  and  Caithnefs.  In  the  northern  counties  of 
Scotland,  the  Gaelic,  or  Erfe  (a  branch  of  the  old  Celtic  root), 
is  the  language  commonly  fpoken  by  the  people.  The  Engliih 
(which  is  derived  from  the  Gothic)  was  originally  introduced 
by  people  of  diftindlion,  who  became  polifhed  in  their  language 
and  manners  from  their  intercourfe  and  connexion  with  this 
country ;  hence  it  is  comparatively  pure  iYi  thofe  places  where 
the  ancient  language  of  Scotland  chiefly  abounds. 

It  hath  been  frequently  obferved,  that  the  provincial  dialefis 
are  the  real  remains  of  the  old  Englifh  :  and  approach  the  near- 
eft  to  the  Saxon  original.  This  work  aflbrds,  in  many  inftances, 
a  ftriking  proof  of  it ;  for  where  the  words  are  not  influenced 
by  the  ancient  connexion  between  the  Scotch  and  the  French,  ^ 

we  have  been  credibly,  informed,  that  they  frequently  re- 
femble  the  bngyage^  a  very  diftdnt  county  in  England  [De- 
vonlbire^. '^*  StOLefi^e  alfo,    who  often  disfigured   his  Ian* 

5  g"2ge 


35t  Sinclair*i  Obfervitiom  M  tht  Scoftijh  DtaleSt. 

guage  by  the  dialed  of  his  native  county,  often  ufes  wor(fs 
which  are  now  thought  peculiar  to  Scotland  \  and  we  have  rea- 
fon  to  think,  that  fome  of  his  plays  would  be  better  underftood 
by  an  untutored  inhabitant  of  Edinburgh,  than  of  London.  A 
Scotchman  would  at  once  perceive  the  precife  point  of  diftinc- 
tion  in  the  exprcflion  of  Miranda  in  the  Tempcft — **  He's^/«//f 
and  not  fearful." — *'  Enterprises  of  great  ^//A  and  moment,"  is 
a  phrafe  perfcAiy  familiar  to  him.  It  would  be  endlefs  to  point 
out  fimilar  inftances. 

As  we  have  exprefled  our  approbation  of  the  attempt  and 
execution  in  general,  it  is  equally  our  duty  to  point  out  fome 
defe£ls  and  miftakes,  which  it  will  be  eafy  fd^r  the  Author  to 
reAify  in  a  future  edition. 

Wc  would  firft  fuggeft  to  him,  that  the  arrangement  is  fome* 
.  times  too  complicated  ;  and  at  other  times  too  deficient.  The 
different  phrafes  peculiar  to  Scotland  often  depend  on  the  force 
,  of  a  Angle  word  ;  fo  that  the  labour  of  the  learner  would  be 
much  facilitated,  if  they  were  reduced  into  the  alphabet  under 
that  word.  Again  \  as  it  is  often  troublefome  to  trace  the  words 
from  verbs  to  participles,  and  fometimes  to  adjedives,  we  would 
fccommend  it  to  the  Author,  to  unite  many  of  thofe  alphabets; 
and  this  (hould  the  rather  be  done,  becaufe  a  variefy  of  words, 
at  firft  ufed  profeilionally,  become  at  laft  entirely  colloquial. 
We  thought  h|?  had  omitted  the  phrafe,  *  condefcend  on* — 
which  is  fometimes  ufed  in  converfation,  and  often  in  the  pul- 
pit :  we  looked  for  it  under  the  colloquial  verbs  without  effe£i ; 
and  at  laft  unexpectedly  found  it  among  the  law-phrafes.  As 
EngUJhmen  we  muft  inform  our  Author,  that  ^  grates'  have  the 
fame  denomination,  whether  moveable  or  not :  that  *  flum'  is 
probably  a  contraction  of  ^  flummery' — a  word  exprefHve  of  the 
little  folidity  of  flattering  fpeeches,  and  ufed  in  the  fame  fenfe  in 
many  counties  of  England.  We  would  not  prefume  to  contend 
with  Mr.  Sinclair  in  his  own  language  ;  but  we  would  wi(h  to 
aflc  him,  whether  hantle  doth  not  generally  fignify  ^  large  quart" 
tity.  We  have  reafon  to  imagine,  that  *  liiigh,'  when  applied 
to  a  houfe,  means  fomewhat  befides  *  low.'  It  implies,  gene- 
rally, that  you  enter  into  it  on  a  level  with  the  ftreet.  *  Whins* 
are  alfo  a  fpecies  oi  Jlone^  as  well  as  *  furze;'  and  it  is  of  this 
fione  that  Salifbury  Craigs,  near  Edinburgh,  are  compofed^ 
from  whence  it  was  brought  to  pave  the  ftreets  of  London. 

Mr.  Sinclair  attributes  the  elegant  paftoral  of  the  ^  Gentle 
Shepherd'  to  Allan  Ramfay.  It  is  furely  fupcrior  to  the  other 
produdions  of  that  poet.  We  have  heard  that  it  was  compofed 
by  a  gentleman  of  a  moft  elevated  charaflcr  and  rank  in  the 
0>urc  of  Seffion.  We  (hall  be  obliged  to  any  of  our  Readers 
for  information  on  this  head.  ^ 


(    353    ) 

Art.  VIII.     0/1  iht  LoHgltudt:   In  a  Letter,  to  the  Honourable  (he 

Commiflioners  of  that  Board^^ootainin^,  Remarks  on   the  Ac*       A'Ki^^ 
counts  given  of  a  Clock  at  Manheim,  and  that  of  a  Pocket  Chro- 
nometer at  Greenwich  ;  both  made  by  Mr.  John  Arnold.     4(0. 
2  9.  6d.     Robinfon.     i  81. 

THAT  we  may  introduce  the  Author  of  this  publication  to 
our  Readers  in  a  manner  which  cannot,  we  apprehend, 
be  difagreeable  to  himfelf,  we  (hall  tranfcribe  the  two  following 
paragraphs  from  p.  53  of  his  work.  Speaking  of  the  laft  adb 
which  was  made  for  giving  a  public  reward  for  improving  the 
method^,  already  in  pra£lice,  for  finding  the  longitude  at  Tea, 
he  fays,  *  At  the  time  of  enading  this  ad,  they  were  fo  fen* 
fible  of  having  been  fairly  bilked  out  of  the  firft  reward,  that 
they  were  determined  to  rcferve  a  power  to  themfelves  of  bilking 
every  future  competitor  for  the  fecond.  This  cannot  fail  of 
difcouraging  good  artifls,  who  have  but  fmall  intereft,  and  few 
trumpeters  to  found  their  praife,  and  proclaim  their  difcoveries. 
Such  obftacles  thrown  in  the  way  of  Dr.  Hook,  the  father  of  me- 
chanical inventions,  and  of  Mr.  Hutchinson,  the  prince  ofphi^ 
Icfophers^  though  of  an  unhappy  talent  for  writing,  have  deprived 
the  world  of  two  valuable  machines  in  this  way,  which  had  been 
examined  and  approved  of,  by  per  Tons  well  qualified,  and  pub- 
licly appointed  for  that  purpofe/ 

*  It  is  fiill  further  to  be  lamented,  that  this  a&  caft^ven  dif* 
Acuities  in  the  way  of  aftronomers,  who  attempt  to  find  the  lon- 
gitude by  perfecting  the  lunar  theory  :  as  it  is  not  fpecified, 
whether  the  next  preceding,  or  fubfequent,  or  any  other  period 
of  the  moon's  nodes,  an  interval  of  eighteen  years  and  an  half, 
is  to  be  chofen  for  the  trial  of  his  theory.  Another  infuperable 
impediment  lies  alfo  in  his  road  ;  his  theory  and  tables  are  to  be 
confined  entirely  to  the  principles  of  gravitation  laid  down  by 
Sir  Kaac  Newton,  though  they  never  exifted  in  the  univerfe.* 

Thefe  two  paragraphs  will  bring  our  Readers,  who,  no  doubt, 
are  philofophers  of  one  fort  or  other,  perfedly  acquainted  with 
the  Author.  All  that  we  fear  is,  they  will  be  immediately  fplic 
into  parties,  and  will  form  different  opinions  concerning  the 
truth  or  falfehood  of  his  aflcrtions,  for  he  deals  in  little  elfe,  as 
we  produce  them,  one  by  one,  for  their  confideration  :  one 
clafs  believing,  without  hefitation,  every  word  he  fays,  while 
another  will  be  very  cautious  how  they  credit  any  of  them* 
Let  us  obferve  how  the  two  feds  and  our  Author  jog  on  to- 
gether. 

The  Author,  p.  4,  fays,  *'  The  ingenious  Mr.  Harrifon  has,, 
fo  fortunately  for  himfelf,  obtained  the  firft  reward  of  20,cooK 
when  his  machine  was  attended  with  only  a  temporary  fuccefi^ 
and  has  ever  fince  bepn  fo  far  from  anfwering  the  purpofe,  fo 
\   Rtv.  May  1782.  A  a  much 


354  ^^  ^^^  Longitude. 

much  wanted  and  deflred  in  navigation,  that  it  is  now  totally 

•^  laid  afidc*    Very  true !  [(baking  their  heads]  fay  the  Mofaic 

•-•*  ^  *       fhilofophers  :  this  is  all  found  realoning.    It  is  adircS  falfehood, 

lay  the  other  party : — The  bcft  watch  that  has  ever  yet  been 

tried  at  fea,  and  of  the  going  of  which  any  authentic  account 

has  been  handed  to  the  Public,  was  not  only  made  on  Mr. 

Harrifon*s  principles,  as  indeed  every  watch  muft  that  performs 

^  well,  but  exa£Hy  according  to  his  mode  of  conftruflion  alfo ; 

^^i/rci-^yf       and  during  more  than  feven  years  wImIi*  it  has  been  at  fea  in 

two  voyages,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  but  lately  returned, 
the  manner  wherein  it  has  performed  has  been  the  admiration 
of  every  one  who  is^cquaintcd  with  it :  See  Obftrvattons  modi  in 
the  Courfe  of  a  Voyage  towards  the  South  Pole  and  round  the  Worlds 
pUbliOied  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Longitude,  The  account  of 
the  going  of  this  watch  in  its  latter  voyage,  together  with  the 
going  of  a  watch  made  by  Mr.  Kendall^  according  to  another 
mode  of  conftru6lion,  is  preparing  for  the  prefs  by  order  of  the 
ftfme  Board. 

A^7,ain,  p.  5,  *  The  Public  muft  Hill  bear  in  memory,  fays 
our  Author,  to  what  dcgiee  Dr.  Majkelyne  exerted  hit  prejudice 
agrtinft  the  performance  of  Mr.  Harrifon^s  time-keepers,  even 
thofc  not  under  his  immediate  examination,  to  make  way  for 
the  lunar  method  of  determining  the  longitude,  by  obfervations 
on  the  diftanccs  of  the  fun  and  ftars  from  the  moon.'  Bravo  ! 
cries  the  Prince  of  Philofephers.  Trim  them,  Billy  !  ^  Down  \ 
^  down  to  the  bottomlefs  pit  with  thofe  who  pay  no  regard  to 

truth,  fays  Gravitation :  Dr.  Mafkelyne  never  exerted  his  preju- 
dice^  if  you  pleafe,  againft  any  of  Mr.  Harrifon's  time-keepers 
but  one,  and  that  was  immediately  under  his  examination.  So  far 
from  it,  that  he  exerted  all  his  influence  at  the  Board  to  procure 
another  to  be  made  cxadly  according  to  Mr.  Harrifon's  model, 
by  another  artift;  and  it  is  this  watch  which  has  performed  fc» 
well. 

Our  Author  goes  on,  *  He  [Dr.  Maflcelyne]  engaged  him- 
felf  to  render  it  [the  lunar  method]  prafticablc  j  which  he  has 
accomplifhed  to  great  perfeftion,  by  the  affiftanct  of  the  ho- 
nourable Commiffioners  of  the  Board  of  Longitude,  in  pub)i(h« 
ing  a  Nautical  Ephemeris,  The  management  of  this  affords 
the  Doctor  a  very  hand  feme  recom pence  for  his  trouble  and 
afliduity,  fince  his  fcheme  failed  in  point,  certamty,  and  accu- 
racy, required  by  Parliament  to  entitle  him  to  become  a  compc- 
titbr  with  Mr.  Harrifon  for  the  reward.*  Right  again,  fays 
Revealed  Philofophy.  Brother  I  thou  fpeakeft  by  infpiration  ! 
Agreed,  fay  the  Newtonians ;  btit^'  we'apprehend,  it  is  bv  the 
i-nfpiracion  of  an  evil  fpirit :  for  although  we  have  no  doubt 
that  Dr.  Mafkelyne  feels  himfelf  amply  rewarded  both  for  what 
he  has  done,  and  is  ftill  doing,  for  hit  country  in  this  ttfft&i 
6  'bit 


-N 


On  thi  Lcnghtidt:  355 

hU  reward  is  literally,  as  this  Author  exprefies  it — iy  managing 
thi  publication  of  the  Nautical  Almanac  ;  and  therefore,  the  fpirit^ 
if  a  good  one,,  would,  we  apprehend,  have  taken  care  to  addy 
**  without  any  pecuniary  reward  whatfoever," 

In  this  nuinner,  we  have  reafon  to  think.  Readers  might 
ep  wrangling  on  through  every  page  of  this  extraordinary  pub- 
lication ;  but  as  we  imagine  one  part,  at  Icaft,  of  our  Readers 
have  before  them  a  fulEcient  fpecimen  of  the  hiftorical  abilities 
and  integrity  of  this  Author,  we  (ball  clofe  our  examination  of 
•him  in  this  refped  with  drawing  the  fubftance  of  what  we  have 
quoted  above  into  one  point.  Dn  Majkilyne^  we  find,  has 
brought  the  lunar  method  of  determining  the  longitude  to  great 
ferfe£fion ;  it  is,  notwithftanding,  fo  far  (hort  of  Mr.  Harrtfon*^ 
method,  both  in  point  of  certainty  and  accuracy,  that  theljoc- 
tor  could  not  be  a  competitor  with  Mr.  Harrijon  for  the  reward  ; 
and  yet  Mr.  Harrifon^s  is  fo  defeftive  as  to  be  *  attended  with 
only  a  temporary  fuccefs  \  and  has  ever  fince  been  fo  far  from 
anfwering  the  purpofes,  fo  much  wanted  and  deiired  in  naviga* 
tion,  that  it  is  now  totally  laid  afide  !!!' 

We  will  now  proceed  to  examine  our  Author's  (kill  in  the 
arts  of  clock  and  watch-making.  But  before  we  begin,  it  may 
not  be  improper  to  acquaint  our  Readers,  that  the  principal  de« 
fign  of  this  pamphlet  feems  to  be  the  demolition  of  Mr.  Ar* 
nold's  reputation  in  thefe  two  branches  of  mechanics  j  and  that 
the  rage  which  is  vented  on  every  one  elfe  is  only  fubordinate 
to  this  grand  point.  What  Mr.  A.  may  have  done  to  lay  bare 
the  red  right  arm  of  this  Herculean  opponent,  is  beft  known  to 
themfelves :  the  Preface  to  the  Tranflation  of  6\  Mayer*z  Ac- 
count of  the  going  of  one  of  Mr.  JrnoUtz  Clocks  is  the  often* 
fible  caufe.  It  is  true,  that  Preface,  as  we  have  elfewhere  ob« 
ferved,  is  written  with  a  fufficient  degree  of  oftentation  ahd  ill- 
nature,  as  well  as  want  of  knowledge  of  the  fubjed  it  relates  to  i 
but  there  is  no  reafon  for  fuppofing  that  it  was  written  by  Mr» 
Arnold ;  and  if  it  were,  it  glances  at  no  perfon  for  whom  the 
Author  of  the  pamphlet  before  us  feems  to  have  the  leaft  refpcft} 
and,  confequently,  we  cannot  help  fuppofing,  that  the  fore  it 
deeper  than  it  appears  to  be.  But  let  us  proceed  to  the  exa- 
mination. 

Page  II,  «  He  [the  Preface-writer]  fays  this  Author,  pro- 
ceeds on  a  wrong  fuppofition,  in  taking  for  granted,  that  this 
compound  pendulum,  nl^de  in  the  ufual  way,  compenfated  only 
for  the  expanfion  and  contraSion  of  the  middle  rod,  fuftaining 
the  ball,  without  any  confideration  had  to  the  ball  itfelf,  which 
is  by  no  means  the  cafe ;  and  he  feems  not  to  know,  that  they 
are  firft  put  together  as  nearly  as  theory  will  dire£l,  and  then 
adjufted  ail  together,  practically  or  by  trial,  as  Mr.  Cumming 
has  (hewn  j  which  leaves  it  immatcrhd  what  part  of  the  ball  is 

A  a  2  fixed 


35^  On  ibi  LwgltuJiX 

fixed  to  the  rod  :  whether  at  bottom,  middle,  top,  or  any  otfaef 
part  of  it,  fo  long  as  they  zSt  in  conjundion,  though  neither  of 
them  would  be  true  when  fcparate,  which  is  never  required  ;  yet 
this  unneceflary  article  is  all  Mr.  ^mold's  contrivance  can  boaft 
of;  and  whoever  turns  to  Fig.  7,  8,  9,  and  12,  in  Plate  23, 
and  what  is  faid  oF  them  in  the  French  work  here  referred  to  *, 
cannot  help  being  convinced  of  it :  nor  can  the  12th  Fig.  and 
the  ift  in  Plate  28)  with  the  account  of  them,  leave  any  one  at 
a  lofs  for  this  mode  of  either  fufpending  the  ball,  or  compofing 
a  pendulum  with  only  five  rods,  as  it  is  there  exa<91y  delineated. 
And  the  8th  Figure  in  the  23d  Plate  is,  I  prefume,  capable  of 
being  improved  to  go  with  a  Angle  rod  and  a  folid  ball,  much 
preferable  to  Mr.  tllicoi's,  where  the  centre  of  the  ball  is  cut 
out;  or  that  where  the  thermometer  is  fufpended  at  reft  while 
the  whole  pendulum  is  in  motion ;  the  iimple  wooden  pendu- 
lum ;  the  compound  pendulum,  with  the  ball  divided  into  two 
parts  ;  the  gridiron  pendulum  with  a  folid  ball ;  or  any  other  I 
have  feen. 

^  Our  ingenious  countryman,  Mr»  Shelton^  has  been  long  be- 
fore*hand  with  both  Mefirs.  Berthoud  and  Arnold^  in  confidering 
this  cafe  of  fufpending  the  ball ;  and  by  the  help  of  the  very 
geometrical  problem,  which  the  latter  obtained  a  folution  to 
from  Dr.  Majkelyne^  and  others,  he  efFedled  the  fame  thing,  in 
a  better  manner  than  either,  by  means  of  a  pin  and  feveral  pin- 
holes through  both  the  rod  and  ball,  and  then  adjufted  them  to- 
gether, as  Mr.  EUlcoi  has  direScd  for  hisf  j  which  at  once 
corre6led  every  error  either  in  the  rods  or  ball;  hereby  he  avoid- 
ed many  incoriveniencies  which  muft  attend  the  lofs  of  a  centre, 
or  a  divifion  of  the  ball,  as  in  Mr,  Arnold's  way,  fo  highly 
efteemed  by  the  author  and  tranflator,  as  a  new,  advantageous, 
and  fttrprifing  difcovery.' 

What  is  here  faid  relative  to  the  gridiron  pendulum,  as  it  is 
ufually  called,  (hews,  that  this  Author  is  but  little  acquainted 
with  the  nature  of  it ;  for  it  is  utterly  impoflible  to  adjuft  it 
accurately  in  the  manner  he  defcribes.  It  is  true,  it  has  not  been 
ufual  to  adjuft  it  in  any  other  manner  than  that  here  fpokenof; 
but  it  is  as  true,  that  this  method  can  never  adjuft  it  abfi* 
lutelyi  becaufe  the  rods  which  compofe  the  gridiron  are,  on  ac- 
count of  their  flender  form,  fo  much  more  fufceptible  of  heat 

«and  cold  than  the  ball  is.  Moreover,  the  ball  will,  on  account 
of  its  mafiivenefs,  retain  any  certain  degree  of  heat  which  it 

;may  have  received,  much  longer  than  the  rods  will.  On  thefe 
two  accounts,  it  is  pofBble,  that  the  ball  may  be  expanding, 
while  the  heat  of  the  rods  is  decreafing ;  and,  confequently,  if 


2  *  E/Tai  fur  1  HorJogerie,  par  M.^erdinand  Berthoud. 

^  f  Pbilofopbical  Traaf«aioof,  Vol.  xliti.  p.  488. 


any 


On  the  Longitude.  357 

any  provifion  is  made  in  the  adjuftment  of  the  rods  for  correfting 
the  expanfion  of  the  ball,  both  may  be  adling  at  one  time,  fo 
as  to  (horten  the  diftance  between  the  points  of  fufpenfion  and 
oTcilJation.  That  the  irregularities  which  arife  from  this  caufe 
in  the  going  of  clocks  are  confined  within  very  narrow  limits 
is  obvious,  from  the  performance  of  many  clocks  which  have 
gridiron  pendulums,  with  the  ball  fupported  at  the  bottom  ;  but 
that  fome  errors  muft  arife  from  fuch  a  mode  of  fupporting  it  is 
as  obvious  to  every  one  who  is  capable  of  entering  into  the 
merits  of  the  fubjc£t ;  and  Mr.  Arnold ^^9i0miirf  merited 
commendation,  rather  than  cenfure,  for  attempting  to  remove 
them.  If  Mr,  Shelton^  as  our  Author  afTerts,  had  efFefted  the 
fame  thing  long  before,  by  means  of  a  pin,  and  feveral  pin- 
holes, which  pafled  through  both  the  rod  and  ball,  he  deferved 
in  that,  as  he  did  in  many  other  refped^s,  great  praife  alfo:  but 
granting  that  he  had  done  this,  Mr.  Arnold's  mud  be  allowed 
to  be  a  more  fcientific,  as  well  as  a  more  mechanical  method  of 
doing  it  than  Mr.  Shelton's  was;  becaufe after  Mr.  Shelton  had 
thus  pinned  the  ball  to  the  rod,  the  pendulum  could  not  be  al- 
tered to  bring  the  clock  to  go  mean,  or  fydercal  time,  if  it  hap- 
pened not  to  be  pinned  right  at  firft,  which  is  a  thoufand  to  one 
it  would  not.  On  this  fcore,  therefore,  Mr.  Arnold  deferved 
praife,  even  if  he  had  heard  what  Mr,  Shelton  had  done  before 
him  ;  which  it  is  probable  he  had  nor,  any  more  than  ourfelves. 
Indeed,  we  rather  fufpeft  that  our  Author  is  miftaken  in  this 
point,  and  that  he  has  confounded  a  device  which  Mr.  Shelton 
(after  Mr.  Graham)  ufcd  for  adjufting  the  rods  of  his  pendulums 
one  to  another  *,  as  we  have  never  taken  notice  of  any  fuch 
thing  in  any  of  Mr.  Shelton's  clocks,  though  we  are  acquainted 
with  many  of  them.  If  we  are  wrong  in  this  refped^,  we  (hall 
be  glad  to  be  fet  right  by  a  reference  to  fome  clock  of  Mr. 
Sheltcn*s  making,  where  this  contrivance  is  put  in  execution. 

If  we  underltand  our  Author  right,  he  fuppofes,  that  the  bi- 
fedion  of  the  ball  is  necefTary  to  the  mode  which  Mr.  Arnold 
has  adopted  of  fupporting  it  in  his  pendulums,  or  to  the  con- 
ftrudion  of  them  with  five  bars  only,  in  which  he  is  entirely 
miftaken ;  for  it  has  no  relation  to  either.  Indeed,  neither  he 
nor  Mr.  Mayer ^  if  we  may  judge  from  the  manner  in  which 


*  What  we  allude  to  here  is  this:  In  many  gridiron  pendulums 
the  lower  part  of  the  middle  rod^  which  pafTes  down  through  the  ba  I, 
is  compofed  of  three  flat  bars;  tvvo  of  brafs  and  (be  oihtr,  which  is 
in  the  middle,  of  Heel,  with  feveral  pin-holes  through  ihem  ;  fo  that  . 
by  putting  a  pin  through  one  or  the  other  of  thefe  \\v\zi.  a  greater 
or  lefs  part  of  the  brafs  bars  comes  into  a6\ion  ;  and,  uf  courfe,  a 
greater  or  left  degree  of  expanfion  will  be  given  to  the  ptnduluni 
^owDtvards. 

Aa  3  they 


258  On  ibi  Longltudtm 

they  exprefs  tbemfelves,  feem  to  have  any  di&in^  idea  of  iu 
tife,  which  appears  to  be  neither  more  nor  lefs  than  to  expofe 
that  part  of  the  pendulum^rod,  which  is  within  the  ball,  to  the 
iirft,  and  moft  minute,  alterations  in  the  heat  of  the  atmofphere, 
and  by  that  means  render  it  equally  fufceptible  with  the  rods  of 
the  gridiron.  The  aflertion,  that  a  pendulum  with  a  fingle  rod 
and  folid  ball  may  be  made  to  go  better  than  either  Mr.  Arnold's^ 
Mr.  Ellicot's,  or  the  gridiron  pendulum,  requires  no  com* 
ment. 

Before  we  quit  the  fubje£l  of  pendulums,  we  cannot  help  ob- 
ferving,  that  both  the  Author  of  the  Preface  to  the  tranflation  of 
Mayer*s  Letter  and  this  Writer,  notwithftanding  one  of  them 
has  taken  upon  him  to  attack,  and  the  other  to  defend  it,  are 
equally  unacquainted  with  the  meaning  of  A^r.  Cummingy  when 
he  fays,  tha^  **  Though,  in  theory,  five  bars  only  are  neceilary 
conftrufling  a  gridiron,  nine  are  requifite  in  praaice,"  as  they 
themfelves  mutt  have  feen,  if  they  had  read  four  lines  farther  \ 
for  he  adds,  ^'  in  order  that  the  bar  to  which  the  pendulum  is 
immediately  fufpended  may  be  equally  fupp^ted  on  each  fide, 
to  prevent  fuch  tremulous  motion,  or  bending  of  the  rods,  as 
might  otherwife  take  place."  It  is  here  evident,  that  Mr.  C. 
had  no  refpedl  to  any  thing  hut  the  conftrud^ion  of  the  gridiron 
pendulum  as  it  was  originally  made  by  its  truly  ingenious  in-i 
ventor,  and  his  declaration,  that  ^^  Nine  bars  are  neceilary  in 
pradice,"  relates  to  that  mode  of  conftrudion,  and  not  to  any 
other  method  of  conftruAing  it,  cither  with  five  bars  of  brafs 
and  (leel,  when  thoie  bars  are  all  of  them  made  longer  than 
ufual ;  nor  when  the  bars  which  expand  upwards  are  made  of 
any  other  fubftance  (as  zinck),  which  expands  more  than  brafs 
does  with  the  fame  degree  of  heat.  The  former  of  thefe  modes, 
it  is  well  known,  has  been  adopted  by  M.  Beriboudi  and,  if  we 
are  not  mifiaken,  the  latter  of  them  by  Mr.  Arnold.  We  are^ 
however,  far  from  being  convinced  that  any  confiderable  advan- 
tages will  be  derived  from  either  of  them ;  for  M^  Btrtboud's 
bars  mud  defcend  into  the  ball,  in  which  cafe  the  a<3ion  of  heat 
and  cold  will  not  be  fo  regular  as  it  is  in  the  common  form  ; 
and  in  the  latter,  the  ^inck  bars  muft  be  made  thicker  than  the 
fleel  ones,  to  compenfate  for  the  brittlenefs  of  the  matter,  and, 
of  courfe,  may  not  feel  fmall  changes,  nor  indeed  any  change 
in  the  (late  of  the  air,  fo  foon  as  the  ilecl  ones  will.  But  let  ex«> 
perience  decide  in  this  matter. 

*  Either  ignorance^  or  partial  prejudice^*  fays  our  Author, 
*  mufl  have  influenced  both  Dr.  Majkelyne  and  Mr.  Arnold  in 
applying  rubies  to  the  pallets  and  pivot  holes  of  the  fwing  wheel 
to  the  clock  at  Greenwich,  oft  the  principle  of  Mr*  Graham*^ 
efcapemcnt,  in  preference  to  thofe  made  by  Mr.  Cumming', 
where  each  pallet  has  its  own  ^rbor,  with  an  horia^ontal  arm  and 

'  a  fmall 


On  the  LongUuflk%  359 

a  fmall  weight  upon  it,  moveable  at  pleafure ;  thefe  arms,  and 
their  refpedtive  weights,  always  falling  alternately  from  tho 
fame  height,  communicate  the  maintaining  power  to  the  pendu* 
lum  at  each  defcent,  with  all  the  uniformity  of  gravity  itfelfr^ 
Here  no  variation  of  weight  to  the  clock,  no  different  denfity  of 
the  air,  no  fridlion  or  candying  of  the  oil  upon  the  pivots,  and 
teeth  of  the  wheels,  even  had  it  the  tenacity  of  treacle  itfelf, 
through  the  whole  train,  and  upon  the  pallets  themfclves,  no 
expanfion  and  contra<ftion  of  the  arbors,  pivots,  leaves,  and 
teeth,  can  have  the  leaft  influence  on  the  going  of  the  clock, 
when  properly  executed  j  whereas  all  thefe  impediments  muft 
neceflarily  take  place  in  every  clock  on  Mr.  Graham's  efcapc- 
ment,  even  were  the  pallets  made  of  diamonds  inftead  of  rubies/ 
What  a  curious  paragraph  is  this !  We  make  no  remarks  on 
the  abufive  terms  with  which  it  fets  out,  nor  on  the  confufed 
and  obfcure  manner  in  which  he  has  exprefledhimfelf  through- 
out, becaufe  they  are  common  almod  to  every  paragraph  in  the 
pamphlet ;  but  tlw  extravagance  of  his  aflertions  muft  not  be 
p^iTed  over.  He  anerts,  that  no  different  denfities  of  the  air  can 
afFe£l  the  going  of  a  clock  with  Mr.  Cumming's  efcapement : 
but  if  he  had  known  in  what  manner  the  motion  of  pendulums 
is  afFetSed  by  different  denfities  of  the  atmofphere,  he  muft  have 
feen  that  his  pendulum  is  more  liable  to  be  afFedled  by  thiscaufe 
than  others  are ;  for  it  is  liable  to  the  fame  adion  on  the  ball 
and  rods  that  they  are  ;  and,  what  is  worfe,  the  motion  of  the 
fmall  weights  which  communicate  the  maintaining  power  to  it 
is  liable  to  be  affeded  alfo,  on  which  account  thefe  balls  will 
not  ^  communicate  the  maintaining  power  with  all  the  uniform-* 
ity  of  gravity  itfelf.'  But  there  is  another,  and  a  much  greater 
caufe  than  this,  why  thefe  balls  do  not  *  communicate  the  main* 
taining  power  to  the  pendulum  with  all  the  uniformity  of  gra- 
vity itfelf,'  which  is  this :  notwithftanding  the  efFeds  of  that 
oil,  which  is  applied  to  the  train,  does  not  zSt&  the  going  of 
clocks  which  have  Mr.  Cumming's  efcapement ;  the  oil  which 
is  put  to  the  pivots  on  which  the  balls  move,  that  communicate 
the  maintaining  power,  does,  by  preventing  thefe  balls  from  de- 
fcending  fo  freely  when  the  oil  is  foul,  as  they  do  when  it  is  clean 
and  fluid  ;  and,  of  courfe,  fo  much  power  is  not  communicated 
to  the  pendulum  in  the  former  cafe  as  in  the  latter.  Moreover, 
the  tenacity  of  the  oil  which  is  applied  to  the  arms  of  the  pen* 
dulum,  where  the  balls  z6t  (and  oil  muft  be  ufed  there),  will 
prevent  the  balls  from  quitting  the  arms  at  all  times  with  the 
fame  freedom ;  and  we  are  not  clear  that  the  tenacity  may  not 
be  great  enough  in  this  part  to  ftop  the  clock ;  the  efFtifl  of  it 
may,  undoubtedly,  be  very  great :  much  greater,  probably,  than 
all  the  oil  that  is  applied  to  Mr.  Graham's  whole  train  and  pal- 
leis  alfo.     If  our  Author  attempts  to  evade  this  argument  by  a 

A  a  4  .  diied 


■"    V 


360  On  the  LcngUudi. 

dire£l  denial  of  the  fa£l,  let  him  tell  us,  why  Mr.  Cumming's 
clocks  have  never  yet  gone  fo  well  as  Mr.  Graham's.    As  to  the 

*  expanfion  and  contradion  of  the  arbors,  pivots,  leaves,  and 
teeth,'  it  is  well  known,  that  they  can  have  no  influence  on  the 
going  of  any  clock,  *  when  properly  executed,*  as  every  artift 
knows,  notwichftanding  this  Author's  confident  aflertion  to  the 
contrary. 

So  much  for  our  Author's  knowledge  in  clock-making;  and 
it  might  be  (hewn,  from  many  parts  of  his  pamphlet,  that  he  is 
sot  better  acquainted  with  the  principles  on  which  watches  are 
made :  but  we  find  ourfelvcs  running  this  article  to  a  greater 
length  than  it  merits,  and  fhail  therefore  only  take  notice  of 
one  aflfertion  on  this  head,  which  is  as  follows :  P*  14,  he  fays, 

*  I  readily  grant,  the  efcapement,  the  mode  of  applying  a  ther- 
mometer,' and  that  of  a  cylindrical  fpiral  fpring  to  the  verge  or 
balance,  are  new,  at  lead  to  me ;  and  all  wherein  it  differs  from 
a  common  watch.  But  I  believe  it  will  puzzle  Mr.  Arnold, 
and  every  artift  in  the  world,  to  (hew  from||rhat  principle,  or 
ai&gn  any  reafon  why  thefe  (hould  perform  better  than  a  com- 
mon watch,  when  the  fuzce  is  as  well  adjufted  to  the  muiiH 
fpring,  and  a  thermometer  added  to  it.' 

We  are  no  profe(red  artifts,  and  yet  we  have  vanity  enough 
to  think  we  can  fee  fome  reafons  why  this  conftruSion  (hould 
perform  better  than  the  common  one.  By  applying  the  ther- 
mometer in  the  balance^  where  it  adls  with  the  greateft  advan- 
tage, it  has  the  lefs  to  do ;  and  as  its  a£tion  is  here  the  leaft, 
the  irregularities  of  that  adtion  will  be  lead  alfo:  befides  it  ads 
there  in  the  moft  free  and  fimplc  manner  that  is  poflible  for  it  to 
z8t  in,  and  with  much  more  fteadinefs  than  it  does  when  ;)p- 
plied  in  the  ufual  way,  where  it  keeps  wriggling  to  and  from 
by  the  adion  of  the  fpring  upon  it.  We  do  not  profefs  to  be 
acquainted  with  the  conftru£lion  of  Mr.  Arnold's  efcapement, 
farther  than  that  it  is  of  the  kind  which  watch-makers  call  the 
efcapement  of  free  vibrations  ;  and  our  Author's  dcfcription  of  it 
has  not  contributed,  in  the  leaft,  to  increafe  our  knowledge  in 
this  re fpe£l— .indeed  we  acknowledge  ourfelves  fo  dull  as  not  to 
underftand  a  line  of  it;  and  all  the  comfort  we  have  is,  that 
two  of  the  firft  watch-makers  in  London  are  exaflly  in  the  fame 
predicament:  we  (ball  therefore  only  remark,  that  muv'h  has 
been  faid  both  for  and  againft  this  kind  of  efcapement  by  men 
of  the  firft  character  in  this  branch  of  mechanics,  and  that  we 
believe,  experience  alone  can  determine  on  which  fide  the  ad- 
vantage lies;  but  with  refped  to  the  form  of  the  balance-fpring 
which  Mr.  Arnold  applies  to  his  watches,  we  have  no  doubt  but 
that  it  contributes  greatly  towards  rendering  the  longer  and 
ihorter  vibrations  of  the  balance  ifochronous.  for  as  this  fpring 
a£l^  every  whercj  that  is  in  every  part  of  it,  at  the  fame  di(tanc^ 

'  from 


On  tht  Longitude^  3(1. 

from  the  verge,  it  is  evident  it  muft  be  every  where  of  the  fame 
ftrengch,  to  coil,  or  unbend  itfelf  in  every  part  alike,  as  it  ought 
to  do;  it  is  therefore  much  eafier  to  execute  than  the  fpiral 
fpring,  which  muft  taper  continually  towards  that  end  which  it 
fixed  to  the  verge,  in  fuch  a  manner  as  will  allow  the  feveral 
coils  of  it  to  have  an  equal  degree  of  action.  If  this  is  not  the 
cafe,  and  experience  has  {hewn,  that  it  is  totally  impoffiblc  to 
make  it  fo,  at  Jeaft  generally,  the  pivots  of  the  verge  will  be 
urged,  by  the  unequal  a£iiops  of  the  fpring,  more  forciUf  a 
againft  the  fides^  of  the  holes  in  one  part  of  the  vibration  than  ^ 
they  Will  in  another ;  and,  of  courfe,  the  times  in  which  thole  ; 

parts  of  each  vibration  are  performed  where  the  fridlion  is  great* 
eft,  will  be  different  from  what  they  would  have  been  if  no  fuch 
extraordinary  friAion  had  taken  place.  And  when  it  happens^ 
as  it  generally  will,  near  the  extremity  of  the  vibrations,  it  n 
evident,  that  the  fliort  vibrations  will  be  performed  in  more  or 
lefs  time  than  the  long  ones  will  :  if  the  greateft  fridlion  (houU 
take  place  near  t^  point  of  reft,  it  is  ftill  evident,  that  the  ftiorter 
vibrations  will  be  performed  in  fhorter  or  longer  time  than  the 
long  ones  will;  and  thefe  irregularities  Mr.  Arnold's  fpring  ap^ 
prars  to  us  well  calculated  to  corre«Ll. 

tfCt  us  now  inquire,  whether  our  Author  be  more  fkilful  in 
the  fcience  of  calculation,  than  he  is  in  the  arcs  of  clock  and 
watch*making:  or,  if  more  fkilful,  whether  his  integrity  be. 
greater  here  than  in  hiftory«  He  fets  out  with  objecting  to  the 
method  of  taking  the  mean  of  a  great  number  of  daily  compari* 
fons  of  a  watch's  af^ual  rates  of  going,  in  order  to  determine  the 
rate  which  it  ought  to  keep  in  future.  And,  to  illuftrate  his 
objections  to  this  mode  of  proceeding,  tells  us  a  long  ftory  of  a 
cock  and  a  bull  travelling  from  London  to  York  ;  which,  as  far 
as  we  can  dif6ern,  anfwers  no  other  purpofe  but  that  of  filling 
up  feveral  pages  of  his  book;  for  it  has  no  relation  to  tlje  point 
in  queftion.  In  taking  the  mean  of  feveral  days  ad^ual  rates  of 
the  watches  going,  we  have  no  view  towards  determining  the 
time  which  would  be  (hewn  by  the  watch  at  any  afTtgnable  in- 
ftant  within  the  limits  of  that  time  which  is  taken  up  in  deter- 
mining its  rate  of  going;  but  to  aflign,  without  material  error, 
the  time  which  will  be  ftiewn  by  it  at  fome  future,  diftant  point 
of  time  ;  fuppojing  the  watch  continues  to  go  in  the  fame  manner  it 
did  during  the  interval  which  was  employed  in  objerving  it :  and 
that  this  is  the  beft,  indeed  the  only,  method  that  can  be  made 
life  of,  is  obvious  to  common  fenfe ;  nor  has  this  Author  at* 
tempted,  as  far  as  we  can  fee,  to  point  out  any  other.  But  to 
convince,  even  the  moft  fuperficial  Reader  of  this  Author's  want 
t)f  knowledge  in  the  fubje6t  he  has  taken  upon  him  to  decide  on, 
or  his  want  of  integrity,  for  it  may  be  either,  we  need  only 
quote  a  paflage  from  P.  26,  where  he  fays,  *  If  any  perfon  can 


36a 


On  tbt  Longitude. 


7 


fltU  want  convi£lion  of  the  impropriety  and  error  arifing  from 
taking  fuch  mean  rates  of  the  chronometer's  going,  let  him  turn 
to  the  beginning  of  this  account  [Going  of  Mr.  Arnold's  watch 
at  Greenwich],  where  Mr.  Arnold  has  put  down  the  mean  rates 
for  each  month ;  according  to  which  it  loft  no. more  than  7^\64 
in  the  period  of  13  months;  whereas,  according  to  the  daily 
rate,  as  clocks  ihould  always  be  reckoned,  he  has  put  it  down 
at  no  lefs  than  3'  56^^74  for  twelve  months,  about  34  times 
more  than  reckoning  by  the  mean  in  each  month — a  plain  evi- 
dence of  the  truth  of  fuch  mean  rates  for  periods  longer  than 
24  hours.' 

Mr.  Arnold  has  put  down,  at  the  beginning  of  his  account, 
tlie  mean  daily  rate  at  which  his  watch  went  for  each  of  the  13 
months  that  it  was  at  the  Obfervatory  at  Greenwich.  Thefe 
twelve  mean  daily  rates  our  Author  has  colledled  into  one  fum, 
and  finds  that  they  make  only  7^  ,64 ;  which,  he  wi(hes  to  inA- 
nuate,  is  the  whole  quantity  the  watch  ought  to  have  loft  in  the 
12  months  to  which  they  belong,  according  to  thefe  rates.  But 
who  does  not  fee,  that  the  mean  daily  rate  for  each  month  ought 
to  have  been  multiplied  by  the  number  of  days  in  that  month, 
and  the  feveral  produds  colleded  into  one  fum,  to  give  the  to- 
tal lofs  of  the  watch  in  the  12  months,  according  to  thefe  rates. 
And  if  this  be  done,  the  adual  lofs  of  the  watch  at  the  end  of 
each  month,  and  its  lofs  according  to  thefe  rates,  when  ftated 
correctly,  for  Mr.  Arnold,  or  his  computer,  has  committed  fe- 
Teral  errors  in  deducing  them,  will  ftands  as  follows  : 


Month. 

M 

ean  daily 
Rare. 

// 

March     - 

—  1,37 

April     - 
May     - 

—  1,89 

—  i>34 

June     -     - 
July       . 

—  i»47 

—  0,32 

Augult     - 

—  0,55 

September 
Odober 

"■ 

-  o>44 
h  o,3« 

November 
December 

- 

-  0,04 

-  o,so 

January 

-  o,6| 

February 

- 

-  c,6o 

Lois  by  tne 

Actual  L0I9 

mean  daily 

of  the 

Rate. 

Watch. 

/     /^ 

/          ^/ 

0  39.73 

0    39.84 

i    3<5»43 

«    36.44 

i  «7»y7 

2     18,07 

3     2,07 

3     2,40 

3   J'.6« 

3  ".22 

3   28.73 

3   29,23 

3   15.53 

3   '5.9« 

3     3.75 

3     4»oi 

3     2.55 

3     2,62 

i   ^I^IS 

3   i8.«5 

3  39.45 

3  39.29 

I  3    sMs 

3   56.74 

This  Table,  without 
truth  of  fuch  mean  rates 


a  fneer,  is  *  a  plain  evidence  of  the 
fur  longer  periods  than  24  hours.'     Ic 

is. 


On  tbi  Longhudi*  jjS^ 

is,  indeed,  abfolutely  impoffible  they  (hould  beotherwife,  in  chi« 
cafe,  as  every  one  muft  fee  who  will,  and  who  knows  that  twice 
two  malie  four,  and  that,  in  confequence,  there  muft  be  two 
twos  in  four :  and  all  that  our  Author  has  been  able  to  (ay 
againft  mean  rates  holds  true  only  when  the  comparifons  are 
made  at  very  diftant  times,  or  when  the  daily  irregularities  of 
the  machine  are  fo  great  as  to  merit  confideration  }  neither  of 
which. has  any  thing  to  do  in  the  cafe  we  are  fpeaking  of;  that 
is,  in  the  comparifons  of  the  chronometer  at  Grreenwich,  where 
they  were  made  every  day,  and  where  the  greatcft  difference  be- 
tween any  two  daily  rates,  in  the  fpace  of  13  months,  does  not 
amount  to  7  fee.  In  the  comparifons  of  the  clock  at  Manheim^ 
by  M.  Mayer ^  the  cafe  is  very  different ;  although  our  Author 
cannot,  or  will  not  fee  it.  What  muft  we  think  of  the  man 
who,  from  this  palpable,  this  glaring  miftake  of  his  own,  has 
taken  upon  him  to  apply  to  another  fome  of  the  moft  fevere  ex- 
preffions  that  the  Englifh  language  can  with  any  degree  of  de- 
cency admit  of? 

We  (hall  make  but  one  remark  more  on  this  extraordinary 
publication^  P.  31,  the  Author  fays,  *  Kepler,  Dr.  Hooke^ 
and  others,  have  given  hints  of  an  inequality  in  the  daily  mo- 
tion of  the  earth  upon  her  axis ;  and  not  only  fufpeded  it  to 
be  performed  in  lefs  time  about  her  periheliouy  than  that  of  her 
aphelion ;  but  even,  that  equal  parts,  any  where  taken  in  the 
fame  revolution,  were  defcribed  in  unequal  times:  and  the  true 
phyfical  caufe  of  her  motion  eafily  leads  to  both  thefe  irregular!* 
tics  as  neceflary  confequences.* *  Indeed/  adds  he,  *  the  in- 
equalities of  motion,  in  equal  parts  of  the  fame  revolution,  ia^ 
I  believe,  fo  minute  in  the  earth,  that  it  will  ever  furpafs  all 
the  art  of  man  in  the  conftrudiion  of  inftruments,  and  all  hie 
ikill  in  the  ufe  of  them,  to  difcover  it.  But  my  own  obferva- 
tions  have  long  convinced  me,  that  the  other  inequality  of  the 
earth's  rotation,  at  her  perihelion  and  aphelion,  may  be  afcei^ 
taincJ  ;  and  I  am  furpriied  that  the  diligence  and  accuracy  of 
Dr.  Maiktrlyne  never  diredled  his  attention  towards  difcovering 
it :  for,  were  this  a  proper  place,  I  would  undertake  to  deduee 
a  fufficicnt  proof  of  the  fa£l  from  his  own  obiervations  *,  at 
alfo  from  thofe  given  to  the  Public  by  Mr.  Ludlamf,  Dr. 
Wooiaflon  Xy  ^^-  >  &<id  that  the  quantity  of  this  equation  for 
the  earth  wnl  prove  to  be  about  four  feconds  of  time/ 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted,  that  our  Author  has  not  told  ni 
what  ^  the  true  phyfical  caufe  of  the  earth's  motion'  is ;  or  that 

*  See  the  Account  of  the  Going  of  Mr.  Harrifon's  Watch.    Alfo 
A(lronoznicai  ObfervatioDS  made  at  Greenwich, 
t  Obiervatioof  made  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge* 
;  Phii.  TraQiaa.  Vol.  LXl,  LXIU,  and  LXIV. 

be 


3^4  ^  ^^^  Ltmgttudi. 

he  has  not  given  us  *  his  own  obfervations'  that  convinced  him 
of  the  inequality  of  its  motion  round  its  axis;. as,  unfortunately^ 
areording  to  our  conception  of  the  matter,  none  of  the  obferva- 
ttons  which  he  has  quoted  prove  any  fuch  thing.  Mr.  Lud- 
lam's  clock,  the  firft  he  mentions,  gained  at  the  rate  of  6  tenths 
of  a  fecond  a  day  at  the  time  of  the  perihelion  in  Dec.  17679 
and  at  the  rate  of  eight- tenths  of  a  fecond  at  the  time  of  the 
aphelion  in  June  1768,  which  inftead  of  ^^'  gives  but  a  varia- 
tion of  2-ioths  for  the  equation  in  queftion,  which  is  a  lefs 
quantity  than  any  clock  which  has  yet  been  made  can  be  trufted 
i&r.  Mr.  Woolafton's  clock,  it  is  true,  went  fatter  by  about 
iT  at  the  aphelion  in  June  1772,  than  it  did  at  the  time  of  the 
perihelion  in  December  1771  ;  and  about  4''  fatter  in  the  aphe- 
lion of  June  1773,  than  it  did  at  the  perihelion  in  the  Decem- 
ber preceding :  but  the  man  who  attempts  to  eredt  catties  in  the 
air,  is  not  wilder  than  he  who  would  build  an  hypothecs 
of  this  nature  on  the  going  of  a  clock,  with  a  pendulum  rod  of 
wood,  which  is  fubje^t  to  warp,  and  to  be  influenced  by  every 
change  which  happens  in  the  moitture  or  drynefs  of  the  atmo- 
fphere ;  and  where  the  fubftance  of  the  rod  is  fo  heterogeneous 
that  no  two  rods,  perhaps,  that  have  yet  been  made,  obferve  the 
fame  law  in  their  variations.  Mr.  Woolafton*s  pendulum  is 
itfelf  a  remarkable  proof  that  thefe  rods  are  not  to  be  depended 
on ;  its  variation  one  year  being  double  what  it  was  in  the  year 
before.  With  refped  to  Dr.  Mafkelync's  obfervations,  f{*om 
which  our  Author  aflerts,  that  a  proof  of  this  inequality  may 
be  drawn  ;  and  for  which  he  refers  us  to  The  Account  of  the 
Going  of  Mr.  Harrifon's  Watch,  and  to  his  Obfervations,  pub- 
liflied  by  the  Royal  Society ;  it  may  be  obferved,  that  the  pendu- 
lum was  altered  between  the  time  of  the  aphelion  in  June  1 766, 
and  the  perihelion  in  December  afterwards,  namely,  in  the  begin-? 
ning  of  Auguft,  and  therefore  nothing  can  be  inferred  from 
thence :  if  any  thing  could  be  derived  from  it,  it  would  be,  that 
ibe  clock  went  fatteft  about  the  middle  of  September,  and  flow- 
eft  about  the  middle  of  February ;  that  is,  nearly  at  thofe  two 
times  when  the  true  motion  of  the  earth  agreed  with  the  mean 
motion,  which  is  direSly  contrary  to  this  gentleman's  hypothefis. 
It  appears,  moreover,  to  us,  that  nothing  can  be  drawn  with 
certainty  from  his  Obfervations,  pub)i(hed  by  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, either  for  or  againtt  this  dod^rine  before  the  time  of  the 
perihelion  in  December  1771,  on  account  of  the  frequent  alter- 
ations which  were  madein  the  clock  and  pendulum;  but  ^he  going 
of  this  mott  excellent  clock  fince  that  time,  is  an  irrefragable 
proof  of  the  falfehood  of  this  whimfical  hypothefis :  and  for  the 
fatisfaiSlion  of  the  curious  in  thefe  matters,  we  have  been  at  the 
pains  to  make  out  ttfe  following  (bore  abttrad  of  it : 

At 


Phthfcphical  TranfallmSy  for  the  Tear  1 78T .  365 

At  iliciiinc  of  the  Perihelion,  Dec.  30th,  1771,  the  Clock  gained  o  I3 

■ Aphelion,  June  30th,  1772, loft  o  31 

■                Perihelion,  Dec.  30th,  I772, loft  0,4; 

. Aphelion,  June  3otb,  1773,  — t^ loft  o.-jt 

Perihelion,  Dec.  30th,  1773.- loft  o,2i 

■                Aphelion,  Jane  3oih,  1774,  loft  0,7^ 

■ Perihelion,  Dec.  3o:h,  1774, -—  loft  i,oi 


Dat  Deus  immiti  cornua  curta  bsvi. 


TC: 


Art.  IX.     PHrLo^oPHiCAL  Transactions  of  the  Rcyal  Sociefj  ^ 
London,    Vol.  LXXI.    For  the  Year  1781.    Pare  I.    410.    76.  64* 
ftwtd.     Davis. 

Papers  relating  to  Natural  History. 

Article  I.  Natural  Hijiory  and  Defcription  of  the  Tyg^T-Q?Lty  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  :  ^^j  John  Rcinhold  Forfter,  LL.P* 
F.  R.  and  A.  S. 

THE  firft  defcription  of  this  curious  animal,  which  could  be 
of  any  ufe  to  a  natural  hiftorian,  was  given  by  Mr.  Pqi« 
nant,  in  his  SynopHs  of  Quadrupeds.  When  Dr.  Forfter  and 
his  fon  touched  the  fecond  time  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  ia 
the  year  17759  an  animal  of  this  fpecies  was  offered  to  him  for 
purchafe.  He  here  defcribes  it ;  and  his  defcription  is  accpm* 
panied  by  a  very  accurate  drawing  of  the  animal,  taken  by  his 
fon. 

Article  4.     ^n  Account  of  the  Harmattan^  a  fingular  African 
mnd:    By  Matthew  Dobfon,  M.D.  F.R.S. 
This  wind,  which  blows  periodically,  on  thecoafl  of  Guii)ci^ 
from  the  interior  parts  of  Africa  towards  the  Atlantic  Ocean^  it 
polTefled  of  very   peculiar  qualities;    the  moft  reOMrkable  of 
whi<^h  are,  that,  whereas  ^fog^  or  haze^  always  acco.n^ipanies  ii^ 
fo  that  the  rays  of  the  fun  can  fcarce  pierce  through  it,  except 
about  noon  \  yet  extreme  drynefi  is  one  of  its  moft  diftinguilbablc 
properties.     The  grafs  withers  when  it  blows,  and  becomes 
dry  like  hay ;  fo  that  the  natives  take  this  opportunity  of  fettifig 
fire  to  the  grafs  and  young  trees,  efpecially  near  their  rosdsi 
not  only  to  keep  thofe  road^i  open  to  travellers,  but  to  defiroy 
the  (hclter  which  long  grafs,  and  thickets  of  young  trees,  would 
afford  to  (kulking  parties  of  their  enemies.     The  branches  of 
various  trees  droop,  the  leaves  become  flaccid  ;  and,  if  this  wind 
continues  to  blow  for  ten  or  twelve  days,  are  fo  parched  as  to 
be  eafily  rubbed  to  dufl  between  the  fingers.     The  pannels  of 
doors  and  of  wainfcot  fplit;  and  the  joints  of  a  welUlaid  floor 
of  feafoned  wood  opeo  fufficiently  to  admit  a  man's  finger  be- 
tween them  \  but  become  as  ciofe  as  before  on  the  ceafing  of 
the  Harmattan. 

I  The 


366  Thitofiphical  TranfaffidnSj  for  the  itear  1781. 

The  parching  cfFefls  of  this  wind  are  fenfibly  felt  on  the  parf^ 
of  the  body  expofed  to  it.  The  eves,  noftrils,  lips,  and  palace, 
become  dry  ;  and  in  the  fpace  of  nx  or  feven  days  the  fcarf-fkin 
peeU  off  from  the  face,  hands,  and  other  parts.  The  fweat  ex- 
cited by  exercife  on  thofe  parts  which  are  covered  is  peculiarly 
acrid,"  and  taftes  like  volatile  fpirics  of  hartfhorn  diluted  with 
water.  Salt  of  tartar  expofed  even  to  the  night-air,  inflead  of 
runntf^  per  deliquium^  not  only  remains  dry  ;  but  if  moiftened 
fo  is  to  run  upon  a  tile,  very  foon  becomes  dry.  From  fome 
experiments  made  by  Mr.  Norris,  Dr.  Dobfon  calculates,  that  if 
Ais  wind  blew  the  whole  year,  the  annual  evaporation  would 
amount  to  more  than  133  inches.  He  had  found  that  the  an- 
nual evaporation  at  Liverpool  amounted  to  only  36  inches. 

This  wind,  which  is  fo  pernicious  to  vegetable  life,  is  remark- 
ably falubrious.  It  ftops  the  progrefs  of  putrid  diforders  %  and 
thofe  labouring  under  fevers  or  fluxes,  and  fmtcing  under  eva<^ 
cuations,  are  almoft  certain  of  a  fpeedy  recovery,  when  a  Har- 
mattan  comes  on.  The  ingenious  Dr.  Lind  gives  this  wind 
a  very  different  charader ;  but  the  baneful  effects  which  have 
been  imputed  to  it  are  by  Dr.  Dobfon  afcribed  to  the  offenfive 
Tapours,  raifed  by  the  beat  of  the  fun  from  the  periodical  rains, 
which  fall  in  this  country  during  the  months  of  March  and 
April. 

Article  6.    An  Account  of  the  Turkey :  By  Thomas  Pennant^ 

'Efqj  F.R.S, 

In  his  cUffical  dcfcription  of  this  bird,  the  ingenious  Author 
maintains^,  that  it  was  unknown  to  the  Ancients  ^  and  that  it  is 
not  a  native  of  Europe,  Ada,  or  Africa,  but  was  imported  hither 
firom  America.  A  drawing  accompanies  this  Article,  reprefent- 
ing  the  verv  extraordinary  appearance  of  a  /harp  and  crooked 
claw,  exadiy  refembling  that  of  a  rapacious  bird,  which  grew 
out  of  the  thigh  of  a  turkey,  bred  io  the  Author's  poultry  yard« 
and  which  was  killed  a  few  years  ago  for  the  table. 
Article  9.    An  Account  of  the  Ganges  and  Burrampooter  Rivers: 

By  James  Rennel,  Efqj  F.R.S. 

This  Article  not  only  contains  many  Curious  obfervations  re* 
fpefiing  thefe  two  immenfe  rivers  ;  but  like  wile  feveral  others 
which  are  well  adapted  to  throw  light  on  various  circumdancea 
relating  to  rivers  in  general ;  fuch  as  the  inflections  or  finuofi« 
tic8  of  their  currents ;  the  formation  of  new  iflands;  the  de- 
ftrofiion  of  others  \  the  gradual,  but  in  fome  cafes  quick, 
changes  of  their  beds  \  their  overflowings,  and  many  other  cu* 
rkmt  particulars. 

Extenfive  iflands  are  formed  in  the  channels  of  the  Ganges^ 
during  an  interval  of  time  far  (hort  of  that  of  a  man's  life  3  fo 
diat  the  whole  procefs  is  completed  in  a  period  that  falls  within 
the  compafii  of  bis  obfcrvation.    The  changes  of  the  beds  in 

fome 


Philofsphical  TranficihnSj  fir  the  Tear  1781 J  367 

fomc  of  the  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Ganges^  have  been  particu- 
larly attended  to  and  marked  by  the  Author.  During  eleven 
years  of  his  refidence  in  Bengal,  the  outlet  or  head  of  the  Jel- 
linghy  river  was  at  length  gradually  removed  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  farther  down ;  and  by  two  furveys  of  a  part  of  the  adja- 
cent bank  of  the  Ganges^  taken  about  the  diftance  of  nine  years 
from  each  other,  it  appeared  that  the  breadth  of  an  £ngli(h 
mile  and  a  half  had  betn  taken  away,  A  mile,  however,  in  ten 
or  twelve  years  is  the  ufual  rate  of  incroachment,  in  places 
where  the  current  ftrikes  with  the  greattft  force  ;  that  is,  where 
two  adjoining  reaches  approach  neareft  to  a  right  angle. 

•  There  arc  not  wanting  inftances,  the  Author  obferves,  of  a 
total  change  of  courfe,  in  fome  of  the  Bengal  rivers.  The 
Cofa  river,  equal  to  the  Rhine,  once  ran  by  Purneah^  and  joined 
the  Ganges  oppofite  Rajemal.  Its  junction  is  now  forty-Jm 
miles  higher  up.  Gour^  the  ancient  capital  of  Bengal,  ftood  011 
the  banks  of  the  Ganges.* — The  Author  (hould  have  informed 
the  European  reader,  unacquainted  with  the  topography  of  the 
country,  how  far  this  ancient  capital  is  ruw  dtftant  from  tbe 
banks  of  that  river. 

Our  geography,  with  refpedi  to  the  BurraTtrpooter  river,  has  dll 
lately  been  very  defedive.  As  a  capital  river,  it  was  unknoira 
in  Europe  till  the  year  1765.  On  tracing  it  in  that  year,  the 
Author  was  furprifed  at  finding  it  rather  laf^r  than  xhcGangni 
and  that  its  courfe,  previous  to  its  entering  Bengal,  was  ftaUk 
the  Eaft,  although  all  the  former  accounts  reprefented  it  as  from 
the  North.  It  meets  the  Ganges  about  40  miles  from  the  fea; 
and  almoft  perfedly  refembles  it  during  a  courfe  of  400  niilea 
through  Bengal.  Even  during  the  laft  60  miles  before  its  junc- 
tion with  that  river,  it  forms  a  body  of  water  which  is  regur 
larly  from  four  to  five  miles  wide ;  and  which  might  pafs  for  an 
arm  of  the  fea,  were  it  not  for  its  freflmefs. 

By  means  of  thefe  twin  ftftersy  as  thefe  two  rivers  are  called 
by  the  Author,  on  account  of  the  contiguity  of  their  fpringy 
(though  they  afterwards  proceed  in  oppofite  diredions),  an  inland 
navigation  is  carried  on,  which  gives  conftant  employment  to 
30,000  boatmen  ;  by  whom  all  the  fait,  and  a  large  proportioti 
of  the  food  confumed  by  ten  millions  of  people,  are  conveyed 
within  the  kingdom  of  Bengal,  and  its  dependenetes ;  t(^;e^ 
ther  with  commercial  exports  and  imports,  probably  to  the 
amount  of  two  millions  flerling  per  ofmum.  The  Ganges  alone^ 
the  lefler  river  of  the  two,  receives,  in  its  courfe  through  tbe 
plains,  eleven  rivers,  fome  of  which  are  equal  to  the  Rhine,  and 
none  fmalier  than  the  Thames.  In  the  annual  inundation  of 
this  immenfe  river,  the  country  is  overflowed  to  the  extent  of 
more  than  100  miles  in  width  ;  nothing  appearing  bet  vilbget 
and  trees,  excepting  very  rarely  the  tup  of  an  elevated  fpot,  the 

artificial 


36  8         Pbihffphical  Tranfa^hnsy  for  the  Tear  1781% 

artificial   mound  of  fome  deferted  village,   appearing  like   an 
ifund.     The  rife  of  the  water  is,  on  an  average,  about  31  feet. 
Aruvie  !i.     Some  Account  of  the  Termites,  which  are  found  in 

Africa,  and  other  hot  Climates:    By  Mr.  Henry  Smeathoian^ 

of  Clement's  Inn. 

The  whole  compafs  of  Natural  Hiflory,  fruitful  and  exten- 
five  as  it  is,  does  not  perhaps  furnifh  fuch  wonderful  inftances 
of  fagacity,  power,  and  dotneftic  ceconomy,  in  the  brute  crea- 
tion, as  are  exhibited  in  this  \tty  curious  account  of  the  Termes 
of  Linnsus,  or  the  ff^ite  jfnty  as  it  has  been  called  by  the  ge- 
nerality of  travellers.  The  works,  in  particular,  conftruded 
by  thefe  infe£ls  furpafs  thofe  of  the  bees,  wafps,  beavers,  and 
other  animals,  as  much  at  leaft  as  thofe  of  the  moft  polifhed 
European  nations  excel  thofe  of  the  lead  cultivated  fa  vases. 
And,  even  with  regard  to  man,  his  greateft  works,  the  boaited 
Pyramids,  fall  comparatively  far  (hort,  even  in  fize  alone,  of 
the  firu£tures  raifed  by  thefe  infers.  The  labourers  among 
theni  employed  in  this  fervice  are  not  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
length  i  but  the  ftruAures  which  they  ered  rife  to  10  or  12  feet 
and  upwards  above  the  furface  of  the  earth.  Suppofing  the 
height  of  a  man  to  be  fix  feet,  the  Author  calculates  that  the 
buildings  of  thefe  infers  may  be  confidered,  relatively  to  their 
fize. and  that  of  man,  as  being  raifed  to  near  five  times  the  height 
of  the  grtateft  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids  ;  that  is,  corrcfponding 
with  confiderably  more  than  half  a  mile.  We  may  add,  that,  with 
lefpedi  to  the  interior  confiruSion,  and  the  various  members 
and  difpofitions  of  the  parts  of  the  building,  they  appear  greatly 
to  exceed  that  or  any  other  work  of  human  conftrudlion. 

The  moft  ftriking  parts  of  thefe  ftrucStures  are — the  royal 
apartments,  the  nurferies,  magazines  of  provifions,  arched 
cl^aynbers  and  galleries,  with  their  various  communications;  the 
ranges  of  Gothic  fliaped  arches,  projecSted,  and  not  formed  by 
mere  excavation,  fome  of  which  are  two  or  three  feet  high,  but 
which  diminifii  rapidly,  like  the  arches  of  ailes  in  perfpeclives ; 
the  various  roads,  floping  ftaircafes,  and  bridges,  confiding  of 
one  vaft  arch,  and  conftru^ed  to  fiiorten  the  diftance  between 
the  feyeral  parts  of  the  building,  which  would  otherwife  com- 
municate only  by  winding  paiTages,  Thefe  aftonifliing  ftruc- 
tures  are  the  works  of  an  inicA  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
and  twenty-five  of  which  weigh  only  one  grain. — But  thefe  and 
many  other  curious  inftances  of  the  great  (agacity  and  powers  of 
thefe  infedls  cannot  be  underftood,  without  viewing  the  plates 
in  which  their  feeble  frames,  and  comparatively  ftupendous 
works  are  delineated. 

The  ceconomy  of  thefe  induftrious  infeds  appears  to  have  been 
very  attentively  obferved  by  the  ingenious  Author,  as  well  as 
their  buildings.     There  arc  three  diftind  ranks^  or  orders, 

among 


Pbihfipkical  franfaaimj  fir  the  Tear  I'jUi  36^ 

tmortg  them,  conftituting  a  well-regulated  community*  Theft 
are,  firft,  the  labourers^  or  working  infeds ;  next,  the  foUiers^ 
or  fighting  order,  who  do  no  kind  of  labour,  and  are  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  former,  and  equal  in  bulk  to  about  fifteen 
of  them  ;  and  laftly,  the  winged  or  perfed  infeds,  who  may  be 
called  the  Nobility  or  Gentry  of  the  fiate  ;  for  they  neither  labour 
nor  fight,  being  fcarcely  capable  even  of  felf-dcfence. — •  Thefe 
only  are  capable  of  being  elefted  Kings  or  ^eens ;  and  nature 
has  To  ordered  it,  that  they  emigrate  within  a  few  weeks  after 
they  are  elevated  to  this  ftate,  and  either  eftablifb  new  king*^ 
doms,  or  perifb  within  a  day  or  two/ 

I'his  laift  mentioned  order  differs  fo  much  from  the  other  two^ 
that  they  have  not  hitherto  been  fuppofed  to  belong  to  the  fame 
community.  In  fad,  they  are  not  to  be  difcovered  in  the  neft, 
till  juft  before  the  commencement  of  the  rainy  feafon;  when 
they  undergo  the  laft  change,  which  is  preparative  to  the  forma- 
tion of  new  colonies.  They  are  equal  in  bulk  to  two  foUiersi 
and  about  thirty  labourers 'y  and  are  furni(hed  with  four  wings^ 
with  which  they  are  deftined  to  roam  about  for  a  few  hours ;  at 
the  end  of  which  time,  they  lofe  their  wings,  and  become  the 
prey  of  innumerable  birds,  reptiles,  and  infeds :  while  proba- 
bly not  a  pair  out  of  many  millions  of  this  unhappy  race  get 
into  a  place  of  fafety,  fulfil  the  firft  law  of  nature,  and  lay  the 
foundation  of  a  new  community.  In  this  ftate  many  fall  into 
the  neighbouring  waters,  and  are  eat  with  avidity  by  the  Afri- 
cans. The  Author  found  them  delicate,  nourifliing,  and  whole* 
fome ;  without  fauce  or  other  help  from  cookery,  than  merely 
roafting  them  in  the  manner  of  coffee. 

The  few  fortunate  pairs,  who  happen  to  Airvive  this  annual 
maflacre  and  deftruiSlion,  are  reprefented  by  the  Author  as  being 
cafually  found  by  fome  of  the  labourers^  that  are  continually 
running  about  on  the  furface  of  the  ground;  and  are  eleSied^ 
Kings  and  Queens  of  new  dates.  Thofe  who  are  not  fo  elected 
and  preferved,  certainly  perifli ;  and  moft  probably  in  the  courfe 
of  the  following  day.  By  thefe  induftrious  creatures  the  King 
and  Queen  eledt  are  immediately  protected  from  their  innume- 
rable enemies,  by  inclofing  them  in  a  chamber  of  clay ;  where 
the  bufinefs  of  propagation  foon  commences.  Their  *  voluntarf 
fubjeSls*  then  bufy  themfelves  in  conftruding  wooden  nurferiei, 
or  apartments  entirely  compofed  of  wooden  materials,  feemingly 
joined  together  with  gums.     Into  thefe  they  afterwards  carry 

*  A  fimilar  tUaion^  though  in  a  different  (lage  of  eziftence,  takes 
place  among  the  bees,  according  to  M.  Schirach's  ingenious  hypo- 
thefis,  feemingly  founded  on  incontrovertible  e^fperimcnts ;  thejuf- 
tice  of  which,  however,  has  of  late  been  denied.  See  Af.  Riview, 
Vol.  XLVIU.  Appendix  to  June  1773»  P^§*  S^^* 

Rev.  May  1782.  Bb  the 


370         PbikfipbUal  Tranfa^Uns^  for  ihi  Tiar  ijSu 

the  eggs  produced  from  the  ^een ;  lodging  them  there  as  faft 
as  they  can  obtain  them  from  her.  The  Author  even  furniflies 
us  with  plaufible  reafons  to  believe,  that  they  here  form  a  kind 
of  garden  for  the  cultivation  of  a  fpecies  of  microfcopical  mu(h« 
room ;  which  Mr.  Konig  (in  an  Eflay  on  the  Eaft  Indian  2Vr- 
mitis,  read  before  the  Society  of  Naturalifts  of  Berlin)  conjec-> 
tures  to  be  the  food  of  the  young  infeSs. — But  perhaps  the  moft 
wonderful,  and  at  the  fame  time  bed  authenticated,  pare  of  the 
hiflory  of  thefe  iingular  infers  is  that  which  relates  to  the  ^uetn^ 
or  Mother  of  the  Community,  in  her  pregnant  ftate. 

After  impregnation,  a  very  extraordinary  change  begins  ta 
tale  place  in  her  perfon,  or  rather  in  her  abdomen  only.  It  gra- 
dually incrt^afes  in  bulk,  and  at  length  becomes  of  fuch  ai^ 
enormous  fize  as  to  exceed  the  bulk  of  the  reft  of  her  body  1500 
or  2000  times.  She  becomes  1000  times  heavier  than  her  con- 
fort  ;  and  exceeds  20,000  or  30,000  times  the  bulk  of  one  of 
the  labourers.  In  this  ftate,  the  matrix,  has  a  conftant  periftaltic 
or  undulating  motion ;  the  confcquence  of  which  is  (as  the  Au* 
tbor  nas  counted  them)  the  protrulion  of  8q,000  eggs  in  twenty- 
four  hours. 

Thefe  eggs,  fays  the  Author,  *  are  inftantly  taken  from  her 
body  by  her  attendants  (of  whom  there  always  are,  in  the  royal 
chamber  and  the  galleries  adjacent,  a  fufficient  number  in  wait- 
ing) and  carried  to  the  nurleries — which  are  fometimes  four  or 
five  feet  diftant  in  a  ftraight  line. — Here,  after  they  are  hatched, 
the  young  are  attended,  and  provided  with  every,  thing  neceiTary, 
until  they  are  able  to  fliift  for  themfelves,  and  take  their  fliare 
of  the  labours  of  the  community.' 

Many  curious  and  ftriking  particulars  are  related  of  the  great 
devaftations  committed  by  this  powerful  community ;  who  con-» 
firu£t  roads,  or  rather  covered  ways,  diverging  in  all  directions, 
from  the  neft,  and  leading  to  every  obje£l  of  plunder  within 
their  reach.  Though  the  mifchiefs  they  commit  are  very  great, 
fuch  is  the  ceconomy  of  nature,  that  it  is  probably  counterba- 
lanced by  the  good  produced  by  them ;  in  quickly  deftroying. 
dead  trees,  and  other  fubftances,  which,  as  the  Author  obferves, 
would,  by  a  tedious  decay,  ferve  only  to  encumber  the  face  of  the 
earth.  Such  is  their  alacrity  and  difpatch  in  this  office,  that 
the  total  deftru£lion  of  deferted  towns  is  fo  efF^Ciually  accom- 
pliftied,  that  in  two  or  three  years  a  thick  wood  fills  the  fpace; 
and  not  the  leaft  veftige  of  a  houfe  is  to  be  difcovered. 

From  the  many  fingular  accounts  here  given  of  the  police  of 
thefe  in fedls,  we  fhall  feledt  and  abridge  only  one ;  refpecting 
the  different  funftions  of  the  labourers  and  foldiersy  01  the  civil 
and  military  eftabliftiments  in  this  community,  on  an  attempt  to 
examine  their  neft  or  city. 

On 


Phihfophical  Tranfa^ionSf  for  thi  Year  1 78  f «  37 1 

On  making  a  breach  in  any  part  of  the  ftrufiure  with  a  hoc 

6r  pick-axe,  z  foldier  immediately  appears,  and  walks  about  thd 

breach ;  as  if  to  fee  whether  the  enemy  is  gone,  or  to  examine 

whence  the  attack  proceeds.     In  a  f^ort  time  he  is  followed  by 

two  or  three  others,  and  foon  afterwards  by  a  numerous  body, 

who  ru(h  out  as  faft  as  the  breach  will  permit  them  i  theii" 

numbers  increafing,  as  tong  as  any  one  continues  to  batter  the 

buildings     During  this  time  they  are  in  the  mod  violent  bullle 

and  agitation;  while  fomeof  them  are  employed  in  beating  with 

their  forceps  upon  the  building,  fo  as  to  make  a  noife  that  may 

be  heard  at  three  or  four  feet  diftance^     On  ceafing  to  difturb 

them,  the  foldiers  retire,  and  are  fucceeded  by  the  labourer$i 

who  haften  in  various  direfiions  towards  the  breach  ;  each  with 

a  burden  of  mortar  in  his  mouth,  ready  tempered.     Though 

there  are  millions  of  them,  they  never  (lop  or  embarrafs  each 

other ;  and  a  wall  gradually  arifes  that  fills  up  the  chafm.     A 

foldier  attends  every  fix  hundred  or  thoufand  of  the  labourers^ 

feemingly  as  a  diredor  of  the  works ;   for  he  never  touches  the 

the  mortar,  either  to  lift  or  carrv  it.     One  in  particular  places 

himfelf  clofe  to  the  wall  which  they  are  repairing,  and  fre* 

quently  makes  the  noife  above  mentioned;  which  is  conftanily 

anfwered  by  a  loud  hifs  from  all  the  labourers  within  the  dome  2 

and  at  every  fuch  fignal,  they  evidently  redouble  their  pace^ 

and  work  as  faft  again. 

The  work  being  completed,  a  renewal  of  the  attack  con- 
ftantly  produces  the  fame  e(Fe£ls.  The  foldiers  agaii^  ru(h  our^ 
and  then  retreat,  and  are  followed  by  the  labourers,  loaded  with 
mortar,  and  as  active  and  diligent  as  before. — *  Thus,'  fays  the 
Author,  ^  the  pleafure  of  feeing  them  come  out  to  fight  or  to 
work  alternately  may  be  obtained,  as  often  as  curiofity  excitesf^ 
or  time  permits :  and  it  will  certainly  be  foui^d,  that  the  one 
order  never  attempts  to  fight,  or  the  other  to  work,  let  thd 
emergency  be  ever  fo  great.' — The  obAinacy  of  the  foldiers  is 
remarkable.—^  They  nght  to  the  very  laft,  difputing  every  inch 
of  ground  fo  well  as  often  to  drive  away  the  Negroes,  who  are 
without  (hoes,  and  make  white  people  bleed  plentifully  through 
their  (lockings.' 

Such  is  the  ftrength  of  the  buildings  ere£led  by  thefe  puif^ 
infeds,  tfhat  when  they  have  been  raifed  to  little  more  than  half 
their  height,  it  is  always  the  pra£tice  of  the  wild  bulls  to  ftand 
as  centinels  upon  them,  while  the  reft  of  the  herd  is  ruminating 
below.  When  at  their  full  height  of  10  or  12  feet,  they  are 
iifed  by  the  Europeans  as  places  to  look  out  from^  over  the  top 
of  the  grafs,  which  here  grows  to  the  height  of  13  feet  upon  an 
average.  The  Author  has  ftood  with  four  men,  on  the  top  of 
one  of  thefe  build ings,  in  order  to  get  a  view  ol  any  veflfel  that 
night  come  in  fight, 

B  br  1  ,  Article 


37«  Phthfophkal  Traftfafflons,  fir  iht  Tear  1781. 

• 

Article  12.     An  Account  of  feviral  Earthquakes  fek  in  Waki : 

By  Thomas  rennant,  Efq;  r.R.  S. 

From  this  very  (bort  account  we  (ball  only  extract  an  ob- 
fervation  of  the  Author's.  He  lives  ^  near  a  mineral  country,  in 
a  fituation  between  lead  mines  and  coal  mines;  in  a  fort  of  neu- 
tral trad,  about  a  mile  diftant  from  the  firft,  and  half  a  mile 
from  the  laft/  In  the  earthquakes  which  he  has  felt,  he  could 
not  difcover,  on  the  ftrideft  inquiry,  that  either  the  neighbour- 
Ing  miners  or  colliers  were  ever  fenfible  of  the  (hock  under 
ground :  rior  have  they  ever  pferceived,  when  the  ihocks  in 
queftion  have  happened,  any  falls  of  the  loofe  and  (battery 
Jtrata^  in  which  the  lad  efpecially  work ;  yet,  at  the  fame  time, 
(he  earthquakes  have  had  violence  fufficient  to  terrify  the  inha* 
bitants  of  the  furface. 

The  Author  draws  no  coticlufions  from  this  circum(tance ; 
but  were  the  obfervation  found  to  be  general,  it  would,  in  our 
Opinion,  tend  to  (Irenghten  the  bypothefls,  that  earthquakes  are 
OCcafioned  by  the  eU£lric  matter »  It  pafTes,  it  may  be  faid, 
freely  through  the  earth,  a  good  conduAor  of  that  fluid ;  and 
Ihen  only  produces  a  concuffion  When  it  arrives  at  its  furfiace, 
atnd  enters  into  the  air,  an  imperfect  condudor. 

Cbbmistry. 
Article  2.    Experiments  and  Obfervatians  on  the  fpecific  Gravities 

and  attra^ive  Powers  of  various  faline  Sub/fances:  By  Richard 

Kirwan,  Efqj  F.RS. 

In  this  ingenious  paper — which  however  may  perhaps  in  fome 
^arts  be  thought  too  learned,  and  confequently  be  obfcore  to 
ftiany,  who  neverthelefs  cultivate  philofophtcal  diemiftry  not  un* 
fucccfsfully— the  Author,  from  a  feries  of  experiments,  and  cal- 
culations  founded  upon  them,  endeavours  to  afcertain  the  vari- 
ous degrees  of  force  of  chemical  attraction ;  and  to  determine 
the  proponion  of  the  conftituent  parts  of  the  principal  neutral 
falts,  together  with  ^he  fpecific  gravity  of  their  refpedive  acids, 
Tn  their  pureft  ftate,  or  confidered  as  p^Tfc&)y  free  from  water. 
To  undei'ftand  the  principles  from  which  his  conclu(ions  are 
deduced,  it  is  abfolutely  necelTary  to  perufc,  and  indeed  (ludy 
very  attentively,  the  article  itfelf.  As  the  fubjcd  is  of  a  com- 
plex nature,  we  (hall  only  extrad  fome  of  the  rcfults ;  without* 
undertaking  to  explain  the  means  by  which  the  Author  obtained 
them. 

He  firft  attempts  to  difcover  the  exaft  quantity  of  pure  acid, 
%ni  confequently  of  water,  contained  in  fpirit  of  fait  of  any 
given  fpecific  gravity,  and  i/i  the  other  acid  liquors.  He  after* 
wards  determines  the  proportions  of  acid,  alcali,  and  water, 
contained  in  various  neutral  fairs.  Tht  refohs,  Wtth  refpeS  to 
e(fffip6unds  fotifotd  with  the  three  mineral  acids,  are-^thatin 
100 grains  of  pcrfeAly  dry  £ge/Uve  faU  tbere«rtontairked  i9 

grains 


Philofopbical  Tmnfa^ihnty  for  the  Tear  178/.  37  J 

grains  of  acid^  6.55  of  water,  and  (5.4  of  fixed  alcali.  In  th^ 
fame  quantity  of  dry  nitrty  there  are  contained  28.48  grains  of 
acid,  ^.2  of  water,  and  66.^2  of  fixed  alcali.  In  loo  grains  of 
vitriolated  tartar^  he  finds  28.5 1  grains  of  acid,  4.82  of  water^ 
and  66.67  of  alcali. 

Some  of  the  inferences  deducible  from  the  Author's  expcrw 
ments  are, — that  a  given  quantity  of  the  ^hree  mineral,  an^ 
probably  of  all  pure  acids,  is  qualified  to  neutralize  or  faturatf 
one  and  the  fame  quantity  of  fixed  vegetable  alcjiU  :  (p  th^ff 
100  parts,  for  inftance,  of  pure  or  caufiic  alc^i,  th^t  is,  frpo^ 
which  its  fixed  air  has  been  ^xpelled,  would  be  fatur^ted  l^y 
42.4  parts  of  acid^  confidered  generally ;  and  that  it  fc^opf 
therefore  that  alcalis  have  a  certain  determinate  capacity  of  unit^ 
ing  themfclves  to  a  given  weight  of  any  purt  acid  iodifcrimi^ 
nately  :  this  weight  being  about  2.35  of  the  weight  of  the  alcali} 
—-that  we  may  difcover  the  qqaotity  of  res^l  or  pure  acid  in  the 
more  complex  acid  fubfiances,  fuch  as  the  fedative  falu  ?xl4  thf 
various  vegetable  and  animal  acids,  by  knowing  the  quantity  oif 
oU  or  fal  tartar*  necefTary  to  faturate  them  ; — and  that,  c»cf 
vtrfa^  the  quantity  of  real  acid  in  uny  neutral  compound,  being 
known,  that  of  the  alcali,  by  which  it  has  been  neutralized^ 
may  eafily  be  afcertained. 

From  the  Author's  experiments  and  calculations,  Fixed  air, 
or  the  Mepbitic  Acid^  as  it  has  been  called,  appears,  in  its  fixtil 
ftate,  or  when  combined  with  calcareous  earths  in  particular,  to 
be  the  heaviiji  of  all  acids,  or  even  of  all  bodies  yet  known : 
gold,  and  platina  excepted. 

The  Article  is  terminated  by  fome  obfervations  on  fixed  ve» 
getable  alcali ;  from  which  we  learn,  that  100  grains  of  thi$ 
fgbftance  contain  about  6.7  grains  of  an  earth  which,  according 
to  M.  Bergman,  is  filiceous.  When  this  alcali  is  cauftic,  or 
freed  from  its  fixed  air,  this  earth  pafTes  the  filtre  with  it ;  fo 
that  it  feems  to  be  held  in  folution,  as  in  the  liquor  Jilicum.  The 
Author  found  too,  that  100  grains  of  dry  vegetable  fixed  alcali 
contained,  at  a  medium,  about  21  grains  of  fixed  air. 

Mathematical  and  Astronomical  Papers. 

Article 5*    EJfay  on  a  new  Method  of  employing  the  Screw:   Bf 

Mr.  William  Hunter,  Surgeon. 
This  paper  contains  an  account  of  an  ingenioijs  method  of 
applying  the  fcrew  to  agronomical,  and  various  (fther  purpofes^ 
on  a  plan  fomewhat  fimilar  to  Noniuses  divifion  of  the  circle. 
This  mechod  however  cannot  be  rendered  intelligible,  without 
an  infpe£lion  of  the  plate  accompanying  the  article.  Its  prin- 
cipal ufes  are,  the  raifing  great  weights  a  little  way  from  the 
ground  i  and  the  anfwering  the  purpoRs  pf  a  micrometer. 

iJb  j  Article 


374  PUkfipbical  TranfaHms^  for  the  Year  1781. 

Article  1  o.    Jflronomical  Obfervatwns  on  the  Rotation  of  the  Pla^ 
nets  round  their  /txes^  made  with  a  View  to  determine^  whether 
the  Earth* s  diurnal  Motion  is  perfectly  equable :    I3y  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Herfchcl  of  Bath.  ^ 
It  is  very  difficult,  as  the  ingenious  Author  of  this  paper  ob- 
ferves,  to  find  a  proper  ftandard  by  which  we  may  meafure  the 
earth's  diurnal  rotation  round  its  axis,  or  afcertain  whether  it  be 
perfedly  equable,  or  not;  becaufe  that  very  motion  is  ufed  as 
the  ftandard  by  which  we  meafure  all  the  other  motions.     Ic 
fhould  feem,  however,  that  if  there  were  any  very  material  perio- 
liical  irregularity  in  this  motion,  the  great  perfedlion  to  which 
Dur  artifis   have  brought  our  prefenc  time*pieces   muft  have 
enabled  us  to  difcover  it :  and  yet  the  Author  afks,  whether 
any  clock,  though  ever  fo  accurate,  would  have  deteded  the 
aberration  of  the  fixed  ftars;   which,   he  ventures  to  affirm, 
would  for  ever  have  remained  a  fecret  to  us,  if  it  had  not  been 
fbund  out  by  other  methods  than  time-keepers. 

The  Author  endeavoured  to  afcertain  this  matter,  by  obferva- 
tions  made  on  the  diurnal  rotation  of  fome  of  the  other  planets; 
particularly  of  Jupiter  and  Mars,  as  exhibited  by  the  motion  of 
their  fpots :  but  he  found  that  Jupiter  was  not  a  planet  fit  for 
tKis  purpofe ;  as  the  refults  were  very  various  at  different  times: 
fo  as  to  indicate  that  the  fpots  are  probably  congeries  of  large 
black  clouds  or  vapours,  impelled  by  equatorial  winds,  poffibly 
give  them  an  unequal  motion. 

Mr.  Herfchel  had  better  fuccefs  in  his  obfervations  on  the 
fpots  of  the  planet  Mars.  The^  moft  ftriking  particulars  of  his 
obfervations  given  in  this  Article  are  illuftrated  by  two  plates, 
reprefenting  the  pbafes  both  of  Jupiter  and  Mars  \  as  obferved 
through  a  Newtonian  refleilor  of  twenty  feet^  with  a  power  of 
300,  and  two  other  reflcSors  of  ten  and  fevcn  feet. — The  im- 
provements which,  as  we  have  been  informed,  have  been  lately 
made  in  that  inftrument,  by  the  very  ingenious  Author  of  this 
paper,  greatly  excite  the  attention  and  aftonifhment  of  the  phi* 
lofophical  world. 

Undtr  this  clafs  we  fliould  notice  Article  7,  containing  a 
(hort  account  of  a  Nebula  in  Coma  Berenices y  by  Edward  Pigot, 
Elq;  and  Article  8,  in  which  the  fame  gentleman  gives  the  de- 
termination of  the  places  of  three  doqhle  ftars,  fuppofed  not  to 
l\ave  been  obferved  before.  The  laft  Articlt  of  this  clafs  is  a 
very  fhort  extrad  of  a  letter  from  the  Right  Hon.  Philip  Earl 
Stanhope,  |**.  R.  S. ;  containing  fome  obfervations  on  the  roots 
pf  adfefled  equations. 

Miscellaneous    Articles. 
Article  3.  contains  a  curious  ihout.'h  fhort  account,  by  Owea 
Salufl)ury  Brereton,  Efq;  of  the  many  fingular  and  terrible  tf- 
^t(X^  of  a  violent  ftorm  of  lightning)  at  Kaflbeurn  in  Suilex,  in 

the 


Foreign  Literature.  375 

the  houfe  of  James  Adair,  Efq;  particularly  on  the  perfon  of 
that  gentleman,  as  well  as  of  4) is  coachman  and  footman,  who 
were  both  ftruck  dead  ;  and  of  his  butler,  who  felt  only  a  vio- 
lent preflure  on  his  fkull  and  back ;  though  his  hat  and  wig 
were  driven  to  fome  diftance,  and  a  telefcope  which  he  held  in 
his  hand  was  forced  in  pieces  from  him.  A  young  lady  and  her 
maid  too  were  driven  to  a  diftant  part  of  the  room,  and  ren« 
dered  infenfible  for  fome  time,  but  not  hurt ;  though  the  pofts 
of  a  bed  which  the  lady  had  juft  left  were  all  (hivered  to  pieces, 
the  bell  wires  deflroyed,  and  the  chimney  thrown  down  on  the 
roof. 

Mr.  Adair's  right  arm,  right  fide,  and  thigh,  were  miferabljr 
fcorched,  and  the  flefli  torn  ;  and  one  of  his  toes  fplit  almoft  to 
the  bone ;  but  though  the  foot  of  the  {locking  and  the  (hoe  were 
torn  in  feveral  places  between  the  toe  end  of  the  (hoe  and  a 
broad  filver  buckle,  which  he  had  on  at  the  time;  the  latter 
was  not  in  the  leaft  degree  injured,  or  even  marked,  but  re* 
mained  buckled  as  before.  At  the  time  of  the  (Iroke,  he  was 
thrown  on  his  back;  in  which  pofture,  with  both  his  legs  up- 
right in  the  air^  he  remained  fixed  for  a  long  time :  fenfible  of 
his  fituation,  but  unable  to  open  his  eyes,  or  fpeak ;  and  with- 
out  having  the  leaft  power  of  motion  in  any  of  his  limbs  for  a 
confidcrable  time  afterwards*  The  coachman's  body  was  found 
totally  black,  but  without  a  wound.  The  footman  however 
had  a  very  large  wound  in  his  fide,  which  penetrated  near  his 
heart ;  and  yet  very  little,  if  any,  blood  came  from  it. 

The  only  remaining  papers  are  Article  14,  containing  an  ex* 
trafl  of  two  Meteorological  journals  of  the  weather,  oblerved  at 
Nain  in  57^  N.  latitude,  and  at  Okak^  in  57**  20';  both  on 
the  coaft  of  Labradore  \  by  M.  de  la  Trobe  : — and  the  Meteor- 
ological Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  for  the  year  1780.  The 
mean  of  the  Obfervations  of  the  Variation  of  the  Magnetic 
needir,  in  June,  was  22  degrees  41  minutes.  The  Dipping 
needle  varied  at  the  fame  time  from  72"  3^  to  72**  32'. 

An  early  account  (hall  be  given  of  the  Second  Part  of  this 
volume,  juft  publilhed.  'JX  ^  ^  ^-e^^ 

FOREIGN  LITERATURE. 

Art.  X.  Hifloin  dt  I' Art  dt  PAntiquhey  &c.  The  Hiftory  of  the 
Fine  Arts  among  the  AncicDts :  By  M.  Winkelmann:  Tranflated 
from  the  German  by  M.  Huber.  In  threp  Volumes  Quarto. 
2I.  I2S.  6d.  fewed.    Leipfic.     1781. 

TO  thofe  who  cultivate,  or  intereft  themfelves  in,  the  fine 
arts,  the  prefent  elegant  publication  cannot  fail  of  being 
acceptable^  It  is  a  new  tranflation,  from  the  German,  but  with 
very  material  correiSionSy  improvements,  and  ^tdditions^  of  ^ 

B  b  4  work 


376  Foreign  Literature/ 

worlr  which  the  deceafed  Author  publilhed  at  Drefdcn,  iii  ail 
nnperfe£l  flate,  about  eighteen  years  ago,  in  one  volume  in 
quarto.  In  its  prefent  form,  it  may  indeed  be  confidered  as  ai 
new  work.  It  is  not  a  biographical  hiftory  of  ^rtlAs,  or  a  mere 
chronological  narrative  of  the  revolutions  which  the  arts  of 
painting,  fculpture,  &c.  have  undergone;  but  a  kind  oifyfitma'^ 
tical  treatiji  of  the  arts  themfelves,  though  treated  in  an  hifiori* 
rtf/ manner ;  and  in  which  the  learned  Author  traces  their  origin, 
progrefs,  and  decline,  in  different  ages,  and  among  different 
people:  developing  the  principles  of  the  refpe^ive  arts,  and  at 
the  fame  time  illuftrating  and  confirming  his  obfervations  by 
continual  references  to  ancient  and  modern  writers ;  and  to  the 
various  ftatueS)  paintings,  medals,  and  other  valuable  monu- 
ments of  antiquity,  which  have  come  down  to  us. 

The  principal  objeA  of  the  laff  fatal  journey  which  the  Au- 
thor undertook,  and  in  which,  on  his  return  to  Italy,  he  wa$ 
aflafBnated,  fcems  to  have  been  to  make  the  proper  arrangements 
for  publifting  a  French  edition  of  the  prefent  work.  The  Ger- 
man manufcript,  intended  for  his  future  tranflation,  was  found 
among  .his  cffe6ls  at  the  time  of  his  death  ;  and  being  carried  to 
Vienna,  was  not  till  eight  years  afterwards,  or  in  1776,  there 
publiibed  ;  but  with  numerous  im^^erfedions,  feveral  of  which 
are  noticed  by  the  prefent  Tranfiator  and  Editor ;  who  has  un- 
dertaken the  ta(k,  and  facrificed,  as  he  fays,  much  of  his  timet 
as  well  as  fortune,  through  zeal  and  a  love  of  the  fine  arts; 
added  to  an  ardent  defire  to  enable  foreigners  to  read  a  work 
which  docs  fo  much  honour  to  Germany,  his  native  country. 

In  the  firft  volume,  the  Author  treats  in  particular  of  the  ori- 
gin and  progrefs  of  jfrt  (including  under  this  general  title  the 
artsof  painting,  fculpture,  modelling,  &c.)  among  the  Egyptians 
and  Etrufcans.  In  the  fecohd,  Greece  furniihes  the  fiobleft 
materials,  or  fubjeds  of  his  inquiries.  Thefe  are  continued 
through  a  part  of  the  third  volume,  and  down  to  the  death 
of  Auguftus  Cafar ;  and  the  work  is  terminated  by  the  fubfequent 
hiftory  of  Aft  among  the  Romans. 

A  fatisf^ftory  account  of  the  life  and  writings  of  Winkelmann 
IS  prefixed  to  the  firft  volume,  principally  compiled  fron^  his 
own  private  letters  to  his  moft  intimate  friends  aiul  patrons  in 
Germany.  We  might  cxtrad  many  curious  circumftances  from 
this  part  of  the  work  ;  and  particularly  thofc  which  exhibit,  in 
the  mod  natural  colours,  that  irrefiftible  paffion  for  literature,  and 
particularly  for  antiquities,  which,  ip  the  early  part  of  his  life, 
made  this  fon  of  a  poor  German  (hoemaker  in  the  Marche  of 
Brandcnburgh  difcontented  with  his  fituation  in  his  own  coun<^ 
try,  and  refttefs  till  he  had  vifited  Italy,  and  particularly  Rome ; 
where  be  at  length  procured  a  refpedable  eftabliihment ;  and 
Wbert^  in  one  of  bis  firft  letter^,  written  from  thence  to  one  of 

bis 


Foreign  Literature.  377 

hi«  friends,  he  exprefles  his  rapture  at  meeting  with  all  the  trea* 
fures  of  antiquity — the  fupreme  goddefs  of  his  idolatry — coU 
U&td  together.  The  never-fading  beauties  of  Rome  did  not 
cloy  this  genuine  antiquary  after  long  pofief&on.  In  a  letter 
written  only  four  months  before  his  death,  he  difplays  with  en* 
thufiafm  the  happinefs  of  his  fituation  at  the  villa  of  the  Cardi« 
nal  Albinoni,  viewing  the  fca  with  the  more  luxury,  becaufe 
feated  under  the  portico  of  the  ancient  Temple  of  Fortuni.^^-'-^K 
few  of  the  more  interefting  particulars,  feleaed  from  this  ac» 
count  oi  his  life,  cannot  fail  of  giving  enteruinment  to  our 
Readers  in  general. 

It  is  well  known,  that  travellers  of  diAindion  were  glad  to 
avail  themfdves  of  the  Abbe  Winkelmann's  extenfive  knowledgo 
of  the  antiquities  of  Rome,  and  courted  his  aififtance.  In  Tome 
of  his  letters  to  his  intimate  friends,  he  frankly  gives  bis  opi« 
nion  of  their  chara£lers ;  and  relates  the  impreffions  they  made 
on  him.  From  motives  of  delicacy,  we  fhall  fupprefs  the  names 
of  fome  of  our  BritiOi  travellers  who  fell  under  the  Abbe's  ob<> 
fervation ;  and  on  the  other  hand  we  ihall  take  a  pleafure  in 
naming  others.  It  would  be  ridiculous,  and  perhaps  to  little 
purpoie,  to  fupprefs  the  name,  or  rather  /////,  of  the  firft  of  thi» 
group,  '  I 

'  1  have  kd^^  fays  he,  ^  through  Rome,  fome  weeks  paft,  an 
EngliOi  Lord^  my  Lord  Baltimore,  whofe  character  I  have 
learned  on  this  occafion.  We  fpent  a  quarter  of  an  hour  in  our 
vifit  to  the  Villa  Borghefe.  He  is  weary  of  every  thing,  and  baa 
found  nothing  that  iuits  his  tafie  at  Rome,  except  the  church  of 
St.  Peici's,  and  the  Appollo  of  Belvedere.^ 

^  This  Lord,'  fays  he  elfewhere,  '  is  an  original  that  tnerlta 
a  defcription.  He  imagines  that  he  has  too  much  underftand* 
ing ;  and  that  God  would  have  done  well  in  giving  hifn  a 
fmaihr  ihare  of  intelligence. — He  is  one  of  thofe  uneafy  Englilh^ 
inen,  who  have  loft  all  tafte,  both  phyfical  and  moral.  He  is 
about  forty  years  of  age,  and  came  hither  in  company  with  a 
young  and  handfome  £ngli(hwoman  ;  but  he  now  wants  a  fel* 
Jow  travtlier  of  our  fex,  whom  he  will  not  eafily  find  here.  He 
13  going  to  Conftantinople,  nnerely  becaufe  he  does  not  know 
how  CO  difpofe  of  himfclf.  This  man  became  at  length  fo  in^ 
fupportable  to  me,  that  I  frankly  declared  my  mind  to  him.  I 
no  longer  vific  him,  though  he  prefles  me  ftrongly  to  accom* 
pany  hiin  to  Naples.  He  has  an  annual  revenue  of  30,0001.  fter- 
ling,  which  he  knows  not  how  to  enjoy. — Laft  year  we  had 
here  tijc  Duke  of  iie  «  «,  one  of  the  fame  ftamp.' 

*  I  have  been  obliged,'  he  fays  in  another  letter,  *  to  defer 
my  journey  to  Naples ;  having  been  entreated  by  fome  Englifli 
Lords,  the  Duke  of  «««,  my  Lord  miHk  his  brother,  and 
D)y  Lord  41  ii^ «,  to  be  their  conductor  at  Rome^  and  to  attend 


37^  FOUEIGN   LiTERATURI. 

each  of  them  feparately.  I  undertook  this  matter,  much  more 
with  the  view  of  obliging  Cardinal  Albinoni,  than  from  my 
0wn  inclination ;  but  I  got  rid  of  this  engagement  in  a  few  days — 
Bot  having  met  with  the  leaft  tafte,  or  a  fenfe  of  the  beautiful^  in 
any  of  thefe  gentlemen*  Th«  iirft  of  them,  as  motionlefs  as  a 
log  in  his  chariot,  did  not  exhibit  the  leaft  fymptom  of  life, 
while  I  was  difplaying  before  him  the  beauty  of  the  aniiqui^  in 
the  moft  chofen  terms,  and  under  the  moft  fublime  imagery. 
Accordingly,  I  have  made  a  vow  never  to  be  fo  complaifant  for 
the  future ;  and  to  beftow  mj  attention  on  thofe  only  whom  I 
I  think  worthy  of  it/ 

To  (hew  that  the  Abbe  was  not  influenced  by  any  prejudices 
which  be  might  entertain  againft  the  Englilh  in  particular,  his 
ktographer  tranfcribes  part  of  one  of  his  letters,  in  which  he 
fpeaks  with  the  greateft  cfieem  of  two  other  travellers  of  the 
fame  country. 

*  I  devote  two  hours,  every  week,  to  two  gentlemen  of  great 
merit  and  learning.  Thefe  are  Mr.  (Sir  William)  Hamilton^ 
Minifler  plenipotentiary  from  the  court  of  London  to  that  of 
Naples,  and  My  Lord  Stormont,  the  Englilh  Ambaflador  at 
the  court  of  Vienna.  This  Lord  is  one  of  the  moft  learned 
men  that  1  know:  he  is  even  well  verfed  in  the  Greek  language. 
He  had  married  a  Countefe  de  Bunau,  wKofe  death  had  very 
fcnfibly  afFccied  him.  His  rc^rete  for  the  lofs  of  her,  and  the 
melancholy  occafioned  by  it,  brought  him  hither.  According- 
ly, the  dark  vapours  which  ciouded  his  mind  have  been  diffi- 
pated  in  this  happy  climate,  by  the  contemplation  of  a  thoufand 
objcds  of  curiofity.* 

In  other  letters,  he  relates  his  intr rcourfe  with  the  Prince  of 
Anhalt  Deffau^  and  the  Prince  of  BrunfwU.  Speaking  of  the 
former,  in  a  letter  to  his  friend,  Frankc,  he  fays — *  The  Prince 
•f  jlnhalt — IS  a  fage^  born  for  the  happinefs  and  delight  of  his 
fubjeds.  The  hrft  time  that  I  iaw  him,  he  entered  my  chain« 
ber  at  night,  with  a  walking  ftick  in  his  hand,  and  without  any 
attendant. — 1  am  De  Dejfau^  my  dear  Winkelmann*  faid  he;  I 
tm  come  to  Rome  for  information,  and  I  have  need  of  you.  He 
remained  with  me  till  midnight ;  and  I  have  (bed  tears  of  joy, 
on  felicitating  my  country  on  its  having  produced  fucb  a  cha- 
radlcr.' 

In  a  letter  written  to  the  fame  friend,  not  much  more  than  m 
year  before  his  death,  fpeaking  of  the  Prince  of  Brunfwic,  he 
iays — *  I  have  for  this  fortnight  paft  conftantly  «titeiided  the 
Jlchilks  of  Brunfwic^  the  hereditary  Prince. — He  has  received 
here  all  the  public  honours  due  to  his  rank  and  perfonal  quali- 
ties. I  can  boaft  of  having  been  on  the  moft  familiar  footing 
with  him.  He  one  day  expreifed  a  defire  to  run  with  me;  ana 
we  have  fometimes  excrcifed  ouriclvcs  in  this  WAy^  wah  a  view 

of 


Foreign  Literature.  379 

bf  tiring  ourfclves ;  and  have  fometimes  fo  well  fueceeded,  as  to 
take  away  our  appetites  for  our  dinners.  I  have  taken  every  op- 
portunity of  fpeaking  certain  truths  to  thefe  fpoiled  children  of 
fortune.  One  thing  which  I  have  frequently  repeated  to  them 
is,  that  I  (incerely  returned  thanks  to  Providence,  for  my  not 
having  been  born  in  a  rank  fo  elevated.  It  is  certain,  that  true 
content  is  not  their  lot.  How  often  have  I  not  told  this  amiable  . 
Prince,  that  I  was  poflefled  of  more  refources  for  happinefs  than 
himfelf !  An  intimate  connexion  with  the  great  is  the  beft 
fchool  of  content  for  people  of  our  rank.' 

It  will  immediately  appear,  however,  that  the  poor  Abbe,  ia 
bis  lower  rank  of  life,  was  doomed  foon  to  experience  that  dif- 
content  which  he  here  fo  feelingly  imputes  to  thofe  who  move 
in  the  more  elevated  fituations :  though  poflibly  the  fubfequenC 
extraordinary  change  in  the  ftateof  his  own  mind  might  pro- 
ceed only  from  phyfical  caufes,  or  fome  corporeal  derangement* 
The  moft  aflfeding  part  of  thefe  Memoirs  of  his  life  is  perhaps 
that  which  prefents  the  Abbe  himfelf  in  this  uncomfortable^ 
indeed  horrible  fituation  ;  efpecially  as  it  was  the  pre-difpoliog 
or  diftant  caufe  of  his  untimely  death. 

After  a  refidence  of  about  12  or  13  years  at  Rome,  the  Abb8 
projected  a  vifit  to  his  native  country,  in  which  he  promifed 
himfelf  much  pleafure ;  for  he  announced  his  ttitentions  to  his 
German  friends  in  a  manner  which  expreflfed  the  higheft  fatiC* 
fadlon.  He  was  accompanied  by  M.  Cavaceppi,  a  celebrated 
Roman  fculptor ;  who  has  given  a  particular  account  of  thefiiw 
gular  alteration  in  his  humour,  and  particularly  the  unaccount* 
able  depreffion  of  fpirits,  which  fuddenly  feized  his  companion 
foon  after  they  had  fet  oiF  on  their  journey.  As  they  were  ad« 
vancing  in  their  paflra^e  through  the  Alps,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountains,  he  fuddenly  changed  countenance ;  and  M.  Cava^ 
ceppi  firft  perceived  this  change  in  the  mind  of  his  fellow-tra«> 
veller.  The  view  of  the  mountains  ofiended  him,  and  he  ex* 
claimed,  *  See,  my  friend,  what  a  horrible  afped  they  prefenCf 
and  what  frightful  heights  I'  Soon  afterwards,  on  entering  the 
German  territory,  the  appearance  of  the  houfes  gave  him  equal 
ofFence.— *  What  miferable  architefiure,'  he' cried,  *  have  we 
here  !  See  how  the  roofs  of  the  houfes  terminate  in  angles  I' 
Heexprefled  with  vehemence  his  difguft  at  what  hefaw;  and 
paid  not  the  leaft  attention  to  the  reprefentations  of  his  friend, 
who  reminded  him  of  the  grand  and  fublime  afped  of  the  moun- 
tains ;  and  of  the  convenience  refulting  from  the  pyramidal  form 
of  the  roofs,  in  a  climate  where  fnow  falls  in  great  quantities. 
He  reprefented  to  him  how  little  this  delicacy  became  a  philofo- 
pher  like  him;  and  endeavoured  to  roufe  and  enliven  him  by 
quoting  fome  epigrams  of  Catullus  againft  ill-humour  and  ca- 
price :  but  in  vain.    The  Abbe  infwered  that  he  (bould  be  raw 

ferable^ 


]8o  Foreign  Literatu&b, 

ferabIC)  if  he  proceeded  further ;  and  tried  to  perfuade  him  to 
return  with  him  to  Italy.  In  their  rout  to  Munich^  the 
confiant  anfwer  which  he  gave  to  all  M.  Cavaceppi's  railleries, 
intreaties,  remonftrances,  and  reproofs,  was  ^  Torniamo  a  Roma^ 
let  us  return  to  Rome.'  His  conduct  in  this  refpeft  bordered 
almoft  on  infanity :  he  owned  that  he  was  in  the  wrong;  but 
faid,  that  he  felt  a  violent  impulfe  to  return  to  Italy,  which  he 
could  not  poflibly  rcftft:  and  all  that  his  friend  could  extort 
from  him,  was  his  confent  to  proceed  as  far  as  Vienna. 

The  Abbe  every  where  met  with  the  honours  due  to  his  me-r 
rit:  but  thefe  diftin£lions  were  not  capable  of  diUipating  the 
dark  vapours  which  clouded  his  intel)e£l;  and  he  every  where 
followed  me,  fays  M.  Cavaceppi,  like  a  criminal.  At  Ratify 
bon,  adds  M.  C,  he  refolved  to  leave  me;  and  I  afFet^ied  to  bo 
extremely  offended  with  him  on  this  account.  The  Abbe  wa9 
himfelf  fully  Cenfible  of  the  difordered  ftate  of  his  mind  ;  as  ap** 
pears  from  a  letter  here  given,  which  he  wrote  to  M.  de  Stofch  ; 
in  which  he  informs  him  of  his  refolutioo  of  returning  to  Rome 
by  the  way  of  IViefie.     This  rout  he  unfortunately  took.    ^ 

He  left  Vienna  loaded  with  civilities,  and  various  prefeBts# 

Not  far  from  Triefte,  where  he  defigned  to  embark  for  Aneona, 

)  in  his  way  to  Rome,  he  unfortunately  met  with  a  perfon,  a  nil* 

tive  of  Piftoia,  in  Tufcany,  whofe  name  was  Frani^ois  Archan^ 
geli,  who  had  been  cook  to  the  Count  of  Cataldo  at  Vienna* 
He  had  been  condemned  to  death  for  various  crimes  \  but  b^ 
lately  obtained  a  pardon,  and  his  liberty.  ^ 

To  this  convici,  Winkelmann^  ignorant  of  his  charafier,  ii| 
the  fimplicity  of  his  heart,  confided  all  his  fecrets  ;  and  parti* 
cularly  fliewcd  him  the  gold  medals  with  which  he  had  been 
prefentcd  at  the  court  of  Vienna,  together  with  a  purfe  well 
filled.  This  villain  had  zSc&t6  a  great  love  of  the  arts,  and  an 
extreme  attachment  to  the  Abbe's  perfon.  When  they  arrived 
at  Triefte,  the  Abbe,  not  choofing  to  vifit  any  perfon  in  the 
town,  ftaid  at  home ;  amufing  himfelf  \n  reading,  writing  let^ 
ters  of  thanks  to  the  friends  he  bad  left  at  Vienna,  and  making 
fpme  additions  to  the  prefent  work.  He  diverged  himfelf  too  in 
chatting  with  a  child  at  the  inn  ;  of  whom  he  had  become  fond, 
on  account  of  his  agrt^eable  prattle.  During  this  time.  Arch* 
angeli  appeared  to  buiy  himfelf  much  in  his  affairs  ;  and  particii* 
larly  in  looking  out  for  a  veflel  to  carry  the  Abbe  to  Ancona. 

On  the  8th  of  June  1768,  as  we  learn  from  our  Biographer^ 
about  two  in  the  afternoon,  Winkelmann  was  fitting  at  a  table, 
writing  particular  dtiedions  to  the  future  editor  of  this  work ; 
particularly  with  refpcci  to  the  imprefiion.  He  had  written  two 
words  of  the  fourth  paragraph,  when  Archaogeli  enters  and  in- 
terrupts him  ;  telling  him,  with  much  feeming  concern,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  him  immediately  \  in  order  to  fet  off  for  the 

Sute 


I 


Foreign  Literature.  381 

State  of  Venice.  After  he  had  taken  a  tender  farewell  of  him. 
Archangel!,  as  if  he  had  fuddenly  recolleded  himfelf,  begs  of 
him  to  (hew  him  once  more  his  medals,  the  better  to  in)prinC 
them  on  his  memory.  The  poor  Abbe,  in  hade  to  give  him 
this  fatisfadlion,  rifcs,  goes  to  his  trunk,  and  kneels  down,  in 
order  to  open  it.  The  villain  fteals  behind  him,  and  drawing 
out  of  his  pocket  a  cord  with  a  running  knot,  throws  it  over 
his  head,  in  order  to  ftrangle  him ;  but  the  cord  having  been 
flopped  at  his  chin,  he  could  not  accomplifh  his  defign.  The 
Abbe  now  roufed  from  his  lethargy,  fei^es  and  keeps  a  ftrong 
hold  of  the  cord  ;  though  the  aflaffin  wounds  his  fingers  re- 
peatedly with  a  knife  whkrh  he  had  provided.  At  length  he 
throws  himfrlf  upon  him,  and  plunges  the  knife  five  times  into 
his  belly.  He  would  have  difpatched  him  inftantly  on  the  fpot, 
had  not  the  child,  of  whom  the  Abbe  was  fo  fond,  at  that  in- 
ftant  rapped  at  the  door,  in  order  to  be  let  in.  On  this  alarm, 
the  villain  immediately  fled,  without  flopping  to  feize  the  me- 
dals which  had  tempted  him  to  commit  thi«  horrid  crime.  The 
unfortunate  Winkelmann  received  immediate  afliftance ;  but  his 
wounds  were  found  to  be  mortal.  He  forgives  his  murderer, 
receives  the  facraments,  dictates  his  Jail  will  with  the  great- 
eft  prefence  of  mind,  and  dies  in  feven  hours.  The  aiTaifin 
was  feized,  and  brought  to  Triefle;  where  he  received  the 
reward  of  his  crimes. 

The  murderer  afterwards  confefled  that  he  had  fully  intended 
to  have  aflaffinated  the  Abbe  the  day  before  ;  but  that  juft  as  he 
was  on  the  point  of  executing  this  refolution,  the  good  Abbe 
had  invited  him  with  fo  much  benignity  to  partake  of  his  break- 
foft,  that  his  heart  failed  him,  and  he  found  it  out  of  his  power 
to  proceed  in  his  horrid  purpofe. 

Though  the  Abbe  publifhed  many  other  works,  replete  with 
erudition  and  found  eriticifm,  and  which  have  greatly  contri- 
buted to  infpire  a  true  tafte  for  the  objects  of  antiquity ;  this  is 
doubtlefs  his  capital  performance.  It  is  indeed  an  Unique  in  its 
kind,  and  contains  every  thing  eflential  to  the  (ludy  of  antiqui- 
ties. We  fhail  only  at  prefent  add,  that,  in  this  enlarged  and 
improved  edition,  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  of  the  nume* 
rous  chapters  into  which  the  work  is  divided,  are  ornamented 
with  engravings  which  reprefent  ibme  capital  remains  of  anti- 
quity. We  hope  foon  to  have  an  opportunity  \;>f  giving  our 
Readers  a  few  fpecimens  of  the  work  itfelf. 


MONTHLY 


I. 

'  0 
I 


1 


MONTHLY    CATALOGUE, 

For       MAY,      1782. 

Political. 

Art*  ir.   tyays  and  Means:  or  a  Sale  of  the  L*««s  S«"*"*l 

and  T******J,  by  R»*«I  ?••••••••!, ;  prcmifing  the  Rcfolationt 

which  fanfli tied  fo  irregular  a  Meafure,  and  exhibiting  the  Merits^ 
Price,  and  DeilinatioD  of  the  feveral  Lots,  with  the  Names  of  ihc 
Furchafers.     ^.to.     3s.    Kearfly.     1782. 

T  has*  of  late,  been  faihiosable  wit  to  (ketch  ont  the  ckara^rs* 
or  alluiioni  to  the  cbaraderty  of  eminent  perfons,  by  apt  quou<« 
tions  of  applicable  paflages,  from  the  works  of  celebrated  authors* 
ancient  and  modern.  In  the  piece  before  us,  fuch  chara^eritics  are 
attempted  in  the  high  flowa  langoage  of  a  tomijb  aadUoncer:  Lord 
North  being  the  Cbrifi'n  of  the  occafion. 

aP£CIM£NS. 

«   Tif  Earl  of •. 

*  A  man  of  gallantryy  a  qu^nJam  Minider  of  /«//^r//y ;  .and,  to 
fum  up  has  perfedions,  a  lot  of  incomparable  nnrtu.  Old,  yet  not 
decrepid  ;  a  debauchee,  yet  warm  as  beauty  could  wiih  to  fancy  him  ; 

|A  without  a  penny,  in  bis  pocket,  yet  carelefs,  and  exulting  as  the  deity 

who  guards  him  from  the  ikirniiftes  of  unequal  lore,  and  iecures  him 
from  the  deHined  hazards  of  impeaclimenr.  At  the  n — y  board,  or  at 
a  cacch  club,  abfoiute  and  unrivalled.  In  his  fenatorial,  or  his  do- 
meflic  capacity,  inimitably  wonderful ;  in  his  houfe,  great,  in  Mo* 
ther  *s,    greater :    In   addrefs,   incomparable ;    in  undreft» 

ravifhing !  A  hundred  thoufand  guineas ! 

*  The  Town  of  H  L'^ooJ 

«  Tbt  Earl  fl/-  ... J. 

*  A  Prelate  rather  amiable  than  exalted,  rather  idolized  than 
learned.  Yet  in  the  fchools  of  literature  few  have  excelled  him,  ia 
the  united  grandeur  of  perfonal  and  hereditary  hotfdurs,  no  one  equals 
him.  Sage  morality,  myfterious  fcience,  and  polifhed  eruditioii» 
have  joined  in  forming  for  his  brow  a  triple  wreath  of  genuine  excel- 
lence. Wit  and  vivacity  mark  him  for  their  own,  and  focial  philan- 
fhropy  enriches  him  with  every  teilinony  of  partial  kindnefs.  Ten 
thoufand  pounds  for  this  ineHimable  purchafe. 

*  The  Primate  of  I—— d.  "^^30.000/ 
In  this  manner  the  noble  au^ioneer  goes  through  the  whole  lift  of 
the  Upper  Houfe ;  and  he  (hews  himfelf  to  be  equally  dextrous  and 
adroit  at  handling  the  white-waih  and  the  blacking-bruih.  The 
money  accruing  from  the  fale,  a  prodigious  fum  !  is  to  be  appro* 
priated  to  government  fervice.  Poflibly  this  is  intended  as  a  ftroke  of 
xidicule  on  certain  new  plans  of  public  ceconomy.  An  advertifement 
fron)  d»e  piiliflier,  in  the  news-papers,  gives  the  honour  of  this  pro* 
dudioLto  the  ingenious  author  ^i  KilkbamfUn' Abbey. 

•  Sandwich.  t  ^nM. 


MoWTHLY  Catalogue,  Political.  383 

Arti  12.     Political  Obfervations  en  the  Population  of  Conntrieu 

8vo.  18.  Elmfly.  I782. 
An  extrafl  or  two  from  thefe  Cbfervaiions  will  fuinciently  infbrai 
the  reader  of  the  general  principle  that  is  maintained  through  tht 
whole ;  which  not  being  extteoiely  clear  in  icfelf,  to  our  apprehenfioni^ 
we  mud  alfo  confcTs  that  no  eodeavoars  of  the  Author  have  been  able 
to  ittt  ic  from  obfcurity. 

*  Ic  has  been  obferved,  that  where  commons  have  been  inclofed,  the 
fame  tra6l  of  land  which  was  before  interfperfed  with  cottages,  each 
of  which  contained  a  family,  has  afterwards  been  thrown  into  one 
laree  farm  with  only  one  houfe  upon  it.  The  fame  has  alfo  been 
obierved  where  (he  fmall  farms*  into  which  the  country  was  formerljr 
divided,  are  united  and  lett  to  one  tenant,  I  (hall  not  contend  for  ' 
thejodiceor  inju (lice  of  thefe  obfervations;  for  whether  the  num* 
bers  of  the  people  have  been  diminifhed  or  encreafed,  the  cultivation 
of  the  land  has  been  undoubtedly  improved,  and  its  produce  aug« 
mented;  and  therefore  the  diminution  of  inhabitants,  if  ic  has  taken 
place,  is  far  from  being  an  evil.  On  the  contrary,  the  confumpnon 
being  decreafed  with  the  numbers  of  the  confumers,  and  the  produce 
increafed  by  the  improvements  of  arts  and  indudry,  the  fuperfluitjr 
which  remains  to  be  employed  againft  the  enemies  of  the  date  U 
greater  •.' 

*  Inftead  therefore  of  complaining  of  a  diminution  of  inhabitaatat 
fuppofing  fuch  a  diminution  has  happened,  we  ought  rather  to  rejoice 
that  we  have  been  relieved  from  a  burdenfome  fuperfluitv,  and  to 
wi(h  the  diminution  more  rapid*  fince  a  change  of  circumttances  has 
rendered  us  unable  to  find  employment  for  thofe  we  have.  If  every 
perfon  maintained  by  parochial  taxes  were  to  emigrate.  I  believe 
there  is  no  one  will  deny  that  the  parliamentary  taxes  would  be  le(s 
burdenfome,  of  courfe  the  public  more  capable  of  great  exertions. 
This  decreafe  of  population  would  of  itfelf  ccafe,  as  foon  as  it  ceafed 
to  be  beneficial.  As  trade  recovered,  and  the  demand  for  labour  in-* 
creafed,  the  natural  love  of  gain  would  fupply  as  with  inhabiunts  ai 
fad  as  we  could  profitably  employ  them  ;  for  population,  if  not  con- 
fined by  artificial  oblUu^tions,  will  preferve  asexadt  a  level  by  the  at- 
traflive  power  of  private  incerell,  as  water  doe&  by  iheatcraflive  power 
of  the  earth.  There  may  be  local  afHuxc.H  and  influxes  of  the  one  at 
well  as  the  other ;  but  both  will  return  to  their  natural  equilibriuoij 
as  foon  as  the  contingent  or  periodical  caufes  of  variation  are  re- 
moved ||.' 

Thofe  who  apprehend,  and  join  in  thefe  remarks,  will  doubtlele 
wifh  to  fee  the  whole  ;  and  may  be  more  fortunate  than  we  have  been 
in  the  faii8raiiir>n  it  may  afford  them.  If^ 

Art.  I  ^.  Lucubrations  during  ajhort  RiCi/s,  By     ^  — — ,  Efqi 

Member  of  Parliament  tonne  V-cuiiCy  ot   ?^vo.     is.  6<l* 

Debrett. 

Thefe  lucubrations  are  not  conceived  and  penned  Co  as  to  difcredic 
the  chara^er  intimated  in  the  title-paee.  The  objed  of  the  pamphlet 
is  a  reformation  of  the  parliamentary  lepretcntation  of  the  people; 
which  the  Auihor,  in  common   with  other  tpeculatids,    propofes  to 


•p.  7.  IP.4S. 


384.  Monthly  Catalooub,  PoKticat. 


\  cfTe^  by  taking  away  an  hundred  Members  from  the  mod  inconlider 

able  boroughs,  either  wholly  or  fn  part,  and  transferring  them  to  thi 
>  counties ;  the  coilcdivc  b<.*dy  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons  dill  remain* 

lag  the  fame  in  number.     To  obviate  the  objection  of  injufticc  11 
.  depriving  men  of  their  franchifes,  he  recommends  porchafing,  01 

I  giving  to  boroughs  fome  compenfation  for,  the  rights  fo  withdrawn  \ 

but  there  appears  no  great  reafon  for  fuch  an  expenditure,  opon  t 
little  reflexion.  The  right  of  (ending  members  10  parliament  in  cor 
porate  bodies,  has,  from  the  inflances  our  Author  produces,  beec 
always  of  a  flo6luating  nature;  and  'the  caufe  is  obvious,  land  beinj 
permanent,  but  popular  aifociations  variable ;  fince  the  change  oi 
circumdances  that  dilated  former  alterations  may  juftify  new  regu- 
lations, efpecially  fuch  as  do  not  operate  to  diminiih  the  aggregate 
\  reprefentative  body.    If  the  freeholders  of  Gatton,  and  the  freeholder] 

■  of  Old  Sarum,  (hould  complain  ofthelofs  of  their  Mcrmbers,  with 

liow  much  more  judice  may  the  inhabitants  of  Mancheder,  Shcfiicldi 
and  Birmingham  (all  of  whom,  by  the  bye,  are  totaUy  overlooked 
b    '  by  our  Author,  who  transfers  ninety-five  Members  from  the  trading 

[  to  the  landed  intered*),  complain  thai  they  have  no  a^liv^  participa- 

\  tion  in  the  political  conditution  ?  If  corporations  acquired  voices  in 

X  the  legiflative  body  on  commercial  confiderations,  thofe  coofiderationi 

'  4  ought  to  govern  them,  and  attend  to  the  alterations  they  uodergo  \ 

(  of  courfe,  a  new  claim  from  a  populous,  flouridiing  town,  has  every 

:^*    ,  conditutional  advantage  over  the  weak,  venal  voice  of  an  expiring 

1^  borough,  funk  into  private  property  !  The  grand  council  of  the  na< 

tion  is  the  only  tribunal  competent  to  corred  the  irregularities  tim^ 
fliay  have  occafioned  in  pailiamentary  reprefentation  ;  and  if  a  de- 
cayed borough  is  declared,  by  the  reprefentatives  of  the  whole  hodj 
of  the  people,  to  have  lod  its  conditutional  claim  to  fend  burgefici 
into  parliament,  what  is  the  purchafe  of  an  extin£l  right  ?  Are  z/rui 
ignorant,  needy  wretches  to  be  indemnified  for  being  deprived  d 
powers  they  abufe  ?  Is  the  Public  to  allow  them  compenfation  for  thi 
lofs  of  their  feptennial  bribes  ?  Or  is  the  feudal  Lord  of  fuck  bafii 
Tadfals  to  have  the  feptennial  fale  of  his  borough  made  up  to  htm 
lirom  the  public  purfe  ?  Thefe  are  proper  quedions ;  and  an  unqoali- 
fied  negative  is  the  only  proper  anfwer.  It  is  to  be  hoped,  it  is  tc 
be  expelled,  that  no  nobleman  or  gentleman  who  forms  a  part  oi 
the  prefent  Minidry,  or  who  now  joins  to  fupport  the  adminidratioa 
of  his  country,  will  ever  be  found  to  tradic  away  his  boroughs,  but 
rather  to  emancipate  them  by  a  formal  furrender  of  all  undue  politi- 
cal  infloeace  o^er  them  ?  But  what  would  the  country  be  (he  bettei 
lor  fuch  virtuous  felf-denial  f  Thofe  boroughs  would  only  make  tb< 
•l^better  bargains  for  themfelves  as  principals,  than  they  now  do  ia 
Ibbordination  to  their  barons  !  The  good  of  the  country,  therefore, 
calls  loudly  for  -the  extindioa  of  fuch  pernicious  privileges,  as  fap 
the  vitals  of  our  conditution. 

The  author  confiders  the  reformation  fo  warmly  urged  by  fomi 
popular  gentlemen,  of  (hortening  the  duration  of  parliaments ;  bai 
to  this  expedient  he  dates  fuch  objections,  as  we  confefs  appear  to  bt 
{  fiifficiently  cogent :  but  we  cannot  enlarge. 

[  — ^ 

l^  *  He  adds  two  to  Loodoo^  two  to  WedmiAdera  and  one  to  South- 

wark«  ^^ 

«•     Art 


;.>•  ^ 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoUtkdii  385 

r 

Art.  14.     Subftanct  of  the  Cbargt  of  Mtfmanagtment  in  his  Ma^ 

jeflfiHa'val  Jffiursy  in  the  Y«ar   178',  compared  with  aotbeati^ 

Papers  Iiid  before  the  Hoofe,  on  Mr.  Fox's  Motion»  in  the  Month 

of  February,  1782.    lo  which  is  added^  a  complete  Lift  of  t&e 

Divifion,     8vo,     is.    Stockdale. 

All  that  this  pamphlet  contains,  except  perhaps  the  lifts  of  tli# 
diviiion,  has  already  appeared  in  the  news-papers,  and  is  now  obfo- 
lete,  from  an  alteration  of  circumftances ;  and  it  is  ardently  to  bs 
hoped  we  may  be  able  to  congratulate  ourfelves,  that  all  our  execd* 
five  departments  are  under  new  managers :  efpeciaiiy  as  the  prefent 
managers  are  thofe  who  fo  ftrenuoufly  pointed  oat»  and  remonftratei 
againfty  the  mifconduft  of  their  predeceflbrs.  "tf 

Art.  15.  An  EJfay  on  thi  Nature  of  a  Loan;  being  jih  Intrb^ 
dudion  to  the  Knowledge  of  Public  Accounts.  8yo.  6d.  Dc. 
brett.     1782. 

A  ftiort  gloftary  of  the  terms  £«««,  tntertjt^  C$mmm\ffiou^  Infttranee^ 
jfMMwitj,  Three  fir  Cents.  Four  per  Cemte,  Premiutk,  Bm^s,  and  Difceumt  { 
which  are  almoft  all  the  noun  fubftantives  nfed  in  the  pecoliar  language 
of  the  Stock  Exchange ;  with  an  application  of  them  to  the  twolaft  Ibanl 
as  lefTons  of  bad  funding ;  in  like  manner  as  grammarlans'for^ecimei 
inftrn^  their  fcholars  by  leflbnsof  bad  language.  The  authot's  inten* 
tion  is  to  qualify  all  who  are  defirous  to  rummage  the  odds  and  ends 
in  the  minifterial  budget,  which  is  opened  once  a  year  to  patch  ufl 
the  old  ftate  ketile,  whereas  two  holes  fometimes  burft  out  in  the 
ftoppage  of  one.  If  this  tra£l  is  well  received,  he  promifes  a  larger 
work,  to  which  this  is  to  be  confidered  as  an  introduction.  W, 

Art.  16.  The  Prefent  Hour.  8vo.  is.  Dcbrctt;  lySa* 
The  delcriber  of  the  prefent  hour  promifes  us  much  from  the  le- 
torrnptibli  integrity  of  the  prefent  cabinet :  And  in  fober  truths  i^ 
they  poflfefs  it  not  in  the  fulleft  extent,  after  fuch  abundant  pfofeflions  ; 
—but  we  will  not  anticipate  difappointments ;  fot  if  the  leaft  iralne  is 
fet  upon  good  fame,  no  men  furely  ever  gave  ftronger  verbal  fecerit/ 
for  the  redlitude  of  their  intentions !  New  brooms  are  faid,  by  good 
houfewivcf,  to  fweep  clean  ;  and  our  new  miniftm  having  lodg  la« 
boured  to  get  brooms  into  their  hands,  it  is  certainly  now  to  be  ex* 
peded.  that  not  a  cobweb  will  be  overlooked  in  any  of  the  apart* 
ihents,  or  departments,  of  the  ftate.  ^« 

Art.  17.     Cohfidimtvons  on  the  Attorney  dHiraFs  Pr^ofition  fef 
a  Bill  /or  the  Eftahlijhment  of  Peace  'with  America,     By  an  old 
Member  of  Parliament.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Debrett.     178a. 
This  writer  has  an  averfion  to  lawyer*politicians,  and'  to  the  offer 
of  peace  being  made  by  parliament :  the  former,  he  fays,  all  declare 
that  to  be  legal  which  Mtnifters  deem  expedient,  or  are  ttidy  to  drair 
i)p  a  bill  to  make  it  legal :  as  to  the  latter,  be  thinks  it  the  duty  of  the 
King's  fervahts  to  oifer  peace ;  but  a  degradation  of  the  coiimry  for 
the  offtr  to  come  from  parliament.     Befide^  now  parliamenury  pro- 
ceedings are  made  public,  the  defign  and  the  meafure  are  known  to 
the  enemy  before  the  execution  is  attempted ;  which  is  therefore  ren* 
dered  abortive.     His  wifties  for  a  thorough  change  of  the  Miniftrjr 
are  now  fulfilled. 

R£V.  May  1782.  C  c  Art* 


/ 


3^6      Monthly  Catalogue,  Affain  of  Inland^  &c. 

Art.  l8.   ACandidEjllmateoftheMiniJ!c'r'sAbUit7et.    8vo.    6 J/ 

Siockdale.      1782. 

Lord  North  weighed  in  the  balance,  and  foand  waniiog.  This 
traft  was  publiilied  jull  before  the  late  political  Revolutioo.  The  re* 
fttlc  of  the  author's  methodical  invedigaiion  is  thus  compreflfcdy  in  a 
few  lines,  by  way  of  concluding  paragr<iph  : 

*  I  mud  afTer:,  that  hi^  Lardlhip's  hearc  is  better  than  his  head; 
that  he  is  to  be  edeemrd  as  a  g  od  man,  th  )ugh  he  cannot  be  ad- 
mired.as  a  great  one.  His  ambition  is  greater  than  his  abilities,  and 
too  ftrong  for  his  reafon  His  eloquence  is  the  gift  of  nartire  ;  he 
iioflvflcs  no  other  requifites  to  the  pcrfc£l  character,  nor  will  ever 
'  pbiTefs  them.  Culture  will  never  remedy  inhrrent  barrehnefs.  Other 
qualificatipns  he  has,  lefs  fpkndid  indeed,  but  more  ofeful.  The' 
moderate  and  agreeable  virtues  which  infure  the  happinefs  atid  honour 
of  domedic  life,  which  are  exad  without  rigc^ir,  and  alTumed  without 
ollentation,  are  thofe  which  embellish  and  dignify  his  condufl.  To 
tie  poll  in  which  he  now  {lands  he  is  unequal ;  that  beit  Hacion  oF 
humanity  which  conoe£ls  eafe  with  dignity,  and  virtue  with  letters, 
no  man  could  fill  better ;  and  when  he  retires,  or  when  h.-*  h  driven 
fcom  public  eminence,  he  may  perhaps  ack'  owlcdge  thf  utility  of 
thefe  remarks,  and  coofefs  that. the  language  of  ;ruth  was  once  ip'oken 
by  the  writer  of  a  pamphlet,  9 

Affairs    of   Ireland. 
Art.  19.     The  Claims  of  Ireland^  and   the  Refolutions  of  the  Vo^ 
"*    luntttrt^  mndicatid \  on   the  Principles  ofSeidcn,  Sidney,  Locke, 
.&c.  &c. .&€.    By  Leonard  M^c^ally,  Efq;    8vo.    is.  6u.  Jobnfon* 

A  fpiriced  comment  on  the  Refolutions.  The  author  argues  iia 
fapport  of  tbt  claimi  on,  what  he  apprehends  to  be,  cunriituiional 
principles ;  and  we  think  it  will  not  be  an  cafy  matter  for' any  oppo- 
nent, on  the  fame  ground,  to  invalidate  his  rcafonings,  or  concla- 
fions* 

America. 
Art.  20.     Hh  Declaration  and  Addrefs  of  his  Majefty's  fuffcring 

Loyalillsy  to  the  People  of  America.      4to.      is,  6d.     fieckec. 

<«  Many  readers,  on  our  fide  the  Atlantic,  will,  perhaps,  confider 
this  Maniftfto  as  the  lalt  eifort  of  expiring  Loyalty  in  North  America* 
It  docs  not  appear  who  is  the  author,  or  who  are  rhi  authors,  or 
fubfchbers  to  it  ;.bttt  it  comes  to  us  as  the  ultimate  re/cl^t  of  many 
in  ill  the  provinces,  never  to.fubmit  to  the  ufurped  dominion  of  the 
Congifefoi  who  are  be^e  digmatifed  as  a  (et  of  tyrants,  whofe  govern- 
ment ia  not  Icfs //tr^Arij^/r  than  fV/^^o/.  The  ecitor  tells  us,  in  his 
preface,  that  this  tra£l  )iath  had  a  very  exteniive  circulation  through 
(he Colonies,  notwithflanding  the  endeavours  of  Corgrefs  to  fucpreL  it* 
iFclie  number  of  dfterfnjmd  hojTXi^s  be  as  gr-eai  as  this  Addrefs 
fett  forth,  and  if  they  ptrfevere  in  their  declared  rric^iutions,  a  for- 
midable oppofition  to  the  new  republican  governirent  may  be  main- 
tained,  even  though  Great  Britain  (hou.d  relirquifh  the  war,  and 
leave  our  deferted  adherents  vq proud  themielvcs. 

.  Tkere  it  great  vehemence  ai\4  bitterneis  of  rcfentment  expreffed  in 

ihifpamphitft  bat  it  contains  fuch  a  reprefentation  of  ih? 'flare  of 

•^  I  public 


Monthly  Catalogus,  America.  ^38^ 

public  afTairs  in  that  coantry,  as  may  prove  acceptable  to  vsrioas 
readers  at  home.     Tbofc  readers^  however,  will  judge  for  themfelvta    . 
ywhat  Credit  they  ought  to  afford  lo^dnonymous  rej^refentation's. 

Afcer  all,  perhaps,  this  Declaration  mav  be  corfidered  only  as  a 
manorwvref  which  has  originated  at  New  Vorkf.  Hut  this  is  ofF^'red 
merely  as  a  random  conjedare,  in  which  we  may  be  uicerlv  mif- 
caken. 

Art.  21.  C^nfilatory  Thoughts  on  American  Independence; 
(hewing  the  great  Advantages  that  will  arife  from  it  to  the  Mann* 
fadares,  the  Ai);riculture,  and  Commercial  Intereft  of  Britain  and  . 
Ireland.  Publiihed  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Orphan  Hofpital  at 
Edinburgh.  By  a  Merchant.  Svo.  is.  Edinburgh  printed' bj 
Donaldfon.     1782. 

'i  his  well-meaning  writer,  on  the  profpedl  of  the  eUablifhment  of 
;'   independence  in  the  American  province;,  confoles  as  with  a  reprefen- 
tation  of  the  advantages  that  will  be  derived  from  a  general  frtedoofi 
of  trade  to  ail  the  American  ports;  in  which  he  coincides  with  thofe 
writers  who  think  that  this.  QK)ttld  be  the  bafis  of  a  general  pacifica- 
tion. J^^ 
Art.  22.     Two  Memorials^  not  originally  intended  for  Publica- 
tion, now  poblifhed  ;  with  an  Explanatory  Preface.     By  Governor 
Powrall.     }Jvo.     IS.  6d.     Dodflcy.     1782. 

The  Governor  has,  in  thcfe  Memorials,  fobmitted  to  his  Majefty'a 
coniideration,  *  on  the  grounds  of  fa^,  firil,  how  the  fovereignty 
(over  America)  cxifleJ  in  cfficicncv,  prior  to  the  revolt :  fecondly,  oa 
what  ground  it  mud  now  (land,  as  the  ilate  of  our  negotiations  have 
placed  ic  :  and  thirdly,  having  in  his  fecond  memorial,  by  a  detailed 
itat:  of  (he  fervice,  (hewn  how  it  ftands  ccmmitred,  in  confequence 
;  jof  the  events  of  the  war  ;  cannot  perceive  that  he  exceeds  the  bounds 
■^of  du:y,  which  a  faithful  fubjtdt  owes  to  bis  kirg  ard  country,  whea 
he  recommended,  in  his  fecofid  memorial,  the  withdrawing  the  troops 
iron)  a  fubordinate  conced  in  North  America,  t^hich  mult  be  decided 
by  o:her  events  clfewhcrc ;  or  that  he  offends  againft  the  llriiUll 
bonds  of  his  allegiance,  when  he  recommends  the  ir^eating  with  the 
Americans  as  with  free  dates,  for  a  truce  in  terms  of  n/i  pojjedethf  as 
preliminary  to  a  general  congrefs  of  Europe;  while,  faving  the  ho- 
nour of  ihe  crown,  he  removes  the  dnmbling  block  which  lies  in  U^ 
niUt  and  recommends  what  may  be  made  praClicible  :  Nor  that  he 
could  incur  the  imputation  of  betraying  the  crown,  if  he  was  a  Mi* 
nillcr.  and  (hould  advife,  in  cafe  the  fovereignty  can  neither  be  pre- 
served by  arms,  nor  re-etlablithed  by  treaty,  not  a  furrenrier  or  a 
cedion,  but  a  withdrawing  fro(n  the  difmancied  ruins  of  a  iortrefs^ 
'  no  loii?:er  dsfcnfible  or  tenable.*  Jn  thefc  memorials  the  Governor 
offered  hi^  fervices  to  undertake  the  ncgociaiion  of  aninjctinite  truce,' 
as  a  preliminary  to  a  treaty  of.peace.  But  the  memorials  containing 
inatter  of  adminidration,  they  were  communicated  to  his  Maje!ly*a 
Minillcrs,  prior  to  the  offcr^  of  them  to  the  King  himfelf.  Some  of 
them,  however,  not  agreeing  to  the  meafure  of  opening  any  foch  ne- 
gociation   with    the  perfons  referred  to,  as  being  authorifed  by  the 

f  I:  is  dated  January  8,  1782  ;  but  no  f /ace  mentioned. 

C  c  2  Americana 


«  « 


388  ..   Monthly  Catalooue^  Edfl-lndieu 

y^merlcans  to  treat  for  a  peace,  the  memorials  were  delivered  baek 
and  pever  prefented ;  and  to  this  rejedlian  we  owe  the  pabiicatioo  of 
them.  %\ 

East-Indies.  *^^ 

Art.  23.  A  Letter  to  Edmund  Burke^  Efq\  on  the  latter  Part  of 
the  late  Report  of  the  SeieA  Committee  on  the  State  of  Juftice  ia 
Bengal.  With  Tome  carious  Particulars  and  original  Anecdotes 
concerning  the  Forgery  committed  by  Maha  Rajah  Nundcomar  B»- 
hadar,  on  the  Proof  of  which  he  loft  his  Life.  Together  with  fome 
Remarks  on  the  Condudl  of  the  Mnjority  of  the  Civil  Gorernnent 
at  that  Time  in  Fort  William,  Bengal,  proper  and  aecelTary  to  be 
perufed  and  duly  weighed  by  every  Member  of  both  Hoo(et  of 
Parliament,  before  they  proceed  to  determine  on  the  evidence 
given  up  in  the  Firft  Report  of  the  Seledl  Committee  of  theHoaie 
of  Commons.     8vo.     as.  6d.     No  bookfeller's  name.*  Ij 

Art.  24.  A  Second  Letter  to  the  Right  Honourable  Edmund  Burte^ 
£fq;  on  the  Subjeft  of  the  Evidence  referred  to  in  the  Second 
Report  of  the  Select  Committee  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  State  of  Juftice  in  the  provinces  of  Ben* 
gal,  Bahar,  and  OriiTa.     With  a  complete  Refutation  of  every  Fa* 
xagraph  in  the  Letter  of  Mr.  Philip  Francis  to  the  Court  of  Direc- 
tors of  the  Eaft  India  Company,  copied  from  No.  7  of  the  Appen* 
.    dix  to  the  faid  Report.     8vo.    is.  6d.     Whitaker. 
.    Thia  writer  warmly  fupportt  the  charader  of  Governor  Haftinga 
againft  the  accafations  of  Mr.  Francis ;  and  for  any  thing  we  know  to 
ihe  contrary,  every  word  he  writes  may  be  ftriAly  true ;  but  this  w« 
will  venture  to  add^  that  had  he  been  more  temperate  in  his  laa« 
^uage,  and  fuperior  to  the  ufe  of  farcaftic  afperities,  Mr.  HaHinga 
would  have  been  under  greater  obligations  to  his  advocate*  ^ 

NavalAffairs.  W 

Art.  25.  Letters  addrejfed  to  the  Admiraby^  on  the  Naval 
and  Commercial  Interefts  of  this  Kingdom.  By  Lieutenant  Tom* 
linfon.  Recommended  to  the  rooft  ferious  Attention  of  the  Legif* 
Jature.     $vo*     is.    Debrett.     1782. 

From  thefe  letters  we  find  that  Lieutenant  Tomlinfon  having,  frooi 
ill  health,  fofficient  opportunity  for  ftudy,  was  for  fome  time  at  alofa 
on  what  fubjed  he  fbould  employ  his  thoughts^  that  might  be  offer- 
vice  to  the  nation,  and  of  advantage  to  himfelf.  At  length  be  recol- 
ledled  the  fpeedy  decay  of  fhips  of  war ;  and  therefore  flndied  th« 
feafoning  of  (hip  timber.  Accordingly  he  has  written  an  effayon  thia 
fubjedt,  which  he  confidently  afierts  will  teach  how  to  make  (hips  laft 
three  times  as  long  as  thofe  feafoned  in  the  common  methods ;  that 
he  can  build  them  fo  faft,  that  all  the  maritime  powers  of  Europe 
^all  not  be  able  to  keep  pace  with  us  in  the  increafe  of  their  fleets  ; 
that  from  the  direfl  anfwer  to  a  fimple  queftion,  he  can  tell  the  worft 
part  of  any  fhip  without  ever  feeing  her ;  that  he  has  a  certain  method 
of  procuring  able  Teamen  to  man  our  (hips ;  and  that  after  a  peace 
he  knows  how  to  employ  twenty  thoufand  fcamen  under  the  direCtioa 
cf  the  Admiralty,  to  the  fatisfattion  of  the  men,  and  to  the  advantage 
of  the  nation.    ^ 

*  Wbitaktr  it  in  the  advcrtifefflcntt. 

H« 


MoifTHLY  Catalogue,  W^oUen  Trade.  389 

He  apprized  the  Admiralty  of  thefe  difcoveries  in  asftrong  terms  as 
if  he  had  alrtady  float  (hips  to  produce,  more  than  twice  the  age  of  any 
in  the  navy;  with  hints  of  cxpeding  fome  advantage  from  the  com* 
municaiion  of  his  efTay.  He  was  referred  to  the  navy  board,  who  in- 
vited him  to  fhew  his  papers;  this»  however,  he  declined;  but  has 
continued  for  three  years  to  fend  Lord  Sandwich,  Lord  Mulgrave, 
l<ord  Hilllborough,  and  Mr.  Stephens,  occafional  letters,  as  news- 
paper intelligence  infpired  him,  without  having  any  farther  notice, 
taken  of  his  correfpondence. 

It  might  appear  cruel  to  treat  a  man  Indicroufly  who  has  laboured 
io  long  under  negledt ;  but  though  he  may.  be  credited  with  meaning, 
the  welfare  of  his  country  as  the  firft  confideration,  and  his  private 
advantage  only  in  fubordination  to  that  grand  objedl ;  yet  as  the 
publication  of  thefe  letters  is  a  dired  appeal  to  the  public  againft  our 
marine  minifters,  we  cannot  avoid  hinting,  that  there  is  (omething 
throogbout,  both  the  matter  and  flile  of  all  his  addreifes,  that  feems  to 
C0untera6l  the  aflur antes  he  fo  liberally  makes  of  the  value  and  cer- 
tainty of  his  difcoveries,  \k 
Art.  26.     An  EJfay  on  the  Duty  and  Salifications  of  a  Sea  Officer. 

Written  originally.  Anno  17(10,  for  the  Ufe  of  two  young  Otiiceia. 

By  the  Rev.  James  Ramfay,  Chaplain  in  his  Majefly's  Navy.    The 

third  Edition  improved.     8vo.     is.  6i.     Robinfon.     1780. 

The  firil  edition  of  this  ytiy  ufeful  compendium  was  publiihed  la 
the  Year  i765t,  when,  as  we  are  now  informed,  the  profits  of  the 
impreflion  were  appropriated  by  the  benevolent  author  to  the  Mag* 
dalen  and  Britifh  Lying-in  hofpitals ;  as  that  of  the  fecond  and  third 
editions  are,  to  the  Maritime  bchool,  or  in  cafe  of  its  failure,  to  the 
Marine  Society.  Thos^  while  our  authoi-  dedicates  hia  time  in  a 
twofold  capacity  to  the  fisrvice  of  the  navy,  he  demonflrates  his  fin- 
cerity  by  his  difinterefiednefs  ;  and  if  the  performance,  which  is  now 
corre^ed  and  enlarged,  is  attended  to  in  proportion  to  its  merit, 
our  ofEcers  will  gain  many  practical  hints  not  unworthy  the  notice  of 
the  mod  experienced,  and  the  iecondary  views  of  the  Writer  will  bo 
fttitably  anfwered.  ^^ 

Woollen     Trade.  W* 

Art.  27.     Jtt  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and  ^alities  of  Englifl) 

fVoah,  and  the  Variations  of  Breed  in  Sheep :    with  iome  ihort 

Remarks  on  the  Dean  pf  Gloucefler's  Pamphlet  on  coarfe  Wools  ; 

and  Propofals  for  relieving  the  Wool  Growers  by  a  Mode  which 

will  not  prejudice  the  ManafaAorers.    By  a. Gentleman  Farmer. 

Svo.     IS.    Evans.    Pater  Nofter  Row.     1782. 

According  to  this  intelligent  writer,  there  are  bat  two  diflindlions 
of  Iheep,  in  which  we  are  envied  by  foreigners ;  thefe  are  firll,  the 
Aieep  of  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  Northamptonihire,  Devonihire?  and  par* 
ticularly  Herefordihire ;  all  more  or  lefs  remarkable  for  the  finenefs 
of  their  fleeces ;  fecondly,  thofe  of  Warwickshire  and  Lincoln(hire» 
jKrhich  are  not  peculiar  in  the  finenefs  of  their  Wool,  but  in  the 
quantity  they  yield,  and  in  the  length  of  the  ilaple.  He  argues,  that 
thefe  are  not  different  in  fpecies  from  the  other  iheep  in  the  ifland,  bat 
derive  their  peculiar  qualities  from  the  paftqre  on  which  they  feed  ;  (b 


t  See  Rev.  vol.  XXXIIL  p.  88. 
CC3 


tbat 


t/ie 


390  Monthly  Catalogue,  WoolhnTradi. 

that  a  breed  ofheavy  fleeced  Lipcolnfhire  (heep,  conveyed  to  the  looca* 

tains  oi  Wale,  would  foon  degenerate  to  the  flandard  of  the  native 

^^  mouniaincei's  there.     In  the    fine  forts,  he  obferves,  there  is  litt]6 

dange*  of  rivailhip  on  the  continent,  Spain  excepted  ;  but  in  the 
coarfe  kirds    our  only  faperiority  is  in   the  quantity  of  the  pro.iuc^ 
The  preference  given  abroad  to  Britiih  woollen  goods,  he  attributes 
to  thf  fuperiority  of  our  workman(hip.     To  this  we  are  not  a  little  in- 
debted for  our  rrpu.atinn  in  the  finer  ar:icles,  but  alfo  in  the  var-ous 
kinds  of  coarfe  ftufFs,  the  e>cportation  of  which  is  the  mod  confiderab*e 
part  of  our  woollen  trade.     Hence  he  docs  cot  apprehend  fo  much^ 
evil  in  a  temporary  allowance  of  exporting  coarfe  wool,  to  relieve  the 
grower    as  (ome  do;  'hough  i  c  would  not  recommend  fuch  an  expe* 
dient)  but  as  a  dernier  re/ert  in  failure  of  all  other  means  to  carry  it  off 
in  a  maru'adlore    l(ate. 

in  afligning  the  caufes  of  the  prefent  (lagnation  of  the  woollen  ma* 
BufaOurr,  the  author  differs  materially  from  Dr.  Tucker*  ;  as  well  as 
in  the  remedies  he  recommends  for  its  relief.    Under  the  former  head 

'^fcrves,  •  Tht  Dean  of  Gly  ucciler  fuppofes  that  the  prefent  !ow 
price  of  roarfe  wool?  entirely  arifcs  from  our  difufc  of  &c  'vcar  of 
coarfe  woollen  m^nufa^ures  at  home,  and  from  0'..r  war  i\i»h  Ame- 
rica;  the  firlt  he  fuppo  ts  to  be  the  principal,  the  latter  only  thcie- 
conciary  caufe  of  the  evil.  1  cm  forry  to  be  under  the  necefhty  of 
widely  differing  from  fo  refpt-dabl:'  an  authority  Our  difufc  of  coarfe 
woollen  goods  cannot  be  denied  :  it  is  obvious  to  every  perfon  who 
pay*  the  fmaHeft  attention  to  things,  that  even  women  fervants  wear 
fewer  Huff  j^owns  than  formerly,  and  men  hardly  any  woollen  waifc- 
coats  and  breeches;  all  v\hch,  with  the  -^mertcaa  war,  mufl  be  fup- 
pofed  to  have  made  no  fmali  diminution  inrur  home  corfiimption. 
But  fhv  Doito'  fTiiftakcs  prcritlv  in  fippofing  '^ur  home  confumption  of 
coarfe  woollens  i*,  or  ever  was,  *■  mach  grcaier  ihan  anv  ex;:ortariofi 
which  can  be  f  ppolcd  to  .'  foreign  market  '  C:i  the  coitrary,  had 
he  enquiied  at  thof»-  manu.f./r:urin|(  places  uhcre  :he  c.  iirfc  wools  are 
©fed,  which  are  grown  in  d  ftVrent  parts  of  the  krjjjd  m,  hat  par%i- 
Utulailyir  Ltnii,!njhir€t  froiu  whcnc*  ihe  compluints  artit,  he  woufd 
'. ^^avc  been  infpimcx  that  three  fourth?,  if  not  tc  r  ;.f. ;.i  o\  ihf'm, 
arc  ufed  up  in  the  manufacture  of  i^ufTs  totaMy  defigfitd  for  a  forei^Mi 
market,  the  very  names  of  which  1  believe  are  known  to  tew  people 
of  the  idand  but  the  manufacturers  themfeh^s ;  and  their  appearance 
is  fo  fingularly  gaudy  anvi  (xcrav&gant,  that  1  ^aic  {^y  they  were 
never  yet  feen  ud  the  back  of  an  Engliftiman. 

*  The  e»il  which  the  Do:tor  complains  of  has  been  encreafing  for 
feme  time :  h  is  n^t  within  this  ten  or  twenty  years  that  all  this  change 
of  garment  at  home  has  taken  place,  and  yet  it  is  no  longer  ago  than 
the  years  177^  and  1777,  that  wool  bore  a  very  hi^h  price,  not  only 
in  Limoinjhirey  bat  in  every  other  part  of  the  kingdom,  and  our 
fvoollen  maiiuta£iures  never  fiourifhed  more  in  any  period  than  they 
did  between  the  years  1770  anti  1778;  which  will  likewife  prove, 
that  they  were  not  materially  afFc6ted  by  the  Aiwerican  war. — Some 
particular  branches  of  manufactures,  which  were  principally  confumcd 
at  home,  and  in  America,  may  have  been  greatly  aftedted  ;  bat  thcfe 


^  The  DeiMi'^  Ua£l  c^as  mentioned  in  oar  Catalogue  for  March. 

......  *•  :  .  were 


Monthly  Catalogue,  WoollenTrades         391 

vers. only  pa-tial  m^s'ortones,  and  no  conclufion  (hould  be  drawn 
from  ihfiD,  refpcdlingfo  large  a  concern  as  the  woollen  trade  of  chi^ 
kingdom  in  general. —The  drcrafe  in  our  internal  and  Arrerican 
confunip'ion,  ha'  never  materially  afpefled  this  country;  it  ha^  been 
quite  abforbed  in  the  immenfity  of  our  foreign  trade  to  Spain,  iialy, 
'I'urkey,  Holland,  Germnny,  and  Rudia,  which  was  fo  great  of  late 
years,  that  the  demand  for  raw  wool  has  aflualiy  increased  iince  tiie 
commenc  m<  nt  of  the  American  war,  and  lon^  (incc  the  difufe  of 
co;irr*  woollen  cIoa:hing  became  very  general  in  £ngland. 

'  The  Hagn  tion  in  nur  woollen  trade  may  be  dated  from  the  com- 
mencement of  our  war  with  Spain.  The  Dean  of  Glouc-tter,  I  dare 
favt  is  not  ignorant,  that  no*  only  mod  of  the  religious,  but  alfo  manjr 
of  the  other  in habicans  rf  that  country,  as  well  asof  theirfettlemenit 
on  the  vh/1  continent  of  S'>uth  Amfrica,  are  cloathed  with  Britiih 
manufav  ures ;  the  lofs  of  the  Spanifh  trade  was  therefore  a  deadly 
blow  to  us,  and  yet  ii  is  not  the  deprivation  of  their  trade  alone  whfc^ 
com^'etes  ihe  whole  misfortune  of  the  Spanilh  war;  for  by  thc^r 
blocking  up  G'bratrar,  and  pofTediu^  the  command  of  the  Streights^  . 
they  prevent  our  woollens  g^ing  to  Italy  and  Turkey,  which  are  heavy 
good.*,  and  cannot  be  trarlportcJ  by  land,  in  the  manner  we  now  re- 
ceive the  rasv  filks  from  Piedmont,  The  only  alternanveour  manii- 
fii^turers  have,  is  to  lliip  their  goods  for  Italy  and  Turkey  in  neutral 
vcffeLs,  or  fend  ihem  by  way  of  Oilend  ;  but  thefc  conveyances  a;c  ia- 
toLrablv  expcnlive,  and  ^.fi'.rd  only  a  fmali  relief,  not  a  cure,  for  the 
•X*  complaint. 

*^-  *  The  war  which  has  (ince  taken  place  with  the  Dutch,  has  completed 
the  ftagmtion  of  our  mar u failures,  Thefe  people  wore  great  quaa* 
tities  of  both  our  (I'ght  and  heavy  woollens,  which  were  in  great  vogoe 
amougii  them  ;  it  is  na'ural  theref>re  to  imagine,-  that  their  trade 
muft  hive  been  hrge,  eipecir^llv  when  one  rrfleds  that  Holland,  for 
its  event,  is  the  mofl  popjious  country  in  Europe,  When  it  is  con- 
iidered  that  rhere  only  remain  Germany  and  Ruflia,  of  all  thoie  places 
to  which  we  rid  an  open  trade  for  our  manufadures,  it  will  not  appear 
furprizing  that  our  wool  g.u^vers  can  find  no  demand  for  their  rai? 
xxia:erials.' 

Our  suthrr  points «nt  feve^al  articles  of  caltivatton  adapted  to  the 
I.incoJnfbire  To:!,  thai  wo  ild  relieve  the  farmer  from  railing  wool 
which  he  ca*  not  fe!i,  particularly  flax  ;  bat  it  is  much  ea6er  10  coi- 
ve.-t  grs.'s  TO  a/abi*^,  'i<An  to  reilore  it  to  paflure;  and  what  n  to  be* 
conrie  of  rhe  manuf;2durcrs  in  ihe  mean  while?  When  the  (hcep  are 
go::e  to  m.^ket,  and  the  m-^nufafturers  to  other  countries,  how  ia 
•  r.  our  rtaple  .nanufj^flure  to  be  recovered?  Hence  he  infers,  that  •  • 
change  cf  pgriculture  would  bring  a  heavier  and  more  lading  ciiftreft 
up(.i)  our  aniiicers,  than  any  which  can  arife  from  a  temporary  ex- 
po.'iation  of  raw  wool.' 

in  the  fcheme  propofed  by  Dean  Tucker«  of  inirodqciog  our 
coarfe  woollen  goods  into  the  Ukraine,  he  liates,  that  (he  DcfQ 
write?  under  mifconceptions  ;  add  to  which  that  the  coarfcil  of  oi^r 
woollens  sire  too  fine  and  too  dear  for  the  native^  of  the  interior. pants 
of  that  wild  and  forlorn  country  ;  and  that  in  the  impofuion  of  duties 
on  foreign  articles,  the  plan  of  the  Emprefs  of  Ruilia  is  to  encourage 
manufaSurct  at  boaie« 

Cc4  We 


/ 


39^  Monthly  Catalogue,  PoetUaL 

We  now  come  to  oar  Author*!  propofitions,  which  are  briefif 
thefe :  Heobfeivesy  that  our  commuaication  op  the  Mediterranean 
is  now  carried  6ii  tedioufly,  chargeably*  and  hazardoijifly  by  neutral 

-  veiiels :  He  therefore  propofes,  that  the  trade  to  Italy  and  the  Le- 

vant (hould  be  attended  with  regular  convoys.  The  trade  to  Turkey 
with  woollen  goods  he  deems  an  unwrought  mine  tp  our  manufac- 
tures ;  it  being  an  empire  whofe Sovereign  will  not  beat  the  trouble 
of  forming  plans  for  encouraging  home  manufadnrers  in  prtfercnce 
to  thofe  of  foreigners. 

He  alfo  thinks  a  trade  may  be  cultivated  with  Sweden  and  Deo- 
inarky  by  procuring  the  prohibition  of  Briti(h  woollens  to  be  taken 
off  In  tho/e  countries.     This  fcheme»  however,  may  be  as  vifionary 

^  as  he  deems  that  of  Dean  Tucker;  for  though  he  fuppofes  Sweden 

cannot  as  yet  fupply  her  own  confumption,  the  very  exiftence  of  a 

I     *  prohibition  argues  an  effort  that  may  not  eafily  give  way  to  any  ne- 

gotiation to  that  end. 

A  third  more  certain  method  of  encouraging  our  manufa^ures,  ii 
defcribed  to  be  by  granting  a  bounty  of  ten  per  cent,  on  the  exporta^ 
tioB  of  our  coarfe  wQollen  cloths  to  thofe  places  where  the  trade  con- 
tinues  open,  to  bring  our  woollens  more  upon  a  level  with  thofe  made 

i  in  Saxony;  and  to  be  paid  at  lead  during  the  war  with  Spain  and 

i  Holland. 

Such  are  briefly  the  contents  of  this  well- written  Inquiry  ;  for  the 

I  derail  of  reafoning,  the  more  interefted  reader  on  this  fubjedl  will  aa* 

>^  turally  wi(h  to  confult  the  pamphlet  at  large. 

ujjt  Art.  28.     J  Short  View  of  the  Proceedings  of  tbefeveral  Commit- 

I*  tees  and  Meetings  held  in  con/tfuence  ^  iht  intenM  Petition  to  Parlia 

i'  «!#«/,  from  the  County  pf  tincoin,  for  <i  iin^ited  exportation  of  IVool  \ 

together  with  Mr*  R.  Glover's  Letter  on  that  Subjtd.     To  which 
is  added,  a  Lift  of  the  Pamphlets  on  Wool  lately  publiihedy  wilt 

i  fome  £xtrads.     8vo.  6d,     Stockdale. 

From  fhis  colleAive  view  of  the  fenciments  of  the  manufadluren 
and  merchtnts  in  feveral  parts  pf  the  kingdom,  the  exportation  oj 
iiw  wool  under  any  qualification  whatever,  appears  to  be  a  vtty  un- 
popular  expedient.  It  remaips,  therefore,  to  find  out  means  to  fend 
it  off  worked  up  into  proper  articles  ready  for  ufe :  the  difficulty  is^ 
thofe  who  may  want  them  moft,  ippear  to  be  the  Icaft  able  to  become 
purchafers.  This  little  tradt  is  to  be  confidered  as  a  collection  of  im- 
portant matte^,  the  refult  of  naeet^ngs  all  over  the  country ;  whicli 
^  inight  have  been  burled  in  oblivion,  had  they  not  been  giveo  to  th< 
public  in  the  compreheniive  view  now  before  us. 

POETICA^.. 

Art.  29.     /n  EfiJUi  from  L y  W y  to  Sir  R— — c 

W— —  y,  Bart.     410.     is.     Wright. 
If  Lady  W.  pofTeiTes  any  remain's  of  that  modefty  which  conftitutei 
*i  the  moii  amiable  di0in£lion  of  her  fex,  (he  will  feel  herfelf  feverejj 

•  cbaftifed  for  any  ^aft  mifdemeanors,  in  the  licentious  and  obfcen< 

trafh  which  hath  come  recommended  in  her  name  to  the  Public,  (inc( 

the  late  judieialX  invedigation  of  her  condu^. — The  Authors  of  fuel 

t-  -      ■»  

X  See  account  of  the  trial  between  Sir  R.  W*  and  C^pt.  Billet,  foi 
Cnm.  C0««  Rev.  Maicb«  p.  zy^. 
' iMng 

f 


,     I 

t 

■t 


■  • 


MoHTHLY  Catalogue,  Dramatic.  393 

thingi  fts  tbe  prefent  Epiftle,  may  be  confidered  as  the  beadles  znd 
hangmen  of  Parnaflui;  who  adminifter  the  puniihments  due  to  cri- 
minals whom  other  laws  and  other  executioners  cannot  reach. 

Dramatic. 
Art.  30.     Retaliation^  a  Farce,  in  two  Ads,  as  it  is  performed^ 
with  nQiverfal  Applaafe,  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Coven t-Gardeo* 
By  Leonard  Mac  Nally,  Efq.     8vo.     is.     Biych,  &c.     1782. 
**  What  is  the  plot  good  for  (fays  Bayes)^  but  to  bring  in  good 
things  V*  This  feems  to  have  been  the  idea  of  the  author  oi Rttaliatiom^ 
who  has,  however,  unlike  the  original  BaytSt  really  produced  the 
reed  things  he  intended.     The  fable  is  thin,  hacknied,  and  impro* 
mble;    the  chara^ers.    Precipe  excepted^    are  not    vtry   ftrongly 
marked  ;  but  the  dialogue  abounds  wiih  ftrokesof  wit,  and  is  feafoned, 
perhaps,  rather  too  highly  with  temporary  allufioni,  the  common  faft 
of  the  modern  drama.     The  charafter  of  the  Attorney  bears  the  (lamp 
pf  an  able  pradlicioner,  as  may  appear  by  the  following  fpecimen : 

£ntir  ?RJECifE  andFtiAVK, 

(Precipe  in  am  M-faJhiened  neeval  uniferm  and  hat ^  a  fword^  Jlic\^ 

and  black  patch  on  one  eye,) 

Frank,  This  uniform  fits  you  exactly.  Sir,  I  borrowed  it  from  an 
eld  fea  officer  in  the  neighbourhood-^ You  really  look  as  brave,  an4 
fea-man-like,  as  if  you  were  one  of  the  Admirals  in  Wedminfler 
Abbey,  defcended  from  his  monument. 

Precipe.  I  wi(h  fome  of  them  had  defcended,  they  have  been  want* 
ing  Matter  Frank— But  I  obje^  to  this  black  patch  on  my  eye ;  it 
brings  me  under  (latate  ninth  of  George  the  Firft,  chapter  twenty<« 
fecond,  which  makes  it  felony  without  clergy  to  go  with  the  face  dif<^ 
gulfed. 

Frank,  That  a£(  muft  have  loft  its  force.  Sir,  or  what  would  be* 
come  of  the  painted  beauties  of  London  ? 

Pntcipe,  Then,  at  a  body  may  fay,  I  am  only  a  feaman  by  fic« 
tion  ;  but  the  law  fays,  fictions  are  beneficial — But  then,  f»y»  the 
law  again,  no  fidlion  ihall  work  an  injury*  Very  well ;  there  can  bo- 
no injury  in  my  marrying  a  woman  of  fortune* 

Frank,     True,  Sir. 

Precipe,  Let  us  moot  the  ca(e — In  fiAion  fubfids  equity  and  juftlce, 
fay  the  books — then  will  I  marry  Mifs  Fairport  in  the  equity  of  fidlioB| 
^nd  afterwards  be  happy. — 

Frank,  In  reality,  bir  ?— 

Pnecipe*  If  not  happy,  we  can  feparate  by  fidlion — I'll  Hate  yoa  1 
cafe  in  point — A  brings  his  aAion  oi  trim,  cen,  againll  B  ;  now  though 
the  caufc  of  adion  had  been  tranfadled  in  the  moft  loving  manner  be* 
tween  B,  and  the  wife  of  A,  yet  muft  A  fiate  in  his  declaration,  that 
the  faid  B  did  wickedly  and  maliciOufly,  with  force  and  arms^  that 
is  to  (ly,  with  (licks,  clubs,  ftaves,  fwords,  guns,  and  other  offenfive 
Weapons,  feduce  and--rf  ^f^^^^%  ^^  ^i^<^  P^  '^^  ^^i^  A— Do  you  un-* 
deriiand  me  ? 

Frank.  Perfedly. 

Pracipe,  Bat  this  is  not  all — for  though  A  and  wife  had  lived 
together  like  cat  and  dog,  as  the  faying  is,  yet  mud  A  iT*r,  that  B 
deprived  him  of  all  worldly  comfort*— Oh|  Mafter  Frank,  many  a 

good 


394  Monthly  Catalogue,  Navtit- 

fine!  r<irtiinc  h»  been  inaOe  bv  the  fiftlon  of  trim.  con.  but  npw  j 

pla'n-.ltFcan  fcarM  -ecovcr  »  Jhilhng. 
F'.u.k    Andii  th;>l  w,  Sirl 

/'lif,  Y.5,  it  is  la-.v;bji  ncihin;  towbat  (hey  doat  the  Adminltyi 
whcie  ti  e  aljMicocein  ibr.'wjilii  ujvm  drv  land— Jt  was  bit  the  o;bc( 
day  a  p  rale  »vjs  triej  tor  lohiiiou.l/  ruli^iing  the  p>-y\  Ihip  Si-  Ja 
firph,  on  ilic  hi^'h  fcut,  luur  Uaj^ucs  off  Cape  St,  Viocent,  in  t!:< 
COi.r:vofNof-i:;. 

/r<i«i.  N'^w  y';u  j-krirder:).   Mr   P,.-u  ipe' 

ftttcpt    Joke!  ibc'Jtvil  aj  kt '  V^hv  mao  it  ha*  bren  prowd  te 

the  ra':s|jai>u  uf  iheviviliani  .'.id  .hi  b.i'r.  that  the  Ti>i(t<.'t;a  L'oloniej 

«t' Aiiiutica  are  iituate  in,  a'>d  pait  '''fthe  county  uf,  £<.a[.  A 

Novels.  ^ 

Art.  31.     Fcnudt  St  Ability,  «r  ihc  Hiftory  of  Mils  Bclvillc.     In 

a  -.r'.-^'if  Lc^cis      U^  the  iaic  MiU  I'^lmer.     isuio.     ;  VoU. 

1,.    N  ft!w-y    i7»-. 

Ir  I  r..!!':  H'Cie  no:  lb  frequenrfy  and  r»  Ihamel^My  pr  (li-.uted  to 
ignoiance  or  intcrell,  as  we  daily  fee  11  is  io  the  p'Cli-t  -t^e,  lbi« 
novel  migh-.  b^  pirliiLited,  from  the  very  hif>h  encn>ii>uiii-  b«i:owell 
on  ii  in  the  pubilc  pnnr  ,  to  be  uurthyof  generul  a.ieii'Kiii.  Com- 
pla'TiLCc,  tea,  migh:  rp..rc  i!u  fiir  ftx,  and  hnmantiy  >e'l  'he  rrron 
of  lljc  lie.H.  Tfu  b  roivt-er  ti;i,i;e-  a  conducl  the  *rtv  np^-ipfre  la 
pa.iia'  ll>:ii:iy  :  at  d  H-hilc  our  tribunal  it  relpeiled  by  [he  Public, 
jullice  Icrbids  ui  10  iiuI1.mi1  rhcir  »pi-  ion-. 

Wiihitefi-  fcntim.n  a  we  cannoL  pa^  any  diftingiiilhrd  cctnptiinent 
to  the  work  be;ore  u*.  A%  a  com;"lition  it  it  ci<-k;iivc  j  aiid  a»  « 
pi£tu-e  of  TCil  rfe  ic  is  erroneous.  X  li  in  iti  innr^iity  aloni:  thai  k 
I  u-fxcepML'nKble.  The  <raf:er  vilirori  of  a  circiil.iiing  library  will 
h-'Oi.ver  linil  an  iimuli''g.  irn^'l  an  hi^hlt  in^<.'rellii](>  !i  cv  :  arid  pcr- 
lips  l.e  t(i  d;r  h;  aticd  fetiilr  will  b<:  bewailed  of  her  fcari,  by  the 
fuiTcing.  of  Adeline  a  d  :n  Kt-linK)  of  J^ouifj.  Except  in  ttir  con- 
dutl  of  thr  heroi  e,  -'  ferial.;  I)  ibitiiv"  ii  n  .1  the  virtue  of  many  of 
the  liidic»  t'f  .iie  ;ile  ;  a  Icait  i;  it  ('•  impeifi'Ctly  obferved,  that  Hie 
wl^o  ruLordt  ihcir  Itory  is  cbl  geo  to  achnovrlrdgc  ihcir  imp<.'i!e>'iiaa. 
I'lii*  rovel  abi'unds  wi(h  ivvditii>g»,  and  bite  Mr-,  c^iliv.,!;  s  Limine* 
pi  .  ;  .vt:  ■■■■rv  '■•«  .-I  i(  r-  f  r,a3.;s  in  "  li-i-le  bltfl-dntf*."  » 
A:t    -iL.     Jbc  Y^iiiz  Phihfipbir;  or  ihc  N-lur^I  Son.     A  dra- 

Th''  fceiiij  ;o  t:c  a  ttanlldur,n  from  iht  FiCdCh  ;  at  there  are  fome 
e'ro  J  in  g'.im  :ijr  not  »ery  conlii'tm  with  The  lively  and  amtc  ar- 
jurn;;!):!  cbfit.cd  to  other  pjrls  of  the  performance.  The  young 
phi;-  r  ;)he',  like  tT,.-.'iy  nt  his  t^ibe,  falls  a  tidiiD  to  the  arti  of  a  dc- 

vers  (rom  hii  erors  and  ii  h--  7  wi;h  lU- o' jefl  of  hii  more  »irtui.ui 
wilhss.  There  are  fom-;  <.ha  jcmn  in  thi^  novel  ibac  are  dratin  »iih 
k  lively,  iht^ugh  carelef'  in'-A.  hey  aie  dilcrjminikted  bitert'II.>.  u 
if  leaipeilun.^i's  haj  fa:  to  th.-  psinler.  But  ihey  are  nn-ri;  ou:li'it^, 
with  one  Of  two  exci'piion: ;  ^<J  they  capu\a;e,  ra.ticr  froi:i  tlitir 
fingulari  y  iha.-)  thtir  ir<erii  1  I".  conii.'tf,i(ions  a:e  animated  and 
fenlible  ;  and  tlic  iV..; •ilium  ii;:;reitin^.  We  ihould  iccoiDincnd  it 
Dore  warmly,  il  we  were  not  a^aro.  (hit  when  pleifure  is  adorned 
with  fcdilcicg  Cbiour:,  the  bcft  rc^foolns)  ot  philMuphy  lolie' their  cf- 

ied: 


* 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Novibw  395 

fed:  and  frcqnently  the  mod  awful  rmflionsof  religion  find  their 
influence  but  weak,  when  oppofed  to  the  delafions  ot  wit  and  the 
force  of  pailion.  JR— k# 

Art.  33.     Fajhionahle  Follies.     A  Novel,  containing   the   U\C^ 

tory  of  a  Parihan  Family,      lamo.     2  Vols,     f  s.     Dodllcy.     1781. 

The  number  of  foUies  recorded  in  this  work  is  501  !  one  more 
might  have  been  added  to  the  ca:aIogue,  and  that  is,  the  fil/y  of  a 
fcr.fib't  iiirlior  in  recc;cling  the  moft  deteflable  crimes  under  fo  {gentle 
a  till?;  and  in  relarin^^  with  gaiety  what  oaghc  nt'ver  rc^  be  thoucrht 
of  without  abhorrence.  Bu:  as  Solomon  truly  obferves — **  foolt 
make  a  mecJ^  of  (in  !** 
Art.  34.     The  yfdveniures  of  a  Rupee:    wherein  are  interfperfeJ 

various    Anecdctes,    Afiatic  acd    European        8vo.      3s.    boards* 

Murray.      1782. 

This  performance  is  ufhered  into  the  world  by  a  preface  of  a  verjr 
fingular  call,  which  begins  in  thi^  manner.  *•  Ye  modern  writers  of 
novels  who  excite  fily  paflion?  in  Jily  people  by  nxjretched  language* 
—It  may  be  (u.  And  wiiit  then  \  -^  by  U'»doubrcdly,  this  novel 
iswricien  to  (hew  how  a  lui/e  mjn  can  excite  ^ife  p:»irionb  by  excdlent 
language!  And  yet — for  mod  ell  y  and  wi(d  ^m  ar.-:  iifepa^abte  ! -•  the 
writer  *  pro^eds  that  the  prefeot  performance  is  in  his  own  opiniom 
fo  iiHgnilicant,  that  he  ihould  btujh  to  affix  bis  name,  to  it,  if  he  did 
not  thifik  it  might  bear  fome  rank  among  the  perform  tnces  of  the 
farte  (pedes  which  every  hour  engenders.'  •  My  work,  fays  he,  ia 
bavin  of  incident :  and  whdt  inciucnr  it  has  may  no:  be,  in  its  kind, 
of  irriponancc  :  but  my  nbfcrvaMoiis  from  human  na<ure  are  neither 
fo  fir»qii.nt  por  fo  great  as  ♦^hc  ir(igniricant  and  »»norant  imitators  of 
Sterne  •  nd  other  novcliiU  d«;Iy  exhibit  in  thci.  iitlcted  and  foolifh 
produ'  lion^*  To  this  we  fully  afjcnt  \  .but  tha^  a  mart  fo  deeply  coa- 
icious  of  his  inabili'y  thould  pLbliOi  this -.vrrk,  nnlv  b-^caure  .'h-.'rs 
have  fxbihltcd  produ6lton$  mc^e  flfffQtd  and  mure  fo.hjb  than  hit  ovj/ip 
would  appear  icmcwhai  tx!r;.oruiii  -ry,  if  tne  au'hor  had  not  decU-  td» 
that  he  would  not  purmit  •  criticilm'  ro  d^T'tit  op  his  dcfrjrts !  I  hit 
precaution  was  a  w;fe  !lep  in  a  confcious  author;  bc.aul'c  a  lour  critic 
micrht  oth.  fwife  have  parodied  ihe  apoloi^v  hy  r.llKl^kin^';^,  ih  u  witb 
cqu-il  propnety  a  thief  may  julHfy  his  pickisjv;  a  p  .".ke^  by  the  more 
darirg  example  (fihofe  who  ror>  .^nd  murder  on  rr. ;  ipphwjy  ! 

Thrfe  Adventures  of  a  Rupee  arc  r)n":ewh:»t  f^r.Ked  on  the  model  of 
i\\z  Adventures  of  a  Guinea:  but  they  have  nc:t;^er  the  (hrewd  reflec- 
tions nor  the  varied  entertainment  oi*  tht;la"  cr. 

The  roppe  p?fliVs  through  feverni  hands  an  i  !«  made  to  fympath'ze 
▼cry  cordially,  with  the  joys  ar.d  forrovvs  r\'  «he  pofTefTor.  At  Mifs 
Melville';*  meeting  her  lover  alter  a  lorg  nrleice,  our  run  e  fee. nt 
particularly  afFcf^ed,  and  ar:(ulJy  th.ov.f,  li.;-  ihe  painter  cf  antiqui- 
ty, a  veil  over  fcencs  too  tender  to  hv.  cxp'-^'fT-u.  **  Ths  mode  that 
mortals  hairc  adopted  cf  exprLfling  idca^  by  words  now  fails  me  (faya 
Rufee)  entirely  :  for 

"  Who  can  paint  the  lovers  as  ihcy  food  ?** 

However,  they  did  not  long  continue  in  this  attit  ide.  Rupee  '^^d  th? 
inexprc(riblc  fati?fac\ion  to  (cc  '  ih*-  yon.n;;  pair  united  by  Hvincn, 
while  HeiifuiC  fatimiling  ea  tbe  waA.' 


A  F'.er 


V 


Vv. 


E 


J96  Mc!«THtY  CataloguK)  Aftfitttaneouu 

Afttr  feveral  Afiatic  and  Europeam  adventures,  our  Rupu  becomci 
the  properly  of  a  certain  '  good  man,  who  chough  not  a  rich  inaa* 
^  y\  liad  been  Governor  of  a  rich  ifland;  and  what  is  more  furprifing^ 
this  Governor  of  a  rich  illand»  who  i»  not  a  rich  man,  is  a  foidicr 
and  yet  a  fcholar.'  *  This  gentleman  (fays  Rupee)  happening  to  fee 
me,  refolved  to  purchafe  me  of  my  crooiced  mafter  $  for  I  think  I  have 
before  obferved,  that  gold  never  before  improved  itfelf  to  the  degree 
that  I  have  dome*  A  ^try  modeft  compliment !  But  Rupee  had  feen  m 
deal  of  good  company :  and  con/chus  merit  will  infpire  a  fort  of  «9- 
Jeft  aflurance.  However  Rupee  is  to  wander  no  longer  abroad.  He 
bath  feen  enough  of  the  world ;  and  the  world  hath  feen  enough  of 
bim.  *  I  am  (fays  he)  fafely  laid  up  in  a  ftorehouf:  of  a  fociety  o£ 
,-  antiquarians,  where  with  medals,  buds,  infcriptiom^  and  ether  of  my 

learned  brethren^  I  fpend  my  hours  in  feparating  Truth  from  the  ajhei 

cf  Timi  !  A  curious  kind  of  employment  for  Rupee  and  his  hrethrem  / 

And  as  curious  an  account  he  gives  of  it  too !  *.  Our  c)es  can  pene- 

.    '  irate,  with  the  fame  eafe,  the  fiade  of  antiquity,  and  the  prejuiicu 

/  that  furround  the  prefent  day.     We  fay,  without  fear  of  pnniihmenty 

that  Alexander  the  Great  was  a  man  \  and  that  Julius  Cxfar  was  a 
bold  man.*  Courageous  Rupee!  Who  can  match  thee  and  thy 
brethren  for  freedom  of  fpeech  ?  However,  as  Rupee^  by  his  own  ac- 
count, is  *  like  to  pafs  a  number  of  years'  in  the  tahinety  we  hope  he 
will  fuffer  nonie  of  i:s  fccrets  to  tranfpire,  through  a  fooliOi  ambition 
of  discovering  his  own  importance ;    but  reft  in  peace  amidft  *  the 

:    •  ^A' of  Timer  S.^.K. 

^j,,'  Miscellaneous. 

^  ;  Art.  35.      7bi  Sky-Rocket ;    or   Thoughts  during  the  Eaftei 

\  Reccfs  of  Parliament,  on  feveral  very  important  Subjeds,  and  oa 

iv,^  feveral  recent  eveuts.     By  ■  ,  Efq.  M^o^ber  fo| 

the  County  of  qf^^Svo,     i  s.     Matthews. 

The  Sky-Rocket !  Ana  why,  in  the  names  of  all  poflible  tropei 
sad  figure  ,  a  (ky-rocket  ?  Perhaps,  for  we  are  really  at  a  lofs,  htn 
canfe  a  Iky- rocket  is  inclofed  in  paper,  and  thefe  thoughts  are  aifo 
contained  in  paper  \  but  (we  do  not  mention  it  to  alarm  the  honour- 
able writer's  appreheniions  on  what  is  poflible  to  happen)  fo  fome-« 
.  times  18  a  pound  of  butter.     Again,  a  paper  cafe  is  no  iky-rock)et» 

\  Bofefs  it  is  filled  with  a  due  mixture  of  combuftibles;    and  we  caa 

I  ^        affure  our  readers,  that  the  contents  of  thefe  iheeta  are  peHedly  in- 

ofienfive*  Once  more,  4  (ky-rocket,  when  fired,  rifes  in  a  uniform 
diredion»  whereas  thefe  thoughts  go  off  in  fuch  a  zig-zag  manner* 
that  if  we  muft  compare  the  pamphlet  to  any  fpecies  of  fireworks,  we 
will  call  it  a  cracker.  Firft,  the  author  ia  ill-natured  enough,  being 
boliday-time  by  confeflion,  to  Eing  it  among  the  legs  of  the  difcarde^ 
MiniQers,  to  make  them  jump.  Th^n  it  bounces  into  the  old  cafi- 
efiF  mintfterial  budget,  where  it  ^ingt^  ibme  of  the  propofed  taxes  ; 
particularly  one  that  was  ruAioured  on  fervantrmaids.  It  fprings  next 
into  the  playhoufe,  where  it  makes  a  fprious  explofion  to  alarm  bot)^ 
the  aflors  and  the  auditors.  At  lad  it  bounces  back  tgain  into  the 
lioufe  of  Commons,  among  the  irreligious  part  of  the  Members  :— 
but  we  mud  now  difmifs  the  metaphor  fuggefted  by  the  author;  for, 
in  (bort,  after  various  rambles,  his  conclufionis  qnitea  fermon,  on  ^he 
difperfion  of  the  Jews,  on  the  propagation  of  the  gofpdj  Qtk  tM  ne. 


7^       /4^e^C-^  a^^P  -^r  ffUmtd^ /fp^ 


Moi^tHlV  CATAtoCtTE,  MifciUomcui.  397 

gk6l  of  the  Members  in  attending  the  dated  prayeri  of  the  Hoofe,  and 
on  the  prophanation  of  the  Lord's  day.  it  is  a  rerioas  compofition, 
which  thie  author  endeavoars  to  enliven  with  humour  ;  and  there  ia 
juft  enough  of  the  one  to  deftroy  the  cfFeft  of  the  other.  ^ 

Art.  36.     Sketches  of  the  Lives  and  Writings  of  the  Ladies  of  France. 

By  Ann  I'hickneiie.     i2mo.     3  Vols.     10  s.  6  d.     DoolJey,  &c. 

In  our  58th  vol.  p.  466.  (No.  for  jane,  1778)  we  gave  an  account 
of  the  tirlt  volume  of  thefe  Biographical  Sketches ;  the  fecond  vol*  of 
the  fet  now  before  os  bears  date  1780;  and  the  third  was  printed 
in  1781. 

With  refpedi  to  the  literary  merit  of  this  work,  we  mufi  repeat 
what  we  have  already*  faid«  in  the  article  above  referred  to»  that 
though  the  language  of  thefe  Sketches  is  not  every  where  correA»  yet 
they  abound  wiih  traits  of  hiftory,  and  with  entertaining  anecdotes 
of  the  principal  ladief,  which  cannot  fail  to  procure  them  a  coniider* 
able  number  of  readers — efpecially  among  the  fair  fex.  Our  prin*' 
cipal  obje^ion  to  Mrs.  ThickneiTeV  performance  is,  that  (as  mentioii* 
ed  befoce)  i'eversl  trifling  articles,  relating  to  perfons  of  whom  little 
is  faid,  aod  who  merit  ftill  lefs*  are  in(Vrced  in  it.  We  readily,  how- 
ever, fubfcribe  to  the  juftnefs  of  thef||^r  writer's  own  apology  for  the 
imperfcflioos  of  her  publication  ;  which  is  as  follows:  (he  tntreata 
the  candid  reader  to  overlook  the  many  errors  of  the  Editor  [the  lady 
modettly  declining  the  fnperior  title  of  Author],  and  to  remember^ 
that  the  extrads  Irom  the  female  writers  of  France  are  only  given  aa 
crude  (ketches  :  '  but  we  have  endeavoured,  adds  (he,  to  omit  every 
thing  that  could  awaken  vice,  and  to  feledlonly  the  moral  fentiments, 
and  ihe  iniereiUng  anecdotes  which  we  have  found  among  a  vaft  pro- 
fufion  of  inflammatory  love-tales.'  Mrs.  T.  concludes  her  apology, 
with  expreiiing,  h9,x^  properly,  her  concern  to  obferve,  \\\%i  Juch 
tales  feem  to  be  *  the  rage  of  this  kingdom,  as  well  as  in  France.' 
This,  ihe  fears,  *  has  been  the  caufe'  [it  may  have  been  one  caufe] 
*  of  that  levity  of  behaviour  among  us,  which  was,  till  of  late  years, 
charaderiftic  of  French  women  only,^ 

Art.  37.    The  Chejier  Guide  \  or,  an  Account  of  the  ancient  and 
prefent  State  of  that  City.     8vo.     is.     Lowndes.     1781. 

CheHer  is  a  very  fingular,  as  well  as  a  very  confiderable  city.    Our 
Readers  had  an  ample  account  of  it  in  our  Extrads  from  Mr.  Peo- 
Aant*s  Tours.     See,  particularly,  Rev^  vol.  Ix.  p.  34. 
Art.  38.    The  Southampton  Guide  i  or,  an  Account  of  the  ancient 

and  prefent  State  of  that  Town.  A  new  Edition,  enlarged.  8to. 
,    IS.     Law.     1781. 

Southampton  is  a  moft  agreeable  place;  and  this  account  of  it 
will  be  uleful  and  entertaining  to  thole  who  repair  thither  for  bufi* 
nefs  or  amufrment. 
Art.  39.     The  Lives  of  the  moji  eminent  Englijh  Poets ;  with  cri* 

tical  Obfervations  on  their  Works.     By  Samuel  Johnfon.     Sro* 

4  Vols.     il.  IS.  Boards.     Cadell,  &c.     1781. 

This  large  o3a*vo  edition  comprehends  all  the  Bic^graphical  Prefacea 
of  Dr.' Johuton,  detached  from  the  ten  volumes  of  the  original  fmall 
duodecimo  edition,  which  was  lately  given  to  the  Public,  in  connexion 
^j(h  the  elegant  imprefiion,  in  (ixty-eighc  volumes,  of  the  works  of  tho 
molt  eminent  ftingliih  poets*  witJi  heads  by  Bartolosxi,  Shcrwin,  Urc 

—Of 


•    ^ 


I 


^8  MoNTHtY  Cataloooe,  Medkal^  &c. 

—Of  that  edition  we  have  given  an  ample  accoant,  in  feveraF  die* 
tached  artidf*. 

Art,  40.    EJ/cr^s  en  the  Hijlory  of  Mankind^  in  rude  and  in  culti^ 
<vated  ^gfs.     By  James  Du..bar,  LL.  D.  Proteflbr  of  Fhilpfop'ry  in 
the   King'a  College  and   Univerficy  of  Aberdeen.      The  fecond 
Edition,  wiih  Additions.     8vo      6  s.  bound.     Cadcll.      1782. 
In  oar  Review  for  D?c.  I '.  80,  we  gave  an  account  of  the  firll  edition 
of  (hefe  in^eniou^  EA'iys  ;  and  we  are  happy  to  find  our  opinion  oi 
their  merit  confirm  ed  by  thiit  of  the  Public  in  {general.     Among  the 
additions  made  to  ^he  work,  in  this  rew  imprefTion,  we  obferve  a 
very  extraordinary  character  of  Dean  Tucker  — For  the  honour  oi 
^oman  natare,  we  hope  the  pi^ure  bears  very  little  refemblance  to 
the  original.-'There  has  been  a  literary  quarrel  between  thefe  Gen- 
tlemen ;  they  have  put  each  other  cut  of  humour;  and  we  muil  not 
«  mind  what  people  fay  when  they  are  in  a  paflion.  «^ 

■^  Medical  J* 

)  '  Art.  41.  77;f  Works  of  Alexander  Monro^  M.  D.  F,  R.  S.  Fellow 

of  the  Royal  College  t.f  l'h)iic:anf,  «»*.d  late  Prolt-ffbr  of  Medicine 
and  Anatomy  in  the  Univcrlity  of  Edinburgh.  Publilhed  by  hta 
^on,  Alexander  Monro,  M.  V).  &c.  &c.  To  which  is  prefixed^ 
the  Life  of  the  Author.  Illuilratcd  with  Copper-plates.  4to« 
'     ^  I  1.  5  $.     Robinfon.     x'ji.l. 

Wc  cannot  better  announce  this  valuable  publication,   than  by 
'  copying  the  Advertifement  prefixed   by  the  Editor,  the  juftly  cele- 

brated fucccflbr  of  his  father  in  the  profcflional  chiiir. 
Li''  *  I  flatter  myfelf,  that  this  colleflion  of  the  works  of  my  father* 

V     I  will  prove  not  only  acceptable  to  his  pupils  and  fricnc's,  but  nfeful 

■"  to  the  Poblrc,  as  many  of  them  treat  exprefbly  on  praftxal  fubjcdki, 

>^«^  and  that  in  all  of  them  feme  application  to  pradice  is  pointed  out. 

•  To  the  works  printed  under  his  own  infpe^tion,  I  have  added  two 
piece.c . 

•  The  firft  is  an  Oration /)?  Quticula Humana,  delivered  by  him  above 
40  years  ago  in  the  Cca.mon  Hall  <.f  thi-  Univerfity,  in  which  many 
conous  circumflances  are  defcribed  which  had  efcaped  the  obferva- 
tion  of  former  Anatomilh,  panicuhrly  the  appearanve  of  the  fibres 

^  that  conned  the  Coticula  to  the  Cutis  Vera,  which  (ince  that  time 

(  has  been  annually  dcmonllrated  in  the  Anatomical  :  heatre  of  this 

place. 

•  The  other  piece  is  an  Fffay  on  Comparative  Anatomy,  compofed 
I                                       from  notes  ta!:cn  at  his  Ledures,  and  publilhed  at  Loiidor.  in  1744. 

!       '     •  *  But  as   Ills  EJjuy  was  publilhed  without  hi^  co^nfeot  or  koowlt'i^ge, 

^   .  and  that  of  courlc  m.iny  rrrOiL  ii-vi  cr:pt  into  it,  1  have  endeavoured 

to  cQrred  thcfe,  and  ma'ie  a  lew  .iiMitiors  to  it,  from  obfervationt 
collcdcd  b;.  himftf:f  wi  h  a  view  to  a  lii;^?-r  wjtk  on.il.at  1  iHed| 
but  which,  by  various  avocations,  h-*  w?s  prevented  fru*n  ^vorrc"    «  g. 

•  To  the  whole  are  prefixed  an  cn^-ravii  g.  executed   bv  M      Ba- 
,                                       Jire,  from  un  cxccllert  Portmit  ot    my  F"tl  cr  hy  A'..un  kamiaj     hlq; 

and  an  Account  of  his  Lik*,  compoftd  ^"^  my  brotiici  D..  Dunaid^ 
Phyficiaa  a:  London.*  A 

Law.  ^^* 

Art.  42.     Tiu  Decree  of  the  Barons  of  the  Exchequer^  oclivered 
before  S*f  Jumei  Eyre,  Nov.  17,  1777,  in  ihc  great  v^aufr  of 

liihc 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Religious.  399 

Tiihe  Mi !»,    bcfween    the    Rev,  Dr.  BofNVor'h,    Limbriclc,  and 
others,  as  talcen  in    >hnrc  Hand  by   Mr.  Gurney.     With  an  Ap- 
penHit  from  the  {.\n.c  OeCree.  rrfr^'C^inf  the  Havmcnt  of  Agillment 
Tithes  for  V  ari'r  krp'.  in  one  P:;itli  and  ofed  in  another;  and  the 
Manner  of  tythinj:;  Pc  atces  and  ripples.     To  which  is  added,  the 
Form  of  a  Notice  p'O'i.r  to  be  delivered  to  the  Payer!  of  Tithe- 
Milk  in  K'nd.     2  ■(>,      18.      B.ildwin.      17*9. 
The  fgrmers,  it  fc?  ms,  fct  out  Dr.  jiofivoith's  tithe- milk  every  fifch 
evening,  ss   being  the  tcnih  meal  ;  th?  Do6lor   complained  that  11c 
was  injiif^fd  b*-  the  ever.ir;*   rnitk   rot  btirj*  f)  much  in  'quantity  at 
that  pivcn   in-  'he  mwrni«r'  ;  and   p'cjdcd,    that  he  ou^jht  to  have  a 
inornincr  an.^  evcr.iig  ire^I  r.irerr.r.tolv,  ur  the  VNhole  meal  every  tenth 
.day.     No,   D  cl'3r,    fay  the  fly  larme'S,  you  are  intitled  to  the  tenth 
meal  ;  if  ^c  j^iw  it  \iu  al.erni»tely.   mornings  and  evening,  *ve  [jive 
you  i»lc  rnjiicly  I'.c  nii.ch  and  ele\<n  h;   snd  :f  ue  pive  you  ihe  tciiih 
day's   miik  ais^c.l.cr,  \uu  will   ihen  ha^c  the  Lir-cteenth  and  twen- 
tieth in.als,  inllc.-.d  f-f  th:  ttnth  :  ar.d  eivhsrr  uay  h  a  departure  frrm 
the  rule  laid  dcui.,  iIm:  the  p.irron  is  tniivkJ  10  th::  /enflf  nn.eJil !   in- 
deed the  rfvercr.d  Ouc»cr  ap|/?a'3  to  have  had  foii.e  rc'uipn  to  grumble 
at  rcceiv'n'j  Hi jri  n.i;.'i:u;e  ;   for  it   it   ii:)p.>iTij]  r   10  avoid  'COiarkin^'. 
tiiii  the  gra\.eLTs  hiii'-.m  im^n  v.4  re  net  co.;  plaiiant  enough  to  a'lcr 
tr.c  cveniric  por:io:)    'ct  ihe  morninj;  !      J'hf  Larons,  howevef,  over- 
ri:lvd   I'^e  wicked  quibble^,  and  ettablidicd  the  Dodlor*s  right  to  the 
icnih  d  y'>  p-(d«»ce;  which,  if  the  cows  are  fairly  milked,  and  co 
ro:  take  p-.i't  with  their  refractory  mailer?:,  bv  now  and  then  kicking 
down  (he  p^A,  msy  end  thi:>  iniereit.ng  contell      How  cordiality  is  10 
be  reitored,  depL*nds  greatly  on  the  quality  and  meafure  of  the  Doc- 
tor's milk  if  the  word  ;  oi  which  we  hope  the  farmers  will  take  their 
due  Qiare  ir.  return. 

Dj^or   Do'i'wortb   alfo   complained,    that   his   tithe  of  potatoes^ 
apples.  Sec,  was  uDfairiy  fet  out;  in  which  he  was  all-)  decreed  f^tif-^^ 
faction.     H'JW  can  fjV^ rituals  mingle  with  fjch  carnal  fqu-ibblfrs?  Jll 

Art.  43.  The  Statutes  at  Large :  from  the  Sixteenth  Year  of 
the  Reign  o'  King  Gi*orge  the  I  h  id  \o  ihe  Twentieth  Year  of  the 
kcign  of  K'og  G'orrre  the  Third,  inciufive«  lo  which  is  pre- 
fixed, A  T.  bk  of  the  Titles  of  all  the  Public  and  Private  Statutes 
during  ilat  1  ime.  With  a  ccpious  Index.  Vol.  XIII,  410. 
I  I.  78.  bound.     Kino's  Pri' ters.      1780. 

Our  Read  'r:>  will  i.c,  by  the  ;.bove  da  e,  that  this  volume  of  the 
S'atuie.s  oup/it  to  have  been  nni-ourcea  fome  time  ago,— but  our 
Co^teftor  was  ^c^Tlii■c^.t.  —  With  rtfped  to  ihs  character  and  uiility  of 
this  quarto  euitun,  the  Public  (land  in  n'*ed  of  no  informdti<^o.  Our 
opinion  of  it  has  bc-n  repcatcdlv  given.  Sc"  Review,  Vols.  XXVlII; 
XXXII.  XLV  XLIX.  ar.d  LV.  For  the /r//  account,  confult  the 
Table  6/  Content Sf  Article  Ruffhead. 

Religious. 

Art.  44.  The  Scriptural  Prefcrvathe  of  tVemen  from  Rum  by 
SedudioH  and  *'roftitu:vin,  at  re*vealed  in  the  Di^vine  Lww.  In  a 
Letter  to  a  Friend,  dci.gnedly  written  for  the  particular  uf^  of 
yoqng  unmarried  Perfont.  By  the  Rev.  John  Riland,  M.  i\. 
Chaplain  of  6t.  Mary's  iiirmingham.  8vo,  is.  Hogg.  1782.: 
*  Seduction  and  proflituuon,'  Uyt  Mr.  Riland,  *  with  adultery  at 

tiicir 


\v.. 


1^ 


400  S  K  ■  M  O  H ,    itC, 

Ibeir  Rdt,  are  monfleri  [hat  Ilalk  ibroad.  De*iMilce.  they  go  pp  ar 
dcWD)  fecking  whom  ibey  may  dcTOar.  And  they  Save  devourc 
thauraodi  aUeady;  and,  uolef*  taken  and  deRroyed,  will  dcvai 
.  thouritiili  more ;  fo  that  teoi  of  tboufand*  iavt  failed,  are  fallinj 
and  will  fill  before  them.'  Tbe  Author  having  declaimed  oa  the 
CRievANCES,  mikei  hii  muhn,  viz.  That  ibi  ftvjir  of  thefe  moi 
Hen  hatb  i*ertafid,  is  infriafing,  aad  ought  to  be  dtminiikei 
We  are  afraid,  ihat  if  the  motion  be  canied  by  the  majority,  I 
iudtJi,  the  grievance  complaioed  of  will  flill  remain  1 — and  ai  tt 
Author  fays—'  ■  numberlefi  number  of  meo  and  women  in  thti  lai 
«;i//  live  like  brute  bcalli;  men,  like  bnlli,  horfes,  and  dogi;  an 
women,  tike  cows,  marei,  and  biicbec.  So  beaflly'  —  but  thi« 
fee  btafilj  ! — no  more  of  Mr.  Riland,  at  tbii  [itne!  ^  ^ 

SERMON 
Occafioned  by  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Francis  Spillbaiy,  wl 
departed  ihii  Life,  March  3,  1782  in  the  77th  Year  of  hia  Age 
Preached  at  Sal ter'i  Hill,  March  i7ih.  To  wbicb  it  added,  il 
Oration  delivered  at  hit  Interment.  By  Hngb  WorthibgtoOf  Jui 
Kvo.     6  d.     Buckland,  &c. 

A  juQ  tribute  of  refpeA  to  a  very  refpeflablc  charaAer;  tnd  apti 
.  per  improvetneni  of  the  folemn  occafion. 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

W.  M.'(  Letter,  relative  to  a  Foreign  Article  in  oiir  lift  Afptmdi. 

11  lent  to  THB  CoHTtneNT,— where  the  Gentleman  who  drew  i 

that  Article  refidet ;  and  to  whom  the  matter  propofed  by  W.  K 

mull  be  ultimately  referred.     In  tht  mean  time,  our  Correfpondei 

may  rell  alTured,  that  we  embrace,  with  pleafore,  every  opportunii 

J  •  of  obliging  and  ferving  our  Readeit,  to  the  utmoA  of  our  ahilir 

I  W^  We  oQJy  lament,  that  our  power  u  not,  on  alt  occaiioni,  ai  boosdlc 

S>  are  our  wifbci. 


4  tl  The  Gttgt  d*AmiUi  cuoot  be  accepted  on  thi  term*  on  whit 
it  ii  offered.  The  Writer  of  the  Articlei  in  queftian,  fubjeA,  lit 
Qihcr  mortali,  to  the  fiilingi  of  humanity,  it  not  confciou*  of  bavin 
fubmitted  hit  pen  to  the  guidance  of  flattery  or  refeDCment,  an 
meant  to  purfue  the  line  of  honeH  and  impartiaJ  criticifm,  untoucbc 
by  compliment,  and  unmored  by  ioveClire.  m 

*,*  A  Letter,  (igned  Iwctg^titm,  expoBuUtea  with  ni  for  havir 
overlooked  a  publication  entitled  "  The  HiHory  of  the  Holy  Bibl 
by  a  Lady  ;"  printed  at  Ipfwicb.— This  tetter  hu  given  os  (be  £1 
notice  we  ever  received  concerning  the  work  to  which  it  teferi.  n 
biTc  never  feen  the  Lady'i  HiKory  of  the  Bible  *{  having  no  Com 
ipondent  at  Ipfwich. 

*  Nor  any  mivtrtifimtat  of  tti 

E^  In  oar  next  ire  Siall  givo  an  account  of  the  corioni  and  rc; 
intetefting  Ltlltrifrtm  a»  Jmiriemi  Farmtr, 

■*^ 


THE 


MONTHLY    REVIEW, 


For     JUNE,      1783. 


^•S'S@'^^@S':^^^@^^^^ii^^^^&iii'^'^^^-S^ 


Art.  r.  Lettin  from  an  Amtrlcan  T armer  \  defcribinj;  certain  pro- 
vincial Situations,  Manners,  and  Cultoms,  not  generally  knoM^n ; 
and  conveying  fome  Idea  of  the  lare  and  prefent  interior  Circum-' 
Hances  of  the  Britiih  Colonics  in  North  America.  Written  for 
the  Information  of  a  Friend  in  England,  by  J.  Heftor  St.  John,  A 
Farmer  in  Penofylvania.     8vo.     5  s.  Boards.     Davis.     1782. 

AS  the  long  wi(hed-for  period  is  not,  it  is  imagined,  far 
diftant,  when  the  animofities  between  this  country  and 
America  will  be  terminated,  thefe  authentic  and  curious  Let- 
ters from  an  American  Farmer  are  publifhed  at  ^  time  when 
they  cannot  fail  of  being  interefting  to  every  one  who  wiflies  to 
be  acquainted  with  a  country  that  will  fo  foon,  it  is  to  be  hoped» 
become  an  object  not  only  of  general  attention,  but  of  fraternal 
regard. 

Were  it  poflible  to  entertain  any  doubts  of  the  authenticity 
of  this  publication,  its  internal  evidence  would  alone  be  fuiE« 
cient  to  remove  then\.  The  Writer  profcflls  himfdf  to  be  a 
fimple  cultivator  of  thct^arth,  with  little  other  preteniion  to  li- 
terary attainments  than^hat  he  deriv-ifis^  from  a  few  mifcella* 
neous  volumes,  that  wer^  carried  over  from  England  by  his 
grandfather.  Nature,  however,  feems  to  have  made  up  to  him 
the  defers  of  education  :  he  poflefles  a  ftrong  and  enlightened 
underftanding,  a  perception  quick  and  intuitive,  and  a  philofo- 
phical  fpirit  of  refiedtion,  that  has  not  only  furnlfhed  his  mind 
with  many  new  and  original  ideas,  but  may  have,  pofTibYy,  eradi- 
cated from'  it  thofe  prejudices  which  books  as. often  contribute 
to  confirm  as  to  remove. 

Of  thefe  Letters,  which  are  twelve  in  number,  the  firft  is 
merely  introductory.     Tbe  fituation,  feelings,  and  pleafurcs  of 

Vol.  LXVI.  D  d  an 


402         St.  John'/  Letters  from  an  American  Farmer. 

an  American  farnocr  make  the  fubjed  of  the  fecond.  The  next 
is  an  anfwer  to  the  queftion.  What  is  an  American  ?  The  fix 
fubfequent  Letters  are  more  particular  and  local.  In  thefe  we 
have  a  very  curious  and  intereftins  account  of  the  iflands  of 
Nantucket,  and  Martha*s  Vineyard.  In  which  are  confidered 
the  manners,  trade,  cuftoms,  education  and  employments  of  the 
inhabitants.  They  contain  alfo  fome  particulars  refpeAing 
Charleftown  in  South  Carolina.  The  tenth  Letter,  which  is 
folely  appropriated  to  Natural  Hiftory,  will  be  Angularly  ac* 
ceptable  to  the  lovers  of  that  fcience.  As  will  alfo  the  next 
letter  from  a  Ruffian  gentleman,  a  correfpondent  of  Mr.  St. 
John's,  defcribing  his  vifit  to  Mr.  John  Bertram,  the  cele* 
brated  Pennfylvanian  botanift.  The  twelfth  and  laft  Letter 
cannot  fail  of  fuggefting,  to  thofe  who  are  not  totally  loft  to  the 
tender  fympathies  of  humanity,  fome  of  the  moft  pathetic  and 
aiFeding  ideas  by  which  the  human  heart  is  capable  of  being 
imprefled.  *  The  diftreflcs  of  a  frontier-man'  muft  have  been 
adually  felt  in  all  their  novel  and  aggravating  circumftances, 
or  Mr*  St.  John  could  not  poffibly  have  painted  them  with  fuch 
cxquifite  fenfibility  !  But  we  ihall  turn  (for  the  prefent  at  leaft) 
from  this  melancholy  pidure,  to  contemplate  the  more  pleafing 
one  of  the  Author's  fituation  and  feelings,  previous  to  the  com- 
mencement of  an  unfortunate  war,  which,  while  it  has  deluged 
the  one  country  with  blood,  has  (in  the  opinion  of  many  wife 
and  good  men)  ftained  the  other  with  the  guilt  of  it : 

*  At  yoo  are  the  firft  enlightened  European  I  have  ever  had  the 
pleafare  of  being  acqoaioted  with,  you  will  not  be  farpriM  that  I 
Aould,  according  to  your  earned  defire  and  my  promife*  appear 
aoxioQS  of  preserving  yoor  friendfliip  and  correfpondeoce*  By  yonr 
accoontSy  I  oblerve  a  material  difference  fobfitts  between  your  hof* 
haadry,  roodtt,  and  coftoms,  and  oort ;  ewttj  thing  is  local ;  cooJd 
we  enjoy  the  advantages  of  the  Eoglifli  farmer,  we  (hould  be  moch 
happier,  indcedi  bat  this  wiih,  lilte  many  others,  implies  a  contra- 
tradiAion  ;  and  coald  the  Englifh  farmer  have  fome  of  thofe  privi- 
leges we  polTefi,  they  would  he  the  firft  of  their  clafs  in  the  world. 
Good  and  evil  I  fee  ii  to  be  fo|ind  in  all  focietiet,  and  it  is  in  vain  to 
feek  for  any  fpot  where  thofe  ingredients  are  not  mixed.  I  therefore 
teft  fatiified,  and  thank  God  that  my  lot  is  to  be  an  American  farm- 
er, iailead  of  a  Ruffian  boor,  or  aa  Hungarian  peafaat.  I  think 
yon  kindly  for  the  idea,  however  dreadful,  which  yoii-^ve  given 
ae  of  their  lot  and  condition ;  yoor  obfervations  have  confirmed  me 
in  the  juftoefs  of  my  ideas,  and  1  am  happier  now  than  I  thought  my- 
ielf  before.  It  is  Itrange,  that  mifery,  when  viewed  in  others,  (houl4 
become  to  ni  a  fort  of  real  good,  tbongh  I  am  far  from  rejoicing  to 
hear  that  there  are  in  the  world  men  io  thoroughly  wretched  ;  they 
are  no  doubt  as  harmlefs,  indudrions,  and  willing  to  work  as  we  are. 
Hard  is  their  fate  to  be  thus  condemned  to  a  flavery  Worle  than  that 
Of  our  negroes.  Yet  when  young  I  entertained  fome  thoughts  of 
felling  my  farau    i  thought  it  afforded  but  %  dpli  repetition  of  the 

•    -  laaie 


St.  John V  Ltttertfrtm  an  Amirican  Farnurl  4OJ 

(kme  labonrs  and  pletfores.  T  thongbt  the  former  tedious  ind  hearf, 
the  latter  few  and  infipid;  but  when  f  came  to  confider  myfelf  aa" 
divefted  of  my  farm,  I  then  found  the  world  fo  wide»  and  every  placfl 
fo  full,  that  1  began  to  fear  left  there  would  be  no  room  for  me.  Mf 
farm,  my  houfe,  my  barn,  prefented  to  my  imagination,  objefla 
from  which  1  adduced  <]U!te  new  ideas;  they  were  more  forcible cbaa 
before.  Why  fhould  not  I  find  myfelf  happy,  faid  f,  where  my  fii« 
tber  was  before  ?  He  left  me  no  gocd  books  it  is  true,  he  gave  me  nO 
other  educucion  than  the  an  of  reading  and  writing;  but  he  left  ma 
a  good  farm,  and  his  experience;  he  left  me  free  from  debts,  and  00 
kind  of  difficulties  to  ftruggle  with. — I  married,  and  this  perfedUf 
reconciled  me  to  my  (ituation ;  my  wife  rendered  my  houfe  all  ar 
once  chearful  and  pleafing  ;  it  no  longer  iappeared  gloomy  and  fbli* 
tary  as  before ;  when  I  went  to  work  in  my  fields  I  worked  with 
more  aUcrity  and  fprightlinefs ;  I  felt  that  I  did  not  work  for  myfelf 
alone,  and  this  encouraged  me  much.  My  wife  would  often  eomtf 
with  her  knitting  in  her  hand,  and  fit  under  the  fhady  trees,  prsufin^ 
the  Hraightnefs  of  my  furrows,  and  the  docility  of  my  horfes ;  tkit 
fwclled  my  heart  and  made  every  thing  light  and  pleafant,  and  I  ra-» 
gretted  that  1  had  not  married  before.  1  felt  myfelf  happy  in  mf 
new  fituation,  and  where  is  that  ftation  which  can  confer  a  mora 
fublUntial  fyftem  of  felicity  than  that  of  an  American  farmer,  pof^ 
fefTing  freedom  of  action,  freedom  of  thoughts,  ruled  by  a  mode  of 
government  which  requires  but  little  from  us?  I  owe  nothing,  but  tt 
pepper-corn  to  my  country,  a  fmall  tribute  to  my  King,  with  \tyz\tf 
and  due  tt(]pc€i ;  I  know  no  other  landlord  than  the  Lord  of  all  lan^t 
to  whom  I  owe  the  moft  fincere  gratitude.  My  father  lef^  me  tbretf 
hundred  and  feventy-one  acres  of  land,  fbrty-feven  of  which  are  good 
timothy  meadow,  an  excellent  orchard,  a  good  faonfe,  and  a  febmi« 
tial  barn.  It  is  my  duty  to  think  how  happy  I  am  that  be  lived  tO 
build  and  to  pay  for  all  thefe  improvements ;  what  are  the  labooPiA 
which  I  have  to  undergo,  what  are  my  fatigues  when  compared  f(B 
his,  who  had  every  thing  to  do,  from  the  firft  tree  he  felled  to  tlHf 
£nifhing  of  his  houfe  ?  Every  year  I  kill  firom  i;oo  to  2000  weigiri 
of  poik,  t2oo  of  beeef,  half  a  dozen  of  good  wethers  in  barveftt  of 
fowls  my  wife  has  always  a  great  ftock  :  what  can  I  wifh  jnore?  Mjf 
negroes  are  tolerably  faithful  and  healthy ;  by  a  long  feries  of  ki« 
durlry  and  honeft  dealings,  my  father  left  behind  him  the  name  of  t 
good  man  ;  I  have  but  to  tread  his  paths  to  be  happy  and  a  good 
man  like  him.  1  know  enough  of  the  law  to  regulate  my  little  coo^ 
cerns  wiih  propriety,  nor  do  I  dread  irt  power  |  thefe  are  the  grand 
ouilines  of  my  fitnation,  but  as  I  can  feel  much  more  than  I  am  ablo 
to  exprefs,  I  hardly  know  how  to  proceed.  When  my  firft  fon  wai 
born,  the  whole  train  of  my  ideas  was  fiiddenly  altered ;  never  wii 
there  a  charm  that  aded  fo  quickly  and  powerfully ;  I  ceaicd  tO 
Gamble  in  imagination  through  the  wide  world  {  my  excniiont  fioeO 
have  ndt  e?:ceeded  the  bounds  of  my  farm,  and  all  my  priocipnl-pte#- 
fures  are  now  centered  within  its  fcanty  limits:  but  at  the  famodasa 
there  is  not  an  operation  belonging  to  it  in  which  1  do  not  find  Ibnii 
food  for  ufeful  refleflions.  This  is  the  rcafon,  I  foppofe,  thatnrkeft 
you  wis  here,  you  ufed,  in  your  refined  ftile,  to  dfnofninate  ne  tho 
farmef  of  feelings ;  ho^  rnde  muft  rhofe  feelings  be  to  him  who  datir 

Dd  a  1^(41 


I 
.404.  Su  John^i  Litunfrcm  an  Atnerican  Farmer 0 

hplds  the  axe  or  the  plough,  how  moch  more  refined  on  the  contrary 
thofe  of  the  Enropeao,  whofe  mird  it  improved  by  education*  ex- 
mnpltft  books,  and  by  every  acquired  advantage!  Thoie  feelings, 
however,  1  will  delineate  as  well  at  I  can,  agreeably  to  your  earneft 
reqneft.  When  I  contemplate  my  wife,  by  my  fire-fide,  while  (he 
either  fpins,  knita,  darns,  or  fuckles  our  child,  1  cannot  defcribe  the 
turious  emotions  of  love,  of  gratitude,  of  coofcious  pride  which  thrill 
in  my  heart,  and  often  overflow  in  involuntary  tears.  I  feel  the  ne- 
ceffity,  the  fweet  pleafure  of  ading  my  part,  the  part  of  an  hulband 
and  father,  with  an  intention  and  propriety  which  may  entitle  me  to 
my  good  fortune.  It  is  true,  thefe  pleafing  images  vanifh  with  the 
Aiioke  of  my  pipe ;  but  though  they  difappear  from  my  mind,  the 
ioprcflion  they  have  made  00  my  heart  is  indelible.  When  I  play 
urith  the  infao^my  warm  imagination  runs  forward,  and  eagerly  an* 
ticipates  his  future  temper  and  conftitution.  I  would  willingly  open 
the  book  of  fate,  and  know  in  which  page  his  dediny  is  delineated  ; 
alas!  where  is  theliither  who,  in  thcfe  moments  of  paternal  extscy, 
^n  delineate  one  half  of  the  thoughts  which  dilate  his  heart?  I  am 
fare  I  cannot ;  then  again  I  fear  for  the  health  of  thoie  who  are  be- 
come fo  dear  to  me,  and  in  their  ficknefTes  1  feverely  pay  for  the  joys 
i'experienced  while  they  «ere  well.  Whenever  J  go  abroad  it  is  al- 
ways involuntary.  I  never  return  home  without  feeling  fome  pleaf- 
ing emotion,  which  I  often  fupprefs  as  ufelefs  and  foolifh.  jjThe 
inftant  I  enter  on  my  own  land,  the  bright  idea  of  property,  of  ex- 
dofive  right,  of  independence  exalt  mv  mind.  Precious  foil,  I  fay 
to  myfelf,  by  what  fingular  cudom  of  Jaw  is  it  that  thou  waft  made 
la  confiitute  the  riches  of  the  freeholder  ?  What  fhould  we  American 
farmers  be  without  the  diftindl  poflefiion  of  that  foil  ?  It  feeds,  it 
dpthes  OS,  from  it  we  draw  even  a  great  exuberancy,  our  bed  meat, 
oar  richeft  drink,  the  ytry  honey  of  oar  bees  comes  from  this  privi- 
leged fpot.  No  wonder  we  (hould  thus  cheriQi  its  pofleifion,  no 
ivonder  that  fg  many  Europeans,  who  have  never  been  able  to  fay 
that  fttch  portion  of  land  was  theirs,  crofs  the  Atlantic,  to  rcaliste  that 
happineis*  This  formerly  rude  foil  has  been  converted  by  my  father 
into  t  pleafant  farm,  and  in  return  it  has  eftablifhed  all  our  rights  ; 
9njt  is  founded  our  rank,  our  freedom,  our  power  as  citizens,  our 
importance  as  inhabitants  of  fuch  a  diftri^l.  Thele  images,  1  muft 
ftoiifefs,  ,1  always  behold  with  pleafure,  and  extend  them  as  far  as  my 
iqnagination  can  reach :  for  this  is  what  may  be  called  the  true  and 
ehe-only  philofbphy  of  an  American  farmer.  Pray  do  not  laugh  in 
thus  feeing  an  artlefs  countryman  tracing  himfelf  through  the  firople 
modifications  of  his  life;  remember  that  you  have  required  it,  there- 
Anre  with  candour,  though  with  diffidence,  I  endeavour  to  follow  the 
li^ead  of  my  feedings,  but.  1  cannot  tell  you  all.  Often  when  I 
^l<Hi^h  my  low  ground,  I  place  my  little  Boy  on  a  chair  which  icrews 
iS>^  the  beam  of  the  plough>~its  motion  and  that  of  the  horfes  pleafe 
4U4I ;  he  is  perfedtly  happy,  and  begins  to  chat.  As  I  lean  over  the 
JJMiBfUe,  various  i^re  the  thoughts  which  croud  into  my  mind.  I  am 
JUNV  doing  {ot  him,_l  fay,  what  my  father  formerly  did.for  me,  may 
i#.od  enable  him- to  live,  that  he  may  perform  the  fame  operations  for 
4ke  Amc  porpoTes  when  I  am  worn  out  and  old  I  I  relieve  his  mother 
iftfulboie  trouble  while  I  have  him  with  me,  the  odoriferonsYorro\f 

exUIaratea 


Mafon'/  Englijh  Garden.  405 

exhilarates  his  fpirirs,  and  feems  to  do  the  child  a  great  deal  of  good/ 
for  he  looks  more  blooming  fince  I  have  adopted  that  practice ;  can' 
more  pleafure,  more  dignity  be  added  to  that  primary  occopatioo  ? 
The  father  thus  ploughing  with  his  child»  and  to  feed  his  family,  is- 
inferior  only  to  the  Emperor  of  China  ploughing  as  an  example  to 
his  kingdom."  ^ 

With  what  heart- felt  regret  muft  our  honeft  Pennfylvanian 
look  back  to  thefe  happy  moments  of  his  exiftence,  when  the' 
innocence,  the  fimplicity,  and  the  rational  employments  of  his 
life  could  only  have  been  equalled  in  the  primitive  ages  of  ipan*' 
kind! 

Aureus  banc  vitam  in  terris  Saturnus  agebat. 

Necdum  eciam  audicraoc  inflari  daffica,  oecdum 

Impofitof  duris  crepitare  incudibus  enles  , 

Scd  nos  immenfum  fpatiis  confecimus  xquor. 

[  To  be  continued,  ]  A      m^    JL 

Art.  ir.    Tbi  EngUp  Gardtn:  a  Poem.    In  Four  Books.    Book  IV. 
By  W.  Mafon,  M.  A.     410.     as.  6d.    Dodfley.    1781. 

THE  firft  Book  of  this  elegant  Poem  made  its  appearance 
in  the  year  1772,  of  which  the  Reader  will  find  a  very 
ample  account  in  the  forty-fixth  volume  of  our  Journal,  p.  219. 
Of  the  fecond  and  third  Books  no  other  notice  was  taken  at  the 
time  of  their  publication,  than  barely  to  announce  them  ;  as 
we  waited  for  the  completion  of  the  Writer's  plan,  that  the 
whole  might  be  included  in  one  general  critique.  The  Poem 
being  now  brought  to  a  conclufion,  it  is  with  pleafure  we  re- 
fume  the  confideration  of  it. 

Perhaps  we  cannot  give  the  Reader  a  jufter  idea  of  the  plan 
and  condud  of  this  plcafing  performance,  than  in  the  words  of 
Mr.  Mafon's  own  analyfis  of  it,  as  it  is  fketched  out  in  hia 
General  Poftfcript.  '  Tlie  firft  Book,*  fays  he,  «  contains 
the  general  Principles  of  the  Art,  which  are  (hewn  to  be  no 
other  than  thofe  which  conftitute  Beauty  in  the  filler  art 
of  Landfcape  Painting;  Beauty  which  refults  froni  a  well* 
chofen  variety  of  curves  ;  in  contradifVini^on  to  that  of  Archi- 
tedture,  which  arifes  from  a  judicious  fymmetry  of /Ight  lines, 
and  which  is  there  (hewn  to  hav^  afforded  the  principle  on 
which  that  formal  difpofition  of  Garden  Ground,  which  our  an- 
ceftors  borrowed  from  the  French  and  Dutch,  procce4ed.  A 
principle  never  adopted  by  Nature  herfelf,  and  therefore  con- 
flantly  to  be  avoided  by  thofe  whofe  bufinefs  it  i»  to  embellifh 
Nature.' 

*  The  fecond  Book  proceeds  to  a  more  pradical  diiculOon  of  the 
fubjed,  but  confines  itfelf  to  oae  point  only,  the  difpofition  of  the 
ground-plan,  and,  that  v«ry  material  bufinefs  immediately  united 
with  it,  the  proper  difpofition  and  formation  of  the  paths  and  fences. 
T^t  neccfiity  of  attending  conftantly  10  the  coirilineir  principle  ft 

Ddj  iirft 


4o6  Mafon'i  EngUjb  Gariin. 

firft  (hewD,  not  only  in  the  formacion  of  the  groondphio  with  refpe^l 
to  its  exteroal  boondary,  but  ia  its  interoal  fweliiDgs  and  finkicgf» 
where  til  abruptneft  or  angular  appearances  are  as  much  to  be  avoided 
9t  in  the  foroi  of  the  outline  that  furrounds  the  whole. 

*  The  pathways  or  walks  are  next  confidered,  and  that  peculiar 
curve  recommended  for  their  imi:ation  which  ii  fo  frequently  found 
in  common  roads>  foot-paths*  &c.  and  v^hich  being  cafoally  pro- 
duced appears  to  be  the  general  curve  of  Nature. 

'  The  reft  of  the  book  is  employed  in  minutely  defcribing  the  me- 
thod of  making  funk  fences,  and  other  neceiTary  divitions  of  the 
pleafure-ground  or  lawn  from  the  adjacent  field  or  park  ;  a  part  of 
the  art  which  is  of  liioil  eflential  confequence,  and  which  is  fre- 
quently very  difficult  both  to  defign  and  rxecure/ 

This  Book  dofes  with  the  appofite  (lory  of  Abdalominus,  who 
neas  found  working  in  his  garden  when  Alexander  came  to  im* 
pofe  upon*  or  rather,  to  reftore  to  him,  the  crow^  of  Sidon. 

*  The  tyird  Book  proceeds  to  add  natural  ornament  to  that  ground- 
plan  which  the  fecond  Book  had  afcercained,  in  its  two  capital 
Drancheji,  Wood  and  Water.' 

'  Fadiitious  or  artificial  ornamentf,  in  contradil!in£lion  to  natural 
ones  lall  treated,  form  the  general  fubjed  of  the  fourth  Book»  snd 
conclude  the  plan,  ^y  thefe  is  meant  not  only  every  aid  which  the 
art  borrows  from  architeflure  ;  but  thofe  fmaller  pieces  of  feparate 
fcenery  appropriated  either  to  ornament  or  ufr,  which  .do  not  make 
a  neceiTary  part  of  the  whole  ;  and  which,  if  admitted  into  it,  would 
frequently  occafion  a  littlenefs  ill  fuitiog  with  that  unity  and  fimpli- 
city  which  (hould  ever  be  principally  attended  to  ia  an  extcnfive 
pleafure-ground.' 

Appreh^nfive  that  defcfiptive  poetry,  however  varied,  might 
pall  when  continued  through  fo  long  a  poeno^  Mr.  Mafon  hat 
contrived  *  to  interweave  a  tale  with  the  general  theme.'  '  The 
idea,  fays  he,  was  new,  and  I  found  the  execution  of  it  feme- 
what  difficult.'  In  juftice,  however,  to  the  Poet's  art,  it  muft 
be  acknowledged,  his  fuccefs  has  been  more  than  equal  to  the 
difficulty  of  tne  attempt.  This  interefting  ftory  is  thus  inuo- 
4uced: 

'  Bc|t  precep  s  tir9»  and  this  faftidious  age 
Rqe£ls  the  ilrain  didadic:  Try  we  then 
In  livelier  Narrative  the  troths  to  veil 
We  dare  not  dilate.     Sons  of  Albion,  hear ! 
The  tale  X  tell  is  full  of  ftrange  event. 
And  piteous  eircumftance;  yet  deem  not  ye. 
If  narnes  I  feign,  that  therefore  fads  are  feigo'd : 
Kor  hence  refwie  (what  moft  angmeats  tha  chara 
Of  fiofled  woe)  that  fond  credulity 
Which  binds  th'  attentive  foul  in  cloier  chains.' 

Faffing  over  the  introdufiory  defcriptioo  of  Alcander*s  do- 
main, aad  its  fituation  on  the  coaft,  proceed  we  to  the  com- 
mencement of  this  afFeding,  though  romantic  and  improbabk 
oarrativet  fo  full  *  of  firan^  event  and  piteous  eircumftance/ 

One 


Mafon'^  EtigUJb  Garitn.  407 

*  One  verm!  room,  at  orging  here  tbe  work 
Surroupded  by  bit  biodt,  from  mild  to  cold 
The  fetfon  chang'd,  from  cold  to  fuddcn  ftormp 
From  ilorm  to  whirlwind.    To  the  angry  main 
Swiftly  he  turni»  and  feet  a  laden  ihip 
Difmafted  by  itt  rage.     "  Hie.  hie  we  al|/» 
Alcander  cry'dy  "  quick  to  the  neighboring  beach.'* 
They  flew ;  they  came,  bat  only  to  behold» 
Tremendout  fight !  the  veflcl  dafli  itt  poop 
Amid  the  boiliog  breakert.    Need  I  teJl 
What  ftreooout  artt  were  at'd,  when  all  were  atM» 
To  fave  the  finking  Crew?  One  tender  Maid 
Alone  efcapMy  fav*d  by  ALCANDER*t  arm. 
Who  boldly  fwam  to  fnatch  her  from  the  plank 
To  which  flie  feebly  clong ;  fwiftly  to  (hore. 
And  fwifter  to  hit  home,  the  yoath  convey'd 
Hit  day-cold  price,  who  at  hit  portal  firft 
By  one  deep  figh  a  iign  of  Life  betray*d. 
A  Maid  fo  fav^,  if  but  by  Nature  bleft 
With  common  charmt,  had  foon  awak'd  a  flame 
More  ftroDg  than  Pity,  in  that  melting  heart 
Which  Pity  warm'd  before.    But  (he  wat  fair 
At  Poett  piaure  Hebe,  or  the  Spring ; 
Graceful  withal,  as  if  each  limb  were  cal^ 
In  that  ideal  mould  whence  Raphael  drew 
Hit  Galatea  *  :  Yet,  th'  impaflion'd  Youth 
Felt  more  than  pity  when  he  view*d  her  charmt* 
Yet  (he,  (ah,  ftrange  to  tell)  tho*  much  he  lov*d, 
Suppreft  at  much  that  fympatheric  flame 
Which  Love  like  hit  (hould  kindle :  Did  he  knee! 
In  rapture  at  her  feet  ?  flie  bow'd  the  head. 
And  coldly  bad  him  rife ;  or  did  he  plead. 
In  termt  of  pureft  paflton,  for  a  fmile  ? 
She  gave  him  but  a  tear :  his  manly  form. 
Hit  virtoet,  ev'n  the  courage  that  preferv'd 
Her  life,  befeeni'd  no  fenciment  to  wake 
Warmer  than  gratitude  ;  and  yet  the  love 
Withheld  from  him  flie  freely  gave  hit  fcenet ; 
On  all  their  charmt  a  jull  applaofe  beflow*d  % 
And,  if  (he  e  er  was  happy,  only  then 
When  wandering  where  thofe  charms  were  moll  difplay*d* 

'  At  thro'  a  neighboring  Grove,  where  ancient  beech 
Their  awful  foliage  flung,  Alcandbr  led 
The  penfive  Maid  along,  *•  Tell  me,"  flie  cry'd, 

*  Alluding  to  a  letter  of  that  famous  painter,  written  to  hit  friend 
Count  Baltafer  Caftiglione,  when  he  wat  painting  hit  celebrated  pic- 
tare  of  Galaiea,  in  which  he  tellt  him,  '*  eflendo  careftia  di  fcwlle 
donne,  io  mi  fervo  di  certa  idea  che  viene  alia  mente.**  See  Bellori 
Di/crix,  dtUt  imagimi  ^tpintt  da  Raffatllo  d^Urhint^  or  the  Life  of  B. 
Cafliglione,  pre&zcd  to  the  London  edition  of  hit  book  entitled,  // 
C9rUgian§. 

Dd4  /?Whf 


4o8  ,  Mafon'i  EngUJb  GarJen. 


ti 


€€ 
€t 


Why,  on  tbefe  fored  features  all-intent, 
"  Forbears  my  friend  fome  fcene  diflind  to  give 
**  To  Flora  and  her  fragrance  ?  Well  I  know 
**  That  in  the  general  Landfcape's  broad  expanfe 
*'  Their  liule  blooms  are  loft ;  but  here  are  glades, 
**  Circled  with  (hade,  yet  pervious  to  the  fun, 
*'  Where,  if  enamellM  with  their  rainbow- hues, 

The  eye  would  catch  their  fplendor  :  turn  thy  Tafle, 

Ev'n  in  this  grafly  circle  where  we  (Und, 

To  form  their  plots  ;  there  weave  a  woodbine  Bower» 
**  And  call  that  Bower  Nerina*s/*     At  the  word 
Alcander  fmird  ;  his  fancy  inftant  formM 
The  fragrant  fcene  (he  wi(h*d;  and  Love,  with  Art 
Uniting,  foon  produced  the  finifh'd  whole. 

*  Down  to  the  South  the  glade  by  Nature  Iean*d  ; 
Art  form'd  the  dope  ftill  fofier,  opening  there 
Its  foliage,  and  to  each  Etefian  gale 
Admittance  Utt  difpenfiog ;  thickeft  (hade 
Guarded  the  reft.     His  tafte  will  bed  conceive 
The  new  arrangement,  whofe  free  footfteps,  usM 
To  foreft  haunts,  have  pierc'd  their  opening  dells. 
Where  frequent  tufts  of  fweetbriar,  box  or  thorn. 
Steal  on  the  green  fward,  but  admit  fair  fpace 
For  many  a  mof[y  msze  to  wind  between. 
So  here  did  Art  arrange  her  flow*ry  groups 
Irregular,  yet  not  in  patches  quaint  *, 
But  interpos'd  between  the  wandering  lines 
Of  (haven  turf  which  twilled  to  the  path. 
Gravel  or  fand,  that  in  as  wild  a  wave 
Stole  round  the  verdant  limits  of  the  fcene  : 
Leading  the  eye  to  many  a  fculptorM  buft 
On  (liapely  pedeftal,  of  Sage  or  Bard, 
Bright  heirs  of  fame,  who  living  lov'd  the  haunts 
So  fragrant,  fo  (eqoefter*d.     Many  an  Urn 
There  too  had  place,  with  Votive  lay  infcribM 
To  Freedom,  Friend(hip,  Solitude,  or  Love. 

'  And  now  each  (low'r  that  bears  tranfplanting  change. 
Or  blooms  indigenous,  adorn'd  the  fcene ; 
Only  Nbrina's  wifti,  her  woodbine  bower, 

^  There  is  nothing  in  pidlurefque  Gardening  which  (hould  oo^ 
have  its  archetype  in  unadorned  Nature.  Now,  as  we  never  fee  any 
of  her  plains  dotted  with  dilTevered  patches  of  any  fort  of  vegetables, 
except,  perhaps,  fome  of  her  more  barren  heaths,  where  even  Furze 
can  grow  but  fparingly,  and  which  form  the  moil  difagreeable  of  heir 
fcenes,  therefore  the  pre(ent  common  mode  of  dotting  clumps  of 
flowers,  or  (hrubs  on  a  grafs-plat,  without  union,  and  without  other 
meaning  than  that  of  appearing  irregular,  ought  to  be  avoided.  It  it 
the  form  and  eafy  flow  of  the  grafly  interftices  (if  I  may  focall  them) 
|hat  the  dcfigner  ought  firft  to  have  a  regard  to;  and  if  thefe  be  well 
formed,  the  fpaccs  for  flowers  or  Ihrobbery  wiU  be  at  the  fame  time 
afceftained* 
^  |^cmam*4 


Mafon'i  EngUJh  Garden*  '40^' 

RemainM  to  crown  the  whole.     Here,  far  beyond 
That  humble  wifh,  her  Lover's  Genius  form'd 
A  glittering  Fane,  where  rare  and  alien  plants 
Might  fafely  flourifh  * ;  where  the  Citron  fwcct. 
And  fragrant  Orange,  rich  in  fruit  and  flowers. 
Might  hang  their  fiiver  (lars,  cheir  golden  globes. 
On  the  fame  odorous  Item :  Yet  fcoming  there 
The  glafly  pcnthoufe  of  ignoble  form. 
High  on  Ionic  Ihafts  he  bad  it  tower 
A  proud  Rorunda  ;  to  its  fides  conjoined 
Two  broad  Piazzas  in  theairic  curve, 
Knding  in  equal  Porticos  fublime. 
Glafs  rooPd  the  whoIe>  and  fidelong  to  the  South 
'Twixr  ev'ry  fluted  column*  lightly  rear*d 
Its  wall  pellucid.     All  within  was  day. 
Was  genii*!  Summer's  day,  for  fecret  ftoves 
Thro'  all  the  pile  {oKHtial  warmth  convey 'd. 

*  Thcfe  led  thro*  iflcs  of  Fragrance  to  the  Dome» 
Each  way  in  circling  quadrant*     That  bright  (pace 
Guarded  the  fpicy  tribes  from  Afric's  ihore. 
Or  Ind,  or  Araby,  Sabaran  Plants 
Weeping  with  nard,  and  balfam.     In  the  midft 
A  Statue  flood*  the  work  of  Attic  Art; 
Its  thin  light  drapery,  cafl  in  fluid  folds. 
Proclaimed  its  antientry ;  all  fave  the  head. 
Which  flole  (for  love  is  prone  to  gentle  thefts) 
The  features  of  N£rina  ;  yet  that  head. 
So  perfedl  in  refemblance ;  all  its  air 
So  tenderly  impaflion'd  ;  to  the  trunk. 
Which  Grecian  (kill  had  formed,  fo  aptly  joinM, 
Phidias  himfelf  might  feera  to  have  infpir'd 
The  chifl*el,  brib'd  to  do  the  amVous  fraud. 
One  graceful  hand  held  forth  a  flow'ry  wreath. 
The  other  prefl  her  zone;  while  round  the  bafe 
Dolphins,  and  Triton  fliells,  and  plants  marine 
Proclaimed,  that  Venus,  rifing  from  the  fea, 
Had  veiPd  in  Flora's  miodefl  veft  her  charms*' 

Alcander,  as  the  Reader  will  fuppofe,  aiSfted  by  the  tafte  and 
fancy  of  Nerina,  carries  the  embelii(hments  of  his  villa  to  fuch 
a  pitch  of  fuperior  elegance,  as  to  excite  general  curiofity  and 
admiration : 

Rumour  fpreads 
Its  praUes  faiy  and  many  a  flranger  flops 


*  M,  Li  Giradimt  in  an  elegant  French  Eflay,  written  on  the  fame 
fubjed,  and  formed  on  the  fame  principles,  with  this  Poem,  is  the 
only  writer  that  I  have  feen  (or  at  Iraft  recoiled)  who  has  attempted 
to  give  a  ftove  or  liot-houfe  a  pidurefque  efl^ed*  It  is  his  hint,  pur- 
fued  and  confiderably  dilated,  which  forms  the  defcription  of  Al« 
candel's  Con(ei:vatory.  SeehisEflayi  Dtla  Cmfofiii^m da Pajfagts. 
Centva^  1777. 

With 


i^io  Mafon'j  EngUJh  Gardtn.  ■ 

With  carioQi  eye  to  cenfure  or  admire. 
To  all  his  Lawns  are  pervious ;  gft  himfelf 
With  courteous  greeting  will  the  critic  hail* 
And  join  him  in  the  circuit.    Give  we  here 
(If  Candour  will  with  patient  ear  attend) 
The  focial  dialogue  Alcander  held 
With  one*  a  Youth  of  mild  yet  manly  mien. 
Who  feem'd  to  tafte  the  beauties  he  furvey'd. 

This  dialogue,  which  contains  an  elegant  difcuffion  of  feme 
of  the  leading  principles  of  the  art  which  the  Poet  is  purpofing 
to  teach,  we  muft  omit,  that  we  may  have  room  for  the  pathe- 
tic and  well-wrought  cataftropbe  of  this  interefting  epifode : 

<  On  they  paft 
Thro*  a  wild  thicket,  till  the  perfum'd  air 
Gave  to  another  fenfe  its  prelude  rich 
On  what  the  ey<^  (hould  feaft.     But  now  the  grove 
Expands ;  and  now  the  Rofe,  the  garden's  Queen, 
Amidft  her  blooming  fubjeds'  humbler  charms* 
On  ^v^ry  pl<)t  her  cnmfon  pomp  difplays. 
**  Oh»  Paradife !"  the  entVing  youth  exclaimM, 
**  Groves  whoiis  rich  trees  weep  odorous  gums  and  balm, 
'*  Others  whofe  fruit,  burnifh'd  with  golden  rind, 
'*  Hang  amiable,  Hefperian  fables  true, 
'*  If  true,  here  only  V    Thus,  in  Milton's  phrafe 
Sublime,  the  youth  his  admiration  pour*d, 
While  pafljng  to  the  dome  ;  his  next  (hoi  t  ilep 
Unveird  the  central  ftatue  :  *'  Heav'ns!  juft  Heav'ns,** 
He  cry'd,  "  Vis  my  Nerina."   *«  Thine,  mad  Youth  ? 
*'  Forego  the  word,''  Alcandpr  fiud,  and  paus'd; 
His  utterance  fiiPd  ;  a  thoufaod  duft'ring  thoughts. 
And  all  of  blacked  omen  to  his  peace, 
Recoil'd  upon  his  brain,  deaden'd  all  fen(e. 
And  at  the  ilatoe's  bafe  him  headlong  caft, 
A  lifelefs  load  of  being. — Ye,  whole  hearts 
Are  ready  at  Humanity's  foft  call 
To  drop  the  tear,  I  charge  you  weep  not  yet. 
But  fearfully  fufpend  the  burfting  woe  : 
NiaiNA's  felf  appears;  the  farther  ifle 
She,  fatt-diredcd,  treads.    Does  (he  too  faint  ? 
Would  Heav'n  (he  could !  it  were  a  happy  fwoon 
Might  foften  her  fix'd  form,  more  rigid  now 
Than  is  her  marble  femblance.    One  fliff  hand 
Lies  leaden  on  her  breaft ;  the  other  rais'd 
To  heav'n,  and  half-way  dench'd ;  fledfaft  her  eyes. 
Yet  viewlefs ;  and  her  lips,  which  op*d  to  ihriek. 
Can  neither  fiiriek  nor  clofe :  bo  might  (he  ftand 
For  ever :  He,  whofe  fight  caus'd  the  dread  change, 
Tho'  now  he  dafps  her  in  his  anxious  arrns^ 
Pails  to  unbend  one  finew  of  her  frame  ; 
■  ■■  ■         ■  ' '  — i— ^—  ■         ■ 

f  See  Milton's  Paradife  Loft,  Book  iv.  ver,  248,  &c« 

*Tia 


MafonV  EngUJb  Garden^  4,11 

*Ti8  ice;  'tis  fieel.    Bat  fee,  Alcander  wakes; 
And  waking,  as  by  magic  fympacbyy 
Nerina  whifpersy  *'  All  is  well,  my  friend; 
•*  '  Fwas  but  a  vifion  ;  I  may  yet  revive 
**  But  ftill  his  arm  fupporta  me  ;  aid  him,  friend, 
*'  And  bear  me  fvviftly  co  my  woodbine  bower; 
*'  For  there  indeed  I  wi(h  to  breathe  my  laft.** 

*  So  faying,  her  cold  cheek,  and  parched  brow, 
Turn*d  to  a  livid  palenefs ;  her  dim  eyes 

Sunk  in  their  fockets  ;  (harp  contradtibn  preft 
Her  temples,  ears  and  noftrils  :  fifrns  well  known 
To  thofe  :hat  tend  the  dying  *.     fioth  the  yooths 
Perceiv'd  the  change  ;  and  had  ftern  Death  himfelf 
WayM  his  black  banner  vifual  o'er  their  head?. 
It  could  not  more  appall.     With  trembling  Hep, 
And  filen:,  both  convey'd  her  to  the  bower« 

*  Her  languid  limbs  there  decently  compos*d. 
She  thus  her  fpeech  refum'd  :  *'  Attend  my  words 

**  Brave  Cleom  1  dear  Alcander!  generous  Pair: 

"  For  both  have  tender  intereft  in  this  heart 

**  Which  foon  (hall  beat  no  more.     That  I  am  thine 

'*  By  a  dear  Father's  juft  commands  I  own, 

**  Much  honoured  CleonI  take  the  hand  he  gvtt^ 

**  And  with  it.  Oh,  if  1  coold  give  my  heart» 

**  Thou  wert  its  worthy  owner.     All  I  can^ 

**  (And  that  preferv'd  with  chafteft  fealty) 

**  Duteous  I  give  thee,  Cleon  it  is  thine  ; 

**  Not  ev'n  this  dear  preferver,  e*er  could  gain 

'*  More  from  my  foul  than  Friend(hip — that  be  his; 

^*  Yet  let  me  own,  what,  dying,  fooths  the  pang. 
That,  had  thyfelf  and  duty  ne'er  been  known. 
He  mud  have  had  my  love."    She  paus'd ;  and  dropt 

A  filent  tear ;  then  preli  the  Stranger's  band ; 

Then  bow*d  her  head  upon  Alcander's  breaft ; 

And  "  blefs  them  both,  kind  Heav'n  !*'  (he  pray'd  and  died, 
^*  And  bleft  art  thou,"  cry'd  Cleon,  (in  a  voice 

Struggling  with  grief  for  utterance)  '*  bleft  to  die 
hre  thou  hadft  quedionM  me,  and  I  perforce 
Had  told  a  tale  which  muft  have  fent  thy  foul 
In  horror  from  thy  bofom.     Now  it  leavea 
A  fmile  of  peace  upon  thole  pallid  lips, 

*'  That  fpeaks  its  parting  happy.     Go  fair  faint! 
Go  to  thy  paIm-crown*d  father  I  thron'd  in  blifs. 


4< 
4( 


«( 


*  Thefe  lines  arc  taken  from  the  famous  parage  in  Hippocrates  in 
his  book  of  Prognoftics,  which  has  been  held  fo  accurately  defcriptive» 
that  dying  per fons  are,  from  kence,  ufually  faid  to  have  the  facia 
Hippocratica.  The  p^<ige  if  as  folk>w :  P»$  o(ir«,  o^oAfMt  «o»Aoi/ 
x^aUpoi  ^vfiwivluuoTKit  irtc  ^X^»  19  ivnr«i?^»^9  «c^  0  XoCci  rwy  £tu¥ 
anrpafcfuyoi,  at)  r^hfiAtt  T«  «v^  ro  ffMlttnroir,  o^n^or  rt  n^  iri^iIflafUMv  x^ 

••And 


412  Mafon'i  En^l/Jb  Garden. 

'*  And  feated  by  his  fide,  thoa  wilt  not  novv 
'*  Deplore  the  (avage  (Iroke  that  fcal'd  his  doom; 
•*  Go  hymn  the  Foutt  of  Mercy,  who,  from  ill 
^'  Educing  good,  makes  ev'n  a  death  like  his, 
"  A  life  furcharg'd  with  tender  woes  like  :hire, 
**  The  road  to  Joys  eternal.     Maid,  farewell ! 
*'  I  leave  the  cafket  that  thy  virtues  held 
*'  To  Him  whofebreaft  fulUins  it;  more  leIov'd» 
"  Perhaps  more  worthy,  yet  not  loving  more 
*'  Than  did  thy  wretched  Clkon."     At  the  word 
He  bath'd  in  tears  the  hand  (he  dying  gave. 
Returned  it  to  her  fide,  and  hafty  rofe. 
Alcander,  darting  from  his  trance  of  grief, 
Cry'd,  "  flay,  I  charge  thee  flay  ;'  •*  and  flmll  he  ftay,'» 
Cleon  reply'd,  '*  whofe  prefence  ftabb*d  thy  peace? 
'*  Hear  this  before  we  part :  That  breaihlcfb  Maid 
"  Was  daughter  to  a  venerable  Sage. 
*'  Whom  Bofton,  when  with  peace  and  fafety  bled. 
In  rapture  heard  poor  from  his  haflow'd  tongue 
Religion's  pureA  didtates.     'Twas  my  chance* 
In  early  period  of  our  civil  broils, 
"  To  fave  his  precious  life  :  And  hence  the  Sire 
'*  Did  to  my  love  his  Daughter's  charms  confign  ; 
*'  But,  till  the  war  fliould  ceafe,  if  ever  ceafe, 
**  Deferr*d  our  nuptials.     Whither  ihe  was  fent 
**  In  fearch  of  fafety,  well,  I  truil,  thou  know'd; 
*'  He  meant  to  follow ;  but  thofe  ruthlefs  flames, 
•*  That  fpar'd  nor  friend  nor  foe^  nor  fex  nor  age, 
*'  Involved  the  village,  whereon  fickly  couch 
He  lay  confin'd,  and  whiiher  he  had  fled 
Awhile  to  fojourn.     There  (I  fee  thee  ihrink) 
**  Was  he  that  gave  Nerina  being  burnt ! 
"  Burnt  by  thy  Countrymen!  to  Alhes  burnt! 
*'  Fraternal  hands  and  Chriftian  lit  the  flame. — 
**  Oh  thou  haft  caufe  to  (hudder.     1  meanwhile 
"  With  his  brave  fon  a  diilant  warfare  wag'd  ; 
*^  And  him,  now  I  have  found  the  p'ize  I  fought, 
"  And,  finding,  loft,  I  haflen  to  rejoin  ; 
•*  Vengeance  and  glory  call  me.**    At  the  word. 
Not  fiercer  does  the  Tigrefs  quit  her  cave 
To  feize  the  hinds  that  robb*d  her  of  her  young. 
Than  he  the  bower.     "  Swy,  1  conjure  thee,  flay," 
Alcander  cry'd,  but  ere  the  word  was  fpoke 
Cleon  was  feen  no  more.     "  Then  be  it  fo," 
The  youth  continuM,  dafping  to  his  heart 
The  beauteous  corfe,  and  fmiling  as  he  fpoke, 
(Yet  fuch  a  fmile  at  far  oui*forrows  tears) 
*'  Now  thou  art  mine  entirely — Now  no  more 
'*  Shall  Doty  dare  difturb  us — Love  alone — 
*'  But  hark  I  he  comes  again — Away  vain  fearf 
•*  'Twas  bpt  the  fluttering  of  thy  feather'dfiock. 
*'  True  to  their  cuftom'd  hourj  behold  they  troop 

"  From 


«< 


Mafon'i  Englijh  Gar  Jem  413 

**  From  ifland,  grove,  and  lake.     Aiife  my  Love, 
'*  Extend  thy  hand — I  lift  it,  bat  it  falls. 
'*  Hence  then,  fond  fools,  and  pine  I  NEftrNA's  band 
*'  Has  loft  the  power  to  feed  yoo.     Hence  and  die*" 

Thus  plaining,  to  bis  lips  the  icy  palm 
He  lifted,  and  with  ardent  pafiion  kift^ 
Then  cry'd  in  agony,  *'  on  this  dear  hand, 
"  Once  tremblingly  alive  to  Love**  foft  touch, 
"  I  hop'd  to  feal  my  faith:'*  This  thought awak*d 
Another  fad  folilrquy,  which  they, 
Whoe'er  have  lov*d,  will  from  their  hearts  fupply. 
And  they  who  have  not  will  but  hear  and  fmile.' 

To  point  out  every  beauty,  by  which  this  little  dramatic 
tale  is  didinguifhcd,  would  be  to  comment  on  almoft  every  line; 
there  is  one,  however,  of  peculiar  excellence  : 
Yet  fuch  a  fmile  as  far  ouc-forrows  tears—* 
an  idea  that  could  fuggeft  itfelf  only  to  a  W^riter  of  the  mod 
exquifite  fenfibility,  and  who  at  the  fame  time  was  intimately 
acquainted  with  the  feelings  of  the  human  heait  in  its  tei^dereft 
emotions. 

Though  Mr.  Mafon  has  given  (bme  ingenious,  and,  perhaps^ 
convincing,  reafons  why  he  has  preferred  blank  verfe  to  rhyme^ 
yet,  when  he  tells  us,  ^  that  numbers  of  the  mod  varied  kind 
are  the  propcreft  to  illuftrate  a  fubje£t  whofe  every  charm  fprings 
from  variety^  and  which  painting  Nature,  as  /corning  controul^ 
(bould  employ  a  verfification  for  that  tn^  as  unfettered  as  Na- 
ture itfelf,'  we  cannot  but  obferve,  that  the  analogy,  which  he 
iijppQfA  to  fubfift  between  his  fubje£l  and  the  manner  in  which 
he  has  treated  it,  feems  to  be  more  fanciful  than  juft.  Neither 
does  the  fplenetic  conclufion,  which  he  afterwards  draws,  ftcnt 
Co  arife  from  his  premifes :  ^  I  was  well  aware,  that  by  choofing 
to  write  in  blank  verfe,  I  (hould  not  court  popularity,  becauie 
I  perceived  it  was  growing  much  out  of  vogue;  but  this  reafon^ 
as  may  be  fuppoleJ,  did  not  weigh  miich  with  a  writer,  who 
meant  to  combat  Fafliion  in  the  very  theme  he  intended  to  write 
upon  j  and  who  was  alfo  convinced  that  a  mode  of  Englifli  ver- 
iiAcation,  in  which  fo  many  good  poems,  with  Paradife  Lofl: 
at  their  head,  have  been  written,  could  either  not  long  continue 
unfafhionable;  or  if  it  did,  that  Faihion  bad  fo  completely  de« 
flroyed  I  alle,  it  would  not  be  worth  any  writer's  while,  who 
aimed  at  more  than  the  reputation  .of  (he  jday,  to  endeavour  to 
amufe  the  Public* 

It  does  not  folk>w  that  a  writer  who  combats  fafhion  muft  be 
inJift'erent  to  popularity  :  there  have  been,  indeed,  many  in« 
iiances  in  which  writers  have  obtainetl  .popularity  with  no  other 
claim  than  that  of  having  combated  /ifliionable  opinions.  But 
fuppofing  this  propoiitioA  to  be  true,  how  does  it  apply  to  Mr. 
Mafoa  i  In  what  fenf^  be  caa  be  £iid:  to  have  combated  falbjon 

in 


414  LucasV  Hcmer^s  Hymn  to  dut. 

in  the  (heme  he  has  written  upon  is  not  rery  obvious ;  bis  pot m 
may  rather  be  faid  to  vindicate  fafliion  than  to  combat  it,  as  the 
Principles  of  Gardening  which  it  inculcates  are  the  fa;ne  that 
have  prevailed  for  fome  years :  it  cannot,  however,  be  denied 
that  the  manner  in  which  he  has  unfolded  and  explained  thofe 
principles  may  be  the  means  of  makinc;  them  better  and  more 
generally  underftood.  His  other  propoution,  that  all  tafte  muft 
be  deftroyed  when  blank  verfe  ceafes  to  be  fafiiionahle,  (lands 
upon  no  better  grounds  than  the  former.  If  Mr.  Mafon  means 
to  iniinuate  that  the  writer  of  rhyme  Js  to  expe<^  nothing  further 
than  the  reputation  of  the  day,  what  is  to. become  of  Dryden, 
Pope,  or  his  immortal  friend.  Gray  ?  and  we.  might  add,  of 
many  others  among  the  living  ?  whofe  names  we  forbear  to  men- 
tion, as  a  fele£tion  among  fuch  numbers  as  are  intitled  to  notice, 
might  appear  to  be  invidious. 

After  all  that  can  be  faid  on  this  fubjeA,  vcrfe  being  nothing 
more  than  the  cloathing  of  poetry,  it  is  the  poei*s  privilege  to 
choofe  what  drefs  his  mufe  (hall  appear  in ;  in  which,  indeed^ 
grace  and  convenience  ought  equally  to  be  confuixed.  And 
though  the  fa(hion  of  the  times  might,  poffibly,  give  an  im- 
proper bias  to  his  choice,  we  muft  not  therefore  conclude  that 
all  tafte  is  completely  deftroyed.  Such  a  conclu(ion  would  be 
almoft  as  precipitate  as  his,  who  taking  offence  at  the  want  of 
that  elegant  (implicity  in  the  drefs  of  a  modern  fine  lady  which 
chara£lerizes  the  drapery  of  a  Grecian  Venus,  (bould  decifively 
pronounce  that  female  beauty  was  no  longer  attra&ive.   ^ 

Aar.  III.  HomtrU  Hymn  u  dnt.  Tranflated  into  Englifh  Weriit% 
with  Notes,  critical  and  iUoftrattve.  To  which  is  prefixed,  a 
Tranflation  of  (he  Preface  of  the  Editor*  David  Rahnkeaias.  By 
the  Rev.  Robert  Locat,  of  Triaity  College,  Cambridge.  410.  38. 
fewed.    Robfon.     1781. 

OF  the  original  Hymn  (which,  whether  it  be  really  the 
produdion  of  Homer^  or  of  any  other  early  writer  of  anti- 
quity feems  not  yet  to  be  determined)  a  very  ample  account  waa 
given  in  the  Appendix  to  the  63d  volume  of  our  Review.  It 
was  natural  to  fuppofe  that  the  attention  not  only  of  the  anti- 
quary and  the  fcholar,  but  of  the  man  of  tafte  and  ingenuity 
would  be  attraded  by  a.  literary  curioiity  of  fo  (ingular  a  kind. 
As  a  proof  of  this  we  need  only  to  adduce  the  elegant  tranflatioA 
by  Mr.  Hole  (fee  M.  R.  for  Aoguft  1781)  and  this  of  Mr.  Lu- 
cas, which  is  before  us. 

In  the  examination  of  rival  performances,  there  Js  one  mlt 

that  ought  rarely,  if  ever,  to  be  deviated  from,  which  is,  to 

let  each  performance  fpeak,  as  much  aa  poffible,  for  itfelf.     In 

original  produdions  great  latitude  it  left  to  the  caAdosr  and  dif^ 

%  cletioii 


LucasV  Homer* s  Hymn  todnsm  41J 

cretton  of  the  Critic  in  feleding  fueh  paflages  as  may  appear  to 
be  fimilar.  But  in  traoflations  it  is  otherwife  :  he  has  no  longer 
a  difcretionary  power,  as  the  correfponding  paflages  point  out 
themfelves ;  all  he  has,  therefore,  to  do  is  t6  bring  each  pafiag^ 
impartially  before  the  tribunal  of  the  Public.  In  conformity 
with  this  equitable  rule  we  (hall  lay  before  our  Readers  that  part 
of  Mr.  Lucas's  Tranflation  which  correfponds  with  our  firfr>, 
quoution  from  Mr.  Hole's : 

<  To  graceful  C£  RES,  now,  who  widely  wields 
Her  golden  fceptre  o  er  the  fruitfo!  fields, 
I  raife  the  fong  ;  which  Proserpjnb  Khali  ihare. 
Her  violated  daughter,  fwifc  and  fair ; 
Whom  while  the  watchful  thondcrer  betrayed. 
Rapacious  Pluto  fnatched  the  trembling  maid. 

*  The  fair,  from  Ceres  guardian  eye  efcaped. 
To  Uyfa^i  fragrant  plain  hercourfe  (he  (haped  ; 
And  there  in  fport  with  Or#a«'s  daughters  Hrove, 
Whofe  fwelline  bofoms  tempt  the  look  of  love. 
Here,  each  inviting  flower  that  roand  her  grows 
She  plucks ;  the  hyacinth  and  fragrant  roie  ; 
The  purple  violet  now  invites  her  eye. 
The  crocus  and  the  foft  anemony : 
Above  the  reft  a  fweet  Narcissus  grew. 
Id  fplendid  beauty,  on  her  raptured  view : 
Earth  and  confederate  Jove  pat  forth  the  fnare. 
To  tempt,  for  Plato's  fake,  th*  unconfcious  fair; 
The  gods  themfelves  the  prod  ad  might  admire ! 
From  one  broad  root  an  haadred  hesds  afpire ! 
All  nature  loon  die  fpreading  fragrance  foand. 
And  heaven,  and  earth,  and  ocean  fmile  around ! 

She  (aw — and,  at  the  fight,  with  joy  entranced^ 
On,  to  the  beauteoos  bait,  in  hafte  advanced ; 
But  when  t*obtain  the  charming  prize  (he  tried. 
The  treacherous  earth  beneath  her  opened  wide  ; 
And  from  the  yawning  cbtTn— 'tis  firaoge  to  tell ! 
Forth  ifioed  the  grim  majefty  of  hell ! 
His  eager  arms  th'  affrighted  maid  embraced. 
And  in  his  golden  chariot  infiant  placed ; 
Swift  from  the  plain  his  ftceds  imitiortal  prefs^ 
Regard lefs  of  her  cries  and  dc^p  diftreii. 
And  now  her  utmofl  voice  is  raifed  in  vain. 
Her  father  Jove,  fupreme  and  juft,  to  gain  : 
Alas !  nor  god,  nor  man,  would  Ikear  her  Cry, 
( Whifft  e*eo  the  grove  itfelf  denies  reply) 
Sdve  Ptrfa^  yoothfnl  daughter,  &c.* 

Mr.  Hole,  concurring  with  Ruhnkenius^  that  the  expre&oo 
§Ly\Mxa^9^  sXami  is  corrupted  and  unintelligible,  propofes^ 
with  a  happinefs  4>f  conjediire  that  does  great  credit  to  bis  faga- 
city^  to  read  ayA^Mpirot  ireufw^  j^^^fy*^  ^^  interpretation  of 


4i6  Pr^irtii  MombibUt* 

ayXaoKx^TTOi  by  the  authority  of  Pindar.     Mr.  Lucas,  howcTeff 
adheres  to  the  firft  reading,  which  he  explains  very  ingenioully. 
'  The  original  of  this  palTage  rum  chos: 

On  the  lad  part  ija  ayXooirarpirot  iXmaut  the  editor  fayi  in  a  note,  '*  hare 
non  capio:  videant  acutiores.'*  After  fuch  a  declaration,  I  coold  not 
fiope  to  difcover  the  meaning  of  thefe  words,  if  it  depended  oo  a 
learned  penecration  :  hot,  as  the  fenfe  of  them  feems  to  me  to  lie  on 
the  furface  (the  reafon  probably  why  the  editor  has  overlooked  it)  I 
may  venture  my  idea  of  it.  Nothing  is  more  common  with  poets  than 
to  feign  an  attention  in  mountains,  woods,  rivers,  to  perfbns  £ngiog 
or  bewailing ;  which  no  doubt  took  its  life  from  the  echoes  which 
nfually  proceed  from  thofe  places. 
Virgil,  Ed.  x.  8. 

Neu  canimus/urdis^  rtfpnudtni  omnia  fylv^* 
JEn»  xii.  928. 

Con/urgumt  gemitu  Rutuit\  Wufyue  remugit 
Mont  circnmf  it  *uo€tm  iaii  nemora  mlia  nmiiiunt. 
I  take,  therefore,  ^  ayXoocdtp-oi i^usum  to  mean  fimply  this;  that  the 
fruitful  oli've  gro<vts^  which  were  near,  beard  not,  or  were  inattentive 
to,  the  cries  of  Proferpine ;  and  gave  no  anfwer  to  them  with  their 
accuflomed  echoes.'  if  ^^ 
j^l^     • 

Art.  IV.  Proptrtii  MonobibUs  :  Or,  That  Book  of  the  Elegies  of 
Propertius,  enutled Cynthia;  tranflated  into  Englifh  Verfe :  With 
Claflical  Notes.     8vo.     2s.  6d.  fewed.     Nichols.     1782. 

R'  EVIEWERS  have  been  cenfured,  and  in  fome  inftances 
perhaps,  it  is  to  be  feared,  not  unjuftly,  for  deviating  from 
that  unbending  line  which  ftrift  impartiality  points  out  to  them. 
It  may,  however,  very  truly  be  faid,  that  were  every  thing,  by 
which  their  judgments  may  be  impofed  upon,  taken  into  full 
confideration,  greatly  would  it  abate  the  feverity  of  their  con- 
demnation. No  one,  who  had  not  been  in  a  fimilar  fituation, 
can  be  aware  of  the  variety  of  artifices  that  are  daily  put  in  prac- 
tice to  avert  their  ccnfure  or  to  fecure  their  apprc^ation.  We 
have  fometimes  thought  of  making  A  ColUSliw  of  Litters  difre* 
catory  and  complimental  t$  thi  Monthly  Riviewers.  But  fettiog 
afide  the  violence  fuch  a  publication  might  do  to  our  modefty, 
there  are  other  motives  which  rcftrain  us  from  it :  The  arts  of 
literary  adulation,  which,  indeed,  are  but  too  well  underftood 
already,  would  be  laid  open  to  every  one  \  and  we  might  alfo  be 
fufpedted  of  wanting  to  take  an  unchriftian-like  revenge  of  many 
a  good  gentleman,  who  in  public  aiFe£ls  to  treat  our  decifions 
with  innnite  contempt,  and  yet  in  his  ptivati  corrijpmditici  con^ 
defcends  to  folicit  our  applaule  by  every  method  which  the  roean- 
nefs  of  flattery  or  fupplication  can  fuggeft  to  him  ;  nay  even  Co 
treat  us  with  a  refpcd  little  lefs  profound  than  could  have  been 

5  pai* 


Propiriii  Mdnobibbs*  417 

paid  to  Apollo  himfeir,  prefiding  at  his  own  Court  of  Crlticifcn 
on  ParnaflTds.  BuC  befides  thefe  modes  of  attack,  there  are 
others  more  oblique,  which,  as  they  are  lefs  apt  to  befufpeded, 
it  requires  greater  circumfpeftion  to  guard  againft.  Bur,  per- 
haps, the  greateft  trial  of  our  critical  integrity  is,  when  the  fm* 
cerity  of  the  compliment,  by  which  our  vanity  may  begratiEcd^ 
admits  notof  fufpicion* 

Wc  were  led  into  this  train  of  reflexions  by  an  involuntary 
wifli  to  ihew  every  reafonable  indulgence  to  the  performance  be- 
fore us,  arifing  in  our  minds  from  dtfcovering,  from  the  preface^ 
that  it  had  been  undertaken  in  confequence  of  a  hint  formerly 
dropped  in  our  Review,  that  fuch  a  work  would  be  acceptable. 
Sorry,  however,  are  we  to  add,  that  this  Tranflation  by  no 
means  corrcfponds  with  the  idea  we  had  formed  of  fuch  a  work. 
Though  its  fidelity  and  clofeaefs  evince  the  learning  and  indufiry 
of  the  Tranflator,  the  elegance  of  the  original  too  frequently 
evaporates  in  the  tranflation.  The  verfification  is  commonly 
harfh,  and  the  rhymes  are  difibnant.  This  cenfure,  however^ 
does  not  extend  to  each  individual  Elegy ;  for  inftance,  the  foU 
lowing, — in  which,  if  proper  allowance  be  made  for  the  difliculty 
of  tranflating  fo  clofely  as  that  each  line  in  the  tranflation  (hall 
have  its  correfjpondent  one  in  the  original,  will  be  thought  not 
deflitute  of  merit: 

*  Go  then,  on  Tiber's  velvet  banks  recline ; 
And  in  Mentorean  cups  ^uafFLefliian  wine : 
Go  view  thy  rapid  wherriei  cleave  the  tide. 
Or  drawn  by  cords  thy  barges  flowly  glide  ;  * 

View  thy  tall  trees  their  caltur'd  ranges  fpread. 
Like  woods  that  burden'd  Caocafat  o'erfiiade : 
Yet  what  are  thefe  compared  with  my  fond  joys  ? 
Love  will  not  yield  to  all  that  wealth  fapplies  I 
Metbinks  if  e*er  with  me  flie  fpends  the  night. 
Or  kindly  wades  the  day  in  dear  delight ; 
Beneath  my  roof  Padkolas  rolls  itsftores, 
And  gems  1  cull  on  Erythraean  (hores : 


'  Tu  Well  abje^as  Tiberina  mollitur  nnd& 

Lefbla  Mentoreo  vina  bibas  opere: 
£t  modo  tarn  ccleres  mireris  currere  lin^res, 

£t  mod6  tarn  tardas  funibus  ire  rates : 
£t  nemos  omne  fatas  intendat  vertice  fllvas,  ^ 

Urgetnr  qoaotis  Caucafas  arboribus :         ' 
Non  tamen  itta  meo  valeant  contendere  amori. 

Nefcit  Amor  magnis  cedere  divitiis. 
Nam  five  optatam  mecum  trabic  ille  qnictetD, 

Seu  facta  totom  ducit  amore  diem  :  lO 

Turn  mihi  PaAoli  veniant  fob  tefla  liqaores, 

Et  iegitar  robris  gemma  fub  seqaoriboi. 

Rev,  June,  1782.  E  e  TheQ 


41  §  Pfipirtii  •MoH9bsbht0 

Then  beyond  kan^  my  joyr  proclaidi  me  bled; 
May  thefe  reoiaiD,  while  life  (hall  wariti  rhu  breaft! 
If  crofs'd  in  paffioiiy  who  will  riches  heed  ? 
When  Venas  fmiles  not*  then  we're  poor  indeed! 
She  lays  the  hero's  boafted  vigour  low, 
'Tis  Venus  uielts  the  hardeft  heart  to  woe; 
She  on  Arabian  thresholds  dares  to  tread, 
Th'  empurpled  conch,  O  Tullus !  dares  inrade ; 
She  on  hts  bed  can  ftfetch  thefigfiing  Twain, 
Then  o'er  it  fpreade  the  piAur'd  filk  in  vain.— *^ 

Propitions  prove*,  thioo  charmer  of  the  (kie«  ! 
And  thrones  I'll  fcorn,  Alcinous'  wealth  defpiie  !' 


Tnm  mihi  ceiTuros  fpondent  mea  gandia  reget : 

Quas  maneant,  dum  me  fata  perire  volent* 
Nam  qnis  divitiit  adverfo  gandec  amoref  15 

Nulla  mihi  tridi  praemia  fint  Venerea 
Ilia  poteft  magnas  heronm  in  frin^re  vires : 

Ilia  etiam  duris  mentibus  tSc  dolor. 
Ilia  neque  Arabium  metait  tranfcendere  limen^ 

Nee  timet  cdrino^  Tulle,  fubire  toro :  20 

£t  miferum  toto  juvenem  verfare  cubili. 

Qnid  relevant  variis  ferica  cextilibus  ? 
QnB  mihi  dum  placata  aderit,  non  ulla  verebor 

Regna,  nee  Alcinoi  munera  defpicere.* 

No  TBS,    iy  tbi  TranfiaHr. 

*  He  addrelTeshis  friend  Tullus ;  with  whofe  riches  he  fets  in  com- 
pecitjon  the  pleafure  refulting  from  his  love.  This  elegy,  fays  Vul- 
pius,  is  moft  fweet,  florid,  fprightly,  and  polilhed ;  it  breathes  the 
utmoil  freedom,  and  its  numbers  are  fimple,  foft,  roond,  well  turned; 
in  a  word  they  are  Propertian  ;  and  we  may  fay  of  oar  bard,  what 
Cowley  faid  of  Anacreon,  in  the  charader  of  Love : 

AU  thy  verfe  is  fofrer  far, 

Than  the  downy  feathers  are 

Of  my  wings,  or  of  my  arrows. 

Of  my  mother *s  doves,  or  fparrows  ; 

Graceful,  cleanly,  fmooth,  and  round; 

All  with  Venns'  girdle  bound. 
Broukhufins  informs  us,  that  Joannes  Secnndus  has  beautifuHy  imi- 
tated this  elegy,  together  with  EUg.  3.  Lib.  3.  of  Tibuilus,  in  the  ie- 
cond  eleev  ot  his  firil  book. 

*  I .  Tiiirifia  undo]  From  this  paflage,  as  well  at  from  many  othert, 
a^  appears,  that  Tullus  was  no  mean  perfoaage ;  fince,  like  other  Ro- 
tnans  of  condition,  he  had  his  villa  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber. 

*  2.  MintoTio  »ptrt :"]  So  high* wrought  drinking  cops  arecalled» 
by  way  of  excellence.  Mentor  was  a  famous  fcuiptor  or  embo/Ter  ; 
of  whofe  workmaafliip  Pliny  informs  us,  Lib,  33.  Cap,  ii.  that  the 
orator  Lucius  Crafius  bought  two  goblets,  at  an  hundred  HSS.  Mar* 
tial  frequently  fpeaks  of  Mentorean  cups;  and  Cicero,  at  well  as  manjr 
others,  mention  them.  We  may  here  remark,  that  the  antients  made 
their  more  coftly  drinking- cups  of  gold,  gems,  and  a  compofitioa 
called  wutrrka,  about  which  aniiquariea  are  to  much  divided  ;  fome 

contend 


Properiti  Mohob'M.  419. 

contend  it  was  tlie  Tame  with  the  oilyx;  but  MoDtfaucbn,  who  givef 
various  fpecimens  of  the  antieiit  driDking-vafesy  is  convinced  front 
what  Arrian  fays»  that  it  was  a  feparate  matter  :  the  murrhinian  cupt 
were  mod  efteemed  of  all  others,  as  well  for  their  gold  and  purple 
ihades,  as  for  their  natural  perfume;  they  were  firil  brought  into 
Rome  by  Pompey,  when  he  returned  in  triomph  from  the  Eal^. 

'  2*  Lejbia  wtia]  This  wine  is  noted  by  Horace,  as  a  light  wine  fit 
for  the  fummer,  and  not  intoxicating;  Athenxus  terms  it  oiy^y^iov; 
it  is  the  fame  with  what  Virgil,  do.  2.  and  our  poet,  £leg,  9.  Li6,  4. 
call  Methymtneum^  from  Methymna,  a  city  of  Lefbos.  See  what  Ari- 
ilotle  fays  of  Leibian  wine»  according  to  Aulu3  Gellius,  Lib.  i  z.  Cap,  5. 
'  ^,  /knibuj  iro rates:]  The  aDciencsi  like  us,  not  only  navigated 
vefTcIs  along  rivers  with  fails  and  oarsj  but  alfo  drew  them  along  with 
cords  faflened  to  men  and  beads :  thus  Aafonios  in  Mo/iiic, 

Tu  duplices  fortiti  mias ;  et  quum  amnt  fieundo 

Labtris,  ut  celeres  feriant  *vada  concita  rtmi  : 

Et  quum  per  ripas  nufquam  cejfante  nmulco 

Iniendunt  collo  maUrum  vi/icu/a  naut^t. 

*  ^.  Jatasjil'va$^  Livineius  injudicioufly  writes  >2rrrtf/^a;ii/ ;  but 
PafTeratius  jullly  interprets  ihefc  words,  tnts  planted  in  attain  ranks  or 
orders ;  {at  filva  is  often  put,  as  he  clearly  proves,  for  a  (ingle  tree  ; 
in  fuch  ranks,  Virgil,  Geor,  2.  recommends  the  planting  of  vines,  at 
well  for  utility  as  ornament*  The  Romans  went  to  an  imroenfe  ex- 
pence  in  the  culture  of  their  woods,  or  parks  belonging  to  their  villas. 
See  an  excellent  note,  and  applicable  (lory  upon  this  fubjed,  in 
Grainger's  Tiballus,  Eleg   3.  Lib.  3, 

*  8.  Nefcit  Amory  &c.J  See  our  poet,  EUg,  5. 

Ntfcit  Amor  pri/cis  ctdere  imaginibus, 

*  9.  trabit quietensy]  Pafferacius  interprets  this  pafTage  by;  rtf«/ria<^. 
ingy  Jhortiking  tbi  nigbt ;  for  the  night,  to  a  very  fond  lover,  when 
with  bis  miftrefs,  never  feems  long  enough  ;  but  I  think  that  trabtrt 
here  fimply  means  ducere,  as  Virgil  ufes  it,  ^ntid,  4, 

Nate  dea^  potis  hoc  fub  ca/u  ducert /omnos  f 
'12./.  rubris  gemma /nb  aquoribnsJ]  1  he  Erythrean  fea  fo  named  by 
the  Greeks  from  its  King  Erythra,  is  called  by  the  Latins  marermbrum ; 
perhaps  fays  Pliny,  Lib,  8.  Cap,  22.  from  its  waters  being  tinged  red* 
by  the  reverberation  of  the  folar  rays ;  perhaps  from  the  colour  of  its 
fands,  or  foil;  or  from  Uie  natural  redoefs  of  its  waters.  And  in  his 
Proem,  to  Lib,  12.  he  informs  us,  that  on  its  banks  were  found  ia 
«great  quantities  pearls  and  curious  (hells,  particalarly  the  murex, 
from  which  a  purple  dye  was  extra6led. 

*  14.  dummefatapirirea/oient,]  BroukhuGus  cannot  perfuade  him- 
felf,  that  Propertius  wrote  thus ;  for,  fays  he,  it  is  dura  atque  inauf' 
ficata  loeutioi  from  which,  he  adds,  that  the  Romans  religioufly  ab- 
llained ;  and  he  would  fain  fobftitute  in  its  room  venire^  or  manere  : 
but  let  thofe  fubfcribe  to  this  refinement  who  chufe  it, 

'  i6.  trifti\  This  word  here  means,  unkind,  unpropitions;  as  ior 
Tibullus,  El.  7,  Z.  i. 

Semper t  ut  imducary  blandos  offers  mibi  'vnlfus  : 
Poft  temen  es  mi/ero  triftis  et  a/per ^  Amor, 

*  16.  pr^emia]  This  wor4  is  ufurped  for  pecuniar/  richei,  bjr  N«^ 
vittSy  after  Prifcianus. 

£  c  2  ^  ig.  A* 


420  Modern  MannefU 

'  19.  jfrahtam  tran/cenJeri  limen,]  Some  editors  write  lefs  elegant!/ 
iQnfcenderi^  By  Arabian  threfhclds,  or  doors,  are  anderftood  fuch 
valuable  ones  as  are  made  of  ooyx,  or  alabailer,  which  is  found  in 
Arabia,  See  Diodorus  Siculus,  Lib,  2*  upon  Arabian  marble ;  and 
Pliny,  Lib.  36.  Cap*  7.  The  wealthy  Romans  tncruAed  ibeir  whole 
houfes  with  marble ;  and  we  are  inforo^ed  by  Plioy,  that  Mtmufra 
Formianus,  a  Roman  knight,  whom  Catullus  la{hes  with  fych  deter- 
mined virulence,  was  the  firft  in  Rome  who  fo  decorated  his  houfe. 

*  %%.  'uariii  ferica  ttxtilibui  f^  Woven  coverlids  for  beds,  as  well 
as  all  other  woven  manufa^uies.  Bahyhnica firagula  tt  ptriftrtmata^ 
were  firft  invented  by  the  Egyptians,  as  Pliny  tells  us,  Lib,  7  cap.  56. 
thofe  of  filk  were  particularly  coftly ;  for  (illc  was  but  little  known 
among  the  Romans :  Theophanes,  the  Byzantine  hiftorian,  tells  08» 
that  a  certain  Perfian  fir  A  brought  filk- worms  from  the  nation  of  the 
Seres,  the  prefent  Chine fe.  to  ConiUncinoplei  ander  the  Emperor 
Juftinian,  and  tanght  the  Komans  how  filk  was  produced.  Salmafius, 
'  in  Vopijc,  cbferves,  that  the  ancients  had,  like  us,  filk  Huffs  woven 
with  thread  one  way,  and  filk another;  which  they calledy&i^/Vr and 
tramo/irici  \  but  fuch  as  were  entirely  of  filk  they  called  boloftrici^  and 
efteemed  at  high  value.  Spartianns  informs  us,  that  the  magnificent 
emperor  Hsliogabalus  was  the  fird  whoworea  garment  wholly  cf  filk; 
and  Vopifcus  remark*,  that,  in  the  tinie  of  Aurelian,  a  poond  of  (ilk 
was  worth  a  pound  of  gold. 

'  24.  JUiuoi  muntra]  The  riches  ofAlcinous  king  of  the  Phaea- 
cians;  and  the  vaft  gifts  he  laviflied  upon  UlyfTef,  at  his  departtfrc 
from  Corcyra,  are  amply  defcribtd  by  Homer,  Ot/yjl  7,  et  ^'^•^ffM 

Ari.V.     MoJirn  Mannrrs  :  In  a  Series  of  Familiar  £piiHes«     8vo. 

2s.  6d»     Faulder.     1781. 

AProfcfled  imitation  of  the  Bath  Guide,  and  one  of  the  beft 
that  we  recoIl^A  to  have  feen  of  that,  exquifite  original. 
The  characters  are,  an  old  Country  'Squire,  his  Nephew  and 
Niece,  and  an  old  maiden  Aunt,  who  come  up  (o  town  on  a 
vifit  to  a  modern  fine  lady.     As  a  fpecimen  of  this  writer's  man* 
ner,  take  the  following  detached  pafTages  from  the  7th  eplfilc. 
'  My  Lord,  t'other  evening  when  dinner  was  done. 
And  bottles  and  glaiTes,  and  fruit,  were  fet  on. 
Said,  he  d  juft  got  a  card  from  my  Lady  Chattony, 
Whobeg'd  him  to  come  to  her  Conuir/atione : 
Go  with  me,  he  cried,  and  1*11  promife  a  treat ; 
There  the  gay,  and  the  grave,  and  the  learned  will  meet : 
There  men  0^  all  taties,  and  all  humours  you'll  find. 
And  may  join  in  the  party  that's  moll  ro  your  mind. 
1  was  pleas'd  with  this  thing,  I  ne'er  heard  of  before, 
i-o  his  Lordfhip  commanded  the  coach  to  the  door: 
Away  then  they  drove  us,  but  when  we  got  there. 
The  room  was  fo  full  we  cuuld  fcarcefind  a  chair: 
K^TEgot  to  the  (bpha^  by  young  \AdY  HoRNta, 
Whom  fhc*d  feen  at  my  Lord's— -Gporgb  popp'd  down  In  a  corner. 
For  my  part,  poor  mortal  I  I  Ui  down  behind, 
Twixc  the  window  and  door,  in  a  cuneac  of  wind  ; 

That 


Mpdtm  Manners*  421 

That  rm  quite  hositft  this  morning,  yoo  need  not  l^  told, 
Vou  know  thorough  air  always  gives  n^e  a  coijl. 
Then  ihe  cofFee  and  ce^ 
Were  pourd  out  d'ye  fee, 
la  the  parlour  below  by  the  livery 'd  fquire  i 
And  indeed  I  mui\  own, 
Tho'  cold  as  a  flone. 
As  firong  and  as  bicier  as  heart  could  deGre^ 
When  they'd  handed  aboqt 
To  all  the  gay  rout, 
Two  cups  of  the  lic^uor  which  Indies  adortf; 
Quickly  out  of  our  iight* 
It  altonifh'd  me  quite. 
The  cake  and  the  coffee,  and  tea*thing8  they  bore, 
Without  afking  us  once  if  we  chofe  any  more. 

Then  they  got  into  parties,  as  fui.ed  them  beft. 
Each  fet  by  theoifelves  turn'd  their  backs  on  the  reft : 
To  be  fure  fuch  gay  people  knew  well  what  was  right, 
But  I  fhould  have  thought  it  not  quite  fo  polite. 
Firfl  1  fat  by  a  duller  of  beauties  and  beaus, 

^ho  talk*d  of  6ne  ponies,  fine  women,  fine  cloaths.  

«  «  «  «  ♦ 

*  Next  a  party  of  critics  and  authors  I  joinM, 
And  thought  I  bad  found  out  a  fet  to  my  mind : 
Cries  a  little  black  man,  **  I'm  convinc'd.  Dr.  Guzzle, 

'Tis  a  poor  paltry  book  that  s  juft  wrote  by  one  Puzzle* 
<  Fm  told  tOQ  that  Ratsbane  and  Screhphqwl  abufe  it— r 

Have  yoo,  my  dearDoftor,  had  time  to  perufe  itf" 
*•  O,  yes,  I've  juft  fkimm*d  it — 'ti«  terrible  tralb. 

An  cleo  of  nonfenfe,  an  ill-favour'd  btijh,^ 

Sir,  good  IVIr.  Shuttlecock's  pamphlet  (depend  oo't) 

Which  he's  going  to  publilh,  will  Tooi)  make  an  end  on't.-*r 

I  heard,"  cries  another,  at  C^^deli^'s,  to*day. 

That  Johnson's  in  town,  and  is  writing  away  ;' 

I  was  charm'd  with  his  M 1  lton  \  what  judgment  and  fp'rif ! 
*'  Mr.  Regicide,  fure  you  11  allow  thi^  has  merit ^ 
••  you've  read  it,  no  doubt,  Sir,"—**  Not  I.  Sir,  indeed— 
•*  Read  Johnson  I— l*d  fooner  fubf<;ribe  to  the  creed  !        ■   ■ 
**  His  opinions,  religious  and  civil,  1  hi^te    .    ■ 
••  Sir,  he'd  make  us  all  flavcs  to  the  chujch  and  the  ftate  !"— • 
••  Gud  Sir,"  cries  a  Scot,  fpringing  up  from  behind,^ 
And  prefenting  his  rnu/F  box,  *•  you're  quite  o'  my  mind ; 

Tho*  the  dodor  would  fain  give  all  poets  the  law, 

Q'  the  fpirit  of  verfe  he  kncvys  nothing  at  a'« 

in  fpiteofhis  critique,  \  canne'  perceive, 
*^  What  there  is  in  your  poem  of  Adam  and  Eve  \ 

An  you  read  OssiAN,  Milton  canna  ga  douo, 

'Tig  lik  aficr  a  virgin  a  mefyo'  the  t'on  : 

On  this  fubjedt  the'Do^or  does  nothing  but  dreaip^ 
f  ^or  be  is  tou  purblind  to  ken  the  luDlccmc.''*— 

E  c  3  ApTt 


«< 


f  < 


«• 

•  c 
(I 
«< 

•  < 


4« 
«( 


«< 
<< 


(  «a  ) 

JifLT.  Vf.  W#  ImiiriS  of  Gnat  Britain^  wth  f^gati  U  hir  AfmrUat^ 
Colomiis  confidtnd :  To  which  is  added  an  Appendix,  containing 
the  Outlines  of  a  Plan  for  a  general  Pacification.  By  James  An- 
derfofi)  M.  A.  Author  of  Qbfervations  on  the  Means  of  exciting 
a  Spirit  of  National  Induilry,&c.     8vo.     29.  6d.     Cadell.     1782. 

IN  times  when  fubjefis  of  general  importance  engage  the  at- 
tention of  the  Public,  and  teeming  heads  are  delivered  of 
thoughts  for  their  own  cafe  and  the  benefit  of  others,  any  perfon, 
whatever  his  opinions  may  be;  can  be  furnifhed  with  ready-made 
arguments  to  fupport  them,  that  will  fit  them  as  neatly,  as  a 
tall,  ihort,  fat,  lean,  ftrait,  or  crooked  man,  may  be  fitted 
with  a  fuit  of  cloaths  at  Monmouth- fireet  or  Rofemary-Iane  ; 
It  is  indeed  as  happy  for  communities  as  for  individuals,  that  we 
bave  fuch  a  facility  in  accommodating  our  thoughts  to  circum- 
fiances  as  they  arife;  for  the  train  of  reafoning  purfued  in  this 
very  fenfible  eflTay,  which,  perhaps,  the  ingenious  Author  him- 
felf  never  conceived,  till  it  was  dilated  by  events,  may  no^ 
operate  as  a  cordial,  by  its  novelty,  though  the  tafte  of  it  would 
have  been  totally  difreliOied  at  the  clofe  of  the  late  war,  when 
we  were  fluflied  with  conquefts,  and  congratulated  ourfelves  on 
the  recent  extenfion  of  the  Bricifh  empire.  After  having  been 
repeatedly  told,  both  in  print  and  in  the  fenate,  that  our  wel- 
fare as  a  nation,  depended  on  prefcrving  the  fupreme  govern* 
snent  over  our  American  colonies ;  we  are  now  comforted  under 
the  lofs  of  them,  by  a  difquifition,  the  refult  of  which  is, 

*  That  our  American  colonies,  inilead  of  promoting  the  trade  and 
snanufaflures  of  Great  Britain,  have  tended  in  a  xpofl  powerfal  man- 
ner to  deprefs  them.  That  inftead  of  adding  (Irength  and  (lability  to 
the  empire,  they  have  necefTarily  weakened  it  to  a  great  degree,  and 
cxpofed  it  to  the  molt  imminent  danger.  That,  therefore,  the  fettling 
of  thefe  colonies  at  firft  was  unwife,  and  the  fubftquent  encourage- 
ment that  was  given  them  highly  impolitic' 

To  maintain  thefe  pofitions  may  be  deemed  an  arduous  talk, 
by  thofe  who  have  ever  confidered  American  colonization  in  a 
dire6l  contrary  point  of  view  ;  but  it  is  undertaken  by  a  writer, 
whofe  abilities  we  have,  on  more  than  one  occafion^  found  to 
be  refpeAable,  Inftead  of  extending  this  article  by  attempting 
an  abridged  detail  of  the  whole  work,  which,  from  the  con- 
nexion of  the  ieveral  parts,  mu4l  be  injured  by  curtailing,  we 
ihall  confine  ourfelves  to  th^  chapter  which  treats  of  the  confe* 
quences  that  refult  from  extended  dominion,  as  an  abflraSt 
queftion  ;  and  our  choice  is  the  rather  direS^d  to  tbi^  pa^ge, 
as  the  argument  of  it  points  dircfily  at  certain  current  opinions^ 
as  well  relating  to  ourfelves  as  to  the  new- formed  American 
States,  the  validity  qf  which  is  generally  fuppofed  incontro- 
vertible, and  may  ferve  to  reconcile  us  to  difappointments,  that« 
Siccording  to  the  writer,  ought  rather  to  give  us  fii^tisfa^ion. 


Andcrfon'j  Interift  rf  GnatBrUain^  ice.  423 

It  IS,  ftys  our  Author,  admitted,  that  of  two  countries  con- 
taining an  equal  number  of  inhabitants,  the  fmalleft  in  extent 
of  territory  will  be  the  moft  powerful.  The  larger  the  territory, 
the  more  difficult  it  is  to  be  defended  ;  many  garrifons  and  nu- 
merous troops  being  required  to  fecure  an  extended  country 
from  infult  and  danger.  The  fame  reafoning  applies  to  the  in- 
ternal police  of  the  country ;  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  prompt 
juftice  againft  tranfgreflbrs,  being  much  greater  in  countries 
where  the  people  are  thinly  fcattered,'  than  where  they  are  more 
numerous,  or  live  clofer  together  :  if  therefore  equal  fecurity  is 
obtained  in  each,  it  will  be  much  more  chargeable  in  the  large, 
than  in  the  fmall  country.  In  a  well-peopled  country,  the  la- 
bourer and  manufadurer  are  fo  near  neighbours,  that  they  ex<- 
change  the  produce  of  their  induftry  with  great  facility,  and 
with  the  leaft  poffible  wafte  of  labour ;  therefore  the  produce  of 
the  fields,  and  manufa6iures,  can  be  afforded  at  the  loweft  pof- 
fible rate.  But  if  a  country  be  thinly  peopled,  z\l  commodities 
muft  be  carried  confiderable  diftances  to  market ;  and  the  ex- 
pence  of  carriage  enhances  the  price  of  goods  without  adding  to 
their  value :  To  this  muft  be  added,  the  labour  and  charge 
attending  making  and  fupporting  extenfive  roads  of  com* 
munication  between  different  parts  of  the  country. 

It  is  for  fuch  reafons  ^r.  Anderfon  calls  the  large  country, 
thinly  peopled,  the  ^^^r  country  ;  the  fmaller,  and  more  popu- 
lous, the  rich  country:  and  the  taxes  required  for  fupporting  the 
civil  and  military  eftablilhment,  are  raifed  cheaper,  and  are  of 
courfe  more  produ£tive,  in  the  latter  than  in  the  former.  The 
poor  country  therefore  is  doubly  opprefled,  as  being  more  fe- 
verely  taxed,  and  being  after  all,  much  weaker  than  the  rich 
one.  He  extends  the  parallel  to  a  greater  variety  of  circum- 
ftances  than  we  can  attend  to,  and  concludes  that  the  only  ftates 
where  the  felicity  of  the  people  has  been  confiderable  and  dur- 
able, have  been  thofe  whofe  want  of  power  precluded  any  ideas 
of  conqueft  to  enlarge  their  territories*  After  this  general  doc- 
trine, he  comes  to  the  application  : 

'  If/  fays  he,  '  the  preceding  reafoning  b^  well  founded,  we  hare 
room  to  doubt  if  our  forefathers  aded  with  prudence,  when  they 
ihewed  fo  much  folicitude  to  extend  the  bounds  of  the  firiti(h  empire 
in  America,  We  thus  acquired,  it  it  true^  an  immenfe  tra6l  of 
country,  abundantly  fertile,  and  capable  of  maintaining  an  innume- 
rable multitude  of  people,  but  that  country  totally  deilitute  of  inha- 
bitants. As  individuals  in  Britain  have  been  accuftomed  to  value 
their  poflelions,  by  the  extent  and  fertility  of  the  foil  which  belonged 
to  them,  we  naturally  enough  applied  the  fame  rvie  to  judge  of  the 
value  of  thofe  countries  that  have  been  annexed  to  the  firitifh  empirvt 
not  properly  adverting  to  the  difference  of  circumftances  between  onr- 
ielves  and  the  wellern  continent.  Hed  Raffia,  which  it  a  thioiy 
peo|>led,  and  in  many  places  a  fertile  countryi  ac(|uir€i|  tke(e,poi- 

S  e  i|.  feffions, 


% 

424  Andcrfon'i  Interefl  of  Great  Britain^  &c. 

feflions,  individoali  there  would  have  judged  of  their  valoe  after  a 
different  manner.  They  know  that  at  home  ic  ii  neither  the  extent  of 
their  pofleflionsy  nor  the  richnefa  of  the  foil;  that  conflitotes  the  valoe 
of  an  eiUte,  but  the  number  of  people  it  contains.  In  trancferring 
mn  edate,  therefore,  they  mentiou  not  the  nuinber  of  its  acres,  but  the 
Bomber  of  its  people,  and  according  to  that  number  they  eflimate  itt 
value.  Jn  Ruflia,  therefore,  thofe  immenfe  territories  we  have  ac- 
quired wichont  any  inhabitants,  upon  ihe  poflVflion  of  which  we  plume 
ourfelves  fo  much,  would  not  have  been  accounted  of  any  valoe  at  all. 
Whether  does  the  RuHlan  or  Briton  in  this  cafe  judge  rooft  wifely  ^ 
Klary  particulars  mult  be  attended  to  before  this  quettion  can  be  pro- 
perly decided.  It  is  only  neceffary  he^e  to  remark,  that  they  both 
judge  from  habit  rather  than  from  reafoning,  and  that  they  are  of 
courfe  equally  liable  to  be  miftaken.  Ic  it  not  thus  that  mankind 
ihould  judge  in  matters  of  fo  much  importance. 

*  From  what  has  already  bet-n  faid,  it  ^^ill  appear  evident,  that  al- 
though America  had  been  contiguous  to  Briiaioy  fo  as  to  have  ad- 
mitted of  being  united  with  ic  into  oneconne^ed  kingdom,  alihcagh 
It  would  in  that  cafe  have  been  more  eafily  defended  and  governed 
than  at  prefent,  yet  on  account  of  the  difperiion  of  our  people  that 
would  neceflarily  take  place,  upon  the  acquifition  of  fuch  an  extended 
territory,  the  empire  mud  have  been  weakened,  and  its  indullry  di* 
miniOied.  Ic  follow?,  that  as  America  is  fituaced.  disjoined  from 
Britain  by  fuch  a  trade  of  ocean,  and  iherefo^e  fo  much  more  difiicolc 
to  be  protefled  or  governed,  thefe  inconveniences  mud  be  felt  in  a 
ilill  (Ironger  degree,  unlefs  their  bad  effeds  are  counterbalanced  by 
fome  favourable  circumliance^,  that  have  not  yet  been  taken  into  the 
account.' 

None  fuch  however  appear,  bccaufc  the  interefis  of  different 
comrruniiics  will  ever  be  diftinS. 

'  If  one  man  feels  that  bis  interefl  is  hurt  by  another,  he  will  fub- 
mit  to  that  as  a  hardfhip,  fo  long  as  he  hi»ds  he  cannot  avoid  ic  with- 
out fubjfdting  himfelf  to  a  greater  inconvenience,  but  no  longer:  and 
this  is  iiili  mere  obvioufly  the  cafe  with  re;>ard  to  nations.  It- is  r«<-^ 
Ureji  alone  which  eftablilhei  the  rt^htt  of  government,  and  p§wer  that 
]n<»i*){ains  them.* 

As  the  principles  here  advanced  are  ably  fupported,  and  will 
not  be  cafily  overturned,  they  may  at  leaft  filence  thofe  who  are 
not  convinced  that  we  can  have  raifed  and  carried  on  fuch  a  bufy 
intercourle  with  powerful  colonies,  on  m:ftakcn  notions:  while 
others  may  liften  to  them,  with  that  kind  of  reluflant  afTent  that 
•onfills  in  making  a  virtue  of  necdlity.  But  all  the  while, 
h•'»^^  i-ver  we  may  reafon,  and  however  we  may  afl,  it  is  beyond 
our  power  to  counterwork  the  natural  tendency  of  caufes  to  pro- 
duce their  certain  cfFcdis.  Phyficol  tvils  arrive  at  a  crifis  which 
produces  their  cure;  the  fame  courfe  takes  place  in  political 
evils,  cnly  as  the  agency  of  man  oper.ues  in  the  latter,  they  mav 
either  aggravate  them  to  partial  defiructicns,  or  bring  them  to  a 
more  gentle  and  favourable  rern^jnation.  A  different  condud^  in 
our  commanders,  at  the  bcgir.ni  ig  of  American  hofiilmes,  might 
^  bdve 


Anderfon'i  Interefl  ef  Great  Brttaki,  Sec.  425  I 

have  deftroyed  the  credit  of  certain  confident  declarations,  which 

are  now  as  confidently  quoted  as  predidions  ;  but  the  moft  de-  ' 

cifive  fucccfs  could  only  have  retarded  events  that  muft  after« 

wards  have  talccn  place:  And  on  the  principles  Mr.  Anderfon 

fo  ftrongly  urges,  we  have  as  little  reafon  to  be  diflatisfied  with 

the  event  of  the  conteft,  as  to  be  fatisfied  with  ibeir  execution  of  ^ 

the  trufts  repofcd  in  them.     It  remains  only  to  ad  wifely  from 

prefenc  circumftances.  i 

Our  heavy  oational  burdens  are  confiftently  with  the  above  * 

paflage,  afcribed  to  (his  diftant  continental  connexion.  ? 

'  The  amoant  of  our  taxes  has  indeed  afforded  a  fobjed  for  moch 
declamation  ;  but  the  caufei  of  the  great  incrcafe  of  the  national  ex- 
pence  which  occaiions  thefe  taxei,  has  feldom  been  thought  of.  The 
prelTure  of  our  taxes  has  been  complained  of,  but  it  has  not  been  fug- 
geHed  that  this  prefTure  has  been  greatly  augmented  in  confequenceof 
(he  paucity  of  our  people,  which  hat  be^n  iiP'a  great  meafure  occa* 
fioned  by  the  emigrations  to  America,  and  our  exertions  in  its  defence. 
When  our  manufddurers  have  been  thrown  out  of  employment,  fiomi 
a  (lagnatton  of  demand  in  foreign  markers,  occaftoned  by  thecircum* 
fiances  above-named,  indcad  of  contriving  means  to  alleviate  their 
burthens,  and  to  furnifh  them  with  employment  at  home,  allurements 
have  been  held  out  to  entice  them  to  the  colonies,  where  taxes  were 
liardly  known  and  protedion  has  been  tifhrdcd  grafts^  It  does  not 
feem  to  have  been  adverted  to  by  thofe  who  promored  thefe  meafures, 
that  in  confeqoence  pf  the  migra'ions  arifing  from  thefe  caofes«  the 
taxes  on  thofe  behind  would  reqi^ire  to  be  augmented,  and  that  of 
courfe,  the  evil  complained  of  would  be  increafed,  and  greater  mi- 
grations become  necefTary  ;  which,  if  the  fame  conduct  is  to  be  ob« 
krved,  mull  go  on  increafing  till  the  total  depopulation  of  the  ftate 
puts  a  ftop  to  them,* 

The  truth  of  this  pofition  depends  on  what  was  faid  before; 
for  if  the  former  dodtrine  is  accepted  as  valid,  no  obje£lion  re- 
mains againft  this  inference  from  it. 

Our  Author  infifts  ftrongly  on  the  colonies  having  operated  as 
a  continual  drain  to  carry  o{FufefuI  inhabitants  from  this  coun* 
try ;  which  has  probably  been  too  much  the  cafe  :  and  heafcribes 
the  increafe  of  inhabitants  there  more  to  this  influx,  than  to  the 
alleged  fpeedy  population  among  themfelyes, 

'  Ic  is,'  fays  he,  '  grrerally  believed,  that  mankind  increafe  fo 
much  falter  in  America  by  naiutal  procreation,  than  in  Britain,  that 
the  diminuiioo  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  country  bears  no  fort  of  pro* 
portion  to  their  increafe  in  the  colonies,  and  that  by  confequcnce  the 
iofs  we  have  fuftained  by  the  fettiing  of  America,  is  much  more  than 
ipadeupto  us  by  ^he  gain  we  reap  from  the  commerce  of  the  colonies. 

*  [  have  examined  this  queOion  with  attention,  but  have  not  been 
able  to  meet  with  any  fadl  that  tendi  to  corrobarate  the  opinion^  un- 
I'tfs  it  be  the  fmgle  circumftance  of  the  rapid  population  of  fomc  of  the 
provinces  of  America.  But  from  this  circumttance  alone,  we  well 
know,  that  no  ft\ch  inference  can  be  drawn.  The.  inhabitants  of 
London,  Liverpool^  Manchelter,  and  many  other  places  in  Britain, 

l^ave. 


426  Anderfon's  InUrefl  of  Great  Britain^  &c» 

liaye^  in  like  manQer»  increafcd  in  a  mod  rapid  progreflion ;  bat  no  man, 
becaM^e  of  ibit  cJrcmnil^jQce,  has  ever  believed  ibac  cbofe  places  are 
more  fajiroarable  for  population  than  others.  It  is  on  the  contrary  well 
kaovuai,  that.i^tere  it  not  for  the  continual  fopplies  of  people  they  con- 
ilantly  draw  froAi  the  country,  the  inhabitant!  of  thofe  placet  would 
probably  diminiih  inftead  of  increaiing.  The  fame  inference  may  be 
made  with  regard  to  the  population  of  America,  onlefs  other  fads  are 
produced  to  prove  a  contrary  opinion. 

*  From  the  moft  accurate  enquiry  I  could  make,  I  have  not  net 
with  a  fiogle  circumllance  chat  tQnds  to  frvut^  that  the  inhabitants  of 
America  incresfe. by  natural  procreation  in  the  Gnalleft  degree  fafter 
tKan  they  do  in  ihe  country,  and  diilant  provinces  of  Britain.  To  af- 
certain  this  fadt^  1  have  enquired  after  parochial  regillers ;  but  thofe 
of  America  could  not  be  obtained.  And  if  they  could,  unlefi  they 
are  kept  with  .more  than  ordinary  care,  it  would  Aot  be  fafe  impli* 
citly  to  rely  on  them. 

'  For  want  of  meanf^of  better  information,  I  then  had  recourie  to 
an  expedient,  which  the  reader  may  eafijy  adopt  if  he  inclines :  ic 
was,  to  put  fome  of  the  American  refugees  (who  at  prefent  abound  in 
this  country)  upon  recolle^ing  the  number  of  children  in  fnch  fami- 
lies as  they  knew  in  America,  whofe  parents  were  either  dead,  or  paft 
hopes  of  increafing  their  families;  and  comparing  thefe  with  an  equal 
number  of  families  in  Britain,  in  fimilar  circumftances,  taken  alfo  at 
random,  from  the  recolledion  of  perfons  who  had  l>cver  been  out  of 
the  ifland.  Upon  this  trial  I  could  find  no  perceptible  advantage  mn 
the  fide  of  America  over  the  country  places  and  ditlant  provinces 
(for  it  was  jto  thefcplaces  [confined  m^  enquiry)  in  Great  Britain.  It 
is  not  contended  that  very  gi:eat  accuracy  could  be  obtained  by  thia 
mode  of  enquiry^  but  it  is  prefumed  that  had  the  difparity  in  this  ref* 
pe£l  been  near  fo  great  as  has  been  contended  lor,  a  fenfible  difference 
mud  have  been  perceived  even  by  [his  mode  of  trial** 

The  hiftorical  proofs  he  brings  of  emigration  to  America,  and 
the  great  \yafte  of  lives  before  permanent  fettlements  were  formed, 
which  hefuppofes  ftill  to  continue  under  the  hardfliips  endured  ia 
extending  the  fettlements  wedward,  may  fervehis  argument  bet- 
ter than  this  mode  of  comparing  the  procreative  powers  in  Britain 
and  Americ;a;  for  families  of  children  may  be  admitted  to  be  as 
large  in  one  place  as  in  the  other,  and  yet  population  goon  fafter 
f  here,  from  a  confideration  fo  obvious,  that  it  is  rather  a  wonder 
to  find  it  overlooked.  When  matrimonial  connexions  are  form* 
ed,  we  may  conclude  caUris  paribus^  they  may,  for  any  caufe 
that  appears  to  the  contrary,  be  as  produdlive  here  as  in  Ameri- 
ca :  But  jc  is  generally  argued,  that  from  the  difficulties  of  fup- 
porting  a  famuy  among  us,  peop!e  are  more  reludant  in  fubje^- 
ing  themfelves  to  the  burden  ;  and  that  hence  from  living  in  ce« 
libacy,  families  are  not  fo  numerous  here  as  in  America.  To 
afcertain  this  point  we  are  not  to  compare  twenty  families  with 
twenty  families,  to  find  their  produce  of  children  ;  but  in  parts 
9/  each  country,  as  nearly  fimilar  as  c^n  be  foundj^  to  nufnber  one^ 


AnderfonV  InUnft  of  Great  Britain^  tie.  4IJ 

two^  or  more  parifhes  in  each,  and  from  a  determinate  number 
of  reddent  inhabitants  compare  the  refpcSive  proportions  of  the 
married  to  the  fingle.  If  this  could  be  ^ly  ^cgomplifbed,  it 
would  (hen  appear  how  far  our  Author  was  juftified  in  the  po« 
licy  he  attributes  to  the  Americans.  '  It  was  the  interest  of 
the  people  in  America  to  induce  as  oiany  perfoqs  as  poifible  to 
migrate  to  America,  and  therefore  it  has  been  their  ftudy  to  ex^ 
hi  bit  as  flattering  a  pi6);ure  as  poffible  to  the  public  of  the  falu* 
brity  and  other  excellencies  of  their  country.'  In  the  mean^ 
while  this  will  not  be  deemed  a  forced  conje6lure,  and  when  it 
met  a  perfuafion  of  the  fame  nature  on  this  fide  the  Atlantic,  it 
would  operate  accordingly. 

Having  (hewn  that  great  part  of  our  national  expences  are  to 
be  charged  to  the  account  of  our  colonies;  the  Author  alfo 
confiders  the  commercial  advantages  y/c  are  fuppofed  to  have 
reaped  from  them  :  but  even  thefe  he  deems  fallacious,  and 
fiates  a  cafe  to  (hew,  that  from  the  lofs  of  the  numbers  who 
have  left  this  country  to  fettle  there,  and  taking  into  the  ac- 
count the  articles  of  life  confumed  by  them,  the  balance  is 
againft  us  •.  The  temptation  this  connexion  a(Fords  for  fre- 
quent wars  ;  the  wafte  of  people,  and  (he  oppreffions  on  the  re- 
mainder to  carry  them  on  ;  the  hazards  liberty  is  expofed  to 
linder  an  extended  empire ;  are  all  infifted  on  with  great  force  of 
argument.  The  inquiry  is  no  lefs  cprious  than  interefting; 
and  the  Author  has  at  the  clofe  of  it  drawn  up  and  recommended 
a  tieaty  of  general  pacification,  founded  on  a  freedom  of  trade 
to  America,  guaranteed  by  a  confederacy  of  the  European 
powers  :  in  which  he  partitions  out  the  American  provinces  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  new  States  in  that  country.  But 
however  fair  all  this  may  appear  to  the  fpeculator  in  his  clofet ; 
we  cannot  on  the  review  of  them  avoid  recolle£iing,  that  *  it  is 
intereft  alone  which  eftabli(hes  the  rights  of  government,  and 
power  that  maintains  them.'  According  to  whrch  principle,  it 
is  natural  to  think,  that  right  will  be  toiaUy  out  of  the  queflion  ii^ 
driving  the  bargain  at  a  negociation ;  where  each  of  the  con- 
tracting parties  will  infiil  on  the  terms  their  fwords  have  carve^ 
out  for  them.  4|# 

■    ■  —————— —^—ii^—^—^^— — 

*  He  maintains  that  we  have  internal  refources  in  (his  ifland,  and 
in  the  due  cultivation  of  the  EOieries  round  it,  to  fupport,  at  lea(l^ 
^A  jiu^drcd  tifue^  tj^e  oumbtf  of  iababiuAtt  it  con.uifii* 


A^T- 


It 

I- 


(    428    ) 

AtT.  VII.    Pbilokgieal  Enquirits,  in  Three  Parts,  by  James  Harris, 
Efq,     8vo.     2  Vols.     8  s,  6d.  Boards.     Noorfe.     1781. 

WE  have  here  a  poflhumous  work  of  a  Writer  highly  and 
defervedly  refpeded  in  the  republic  of  letters.  It  was 
intended  by  the  Author  for  publication,  and  the  whole  of  it 
was  printed  before  his  death. 

It  is  divided  into  three  Parts ;  the  firft  of  which  is  an  invefti* 
gation  of  the  rife  and  different  fpecies  of  criticifm  and  critics ;  the 
Second— tfn  illuflration  of  critical  do^rines  and  principles^  as  they 
appear  in  diftinguifhed  Authors,  as  well  antient  as  modern  ;  the 
third  is  rather  hiftorical  than  critical^  being  an  effay  on  the  taji^ 
and  literature  of  toe  middle  age, 

Jn  the  pcrufal  of  thefe  Enquiries^  the  Reader's  attention  will 
feldom  be  fatigued  with  thofe  metaphyficaj  refinements,  and 
fhat  fubtle  erudition,  with  which  the  Author's  Philofophical  Ar^ 
rangements  were  thought,  even  by  perfons  well  verfed  m  ancienc 
^earning  and  metaphyfics,  to  abound  too  much.  On  the  con-r 
trary,  he  will  be  pleafed  with  the  fimple  and  perfpicuous  detail 
pf  critical  fpeculations,  which,  though  rarely  new,  are  always 
rlcgant  and  curious,  and  very  frequently  interfperfed  with  fa£ls, 
particulars,  and  anecdotes,  dcferving  Xo  be  more  generally 
)Lnown  than  they  are. 

If  any  peffons^  nqt  deeply  learned,  are  defirous  of  forming 
fhemfelyes  t«  9  corre^  relifli  of  the  bed  models  in  compofition, 
and  to  9^  tfue  judgment  in  u^atters  of  literary  tafte,  there  is^ 
Scarcely  any  book  that  can  be  more  properly  recommended  to 
their  perufal  than  that  now  before  us.  Amidft  many  topics  of 
encomium^  on  which  we  could  enlarge  with  pleafure,  we  beg 
leave  to  rfm^rl^  tha(  one  iingula^  excellence,  and  perhaps  the 
fhief  qrierit  of  this  work  is,  that  the  charade^  of  the  Author 
Aands  for(h  to  vieiy  in  ey/try  page ;  marked  with  peculiarities 
indeed,  but  peculiarities  of  the  mod  amiable  and  refpeSable 
kind.  As  we  read,  we  feen)  liftening  to  the  converfation  of  an 
^legant  fcholar,  a  gentleman,  a  perfon  of  the  greateft  candour^ 
iipcerity,  and  worth  ;  defirous  of  imprefling  his  own  liberal  fen* 
(ii^ents  on  the  minds  of  others. 

Far  from  having  his  mind  CQntra£)ed  by  that  faftidious 
fqueamiflinefs,  which  long  habits  of  admiring  the  bed  models 
are  apt  to  produce,  Mr.  Harris  is  very  earncft  in  recom- 
mending the  ftores  of  Arabian  literature  to  the  attention  of  the 
learned  in  Europe,  and  takes  pleafure  in  giving,  perhaps,  more 
than  their  juft  praife  to  the  ft^  writers  who  defcrve  to  be  dif* 
tinguiflied  amid  the  darknefs  of  Gothic  times.  With  the  fame 
liberality  of  mind,  he  haftcns  to  introduce  to  public  notice  the 
I^te  appearances  of  clafiical  literature,  and  of  good  tafte^  in  the 
dominions  of  the  Eoiprefs  of  Rul^, 


Balguy'f  Divim  BemvoUnti  ajftrttd^  ^t^ 

80  far  indeed  is  he  from  being  mifled  by  that  blind  attach- 
tnent  to  the  antients,  which  men  of  his  great  learning  and  claf- 
fical  cafte  are  apt  to  contrad,  that,  in  a  very  beautiful  criticifm^ 
he  has  boldly  compared  the  plan  of  LilU*s  Fatal  Curiojiiy  with 
that  of  the  Oedipus  Tyrannus  of  the  Grecian  poet. 

In  the  Appendix  to  the  Enquirits^  we  have  an  account  of  the 
Arabic  manufcriptSi  belonging  to  the  Efcurial  Library  in  Spain  ; 
— ^f  the  manufcripts  of  Livy  in  the  fame  library — of  the  Greek 
manufcripts  of  Cebes,  in  the  library  of  the  King  of  France,  ac 
Paris, — together  with  fome  account  of  literature  in  Ruflia,  and 
of  the  progrefs  towards  civilization  in  that  country,         ^x 

Art.  VIII.    Divine  Be/tevoltmce  ajerttd,  and  vindicated  /rom  fife  QB" 
jiffiens  of  ancitnt  and  modirm  Sceptics,     By  I'homas  Balgay,  D,  D« 
Archdeacon  of  Winchefter.     Odavo.     2 1.  6  d.     Davit. 

IN  the  Author's  Advertifement,  prefixed  to  this  treatife,  we  are 
told,  that  it  is  a  fpecimen  of  a  larger  work  on  the  fubjed  of 
natural  religion.  Every  one  that  is  capable  of  reading  it  with 
that  degree  of  attention  which  it  deferves,  and  of  judgingof  its 
merit,  will  be  impatient  to  fee  thefe  outlines  filled  up.  Dr.  B. 
appears  to  be  mafter  of  his  fubjeft,  and  to  have  beftowed  all  that 
attention  upon  it,  which  its  importance  deferves.  We  do  not 
remember,  indeed,  to  have  feen  any  treatife  more  ftrongly 
marked  with  precifion,  accuracy,  and  metaphyfical  acumen. 

Nothing,  furely,  can  give  greater  pleafure  and  comfort  to 
perfons  of  a  ferious  and  contemplative  turn,  than  to  have  their 
faith  in  the  goodnefs  of  the  Supreme  Being  firmly  eftabliflied  on 
the  bafis  of  folid  argument  and  juft  reafoning ;  and  we  know 
not  where  fuch  perfons  can  have  a  more  fatisfaaory  view  of  this 
very  interefling  point  than  in  the  treatife  before  us. 

The  fubjefi  of  natural  religion  is  reducible  to  three  general 
heads :  God's  Being,  his  Perfedion,  and  his  Moral  Govern- 
ment— Goodnefs  is  that  part  of  the  fubjed  which  is  how  ofFered 
to  the  Public. 

The  Author  introduces  it  with  obferving,  that  the  Divine 
goodnefs  is  confidered  by  fome  writers  as  confiding  wholly  in 
benevolence \  by  others,  as  comprehending  fome  other  moral  per- 
fections, not  perhaps  reducible  to  this  head ;  but  that  the  idea 
of  benevolence  is  by  all  writers  included  under  that  of  goodnefs^ 
and  is  at  leaft  a  very  affeding  and  interefling  part  of  it. 

He  goes  on  to  mention,  very  briefly,  the  arguments  by  which 
different  writers  (fome  of  them  of  great  authority)  have  endea- 
voured to  prove  that  the  Author  of  nature  has  been  influenced 
by  a  benevolent  principle,  both  in  framing  and  preferving  the 
univerfe,  viz,  the  degree  of  happinefs  a^ually  produced  in  this 
fyftem,  the  prepoUency  of  good,  &c. — It  may  be  more  fatisfafiory, 

ke 


43^  ftifguy^  Dt^Otni  6lmtt;oleffCi  afflnrtei. 

he  obfcrves,  td'cdnfidcr  feparatcly  the  various  caufes  of  plcifiirc 
and  pain  ;  and  td  e^ttilne'  hbW  far  thcfe  oppofite  e^eHs  were 
defignedot  atct denial \  i,  c.  Whether  either  or  both  vfttc  ultimati 
gnds.     By  thef  W6fd  uUlmhte  he  only  means  the  htt  dijfcfrmHe 
intention.     Ourpfefent  ftAte  may  haVe  rcfereitce  to  other  ftates* 
and  other  fyA^n^s ;  but  this  berng  unlcndWn;  proves  nothing 
for,  or  agarnft,  the  divine  gdodnefs.     If  thre  conftitution  and 
laws  of  fvery  part  of  nature' appear  ultimately  intended  to  pro- 
duce good  ;  it  cannbt  biit  be  the  joint  intention  of  a/l  the  parts. 
Nor  mall  v^ehave' arty  fufScient  reafoh,  be  fays,  to  rejcS  this* 
conclnfion,  if  lyurnjr  of  the  phafenomena;  not  all,  fliew  an  inten- 
tion of  prtidudng  good  :  and  no  ptrtf  or  circamftance,  (hew  an* 
intention  of  producing  evil,  except  only  xnfubordination  to  good  ; 
which,  to  the  purpofe  of  the  prefent  enquiry,  is  in  truth  no  ex- 
ception at  all; 

The  various  intentions  difcernible  in  the  works  of  nature,  are 
all  reducible,  we  are  told,  to  thefe  two :  i.  To  produce  a  re- 
gular fncceflion  of  men  and  animals  ;  including  the  birth,  tem- 
porary prefervation,  decay,  and  diflblution  of  each  individual ; 
3.  To  furnifh  them  with  the  means  and  occadons  of  exercifing 
their  various  powers  of  perception  and  a£tion.  The  Dbdor 
fliews,  that  thefe  intentions  concur  in  the  various  works  of  na- 
ture, and  that  the  iirft  is  fubordinate  to  the  fecond. 

Pirception  and  aSIiottj  therefore,  being  the  file  ends  (within 
the  compafs  of  human  reafon)  propofed  by  the  Author  of  nature, 
it  remains  to  enquire,  what  ikind  of  perception  was  intended  by 
him,  whether  pleafant,  or  painful,  or  both.  And  here,  previous 
to  a  particular  enquiry,  our  Author  points  out  fome  circum- 
ftances,  which  form  a  ftrong  prefumptive  proof,  that  pleafitnt 
perceptions  only  were  intended  ;  and  that  the  pains  are  ticct- 
dental  confequences,  attending  the  means  of  producing  pleafure; 
f .  e.  the  pains  ariHng  on  the  prefent  fyftem  of  things  are  not  ul- 
timate ends ;  but  unhappy  appendages  of  a  fcheme  formed  with 
DO  other  dedgn  than  the  produ6lion  of  good. 

He  now  proceeds,  more  dire<^ly  and  particularly,  to  examine 
and  lay  open  the  fubjeft  before  him,  viz.  Whether  the  f^veral 
parts  of  the  univerfe,  and  the  laws  to  which  they  are  fubjedi, 
were  defigned  by  the  Author  of  them  for  the  production  of  good. 
In  other  words,  whether  the  fuccefEve  exiftence,  perceptions, 
and  a£lions,  of  the  various  animals  which  inhabit  the  globe, 
and  the  caufes  on  which  they  depend,  all  of  them  proceeding 
from  the  intention  of  their  Maker,  be  reducible  to  a  higher^  or 
more  general  intention^  viz.  the  produftion  of  happinefs. 

To  judge  of  the  general  principle,  which  includes  all  the 
ends  difcernible  in  the  conftitiition  of  things,  we  muft  coniider, 
our  Author  fays,  the  nature  and  condition  of  men  and  other 
animalsi  during  their  abode  on  this  globe,  i.  r.  Whether  their 

5  frame 


■i 


Griffith^/  EJfays  to  young  married  IVomnhi  if  Jt 

frame  and  circutnftances  be  adapted  to  make  them  happy  of 
miferable.  In  the  purfuit  of  this  inquiry,  he  confiders,  i.  The 
conftitution  of  the  bodies  of  animals :  2.  The  external  caofes 
which  are  capable  of  affe&ing  them ;  3.  The  powers  and  facuU 
ties  of  the  human  mind  ;  4.  The  mutual  dependence  of  men 
and  other  animals ;  5.  The  mutual  dependence  of  mankind. 

As  a  previous  remark  he  tells  us,  that  an  intention  of  pro- 
ducing good-will  be  fufficiently  apparent  in  any  particular  in- 
ftance,  if  the  thing  confidered  can  neither  be  changed  nor  taken 
away,  without  lofs  or  harm,  all  other  things  continuing  the  famtm 
Were  we  to  fuppofe  various  things  in  the  fyftem  changed  atonce^ 
we  could  neither  judge  of  the  poifibility,  nor  the  confequenced, 
of  the  change,  having  no  degree  of  experience  ro  dired  us. 
This  remark,  we  are  told,  is  to  be  carried  along  through  the 
whole  proof  of  Divine  benevolence. 

Having  confidered  the  difftrent  parts  of  the  conftitution  of 
nature,  and  the  particular  laws  to  which  each  of  them  is  fubjeft, 
our  Author  proceeds,  in  the  fecond  part  of  his  treatife^  to  en^ 
quire  into  thofe  more  general  law^,  which  extend  through  God's 
whole  adroiniftration ;  and  thefe  alfo,  he  fays,  will  be  found  td 
fjggeft  probable  arguments  of  a  benevolent  intention  in  the 
Author  of  nature;  certainly  to  aiibrd  no  prefumption  of  a  con* 
trary  intention. 

This  part  of  his  enquiry  comprehends  an  anfwer  to  the  fol- 
lowing queftions:  i.  Whether  the  more  general  laWs  of  divine 
adminiftration  aflFord  any  prefumption  of  good  or  iH  intention  in 
the  Deity  ?  2.  Whether  any  additional  evidence  arifes,  on  either 
part,  from  the  uniformity  and  conftancy  with  which  God^s 
laws  are  adminiftered  ?  3.  Whether  the  continual  oppofition 
made  to  Divine  adminiftration  by  human  agents,  affords  us  any 
caufe  to  doubt  of  the  benevolence  of  our  Maker? 

In  the  third  and  laft  part,  our  Author  fliew»,  from  the  ap« 
parent  intentions  of  nature,  that  good,  prepolknt  good,  is  the 
refult  of  all,  and  anfwers  objedions. 

From  the  general  view  we  have  given  of  the  contents  of  this 
treatife,  the  Reader,  who  is  converfant  with  fuch  fubjeds,  will 
naturally  exped  much  inftru£lion  from  it,  and,  if  we  are  not. 
miftaken,  he  will  not  be  difappointed  in  his  expcdations.  Con- 
fidering  the  variety  of  matter  contained  within  a  narrow  comf- 
pafs,  it  was  impomble  for  us  to  do  any  thing  more  than  give  a 
ihort  abfira^t  of  the^fiontents.  'O 

Art.  IX.     EJfayi  addrejfed   to  jouug  married  Women.      By   Mrs* 
GrifHih.     izmo.     as.  6d.  fewed.     Cadell.     1782. 

MRS.  Griffith's  reputation,  as  an  elegant  Moralift,  is  fo 
perfedly  eftablifhed,  that  it  wants  00  fuccour  from  our 
applaufe. 

In 


^3^  Ofiffith*j  EJays  to  young  marrlid  tVonun* 

In  thefe  Eflays  we  fee  religion  giving  dignity  to  youth  and 
beauty ;  while  politenefs  receives  no  incumbrance  from  form- 
ality :  nor  is  cheerfulnefs  retrained  by  fuperdition.  Mrs.  G. 
unices  the  pleaHng  with  the  ufeful.  Her  maxims  are  the  pureft 
that  innocence  can  imbibe  for  its  protection  \  and  on  the  bails 
of  female  virtue  (he  hath  reared  that  fupeidrudlure,  which  in 
the  end  will  be  found  to  be  the  only  temple  of  happinefs. 

Thcfc  EfTays  profeflcdiy  treat  of  the  following  fubje£ls,  viz. 
Keligion  ;  Conjugal  Afiedion ;  Temper;  Neatnefs ;  Domeftic 
Amufement }  rriend(hip  {  Parental  and  Filial  AiFedion ;  and 
OEconomy.  Each  of  thefe  fubje£ls  is  difcufled  with  much  good 
fenfe;  and  with  a  delicacy  of  fentiment  and  elegance  of  lan- 
guage peculiar  to  Mrs.  Griffith. 

*  As  thefe  Eflays  are  meant  to  be  generally  ufeful,  it  would  be 
impoffible,  fays  this  amiable  and  ingenious  Writer,  to  confine 
their  precepts  to  any  particular  rank  or  fituation ;  of  courfe 
there  can  be  no  rules  laid  down  for  the  condud  of  individuals 
under  any  particular  circumftances  :  and  indeed  the  whole  work 
may  rather  be  conftdered  as  a  fketch,  from  which  the  intelligent 
mind  may  deduce  inferences,  and  make  applications,  than  a 
regular  plan  to  be  diligently  purfued.' 

The  Author's  fentiments  on  friendfliip  are  not  the  vain  effii- 
fions  of  a  frothv  and  fickle  fancy  ;  but  the  fVeady  and  permanent 
convi&ions  of  judgment  and  experience.  We  will  prefent  our 
Readers  with  one  extradl  from  this  eflay ;  and  we  do  it  the  ra- 
ther, in  order  to  correA  a  moft  obvious  blunder  of  the  prefs  ; 
for  we  regret  that  any  thing  fo  beautiful  (hould  be  naarred  by 
carelefTnefs : 

*  As  the  word  friendfbip  is  at  prefent  generally  underflood  to 
be  a  term  of  little  import,  or  at  moll  extending  merely  to  a  pre- 
ference of  liking,  orefleem,  I  would  by  no  means  exclude  my 
fair  Readers  from  that  kind  of  commerce  which  is  now  accepted 
under  that  title,  in  fociety.  But  even  this  fort  of  connexion 
requires  much  caution  in  the  choice  of  its  objed  ;  for  I  (hould 
wifh  it  might  be  reflrained  to  one  ;  and  that  one  ought  to  ob- 
tain this  preference,  from  the  qualities  of  the  heart,  rather  than 
thofe  of  the  head.  A  long  and  intimate  acquaintance  can  alone 
difcover  the  former ;  the  latter  are  eafily  and  willingly  difpiayed 
—For  love  without  efleem  is  as  a  Jhower^  foon  fpent.  The 
heart  is  iYitfpring  of  a&c£lions,  but  tl)e  mind  is  their  refervoir* 
p.  82,  afid  83.  «.  -W 


Art, 


r    433    ] 

Art.  X  Olfer'vcticns  en  tht  Poems  of  Thomas  Roivley  :  In  which  ihfi 
AuthentTcity  of  ihofe  Poems  is  afccrtaincd.  by  Jacob  Bryant^  Efq. 
2  vola.  8/0.     8s.  6cl,  boards.     Payne,     1781. 

THE  learned  and  ingenious  Author  of  the  prefent  work  re- 
minds us  of  that  celebrated  Quixote  in  Chemlftry,  Para- 
celfus,  who,  though  he  failed  in  dil'covering  the  philofopher's 
ftone,  yet,  in  his  wild  ranges  through  nature,  made  difcoveriesof 
much  greater  confequence,  and  opened  a  field  of  entertainment 
and  information  which  amply  recompenfed  his  a(fiduity,  how- 
ever diftant  it  might  leave  him  from  the  original  objedt  of  his 
purfuit.  This  remark  is  more  particularly  applicable  to  Mr, 
BryantV 0/:/i  Palmariumy  The  Analysis;  yet  it  is  not  wholly 
inapplicable  to  the  work  now  under  review,  notwithftanding  its 
obje6l  is  of  far  lefs  confequcncc,  and  the  learning  and  ingenuity 
diiplaycd  in  it  be  in  every  view  inferior.  It  feems,  however,  to 
be  the  peculiar  fate  of  Mr.  Bryant  to  undertake  the  defence  of 
paradoxes  and  hypothefcs,  which  have  no  exigence  but  in  fan- 
cy and  fidion,  and  to  be  in  earneft  where  others  are  in  jcft  ! 
Fairy  land  is  holy  ground  to  him;  and  caftles  in  the  air  are  as 
facred  as  the  temples  of  divinity  ! 

In  the  prefent  inaufpicious  attempt  we  are  prefented  with  fome- 
thing  to  amufe  curiofity,  and  fomething  to  afford  information  : 
but  we  have  more  to  excite  our  furprize  at  the  author's  temerity  j 
and  ftill  more  to  raife  a  fmile  at  his  credulity.  We  never  faw 
learning  fo  debafed  by  weak  reafoning,  nor  ingenuity  (o  blended 
with  abfurdity,  A  ftuditd  attempt  to  render  the  caufe  of  Row- 
Icy  ridiculous,  could  not  have  anfwered  that  purpofe  more  effec- 
tually than  the  laboured  efforts  of  this  author  to  make  it  ferious  ; 
and  in  the  very  moment  when  he  is  moft  gravely  engaged  in  re- 
pelling its  enemies,  he  fupplies  them  with  weapons  to  facilitate 
his  own  defeat. 

The  firft  pofition  which  is  laid  down  by  Mr.  Bryant  is  the  fol- 
lowing :  viz.  '  That  the  poems  of  Rowley  were  written  in  a  pro- 
vincial dialedl,  according  to  the  idiom  of  the  people  in  whofe 
country  the  author  refided  and  was  probably  born.*  To  illuftrate 
this  pofition,  Mr.  Bryant  examines  the  writings  of  fome  of  our 
older  poets,  and  hath  given  two  or  three  ample  fpecimens  of  pro- 
vincial terms  and  modes  of  exprefHon,  from  the  Chronicle  of 
Robert  'oi  Gloucefier,  and  from  a  curious  MS.  which  belongs  to 
the  library  of  King's  College  in  Cambridge,  written  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  under  the  patronage  of  Humfiey  Bohun,  Earl 
of  Hereford,  who  was  nephew  to  Kmg  Kdward  the  Second* 
*  The  language  of  the  former  is,  as  our  Author  obferveb,  very 
broad  and  coarfe,  and  the  whole  favours  ftrongly  of  the  county 
of  which  he  appears  to  be  a  native,'  The  latter  from  a 
certain  provincial  mode  of  expreffion^  he  conjedlures  to  have 

R£V.  June,  1782.  Ff  formed 


43+  Bryan t'j  Obfervatlom  on  Rowley  s  Poems, 

formed  his  languaj^e  on  the  dialed  of  fome  of  the  weftcrn  coun- 
ties, and  moft  probably  of  Hereford  or  Glouccfter.  In  like  man- 
ner the  diction  of  Rowley  is  fuppofed  to  be  ptovincial ;  and  this, 
our  author  imagines,  may  be  proved  from  the  numberlefs  peculi- 
arities with  which  it  abounds.     Inilances,  fays  he,  to  this  pur- 
pofe  are  very  obvious ;  and  as  a  proof  he  produces  fome  exam- 
ples.    Unfortunately  for  the   caufe  of  Rowley,  the  examples 
produced  tend  ftrongly  to  confirm  the  aflcriion  we  made  in  the 
fecond  partof  the  Review  of  Dean  Milles,  viz.  That  the  language 
of  the  Poems  is  a  patch-work  of  every  fpecies  of  dialed^,  old  and 
new  :  that  the  words  were  picked  up  at  random,  and  nothi:  g  was 
tonfulted  but  their  fignification.     In  the  examples  of  provincial 
terms  produced  by  Mr.  Bryant,  we  find  feveral  that  may  be  met 
with  in  moft  of  our  old  poets,  particularly  in  Chaucer  and  Spen- 
fer,  who  furely  dil  not  write  according  to  the  dialeft  of  Row- 
ley's fuppofed  county ;  and  as  to  the  reft,  they  are  moftly  com- 
mon terms  difguifed  by  an  appearance  of  antientfpelling.  Aliffel^ 
for  myfelfy  is  undoubtedly  very  coarfe,  and  favours  ftrongly  of 
Somerfetfhire  ;  but  it  ftiould  be  confidered  that  Chatterton,  as 
well  as  the  pretended  Rowley,  was  a  native  of  that  county. 
Sheen^  fox  Jhine^  2ind  pais^dy  for  pois'd^  are  a  fpecies  of  the  fame 
corrupt  dialed^;  however  they  are  not  peculiar  to  the  old  writers 
of  Somerfet  or  Devon,  fince  both  occur  in  Chaucer,  and  even 
in  Spenfer,  and  therefore  cannot  be  determinative  of  the  point 
for  which  they  are  adduced  by  our  Author.     Mr.  Bryant  ob- 
ferves,  *That  there  are  numbers  of  entire  words  in  every  page  [of 
Rowley]  which  have  been  for  a  long  time  obfolete ;  fome  of 
thefe  probably  were  never  in  general  ufe,  but  confined  to  parti- 
cular provinces.*   We  thoroughly  agree  with  him  here  ;  but  the 
inference  we  would  draw  from  this  remark  is  the  very  leverfe  of 
that  which  he  attempts  to  eftablifli.     Many  of  the  words  intro- 
duced into  the  poems  were  obfolete,  even  in  the  age  in  which  it 
is  pretended  they  were  written.     They  by  no  means  mix  with  the 
general  language  of  the  poems ;  for  the  ground  of  them  is  mo« 
dern,  and  the  obfolete  terms  are  patched  on  it^  and  appear  not 
originally  to  belong  to  it.     Out  of  the  examples  produced  by 
Mr.  Bryant  of  obfolece  and  provincial  terms,  there  are  but  two 
or  three  that  may  not  be  found  in  Bailey's  Di^lionary,  withpre- 
cifely  the  fame  fignification  that  is  given  to  them  in  the  Poems, 
and  in  Chatterton's  Gloflary.     The  difference  in  fpelling  from 
that  diflionary,  or  from  Kerfey's,  is  in  general  fo  trifling  as  not 
to  deferve  any  regard ;  and  when  there  is  any  difference  in  that 
refpedl  it  is  evidently  a  piece  of  affedlation,  in  order  the  better 
to  fupport  the  farce  of  antiquity.    Thus  an  additional  e  was  fup- 
pofed by  Ghatterton  to  help  the  difguife,  and  he  generally  made  a 
very  free  ufe  of  it,  more  free  indeed  than  was  neceflary,  or  than  was 
done  by  any  of  the  antients  whom  he  attempted  to  copy.     The 

converting 


Bryant^i  Ohfervationt  on  RowIey^s  Potmu  43^ 

converting  an  /  into  z  y^  sl  u  into  an  0,  &c.  &c.  was  anothet 
trick  of  this  young  adventurer  to  deceive  the  eye,  and  he  per- 
formed wonders  with  it !  An  a  and  a  ^  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word,  had  the  fame  magical  efFed  with  an  e  at  the  end  ;  and  thus 
n-dygne  znd  y-hrochsci  make  antiquity  look  more  antient  ftill  !  It 
is  curious  however  to  obferve^  that  Mr.  Bryant,  in  order  to 
prove  that  Rowley  wrote  according  to  the  provincial  dia]e£k  of 
the  wcflern  counties,  ihould  produce  words  which  are  entirely  of 
northern  extra6iion,  and  perhaps  were  at  no  time  intelligible  to 
the  inhabitants  of  that  pare  of  the  kingdom  for  whofe  cntertaiD-^ 
ment  Rowley  is  fuppofed  to  have  written.  It  was  enough  for 
Chatterton  that  he  found  old  words :  it  was  enough  foJ*  him  that 
they  were  all  grown  obfolete.  But  Rowley  j  who  wrote  to  be  un« 
derftood,  would  only  have  adopted  thofe  which  were  in  ufe,  and 
not  have  jumbled  together  all  the  dialers  of  the  nation,  and  words 
of  every  date.  We  are  thoroughly  convinced  that  there  was  not 
one  in  a  thoufand,  ncr  perhaps  ten  thoufand^  that  would  have 
undcrdood  the  poems  of  Rowley  in  the  age  in  which  they  are 
fdid  to  have  bern  written.  i 

Mr.  Bryant  having  attempted  to  edablifh  the  claim  of  the  old 
Prieji  to  thofe  Poems,  from  the  confiJeration  of  their  abounding^ 
in  provincial  terms,  proceeds  to  an  argument  of  ftill  greater  pith 
and  moment !  Let  us  examine  the  ftrength  of  it«  *  Befides  thefe 
terms,  which,  though  obfolete,  are  native,  there  are  others  which 
are  foreign,  being  partly  borrowed,  and  partly  framed  from  other 
languag(.'s.  Thefe  languages  are  the  French  and  Italian,  toge^ 
thcr  with  the  Latin  and  Greek,  with  none  of  which  we  prefume 
that  Chatterton  was  at  all  acquainted.  l*he  writers  of  thetimes 
in  queflion  afix:f)ed  a  (hew  of  learning,  and  they  often  coined 
new  words,  and  adopted  others  by  way  of  enriching  their  compo- 
fitions.  It  is  therefore  not  to  be  wondered  at,  if,  in  Rowley's 
Poems  there  ihould  be  expreHions  of  this  nature,*which  were  not 
in  general  acceptation.'  Mr.  Bryant  produces  many  examples 
of  this  kind.  But  here  he  is  again  unfortunate.  The  words  are 
all  common,  and  might  have  been  known  to  a  youth  of  far  lefs 
reading  and  underftanding  than  Chatterton.  The  greater  part 
of  the  words  produced  by  Mr.  Bryant  may  be  found  in  Bailey, 
ejpecially  thofe  which  are  the  moft  uncommon  and  lie  moft  out  of 
the  Imeof  general  reading.  Such  zxt Eubrice 2Lnd  Zabulus^vihich 
we  have  noted  in  a  former  Review. 

Mr.  Bryant  produces  after  this  a  lift  of  French  words  which 
occur  in  the  Poems  of  Rowley,  and  from  them  draws  a  frefh  ar- 
gumefit  to  (upport  their  authenticity.  His  ill  luck,  however^ 
doubles  on  him,  for  all  the  wordsy  except  one  (and  that  a  very 
common  one)  may  be  found  in  Bailey  I  Not  knowing  indeed 
that  fo  much  learning  in  Latin,  Greeks  and  French,  could  be 
gained  at  fo  cheap  a  rate^  and  from  a  book  fo  much  beneath  the 

F  f  2  attention 


436(  Bryant';  Obfervations  on  Rowley's  Pants. 

attrntton  of  a  fcholar,  our  Author  gravely  remarks  ^  that  from 
thefe  and  other  circumdances  we  may  be  ajfured  that  thofe  poems 
were  written  in  the  Anglo-Norman  ftile  j  the  fame  of  which  the 
learned  Hickes,  in  his  Fhefaurus,  treats  at  large.  And  without 
any  previous  knowledge  of  the  real  author,  we  might  be  certain 
thathewas<7  man  of  learnings  and  well  acquainted  with  fever  al  lan- 
guages, Thefe  few  examples,  out  of  many,  I  lay  before  the 
reader,  to  whom  at  every  turn  of  the  book  more  wiJI  prefent 
themfelves,  (hould  he  choofe  to  make  farther  enquiry.  I  never 
heard  it  furmifed  that  Chatterton  was  in  the  lead  acquainted  with 
the  French  language,  much  lefs  with  the  Latin  and  Greek. 
Whence  then  was  it  pojjible  for  him  to  have  made  fuch  an  exotic 
collection?'  We  cannot  forbear  fmiling  at  all  this  folemniry ! 
for  it  exceeds  all  power  of  face  to  be  grave^  when  we  anfwer  Mr. 
Bryant  as  we  anfwered  the  Dean,  and  inform  him  whence  Chat- 
terton had  his  CoU^clion ! 

It  is  not  perhaps  unworthy  of  obfervation,  that  in  the  two  lifts 
of  words  cxtradfed  from  the  Chronicle  of  Robert  of  Glouccfter, 
and  the  MS.  of  King's  College,  we  meet  but  with  very  few 
words  that  can  be  found  either  in  Bailey,  or  in  the  Gloilary  to 
Chaucer,  which  Chatterton  tranfcribed,  as  we  have  already 
remarked,  with  his  own  hand.  Out  of  upwards  of  a  hundred 
and  fixty  words  we  can  fcarcely  find  twenty  in  the  di£iionary  or 
the  gloflary ;  whereas  there  is  hardly  one  uncommon  word  in  a 
hundred  in  the  Poems  of  Rowley,  but  may  be  traced  out  in  either 
of  them.  We  leave  the  Reader  to  draw  his  own  inference  from 
this  curious  circumftance. 

Mr.  Bryant,  after  thefe  general  remarks  on  the  language  of 
Rowley,  proceeds  to  prove,  by  an  indu<5iion  of  particulars,  that 
the  poems  mufl  be  antienr,  and  that  it  was  impoflible  for  Chat- 
terton to  have  been  the  author  of  them.  To  this  end  he  lays 
down  fome  few  pojlulata^  which,  he  thinks,  cannot  be  denied 
him,  and  which  are  neceflary  to  be  premifcd.  Thefe  pojiulata 
will  appear  to  the  beft  advantage  in  his  own  language;  for  they 
Will  lofe  much  of  their  importance  if  we  attempt  to  put  them  out 
of  their  original  form  ! 

*  1  lay  it  down  tor  a  6xrd  principle,  that  if  a  perfon  tranfmits  to 
jne  a  learned  and  ifxceltenc  compofuioD,  and  does  noc  undcriland  the 
contexty  he  cannoc  be  the  author. 

*  I  lay  it  down  for  a  certainty,  if  a  perfon,  in  any  fuch  compofition, 
has  in  tranfcribiiig  var.ed  any  of  the  terms  through  ignorance, -and  the 
true  reading  appears  from  the  context,  ihat  he  cannot  have  been  the 
author.  II,  as  the  antient  vicsr  i  faid  to  have  done  in  rcfptwi  to  a 
portion  of  the  gofpcl,  he  for  Jtt::*/imus^  reads  uniformly  m{/w;);^//r&/, 
he  never  ccmpofed  the  treatife  in  s<\\\  h  he  is  fo  gror>Iy  m  liukcn.  If 
a  perfon  »n  his  notes  upon  a  poefn,  n>iMakcs  Liber  B<iCchus,  for  Li- 
ber, a  Book;  or  when  he  meets  with  Liber,  a  fiock.  he  interprets  ic 
Liber,  ¥tet,  he  certainly  did  not  compofe  the  poeoi  where  thofcte.ins 
occiif.     He  had  not  parts  and  le^roiog  to  effcd  it. 

8  '  In 


Bryant'j  Ohfervatiom  on  Rowley^s  Poems.  437 

*  In  fliort,  every  writer  moft  know  his  own  meaning;  and  if  any 
perfon  by  his  gloflary,  or  «ny  oihtr  explai.ation,  (hews,  that  he 
could  not  arrive  at  fuch  a  meaning,  he  sfFjrds  convincing  proof  that 
the  original  was  by  another  hand.  This  ignorance  will  be  found  in 
Chatterton,  and  many  miftakes  in  conrrqurnce  of  it  be  feen  ;  of  which 
miitakes  and  ignorance.  I  will  lay  before  the  reader  many  examj)Ies: 
when  thefe  have  been  afcertained,  Jet  the  reade- judt;c,  vhether  this 
unexpcrrienced  and  unleuered  boy  could  have  been  the  author  of  the 
poems  in  quellion/ 

Mr.  Bryant  divides  his  work  into  feveral  parts  for  the  fake  of 
order  and  perfpicuity.  The  fird  divifion  confifts  o^  A  Lift  of 
fome  particular  Terms  which  occur  in  the  Poems  of  Rowley  j  the 
jec.;nd,  of  References  to  ant icnt  Hijhry  \  the  third,  contains  Aw 
thsriiiesfor  Per  fans  mentioned  in  the  Battle  of  Hajiings  \  the  fourth 
ci;ters  i:Uo  A  Comparifon  of  Rowley  s  Poems,  with  Compo fit  ions  of 
other  IP^riters  \  tht  firth  divifion  is  entitled.  Some  Obfervations 
upon  the  real  Poems  of  Chatter  ton  ^  to  which  he  put  his  Name ;  of  his 
Alijiakes'y  alfo^  of  his  Parti  and  Attainments^  &fc.  alfn,  ObfervO'^ 
tvons  upon  the  Notion  of  fome  third  Perfon  bein^  the  Authir. 

Aft'.r  the  dilcuifion  of  ihelie  points,  m  which  the  internal evi^ 
dence  is  more  particularly  and  critically  examined,  the  Author 
proceeds  to  coiilidcr  the  external  evidence^  and  the  proofs  arifing 
out  of  it  in  favour  of  the  authenticity  of  the  poems  of  Row- 
ley. 

In  the  conclufion,  the  leading  objecSs  of  the  whole  work  arc 
preicnted  to  the  readier  in  a  concife  view,  by  way  of  Recapitula^ 
tion.  It  IS  drawn  up  in  a  very  clear  manner,  and  we  cannot 
give  our  Renders  a  better  idea  of  Mr,  Bryant's  attempts  in  this 
curious  controverfy,  tnan  by  prefenting  the  whole  of  it  to  them 
in  his  own  words. 

Recapitulation. 

'  If  we  confider  lil  tnut  has  been  faid,  we  ihall  Hnd,  that  th<fe  has 
bf-n  full  evidence  jfForded  to  the  following  i^tisi  Firll,  That  Mr. 
William  Canynge,  \>y  the  alftftance  cf  his  friend  and  coni'cflbr,  Tho- 
mas ;<<,wlcy,  did  make  a  valuable  colk^^ion  of  writings:  That  they 
were  Jepouted  in  a  lirfj;e  chtil,  in  a  room  over  the  north  porch  in  St, 
Mary  RfjclifFe,  ai  BritJol :  That  he  took  the  utmoft  care  for  the  pre- 
fervaton  of  :his  valuable  depoJit.  by  having  fix  keys  to  the  chert,  and 
as  m.r.y  trulleoj,  who  v^erc  to  perform  an  ^u\  ual  viiitiiiun.  Of  Row- 
ley, whole  cxilUr.c;  was  doubled,  there  has  been  affoided  fut^icienc 
tciiiinony  from  the  reg  Her  of  Wells ;  and  it  has  been  farther  (hewn 
from  the  L  d?,cr  of  S:.  twin,  that  in  his  liinc  there  were  at  Briftolfe- 
vcal  refpc'cftable  pcrfois  of  that  n  tme  ;  and,  as  we  m;4y  reafonably 
infer,  of  his  familv.  It  has  been  lliewn  that  the  wr.rinps  thus  laid 
up,  were  prefervcd  very  fafejy,  till  the  )ear  1757,  at  which  lime  the 
chert  was  broken  open,  and  part  of  ihe  parchments  c<>rriedto  another 
room  :  That  the  remainder  lay  e:!fpored,  and  was  carried  away  by  dif- 
ferent perfons:  That  Chatterton's  father  bad  a  large  (hare,  of  which 
a  great  deal  was  by  him  mifapplied  and  ruined^  What  was  lefc 
at  his  death  hii   widow   put  tnto  a  box,  and   upoa  her  removal. 

F  f  3  €arri«4 


438  Bryan t'i  Ohfervailons  on  Roivlefs  Pcems, 

carried  to  her  own  boufe.     That  this  box  was  fome  years  aftfrwands 
diicovered  by  her  fon,  when  he  was  about  fifcecn  ycarj  o'd  ;  and  tha: 
he  at  times  carried  oiTthe  wri:ing<,   which  he  lludied  and    copied  ac 
his  mailer's  office.     Mention  has  b^cn  made  of  his  joy,  when  he  /bund 
QUI  their  value  ;  of  his  ex'.afy  in  fpeak'ng  of  ihem  ;  and  when  he  read 
them  to  his  friends  of  his  indignation  at  their  being  dtfregarded, 
which  he  fometimrs  exprelfed  in  very  opprc.brious  terms.     It  hat  beea 
proved,  that  he  never  took  the  merit  of  them  to  himfeif,  but  always 
unifcrmly  fpokeofihem  as  Rcwley*^.     For  th*is  we  have  the  evidence 
of  his  mother  and  fifter,  and  every  one  of  his  mod  intimate  friends. 
Perfons  have  been  applied  to  who  faw  the  originals;  who  faw  him 
fvicH  the  parchment*"  in   his  hand  ;  who  heard  him  read   from  them| 
and  were  prefent  at  the  time  he  was  copying.     Several  of  the  originals 
arc  dill  in  the  hands  ot  Mr,  Barreit.     1  have  fhewn  his  fm^Il  preteo- 
fions  tv*)  lecrning,  from   his  firll  companions;  from  thofe  who  knew 
him  aficrwards ;  from  the  maimer  who  taught  him  ;  and  lafllv,   from 
his  own  teilimony;  from  the  writings  under  his  own  /ignature,  the 
iironpell  evidence  of  all.     That  he  had  originals  before  him,  is  plain 
fxom  the  htrlps  to  which  he  applied  to  get  information,     Thefc  were 
Skinner,  Xerfey,  the  fmall  Saxon  Dictionary,  and  Chancer  with  the 
gloffary,     Thefe  he  obtained  when  he  had  been  in  pofTrfTion  of  t^e 
l^ianufcripts  above  a  year  and  an  half;  fo  that  at  that  feafoo,  though 
he  had  copied  many  of  them,  he  was  net  perlcilly  mailer  of  the  lan- 
guage.    Indeed,  he  never  attained  to  ir.     And   to  this  were  owing 
the  lal  e  glolTes  and  deviations  of  which  a  real  author  could  not  have 
been  guilty.     Indeed,  nothing  can  be  more  inconfillent  than  to  fup- 
pofe  him*  the  author  ;  for  it  is  plain,  if  he  compofed  the  poemt*,  that 
he  d'rd  not  kno^v  his  own  meaning;  if  he  penned  the  origiq^ls,  he 
could  not  lead  his  own  writing,  but  was  obliged  toothers  to  6nd  out 
his  pur  pofe.     This  induces  me  to  dwell  a  little  longer  upon  the  books 
^hich  he  l^orrowed,  as  the  inference  which  naturally  refults  from  that 
ciicumflancc  feems  to  be  of  confequence.     They  were  obtained  partly 
from   Mr.  Barrett,  2ind  partly  froip  tylr.  Green's  circulating  library, 
after  hp  hzdgiven  to  Mr.  Catcoit  and  Mr.  Earrett  many  copies  of  the 
poems,  and  fpoken  of  others,  as  being  in  his  polTcflion.     This  fhe«^s 
that  rhcy  were  not  of  his  own  compoiition  :   I-'or  who  ever  conllruclea 
a  coem,  and  then  a  year  or  two  afterwards  turned  to  a  dit^iooafy  to 
pndcrlUnd  it?  It  may  be  faid,  that  he   had   recourfe  to  ihefe  helps  in 
order  to  form  a  g'ofTary;   but  if  he  had  cofT?pofed   the  vcrfe?,  furcly 
he  could  have  miv-ic  a  glOiTary  without   the   help  of  either  Kerfey  or 
Skinner ;  o:herwife,  as  I   have  urged   before,  he  mull  have  written 
what  he  did  not  uttderiland  ;   and  that  fucli  fine  poetry  wa«  t^e  rcfult 
pf  ignoranpe,  is  not  to  be  Lclieved,     That  the  world  arcfe  frrym  choai 
I  can  eafily  imagine,  becaufo  it  was  by  means  of  a  divine  h^ind  ;   but 
ihat  a  jargon  of  words  fiiould  produce  an  Iliad,  I  cannot  conceive;   it 
\$  therefore  plain  that. he  was  not  the  author. 

f  I  haift  mentioned  mary  of  his  iniltakes  and  mifconceptlon?,  and 
(he  miflakes  of  others,  which  he  through  ignorance  adopi^^d  ;  it  19 
wiph  regret  that  I  am  obliged  to  recur  :o  ihofe  inllances  of  his  want  of 
knoiivleqge  in  his  Saxon  and  African  poems;  in  the  latrcr  of  which, 
Cabo  Lopez  Gonfalvo  is  ch^nged  to  the  rock  of  Lupa  and  the  cave 
of  Lobar ;  the  defarC  of  Zaira  tu  the  palaces  of  Zeira  ;  and  liie  river 

'    ■'  '    '  •      Tiber 


BryantV  Obfervatiom  on  Rowley  $  Poems^  439 

Tiber  is  made  to  run  through  Arabia!  How  is  it  pofiible  for  a  perfon 
of  fo  little  experience  to  h*vc  attained  10  that  (lore  of  knowledge,  to 
that  ab!lruCc  and  recondite  hiflory,  with  «^hich  thefe  poems  are 
fraught?  Turgott  and  Rowley  knew  the  perfons  of  whom  they  treat- 
ed, and  the  circumflances  which  they  dcfcribed  ;  but  Chatterton  hid 
not  this  knowledge  ;  he  lived  at  a  great  diilance  of  time  ;  and  had 
neither  experience  nor  hiflory  of  thefe  events  which  be  is  fappofed  to 
commemorate.  How  could  he  pofTibly  know  the  names  cf  tne  Saxoa 
Earls  which  occur  in  the  hittle  of  Haftings,  and  which  are  not  to  be 
found  in  any  hiflorKan  ?  They  are  indeed  authenticated  by  Doomfday 
Book;  but  did  he  ever  hear  of  that  book  ?  or  if  he  did,  had  he  ever 
accefs  to  it?  VVe  may  be  aHured  that  he  never  had.  The  names  of 
Bartram,  Normanne,  and  many  others,  were  too  far  out  of  his  reach 
to  have  been  ever  attained  by  him.  The  nature  of  this  evidence  is 
fuch  as  mud  fee  afide  all  fcruples  and  farmifes ;  nor  can  it  be  effcded 
by  any  of  the  popular  (lories  of  Chatterton,  and  his  inventive  faculty  ; 
nor  by  the  high  and  unwarrantable  notions  of  his  parts  and  genius. 
As  I  have  before  faid.  let  him  have  had  every  natural  qualificatioa 
with  which  man  can  be  blell,  yet  he  was  not  gifted  with  infpiration  ; 
and  without  thar,  he  could  not  have  arrived  at  the  truths  contained  in 
Rowley  :  and  let  him  have  forged  volumes,  yet  he  never  cojnpofed 
thefe  poems,  nor  the  manufcripis  with  whch  they  are  conneded.  Ic 
was  impoi'lib'e  for  him  to  have  hit  upon  (o  many  hillorical  truthr, 
without  any  hidory  to  dire^  him.  How  could  he  have  any  intelli- 
gence ab'^ui  the  marriage  defigned  for  Canynge  into  the  family  of  the 
Widevilles,  concerning  which  there  was  no  known  hiflory  ?  or  of  the 
cruel  fine  impofcd  upon  him  for  his  refufal,  which  was  equally  un- 
known ?  The  fame  mav  be  a(ked  concerning  any  perfori  who  may  be 
(ubitituted  as  the  author  in  the  room  of  Rowley.  Thefe  evicences 
not  only  (hew  who  did  r.ot  compofe  the  poems,  but  point  out  who  ^iV/. 
They  prove  that  the  intelligence  came  from  RtdcliEe  Tower,  and  to- 
tally make  void  the  notion  of  an  imaginary  third  perfon.  Rowley 
mult  have  been  apprifed  of  Canynge's  marriage  ;  he  lived  at  the  time, 
and  was  inirulled  in  the  affair,  and  it  was  from  him  that  the  hiilory 
was  tranfmittcd.  The  whole  has  fmce  been  very  fortunately  authen- 
ticared.  as  1  have  Hiewn  ;  the  very  articles  of  King  Edward  being  at 
Briilol  in  the  year  14^^;,  could  hardly  h::ve  been  difcovered  by  Chat- 
terton, as  it  is,  I  believe,  mentioned  but  by  one  hillorian.  Indeed 
he  does  not  pretend  to  have  known  the  year,  nor  is  it  any  where  (^c^ 
cifi^d  hy  R)wNy,  yet  it  has  been  verified  by  means  of  the  Worceller 
Regider,  and  every  circumflance  about  Can>  nge's  ordination  has  btea 
verified  from  thence.  We  have  the  like  evidence  about  the  burning 
of  Redcliirc  fpire  Rowley  muft  have  been,  in  fome  degree,  an  eyc- 
witnefs  of  tiie  event ;  but  Chatterton  had  no  hiHory  of  it,  no  record^ 
excepting  what  muit  have  ccme  froAi  Rowley.  He  could  not  have 
mentioned  it  without  fome  previous  intimation  from  th<it  quarter,  for 
tio  account  wa&  el fc where  to  be  had  :  Thi^,  like  the  two  articlc^A  above, 
has.  fince  his  d<fdtli,  been  arteQed,  and  by  the  tePiiroony  of  William 
cf  WoiceOer.  U  the  manufcrip:s  were  forgeries  by  Chatterton,  ihefe 
hiilor:es  mull  have  been  his  invention  ;  but  we  have  fecn  them  paft 
contradi6lion  certified,  which  could  not  have  been  the  cafe  if  they  bad 
been  forgeries  j  they  therefore  cannot  have  been  the  mere  fiigh:sofa 

F  f  4  boyiih 


440  Bryant'j  Obfervailom  on  Rowley  s  Poems, 

hoyifh  imagination,  but  are  genuine  hi(!orical  truths ;  and  as  he  uni- 
iormly  iaid  that  he  had  them  from  Rowley,  as  we  cannot  reafooably 
Conceive  any  other  means,  it  is  abfard  to*  afcribe  them  (o  any  orhrr 
perfon.     If  all  thofe  who  knew  the  young  man,  and  have  given  their 
atteftation  to  the  antiquity  of  the  poems,  were  to  be  warped   in  their 
principles,  or  to  be  found  millaken,  or  were  even  to  reirad  their  evi- 
dence, yet  it  would  avail  nothing  agafnll  their  proofs.     We  mav  pro- 
ceed upon   the  fame  principles  with  refpe^l  to  the  Temple  Church, 
\vhich  was  faid  to  have  been  fo  badly  conllrudied  by  the  firil  builder, 
that  it  fubfided  and  bulged  ;  bat  a  better  architect  preferved  it,  by 
laying  a  (Ironger  bails  founded  on  piles.     If  this  account  were  a  for- 
gery by  Chatterton,  it  could  never  have  been  by  any  means  authen- 
ticated ;  but  we  iind  that  it  was  *  verified   in  the  year  1774,   about 
four  years  after  his  dea^h.     Thefe  are  events  for  which  Chatter  ton  had 
Ho  voucher,  if  wc  do  not  allow  him  Rowley.    But  even  thefe  pcrfops, 
and  thefe  events,  which  have  collateral  hillory  for  thfir  <onhr.j.ation, 
are  often  tooobfcure  to  be  eafily  met  v^ith,  and  could  not  co.-?>e  wiih- 
in  the  fphereof  a  boy's  intelligence.     We  have  feen  that  he   m'«ke6  a 
foldier,  whowas  larer  than  i  ubb^  the  Dane,  contemporary  with  Htn- 
gilly  and  fpeaksof  an  Inca':>  fleet  upon  the  coatl  of  calabar.     Can  we 
. imagine  fuch  a  novice  to  be  an  adept  in  the  mod  remote  and  fecrec 
parts   af  hiftory  ?  It  cannot  be  foppofel.      How  could    he   knrw  any 
thing  of  the  Blue   Briton  and  I  invan  ?  of  PowiAand  and  Mairavrtl ; 
and  the  hiftory  of  Howel  ap  Jevah  r  Add  to  thefe  the  numberlefs  re- 
ferences and  d^rk  allufions   which  continually  prelent  themfeives  to 
the  reader  in  every  part  of  Rowley. 

'  Such  is  the  evidence  wiih  which  thefe  poems  are  attended.  In 
the  proccfs  of  my  enquiry  I  have  brought  accumulated  proof  of  the 
MSS.  having  been  fecn,  and  acknowledged  as  authentic.  I  have 
mentioned  the  manner  of  t  eir  being  carried  away  and  fccreted  ;  of 
their  being  afterwards  copied  ;  and  of  the  perfon  who  tranfcribed 
them  being  feen  in  the  article  of  tranfcribing  ;  ot  their  being  uni- 
formly attributed  to  the  real  au.hor,  Ro^viey,  concerning  -  whom 
no  doubts  were  ever  entertained  by  the  beft  judges,  the  people 
upon  the  fpot  who  were  eye-witnefles  to  the  (^th  upon  which  n»y 
evidence  i«i  founded,  not  the  Icafl  lufpicion  preva:led,  nil  fcruplea 
and  difiiculties  arofe  at  a  diiUrice.  Thts  exter^ial  evi<itnce  is  r.ecefla- 
rilv  biendtd  with  the  interna!;  and  through  the  wh>  le  c  )urre  ot  my 
enquiry,  I  have  endeavoured  to  prove  ihat  thcfc  ccmpoli.'oni  re- 
quirtd  far  more  learning  than  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  young  mai^at 
Briitol  ;  I  have  (he^n  that  he  many  tines  did  not  comprvhi  nd  'he 
purport  of  the  lihes  which  he  copied,  a  »d  that  he  miitook  rhe  very  cla- 

*  rh'S  evidence  was  obtained  from  fomo  ovrrlecrs  and  wokci.en 
u  ho  were  emp'oytd  in  repairing  the  ga.es  Ivaviing  10  he  IVniplc 
C'hurch-yajdi  They  had  not  otjiar  denioriitianon  ct'  the  pilcb.  :\\c 
u::rer  came  in  fo  fall  upon  them  ;  but  in  di^^^^iiig  ihey  came  10  the 
fourd  t'on  above-mentioned,  which  conlifted  •  fan  eifOrn»'.'U*  m  if--  of 
ftonc  over  a  vvatcy  fwamp;  now  ihc  greater  the  mafs.  ij  «•  more  nr^J 
tncie  wa'.  for  a  fecoj.dary  fupport,  at;d  in  luch  a  htuation  ro  oiKtr 
fi»ppnr:  bat  piles  can  be  well  c  nceived.  F'it  f^i?,  ana  much  other 
iLteliig^nce,  I  am  iod^bied  to  Mr.  George  Caccotc. 

radcrs 


\ 


Down  man's  Tranjlation  of  Ladbrogs  Death  Song,       441 

raflers,  in  which  they  were  defcribed.  fo  that  he  iubftituted  one  word 
for  another.  This  alone,  I  think,  falls  little  (hort  of  denion(lratioo, 
that  the  poems  were  by  another  hand.  On  this  account  I  muft 
recur  to  the  propofition  with  which  I  fet  out,  that  every  author 
mult  know  his  own  meaning;  and  whoever  brings  a  copy  of  a  prior 
writing,  and  does  not  underf'and  that  writing,  that  perfon  c<innot  be 
the  author.  In  (hort,  if  a  boy  produces  a  reputable  exercife,  and 
cannot  conlhue  it,  there  is  not  an  uiher  at  a  boarding-fchool  bat  will 
tell  him  he  did  not  make  it. 

In  our  next  Review  we  {hall  examine  the  force  of  fome  of  Mr. 
Bryant's  leading  arguments,  and  doubt  not  of  making  it  appear 
to  the  fatisUiStion  of  our.Readcrs  that  they  are  founded  on  mif- 
take  and  fallacy,  however  ingenioufly  contrived,  or  learnedly 
fupportfd.  ^  f^ 

AkT.  XI.  Tbi  Death  Stn^  of  Ragnar  hodbrach^  or  Lodhrog,  kiig 
cf  Denmark :  TranA.iKd  fruiti  toc  Laiio  of  Olaui  Wormius.  fiy 
Hu;;n  D  wnm^n,  M.  D.     410.     1  s.     Fielding.     1781. 

THIS  Poem,  if  we  m-iv  credit  tradition,  was  compofed  by 
Lodbrog  himfelf,  who,  after  having  carried  on  his  depre- 
dations with  fucccfs  for  many  years,  and  rendered  himltlf 
the  terror  of  Lurope,  was  at  length  taken  prifoner  by  Ella, 
King  of  Northumberland,  and  put  to  dearh  by  him,  being  caft 
into  a  dungeon  full  of  fcrpents.  The  Tranflaror  however  juftly 
remarks,  *  that  it  muft  have  been  the  production  of  fome  Scald  or 
Bard,  probably  to  do  honour  to  the  memory  of  his  deceafed 
King,  to  place  before  the  eyes  of  his  fubjecls  his  heroic  ac- 
chievemenis,  and  urge  them  and  his  fon  ( or y^«j  according  to 
the  Poem  iticif)  to  rcvenjic.*  We  are  farther  informed  that  this 
curious  remnant  of  antiquity  is  preferved  by  Olaus  Wormius  in 
his  book  de  L'ttcratura  Runica^  and  was  firft  taken  notice  of  a-  * 
mongll  us  bv  bir  VVilItam  I'trnple,  ascharadteriflic  of  that  fero- 
cicy  wh;ch  was  fo  peculiar  to  the  northern  nations.  /L proud 
contempt  of  death,  and  a  favage  grandeur  of  lentimertfjl|pervadc 
the  whole  poem  \  but  it  is  totally  deflitute  of  all  the*  fofier 
and  more  poli(hcd  graces. 

The  mode  in  which  this  performance  is  exhibited  to  the  pub* 
lie  in  the  prefent  tranflation  ib  fomewhat  peculiar,  and  in  our 
op;n!(;n  is  not  attended  with  the  heft  tfFedt.  We  are  /i(ft  pre- 
fentcd  with  a  feiSion  in  Englifh,  then  with  its  correfpondcnt  one 
in  the  Laiiii,  and  fo  on  alternately  to  the  conclufion,  The 
trandation  itfelf  is,  however,  nervou«  and  fpirited  ;  and  if  it 
(houid  fitigue  by  the  repetition  of  the  Time  fcntiments,  and  that 
want  of  Varied  images  which  is  fo  generally  complained  of  in  the 
poems  of  the  illiterate  bards  of  the  North,  the  fault  is  to  be 
charged  to  the  account  of  the  original.     The  Tranilator  hath 

done 


. ,  t 


44^  Jonf  s'i  Mahomedan  Law  of  Succeffim. 

done  his  duty;  and  as  a  fpecimcn,  wcgive  our  Readers  the  con* 
clufion  of  this  poem  in  Dr.  Downman's  vcrfion  : 
*   Full  hffy  limes  I  trod  the  ficlH. 

My  Handardrcar'd  and  poi^'J  my  OiitlJ, 

\^'ar's  willing  guell ;   nor  dcecn'd  ihc  f.irce 

Of  human  hand  would  check  my  cpurfe. 

Panting  to  gain  a  matcble^  name. 

And  i'oar  o'er  every  King  in  fdfrc. 

For  well  in  earlielt  years  I  taught 

My  fword  to  drink  the  crimfon  draught. 

'^1  he  Sifters  •  now  my  fteps  invite, 

Unmov'd  I  quit  the  realms  of  light. 

'  VVarn'd  from  within— —break  off  the  lay  ! 
t  ^F^'  *"*'^"'*S  fjfters  chide  my  ftay  ; 

'  ^    '  '  *  ^Jy  Odin  fcnt,  I  hear  their  call, 

1  hey  bid  me  to  his  fatal  hall. 

With  them  high-thron*d.  the  circling  bowl 

Of  foaming  mead  (hall  chear  my  foul. 

With  joy  I  yield  my  vital  breath. 

And  laogh  in  the  laft  pangs  of  death. 
It  Is  worthy  of  obfervation,  that  to  this  hero  wcarc  indebted, 
Jf  we  may  credit  Olaus  Worraius  f ,  for  the  trial  by  twelve  men. 
The  Tranflator,  through  midake  fays,  that  he  flouriftied  in  the 
eighth  century  ;  but  Wormius  informs  us  that  he  began  his  reign 
in  the  year  820;  and  it  is  fuppofed  by  lome  commentators  %  O" 
the  laws  of  England,  that  our  Ethtlrcd  borrowed  the  noble  io- 
ftitution  from  him.  They  are  called  in  the  Danilh  law  Sande- 
marty  which  is  rendered  viri  veraces.  The  trial  by  the  jury  of 
twelve  men  was  likcwife  formerly  thccuftom  in  Sweden,  though 
now  abol idled :  A  fate,  wc  hope,  it  will  never  experience  in 
jLngland ! 

•  The  Dir4f,  or  TFiird  Sifters.  f  Mon«  Dan.  Lib.  1,  Cap.  10. 

A        X  Vide  Barringcon's  Obleivations  on  the  Statutes,  &c.  p.  18.^     « 

Art.  XI F.  The  Mahomedan  Law  of  SucceJJion  to  the  P roper fj  of  /*- 
teftates^  in  Arabic:  Engraved  on  Copper- plates  from  an  anticnt 
NJanuicnpt  ;  with  a  verbal  Trandation  and  explanatory  Notes. 
Py  William  Jones,  Efq.  of  the  Middle  Temple.  410.  5s.  fewed. 
Dilly.     l%z. 

THE  reputation  of  Mr.  Jones  in  eaftern  learning  is  defervedly 
eminent;  and,  on  the  prefent  occafion,  he  has  exerted  his 
great  knowledge  in  this  department,  with  the  view  of  promot- 
ing the  exerci(e  of  juftice  in  India.  By  the  late  {latute  concern- 
ing the  adminiftration  of  Bengal,  it  is  provided,  that  ^11  HcElions 
or  fuits  about  property  *  fliall  he  determined,  in  the  cafe  of  Ma* 
V  homedans  by  the  laws  and  ufagcs  of  Mahomedan s  \  and,  where, 
Qniy  one  of  ths  parties  (ball  be  a  Alahamedan^  by  the  laws  and 

ufages 


Joncs'i  Mahomcdan  Law  of  Sucajfton,  443 

^fages  of  the  defendant  *.'  Now,  it  is  obvious,  that  the  judges 
in  India  cannot  adminiQer  legally  between  Mahomedan  parties, 
without  being  inflrucled  in  the  maxims  of  that  law  by  which 
thty  are  bound  to  dire<ffc  ihemfelves.  Mr.  Jones,  therefore,  that 
he  might  facilitate  the  ftudy  of  Mahomedan  jurifprudcncc  has 
publifhed  this  little  worlc  which  he  found  in  the  Bodleian  libr^jy, 
among  the  colleclions  of  the  learned  Pocock. 

The  Arabic  manufcript  which  he  now  fubmits  to  thcobferva- 
tion  of  the  public  is  nearly  five  hundred  years  old,  and  having 
been  traced  fkilfully  through  tranfparent  paper,  the  engravings 
arc  not  lefs  valuable,  than  the  original  hand- writing  of  which  they  J 
arc  a  reprefentation  or  a  pifture. 

With  regard  to  the  authority  of  the  work,  it  is  not  to  be  con- 
troverted. For  the  author,  who  was  a  native  of  Mefopotamia, 
was  himfelf  an  Iman  ;  and  it  appears  that  he  drew  his  knowledge 
from  the  fyftem  oiZaid^  of  whom  Mahomed entcrUincd  Co  high 
an  opinion,  that  he  accounted  him  to  be  the  fureft  interpreter  of 
his  laws. 

The  form  of  this  treatife  may  fcera  remarkable  to  thofc  who 
are  acquainted  only  with  the  legal  trads  of  the  prefent  age.  It  is 
in  a  loofe  poetical  meafure  ;  a  mode  of  compofition  which  is  ufual 
in  Afia  in  the  graveft  performances.  For  even  the  Koran  itfelf, 
which  is  the  fource  of  the  laws  of  the  Mahomedans,  is  compofed 
in  modulated  fentences.  In  his  verfion  Mr.  Jones  does  not  af- 
fume  any  liberties.  He  facrifices  elegance  to  exa6lnefs ;  and  tc 
was  his  intention  *  to  render  the  yfrabian  treatife,  line  for  line, 
and  word  fur  word,  with  a  fidelity  almoft  religioufly  fcrupu- 
lous  f.' 

Befide  the  lights  which  this  Arabian  publication  may  throw 
upon  the  Mahomedan  law,  there  is  another  purpofe  for  which  it 
is  intended.  As  the  hand>writing  6f  the  Arabic  tranfcriber  is 
accurately  engraved,  the  ftudent  of  the  Eaftern  lal^uages,  by 
an  attention  to  the  plates,  may  habituate  himfelf  t^the  reading 
pf  the  old  Arabian  manufcripts.  But,  as  even  this  talk  is  diffi> 
cult,  Mr.  Jones,  for  the  fake  of  the  novice  in  oriental  literature, 
has  printed  the  whole  tra*^  in  Roman  letters,  ^  diflinguilhing; 
every  confonant  and  long  vowel  {the  Jhort  ones  are  too  vague  and 
indeterminate)  by  a  chara(5^er  invariably  appropriated  to  it,  fo  as 
fo  give  every  full  found  its  own  fpecific  fymbol  \  an  advantage  whicti 
hardly  any  iilpha^et  has,  but  which  all  ought  to  have  X*'       *  f*^ 

♦  Sea.  17.  t  The  Preface.  %? tehee. 


Art, 


(    444    ) 

Art.  XIIl.  Naval  Jrcbite£iure:  or  the  Rudiments  and  Rules  of 
Ship-Building,  excmpIiHed  in  a  Series  of  Draughts  and  Plaos,  with 
Obfervacions,  tending  to  the  further  Improvement  of  that  import- 
ant Art.  By  Marmaduke  Sialkartt.  Folio.  61.  68.  Seivel], 
&c.     1781. 

BEFORE  we  attempt  any  account  of  this  publication,  it  may  be 
ncceffary  to  premife,  that  our  Readers  are  not  to  cxpe£l  from  us 
any  positive  opinion  concerning  its  merit:  we  freely  acknowledge 
ourfelves  unequal  to  the  ta(k ;  and  therefore  (hall  on!y  give  a  general 
account  of  the  obj;^  whicb  is  aimed  ac  in  it,  and  in  what  manner^ 
and  by  what  means,  the  Author  propofes  to  tS^6i  it.  This  method 
fcems  to  us  to  be  the  only  one  we  can  purfue  with  refpedt  to  the  Ar- 
ticle under  confiderarion,  as  it  will  not  be  fuppofed  that  the  Authors 
of  the  Monthly  Review  are  (hip  builders  by  profrdion  ;  and  if  they 
were  it  is  much  to  be  doubted  whether  Oiip- builders  themfelves,  afliiled 
by  the  judgment  of  the  bell  feamtn  in  B:itain  (and  if  in  Britain,  in  the 
world]  could  decide,  without  trying  the  experiment,  whether  the  aU 
terationi  which  are  hcjc  propofcd  will  fully  anfuer  the  very  fanguinc 
cxpcdlationj  of  the  Author  ?  The  principal  improvements  propofcd 
by  M^.  Sialkartt  contiil  in  placing  the  mid-Oiip  be  d  ;  that  is,  the 
greateil  breadth  of  the  ihip,  conAderably  farther  lorwaid  than  it  has 
been  cuilomary  to  |JaCe  it;  and  in  ufingytfir  inllcad  oi hcilcw  «vater- 
lines. 

But  it  is  not  to  be  underftood  that  the  whole  cf  this  publication  it 
taken  up  in  exphining  thefe  two  principles,  and  (hewing  the  advan- 
tage of  them  :  It  comprehends  the  whole  practice  of  flup-buiioirig. 
It  exhibits  the  rudiments  and  rules  of  the  art  in  a  regular  and  pro- 
^reflive  feries  of  defigns  and  intlruftions,  beginning  with  a  lorg-boat, 
and  ending  with  a  ftvcnty-ffjur  gun  (hip.  All  the  bunnefs  of  the 
mould-loft  is  explained,  wiih  the  various  methods  that  are  pra^tifed  in 
laying  down  and  difpcfing  every  efTential  part  of  a  (hip.  In  doing 
this,  our  Auihor  profciies  to  have  been  more  anxious  to  (ludy  per- 
fpicuity  than  elegance  of  itile,  under  a  pcrfuaiion  that  his  wurk  is 
calculated  fl^re  for  ufe  than  entertainment.  But  whatever  may  be 
thought  of  tm  language,  nothing  can  exceed  the  mailerly  roanner  in 
which  the  defigns  are  drawn  and  executed. 

This  elegant  and  expeniive  work  is  divided  into  feven  books,  and 
each  book  into  fcverai  fedions  or  chapters,  befii  e  an  iotrodudory 
dii'courfe,  in  whicb  the  Author  explains  the  nature  of  the  fubjeft 
which  is  treated  in  that  book,  as  well  as  the  advantages  which  he 
pr  pofcs  to  derive  from  thofe  iteps  which  arc  contrary  to  the  general 
p^rh.*.\'cc  of  ihip-bo!lders  at  pr:fent. 

^i)  ihc  fi*Il  book,  Mr.  S.  treats  of  the  art  of  ivh-ie- men l^ifrg,  which 
ij  a  msihoJ  of  forming  the  principal  part  of  a  (hip,  vcilei.  or  boat, 
by  means  of  a  mould,  made  to  the  miiifitp  hind  and  continued  as 
far  fere  and  aft  as  the  form  of  the  midjhip-btnd,  and  the  curve  of  the 
riji''g  Hnty  are  fuitably  difpoied  to  each  other.  Btfore  the  arc  of  ihip- 
buinijng  was  brought  to  its  prefent  degree  of  perfcclion,  this  method 
oi 'u.holc-moulding  was  in  great  repu  e,  and  much  pr^Ctifed  by  the  un- 
(kilful,  as  wtil  a&  by  thofe  whofe  bufinefs  required  expedi:ion  ;  but 
ii!icc  fome  late  improvements  have  been  m&ue  by  diligent  i\d6y  and 

api  lication 


Stalkartt'i  Naval  ArchiteSlure.  445 

application  to  the  theory  of  the  art,  it  has  been  lefs  approved  of  int 
the  conftrufiion  of  (hips;  which  require  the  form  of  the  mUJhip'bttul 
to  be  fuch,  that  if  they  were  n^vhole- moulded  wtWforvjard  and  ap,  they 
would  not  only  rife  with  difEculty  in  a  heavy  fea,  but  be  deprived^ 
in  a  great  meafure,  of  the  proper  ufe  of  their  rudder:  for  in  'whoU^ 
moulding,  the*  body  is  narrowed  no  more  at  the  floor  than  it  is  at  the 
main  breadth  ;  neither  mud  the  rijiag  lime  lift  more  than  the  lowec 
height  cf 'breadth,  which,  according  to  the  form  of  fome  midjbipbemds^ 
would  have  a  very  difa^reeable  efFedl  at  the  foremod  and  afrermoft 
Jloor  timbers^  if  the  *wbole  moulding  wert  continued  fo  far.  How  far 
^wbole  moulding  may  be  carried  without  injuring  the  form  of  the  body, 
Mr.  Staikartc  has  endeavoured  to  explain  and  exemplify  in  the  con- 
ilru^lion  of  a  long  boar,  which  might,  perhaps,  be  'uihole-moulded  (torn 
the  (lem  to  the  Uern-poil  without  any  material  inconvenience,  pro. 
vided  the  form  of  the  midjhip-bend  (hould  be  approved  for  the  tran^ 
fom. 

This  book  is  illudrated  with  fix  figures : 

1.  The  elevation^  or  flieer- draught. 

2.  A  proje6ion  or  view  of  the  timbers  which  form  the  body,  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  come  together. 

3.  Half  breadth  lines  at  dilFerent  horizontal  fedions. 
.   4.  Mid(hip-bend. 

5.  Lower  futtock  mould. 

o.  Beveling  boards  for  the  after  and  fore^bodics. 

Book  II.  exhibits  the  manner  of  delineating  and  conflru£ling  one  of 
thofe  fmall  veiTtls  ufually  denominated  Yachts  :  in  the  conitrudlioii 
of  which,  velocity  and  ftiiFr.efs  are  the  principal  confiderations  ;  iiow* 
age  being  no  farther  coniidered  than  to  give  her  fo  much  as  is  a£lually 
necefTary  for  acrommoda(ion  ;  and  when  tbefe  qualities  are  happily 
united  in  a  vefTel  of  this  kind,  they  render  her  on  ferns  occafions,  a 
mod  ufeful,  as  well  as  agreeable  appendage,  to  the  more  noble  (Iruc* 
Cures  of  Naval  Archite^ure. 

In  the  fecond  chapter  of  this  book,  Mr.  Stalkartt  lays  down  the 
reafons  which  induce  him  to  place  the  midfljip-bend  fo^much  farther 
forward  than  other  naval  archite^h  have  thought  propef  to  place  it ; 
and  alfo  for  preferring /ii/r  luaterlines^  and  conilruding  his  vefTvls  to 
fail  on  an  e<ven  keel,  Ic  was  formerly  the  opinion  of  artiil?»  fays  hct 
that  the  midjbip-bend  ought,  in  every  inftance  without  exception,  to 
be  in  the  centre  of  the  (hip,  under  a  fuppofition  that  (he  would  then 
pitch  the  lead,  and  confcquenily  ride  the  fafer  at  anchor.  But  ex- 
perience, the  only  guide  in  tnefe  things,  has  taught  the  prcfent  age 
CO  move  the  midJhip-bend  rather  more  forward  than  this  point,  buc 
not  by  far  fo  much  forward  as  Mr.  Staikartc  tninks  it  ought  lO  be  ; 
for  by  placing  the  midpip-bend  coniiderably  before  the  centre  of  the 
ihip,  the  water  will  (ooner  have  paiTrd  the  greateil  breadth  of  the 
fhip,  and  of  courfe  will  occafion  lefs  refinance  to  her  motion  :  it  will 
alio  Hnd  a  more  dired,  and  a  freer  pafTage  to  the  rudder,  than  ic 
can  po(rbly  do  when  the  miajhip  bemd'is  farther  aft. 

That  the  water  will  find  a  freer  paH'age  to  the  rudder  when  a  (hip 
is  Ct'nliruded  on  Mr.  S:alkartt's  plan  feems  to  us  uncontrovertible; 
buc  '.he  arguments  which  he  has  brought  to  prove  that  (he  v/iil  mcv*c 
with  leift  rciiitance  from  the  wa;cr«  are  not,  in  our  opinion ^  quite  fo 

unexcc>n;un*rb]e. 


\ 


446  SralkarttV  Naval  ArcbiteaUre, 

unexceptionable.  Hit  words  are  thefe  :  *  As  the  prciTure  of  cbe  water 
on  the  fides  of  the  ibip  is  equal  to  the  weight  of  Che  ve<icf),  ic  foilows, 
that  the  more  forvward  the  mid(hip-bend  is  placed,  if  the  (hip  begins 
immrdiatiiy  to  narrow,  the  greater  is  the  length,  and  confequeoti/ 
the  eftcd  of  the  prcfFure  of  water,  10  incre^fe  her  velocity.'  But  iVflr. 
8.  fcems  here  to  have  forgor,  that  the  effea  of  the  prcfTure  of  a  drop 
of  wkter,  ei.her  to  accelerate  or  impede  the  motion  of  a  (hip,  i^, 
fridion  excepted,  a«  the  cofine  of  the  angle  which  a  line,  perpen> 
dicular  to  the  fide  of  the  (hip  at  the  point  where  the  drop  a£ls,  makes 
with  another  line  which  is  the  diredlion  of  the  ihip*s  motion  ;  and 
therefore  that  the  aggregate  of  all  thefe  efF<:dh  may  be  the  fame,  oot- 
withltanding  the  lengths  of  the  tpace  which  they  adl  on  are  different. 

Mr.  St&lkarit  thinks  alfo,  that  it  is  reafonable  to  believe  the  (hip 
will  ride  at  anchor  with  more  eafe  if  the  midjhfp-htnd  be  placed  far- 
ther forward  than  it  is  ufual  to  place  it ;  and  oiore  efpecially,  if  the 
form  of  her  body  be  fuch  as  is  ufually  termed  clean  fore  and  aft :  for 
then,  being  buoyed  up  in  the  middle,  and  wanting  bearings  both 
fore  and  alt,  ^t  will  be  much  more  liable  to  pitch,  than  (he  will  be 
when  the  mdjhip-hind^  or  greateft  breadth,  is  pretty  well  forward. 
He  alfo  combats,  with  con(iderable  force  ot  argument,  the  opinioit 
xii  thofe  who  maintain  that  a  (hip  can  never  fail  well  on  an  even  keel. 
uhich  floats  confiderably  by  the  Hern  when  (he  is  firll  launched,  and 
beiore  any  baiUH  is  put  on  board  ber ;  as  every  one  mn((,  in  which 
the  midfhip-bend  is  placed  confiderably  before  the  middle  of  the 
(hip.  '  Experience,  fays  he,  convinces  as  that  many  (hips,  when 
tirlt  launched,  will  fwim  four  feet  by  the  llern,  and  yet,  wheir 
trimmed  for  failing,  are  found  to  go  faiteft  on  an  even  keel,  or  there* 
abouts;  and  1  imagine  they  receive  little  or  no  damage  from  it,  if 
carefully  and  properly  (lowed.'  Some  (hips  are  fo  dean  aft,  that 
they  require  to  fail  by  the  (lern,  becaule  they  have  no  bearin? 
for  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  from  aft  until  the  buttock  is  brought  weS 
down  into  the  water.  Such  (hips  are  very  liable  to  be  (trained  by 
thf  overhar.girg  of  the  dern,  when  the  fea  leaves  the  buttock;  and 
the  next  fea  generally  (Irikes  her  under  the  (lera,  as  it  falls,  with  fo 
much  force  as  fometimes  to  endanger  her  mads.  With  refped  to 
fuch  (hips  as  are  built  to  fail  four  feet  by  the  (lern,  on  account  of 
their  infufnciency  abaft,  it  is  Mr.  Stalkartt's  opinion,  that  if  a  line 
were  drawn  to  cut  the  lower  (ide  of  the  keel,  in  the  middle  of  the 
(hip,  and  the  dern-pod  at  two  feet  from  the  bottom  of  the  keel ;  and 
that  part  of  the  keel  and  dead  wood  which  are  below  this  line  wat 
taken  olF  and  placed  under  the  (ore  part  of  the  kecf>  with  that  part 
forward  which  was  aft  before,  fo  as  to  make  (he  lower  (ide  of  the  keel 
drcight  again,  the  (hip  would  fail  fomcn^hat  failer  for  it,  and  be 
be:tcr  in  other  refpedls*  For  when  a  (hip  is  brought  fo  much  down 
by  the  dern  as  is  here  fpoken  of,  the  ktel  not  being  parallel  to  the 
fur  face  of  the  water,  it  mud  occadon  a  refidance  proportional  to  the 
weight  of  the  water  difplaced,  and  the  angle  which  the  underfjde  of 
the  keel  makes  with  the  furface  of  the  water  :  and  although  the  re* 
fillance  arifing  from  this  caufe  may  appear  to  be  of  little  confequence 
to  fome,  yet  Mr.  S.  is  of  opinion  it  may  be  in  fome  meafure  the 
reafon  why  many  diips,  which  are  defigned  by  the  builder  10  fail  by 
the  ^zivk^  go  bed  on  an  even  keel. 

Amor.gft 


Stalkartt'j  Naval  Anhite^ure.  447 

Amongft  other  argumfnts,  brought  by  our  Author  in  fapporC 
of  his  opinion,  for  placing  the  midlhip-bend  farcher  forwards  than 
ufual,  he  tells  us,  that  fuch  a  difpoHcion  of  ic  is  clearly  pointed 
out  to  us  by  na.ure,  in  her  formation  of  animals  which  are  dellined 
to  move  in  fo  deofe  a  fluid  as  «vater.  *  It  is  not  a  novel  obferva- 
tion,  fays  he,  that  the  form  of  fiih  is  the  bed  calculated  for  velocity : 
but,  although  the  obfervation  has  been  made,  the  example  remains 
yet  to  be  followed.  We  fcem  to  require  more  than  the  evidence  of 
nature  to  overcome  the  errors  which  aiife  from  prejudice.'  We  know 
not  whether  it  will  be  allowed  to  be  a  nenu  obftrnjathn^  but  we  are 
certain  it  is  a  true  one,  that  it  has  been  a  str'^f  common  pradice  to 
hold  forth  the  operations  of  Nature  as  rules  to  be  followed  in  the 
produ6tions  of  art ;  but  not  often  with  fo  much  propriety  as  many 
may  think.  la  our  endeavours  to  draw  rules  from  the  produdions  of 
Nature,  wc  (hould  be  extremely  careful  to  obferve,  that  the  thinga 
which  we  mean  :o  apply  them  to,  are  (imilsr  in  t^txy  refped  to  thofe 
from  which  we  make  the  induflion:  for  if  ihey  are  not,  this  method 
of  proceeding  may  fonietimes  lead  us  into  great,  and  stxy  dangerous 
errors.  For  example;  in  the  cafe  before  us,  a  ihip  is  designed  to 
fwim  on  the  furface  of  the  water,  but  a  fi(h  underneath  ic:  of  courfe 
the  motion  of  the  waves  can  never  caufe  the  water  to  leave  the  tail  of 
a  fi(h  unfupported,  in  the  manner  it  fometimet  leaves  the  after  part  of 
a  fliip.  Moreover,  the  bodies  of  fifties  are  flexible  and  light;  that  of 
a  (hip  rigid,  maflive,  and  heavy.  We  might  add,  that  to  fay  the 
difpofition  of  the  midjhip  bend  is  pointed  out  by  the  form  of  a  filh,  is 
faying,  in  fa£l,  nochir^g  at  all ;  for  the  forms  of  fiihes  are  exceeding 
various ;  and  in  fome  the  broadcft  and  thickeft  parts  arc  as  far  back- 
ward, as  it  has  ever  been  ufual  to  placeUhe  midjhiphend  oi  zny  vefTel 
whatever.  If  it  be  urged,  that  the  form  of  that  fi(h  ought  to  be 
made  choice  of  which  is  capable  of  making  its  way  in  the  wjCler  with 
the  greatefl  velocity  ;  it  may  be  replied,  (hat  the  velocities  of  fifties^ 
exceedingly  different  in  their  form,  appear  to  be  fo.  nearly  the  fame, 
that  it  will  be  impoflible  ever  to  determine  any  thing  on  this  head 
from  thence  :  befide,  there  is  great  reafon  for  believing,  that  the  ve> 
loci  ties  of  li'ving  bodies  do  not  depend  fo  much  on  their  form,  aa  oa 
their  organization. 

Our  Readers  will  not  imagine,  that  by  thefe  remarks  we  mean  to 
invalidate  Mr.  Stalkartt's  notions  concerning  the  moft  proper  fltua* 
tion  of  the  midjhip  htnd.  We  have  already  acknowledged  our  infuf- 
ficiency  to  judge  properly  of  things  of  this  nature :  and  we  siTare 
them,  that,  as  far  as  our  judgment  will- direfl  us,  we  moll  heartily 
approve  them.  All  we  wiOi  to  inculcate  is,  that  the  reafons  for  this 
difpofition  of  it  cannot  be  draun  from  the  form  of  fifhes,  and  the 
nature  of  their  motion  ;  but  mull  be  fought  for  in  the  principles  of 
mechanics,  and  the  laws  of  motion:  and  even  thefe  can  a^rd  us  no 
more  than  general  dirciflions  in  phyiical  enquiries.— Abfolute  cei* 
tainry  mull  be  the  refuh  of  experiment. 

Mr.  Stalkartt,  after  confider'ing,  very  maturely,  every  circumftance 
which  can  aitend  fixing  the  niidihip-bend  in  this  or  that  part  of  the 
ihip,  concludes,  at  length,  to  fix  it  fo  that  one  third  part  of  the  keel 
may  be  before  it,  and  two  third  parts  after  it ;  and  thinks,  that  if 
it  be  placed  farther  forwards j  fome  inconvenieAce  might  arife  when 

the 


448  Stalkartt*i  Naval  ArchlteHure. 

the  (hip  IS  turning  to  wintJward,  by  its  m;iking  her  too  full  forwards 
to  divide  the  Huid,  and  by  that  means  fubj^'d  h  r  to  receive  the  whole 
ihock  of  the  Tea:  and  if  it  be  placed  faither  a)':,  he  thinks  ihe  will 
be  tco  apt  (o  plunge,  and  bury  herfclf  in  the  fea,  when  going  large, 
from   being  too  thin  forwards. 

This  book  is  illuflrated  wich  one  large  plate  concainiog  ten  figiires* 

1.  The  elevation  or  iheer-drau^hr. 

2.  Horizontal  fcdlions ;   or  half-breadth  linc^. 

3.  The  body  plan,  or  view  of  the  timbers  which  compofe  it. 

4.  The  ftcrr. 

5.  Mold  of  the  fa(hion>piece» 

6.  Cant  timbers. 

7.  The  plan  of  the  upper  deck. 

8.  1  he  phn  of  the  quurer  deck. 

9.  The  pi  .n  of  the  lower  dtck. 

10.  The  plan  of  the  cabir*  floor, 

Mr.  Stalkarit  obfcrves,  that  it  is  requifite,  in  every  draught  of  a 
fhip  or  other  vtflll,  to  draw  the  plans  of  the  decks,  in  order  10  (hew 
that  the  form  of  the  fh^p  is  fuch  as  will  give  room  on  each  deck  for 
the  accommodations  and  conveniences  which  are  required  to  be  on 
ic ;  but  that  they  were  particularly  r.ecenary  in  his  work,  to  convince 
the  curious  that  his  vc/TcJs  are  conHru^ed  according  to  the  original 
dcfign  ;  and  to  !hcw,  nctwithftandirg  the  waicrltncs  are  fo  ytty  clean 
abatt,  that  the  article  of  ftowcge  has  not  been  fori»ot,  but  that  there 
is  as  much  room  as  any  gentleman  can  require,  either  for  ufe  or  plea* 
fure,  in  fo  fmall  a  vcfTel  as  a  yacht,  which  is  chicHy  calculated  for 
fwift  failing. 

In  the  third  book,  our  Author  (hews  how  to  lay  down  and  con- 
ftruft  a  floop  of  war.  Sloops  of  war  arc  fmall  three-mafled  veffels, 
which  carry  any  number  of  guns  lefs  than  twenty,  and  are  chiefly 
ufed  tocruife  af:er,  and  diflrefs  the  trade  of  an  enemy  ;  or  as  tenders 
to  (hips  of  war.  To  defign  (hips  from  fpeculative  ideas  requires  the 
niccd  attention;  for  to  yield  too  ra(hly  to  fpeculation  without  cxpe* 
riment,  and  to  adopt  every  ha(!y  idea  which  might  occar  in  an  ob- 
je£l  of  fuch  great  magnitude,  would  be  altogether  unpardonable : 
on  the  contrary,  puifuir^g,  as  he  is,  the  improvement  of  the  art,  it 
would  be  fcrvilc  and  nugatory  to  perfevere  in  an  old,  or  indeed  in 
any  one  track.  It  is  by  exploring  unknown  regions  that  new  coun- 
tries are  difcovered  ;  and  it  is  only  by  the  union  of  experience  aod 
fpeculation  that  we  advance  in  arts:  but  there  is  no  art  in  which 
invention  oughc  to  be  more  deliberate  than  in  Ihip-building.  The 
fmalled  error,  even  in  known  rules,  produces  important  confequences; 
and  therefore  prudence  ought  ever  to  watch  over  and  corre^  the  ef- 
forts of  genius.  On  thefc  confiderations  it  is  that  Mr.  S.  profefTes  to 
be  very  circumfpedl  and  cautious,  when  he  ventures  to  llep  out  of  the 
common  road,  or  to  fix  proportions  which  have  not  been  6xed  be- 
fore. The  (ird  thing  to  b;  confidered  in  the  plan  of  a  fhip  is,  un- 
doubtedly, the  principal  dimentions;  but  for  the  determination  of 
this  we  have  no  fixed  and  certain  rule,  bccaufe  the  proportions  of 
(hips  mud-  always  vary  according  to  the  various  purpoles  which  they 
are  intended  to  anfwer.  Thus  the  yachc  was  conilrufled  chiefly  for 
failing,  and   the  accommodation  of  paiTenger^;    and  confeqoently 

the 


Stalkartt'i  Naval  Archite^uru  .449 

the  heigbt  of  her,  above  water,  wat  not  very  material.  But  the 
floop  requiring  to  have  one  deck  referved  for  gum,  which  mall  be 
difpofed  clear  of  the  water  duriog  adtioo,  and  at  the  fame  time  an 
allowance  made  for  the  eSe(X  of  a  moderate  wind,  it  is  plain  there 
mud  be  more  depth  of  top-Jide  to  anfwer  this  purpoie  than  was  ne- 
ceiTary  in  the  yachr.  The  principal  dimeofions  being  thai  left  ao* 
confined  by  rules,  every  builder  u  at  liberty  to  fix  them  as  he  things 
bell :  and  at  every  artift  has  Bot  equal  judgment,  nor  the  fame  artift 
equal  judgment  in  the  conflrudion  of  every  kind  of  vc{[cU  they  fre- 
quently drop  into  very  capiul  errors.  It  is  therefore  greatly  to  be 
•wifhed,  that  fuch  proportions  between  the  principal  dimeniions  of 
the  fame  kind  of  veiTels  could  be  fettled  and  fixed  on,  as  feem  by 
experience  to  be  beft  adapted  to  the  purpofe  they  are  intended  for. 
Thus,  in  the  (loop  Mr.  Stalkartt  thinks  the  breadth  mf^ulded, 
ihould  be  ^^  of  the  extreme  length  ;  the  heighth  of  the  top  hreaaib, 
at  the  lowed  part,  \i  of  the  extreme  length  ;  heighth  of  the  wing 
Cranfom  ^  of  the  extreme  lengthy  and  the  heighth  of  the  load-water- 
line  about  \  of  the  lop  hreadih. 

The  13th  and  14th  chapters  of  this  book  contain  very  clear  and 
ample  diredions  for  planking  the  bottom  and  (ides  of  a  Ihip,  fo  that 
the  butts  or  ends  of  the  planks  may  fall  to  the  greateft  advantage* 
both  for  the  ftrength  of  the  (hip,  and  difpofition  of  timber^ 

The  fubje^  of  this  book  is  illuftrated  by  three  large  plates*  III* 
17,  and  V.     Plate  III.  contains  four  figures. 

J.  The  (heer  draught. 

2.  Horizontal  fedlions*  or  half*brefldth  lines. 

3*  The  body  plan. 

4.  Horizontal  view  of  the  ftern. 

Plate  IV.  contains  ten  figures*  illoftrating  as  follows : 

I.  The  fore  part  of  the  (heer  draught. 

t.  The  after  part  of  the  (heer-draught. 

3*  So  much  of  the  body-plan  as  was  aeceflary  to  correfpond  with 
figures  u  and  2. 

^*    [  Half-breadth  plans  for  the  fore  and  after  bodiesr 
Cant- timbers  for  the  fore  and  after  bodies. 


%\ 


8.  Moulding-edges  of  the  tranfomt* 

9.  Horizontal  view  of  the  ftern. 

'     ic.  The  Hern  laid  o£F  on  the  rake. 

Plate  V.  exhibits  the  bottom  and  top-fide  expanded. 

Book  IV.  treats  of  the  method  of  laying  down  and  framing  the 
.(everal  parts  of  a  44.  gun  (hip,  defigned  to  carry  her  {^uns  on  two 
decks*  as  mod  of  the  44  gnn  (hips  do  in  cur  fervice.  The  author 
obferves,  chat  (hips  of  this  kind  are  the  moll  didant  from  good  pro- 
portion of  any  two-decked  (hips  that  are  built ;  becaufe  the  cop* 
-^de  mud  be  too  high  above  the  water  for  tht-  cufiomary  length  and 
breadth,  to  enable  her  to  carry  her  lower  deck  guns  fulHciently 
clear  of  the  water.  For  the  heieht  of  the  lower  deck  ports  from 
the  water,  the  height  between  decks,  and  ccnfeqnently  the  depth 
in  the  waift,  cannot  be  much  iefs  than  in  a  (hip  of  74  guns ;  and 
therefore  it  cannot  be  expedltd  that  fi^ch  a  (hip  can  be  duly  pro- 

Rav.  Jttnc  1782.  ^  Z   .  portioned 


450  Stalkartt*!  Naval  Arcbke£fure. 

portioned  in  the  w&cer ;  that  it«  fhe  cannot  be  brongbt  dtnm  (d 
three-fifihs  of  the  height  of  the  top*breadth,  which  is  a7k>wed't»be 
the  beft  failing  trim  for  (hips  in  general,  if  their  bodies  arc  properly 
eonftru6ted.  On  accoant  of  this  difproportioned  height  of  44  gon 
ihips  above  water,  it  appears  evident,  that  a  (hip  of  this  kind  can 
fi^ver  chafe  a  frieate  of  32  or  36  guos  with  any  probability  of  foc- 
cefs  ;  and  (hoold  the  44  gun  (hip,  by  any  accident,  come  up  with  a 
firigate  of  this  foree,  if  the  wind  blows  hard,  (he  will  be  liable  to 
be  taken  by  her ;  as  the  44  gon  (hip  will  not  be  able  to  open  het 
lower  deck  ports  without  danger  of  filling,  both  on  account  of  thofb 
ports  being  nearer  to  the  water  than  the  frigate's  ports  are,  and  as 
ih^  is  alfo  much  more  liable  to  roll  on  accoant  of  her  deep  top'/Ut: 
Bat  as  44  gon  (hipf,  notwithftanding  all  thefe  inconveniencies»  are 
Tery  afefurve(rels,  on  account  of  the  great  weight  of  metal  which 
they  are  able  to  carry  on  their  lower  decks,  Mr.  Stalkaat  thinks  a 
snan's  time  would  be  very  ufefolly  employed  in  endeavoofing  to  re- 
duce thefe  defefbs  as  much  as  the  nature  of  the  ve(rel  will  admit  of: 
and  as  iufeems  to  him  not  probable  that  the  44  gun  (hip  can  ever 
be  formed  fo  as  to  chafe  a  frigate  with  fuccefs,  he  has  bent  his  en* 
deavours  to  conftru^t  her  fo  that  fhe  may  always  be  able  to  open 
her  lower  deck  ports,  and  of  courfe  not  be  liable  to  be  taken  by  a 
ve/Tel  of  an  inferior  force ;  and  to  this  pnrpofe  he  propofcs  the  fol- 
lowing dimen(ions : 

Extreme  length  from  the  fore  fide  of  the  dern  to  the  after  part 
of  the  (lern-poft,  at  the  height  of  the  wing-tranfom,  143  feet* 
Heighth  of  the  wing-tranfom  -^j  of  the  length. 
Heighth  of  the  top^breadth  |  of  the  length;  but  if  occeflary 
it  may  made  ^^^  of  the  length. 

The  load  draught  of  water  fiiould  be  j  of  the  top>breadih, 
at  lead  ;  or  17  feet  10 j  inches ;  but  to  have  the  lower  deck  porta 
/ufiicieptty  above  water,  the  load- draught  muH  not  be  more  than 
15  feet 6  inches:  eonfequtntly  ihe  will  be  too  high  above  water 
hy  2  feet  4'^  inches. 

The  ujual  dimenfion  for  breadth  is  -^^  of  the  length,  which 
is  40  feet  Cv:  inch,  to  which  Mr.  S.  thinks  there  Ihoold  be  added 
-'th  of  2  feet  4.4  ittchess  on  account  of  her  being  that  quantity 
higher  out  of  the  water  than  (he  (hould  be  to  make  her  (lififiBr» 
and  to  enable  her  the  better  to  ufe  her  lower  deck  guns :  he  adds 
6  in(^bes  more  for  planking,  fo  that  her  extreme  breadth  will  be 
41  feet  one  Jnch  and  an  half. 

The  moulded  breadth  at  the  after  part  he  makes  |  of  tkc 
moulded  bretidth  of  the  mid-Jhip  bend. 

The  fubjecl  of  this  hook  is  illuflrated  by  three  large  plates,  nqai* 
bered  VI.  Vif.  and  VI  I.     Phne  VI.  contains  two  figures,  namely, 
I.  The  (heer-draught  of  the  veflel.  ^« 

'2.  Plans  of  half-breadth  lines. 

Plate  VII.  contains  eight  figures  for  illullrating  different  parts  of  ■ 
the  (hip,  in  a  mire  particular  manner  than  could  be  doue  in  a  gencv 
^al  drawing  of  the  whole.     They  are  as  follow : 

1.  Sheer  draught,  ^ 

2.  Half  bread. h,  SCO  the  fore  body, 

3.  Haif  breadth  of  the  water  lines,      3 


Stalkartt'i  Naval  Architeiiuri^  4^1 

•    *•  u  ?/k^"'!.^I!*'   \  of  the  after.body. 
c.   Half  brcadihs,    J  ' 

6.  Body  pUn. 

7,  l^anfoms. 

9.  Plao  of  the  harpin^s* 
Plate  Vitl.  contains  two  figure*,  for  explaioifig 
I*  The  ihifc  of  the  planks  in  the  top  fide. 
2.  DifpofitioD  of  the  timbers  in  the  top-fide. 
Id  the  fifth  book  our  author  proceeds  to  give  dire£liont  /or  layiag 
dovkQ  the  plan  of  a  74  gun  fitip ;  and  he  feti  out  with  obfervingt 
that  it  it  a  maxim  founded  on  experience,  that  of  the  feveral  clafiSa 
of  (hips  built  upon  fimtlar  principles,  the  largelt  is  always  the  moft 
eligible.  Of  all  Chips  ^hich  carry  their  gupi  0poD  one  deck,  the 
frigate  of  32  or  36  gpi^s  is  allowed  to  be  the  bed  ;  and  in  the  lame 
manner,  of  ihofe  which  tarry  them  on  two  decks,  the  74  gun  (hip 
is  mod  approved  of.  And  the  rrafon  is  evident.  That  (hip»  tne 
top* fide  of  which  is  (halloweft  in  proportion  to  her  capacity  onder 
water,  will  be  the  (lifted,  and  will  hold  the  lead  wind  %  but  the 
guns  of  a  (loop  (hould  be  as  much  hhovt  wa.er  as  thof^  of  the 
largrd  frigate,  or  rather  more  fo,  if  pofiible,  e^eqally  if  their  iii« 
menfions  art  fimilar,  becaufe  the  larger  the  d)4p»  the  lefs  die  will 
be  prefled  down  into  the  water  by  carrying  fail.  For  the  fameTCg- 
fon,  in  two-decked  (hips,  the  74  gun  diip  will  require  but  little 
more  fp^fide  than  that  of  44  guns  wiH»  and  therefore  it  xsm^  be 
rationally  expected  that  the  former  will  work  almoA  as  eafy  as  the 
latter. 

Were  we  to  examine  the  90  gun  di:p,  we  diould  find  her,  like 
that  of  44  guns,  \tt^  irregular  and  difproportioned  :  for  if  a  74 
gun  (hip  can  carry  her  guns  on  two  decks,  the  three  deck  dilp  may 
us  well  be  calculated  to  bear  roo  guns  as  90.  But  Ihips,.  fo  bulky 
jn  their  dimenfipns  as  thefe  are,  though  they  may  be  ufeful  on  par- 
ticular occafions,  are  far  from  being  generally  fo :  their  fails  are  (b 
epcceedingly  heavy,  that  they  are  worked  wi:h,  the  utmod  difficulty, 
efpecially  when  the  wind  blows  drong.  Oo  the  contrary,  the  74 
gun  d)ip  partaker,  at  once,  both  of  the  properties  of  the  fird  rate 
and  frigate;  as  die  will  not  din'nk  from  an  eD90,qnter  with  a  diip  pf 
100  guns,  on  account  of  the  fuperior  weight  of  her  tiieta)^  nor 
libandon  the  chace  of  a  friga'.e  for  want  of  fwiftnefs.  The  union  of 
thtfe  two  qualities  hath  therefore,  with  ji:\dice»  made  the  74  gun 
fhip  the  principal  ohjedl  of  rraritime  attectioo  ;  and  given  her  fo  dif- 
tinguidied  a  pre  eminence  in  our  line  of  battle. 

Mr.  Stalkartt  diredls  the  74  gun  diip  to  be  cooftrudlcd  accordiaj| 
to  the  following;  dimepfions : 

Feet.     Irch. 
Extreme  length,  172        o 

(ieighth  of  the  top  Irtadih  \  of  the  length,  34         4 1 

Heighth  of  the  ivifig  tranjom  ^\  of  the  lengthy  ^5         9I 

Breadth,  moulded,  /j  ^f  ^^  l.CQgth,  48         2 

Fxtreme  breadth,  48       10 

This  booK  concludes  with  tl^e  method  which  is  afually  madi|o(e 
of  by  builiiers  for  meafuriog  a^d  calculating  th$  tooA^gi^.of  i^ips; 
w)} jch  is  thia «    ' 


*  • 

451  StalkarttV  Naval  Archiu^ure. 

They  allow  2  i  inches  for  every  foot  in  the  perpendicular  hd^hth 
of  the  wing  tranfom  (25  feet  9^  inches) ;  for  the  r^ke  of  the  ftem* 
poft,  which  ii  5  feet  47  inches.  They  allow  alfo  |  of  the  extreme 
breadth  for  the  rake  of  the  (lem  ;  which,  on  the  above  dimepfion 
(48  f.  10  inch.),  ii  29  feet  if  inches.  The  fum  of  thefc  two  being 
taken  from  172  feet  the  extreme  length,  leaves  137  feet  4  inches, 
the  length  of  the  keel  for  tonnage.  They  then  multiply  together, 
the  extreme  breadth,  the  half  breadth,  and  the  length  of  the  keel 
'  lor  tonnage,  and  divide  the  produd  by  94 ;  the  quotient  is  the 
number  of  tons  boilder's  meafure,  and  the  remainder  is  fo  maiiy 
94th  parti  of  a  ton.  Thus,  in  the  74  gun  (hips,  the  dimenfions  of 
which  are  given  above,  the  product  of  thefe  three  dimenfions  will 
be  163749  feet,  which  being  divided  by  94,  gives  1742 /^  tons. 

This  book  is  illaflrated  by  three  plates,  numbered  JX«  Xi>  and  XL 
Plate  IX*  contains  four  figures. 

1.  The  fheer  draught. 

2.  Half  breadth  lines. 

3.  Body  plan. 

4«  Horizonul  view  of  the  ftern- frame. 

Plate  X.  is,  by  miftake,  omitted  in  the  book  before  as ;  and  plate 
XI.  conuins  three  figures,  which  are  defigned  as  fpecimens  of  de* 
oration  for  a  74  gnn  (hip. 

1.  A  full  horizontal  view  of  theftern, 

2.  A  view  of  the  quarter. 

a*  A  view  of  the  head,  and  railing. 

Book  VU  is  chiefly  concerned  in  explaining  the  methods  of  !«• 
'  ducing  and  enlarging  plans  and '(hewing  how  to  find  i\it  enJimgs  %f 
Unis ;  all  which  are  exemplified  in  draughts  of  a  cutter.  The  fub- 
jed  of  this  book  is  illnftrated  by  two  plates  which  contain  eight  fi- 
gures :  but  as  there  are  nothing  very  remarkable,  either  in  the  mat- 
ter, or  manner  of  treating  the  fubjed  of  this  book,  we  (hall  hafien 
*  to  the  (eventh,  and  lall ;  which  contains  the  explanation  and  draught 
of  another  frigate,  drawn  on  the  fame  principles  with  thofe  which 
have  been  recommended  in  the  foregoing  work  by  our  Author,  and 
with  which  he  was  fitvoured  by  Benjamin  Thomt>fon,  E(q.  F.  R.  S. 
and  nnder*fecretary  of  (late  for  the  American  department. 

Mr.  Thompfon  infiorms  us,  that  he  made  feme  i^ttempts  to  get  a 
frigate  built  on  thia  plan  in  one  or  other  of  the  royal  yards,  hot 
without  fuccefs :  he  afterwards  endeavoured  to  get  the  plan  carried 
into  execution  by  a  private  fub(cription,  and  feveral  of  his  friends 
offered  to  (ubfcribe  very  generoufly  for  that  purpofe  ;  but  fo  large 
;•«  fum  of  money  was  wanted,  and  {o  great  a  length  of  time  was 
nece/Tary  to  complete  the  undertaking;  and  thde  circumflancet 
added  to  the  uncertainty  of  the  continuation  of  the  war,  prevented 
him  from  accompli(hing  his  defign  this  way.  Mr.  Thompibn^a  plan 
and  defign  will  be  belt  feen  by  the  propofals  which  he^im  one  on 
thia  occafion  ;   they  are  as  follow  :  /" 

*  The  eflential  benefit  to  the  national  fervice  which  is  attained 

by  every  maurial  difcovery  tha^  direOly  leads  to  naval  excellence, 

-and  gives  a  decided  fuperiority  at  (ea,  cannot  bot  be  an  objed  of 

<  tiie  firft  concern  to  thofe  who  feel  for  the  reputation  and  fiifety  of 

their 


Sulkarei'x  N^al  ArMuHuru  453, 

tlieir  cooBtry,  and  zkt  anxious  for  the  fuccefs  and  glory  of  his  Ma- 
jeily's  armsk 

2.  '  The  annexed  drawing,  has  received  the  approbation  of  fome 
of  the  beft  and  mod  acknowledged  judges  of  naval  architedlure,  both 
profeflional  and  practical  men;  who  all  concur  in  opinion,  that  a 
ihip  upon  this  conftrudlion  nuft  neceiTarily  fail  much  fatter  than  any  . 
veflel  that  has  yet  been  buiic;  and  that,  from  the  manner  of  arming 
her,  (he  will  be  greatly  fuperior  in  force  to  any  frigate  in  the  fervice. 

3*  *  It  is  therefore  prefumed,   that  naval  architecture  will    be 
brought  much  nearer  perfedliop  by  the  improvement  in  the  form  of. 
this  vefTel,  and  a  more  advantageous  fy (lem  of  arming  (hips  of  war 
be  introduced,  than  is  atprefent  adopted  by  any  maiicime  power. 

4.  '  As  it  may  be  proper  to  make  fome  ex|jlanacion  to  fuch  profef- 
iional  men  as  may  have  thefe  propofals  under"  their  eye,  of  the  pecu- 
liar conilrudion  of  this  frigate,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  it  is 
propofed  to  arm  her,  it  will  be  nece/Tary  to  obferve,  that  to  fail  faft 
being  the  great  leading  principle  which  governs  her  whole  conftruc* 
tion,  all  the  water-lines  are  perfedlly  fair ;  and  her  body  is  formed 
in  the  mod  exad  and  beautiful  proportions.  This  extreme  delicacy 
of  form,  which  is  moil  con fpicuous  near  the  keel,  will  not,  however* 
prevent  her  giving  ample  flowsge  for  four  months  proviiions*  befidea 
all  her  (lores;  and  her  great  length  and  breadth  above  the  water 
will,  at  the  fame  time,  furni(h  more  commodious  room  for  the  men'a 
births,  and  better  accommodation  for  the  officers,  than  any  frigate 
in  the  navy.  Her  great  length,  breadth  upon  the  beam,  and  good 
bearings,  are  qualities  that  will  not  only  enable  her  to  carry  a  prefs 
of  fail,  but  prevent  her  rolling  and  pitching  100  violently  in  a  rough 
iea. 

5.  '  It  is  propofed  to  give  her  the  mafts,  yards,  and  fails  of  a 
thirty-two  gun  frigate,  and  alfo  the  fame  cables  and  anchors.  And 
as  it  fometimes  happens  in  calm  weather,  that  very  heavy  going  (hips 
make  their  efcape  from  the  fsftell  failers,  under  favour  of  light  airs, 
which  often  extend  bat  to  a  fmall  diilance ;  to  prevent  fo  mortifying 
an  event,  and  alfo  to  enable  this  frigate  to  avail  herfelf  of  any  of 
thofe  favourable  opportunities  which  fometimes  occur  for  attacking 
(hips  of  force  aa  they  lie  becalmed,  (he  will  be  prepared  for  rowing 
with  thirty  oars  amd  one  hundred  and  twenty  men ;  each  oar  to  be 
twenty  five  feet  in  length/  and  to  be  worked  by  four  men.  All  the 
oara  are  to  be  worked  between  decks,  by  running  them  oat  at  the 
fcuttlea,  that  ferve  occafionally  for  airing  the  ihip. 

6.  *  Her  length  upon  the  main  deck  being  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet,  it  is  propofed  to  pierce  her  for  thirty  guns  on  this  deckr 
and  (he  will  carry  ten  guns  upon  be*  quarter-deck;  to  which  may  be 
added  two  chace  guns  upon  her  forecaftle.  All  the  gnns  upon  the 
main  deck  are  to  be  thirty-two  pounders,  upon  a  new  conilru£lion»- 
weighii^  twenty«(ix  hundred  each;  and  tha  quarter  deck  guns  will 
be  ligliliirtie  pounders. 

7.  *  As  thirty- two  pounder  carronades,  which  are  not  half  fo  heavy 
aa  the  propofed  thirty- two  pounders,  have  been  proved  ^w|^th  very 
farge  charges  of  powder,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the(b  guns  may 
be  made  to  iland  fire  with  perfe^  fafety ;  and  that  they, will  dO  fufiv> 
(ient  exec^ition,  and  be  manageable  on  (bip-boardi  will  appiear  evi* 

Cg  3  ^^"^ 


45+ 


Stalkartt^  Naval  Archltelluril 


dent,  wben  It  it  conftdered,  that  many  of  the  thirtf-two  ponsdert 
DOW  in  ofe  in  the  navy  weigh  no  more  than  iihy^iwo  hoDdreds,  and . 
tRat  they  may  be  fired  with  two  bulled  at  a  time,  with  the  greauft 
p6ffiblc  cfFcfl,  and  without  rendering  the  recoil  at  all  too  violent; 
for  it  is  experimentally  true,  that  one  bullet  may  be  fired  from  a  gaa 
weighing  tvventy  fix  hundreds  wiih  the  fame  velocity*  and  confe* 
qaently  to  the  fame  dilUnce  when  the  elevation  is  the  fame,  as  two 
fired  at  once  from  a  piece  weighing  fifty»two  hundreds;  and  the  ve* 
locity  of  the  recoil  is  the  fame,  the  drain  upon  the  breachings  will 
be  as  the  weight  of  the  gun.  7'he  force  of  the  recoil,  therefore,  of 
thefe  new  pieces  will  be  but  half  as  great  as  that  of  the  thircy*two 
pounders  now  in  ofe;  and  therefore  there  can  be  no  doabt  but  they 
may  eafily  be  managed.  ; 

8.  *  The  (}aarter  deck  guns  are  formed  upon  the  fame  priDcip]e» 
and  are  Jull  half  the  weight  of  the  heavieft  twelve  poundera  in  the 
fervicf. 

9.  *  In  order  to  facititate  the  work  of  the  guns,  it  is  propofed  to 
snoont  them  all  on  Hiding  carriages ;  the  bed  upon  which  the  car* 
riages  run  to  be  moveable  upon  an  hinge,  fattened  to  the  fill  of  the 
port,  io  fuch  a  manner  that  the  bed  may  be  always  k^pt  in  a  bori* 
K6nta1  pofition,  however  the  ftiip  may  lie  along;  by  which  meant 
the  weather  guns  may  be  fooght  at  all  times,  and  the  lee  guns  till 
their  muzzles  come  down  to  the  water ;  and  that  with  as  teach  ea(e 
abd  expedition,  as  if  the  (hip  was  upright  upon  her  keeU' 

10.  *  itillead  of  fmall  arms  for  the  tops^  and  for  the  quarter  deck 
atid  forecaftle,  it  is  propofed  to  make  ufe  of  muflcecoons,  on  fuch  a 
contirudion  as  to  mount  on  f«^  ivel  Hocks,  and  vb  be  ofrd  occafiooaily, 
either  on  fhipboard  or  in  a  boat,  Thefe  pieces  havicg  a  bore  of 
about  three  feet  in  length,  and  one  ir>ch  and  an  half  in  diametef,  will 
carry  a  grape  of  nine  muflcet  bullets,  or  eighteen,  or  twenty*fonr 
piftol-bullets,  as  the  objedl  is  at  a  greater  or  Ufsdillarce;  or,  occa* 
ffonaily,  a  fingle  leaden  bullet  of  twelve  ounces,  if  execution  is  meant 
to  be  done  at  a  very  great  diftance. 

*  ji  enrnparatinji  View  6f  the  Dimtnfions  of  the  propofed  Frigate^  and  of 
the  Lark  Frigate  of  ^i  GunSf  luhich  ivas  out  It  after  a  Dra*witig  of 
ibf  lafi  Mr.  Batslj. 

Propofed    JTh,L,rf,. 
Frigate,    j 


Length  of  the  kee!  •  • 

Length  on  the  gon-deck         • 
Extreme  breadth 
Tx    r     r  f  Forward, 

Dwft  of  water.    |  ^b.ft. 

Area  of  t^afifverfe  ft  Aion  of  the  immtrfed 
of  the  body  at  the  mid/hip  frame 

Burthen  10  builders  tonage 

Jlcal  capacity  of  the  immcrfed  part  of 
body,  to  the  load  waterlioe 

Iteai  borthea  .  ^  r 


part 


the 


} 

! 


Feet.  Inch. 

:  f  ett.  lorbi 

128  -  0 

III      0 

150     0 

132     0 

59     6 
»>     9 
15     9 

34    0 
I,"     6 
16    6 

3'>  .0^ 
loooT. 

31784F. 

JZ198  F. 

91 S  T. 

898',  T. 

Mr. 

Stalkartt'i  Naval  Archiu&wre.  45  j 

Mr.  Thompfon  doea  not  give  either  the  data  which  he  conpoted 
from,  or  the  method  by  which  he  computed  the  real  capacity  of  thefe 
two  ve/Teli ;  but  he  produces  the  following  certificate  of  the  truth  of 
bis  conclufions  on  thii  head,  which  we  apprehend  will  be  fufficient 
aatbority  with  thofe  who  iroow  the  perfon  who  has  figned  it. 

*  I  have  examined  Mr.  Thompfon 's  calculations  for  determining 
the  capacity  of  the  Lark  frigate,  and  of  a  frigate  on  a  new  conftruc* 
tion,  propofed  by. him  to  be  built  by  fubfcription,  and  am  of  opioioa 
that  the  capacities  of  both  thefe  frigates  are  very  exadlly  computed. 

(Signed)  •  CHARLES  HUTTON, 

*  ProfeiTor  of  Mathematics,  Royal  Military  Academy.* 
Woolwich,  April  29,  1780. 

Farther  teftimoniesof  the  advantages  which  a  frigate,  bailt  on  thit 
plan,  appears  to  have  over  thofe  which  are  already  in  ufe. 

Copy  of  a  Letter  from  Rear  Admiral  Kempenfelt. 

'  Dear  Sir,  I  have  viewed  the  plans  for  the  con(lru£lion  of  yoar  in* 
tended  frigate,  and  think,  as  far  as  1  can  judge,  that  (he  will  anfwer 
what  you  ex ped.  Her  great  length  favours  the  water-lines,  by  di- 
minilhing  their  infleflions,  and  confequeotly  rendering  their  angles 
at  the  extremities  more  acute.  Thismufl  greatly  facilitate  her  move- 
ment through  the  water.  At  the  fame  time,  this  length  of  keel,  to- 
gether with  the  great  breadth,  will  enable  her  to  fupport  mnch  fail, 
fo  thar,  from  this,  and  the  delicacy  of  her  bottom,  it  may  be  con*^. 
eluded  (he  will  go  very  faft. 

*  The  manner  you  propofc  to  arm  this  frigate,  will  render  her  the 
moil  formidable,  of  foity  guns,  that  has  yet  appeared  at  fea. 

*  To  conclude,  you  have  ftruck  out  fomething  new,  both  for  the 
conHruAing  and  arming  of  a  frigate,  which  in  both  promifes  to 
be  a  great  improvement  upon  this  ufe/ul.ckfs  of  vciTeb.  And  upon 
this  principle,  wi:hoat  talcing  in  other  cociiderations,  your  propofalt 
merit  all  encouragement. 

•  I  am,  &c.  RD.  KEMPENFELT^ 

*  To  B.  Thompfon,  Efq.^ 

Copy  of  a  Letter  from  Sir  Charles  Douglas,  Bart» 

'  Sir,  I  mod  fincerely  acknowledge  myfelf  beyond  meafure  obliged 
to  you,  for  having  regaled  me  with  the  examination  of  your  plan  of 
the  frigate  of  war  you  propofe  building,  and  halving  maturely  con- 
iidered  the  fame.  1  fcropl^  not  to  give  it  as  my  humble  opinion,  that 
her  intended  water  lines  are  betterformed  for  dividing  and  leaving  the 
fluid,  than  anyl  have  ever  yet  ieen laid  down  upon  paper.  Asalfo,  that 
her  general  form  is  fuch  as  will  infore  arequifite  degree  of^iffnefs  on- 
6ti  fail,  with  far  lefs  ballad  than  (hips,  as  they  ufoally  are  (haped,  of 
necefiity  require ;  which  drikingcircamfiance  cannot  butbe  prododliva 
of  great  additional  velocity,  by  keeping  fuch  part  of  her  body  above 
the  water  as  is  the  lead  proper  lot  ftparating  and  leaving  it,  and 
which  mud  otherwife  be  immerfed ;  likewife  of  the  defirable  eifedl  of 
carrying  her  guns  higher.  Nor  have  1  time  fufficiently  to  expatiate 
Qpon  thefe,  or  to  enumerate  all  the  concomitant  advantages,  whicb^ 
I  iincerely  think,  the  frigate  in  queftion  will  have  beyond  all  fack  at 
1  have  had  any  knowledge  of,  belonging  to  this  or  any  other  country. 

G  g  4  I  maeia 


4s6  Stalkartt'i  NaviA  JrcbiteSiun. 

I  much  approve  too,  of  yoor  ballafttog  her  with  iron  ;  with  yoor  le- 
probating  the  ufe  of  (hingle  for  chat  parpofe,  and  never  departiog 
from  the  general  principles  of  ballafting  with  the  denfeft  attaioabie 
matter,  ever  to  be  placed  as  low  as  poffible»  that  with  leis  weight 
thereof,  than  with  materials  lefs  denfe,  can  be  eiFeded,  the  reqai£te 
fliffoefs  under  fail  may  be  produced  ;  to  the  great  end,  that  the  very 
important  purpofes  mentioned,  and  exteniively  allnded  to  in  the  fore- 
going, may  be  anfwered.  Upon  the  whole,  then,  1  do  not  entertain 
a  doubt  of  this  your  propoftd  frigate  failing  with  fuch  fwiftnefs  as  will 
occafion  furprize,  nor  of  her  p^^flefling  every  other  eligible  quality  a 
fhip  can  have,  to  a  mod  eminent  degree.  Her  force  too,  will  evidently 
far  exceed  that  of  any  (hip  carrying  the  fame  number  of  men  and 
guns  heretofore  fent  to  fea,  at  lead  that  I  have  ever  feen  or  beard  of. 
For  the  fake  then  of  the  public  weal,  (o  moch  depending  upon  im- 
provement in  our  naval  architeAure,  may  this  your  plan,  fo  eminently 
fending  thereto,  meet  with  all  pofTibleand  immediate  encouragement; 
and  that  you  may  enjoy  perfedt  health  to  fee  the  fame  quickly  carried 
into  execution  and  trial,  as  alfo  long  to  enjoy  the  deferved  froits 
thereof,  is  mod  fincerely  and  ardently  wi(hed  by.  Sir,  &c. 

•  CHARLES  DOUGLAS.' 
•  To  B.  Thompfon,  Efq.' 

(COPY.) 

*  I  having  feen  and  examined  a  draught  of  a  frigate  propofed  by 
Mr.  Thompfon,  to  be  built  by  private  fubfcription  ;  am  of  opinion, 
that  the  faid  frigate  is  likely  to  fail  fader  than  any  (hip on  the  prefenc 
condrudlion  in  the  navy,  and  likewife  that  (he  promifes  to  be  (liiF  un- 
der fail,  carry  ber  guns  well,  and  be  a  good  (ea-boat;  and  I  think 
that  many  advantages  will  probably  be  derived  to  the  pubTic  from 
the  experiment*  W.  WELLS/ 

(COPY.) 

*  I  having  feen  and  examined  a  draught  of  a  frigate  propofed  by 
Mr.  Thompiba  to  be  built  by  private  fubfcription  ;  am  of  opinion, 
that  the  faid  frigate  is  likely  to  fail  fader  than  any  (hip  oo  the  prefent 
condrudlion  in  the  navy ;  and  likewife  that  (he  promifes  to  be  difF 
under  fail,  carry  her  guns  well,  and  be  a  good  fea- boat ;  and  I  think 
that  many  advantages  will  probably  be  derived  to  the  public  from  t|ie 
experiment.  JOHN  HALLET.' 

(COPY.) 

'  Having  feen  and  examined  the  drawing  of  a  frigate  upon  a  new 
condrudiioB,  propofed  by  Mr.  Thompfon  to  be  built  by  fubfcription^ 
we  are  of  opinion  that  the  faid  frigate  bids  fair  to  fail  fader  than  any 
vedel  that  has  yet  been  built;  thst  die  will  be  very  difF  under  the  fai( 
that  is  propofed  to  give  her,  and  will  be  a  good  fea  boat ;  that  (he 
will  carry  her  gunt  well  out  of  the  water,  and  from  her  great  length 
and  breadth  upon  the  guD-deck,  will  fight  them  to  great  advantage. 
And  as  it  is  very  probable  that  many  important  improvements  may  b« 
derived  to  the  art  of  (hip*building  from  the  propofed  experiment,  we 
think  it  well  worthy  of  a  trial.  W^  BARNARD. 

JOHN  DUDMAN.* 

This  fcheme  of  Mr.  Thompfon*s  appears  (o.us  in  fo  favourable  % 
light,  that  we  think  we  cannot  employ  a  page  or  two  of  our  Review 
ii^^  than  in  endeayoaxipg  to  m^ta  it  more  generally  known  than  it 

3  " 


Taylor*!  Thoughts  on  thi  Naturt  of  the  Grand  Jpofiacy.    457 

is  perhtps  tt  prefcnt.  The  expence  of  ctrryiog  fuch  ft  thtng  into  exe" 
cutioDy  if  it  fails,  canoot  poffibly  bear  any  proportion  to  the  advan^ 
tagf  s  which  nrnft  be  derived  from  il  if  it  facceeds ;  and  we  chinic  tkere 
is  the  greateft  reafon  to  exped  it  will. 

The  work  concludes  with  a  (hort  diAionary  of  the  terms  ufed  io  na- 
val architefture;  bat  too  ihorty  we  apprehend,  to  be  of  any  confider- 
able  ufe  to  thofe  who  are  not  already  ac<}uainted  with  them  ;  and 
thofe  who  are  cannot  need  fuch  a  help.  Itf^ 

Art.  XIV.  Tb$ugbts  $11  thg  Natuti  of  thi  Grand  JpBflaty.  With 
ReRedlions  and  Obfervations  on  the  15th  Chapter  of  Mr.  Gibbon's 
Hiilory  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.  To  which 
are  added,  Three  LiHertations:— i.  On  the  Paroufia  of  Chrifl: 
2.  On  the  Millennium  :  And  the  3d,  by  the  late  Rev.  Mr.  Richard 
Wavell,  on  Prophecy.  By  Henry  Taylor,  Rcdor  of  Crawley,  and 
Vicar  of  Ponfmouth,  in  Hnts;  Author  of  Ben  Moidecai's  Apo- 
logy for  embracing  Chritliaoiiy.     8vo.     31.  od.     Johnlbn. 

SUCH  of  our  Readers  as  are  acquainted  with  Ben  AUrdecaVs 
^polo^y*^  will  naturally  be  prejudiced  in  favour  of  what- 
ever comes  from  the  Author's  pen,  and  the  Thoughts  here 
offered  to  the  Public,  we  may  venture  to  afiure  them,  will  not 
leflen  him  in  their  opinion.  None  of  Mr.  Gibbon's  anfwerers^ 
indeed,  have  fhewn  more  learning,  fagacity,  and  critical  acu* 
men  than  Mr.  Taylor ;  and  if  there  are  any  who  have  aot  yet 
formed  a  decided  opinion  concerning  Mr.  Gibbon's  Hiftory, 
and,  particularly,  his  15th  chapter,  fuch  perfons  will  receive 
both  pleafure  and  inftru£lion  from  many  of  Mr.  Taylor's  ob- 
fervations,  which  (hew  not  only  a  very  confiderable  (hare  of 
learning)  but,  in  general,  an  enlarged  and  liberal  way  of  chink«% 
ing. 

There  is  a  vein  of  pleafantry  and  humour  in  his  Preface, 
which  cannot  fail  of  entertaining  Readers  of  almoft  every  dafs. 
He  introduces  it  with  telling  us,  that  he  finds  in  a  Note  of  Dr, 
Maclainis^  in  his  Letters  to  Mr.  Soame  Jinyns^  as  well  as  by 
other  information,  that  many  worthy  and  ienfidle  men  are  of- 
fended at  Mr.  Gibbon^  for  what  the  Dodor  calls  unnatjfary 
fmers^  and  for  apcing  the  manneis  of  the  French  philofophera, 
in  a  country  where  he  might  fpealc  freely  without  danger  i  and 
that  the  Do£lor  looks  upon  this  as  diflxonouring  his  fubjeS. 

If  Dr.  Maclaine  had  confidered  the  many  ufes  of  a  fneer,  he 
would  not,  perhaps,  have  fpoken  of  it,  our  Author  fays,  in  fo 
flight  a  manner :  a  few  of  its  ufes  he  points  out  for  general  in^ 
formation.  And,  i.  A  fneer,  we  are  told,  entertains  the  Reader, 
puts  him  in  a  good  humour,  and  conciliates  him  to  the  fide  of. 
the  fneerer.     2.  It  is  better  adapted  lo  the  apprebcnfion  of  the 

♦  Sec  Rev.  Vol.  xlvii.  p.  293. 

generality 


—  *<v 


458    Tayfor'i  TbHigbts  bu  tbi  Naiun  tftht  Grand  Apojtaey.  ' 

generality  of  writers,  as  well  as  Readers,  than  more  folid  rea*^ 
Ibning.  3.  It  is  of  admirable  ufe  in  evading  the  force  of  an 
argument  which  the  fneerer  is  unable  to  anfwer,  by  leading 
the  reader  away  from  the  prrcife  ftate  of  the  queftion  ;  in  (hort, 
it  ferves  not  only  to  conceal  a  thoufand  imperfedions,  but,  as 
Sancho  Tancba  fays  of  flcep,  it  covers  the  fneerer  all  over  like  a 
tXo^X'^thougbts  and  all \  by  which  means  he  lies  as  fecure  and 
^Bf^fUfom  all  poffibility  of  an  attack,  as  a  fcuttle-fifii  under  a 
clouo  of  its  own  making. — But  we  muft  refer  our  Readers  for 
tbe  reft  of  (he  Preface  to  the  work  itfelf,  as  the  fpirit  of  it 
would  be  loft  by  our  endeavouring  to  abridge  it« 
*  Mr.  Gibbon,  in  the  15th  Chapter  of  his  Hiftory,  propofes 
an  enquiry  into  the  pr9grefs  and  eftahlijbment  of  Chriftianity-^ 
but  the  TRUTH  of  it,  Mr.  Taylor  fays,  is  no  part  of  the  en- 
quiry. The  progrcfs  of  the  Church,  or,  as  Mr.  Gibbon  fome- 
times  calls  it,  the  progrefs  of  Chriftianity,  is  a  very  different 
thing  from  the  progrefs  of  the  truth  ;  and  has  often  fucceeded 
by  fuch  means  as  have  caufed  the  purity  of  the  rAiTH  to  fuiFer 
fhipwreck.— This  our  Author  bef^s  his  readers  to  keep  in  mind, 
that  they  may  not  imagine  an  addition  to  the  Church  has  always 
been  an  addition  to  the  number  of  true  Believers,  or  a  benefit  to 
the  TRUTH.  When  Mr.  Gibbon  fpealcs  of  the  caufes  which 
promoted  the  progrefs  of  Chriflianity,  we  muft  always  un- 
derftand  him  to  mean  an  addition  to  the  Society. 

After  fome  general  reflections  on  the  grand  apo/facy^  or  the 
corruption  of  Chriftianity,  Mr.  Taylor  proceeds  to  examine  the 
nature  and  eflfe^s  of  the  five  fecoivdary  caufes  fpecified  by  Mr. 
Gibbon,  as  arifing  from  the  paffions  of  mankind,  and  permitted 
by  God  on  purpofe  to  favour  the  progrefs  of  Chriftianity,  or 
fecond  the  influence  of  revelation. 

Mr.  Gibbon  and  Mr.  Taylor  agree  in  thinking,  that  the 
Chrif^ian  faith  obtained  a  Mmarlcable  victory  over  all  the  efta* 
blifhed  religions  of  the  earth  by  the  convincing  evidence  6f  the 
doArine  ftfeif,  and  the  ruling  providence  o(  its  Author;  but 
here  they  differ :  the  Hiftorian  fuppofes  the  Church  would  not 
have  made  fo  great  a  progre(€  without  the  alBftance  of  the  fin? 
caufes  he  has  fpecified  ;  his  Anfwerer  is  of  opinion  that  thefe 
caufes,  either  jointly  or  feparately,  prevented  not  only  the 
purity  of  Chriftian  faith,  but  its  univerialtty  ;  and  that  the 
kingdom  of  God  and  his  Chrifl  will  not  prevail  over  all,  till  the 
very  exiftence  of  thofe  caufes  iball  ceafe  which  firft  produced  the 
apoftaCy. 

In  the  courfe  of  our  Authol^'s  examination  of  the  nature  and 
cffc<£)s  of  Mr.  Gibbon's  leobndary  caufes,  feveral  things  are 
undoubtedly  mentioned  which  are  of  inconfiderable  import* 
ance  :  thete  are  others,  however,  which  well  defcrve  Mr.  6ib«i> 
boa's  fcrious  attention,  and  that  of  every  Reader^  who  is  con* 

verfaat 


Cibbon'/  Hijlorj  9f  ihi  JRMman  Emfart^  459 

verPaDt  with  (^uch  fubjcAs^  and  thinks  them  well  defemngof  m, 
free.)  liberal,  an3  accurate  difcu/Ii^n* 

In  regard  to  the  Diflertations,  few  of  our  Readers,  we  ap- 
prehend, will  a^rree  with  Mr.  Taylor,  in  what  he  fays  of  the 
Millennium,  &c.  though  they  will  be  pleafcd  to  fee  what  fo 
able  a  Writer  advances  in  fupport  of  his  opinions.  *JL^# 

Art.  iV.     CoHcUfion  of  tbt  Account    •/  Mr.  Gibbon 'i  H'iji§ry  cf 
the  Dictim  and  Fall  of  tbt  Roman  Empin. 

IN  confequcnce  oF  our  having  fo  long  delayed  concluding  our 
account  of  Mr.  Gibbon's  Hiftory,  we  are  enabled  to  com- 
municate to  our  Readers  a  piece  of  intelligence,  which,  Wi£ 
have  every  rcalon  to  believe,  will  he  as  acceptable  to  them  as  It 
is  agreeable  to  us.  It  is  contained  in  the  Preface  to  the  laft  edi- 
tion of  the  Hi  (lory. 

•  An  Auin  ).  {{^yb  Mr.  Gibbon)  eafily  perfuades  him felf  that  the 
public  optink)n  is  (UI1  favourable  to  his  labours ;  and  I  have  now 
embraced  th^  ferious  refoiunoo  of  proceeding  t4  the  laft  period  of 
my  original  dcBj^n.  and  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  taking  of  Con- 
(lan  inopie  by  the  Turks  in  the  year  14^3.  The  moil  patieat 
Header,  .who  computes  that  three  ponderous  volumes  have  been  aU 
leady  employed  on  the  events  of  four  centuries,  may,  perhaps,  be* 
alarmed  ac  the  iotie  profpe^l  of  nine  hundred  years.  But  it  is  00c 
tny  intention  to  expatiate  with  the  fame  minutenefs  on  the  whole  fe- 
ries  of  the  Byzantine  hillory.  At  our  entrance  into  this  period,  the 
reign  of  Juihnian,  and  the  conqueiU  of  the  Mahometaof,  willdefexye 
atid  d<rtain  our  atcen:ion,  and  the  laH  age  of  Coniiantioople  (the 
Crufades  and  the  Turks)  is  connected  with  the  revoJatioos  of  modere 
Europe.  From  the  feventh  to  the  eleventh  century,  the  obfcure  io- 
terval  will  be  fupplied  by  a  concife  narrative  of  fuch  fads,  ai  ma/ 
iliH  appear  either  interelliog  or  important.* 

Every  candid  Reader,  who  is  acquainted- with  Mr.  Gib- 
bon's merit  as  an  Hiflorian,  and  a  competent  judge  of  his  abi- 
lities, will,  we  are  perCuaded,  j.^in  his  fmcere  wi(hes  to  ours, 
that  nothing  may  happen  to  prevent  his  carrying  his  defign  iolo 
execution. 

We  now  proceed  to  the  32d  Chapter  of  his  Hiftory,  which 
contains  an  account  of  the  reign  of  Arcadius ;  the  adminiflra- 
tion  and  difgrace  of  Eutropius  ;  the  revolt  of  Gainas  ;  the  Per- 
fian  war  ;  the  divifion  oi  Armenia,  &c.  together  with  an  impar* 
tial  and  judicious  view  of  the  charader  and  condudk  of  Chry- 
foftom,  Pulcher:j,  and  the  Emprefs  Eudocia. 

In  the  33d,  34.ih,  35th,  and  3(>th  Chapters,  we  have  an  ac*^ 
count  of  the  de^ith  of  Honorius  ;  the  adminiAration  of  Placidia; 
the  conqueft  of  Africa  by  the  Vandals  ;  the  charader,  con- 
queds,  and  court  of  Attila,  King  of  the  Huns;  the  death  of 
Tbeodofius  the  yoUnger  ;  the  elevation  of  Marcian  to  the  em- 
pire of  the  Eaft ;  the  invafion  of  Gaul  by  Attila  ;  the  fack  of 
Rome  by  Genferic,  King  of  the  Vandals;  the  total  extindioa 

of 


t 
I 


4S&'  Gibbon*i  KJtory  of  the  Roman  imphtk^ 

ot  the  Wcftcrn  empire,  and  the  reign  of  Odoacrr,  the  firft  Bar-  ' 
barian  King  of  Italy.— It  is  impoffible  to  read  thefe  chapters 
with  the  attention  they  deferve,  without  entertaining  a  very 
high  opinion  of  the  induftry,  accuracy,  and  difcemment  of  the 
Hift(ujan,  who  has  formed  fo  agreeable  and  interefting  a  nar- 
•atiyi/rom  fuch  fcanty  and  imperfefl  materials.  The  character 
which  Mr.  Gibbon  gives  of  the  Marquis  Scipio  Maffei  may, 
with  great  juftice,  be  applied  to  himfelf — viz.  That  bt  is  equallj 
capable  of  tnlarged  viiws  and  minuU  Mfquifaions. 

The  indiflbluble  connexion  of  civil  and  ecdciiafticat  affairs, 
he  fays,  has  compelled  and  encouraged  him  to  relate  the  pro-^ 
grefs,  the  perfecutions,  the  eftabli(hment,  the  diviflons,  the  final 
triumph,  and  the  gradual  corruption  of  Chrifllanicy;  and  he 
has  purpofely  delayed  the  confideration  of  two  religious  events, 
iDterefting  in  the  nudy  of  human  nature,  and  important  in  the 
Decline  and  Fall  of  tbe  Roman  Empire  ;  i.  The  infiitution  of 
the  monaftic  life;  and,  2.  The  converfion  of  the  Northern 
Barbarians.  Thefe  important  events  are  the  fubjed  of  the  37th 
Chapter,  which  is  introduced  in  the  following  manner : 

*  Profpcrity  and  peace  introdaced  the  diltinflion  of  the  vulgar  and 
the  Afiitic  Chriftiam,  The  loofe  and  imperfed  pradice  of  reHgion 
latisfied  the  confcieoce  of  the  multitude.  The  prince  or  magiftjace, 
the  foldier  or  merchant,  reconciled  their  fervent  zeal,  and  impUcit  ' 
ftith>  with  the  exerciie  of  their  profeflion,  the  purfnit  of  their  iote* 
reft,  and  the  isdolgence  of  their  paiTions:  but  the  Afcetics,  who 
obeyed  and  abufed  the  rigid  precepts  of  the  gofpel,  were  infpired 
by  the  favage  enthufiafm,  which  reprefents  man  as  a  criminal,  and 
God  as  a  tyrant.  They  feriunfly  renounced  the  bufincfs,  and  the 
pleafures,  of  the  age;  abjured  the  ufe  of  wine,  of  fle(h,  and  of  aii/- 
riage ;  challifcd  their  body,  mortified  their  afFedliont,  and  embraced 
a  life  of  mifery,  as  the  price  of  eternal  happinefs.  In  the  reiga  of 
Conftantine,  the  Afcetics  Hed  from  a  profane  and  degenerate  world, 
to  perpetual  folitude,  or  religious  fociety.  Like  the  firft  ChriHians 
of  Jerufalem,  they  re  fig  ned  the  ufe,  or  the  property,  of  their  tem- 
poral poffcflion^  ;  eftabliihed  regular  communities  of  the  fame  fex, 
and  a  fimilar  difpoiition  ;  and  aiiumed  the  name&  of  Hermits^  M^uh, 
and  Anacborets^  expreiTive  of  their  lonely  retreat  in  a  natural  or  arti- 
ficial defert.  They  foon  acquired  the  refpeft  of  the  worlds  which 
.they  defpifed  ;  and  the  loudeft  applaufe  was  bellowed  on  this  Divinb 
Philosophy,  which  furpafTed,  without  the  aid  of  fcience  or  reafoa, 
the  laborious  virtues  of  the  Grecian  fchools*  The  monks  might 
indeed  contend  with  the  Stoics,  in  the  contempt  of  fortune,  of  pain, 
and  of  death:  the  Pythagorean  fiknce  and  rubmiiTion  vi<ere  revived  in 
their  fervile  difcipline ;  and  they  difdalned,  as  firmly  as  the  Cynics 
themfelves,  all  the  forms  ard  decencies  of  civil  fociety.  fiut  the  vo- 
taries  of  this  Divine  Philofophy  sfpired  to  imitate  a  purer  and  more 
pcrfc£l  model.  They  trod  in  the  footPeps  of  the  prophets,  who  had 
retired  to  the  defert.;  and  they  rcflored  the  devout  and  contedipla- 
t^e  life,  which  had  been  inllitutcd  by  the  EiTenians,  in  Paieftfoe 
9nd  Egypt.  The  philofophic  eye  of  Pliny  .had  forveyed  with  ailoniih- 

meat 


Gibbon'i  Hiji^rj  •f  the  Reman  Emfirh  461 

inent  a  folicary  people,  who  dwelt  amoog  the  palm-troet  toe^  die 
Dead  Sea ;  who  fubfiflcd  withont  money,  who  were  propagated  with- 
out women ;  and  who  derived  from  the  difgoft  and  repentance  of 
mankind,  a  perpetual  fupply  of  Tolnntary  aflbciates.* 

Mr.  Gibbon  concludes  this  very  curious  and  interefting  chap* 
ter  with  what  follows  : 

'  As  fooo  as  the  Barbarians  withdrew  their  powerful  fappon,  the 
unpopular  herefy  of  Ariui  funk  into  contempt  and  oblivion,  fiat 
the  Greeks  (kill  retained  their  fnbtle  and  loquacious  difpofition  :  the 
eftablifhment  of  an  obfcure  doArine  fnggefted  new  qiieilionf»  and 
new  difputes ;  and  it  was  always  in  the  power  of  an  ambitious  pre* 
Jate»  or  a  fanatic  monk«  to  violate  the  peac^  of  the  church,  andt 
perhaps*  of  the  empire.  The  hiftorian  of  the  empire  may  overlook 
thofe  difputes  which  were  confined  to  the  obfcurity  of  fchools  and 
fynods.  The  Manichzans^  who  laboured  to  roconcile  the  reitgiona 
irf  Chrift  and  of  Zoroafter,  had  fecretly  introduced  themfelves  into 
the  provinces :  but  thefe  foreign  fedaries  were  involved  m  tiie  com* 
mon  difgrace  of  the  GnoiUcSy  and  the  Imperial  laws  were  eaecuted 
by  the  public  hatred.  The  rational  opinions  of  the  Pelagtms  were 
propagated  from  Britain  to  Rome,  Africa*  and  Pakfti^ey  end  filently 
expired  in  a  fuperftitioos  age.  Bat  the  Baft  was  diftni^d  hf  die 
Neftorian  and  Butychian  controveriies ;  whkh  attempted  to  explain 
the  mydery  of  the  incarnation,  and  hallened  the  ruin  of  Chriftianity 
in  her  native  land.  Thefe  controveriies  were  firft  agitated  under  the 
reign  of  the  younger  Theodoiius :  but  their  important  confequences 
extend  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  prefent  volume.  The  metaphy- 
£cal  chain  of  argument,  the  contefts  of  ecclefiafHcal  ambition,  and 
their  political  influence  on  the  decline  of  the  Byzantine  empire,  may 
afford  an  intereding  and  inftrudive  feries  of  hiftory,  from  the  general 
councils  of  Ephefus  and  Chalcedon,  to  the  conqueft  of  the  Ball  by 
the  fuccelTors  of  Mahomet.' 

The  gSth  Chapter  contains  the  hiftory  of  the  reign  and  con* 
verfion  of  Clovis,  the  eftablifliment  of  the  French  monarchy 
in  Gaul^  the  fiate  of  the  Romans,  and  the  conqueft  of  Britain 
by  the  Saxons.  Mr.  Gibbon  concludes  his  third  volume  with 
fome  general  Obfcrvations  on  the  fall  of  thf  Roman  empire  in 
the  Weft  : 

*  The  rife  of  a  city,  fays  he,  which  fwelled  ieto  an  empire,  may  de- 
ferve,  as  a  lingular  prodigy»  the  reEe^ioe  of  a  philoibphic  mind.  But 
the  decline  of  Rome  was  the  natural  and  inevitable  effed  of  immoderate 
greatnefs.  Profperity  ripened  the  principle  of  decay ;  the  caufes  of 
deftrudlion  multiplied  witli  the  extent  of  conqueft;  and  as  foon  as 
time  or  accident  had  removed  the  artificial  fupport9>  the  ftupendous 
fabric  yielded  to  the  preflure  of  its  own  weight.  The  (lory  of  its  ruiA 
is  fimple  and  obvious ;  and  inftead  of  enquiring  «iv^  the  Roman  em- 
pire was  deilroyed,  we  ihould  rather  be  furprifed  that  it  had  fubfifled 
fo  long.  The  vidorious  legions^  who,  in  diftant  wars,  acquired  the 
•vices  of  ftrangers  and  mercenaries,  £t&  oppreiTcd  the  freedom  of  the 
republic,  and  afterwards  violated  the  majeily  of  the  Purple.  The 
emperors,  anxious  for  their  perfonal  laiety  and  the  public  peace,  were 
reduced  to  the  bafe  expedient  of  corropting  the  difciplioii  which  ren- 
dered 


461  GibbonV  Hifiofy  of  tht  Roman  Empin. 

dered  them  alike  formidable  to  their  fovereign  and  to  the  enemy  ; 
the  vigour  of  tbe  mriitary  governmeDt  wat  relaxed,  and  finally  dif- 
iolt^t^^  by  tbe  parcial  inltitations  of  CoDilantine;  apd  the  Roman 
world  was  overwhelmed  by  a  delete  of  Barbanan»» 

*  Tbe  decay  of  Rome  has  been  frequently  afcribsd  to  tbe  tranilatfOfi 
of  tbe  feat  of  empire;  but  this  hillory  has  already  (bcwo,  that  tbe 
powers  of  government  were  dMded^  rather  than  rem^'i^d,  X'^^ 
throne  of  Coodaoiinople  was  erected  ia  the  Eall ;  while  the  Weft  was 
6ill  pofle(red  by  a  ferics  of  emperors  who  held  their  refidmce  in  Icaly^ 
mnd  claimed  their  eqaai  inheritance  of  the  legions  and  pravi«cu« 
Thia  dangerous  novelty  impaired  the  Arength,  and  fomented  tbe 
▼ices,  of  a  dcvuUl"  reign  :  the  iniiruments  of  an  oppretfive  apd  arbi- 
trary fyftem  were  multiplied ;  and  a  vain  emulation  of  laxary,  not  of 
merit,  was  introduced  and  fupported  between  the  degenerate  factef* 
fors  of  Theodofius.  Extreme  diftrefs,  which  unites  the  virtue  of  a 
free  people*  embitters  the  fatlions  of  a  declining  mon  rchy*  H^Ke 
koilile  favouritet  of  Arcadius  and  Honorios  betrayed  the  republic  lb 
its  common  enemies ;  and  the  Byzartine  court  beheld  with  indiffer* 
ence»  perbf pi  with  plcaf^re,  the  disgrace  of  Rome,  the  mitfbrcunea 
of  Iuly#  and  the  iofi  of  the  We;l  Coder  the  fucceeding  reigns,  thp 
sHiaiMof  tbe  two  empires  w^s  reflore>:i  ;  but  ibe  aid  of  the  Oriental 
Romana  waa  tardy,  doobtfo],  and  inefTeflual ;  and  the  national  fchifni 
ofthe  Greeks  and  Litios  was  enlarged  by  the  perpetual  difference  of 
language  and  manners,  of  intercil,  and  even  of  religion.  Yet  tbe  f%* 
lutary  event  approved  in  fome  meafure  the  judgment  of  Conftantine, 
During  a  long  period  of  decay,  his  impregnable  cicy  repelled  tbe 
vi^oriotts  armies  of  Barbarians,  preceded  the  weaKh  of  Ada,  and 
commanded,  both  in  peace  and  war,  the  important  ftreigbts  which 
conned  the  Euxine  and  Mediterranean  feas.  Ttie  foundation  of 
Conftanlinople  more  efleotially  contributed  to  the  preferv^tioa  of  tl^ 
£aft,  than  to  the  ruin  of  the  Wed. 

*  At  the  bappinefiiof  a  future  Wit  is  the  great  olgedi  of  religioD^ 
«ve  may  hear  without  furprife  or  fcandal^  that  the  introdudion,  or  at 
leall  the  abuie,  of  Chriliianity,  had  fome  ioRuence  01^  the  de^lii^e 
and  fall  of  the  Roman  empire.  The  clergy  fuccefsfqlly  preached  tht 
doctrines  of  patience  and  puiillanlmity ;  the  adtive  virroes  of  A>ciety 
were  difconraged  ;  and  the  Uil  remains  of  military  fpirit  were  buried 
in  the  doyfter :  a  large  portion  of  public  and  private  wealth  was  coor 
grated  to  the  fpecious  demands  of  charity  and  devotion;  and  the 
foldiers  pay  was  la^(hed  on  the  ufelefs  multitudes  of  both  fexes,  wbp 
coald  only  plead  the  merits  of  abftinence  and  chaftity.  Faith,  zeal, 
curiofity,  and  the  njore  earthly  paifions  of  laaliceand  ambition,  kin- 
dled the  flame  of  theologies  difcord  ;  the  church,  and  evea  the  ftate« 
were  diftra^^ed  by  religioos  fa^ions,  whofe  conflids  were  fometimes 
bloody,  and  always  implacable ;  the  attention  of  the  emperors  was 
diverted  from  camps  to  fyoods ;  the  Roman  world  was  opprcfled  by  a 
sew  fpecies  of  tyranny ;  and  the  perfecuted  M\s  became  the  fecret 
enemies  of  their  country.  Yet  party-fpirit,  however  pernicious  or 
abfiird,  H  a  principle  of  onion  as  well  a«  of  diHention.  The  biikopt » 
from  cigbteeo  hundred  pulpits,,  inculcated  the  duty  of  paiCve  obedi- 
ence to  a  lawful  and  orthodox  fovereign  ;  their  frequent  a^emblies 
nod  perfetaal  correr|}ood(ncej  aiaiouined  thq  communion  of  diHaAJt 

(hurcb^i) 


Foreign  LitIiratuiie.  463 

<barches  ;  and  the  benevolent  tempfr  of  the  gofpet  wzt  ftreij^thened 
though  confined,  by  the  fpriiual  teitiancc  of  the  Catholics.  The  fm- 
cred  indolence  of  the  monks  was  devoutly  embraced  by  a  iervile  and 
effeminate  »^^  ;  but  if  fuperAitioi^  had  not  afforded  a  decent  retreat 
the  fame  vices  would  have  tempted  the  anworchjr  Romans  to  defert^ 
from  bafer  motives,  the  lUrdard  of  the  republic.  ReJigioi^is  precepts 
are  eafily  obeyed,  wl)ich  iiidulge  and  fandify  the  natural  incliDatioaf 
«f  their  votaries ;  but  the  pure  and  genuine  tnrlueoce  of  Chriftianity 
may  be  traced  in  its  bene^cial,  though  imperfedl,  tStCts  on  the  Bar« 
barian  profelytesof  the  North.  If  the  decline  of  the  Roman  etnpird 
was  haftened  by  the  converfien  of  Conflantine,  his  vi^orious  religtoa 
broke  the  violence  of  the  fall,  and  mollified  the  ferocioos  cemper  of 
the  conquerors. 

'  This  awful  revolution  may  be  uiefully  applied  to  the  inftratfoa 
of  the  prefeot  age.  It  is  the  doty  of  a  patriot  to  prefer  and  promote 
the  exclofive  intereft  and  glory  of  his  native  country  :  but  a  philoib* 
pher  may  be  permitted  to  enlarge  his  views^  and  to  confider  Europe 
as  on^  great  republic,  whofe  various  inhabitants  have  attained  aloioft 
the  fame  level  of  politenels  and  coliiratioq.  The  balance  of  poner 
will  continue  ro  fiudoate,  and  the  profperity  of  our  own^  or  the 
neighbouring  kingdoms,  may  be  alternately  exalted  or  depreiTed; 
but  thefe  partial  events  cannot  eiTeatially  injure  our  general  ftate  of 
bappinefs,  the  fyilem  of  arts,  and  laws,  and  manners,  which  ibad-r 
vantageottfly  diftinguifti,  above  |he  reft  of  mankind,  the  Europeans 
and  their  colonies.  The  favage  nations  of  the  globe  are  the  commoii 
enemies  of  civilized  fociety  ^  and  we  may  enquire  with  anxious  c«- 
riofity*  whether  Europe  is  dill  threateqed  with  a  repetition  of  thol^ 
calamities,  whicb  formerly  oppreffed  the  arms  and  inditutions  of 
Rome.  Perhaps  the  fame  refieAtons  will  illuitrate;  the  fall  of  that 
mighty  empire,  and  ejrplain  the  probable  caufes  of  oar  adlual  lecu* 
rity.' 

The  remaining  obfervations,  wherewith  our  Hiftorian  clofes 
his  third  yolumc,  breathe  the  fame  liberal  fpirit,  and  Ihew  evt- 
dently,  to  every  Reader  of  tafie  and  judgment,  that  there  are  few 
Writers  who  are  capable  of  taking  fo  enlarged  and  comprehen- 
five  a  view  of  a  fubjeA  as  Mr.  Gibbon.  We  cannot  take  our 
leave,  withotK  returning  the  Matter  of  the  Fcaft  our  fincere  and 
hearty  thanks  for  the  very  elegant  and  agreeable  manner  in 
which  he  has  entertained  u»,  and  ihall  only/  fay  to  him,  at 
parting,  Macte  inoemo,  ac  virtutr  esto.  m 

FOREIGN   LITERATURE, 

« 

FRANCE. 

I.  T  i/  Theerii4is  Loix  Critmnellts :  i.  c,  The  Theory  of  Penal 
-^  Laws  in  criminal  Cafes,  iiy  i^.J^RissuT  D&  WAAViLLe. 
9  Vols.  8vo.  Paris.  1 781.-*^ This  Author  merits  attention, 
9$  bis  views  feem  upright  and  humane,  and  as  the  fubje^  he 
fce4(s  41  of  ^rc|i(  cvniec^u^n^e  tp  all  civlVi^zd  nations^  but  wt^ 

iee 


'  \ 


'  464  FoRSiGN  Literature. 

fee  no  very  ftriking  marks  of  capacity  and  genius  10  his  work, 
and  his  ftile  appears  to  be  aSeded,  and  frequently  obfcure. 
There  are,  however,  good  materials  in  this  publication,  and 
many  bints  and  remarks,  that  may  fuggeft  falutary  views  and 
iifeful  meafures  to  legiflators ;  but  we  cannot  approve  of  the  too 
great  propenfity  which  this  writer  difcovers  to  modify  penal  re- 
ttrainfs  according  to  the  reigning  manners  of  the  time;  For 
though  this  is  prudent  in  fome  cafes,  yejt  it  may  favour  corrup* 
tion  in  others  ^  and  it  is  one  of  the  purpofes  of  penal  legiflation 
to  corredl  the  manners  of  a  people,  as  well  as  to  prevent  thofe 
snorraities,  that  ftrike  at  the  fubfiftence  of  civil  fociety, — though 
here  we  acknowledge,  indeed,  the  imperfection  of  its  influence.. 

The  work  before  us  contains  thru  Parts,  In  the  firft,  the 
Author  fixes  the  nature  of  crimes,  and  places  them  in  feveral 
clafies,  Agreeably  to  their  names,  kinds,  and  importance,  which 
vary,  increafe,  or  diminifh,  according  to  the  climate,  govern* 
ment,  manners,  and  religion  of  the  country  in  which  they  are 
committed.  To  the  lift  of  crimes  is  annexed  a  correfpondent 
lift  of  punilhments,  all  adapted  to  the  nature  and  moment  of 
the  crimes.  In  tht  ficond  Party  our  Author  examines  the  .na* 
ture  and  ftrength  of  the  difierent  kinds  of  evidence,  direA  or 
prefuniptive,  that  are  generally  adopted  in  the  trial  of  delin* 
quents.  A  matter  of  the  higheft  confequence^  and  not  injudi« 
Cloudy  difcuiTed.  The  third  Part  exhibits  a  plain  and  eafy  me- 
thod of  procedure,  adapted  to  avenge,  fpeedily,  the  injured 
citizen,  without  infringing  upon  the  rights  of  the  accufed.  But 
if  it  is  of  confequence  to  fociety  that  puniihment  be  infllQed 
upon  the  difturbers  of  its  peace,  it  is  ftill  more  ellential  tore^ 
ftrain  the  hitud  of  the  delinquent,  and  to  prevent  the  v^iolation  of 
juftice  and  order.  Our  Author,  therefor/r,  treats  two  queftipns 
Teiative  to  this  important  object.  The  firft,  regards  the  beft 
method  of  preventing  crimes ;  the  fecond,  relates  to  the  execu- 
tion of  good  laws,  with  which  the  public  tribunals  are  intruftedv 
The  number  and  conftitution  of  thefe  tribunals,  the  nomina- 
tion of  the  judges,  and  the  permanent  or  temporary  duration  of 
their  functions  are  amply  confidered  under  this  article. 

IWila  Mechanique  appUquee  aux  ArtSy  aux  MqnufaSltireSy  a 
rJffltulturey  et  a  la  Guerre :  i.  e.  Mechanics  applied  to  Arts, 
Manufactures,  Agriculture,  and  Military  Operations.  By  M. 
Berthelot,  Mechanical-Engineer  to  the  King.  Volume  I. 
410,  141  Pages.  Enriched  with  120  Plates.  Paris.  1782. 
—This  curious  and  valuable  work  is.  the  fruit  of  intenfe  appli- 
cation and  expenfive  experiments,  carried  on  during  forty  ycar^ 
and  compenlated  by  many  ufeful  difcoveries.  The  King  and 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  have  honoured  the  inventions 
of  this  ingenii»us  Mechanician  with  folld  proofs  of  their  appro- 
1)ation  3  his  mills  have  been  con ftruded  at  Bicitrey  by  the  order 

pf 


Foreign  LiTERATURt,  465 

of  government,  and  his  carriages  for  cannon  have  been  adopted 
in  ail  the  fortified  cities  and  pjrts  of  France.  We  find  here  a 
multitude  of  curious  machines  circumAantially  defcribcd,  and 
reprefented  in  engravings;  and  the  Author  ofFers  his  ailiftance 
to  thofe,  who  may  be  defirous  of  having  any  of  them  con- 
ftruflcd. 

III.  Voyage  Pitiorefque^  ou  Defcription  des  Royaumes  de  Naples  et 
de  SiciUj  &c.  i.  e.  Travels,  reprefented  in  a  Series  of  Engrav^ 
ingt,  through  Naples  and  Sicily,  together  with  a  Defcription 
of  thefe  Kingdoms.  Part  I.  Containing  an  Account  of  their 
Revolutions— Maps,  Plans,  and  Views  of  the  Kingdom  and 
city  of  Naples,  its  Palaces,  and  Sepulchral  Monuments — an 
Account  of  its  Poets,  Painters,  and  Muficians — a  Defcription 
of  Mount  Vefuvius,  and  a  Hiilory  of  its  Eruptions — a  View  of 
the  Manners  and  Cuftoms  of  the  Neapolitans,  and  of  the  Go- 
vernment, Commerce,  and  natural  Produdions  of  their  Coun- 
try. Folio,  250  Pa'^es.  Enriched  with  50  Plates,  together 
with  40  Head-pieces^  reprefenting  Medals,  Portraits,  and  Paint- 
ings. Price  about  Six  Pounds  Sterling.  Paris.  1781. 
Thefe  beautiful  engravings,  preceded  the  defcription  which  is 
here  publifticd,  and  appeared  fucceffively  in  feparate  numbers 
Cnce  the  year  1778.  The  drawings'  were  made  upon  the  fpot 
by  Meffrs.  Dejpres^  Renard^  Chatelet^  Parisy  &c.  and  they  were 
engraved  by  Meflrs.  Prevoty  St,  Aubirtj  Aliamet^  &c.  all  artifts  of 
the  firft  merit.  The  explication  is  the  work  of  the  Abbe  St. 
NoJty  and  the  part  of  this  publication  that  is  relative  to  Natural 
Philofophy  and  the  Arts,  has  been  revifcd  by  learned  men  of  the 
greateft  eminence,  and  by  the  moft  celebrated  artifts. — Tne 
Second  Part,  which  will  foon  be  publilhed,  and  of  which 
feme  of  the  plates  have  already  appeared,  will  contain  accounts 
of  Henulaneuniy  Pompeia^  the  Campi  PhUgraiy  Campania^  or  the 
environs  of  Naples  and  Capua,  and  a  D.iTertation  on  the  Ro- 
man Shows. — The  two  following  parts  or  volumes  will  contain 
defer ipNons  of  Magna  Gracia  and  i^icily, 

IV.  Adele  et  I'heodoke  ;  ouy  Lettres  fur  tEducation^  i^c. 
i.  t.  Adele  and  Theodorus  ;  or,  Letteis  concerning  Educa- 
tion ;  containing  all  the  Principles,  that  are  relative  to  the  dif- 
ferent Plans  of  Education,  which  are  to  be  followed  in  forming 
the  Charadlcrs  of  Princts,  and  Perfons  of  b^jth  Sexes  in  Civil 
Socieiy.  3  Vols.  8vo.  Paris.  1782. — The  Public  is  in«- 
debtcd  for  this  performance^  which  has  very  great  merit  amidft 
feveral  imperfe6lions,  to  Madam  Genlis,  whofe  Theatre^  which 
has  alfo  education  for  its  object,  is  well  known  *.  Thefe  let- 
ters undoubtedly  contain  wife  and  ufetui  inftrudion,  conveyed 


*  An  Englilh  traofl.tion  of  it  was  recommended^  in  oor  Review 
for  April  178 1. 

Kev.  June  1782.  Hh  '  io 


466  FontiGN  Literature. 

in  a  mod  entertaining  and  agreeable  manner.  The  imagination 
of  this  French  Lady  is  lively,  and  fometimes  leads  her  a  dance 
(as  the  faying  is)  ;  but,  neverthelefs,  found  reafon,  good  tafte, 
and  an  cxtenfive  knowledge  of  hannan  nature  and  human  life 
prevail  in  this  work,  which  is  one  of  thofe  fenfible  and  well 
defigned  romances,  that  are  adapted  to  form  the  manners  of 
jouth,  and  to  ferve  the  caufe  of  virtue.  There  is  a  great  va« 
riety  of  portraits  in  thefe  letters,  and  malicious  interpreters  have 
confidered  many  of  them  as  perfonal  reprefentations ; — but  fuch 
fufpicions  are  illiberal :  that  is  levelled  at  me^  may  often  be  a  cry 
againft  moral  writers,  who  paint  hfe,  and  catch  the  manners 
living  OS  they  rife ;  but  it  proves  no  more  than  that  the  com- 
plainant has  looked  at  himfelf  in  the  glafs, — not  that  the  glafs 
was  particularly  held  up  for  him.— Thefe  letters  will  be  of  An- 
gular ufe  to  thofe  who  prelide  over,  or  are  concerned  in  the 
education  of  youth,  and  indeed  for  fuch  they  feem  to  have  been 
principally  intended.  l*be  ftile  is  lively,  eafy,  and  elegant :  it 
has  all  the  tone  of  a  woman  who  has  kept  the  beft  company ; 
and  we  find  often  in  the  expreifion,  and  in  the  refledlions  that 
reign  in  this  performance,  the  true  philofopher,  though  without 
the  beard. 

V.  Lemons  elementaires  a  Hijioire  Naturelle  it  de  Chymie^  &c. 
i.e.  Elementary  Inftru<Stions  in  Natural  Hiftory  and  Chemif- 
try,  in  which  it  is  propofed,  ift,  To  give  a  methodical  Suoi* 
mary  of  all  the  Chemical  Knowledge  that  has  been  obtained 
from  the  firft  Periods  of  that  Science  to  the  prefent  Time  ;  and 
2dly,  To  exhibit  a  comparative  View  of  the  Dodrines  o( Stablj 
and  of  fome  celebrated  modern  Chemifts.  By  M.  de  Four- 
CROY,  M.  D.  Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Medicine  at  Paris. 
8vo.  2  Vols.  Price  la  Livres.  Paris.-  1782. — This  work 
IS  ufeful  for  beginner?,  may  affiitihofe  that  have  proceeded  fome 
length  in  the  endlefs  path,  and  will  be  read  with  pleafure  even 
by  adepts. 

VI.  Memoir es  concernant  T hlijhire^  les  Sciences <i  Us  Arts^  &c.  i.  e. 
Memoirs  concerning  the  Hiflory,  Sciences,  Arts,  Manners  and 
Cufioms  of  the  Chinefe.  By  the  Miifionaries  of  Peking.  V6ls. 
Vn.and  VIIL  4to.  Pr.  21  Livres.  Paris.  1782. — The 
publi(hers  of  .this  work  are  much  obliged  to  the  labours  of  the 
late  Father  Amiot,  whofe  pen  was  always  in  motion,  till  death 
iijopped  it,  for  the  materials  of  thefe  two  volumes.  But  we  are 
furprifed  to  fee  the  whole  feventh  volume  filled  with  a  Treatife 
on  the  Alilitary  Art  of  the  Chijiefe^  compiled  and   tranflated  by 

^     that  learned  Father  from  Chinefe  authors,  and  which  was  pub* 
.    lifted  in  the  year  1772.     This  ftews  pretty  clearly,  that  the 
\.  materials  for  the  continuation  of  ihck  Memoirs  are  not  abun- 

dant. There  is  a  Supplement  to  this  treatife,  publifiied  at  the 
end  of  the  bth  volume.  At  the  head  of  this  volume,  we  find 
^.  5  the 


Foreign  Litbhaturb.  467 

the  chara^ers  of  fevcral  famous  men  among  the  Chjnefe,  tranf* 
latcd  by  F.  Am'tot  from  the  writers  of  that  country.  Thefe  are 
followed  by  two  effays  ;  one  on  the  hierogliphical  manner  of  writ' 
ingy  the  other  on  the  Chinefe  language,  Thefe  are  the  labours  of 
M.  CiBOT,  who  has  treated  thefe  fubje£is  with  erudition  and 
acutenefs,  and  enriched  his  Eflays  with  ample  notes,  in  which 
^jhe  difcufles  feveral  points,  hitherto  little  known,  relative  to  the 
^%atural  hiftory  of  Cliina,  and  the  ftate  of  arts,  fciences,  an4 
manners  in  that  empire.  We  are  indebted  to  the  fame  author 
for  the  Diflertation  on  the  Chinefe  Pleafure-gardens,  in  which 
there  are  fome  curious  details.  But  upon  the  whole,  thefe  two 
volumes  do  not  permit  us  to  fay  of  this  work,  Crefcit  eundo, 

VII.  Chronologie  Phyjique  des  Eruptions  des  Volcans  eteints  de  la 
France  Meridionale^  depuis  celles  qui  avoijinent  la  Formation  de  la  Terre^ 

jufqua  celles  qui  font  decrites  dans  PHifloire*  i.  e.  A  Phyftco*' 
Chronological  Account  of  the  Eruptions  of  the  Volcanos  (no^ 
extinguilhed)  in  the  South  of  France,  from  thofe  Eruptions  that 
were  near  the  Period  of  the  Earth's  Formation,  to  thofe  which 
are  recorded  in  Hiftory.  By  the  Abbe  Giraud  SoulaviB. 
Paris. — Though  this  publication  forms  the  4th  volume  of  this 
Author's  Natural  Hifiory  of  the  Southern  Parts  of  France^  yet  it 
may  be  confidered  as  a  work  apart,  and  is  accordingly  fold  fepa- 
rately.  Our  philofophical  traveller  flops  fhort  in  his  excur- 
fions  through  the  mountains,  to  meditate  on  their  ancient  con- 
flagrations, and  avails  himfelf  of  their  modern  eruptions  to  de« 
termine  the  times  and  periods  of  thofe  which  they  muft  have 
undergone  in  the  rcmotcft  ages.  Three  methods  of  inve{liga« 
tion,  founded  on  the  following  plain  and  palpable  truths,  are 
employed  by  this  ingenious  Naturalift  :  one  current  of  lava  that 
appears  under  another,  is  the  anterior  of  the  two— when  found 
on  a  (helly  rock,  it  announces  a  fubmarine  volcano— when  it 
covers  a  flaty  or  Jchiflous  fubftance,  with  impreflions  of  plants, 
it  (hews  that  the  place  was  enriched  with  vegetable's  before  the 
eruption — when  found  on  the  pudding-^one^  it  indicates  the  an- 
cient courfe  of  a  ftream,  which  has  been  changed  by  a  volcanic 
eSufion.  On  thefe  plain  principles  our  Author  builds  his  hif- 
tory  of  theextinguiihed  Volcanos  in  the  South  of  France,  which 
forms  fix  diftindt  fucceflive  epochas. 

VIII.  Caii  Silii  Italici^/  Belle Punico  fecundo  Poema^  adfi- 
dem  Veterum  Monimentorum  Cafiigatum  Fragmento  Operis  Integri 
JuRum\  Editio  Princeps^  Curante  J.  B.  Lefebvre  de  Ville- 
BRUN£.  4  Vols.  8vo.  1782. —This  is  the  firft  correS  edition 
we  have  of  this  Roman  poet.  The  happy  and  elegant  correc* 
tions  of  the  text  have  been  drawn  from  four  manulcripts,  and 
the  firft  edition  pabliQitd  by  Pomponius  in  the  year  1471,  which 
feems  to  have  been  unknown  to  all  former  editors.  The  woric 
is  alfo  rendered  more  complete  by  a  long  fragment,  found  ir 

11  h  2  the 


46t  MoKTfiLt  CATALOOUff  PiUtlcat. 

^ihe  library  of  the  King  of  France,  and  the  whole  is  accompanied 
lirith  a  French  tranflation,  and  enriched  with  a  learned  and  ju- 
dicious prefate,  which  contains,  among  other  things,  a  compa- 
rative view  of  the  epic  poets,  ancient  and  modern.  Thofe  who 
deiire  tb  purchafe  this  valuable  edition  of  Silius  Italicus  without 
the  French  tranflation,  may  be  furnifhed  with  the  Latin  pocn 
alone,  which  Mr.  Lefebvre  de  Villebrune  has  publifhed  apart.  ^ 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For       JUNE,       178a. 

Political. 

Arf.  17.    Orruption  c^rre^id:  Or  the  Axe  laid  to  the  Root 

4to.     IS.    fiew.     1782. 

•  A  MIDST  the  acclamations  of  hii  country,  the  author  thinici  ke 
^X  1)*'  *"  uodoubted  right  to  difcharge  his  rocket ;  and  like  a 
fehool  boy  in  the  rear  of  ao  applauding  multitude,  to  exprefs,  by  an 
Ufar-fiiout^  hit  fccbie  approbation.'  Apology  prefixed,  p.  i.— la 
this  jf/tir-SbBut  we  have  Huzza  for  Fox!  Huzza  for  Burke  L 
Shelburnb  for  ever!  Ke?P£L  for  ever!  Camden!  Conway! 
BarreM  Rockingham!  Richmond!  &c.  &c.  Huzza  for  All! 

In  difcriminating  the  fpecies  of  oratory  by  which  Demollbenes  aod 

Toliy  are   refpeftively    chara(5)eri^'ed   (in   order  to  introduca  fooe 

remarks  on  the  eloquence  of  Mr.  Fox),  the  author  juftly  con fiders  the 

illu'.lrious  modern  a^  *  perhaps  the  nioft  convincing  aad  interefting 

oratsr  that  ha<  yet  i>ppeared  on  the  (laj^e  of  public  life.* 

Art.  18.     The  Criterion :  Or,  Difquifitions  on  the  pre  fen  t  Ad - 

miniflration,    addrcHed   to  Sir  George   Saville,  Bart.     By  Jofeph 

Williams,  E^q;  .-luihor  of  Qcnfiderations  •n  the  American  War,     ^to* 

IS.     Hookham.     178^. 

Mr.  VViliiams  appears  to  be  a  man  of  fenfe,  birt,  in  this  perform* 
ance^  at  had,  he  (hews  himfelf  to  be  a  defultory  writer;  throwing 
Out  lii'nts  ard  remarks  in  a  Ibofe,  abrupt,  unconnef^rd  way.  He 
triads  the  whole  circle  of  political  ground;  but  it  is  difficolt  for  the 
reader  to  afcertain,  with  precilion,  what  the  Author  would  eOabliih 
or  avow,  except  it  be  his  utter  reproba:ioB  of  every  idea  of  Americaa 
Independency:  A  point  on  which  he  infilled  more  at  large  in  his 
**  Confide; aiions  on  the  American  War,"  mentioned  in  our  Revtei^ 
for  April,  p.  300. — What  he  now  fteans  by  his  title  of***  Tke  Ca- 
terion,"  is  cot  very-obvious  to  us. 

Art.  19,  Impartial  ReJieSiions  on  the  Condu^  of  the  late  Admini' 
nijl ration  and  Qppujition,  and  of  thi  American  Con^re/s  :  In  which 
the  Caofes  and  Confequenccs  uf  the  defti u£live  War  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  Revoied  Colonies  are  particularly  considered,  anj 
an  immediate  Sufpenfion  of  HolliJities  is  earcellly  recprnmended. 
8vo.     1 8  6d.     Nicoll: 

This  Writer  improves  the  many  opportonitifs  aKbrded  him  of 
blaming  the  errors  of  all  parties ;  of  courts  all  parties  wUl  be  even 
with  him,  aod  defpif«  his  ceofare.    He  makes  cccaiionaUy  a  aBJ&ber 

8  of 


Monthly  CATALOGUt,  PoStlcQL  469 

• 

of  pertinent  obrervacioos,  but  being  defaltory^  they  poircfi  noiggre« 
gare  force.  ^J 

Art.  20.  The  Caufes  of  our  late  DifconUnts :  Thcif  Confequences 

and  the  :'vemedics.     in  a  Letter  to  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Hawke* 

8vo,     1  *.     Hooper. 

Tbefe  Caufet  are  furomed  up  in  loofe  general  articles  of  moral  im^ 
peachment  of  the  late  miuiHry;  fiich  as  may  be  brought  againd  any 
miniflry  of  any  country^  until  a  nation  can   be  found,  where  the  a4t 
f     inioiftration  of  c;rvf rnment  is  in  the  hands  of  perfeft  fnen  !  %f 

Art.  21.    Thoughts  on  the  Naval  Strength  of  the  Britijh  Empire?^* 
By  John  Sinclair,  Efq;  iVj.  P.     8vo.     is.     Cadtll.      1782. 

Lord  Mulg'ave^  to  fuit  a  temporary  porpofe,  was  fo  far  off  )lil 
jTuard,  as  to  declare  in  the  Houfe  of  Coonroonsy  that  the  navy  of 
France  always  ^as,  and  always  muH  be,  fuperior  to  that  of  England, 
whenever  the  F«ench  di red  their  whole  attention  to  that  particular 
department.  The  public^fpirited  writer  of  this  trafl  clearly  refutes 
this  afTertion,  by  comparing  the  natural  advantages  of  each  natioii 
for  marine  exertions,  and  by  giving  a  hilorical  view  of  oar  moft  iU 
luftrious  naval  exploits  from  the  reign  of  Queen  hlixabeth  downward. 
That  we  are  capable  of  doing  great  things  on  the  fea,  appears  fronri 
what  we  have  done;  and  though  it  is  true  vce  did  nothing  at  the  time 
when  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  endeavoured  to  convince  us  that  wo 
could  do  nothing,  yet,  Heaven  be  praifed,  we  (eem  inclined  to  beftir 
ourfelves  again  in  our  ufual  manner.  M 

Art.  22.     The  Second  Part  ♦  oftht  Hijiory  of  Lord  North's  Ad-^ 
minijiratien,     8vo.     3  s.      Wilkie.     ^7^Z* 
^|f    Befide  the  above  title,  a  general  title  page  is  given  to  the  two  parts^ 
ifrith  Si  direction  to  cancel  the  others  ;  it  reads  thus: 

'  A  View  of  the  Hidory  of  Great  Britain  during  the  A^i^ini^''^* 
tion  of  Lord  North,  to  the  Second  Seilion  of  the  Fifteenth  Parliament. 
In  Two  parts.  With  Statements  of  the  Public  Expenditure  in  that 
Period.'  ^ 

This  title  is  much  more  proper  than  the  former,  as  it  allows  the 
Jathude  taken,  of  gtving  a  general  difplay  of  national  affairs,  inilead 
of  rellriding  the  detail  to  the  perfonal  tranfadioni  of  the  minider. 

7  he  cbarader  given  of  the  former  part,  may,  to  fave  rcpeii:ion,  be 
extended  to  this ;  in  which  the  narrative  in  generM  it  not  badly  kep( 
np,  in  the  manner  of  the  Annual  Regifter.  Qiit  a  profefled  hidory  of 
the  adminiliration  of  a  particular  miniAer,  implies  foroe  information 
beyond  a  mere  cbronolcgxal  chain  of  occurrences  and  parliamentary 
debarei,  all  of  them  wirhin  memory  :  No  fecret  views  of  pariie?,  or 
private  fprings  of  adion,  arc  however  here  onfolded,  to  gratify  the 
eager  curiofity  of  the  reader,  or  any  thing  beyond  what  may  be  found 
in  a  well  compiled  periodical  colledlion,  like  the  Annual  Rcyii^er 
above  r«  ferred  to.  There  are  indeed  (ome  political  charafltrs  Jr^wn, 
particularly  that  of  (he  celebrated  i^r.  Franklin^t  which  appears  to  be 
4ery  impartially  delineated. 

It  muil  be  obfervcd,  ihat  this  hidnry  clofes  with  the  redufkion  of  the 
army  under  Lord  Cornwallis;  fo  that  the  late  xninillerial  revolution. 


♦  For  the  lirft  Part,  Ac  Rev.  vol.  LXIV.  p.  4JIC 

Hh  3  '^        ^ 


470  Monthly  Catalogue,  PolUicaU 

.flpd    the    immediate  'leading   caufes    of  it   were    poft-publicatioo 
^  invents. 

Art.  23.     A  Political  Catechifni*     8vo.     as.     Buckland,    &c. 

1782. 
Dialogues  on  the  general  principles  of  civil  policy,  foppofed  to 
pafs  between  a  father  and  a  fon  during  a  holiday  vacation.  There  is 
nothing  refined  or  abftrufe  in  them  beyond  the  dilates  of  cominoA 
ftnfe  ;  and  they  may  be  of  great  fervice  to  corred  the  potions  oFthoff^ 
•Who  have  a  political  turn  of  mind,  without  opportunitiei  of  col- 
lecting infoimation  from  a  more  exteofii'e  coarfe  of  reading.  Wa 
much  approve  the  principles  inculcated  in  this  ufeful  tra£t.  ^H^ 

f  Art.  24.     Jn  Addrefs  U  the  People  of  the  Netherlands^  on   the 

prefent  alarming  and  moft  dangerous  S:taation  of  the  Repobiic  of 
Holland  :  Shewing  the  true  Motives  of  the  mod  unpardonable  De- 
lays of  the  Executive  Power  in  putting  the  Republic  into  a  proper 
I  '  State  of  Defence,  and  the  Advantages  of  an  Alliance  <u;//i&  Hoi* 

^  land.  France,  and  America,     ^y  a  Dutchman.     Tranflated  from 

the  Dutch  Original.     8vo.     2f.  6d.     Stockdaie.     1732. 
[  According  to  this  bitter  invcdlive,  the  Princes  of  the  Houie  of 

Orange,  have  been  uniformly  the  tyrants  of  their  country,  ever  finct 

*  tike  firft  eflablifhment  of  the  Republic  of  the  Seven  United  Provioces. 

•  The  ''  deteflable  Englilh,"  their  '*  perfidious  oppreflbrs  ;*' — aod  to 

crown  the  whole,  the  French,  their  deliverers  from  Spani(h  flavery, 

.  Vusnd  their  natural  allies ! — From  fuch  an  outline  it  may  eafily  be 
'  guefled  bow  the  fubordinate  parts  are  filled  up  and  coloured. 

The  tranflaror  informs  us  that  a  great  reward  was  ciFered  in  Hoi- 
^  land  for  the  difcovery  of  the  author.  II 

Art.  25.  A  Letter  to  Thomas  Gilbert^  Efq\  M.  P.  on  his  Plan  fop 

for  the  better  Relief  and  Employment  of  the  Poor:  Shewing  the 

Utility  and  Expediency  of  ellablilhing  a  Poor-houfe  in  every  PariOi ; 

that  the  fame  may  be  done  at  a  fmall  Expence,  and  extremely  be- 

';  neficial  both  to  the  Parilh  and  to  the  Poor  ;  with  a  Set  of  Rules 

for  th6  regulating  and  condoling  thereof,  very  proper  for  the  con* 
\  fideration  of  every  Parilh  burdened  with  Poor.     To  which  is  added 

A  Comparative  View  of  the   feveral  Poor-houfes  in  the  City  of 

York,  Beverley,  CoUingham,  Driffield,  and  Leckonfield,  in   the 

^.  Eall  Riding  of  the  Cotinty  of  York«  and  for  the  incorporated  bun* 

\  drcds  of  Loes  and  Wilford,  in  the  County  of  Suffolk^  containing 

J  thirty- three  Parilhes.   To  the  whole  are  fubjoined  Dr.  Stonehoufe*s 

Receipts  for  making  cheap  and  wholefome  Food,  Beer,  and  Yeaft* 
',  8vo.     I  s.     Richardfoo  and  Urquhart. 

?  The  title  of  this  letter  gives  a  full  fummary  of  its  contents.     The 

Author  is  of  opinion  that  the  uniting  parifhes  is  proceeding  upon  too 

large  a  fca!ey  for  many  reafons  that  he  fpecifies  ;  and  which  are  in- 

*  deed  fufficienily  obvious;  he  is  therefore  for  going  back  to  the  old 

eilablifhment  of  parochial  poor-houfes  under  an  improved  plan  of  ma- 
j  nagemenr,  of  which  he  exhibits  a  rpc'cimen.  ji| 

Art.  26.     Proofs  that  Great  Britain  w^fs  fuccefsful  againft  each 
j  j  of  her  numerous  Enemies  before  the  late  Vi^ory  of  Sir  George 

\k  Brydges  Rodney.     4to,     2s.     Law,  &c.     1782. 

'\  We  hav|  here  a  comparative  view  of  the  fuccefTes,  and  the  defeats, 

j  \  If  ff^e^ively  obtained «  and  fuffered,  by  «/,  and  by  our  enemies y  fince 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PoHikah  4p 

the  commencement  of  the  American  war  ;  by  which  it  appears,  that 
the  balance  of  account,  military  and  predatory,  by  Tea  and  land,  i\ 
greatly  in  oar  favour;  from  whence  it  i»  inferred,  that  there  was,  in 
reality,  no  canfe  to  defpair  of  the  nation,  as  many  of  us  did,  before 
our  late  naval  vi^lory  in  the  Weil  Indies.  The  Author's  tabular  ac- 
counts feem  to  be  v«ry  accurately  ilated.  H^  alfo  endeavours  to  ren- 
der it  manifeft,  by  commercial  eilimates  and  deductions,  that  if  we 
eventually  lofe  "  all  the  rebellious  colonies,"  England  will  not  be 
thereby  materially  afFcAed ; — but  tbis^  we  apprehend,  is  a  matter 
that  will  require  a  more  profound,  and  a  more  extended  inveHiga- 
tion. 

Art.  27.    A  Hint  to  a  Patriot  *  Parliament »     8vo.     6d.     De- 

brett. 

A  hint  to  a  patriotic  Parliament!  Good!  In  a  nation  of  politi* 
cianSy  like  ours,  many  are  the  hints  ready  to  be  offered  from  tirtry 
corner  of  the  land,  without  exception:  and  while  they  are  prefeoted 
in  a  way  that  encourages  trade,  without  obliging  the  Parliament  to 
appoint  Committees  to  fpend  time  in  examining  them  ;  fome  advan- 
tage refults  to  the  community,  fome  fatisfaClion  to  the  poblic-fpirited 
'Vropofers,  from  the  idea  of  difchargtng  their  duty,  and  no  harm  is 
mne  to  any  one. 

This  Hint  is  dated  from  Elmrood  Grange;  and  the  Writer  pro- 
pofes,  as  a  fpur  to  the  zeal  of  the  immediate  officers  under  'the 
Crown,  that  the  falaries  of  efficient  Minitters  (hoald  rife  and  fall  ac- 
cording to  the  fuccefs  of  their  Adminillration,  regulated  by  the  price 
of  the  Three  per  Cent,  confolidated  (lock.  Bat  if  the  projedor  at 
Elmrood  Grange  is  ferious,  he  may  be  afked,  what  idea  he  wonld 
form  of  a  Minilter  whofc  attention  to  the  national  welfare  (hould  be 
animated  by  the  hope  of  raifing  his  emoluments  three-eighths  or  a 
quarter /^r  Cent.?  Some  people  are  apt  to  think  Minifters  dabble 
too  much  in  (lock-jobbing  already.  It  is  doing  the  Writer  credit  to 
iuppofe  him  a  joker.  It 

Art.  28.  Candidates  for  the  Society  of  Antigallicans.  A  Second 
Part.  Being  the  Correfpondence  of  various  Perfons  with  the  Au- 
thor upon  the  Subje^.  8vo.  2?.  Buckland. 
To  the  account  we  gave  of  the  former  Part  of  this  odd  compofi- 
tion  t,  we  have  now  to  add,  that  at  the  end  of  the  Firfl  Part,  the 
Author  invited  the  correfpondence  of  all  who  intereded  themfelves  in 
the  fubjecl  of  it;  though  what  that  was,  we  found  rather  difficult  to 
define.  This  part  confifts  of  letters  profe (Ted  to  have  been  received 
in  confequence  of  fuch  invitation;  but  which,  from  the  uniformity  of 
their  complexion,  we  fcruplenot  to  pronounce  to  have  been  addrefTed 
by  him  to  himfelf.  The  general  fubjedt  of  cenfure  in  them,  is,  the 
behaviour  of  many  French  refugees,  who  are  reproached  with  la- 
bonring  to  drop  the  chara£ler  of  Frenchmen,  with  deferting  their 
brethren  and  their  native  principles,  and  affimilating  with  the  Eng- 
gi(h  natives.    The  whole  is  a  Rrange  puerile  jumble !  ^ 

*  For  patriotic.  t  R«^«  Vol.  LVJI,  p.  404, 

H  h  4  Woollen 


7* 


47t       Monthly  Catalogue,  fToolUn  Tradt^,  (fc. 

Woollen    Trade, 
Art.  29>     A  Littir  to  thi  Landed  Gentlemen  and  Gravuers  of  Lin* 

iclnjhire  :  In  which  are  pointed  out  the  principal  Laulesof  the  pre* 

fenc  Redundancy  of  Wool,  and  the  Exportation  of  it  proved  to  be 

impoliiicand  dangerour ;  together  with  the  Propofal  of  a  more  fafi» 

and  certain  Remedy.     Occalionrd  by,^  and   interfperfed  with»  Ob- 

fervations  upon,  Sir  John  Dalrymple's  QpeiHon  upon   thac  Sab- 

je^.     By  a  Friend  and  Neighbour.    8vo.    is.     Cadell,  &c.     1782. 

This  writer  fuccefsfoliy  oppofes  Sir  John  DaJrympJe'i  expedient  of 

allowing  the  exportation  of  raw  wool,  bat  appeais  to  fall  into  a  more 

dangerous  error  hi  mfelf»  by  recommendng  the  exportation  of  bread* 

corn,  te.  with  the  expreis  intention  of  raifiug  the  price  of  provifioni, 

to  oblige  the  manufadlurer  to  work  harder  tor  fubfifteikce.     It  is  a 

plaufible  general  inference  fiom  particular  known  inftances,  that  a 

inan  who  can  live  *  by  four  days  labour  will  not  work  fix  :  but  woold 

it  not  be  tyrannical  cruelly  to  treat  the  whole  raafa  of  the  people  ac* 

cording  to  this  principle  ?  Alas !  they  nee^  it  not.     Taxes  already 

liave  this  operation  ;  but  when  fucb  a  tendency  is  not  io  view«  and 

the  accumulated  burdens  laid  on  the  people  are  the  fpbjeA  of  decla* 

mation,  far  different  conclufions  are  drawn  from  the  premiies!         %t 

Poetical. 
Art.  30.    7i5/  Sji/fem.     A  Poem,  in  Five  Books.     By  the  Rev. 
Jofeph  Wjfcr.     8vo.     ^  s.  6d.     Fauldcr,   1781. 
Of  this  nsecaphyfico  theological  poem^  which  we  profefs  our  ina- 
bility to  analyze*  the  reader  may  form  his  own  opinion  from  the 
following  extfaA : 

'  Lo,  this  material  Sydero  roie,  to  be 
The  feat  of  Spirits,  fccne  of  Trial  frcei 
Dnubtlefs,  with  juOeU  correfpdndence  grtvf. 
The  nobler  intelledlusi  Syfiem  too. 
^  '  Gocf's  firfl  prodo£\ion  in  this  wond'rous  plan^ 

•  vl  Tfbe  chief  reveaTd,  the  chief  concerning  man. 

Was  that  great  Being,  Wifdcm  call'd,   and  H ord  \  ; 
Next  under  God  this  Syftcm's  ruling  Lord.  * 

}^^y /tirtn  of  God,  and  in  God's  bofom  bleft. 
Was  Po'ijuer,  was  f^  i/dom,   born  to  form  the  reft. 

•  To  li've  or  to  mainteitt  him,  elf,  are  vc;y  loofe  ex  predion  s«  Of  two 
n^en  equally  improvident  and  difpofed  to  ertjov  all  they  earn,  and 
who  can  both  earn  in  four  day;;  enough  ro  fubGd  on  during  feveo,  the 
o'>e  \vhf>  loves  eafe,  n\  y  incline  to  make  three  davs  K<bour  io  the 
wiek  (Lfiicc;  while  the  o  her  who  lo^es  ^ocd  eating  better  than  lazi- 
ncis.  n:ay  cheerfully  work  the  full  fix  days.  Even  to  deprefs  their 
J  wa^cs  would  be  too  extrnlive  an  opeiation,  as  it  woitid  punifh  \^fg% 

families  alon;?  with  heedlefs  fipg  e  men  ;  butio  raife  the  price  of  pro- 
vision^ would  be  more  exteplie  n*||,  and  en»ail  mifery  en  labourera 
in^#neral.  to  make  particular  clafTcs  of  manufafturers  induUHoos. 

+  Proverbs  viii.  iz,  ITai.  xlii.  Wi'd  Sol.  xii.  Rccles.  xvii  18. 
Jrhn  i.  (Jo),  f.  Jexyifli  Parajrhrall:,  Pnilo,  all  the  ChriRian  Fatheia 
bcib/e  Lhe  £rfl  Nicene  Council. 

N^xt, 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Dramath*  |7j 

Next,  fix  compeers,  his  janiors,  rofe,  to  (bare 
With  him  God^s  prefen^e  and  the  general  care* 
Thefe  made  with  future  orbs  the  number  even  f  ; 
$bven  prime  archangels,  as  prime  planets  feven* 
'  \     Thefe  form'd  the  council  for  this  Syftem  meaat^ 
Equal  in  rankf  the  ^W^^  their  PreGdent. 
Inferior  orders  in  fuccefTion  came  ; 
Cherubs  air-wing*d,  and  ferap^s  wing*d  with  flame.' 
Thefe  to  inijpeA  each  orb,  each  lUce,  were  given. 
Under  the  general  Inqueft  of  the  feven.* 
The  notes,  which  are  added  to  the  end  of  each  book,  and  whidi  \ 

make  a  principal  part  of  the  volume,  prove  their  Author,  notwith* 
Aanding  the  pfcoliariry  of  his  notions,  to  be  a  man  of  learning 
and  candour,  atid  warmly  zealous  in  fupport  of  thofe  opinions  thac 
he  thinks  to  be  true.     With  refped  to  bis  poetry,   it  will  fpeak  for  * 

icfelf,  in  the  fliorr  but  fufHcienc  fpecimen  which  we  have  given.  Cr*^~^j 

Art.  31.    Thi  Female  Kidnappers  \  or   the  Rape  of  the  Infant. 

A  poem.    4to.     is.  6d.     Willis,  1782. 
This  poem  is  built  on  the  well- known  adventure  of  the  widow 
G— -  and  the  young  gentleman  with  whom   Ihe  eloped  into  Scot-  i 

land,  and  whofe  father  afterwards  brought  an  aflion  againft  her  for 
running  aw«y  with  his  infant  *  fon.      Thefe  veriei^   though  much  \ 

too  good  for  the  fabje£t.  are,  as  eafily   may  be  fuppofed,   too  bad  { 

for  (eleflion.     The  reader  will  readily  guefs  in  what  they  are  excep«  ^^^ 
tionable.  i^ 

Art.  32.  The  Britj/h  Hero  in  Captivity.    A  Poem.    410.     is.  6d* 

Robfon.     1782. 

The  mod  we  can  fay  of  this  profaic,  though  laboured  performance 

is,  that  it  is  a  well-intended  compliment  to  the  gallant  Cornwallit^  ^ 

the  unfortunate  Andrce>  and  the  generous  Arnold.  JD^ 

^rt.  33.  Ode  on  the  Surrender  at  Tork  Town.     To  the  Honour-  \ 

able  Wiliiai^  Pitt.     4;o.     6d.     Bowen,  &c.     1782.  i 

An  invocation  to  Mr.  Pitt,  to  interpofe  his  patriotic  endeavours  ( 

between  his  country  and  that  complication  of  difafters  which  feerot 

to  threaten  it*     Toe  poetry,  though  not  bad,  contains  nothing  that 

is  ilrikiog,  iTlk^ 

Dramatic.  ^-^» 

Art.  34.     Songi^  Duets y  ^c.   in  the  Fair  American:    A  Comic 
Opera,  as  performed  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  DruryLane.     8vo. 
^d.     Evans.     1782. 
Thefe  Songs  are  but  indifferent,  though  in  fome  of  them  there  it 

SLnaJfe^ation  of  potiry.     As  for  example: 

SONG.     Anoblica. 
I. 
'  How  ferenely  the  morning  firft  opes  its  meek  eye. 
And  looks  like  an  angel  with  fmiles  from  the  fky  ;       ^ 
Yet  ere  noon  fome  black  tempell  with  terror  Ihall  foand. 
And  the  fpring's  tender  bloifom  is  blown  to  the  ground. 

t  Zech.  iii.  9.     Dan.  x.     Tobit  xii.     Rev.  i,  &  v,  6.     Job. 
*  A  itrapping  young  fellow  about  eighteen. 

U.  Thoa 


\ 


I 


J^)4  Monthly  Catalogue,  Novelsm 


I 


II. 

Thus  It  fares  with  oor  hopes ;  when  love  fills  the  heart. 

In  i'ori-ftjinethcy  rife,  and  in  clouds  lliil  depart; 

But  Venus  Ler/el/  ne*ver  Jhines  in  her  fphtre^ 

Hill  that  mourner  the  night  bathei  htr  chttk  n»ith  a  ttar*  /* 

Novels.  ^^ 

Art.   35.     Thi  Life  of  Mrs.  Juflman.     2  vols.    iimo.     6$* 

Lewis.     1782, 
The  Author,  wc  undcrftand,  complains  of  the  negligence  of  the 
rlnter,  and  v^e  think  with  re&fon;  fcr  we  have  feldonn  feen  any  thing 
b  mangled  ar.d  mucihted.     Sevtraty-five  pages  of  the  original  MS. 
have,  we  find,  been  burnt  by  foine  accident !  But  on  this  occafion, 
indead  of  ofTcring  our  condolence,  we   prefcnc  our  congratulations 
both  to  the  Author  and  the  Reader.     For  our  parts  we  felt  the  obli- 
g^ation  in  a  ve'^y  high  degree  ;  and  as  for  the  Author,  he  hath  various 
^   ' '  '  ;  ^ffeafons  to  confole  himfeif  with  whenever  he  thinks  of  it.  '  If  the  cri- 
tical reader  (hould  complain  (as  probably  he  will,  (hould/uch  a  reader 
ever  condcfcend  to  pcrufe  thefe  volumes)  of  the  improbability  of  the 
/         Aory,  he  may  expert  to  hear  of  the  fatal  fire.     If  he  ihould  find  fault 
/  witA    the   abfurd,  incoherent,  and  contradiflory  political  reafoning 

with  which  thefe  volumes  abound,  the  progrefs  of  his  criticifm  will 

be  flopped  by  the  fame  fire.     It  is  by  the  lucky  intervention  of  this 

clement,  that  the  Author  is  fo  admirably  excufed  from  making  it  ap- 

^\    pear  credible  or  probable  that  a  man  could  court  the  fame  lady  three 

$  «'     times  :  have  two  children  by  her  at  different  intervals  and  in  different 

i  chara^lers,    and  yet  not  know    her  to   be   the   fame   perfon!    The 

principal  fufferers  by  the  fire  fecm  to  be  the  fate  miniders;  for  our 
Author  wifhed  to  make  them  appear  pure  and  unblameable  :  but  ala; ! 
the  fire  burnt  all  up  like  **  hay  andjlubbk  ;*'  and  thefe  minillers— — 
but  Sepulchres  are  f;)cred  ;  and  we  have  too  much  delicacy  to  dif- 
turb  the  AsHPs  ^/M^  Dead  I  ^., 

Art.   36.     An  Intere/iing  Sketch  of  Genteel  Life :    By  a  Lady. 
'^      I  3  vols.  12 mo.     6s.  fewed.     Law.     1782. 

This  '  intereLfting  Sketch'  is  one  of  the  mofl  tedious  and  iMrintereA- 
ing  things  imaginable  :  unlefs  (as  in  this  fair  ladyU  eflimation  !)  love 
^  ^A  Sid  marriage  fbould  be  deemed  the  only  ends  of  our  exigence.     I'he 

I  ladies  are  all  beautiful  and  accomplished ;  the  men  (one  indeed  ex- 

cepted) are  deferving  of  their  charms ;  ^nd  after  a  Uw  changes  and 
ebantti  they  are  united — ••  with  every  qualificacion  necciTary  to  make 
the  roarriage-flaic  happy  1" — We  will  not  be  fo  ungrateful  as  to  moleft  n 
tbcir  repofe,  fince  they  have  fo  effcdually  contributed  to  ours  !  «/ 

Art.  37,     Tlje  Fortunate  Si/iers  ;    or  the  Hiftory  of  Fanny  and 
Sophia  Bemont.  .  i2mo.     2  vols.     63.     Noble.     ipSa*  ^ 

The  hackni^d  cant  of  a  novel-writer  by  profcfiion  ?  > 

Art,  38.     Freendjhrp  and  Matrimony ;    or  the  Hiftory  of  Emilia 

and  Hcivy  :  ot  L  Jid  and  Lady  P ,  and  of  Frederick  and 

Fanny*     Now  firll  publilhed,    from  the  feveral  Originals  as  found 
among  the  Papers  of  the  late  Henry  Manfcl.  Efq.     With  an  occa- 
•   fional  Preface,  ^c.      izmo.     2  vols.     6s.     Noble.     1782. 

The  preface  infurins  us  that  the  editor  received  thefe  papers  a%a 
rcttaid  of  hi'  great  £nt;it  ^s  a  ccftjiircr  f     We  ilipujd  ooi  have  gueflcd 

at 


i 


'.I 


}  I 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Mlfcellamous*   '       475 

at  t\t  editor's  or  author's  pofTefling  /ucb  merit,  if  we  had  not  beea 
ill  formed  of  it  by  /ucb  authority. 

However,  ic  is  fit  co  apprize  (he  reader,  that  the  idea  of  conjaration 
only  entered  into  the  beads  of  two  country  bumpkins,  who,  we  doubt 
not,^ere  fools  enough  (o  fappofe  that  even  (he  parfon  of  the  parifli^^ 
WIS  a  conjurer  too! — Oh  !  rare  Dick,  and  Colin  Clout  f  J^f 

Art,  39 .  Genuine  AnecdoUi  of  Sir  Richard  Eafyand  Lady  Wagtail. 

I  zmo.     2S.  6d.     Goadby. 
An    obfcene  and   moft   wretched  catchpenny,  written  from   prin- 
ciples which  mull  excite  the  deteHation  of  all  men  of  goodnefs.  and 
in  a  manner  which  muil  provoke  the  contempt  of  all  men  of  fcnfe.      Cf^ 
rf  Miscellaneous.  ^^ 

Art.  40.  J  New  J  Complete^  andUniverfal  Roman  Hijlory^  from 
-  the  earlieft  authentic  Accounts  of  that  great  Empire  to  the  De* 
.   iiru6lion  of  Rome  6y  the  Goths  and  Vandals  under  Augollulus; 
and  the  taking  of  Conilantioople  by  the  Saracens  and  Turks,  10 
the  Reign  of  CoulUntine  Palaeologus.      Containing  a  genuine 
and  circumllantial  Account  of  alJ  the  remarkable  Events  and  fin* 
gular  Occurrences,  during  a  Period  of  above  Two  thoufand  Years. 
In  which  the  Political  LuHomi  and  Ufage  of  the  Romans   are 
particularly  attended  to,  and   the  various  Modes  of  Government 
which  were  adopted  by  them  to  prefcrve  the  8tate«     In  Five  Parts. 
Including  new  Remtrks  on  the  Rife  and  Progrefs  of  the  Empire; 
on  its  D^line  and  Fall  in  the  Weft  after  the  Death  of  Conftaa- 
tine  the  Great,  and  on  the  Events  which  baftened  its  utter  Rain 
in  the  Eaft  at  a  later  Period.     Together  with  a  complete  Table 
pf  the  Kings  and  iimperors*      Illullrated  with  Notes,  and  inter* 
fperfed  with  Reflexions,  applicable  to  the  Gorernmenc  of  all  cvn* 
lized  States,  and  particularly  adapted   to  the  Genius  of  a  free 
People ;    being  abfolutely  neceflary    to  be  perufed  by  all  true 
Friends  to  the  Britiih  Conftitution  at  this  Time.     The  whole 
carefully  digefted  in  regular  Order,  and  colleded  from  the  beft 
Authorities.      By  William  Henry  Melmoth,   Efq;  Editor  of  the 
new  Univerfal  Siory  Teller.     i2mo.     js.     Hogg.     1781. 
All  this  in  378  duodecimo  pages!   'Tis  impoflible.     When  wilt 
tjhe  race  of  quacks  be  extind  ? — When  the  ftock  of  human  eulUhi' 
lity  is  exhauiled,  and  men  have  learned  to  ufe  their  common  fenfe 
in  rejeding  what  lies  beyond  the  limits  of  poflibility.     Till  then,  ye 
quack* divines,   do£lors,    authors  and   bookfellers — labour  with   aU 
your  might,  for  the  harveft  is  plenteous  I  ^ 

Art.  41 .    A  View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  High  and  Low  Life  : 
Being   the  Adventures  in    EngUnd,    Ireland,    Scotland,    Wales, 
France,  Sec.  of  Mr.  G.  Parker.     In  which  is  comprized  a  Hillory 
*  of  the  Suge  Itinerant.     i2mo.     2  vols.     6s.  iewed.    Whieldon* 
1781.^ 

The  Author  feems  to  have  given  as  his  real  hillory,  and  it  is  not 
an  unentcrtaining  one.  He  appears  to  have  borrowed  nothing  bat 
the  general  title  of  his  book,  for  which  he  ftands  indebted  to  the  in- 
genious Dr.  Moore;  but  he  Ihould  not  have  promifed  us  a  view  of 
Society  and  I^^anners  in -High  Life,  as  we  have  fcarce  a  peep  bft» 
yond  the  limits  of  the  ionuer  fphtre.  Mr.  Parker  is  however  a  lively 
wricfr,  poiTcHed  of  confiderable  natural  talentSi  by  the  aid  of  which 

he 


f 


I 


476      MoMTHLY  Catalogue,  Natural  Htftory^  IScm 

ke  contrives  to  intered  as  in  the  perofal  of  his  adventures,  in  the  ca* 
paciiy  firfl  of  a  StrMng  Player,  and  afterwards  in  chat  of  an  Itimerani 
LtSanTt  on  a  plan  iimilar  to  that  of  the  celebrated  George  Alexander 
bceveas.— Among  oiher  amufing  particulars,  he  has  given  perhaps 
tiie  oioft  complete  account  of  the  various  aris  and  tricks  pradifed  by 

*;      t4)e  multifarious  tribe  cf  fwindjers  *,  iharperf,  and  cheats,  for  whicli 
the  prefent  age  and  nation^  we  had  almoll  faid,  is  become  infamous. 
This  part  of  Mr.  Farker*s  work  may  realjy  prove  fcrviceable  to  the 
Public. 
Art.  41.     Literary  Amufements ;  or  Evening  Entertainer.     By  « 

H^  Female  Hand.     I^mo.     z  vols.     6s.     Noble.     1782. 

'    "  *    Amuferoenis  for  the  illiterate !  TX        \ 

Natural   History.  ^-O^^^J 

Art.  43.  Supplement  to  the  Campi  Phi  hgr^i:  Being  an  Ac* 
count  of  the  great  Eruption  of  Mount  Vcfuvius,  in  A  gud  1779. 
Communicated  to  the  Roy&]  Society  of  London  by  Sir  VViiiiaoi  Ha- 
milu}n,  K.  B.  F.  R.  S.  his  Britannic  MajcHy^s  Envoy  £xtraordi« 
nary  and  Plenipocenciary  at  the  Cour:  01  Naples.  Folto.  2I.  12s. 
6d.  Boards.  Naples,  printed  in  17; 91  ^nd  fold  by  Cadell  in 
I  London. 

Of  Sir  William  Hsmilcon's  mc(l  fplendid  and  curious  work,  the 

Campi  FHLccRiEi,  we  gave  an  account  in  the  56ch  volume  of  our 

Review,  p.  3S0.     The  narrative  part  of  this  Supplement  was  prin.ed 

i  in  the  fir  ft  part  of  the  Philcrophical  Tranfadlions  for  1780  ;  and  aa 

\  abdradl  of  it  appeared  in  cur  Review  for  April  i;^!  ;  but  our  limits 

I'  allowed  us  to  mention  very  few  of  the  pharnomena,  nor  could  s^t  make 

room  for  any  confiderable  part  of  the  Author's  highly  entertaining  de- 
fcription  ;  tbe  whole  of  \vhich  we  have.  wi;h  inexprefTibJe  fatisfadiou^ 
reperufeif,  in  the  prefent  vtry  fine  edition. — Sir  W:Uiam  has  here 
9i6^t6  a  French  tranilation  of  the  letter- preis  part  of  his  work,  which 
is  printed  in  oppofice  columns;  and  the  whole  is  beautifuly  illuf- 
tratcd  by  coloured  prints  from  the  drawings  of  M.  Peter  F^bris :  boik 
1'  .  •j%\     the  drawings  and  illuminations  being  copied  from  Da'ure,  under  the 

infpedion  of  our  very  ir.geniops  and  indefatigable  Author. 

Horticulture. 

]  Art.  44.     A  Treatife   on   the  Culture  and  Management  of  tht. 

I  Bear's  Ear\  or  Auricula  Urfi :  With  Direftions  for  raifing  it  Irom 

Seed.    3y  a  Florift.     Small  i2mo.     is.     Wallis.      1782. 

ji'  .     To  tbofe  who  find  gratification  in  the  healihfuU  innocent,  and  ra- 

\  •*«tional  amufements  of  the  Bower-garden,  and  are  ford  of  cultivating 

one  of  its  mod  beautiful  ornaments,  we  recommend  this  little  trea* 
V'fe,  which  contains  ^stxy  thing  ncceffliry  to  be  known  upon  ihe  (ub- 
je^,  either  by  the  fimpje  gardcoer,  or  the  9andi<iaie  £ur  the  firft  ho- 
nours at  a  florift's  fead.  yf 

School-Boo  K.  C? 

Art.  45,     Profody  made  eajy.      By  the  Rev.  William  Nixon^ 
A.B.    lately   Principal   of  the  Dublin   Academy;   and    now  ap* 

fi 

•  Mr.  Parker  gives  the  following  derivation  of  this  term  :  *  It  it 
derived  from  ihe  Ottman,  in  which  language  Schwindel  ftgni£«s  /* 
eheat.^    TJiis  is,  ifideed,  one  acceptation  qi  the  German  word. 

pointed 


i 


h 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Sclml'B9Qks.  477 

pointed  Mailer  of  the  Endowed  School  of  Yooghal,  by  hii  6 race 

the  Duke  of  Devoofhire*     8vo»     2s.     Cork  priDCcd,  sod  fold  by 

Bucklaod  in  London.     178 1. 

An  acquaintance  with  the  rules  of  profody  ts  cfTential  to  accuracy 
in  the  pronunciation  of  the  Latin  language.  The  pra^ice  of  verfifi- 
cation  facilitates  fo  neceffary  an  acquilicion  ;  and,  as  far  as  our 
knowledge  extends,  is  eftablifhed  in  all  the  greater  fchooli^  and  ac 
the  UniverHties,  where  the  clafScs  are  (ludied  on  an  elegant  footing; 
though  we  have  been  informed  that  it  is  negle^cd  by  the  generality 
of  the  DiiTencing  tutors :— hence  it  is,  that  we  feldom  meet  with  a 
Diflenting  miniller  who  can  read  6ve  line^-of  profe  or  verfe  without 
fome  miilake  in  the  pronunciation.  We  do  not  fay  this  to  charge 
them  with  ignorance,  but  to  awaken  their  induftry. 

Every  attempt  to  facilitate  this  elegant  arc  (without  which  the 
great  beauties  of  Latin  poetry  will  be  loil)  deferves  commendation, 
Jn  this  view  Mr.  Nixon  is  entitled  to  the  public  regard  for  the  paint 
he  hath  taken  in  unfolding  the  principles^  and  iliullrating,  by  ciaiiic 
examples,  the  various  meafurcs  of  Latin  verfification;  and  the  moft 
eafy  and  certain  methods  of  fcanning,  in  particular,  the  beautiful 
Odes  of  Horace.  But  while  we  pay  oar  Author  (bis  general  com- 
pliment for  his  diligence  and  ingenuity*  we  cannot  avoid  pointing 
out  a  very  flagrant  error  in  grammar,  which  we  a^e  furprifed  fiiould 
have  efcaped  his  eye,  or  th?  eye  of  chofe  learned  fchool-mallers  who 
have  affixed  their  names  to  it  by  way  of  recommendation. 

In  Rule  9th,  App.  [Fi^.  page  15.]  the  Author  fays — •Virgil 
lengthens  y^iifVr?.-  — and  then  produces  the  fcllovving  line  from  th6 
Roman  poet  to  illuilrate  his  remark: 

'*  Sub  terras  foderc  lar^m  pcnituique  repert;c.*' 

Doth  Mr.  Nixon  fuppofeyWrr^  to  be  th<  infimiii'ui  mood  of  the  vtrbf 
If  he  doth,  he  is  egregioufly  millaken.  It  is  the  third  perfoa  plaral, 
preterperfed  ten fe,  indicative  mood.  It  is  wrong  to  make  r#  in  fn* 
ker^  and  ia  in  larei  to  be  long.  The  tWo  tard  fyllables  of  fodere  he 
makes  fhort;  whereas,  in  the  perfed  renfe  they  arc  always  long. 
Mr.  Nixon  yery  properly  make^  /a  in  laris  [RJt  15.4.  psge  18.]  to 

Hbe  fhort;  and  yet,  in  App.  I.  p.  19,  he  lays — *  Virgil  lengthens 
Urem/ 

Tne  above  line,  by  Mr.  Nixon*s  leave,  fhould  be  thus  fcanned  ; 

^iib  ter  |  la  fo  |  dere  la  |  rem  peni  |  tufque  re  j  pertar. 

On  the  whole,  we  think  this  little  treatife  to  be  a  very  ufcful  ma- 
.rual  to  the  Undent  of  the  Latin  clarfics ;  and  we  very  cordially  join 
our  recommendation  to  that  of  Mr.  Rider  ♦  and  iVir.  Parerfon  f.  f\^^^^ 

Art.  46.     yf  Prs£iical  Grammar  of  the  French  Languagt^  by  N; 

Wanoilrocht.     The  Second  Edition,  with  Aciditions  und  Improve* 

ments,  by  the  Author,     iimo.     3  s.     Johnfon.     it^z. 

Having  already  cxprefTed  our  approbation  of  this  Gracirrar,  we 
DOW  only  mention  it  to  inform  onr  Readers,  thai  it  appcar^t  in  this 

4dition  with  confiderable  improvcmencs.  Mk 

: *• 

•  Sar-maftrr  of  St.  Paul's  S:hno!.  "-       * 

f  I  ate  Miller  of,Mi»fon'>  Yard  Academy,  and  Author  of  the  Latin 
Terl'c  traadation  of  ?ope*s  Wind  for  F«^reit,  &c  &c.  dec.  ■ 

RELlGIOUf. 


J 

i 


i 


4^8  MonrniY  Cat ALocvE J  Refighus* 

Religious. 
Art.  47.  The  Stvdy  of  the  Scriptures  recommended.     An  Attempt 
to  in  u  ft  rate  the  beauty  of  fome  Parts  of  Scripture  ;    parcicolarly 
the  Song  of  Mofes  in  the  3  2d  Chapter  6f  Deoterononyy   and  the 
Epinie  of  St.  Paul  to  Philemon*     With  an  Eodeavoor  to  vindicate 
that  PafTage  in  the  qth  Chapter  of  Romans*  where  the  Apoftle 
fays,  "  He  could  wi(h  himfelf  accorfcd  from  Chrift  for  his  Bre- 
thren."   To  which  is  added  a  (hort  moral  EfTay.    By  Crito.    8? o« 
2  9.     Coventry  printed.     London,  fold  by  Rivington. 
This  pamphlet  is  written,  to  nfe  the  Aothor\own  words  in  his  odd 
preface,  in  an  unconnedled  and  digrtjf^ry  manner.     When  he  *  fab- 
mits  it  with  all  its  faults  to  the  candour  of  the  good-natared,'  he 
Adds  a  promife  '  (as  fome  amends  for  what  might  not  be  approved), 
of  a  little  moral  eHay  at  the  end^   that  (hall  afford  both  profit  and 
pleafare  ;'  this  moral  effay,   he  fays,  '  is  not  my  compofition  (as  the 
reader  will  eafily  perceive),  but  what  I  accidentally  met  with.'    Af« 
ter  all  this,  when  we  come  towards  the  endy  we  find  the  mora]  efTay, 
,  from  which  fuch  high  expedtations  were  to  be  formed,  wholly  omit- 

'  ted  ;  and  the  Author  farther  tells  us  that  a  learned  friend  informs 

him,  that  this,  which  he  intended  as  a  piincipal  ornament  of  bis 
publication,  has  been  before  printed.  His  trad  on  the  Song  of 
lWofe«  prefents  us  with  feveral  obfervattons  from  different  writers, 
particularly  from  Dr.  Smithes  Longinus.  Dr.  Pordyce  comes  in  for 
y/tty  high  praifes,  for  this  Author  fays,  he  took  the  hint  of  his  pie- 
)^  fent  attempt  from   a  fermon    which  he  beard  the  Doflor  deliver. 

The  illuftration  of  St.  Paul's  Epiftle  to  Philemon  contains  remarks 
which  have  been  often  made  on  that  beautiful  compofition.  In  con- 
fidering  that  particular  paffage  in  the  EpiHle  to  the  Romans,  «s 
mentioned  in  the  title-page,  our  y^uthor  oppofes  an  interpretAtton 
ofi«red  fome  time  ago  by  Dr.  Bandinel  *,  and  endeavonrs  to  efla- 
bliih  what  has  been  more  generally  received.  We  are  at  a  loft  to 
j  conjeflure  what  ihould  have  induced  this  writer  to  publifli  his  luca* 

brations ;  but,  no  doubt,  he   had   his  motives.     He  wanders  often 
from  his  immediate  fubjeft,  but  he  properly  recommends  the  ftudy 
\  of  the  Scriptnres,  and  fpcaks  very  juflly  of  their  excellence.  T^ 

I  Art.  48.     A  Litter  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Church  of  England.     8vo,*' 

I  s.     Baldwin.     1781. 
y  Something — but  we  hardly  know  what — about  (eflarie?,  heretics, 

infidels :— defigns  to  undermine  the  Church  by  maligning  its  mini- 
fiers,  feducing  its  partizans,  difTolving  the  tics  of  fubordination  and 
ft  gp  *  fellowfhip  which  conned  them :  dangers  arifing  from  the  abufes  of 
*  '^  *  *  religious  freedom;  the  necelDty  of  a  firm  union  among  the  clergy, 
who  are  to  repel  all  attacks  on  their  ofHce  and  chara^er;  who  are  to 
confider  themfelves,  both  feparately  and  colleflively,  as  the  guardians 
of  the  truth,  and  whofe  office  ic  is  to  prevent  any  violences  being 
committed  againft  it. 

What  thoie  formidable  attacks  are,  and  how  the  enemy  is  to  be 
repelled,  is  left  to  the  Reader  to  find  out— if  he  can  !  ^ 


t 


•  Vide  ojir  Review,  vol.  LXIV.  p.  97. 

Art, 


\\ 


Fas  t-D  ay  Sermoks*  4m 

Aft.  49,     A  Jhort  Pita  in  Favour  cf  Infant  Baptifm  ;  and  of  ad- 
mimtlering  ic  by  Sprinkling.     By  Samuel  Boccomley,  of  Scarbo- 
rough.    8vo.     6d.     Leed5,  printed.     1781.  ^ 
The  fobje^  of  this  pamphlet  has  To  often  fallen  under  oar  review 
in  difftrenc  forms,  that  it  is  annece/Tary  for  us  now  to  add  to  oar  for- 
mer remarks.     We  fhall  therefore  ooly  obferve  that  this  treatife  ap* 
pears  to  proceed  from  an  honefl  mind,  and  to  be  written  with  can*^^ 
dour  and  attention.  Js  # 
Art.  50.     Sea  Sermons:  or  a  Series  of  Dlfcourfcs  for  the  Ufc  of 
the  Royal  Navy.     By  the  Rev.  James  Ramfay.     8vo.     48.  bound. 
Rivington.      1781, 

It  would  contribute  not  a  little  towards  increafing  the  nfefulnefs  of 
pulpit-difcourfes,  if  preachers  would  not  content  themfelves  with  gene- 
ral harangues  on  virtue  and  vice,  and  general  views  of  the  principle! 
and  obligations  of  religion,  but  would  adapt  their  difcourfes  to  the  pre- 
vailing chara6ler  of  the  times,  and  the  particular  circumftancet  of  their 
hearers.  Such  a  plan  of  preaching  would  furniih  them  with  an  end* 
kfs  variety  of  intereding  matter,  and  give  an  air  of  originality  to 
their  difcourfes,  never  to  be  obtained  in  the  way  of  common»place  de- 
clamation. It  would  at  the  fame  time  bring  home  the  piecepts  of 
morality  to  every  man's  bofom,  and  render  preaching,  much  more 
than  it  is  at  prefent,  the  means  of  promoting  public  order  and  hap- 
pinefs. 

We  obferve  with  pleafure  this  plan  of  preaching  attempted,  and 
executed  with  great  fuccefs,  in  thefe  Dilcourfes.     They  were  drawa 
;  op  for  the  ufc  of  His  Majclly's  fliip  Prince  of  Wales,  and  arc  parti- 
cularly adapted  to  thecircumdances  and  characters  of  feamen. 

The  fubjcAs  treated  of  are, — Virtue  the  Foundation  of  Succefs.— - 
The  Duty  o\  exerting  ourfelves  in  the  Caufe  of  our  Country,— The 
Sinfulnefs  oFMutiny, — The  Sinfulnefs  of  Defertion. — On  Drunken- 
nefr»—- On  common  Swearing,-^ View  of  Man's  Duty,  in  Six  Dif- 
courfes. 

If  fome  of  thefe  Difcourfes  were  printed  in  a  che^p  form,  and  clr* 
culared  at  the  public  expence  among  our  feamen,  pofTibly  fome  good  ^ 
efFed  might  be  produced.  £« 

^  Fas  t-D  ay     Sermons. 

I.  Preached  at  the  Parifh  Churches  of  Relaugh,  and  Scottow,  ia 
Norfolk,  ^y  the  Rev.  Lancader  Adkin,  M.  A.  8vo.  6  d. 
Baldwin. 

The  Author  afFcft^  the  pathetic;  but  his  declamation   is  too  ge- 
neral and  too  diffufe  to  excite  eny  emotions  of  the  tender  k^ud  ; 
and  as  for  inftruClion,   this  difcouife  gives  us  juft  that  fpccics  of  i; 
which  any  fchoolboy  migh:  have  given  in  a  iheme  upon  a  fail-day.^        ^ 
It  is  trite,  jejune,  and  fuperficial.  JB— ^•*^» 

II.  IVhat  mtan  youly  /his  Ser*utcc  ?  A  Qcpftion  prcpofed  and  di(^ 
cuffed  in  a  Sermon  preached  on  the  late  FaU.  By  John  Martin* 
8vo.     6d.     Buckland. 

Treats  of  the  nature  and  obje^^s  of  a  fa  ft,  with  ferioufnefs,  can- 
dour, and  plainnefs.  '  The  dclhudion  of  our  national  eneraiea 
(fays  this  good  roan},  is  I  fear  the  ardent  wiih  of  iome.     I  cannott 

however^ 


V- 


^gO  COR&ESPONOENCB. 

kowevert  icdiilge  a  defire  like  this.  I  wi(h  their  converGoo,  not 
their  deihudtion.  I  defire  it  both  in  a  civil  and  in  a  moral  fenfe.  [ 
ardently  wi(h  that  rebellion,  bo^  to  God  and  man,  mighrcekfe; 
ftnd  that  envy  and  ambition*  pride  and  oppreflion  might  at  once  ex- 
pire  1  Till  then  may  our  enemies  abroad  or  at  home  be  unable  to 
i«jure  us,  and  we  unwilling  to  injure  chem.  Coniinuing  to  be 
what  they  are,  may  they  be  fubducd,  but  not  dellroyed/  We  love 
•  I  ?ll<c  principle  v^hich  excites  fuch  generous  wiihes.  But  the  politician 
will  aCc  ihc  preacher, — What  mufl  be  ihe  altcrnacive,  if  enemies 
cannot  be  lubdutd  without  beir.g  dtjitiytd?  Can  conqueft  at  all  timfs 
be  feparaied  from  fiaughccr  ? — Tne  huiranc  heart  is  ilaggered  by 
the  quelUon.  Chnluanity  filcncly  withdraws  frcm  the  p/oundhefs 
contention,  and  leaves  the  difpute  to  be  decided  by  oiher  judge?«^^ 

"""  CORRESPONDENCE,  ' 

A  very  (light  attention  to  the  nature  and  limits  of  our  plan  mi^ht 
have  convinced  the  Author  of  **  PrinctfUi  cf  La-ju  jnd  Oj^trnmtt.t^* 
of  the  impoilibility  of  our  infercing  his  Obfcrvations  upon  our  Cri* 
ticifm  of  that  work.  Wc  are  more  difpofed  to  fmile  at  the  modefly  of 
Ills  requifition  in  demanding  the  infertion  of  a  letter  of  twenty  pages 
quarto,  than  to  be  angry  at  the  peremptory  tone  in  which  the  demand 
is  made.  This  gentltman  (eems  to  have  fo  lofty  an  opinioa  of  h  t 
own  powers  and  performances,  that  we  doubt  not  he  will  find  other 

I  channels  of  communicating  his  thoughts  to  the  Public.     The  prefs  is 

open  to  him,  but  we  mull  beg.  leave  to  decline  the  honour  ol  being 

'-  bis  puhlilhers,  ft 

I  ' 

j'  •^^  We  are  obliged  to  our  Corrcfpondent  S   S.  for  hit  hint ;  and 

^-'  •  from  it  take  this  opportunity  of  apprizing  our  Readers  of  a  circum- 

dance  proper  to  be  noted,  viz.  That  the   old  words  io   Rowley's 

Poems  are  to  be  found  (at  leall  for  the  greater  parr)  in  the  common 

wQa'vo  edition  of  Biiley's  Ditlionary,  and  not  in  the  folio,  publiihtd 

either  by  him  or  Scott;  for  we  are  informed,  that  many  perfons  who 

bave  tne  Utter  (and  naturally  fuppottug  that  it  contained  all  chat  was 

'    in  the  former)  have  fearched  f6r  thofc  words  in  vain  in  that  edition. 

a^«d  have  bccu  led  to  imagine,  that  the  Reviewer  was  not  fo  accura;e 

in  his  authority  as  he  ought  to  have  L.een.  ^ 

Errata  in  the  /?t<y/>if  for  April. 

P.  2^f.  (In  the  account  of  Taiham's  Sermons)  for  **and  the  Writers 
of  them  have  been  capable,**  read   **  to  have  been  capable,*'  ^c. 

—  292.  1.  I.  (Art.  Bsllc's  S:racagem)  for  •*  the  characters  arc  not 
a;/ dUcrimina;cd,**  r,  '*  rot  iJ  difcriniina:ed.'* 

I  —  300,  In  the  title  of  Art.  14,  for  *'  war  of /^r//,"  r.. **/«/?/. 

I  r  :•  ».  320.  In  the  Note  concerning  our  late  Corrcfpondence  relative  to 

the  rot  in  (heep»  I.  7.  and  8.  r.  thoj,  '*  From  our  general  rule  cf 
'*  ad:i\i:ting  nothing  that  has  not  relation,  either  immediately  Of 
■   **  remotely,  to  literature,  we  deviated  in  the  firll  iaiiance,  &.c.' 

Errata  U  lafi  Month's  Rt*vie*w. 

P.  3^3.  par.  2.  I.  1.  for  cajl^  r.  <oft3, 

—  55  ..   Note  *  U>x  Pit di  Hand ^  r.  I  er  din  and, 

-—  361.  .!•  10.  take  away  the  comma  afur  Jidts. 


r 


% 


APPENDIX 


T  O    T  HE 


MONtttLY    REVIEW, 

Volume  the  Sixty-sixth. 


FOREIGN    LITERATURE. 

Art.    I. 

EJJfai  fur  la  Phyftoghtmit  dejline  a  fain  conhoitrt  /*  Homme  et  a  U  fain 
aimer,  i.e.  An  Eflay  on  Pbyliognomy  (or  the  Arc  of  Reading 
Faces)  defllncd  to  promote  the  Knowledge  and  Love  of  Man.  l^y 
John  Gaspard  Lavater,  Citizen  of  Zurich,  and  Pal? or  of  that 
City.  Printed  at  the  Hague.  In  large  4  to.  Firfl  Part^  290  Page«» 
illullrated  by  a  great  Number  of  curious  Engravings. 

WE  formerly  made  mention  of  the  very  ingenious,  fingu- 
lar,  and  entertaining  German  work,  of  which  this  now 
before  us  is  a  tranflation,  or  rather  a  new  modification.  The 
German  eflTay  appeared  to  u§  fuch  a  (Irange  mixture  of  genius 
and  enthufiafm,  fenfe  and  jargon,  tafte  and  oddity,  that  we  fcarcely 
Jcnew  what  to  make  of  it.  Diffident  of  our  own  taftc  and  fa- 
gacity,  as  well  as  of  our  knowledge  of  the  language  in  which  ic 
was  written,  we  did  not  prefumc  to  enter  largely  into  an  ac- 
count of  its  very  Angular  contents.  We  were  alfo  afraid  to  dp 
or  fay  any  thing  incompatible  with  the  high  and  fmccre  refpetft 
we  have  for  the  piety,  virtue,  and  great  talents  of  the  worthy 
and  ingenious  author,  who  is  efteemed  by  the  wife,  half-deified 
by  the  myftical,  though  beheld  with  a  farcaftical  leer  by  a  num- 
ber of  obfervers,  who  are  not  initiated  into  the  fectets  of  Face^ 
readings  and  only  ftand  profanely  peeping  at  the  outer-gate  of  the 
ran£luary,  to  the  great  o^encc  of  fcveral  good  men,  and  ele6t 
ladies. 

M.  Lavater,  informed  of  the  expediency  of  rendering  his 
work  legible  by  thofe  who  do  not  underftand  the  German  lan- 
guage, and  alfo  of  making  fome  changes  that  might  render  it 
more  intelligible  to  thofe  V)h9  doy  undertook  to  cloihe  his  ideas 

App.  Vol.  LXVI,  li  in 


482  Lavatcr'j  EJfay  en  Phjftognomj. 

in  a  French  garment^  which  has  been  trimmed  and  embeUUhec} 
by  the  elegant  hand  of  one  or  more  afTociates  in  this  com« 
mendable  undertaki^^^  This  emboldens  us  to  approach  once 
more  to  the  work,  and  to  make  it  farther  known  to  the  Engliih 
reader  than  it  has  hitherto  been.  The  tranflator  or  tranflators 
feem  to  have  done  their  bufinefs  with  fpirit,  tafte,  and  intelli- 
gence.    Their  ftile  is  both  elegant  and  expreffive. 

This  FlR*?T  PARTConfifts  of  two  prefaces,  an  introdudion, 
and  twenty  fragments,  Thofe  who  think  they  have  compofed 
a  complete  and  regular  fyftem  of  any  fcicncr,  divide  it  ufvally 
into  books  and  chapters  \  but  as  our  author,  however  adventurous 
in  point  of  genius,  is  modeft  enough  to  look  upon  the  fcienceof 
phyHognomy  as  far  from  being  completed,  and  judges  a  perfeA 
treatife  upon  the  fubjccl  to  be  neither  the  work  of  ^^^  man,  nor  one 
-vcademy,  nor  even  of  a  whole  century,  he  only  pretends  to  give 
here  fome  members  of  a  beautiful  body,  which  may  be  one  day 
aflembled,  and  form  a  whole  ;  and  therefore  he  calls  his  chapi- 
ters/V^^w^w/j.  It  is  thus  that  the  meteorologlfts  (if  we  may  be 
allowed  the  comp^rifon)  give  us  fiom  time  to  time  fcraps  and 
fradions  of  the  features  of  the  atmofphcrc,  in  the  plcafing  ex- 
pectation that  they  will  one  day  bring  us  to  a  complete  ae^ 
quaintance  with  the  whole face^  and  enable  us  to  predial  and  pre- 
pare  for  its  changes Who  (hall  fee  the  cad  ? 

The  lnirodu£llon  exhibits  fome  poetical  cjfufions  concernirig 
the  dignity  of  human  nature,  which  may  be  re;:d  with  utility  as  an 
antidote  againft  Swift's  vlllanous  dcfcription  of  the  Yahocs,  We 
have  here  a  fublime  account  of  the  original  ftate  of  man,  when  his 
mind  was  a  pure  image  of  the  Deity  ;  and  his  body,  as  yet  uncor- 
rupted,  was  the  beautiful  mirrour  and  reprefentative  of  his  mind. 
This  is  foUowed  by  the  firft  Fragment^  in  which  M.  Lavater  in* 
forms  us  of  the  occaflon  that  kd  him  to  refearchcs  of  this  nature* 
He  had  arrived  at  the  age  of  five  and  twenty,  before  he  had  either 
read  or  thought  upon  the  fubjcdl;  he  had  often,  indeed,  been 
feized  with  an  emotion^  and  tvcix  Jfarted  ^t  the  firft  fight  of  cer- 
tain faces ;  which  agitaiicn  continued  for  fome  time  after  the 
departure  of  the  perfon,  without  his  knowing  the  caufe,  or  even 
thinking  of  the  face  that  had  produced  it.  Thefe  fudden  im- 
prcffions  led  him  fomctimes  to  form  judgments  ;  *  but,  fays  he^ 

*  my  decifions  were  laughed  at.     I  blu(hed  at  them  myfelf,  and 

*  became  more  prudent/  He  was,  however,  very  fond  of 
drawing,  and  he  delineated  frequently  fome  of  the  lines  that 
he  found  the  moft  ftriking  in  the  countenances  of  his  friends, 
which  he  ftudied  with  attention.  This  occupation  opened  to 
him  interefting  views  of  human  organization,  and  its  reprefenta- 
tive  powers  or  charaders.  But  the  epocha  of  his  application  to 
phyfiognomical  refearches,  was  a  ftrong  imprclTion  he  received 
from  the  countenance  of  a  foldier,  who  was  paffing  with  hit 

^  2  troop 


f 


u- 


Lavater's  Ejfay  on  Phyjiognomyl  48^ 

frrop  before  a  window,  where  M.  Lavatkr  wasflahdihg  ^xth 
M.  Zimmerman^  the  King's  phyfician  at  Hanover.  His  re^ 
itiarks  upon  the  military  phix  ftruck  the  ingenious  and  fentimen- 
€al  phyfician)  who  encouraged  him  to  carry  on  his  refcarches^  and 
propofed  to  him  feveral  qiieftions  about  face^  and  charndcrs. 
'  I  anfwcrcd  feveral  of  them^  fays  M.  Lavater,  but  my  anfwers 

*  were  for  the  mod  part  miferable,  as  they  did  not  proteed  from  4 
*'  fudden  impulfion^  a  kind  of  infpiration.^  In  (bort,  it  appears,  that 
even  after  correfpondrng  on  the  fubje£^  for  fome  time  with 
M.  Zimmerman,  and  drawing  imaginary  fac^stn  abundance,  to 
which  he  annexed  his  remarks,  he  laid  afide  this  branch  of  ftudy 
for  feveral  years  :  •  I  laughed^  fays  hc^  at  my  firft  eflays  sind  ob- 

*  fervations,  and   I  neither  read  nor  wrote  any  more  on   thd 

*  matter.*  Nevcrthelefs  M.  Zimmerman  brought  the  truant 
back  to  his  work ;  and  then,  on  he  went  at  a  great  rate.  He 
has,  however,  got  no  farther  than  a  colleftloti  of  6bfervations 
and  conjeflures,  which  are  often  entertaining,  frequently  in- 
ftrudive,  but  fometimes  obfcure  and  unfatisfadory. — Though 
he  i.s  perfuaded  that  the  fcience  cf  phyfiognoitiy  i)  founded  on 
folid  principles,  yet  he  does  not  pretend  to  have  brought  this 
fcience  to  perfedlion.  He  acknowledges  that  there  are  faces,  of 
which  he  can  form  no  judgment;  and  he  is  willing  to  let  hiiS 
decifions  pafs  for  reveries  and  conjectures  i  this  is  mode  A,  but 
we  csn  fcarcely  believe  ^^  thinks  them  fuch.  When  he  refumed 
the  ftudy,  he  did  not  purfue  it  in  books,  but  in  nature ;  he  could 
not  bear  the  jargon  of  the  greatcft  part  of  writers  on  that  fub- 
jc£t,  who  are  little  more  ch/in  the  echoes  of  Ariftotle.     '  I  ac- 

cuftomed  myfelf,  fays  he^  to  contemplate  the  beautiful,  the 
grand,  the  noble,  and  the  pcrfed^  in  nature,  and  in  the 
images  that  reprefent  her,  to  render  them  familiar  to  my  eye^ 
and  to  give  a  new  degree  of  energy  to  the  impreffion  they 
made  upon  me.  Obftacles  arofe  every  day,  but  the  means 
of  furmounting  them  were  proportionably  multiplied.  I  con- 
tinually fell  into  midakes ;  but  I  acquired  daily  more  light 
and  firmncfs  in  the  line  I  was  purfuing.  I  was  praifed, 
blameii,  rallicJ,  and  extollfd,  and  I  could  not  help  laughing^ 
as  1  kns'.v  very  w^ell,  t!iatall  this  was  undefcrved.  But  1  in- 
dulged myfeif  daily  more  and  more  in  the  pleafmg  thought 
that  my  vi-ork  would  be  produftive  of  utility  and  entertain- 
ment, and  this  refrelhcs  and  comforts  mc  under  the  burthen 
I  have  laid  on  my  (houlJeis.  And  now,  in  the  very  moment 
I  am  writing,  I  have  m4(ie  fuch  progrifs^  that  if  there  arc  fe- 
veral faces  or  phyGognomie.t  on  wnich  I  can  pronounce  no 
iudgment  at  al),  there  are,  on  the  other  hand,  a  great  num« 
bcr  of  lines  and  features  on  which  I  can  pafs  judgment,  with 
a  convidion  «f  truth  and  evidence,  equal  to  that  which  per« 

lit  *  fuadet 


1^ 


\ 


484  Lavatcr*j  i.Jfay  en  PhyftolnGtity. 

*  fuadesmeof  my  own  exiftence.'     Here  we  fee  rome^hingor 
the  Alan.     Let  us  proceed  to  his  work. 

The  2d  Fragment  (which  is  the  5th  in  the  German  edi- 
tion) treats  of  human  natun^  as  the  firft  bafis  of  phyfiognomi- 
cal  fcience.     Man,  the  mod  perfect  of  terreftrial  beings,  has  a 
threefold   life,  the  animal^  the  intelleSfual^  and  the  moral.     En- 
dowed with  the  faculties  of  knowtngy   defiring^   and  a£lingy    he  is 
to  himfelf  an  objcd  of  obfervation.     The  phyfica),  intelleSual, 
and  moral  life^  however  fpiritual  and  immaterial   their  internal 
prtHcipU  may  be,  can  only  become  perceivable  and    vifiblc  by 
iheir  correfpondence  with  that  body  in  which  their  principle  rc- 
ftdes  and  moves,  as  in  its  element  ^    and  the  properties  and  vir- 
tues of  mind  are  only  difcoverable  by  external  relations,    which 
are  the  obje£^s  of  fenfe  :  in  a  more  particular  manner,  the  face, 
as  every  body  knows,  is  the  mod  lively  and  powerful  expreflicn 
of  moral  life ^  1.  /.  of  the  dcfircs,  padions,  and  determinations  of 
the  will.     Farther, —the fe  three  different  kinds  of  life^  are  fc- 
paratdy   lodged,  like   diilindl  families,  in  different  apartments 
of  the  human  body,  and  form,  by  their  combination,  a  regular 
tuhle 'y  yet  each  fpecies  of  vital  power  has  a   particular    feat  or 
place  in  the  body,  where  it  exerts  and  manifefts  itfelf  preferably 
to  all  others.  Thus  animal  or  phyfical  power,  though  it  operates 
in  all  parts  of  the  body,  yet   ads    with    a   peculiar   and    pre- 
eminent energy  in  the  arms, — and  intel!c£lual  life  and  faculties, 
t)iough,  to  the  eye  of  an  attentive  obferver,  they  be  perceivable 
in  afl  the  points  or  particles  of  the  body  (we  are  far  from  having 
the  fagacity  of  fuch  obftrvcrs),  on  account  of  its  harmony  and 
homogeneity^  yet   they   manifeft  themfelves  more  particularly  in 
ihefiruSiure  and  fituation  of  the  bones  of  the  head,  and  efpecial- 
]y  of  the  forehead.     It  is  certain,  that  the  faculty  of  thinking 
refides,  neither  in  the  fctt,  nor  in  the  hands,  but  in  the  head, 
and   in  the   interior  of  the  forehead.     The  moral  life,  as  hath 
been    already  obfervcd,  is  reprefenteJ  by  the  lines  and  features 
of  the  face,  whofe  repofe  or  agitation  is  always  combined    with 
ealm  or  palpitation  and  tumult  in  the  region  of  the  hc-^^rt  and  in 
the   breaih     We   {hall    fay  nothing  of  the  three  Jiones  (with 
their  three  centres,  the  ^«'tf^,  the/!>rfl//,  and  — - — ),  which  our 
author  ma«ks  out  in  our  corporeal  ftrudturc,  as  the  peculiar  feats 
of  the  three  kinds  of  life, — becaufe  (as  he  hin.fclf  cb-Orvet)  our 
morals  are  loo  depraved,  and  our  ideas  too  loofe,  to  permit  cir- 
tumftantial  difcufijons  ot  this  kind.     There  is,  indeed,  a  fadti- 
tious  modeRy,  which  corruption  has  rendered  a  vittue,  vice  h«s 
produced   fhame,  and    by  an   unhappy  affociation  of  id.ea«,  the 
rakednefs  of  the  proftitute  obliges  us  to  throw  a  veil  over  the 
naked nefs  of  the  Indian. 

.    'I^hc  ;d   Fr.v(/Ment  (which  is  the  2d  in  the  German  edi- 
tion) fcts  out  with  a  deiiniticn  of  phyfcgns^i^ony^  confidcred  as 

aa 


Lavatcr'i  EJfay  on  Phyftognomy,  485 

an  art.  It  is,  fays  our  author,  the  art  of  difcerning  the  inte- 
rior of  Man  by  his  exterior,  or  of  perceiving,  by  certain  natural 
indications  anc!  chara£tcriftics,  cjuaiicies  and  objedis  which  are 
inacceffil^lc  to  the  external  fcnfcs.  In  a  general  icnfe,  the  whole 
body,  its  furface,  lines,  and  contours,  whether  in  a  ftatcof  reft 
or  adtivity,  come  within  the  fpherc  of  this  fcience,—  in  a  ijiore  li- 
mited fcnfe,  the  countenance,  alone,  is  the  fubjedt  of  its  de- 
cifions.  He  dW\dt^ phyjiognomy^  or  iJkihtx phyjiognomofjy  (for  this 
latter  is  the  proper  term)  \wto  phyfishgical^  anatomidA^  conjUtutiori' 
aly  medical^  morale  and  intelle^itdaL  All  ihefe  fhew  that  our  bold 
and  lively  author  occupies  more  ground  than  he  can  cultivate. 
He  acknowledges  it  himfelf,  good  man  !  but  he  does  not  like  to 
have  his  imagination  checked, — he  whips  on,  and  throws  the 
bridle  on  its  neck  \  but  it  muft  be  owned  that  the  airy  ilccd  often 
carries  him  through  pleafant  regions. 

Hunfian  nature,  in  Tijiate  of  reft ^  or  in  a  Jlote  of  motion  and 
aEliony  furniflics  our  author  with  materials  for  new  definitions  in 
the  4th  Fragment".  The  latter  ftate  is  the  fphere  of  that 
•fcicnce  which  he  Cd^Ws  pathognsmony^  which  defcribcs  man  in  the 
prefent  moment,  and  not  in  his  general  (late  and  charafter  ;  ic 
rifes  (as  the  branch  from  the  root)  from  p/jy/!agn cms ny,  which 
gives  a  general  v\rw  of  the  faculties,  «^;;-cxerted.  As  the 
partions  have  often  dillimulation  to  iirugglc  with,  their  exprtfiioii 
becomes  more  or  lefs  equivocal  on  thut  accounr,  and  this  renders 
the  reports  of  the  latter  fcience  lefs  fallacious  than  that  of  pa* 
thognomony 'y  and  as  it  isalfo  lefs  known  than  the  other,  it  is  t^e 
principal  objedl  of  our  author's  attention  in  the  couife  of  this 
work;  but  the  two  fciences,  fays  he,  are  infeparable,  the  one 
is  the  root  and  ftallc  of  the  other,  or,  rather,,  the  ground  in 
which  it  is  planted  ;  and  the  friend  of  truth  niuft  ftudy  both.-— 
The  author  fometimes  employs  phyftognomy  in  a  ytiy  extenfiye 
fenfe;  but  then  we  think  that  he  takes  it  out  of  its  proper  fenfe. 
'I'ruc  it  is,  that  we  may  often  form  fhrewd  judgments  of  many 
internal  lines  of  a  man*s  charadlcr,  by  his  drcfs,  his  habit.ition^ 
his  conncdlions,  and  that  it  is  not  his  naked  figure  and  gei^ures 
alone  that  announce  his  internal  powers  and  their  exertions  ;  buC 
it  is  equally  true,  that  every  indication  of  chara<Sler,  th^t  arifes 
from  other  figns  than  thofe  exhibited  by  the  countenance,  is  im^ 
properly  comprehended  under  the  ttim  phyfiognomy^  as  that  term 
has  been  always  undcrftood.  M.  LavatiiR  may  give  fuch  fig-* 
nifications  to  words  as  pleafe  /;/Vn,  but  he  will  have  foaiQ 
difficulty  in  bringing  us  to  call  a  tm^n'sjhocs  or  breechts  his  phyft- 
(iognomy;  we  cannot  accuftom  ourfclves  eafily  to  fuch  nrctchr 
ing  of  terms.  Befides,  this  manner  of  proceeding  may  furnifll 
fubterfuges  to  efcape  judgment :  A  man,  who  is  condemned  by 
one  of  tnofc  faces  on  which  nature  has  v^ritten  rogu^  in  legible 

\  \  -i  chara£terS| 


486  Lavater's  EJay  on  PJjyJugnomy* 

chara£^crS)  may  appeal  to  the  curvature  of  his  neck%  the 
fafhion  of  hid  coat,  the  furniture  of  his  houfe,  or  the  arrange- 
ment of  his  garden,  for  a  farther  trial.  And  this  trial  may  not 
only  be  long  and  tedious,  but  may  often  (as  the  wife  man  fays) 
darhn  courifel  by  words  without  knowledge.  Our  author  will  reply, 
that  all  the  other  charaders  will  be  analogical,  and  correfpon* 
dent  to  the  face.— -It  may  be  fo. — Nature  is  harmonious  in  all 
her  operations ;  but  the  nice  connexions,  the  fecret  caufes,  the 
mutua)  dependencies,  that  form  the  principles  cf  this  harmony, 
^retoo  remote  from  mortal  ken,  to  encourage  the  hopes  of  feeing 
fuch  an  extenfive  fyftem,  as  M.  Lavaier  has  flcctched  out,  com- 
pleted in  this  world  ; — and,  in  another,  the  fcience  will  be 
rafy,  as  our  bodies  will  probably  be  more  tranfparent  than  our 
preient  terreftrial  mafles. 

The  fifth  Fragment  (which  is  the  yth  in  the  German  edition) 
18  drfigncd  to  afcertain  the  truth  and  reality  of  the fcltnce  under 
coniideration,  and  to  prove  ihat  there  is  2^  phyfiognomy^  which  is 
the  true  and  vifible  expreUion  pf  internal  qualities,  which,  in 
themfelves,  are  invjfible.  As  this  is  the  burthen  of  the  fong 
through  the  whole  work,  the  Author  does  not  give  a- formal 
diliertarion  upon  i^  herej  he  only  lays  down  fome  introrfu^^tory 
phftrvailons,  that  are  relative  to  this  great  objedt.  He  obfcrves 
x\s\i  2\\  faces ^  forms ^  and  crepicd  beings  differ  from  each  other, 
pot  only  in  their  claffes,  kinds,  and  fpecies,  but  alfo  in  their 
individuality  ^  that  every  individual  differs  from  every  other  in- 
dividual, even  of  his  own  fpecies,  and  that  notwithftandingihea- 
fialogy  between  a  rofe  and  a  rofe,  one  man  and  another,  and  the 
ftriking  appearances  of  fimilarity  that  often  take  place  between 
individual  perCons  or  beings  of  the  fame  fpecies,  tnis  fimilarity 
is  never  perftd^.  This  truth  M.  Lavater  confidtis  as  the 
Itafis  of  phyfiognomical  fcience,  as  it  regards  man^  and  he 
thinks  it  evident  from  hence  alone,  that  there  muil  neccfiarily 
be  a  certain  relation,  a  /ytf/^r^/ analogy  and  affinity  between  ths 
fxterrial  diveriity  of  countenance  and  figure,  and  the  internal 
fliverfity  of  intelleAual  and  moral  chara£)er,  that  avowedly  di(i<n- 
guiOies  every  individual  of  the  human  fpecies,  one  from  another. 
He  evep  a^rms  that  the  internal  diverfity  is  the  cauje  of  the  ex« 
ternal  \  and  he  is  much  furprifed  that  any  dare  deny  this  to  be 
the  cafe.  As  for  uS|  we  fee  no  reafon  for  calling  this  internal 
fliverfity  of  capacity  and  charadier  the  caufe  of  the  external  diver« 
fity  of  form  and  organi;pation,  unlefs  it  were  proved  that  each 
foul,  by  an  efficient  energy^  formed  its  body,    as  the  marine 

^  The  curvature  of  the  neck  of  the  foldier,  vbove  inentiooed,  who 
formed  the  epocba  of  our  author'*  initiation  into  the  icience  in 
Queftion,  w^s  tl^e  ^xr  from  ubivh  fpi^tencc  was  pronounced  on  hit 
charader. 


U 


Lavater'i  EJfaj  on  Phjftognomy.  487 

iiife£is  form  their  corallines  or  habitations.      We  fee,  in  the 
▼ariety   of  face,  form  and  feature  that  diftinguifli  individuals 
from  each  other,  a  wife  and  admirable  arrangement  of  provi- 
dence to  prevent  the  hideous  diforder  that  would  arife  from  our 
confoundm^  them ;  and  though  we  believe  that  in  the  organi- 
zation of  different  individuals,  there  is  a  variety  adapted  to  their 
various  capacities  of  perception,  yet  wc  cannot  fee  that  every  in* 
fiance  of  diverfity  between  bodies  muft  neceflarily  reprefent  a 
correfpondent  divtrficy  between  minds.     That  joy  and  forrow^ 
pleafure  and    pain,  love  and    hatred,  trouble  and   ferenity   of 
mind,  envy  and  benevolence,  have  peculiar  expreilions  and  cha- 
radlers  reprefenting  them  in  the  human  countenance,  non«  will 
deny :  that  the  eye,  more  efpecially,  has  great  expreffion,  both 
with  refpcd  to  inteiledual  and  moral  charader,  indicating  acute* 
nefs  or  flupidity,  beaming  fweet  ferenity,  or  fpeaking  trouble 
and  deje£lion,  announcing,  in  a  word,  all  the  render  and  vio- 
lent, all  the  benevolent  and  terrible  emotions  of  the  mind,  is 
not  to  be  difputed  :  but  that  the  fame  contour,  fituation,  or  ob- 
liquity of  a  forehead — the  fame  angles  formed  by  the  external 
contour  of  the  point  of  a  nofe — the  fame  (bape  and  di  men  (ions 
of  a  chin,  though  y^M///m/x  indeed  expreifive,  (hould  ahvays  in* 
dicate  the  fame  lines  and   degrees  of  intelle£tual  and   moral 
chara<3er ;  this   we  cannot  admit,    without   more  fatisfaSory 
proof  than  our  Author  alleges :  obfervation  and  experience  can 
only  prove  this,  and,  if  we  are  not  miftaken,  they  often  con- 
trad  i(^  it.     But  all  nature  is  phyjiogncmy  in  the  immenfe  hypo- 
thefis  of  M*  Lavater,  and   every  thing  external  is  on  its 
colour,  fize,  (Irudlure,  or  iii\x2ii\QT\^  exprejftve :  it  is  by  the  afpe£t 
of  things   that  we  judge  of  their  qualities,  fays  ^ ;  and  it  is 
often  by  judging  fo,  fay  we^  that  men  are  egreg'oufly  deceived. 
That  we  have  a  natural  propenftty  to  form  judgments  on  the  ex* 
terior  afpe(3  of  things  is  certain  ;  but  experience  (hews  us,  in  a 
multitude  of  cafes,  that  thefe  judgments  are  ill-grounded,  or, 
at  leaft,  (land  frequently  in  need  of  corredion.     Nay,  it  is  per- 
haps  a   fad,  that  the  phyfiognomy  of  the  various  inanimate 
beings,  which  our  author  mentions,  is  lefs  fufceprible  of  er- 
roneous interpretations  than  the  human  figure.      The  farmer 
(to  ufe  our  Author's  examples)  who  promifcs  liimfelf  a  good 
harveft  from  the  phyfiognomy  of  the  opening  b]c{r::ms,  the  ftalks^ 
and  ears;  and  the  merchant,  who  purchafes  goods  from  a  con- 
fideration  of  their  external  afped,  judge  more  fur^ly,  than  a 
phyfiognomift  can  do  of  an  internal  and  mora]  character  by  the 
tip  of  a  nofe,  the  curvature  of  an  eye-lid,  or  the  fliape  of  a 
chin,  nay  even  by  the  caft  of  an  eye,  though  this  latter  be  the 
oioft  excellent  of  all  intelledual  and  moral  reprefentatives.     The 
reafon  is   plain, — for   the-  phyfiognomies   (if  they  muft   be  fo 
called)  of  inanimate  beings,    have  a  natural  and  homogeneous 

I  i  4  aftnity 


488  Lavater*;  EJpxy  on  Phyjiegnamy* 

affinity  with  the  beini^s  themfclves,  whereas  the  forms  and  mo- 
difications of  nnatter  can  only  be  arbitrary  figns  (figns  by  pofitive 
appointment,  however  uniformly  employed)  of  the  qualities  and 
characters  of  minds.  Be  that  as  it  may,  whatever  rays  of  truth 
or  p.'obability  may  be  deduclble  from  phyfiognomical  inveftiga- 
tion  of  the  moral  kind ^  the  facility  of  miftalcing  is  great,  theca- 
pacity  o\  interpreting,  except  in  the  expreffions  of  paffion,  ii 
rare,  and  the  exceptions  to  what  may  be  admitted  as  general 
rules,  are  very  nimerous.  It  is  therefore  going  too  far  to  fay, 
as  oar  author  docs,  *  that  phyfiognomy  is  the  fource  of  all  our 

*  jn-'rr '^icnts,  efforts,  actions,  hopes,  and  fears, — that  it  is  our 

*  gu.  ic  .  '•     rul     ffwrn  the  cradle  to  the  grave,— that   it  is  by 

*  Its  made  ().'  J  MCi  j  tion  or  ta(Sl,  that  the  infe£l  knows  its  friend 

*  an  *  r.c'^n','  (which  is  not  true,  unlefs  an  inviiible  effluvia 
or  fr.cll  puis  f.)!  phyfiognomy)  and  many  other  ftrange  and 
incf.i)*ijcratv  li'nj^s  to  the  fame  purpofe. 

Th'-  1  hjcdi  of  the  6th  FRAGMENT  is  \\it  prejudicis^  that  an 
entc}t.:iKia  a^ainj}  phyftogmmical  fc'tence :  thefe  arife,  fays  our 
Aiithiif,  trutii  the  abiuid  manner  in  which  enthufiafls  have  treat* 
cd  it — from  the  falfe  and  pernicious  judgments  to  which  it  may 
give  occafion  in  civil  fociety — from  the  incapacity  of  tbofe  who 
have  not  the  talent  or  reflexion  that  are  neceflfary  to  nadfaces^ 
and  who  are  too  indolent  to  acquire  them,— from  the  roodefty 
and  haoiility  of  thofe  in  whom  a  pleating  outfide  covers  moral 
defects — trom  the  juft  appreheniion  of  an  honeft  and  virtuous 
heart,  which  may  lie  concealed  under  an  unpleailng  countenance, 
end  from  the  fear  which  the  hypocrite  and  the  wicked  have  of 
being  cifcovered. 

^To  thefe  prejudices  our  Author  oppofes  auihoritus  in  the  7th 
Fragment.     Several  exprefBons  of  Solomon,  and  fome  paf- 
f2V;i:es  from  Cicero^  Moniagnt^  Bacon^  LeibniiT^  EmeJIi^  *  Suhur^ 
l^olf^  Gellert^  and  other  writers  of  note,  are  adduced  here  to 
prove,  what  we  believe  none  will  deny,— that  there  is  great  cor- 
re/pjnilence  between  mind  and  body,  and  that  the  lines  of  the 
latter  often  indicate  the  ftate  of  the  former.     Among  thefe  paf* 
fages  there  is  a  very  animated  piSlurt  of  the  principal  parts  of  the 
human    body,   taken  from  a  treatife  of  M.  Herder  of  Berlin, 
concerning  Form  and  Figure^  or  what  he  calls  the  Plaftic  ;  from 
whence  we  (hall  fele£t  fome  lines  :  ^  Who  (hall  attempt  to  ap- 
proach that  fubdance  that  is  lodged  in  the  head  of  man  ? — The 
Deity  has  covered  this  facred  fummit,  the  elaboratory  of  the 
moft  fecret  and  wonderful  operations,  with  a  foreft,  which  is  an 
emblem  of  thofe  religious  groves,  where  myfleries  were  cele- 
brated in  ancient  times.— -The  neck<^  on  which  the  head  reds, 
announces  fometimes  liberty  2Ltid  Jiedfaftntfi^  and  fometimes  fofu 
nefs  and  a  gentle  fiexihility*    At  one  time  its  noble  smd  difengaged 
attiiude  expreiles  dignity  of  flation  and  femiaieot^  at  anoiher, 

iti 


Lavatcr*i  EJJaj  on  Phyftognomjm  485 

Its  bending  form  exhibits  the  refignation  of  the  affllcS^ed  ;  and 
again,  it  appears  like  a  pillar  of  Herculean  flrength  and  firmnefs, 
—Let  us  proceed  to  the  human  face,  the  mirror  of  the  foul,  the 
image  of  the  Deity  (i.  e.  zve  fuppofe^  of  Jupit^r^  whether  Tonans 
0r  Subridens). — 'The  front  is  the  feat  of  ferenity,  joy,  black  me- 
lancholy, anguifh,  ftupidity, ignorance,  and  malignity,  -  How  can 
a  forehead  ever  appear  to  be  an  indifferent  obje6l  ?  ~ Wh?re  the 
forehead  lowers,  or  falls  away,  that  is  the  place  where  the  under" 
Jlanding  feems  to  blend  itfelf  with  the  will.  It  is  here  that  the 
foul  takes  its  ftand,  and  afTembles  its  powers  to  prepare  for  re- 
iiflance, 

'  Beneath  the  forehead  commences  its  beautiful  frontier  the 
eye-broWy  the  rainbow  of  peace,  or  the  bended  bow  of  wrath  and 
difcord,  as  it  is  differently  afTefted  by  the  inward  movements  of 
the  foul. — A  fine  an^le,  well  delineated,  and  which  terminates 
gracefully  between  the  forehead  and  the  eye,  is  one  of  the  moft 
attrafling  obje6ts  for  an  enlightened  obferver, 

*  The  nofe  i»  the  point  of  union,  that  forms  all  the  features 
of  the  face  into  one  regular  whole.  The  nofe  a£ts  a  principal 
part  in  M.  Lavater's  fyflem  :  its  root,  its  ridge,  its  point,  its 
cartilage,  its  noftrih,  arc  highly  exprcflive  of  intelligence  and 
moral  charadler.  The  eyes^  to  judge  of  them  only  by  the  touch, 
are  thewindows  of  the  foul,  diaphanous  globes,  fourccs  of  light 
and  life. — Their  form  and  fize  are  objc£ls  of  great  confequence 
to  an  obferver,  as  is  alfo  the  decree  in  which  the  cdc^es  of  their 
orbits  advance  or  retire  imperceptibly.  The  temples  have  like- 
wife  their  reprefentative  chara6iers,  according  as  their  furface  is 
even  or  hollow, 

*  In  general,  that  portion  of  the  face,  where  the  mutual  re- 
lations between  the  eye-brows^  the  eyes^  and  the  fio/e  have  their 
centre  of  union,  is  the  feat  of  expreOion  with  rcfptrdk  to  the  will 
and  a^ive  life. 

*  The  lower  part  of  the  human  face  difciofes  the  lines  of 
fenfuality^  and  hence  Nature  has  (haded  it,  in  the  males,  with  a 
kind  of  covering.'  (If  this  be  the  final  caufe  cf  the  kearBy  our 
Author  perhaps  thinks  the  Jex  flood  in  no  need  of  it  on  account  cf  their 
peculiar  modejly  )  *  Every  one  knows  how  flronLlv  the  upper 
lip  exprefl'es  the  amorous  ta/le,  propcnfity  and  pajjiou.  I  his  lip  is 
bent  into  a  curve  by  pride  and  an8.cr :  it  is  ll^arpcned  by  cun- 
ning and  ingenuity:  it  is  rounded  and  enlarged  by  gocdncfs: 
it  is  enervated  and  withered  by  libertinifm  :'  (ail  this  is  for  the 
Jharp- fight ed^  the  initiated)  *  The  under-lip  is  its  fupportt:: — and 
gives  tne  firfl  line  of  f  rn\ation  to  the  chin^  which  is  tcrrrinaltd, 
on  both  fides,  by  ihe  jmu-hone.  As  the  chin  rounds  and  termi- 
nates the  elliptical  form  of  ihc  coiintrnance,  it  is  as  the  kcyfione 
in  the  vault.  According  to  the  fine  Grecian  prc^porticn  it  muft 
neither  be  pointed,  ncr  hollow,  but  even  in  iis  fur  face,  and  im« 

perceptible 


490  Lavatcr'j  EJfay  on  Phyjiogmmy: 

perceptible  in  its  defccnt  or  declivity.  Its  deformity  is  hideous/ 
— Wc  have  given  a  large  exiraft  of  this  citation  from  Mr.  Htr^ 
dir^  becaufc  ii  really  contains  fome  of  the  great  and  leading  prin- 
ciples of  our  Author's  fyftcm. 

In  the  8ch  Fragment,  our  Author  confiders^i^^^^ji^w^if^^/ 
tf  fcitnce.  He  acknowledges,  that  hitherto  it  has  not  fully  at- 
tained to  this  charader;  but  afRrms,  that  it  may  become  a 
fciencc  as  well  as  phyfics,  medicine,  theology,  mathematics, 
belles  lettres,  painting, — to  all  of  which  it  ii  intimately  related. 
It  may  be  reduced,  fays  he,  to  fixed  rules,  and  aflTume  inva- 
riable lines  and  chara£ters,  which  may  be  taught  and  learned. 
But  here,  as  in  all  other  fciences,  much  mud  be  allowed  to  ge- 
nius, opinion,  and  feeling ;  in  many  of  its  parts  it  is  yet  unfur- 
nifhed  with  charadeis  and  principles,  determinate  or  deccr- 
ininable. — There  arc  really  fome  excellent  thoughts  in  this 
Fragment,  which  difcover  true  genius,  hold  foars  into  the  ideal 
regions,  and  no  mean  fpirit  of  philofophical  invefiigation. 
Several  profiles  are  added  to  illuftrate  our  Author's  views,  and 
the  following  paflage  will  give  fome  notion  of  the  man^  and  bh 
way  of  proceeding. 

Afccr  having  obferved  ihat  phyjiognomony  will  become  fcientific, 
in  proportion  to  the  improvement  that  is  made  in  the  art  of  ob- 
ferving,  the  art  of  fpeaking,  the  art  of  drawing,  and  the  fiudy  of 
man,  he  goes  on  thus:  *  Then  it  will  become  the  fcience  of 
fciences ;  but  then,  properly  fpeaking,  it  will  ceafe  to  be  a  fci- 
ence, it  will  be  no  more  than  a  fenfation,  a  quick  and  lively 
perception  of  human  nature  : — then  it  would  be  fooliOi  to  re- 
duce it  /tf,  or  to  treat  it  as,  a  fcience,  for  as  long  as  it  is  an  object 
of  controverfy,  interpretation  and  difcu0ion,  phyfiognomica! 
fcience  is  not  what  it  ought  to  be — the  firft  and  leading  fcience 

of  human  nature. Weil  then— what  am  I  to  do?  fhall  1  neat 

phyfiognomony  as  a  fcience?  Yes  — and  No:  — Offen  1  fhall 
prefent  the  reader  with  the  moft  determinate $bf(rvaU6ns — Often 
I  (hall  communicate  nothing  but  mere  feelings,  JenfatUns^  leav- 
ing it  to  the  obferver  to  inveftigate  their  characters,  and  to  the 

phiiofopher  to  point  out  and  afcertain  their  determinations 

Often  I  ihall  only  invite  the  eyes  to  fee,  and  exhort  the  heart 
to  feel — and  addrcffingmyfelf  fometimes  to  an  indolent  fpedator, 
I  fliall  (that  I  may  not  appear  to  him  quite  ignorant)  whifper  in 
his  ear:  Here,  Sir,  here  are  fome  things  that  arc  within  the 
reach  of  ysur  capacity,  and  thefe  may  fuffice  to  make  you  con* 
je^ure  that  others   know  much  more  of  the  matter.' 

This  Fragment  concludes  with  an  inf>eniou5  paraphrafe  of 
the  nth  and  12th  verfes  of  the  r3th  chap,  of  the  ift  Epiftle  to 
the  Corinthiansy  applied  to  the  fcience  under  conflderation.  7'his 
application,  at  the  fetting  out,  made  us  fmile :  *  Now  we  fee 
only  in  part^  and  our  explications  and  commentaries  are  no 

onore 


L^^vaterV  EJfay  on  Phyftognemy.  491 

more  than  fragments:  bur  when  perfe&ion  fliall  come,  thcfe 
feeble  cffays  (hall  be  abollfhed  ;  for  they  arc  only  ihc  ill-articu« 
lated  language  i^^  an  infant !  and  all  thefe  ideas,  and  efforts 
wil!  af>pear  childiih  to  me,  when  I  (hall  have  arrived  at  ma« 
tunty,'  ire. 

It  has  bten  objcflrd,  that  phyfiognomony^  were  it  really  a 
fci^n  r,  \\'.>ul(l  H  r»c-rniou>us  to  iociety  j— and  we  muft  confefs, 
thai  M.  Lavater  has  anl'wered  this  objection  with  found 
fenfe  and  Ti^cnuity  in  the  q{\\  Fragment.  Here  he  proves 
the  »jti!;iv  of  inc  fciciicc  in  qi.tftioi»,  cjnHdered  firft  as  a  branch 
of  knowie/tgfy  which  is  ufc^ul  in  genera],  though,  like  all  other 
good  rhiiigs,  i:  may  be  ill  employed  ;  /dly,  as  the  knowUdgt  of 
$imn^  rht  proper  nnd  the  nobleft  itudy  of  a  rational  being— -and^ 
jdly,  as  the  cxpc  rimcntal  knowledge  of  human  nature. — Wc 
muil,  howevrr,  obfcrve,  that  almoft  all  the  real  advantages  (ex- 
cep:irg  the  plealures  of  philofophical  (peculation,  which  we  ac« 
knowledge  10  be  real  aUb,  and  that  in  a  high  degree)  that  are 
deducibie  from  face-reading,  belong  rather  to  that  natural  percep* 
lion  of  qii.ihties  in  the  countenancf,  which  is  totally  independent 
on  (ludy  and  fydcm,  than  to  fciencificdimenfions  of  nofes,  chins^ 
and  eye-brows,  which  form  the  arcana  of  phyflognomical  fci- 
enre.  Aniong  the  faces  which  have  a  language  (for  many 
have  little  or  none  when  paffions  don*t  operate),  an  open  air,  a 
friendly  countenance,  an  infldious  look,  a  rapacious  phiz,  a 
difdainful  air,  an  envious  or  malignant  leer,  are  eafily  inter- 
preted, ab  it  were,  by  an  inflin£iive  power;  and  thus  the  indi* 
viduals,  who  are  unknown  to  each  other,  receive  anticipating 
notices  of  the  perfons  wh(»m  they  meet  with  in  human  inter- 
courfe.  This  is  confirmed  by  what  M.  Lavater  fays  of  his 
Irady,  in  another  pan  of  his  work.  *  My  wife,  fayi  he^  though 
(he  be  not  in  the  lead  concerned  in  my  phyfiognomical  works 
and  rpeculations,  never  miflakes  a  face : — where  we  have  dif* 
fercd  in  judging  of  perlons  unknown,  by  their  features,  (he  has 
always  been  in  the  right,  which  has  often  made  me  afraid  to 
give  my  opinion  in  her  prefcnce.  And  it  is  only  from  the  cx- 
preflion  of  the  eyes  that  (he  judges.  Though  flic  has  no  erudi- 
tion, no  acquaintance  with  ihc  rules  of  logic,  and  has  not  re- 
ceived any  improvement  from  ftudy,  yet  by  a  natural  fcnfe  (a 
fimple  ta^^  as  the  French  happily  exprels  it)  which  flic  never 
fetks  to  rcdify,  refine,  or  fpoil,  by  the  perufal  of  my  works  en 
phyfiognomical  fcience,  (he  has  carried  the  knack  at  face^ 
reifding  fo  far,  that  it  is  impoflible  for  me  to  conceal  or  difguife 
any  fecret  feeling  of  joy  or  uneafinefs,  fo  a^  that  it  (hall  elcape 
ber  fagacity.' 

T)xtinconvemenciesziitf\6\ng  phyfio;?nomical  fcience  are  treated 
in  the  loth  Fragment,  and  the  objedions  againii  it,  which 
^e  deduced  from  it^em  f^e  fully  ^ivititd.    Thefe  inconveni- 

encies 


4f)2  Lavater'i  EJ^y  on  PLy/tornofny. 

rncics  are,  to:it  it  will  encourage  a  propenfity  to  judge  and  cen- 
fu:c  our  neighbours,  and  will  nourifh  vanity^  To  as  to  make 
many  affe»5t  ihe  appearances  of  virtues  which  rhey  do  not  pof- 
fcfs. — Bcfides  other  good  obftrrvations  which  we  find  in  this 
Fragment,  theie  is  one  which  fcems  fufHcient  for  the  Author's 
purpofe*,  viz.  that  he  is  not  publishing  ^  fecrety  a  noftrum,  or 
a  fyftem  o^  necromancy  ;  but  elucidating  the  principles  of  a 
kind  of  knowledge  that  is,  in  greater  or  lels  degrees,  univerfally 
d;flFufed,  of  an  a;t  which  many  (bcfidcs  iVIrs.  Lavat^)  excrcifc 
by  a  natural  and  infiini^ive  impulfe. — There  are  excellent  things 
in. this  fragment.  Such  a  pious,  fenfibje,  ingenious,  laughable, 
philofophical,  humane,  benevolent  madcap,  we  have  never  yet 
met  with,  and  are  not  likely  to  meet  with  again. 

Let  not  gentlemen  or  ladies   (whicjj  latter,  our  Author  fays, 
are    bed  qualified  by  nature   for  phyfiognomical  rtiearches)   be 
difcouragcd  from  coming  to  M.  Lavatcr's  fchool  by  the  diffi- 
culty of  this  ftudy,  for  we  learn  in  the  nth  Fragment  that  the 
fcience  in    quellion  is  Q^{y  in  fevcral  refpecks.      The  objcfts  of 
this  fcience  are  perpetually  before  our  eyes.     We  can  every  mo- 
ment obferve  and  compare  exprefiions  of  fentiment  and  charac- 
ter;  and  if  nature  fpeaks  an  important  and  uniform  language  in 
phyfiognomy,  it   is  not   to  be  fuppofcd,  that  this  language  is 
cither  unintelligible  or  fo  difficult  as  is  alleged.     Tne  ftudy  then 
is  eafy,  according  to  our  Author,  and  the  proper  method  of  pro- 
ceeding in  it  will  be  pointed  out  in  one  of  the  fuccecding  vo- 
lumes.— \Vc  were  glad   to  hear  thit  this  fcience  is  fo  eafy,   and 
happy  to  learn,  in  the  12th  Fragment,  that  the  phyfiognomical 
Jenfe  (taft)   is  fo  univerfal,   that  there  is  no  man,   nor  animal, 
without  it  ;  that  is  to  fay,  no  mail,  nor  animal^  in  whom  cer- 
tain countenances  do  not  excite  fentiments  and  conjcflurcs  con- 
cerning the    moral  charader  or  capacity  of  thofe  who  poffefs 
them.     Encouraged  by  all  thi?,  we  were  forming  the  d^fign  of 
going  tt>  M.  Lavater's  fchool,  when  we  learned,  to  our  morti- 
ticirion,  in  the  13th  Fragment,  that  notwithftanding  xht  facility 
ana  univerfality  of  the  fcience  of  Phyfiognomics,  a  whole  vo- 
lume would  not  be  fuflicient  to  contain  a  difpUy  and  enumera- 
tion of  the  diffiaUies  with  which  it  is  attended.     Our  Author 
acknowledges,  that  the  confiJcration  of  thefe  had  of  en  tempted 
him  to  renounce  this  ftudy;  but  he  was  ftill   encouraged  to  rc- 
fumc  it  by  the  number  of  fuccefbful  obfcrvations  that  he  daily 
made  on  the  fiices  of  his  fellow-creatures. — *  It  is  true,  fays  he, 
the  fmallell  inftanccs  of  diverfity,  a  line  prolonged  or  Oiortened 
no  more  than  a  hair- breadth  —  the  leaft  elevation  or  cavity,   the 
flighteft  obi  q^uity  are  fufficient  to  make  a  fenfiblc  change  in  a 
countenance,  and  to  announce  diverfity  of  charader;  and  thus  two 
fjgns,  whofe  diverfity  is  fo  fmall  as  to  be  vifibie  only  to  the  moft  ex- 
pel icnced  eye,  will  often  exprefs  very  different  charaSers.     The 
part  or  Im? ,  that  is  exprcilive  of  a  chara(£ler  or  of  fome  of  its  quali« 


LavaterV  EJJdj  on  Phjjiognonty,  493 

ties,  may  be  fo  concealed,  mafked,  or  enveloped,  that  it  can  only 
appear  in  fome  modifications  and  changes  of  the  countenance^ 
which  may  rarely  take  place,  and  thefe  fugitive  indications  may 
difappcar  before  they  arc  correcStly  obfcrvcd,  or  have  made  an 
impredion  fufficicnt  to  form  a  judgment.  Befides,  phyficai  ac- 
cidents, bodily  diford^rs,  dr&Ts,  attitude,  the  efFedl  of  light  and 
(hade,  may  often  prefent  a  countenance  under  a  delufive  point 
of  view,  and  the  prejudices  and  partiality  of  the  obfervcr  may 
frequently  render  his  judgments  erroneous. — The  examples,  by 
which  M.  Lavater  (hews  the  number  and  magnitude  of  the 
difficulties  that  accompany  his  favourite  fcicnce,  are  chofca 
with  uncommon  tafle  and  intelligence;  and  his  manner  of  pre- 
fenting  them  difcovers  a  profound  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
and  exhibits  beautiful  and  lively  defcriptions  of  the  niceft  lines 
of  vrrtuous  fentiment  and  moral  charadler*  He  own^^,  in  con- 
cluding this  Fragment,  that  Phyfiognsmsny  will  have  innumerable 
difficulties  to  encounter,  as  long  as  it  is  only  taught  by  nun,  and 
not  by  angels. 

The  14th  Fragment,  in  which  our  Author  (hews,  that  the 
talent  of  obferving  Phyjlognomies  accurately  is  \tTy  rare,  may 
furnifh  new  objections  againft  the  facility  of  this  fcience.  His 
definition,  or  rather  defcription,  of  a  true  chftrver^  is  juft  and 
philofophical  in  the  higheft  degree ;  snd  fucn  oblervers  are  in- 
deed rare.  How  difficult  to  perceive  Al  the  Ades  and  afoedls  of 
a  complex  obj^£>,  its  feparate  parts,  their  diverfity  or  rcfem- 
bl^tncc,  their  conne6lion  in  a  whole^  and  how  they  contribute  to 
form  it ;  and  the  difference  of  that  uhole,  from  other  compofi- 
tions  that  ftrfrn  to  refemble  it  perfectly,  yet  differ  from  it  eilen- 
tially?  The  facility  of  confouriding  things  rcallv  diftir.ft  is  here 
illuftrated  by  four  profilis  of  female  heads,  w^ich  fcem  to  re- 
femble each  other — thn  c  caricatures  of  the  late  Lord  Anfon^  and 
three  ideal  h^ads  from  Raph/id,  -  VV^e  cnnnot  fay,  that  in  all  o\xt 
Author's  obfcrvations  on  the  exprclli^n)  of  thefe  heads,  we  have 
found  that  perfpicuity  and  evidence  which  truth  demands,  and 
we  would  deiire  :  aud  this  Confeffion  we  are  obliged  to  make 
wuh  refpe£t  to  many  parts  of  this  work. 

It  will  be  fufficient  to  deter  any  mortal  from  affuming  pro- 
feffedly  the  office  of  a  phyftognomtjl  to  read  the  i5ih  FRAGMtNT, 
in  which  the  chara(Sler  and  qijulitics  of  a  true  pnyfiognomift  arc 
delineated.  Hear  him  : — The  phyfio^nomill  muft  have  an  ad- 
vantageous figure — a  vigorous  conilitution — and  a  fine  organiza- 
tion. *  As  the  blind,  the  lame,  the  crooked,  and  the  flat-nofed 
were  not  formerly  allowed  to  approach  the  altar  of  the  Lord,  io 
neither  ought  thofe  who  come  to  the  temple  of  Phyfiognomony 
with  a  fquinting  eye,  a  crooked  mouth,  or  an  ili-fhaped  (ore- 
head  be  admitted  into  that  pure  manfion.'— This  is  whimfical : 
what  follows  is  more  to  the  purpofe ;  The  phyfiognomifl  muft 

iu'e 


'  494  Lavatcr*i  EJfay  on  Phyfiognamf. 

have  the  external  fenfes  in  a  good  flate,  quick,  and  capable  df 
tranrmitting  faithfully  to  the  foul  the  impreffion  of  outward  ob- 
jefts,  a  penetrating  Jook,  a   fubtle,  ready,   fure   and   extenfive 
fptrit  of  ohfervation  ;  deep  attention  ;  an  exquifire,  mature,  and 
folid  judgment;  profound  fagacity,  a  ftromj;  and  lively  imaeina* 
tion,  and  not  only  a  perfeft  acquaintance  with  language,  in  its 
greateft  extent  of  known  ex  predion,  but  al  fo  a  power  of-creatinf^, 
as  it  were,  a  new  language,  equally  accurate,  agreeable,  natu* 
ral,  and  intelligible.     All  the  proriu3ions  of  the  natural  world, 
all  the  works  of  genius,  arr,  and  tallc;  all   the  ma^^azines  of 
words  and  terms   nuift   be  laid  undf  r  contribution  to  fupply  his 
wants.     He  muft  fludy  dffiininij,  anatomy,  ami  phvfxology:  he 
muft  ftudy  the  human  heait  in  goiRr^l,  and  hi?  own  heart  m  par- 
ticular :  his  foul  muf^  be  firm,  mild,  innocent,  and  calm,  and 
his  heart  muft  he  exempt  fr.->m  wild,  fierce,  and  intractable  pa(^ 
fions  :  he  muft  travel,  km-w  the  world,  have  extenfive  connec- 
tions, live  with  ariifts  and  men  or  learning,  converfe  with  the 
knowing  and  the  ignorant,  with   the  virtuous  and   the  vicious, 
and  even  with  children  in  thrir  ciaule,  and  hoys  at  play.     *  In 
delineating  thus,  fays  M   Lav.ater,  the  character  of  a  phy- 
fiognomift,  I  have  pronounced   fentcnce  againft  myfclf.     It  is 
not  falfe  modefty,  but  an  inward  convidiion,  that  engages  me  to 
fay,    that  I    am   very  far  from   being  a  fhyfiognomiji »       I    am 
only  the  fragment  of  one,  as  my  work,  inltead  of  being  a  com- 
plete treatife,   is  no  more  than  a  fragment  of  the  fcience/     Bj 
this  we  fee  that  the  phyfiognomift,  like  the  fage  of  the  Stoics,  is 
a  glorious  being,  nay  every   thing  you   pleafe,    except  a  real 
being.     Well — but  let  not  this  ideal  portrait  of  the  perfect  phy- 
fiognomift difcourage  any  candidate  for  this  fublime  profeiEon. 
We  have  fecn  above,  that  Mrs.  Lavater,  our  Author's  rib, 
has  an  excellent  knack  at  reading  faces^  though  (he  be  neither 
anatomift,  phyfiologift,    traveller,  poetefs,   fcholar,    nor  artift; 
we  conclude  therefore,  with  our  Author,  that  with  a  decent 
portion  of  thefe  acquirements  (he  would  be  ftill   more  improved 
in  the  exercife  of  her  talent. — This  is  undoubtedly  the  cafe  of 
her  hufband.     We  muft  therefore,  in  phyfiognomony,  as  well 
as  in  other  fciences,  go  on  towards  perfe<£tion,  without  flattering 
ourfelves  that  we  (hall  arrive  at  lU     Ejl  quoddam  prodire  tenus^  ft 
lion  datur  ultra. 

A  great  number  of  judicious  obfervations  and  acute  reflexions 
appear  in  the  i6th  Fragment  ;  in  which  the  ingenious  Author 
treats  of  the  harmony  between  moral  and  natural  beauty^  beauty  of 
mind  and  beauty  of  body.  He  does  not  mean,  that  hard- 
favoured  perfons  carry  about  with  th^m,  always,  the  corporeal 
exprcflion  of  mental  deformity,  or,  that  a  handfome  figure  is  al« 
ways  the  exprcflion  of  mental  beauty  \  for  this  hypotheiis  would  be 
extravagantly  falfe. — He  means,  that  it  is  the  tendency  of  virtuous 
and  benevolent  fentiments  and  habits  lo  embeiiiih  the  air  of  a 

face 


Lavatcr*i  EJfay  on  Phyjiogtumy,  49J 

face  by  imprinting  upon  it  pleating  lines,  which  become  perma- 
nent throfigh  repetition,  and  form,  at  length,  an  agreeable  caft 
of  countenance  ;  while  vicious  and  malevolent  afFedions  produce 
the  contrary  efFe£ls.  This  our  philofophical  painter  of  mind 
and  body  proves  with  full  evidence,  and  anfwers  the  fpecious 
obje^ions  that  may  be  raifed  againft  it.  He  unfolds  his  doc- 
trine on  this  fubjeft  with  all  the  fpirit  of  a  fine  obfcrver : — he 
draws  moral  pi£^ures,  that  would  make  our  immortal  Wifi  fmile 
applaufe ;  and  he  illuftrates  his  principles  by  twelve  plates,  of 
which  the  figures  are  well  engraved,  Jome  of  them  after  wclJ- 
known  pictures,  fuch  as,  the  Democritus  of  Rubens,  2  Chriji 
after  Holbein,  and  one  of  the  fcenes  in  Hogarth's  Apprentice. 
— Others,  ideal,  but  highly  exprcffive  of  truth  and  nature,  arc 
added  to  thefe. 

The  17th  Fragment  is  wholly  employed  in  determining  the 
charafter  of  Socrates^  whofc  phyfiognomy  was  interpreted  by 
Zopyrus^  as  exhibiting  the  exprcflions  of  ftupidity,  brutality, 
voiuptuoufnefs,  and  a  propcnfity  to  drunlcennefs.  This  judg- 
ment of  Zopyrus  has  furnifhed  objections  againft  the  certainty 
and  folidity  of  phyf.ognomical  fcicnce  ;  but  the  anfwer  of  So- 
crates removed  thefe  objedions ;  for  he  acknowledged  his  na- 
tural propenfiry  to  thefe  vices,  though  he  had  correcStcd  it  by 
fuccersful  efforts,  and  a  virtuous  pradiice. — Refide,  the  phyfV- 
ognomiH:  mic^ht  have  been  miftaken ;  and  in  this  cafe  the  error 
was  imputable  to  the  man,  and  not  to  the  fcience.  As,  how- 
ever, the  unanimous  voices  of  antiquity  proclaim  the  deformity 
of  Socrates;  and  Alcibiades,  a  good  and  an  ocular  judge,  faid, 
that  he  refemhled  a  Silenus  ;  our  Author  makes  this  anecdote  the 
fubjedl  of  an  interefting  and  ample  difquifition,  which  draws 
phyfiognomy  out  of  the  fcrape,  and  which  we  have  read  with 
profit  and  pleafure.  Among  other  things,  wc  admire  the  ufe 
he  has  made  of  a  diftinClion,  too  little  attended  to,  between  dif- 
fofitions  and  their  development — between  talents  or  faculties  and 
their  application  and  exertion — between  x\\t  folid  and  foft  parts  of 
the  countenance — between  permanent  lines  ur  features,  and  thofc 
that  are  tranfient. — Socrates  (fays  he)  may  have  retained  remains 
of  corruption  in  the  folid  parts,  and  yet  have  difplayed,.  in  the 
allion  of  the  fofter  and  more  flexible  parts,  lines  of  virtue  and 
moral  amendment,  which  the  pencil  or  the  chifel  could  not 
tranfmit.  The  head  of  Socratei^  finely  engraved  after  Rubens^ 
and  eight  excellent  profiles  of  the  Grecian  fage,  copied  from  an- 
cient gems,  are  here  delineated,  to  illuftrate  the  acute  obferva- 
tlons  of  our  Author. 

The  obfervations  of  a  learned  German,  who  agrees  with  our 
Author  in  ^v^ry  thing  that  rdates  to  the  phyfiognomical  ex- 
preflion  of  Pajftms  and  Moral  CharaSier^  but  does  not  thinlc 
that  this  expreffion  extends  to  inteUe^ual  faculties  and  talents^ 

and 


49^  Lavater*/  Ejay  en  Pb}fu>gn§mfi 

and  the  kind  of  vocation  for  which  each  individual  Is  propert 
eniplov  M.  Lavater  in  the  i8th  Fragment.  It  it  here  that 
he  extends  phytiognomical  fcience  amazingly,  and  wich  a  pro- 
phetic fpirit,  or,  at  leaft,  tone,  announces  it  as  the  inftrument 
that  (hall  banilh  error  and  fraud  from  the  earth,  and  introduce 
a  new  (late  of  things.  His  German  adverfary,  who  feems  to 
be  a  man  of  great  acutenefs,  alleges  a  multitude  of  examples 
of  (lupid,  heavy,  and  ignoble  faces,  which  have  been  the  un- 
promifing  outiide  of  fine  talle,  elevated  genius,  eminent  ta- 
lents, and  great  acutenefs  and  penetration  ;  and  he  affirms  that 
fuch  a  crowd  of  exceptions  are  fui&cient  to  fuffocate  the  general 
rule.  *^  Hume  (fays  he)  had  a  vulgar  ftupid  countenance, 
Goldfmith  looked  like  an  idiot,  and  Churchill  Wkt  a  bear-keeper. 

Samuel  Johnfon  has  the  afpeft  of  a ;  and  neither  his 

look,  nor  a  (ingle  line  of  his  mouth,  announce  the  man  of  deep 
thought,  learning  and  genius.",  M.  Lavater  hears  this 
volley  of  objedlions  and  examples  fired  at  him,  and  does  not 
flinch.  His  courage  is  undaunted,  and  his  movements  are  in- 
genious : — but,  to  us,  his  victory  appears  often  doubtful.  We 
muft  obfcrve  here,  that  the  two  drawings  of  Dr.  Johnfon 's 
head,  from  the  forehead,  eye^  and  chin  of  which  M.  Lava- 
ter arms  himfelf  againft  his  advtrfary,  do  not,  in  our  opi- 
nion, refemble  the  original  either  in  their  general  flrudure  or 
particular  features.  There  are  fome  faint  lines  of  (imilitude; 
but  they  do  not  form  a  juft  refemblance.  It  is  with  regret 
that  we  pafs  over  in  filence  many  ingenious  reflexions  of  this 
anonymous  adverfary,  who  writes  with  great  fpirit  and  energy ; 
but  we  have  already  drawn  out  this  extract  to  fuch  a  lengthy 
that  we  mufl  refift  the  temptation  of  enlarging  farther  on  the 
entertaining  objeds  and  difcuflions  which  we  find  in  this 
work. 

The  two  laft  Fragments  (19,  20.)  of  this  firft  part,  or 
volume,  contain  general  reJUxiom  un  the  obje^icns  to  phyliog- 
nomony,  and  the  refutation  of  fome  particular  arguments  Em- 
ployed by  objedors.  A  great  number  of  heads,  ancient  and 
modern,  are  delineated  here  from  gems  and  medals,  to  illuftrate 
our  Author's  reafoning.     The  antique  heads  are  ill  copied. 

The  moft  formidable  adverfarv,  both  on  account  of  bis 
acutenefs  and  feverity,  that  M.  Lavater  has  met  with,  is 
the  learned  and  ingenious  Profeflbr  Lichtenberg^  of  Gottingcni 
whofe  eloquent  and  witty  dijfertation  is  examined  in  a  long 
feries  of  remarks,  which  concludes  this  volume.  The  contelt 
is  keen,  and  the  metaphyfical  difcuflions  in  which  it  engages 
our  Author  are  interefiing  and  profound,  but  not  always  illu- 
minated with  perfpicuity  and  evidence.  We  have  only  feparate 
fragments  of  M.  Lichtenberg's  Difiertation,  with  the  remarks 
thereupon.    One  of  the  principal  quefUons  here  is,  fflbetber^ 

in 


Lavater'/  EJfay  on  Phyftognomyl  497 

in  reality y  the  powers  and  faculties  of  the 'mind  have  reprefentativi 
Jigns  in  the  solid  parts  of  the  countenance?"  Our  Aujtbor 
maintains  the  affirmative  againft  his  adverCiry,  and  brings  a 
multitude  of  profiles,  bufls,  fimple  contours  of  faces,  and  fome 
countenances  delineated  in  the  ftate  of  death  (where  no  traO'- 
fient  motion  of  the  foft  parts  can  announce  charader),  to  fup« 
port  his  hypothefis.  There  are,  undoubtedly,  in  the  fimple 
contours  he  gives  us  of  the  foreheads,  nofes,  mouths,  and 
chins  of  feveral  ideal  faces,  ftriking  marks  of  intelligence  and 
ftupidity :  among  others,  there  are  in  one  page  twelve  dif- 
ferent reprefcntations  of  imbecility  or  idiotifm,  and  others  of 
contrary  qualities ;  all  highly  expreffive,  though,  in  each  ex* 
ample,  there  be  no  more  than  one  line,  drawn  from  the  fummit 
of  the  head,  and  forming  in  its  progrefs  the  outlines  of  the 
parts  already  mentioned*  But  when  Mr.  Lavater  tells  us, 
that  the  contours  of  the  ear,  nofe,  and  upper  lip,  i^c.  of  the 
Abbe  Raynal  announce  a  thinker  capable  of  analyflng  with 
accuracy  and  detail,  of  embracing  and  combining  with  rapidity 
a  great  number  of  objeds,  and  endowed  with  a  facility  of  re<- 
prefenting  what  he  has  obferved  in  new  forms,  we  fufped  that 
this  judgment  may  be  derived  (be  it  true  or  falfe)  from  the 
philofophical  hijiory  of  that  writer,  as  much  as  from  the  folid 
parts  of  his  face  and  fkull ;  and  we  would  be  glad  to  know  whe- 
ther fimilar  configurations  of  nofe  and  ear  may  not  be  fouhd 
among  the  heroes  of  a  Dunciad. 

Upon  the  whole,  this  work,  which  will  be  finifhed  in  three 
fuccecding  volumes,  confidered  as  a  produdion  of  tafle  and 
genius,  has  great  merit :  if  it  difcovers  many  flights  of  an  un- 
bridled fancy  that  mufl  make  a  fober  reader  fiare,  it  is  replete 
with  curious  refearches,.  and  original  views  and  obfervations, 
that  fhew  a  very  uncommon  acquaintance  with  the  niceft  move- 
ments of  the  human  mind.  The  philofopher  will  read  it  with 
efleem,  and  the  lover  of  the  fine  arts,  who  fludies  and  copies  both 
a<Elual  and  ideal  nature,  will  read  it  with  pleafure.  M.  Lavater 
is  a  philofophical  painter,  a  patient  and  fagacious  obferyer,  a 
lover  of  religion,  virtue,  and  mankind  ;  and  we  know  not  any 
book  that  breathes  a  nobler .  and  warmer  fpirit  of  univerfal  be- 
nevolence, than  that  now  before  us.  We  fuppofe  the  rules  of 
phyjiognomy  (for  rules  it  mufl  have,  if  it  be  a  fcience)  will  be 
laid  down  more  fully  and  regularly  in  the  fucceeding  volumes  ; 
for  they  are  here  only  treated  in  a  curfory  and  defultory  man- 
ner. General  precepts  and  examples  are  all  that  we  have  in 
this  volume ;  but  we  want  rules  for  particular  applications  of 
the  former,  and  for  afcertaining  the  conclufions  deduced  from 
the  latter.  He  appeals  often  to  our  feelings  for  the  truth  of 
his  explications  ;  but  what  (hall  we  conclude  (when  we  do  not 
feel  in  unifon  with  him),  if  there  be  not  certain  rules  to  m^ke 

App.  Vol.  LXVI.  K  k  us, 


Wj: 


'  498   Mifl^rj  §f  the  Royal  Acad,  of  Sciences  ai  Parisy  fir  x  7  77, 

vs,  at  leaft,  perceive  what  and  why  hefiels?  It  has  often  hap^ 

pened  to  us  in  the  perufal  of  this  volume,  not  to  fee  in  heads, 

'  what  he  has  feen  in  them,  and  to  find  his  explications  of  ccr- 

'  tain  lines  and  contours,  arbitrary  and  unfatisfadory.      We  are 

willing  to  attribute  this,  in  fome  degree,  to  our  fiupidity  or  igno- 

'  ranee ; — but  we  cannot  help  thinking  that  a  part  of  it  is  owing 

to  theenthufufm  of  our  Author,  which  fuggefts  views  or  vilions 

which  we  arc  not  favoured  with. 

We  cannot  conclude  without  obferving,  that  the  typographi- 
cal part  of  this  volume  is  nobly  executed  ;  letter,  paper,  and 
preCs*work  unite  to  render  the  edition  eleeant  aod  fpkndid. 
'  The  figures  are  engraved  by  able  artifts.      The  whole  work, 
confiding  of  three  volumes  (at  three  guineas  each),  will  con- 
f  tain  a  hundred  plates,    and    400   headpieces:   the   fucceeding 
'  volumes  will  confequently  be  much  richer  in  drawings  and  fi- 
'  gurcs  than  this,  in  which  the  preliminary  fragments  take  up  the 
principal  place. 


Art.    it. 

Hifioire  de  tjieademii  RojaU  dts  SderueSf  &:c.  i.  e.  The  Kifiory  and 
Memoire  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Scieocee  at  Paris  for  the  Year 
^777  *•    4^®«     1780. 

General    Physics. 

THE  Memoirs  relative  to  this  clafs  arenas  follow  : 
Memoir  I.  Experiments^  made  by  Ordir  of  the  Academy^ 
on  the  Cold  of  the  Year  1776.      By  Meflrs.  Bezout,  La- 
'    voisiER,   and  Vansermonde.     In   our  laft  Appendix  we 
'  gave  an  account  of  the  ample  and  circumftantial  memoir  of 
M.  Mejfter  on  this  fubjed.     Among  the  curious  things,   in  the 
Memoir  now  before  us,  we  may  reckon  a  multitude  of  experi- 
ments made  on  the  old  thermometers  of  M.  de  Reaumur,  and 
a  table  of  comparifon  containing  3S  thermometers,  by  which 
the  cold  i>f  the  year  1776  was  obferved  at  Paris.     Th4s  oe- 
'    moir  may  be  almoft  confidered  as  a  traatife  on  thermometers  ; 
and  it  contains  curious  obfervations  on  the  methods  of  remov- 
ing the  difficulties  and  inconveniencies  that  arife  frona  con- 
ftruding  thefe  inftruments  with  fpirit  of  wine. 

Memoir  11.  A  Jinguhr  Obfervation  of  a  prodigious  Quuititj 
of  fmall  Globules  that  paj/ed  before  tie  Dijk  of  the  Sun^  tbt  %'}tb 
of  Jtme  1777,  from  4&  to  51  Minutes  after  Eleven  in  the  Fore* 
noon^  made  at  the  Obfervatory  of  the  Marino.    By  M.  MfissiXR. 

*  The  preceding  volumes,  for  feverat  years  pai!,  have  regularly 
beeoi  reviewed  in  our  Appendixci,  iccm 

■       •     ■     .  ^A 


tjijlory  9/  the  koyal  Acai.  of  Sciences  at  Parii^fir  1 777.    499 

«— A  (bower  of  hail,  feen  at  a  great  diftance,  was  probably  the 
whole  matter.  It  is  true  thefe  globules  Teemed  to  afcend, 
though  obliquely  :  but  F.  Bofcowick  and  M.  Wallot  have  ex« 
plained  this  Angularity,  by  (hewing  how  hail,  which  falls,  may 
feem  to  rife,  according  to  the  diredion  it  has,  and  thediftance 
at  which  it  is  feen. 

Memoirs  III.  and  IV.  Extract  yr^w  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Sweden^  for  the  Three  laji  Months  of  the  Year  1775. 
Continuation  of  the  Obfervations  on  the  Dipping  or  Inclination 
of  the  Magnetic  Needle^  compared  with  the  firfl  which  have  been 
hitherto  verified  in  the  South  Sea.  By  M.  Je  Mqnnibr. 
This  afliduous  obferver  continues  his  magnetic  labours  and  re« 
fearches  with  unremitting  induftry  :  he  here  examines  the  ob- 
fervations made  by  Mr.  Elcelberg,  an  officer  of  the  Swedi(h 
marine,  in  his  voages  to  China,  the  refult  of  which  is,  that 
the  magnetic  equator,  or  the  circle  where  the  needle  has  no  in- 
clination, palTes  from  fouth  to  north,  near  the  Ifles  of  the 
Afcenfion^  &c.  and  crofies  the  equinoctial  line  between  China 
and  Peru  :  thus  the  pofition  of  the  magnetic  eqi^ator  is  fo  well 
known,  as  to  render  it  poflible,  in  time,  to  determine  all  the 
variations  it  (hall  undergo. 

Memoir  V.  Obfervations  on  the  Inclination  of  the  Magnetic 
Needle^  made  in  the  Indian  Seas^  and  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.     By 

M.  L£  GfiNTIL. 

Memoir  VI.    Remarks  and  Obfervations  coUeSled  in  a  Voyage 

through  Italy  in  1775*    By  M.  Cassini,  the  Son. Thefe 

remarks  are,  for  the  moft  part,  anfwers  to  queftions  that  feveral 
academicians  propofed  to  M.  Cassini  at  his  fetting  out 
for  Italy,  and  they  are  relative  to  thj:  natural  hiftory  of  that 
country.  We  find  here  firft  an  account  of  the  different  kinds 
of  mulberry  trees  that  grow  in  Tufcany,  none  of  which  (as 
the  celebrated  Targioni  aflured  our  academician)  bear  flowers 
and  fruits  on  the  fame  trunk,  each  fpecies  having  diftinft  indi- 
viduals of  different  fexes,  that  is,  male  trees,  which  only  pro- 
duce flowers,  and  female  which  only  bear  fruity  This  remark^ 
which  places  the  trees  in  queftion  among  the  Dioacia  in  the 
aad  clafs,  furni(bes  a  corre^ion  to  the  method  of  Linnaeus, 
who  places  them  among  the  Monoecia :  however,  the  black  mul- 
berry in  our  gardens  evidently  belongs  to  this  latter  clafs* 
The  white  mulberry  is  the  beft  food  for  the  filk  worm  in  its 
tender  and  infant  flbte,  bat  iffterwards  the  leaves  of  the  black, 
which  are  ftronger  and  more  nouri(hing,  may  be  ufed  for  this 
purpofe  with  fuccefs«  There  are  many  farther  curious  details  re- 
lative to  this  objed,  which  the  botanical  reader  will  find  ufeful 
and  inftrudive. 

M.  Cassini  mentions  thq  very  Angular  cafe  of  a  Ruffian 
gentleman,  whom  he  met  with  at  Florence,  who,  during  two 

K  k  2  different 


500  Hifioty  of  the  IbfdJcai.  of  Sciences  at  Parisyfir  ijjji 

(different  years  of  bis  life,  had  in  his  body  an  eledrical  Tirtiie^ 
iimilar  to  that  of  the  torpedo ;  as  alfo  the  cafe  of  a  woman, 
who,  though  fix  months  advanced  in  her  pregnancy,  fuckled  a 
ichiid,  and  had  frequently  repeated  this  praAice  with  fuccefs.— 
The  next  objeA  we  meet  with  is  a  defcription  of  the  alum- 
mines  in.  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Lake  of  Bolfena^  in  the  en- 
virons of  Latera^  about  25  leagues  from  Rome.  This  curious 
defcription  comes  from  the  pen  of  the  Abbe  Fortis^  a  Venetian 
maturalift,  who  vifited  thefe  mines  at  the  requefl  of  M.  Cas- 
8INI,  whofe  want  of  health  prevented  him  from  being  of  the 
party.  All  the  mines  of  fulphur,  in  the  diftrid  of  Latera^  art 
filled  with  mephitic  exhalations,  which  render  them  almoftinac- 
ceffible.  It  is  remarkable,  that  the  dead  animals  that  have  been 
found  in  thefe  fubterraneous  regions  bear  no  marks  of  putre- 
fa£lion,  fcarcely  any  of  alteration  \  their  hair,  fkin,  ^nd  pleni- 
tude of  flefh  remain  frefh  and  unchanged.  The  Abbe  rortis 
defcendcd  into  one  of  thefe  mephitic  cavities,  and  when  hfe 
had  remained  there  for  about  fix  minutes,  his  ^es  grew  hot, 
and,  during  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after  he  returned,  he  was  af- 
feded  with  a  painful  difficulty  of  breathing,  and  with  a  copi- 
ous fweat,  which  he  confidered  as  an  emanation  of  the  fulphu- 
reoas  acid.  This,  no  doubt,  was  fome  confolation.  We  re- 
fer the  reader  to  the  memoir  itfelf  for  an  Interefting  defcription 
of  the  mine  Del  Mulino^  which  produces  the  mofl  heaUitifol 
plume-alum,  cryflallized  in  fmall  needle  forms;  and  of  fbveral 
acid  fprings,  of  which  M.  CafSni  has  brought  home  famples^ 
which  have  been  analyfed  by  M»  Lavoifur. 

Memoir  VII.  Concerning  the  ref racing  Power  of  Liquors^ 
whether  JimpU  or  compounded.  By  Meflrs.  Cadbt  and  Brisson. 
»■  It  is  well  known  of  what  importance  it  is,  in  the  ufe  of 
burning  lenfes  formed  by  a  fluid  contained  within  two  plates  of 
gtafs,  to  chufe  among  different  tranfparent  liquors  thofe  whofe 
refrafiing  power  is  the  greateft.  Our  academicians,  therefore, 
obferved,  with  the  fame  lens,  filled  fucceffively  with  different 
liquors,  the  fame  obje£l,  placed  always  at  the  fame  diftance 
from  the  lens,  and  they  judged  of  the  length  or  difhinceof 
the  focus,  by  the  point  where  the  obferver  was  obliged  to  take 
his  ftand  in  order  to  have  a  diftin£l  view  of  the  image  of  that 
obje£t.  It  was  thus  that  they  compared  the  refradting  povirer 
of  a  great  number  of  fubftances.  In  the  courfe  of  thefe  expe- 
riments they  remarked,  that  there  is  in  the  fpirit  of  fait  a  re- 
fraAing  power,  which,  is  ftill  augmented  by  its  combination 
with  volatile  alkali,  though  the  fpirit  of  fait  is  of  no  very  great 
denfity,  and  volatile  alkali,  when  alone,  does  not  produce  any 
confiderable  effe£l.  They  al/b  obferved,  that  lenfes,  with  li- 
quors, might  be  much  improved  by  fijling  them  with  a  folution 
of  fal  ammoniac^  in  diftillcd  water,  or  rather  with  elTential  oil 

of 


mjl^ry  9fthi  Soyal  Acad,  ofScUnces  at  Paris^fir  IJJJ*    50X 

of  turpentine^  which  it  \ery  tranfparcnt,  and  has  a  ftrqng  re* 
Trading  power,  though  by  difperiing  confiderably  it  diminifhes 
the  force  of  the  burning  focus.  The  great  lens  of  four  feet 
diameter,  which  was  conftru6)ed  fome  years  ago  by  the  order 
of  M.  Trudainiy  and  with  which  various  experiments  were 
performed  by  Meflrs.  Cadet  and  Brisson  at  the  Louvre,, 
gave  occafion  to  this  memoir.  They  have  found,  by  the  means 
of  a  fmall  lens  of  fix  inches,  that  the  great  lens  would  have 
eleven  feet  and  eleven  inches  of  focus,  when  filled  with  dif- 
ttlled  water ; — ten  feet  and  ten  inches  with  fpirit  of  wine,  and 
feven  feet  when  filled  with  liquid  turpentine :  and  thefe  fa£b 
furniflied  the  refults  abovementioned. 

Anatomy; 

Memoir  I.  Concerning  the  Defcription  of  the  Nerves  of  tb^ 
fecond  and  third  Cervical  Pair — (according  to  Haller's  manned 
of  counting,  who  confiders  as  the  Jirfl  Cervical  Pair^  that 
which  fome  authors  call  the  Tenth  Pair  of  the  Brain),  By  M. 
Vic  d'AzYR. This  memoir  is  filled  with  ihofe  minute  de- 
tails, which  do  not  feem  at  firft  fight  to  reward  the  labour  and 
patience  they  require  with  any  viable  or  near  profpedl  of  uti- 
lity. They  will,  however,  appear  interefting  to  philofophical 
obfervers,  who  confider  them  as  neceflTary  to  complete  anato« 
mical  fcience,  and  know,  that  they  may  bring  forth  important 
and  unexpedled  difcoveries,  and  often  furni(h  the  explication  of 
Angular  fads,  of  which  it  is  of  confequence  to  find  out  thd 
caufes.  It  is  with  this  view,  that  the  celebrated  academician 
enters  into  a  circumftantial  defcription  of  the  nerves,  mention- 
ed in  the  title  of  this  memoir.  After  having  followed  thefe 
nerves  in  all  their  ramifications,  he  points  out  the  parts  with 
which  they  correfpond,'the  other  nerves  with  which  they  have 
a  communication,  and  thus  explains  the  fympathy  obferved  be- 
tween the  different  parts  of  the  human  body.  The  utility  of 
fuch  obfervations  is  unqueft  ion  able ;  for  the  caufe  of  an  ail- 
ment is  often  at  a  confiderable  diftance  from  the  place  where  a 
part  of  the  ailment  is  felt. 

Memoir  II.  Concerning  the  NeceJJity  of  performing  the  Cafarian 
Operation  upon  IVomen^  who  die  in  a  State  of  Pregnancy^  and  the 
Means  of  refioring  to  Life  their  Children^  who  feem  to  be  dead. 

By  M.  BoRDENAUE. The  utility  and  importance  of  this 

memoir  cannot  be  called  in  queftion.  It  often  happens,  fays 
the  humane  Author,  that  children  appear  with  all  the  fymptoms 
of  death,  when  the  vital  principle  ftill  fubfifls.  A  child, 
which  has  never  breathed,  retains  life  with  more  facility,  than 
one  who  has  already  performed  that  fundion.  The  mecha-* 
nical  difpofition  of  the  parts  is  fufficient  for  the  maintenance  of 
circulation  without  rcfpiration.    Coldnefs,  palenefs,  a  livid  cor 

K  k  3  lour^ 


501  Hiftcrjofthi  Royal  Acad  of  Sciences  at  Paris^far  l^^^• 

lour,  nay  even  the  abfence  of  the  pulfe,  are  not  abfo- 
lute  fignt  of  death  ;  putrefadion  alone  indicates  it  with  cer- 
tainty ;  and  even  this  mud  not  be  confounded  with  a  gangren- 
ous difpofition,  which  may  refult  from  compreffion,  or  be  tho 
effed  of  a  contufion.  All  the  methods  proper  to  be  employed 
in  the  cafe  of  apparent  death,  to  excite  the  adion  of  the  nerves 
and  to  reftore  circulation,  are  circumftantially  related  in  this 
memoir ;  the  infufflation  of  air  into  the  lungs  is  what  our  Au* 
thor  principally  infiAs  on.  The  multitude  of  infants  that  have 
been  faved  by  the  performance  of  the  Csefarian  operation  oa 
women  that  have  died  in  pregnancy,  is  an  urgent  reafon  for 
this  praiflice.  *  In  the  fpace  of  nine  years,  in  the  town  of 
Sambuca  in  Sicily,  from  22  women,  who  died  pregnant,  18 
children  were  extruded  living,  and  of  the  other  four,  three  l\ad 
died  before  the  mother,  as  appeared  by  the  putrefadiop  of  their 
bodies,  and  the  fourth  was  found  under  the  bed-clothes,  where 
it  had  been  fufFocated,  having  probably  come  fpontaneoufly  into 
the  world  in  the  laft  moments  of  the  mother's  life/  We  did 
not  think  that  fuch  ufeful  and  provident  things  were  done  at 
Sambuca  ! — There  are  many  curious  relations  of  this  kind  in 
the  memoir  before  us,  and  they  are  principally  drawn  from  a 
work,  too  little  known,  of  the  Abbe  Cangiamila^  a  canon  of 
Palermo,  which  was  publiflied  in  the  year  1758,  under  the  fol- 
lowing title,  Embryologia  facra^  five  de  officio  facerdotum^  mcdi" 
corum  et  aliorum^  circa  aternam  parvulorum  in  utero  exi/ientium 
falutem.  Though  this  title  bears  the  fymptom^  of  peccant  mat* 
ter  in  the  theological  parts,  yet  it  contains  a  variety  of  fada 
and  obfervations,  which  defcrve  the  attentioii  of  medical  pra^i* 
(ioners. 

Memoir  III.  Concerning  certain  Difeafes  of  the  Liver ^  which 
are  attributed  to  other  Vilccra,  or  Parts  of  the  Body — and  alfo 
concerning  thofe  Difeafes  which  are  fuppofed^  though  erroneoufh^  to 
have  their  Seat  (n  the  Liver.  By  M.  Portal.— As  the  Liver 
performs  important  fund^ions  in  the  animal  oeconomy,  and  it 
one  of  the  vifcera,  of  which  the  alterations  are  theleaft  known, 
M.  PortaFs  Memoir  muft  attrad  particular  attention,  and  ma^ 
contribute  to  diminifli  the  multitude  of  medical  errors  t|iat  af* 
Aid  humanity. 

Natural.  History. 

Memoir  I.  Concerning  the  Improvement  of  Sheep*  By  M, 
Daubentoi^:. — Wool,  and  its  improvement  in  France,  arc 
the  obje£^s  of  this  memoir,  which  was  compofed  at  the  requeft 
of  M.  Trudaine^  a  refpedable  minifter,  who  gave  all  his  atten- 
tion to  the  arts  of  peace  and  national  felicity,  and  met  with  no 
recompenfe  but  oppofition  and  difficulties.  The  methods  cm* 
ployed  by  JVI.  DAUfieN'^ON,  and  their  good  eiFeSs^   defervq 


Hifiory  of  the  Royal  Acad,  ofSciencts  at  Paris^for  1 777.     503 

the  notice  of  hufbandmen  and  rural  patriots  in  all  countries.  *< 
It  is  principally  by  the  rams,  that  our  academician  betters  the  - 
breed  and  improves  the  wool ;  but  we  cannot  give  a  clear  idea  ^ 
of  his  ways  and  aieana^  without  fwelling  this  article  to  an  im- 
proper length. 

Memoir  II.    A  third  Memoir  concerning  the  Gritts  of  Foun- 
tainbUau^  or  an  Analyfis  of  thofe  Stones^  and  particularly  of  Cry* 
JlalUzed  Gritts.    By  M.  de  Lassome.  , 

Chemistry. 

Memoir   I,    Concermng   the  Comhuflion  of  the  Phofphorus  if 
Kunckel^  and  the  Nature  of  the  Acid  which  refults  from  that  Com* 
hujiion.     By  M.  Lavoisier.     Firfi  Part, 

Memoir  II.    Experiments ^   relative  to  the  Combination  of  Alum  ' 
with  Coaly  Subjlances^  and  to  the  Alterations  which  happen  in  the 
Airy  in  which  Pyrophorus  has  been  burnt.     By  the  fame. 

Memoir  III,  Concerning  the  VitrioUzation  of  Martial  Pyrites, 
By  the  fame. 

Memoir  IV.  Concerning  the  Solution  of  Mercury  in  the  ^- 
triolic  Acidy  and  the  Refolution  of  that  Acid  into  a  fulphureous 
aeriform  Acid^  and  into  Air  eminently  refpirable>     By  the  fame. 

Memoir  V,  Concerning  the  burning  of  Candles  in  Atmofphe* 
rical  Air^  and  in  Air  eminently  refpirable  (i.  e.  dephlogifticated 
Air  in  Dr.  Prieftley's  Nonncnclature).     By  the  fame. 

Memoir  VI.  Containing  Experiments  on  the  Refpiration  of 
Animals^  and  the  Changes  which  the  Air  undergoes  by  pajjing  through 
fheit   Lungs.     By  the  fame « 

Memoir  VII.    Concerning  the  Combination  of  Fire^  or  the  Tg^ 

neous  Matter  with  Fluids  fufceptibU  of  Evaporation^  and  alfo  con^" 

cerning  the  Formation  of  elajltc^  aeriform  Fluids.      By  the  fame. 

Memoir  VIII.    Concerning  Combujiion  in  general.      By   the 

fame. 

This  feries  of  Memoirs  contains,  certainly,  curious  re- 
iearches  and  interefting  obfervations,  relative  to  the  influence 
of  different  kinds  of  air  on  the  phenomena  of  chemiftry.  A 
multitude  of  experiments  have  proved,  that  thofe  expanflble^ 
tranfparent  fluids,  which  are  difengaged  from  bodies  by  a  va- 
riety of  chemical  operations,  are  diftin£l  fubflances,  or  at  lead 
cannot  be  reduced  to  the  fame  principles  by  any  known  means ; 
•—that  our  atmofphere,  inftead  of  being  a  fimple  fluid,  difFer- 
cntly  modifiable,  contains  feveral  fluids  that  may  be  eflentiaHy 
feparated  from  each  other,  and  that  chemical  operations,  ani- 
mal refpiration,  and  vegetation,  change  the  proportion  of  thefe 
fluids  in  a  given  mafs  of  air. — M.  Lavoisier,  therefore, 
thinks  it  efTential  to  pay  a  ftri£t  attention  to  all  thefe  fubftances 
or  fluids  (hitherto  too  much  negleded]  in  all  chemical  expe- 
iriments,  to  examine,  in  each  phasnomenon^  what  is  due  to  the  , 

K  k  4.  influence 


504     Hiflofry  dfthi  Rcyal  Acad,  of  Sciences  at  Paris^fir  tjyj* 

influence  of  thefe  fubftances,  to  analyze  the  fubftsnces  them- 
felves,  in  order  to  reduce  them  to  the  fmalkft  number  and  the 
gfeateft  fimplicity  pof&ble,  and,  for  this  purpofe,  to  repeat  all 
the  known  chemical  analyfes,  and  review  all  the  theories  that 
have  hitherto  been  adopted.  Such  is  the  laborious  ufk  that 
this  etninent  Academician  has  undertaken,  and  partly  executed  in 
the  eight  Memoirs,  of  which  we  have  here  given  the.  titles.  With 
rcfpcA  to  the  different  kinds  of  aeriform  fluids  he  has  adopted 
a  particular  nomenclature,  as  little  remote  as  poffible  from 
vulgar  language,  expreiBng  each  fubftance  or  fluid  by  fome 
characleriftical  property,  which  has  no  connedtion  with  any 
particular  hypothefis.  Thefe  denominations  may  therefore  be 
adopted  by  all,  however  different  their  opinions  may  be  con- 
cerning the  nature  of  the  fluids  in  queftion.  Thus  what  we  call 
Jixed  air^  M.  Lavoisier  call  an  aeriform  chalky  acid.  The 
dephlogifticated  air  of  Dr.  Prieftley,  our  Author  calls  viV/r/^/r; 
with  other  novel  denominations  mentioned  in  a  preface,  which 
the  Hifiorian  of  the  academy  has  prefixed  to  his' account  t>f  thefe 
curious  Memoirs. 

The  other  Memoirs  in  the  clafs  of  chemiflry  are,  Mem.  IX. 
Experiments  on  the  AJhes  employed  by  the  ManufaSfurers  of  Saltpetre 
at  Paris ^  and  Obfervations  on  their  Ufe  in  the  Formation  of  Saltpetre* 
By  M.  Lavoisier.  Mem.  X.  Concerning  Zinc:  Fifth  Memoir^ 
by  M.  de  Lassonb.  The  Academician  examines  here  the  ac* 
tion  of  cauflic  volatile  alkali,  of  fixed  mineral  alkalies  cauflic 
and  not  cauftic,  and  of  radical  vinegar  upon  zinc.  He  termi-^ 
nates  this  ample  Memoir  by  fome  obfervations  on  the  medical 
virtues,  attributed  by  Gaubius  and  other  phyficians  to  the 
flowers  of  this  femi- metal.  He  never  found  any  proofs  of  their 
fedative  quality  in  convulfive  or  nervous  complaints  ;  but  on  the 
other  hand,  he  does  not  believe  that  there  is  any  danger  attend* 
ins  the  ufe  of  them. 

Memoir  XL  Concerning  an  Aeriform  Subftance^  that  proceeds  by 
Emanation  from  the  Human  Body^  and  the  Manner  of  coUe£iing  it. 
By  the  Count  de  Milly.  Memoir  XIL  Concerning  Animal 
Gas.  By  the  fame.  While  the  Count  was  bathing,  he  per- 
ceived fmall  bubbles  of  air  forming  themfelves  on  different  parts 
6f  his  body,  and  afterwards  rifing  to  the  furface  of  the  water, 
and  mingling  themfelves  with  the  atmofpherical  air.  This  our 
academician  confiders,  as  the  matter,  that  is  evacuatied  by  in« 
fenfible  perfpiraiion,  or  at  leaft  the  part  of  that  matter  that  is 
not  immediately  mixable  with  water.  He  gathered  a  certain 
portion  of  it ;  aild,  after  feveral  experiments,  he  found,  that  in 
its  properties  it  rekmhhd  fxed  air  in  a  ftriking  manner. 

Memoir  XIIL  Experiments  defined  to  Jhew^  that  what  is  callii 
Concrete  Phofphoric  Acid,  derived  from  calcined  Bonetf  accoreiing 
to  Scheete'i  Method^  is  not  a  pure  Acid^  but  is  combined  under  the 
Form  ofGlafs^  incapable  of  Solution  in  Water. 

Memoir 


Hljiorj  of  the  Royal  Acad.  ofSctntces  at  PartSf  for  1777.     505 

Memoir  XIV.  Obftrvations  on  the  Phofphoric  Acid  obtaintd  per 

Deliquium  from   Phofphorus^  and  on  the  Neutral  Salts  which  re* 

fult  from  the  Combination  of  that  Acid  with  the  Alkalies,     By  M, 

Sage.      Memoir  XV.    Obfervations  on  the  Concrete  Acid  obtained 

from  Sugar*     By  the  fame. 

Astronomy. 

Memoir  !•  ^ew  Analytical  Methods  of  calculating  the  Eclipfes 
cf  the  Sun^  the  Occupations  of  the  fixed  Stars  and  Planets^  by  the 
Moon,  &c.  This  is  a  continuation  of  M.  Dionis  de  Scjour's 
Xllth  Memoir,  mentioned  in  our  laft  Appendix,  p.  486. 
Here  this  eminent  aftronomer  gives  us  firft  an  equation  of  curves 
cf  extinSfion^  as  he  calls  it,  or  the  expreflion  of  the  diminution 
of  the  intenficy  of  the  light  of  the  fun  in  the  atinofphere,  re- 
latively to  the  rays  proceeding  from  different  points  of  the  folar 
difk.  He  alfo  determines  the  quantity  of  light,  which  is  re- 
ceived by  the  centre  of  the  earth's  (hadow,  or  by  any'(>oint 
whatfoever  of  the  moon,  when  eclipfed  ;  and  he  explains  thereby 
the  reafon  of  the  moon's  difappearingy^;77^//Wj  totally  towards 
the  perigeum.  He  afterwards  examines  the  intenfity  of  the  light, 
which  is  tranfmitted  from  the  earth  to  that  part  of  the  mooa 
which  is  not  enlightened  by  the  fun,  at  different  elongations. 
He  moreover  indicates  the  times  when  the  ring  of  Saturn  is 
projedled  beyond  the  diameter  of  that  planet,  as  is  the  cafe  be- 
tween June  1769  and  July  1784,  and  he  applies  minutely  and 
circumitantially  this  phenomenon  to  the  different  months  of  the 
years  in  which  the  quantity  of  this  projedion  varies  on  account 
of  the  fituation  of  the  earth.  He  then  returns  to  the  eclipfes  of 
the  fun,  to  determine  their  greateft  poflible  duration*  This  me- 
moir contains  very  near  a  hundred  pages. 

Memoir  II.  Contains  an  Obfervation  of  the  Moon.  By  M. 
jEAUi^AT,  in  which  he  corrects  errors  of  longitude  and  lati- 
tude in  the  tables  of  Mayer  and  Clairaut.  The  error  of  longi- 
tude in  the  tables  of  Mayer^  was  8  feconds,  and  26  in 
thofe  of  Clairaut.  That  of  latitude  was  one  of  12  feconds 
in  the  former,  and  of  16  in  the  latter.  This  feems  to  give,  at 
leaft,  a  temporary  fuperiority  to  the  tables  of  Mayer.  However, 
as  thefe  tables  have  been  corre^ed  by  obfervations,  and  thofe  of 
Clairaut  were  formed  by  theory  alone,  time  only  can  (hew, 
whether  this  fuperiority  will  be  always  maintained. 

Tht  four  Memoirs  of  M.  Maraldi,  containing  Obfervations 
on  the  Satellites  of  Jupiter^  made  in  the  years  1774,  I775>  1776, 
1777,  ijjHf  in  the  County  of  Nice  j  at  Perinaldoy  and  alfo  ofOccuU 
tations  of  the  fixed  StarSy  are  worthy  the  attention  of  aftrono- 
mical  adepts  -,  as  they  muft  contribute  greatly  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  tables  of  the  Satellites. 

In  two  Memoirs  of  M.  Messier,  we  have  an  ample  account 
of  his  Obfervations  of  the  Comets  of  1771  and  1772,  charts  of  their 

courfesy 


5o6     Hifiory  oftbt  Rtyal  Acad,  of  ScUnces  at  Parish/or  1 777«  . 

oourfes,  tables  of  the  ftars  which  contributed  to  determine 
them,  the  elements  of  their  orbits,  calculated  by  Meflrs.  Pingri 
and  De  la  Lande,  and  all  the  obfervations  of  his  correfpondents, 
which  tend  to  afcertain  exadly  the  courfes  of  thefe  two  comets* 
Thus  M.  Messier  continues  his  aftrcnomical  labours  with  the 
keened  perfeverance.  A  great  number  of  comets  have  been  ob* 
ferved  by  him,  and  the  importance  of  his  labours,  in  this  ftarry 
walk,  will  be  feafibly  felt  when  tfiefe  comets  make  their  ap« 
pearance  again. 

The  other  Memoirs  of  this  clafs,  are  an  Obfervatlon  of  the 
Conjun^ion  of  Mercury ^  with  the  Conciliation  of  Gemini^  which 
afcertains  the  accuracy  of  M.  De  la  Lande's  tables  of  that 
planet,  publiibed  in  his  z^xonomy^^Obfervations  on  the  Longitude 
of  Padua^on  the  longitude  and  latitude  of  Madrid— oa  a  Neui 
flebulous  Star  ^  on  Three  Aurora  Boreales. 
i*  Mechanics. 

This  clafs  furnifhes  but  one  Memoir^  in  which  M.  Peron* 
NIT  propofes  to  determine  the  Degree  of  Thicknefs  or  Bulk  to  which 
the  Piers  of  Bridges  may  be  reduced^  and  the  Curvature  which  ought 
to  be  given  to  the  Arches y  in  order  to  facilitate  the  free  Paffage  of  the 
Water  through  them.  One  of  the  great  objects  of  this  excellent 
.  Memoir  is  to  find  a  curvature,  that  may  render  the  arches  of  a 
bridge  equally  firm,  though  lefs  maffive  and  bulky  than  they 
ufually  are. 

The  clafs  of  Mathematics  contains  Three  Memoirs,  re- 
lative to  Series^  and  the  Methods  of  Approximations  for  Different' 
tial  Equations. 

Among  the  hooks  and  machines  prefented  to  the  academy,  we 
cannot  pafs  over  in  filence  two  inftruments  invented  by  the  very 
ingenious  Abbe  Rochon,  for  meafuring  the  angles,  or  rather 
angular  diftances,  and  the  apparent  diameters  of  objeds. 

The  obfervations  on  which  the  theory  of  the  firft  inftrument 
is  founded,  are  remarkable  for  their  fimplicicy.  Suppofe  a  prifm 
of  rock-crydaly  which  has  been  rendered  achromatic,  by  its 
being  combined  with  one  of  ordinary  glafs  :  as  rock-cryftal  has 
a  double  refra£lion,  the  ob)e£ls,  viewed  through  this  prifm,  will 
appear  double.  Suppofe  farther  that  the  obferver,  keeping  his 
eye  at  a  certain  didance  from  this  prifm,  views  an  objeA,  and 
recedes  until  the  two  images  of  the  objed  become  contiguous, 
then,  as  in  dire(St  vifion,  the  following  proportion  may  take 
place :  **  the  diftance  of  the  objeR  from  the  eye  is  to  its  diame- 
ter, as  the  whole  fine  is  to  the  tangent  of  the  angle,  under 
which  the  obje<Sb  is  feen,  or  to  the  apparent  diameter  of  the  ob- 
jeA.  If  now  the  eye  approaches  to,  or  recedes  from  the  prifm 
until  the  tv/o  images  of  another  objef^,  which  is  viewed  at  any 
diftance  whatfoever,  become  contiguous,  a  new  proportion 
arifesi;  as  follows ;''    the  apparent  diameter  of  iiii%  fecond o\>yt8t 


Hijhrj of  thi  Rojal  Acad.  ofScienas  at  Paris^for  1777. '  5^7  ' 

is  to  the  apparent  diameter  of  the  firfl^  as  the  diftance  of  the 
eye  from  the  prifm  in  obferving  the  fecond  obje£t,  is,  to  the 
diftance  of  the  eye  from  the  prifm  in  obferving  the  firft. 

It  is  on  thefe  plain  obfervations  that  the  theory  of  the  firft  in-  . 
flrument  is  foiinded  by  the  Abbe  Rochon.  He  begins  by 
forming  a  prifm  of  rock  cryftal  fenfibly  achromatic :  (and  this 
he  executes  with  facility  by  methods,  of  which  he  htmfelf  is 
the  inventor)  he*  places  this  prifm  in  the  infide  of  a  telefcope, 
near  the  obje£l  glafs,  and  meafures  accurately  the  diftance  be- 
tween the  prifm  and  the  focus  of  the  objed-glafs :  he  after- 
wards views  an  obje£t,  meafured  with  the  moft  exad  precifion, 
with  the  telefcope  that  is  furnilhed  with  this  prifm.  He  recedes 
until  the  two  images  of  the  obje£t  become  contiguous.  He 
then  meafures  accurately  the  diftance  of  the  objed  from  the  focus 
of  the  object- glafs,  and  deduces  from  thence  the  apparent  diame- 
ter of  the  objed.  This  fundamental  operation  is  manifeftly  fuf- 
ceptible  of  the  greateft  precifion.  If,  after  this,  the  prifm  is 
moved  along  the  tube  or  axis  of  the  telefcope  until  the  two 
images  of  an  objed^,  whofe  diameter  is  to  be  meafured,  become 
contiguous,  this  diameter  will  be  eafily  known;  becaufe  it  is 
to  the  known  diameter  of  the  firft  objed  obferved,  as  the  diftance 
pf  the  focus  of  the  objedl-glafs  from  the  prifm  is  to  the  diftance 
of  the  fame  focus  from  the  point  where  the  prifm  had  been 
placed  in  the  fundamental  operation. 

This  inftrument  (as  the  Hiftorian  of  the  academy  (hews  by 
a  variety  of  cafes  and  examples,  to  which  we  refer  the  curious 
Reader)  is  fufceptible  of  a  high  degree  of  precidon,  and  may 
be  fuccefsfully  employed  in  determining  accurately  the  apparent 
diameters  of  the  Heavenly  bodies,  thofe  of  Saturn's  ring,  the 
phafes  of  eclipfes,  and  even  to  make  a  multitude  of  new  and  in- 
terefting  obfervations,  which  the  imperfedion  of  the  microme- 
ters, hitherto  known,  has  difcouraged  aftronomers  from  attempt- 
ing. More  efpecially  in  all  geographical  operations,  in  furvey- 
ing  (whofe  operations  it  muft  render  more  fpeedy  and  lefs  ex- 
peofive),  and  in  dire^ing  the  courfe  of  veftels  along  the  coafts 
during  the  night  *,  it  will  be  of  Angular  ufe. 

It  is  true  this  inftrument  can  only  meafure  apparent  diameters 
or  angular  diftances  of  20  minutes  ;  but  the  ingenious  Abbe  has 

contrived  another,  which  is  capable  of  meafuring  larger  angles* 

—        ii       .  .    , ,       .  -  ■         ■   ■    ■   ■ 

*  The  Hidorian  illudrates  this  latter  objefl  of  otility  by  the  foU 
lowing  example :  Suppofe  a  tower  or  ligbt-houfe,  on  which  four 
lights  are  placed  in  form  of  a  crofs,  whoie  diftance  is  knows ;  the 
inftrument  in  queftion  will  give  the  diftance  of  the  (hip  from  the 
light- houfe  by  an  obfervation  of  the  two  pirptndicular  lights,  and  the 
pofition  of  the  fhip,  with  refpe^  to  the  fame  light-hoofe«  by  an  ob- 
fervati  Jn  of  the  |wo  horizontal  lights. 

.  He 


508     Hiflarfoftbi  Royal  Acai.  ofSditHiS  atP^ris^fir  lyjj^ 

He  employs,  for  this  purpofe,  two  achromatic  prifms,  to  which 
he  gives  (the  one  upon  the  other)  a  circular  motion:  thefe  will 
therefore  reprefent  fucceffively  all  prifms,.  from  the  plane  to  the 
prifm,  whofe  angle  is  the  double  of  that  of  each  prifm  ;  thus  the 
obferver,  viewing  the  fame  objed,  at  the  fame  time,  direAly 
and  through  this  prifm,  and  turning  the  prifm  till  it  comes  to 
the  point  where  the  two  images  of  the  obje£l  will  only  touch 
one  another,  the  angle  of  the  prifm  will  then  give  the  apparent 
diameter  of  the  objeft.  The  accuracy  of  the  mftrument  here, 
depends  upon  the  means  of  knowing  exaftly  the  angle  of  a 
given  prifm,  and  the  Abbe  Rochon  has  found  out  means  for 
this  end,  whofe  precifion  and  efficacy  may  be  entirely  depended 
upon,  A  defcription  of  thefe  inftruments  was  read  by  the  Abbe 
to  the  Royal  Academy  in  the  year  1777,  fo  that,  though  the 
Author  has  neither  publiflied  as  yet  the  conftru<£lion,  nor  the 
diflFerent  ufes  of  his  inftruments,  they  may  he  conftdered  as 
known  to  the  public  fmce  that  epocha.  This  is  a  good  cavtat 
againft  fuch  as  may  be  difpofed  to  ufurp  the  merit  of  other  men's 
inventions. 

The  part  of  this  volume,  that  is  confecrated  to  the  memory 
of  deceafed  academicians,  contains  the  Eulogies  of  four  men, 
eminent,  indeed,  for  their  talents  and  their  virtues :  Meflieurs, 
Trudainej  De  JuJ/ieu^  Bourdelin^  and  Holier.  Many  amiable 
and  interefting  lines  might  be  prefented  to  our  readers  from  the 
charaders  of  thefe  illuftrious  men ;  but  want  of  fpace  obliges 
us  to  confine  ourfelves  to  fome  particularities,  of  the  life  and 
renius  of  the  late  M»  Haller,  Member  of  the  Sovereign 
Council  at  Bern,  and  of  all  the  academies  of  Europe,  who 
may  be  juftly  cunfidered  as  one  of  the  prodigies  of  the  prefent 
age. 

He  was  born  of  a  family,  where  piety  feemed  to  be  hereditary, 
and,,  at  four  years  of  age,  he  ufed  to  addrefs  exhortations  from 
texts  of  fcripture  to  his  father's  domeftics.  ^  At  the  age  of 
Nine,  he  had  compofed,  for  his  own  ufe,  a  Chaldaic  Gram- 
mar, a  Hebrew  and  Greek  Lexicon,  and  an  Hiftorical  Di£lion* 
ary,  containing  near  two  thoufand  articles,  extraSed  from- 
Bayli  and  Morers.  The  care  taken  of  his  education  had  no 
part  in  this  monftrous  progrefs;  he  had  a  fevere  and  difgufting 
preceptor,  who  had  made  fuch  impreffions  on  his  mind  at  this 
early  period,  that  he  never  met  him,  in  riper  years,  without 
feeling  an  involuntary  emotion  of  terror.  He  was  born  a  poet, 
and  had  a  paffion  for  this  fine  art,  which  he  exercifed  with  all 
the  fuccefs,  that  attends  true  tafte  and  elevated  genius,  and 
with  which  he  embellifhed  and  foftened  hisphilofophical  labours. 
The  iludy  of  nature  was,  however,  his  great  and  predominant 
propenfity,  and  it  was  with  a^  view  to  gratify  it,  that  he  chofe 
ihe  medical  profci&on,  which  allowed  him  to  purfue  this  (hidy 

withouc 


g 


ISJlory  of  the  Royal  Acad,  of  Schncis  at  Paris^  for  r777.  509 

Vithout  reftraint.  He  ftudifd  at  Tubingen,  under  Camerariiis 
and  Duvernoi ;  at  Leyden,  under  Boerhaave  and  Albinus ;  at 
'London  he  enjoyed  the  intimacy  of  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  Cherelden» 
^nd  Douglas  ;  and  at  Paris  he  followed  the  directions  of  Win- 
flow  and  Juffieu.  He  began  to  travel  at  the  age  of  fixteen,  and 
at  that  dangerous  and  critical  period,  he  was  confirmed  for  the 
-reft  of  his  life  in  the  paths  of  virtue,  by  the  difguft  which  he 
'felt  once,  at  a  view  of  the  excefs  committed  in  a  licentious  party 
'of  pleafure  into  which  his  fellow-ftudents  had  drawn  him  at 
Tubingen*  From  that  period  he  never  tafted  wine  any  more, 
and  impofed  upon  himfelf  a  fevere  difcipline  with  refped  to 
morals.  His  lively  imagination,  and  warm  feelings,  rendered 
.  this  difcipline  wife  and  expedient. 

M.  Haller  returned  to  Switzerland  about  the  year  1730,  in 
the  22d  year  of  his  age.  The  prafiice  of  phyfic,  vaft  anatomi- 
cal enterprizes  and  labours,  excurfions  into  the  mountains  of 
Switzerland,  where  he  extended  his  ardent  attention  to  all  the 
branches  of  natural  hiftory,  all  thefe  were  not  fufficient  Co  fill  up 
his  time.  His  mufe  invited  him  toftrikethe  lyre  amidft  the 
beautiful  and  magnificent  fcenes  of  nature.  But  the  philofopher 
always  accompanied  the  poet,  and  kept  him  in  the  arms  of  real 
nature.  He  defcribed  What  Yitfaw^  when  he  climed  rocks  of 
eternal  ice,  and  traverfed  the  awful  fummits  of  the  Alpine 
mountains.  He  defcribed  what  he  felt^  when  he  painted  the 
fweets  of  friendfliip  and  of  rural  life,  the  pleafures  that  accom* 
pany  fimplicity  of  manners,  the  charms  of  the  mild  and  gentle 
virtues,  and  the  happinefs  that  floWs  from  the  facrifices  that  are 
required  by  the  more  auftere.  His  mufe  even  founded  the  depth 
of  metaphyfical  and  moral  fcience ;  fhe  fung  alfo  the  fublime 
delights  of  religion,  and  its  genuine  fruits,  charity,  and  con* 
cord,  and  drew  the  hideous  forms  of  hypocrify  and  perfecution 
in  the  moft  odious  and  natural  colours.  The  poems  of  Hal- 
ler were  foon  tranflated  into  aimoft  all  the  European  languages, 
and  the  poets^  and  wits  of  the  age,  were  furprized  to  learn,  that 
thefe  elegant  and  fublime  compofiions,  came  from  the  pen  of 
a  man,  who  pafled  his  days  in  diileding  bodies,  culling  plants, 
and  prying  into  the  fecrets  of  animal  and  vegetable  organization. 
The  philologifts  and  antiquarians  muft  have  been  equally  fur- 
prized,  at  leaft,  to  find  this  two*fold  Ton  of  Apollo,  while  he 
was  teaching  anatomy,  and  directing  a  famous  hofpiul  at  Bern , 
at  the  age  ot  26,  charged  with  the  infpe£tion  of  the  public  li- 
brary, and  the  arrangement  of  a  cabinet  of  five  thoufand  an- 
cient medals. 

His  reputation  grew  rapidly,  and  was  fpread  abroad,  though 
not  yet  diftmguifhed  by  -any  great  work  in  the  line  of  his  pro- 
feffion.  Several  diflertations  had  announced  him,  however, 
to   anotomifts,    as  a  young  man  of  fuperior   genius,    whea 

2  George 


•510  Kifttry  $fih$  Ibfol  Acai.  ofSdifUaat  Parh^fir  tjjj. 

George  II.  honoured  him  with  an  invitation  to  the  uoiverfitjr 
of  Goctingen,  where  a  chair  of  anatomy,  botany,  and  furgery 
was  ereded  for  him.  Here  he  palled  17  years  of  hia  life  in  the 
moft  intenfe  application  to  ftudy,  and  found  his  labours  alle- 
viated by  the  pleafure  which  a  generous  mind  muft  feel  from 
diftinguifhed  fuccefs  and  univerfal  applaufe.  His  principal  ob- 
jtSt  was  phyfiology,  that  important  branch  of  medical  fcience, 
which,  confidertng  the  ftruAure  of  the  body  in  its  minuteft 
parts,  examines  the  laws  by  which  the  human  being  is  formed, 
developed,  grows,  lives,  propagates,  declines,  and  dies, — bow 
each  organ  performs  its  funAions  and  repairs  its  ftrength  by 
nouriihment  and  fleep,  by  what  mechanifm  an  unknown 
power  produces  thofe  voluntary  and  involuntary  motions,  that 
are  effential  to  the  eitiftence,  prefervation,  and  happinefs  of 
man, — how  the  changes  in  the  bodily  organs  are  fooietimes  the 
eaujiy  and  fometimes  the  effeR  ,ol  the  diforder  of  the  viul 
fundions,  and  how  remedies  of  every  kind  may  contribute,  by 
their  adion  on  thefe  organs,  to  reftore  order  in  the  animal  oeco* 
nomy.  M.  Haller  brought  about  a  fignal  and  happy  revo- 
lution in  physiological  fcience,  which  had  long  been  fubjedled 
to  the  tyranny  of  fyftem,  and  became,  on  that  account,  an 
objed  of  fufpicion  and  diffidence  to  the  Phitofopbica!  Obferver 
of  Nature.  He  propofed  to  (hew  that  phyfiology  was  a  fcience 
as  real  and  certain  as  any  other ; — the  key  of  the  knowledge  of 
man  to  the  philofopher,  and  the  bafis  of  medical  practice  to  the 
phyfician.  For  this  purpofe  he  eftablifhed  phyfiology  on  its  true 
foundations,  on  the  anatomy  of  the  human  body,  and  on  that 

-  of  other  animals,  which  latter  has  fo  often  revealed  fecrets  in 
the  conftitution  of  man,  that  the  ftudy  of  the  human  body 
alone  would  not  have  difcovered.     He  baniflied  from  it  that  kind 

.  of  metaphyfics,  which  had  long  concealed  profound  ignorance 
under  the  cover  of  fcientific  terms,  and  thofe  theories,  whether 
mathematical  or  chemical,  which  were  employed  with  the  moft 
confidence,  and  adopted  with  the  moft  refpefi,  bv  thofe  who 
were  the  moft  ignorant  of  mathematics  and  chemiftry.     In  the 

.  place  of  all  thefe  fyftems  and  theories,  he  fubftituted  general 

.  fa£ls  afcertained  by  obfervation  and  experience ;  and,  to  prepare 
himfelf  for  embracing  the  fcience  of  phyfiology  in  all  its  extent, 
he  compofed  a  long  feries  of  difiertations,  in  which  he  difcuffisd 

»  the  niceft,  the  moft  difficult  and  important  queftions,  relative 
to  refpiration,  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  generation,    and 

-  offification.  After  all  thefe  labours,  he  gave  the  firft  edition  of 
his  phyfiology,  the  modeft  title  of  a  Sietchj  and  it  was  only  at  the 
end  of  thirty  years,  employed  in  the  moft  laborious  difledions, 
experiments,  and  refearches,  that  he  ventured  to  give  his  work 

.  the  title  it  deferved.  AH  the  learned,  in  all  countries,  know 
the  merit  of  this  immortal  work ;  they  know  the  multitude  of 

errors 


Hijlory  oj  the  Royal  Acad,  of  Sciences  at  Paris^for  I777«    '  5" 

errors  it  has  removed,  the  new  fa£ts  it  has  difcovcred,  the  in- 
genious and  extenfive  views  with  which  it  abounds,  the  doubts 
it  has  cleared  up,  and  the  theories  it  has  rectified  or  ini* 
proved. 

But  the  labours  which  perhaps  contributed  moft  to  eftablifli 
the  fame  of  M.  Haller,  as  one  of  the  firft  men  of  his  age 
in  philofophical  genius,  were  his  refearches  into  the  myfteries 
of  generation^  ojpfication^  and  irritability.  Here  be  appears  with 
all  the  luftre  of  an  original  obferver  and  thinker,  who  opens 
for  himfelF  paths  of  inveCligation  untrod  before,  and  follows  a 
lamp  that  is  lighted  only  by  his  own  genius.  But  while  he 
was  fo  ardent  and  fuccefsful  in  the  difcovery  of  curious  and, 
important  truths,  the  nature  of  his  experiments  expofed  bim  to 
miftakes,  and  feveral  of  thefe  he  candidly  acknowledged :  he 
even  placed  at  the  head  of  one  of  his  works  a  compafs  for  a 
device,  with  this  motto,  Fidem  non  abJluUt  error.  This  (hewed 
his  candour,  and  at  tl^  fame  time  his  juft  confidence  in  the 
refult  of  his  labours.  It  would  fwell  this  extrad  to  an  undue 
length,  even  to  enumerate  (imply  the  different  branches  of 
(ludy  and  objedis  of  literature  that  occupied  this  great  man  at 
the  fame  time,  during  his  refidence  at  GottiBgen ;  where  in 
confequence  of  his  intereft  with  the  late  king,  he  founded  an 
academy  of  fciences,  a  feminary  for  furgery,  a  lying-in  hofpi- 
tal,  a  fchool  for.drawing  or  defigning,  and  other  eftabliduneats 
for  the  improvement  of  fcience,  and  the  relief  of  humanity; 

In  the  year  1753,  M.  Haller  returned 'to  Bern,  where  he 
was  chofen  member  of  the  fovereign  council,  and  thus  entered 
upon  a  new  fccne.  In  the  fphere  of  magiftracy  he  appeared 
with  dignity  and  reputation ;  and  in  the  adminiftration  of  the 
government  and  police  of  that  republic  he  was  more  efpecially 
employed  in  thofe  branches  which  require  the  fpirit  of  a  pbi- 
lofopher,  and  the  knowledge  of  nature.  Public  education,  or- 
phan-houfes,  eftablifhments  for  promoting  the  health  of  the  ci- 
tizens and  pcafants,  particularly  the  Council  of  Health  formed 
at  Bern,  the  fuperintendence  of  the  falt-works ;  all  thefe  and 
other  obje£ls  of  police  and  public  utility,  were  under  the  more 
immediate  infpe^ion  and  influence  of  this  patriotic  and  philo- 
fophical magiilrate.  Amidft  the  laborious  and  ufcful  occupa- 
tions they  gave  hini,  he  (till  found  leifure  for  fiudy  and  writ- 
ing :  for  it  was  amidft  thefe  occupations  that  he  compofed  and 
publifhed  a  regular  fyftem  of  political  economy,  in  three  pro- 
duAions,  which  have  the  form  -of  romances,  but  convey  in* 
ftru£tive  views  of  fovereignty  in  monarchical,  mixed,  and  ^rif- 
tocratical  governments.  It  was  alfo  during  thefe  occupations 
that  he  completed  his  phyfiology,  compofed,  in  an  excellent 
fiile,  a  great  number  of  anatomical  and  medical  articles  for  the 
Encyclopedie  of  Paris,  and  continued  to  fend  Memoirs  to  all  the 
6  learned 


512  L'Evefquc'i  Hi/Urj  of  RuJJia* 

learned  actdemies  of  Europe  of  which  be  was  a  member* 
*  The  Academy  of  Sciences  (fays  our  panegyrift)  inferted  fe- 
veral  of  thefe  into  iti  colledtion,  and  thefe  would  have  beea 
fufficient  materials  for  the  eulogy  of  any  man  but  Haller.'' 

His  a£^tvity  was  unexampled  ;  his  library  was  a  perpetual 
fcene  of  inftrudion,  communicated  to  his  friends,  his  fellow- 
citizens,  his  wife  and  children,  with  whom  he  was  furrounded, 
and  who  read,  converfed,  delineated  plants  and  animals  under 
bis  infpe&iop.  After  having  adorned  life  and  filled  time,  as 
we  have  been  feeing,  he  died  with  the  pious  tranquillity  of  a 
Chriftian  hero  :  he  faw  his  end  approach  flowly,  and  beheld  it 
without  either  fear  or  regret.  The  artery  beats  no  more^  faid  be, 
with  the  utmoft  calm,  to  the  phyfician  that  attended  hioi,  and 
then  expired. 


Art.    III. 

Hiftoire  de  Rnffie^  tiret  des  Chrtniques  originaUs  et  des  meiUturs  Hi/- 
toriem  de  ia  Nathw,  &z.  i.  e.  A  Hillory  of  Ruffiiy  drawn  from 
authentic  Records,  and  the  bed  hiftorical  Writers  of  that  Nttion. 
By  M.  L'EvisQUB,  Profe/Tor  in  tbe  Imperial  Corpt  of  Cadets  at 
Peter/burgh.  5  Vols,  in  izmo,  enriched  with  Two  Maps  of  Ea- 
(Urn  and  Weftern  Raflla.    Paris,  1782.    Price  1$  Livres. 

THIS  Hiftory  is  'recommended  to  the  attention  and  curio- 
fity  of  the  public  by  a  variety  of  circumftances.  Its  Au- 
thor has  refided  long  in  Ruffia,  has  made  himfelf  mafter  not 
only  of  the  modern  language  of  that  country,  but  alfo  of  the 
ancient  Sclavonian  dialed  of  that  language,  and  has  certainly 
employed  great  induftry  and  perfeverance  in  ftudying  all  the  va- 
rious chronicles  and  records,  ancient  and  modern,  that  could 
furnifh  materials  for  his  work,  which  is  the  firft  complete  hif* 
tory  of  Ruffia  that  has  been  yet  publilhed.  Prefixed  to  this 
ufeful  and  inftruAive  work,  we  find  an  account  of  the  true  or- 
thography of  the  Ruffian  names  of  perfons  and  places,  which 
the  Author  has  followed  as  far  as  was  prafiicable  |— -a  critical 
catalogue  of  the  records  and  writers  that  have  furniflied  him 
with  materials  ; — a  learned  diflertation  on  the  antiquity  and  re- 
ligion of  the  SclavonianSf  from  whom  the  modern  Ruffians  de- 
rive principally  their  origin,  and  on  the  palpable  analogy  which 
their  language  bears  to  that  of  the  ancient  inliabiunts  of  La- 
tium. 

This  valuable  hiflory  of  Ruffia  is  brought  down  to  the  pre* 
fent  time ;  and  we  have  no  doubt  but  it  will  be  well  received 
thoughout  Europe  in  general. 

Art. 


(    513    ) 

Art.    IV. 

tjai  fur  Its  kegms  ii  Claudt  it  it  Nerok,  it  Jkr  lit  Maters  it  Iti 
Ecrits  de  Seniqutf  &c.  i.  e»  Ao  Eflay  oa  the  Reigns  of  Claodios 
and  Nero,  and  on  the  Morals  and  Writings  of  Seneca,  defigned  aft 
a  Preparation  for  the  Perafal  of  this  Roman  Philofopher.  2  Vols« 
in  iimo,  with  the  Title  of  London,  1782. 

WE  hope  and  think  that  the  London  preft  has  ndt  been 
dilhonoured  with  this  new  efFufion  of  vindifiive  gall, 
fpouted  by  M.  DiDEkoT  on  the  afiies  of  that  honeft^  inge* 
nious  and  whimfical  man,  tUuffiau.  The  minute  philofopheet 
of  Paris,  or  rather  this  Drawcanfir  of  the  (t&^  will  not  let 
poor  Rouffeau  fletp  in  his  grave.  They  lcno\i^  that  he  has  un*' 
niafked  them  in  the  memoirs  of  his  lif?,  which  are  yet  unpub« 
lifhed,  and  they  labour,  with  a  mixture  of  vengeance  and  ter* 
ror,  to  tarnifh  his  reputation,  that  he  may  not  be  believed. 
But  invedives  fo  exaggerated  as  thofe  contained  in  this  nb# 
l^dition  of  the  work  before  us,  can  hurt  no  man^s  chara^er,  asr 
they  only  form  a  mafs  of  illiberal  abufe.  This  dealer  in  in- 
Ve^ives  does  not  produce  a  fingle  fadl  that  impeaches  the  in* 
tegrity  of  the  upright  enthufiaft,  who  is  the  obje6l  of  his  mer-^ 
cilefs  perfecution.  Sleep  then  Roufieau  in  thy  filent  tomb  1*^ 
Reft  |k)or  perturbtd  fpirit !  The  man  who  calla  thee  an  «»- 
'  gratifut  ^iilairij  an  atrocious  profligtite^  is  the  iaifae  man  who 
juftines  thofe  part^  of  the  condu6l  of  Seneca  at  the  courts  of 
Claudius  and  Nero,  that  make  hift  candid  admirers  caft  their 
eyes  downward  with  aiSidion  and  (hame.  Thfe  man,  who 
rakes  in  and  defiles  thy  aflies,  is  .the  fame  who  has  taught  pub* 
licly,  that  *  diitance  of  .time  and  place  remove  the  atnfchufnefs 
tf  guilty  let  the  crime  be  ever  (o  enormous^  and  that  the.  mur- 
derer, who  has  aflfaffinated  on  the  banks  of  the  &cifie^  is  free 
from  remorfe  when  he  efcapes  to  China,  becaufe  remarfe  arifes, 
not  (o  much  from  diiitisfaSlkn. with  oriels  f^  as  from  x\itftar 
oF  others,  and  ow^  its  exlftencc  le(s  to  the  turpitude  of  a 
trime,  than  to  the  apprehmfim  of  difcovery  and  punijhment  ^* 
In  a  word^  Seneca,  compoiing  .the  funeral  oration  of  the  infa- 
mous ClaiHiiuSy  and  the  letter  of  Nero  to  the  fcnate  concern^' 
ing  the  murder  of  Agrippina,  beholding  the  aifaflinations  of 
O^avia,  Burrhus,  Thrafeaand  Pcetus,  and  the  conflagration 
of  Rome,  is  excufable,  in  the  eye  of  M.  DiDERor,  while 
Roufll'aii  is  a  vile  and  odious  profligate,  becaufe  in  his  Confejffions 
(or  Memoirs)  he  rs  fuppofed  to  have  faid  what  he  knew  of  the 

philofophifts  of  Paris ! 

•■III.      ■        ■     I        I  — ^— i  I     PI   ——1    II   1— —■——». 

*  Sec  two  difTercations  of  Diderpt  prefixed,  very  prepoileroi»fly>  to 
the  fplcndid  edition  of  Gefoer's  poej&s,  pobiiflicd  at  Paris  in  French. 

Aff.  Rev.  Vol.  LXVI.  L  1  Art.  Y. 


(    5t4    ) 

A   R    T.      V. 

Prospectus  i^um  EncyUttdii  yetb9dsqut,  &c.  i.  c.  Prepo/kh  /h' 
puhlijhing  a  Initb^dical  Cyclopedia  or  DiSUnary  9/  Sciences^  digtjiti 
according  to  the  natural  Order  amd  Connexiem  of  the  Smhje3t  treated* 
By  a  SociBTY  of  learned  Men  and  Arti&ts.     Parii* 

THIS  work,  properly  fpeaking,  is  not  t  didioniry,  bat 
in  aflemblage  of  fyftems  of  all  the  fciences.  To  give  it, 
boweveri  fomething  of  1  lexical  form  and  charader,  there  will 
be  prefixed  to  it  a  univerfal  yllphahitical  Vocabulaty^  by  which 
the  reader  will  be  (hewn,  where  he  is  to  look  for  any  particu- 
lar article  which  may  be  the  objed  of  his  enquiry.  l*he  work 
is  to  be  publifhed  in  4to,  in  two  columns,  and  will  be  com- 
prifed  in  53  volumes  of  text,  and  7  of  figures.  The  fubfcrip- 
tion-price  is  672  livres,  about  33/.  fterling. 

In  this  new  plan  (which  is  to  beconfidered  as  a  new  edition  of 
the  Encychpedie)  every  fcience  will  have  its  didionary,  or  fyften^^ 
apart  J  fo  that  the  rambling  enquirer,  and  the  regular  and  perfe- 
vering  ftudent  will  be  equally  gratified.  This  was  not  the  cafe  in 
the  firft  edition  of  this  enormous  work,  in  which  the  articles  were 
Scattered  in  confufion,  at  the  difcretion  of  the  alphabet ;  and 
were  not,  indeed,  fo  compofed  as  that  their  reunion  could 
form  a  complete  and  confiflhent  body  of  dodrine.  We  have 
given  formerly  our  opinion  of  this  difcordant  mafs,  which  was 
too  voluminous  for  a  didionary  (whofe  proper  objeA  is  to  ex^ 
plain  termsy  more  or  lefs  amply),  and  was  not  good  for  any 
thing  elie  than  to  amufe  or  perplex  fuperficial  and  defohory 
readers.  But  here  we  are  to  have  a  granJj  perftSly  and  emt/iflent 
work :  for  the  principal  objects,  propofed  in  this  new  edition^ 
are,  ift.  The  corre^ion  ofahofe  errors  which  all  the  capacity 
and  attention  of  the  authors  could  not  avoid  in  the  former  publica- 
tion— (this  fuppofes  that  the  new  Authors  have  obtained  a  larger 
grant  of  both),  ^dly.  The  addition  of  the  omitted  articles, 
and  of  the  branches  of  each  art  and  fcience  that  were  not  for* 
merly  treated,  as  alfo  of  the  difcoveries  that  have  been  made 
fince  the  firft  edition  was  publi(hed.  3dly,  A  more  complete 
nomencIat\irc  of  all  the  parts  of  this  fcientific  and  literary  edi- 
fice. 4thly,  A  ftri6^  and  accurate  correfpondence  of  the  text 
and  figures.  Sthly,  The  fuppreffion  of  ufelefs  plates,  and  the 
fubftitutionof  ufeful  ones  in  their  place. 

A  preliminary  difcourfcy  and  an  analytical  table  will  be  pre- 
fixed to  each  di£lionary,  to  point  out  the  order  in  which  all  the 
words  are  to  be  placed,  as  if  each  dictionary  was  only  to  be 
confidered  as  a  didadlic  fyftcm.  This  table  will  render  refe- 
rences lefs  frequf  nt ;  but  where  they  are  neceflary  they  will  be 
accurately  obfervcd. 

Wc 


Prepofab  for  pubUJhing  a  mitbo£cal  CychpatUa^         515 

I 

We  learn  farther  from  this  ample  Prospectus,  that  all  th» 
accurate  articles  of  the  firft  edition  will  be  inferted,  that  others 
will  be  abridged  or  augmented,  modified  and  cojrreded,  as  may 
be  requifite  to  render  them  more  perfed,  and  that  a  multitude 
of  new  ones  will  be  added.  But  who  are  the  labourers,  that 
are  to  difplay  their  induftry  and  powers  in-  this  immenfe  field 
of  fcience  i 

ifl.  The  mathematics  part  is  to  be  under  the  direSion  of 
the  Abbe  Bossut,  aififted  by  M.  de  la  Lakde  in  the  aflro- 
nomical  branch  of  that  fcience,  and  it  will  occupy  2  volumes* 
Great  improvements  are  promifed  in  this  part  of  the  work, 
for  the  fpecious  and  alluring  enumeration  of  which  we  muft 
refer  our  readers  to  the  plan  before  us.  M.  D'Alembert's 
health  and  occupations  do  not  allow  him  to  take  an  a&ive  part 
in  this  enterprize  ;  but  his  former  labours  will  make  an  eilen^ 
tial  part  of  this  article.  We  ihould  have  been  glad  to  have 
feen  the  names  of  Baillie^  Dionit  di  Sejour^  and  De  la  Placif 
as  co-operators  in  the  allronomical  part  of  this  work :  theip 
excellent  produdions  will  no  doubt  be  employed  to  give  it  new 
degrees  of  merit  arid  improvement,  as  it  is  particularly  pro* 
poled  to  give  a  hiflory  of  the  great  difcovertes  in  aflronomy,  in 
a  chronological  order ;  to  impart  a  clear  idea  of  the  methods 
that  have  been,  and  are  flill  employed  to  determine  accurately 
the  circumflances  of  the  celeftial  motions,  and  to  indicate  the 
laft  refults  of  ^11  the  refearches  which,  for  a  century  paf(,  have 
extended  or  improved  aflronomical  fcience. 

IL  Phyjics^  or  Natural  Philofophy^  is  committed  to  the  care 
of  M.  DE  MoNCE,  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  fciences. 
I'he  general  principles  of  this  fcience  remain  in  their  former 
ftate  :  but  its  particular  branches,  fuch  zsfire^  flame^  heat^  cold^ 
elajiic  fiuidsy  thermometers,  &c.  will  furnifh  new  articles,  and 
water ^  ice^  congelation^  ebullitiony  evaporation^  fmoke^  fire-engines^ 
aqueoui  meteors^  rain^  mijiy  deWy  fnow^  &c.  will  be  treated  in  a 
manner  abfolutely  new  :  by  whom — we  know  not ;  perhaps  by 
M.  D£  MoNGE,  of  whom  we  know  but  little.  BriJfon*s  diAionary 
of  natural  philofophy  will  be  here  laid  under  contribu- 
tion. 

III.  The  medical  pTiVt  is  afligned  to  M.  Vicq  d'Azyr,  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  fecretary  to  the  Royal 
Society  of  Medicine; — no  doubt,  a  very  able  and  ingenious 
man,  from  whom  good  things  may  be  expeded. 

IV.  /fnatomyy  together  with  fimple  and  comparative  pbyfiology^ 
will  be  much  indebted  to  the  induflry  and  capacity  of  M.  Dau- 
BENTON,  who  fo  long  difplaycd  bis  labor  improbus  in  the  natural 
hiflory  of  M.  de  Buffbn.  The  animal  cbemiftry^  that  belongs 
to  this  department,  is  to  be  treated  by  an  anonymous  hand  ;  which 
gives  Icfs  reafon  for  hope  than  fear ;  for  chough  there  are  excel- 

Ll  2  lent* 


5i6         Pnpifaisfir  pubRJbitig  a  mitboiKcal  Cycbp^Jiiti 

lent  writers  in  theology,  morak,  and  politics,  who  chufc  ta  ft" 
main  unknown  through  modcfty  or  prudence  \  y^t  this  is  kfs  co 
be  expend,  from  the  nature  of  the  things  among  natural  pbi- 
Ipfophers  and  cbenifts  \  nor  do  we,  at  tbia  infiam,  recolledl  any 
trcatifc  on  theft  fciences,  that  made  its  appearance  without  the 
name  of  its  Author. 

V.  Chimijlry^  Metallurgy^  and  Pharmacy^  which  coinpole  two 
tolumes,  are  under  the  dire6iion  of  ML  de  Morveau  for  the 
firftt  M.  Du  Ham£L  for  the  fecond,  isd  M.  Maret  for  the 
tbfrd ;  and  rhey  could  fcarcely  be  in  better  hands. 
.  VL  Ci&/r«r^^  is  the  department  of  M.Louis,  perpetual  fe* 
cretary  of  the  Royal  Acadeaiy  of  chirurgery :  a  man  of  eminent 
merit  in  that  line. 

VII.  JlgricuUitfi^  Csrdimng,  Plantings  comprehending  the 
whole  detail  of  rural  labour  and  indufiry,  and  defcriptions  of  all 
the  mttbods,  inftruments,  and  operations  employed  in  its  dif» 
ferent  departments,  and  all  the  terms  of  rural  art  (which  are 
enumerated  at  great  length  in  this  prorpefius)  are  treated  by  the 
Abbe  TESsiBRy  regeac  of  the  Medical  Faculty  at  Paris,  M. 
TH0UIN9  chief  ganlener  to  the  King,  and  M.  Fouceroux  ds 
BoNDARoy,  in  a  vols. 

VIII.  The  Natural  HiJI^rf  •/ Animals^  divided  into  fix  clafles^ 
and  comprehended  in  3  volsf  is  aifigned  to  Meflr^.  Daubln- 

TOK,    MaUDUIT,  and    GUfflEAU    DE  MoNTBElLLARB,    and 

will  derive  rich  materials  from  the  natural  h  fiory  of  M.  D£ 
BuFFON.  Thefc  are  certainly  mca  of  eminent  reputation  \tk 
this  branch. 

IX.  Botany^  in  %  vols.  By  the  Chevalier  i>t  la  MarcK,  of 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  \  who  promifes  at  the  head  of 
tWe  volumes,  zPrgUminary  DifaurfiyOVi  the  origin,  progref^,  and 
pieiirnt  ftate  of  botany,  the  various  fyfiems  and  methods  of 
the  principal  faotanifts,  the  natural  order  of  vegetables,  and  the 
fiimilies  and  fpeciesof  plants. 

X.  The  Natural  Hiftory  of  Mimrah.  By  M.  Daubenton. 
in  one  volume. 

XI.  7 bi  Natural  Hiftory  of  the  Earthy  containing  its  Phyfx^* 
Geography y  or  General  l^henomena.      By  M.  Desmarfst. 

XII.  /tncient  and  J4odern  Geograthy-  H^  Mei}^.  Rlbeet, 
Masson  de  Morvilliers,  and  MtNTE'  lb,  2  vciU,  accom- 
panied wjth  an  atlas  (which  the  fublcnbtrs  are  at  libercv  to 
t)urchafc  or  not)  con  tain  iiig  about  60  maps,  with  ail  the  rcccAi 
gjBOgraphical  difcoverics. 

XIII  <  Antiquities^  Infcriptiens^  Chronology ^  the  Art  of  verifying 
Dates f  the  Science  ofAu'eOalSf  MxpUcation  oj  Fakles^  Ohoin  cf  An^ 
tient  CuJhmSj  belon;;!^  to  the  acp<irc.iv.  nt  0/  M»  Lf-URT  dl  G&« 
B£LIN,  and  will  be  created  in  one  vol  a  me. 

XIV.  Uifto^y*  By  M.GajjUpARc,  ^r  thej^rmich  Af^qen^y^ 
and  alfo  oicmbtr  of  the  Acadj^my  pi  Ixiicnptions^  in  %  volumes. 


Prop^fibfir  pullijhing  a  methstScal  CfcIapteMa*  .'5 1^ 

XV.  neology  By  the  ASbe  Bergicr,  a  learned  man,  wha 
has  here  undertaken  a  Herculean  tafk,  even  to  lop*  off  till  xht 
fuperfluities,  corred  n//  the  errors,  and  fuppiy  all  that  is  wanting 
in  the  theological  articles  of  the  ancient  Entyrlepedit'^ Labor  im^ 
brobusy  in  2  volumes. 

XVI.  /indent  and  Modem  Philofophy^  in  i  volume.  ByM. 
Naigeon,  whom  we  have  not  the  honour  to  know,  but  whofe 
taflc  is  already  finifiied  to  his  hand,  by  Bnuier^s  Abridgment 
of  his  own  great  Work,  and  later  publications.  He  fpeaks^ 
indeed,  of  Brucker  with  a  kind  of  contempt :  (o  muck  the  worfe 
for  M.  Naigeon. 

XVII.  MetaphyJicSy  Logk^  and  Moral  Phtlofipby^  in  i  volume, 
are  committed  to  the  care  of  M.  GuaN£ AU  de  MoNTBfiaLLARD, 
the  fame  who  has  undertaken  the  defcription  of  inJcSls  in  the 
eighth  Article. 

XVIII.  Grammar  and  Literatures  in  which  great  cdrrefiiona 
and  confiderable  additions  are  promrfed,  are  affighed  ta  a  focietjr 
of  men  of  letters,  in  which  we  find  the  names  of  Marmon^ 
TEL  and  Beaus££';  the  former  a  fa^joiiable  critic,  and  the 
latter  a  metaphvfical,  knottf  grammarian  jpJUr^n^r/mjri^,  in  i  vol. 

XIX.  Jurifprudfnce^  in.Ri  Various  bra#tfaes,  comprehending 
civil,  canon,  beneficial,  and  penal  laWf,  and  alfo  the  moft  in^ 
terefting  queftions,  relative  to  the  laws  of  nature  and  nations^ 
will  be  treated  by  a  fociety  of  Ct^rilians,  with  the  Abbe  Remt^ 
advocate,  at  their  head,  and  comprized  in  3  volumes. 

XX.  Finances  (a  fcience  fanta  m^it\  By  M.  DiGEOK,  who 
propofes  to  give  us  an  idea  of  their  adminiftration  in  the  differ 
tent  ftates  of  Europe,  particularfy  in  France^  together  with  the 
hiftory  of  taxation  in  all  its  forms,  and  the  proper  methods  of 
improving  and  reforming  it,  in  1  volume. 

XXI.  Polrtical  Oeconomyt  comprehending  the  duties  and  rights 
of  the  delegates  or  depoficaries  of  the  fupreme  power,  their  in- 
fluence on  landed  proprietors,  cultivators,  manafafturei's,  traders, 
artifts,  &c«  in  1  volame,  with  a  Preliminary  Difcourfej  confining 
an  oecononiical  anaiyfis  of  civilised  ftates,  and  a  feries  of  the  prin* 
cipirs  that  conftitute  political  fcience.    By  the  Abbe  Baudeau* 

XXII.  Commerce^  in  all  its  details  and  appendages;  fuch  as 
weights,  meafures,  trading  companieS|^  bank«,  exchange,  con- 
fular  jurisdichons,  contraSs,  Vc.  in  #. volume.  By  the  fame 
Author,  and  M.  Bbnoit.  v.^, 

XXIfl.  Marine  Science  2tnd  ddminijhmiwi  in  2  volumes.  By 
M.  Vial  de  Clairbois,  of  the  Royal  Marine  Academy,  and 
M.  Blonde au.  Royal  Profeflbr  iii  Mathematics  and  Mydro* 
graphy  in  the  Marine  Schoola^  &f^. 

XXIV.  AJilharj  Screndj  in  a  vMumes.  By  M.  de  Ker  alto. 
Knight  of  the  Military  O^der  of  St.  Lewis ;  and  the  articles  rela* 
tive  to  the  artillery,  by  M.  de  Pomme&suiU 

^13  XXV. 


l^fS  '     Vnn\x\mtnn*s  FamiFiar  Littirs. 

XXV.  The  Fine  Arts.  By  the  Abbe  Arn  aud»  of  the  French 
Academy  and  Infcriptions,  and  M.  Suard,  i  volume.  M.  fV^U" 
let  has  confented  to  renounce  the  fcparate  publication  of  hisZ>/f« 
tionary  of  Paintings  which  he  has  been  long  preparing  for  the  prefs, 
and  has  generoufly  refolved  to  melt  it  down  into  this  article,  be* 
fides  which  valuable  acquifttion,  the  Authors  propofe  foraging  ia 
the  books  of  all  nations,  which  have  treated  of  the  fine  arts. 

XXVL  Mechanics^  Arts^  and  TraJku  By  a  fociety  of  learned 
men  and  artifts,  and  among  others  by'Meflfr?.  Roland  de  la 
Platierb,  Perier,  Fougeroux  db  BoNDARoYy  and  Des* 
MARETS,  4  volumes.  They  will  have  only  to  cooiprefb  the 
great  Di^imary  of  Arts  into  this  fmaU  fpace. 

The  Univerfal  Vocabularbf^  which  was  mentioned  above,  as  de- 
figned  to  be  an  Indixto  the  mrhole  work,  will  form  the  firfi  volume. 
Prefixed  to  it  will  be  the  PrtBminary  Dlfcourfe  of  M.  D'  Albm- 
BERT,  the  fcientific  tree  of  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon,  the  feverai 
prefaces  of  the  ancient  Encfdopadli^  and  the  hiftory  of  that 
work. 

In  this  ProfpeSfus^  mention  is  m«deof  a  defign  to  publi(h  the 
work  in  4to  and  8vo^  But  in  a  late  advertifemcnt  we  find  that 
the  odavo  edition  wilt  not  take  place*  The  price  for  thofe  who 
have  not  fubfcribed  will  be  (from  May  to  April  1783)  751  livres^ 
and  after  this  date  888  livres.  For  farther  particulars  we  muft 
^•cfcr  the  Reader  to  the  Profpe&us  itfelf  (which  is  a  literary  whei 
nicely  didilled),  ^MhWfh^^  by  Panckoucke^  the  undertaker  of  ihia 
edition  at  Paris.  In  contains  107  pages,  from  which  we  have 
cxtra&ed  the  particulars  here  given. 

1-  H       W         I  I  '  <l     ■'  1       ■      pi         ■  11  IP 

A  R  T.    VL 

Lifiirtt  Familieret  it  Af.  Winkilmann^  i.  e.  Familiar  Letters  of  M. 
WiMKELMANN,  2  volumcs,     8vo.     Amfterdam.     Paris  1781, 

THESE  Letters,  which  are  the  efFufions  of  a  good  heart, 
and  a  fine  and  fervid  immagination,  contain  fcveral  in* 
ftru£ttve  and  interefting  anedotes  relative  to  the  arts,  and  to  the 
life  and  character  of  this  ingenious  and  learned  man.  Wikkbl- 
MANN,  indeed,  had  his  failings.  He  often  judges  with  levity 
and  precipitation  of  authors,  whom  we  have  rraton  to  appre- 
hend he  had  not  read  with  attention,  if  he  had  read  them  at 
all ;  and  his  open-hearjM,  credulous  confidence  in  connoifleur?, 
who  often  play  roguifll:^^|ficks,  betrayed  him  fometimes  into  very 
hafty  decifionS|  even  with  refpeA  to  the  produdions  of  ancient 
artiAs,  which  he,  however,  ufually  ftudied  with  a  pure  tafte 
and  a  difcerning  eye.  Some  lapfes,  and  thefc  not  inconfiderable, 
alfo  proceeded  from  the  ardour  of  his  enthufiafm,  which  never«- 
thelefs  was  of  the  nobleft  kind|  and  produced  fruits  that  make 
ample  amends  for  the  mifiakes  that  may  have  been  occafioned  by 
i^s  eiFcrvcfcence.  He  W46  certainljT)  with  all  his  defeAs,  a  fur- 
prizing 


Winkelmann'i  Familiar  Litttrt.  519 

prizing  inftance  of  the  force  of  genius  and  innate  tafte,  ftrug« 
gling  againft  the  difficulties  of  obfcurity  and  poverty,  that 
ftrove  in  vain  to  damp  his  fpirit  in  the  early  period  of  his  life. 
When  we  fee  him  labouring,  as  a  pedagogue,  for  above  fix 
years  in  a  country  fchool,  and  afterwards  copying  old  chronicles 
and  regifters  in  the  famous  liberary  of  Count  Bunau,  in  which 
jgnobk  occupations  he  fpent  his  days  until  he  was  in  his  30th 
year,  we  arc  juftly  amazed  to  fee  him  fpringing  forth,  like  a 
butterfly  from  iis  nymph  ftate,  into  the  higher  regions  of  genius 
and  tafie,  and  paffing  from  flower  to  flower  in  the  wide  field  of 
ancient  literature  and  arts.  However,  even  in  the  gloom  of  his 
primitive  obfcurity,  he  felt  the  powerful  calls  of  nature  point- 
ing out  his  future  dcftination,  and  heard  her  voice,  though  he 
could  not  fee  her  through  the  cloud  that  covered  him.  An  in- 
ternal impulfe  led  him  to  Homer  and  Sophocles^  who  were  his 
guides  and  confolation,  amidft  the  occupations  of  a  country 
fchool;  and  at  length,  ^^r  varios  cafus^  he  direfied  bis  flight  to 
Italy,  and  alighted  upon  the  Vatican. 

The  iirft  volume  of  this  entertaining  publication  contains  the 
Eulogy  of  IVinkelmanny  compofed  by  M.  Heym^  Counfellor  of  the 
£lc(Sloral  Court  of  Brunfwtck,  Profcflfor  of  Eloquence  and 
Poetry  in  the  Univerfity  of  Gottingen,  and  juftly  celebrated 
for  his  edition  of  Virgil,  enriched  with  notes,  which  furpafs^ 
in  pure  erudition  and  claffical  tafte,  any  commentaries  we  have 
yet  feen  on  that  immortal  Bard.  This  eulogy  obtained  the 
prize,  propofed  by  the  fociety  of  Antiquaries  at  CafTel,  in 
favour  of  the  Author,  who  fhould  bed  appreciate  the  *merit  of 
Winkelmann,  and  the  improvements  he  introduced  into  the  ftudy 
of  antiquity  and  the  fine  arts.  The  piece,  indeed,  is  excellent : 
it  djfcovers  an  exquifite  judgment,  and  a  perfeA  acquaintance 
with  the  precious  remains  of  ancient  painting  and  fculpture ;  and 
if  the  learned  Profeflbr  celebrates,  with  a  kind  of  enthufiafm,  the 
genius,  tafle,  and  erudition  of  the  famous  German  Connoifleur, 
he  is  by  no  means  blind  to  his  errors  and  defeats,  but  points 
them  out  with  great  impartiality  and  freedom.  The  reft  of  this 
volume  contains  the  letters  which  Winkelmann  wrote  to  his 
friends  in  Germany.  We  are  indebted  for  their  publication  to 
M.  Dafidorf^  Keeper  of  the  Eledoral  Library  at  Drefden,  who 
has  accompanied  them  with  feveral  curious  and  learned  notes* 
Winlcelmann's  Remarks  on  the  Archite£iure  of  the  Antient  TempU 
of  Girgenti  icrmiiMc  this  volume* 

The  fecond  part  or  volume  contains  the  Abbe's  letters  to  his 
friends  in  Switzerland.  The  greateft  part  of  them  were  publiflied 
in  the  original  German  at  Zurich  ;  but  feveral  are  here  added^ 
which  fee  the  light  for  the  firft  time.  All  thefe  letters  give 
a  clearer  idea  of  the  character,  humour,  fancy,  genius,  tafte^ 
virtues,  paifionsy  and  prejudices  of  Winkelmann,  than  can  be 

L  1  4  derived 


fio  WinKelmann*/  Familiar  tetters^ 

derived  from  the  bed  compofed  piece  of  biography:  for  tto 
man  has  really  turned  hitnfelf  infide  out  in  thefe  letters.  They 
alfo  relate  the  circumftances  of  his  life,  with  all  the  charafiers 
of  open  hearted  franknefs  and  veracity.  The  only  letter, 
tirhere  we  obferved  embarraflment  and  conftraint  is,  that 
curious  one,  where  he  confeOes  to  Count  Bunaa  his  change 
of  religion,  with  the  confufion  of  a  man,  who  is  afbamed 
of  what  he  has  done,  or  the  inquietude  of  a  truant  boy,  who 
ftars  a  whipping.  This  embarraflment  has  rendered  the  letter 
one  of  the  mod  complete  and  laughable  compofitions,  in  point  of 
Donfenfe,  that  we  have  met  with.  Winkelmann  was  cerninly  ' 
a  Proteftant,  and  he  had,  moreover,  religious  feelings,  that 
partook  of  the  vivacity  of  his  imagination  :  but  h\%  familiar  it" 
Thon  y^2S  perpetually  holding  up  to  his  enchanted  fancy  the  re« 
mains  of  ancient  authors  and  artifts  as  obje£^s  of  Idolatry  ;  and 
he  became  fo  intoxicated  with  the  fplendor  of  thefe  idols,  that 
he  was  difpoftd  to  make  every  facrifice  that  might  procure  him 
the  pleafure  of  worfhipping  them  at  his  eafe.  It  is  therefore 
certain,  (and  he  intimates  it  himfelf  in  feveral  places)  that  he, 
drew  a  Poptjh  furtovt  ov^x  his  Lutheran  waiftcoat,  that  he  might 
have  a  more  aflured  and  unmoleftcd  accefs  to  the  ineftimable 
treafures  of  the  Vatican.  Some  extrafis  from  thefe  letters  will, 
no  doubt,  be  acceptable  to  our  Readers,  who  will  find  in  them 
not  only  anecdotes  relative  to  Winkelmann,  but  fome  alfo, 
which  regard  feveral  of  our  Britifh  travellers.  We  (hall  take 
along  with  us,  in  thefe  extraAs,  the  circumftances  of  Winkel* 
mann's  life,  that  gave  occafion  to  them. 

One  of  the  remarkable  fines  of  this  Angular  man's  charaAer, 
was  contentment  and  moderation  in  his  defires  of  the  outward  ad- 
vantages of  life.  He  drank  with  pleafure  a  cheerful  cup  when 
he  had  it ;  but  the  mbft  frugal  table,  the  plaineft  coat,  and  the 
other  ncceffaries  of  life,  in  iheif  greatcft  fimplicity,  anfwcred 
abundantly  his  wifhes.  "  In  the  fcale  of  the  balance,  which  is 
oppofitc  to  that  in  which  God  has  placed  us,  there  is  (fays  he 
in  his  letter  to  M.  Fuefsli,  1764}  a  weight  which  he  dimini(bes 
6r  augments  for  rcafons  unknown  to  us.  We  ought,  like 
Children  at  table,  to  be  fatisfied  with  what  is  given  us,  without 
murmuring.  I  was  many  years  a  fchool-mafter,  with  a4l  poiiibie 
fubmifflon  to  my  lot;  and  taught  the  A.  B.  Cv  to  a  'parcel  of 
fcabby-hesided  boys,  though  I  was  inceflantly  afpiring  after  the 
knowledge  of  the  70  xaX«v  (true  beauty)  and  repeating  ta  my* 
ielf  the  fublimeft  pafiagcs  of  Sophocles  and  Homer*  In  Saxt>ny 
1  copied  all  ddy  long  diplomas  and  old  chronicles,  or  w^s 
obliged  to  pore  over  the  lives  of  the  Saints,  while  I  pafled  the 
night  in  the  ftudy  of  the  Grecian  poets.  During  that  period  of 
(rial|  I  faid  often  to  inyfclf^  and  I  often  repeat  now  the  fame 

language 


Winkcltnann'i  FdmUiar  Letteri.  Jlf 

lanjrwae^,  hejiillj  my  heart.  Patience  ! — thou  l^ajl  fujiained greater 
hardjhlps  r 

No  fooncr  was  Winkelmann  fettled  at  Rome,  than  he  fet 
about  vifiting,  with  unremitting  ardour,  the  venerable  remains 
and  monuments  of  antiquity,  the  cabinets  of  the  curious,  arid 
the  mod  celebrated  libraries.  He  had  free  accefs,  at  all  times^ 
to  the  library  and  converfation  of  the  Czr dinzX  Pajfionei  \  ^ho 
treated  him  with  every  mark  of  efteem  and  regard,  and  whofe 
charafter  and  merit  are  well  defcribed  in  feveral  parts  of  thefe  let* 
ters.  Hut  his  great  patron  and  prote£bor  was  theCardinal  Alexander 
^Ihaniy  in  whofe  palace  he  refided  many  years,  and  to  whorh 
he  left  his  medals  and  papers  by  a  will,  made  in  his  Idl  mo- 
ments, after  he  had  fallen  by  the  infernal  hand  of  the  afllaffin  Ar» 
cangeli.  His  account  of  this  amiable  and  refpcftablc  Prelate  is  in- 
terefting:  "  Cardinal  Albani  (fays  he  in  a  letter  to  M.  Fran- 
keii)  is,  perhaps,  the  moft  profound  antiquary  and  the  greateft 
connoifleur  in  Italy.  He  has  juft  finifhed  his  elegant  and  noble 
Vii/a^  and  has  adorned  it  with  ftatues  and  apcient  monuments^ 
which  have  been  hitherto  unknown.  The  columns  of  porphyry, 
granite,  and  oriental  alabaftcr,  that  arc  diftributed  throughout 
this  charming  feat,  are  innumerable.  After  the  church  of  St. 
Peter,  this  villa  furpaffes  the  beft  ftrudlures  of  mndcrn  times. 
its  only  architect  was  the  Cardinal  himfelfy  who  formed  the 
ground,  drew  the  plans,  and  prefided  over  their  execution.  He 
has  another  vslla  at  Nettunoy  near  the  fea,  ered^ed  on  the  ruirisof 
Antium,  in  which  ihofc  who  have  feen  the  famous  villa  of 
Adrian  difcern  all  the  tafte  and  magnificence  of  that  Roman 
Kmperor.  He  has  formed  a  third  at  Cafteilo,  at  a  fmall  diftanctf 
from  Albano.  The  moft  pleafing  qualities  are  united  With 
eminent  talents  in  thi*  amiable  man,  who  lives  upon  the  moft 
perfrfl  footing  of  eafeand  familiarity  with  every  one  about  hint; 
He  has  now  (that  is,  in  1765)  paffcd  his  fcvcnty-third  year; 
but  h:s  head  is  the  head  of  a  man  fcarcely  turned  of  fixty,  and 
he  builds  as  if  he  were  aflured  of  living  yet  twenty  years." 
Seventeen  of  thefe  twenty  he  has  lived,  and  his  health  ar:d 
fpTits  arc  fo  good  at  prefent,  in  his  90th  year,  that  he  waf 
talked  of  as  one  of  the  Cardinals  thai  was  to  accompany  the 
Pope  in  his  fublime  vifit  to  the  Kmperor. 

Winkelmann  formed,  foon  after  his  arrival  at  Rome,  the 
dcfi^n  of  compofing  a  work  concerning  the  Rtjicratiofi  of  thi 
yfrtcicnt  5/^/ttrj,^another  concerning  the  tafie  of  the  Gnciun  Artifhy 
and  a  third  containing  a  defcriprion  of  ail  the  gall,  i us  of  pic* 
tures  and  flatues  in  Rome  and  Italy.  No  man  cvi  had  a  more 
enterpnzing  genius  in  the  Ime  of  ViriUy  than  this  ruau,  and 
every  circumitance  contributed  to  keep  his  enthufiaim  alivv,  nd 
to  animate  his  efforts.  His  Reflexions  on  the  Imitation  of  the 
Grecian  Produ^ions  in  Painting  and  Scul^ture^  wiiicii  were  p'u- 

liui.i 


jii.  WinkelmannV  Familiar  Letters* 

liihed   at  Drefdcn,  by  the  advice  of  the  Pope's  Nuncio  (as 
adapted    to  make  an  impreffion  in  his  favour  at  Rome)  vrere 
jeceived  with  applaufe.     He  found  proteSors  in  BenediA  XIV, 
and  the  two  Cardinals  already  mentioned,  who  were  the  orna« 
ments  of  the  Papal  court.     The  Chevalier  MengSy  who  was  as 
great  in  the  theory  as  in  the  pra^ice  of  his  art,  difcerned  im-. 
mediately   the  genius   of  Winkelmann,    and   encouraged  and 
d'lfciktd  him  with  the  mod  generous  zeal,  which  became  ftncere 
and  cordial  friend(hip,  when  he  faw  the  difinterefted  fpirit  of 
probity  and  fimplicity  that  formed  the  chara^Ster  of  this  afpiring 
irirtiioro.     The  works  above  mentioned  did  not  all  appear  fe- 
parately  :  the  two  firft  were  blended  with  the  Hijicry  ofthtArts^ 
iatcly  republi(hed,  with  additions  and  improvements,  in  3  vols. 
4to.  and  the  third   was  never  iiniihed.     His  moHununti  anticbi 
JneJtti  are  well  known. 

The  literary  anecdotes  and  remarks,  ^s  well  as  the  obferva- 
tions  on  arts  and  artifls,  fcattered  through  thefe  letters,  are  in- 
numerable ;  but  they  read  more  agreeably  in  the  book,  than 
they  would  do,  when  taken  out  of  their  connexion.  Notices 
of  manufcripts, — converfations  with  men  of  learning  and  tafte, 
— defcriptions  of  places,  villas,  and  libraries, — remarks  on  fta- 
tues  and  pictures,— obfervations  on  ancient  and  modern  artifts-^ 
Accounts  of  the  travelling  Pfinces,  Noblemen,  and  Literati^ 
whom  the  Abbe  met  with  at  Rome, — his  free  opinions  of  thofe 
whom  he  knew,  with  a  multitude  of  fuch  relations,  as  flow  ra- 
pidly and  negligently  from  the  pen  of  a  man,  who,  with  an 
amazing  flow  of  animal  fpirics  of  the  fined  fort,  writes  familiarly 
to  his  friends, — all  thefe  are  better  read  in  the  book  than  elfe- 
where.  The  activity  of  Winkelmann  is  inconceivable,  and  its 
fervour  and  its  obje£ls  are  perfedly  described  in  thefe  letters. 
He  is  every  where  and  with  every  perfon  and  objed  of  confe- 
quence, — we  find  him  compofing  five  different  works  at  the 
Same  time,  and  forming  plans  of  many  more  in  imagination. 

He  defcribes  his  fituation  in  the  palace  of  his  great  prote^or 
C.  Alex.  Albani,  in  the  following  manner:  ^*  I  have  nothing 
to  do  (in  the  way  of  obligation  or  conflraint)  but  to  vifit  the 
Cardinal  in  the  afternoon,  at  his  magnificent  villa,  which  fur- 
paflTes  every  thing,  that  has  been  attempted  even  by  monarchs^ 
in  modern  times.  The  palace,  where  1  have  my  apartments  in 
in  the  city  *,  is  fituated  in  the  mod  beautiful  part  of  Rome  ;  I 
have  the  fined  profpe£l  in  the  world  !  From  my  windows  my 
eye  wanders  through  the  gardens  and  ruins  of  Rome  and  of  its 

*  The  Cardinal  gave  him  four  apartmentt,  but  the  Abbe  furnidied 
tKem  at  bis  own  expence.  This  is  ufaal  among  the  Roman  nobility: 
they  have  vail  palaces,  and  cxteniive  chambers;  but  within  thtfe 
edifices,  look  like  places  uninhabitedi  fo  fcaatily  are  they  farnidied. 

environ) 


Winkdmann'i  FamtUar  LeiUrU  523 

environs,  and  takes  in  an  ample  view  of  the  villas  of  Frefcati 
and  Caftel-Gandolfo.  At  this  latter  place  the  Cardinal  has  a 
feat  on  the  fea-fhore,  where  I  often  retire  and  pafs  many  de* 
lightful  hours  of  tranquillity  and  meditation*'*  In  the  fame 
ftrain  is  a  letter  he  wrote  from  the  Cardinal's  feat  at  Port$ 
iTAnxio^  four  months  before  his  death.  Here,  my  friend,  is 
the  fweet  retreat,  where  I  tafte  the  pure  pleafures  of  retirement ; 
and  how  happy  (hould  I  be  to  enjoy  them  with  you  !  to  walk 
with  you,  removed  from  anxiety  and  care  along  this  beautiful 
and  peaceful  coaft,  from  whofe  verdant  hills  planted  with 
myrtles  I  take  in  a  profpc£l  of  nature,  in  her  moft  elegant  and 
(lately  afpe£ls,  or,  fitting  under  the  portico  of  the  ancient 
TimpU  of  Fortune^  behold,  at  my  eafe,  the  foaming  furjj^  of 
the  tempeftuous  ocean.  A  month's  reftdence  in  fuch  a  place, 
where  nature  and  art  exhibit  the  mod  enchaiting  fcenes,  raifen 
the  mind  from  the  languor  that  opprelTes  it  amidft  tile  noifc  and 
tumult  of  the  crowded  city,  gives  a  new  fpring  to.  the  mental 
powers  and  furpaflTes  infinitely  the  vain  pomp  and  fplendour  of 
Courtc." 

Winkelmann's  reputation  as  a  connoifleur  and  a  man  of    -   ^ 
learning  was  fo  great,  that  he  was  not  only  eftcemed  by  all  the     St* 
men  of  diftinftion  in  Italy,  who  were  patrons  or  lovers  of  the 
arts  and  fciences,  but  was  invited  fucceflively  to  an  honourable 
and    advantageous    fettlement   at    Vienna,  .  Berlin,     Drefden, 
Brunfwick,  Hanover,  and   Gottingen  :    but   having   fucceeded 
the  Abbe  Venuti,  in  the  year  1763,  as  PrefiJent  of  the  Anti- 
quities of  the  Vatican,  he  found  himfelf  in  fuch  an  honourable,       ^ 
eafy  and  independent  (ituation,  that  he  renounced  all  the  offers 
that  had  been  made  to  him  from  thefe  and  other  quarters.   All  the 
Englifb,  French,  and  German  travellers  add refifed  themfelves  to 
him  ;  and  many  of  their  chara^ers  are  freely  fketched  in  thefe 
letters.     His  very  unfavourable  account  of  the  late  Lord  Haiti* 
more,  was  given  in  our  Review  for  May  laft :    Art.  Winkel- 
Mann's,  Hiftory  of  the  Fin$  Arts^  p.  377. 

He  fpeaks  in  very  high  terms  of  Lord  Stormont  and  Sir 
tViliiam  Hamilton^  to  whole  tafle,  learning,  and  merit  he  does 
juflice.  Some  of  their  North-Britiib  noblemen  do  not  come 
fo  well  off.  Our  Abbe  is  in  general  a  greater  admirer  of 
the  Englifh*  than  of  any  other  nation  :  but  he  cenfures  feveral 

♦  «*  Would  you  believe  ir,"  (fays  WiDkeltnann  in  one  of  his  letters 
to  M.  Prankeo)  "  they  (the  KngliOi)  are  the  only  nation  that  are  wife 
aad  folid  :  what  difmjil  and  forry  perfonages  are  our  German  noble- 
men who  travel^  when  compared  with  the  Engliih  ?*'  He  does  not 
however  always  fpeak  of  the  Engliih  in  this  ftrain.  He  always  wrote 
AS  be  felt;  but  he  did  not  feel  always  in  the  (kme  fflacner,  even  with 
refpe^  tp  the  fame  objedls.  -^ 

Individ  ualsy 


524  WifAf  Imaon*i  PamiRar  LeiUrs^ 

indiviJuals,  #ifh  a  fpirit  of  fatrre  that  favours  Cff  mfpcrhji 
There  are  aTfo  anercfotet  of  Englifli  travellers,  ftill  alive  and 
vreU^  which  the  Editor  of  this  Work  might  and  eugit  to  have 
fuppreficd ;  becaufe  thej  mav  be  difagreeable  to  the  pcrfons  con- 
cerned, and  are  of  no  conffquence  to  ths  public*  But  the  Abbe 
was  lively,  )'»quacious^  ami  frank,  and  every  thing  that  came 
into  his  head  and  in>aginatfon  fell  into  his  pen,  when  he  was 
writing  to  his  friends.  He  feems  to  hold  the  Ffench  in  little 
efteem,  though  he  makes  tht  exception^,  that  impartiality  and 
candour  require,  when  they  fpeak  lufidly.  We  fay  when  they 
fpeak  htuify ;  for  if  they  dotf't  bawl,  the  Abbe  is  too  much  an 
Antigallican  to  hear  them.  He  criticizes  Count  Caylus  felrere- 
ly  til  ibme  places,  and  he  applauds  him  in  none :  he  however 
fpLakSi  with  high  encomiums,  of  feveral  Frenchmen  he  had  met 
whh  at  Rome.  His  account  of  the  well-known  Mr.  JVcrtUf 
Montagu^f  Wiih  whom  he  was  pcrfonaliy  acquainted,  is  veryjuf^, 
and  there  it,  toward*  the  end  of  the  fecond  volume,  a  cu<^ 
rious  letter  of  this  ftradge,  excentric,  ingenious  man  to  the 
Abbe,  concerning  the   places  where  porphyry  is  found,    and 

H  •      air>  coTtccrniry:  the  monuments  of  porphyry  difcovtred  atAong 

.Ift      the  ruins  of  Kjsypt. 

The  reigning  Prince  of  B'^ifnfwlckt  the  Prince  of  Mecklen- 
b  irg  (brother  to  the  Queen),  and  the  reigning  Prir^^e  of  An* 
hair  DtiTiu,  are  highly  celebrated  in  ftJvtral  of  thefe  letters. 
•*  The  Prince  of  Anhalt  (fays  our  Abbe)  is  one  of  the  greateft 
Princes  I  know :  I  fee  in  him  a  fage,  born  for  the  good  ot  hu* 
manlty,  at  lead  for  the  happinefs  of  his  fubjeds.  He  would 
deferve  a  crown,  if  crowns  were  appointed  for  thofe  who  de«> 
frrve  welt  of  mankind :  I  tiv6  wi'h  him  here  (at  Rome)  oa 
the  fhoft  familiar  footing  of  friendfbip.'*  But  the  perfon  he 
fpeaks  of  with  the  greateft  ardour  of  praife,  is  the  Count  de 
Firmian,  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Milan,  whom  he  re- 
preftnts  as  the  greatef^,  wifeft,  moft  learnt  and  humane 
nobleman  he  had  ever  met  With.  The  Ahhi  is  oileofthofe 
warm  and  honed  hearted  men,  who  neither  withhoMs  praife 
nor  blamt',  where  he  thiirits  them  due, — and  fomttimes  he  is 
chargeable  with  a  certain  degree  of  exaggeration  in  bftth. 

The  following  paflages  will  make  the  Reader  fsrrtber  ac- 
i^uainted  with  the  character  and  feelings  of  Out'  Author.  **  I 
thank  you  (fays  he  to  a  Saxon  friend)  for  your  affe^onate 
letter.  I  (hall  not  renew  the  forrow  your  heart  has  felt  by  the 
lofs  of  your  excellent  Lady ;  but  I  muft  tell  you,  friend,  that 
eternity  and  its  profpe£)s  are  the  only  true  confolation  of  man  : 
every  thing  elfe  is  but  the  pleafure  of  a  moment:  hope  therefore 
of  fumething  more  ftable  ought  to  lie  deep  and  firm  in  the  hu- 
man heait.    God  has  taken  trom  yoii  a  fource  of  fatisfaAion  in 

depriving 


Winkclxnana*i  Familiar  Littirt.  52$ 

dq)riving  you  of  a  worthy  partner;  but  be  has  delivered  yon 
frooi  the  axigui(h  you  felt^  by  being  %  fpedator  of  her  paioful 
and  incurable  fufFerings.  Tbiere  are  fipw  evils  without  compen- 
fiAtion.  I  never  was  a  woman-hater,  as  fome  have  reprelented 
me:  but  my  circumftances  and  fiudies  kept  me  alvvsys  at  % 
dill*iRce  from  conjugal  bonds,  and  this  continence  has  given,  per* 
hapsy  additional  vigour  and  energy  to  my  mind  in  the  line  of 
fludy  and  occuputioo  I  have  been  purfuing." 

To  Baroji  Rjidhezel-^h^  writes  thus :  *'  Oh,  how  I  long  for 
your  arrival !  our  cunverfaticns  will  have  no  limits — no  .end. 
We  (ball  vifit  the  (^iirinal,  CailcUo,  Tivoli,  aisd  the  Villa  Ma- 
dona.  Dry  bread  and  herbs -with  you  will  be  more  delicious 
than  the  table  of  the  Cardinal.  Til  rife,  with  my  friend^  nbove 
all  that  the  world  cfteems  great,  and  wander  in  im^gijuat^  a« 
long  the  banks  of  the  IlifTus  and  the  Eurotas.  We  will  cpn- 
templatt:  together  eternal  beauty,  embclliihed  by  frieii4^ip.— — « 
It  is  a  giu-ai  and  important  truth,  my  friend,  that.i^ngle  mo* 
ment  of  internal  fatisfadion  is  preferable  to  the  iauaprfal  fame  of 
future  a;5es/' 

In  a  letter  to  his  learned  friend  M  Frankin  of  Dreiden,  we 
find  the  following  fentimtntal  pafTages  :  ^^  1  wilh  I  could  pour 
out  mv  whole  foul  upon  the  paper,  in  return  for  the  charming 
letter  I  have  received  fiorn  you  this  moment.  I  call  up  ail  my 
feeling  to  enjoy  your  friendfhip.  My  life  here  is  a<9ive  a^d  U- 
borious  be}ond  what  I  can  cpiprefs,  or  you  can  conceive:  but 
the  Uufon  of  refl  will  come,  at  lengthy  In  thjoCb  maafiojis  whc;re 
wc  fbatl  furjly  mret  and  enjoy  all  the  fweet^  of  qautpal  friend- 
&ip  :  when  I  think  of  this,  a  fccrct  pleafure  diffufes  icfelf  tbrpugb 
my  foul,  and  I  (hed  icurs  of  joy. — 1  ihall  fpeed  my  way  to  tbefe 
oianllons,  light  and  difcngaged^  as  I  came  into  the  world.  \ 
conlecrate  tnc  te^irs,  W'hich  1  flied  at  this  monxent,  to  that  fub- 
liine  iiicoduiip  whicb  I  have  found  in  you,  and  which  I  pQn- 
fidcr  as  an  viQunarion  Trom  the  Eternal  Source  of  Love*".-  .  ■ 
This  Ivtt^i  was  wri:tcn  about  four  mouths  before  M.  WZNlLEL* 
MA^'n'>  uiiUinely  end. 

The  b^iiv'volcnce  and  philanthropjf  of  our  Abbe  did  :nat  pre* 
vent  his  l  l-:::i^  his  adverfants  foijietimes  with  a  confidcrablc 
d>  .;ic^e  of  k'A'iHies  and  ajfpcriry.  Lord  FCaim^,  i4i  hi$  Sketches 
ot  i>ij  H:Auf>  or  Al'.n,  having  laid  it  down  as  a  principle,  thjiC 
deip 'jiiiin  wab  the  tfv:v  caufe  0^  the  decline  of  the  aris  ip  Greece^ 
ooftrves,  tiut  Winkcidiami  had  not  peiceiv'il  tkis  caule,  and 
Ij^u^d  '.;uLfjr  otiitr?,  iidic.u".ou>  enough,  in  V.  l^ajCcrculu«.  Thip 
u(.;.:ii.i:  oi  Ww,  iorJli;;;j  ib  iaLO;kiiJ<:iace  and  ill-fqun  ted.  Ihc 
1:  ;jn;  rjs  Ski:uhc^  o.ii^bt  to  have  perceived,  tnat  Winkelmann. 
'jiU  jiot  iliritr  clic;i:iii!v  friiTi  him  with  rcipedt  to  the  otjeft  ia 
(ju'v'ltiuii.     No  nua  \\u^  a  greater  en^hufuii  ii^:  lih^iny  than 

I  Wia- 


5*6  Winkclmann'i  Familiar  Lettert. 

Winlcelmann  ;  and  no  man  was  more  perfuaded  of  the  inflaence 
of  freedom  and  independence  upon  the  fuccefsful  purfuit  of  thf 
foblime  and  the  beautiful  in  the  fine  arcs :  but  he  icnevr  human 
-  nature  too  well  to  attribute  the  decline  of  the  arts  to  defpotifm 
alone.  Defpotifm,  indeed,  contrails  and  degrades  the  mind; 
but,  under  the  (hade  of  liberty,  luxuriance  of  fancy,  and  an  im- 
moderate paflion  for  novelty,  may  give  rife  to  falfe  and  vicious 
refinements  ;  and  the  arts  fuflFer  in  both  thefe  ways.  The  views 
of  Winkelmann  on  this  fubje£i  were  much  more  extenfive  than 
thofe  of  Lord  Kaims,  and  nothing  is  more  ridiculous  than  to 
hear  this  Author  maintaining,  that  the  Abb£  drew  his  ideas,  with 
refped  to  the  decline  of  the  arts,  from  V,  Paterculus.  No  fuch 
thing  truly. — He  drew  them  from  a  rich  fund  of  genius,  im- 
proved by  an  affiduous  ftudy  of  the  Greeic  and  Roman  authors 
in  the  original  languages,  and  a  very  extenfive  acquaintance 
with  the  fprings  and  powers,  the  feelings  and  paffions  of  human 
nature.  Upon  the  whole,  it  feems,  that  thefe  two  ingenious 
men  bad  no  very  high  opinion  of  each  other ;  for  Winkelmann 
fpeaks  in  the  mod  harfli  and  contemptuous  manner  of  the  EU^ 
menu  rf  Criticifm^  which  he  confiders  as  iht  babbling  tf  a  puny 
mitaphyjician\  and  particularly  of  the  chapter  concerning  Beauty, 
in  that  work,  which,  he  fays,  an  inhabitant  of  Greenland  might 
have  compofed.— -Thefe  gentlemen  appear  to  have  been  both  in 
a  fit  of  ill-humour,  when  they  judged  each  other. 

The  Abbe  had  certainlv  his  fulky  moments;  but  perhaps 
(here  never  was  a  heart,  that  felt  the  power  and  pleafures  of 
friendfliip  with  more  purity  and  rapture  than  his  did.  His  let- 
ters to  the  very  ingenious  and  amiable  M.  Fuefili^  in  the  fccond 
volume,  (hew  this  in  the  moft  convincing  manner.  His  letters 
to  Gefmr  are  as  paftoral,  blooming,  and  full  of  amenity  as  the 
the  fweet  ftrains  of  that  immortal  poet.  **  I  have  received  (fays 
he  at  the  conclufion  of  one  of  thefe  letters)  an  account  of  the 
Brutus  of  Hirzel,  which  enables  me  to  form  a  clear  idea  of  that 
noble  production.  I  long  to  read  it  on  the  fpot  where  I  feek  for 
the  veftiges  of  Brutus  and  of  celefiial  liberty.  Thefe  produc- 
tions will  be  eternal  monuments  of  the  ignominy  of  our  German 
princes,  who  are  difgufted  when  they  hear  any  thing  read  in 
their  native  language.  The  frivolous  French  have  fpoiled  and 
corrupted  every  thing.'  I  wifli  you  had  not  read  my  letters 
to  any  body  but  Fuefsli — for  there  was  but  little  in  them— fuch 
letters,  addreflled  to  you  from  Romi^  refemble  (hips  that  return 
from  Peru  without  a  cargo ;  and  when  they  are  read  to  others, 
the  writer  feems  like  an  adior,  who  appears  upon  the  ftage 
only  to  make  a  bow  to  the  fpeAators,  and  then  retire.** 

Winkelmann,  and  his  fublime  idol  Mekgs,  get  certainly 
often  into  the  clouds  when  they  dcfcant  upon  Beauty:  if  itmuft 


Wtnkelmann's  Familiar  Letters.  517 

be  acknowledged  chat  they  are  fplendid  clouds,  it  is  nevertheless 
certain,  at  lead  with  refped  to  us^  that  they  dazzle  even  to 
blindnefs.  Gefner  was  in  our  cafe:  he  hid  read  Mengs's 
Thoughts  concerning  Beauty^  andTaJlein  Painting*  :  He  found  his 
definition  and  defcription  oF  beauty  obfcure,  and  he  exprcfled  ta 
our  Author  his  deiire  oF  a  clearer  explication  of  the  matter. 
What  do  you  chink,  curious  reader,  was  Winkelmann's  anfwer? 
It  was  (hortly  this :  **  My  dear  friend,  I  cannot  blame  you  for 
defiring  a  more  exa£t  explication  of  the  idea  of  Beauty  ;  never- 
thelefs,  this  is  requiring  too  much.  Mengs  was  fennbie  of  the 
liifficulty  of  communicating  t  clear  and  palpable  notion  of  this 
objed,  which  no  writer  has  ever  yet  been  capable  of  giving; 
but  the  (ketch  or  image  he  has  given  of  it  is  fo  fublime,  chac  I 
could  never  read  it  wichout  emotion,  and  I  thank  heaven  that  ic 
has  endowed  man  with  fuch  depth  of  thought."     All  this  is  verjr 

?;ood  for  thofe  that  have  been,  or  may  be,  initiated  into  the 
anduary  of  beauty  and  the  myfteries  of  virtili  and.  we  are  per« 
fuaded  that  the  human  mind  is  fo  conftituted  as  to  be  capable  of 
receiving,  from  certain  external  forms,  fentiments,  or'fetlinga^ 
that  baffle  analyfis  and  fpurn  definition,  and  which  we  calf  grace^ 
beauty^  and  perJeHion  \ — but  whv  then  attempt  the  analyfis,  and 
hold  forth  the  cloudy  definition  r  We  do  not  mean  to  difcourage 
inquiry  on  this  fine  and  delightful  fubjedl;  and  we  do  not  des- 
pair to  fee  it  one  day  illuftrated  with  not  lefs  tafte  and  feelings 
and  with  flill  more  accuracy  and  precision,  than  we  have  yet  ob« 
ferved  in  the  beft  writers  who  have  treated  it :  But  we  are  mortal 
enemies  to  jargon^  however  metaphyfical  and  folemn  its  afpe& 
may  be,  and  both  Mengs  and  Winkelmann  Aide  frequent!/ 
into  this  jargon*  wichout  perceiving  it  f.  They  feem  to  have 
received  fome  flafks  of  neSar  from  Apollo,  of  which,  like  thirfty 
Germans,  they  have  drank  deep,  without  confidering  what  their 
heads  would  bear,  or  knowing  that  the  liquor,  which  only  rt* 

•  Thefe  Thoughts^  together  with  a  very  ingenioat  treatifc,  entitled, 
general  Rules  for  judging  eonctming  Painters^  their  ProduQions^  and  the 
Degree  of  Improvement  at  ivbicb  thy  have  mrti'ved,  have  been  tran- 
flated  into  French,  and  were  publiQied  at  Amflerdam  (i  e.  Parii)  laft 
year,  unde    the  title  o^  Oewvret  Jm  Chevalier  Ant,  Raphael  Mengs. 

t  There  is  nevertheleff,  10  chat  work  of  Mengs,  now  mentioned, 
a  treafure  of  excellent  and  truly  philofophical  ideas;  and  we  fee  the 
man  of  genius  even  amJdft  the  obfcority  of  his  metaphyfical  inveRi« 
gacions.  But  he  is  very  far  from  being  obfcure  al*ways  or  even  gene* 
rally.  There  is  great  perfpicuity,  folidtcy,.  and  judgment,  as  well 
as  proofs  of  exten live  knowledge,  in  hU  Thoughtt  on  Painting,  and 
in  his  Rules  for  judging  of  Arcilh. — For  our  account  of  the  Work?, 
and  the  Life  of  Mengs,  by  the  Chevalier  d'Aaara,  ice  Review  tct 
Au^uli  X/b'x,  -and  the  Ap^'endijc  following. 

Jrejbes 


1' 


■  F 


5lS  Wiokelmann's  Familiar  Letiirii 

frejhes  the  Immortals,  is  ftrong  enough  to  intoxicate  man*  Thuf 
they  have  got  PlatonicalJy  iipfy ;  but  there  is  no  harm  done: 
Julie  ejl  defipere  inloco^ — they  rave  elegantly ;  and  thofe  whofefpi- 
rits  are  are  not  exalted  by  a  cheerful  glafs,  are,  generally  /peak* 
ing,  inGpid  when  they  are  fober.  This  latter  is  never  the  cafe 
of  our  two  Germans.  The  upfliot  of  the  matter  is,  that  until 
ve  come  at  clearer  theoretical  notions  of  Beauty  than  have  yet 
been  exhibited,  we  muft  content  ourfelves  with  examining  the 
objetSis  whofe  contemplation  excites  its  ftnfation  in  the  mind. 
Take  the  pupil  of  nature  and  virtu  from  the  myftical  philofopby 
of  Plato^  and  carry  hinn  to  nature  in  her  faireft  and  nobleft 
forms,  and  from  thence  to  the  works  of  the  ancient  artifts ;  to 
the  produfiions  of  Raphael,  Corregio,  Mengs,  Weft  and  Rey« 
oolds,  and  the  landfcapes  o\  Claude  Lorrain,  Pouflin,  and  Lou- 
iherbcrg ;— there  let  him  look,  combine,  compare^  and  feel ; — 
and  then,  though  he  never  may  be  able  to  define  Beauty,  he  will 
certainly  know  within  himrelf  what  it  is,  and  what  it  is  not.— « 
^oi  nequio  difcere  etfentio  tantum, 

WlKK£LMANN  had  a  certain  opinion  concerning  the  beauty  of 
the  fojfos^  which  the  ladies  will  not  judge  orthodox,  and  ttie 
gentlemen.  If  they  are  civil,  will  ftill  lefs  adopt,  and  of  which 
theyy  perhaps,  alone  can  judge  fairly,  who  have  no  fex  at  all ; 
which  fcems  to  have  been  pretty  nearly  the  cafe  of  our  Abbe. 
After  having  obfcrved,  that  in  the  clailes  of  inferior  animals  thcL 
male  is  always  (he  ought  .to  have  faid  generally)  more  beautiful 
than  the  female,  he  proceeds  audacioufly,  and  affirms,  that  the 
{$mc  rule  holds  good  in  the  huqian  fpecics.  '  In  all  cities  (fays 
he)  there  isagceater  number  of  line  men  than  of  fine  women  :  I 
ne^ver  faw  fuch  great  beauties  in  theperfonof  a  woman,  as  I  have 
obferved  in  our  fex.  What  character  of  beauty  does  any  woman 
poflefs,  that  is  not  vifiblc  in  fome  man  ?  You  muft  not  allege 
a^ainft  me  the  charms  of  the  female  bre^ ;  for  the  beauty  of 
this  is  of  (hort  duration,  and  nature  did  not  deffgn  this  part  for 
beautyj  but  for  utility  (why  notfor  both  Mr.  Tnnieimannf\  even 
for  the  nourilhment  of  the  offspring ;  and  of  confequence  it  can- 
not remain  beautiful.'  True,  but  becaufe  a  rofe  fades,  does  this 
prove  that  it  never  had  any  bloom  or  beauty  ? — However,  let  us 
proceed  ;  what  follows  is  more  worthy  of  attention.  ^  Beauty 
exifts  in  man  in  an  advanced  age,  and  it  may  be  faid  of  mv^f 
hoary  heads,  that  they  are  truly  b»eautiful ;  but  I  never  heard  o£ 
a  beautiful  old  woman.' — No  !  Let  us  fee: — at  firft  fight  there 
appears  to  be  fomething  plaufible  in  this  remark  ;  but  it  requires 
and  deferves  difcuffion.  Beauty  in  the  fexes  is  not  the  fame  in 
its  nature,  ,its  forms,  proportions,  oxpreffion  and  colour,  though 
it  may  have  fome  common  characters  in  both.  Vigour  and  ener- 
gy are  the  diftinftive  characters  of  mafculine  beauty  :  Elegance, 

delicacy. 


\^inL'eTmann^  Famsliar  Letters.  .  529 

delicacy,  foft  expreiSoh,  roundncfs  and  fincncfs  of  contour,  and 
j6l  tender  bloom,  are  the  peculiar  lines  of  female  beauty.  Age  is, 
indeed,  more  detrimental  to  thefe,  than  to  the  ftrong  features  oif 
mafculine  beauty:  the  former  exhale  like  an  aerial  vapour;  thie 
latter,  though  altered  by  years,  leave  noble  remains,  that  rendef 
even  the  ridged  front  of  Old  age  venerable*  Again,  wcjadgc 
with  lefs  feverity  of  the  beauty  of  men,  bccaufe  beauty  is  not 
the  principal  quality  upon  which  we  value  them,  and  their  ta- 
lents and  virtues,  when  they  are  endowed  with  any  that  are  ic* 
iparkable,  add  an  imaginary  dignity  even  to  their  figure;  where- 
«8  the  fex,  too  generally  fpcaking,  attrad  by  their  beauty  alone 
(whether  through  their  or  ear  fault,  we  ihall  not  decide)  ;  and  ^ 

therefore  we  are  lefs  indulgent  perhaps  towards  them  on  this  ar- 
ticle, fie  this  as  it  may,  we  have  feen  feveral  fine  old  women^ 
though  we  acknowledge  that  they  began  to  look  fometbing  like 
men. 

We  muft  copy  the  following  paffage  of  one  of  our  Author'l 
letters  to  Mr.  Fuefsliy  as  it  may  fervc  as  a  hint  to  our  C9untry- 
men  who  travel ;  though  it  is  very  abfurd  in  M.  WlNKEti«ANW 
or  any  one  elfe  to  judge  of  the  manners  of  a  people  by  th«fe  of  ^ 
few  individuals.  *  l*he  amiable  Baron  de  Riedefel  has  vifited 
every  corner  of  Sicily.  His  defcripiion  of  the  ruins  of  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  at  Girgenti  is  excellent— —He  praifes  warmly  the  Si* 
cilians  for  their  hofpitality ;  from  whence  it  would  appear  that 
all  travellers  do  not  meet  with  tbe  faiiK  kind  of  reception,  for  the 
Englifh  do  not  agree  with  Riedefel  op  this  head.  No  wonder  : 
they  enter  into  the  houfes  ftifFts  (takes,  their  beads  and  eyes 
clouded  with  fplenetic  vapours,  as  if  they  had  no  fcnfaiion  of  the 
.pleafures  of  life,  and  as  if  joy  and  amenity  were  foreign  to  their 
nature.  How  can  a  hoft  open  a  well-pleafed  and  bofpitabie  heart 
to  fuch  cold,  referved,  and  filent  guefts  ?  I  was  lately  in  com* 
-pany  with  fome  Englifh  noblemen,  one  of  whom  was  My  Lord 

S ^.  and  I  aflureyou,  that  during  the  three  hours  that  we 

were  together,  not  one  of  thefe  gentlemen  deigned  to  fmile.* 

We  find  frequent  mention  in  thefe  letters  of  the  famous  Baron 
Stofch,  whofename  is  fo  well  known  among  the  literati  and  the 
connoifleurs  of  the  prefcnt  age.  One  of  the  firft  performances 
that  difcovered  the  merit  of  Winkelmann  as  an  excellent  9 

fcholar  and  a  man  of  tafte^  was  his  learned  Defcription  of 
the  ColIe£lioh  of  antient  Gims,  made  by  that  celebrated 
antiquary.     This  collection  *,   together  with  an  Atlas  confifl:* 

*  The  cabinet  of  B^  Stofch  was  one  of  the  firft  ih  Earope.  Tb« 
geiris  alone  (including  fome  impreiiioas  of  rare  aoiiqucs  taken  ia 
pafte)  amounted  to  the  number  of  two  thoufand  fivt;  buudrcd. 

App,  Vol.  LXVt  Mm  log 


53!0  RouflTcau'j  ConfeJJtons. 

ing  of  3(^0  volumes,  and  valued  formerly  at  24,000  crown^ 
(ecus  (TAlUmagne)  were  fold  to  the  King  of  Pruffia  by  Mr.  Muz- 
zel  Stofch,  a  man  of  tafte  and  great  merit,  who  inherited  tbein 
of  his  uncle,  together  with  a  precious  colledion  of  medals  and 
drawings  of  the  greateft  maflers,  and  a  noble  library* 

Wefhould  be  glad  toknovi  who^  znAwhtrey  is  the  pofieflbrof 
a  Venus,  difcovcred  by  an  £ngli(h  gentleman  at  Rome  (Mr. 
Jenkins),  about  twenty  years  ago,  *  This  ilatue  (fays  our  Au- 
thor) furpaffesall  the  other  Venufes^  even  the  Venus  of  Florence, 
and  is  a  produ£lion  worthy  of  the  chifel  of  Praxite/n.  It  is  fo 
perfe£lly  well  preferved  that  it  does  not  want  even  a  finger ;  and 
its  beauty  is  fo  enchanting,  that  it  would  be  worth  while  to  come 
to  Rome  to  fee  it  alone.' 

Thefe  entertaining  letters  have  carried  us  imperceptibly  beyond 
the  bounds  that  we  ufually  prefcribe  to  our  accounts  of  works  of 
this  kind.  They  are  terminated  by  a  very  ingenious  and  inte- 
refting  letter  of  M.  Fuefsli,  addrefTed  to  the  German  tranllator 
of  Mr.  TVebb^s  Refearches  concerning  the  Beauties  rf  Painting,  This 
letter,  from  which  we  have  here  only  extra£(5,  contains  an  ad* 
niirable  defcription  of  the  moft  famous  ftatues,  antient  and 
modern,  as  alfo  of  the  mod  capital  pidlures  that  are  to  be  feen 
at  Rome.  It  muft  give  high  pleafure  to  connoifTeurs,  and  may 
ferve  as  a  rich  fourcc  of  inilruf^ion  to  young  artrfts.  We  have 
rarely  met  with  greater  powers  of  description,'  than  this  excel- 
lent Connoifleur  difplays  through  the  whole  of  this  letter,  and 
more  efpecially  in  his  account  of  the  famous  groupe  of  Niobe  in 
the  Villa  Medicis^  of  the  Hermaphrodite,  in  the  ViUa  Borgbefe^ 
and  of  the  landfcape-ftile  of  Claude  Lorrain. 


Art.    VII. 

Les  ConfeJ/jons  de  J»  y.  Rcujfcau^  Suiiies  des  Reveries  du  Prcmenemr 
Silitaire,  i.  e.  The  ContellioDs  of  J.  J.  Rousshau,  to  which  are 
fubjoined  the  Reveries  (or  rather  the  Sublime  Havings)  of  a  Soli* 
tary  Walker.     la  2  Volumes,  with  the  Title  of  Geneva.     1782* 

WHO  is  the  man  (we  were  going  to  fay  the  mifcreant) 
that  has  expofed  to  the  light  of  noon-day  this  ftrange 
mixture  of  fecret,  perfonal  hiftory,  with  the  wild  but  fometimes 
ingenious  efFufions  of  an  over- heated  brain?  They  rather  de* 
ierved  oblivion,  and  if  poor  RoufTcau  was  foolifti  enough  to 
write  them,  no  honcfl  or  humane  man  would  have  been  fordid 
or  malignant  enough  to  publiHi  them.  It  was  perchance  fome 
greedy  French  bookfcller,  or  fome  tool  of  the  Parif«an  philo* 
fophers.  It  looks  rather  like  a  publication  of  the  latter,  who  by 
ways  and  means  have  got  hold  of  the  manufcrlpt;  for  the  anec- 
dotes of  thcfe  philofophers,  which  were  i'uppofcd  to  make  a  con« 

■     •         •     iidcrable 


Roufleau'i  Confejfions:  5jl 

Cderabic  part  of  the  long*expe£led  Memoirs  of  Roujfeau^s  Life 
(and  the  dread  of  whofe  appearance  had  made  the  whole  fi^ 
tremble),  are  entirely  left  out  of  this  hiftory,  in  which  we  fee 
Roufleau  only  expofng  himself.  He  fpcaks,  indeed,  iii  his 
walks^  which  form  the  Second  PArt  of  this  Work,  of  the 
periecutions  he  had  to  fufFer  from  thefe  pretended  fage« ;  he  de- 
fcribes  the  attacks,  fometimes  imperious  and  violent,  fometimea 
alluring  and  infidious,  always  fophidical  and  deftitute  of  evi- 
dence, that  they  made  upon  his  principles  of  morality  and  reli« 
gion :  but  we  have  none  of  thole  particular  fa5li^  that  Rous- 
seau is  known  to  have  colleded,  and  which  he  has,  more  than 
once,  reprefented  as  containing  a  myftery  of  iniquity. 

St.  Auguftin^  who  publifhed  his  confejjiohsy  fpared  himfelf  as 
little  as  our  Author  has  done,  and  if  be  edified  the  Saints  by  his 
fmcerity^  he  entertained  the  wags  by  his  materials, — for  very 
frippery  ftories  indeed  he  had  to  tell.  Rousseau  is  therefore 
miilaken,  when  he  fays,  at  fetting  out,  that  he  has  formed  an 
enterprife  without  example.  It  iS  true  the  citizen  of  Geneva 
has  followed  a  more  cxtenfive  plan  than  the  B'lfhop  of  Hippo^ 
for  he  tells  us  every  thing  he  has  done,  even  to  the  dealing  of  an 
apple ;  but  there  are  certainly  many  of  his  materials  that  will 
entertain  no  clafs  of  readers,  and  we  are  often  difgufted  at  that 
felf  importance  in  this  honeft  man,  which  makes  him  thinks 
that  t\tsy  little  ftory,  c4iat  regards  himfelf,  or  his  aunt,  or  his 
coufln  mufi  be  interefting  to  the  public.  It  mufl  be  confefTed^ 
that  very  trivial  facSls  receive  2,  feafoning  from  RoussEAU*s  man- 
ner of  difhing  zn^  fending  them  up  ;  but  that  is  really  but  a  very 
middling  entertainment,  in  which  the  merit  of  almoft  all  the 
di(hes  depends  upon  the  fauce; — and  this  is  palpably  the  cafe 
with  the  intelledual  and  moral  entertainiiient,  to  which  we  are 
invited  to  (it  down  in  the  Work  before  us. 

This  we  obferve  only,  with  reipcfl  to  the  Confefftons^  which 
are  comprifed  in  fix  books  and  fill  300  pages.  In  regard  to 
the  reveries  01  folita^y  walks^  which  fill  little  more  than  a  third  of 
tbatfpace,  though  they  alfo  contain  many  infipid  and  vulgar  anec- 
dotes, fuch  as  may  happen  to  every  barber's  boy  who  carries  home 
the  wig  that  his  mafter  has  drefTed,  yet  they  exhibit  entertain- 
ment of  a  higher  kind,  of  which  we  (hall  give,  in  their  place, 
fome  fpecimens,  that  will  diminifh  the  unfavourable  impreffions, 
which  thefe  confe/fions  may  produce. 

Since  thefe  Confejftons  have  been  publifhed,  we  {hall  not  pafs 
them  over  in  filence ;  htc^uk  fome  account  of  the  private  hiftory 
of  this  extraordinary  man  may  be  an  obje£^  of  curiofity ;  tho' 
the  whole  account,  as  it  here  lies  before  us,  muft  certainly  pro- 
duce fatiety.  There  are  very  few  men^  whoic  whoU  lives  are  fit 
to  be  exhibited  to  public  view. 

M  m  2  J-  J* 


c^t  RoufTeau^i  Confeffidnit 

J.  J.  Rousseau  was  born  at  Geneva  (which  is  now  a  prey 
to  (he  fatal  confequences of  his  romantic  principles)  in  the  year 
17 12.  His  father  was  a  watch-maker,  a  man  of  parts,  who 
had  been  liberally  educated,  as  is  very  frequently  the  cafe  with 
the  tradefmen  of  that  city.  This  man  read  romances  with  his 
ion,  almoft  without  interruption,  until  the  boy  had  arrived  at 
his  8th  year.  Plutarch's  Lives  fucceeded  the  romances  :  *  And 
by  thefe  (fays  he)  and  the  converfations,  they  occafioned  between 
my  father  and  me,-  was  formed  within  me,  that  free  republican,' 
proud,  invincible  fpirit,  that  could  bear  no  yoke,  and  which  has 
tormented  mc  through  the  whole  courfe  of  my  life,  even  in  cir- 

cumftances  the  leaft  adapted  to  its  exertion/ *  I  looked  upon 

ihyfelf  as  a  Greek  or  a  Roman  :  T  became  the  perfon  whofe  life 
I  read  y — the  recital  of  ftriking  inftances  of  intreprdity  and  con- 
ftancy  of  mind  made  my  eyes  fparkle,  and  gave  the  tone  of 
thunder  to  my  voice.  One  day,  while  I  was  telling,  at  table, 
the  ftory  of  Scxvola,  I  frighted  the  company  almoft  out  of  their 
wits,  by  laying  hold  of  a  chafing-di(h  to  a£t  the  part  over 
sigain.* 

He  was,  neverthelefs,  a  good  boy,  was  carefully  educated^ 
and  had  good  examples  about  him,  as  he  tells  us  the  momentf 
after.  *  I  had,  indeed,  fays  he^  the  defeAs  incident  to  this  early 
l^eriod  of  life :  I  was  a  prattler,  a  glutton,  and  fometimes  a  liar, 
I  made  no  fcruple  of  pilfering  fruit,  fweet-meats,  and  eatables } 
But  I  never  took  pleafure  in  doing  mifchief,  in  accufing  my 
play-fellows,  or  in  tormenting  flies  or  any  other  animals.  1 
however  recal  to  my  memory,  my  having  once  pifled  in  the  tea* 
kettle  of  Mrs.  Clot,  one  of  our  neighbours,  when  the  old  Ladf 
was  at  church.  I  ev^n  confefsy  that  when  I  think  of  this,  I  ftilf 
fall  a  laughing  ;  for  Mrs.  Clot,  though  no  bad  fort  of  woman^ 
was  a  grumbler  of  the  firft  order.  Here  then  1  have  given  a' 
Ihort,  but  faithful  hiftory  of  the  mifdemeanors  of  my  in* 
fancy.' 

When  he  was  getting  out  of  infancy,  he  was  deprived  of  the 
prefence  of  his  father,  who  had  been  obliged  to  retire  from  Ge- 
neva to  Nion,  on  account  of  a  quarrel  he  had  with  an  ofllcer. 
On  this  occafion  his  uncle  Bernard^  who  became  his  guardian^ 
ftnt  him  with  his  own  fon,  to  board  with  M.  Lamhercier^  va\^' 
nifter  of  a  village,  who  was  to  inftrudl  them  in  Latin  and  other 
branches  of  fchool- education.     Nothing  certainly  Can  be  more 
trivial  than  the  events  of  this  period,  and  yet  we  afe  told  they 
had  a  predominant  influence  upon  the  fentiments  and  charaAer' 
of  this  old  man  during  the  whole  courfe  of  his  life.     We  fhall' 
abridge  the  account  of  a  whipping,  which   Roufieaa  received* 
(probably  on  his  pofteriors)  from  Mrs.  Lamberner^  the  fchool^ 
mafter's  Mer,  becaufe  it  gives  occafion  to  fome  very  fivgttlaf 
feilexk)ns.     ^  Mrs.  Lambercier  had  for  us,  fays  he,  a  maternal 

5  affedion^ 


RoufleauV  Cmfefftons.  Jjj 

lifFe£lion,  but  (he  had  alfo  over  us  the  authority  of  a  mother, 
9nd  carried  it  fo  far  as  to  puni(h  us  when  we  defer ved  it.     A'ter 
many  threatnings,  (he  at  kngtb  in^i£led  corporal  chaftifement, 
and  though  ihe  apprebenfion  of  this  punifhment  was  terrible* 
its  execution  was  fo  far  from  being  fo,  that  it  excited  in  me  al 
new  degret  of  afFe£lion  for  the  perion  who  inflidled  it.     I  found 
in  the  pain,  and  even  in  the  (hame,  excited  by  this  chaftifement, 
a  tnixturi  of  Jenfuality^  which   left  behind  it  rather  a  defire  thaa 
an  apprehenkon  of  being  punifhed  ag^in  by  the  fame  hand.     |^ 
even  longed  for  a  repetition  of  this  corredlion,  and  1  would  cer« 
^ainJy  have  done  fomething  to  deferve  it  in  order  to  obtain  it, 
had  not  my  aflFeftion  for  Mrs.  Lambercier^  and  my  fear  of  of- 
fending her  retrained  me.     No  doubt,  fome  inftin^ive   per* 
ception   of  her  fex  was  at  the  bottom  of  this  defire;  for  the 
fame  correiStion  from  the  hand  of  her  brother  would  not  at  all 
have  pleafcd  me.— -Who  would  believe  that  this  punifhmenr, 
infliifled  upon  me  in  my  nijith  year,  fixed  the  tenor  of  my  pro* 
penfities,  defires,  paffions,  and  charaAer  for  the  reft  of  my  life^ 
and  fixed  it  in  a  line  or  dire^ion,  contrary  to  that  which  it  ought 
naturally  to  have  produced :    though   the  fire  of    paffion  was 
kindled,  my  defires  were  fo  little  inftrudled,  that  they  acquiefced 
in  what  I  had  already  experienced,  and  fought  no  other  gratifi« 
jcation.'    *  With  the  warmeft  conftitutiui?)  which  burned  with 
fenfuality  even   from   my  birth,  I  kept  myfelf  pure  from  all 
pUmiJh  until  the  time  of  life  when  the  coldeft  complexions,  anfi| 
the  moft  tardy  and  backward  propenfities,  develope  their  ardour/ 
*  The  following  pages  are  a  glaring  contradifSlion  to  this  affirm* 
^tion,  and  though  the  female  connexions  of  this  odd   mortal^ 
this  aggregate  of  contradictions,  are  defcribed  with  a  certaid 
decency  of  phrafe,  they  (hew,  through  this  gauze,  proceedings 
and  objeds  which  we  have  no  inclination  to  exhibit  to  oui: 
j^eaders. 

All  thefe  things  took  place  before  Rousseau  had  paflTed  his 
12th  year,  and  tbey  fill  a  great  number  of  tirefome  pages  full 
of  repetitions,  trifles,  and  contradidions,  which  are  fcarcely 
gendered  fupportable  by  fome  juft  and  interefting  reflexions.  He 
was  then  bound  apprentice  to  an  attorney,  who  turned  him  oflTon 
account  of  his  negligence ;  afterw^irds  to  an  engraver,  wh6(e 
profeifion  he  liked,  but  whofe  tyranny  and  fcverity  led  him  to 
icontrad  ftrong  habits  of  lying,  idlencfs,  and  thievery.  He  ftole 
almoft  every  thing  but  money  ;  and  he  gives  us  a  long  firing  of 
reafons  for  his  abftinence  from  this  kind  of  theft,  (uch  as  the 
impreflions  of  education,  the  fear  of  infamy,  and  the  gallows^ 
and  fo  on.  But  one.  of  his  curious  reafons  for  not  ftealing 
money,  is,  that  it  is  almoft  good  for  nothing.  '  To  make  ufe 
pf  money,  fays  ht^  we  muft  cheapen,  buy,  pay  well,  and  be  iU 
^rved.    I  want  fomethine  good  in  ita  kind  ^  for  money  I  am 

M  m  3  ftfre 


534     *  Rouffeau'i  Confejfions. 

fure  to  have  it  bad  :  I  buy  dear  a  frefli  egg  and  find  tt  ftale  :  \ 
love  good  wine,  but  if  I  purchafe  it  from  a  wine  merchant,  I  am 
fure  it  will  be  abominable.  And  if  I  will  abfolutely  be  well 
ferved,  what  cares,  v^hat  perplexities  afiail  me  ?  I  muft  pro«* 
cure  friends  and  correfpondents,  give  commiffions,  write,  go, 
come,  wait,  and  all  this  often  to  be  duped  !  So  that  I  had  no 
temptation  to  fteal  money  :  a  fingle  Iheet  of  paper,  proper  for 
defigning:,  tempted  me  more,  wb^n  I  was  in  my  apprenticefliipi 
than  a  fum  of  money  that  would  have  procured  me  a  ream. 
^his  oddity  is  connected  with  one  of  the  iingularities  of  my 
charadter,  which  has  had  fuch  a  remarkable  influence  on  my  con- 
dud^,  that  it  is  neceflary  to  be  more  explicit  on  this  head.  I  have 
yery  warm  paffions ;  and  while  they  are  in  motion,  nothing  can 
^qual  my  impetuofi-y  :  In  thefe  mon.ents,  neither  reftraint,  nor 
refpedl,  nor  fear,  nor  decency,  have  any  hold  upon  me ;  I  am 
cynical,  impudent,  violent,  and  intrepid  ^  neither  fliame  can 
check,  nor  danger  affright  me. — Except  the  objed  that  then 
pccupies  me  exclufively,  the  whole  univerfe  is  nothing  to  me: 
but  all  this  is  only  the  bufjnefs  of  a  moment,  and  the  fucceeding 
one  throws  me  jnto  a  (late  of  annihilation.  But  take  me  in  a 
calm  moment,  and  then  I  am  all  indolence  and  tirporoufnefs  it- 
iclf :  every  things  alarms  me  j  every  thing  difcourages  me  ;  the 
buzzing  of  a  ny  fcares  me ;  a  word  that  I  muft  pronounce,  ^ 
gcilure  terrifies  my  lazinefs,  fear  and  (hame  domineer  over  me 
to  fuch.  a  degree,  that  f  (hould  be  glad  to  hide  myfelf  from 
every  hunian  eye.  If  I  am  obliged  to  a£l^  I  know  not  what  to 
do:  If  I  am  obliged  to  fpeak,  I  know  not  what  to  fay  :  and  if 
any  one  looks  at  me,  I  am  difconcerted.  \Vhen  I  grow  warm, 
1  can  fometimes  exprefs  myfelf  well,  and  find  words  in  abuo- 
fiance;  but  in  ordinary  converfation  I  am  totally  barren  \  I  can* 
not  find  a  phrafe,  and  therefore  it  is  to  me  unfupportable,  be- 
caufe  I  am  obliged  to  fpeak.'     foor  man  I 

RoufTeau  did  not  ferye  out  his  time  with  the  engraver,  where 
(as  he  tells  us  himfelf)  he  had  fallen  from  tht  fublimity  of  hereifm 
to  the  degradation  of  a  worthUfs  dog.  This  degradation  was 
nor,  however,  entire  ;  for  he  had  rtcourfe  to  reading',  to  fill 
up  the  void  that  confumed  his  heart,  and  which  neither  the  la* 
bours  of  his  profeilion,  nor  the  amufements  that  fatisfied  other?, 
could  fill.  This  cured  him  of  feveral  childifh  propenftties  and 
I  low  habit<:,  and  prefented  to  him  objeds  that  contributed  to 
fave  him  from  himfelf^  and  to  fiem  the  torrent  (thefe  are  his  own 
cxprtfli'.ns)  of  his  growing  Jenfuality.  *  Thus  (fays  he)  I  ar- 
rived at  my  fixteenth  year,  rcfUcfj,  difcontcntcd  wiih  every  thing 
and  with  myfelf,  without  an  inclination  for  my  profefiion,  con^ 
fumed  with  defires,  of  which  I  knew  not  the  true  objed^,  ffgh* 
Ing,  I  knew  not  why — and  carcfling  tenderly  my  fincicf,  fof 
want  of  realities  that  better  deferved  my  attachment/ 


RoufleauV  Confeffhrn.  53$ 

At  this  time  the  fear  of  chaftifement  from  his  fcvcre  mafter, 
prompted  him  to  fave  himfelf  by  flight.  This  opens  a  new  fcene, 
and  a  Angular  one,  which  his  defcription  of  its  circumftances 
renders  ftill  more  intereiting  than  the  circumftances  themfelves^ 
while  feveral  excellent  refle£tions  (for  'tis  a  ftrange  head  and 
heart!)  cry  mercy  and  indulgence  for  the  follies  that  it  exhi* 
bits.  Returning  too  late  to  Geneva  after  an  evening  walk,  and 
iinding  the  gates  (hut,  he  formed  the  defign  of  breaking  his 
chain,  and  feeking  his  fortune  elfewhere.  Away  he  went,  and 
under  the  influence  of  his  dawning  liberty,  his  imagination  built 
enchanted  cafties,  and  created  the  moft  delicious  phantoms  of 
future  felicity.  However,  even  in  this  field  of  fancy,  his  defires 
were  not  immoderate,  nor  his  views  over  ambitious  :  he  fore- 
saw, indeed,  every  fource  of  pleafure  pouring  forth  its  ftreams  at 
his  feet,  feafts,  happy  adventures,  Wends  to  fcrve  him,  mif- 
treflfes  to  pleafe  Ivim :  ^  But,  fays  be^  I  did  not  want  all  this. 
The  charms  of  a  good  fociety  were  fuflicient.  My  moderatUn 
circumfcribed  me  within  a  narrow,  but  delicious  fphere,  where 
I  could  be  afTured  of  ruling.  My  ambition  was  limited  to  one 
caftle;  where  I  fliould  be  the  favourite  of  the  Lord  and  Lady  of 
the  manfion,  their  daughter's  lover ^  their  ion* s  friend^  the  /»r^- 
ii^9r  of  their  neighbours.  With  this  I  (hould  be  contented  ;  I 
fhould  feek  no  more.'  You  may  think  Reader  that  he  jokes,  but 
we  fay  Ecce  Homo  ! 

In  the  mean  time,  he  trotted  from  village  to  village,  living 
upon  the  hofpitality  of  benevolent  peafants.  At  length,  in  the 
tcriitory  of  Savoy,  he  met  with  a  curate  (M.  dc  Pontverre)  who 
received  him  well,  talked  to  him  of  the  heretics  of  Geneva,  of  the 
authority  of  the  Holy  Mother  Church,  ufed  many  arguments 
to  convert  him,  and  gave  him  a  good  dinner.  Civility  and  gra- 
titude prevented  him  from  vigorbufly  anfwering  arguments  that 
had  fuch  an  engaging  conclufion  ;  and  he  makes  a  Jong  and  in- 
genious apology  for  the  weaknefs  of  his  oppofition,  or  rather  for 
his  filence,  and  fomeobfequious  nods,  that  gave  the  curate  hopes 
of  his  converfion.  The  curate,  who  had  no  other  end  in  view 
but  to  gain  a  profelyte,  fent  him  to  Annecy  to  a  Mrs.  lVaren%y 
a  new  convert,  who  had  fled  from  her  hufband  at  Laufanne, 
and  to  whom  the  King  of  Sardinia  had  given  a  peniion,  which 
was  to  be  partly  employed  by  her  zeal  in  works  of  piety  The 
charms  and  qualities  of  this  Angular  and  alluring  (hepherdefs  of 
wandering  fouls  are  amply  defcribed  here  \  and  the  Author  muft 
have  been  tvarm^  for  he  has  certainly  not  been  barren  of  words 
on  the  occaiion.  His  firft  interview  with  this  Lady  is,  indeed, 
fnoft  entertaining  :  his  defcription  of  her  perfon,  is  one  of  the 
moft  animated  pictures  of  interefting  beauty  and  grace  which 
we  have  ever  met  with  $  and  her  loving  and  gentle  charader, 
ber  fympathj  with  the  iinhappV)  her  inexhauftible  goodnefs,   her 

M  m  4.  decpn( 


53^  Rpttilbau'j  CmfiJJbm^ 

decent  gaiety,  her  amiable  fraokneft  and  candour,  and  tl 
ferenity  that  reigned  in  her  benevolent  mind  through  aH  ti 
trials  and  vicKBtudes  of  her  life,  areexprelTed  in  the  fineft  lines,! 
and  with  the  richeft  colouring.  Yet  this  angelic  creature^  as  ap-l 
pears  in  theprogrefsof  thefe  C0if//^ju,  condefcended  to  a^soil 
humanity  to  her  Reward,  and  alfo  to  our  Author,  which  do  not 
come  within  \\\^  moral  fphere  of  beneficence.  Here,  howevcrj 
pur  adventurer  tell  us,  that  her  condud  was  totally  difintereftti^ 
and  her  motives  pure,  her  compliances  being  no  more  than  ge- 
perous  rewards  for  faithful  fervice  and  attachment,  which  (he 
beftowed  without  any  views  or  feelings  but  thofe  of  benevo- 
lence. 

However  that  mav  have  been,  Roufieau  had  hitherto  no  title 
fo  his  Lady's  benevolence,  and  a  youth  of  fixteen  was,  in  the 
eye  of  fame,  a  critical  objetSl  for  this  agreeable  woman,  in  her 
28th  year.  She  therefore  Tent  him  to  Turin,  to  have  his  con- 
yerfion  to  popery  completed,  by  the  ecclcfiaftics  of  that  city. 
This  opens  again  a  new  fcene,  which  really  defer vcs  to 
be  prefented  to  our  Readers,  The  circomflances  are  fo 
much  the  more  interefting,  as  we  are  fure  that  they  are  true. 
The  Editor  of  this  Work  ought  to  have  feledied  interefling 
fa£ls  and  rcfl  ^icns  from  this  manufcript,  inftead  of  pubhOiing 
the  whole. 

Away  then  he  went  to  Turin,  in  company  with  a  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Sabran,  to  whofe  care  Mrs.  Warens  had  committed  him. 
*  I  was,  at  this  moment,  jays  he-,  in  the  happieft  fituation  of 
mind  and  body,  that  I  have  ever  found  myfelf  in  the  whole 
courfc  of  my  life.  Young,  vigorous,  healtby)  fe^ure,  full  of 
confidence  in  myfelf  and  in  others,  I  was  juft  in  that  tranfitory 
but  precious  period  of  hfc^  when  iu  ^xpanfive  plenitude  extends, 
as  it  were,  our  being  by  all  our  fenfations,  and  embel{i(hes  all 
nature  with  the  charm  of  our  exigence.  Young  4^fire,  en- 
chanting hope,  and  fplendid  proje^s,  filled  my  mind.'  He 
paiTed  fcven  days  in  the  mod  delightful  reveries  and  expefiationi 
between  Annecy  and  Turin.  And  as  he  travelled  through  a 
beautiful  countiy,  his  hopes  and  projects  were  of  a  rufal  kind  ; 
he  fancied  to  himfelf  padoral  fcenes  of  felicity,  which  he  here 
defcribej  with  the  pen  of  a  Gefner.  When  he  arrived  at  Turin, 
the  fumes  of  ambition  got  up  to  his  brain:  <  I  already  looked 
upon  m)felf  as  infinitely  exalted  above  my  former  condition  of 
an  apprentice,  and  was  far  from  apprehending  that  I  was  going 
io  fall  rpuch  below  it,'  The  fall,  indeed,  was-  terrible^  an4 
the  vifionary  landfcape  was  converted  ipto  a  filthy  pfiire. 

His  fellow-travellers  had  defrayed  bis  charges,  but  be  wa^ 
pbliged  to  reimburfe  them,  which  exhaufted  his  fmall  (lock, 
^nd  reduced  him    to   a   defti(ufc  cgnd^tiont  ■  m      He    had^ 

however, 


Roufleau'x  ConfeJ^ns,  532 

i  however,  letters  to  the  heads  of  the  feminnry.  of  the  Catechu- 
I  ii'»ens,  where  he  v/as  to  purchafe  a  fubfiftence,  by  the  facrificQ 
i  of  his  fincerity.  His  defcription  of  the  place,  of  the  iron  crofs* 
barred  gate,  that  was  ftut  and  douhlc-loclced,  with  a  hideous 
clangor  on  his  heels  as  foon  as  he  pafTcd  the  threfhold^-of  two 
vagabond  Sclavonians,  who  called  themfclves  Jews,  that  were 
to  be  admitted  with  him  into  the  bofom  of  MothGr-church,  and 
of  the  emotions,  fentimcnts,  and  conflicts,  that  pafTed  in  his 
mind  in  this  dii'gufting  period  of  his  degradation,  is  curious  and 
afFeding.  The  reflexions  he  malces  on  this  occaiion  ^re  va- 
rious and  excellent.  ^  The  fophifm  by  which  I  was  undone 
(fays  he)  is  a  pretty  general  fourcc  of  illufion  amoog  men,  who 
complain  of  the  want  of  power,  when  it  is  too  late  to  employ 
it.  It  is  our  fault  if  virtue  is  dif&cult;  for  if  we  were  alway$ 
provident  and  cautious,  we  (hould  have  rarely  occafion  for  its 
painful  exertions.  But  propenfities,  which  might  be  eafily 
overcome,  meet  with  no  refiftance :  we  yield  to  light  tempta^ 
tioos,  of  which  we  defpife  the  danger :  we  fall  imperceptibly 
into  perilous  (ituations,  which  might  have  been  avoided  with 
little  difficulty,  but  from  which  we  cannot  extricate  ourfclves 
without  heroic  efforts,  that  we  behold  with  terror ;  and  at 
length,  we  fall  into  the  abyfs,  and  complain  that  God  framed 
us  fo  weak  and  yielding.  But,  in  the  midft  of  our  illufipns  and 
complaints,  the  Deity  addrefT^s  to  our  confciences  the  following 
language:  I  made  thee  too  weak  to  deliver  thyfelf  fron)  the 
abyfs,  becaufe  I  made  xhttjlrong  enough  not  to  fall  into  it/ 

Our  poor  adventurer  got  into  the  abyfs.  He  difputed  a  little 
with  the  Abb6*s,  and  then  yielding,  was  fent  to  the  inquifitor 
to  obtain  abfolution  for  the  herefy  in  which  he  had  been  edu^ 
Gated.  He  received  about  twenty  florins  for  his  apoftacy,  which 
had  been  collefied  from  the  fpcaators  of  the  ceremony  that  ac- 
companied it.  However,  he  got  out  of  the  ecclefuftical  prifon, 
^nd  the  keen  fenfation  of  recovered  liberty  made  him,  for  a  mo* 
ment,  forget  his  mifery  and  his  difgracc.  The  twenty  florins 
appeared  to  him  an  inexhauftible  treafure,  and  he  formed  nevv 
^opf$  as  vifionary  as  the  preceding,  and  as  ignoble  iri 
the  event.  He  ran  about  the  city  to  fee  the  new  fet  of  ob« 
je<3s  it  exhibited  to  his  curiofity,  and  finiflied  the  fatigues  of 
the  day  in  a  lodging  he  had  hired  for  a  penny  a  night,  in  the 
homely  cabin  qf  a  foldier*s  wife.  The  objedls  of  magnificence 
and  fplendor  he  faw  at  the  Court  and  about  the  city,  raifed  in 
bim  only  a  ilupid  admiration  vvithout  exciting  any  .defire.'  The 
only  thing,  fays  he^  that  excited  my  curiofity,  when  I  faw  the 
cutfide  of  the  Court,  was  to  know,  whether  there  was  not  fome 
Princefs  within^  who  deferyed  my  homage,  and  with  whom  I 
might  a^  a  rooiao^e,* 


CIA.-  - 


538  RoufleatiV  Confeffkns, 

Inftead  of  a  romance  with  a  Princefs,  he  was  empToyecf  iqI 
the  (hop  of  a  certain  Madame  BaJUfy  with  whom  his  connediooj 
was  y^ry  tender,  though  pure  and  fentimental,  and  is  htiv 
largely  and  warmly  defcribed,  with  a  pencil  like  Sterne's^  when 
he  was  not  indecent.  Turned  out  of  this  houfe  by  a  jealous 
hufband,  he  returned  to  his  old  penny  lodging,  and  was  re- 
commended by  the  foldter's  wife  to  a  domeftic,  who  recommend* 
cd  him  to  the  Countefs  of  Vercellisy  into  whofe  fervice  he  was 
admitted  upon  a  footing  fomewhat  higher  than  that  of  a  liverv* 
ierrant.  Here  he  told  a  lie,  which  tormented  him  through  the 
whole  courfe  of  his  days,  and  which  he  now  relates  in  ail  its 
circumftances  with  the  bittereft  and  moft  afFeding  expreffions 
of  remorfe.  The  obje(9  was  trifling — the  theft  was  ignoble  ; 
but  the  lie  was  indeed,  villanous  :  he  had  filched  a  ribbon,  and 
when  it  was  difcovered  in  his  pofleffion,  he  laid  the  theft  to  the 
charge  of  Marion^  an  innocent  and  amiable  girl  of  the  family, 
and  in  prefence  of  all  the  fervants  aflVmbled,  with  a  view  to 
find  out  the  tranfgreflar,  he  affirmed  to  her  face  that  (he  had 
fiolen  the  ribbon  and  given  it  to  him.  The  truth  was,  that  he 
had  ftolen  it,  with  an  intention  to  give  it  to  her :  but  nothing 
can  exceed  his  lively  and  pathetic  defcription  of  his  guilr,  the 
motives  that  occafioned  the  lie,  the  innocent  fimplicity  of 
Marion,  and  the  inextinguifhable  remorfe  of  her  unjuft  ac- 
cufer.  RouiTeau  left  this  houfe  after  the  death  of  the  CounteCs^ 
whofe  lad  moments,  as  here  reprefented,  would  have  left  a 
pleafing  impreiHon  of  refpe6l  on  the  mind  of  the  Reader,  had 
not  the  relation  been  terminated  by  a  ridiculous  incident  which 
excites  laughter. 

In  the  fucceflion  of  his  ideas  and  connexions,  RoufiTeau  had 
been  hitherto,  as  he  expreffes  it  himfelf,  an  Jchil/esor  a  Therjitis^ 
a  hero,  or  a  worthlefs  dog.  He  met  with  a  Mr.  Gainu^  who 
took  pains  to  call  him  to  reflexion,  to  fhew  him  to  himfelf, 
without  difcouraging  him  on  the  one  hand,  or  fparing  his  pride 
on  the  other,  •  He  drew  to  me  (fays  be)  a  true  pidure  of  human 
life, — while  he  fpolce  advantageoufly  of  my  natural  charader 
and  talents,  he  told  me  frankly,  that  they  were  not  likely  to 
place  me  in  the  fun-(hine  of  fortune,  though  they  might  furnifh 
refources  that  would  enable  me  to  fupport  the  want  of  it.  He 
lowered  my  admiration  of  human  grandeur,  by  proving  to  me 
that  thofe,  who  ruled  others,  were  neither  wifer  nor  happier 
than  them, — and  that  if  each  individual  could  read  what  pafled 
in  the  hearts  of  all  Ms  fellow-creatures,  more  would  be  ktn 
difpofed  to  defcend,  than  afpiring  to  rife.  He  was  the  firft 
who  gave  me  true  ideas  of  moral  beauty  and  virtue,  which  my 
flighty  and  high  fwollen  imagination  had  never  contemplated  or 
diicerned  but  in  their  extremes.  He  made  me  perceive  that  the 
enthufiafm  of  fublime  virtues  was  of  littk  ufc  in  fociety, — ^that 

thoff 


Roufieau'i  Cmfeffwis.  ^29 

H  fhofe  who  fuared  too  high  were  mod  expofed  to  fall,  and  chat 

■I  the  even  tenor  of  fmaller  duties,  well   performed,  required  as 

i  great  ftrength  as  heroic  deeds,  and  was  attended   with   more 

i'  peaceful  and  happy  fruits,  and  that  it  was  infinitely  more  eli- 

I    gible  to  obtain  the  efidtm  of  men,  than  to  be  fometimes  the  ob<v 

je^Js  of  their  admiration,*  Good  lefTons  !  had  they  been  reduced  to 

pradlice.     They,  however,  left  profound  traces  in  the.  mind  of 

our  fublime  vagabond,  and  were  certainly  a.  prefervative  againft 

the  temptations  that  aflailed  him. 

He  now  entered  into  the  family  of  the  Count  de  Gouvon^  firft 
Equerry  to  the  Queen,  and  head  of  the  iilufirious  houfe  of 
Solar.  The  fon  of  this  nobleman,  who  was  an  Abbe,  and  a 
man  of  letters,  raifed  him  from  the  ftate  of  domedic,  in  which 
he  was  for  fome  time,  to  a  better  rank,  or,  at  leaft,  treated 
him  as  one  in  whom  he  might  one  day  plac6  confidence  and 
employ  in  a  reputable  fphere.  He  taught  'hfm  Latin,  more  or 
lefs  (for  Rouifeau  never  made  any  confiJerable  proficiency  ia 
that  language),  was  pleafed  with  his  capacity  and  genius,  gave 
him  inftru£iions  in  the  Belles  Lettres,  and  particularly  in  Italiaii 
literature,  in  which  our  difciple  made  a  great  progrefs.  £ver]r 
thing  in  this  new  fituation  had  the  moft  promifing  arpe£l  with 
refped  to  his  future  fortune :  he  was  efteemed  in  the  family  uni- 
verfaily,  was  looked  upon  as  a  young  man  of  whom  the  higheft 
expedations  might  be  entertained,  and  was  defigned  to  be  em- 
ployed as  a  perfon  of  capacity  and  confidence,  under  fucb  of 
the  branches  of  that  noble  Houfe  as  might  be  promoted  to  em- 
baffies  or  minifterial  departments.  *  But  (fays  he)  thefe 
profpeds  were  too  folid  for  my  head,  which  was  always  running 
after  uncommon  adventures:  they  required  a  long  fubjeftion, 
and  the  plan  appeared  to  me  tedious  and  infipid,  as  I  faw  no 
woman  concerned  in  it.  That  is  the  very  circumftance  that 
ought  to  have  recommended  it,  if  I  had  not  been  deftitute  of 
common  fenie/  In  the  mean  time,  what  happened  i  A  comi- 
cal fellow  from  Geneva  called  Bacle^  fell  in  his  way  at  Turin, 
and  amufed  him  with  his  buffoonery  and  lively  humour.  He 
contracted  fuch  an  attachment  for  this  merry  companion,  that 
he  refolved  to  break  all  his  prefent  connections,  and  to  fet  off* 
with  him  from  Turin,  for,  —he  knew  not  where.  Accordingly, 
he  neglected  bis  duty,  his  profpeCts,  and  his  benefaCtors,  got 
himfelf  turned  out  of  doors,  and  after  having  wandered  from 
place  to  place  with  this  vagabond,  during  fix  weeks,  he  return- 
ed with  fear,  and  almoft  with  defpair,  to  the  houfe  of  Mrs, 
IVarens  at  Anneqy,  for  whom  he  had  ftill  retained  a  tender 
affcdion,  and  of  whom  (as  he  had  faid  at  parting  from  her)  he 
confidered  nimfelf  as  the  pupil,  the  friend,  if  not  the  lover.— 
1  he  lover,  certainly,  in  the  whole  extent  of  that  term.  The 
paraJuxical  refinements  of  this  paffion  in  his  brain,  its  ferment- 

atioii 


J4^  RoufleauV  Confejj^ns. 

ation  in  the  reft  of  his  frame,  the  manner  of  livfng  of  thrt 
Dukima^  with  a  thaufand  trifling  incidents,  which  are  circum* 
ftanciaMy  related  (that  nothing,  forfooth,  which  can  contrtbuteta 
make  this  importnrst  perfonagi^  our  Author,  icnown  may  be  con- 
cealed from  the  public)  occupy  a  coniiderabie  number  of 
pages. 

Mrs.  War  em  formed  fchemes  for  placing  Roufftauy  who  was 
now  advanced  in  his  19th  year.  A  relation  of  hers,  M« 
D^ Auhonne^  a  man  of  parts  and  enterprize,  who  pai(cd  through 
Annccy  in  his  way  to  Turin,  examined  the  young  man  at  ker 
requeft,  and  pronounced  htm  ^  dcditute  of  acquired  knowledge^ 
and  {o  fcantily  furnifhed  wiih  parts  and  ideas,  that  he  did  hoc 
ieem  dedined  for  any  thing  more  exalted  than  the  cu/acy  of  % 
village.  On  this  occafion  Roufieau  gives  an  account  of  his  io<^ 
tellers,  which,  no  doubt,  will  furprizc  the  Reader.  By  this 
account  it  appears,  that  he  was  as  flow  in  thinking  as  he  wa^ 
quick  and  lively  in  feeling, — that  he  arranged  his  ideas  with  th« 
greateft  difHculty, — that  he  wrote  with  pain  and  labour,  as  the 
innumerable  blots  and  corcedtons  in  his  manufcripts,  and  the 
neceifity  he  was  under  of  cranfcribing  them  four  or  Ave  times^ 
before  they  went  to  the  prefs,  abundantly  teftify,-^that  the  for* 
mation  of  a  fmgle  period  fomecimes  coft  him:  threel  or  four 
flights : — that  he  could  never  attain  to  the  quick  facility  and 
readinefs  which  are  eflfenfeial  to  the  epiftolary  ftile,  and  that  all 
bis  writings  were  carried  on  andi  finiflied  by  dint  of  labour^ 
ilowly  and  painfuUy.  Who  will  belteye  this  who  knows  that 
bold  thought  and  ftrong  feeling  force  exprei&on,  nay  force 
it  rapidly  \  But  our  Author,  it  (eems,  was  a  (iiigular  man,  and 
unlike  any  other  individual  of  his  fpecies  ;*and  to  perfuade  ua 
of  this  (which  is  his  favourite  idea,  his  hobby  hoffe),  we 
really  believe  that  he  fometimes  tells  fibs,  without  knowing  it. 

Mrs  X^r^i/x difappears  for  fome  time:  fome  fecret  views  car* 
ried  her  fuddenly  to  Paris.  During  her  abfence  Roufleau  wandered 
about  from  place  to  place,  teaching  mufic,  of  which,  as  yet, 
he  knew  very  little,  to  gain  ^  fubfiftence,  that  was  fcarcdy 
fuch  as  kept  him  above  iharp  indigence.  In  the  environs  of 
Laufanne  he  met  with  a  Greek  bifhop,  who  was  making  a 
colledion  for  the  reftoration  of  the  holy  fepulchre.  The  pre^ 
iate  and  our  Author  took  a  liking  to  each  other,  and  our  ad- 
venturer thus  became  ailiftant  and  interpreter  to  the  archman- 
drite  of  Jcrufaiem.  He  would  probably  have  vifited  the  Holy 
L  md,  had  not  the  Marquis  6f  Bonac,  the  French  ambafTador 
at  Soleure,  perfuaded  him  to  renounce  this  new  employment. 
and  taken  him  into  his  houfe  with  a  yicw  to  provide  for  him* 
Otir  pilgrim  remained,  however,  but  a  fliort  time  with  the 
Marquis,  who,  perhaps,  on  perceiving  his  impatience  and  n>- 
manuck  call  of  niiiid,  was  latisfied  to  get  rid  1^  hlm«      This 

he 


Mentcllc*5  Ekmenis  of  Cofinograph^  Sec.  j^i 

^he  efFeded  by  recommending  him  to  an  old  Swifs  Colonel  at 
Paris,  who  fought  a  tutor  for  his  nephew.  This  plan  did 
not  fuccecd  ;  fo  that  after  many  attempts  to  find  a  fubfiflencc^ 
he  returned  back  to  his  dear  Mrs.  fFarens^  who  was  now  fet- 
tled at  Cham  berry,  and  there,  by  her  means,  he  obtained  the 
place  of  one  of  the  writers  or  fecretaries,  to  a  commifHon 
which  the  King  of  Sardinia  bad  appointed  for  furveying  and 
taxing  the  lands.  In  this  employment  he  applied  himfelf  to 
the  fludy  of  arithmetic  and  geometry,  and  feveral  occafiona 
were  prefented  of  improving  his  mufical  knowledge.  In  (hort, 
muftc  became  his  paffion,  and  after  having  laboured  two  years 
in  his  fcribbling  vocation,  which  was  infipid  and  even  difguii- 
ing  by  its  circumftances,  he  refigned  it,  and  became  mufiic 
mafter  at  Chamberry.  This  change  he  had  no  reafon  to  re- 
pent fi:  his  income  was  rather  increafed  than  diminifhed  b^ 
his  n8w  vocation,  which,  befidcs,  introduced  him  into  the  be(t 
company,  where  he  was  well  received.  Here  he  fpent  near 
eight  years  in  mufic,  and  the  (ludy  of  modern  philofophy,  and 
in  the  moil  intimate  connexion  with  Mrs.  If^arens^  from 
\vhich,  however,  he  made  digreffions  that  did  little  honour  to 
his  pretended  delicacy  of  fentiment.  At  length  a  coldnefs  took 
place  between  them,  which  ended  in  his  removal  to  Lyons^ 
where,  by  the  recommendation  of  this  lady,  he  was  appointed 

tutor  to  the  children  of  M..  de  Mably. Here  the  confeffions 

end ;  they  go  no  farther  than  RouiTeau's  30th  year,  and  are 
terminated  by  anobfcure  fentence,  which  infmuates,  that  there 
is  fome  reafon  for  carrying  them  no  farther.  *  If  my  me- 
mory (fays  he)  is  handed  down  to  pofterity,  it  will  then  be 
know^  what  I  had  farther  to  fay,  and  why  I  now  ketp  fi- 
len«JB 

We  fliall  give  fome  extrafts  from  the  walh  and  revtriei  in  » 
fucceeding  Review-^and  a  farther  account  of  this  extraordinary 

Art.  VIII. 

Co/mographie  Elcmintahn  divijet  tH  parties  AflronomiqMi  et  Gtcgrapljifue^ 
&c.-^The  Elements  of  Cofmography,  Aftronotnical,  and  Geogra- 
phical, in  which  the  principal  Truth?,  in  the  Theory  of  Aitrono- 
iny,  ire  made  intelligible  to  thofe  who  are  unacquainted  with  Ma- 
thematics. With  Plates  and  Maps.  Dedicated  to  the  Duke 
d'AngouIeme,  by  M.  Mentelle,  Hiiloriographer  to  the  Count 
d'Artois,  and  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Belles 
Lettres,  in  Rouen.  8vo.  7s.  fewed.  Paris*  1782%  Imported  by 
Beclcet. 

THE  judicious  and  ufeful  elementary  work  here  offered  to- 
the  poHic  is  divided  into  two  parts.     In   the  firft  part, 
which  treats  of  aftronomy,  the  Author  relates  briefly^  but  with 

much 


541  Litters  (f  ctrtatn  Portuguefe^  &c.  ^Ms. 

much  clearncfs,  the  principal  phaenomena  of  the  folar  iydenf 
and  fixed  ftars  ;  explains  the  laws  of  gravitation,  and,  as  far 
as  was  pra<5licable,  without  introducing  mathematical  demon- 
ftrations  or  calculations,  draws  a  diftindl  outline  of  the  New« 
tonian  theory.  To  this  the  Author  has  added  a  brief  biftorical 
▼lew  of  the  progrefs  of  aftronomical  knowledge,  and  a  defcrip*^ 
tion  of  fome  of  the  moft  ufeful  aftronomical  inftruments«  The 
method  is  clear, — the  language  is  plain  and  perfpicuous, — and 
the  treatife,  on  the  whole,  as  a  general  popular  view  of  aftro- 
xiomy,  has  great  merit.  The  geographical  part  of  the  work 
IS  drawn  up  with  concifenefs,  and  includes  only  what  is  properly 
elementary  in  this  branch  of  fcience.  This  book  may  be  made 
life  of  with  great  advantage,  where  the  objed  is,  to  obtain  a  ge-* 
neral  idea  of  aftronomy  and  geography,  without  entering  into 
the  fcientific  labours  of  the  fchools.  m 

Art.  IX. 

Litlru  di  ^elques  Jutfs  Portugais^  AlUmand  it  PoUnois  a  M,  de  VaU 
taire. — Letters  of  certain  Porcuguefe,  German,  and  Polilh  Jews,  tor 
M.  de  Vohaire.  With  a  (hort  Commentary,  cxrradcd  from  a 
greater.  The  5th  Edition  revifed,  corrededy  and  much  enlarged^ 
In  3  Volumes*     8vo'.    Paris.     1781. 

AS  we  have  formerly  *  taken  notice  of  this  work,  written  by 
the  ingenious  Abbe  Gueneky  we  now  only  mention  it  to 
inform  our  Readers,  that  in  the  prefent  edition  it  appears  with 
many  material  corredions  and  editions ;  particularly  a  further 
juftincation  of  Mofes  and  the  Jewifli  law,  againft  the  cenfures 
of  Voltaire,  in  his  Old  Man  ofCaucafus.  ^ 

A  R  T.    X. 

hiJl^A^hhjiphique  it*  mm/ique  da  Eftablijfemtns  ei  du  Cummer  a  de$ 
Europeans  dans  Its  deux  indes.  Par  Guillaume-Thomas  RajuaL 
8vo,     10  Vols,    Geneva.    1781.     Sold  by  T.  Becker,  London. 

THIS  great  work,  which  has  engaged  fo  general  an  atten* 
tion  throughout  Europe,  and  which,  amidft  the  different 
opinions  which  men  of  different  religions  or  political  principles 
have  formed  concerning  its  doctrines,  is  univerfally  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  produdion  of  an  eminent  mafter,  is  now 
brought  to  a  concluiion.  In  this  edition,  confifting  of  ten  vo« 
lumes,  the  two  laft  are  new.  In  the  qinth  volume,  the  Author 
treats  of  the  original  fettlement  and  prefent^fiateof  Pennfylvania, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  Carolina,   Georgia   and  Florida.      This 

•  Sec  Review,  Vol.  XLI.  p.  562. 

%  volume 


RaynaVi  PhlUfophlcal  and  PoGtUal  Hlflorj^  54 J 

tolume  likewife  contains  a  general  view  of  the  natural  hiftorf 
of  North  Ameria,  with  reflexions  on  its  prefent  Aate  with  re- 
fpecl  to  population,  manners  and  commerce.  Thefe  reflections 
introduce  a  fer ies  of  obfervations  on  the  prefent  interciling  coa« 
teft  between  Great  Britain  and  America,  of  which,  as  a  fepa* 
rate  work,  an  Englifli  tranflation  has  been  given,  under  the 
title  of.  The  Revolution  of  America^  printed  for  L.  Davis  :  a  publi- 
cation which  we  have  already  noticed,  with  fome  intimation  of 
a  fufpicion,  which  then  feemed  to  us  well-grounded,  but  which 
now  appears  to  have  been  taken  up  without  fuflicient  founda- 
tion.— To  this  volume  are  prefixed  the  following  tables  :  The 
ftatc  of  the  French  fiflieries  in  Newfoundland,  &c.  The  im- 
ports and  exports  between  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies,  froni 
1697  to  1773:  The  trade  of  North-America  with  the  Weft- 
Indies,  Africa,  Great  Britain,  and  the  Continent  of  Europe, 
for  the  year  1769  ;  and  a  general  table  of  the  (hipping  of  North- 
America  for  the  fame  year.  This  laft  table  contains  fuch  ufe* 
ful  information,  that  we  (hall  lay  it  before  our  Readers. 


/ 


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A?p.  kev.  Vol.  LXVl. 


Na 


Th« 


546  Foreign  Correspondence. 

The  tenth  and  laft  volume  confifts  entirely  of  general  re- 
fledlions  on  the  following  fubjedls  :  religion,  government,  po- 
licy^  war,  naval  affairs,  commerce,  agriculture,  manufadures, 
population,  taxes,  public  credit,  the  fine  arts,  philofophjr,  mo- 
rals, and  the  tSeds  of  the  difcovery  of  America.  In  this 
part  of  the  work,  the  Author  unfolds  his  opinions  at  large, 
and  without  reierve :  and  they  art  for  the  moft  part  fo  ori- 
ginal and  curious,  and  often  fo  contrary  to  the  notions  which 
are  commonly  received,  that  there  is  no  doubt  of  their  enga- 
ging a  very  confiderable  (hare  of  the  public  attention,  and  con« 
^quently,  on  fome  future  occafion  paifing  again  under  our  in- 
fpedlion.  T,his  expectation,  together  with  the  great  difficulty 
of  making  a  feledion  from  materials  which  are  fo  intereftiog 
throughout,  induce  us  at  prefent  to  content  ourfelves  with  a 
general  notice  of  thefe  volumes. 

To  this  edition  of  the  Abb^  Raynal's  Hiftory  is  added,  in 
quarto>  an  Atlas,  drawn  up  on  purpofe  for  the  work,  confift- 
ing  of  49  maps ;  to  which  is  prefixed  a  fuccinif  analyjis^  ex- 
plaining the  maps,  and  enumerating  the  authorities  on  which 
they  are  conRrudled.  M 

Art.    XI. 

Use  following  Correspondence  was  intendid  for  the  Monibof 

June^  but  came  too  late  for  Infertion* 

ITALY. 

NATURAL  hiftory,  which  is  now  become  doubly  inteitfi- 
ing  by  its  new  alliance  with  chemiftry  and  experimental 
philofophy,  fees  its  votaries  multiply  daily,  and  is  culti- 
vated in  Italy  with  unremitting  ardour  and  fuccefs.  A  new 
produfiion  in  this  line  has  been  lately  publiihed  at  Turin  and 
Milan  under  the  follo\^ing  title,  Mineralogie  Sicilienne^  Doti* 
maftique  et  Metallurgique^  &c.  i.  e,  Sicilian,  docimaftic,  and 
metallurgical  mineralogy,  or  an  account  of  all  the  minerals  con- 
tained in  the  ifland  of  Sicily,  with  a  circumftantial  defcription 
of- the  mines  and  quarries,  and  a  hiflory  of  all  the  works  that 
have  been  carried  on  in  them,  both  in  ancient  and  modern 
times.  To  which  is  fubjoined,  a  Sicilian  minero-hydr^hgy^  or 
a  defcription  of  ail  the  mineral  waters  of  that  ifland^  together 
with  13  tables,  containing  the  earths,  (tones,  falts,  bitumens, 
metals,  femi-metals,  mineralizers,  mineral  waters  hot  and  cold, 
which  are  known  in  Sicily.  By  the  author  of  the  SicUiam  Li- 
tholocy.     8vo.     Price  5  French  livres.     1782. 

Lettres  fur  la  Sicile  et  fur  life  de  Malte^   &c.   /.  /.    Letters 
concerning  Sicily  and  the  Ifle  of  Malta,  written  in  the  Years 
1776  and  1777,  by  Count  d£  BorcH^  Member  of  fevera)  Aca- 
demic^ 


l^'oREiGN  Correspondence*  547 

demies,  to  the  Count  C.  of  V.  and  dcfigned  as  a  Supplement 
to  Mr.  Brydone's  Travels  in  Sicily  and  Malta.  2  vols.  8vo, 
Turin,  1782.  Price  ii  French  livres.  Thcfc  letters  contain 
fome  new  inftru^ion ;  and  Count  BoRCH  has  augmented  the 
number  of  intercfting  obfervations  made  on  this  famous  iflind 
by  preceding  travellers.  This  work  is  enriched  with  27 
plates^  engraven  by  Mr.  Chr.  De  I'Acqua,  of  Vicenza,  an  ar- 
tift  of  the  nrft  rate;  as  alfo  with  three  maps,  which  reprefent 
ancient  and  modern  Sicily,  and  the  environs  of  Mount  iEtna. 
All  thefe  plates  and  maps  were  engraven  after  the  original 
drawings  of  Count  BoRCH,  except  the  view  of  the  temple  of 
JunO'Lucina^  at  jfgrigentum^  which  is  executed  after  the  draw- 
ing of  Mr.  Ph.  Hoekert^  whofe  prodiwSioas  arc  well  known  to 
the  connoifTeurs. 

Opiifcolt^  &c.  /.  /.  PhyJicO'Chymical  Treatifes  (Opufcula\  by 
M.  Landriani,  8vo.  Milan,  1781.  The  Chevalier  Lan- 
DRiANi  is  an  adept  in  experimental  philofophy  and  chemiftry^ 
and  has  already  given  the  public  feveral  proofs  of  his  know- 
'  ledge  and  talents  in  thefe  combined  walks  of  fcience.  Of  the 
five  treatifes  contained  in  the  work  before  us,  the  firft  exhibits 
an  account  of  a  machine  invented  by  him,  by  means  of 
which  it  may  be  known,  at  a  fingle  obfervation,  how  much 
rain  has  falien  in  a  day,  as  affo  the  time  and  duration  of  its 
fall.  The  fecond  contains  a  method  of  varnifhing  butterflies 
and  other  infers,  in  order  to  preferve  their  form  and  colours. 
The  fubjc£t  of  the  third  is  the  converfion  of  all  acids  into  one. 
The  Author  undertakes  to  demonftrate,  that  all  acids  may  be 
changed  into  fixed  air,  /.  e»  into  aerial  acid  ;  and  he  concludes 
from  thence,  that  the  acid  of  fixed  air  ought  to  be  confidered 
as  the  univerfal  acid.  The  fourth  treat ife  contains  an  account 
of  all  the  difcoveries  that  have  been  hitherto  made  relative  to 
that  kind  of  fire  which  exifts  in  bodies,  without  giving  any 
external  mark  of  its  prefence ;  this  matter  is  ilFuilrated  by  new 
experiments  and  obfervations.  In  the  fifth  and  lafl,  M.  Lan« 
BRIANI  (hews,  that  dephlogifticated  air  may  be  obtained  not 
only  from  the  nitrous  acid^  but  alfo  from  the  vitriolic,  marine^ 
and  arfenical  acids. 

Lezioniy  &c.  1.  /.  Le£)ures  on  Diforders  of  the  Eyes,  for  the 
Ufe  of  the  New  Univerfity,  founded  by  the  King  of  Naples, 
in  the  Hofp  tal  for  Incurables.  By  M.  Michael  Troja, 
Royal  ProfefTor  in  that  Univerfity.  8vo.  403  Pages,  with  Two 
Plates.  Naples,  1781*— The  fixteen  lectures,  contained  in 
this  volume,  are  divided  into  three  fedions.  The  y&y?  treats 
of  the  anatomy  of  the  eye,  and  of  every  part  of  it  relative  to 
vifion.  The  fecond^  of  the  diforders  incident  to  the  external 
parts  that  furround  the  globe  of  the  eye.  The  thirdy  of  the 
diforders  of  the  eye  itfelf,  and  of  its  various  membranes. 

N  n  a  RiJUJfuni^ 


I 


548'  Foreign  CoRREsrosDiwcE. 

RifleJJioniy  &c.  i.  c.  Reflexions  concerning  the  Inequality  ohferih 
able  among  Men.  By  the  Marquis  F.  A.  Grimaldi.  3  vols. 
8vo.  Naples. — Thefe  reflexions  contain  interefting  materials 
for  a  hijiory  of  man^   whofe  inequalities  on  diifimilar  afpefis 

^  this  noble  author  confiders  with  refpeS  to  his  fhyjical^-  fnora!^ 

and  civil  ftate.     He  has  been  carefully  on  his  guard  againft  the 

/  jllufion  of  fancy  and  fyflematic  prejudices  in  this  philofophical 

I  fablature  of  human  nature,  >yhich  difcovcrs  no  common  degree 

i  of  fagacity,  judgment  and  learning. 

!  Zr/  Saros  Meteor ologi que y  ou  EJTai  tun  nouveau  Cycle  pour  k 

retour  des  Saifons.  i.  e.  Ihe  Meteorological  Saros,  or  an 
EfTay  concerning  a  new  Cycle  of  Seafons.  By  the  Abbe 
ToALDo,  Profeifor  of  Aftronomy  at  Padua.  15  pages  4to. 
This  very  learned  aftronomer,  in  the  fecond  edition  of  his  me- 
teorological effay  on  the  influence  of  the  heavenly  bodies^  mentioned 
a  curious  difcovery  he  had  made  of  a  period  in  the  return  of 
the  feafons,  or  a  leries,  at  the  end  of  which  the  fame  tempera- 
ture of  feafons  returns  in  regular  revolutions*  The  illuftration 
and  proofs  of  this  dircovery  are  contained  in  the  (hort  Memoir 
before  us.     Saros  is  the  denomination  of  a  period,  among  the 

j  ancients,  of  which  the  real  duration  is  unknown,   but  which 

fome  authors  fuppofe  to  have  been  the  period  of  eighteen  years, 
mentioned  by  Pliny  and  Ptolemy^  which  brings  back  the  edipfes 
and  inequalities  of  the  moon  in  the  fame  order,  and  was  for- 
merly  employed  to  predift  eclipfes.  The  Abbe  Toaldo  has 
found  this  period  as  important  for  the  fcicnce  of  meteorology, 
as  for  that  of  aftronomy,  as  it  has  appeared  to  him  to  bring 
back,  nearly  in  the  fame  order,  dry  and  rainy,  cold  and  warm 
years.     This  he  proves  by  a  table  of  obfervations,  made  from 

J  the  year  1725  to  178 1,     The  refemblance  of  the  three  periods, 

contained  in  this  fpace  of  time  is  remarkable.  In  the  period, 
for  example,  between  1743  and  1 7 60,  there  are  68  lunations 
or  months  marked  as  very  moift,  and  in  the  fuccetding  period, 

^  from  1761    to   1778,    there  is  exa£lly  the  fame   number  of 

months  marked  in  the  fame  way.  There  are,  indeed,  fome- 
what  fewer  lunations  fo  marked  in  the  firft  of  the  three  periods 
contained  in  this  table,  and  this  might  bring  up  to  the  rerocm« 
brance  of  an  obje£lor  the  old  proverb,  that  two  fwaliows  Jo  not 

'  make  a  fummer\  our  Abbe,  however,  tells  us,  that  the  Brtt  faros 

or  period  refembles  the  two  others,  notwitbftanding  this  fmall 
difference. 

The  months  that  are  marked  as  moderately  moift,  correfpond 
nearly  with  each  other  in  the  three  periods.  Of  90  lunations 
taken  from  each  period  there  are  more  than  30  that  agree  per« 
fedly  in  all  the  three.  Our  Author  has  more  than  once  ob- 
fcrved,  that  a  ftorm,  or  a  violent  guft  of  wind  has  been  re- 
peated 


Foreign  Correspondence.  549 

peated  at  the  end  of  18  years  and  11  days,  which  is  the  txzSt 
duration  of  the  agronomical  period  :  but,  generally  fpeaking,  ic 
is  in  the  duration  of  a  lunar  month,  fometimes  of  the  pre« 
ceding  or  fucceeding  lunation,  that  the  refemblance  is  the  mod 
palpable. 

The  Jares  may  be  confulted,  not  only  for  rains,  but  alfo 
for  falls  of  fnow,  thunder- (lorms,  fpgs  and  inundations.—- 
This  he  (hews  by  feveral  examples.  It  is  true,  the  obfer- 
vations  of  this  eminent  invcdigator  of  nature  have  been  con^ 
fined  to  the  climate  of  Padua;  but  furely,  it  is  a  confiderable 
ftep  made,  to  have  difcovcred  even  here  the  meteorogical  cycle 
or  period,  which  is  the  objeft  of  this  Memoir. The  pe- 
riod may  perhaps  exhibit  fewer  examples  of  correfpondence 
and  regularity  in  northern  countries,  as  incidental  caoTes 
that  afFedt  the  temperature  of  the  feafons,  fuch  as  thunder- 
ftorms,  are  more  diverfified  arid  irregular  in  thefe  countries 
than  in  fouthern  climates.  However,  obfervers  in  all  countries^ 
will,  no  doubt,  be  ^engaged  by  the  example  of  M.  ToalOo, 
to  examine  how  far  this  lunar  period  of  the  feafons  is  verified  io 
their  refpe£liye  climates. 

I/iork  PoUtica  i  Litierarla  della  Gncia^  ifc,  i.  c.  A  Political 
tnd  Literary  Hiftory  of  Greece.  By  Charles  Denjna. 
Profcflbr  of  Eloquence  in  the  Royal  Univcrfity  of  Turin,  Di- 
rector of  the  ClafTes  of  Hiftory  and  Belles  Lettres  in  the  Royal 
Academy,  &c.  Vol.  I.  and  IL  8vo.  1781. — The  learning 
and  tafte  of  the  Abbe  Denika  are  well  known,  and  his  Rg^ 
volutions  of  Italy  have  given  him  a  high  and  deferved  reputa* 
tion.  Much  inftrudion  and  entercainment  may  therefore  be 
expedled  from  this  important  work,  of  which  we  have  here 
only  the  two  firft  volumes.  The  whole  is  to  be  comprifed  ia 
eight  volumes.  The  Hi/lory  of  Greece^  in  a  Stati  of  Lihtrty^ 
treated  in  15  books,  will  occupy  the  firft  four,  which  take  ia 
the  moft  remote  period  of  Grecian  ftory,  and  carry  the  work 
down  to  the  death  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  '^4.4  years  before  the 
Chriftian  a^ra.  The  four  laft  volumes  will  contain  the  Hijlory 
of  Greeci  under  the  Kings  of  Macedon^  which  takes  in  a  period 
of  190  years,  from  the  reign  of  Philip  to  the  reduflion  of  Ma* 
cedoDia  into  a  Roman  province,   140  years  before  Chrift. 

The  two  firft  volumes  go  fo  far  down  as  the  year  4^8  be* 
fore  Chrift,  and  contain  eight  books.  In  the  two  firjl^  the 
Author  treats  of  the  fabulous  and  heroic  period  of  the  Grecian 
hiftory,  down  to  the  aera  of  the  Olympiads,  where  it  approaches 
to  the  borders  of  truth,  or  at  leaft  of  credibility.  Here  both 
bis  erudition  and  his  critical  touch  are  put  to  the  trial,  and  ap- 
pear to  advantage;  and  the  ufe  he  fometimes  makes  of  alle- 
gory, and  fometimes  of  hiftorical  probability,  to  illuftrate  an 
enormous  accumulation   of   fables,  i^  chafte  and  judicious. 

N  n  3  More 


5S0 


FoREICH  CORKESPONDYKCI. 


More  efpccially,  his  accounr  of  the  manners  and  cuffoms  i 
Greeks,  in  thefe  rude  and  early  ages,  diTplays  a  very  ext 
acquaintance  with  ancient  learning  and  philoibphy ;  aniJ  the 
into  which  he  enters  in  dcfcribing  ihefood,  raiment,  and  dor 
life  of  this  famuus  people,  their  civil  and  political  fyftem, 
religion  and  morals, I  heir  progiefs  in  literature  and  military  fci 
is  curiuuf  and  tnteriaining.  The  legiflation  of  Lycurgus 
Spartan  cr-mmon wealth,  the  general  progrcfs  of  p<ilicy  am 
litary  difcipline  in  tlie  ffatcs  ot  Greece,  the  ellablifhtnei 
Grecian  colonics  in  Alia  Minor,  Thrace,  Italy,  and 
places,  tne  rife  of  their  commerce  with  the  Egyptians 
Afiatics,  the  efFefls  of  popular  infurre£lions  and  commc 
towards  the  advancement  of  tyranny^'  are  amply  treated  ii 
third  ijot,  which  concludes  with  the  hiflory  of  the  yfr/?  « 
(he  Grecian  philofophy,  and  particularlyof  Thales  and 
feven  f^gcs. 

jflhens  and  SsUh  difptay  their  luflre  in  the  fourjh  icai,  » 
begins  with  »n  tjjity  on  the  progrefs  of  Grecittn  lileram 
this  period.  Here  the  faiirical,  dramatic,  and  lyric  poet 
ftlfo  the  philofophers,  pafs  in  review.  In  this  book,  the  ei 
which  the  Grrci^n  ftatcs  h»d  derived  from  the  legiHatii 
Lycurgiis  and  Solon,  and  which  enabled  them  to  make  a  : 
againfl  the  Perflan  monarchy,  rendered  formidable  by  its 
queils  in  Afia  and  Egypt,  is  well  reprefemcd  in  its  caufei 
pfFefts,  and  all  the  illullrious  charaders  and  events  that  a 
and  enliven  this  great  and  fliining  period  of  hiSory*  are  a 
lately  exhibited  to  our  view. 

The  fecond  volume  and  fifth  hwk  begin  with  a  genera] 
of  the  origin  and  grandeur  of  the  Perfian  monarchy, 
whole  of  this  book  i;  taken  up  in  relating  the  firft  and  fei 
Perfian  wjrs,  and  concludes  with  the  famous-  battle  of  Sail 
Tbe  other  events  of  this  war  irc  related  in  the  fixth  b 
which  brings  us  to  the  end  of  the  adminiftration  of  Peri 
liere  we  fee  Greece  at  the  fummit  of  tatlc,  magnificence 
ixjwer,  enriched  with  ftatcfmeti,  generals,  philofophers,  ora 
hiftorians,  poets  and  artills,  that  raifed  her  reputation  tc 
lligheft  pitch.  This  view  oF  Grecian  taOe  and  learning  if 
kibited  in  an  ample  and  brilliant  re  pre  fen  tat  ion  '\a  the  fe 
took,  and  forms  an  agreeable  reding- place  for  the  readei 
tween  the  Pfrfian  war  and  the  famous  and  fatal  war  of  I 
ponnefus,  which  was  the  ruin  of  Greece.  It  is  in  this 
(hat  the  Abbe  Denjna  peculiarly  difplays  his  Ulle  for  th< 
aris  that  embellifhed  this  noble  period  of  Greciati  profp< 
^nd  (hews  his  extenlivc  acquaintance  with  the  literature 
philufophy  of  the  ancients.  The  ttghth  hfi,  which  tertnii 
ihis  fecond^  vol  utne,  relates  the  principal  events  of  ttie  1 
ponneitan  war,  an^'  vriU  f»tuially  excite  the  impatieace  o| 


:^;^^ 


■  •«• 


LiitiTS  on  fsJitical  Libtrty.  551 

reader  for  the  publication  of  the  fucceeding  books.  We  gave^ 
in  one  of  our  former  Reviews,  an  account  of  another  woik  of 
this  kind,  compofcd  by  M.  Cousin  Despreaox.  The  two  ' 
hiftorians  of  Greece  are  worthy  to  be  compared  ;  and  we  may 
perhaps  attempt  this  comparifon,  when  the  Abbe  Denina's  work 
is  iinifhed. 


BRITISH    PUBLICATIONS. 
Art.    XIL 

Letter%  on  PoUttcal  Liierfyl^Addreffcd  to  a  Member  of  the  Engli0i 
Houfe  of  Commons,  on  his  being  chofen  into  the  Commiuee  of 
an  Aflbciating  County.     8vo«     is.  6d.     Evans.     1782^ 

^T  7E  have  here  fomething  new,  though  the  fubjeft  is  old/ 
V'V    2nd  we  believe  from  a  new  Author  in  the  political  line  ; 
and  one  who  wc  think  promifes  fair  to  go  beyond  moft  of  his* 
cotemporaries  as  a  theorift.     Nay,  we  do  not  recolleft  to  have 
obferved,  /ince  Monte fquieu,  a  p^n  that  bids  fairer  to  advance 
the  great  and  important  fcience  of  politics,  fome  few  fteps  at* 
Icaft.  ' 

May  it  not  be  hoped,  now,  on  fome  appearance  of  a  revival  of 
public  virtue,  that  many  more  will  ftep  forth  and  exert  them* 
felves,  who  would  never  have  been  known  but  for  the  late 
changes  of  men  and  meafures,  and  who  would  have  died  in  ob* 
fcurity,  defpairing  of  their  country  ?  And  if  this  nation  be  not 
too  far  gone  in  the  decline  to  recover,  we  hope  fuch  men  mayi 
produce  great  and  good  em!£ls,  and  may  draw  the  attention  and 
exertions  of  the  public  to  the  very  interefting  fubje3  of  thefe 
letters. 

Our  Author,  invifmg  me.,  of  knowledge  to  treat  Politics  as  a 
fcience,  obferves,  *  That  government  has  been  referred  to  the 
appointment  of  the  deity ;  to  the  regulations  of  patriarchs ;  to  the 
phyfical  influence  of  climates ;  to  the  ebullition  of  accidental  cir« 
cumftances  producing  the  fpirit  of  a  nation  ;  to  a  divine  right  in 
certain  favoured  families  ;  to  fuperiority  of  talents  ;  to  the  pre- 
valence of  force ;  to  ii)herent  rights  i  to  a  compad,  &c. .  If 
Government  be  referable  to  any  of  thefe  caufes,  it  may  be  to  alU 

*  Politics,  aiTuming  the  rank  of  fcience,  would  not  be  left,  as 
it  is,  to  men  of  bufinefs,  whofe  a£live  faculties  may  be  as  afto* 
nifhing  as  their  powers  of  reflexion  are  inconfiderablc. 

*  At  this  time  the  greateft  man  in  every  ftate,  exciept  China^ 
are  only  paflengers  in  veflels  conduced  by  ignorant  mariners, 
and  applying  themfelves  to  every  thine  but  the  icience  on  which 
their  fafety  depends :  When  the  veflels  are  loft,  philofophers  are 

N  n  4  funk 


S5» 


tehert  t»  PeHltaiJ  Lihtrty* 


funfc  in  the  ibYCs  in  common  with  the  vermin  which  inl 
them.  The  firft  concern  of  every  roan  Diould  be  the  natun 
conftruSioR  of  the  machine  in  which  be  it  embarlced  on  the 
age  of  hfe.' 

He  eAabttfbes  and  preferves  the  ditlinftton  hitherto  not  i 
cientl]^tUDd|dJ|^beCween  civi)  and  political  liberty  ;  the 
Ixing  the  reiult^naws  and  regulitions  which  define  the  bou 
rics  of  men's  aAions  u  citizens  of  the  fame  community, 
leave  tbem  free  within  thofe  boundaries.  Political  liberty  1 
reference  merely  to  (he  grand  diviiions  of  the  ftate,  the  pop 
the  executive,  and  legillativc,  and  confifls  in  their  freedom  i 
the  incroachments  of  each  other,  Thps,  a  community  ha 
political  liberty,  whofe  executive  power  influences  or  Comnt 
the  Icgiflative,  and  where  the  people  have  no  regular  and  pr 
cable  method  of  checking  or  controuling  all  the  power*  of 
vctnment,  when  tticy  tranfgrefs  (heir  proper  boundaries. 

Ac  the  Revolution,  and^nccthe  acceffion  of  the  Hanove. 
mily,  our  civil  liber(iei  have  been  improved,  while  politic) 
berty  has  been  almofl  annihila(ed. — But  when  he  fays,  * 
conflitution  pre  fen  ti  to  (he  view  of  the  world  one  of  the  i 
twkward  and  unmanageable  fabrics  which  has  ever  been 
duced  by  human  folly,'  we  hope  he  rather  exaggerates,  and 
as  this  country  affords  yet  greater  fecurity,  and  more  numc 
-inccndves  to  indullry  and  exertion  than  any  other  we  know 
hope  ill  conftitution  may  yet  contain  the  feeds  of  politic) 
berly;  and  whatever  obflacles  lie  in  the  way,  it  is  one  of 
moJl  improveable  of  the  remaining  Gothic  fonditutiovs,  il 
people  can  be  made  willing  to  rcnore  and  improve  .it. 

He  obfervcs,  that  the  offices  of  all  the  meoibera  of  any  bod 
fociety  are  difltn£t,  and  cannot  encroach  on  each  other  witi 
inconvenience  and  mifchief:  and  power,  without  a  refil 
and  balancing  power,  a  always  hurtful.  A  Icgljlatton  and 
giilracy,  without  an  a£lual  power  in  the  people  to  preferve  i 
political  liberty,  are  abfurdiiies,  or  they  are  mafques  foi  the 
tures  of  defpotifm. 

A  wcll-conflituted  Hate  with  perfedly  fcparate  bodies  to  o 
law?,  to  execute  them,  and  to  confine  all  within  their 
per  limics,  is  perhaps  a  fcientific  idea;  but  philofophers, 
our  Author,  do  well  lo  hold  )c  up.  The  pretended  differ 
between  thearj  and  prail'ue  has  ever  been  the  expedient  of  kn 
and  blockheads. 

Tha(  patdcular  men  may  be  averfe  to  re  formation,  is  accou 
for  in  a  maflerly,  (hough  fatirical  manner. 

He  obferves,  tha[  in  the  (ime  af  (he  Saxons  the  flate  enjoj 

bigh  degree  of  political  liberty,  of  which  he  gives  a  Diort 

elegant  hiftory  j— and  that  a  new  conflituiion  was  forined  ai 

Rerolui 


LiiUrs  M  Pdlitual  Liberty^  553 

Revolution,  when,  by  providing  for  civil  and  not  for  political 
liberty,  we  have  preferred  the  iefler  to  the  greater  bleiling. 

But  our  limits  do  not  permit  tranfcribing  or  explaining  fo 
much  as  we  could  wifli,  and  we  muft  refer  to  the  original,  which 
we  would  recommend  to  all  who  are  interefted  about  their  coun- 
try, and  difpofed  to  think  ;  for  the  matter  is  exceedingly  com- 
prefled,  and  the  Letters  are  much  in  the  manner  of  Tacitus^ 
written  with  great  fpirit,  precifion,  and  intelligence. 

The  Writer  diftingui(hesthe  populace  and  people,  and  repro* 
bates  the  doiStrine  that  pretends  to  render  the  firft  magiftrate  not 
refponiible  for  his  own  anions. — Obferves,  that  nine-tenths  of 
the  property  of  the  nation  was  in  the  hands  of  thofe  who  were 
averfe  to  the  injury  intended  againft  America, — and  it  began  to 
appear,  that  property  is  not  the  fure  foundation  of  political  power 
and  liberty. 

'  When  fuch  writers  appear,  an  old  fubjed  feems  new  again, 
or  but  little  advanced.  Men  feem  not  yet  fufficiently  clear,  with 
our  Author,  whether  it  be  the  prspirty  or  the  perfons  that  confti- 
tute  the  flate,  and  fiiould  be  represented.  In  the  prefent  com* 
mercial  and  avaricious  difpofitions  of  mankind,  fome  palliative 
medium  between  thefe,  is  probably  the  beft  chat  can  be  expeded 
of  them:  Rich  individuals,  &c.  are  likely  always  to  have  fome 
influence  on  government,  hxxxfuch  influence  will  vary  with  pub- 
lic virtue.  We  apprehend  men  would  as  yet  feel  bewildered,  if 
property  were  to  ceafe  its  ufual  efFeds.  We  fear  thofe  who  pof- 
fefs  riches,  and  thofe  who  do  not,  will  be  found  equally  unwiU 
ling  to  reduce  their  value  and  importance.  The  oppofition  to 
limit  the  number  of  Peers  proceeded  from  the  Houfe  of  Commons* 
But  the  legifl'iture  that  is  conftituted,  or  makes  laws  oi^fuch 
principles,  muft  be  wrong,  unjuft,  and  inadequate. 

But  how  to  weed  and  keep  out  fuch  natural  vices  and  errors-i-« 
to  draw,  the  line  round  the  fubjeds  to  which  the  people  arc  ne- 
cefl'ary  and  competent— to  limit — to  decide  many  other  quef- 
tions  that  naturally  arife,  will  deferve  the  further  explanation  of 
fuch  as  our  Author,  and  we  hope  the  fubjcftwill  not  reft  here. 

I'he  people  pofleiltng  and  exercifing  an  acknowledged  and  re* 
gularpower  of  controul  over  the  legiflative  and  executive  powers, 
though  delegated  fiom  the  people,  is  now,  we  fear,  fo  new  an 
idea,  or  fo  long  loft,  that  it  may  require  much  time,  various 
trials  and  events,  before  it  can  be  again  underfiood,  pradifed, 
and  eftablifhed  ;  and  we  muft  perhaps  be  content  to  arrive  at  it 
by  fuch  flow  degrees  and  irregular  aflbciations  as  America,  or 
Ireland,  &c.  and  it  ftems  to  require  fome  great  or  critical  occa* 
fion. 

He  not  only  ftates  the  evil  in  a  mafterly  manner,  but  propofes 
the  remedy;  and  though  here  dolors  may  difter,  we  confefs  at 
prefent  a  parciality  for  his  plan,  according  to  whicb^  by  means  of 

divifion 


554-  Lmin  m  PtUtieal  LibiTtj. 

divifion  and  Jrrangcment,  like  organization,  of  the  diTpo 
of  an  army,  tlie  grcattft  oiultiiude  may  b«  made  to  feel,  juilg 
&c.  without  confufton,  riot,  or  danger.  His  liberal  unat 
againfl  the  timid  or  deligning  dread  of  innovation,  are  pi 
a^id  elegant.  We  hope  men  differ  lefs  in  opinion  as  the 
Vance  in  knowledge,  though  they  fecm  to  become  thcreby 
timid  and  cautious  of  innovations.  They  need  not  fear.  V 
ever  has  been  long  fixed  and  ellabltfiied  becomes  but  too  diJ 
to  move  when  nectflary/  Some  may  tbink  thii  plan  deviati 
much  from  our  prefeni  formi  and  manners,  though  it  ii  o 
revival  of  what  Alfred  probably  pra£ticcd  or  meant,  and  altli 
the  nrioft  llriking  part  is  occafionally  pradlifed  in  Scotland,  i 
the  people  ele£t  the  ele£lors  of  their  members ;  but  it  is  in  : 
manner,  and  ibcy  are  not  reprefentativet  chofen  by  ballot. 

Many  and  various  are  yet  the  abettors  of  defpotifm. 
hive  aconfufed  fancy  (hat  Government,  meaning  the  exec 
power,  fliould  not  be  conttaul;d,  right  oi  wrong.  Moll  of 
bred  at  our  univerfities  have  imbibed  fuch  prejudices,  for  v 
itiJeed  they  were  originally  cflabliQied,  though  out  Author 
be  an  exception. 

Fewer,  but  far  more  ufeful,  are  thofe  bold  innovator: 
philofophcri,  fuch  as  our  Author,  who  adopt  their  theoric 
principles  of  perfection,  and  freely  follow  wherever  they 
lead.  Such  men,  however  fanciful  and  vilianaty,  are  far 
being  the  dangerous  monfters  ihat  the  timid,  ignorant,  or 
dious,  would  make  us  believe;  they  are  generally  the  moft  i 
cent  and  liberal,  though  unfuccefiful  benefaSors  of  manV 
What  is  imprai^icable  to-day  may  not  be  fo  next  century, 
ifaeir  memory  may  be  revered  by  pofterily. 

Though  we  2dm.irc  the  great  outline,  the  knowledge,  1 
and  elegance  with  which  thefe  letters  are  written,  yet  wc  i 
the  plan  not  fufficiently  developed.  Where  he  differs  Irom  oi 
he  does  not  take  the  iroub'e  to  expUin.  A  few  cafes  am 
amples  would  help  to  illultrate.  He  wields  his  pen  and  bis 
ciples  with  too  much  cafe  and  dexterity  to  be  at  a  lofs  in  re, 
ing  any  difficulties  and  ohjcAions  that  wc  can  yet  forefcc. 

Jt  appears  here  wc  have  loA  our  political  libetty,  fo  tha 
our  civil  rights  are  infecure,  and  at  the  mercy  of  a  corruj 
gillature,  inRuenccd  and  led  by  an  executive  power,  which 
lately  had  not  many  Heps  to  advance,  in  order  to  get  into  a 
atjon  where  they  might  make  or  unmake  what  Jaws  ihej'  pi 
and  fmile  at  all  tbe  efforts  the  people  can  ever  be  broug 
make ;  for  while  unarranged,  they  can  do  notbing— but 
chid. 

Any  minider  who  really  wifhcs  to  ferve  ibe  people,  « 
probably  do  more  good  by  bringing  together  a  few  of  tlw 
beads  wno  have  thought  the  dccpcft  on  thcfc  fubje^,  tha 


Macgoviran*!  Difcottrfis  on  thi  Book  of  Rtab.  555 

tfaer  by  means  of  parliamcnls,  who  are  inadequate  and  improper 
to  judge  or  adt  in  their  own  caufe,  or  by  confufed  and  numerous 
aflbciattons. 

By  fuch  a  minifier  and  fuch  men  a  political  fociety  might  be 
formed,  where  the  comprefTed  fcicnce  of  our  author,  the  dif- 
fuftve  knowledge  of  a  Gibbon,  the  rapid  Sagacity  of  a  Fox,  the 
verfatile  genius  of  Burke,  and  the  popular  talents  of  other  men 
and  writers,  might  ferment  and  generate  the  cleared  and  moft 
pradlicable  plain.  •  _        ^ 

Art.    XIII. 

Di/cour/is  0tt  tbf  Book  of  Ruth,  and  other  importsnt  Subjc£)s; 
whereio  the  Wondcn  of  Providence,  the  Ricliei  of  Grace,  the 
Privileges  of  3<:l  overs,  and  the.  Condition  of  binnersy  are  judi- 
ciously and  faithfully  exemplified  and  improved.  By  the  late  Rev. 
Joiin  Macgowan.     8vo.     5  s.     Kclih.     17B1. 

TH£  fpiritualizing  the  hiftorical  parts  of  Scripture  may 
plead  a  very  refpedlable  authority.  The  learned  Father, 
St.  Origen,  fet  the  example ;  and  his  followers  have  been  nu« 
merous.  Few,  indeed,  of  his  imitators  have  been  endowed  with 
bis  abilities ;  and  fcw^r  ftill  have  arrived  to  that  erudition  for 
which  he  was  fo  eminently  diftinguiflied.  In  (bort,  the  greater 
puml^r  who  have  ftarted  as  adventurers  in  this  line,  have  dif- 
graced  their  profeflion  ;  and  having  adopted  the  worft  part  of 
their  predecefTors  example,  leave  us  to  deplore  the  want  of  that 
better  part  of  ic  which  ferved  as  a  countcrpoife  to  mydipifm  and 
extravagance. 

This  abfurd  cqftom  of  allegorizing  the  Old  Teiiament  pre* 
vailed  mightily  in  the  laft  age  among  the  Puritans  and  Noncon« 
formifts  \  and  was  the  reigning  fafliion  in  thofe  deplorable  times 
when  royalty  made  no  part  of  the  ftate,  and  decency  no  part  of 
the  church  I ^^ when  authority  was  fncrificed  at  the  (brine  of  re- 
bellion; and  enthuiiafm,  viaddining  round  the  land^  laid  wafte 
the  tempK'$  of  religion,  and,  in  her  eyikjs  ragi^  dragged  her  mi- 
nifters  from  the  altar.  It  was  in  thofe  dark  and  peftilent  times, 
when  the  learning  of  Hammond  gave  way  to  the  crabbed  and 
cloudy  jargon  of  Qwen  ;  and  all  the  fenfe  and  eloquence  of 
Barrow  was  neglected  for  the  puerile  conceits  of  Dyer,  Brookes, 
and  Watfon — names  juftly  condgned  to  eternal  oblivioQ;  and 
whofc  works,  if  they  Jhould  be  ^ound  hereafter,  will  only  izi^i^ 
^s  the  humiliating,  but  ftriking  monuments  of  an  age,  when 
hypocrify  was  miitaken  forfanSity;  and  the  wildeft  delufioas 
pf  a  fanatic  fancy  were  blafphemoufly  fathered  on  the  Holy  Spi- 
rit of  Qod  I 

We  were  led  into  thefe  refledlons  by  the  perufal  of  the  work 
))cfofe  us,    I(  afrpi!)  called  forth  the  memory  of  thufe  wretched 

days; 


tai 


556  Macgowan'f  Difiawfit  m  tbi  Bati  of  Rtah. 

day> :  and  tht  ghefti  ef  dtfuna  teachers  were  conjured  np 
fombrous  migic,  to  fcowl  with  their  accufiomcd  malignii 
(he  beaiiienus  forms  of  Wifdom,  Simpiicity,  and  Religun. 

The  prefent  work  is  ulhered  in  by  k  Preface,  writlei 
perfon  who  figns  himfelf,  J.  Reynolds.  It  confifls  chieii 
canting  panegyric  on  the  Author;  and  gives  an  sci:ount  o 
of  hia  tdijyhg  expreffions  in  his  laft  ficknefi,  '  when  (faj 
Prcfacer}  he  took  occafion,  as  opportunity  oflivred,  of  o[ 

,me  hisffhole  heait.'  *  At  one  time  he  was  in  great  da 
M  lamented  exceedingly  the  withdravjings  of  th 
fence  of  God.  Two  things  he  faid  had  deeply  exercif 
thoughts.  The  one  was,  how  thofc  heavy  and  comp!iC4t 
fli£tions  which  God  had  fcen  fit  to  lay  upon  hin)  could  w 
as  to  promote  his  real  good.  The  other  was,  that  God,  h 
frlenti,  ftiould  Jietp  at  a  dijhict  from  his  foul,  whtH  ht  inn 
much  his  mind  was  diflrelTed  for  the  light  of  his  counict 
**  O  !"  faid  he,  turning  to  me,  and  fpeaking  with  great  ca 
fiefs,  **  my  foul  longeth  and  panteth  for  God,  for  the 
God.  His  ifvt-vifits  would  cheer  my  foul,  and  make  the 
affliflion  fit  light  upon  me.  The  wonted  prefcnce  of  Jefu 
Redeemer,  1  eannet  do  vAlhaut.  I  iruft  he  will  return  ta  mi 
yea,  I  inaw  ht  will,  in  his  own  time  ;  for  he  knows  bow 
I  need  the  influence  of  his  grace." 

This  is  being  on  very  familiar  terms  with  the  Lord  _ 
But  faintf  have  peculiar  privileges  ;  and  they  rwver  fat]  to 
a  very  free  ufc  of  them.  What  in  a  faint  would  be  filial  li 
would  in  a  finner  be  downright  impudence  I  Thia  k 
being  on  an  eafy  faoting  with  the  Lord,  reminds  us  of  a  c 
Prefbyterian  preacher  of  the  laft  age,  who,  in  a  ferDnon 
the  Rump  parliament,  laboured  by  a  long  train  of  puticu 
prove,  that  ielievert  ought  not  to  ftand  upon  mcetitt  with 
but  to  prefs  the  point,  whatever  it  may  be,  fo  home  to  hi 
to  put  him  out  of  countenance  if  he  fiiould  prove  backwi 
giving  what  they  foi;cit. 

The  experUrui  (as  it  is  called)  of  thefc  faints  is  like  an 
day!— alternate  tain  and  funfliine  I  And  the  change  is  alnc 
fudden  too!  Mr.  Macgowan,  atone  vifit  of  his  taififfir,  w 
clouded  with  '  htarteorrupiimti'  at  another,  he  *  had  as  m 
hfovtn  tti  hi  auli  held.'  So  much  of  it  indeed,  that,  acct 
to  Mr  Reynolds,  it  tan  out  of  his  eyes,  though  it  could  fi 
vent  at  his  mouth  !  '  Thus,  I  left,  fays  Mr.  Reynold: 
much  efleemed  friend  and  brotheri  and  the  nfxt  news  I  he 
him  waf,  that  on  Saturday  evening  (Nov.  95,  i;8o,  in  il 
year  oF  his  age)  his  immortal  fpiiit  left  the  body,  to  go 
U'.)r)d  pi  li^hc  and  bHT',  and  Lecp  an  eternal  Sabbath  with 
angel;;,  'ori  faints.'  Now,  thiS  is  dying  in  the  sublimbI- 
mucu  fur  the  Author  and  the  Editor  to«T — Ai  for  tbc  work 


Macgowan'i  Difcourfes  on  the  Book  of  Ruth.  557* 

us,  it  IS  pojihumous.  It  is  conduced,  on  what  is  afFc£ledIy  called 
thi  fpiritual  plan  :  and  our  Author's  guide  through  this  faery 
land  of  the  faints — we  cry  the  ghoft  of  Spenfer  Mercy ! — was 
one  Mr.  Chriftopher  Nefs,  an  eje(Sed  Nonconformift  minifter 
of  the  laft  century,  who,  as  the  Editor  informs  us,  was  Mr. 
Macgowan's  *  favourite  writer  ;*  and  no  wonder;— for  thi«  Mr. 
Chriftopher  Nefs,  whofe  name,  for  aught  we  know,  may  be 
found  in  Calamy,  publiflied  a  work  that  would  fafcinate  a  faint 
by  the  title,  though  fome  wicked  wits  may  make  ufe  of  the 
more  precious  part  of  it  only  by  way  of  banter  and  ridicule^ 
viz. — **  The  HiJIory  and  Myjlery  of  the  Old  and  New  Tefta- 
ment."  Now,  that  the  H'tftory  of  Ruth  hath  a  precious  myfiery 
in  it,  is  the  defign  of  the  prefent  work  to  demonftrate.  It  may 
lie  deep  \  but  it  is  the  more  precious  for  that,  when  once  we  are 
fo  lucky  as  to  get  at  it.  It  doth  not  lie  on  the  furface,  obvious 
to  common  eyes.  No  !  It  is  the  bufinefs  of  occult  divines  to 
dig  for  itj  or  dive  for  it;  for  fometimes  it  is  hidden  beneath  the 
n>ot  of  a  Hebrew  word  ;  and  at  other  times,  like  an  oyfter,  it 
lies  at  the  bottom  of  a  muddy  pool,  and  when  it  is  unwedged 
from  its  bed,  it  requires  a  dextrous  hand  to  get  the  pearl  out 
of  it! 

As  a  fpecimen  of  our  Author's  dexterity  in  getting  the  pearl 
out  of  the  oyfler,  take,  gentle  Reader,  the  following  :  Ruth  i. 
1,2.  **  Now  it  came  to  pafs  in  the  days  when  the  Judges  ruled, 
thai  there  was  a  famine  in  the  land ;  and  a  certain  man  of  Beth- 
lehem Judah  went  to  fojourn  in  the  country  of  Moab,  he  and 
his  wife,  and  his  two  fons.  And  the  name  of  the  man  was  £li- 
nftlecb,  and  the  name  of  his  wife  Naomi,'^  &c«  &c.— So  much 
forthcA^^jr;  now  for  the /wjyf^rjr  /  'The  believing  church  is 
Chrift's  Naomi,  his  fweet  and  pleafant  one;  and  he  is  her  £li- 
melech,  her  God  the  King.  For  her  he  forfook  the  man/ions 
of  plenty  and  dplight— >with  her  he  fojourned  in  a  Moabitifll 
world,  amongft  enemies  to  the  God  of  Ifrael— there  he  died  an 
accurfed  death,  to  accomplilh  her  falvation — there  he  was  buried, 
to  purify  the  grave  for  her  ufe;  rofe  again,  to  trample  on  all 
her  enemies;  and  is  now  gone  to  Bethlehem,  the  houfe  of  bread, 
to  prepare  a  place  for  his  Naomi,  on  her  arrival  from  the  land  of 
Moab.' 

Thefe,  however,  arc  but  the  fuperficial  gleanings  of  myfti- 
cifm !  The  preacher  who  had  the  honour  of  cutting  into  this 
holy  ground  with  the  boldeft  hand,  .and  who  threw  away  the  ///-> 
ter  of  Scripture  like  chaff  before  the  wind^  to  get  at  the  true  feed 
of  the  Spirit^  was  Dr.  John  Everard.  Now,  Dr.  John  Everard 
had  the  Angular  honour  of  being  the  precurfor  of  thofe  gentle- 
men who  have  been  fuch  fhining  ornaments,  for  the  laft  cen- 
tury, to  the  houfe  of  fa^ion  and  fanaticifm  !  He  had  the  honour 
of  abuitng  Archbiihop  Laud  to  his  face  within  the  very  walls  of 

Lambetht 


55?  Macgowan'i  Difcourfes  on  thi  B9ck  ff  RuAm 

Lambeth.     He  had  the  honour  of  betne  called  Dr«  Nevir-out  t>y 
King  James  of  punning  memory  \  for  if  he  w^s  Ice  out  of  prifon 
one  day  for  the  fake  of  his  friends,  he  was  fure  to  be  \n  agaia 
the  next  for  K\iz  fah  of  a  good  cmfiiena  1    For  Dr.  Ererard  was 
not  content  to  walk  by  common  rule*     *  His  lips  were  bis  own, 
and  who  was  Lord  over  him  ?'     As  a  proof  of  his  (ing^uJarity  we 
need  nut  appeal  to  bis  hiftory,  but  to  his  fermons  ;   and  as  bis 
explanation  of  one  text  of  the  Old  Tcftament  contains  the  very 
quinteflence  of  all  that  hath  been  faid,  or  tan  be  faid  by  the 
profoundeft  adepts  in  the  hijlorj  and  m2/?^ry  of  things  j   and  as 
there  is  an  iiigenuity  and  originality  in  it,  that  the  minar  pro* 
ftflbrs  of  this  art,  not  excepting  Mr.  Chriilopher  Ncfs  and  Mr. 
John   Macgowan,  could  never  attain  to,  we  will  beg  leave  to 
to  prefent  it  to  our  Readers,  by  way  of  fpecimen  of  that  favoury 
oratory,  which  the  ruling  rabble   of  the  times  ere£fed  their  ears 
to  imbibe.     The  text  is  as  follows,  Jo(h.  15,  16,   17.     *  And 
Caleb  faid,   he  that  fmitcth  Kerjathfepher  and  taketh  it,    to  him 
will  I  gave  Achfah  my  daughter  to  wife ;  and  Otbniel  the  (oa 
of  Kenaz,  the  brother. of  Caleb  took  it,  and  he  gave  him  Achfah 
his  daughter  to   wife/      The  pieacher  having  ftepped  over  the 
threfhold  of  the  hijiory^   enters  into  the  folemn  trtnpleofthc 
myjUry^  and  puihes  his  way  forward,  even  to  the  moft  facred  and 
hidden    recc lies  !— And  there — there,    the  fecret  comes  out! 
Like  another  Archimedes  the  preacher  cries  out  fuprxa  I  *  Here, 
fays   he,  triumphantly — here  is  Kerjathfepher  and  Caleb,   and 
Othniel  and  Afchfah  !  See  what  fecrets  and  myfteries  the  Holy 
Spirit  hath  couched  under  thcfe  veils  !   For,  as  the  names  are  in 
Hebrew,  they  exprefs  nothing  to  an  Englifh  Reader;  but  read 
thofe  in  £ngli(h — take  o(F  their  veil,  and  you  may  fee   what 
'  honey  will  come  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  eater,  and  out  of  the 
fling,  what  fweetnefs.*     Come  tal^e  and  fee,  and  Ut  us  fall  t9  in 
the  name  of  the  Lord. 

^  What  then  is  Kerjathfepher  ?  In  Hebrew  it  fignifies,  tbi 
city  of  the  hook^  or  the  city  of  the  letter. 

^  in  the  next  place,  what  is  Achfah  ?    In  Hebrew  it  figni- 
fies,  the  rending  of  the  VeiL 

^  And  then  what  fignifies  Caleb?  In  the  Hebrew  it  is  as 
much  as  to  (ay,  my  hiart^  or  a  perfect  heart, 

*•  And  what  then  is  Othniel  r  in  Hebrew  it  is  God^s  time^  or 
the  Lord'ift  opportunity, 

*  The  text,  Beloved,  in  Englifli,  is  to  be  read  thus : — And 
my  heart,  or  a  good  heart  faid,  that  whofoever  taketh  and 
fmiteth  the  city  of  the  letter,  to  him  will  I  give  the  tearing  or 
the  rending  of  the  Veil.  And  Otbniel  took  it,  as  being  God's 
fit  time  or  opportunity,  and  he  married  Achfah,  that  is,  he  en^ 
pyed  the  opening  or  the  rending  of  the  Veil^  and  thereby  obtained 
the  bleHing  pofltiTed  by  Achfah  ^  for  by  this  Veil  being  rent, 

5  he 


JS!U^s0n  Cafes*  .559 

he.  became  pofiefied  both  of  the  upper  fpringSi  and  of  the  nether 
Springs' 

In  applying  this  doflrine  to  common  ufe,  the  preacher  exhorts 
his  hearers  to  ftrike  at  the  letter  of  fcripture  with  the  vigor  of 
Othniel,  in  order  to  get  at  the  pofleffion  of  the  fpiritual  meaning, 
which  like  the  coy  Achfah,  veiled  from  the  public  eye,  muft 
be  fought  with  affiduity  before  it  can  be  enjoyed  with  freedom  I 
•  htt  z good  hearty  fays  this  good  DoSor,  ufe  the  letter  of  the 
word  and  fpare  not.  Take  it,  ftrike  it,  fmite  it,  tear  it,  chew  it 
all  to  pieces;  not  becaufe  he  hates  the  letter,  but  as  men  do  by 
meat,  they  tear  it,  champ  it,  chew  it  between  their  teeth,  not 
becaufe  they  hate  meat,  but  becaufe  they  would  get  all  the  nou- 
rifhment  of  it  they  poifibly  can/ 

This  reminds  us  of  Rabelais'  dog ;  and  the  great  pains  the 
poor  animal  took  in  cracking  a  very  hard  and  a  very  dry  bone* 
'Twas  all  for  the  fake  of  a  little  marrow! — So  very  little^  in 
truth,  that  if  the  dog  had  not  been  very  hungry,  he  would  not 
have  given  himfelf  the  trouble. 

Some  perfons  may  think  that  we  have  treated  this  fubjed  with 
an  unbecoming  levity.  We  are  not  confcious  however  of  the 
lead  defign  to  ridicule  what  is  ferious ;  and  fuch  is  our  veneration 
for  the  holy  fcriptures,  that  to  fee  them  burlefqued  by  miftake, 
excites  our  pity,  as  to  fee  them  burlefqued  by  defign,  would  ex* 
cite  our  indignation.  The  fanaticifm  of  Mr.  Macgowan  is  that 
in  earneft,  which  the  infidelity  of  Woolfton  was  difguifed  with 

Art.    XIV. 

EleQiou  Cafest  determined  during  the  fir  ft  Seffion  of  the  Fifteenth 
Parliament  of  Great  Britain,  by  Committees  of  the  Houte  of  Com- 
xnonsi  appointed  by  virtue  of  Stat.  10  Geo.  IIU  Reported  by 
John  Phillips,  Barrilter,  of  the  Inner  Temple.  Vol.1.  8vo.  58» 
Boards.     Cadell.     1782. 

THE  important  improvement  in  the  trial  of  controverted 
eleAions,  proje£led  and  carried  into  a  law,  by  the  late 
Mr.  Grenville,  wanted  nothing  to  affimilate  it  to  a  regular 
court  of  judicature,  but  an  able  and  judicious  reporter  of  the 
determinations  of  the  refpedive  committees.  Though  their  de- 
cifions  may  perhaps  want  fome  of  the  properties  which  give  to 
precedents  a  binding  force,  and  make  them  a  rule  of  conduct 
to  fucceeding  times  \  yet  it  is  impoflible  that  former  decifions  on 
the  fame  points  (hould  not  carry  weight  with  other  committees, 
as  at  leaft  ai&fting  their  determinations,  if  not  concluding  their 
judgments.  The  only  queftion  then  is,  whether  it  be  not  more 
defireable  to  have  recourfe  to  printed  reports  of  fuch  decifions, 
than  that  they  (hould  be  merely  cited  from  memory,  which  is 
fubje<5l  to  fo  many  fallacies,  and  is  fo  little  to  be  depended  upon, 

where 


S6o 


£k£thn  Cafit^ 


where  the  fads  are  numerous  and  complicated,  and  whei 
Jaw  is  to  arife  from  the  h&%. 

The  Grenv'tllc  afl  (as  it  li  called)  wai  fortunate  Iti  this  re 
that  a  Gentleman  of  abilities  at  the  bar  attended  the  el< 
committees  the  very  firft  Seffion  after  the  tSt  was  perpetual 
gave  to  the  public  a  valuable  collection  of  the  moll  imp< 
decifions  during  that  Parliament.  His  Work  •,  of  whic 
gave  an  account,  appeared  in  our  Review  at  the  time  of  itt 
licalion,  has  been  of  fignal  benefit  in  giving  unifbrmit; 
confifleney  to  the  determinations  of  this  new  Judicature 
comprized  in  the  whole  about  35  cafes,  and  tr.o6.oi  the  re 
were  enriched  with  nores  by  the  reporter,  containing  mucfc 
lateral  information  and  parliamentary  learning. 

The  prefent  publication  takes  in  only  four  eledion  cafes 
of  which  have  been  determined  in  the  prefent  Parliunent, 
Ayrfhire,  Sudbury,  Milborne  Port,  and  Lyme-Regis. 
are  introduced  with  the  following  (bort  advertifement : 

*  My  engagements  at  the  Coventry  ele^ioni  led  me  to  a' 
the  bearing  of  that  petition  befisre  the  committee ;  and, 
write  Ibort-hand  with  fome  expedition,  I  took  minutes  o: 
proceedings.  The  favourable  opinion  which  fome  Genii 
entertained  of  thofe  minutes,  added  to  the  requeft  of  my  frii 
induced  me  to  attend  other  committees.— When  I  had  take 
▼eral  cafee,  fame  of  the  counfel,  who  are  at  the  head  of  the 
fefilon,  advifed  me  to  print  them ;  and  it  has  been  no  fmal 

ffitfwdB"  '"^  ^°  '°  ^°*  ''''*  ^^^^  ^^'^  pteafed  to  rc»d 
a^nove  o^nem.  But  I  confefs,  that  I  fhould  have  publ 
the  proceedings  on  the  AyrQiire  petition  with  morefatiifa^ 
if  1  had  been  better  acquainted  with  the  laws  and  cuftoi 
Scotland,  The  great  length  of  the  cafes,  has  obliged  me 
mit  almoft  all  the  notes  which  were  originally  intended  foi 
fertion.' 

This  apology  for  omitting  the  notes  will  hardly  be  de 
iatisfaSory  to  thofe  who  obierve  the  very  little  matter  tl 
contained  in  this  volume,  though  by  the  dexterity  of  the  1 
ter,  it  is  expanded  to  4.00  pages,  with  the  help  of  a  I 
margin  (and  other  ingenious  methods,  which  appear  to 
been  firll  invented,  and  brought  to  perfe^ion  by  the  dealt 
light  fummer  reading  for  laJiesJ.  The  Ayrfliire  cafe,  oi  9 
the  reporter  fpeaks  fo  modefily,  takes  up  near  one  third  o 
whole  volume,  and  is  as  dry  in  the  report  as,  we  doubt  n< 
was  at  the  trial. 

On  the  whole,  thefe  reports  for  the  reafon  given  above 
better  than  no  reports  at  al) ;  and  will  derive  an  advent) 

■  Hiltory  of  the  Cafei  of  CoarraveHcd  KleakMii,  by  SilvaAcr 
glai,  Efq.    See  Review,  VqIi.  LIU.  and  LIX. 

6  1 


Burtenfhaw'x  Specimens  of  Jujiice^  &ff.  561 

value,  when  bound  up  in  the  fame  fet  with  the  cafes,  pubiifhc^ 
by  Mr.  Douglas,  whom  we  arc  forry  we  cannot  felicitate  on 
the  fucceflbr,  who  has  thus  taken  up  the  pen  which  he  has  laid 
down^ — Non  ftmili  frondefcit  virga  metallo,  r-w^ 

Art.     XV. 

Sftcimens  of  Juftice,  Humility^  and  Uniformity,  in  another  Letter  to 
the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Mao&fitld.  By  Mr.  Burtcnfhaw. 
4to.     3 1.     Kearfley.     1782. 

AS  fome  literary  cooks  have,  of  late,  ferved  up  to  the  Pub. 
lie  divers  ra^^outs  and  olios  under  the  (lile  and  title  of  the 
Beauties  of  Johnfon,  the  Beauties  of  Sterne,  &c.  Mr. 
Burtenfhaw  is  willing  to  difplay  to  the  world  the  Beauties  of 
Lord  Mansfield.  The  fpecimcns,  however,  of  jufticc,  humility, 
and  uniformity,  which  his  title-page  announces,  are  to  be  un- 
derftood  in  an  ironical  fenfe ;  and  the  great  man,  to  whom  the 
letter  is  addreflTed,  will  probably  feel  no  very  lively  emotions  of 
gratitude  for  the  pains  the  writer  has  taken  to  illuftrate  his  ju- 
dicial chara£br.  Lord  Mansfield,  it  feems,  has  had  the  mif« 
fortune  to  decide  more  than  one  caufe  in  which  Mr.  Burten- 
fhaw*s  property  has  materially  been  af^eAed,  and  to  this  fource 
will  the  world  be  apt  to  attribute  the  fpleen  which  tin£lurcs  his 
pen.  If  ic  be  a  (landing  maxim,  that  no  man  is  to  be  received 
as  a  witnefs  in  his  own  favour  on  a  queftion  of  Fafi  ;  it  mufl  be 
equally  true,  that  no  man  is  a  proper  judge  in  his  own  caufe, 
on  a  queflion  of  Law.  As  a  lawyer,  Mr.  Burtenfhaw's  autho- 
rity, when  weighed  in  the  fc«lc  againit  that  of  Lord  Mansfield, 
and  the  other  Judges,  will,  we  apprehend,  make  few  profclytes» 
As  a  writer,  we  have  given  our  opinion  of  him  on  a  former  oc- 
cafion*.  He  is  verbofe,  and  rambling  ;  with  a  mixture  of  wic 
and  humour,  uncontrouled  by  a  corred  judgment.  Cafes  and 
metaphors  are  jumbled  together;  law  and  poetry,  argument  and 
banter,  take  place  alternately.  The  Reader  is  firil  dazzled, 
and  then  difgufted  ;  and  finds  neither  fuiEcient  inflrudion,  nor 
fufficient  amufement  to  repay  him  for  the  fpace  he  travels  over. 

•  ^*  LttUrs  to  Lord  Man:field^'  Rev.  July  1781.  p.  44. 

X^  The  *  Difquifttions  on  fiver  at  Suhje6ii^  and  Dr,  Toners*  s 
Vindication  of  Loike*s  Political  i^rimipUs^  a^ainjl  Dean  Tucker ^  in 
our  next. 


T 


Afp.  Rev.  Vol.  LXVI,  O  o 


ERRATA    in   tbh   V  O  L  U  M  Ej 

Page  55,  ].  7,  from  the  bottom,  for  '  indi'  r.  nuith. 

—  60,  I.  6.  from  the  bottomt  for  *  of,'  r.  /■. 

—  65,  I.  1.  Del.  the  words  '  It  it  cold  and  obfcure.* 
——  67,  1.  10.  For  '  prcfumptive,'  j.  prtfumptatut, 

—~  1S3,  I.  3.  from  the  bottom,  del.  the  comma  at  *  cxpe^ 

—  194,  1.  18.  Del.  the  comma  after  *  none.' 

——  337,  par.  4.  1.  It.    For  ' anhatrooniai.'  r.  barmeniKt, 
— —   — —  I.  15.     For  '  dec! five,'  r,  iilafivt. 

—  211,  1.  1;.  from  the  bottom,  for  *  in  mooiment,'  t,  im  t 

mint  ream,   &c. 
_—  — —  1,  6.  For  '  Anthority,'  r.  AnlbtutUiiy. 
^~—  1 16,  1.  4.  from  the  bottom,  for  '  farmi/  r.  Itrm, 

—  217,  I.  16.    For  '  embrice,'  r.  tviirU*. 

—  Ill,  I.  I.     For  '  they  will  execute/  r.  ibtj  luill aJhei 

ixtcutt,  &c. 
^_ ].  2.     For  '  they  may  find  convenient,'  r.  thif  an 

tBauinitnt. 
.    '     ?2;,  par.  3.  1.  3.  for  *  and  render!  bim  fit  for  DOihiDg 

aidruiai  hit  ionfiitutitn. 

_ 292,  I.  I.  for  'all,'  x.iU. 

^—  300.  In  the  title  of  the  firft  article  of  the  cataloguct  for 

ports'  T.-u.-arc/pc/i.  _  _ 

I      -  310.  In  the  Sth  line' of  the  par,  concerning  the  rot  10  fhe< 

away  '  tiaf,'  and  place  it  belvrc  inj,  in  the  line  preci 
^—353.  par.  I.  line  1.  for  'call,'  x.tafli. 
~—  356.  (the  note)  for  *  Ferdinand,'  r.  Firdinand. 

561,  I.  I.  del.  the  comma  after  •/./<».' 

■^■—  362,  I.  4-  from  boTt.  col.  jd.  for  o",  61,  r,  o",  67. 

.  4''7,  par.  4-  I-  8.  for  '  laren,'  r.  lanm. 

50''),  par.  2. 1.  3.  for  '  di,'  t.  Du  ;  and  ellewhere,'  at 

the  name  of  M.  Dionii  du  Scjsur  occuis. 


INDEX 


To  the  Remarkable  Passages  in  this   Volume* 


N.  B,    To  find  any  particular  Book,   or  Pamphlet,  fee  the 
Table  of  Contents,  prefixed  to  the  Volume. 


ACiD,  phofphoric,  how  to  pro- 
cu'c,  in  a  flatc  of  more  than 
common  purity,   137. 
Adair,  Mr,  tcniblc  effcfts  of  a 
ilo^m  of  lightning  at  his  houfc^ 

37S- 
Adele  et  Theodore,  465. 

AKENSiDg,  Dr.  anecdotes  rel«  to, 

I20. 

Alcander,  a  poetic  tale,  by  Ma- 
Ton,  407. 

Alembic,  improved  conftru^ion 
of,  for  the  diftiUation  of  large 
(j[uanti(ie8,  fo  as  to  tncrcafe  the 
produ^ion,  and  lefTen  the  ex- 
pcncc,  1  38. 

ALLM-mincs,  in  Italy,  feme  ac- 
count of,  500. 

America,  \i<x  d  fpote  wijh  Great 
Brit,  fet  in  a  ftiikinj>  light,  1 30, 
General  Table  of  her  (liipping, 
in  1769,  443. 

Amiot,  M.    See  Miss[onaries, 

Ancles,     and   angular   dillanccf. 

See  ROCHOK. 

Antj.  See  :  1£:imites. 
Arnold,  Mr.  c.n trove. fy  rel.  to 

his  lime  ke^oers,  355. 
AzYR,  M.   Vicq,  d  [  his  memoir 

on  the   2u   .i[id   3d  crrvicai  p/iir 

cfneivjt,   5CI, 

TD\iLMEXTs  complete  definiiion 
.     of,  2^  .     Law  of,   funhcr  il- 
luilriiied,  29.J, 


Beauty,  philofophical  definitions 
of,  527. 

Derth^lot,  M.  his  mechanicft 
&:c.  464, 

Bezout,  M.  engaged  with  MefT. 
Lavoifier  and  Vandermonde,  in 
thermomet.  experiments,  49«j. 

Bible.     See  Language. 

Bordenue,  M.  his  Mem.  on  the 
neceffity  of  performing  the  Ce- 
farian  operation  on  women  who 
die  in  pregnancy,  ^0|. 

Brereton,  Mr.  his  ace.  of  th<^ 
terrible  efFeds  of  lightning  ftt 
Eaftburn,  374. 

Brisson,  M.  his  exper.  on  the  re- 
fracting power  of  liquors,  500, 

Bristol,  Earl  of,  [and  Biihop] 
Sketch  of  his  character,  382. 

BuLL-fiogs,  Aroericao,  ilrange 
llory  of,  253. 

Bu  R  K  A M FOOTER,  Hver, defcribed, 

Abinft  Councils,  rjfficial  anl 
clhitnt,  7c. 
Cadet,  M.  itis  memoir  on  the  re- 
fracting po'.ver  of  liquors,  500. 
Caoutchouc,     curious    expcri- 
n.ents  en  that  fingular  vegetable* 
piodudion,  139. 
Cassini,  M.  hiT  obf.  rel.  to  Nat. 
Hilt,  in  his  travels  in  Italy,  499. 
Hi:  ace,   of  a  {)eotU'mdn  uHo 
had  in  h.s  body  an  elecliic  qua- 
C>  o  2  Ity 


INDEX. 


/ 


lity  fimlbr  to  that  of  the  tor- 
redo,  409,  500. 

CELIBACY,  as  impofed  on  the 
clergy,  by  the  church  of  Rome, 
jullly  exploded,  i;5. 

CiiARLi  s  I.  circumftantial  account 
of  his  imprifonmcnt  in  Carif- 
brock  C'.ille,  35.  Of  his  at- 
tempt to  e.'cape,  37. 

Chatterton,  ace.  of  him,  and 
his  publications,  208. 

Chemistry,  various  obf.  andtx- 
penments  rcL  to,  99,  134,  372, 

593- 
Chivalry   poetically   defcribed, 

3^2. 

Chr'st,  the  duration  of  his  mi- 
niltrv,  16. 

C n •; ON 0 LOTTIE  phyjifiut  dis  trap^ 
tions  etiints  de  la  France^  ^b-j. 

CiBOT,  M.     See  Missir^NARiE*;. 

C  I  MATE,  influence  of,  on  the 
niiral  charatter  of  man,  2?. 

Colonies,  American,  in  wh.it  re- 
fpi<fls  raiher  hurtful  than  advan- 
tageous to  Great  Britain,  425. 

Cr:::sECTicuT-river,  dcfcrip;ion 
of,   2^4. 

Coi.sTRr,  poor  or  rich  according 
to  its  po^'>ul-uion,  423. 

Croft, Mr.  hi^  biographical  anec- 
dotes of  Dr.  Young,  1 1 3. 

r^  \"n':NTO?:,  ^T.  his  m?»hoJs 
ot  improving  the  breed  oi 
(heep,   qf^z. 

DzAiH  of  Menteiih,  an  ancient 
bcof.irh  baiinc',   292. 

DiMSDALF,  Rj'on,  his  la^  p'^bl:- 
citi'^n  rcl'.tive  to  inocuiafon, 
I  "2.  Cu'ious  anecdote  rcl.  to 
hi«i  prict  ce  in  R'l.iia,  172. 

DisTii  lat!ov.      Sec  ALt?.:Dic. 

DoE'ON,  Dr.  his  ace.  of  a  lingu- 
lar   vtricnn  u»n*],   56:. 

Doiirla*,  6ir  Chn-lcs,  his  Letrer  to 

D<r.ss  ^^  i^c  beau-^  of  t'.iis  c^on- 
iry,  in  the  t.: :h  c::r:'.rj-y,  ^7. 

Dyk'.,  thj  pu.r,  oblcrv.  0:1  I:i5 
Vvriiirge,  1:7. 


gARTiiQUAKU,  in  Wales,  art* 
markable  circumHaoce  relatxre 
to,  372. 

Education,  thoughts  on,  349. 

Electricity,  remarks  aod  ez« 
peri  men  cs  rel.  to,  175. 

— — -— — .  See  alfb  Cassint. 

Elizabeth,  Q,  her  reign,  and 
the  9ge  (he  lived  in,  favoarable 
to  poetry,  162. 

Encycloi'Edie — the  celebrated 
French  Dictionary  of  Arts  and 
Sc'cnccfj,  frojpeaus  of  a  new 
edit,  of,  with  a  different  ar- 
rangement of  the  materials,  5 14. 

p A  r  M ER ,  Amtficam^  pleafing^  cc- 
fcription  of  the  life  of,  before 
the  bre.ich  with  England,  402. 

Feast,  curioas  account  of  one, 
with  the  prices  of  the  provifions, 
in  the  14th  century,   58. 

Fe  R  M  E  V,  Dr.  his  hiii.  of  Surioam, 
tranflatcd,  14^. 

Forster.  J.  keinhoid,  defcribe<, 
in  the  Philof.  Tranfaidlions,  the 
tyger-cat  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  365.^ 

Forti^,  Abbe,  his  acc,  of  alum- 
mines  in  Italy,  500. 

Fourcroy,  \K  his  demeotary 
inilrudions  in  natural  hift.  &c. 
406. 

(^Amixc  IcH?  prevalent  in  warm 

than  in  cold  dimates,  27. 
Ganges,  fiver,  ace. of,  366.    Sec 

alfo  BcR^AMPOOTElt. 

Garden,  EnpliOi,  Mr.  Malbn^ 
poem  on,  ccmpleted,  405. 

Gen  LIS,  Mad.  her  Adele,  &c«  or 
Letters  on  Education,  4.63. 

G'^verkmekt,  and  law,  prin- 
ciples of  difcofTed,  191 — 196. 

Gravitation, Kepler's  theory  o^ 
1^2.     Other  notions  of,  183, 

C  ?.  AY,  the  poet,  his  writings  cri- 

ticiied,    12  2. 

Gi'LNt'f,  Abbe,  author  of  the 
Je^v's  Letrers  to  Voltaire,  542. 
A  new  edition  of  that  much  ap- 
plauded work,  ib» 

3  Hauler, 


INDEX. 


pJALLERt  memoirs  of,  and  eu- 
lo^ium  on,  that  great  phyfio- 

logftl,  ^08.   Exemplary  manner 

of  his  death,  :;i2. 
Harlatan,    a  fingular  African 

wind,  defcribed,  365. 
FIenry  VJil.  his  talent  for  poe- 

Herschel,  Mr.  hts  adronomical 
ubf.  on  the  rotation  of  the  pla- 
nets round  their  axes,  made 
with  a  view  to  L^etermine  whe- 
ther the  earth's  diurnal  motion 
is  perfcdiy  equable,  374. 

Highlands,  ofScotland^  ancient 
and  moHern  Hate  of,  with  refpedl 
to  literature  and  poetry,  51. 

Hunter,  William,  his  new  me- 
thod of  employing  the  fcrfw^ 

373- 
Hut  TON,  Mr,  his  certificate  in  fa- 
vour of  Mr.  Thompfon's  im- 
provement in  the  conllru6lion  of 
a  frigate,  455. 

Tdlevess  the  vice  of  hot  cli- 
mates, 26, 

jEAi.ousr,  lefs  prevalent  in 
northern  than  in  fouthcrn  cli- 
mates,  2J, 

Jeurat,  M.  his  obferv,  of  the 
moon,  505. 

Infants,  whore  mothers  have 
died  in  pregnancy,  favcd  by  the 
Cefaiian  operation,  501. 

Inoculation  for  the  fmalUpor, 
Baron  Dimfdale's  prefent  method 
oi  performing,  173. 

Johnson,  Sam.  remarks  on  a  fen- 
timcnt  of  his,  unfavourable  to 
liberty,   121. 

Justices  of  the  peace,  remarks 
rel.  10  their  office,  45. 

Justinian,  Emperor,  his  ufeful 
dcfign  of  reforming  the  ancient 
Roman  leg  flaiion  205^ 

T^Empenfelt,  Adm'ral,  his  let- 
ter m  bthaU  of  Mr.  Thomp- 
fon's  plan  for  improwements  in 
theconltnn5tion  of  frigate*,  459. 

KjilwaNj  Mr.   his  ex^er.  on  the 


fpecific  gravhies  atid  attraffitftf 
powers  of  various  faline  fub* 

(lances,  372, 

T  Anguage,   Engliffi,    how  in- 
fluenced by  the  tranflation  of 
the  bible,  91.        • 

Lavoisier,  M.  his  VIII.  Che- 
mical Memoirs.     See  Bezout. 

Law,  William,  his  lall  words,  and 
infcription  on  his  tomb,  155. 

LE90NS  tlemanmtires  it  bift.  »jtf« 
//  de  cbymie^  466. 

Lefebvrb  ^  Villbrane^  his  edit, 
of  Silius  [talicus,  467. 

Lens,  burning.  See  Cadet.  See 
Bri5son. 

Liquors,  fermented,  cuftomary 
drinking  of,  its  influence  on  the 
morals  and  manners  of  men,  28* 
On  their  health,  &c.   29. 

Liver.     See  Portal. 

Lomgitude,  contraverfy  rel.  to. 
See  Arnold. 

Luxury,  carried  to  the  higheft 
degrees  in  hot  climates,  26. 

Lyttelton  Ld.  ftrifturc  on  his 
poetry,   121. 

J^Allet,  David,  his  charaAcr, 

1 18. 

Maraldi,  M.  his  obf.  on  the  Sa^ 
tcllues  of  Jupiter,   :;C5. 

Ma  rot,  Clement,  his  poetical 
charafter,  86. — His  veriion  of 
the  p(a!ms,  ib.  Brings  pfalm* 
finding  into  fafliion  at  the  court 
of  France,  87. — Ufe  made  of 
them  by  Calvin,  88. 

Meghan iquE  appUquU  auxarts^ 
&c.  464. 

Me  moires  concern.  Vhiftoire^  let 
fciences,  &c.  Vols.  VIl.  and 
VUI.  By  the  miflionaries  of 
Peking,  466. 

Mengs.  the  painter,  his  obfcore 
explication  of  beauty,  527. 

Messier,  M.  his  obf.  of  a  prodi* 
gious  quantity  of  fmall  globules 
paffing  before  the  fun's  djriC,498. 
on  the  comets  of  1771 


and  1772,  505. 


MiLLT. 


1    N    D 

,  Count  de,  his  mem.  cor- 
I 


1.1 1'MON ARIES  of  Peking,    their 

mem.  if  ?'■>■  aris,  manners,  ^c. 

of  ihc  Cliinclb,  Vols.   VII.  and 

VJII.  ^66. 
ftloNiFR.  M.  Ir,  hi;  obf.  00  the 

inclinaiian     of    the     mignctic 

r.cfdlc,  4'jg. 
Mvstvchm,    in    religion,   ridi- 

Mtiic.     See  Sounds. 

^AvAL  srehiicflo'c.  44). 

NtEDLE,magnt:ik,t.i>f.ont!ic 

inclinatioii  of,  by  M.  le  Mob- 

nier,  499. 
— — —  by  M.  leGcniil,  ib. 
Nekves,  of  ihe  id  and  3d  cer- 
vical pair,  ohf.  rel.  tr>,  jsi- 
^eM,  Abbi  Se.  hi*   navels,  re- 

prefenied  in  a  fcries  ofengiav- 

ings,  46;. 
K£WHAVE>,  in  Conoeflicut,  lu- 

rioua  code  of  lawi  cfi^blilhcd 

ihere,  ijj. 

f\DB  to  the  memcry  of  Captain 
^     Cook,  71. 

OsitjkH,  controverfy  relat.  tn.  4a. 

pEsNAKT,  Mr.  hi?  account  of  ;hs 
^     Turkey.  566 Offcveial 

earthquaWei  in  Walej,   371 
PtNitosr,  Mr.  liischar.naer,  335. 

His  Field  of  Bjcle,    a  poem, 

35''- 
TtRtiTiV,    lefa  prevalent  in  cold 
.  in  hoi 


S    X. 

Poetry,    the  natural  pn 

of  mankind  to,  pfailofo; 

conCteied.   31- 
Engliih.    ohf. 

Date  of,  in  (be  age  of  £li 
Pope,  Mr.  his  poetical  q 

lioiis  candidly  dircrii»iT:.i:i 
Portal,  M.  his  mem.  co; 

ce>:aiii  difL-afes    of    the 

C02. 
PopuLATiow  of  Englani 

on    the  prirl'ent  ftaie  ol 

383,  4^3- 
P.-^LUi,     hilioiicM     aceo 

French  and  E  gliih  trar 

of,  86. 
—  '■         vindicated  fio;it  the 

of  inculcating  a  malcvoli 

Pr[DE,  the  vice  of  hot  c! 


TiKOvnsT.    M.   his  mcmsi 
the  piers  of  bii.lee;,  5C6. 

on,  (9. 
FiirsiocKiMv    conf.dercd    as  a 

fcience,   4S;,    .97. 
Planets,  otil.  oh  the  rotation  of, 

lotind   their    axes.       bc£  Hek- 

pLOi.'GH,  ma.!e  ufc  of  for  extr- 


Cyclopedia,  or  nevf  a 
ment  of  [he  great  E»tj 
in  jj  4to.  vol:.  514. 

WEnnel,  Mr.  his  acco.JB 
•*       Ganeej    and    Burrai 

u. 

Rc;i:ON,  .4bb:,  his  invent 
iEea:~uiing  singular  dillar.t 
apparent  dianieiets  of 
tc6. 
Lo^:.t^s,  ii:(ir  Itgal  pol 
veiiigated,  tg'i. — impto' 
in  under  Co:iiljnt:ne,  St 
J.f.ini^n  CoJe.  3-3.- 
governmcnt  under  the  I 
244.  .'lp;-oiti;ment  of 
the  olTice  of  perpetual  1 
14.. 

Rome,  reflexions  on  the 
46  r. 

Rot,  in  (ieer,  enquif  i 
csuf,:  of,  79.     The  t 

iA^.'eaoJ'J-  J-  his  tne 
buied,  by  DiJirol,  513. 

his  c.;.,f( 

his  ow:i  fnultj,  5:c.  s;a. 
i'r;ces  of  the  fitll  30  ytai 


Index. 


fcowLBiANControverfy,  206,  32 1, 

433- 
Russia,    a  complete  hidory  of, 

publilhed  at  Paris,  512. 

CAndwich,    Earl  of,  (ketch   of 
his  character,  3 82. 

Saros,  or  cycle  of  feafons,  ne^ 
difcoveryof,  548* 

Screw,  new  method  of  employ- 
ing, to  allronomicai  and  other 
purpofcs,  37^. 

SfjouR,  M.  Dienh  du,  his  con- 
tinuation of  his  new  pjalytical 
methods  of  calculating  eciipfcs 
of  the  fun,  &c,  505. 

Sheep,  French  memoir  concern- 
ing the  improvement  of,  502. 

Shenstonb,  the  poet,  fonie  ac- 
count of  him,  and  his  works, 
119. 

Snip-building,  plan  for  improve- 
ment in,  with  refpedt  to  fii- 
gates,  &c«  44^. 

Shipping,  of  N.  America,  gene- 
ral, table  of,  543- 

Silius  Icalicus,  correct  edit,  of,  4C7. 

SmeatiiMan,  Mr.  his  curious 
account  of  the  termites,  or  white 
ants,  of  Africa,  &c.  368. 

Song  of  Solomon,  fpecimcn  of  a 
new  tranflation  of,  by  a  Lady, 
258. 

SouLAViE,  ABoe,  his  account  of 
extin(>ui(hed  Volcanoes  in  the 
S,  of  France,  467. 

Soundness  in  religious  matters, 
what,  79.     What  it  is  nct^    ib. 

Sounds,  muilcal,  the  phiiolophy 
of,  12. 

SrFEL,  Mrs.  Anne,  her  excellent 
charadlcr,  337.  Specimen  of 
her  poetry,  338. 

Sugars,  impolicy  and  injuflice  of 
forcing  the  pristc  Ciifj^ocs  of  out 
of  the  kingdom,  75. 

Surinam,  brief  account  of  Fer- 
ments hiil.  of,   1^8. 

Surrey.  Earl  of,  his  poeticnl 
ch*;:a:kr,  8i, — Menioirsof  his 
]ifj   nddcaih,  %it 


Syphon,  fome  new  remarks  ie]« 

to  that  inllrument,  180. 

'pAcTics,  remarks  rel.  to  41, 
Tea,  its  efFcdls  on  thofc  who 
arc  cuilomary  drinkers  of  it,  3i« 

Termites.     See  Smfathman. 

Thelyphthora  criticifed,  127. 

Tk  ..  OR  I  fi  des  loix  criminelUsy  \()^* 

Thermometer.     SccBezo-jt. 

Thistlethwayte,  Mr.  his  let- 
ter concerning  Chatterton,  i^z^, 

TREE-frog,  in  America,  dcicrip- 
tion  of,  254. 

Trinity,  do^rineof,  contrafl.rd 
with  the  Uhharinn  principles  in- 
culcated in  the  New  Tell.  103. 

TurkeV  originally  brought  frtni 
America,  366* 

\7Andermonde,   SeeBEzouT. 
Vice    philofophically    conli- 

dcred,  9*. 
Universities  of  Great  Britain, 

anecdotes  rel.  to  the  llate  of,  i<i 

the  13th  and  i4:h  ccnturie-,  5O- 
Voltaire,  his  inenr,  as   a  j^e- 

nius  appretiated,  4. 
VoYAG  E  pitton/quey  cu  defcription 

di  Naples^  &c.  465. 

^I^Arville's    theory   of  penal 

laws,  463, 
Water,  the  cuftomary  dr'rkirjj 

of,  favourable  to  morality    2S, 

In  \vhat  refpedts   conducive  td 

health,  ib. 
Watts,  Dr.  lefs  orthodox  in  !vi 

Uicr   than  in  his  earlier  yt-ur?^ 

170, 
Wells,  Mr.  his  ccrtiHcite  In  T^.- 

vour   of  Mr.  Thomloii'*  pro- 

pofed  fri;raic,  45^. 
V/es T,  Gilbert,  feme  account  of, 

121. 

WiLMLS,  John,  his  charaflcr  fa- 
tiricdly  fivCtcheJ,    132. 

WiNKiLMAN-^,  ^bbe,  anecdotes 
re!,  to  his  life  and  chara^icr, 
377.  Account  of  his  unfcrtu- 
r.acc  di^th  by  aiTaQinati^n,  381. 

r'ariiicf 


Mj^ 


1    N    0  E    X. 

Firtb-r  «c.  of  thii  very  rcfpeft-  Wr  at.  Sir  Tho,  s  mr 

ablr  .oMiiuary,  p8.   Hii  Fami-  confiJctabk  mcrii,  1- 

liar  Lemurs  ib. 

WooDHousE,  Mr.  his  account  of  VOunr,  Dr.  hit  life, 

the  rci  in  Iheep,  8o.  poecicil  cbaratter, 
Woot.,  and  woolen  trade,  contro- 

vcrJial  in&t  re),  to,  227,  389.  7Ink,  M,  LalTone't  m 


Scealfii  Daubenti 


.  SC4. 


END   OF   VOL.  LXVI, 


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