Skip to main content

Full text of "The most notable antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-Heng, on Salisbury plain. Restored by Inigo Jones esquire, architect generall to the late king"

See other formats 


4 


8<y 


■  »• 


p. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

Research  Library,  The  Getty  Research  Institute 


http://www.archive.org/details/mostnotableantiqOOjone 


.: 


> 


THE 
mod  notable 


ANTIQUITY 

O  F 

q%_EAT     <B%IT  AI  a£, 

vulgarly  called 

STONE-HENG 

O  N 

SALISKWRY   TLAl^Q 


RESTORED 

By  I WJ  gO  fO^SS  Efquire, 

Architect  Generall  to  the  late 

KING. 


LONDON, 

Printed  by  James  Flefrer  for  Daniel  Pakeman  at  the  fign  of  the 

Rainbow  in  Fleetftreet,  and  Laurence  (Jhapman  next  door 

to  rhc  Fountain  Tavern  in  the  Strand.    1655. 

/ 


T  O 

The  Right  Honourable 

PHILIP 

Earle  of  Tembro^e  and  Montgomerie9 

Baron  Herbert  of  Qaerdiffaxii  Sherland, 

Lord  Tarr  and  %offe  o£I\endall,  Lo:  Fiti^hugb 

Marmyott  and  Saint  Quintin&c. 

STO^E-HEl^G  reftorcd 


is 


hu    bly  dedicated 


Your  Lops  devoted  fervant 
John  Webb. 


A  3 


T  O 

THE     FAVOURERS 

O  F 

vf  ^cr  I  QJV  I  TY. 


THis  Difcourfe  ofStone^heng  is  moulded  off^ 
and  caft  into  a  rude  Form,  from  fome  few 
indigefted  notes  of  the  late  judicious  ArchiteBy 
the  Vitruvius  of  his  age  Inigo  Jones.  That  fo 
venerable  an  Antiquity  might  not  perim,  but  the 
world  made  beholding  to  him  for  reftoring  it 
to  light ,  the  defires  of  feverall  his  learned 
Friends  have  encouraged  me  to  compofe  this 
Treatife.  Had  he  furvived  to  have  done  it  with 
his  own  hand,  there  had  needed  no  Apology. 
Such  as  it  is,  I  make  now  yours.  Accept  it  in 
bis  name,  from 


j  •  "• 


STONEHENG 

RESTORED, 

B  Y 
I JAC1 9  0  f  0  H.  E  S  Efquire. 


BEing  naturally  inclined  in  my  younger  years  to 
ftudy  the  Arts  of Defigne,l  paflcd  into  forrain  parts  to 
converfe  with  the  great  Mailers  thereof  in  Italy } 
where  I  applied  my  felf  to  fearch  out  the  ruines  of  thofc  an- 
cient (Buildings,  whichindefpightof  Time  it  felf,  and  vio- 
lence of  (Barbarians  are  yet  remaining.  Having  fatisfied  my 
(elfin  dieic,  and  returning  to  my  native  Countrey,  I  applied 
my  minde  more  particularly  to  the  ftudy  of  ArcbiteSture. 
Among  the  ancient  monuments  whereof,  found  here,  I 
deemed  none  more  worthy  the  fearching  after,  then  this  of 
Stonebeng  ■  not  only  in  regard  of  the  Founders  thereof,  the 
Time  when  built,  the  IfVfcitfelf,  but  alio  for  the  rarity  of 
its  Invention,  being  different  in  Forme  from  all  1  had  fcen  be- 
fore :  likewile,  of  as  beautifull  Vroportiom,  as  elegant  in  Or- 
der, and  as  (lately  in  Afpe£l,as  any. 

King  James,  in  his  progrefle,  the  year  one  ihoufand  fix 
hundred  and  twenty,  being  at  Wtlton}md  ditcourfing  of  this 
Antiquity, I  was  fent  for  by  the  right  Honourable  William  then 
EarlofVembrook,  and  received  there  his  Majefties  commands 
to  produce  out  of  mine  own  pra&ile  in  ArcbiteSture,  and  ex- 
perience in  Antiquities  abroad;what  pofsibly  I  could  difcover 

B  conccr- 


x  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

concerning  this  of  Stoneheng.  What  mine  opinion  was  then, 
and  what  I  have  fince  collected  in  relation  thereunto ;  I  in- 
tend to  make  the  fubjecl:  of  this  prefentTreatife.  And  cer- 
tainly, in  the  kwricate,  and  obfeure  ftudy  of  Antiquity  it  is 
far  eafier  (as  Camden  very  well  obferves)  to  refute  and  con- 
tradict a  falfe,  then  to  let  down  a  true  and  certain  refolu- 
tion.  For  mine  own  part, in  what  I  (hall  here  deliver,  I  in- 
tend not  to  ftruggle  againft  any  opinion  commonly,  and 
long  (ince  received.  Let  every  man  judge  as  it  pleafeth 
him.  What  opinion  foever  the  Reader  inclines  to,  I  fliall 
not  make  much  materiall,  my  aime  being,  a  defire  only  to 
vindicate,  as  much  as  in  me  lies,  the  Founders  of  this  vene- 
rable Antiquity  from  oblivion,  and  to  make  the  truth,  as  far 
forth  as  pofsibly  I  may,  appeare  to  all  men. 

Severall  Writers,  both  Strangers,  and  our  own  Coun- 
treymen,  have  treated  of  Stoneheng.  Before  recite  whole  opi- 
nions, I  think  not  amifle  to  leek  this  fubjecl:  from  the  moft 
ancient  times,  endevouring  thereby  to  give  fatisfaelion 
whether  or  no,  the  Druides,  altis  Druid<e  (in  Authors  indif- 
ferently written,  and  in  old  time  the  Triefls  of  the  'Britons 
and  Gauls)  or  the  ancient  Britons  y  for  the  Druid's  ufe,  might 
not  be  the  Founders  of  fo  notable  a  monument }  which  if 
they  were,  there  is  then  no  cauic  why  beftow  farther  ftudy 
or  pains,  in  fearchingwho  the  Founders  were,  but  acquiesce 
in  the  honour  of  our  own  Nations  firft  erection  of  it. 

As  far  neverthelefle,as  from  Hiftory  ancient  or  moderne 
may  be  gathered,  there  is  little  likelyhood  of  any  luch  mat- 
ter, confidering  especially  what  the  Druid's  were }  alfojwhat 
fmall  experience  the  Britons,  anciently  inhabiting  this  Ifle, 
had,  in  knowledge  of  what  ever  Arts,  much  lelTe  of  buil- 
ding, with  like  elegancy  and  proportion,  fuch  goodly 
works  as  Stoneheng. 

Concerning  the  Druid's  in  the  firft  plaee,true  it  is,  they  are 

reported  in  ancient  times,  to  have  been  in  great  cfteeme  in 

this  Ifland,  where  their  difcipline,  and  manner  of  lear- 

cifar.Com-  nmg»  wasiuppofed  to  be  firft  invented,  and  from  hence 

mtn.lib.6.     tran  flated  into  Gaul  Difciplina  in  'Britannia  reperta  (fa  ith  Cafar) 

ataue 


Stoneheng  reftored.  3 

atdueindein  Galliam  tran/lata  ejje  exiftimatur.  They  are  faid  in 
like  manner  to  have  ordered  and  difpofed  all  divine  mat- 
ters, as  well  in  relation  to  their  feverall  kinds  of  Sacrifices, 
as  to  expounding  whatever  rites  of  their  idolatrous  fuper- 
ftitionj  infomuch,  you  may  call  them  (if  you  pleafe)  the  pti»>M.t6. 
Bifhops  and  Clergy  of  that  Age. 

Their  power  moreover,  and  preheminence  was  not 
confined  within  the  Ariel:  limits  of  facred  matters,  but  en- 
joying a  more  large  prerogative,  temporall  negotiations, 
and  affairs  of  State  were  tranfatled  by  them  :  the  managing 
of  Peace  and  War  was  ufually  remitted  to  their  Authority, 
even  when  Armies  were  ready  to  joyn  in  BattelU  Tublica  its 
(faith  Strabo)  isr  prnvata  judicia  committuntur,  &  aliquando  cau~  Strab,  iib.tf 
fis  bellorum  difceptandisjam  acie  congrejfuros  compofuerunt.  Judges 
they  were  (faith  CtfarAio)  in  almoft  all  civill  and  crimi-  C£farjib6t 
nail  caufes :  fentence  they  gave  in  cafe  of  life  and  death :  de- 
cide they  did  controverfies,  and  debates  betwixt  party  and 
party:  finally, whatever  ehe  was  requifite  and  convenient 
to  keep  the  people  in  due  obedience  to  their  Princes,  they 
wholly  took  the  care  and  charge  of. 

Thefe  were  the  maine  affaires  wherein  the  employment 
of  the  Druides  confifted,  and  whereunto  they  wholly  ad- 
dicted themfelves.   Whofoever  defires  to  know  more  of 
them, may  read  Qtftr,  Viodorus  SiculusyStraboJ<PlinyJ  Diogenes 
Laertius,  jmmianus  Marcellmus,  and  fuch  like  ancient  Authors. 
But,  whatfoever  thefe,  or  other  Hiftorians  have  written  of 
the  T>mides}  certainly,  Stoneheng  could  not  be  builded  by 
them,  in  regard,  I  find  no  mention,  they  were  at  any  time 
either  ftudious  in  Architecture,   ( which  in  this  fubjeel:  is 
chiefly  to  be  refpe&ed)  or  skiltull  in  any  thing  elfe  condu- 
cing thereunto.  For,  Academies  of  Defigne  were  unknown 
unto  them :  publiquc  Lectures  in  the  Mathematics  not 
read  amongft  them  :    nothing  of  their  Painting,  not  one 
word  of  their  Sculpture  is  to  be  found,  or  fcarce  of  any  Sci- 
ence (Philofopbyznd  Aftronomy  excepted)  proper  to  informe 
the  judgement  of  an  Jrchitett;  who,   (as  VitruYms  faith)  Vitnli.%, 
Chould  be  peritus  Graphidos,  eruditus  Geometria,  O*  Optices  non 

B  2  ignarus 


4  Stoneheng  reftored. 

ignarus  Sec.  perfetl  inDefigne,  expert  in  Geometry,  Toettfeenin 
the  Opticks,  skilfull  in  Jritbmetick,  a  good  Hiftorian,  a  diligent 
bearer  of  fhilofopbers,  well  experienced  in  Thyfick,  Mufick,  Law 
and  Aftrologie, 

Of  all  that  have  written  of  the  Druid's,  no  Author  knew 
them  better  then  Ctfar ,  neither  hath  any  more  fully  de- 
fcribed  them  5  who  after  a  large  diicourfe  of  their 
CafarM.6.  difcipline,  priviledges,  and  Ibeologie,  Multa  de  ftderibus 
( faith  he  )  at  que  eorum  mom,  de  mundi  ae  terrarum  magnitti" 
dine,  de  rerum  mtura,  <&-c.  difputant}  <tsr  juVentuti  tranjdunt. 
Tbey  make  mucb  dijpute,  and  mjlruB  tbeir  Scholars  in  many  things 
concerning  the  Stars,  and  their  motion,  the greatnejfe  of  Hea\en  and 
Earth,  of  the  nature  of  things  <&c  As  for  other  Arts  relating  to 
the  M-ithematicjues ,  or  any  works  of  this  kind,  he  makes  no 
manner  of  mention,  though  himielf  an  Jrcbitetl,  glorying 
in  his  own,  and  much  more  extolling  others  invention  in 
that  Art. 

The  truth  is,  thofe  ancient  times  had  no  knowledge  of 
publique  works,  either  Sacred  or  Secular,  for  their  ownufc, 
or  honour  of  their  Deities.  Befides,  they  uPd  not  any  build- 
ings of  Stone,  or  (for  ought  is  manifeft)  knew  fo  much,  as 
how  to  order  working  therein.  The  Druid's  led  a  folitary 
contemplative  life,  contenting  themselves  with  fuch  habi- 
tations, as  either  meer  neceflity  invented,  to  fhelter  them 
from  contrariety  of  feafons,  without  Art,  without  Order, 
without  any  whatever  means  tending  to  perpetuity:  or, 
fuch  as  TS{ature  alone  had  prepared  for  them  in  dens,  and 
caves  of  defert  anddarkfome  woods  $  efteeming  it,  cjuefti- 
onlefie,  the  higheft  fecret  of  their  myftery,  rather  to  com- 
mand in  caves  and  cottages,  then  live  like  Kings,  in  Palaces, 
andftately  houfes.  They  were  too  wife,  knew  too  well, 
'twas  their  humility,  integrity,  retired  manner  of  life,  and 
pretended  fan&ity  pofleft  the  people  with  an  awfully  reve- 
rend efteem  of  them }  and  which  fed,  and  kept  up  their 
reputation  throughout  the  Countrey,  when  outward  appea- 
rances of  State  and  magnificence  would  either  have  brought 
them  into  envy,  and  their  fuperftition  into  contempt,  or 

them- 


Stoneheng  reftored.  <> 

thcmfclves  and  Religion  both  to  be  wholly  extirpated  and 
laid  a  fide. 

Tomponius  Mela  difcourfing  of  the  Vruides,  Vocent  multa  pomf,  m<U 
(faith  he)  nobilifimosgentis  chm  <&  diu  vicenis  annis  infpecu,  aut  li'°'S- 
in  abditisfaltibus,  They  teach  the  lability,  and  better  fort  of  their 
nation,  many  things,  eVtn  twenty  years  together,  fecrctly  in  caVesy  or 
dofe  coverts  of  obfeure  floods  and  forrefls.  Such,  and  no  other 
were  their  habitations,  fuch  their  Univerfities ^and  publique 
Schooles. 

As  for  their  Temples  and  facred  ftructures,  they  confifted 
not  in  variety  of  formes,  coftlinefle  of  materials,  or  perfe- 
clion  of  humane  Arts,  but  were  of  Natures  own  framing 
in  like  manner,  being  no  other  then  groves  of  Oke.  The 
Druid's  chofe  of  purpofe  ((aith'P/wj)^/;  groves  for  their  divine  Pli>ylib.i6. 
Service,  as  flood  only  upon  Okes  •  nay  they  fokmnized  no  Sacrifice,  nor 
performed  any  facred  Ceremonies  without  the  branches,  and  leaves 
thereof^  from  whence  they  mayfeem  well  enough  to  be  named  Dryada: 
in  Greek,  which  figmfies  a*  much  as  Oke  Priefts. 

The  'Ifymans  having  forced  their  paflage,  and  gained  vi- 
ctory over  the  Vrutd's  in  Angle  fey,  cut  down  their  woods  and 
groves,  amongft  them  reckoned  holy,  and  confecrated  to 
their  execrable  fuperftitions.  Excifi  luci  (faith  Tacitus)  fevis  /;f "£ 
fuperfiitionibusjacri. 

To  this  purpofe,  Humphrey  Lloid,  in  his  hiftory  of  Wales, 
The  vaft  woods  growing  in  thatlfland,  were  not  only  by 
the  (Romans,  but  afterwards,  when  the  Cbrifti.m  Faith  took 
place  in  this  Nation,  by  the  Chriftidns  alfb  fell'd  and  rooted 
out.  And  why  ?  becaufe  of  the  idolatry  (faith  he)  and  ah- 
furd  Religion  ufed  in  them.  Again,  in  his  Epiftle  to  Orte- 
lius  concerning  the  Ifle  of  Angkfey,  the  fame  Author  affirmes ; 
Though  there  is  little  wood  now  growing  there,  yet  every 
day  the  roots  and  bodies  of  huge  trees  of  a  wonderfull 
length  and  bignefle  are  by  the  inhabitants  found,and  digged 
out  of  the  earth,  in  divers  places  in  low  grounds,  and  cham- 
pion fields. 

Now,  if  in  ftead  of  thefe  roots,  and  bodies  of  trees,  the 
mines  of  ancient  Structures  had  been  there  found,  it  might 

per- 


6  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

peradventure,  with  fome  probability,  have  been  prefumed 
either  that  the.Druid's  ufed  Temples,  or  fome  other  buildings 
of  ftone.  For  jtheir  ancient  feat  was  in  the  Ifle  of  Mom  now 
Anglcfey,  whence  modern  Writers  ftyle  it  Infulam  Druidum, 
the  Ifland  of  the  Druid's  and  fedem  Druidum ,  the  feat 
of  the  Druid's.  And  from  hence,  queftionlefle ,  it  came 
to  pafTe,  the  Romans,  with  fuch  difficulty,  under  the  con- 
duct of  Suetonius  Taulinus,  brought  that  Ifland  under  their 
power ;  nor  was  it  wholly  fubdued  to  their  Empire,  untill 
Julius  Agricola's  time.  For,  whereas  in  other  parts  of  (Britainy 
the  people  contended  for  Liberty  only,  there,  they  fought  pro 
arts  O'focis,  for  Liberty,  and  Religion  both. 
Tacit  Ann  There  it  was  the  !BritiJh  armies  (faith  Tacitus)  being  im- 
lihfii,  battailed,  the  women  ran  to  and  fro  amongft  them  in  fable 
weeds,  their  hair  about  their  ears,  and  fire-brands  in  their 
hands,  like  infernall  furies,  the  Druid's  round  about  them 
alio,  lifting  up  their  hands  to  Heaven,  and  pouring  forth 
deadly  curfes ;  the  novelty  of  which  fight  bred  fuch  amaze- 
ment in  the  (Roman  Legions,  (the  Romans  here,  itfeems,  were 
unacquainted  with  the  Druid's  till  then)  that  they  flood 
ftock  ftill,  and  dole  together,  not  once  moving  a  foot,  as  if 
poflefied  with  a  refolution  to  act  nothing  at  all,  but  receive 
their  deaths  tamely  and  without  any  great  refiftance. 

Wherefore,  befides,  that  Hiftory  hath  not  remembred  the 
ruines  of  any  ancient  buildings  digged  up  in  Anglefey }  if  ei- 
ther, this  Antiquity  had  been  remaining  in  that  Ifla?id}  or  any 
Author  delivered  fuch  Actions  of  the  Druid's,  as  aforefaid, 
performed  about  the  place,  where  Stoneheng  remains  (land- 
ing, there  might  have  been  fome  advantage  made  thereof  to 
the  purpofe  now  in  hand.  But  Anglefey  excepted,  ancient 
Writers  give  them  refidence  in  no  part  of  Britain  befide,  nor 
are  they  remembred  by  any,  to  have  been  found  elfewhere, 
throughout  the  whole  Nation.  With  refpect  whereunto,  if 
the  Druid's  had  knowledge,  either  to  build  the  like  magni- 
ficent ftructures,  or  ufe,  for  any  fuch,  [they  would,  without 
all  peradventurc,  have  erected  them  upon  the  fame  place  ra- 
ther where  themlelves  rcfided,  then  elfwhere. 

Nci- 


Stoneheng  reftored.  7 

Neither  are  we  to  wonder,  they  chofe  fuch  an  out-nook 
or  corner  as  Anglefeyi  to  reiide  in ;  in  regard,  there,  they  lived 
remote,  and  (binary ;  there,  were  ftore  of  caves,  and  dens 
to  inftruct  their  Scholars  in,clofe  and  retired  places  for  their 
own  habitations,  and  plenty  of  groves  to  perform  their 
facred  myfteries  in.  Moreover,  they  paft  their  days  there, 
like  the  Hermits  of  old  time,  according  to  their  own  de- 
fire,  in  full  contentment,  and  with  free  liberty  to  ftudy, 
and  contemplate  what  they  pleafed.  For,  Anglefey  (we  muft 
know)  in  thole  times  of  yore,  was  wholly  overgrown 
with  defert  Woods,  and  oblcure  forrefts,  from  whence  the 
ancient  Britans  call'd  it  Tins  t>owily  the  fhadowy  or  dark 
Ifland.  Which  name  it  ftill  retains,  and  is  well  known  there- 
by to  the  now  inhabitants,  who  are,  even  at  this  day,  like- 
wife  cnclined,  (yea,  they  ulually  accuftome  themselves )  to 
commit  things  more  to  Memory ,then  Writing  ;  and,as  ha- 
ving received  it  by  tradition  from  their  Anceftors,  living 
in  thofe  ancient  times,  ftill  endevour  to  obferve  that  cuftom 
of  the  Druid's,  "who  held  it  unlawful!  to  commit  any  thing 
to  writing.  As  Ctfar  (in  the  fixth  book  of  his  Commenta-  c^f6 
ries  of  the  Gaulifh  War)  delivers. 

Concerning  the  Britans  in  the  next  place,  The  condition 
of  thofe  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  Ifland  in  the  Vruid'sumc 
duly  confidered,  (Vt%.  in  what  manner  they  lived,  how  un- 
skilfull  in  all  Sciences,  and  civill  cuftoms,  what  Deities 
they  had,  in  what  places  they  adored  them,  and  what  man- 
ner of  buildings,  or  facred  orfecular,  wereufed  by  them) 
as  little  reafon  appears,  that  this  Antiquity  was  by  them 
erected. 

As  for  their  manner  of  living,  the  Britans  were  then  a  fa- 
vage  and  barbarous  people,  knowing  no  ufe  at  all  of  gar- 
ments.  Veftis  ufum  noncognofcunt  (faith  Heiodian.)  Now,  if  /;/™ 
deftitute  of  the  knowledge,  even  to  clothe  themlelves,  much 
leflc  any  knowledge  had  they  to  erect  ftately  ftructures,  or 
fuch  remarkable  works  as  Stoneheng.  What  faflhions  they 
ufed  to  adorn  their  bodies  with,  the  fame  Author  tells  us. 
As  a  rare  and  rich  habiliment ,  they  ieore  about  their  Wafts 

and 


om. 
lib.6. 


•Z- 


8  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

and  necks  ornaments  of  iron  (faith  he)  and  did  pounce  and 
colour  their  bodies  with  fundry  forms ,  in  rude  manner  repre- 
senting feVerall  creatures.  In  which  regard ,  they  would 
not  be  otherwifc  clothed,  left  conftrain'd  thereby  to  hide 
fuch  their  fimple  ( though  with  them  much  efteemed ) 
bravery. 

Again,  in  other  their  civill  cuftoms,  they  were  no  lefle 
rude  and  ignorant  j  yea,  fo  barbarous,  even  in  things  ap- 
pertaining to  common  fuftenance,  and  whatever  husban- 
Strabo  li.$.  dry  ;  that  (as  Strabo)  Quidam  eorum  ob  imperitiam  cafeos  nulhs 
confetant,  cum  tamen  latle  abundent :  alii  bortos  coltndi,  tsr  aliarum 
partium  agriculture  ignarifunt.  Many  of  them }  though  they  had  great 
plenty  of  milk^ytt  their  want  of  skill  "was  fuch }  they  knew  not  how  to 
make  cheefe  :  others  fo  fimple ,  they  knew  not  to  order  their  gardens  or 
orchards,  or  any  thing  be  longing  thereunto. 

Their  Countrey  alio  then  lay  uncultivated,no  cern  fbwn: 
Qti£\>is  herba  <tsr  radix  cibus  efl^  Their  food  "too*  herbs  and  roots  (faith 

Dion  li.6z.    T)m  Capm)      Hence  Sir  Waitey  (^kigh  cals  them  the  ftfcji, 

Ral.ti.s.c.y  2fy»W«.  And  (by  the  way)  it  may  not  inappofitely  be  ob- 
ferv'd,  milk,  roots,  and  fruit  were  the  chief  banquetting 
difhes;  and  skins  of  beafts  (if  clothed)  the  mod  coftly  ha- 
bits of  our  Forefathers.  Now  who  can,  in  reafon  imagine, 
that  any  great  knowledge,  practice,  or  delight  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  wherein  the  elegancy  of  Architecture  confifts, 
fhould  be  in  ufe  or  efteem,  amongft  a  people,  wholly  de- 
voted (as  I  may  lb  (ay)  and  given  over  to  fuch  barbarity  ? 

There  were  then  no  publick  roads,  or  common  high- 
ways to  paflc  from  one  place  to  another,  no  conflant  habi- 
le H.76.  tations,  T^ec  mama,  nee  urbes)  INJor  towns  nor  foalh  (as  Dion  out 
of  Xtphilme  hath  it)  much  lefle  Temples,  or  other  buildings 
made  of  ftone,  com  poled  by  Art,  with  Order,  and  Pro- 
portion. 

Moreover,  who  caft  their  eies  upon  this  Antiquity,  and 
examine  the  fame  with  judgement,  muft  be  enforced  to 
confelTe  it  erected  by  people,  grand  matters  in  the  Art  of 
building,  and  liberall  fciences,  whereof  the  ancient  'Britans 
utterly  ignorant,  as  a  Nation  wholly  addicted  to  wars,  ne- 
ver 


Stoneheng  reftored.  9 

ver  applying  them felvcs  to  cheftudy  of  Arts^  or  troubling 

their  thoughts  with  any  excellency  therein.  Omnis  arbor  do-  p;0„  nb%6t. 

ntut*  Every  tree  being  injleadofa  boujeto  them. 

In  the  wars  which  'Bunduka  (whom  Tacitus  cals  fioadici.i) 
Queen  of  the  Icem\  undertook  againftthe  %omms,  wherein 
feventy  thoufand  of  their  Citizens,  and  allies  perifhed ;  in 
difdainfull  contempt  of  the  experience  in  Arts,  wherein 
the  (Romans  flourifhed,  She  accounted  it  her  chiefeft  glory 
(faith  Dion  Cafi'tus)  to  command  over  the  lBritans)  in  re- 
gard, a  people  they  were,  who  had  not  learned,  or  knew, 
what  belonged  to  the  cu\dvmr\gand  manuring  of  lands ;  or  the 
praBice  of  Arts,  or.  to  be  craft/men  in  any  thingyfaVe  "bar.  Qui  non  V'icnllb-6*\ 
agros  colere,  non  offices  effejed  beUagerere  optima  didicerunt.  Where 
you  fee,  their  having  nor  experience  nor  practice  in  any 
kinde  of  Sciences,  war  excepted,  was  enforc'd,  by  $unduicaJ 
as  redounding  greatly  to  the  S/zta/w  honour,  much  advan- 
tage being  made  thereof  by  Her,  towards  advancing  Her 
defigns,  as  the  Hiftorian  plainly  tells  us. 

But  certain  it  is,  however  barbarous  in  other  affairs,  a 
moft  warlike  people  they  were.  Never,  untill  the  forces  of 
the  whole  world  united  in  the  (I(oman  Empire  confpiring 
to  fubdue  them,  liable  to  conqueft:  neither  could  all  that 
power,  till  after  numbers  of  years  fpent  in  the  attempt, 
with  infinite  expence  of  men  and  treafure  ,  ever  prevail 
againft  them.  Now,  as  their  fole  skilfulnefTe  was  in  war, 
fo  they  idoliz'd  principally  what  had  relation  thereunto, 
their  'Dea  optima  maxima,  being  VtSiorix,  whom  they  wor- 
{hipped  under  the  name  of  Andates.  Another  Goddefle  they 
had  irt  much  efteem,  called  Jdrafte,  which  fome  imagine 
.  (as  the  Net)tefis  amongft  the  Greeks)  was  their  Goddeffe  of 
Revenge-  Thefe,  according  to  their  favage  manner  of  living, 
they  adored  in  groves,  and  woods,  the  only  Temples  inufe 
amongft  them,  to  perform  their  Sacrifices,  and  divine  my- 
fteries  in.  (as  from  feverall  Authors  I  have  already  proved) 
Neither  find  1  any  particular  place  mentioned,  to  which 
any  of  thefe  their  Temples  (if  they  may  (6  be  called)  were  af- 
figned ;  only  Andates  (it  feems  from  Vion  Qafsius)  had  a  grove 

C  facrcd 


io  Stone!ieng  rcftored. 

facred  toherintheCounrrey  of  the/«w,  anciently  contain- 
ing Norfolk ,  Suffolk yCamb,id^ej  and  Efunwgdm  Shies,  farre 
enough  trom  Stonehng. 

Bt  fide*,  it  is  not  to  be  part  over  in  filence,  how  Tacitus 
exp'dkthh  mlelr  in  the  before  cited  four  eemh  Hook  of 
hi*.  Annals, tell' n£ us ;  The  Romans  oVet  tint  w  not  the  Temples, 
or  ia^rd  to  the  Foundations  ^ny  of  the  fjc  edfruflwes  of  the  D  uid's 
and  B  ■  i  ians  made  of  flow,  or  other  mate  lals,  H&£&  he  might  as  rca. 
dtly  laVe done ,// thy  b.td  ujtd  any fveh :  butpojittVely,  the  Romans 
cut  down  the  Bntans  wioJs  andg,ons^among(l  tl  em  rich?ird  holy 
and  conjee  at ed  to  tkir  ex  crable  fnperfl  twns.  True  it  is,  other 
Temples,  of  greater  rmgnifice  nee  then  already  Ipoken  of 
I  find  no.  e  :  Ornaments  of  Art  to  enrich  them  rhry  were 
not  a<.quain  ed  with:  iuch  orderly  c  mpoKd  works  as 
St  onebt  ngy  they  had  notary:  yea,  no  kir.d  oi  lac  ed  il.u- 
dtures  of  flone  were  in  ule  amongfl  h  m:  their idolatrous 
place*  being  naturally  adorned,  only  with  wild,  and  over- 
grown lha^es ,  defined  and  brought  to.  peireClion  by 
Dame  Natur*.  her  fell",  fhe  being  Architect  generall  to  all 
their  Deities.  Nordid  it  confilt  w.ththci  vain  Ktl:g:onto 
ufe  any  other,they  m^kng  their  worfbip.  perfo  ming  their 
Ceremonies,  offering  thi:  Sacrifices  in  daik  and  obfeure 
groves,  moft  conformab'e  unto  their  barbarcus,  and  in- 
humane, humane  obla  ions. 

Neither  muft  it  fcemflrange,  they  ufed  no  other  Temples 
Mayer.        then  thefe,  it  not  being  their  cuftom  alone  ;  for  the  Excelji 
xK.'ixCh.    or  i^gh  pjaces  mentioned  in  the  facred  Story,  wherein  the 
1  eat  hen  performed  idolarrous  rites  unto  their  Uols,   were 
con  mohly  groves,   afltcledly  fited  upon  leme  mountai- 
nous place,  without  any  Houfe  or  Temple.    1  he  f Per f ians 
HerodM.t.    or  old,  ( or  whom  Herodotus)  Neque  ft  tuts,  ncaue  tcmpla, 
n  que  aras  extruere  confut tudo  ejl,  Br  (led  nett'  cr  Images ,  nor  1  em. 
pies,  mr  Altars  :  qtanimo  hoc  fac  emtbus  infaniix  tnbueie,  accounting 
it  vi eat  folly  and  madwjj'  in  theje  that  did:  but  amending  to 
thctopsor  th   highelr.,and  moil  Lf.y  nils,  on  them  orT  red 
lacrifices  o  their  Gods.   From  hence,  Xerxes,  in  his  expe- 
dition, burnt  down  the  Temples  of  the  Greeks,  becaule  they 

{hue 


Stoneheng  reftored.  1 1 

fhuc  up  their  Gods  therein,  to  whom  all  things  are  open 
and  free,  and  to  whom  the  whole  Univerfe  ferves  for  a 
Temple.  The  sfbafgians  alfo  (inhabiting  Mount  Caucafm) 
did  worfhip,even  till  Trocopius  his  time,  groves  and  woods  ■ 
and  in  a  barbarian  fimplicity  efteemed  the  very  trees  them- 
felves  to  be  Gods.   In  like  manner,  the  Northern  and  Sou- 
thern people  of  America,   made  all  their  Invocations  and 
Exorcifms  in  woods.  The  ancient  Germans  like  wife  conse- 
crated woods  and  for  efts.  Lucos  ac  nemora  confecrantfikh  Ta- 
citus of  them.    And  the  like  places  for  idolatrous  fuperfti- 
tion,  did  divers  other  barbarous  Nations  ufe,  bej»re  redu- 
ced to  order,  and  civility  of  life,  Tacitus  giving  this  reafon 
for  it :  They  thought  it  a  matter  ill  befeeming  the  greatneffe 
of  their  Deities,  to  enclofe  them  within  Temples  made  by 
Art.  His  words  are,  Nee  cohibere  parietibus  Deos  arbitrantur , 
They  thought  it  not  jit  to  reftrain  their  Deities  within  compacted  walls'. 
ide{l,  neque  templis,  neque  domibus,  viz.  neither  within  Temples  or 
Houjes  made  with  hands,  as  C.  Vkhenas  commenting  thereon 
more  fully  interprets. 

Touching  the  manner  of  the  buildings  of  the  ancient 
(Britansj  and  of  what  mater ialls  they  confifted,  I  find  them 
fofar  fhort  of  the  magnificence  of  this  Antiquity,  that  they 
were  nor  ftately,  nor  fumptuous  •  neither  had  they  any  thing 
of  Order ^ot Symmetry ,much  lefte,  ofgracefuflnelTe,  and  Deco- 
rum in  them,  being  only  fuch  as  Ovid  (relating  tothefirft  OvU.Meu 
Age  of  the  world)  makes  mention  of.  lihA- 

domus  antra  fuerunt, 


Et  denfi  frutkes,  <&*  juntlte  cortice  virg*. 

Thus  Englifhed  by  Arthur  Golding.  . 

■ ' their  hou/es  ivere  the  thicks, 

Jnd  bufiy  queaches,  holUw  caves,  and  hardies  made  of  picks. 


Tolikepurpofe^wvw.  Jhthefirft  Age  of  the  -world  (faith  he)  VitrHnhl. 
menlived  in  woods  ycaves,  and  forejts,  but  after  they  had  found  out  the 
ufe  of  fire,  and  by  the  benefit  thereof  were  inYited  to  enter  into  a  ccr- 


C  i  tain 


I  z  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

tain  kind  ofjvciety,  coeperunt  alii  de  fronde facere  tecla,  alii  fpeluncas 

foderejub  montibus,  nonnulli  birundinum  mdos,  <&  tedtficatior.es  ea- 

rum  imitantes,  de  Into  &  virgultU  facere  loca,  qutfubirent.    Some 

of  them  began  to  make  tbemj  elves  habitations  of  boughs,  jometodh? 

dens  in  mountains  •  other  fome,  imitating  the  nejis  of  birds,  made 

themfehes  places  of  lome  and  twigs ,  andfuch  like  materi.ds,  to  creep 

into,  andfhroud  themfehes  in.  Dire&ly  after  which  manner  of 

workmanfliip,  were  the  houfes  of  the  ancient  'Britans. 

Domos  ex  calamis  aut  lignis  utplurimum  habent  compaffas,  Their 

Diodo.U.6.    houfes  for  the  moft  part  are  of  reed  and  ft>ood}  faith  DiodormSi- 

culus.      ^ 

In  the  Northern  parts  they  live  in  tents.  Degunt  in  tento- 
riis,  (faith  Dion,  epitomis'd  by  Xiphiline.) 

Their  Cities  were  without  walls,  the  Country  without 
Strab.  IH4.  Towns.  Urbium  loco  ipfisfunt  nemora,  (faith  Strabo)  woods Jiand 
them  tnjiead  of  Cities  or  Towns.  Arboribus  enim  dejeclis  ubi  amplum 
circulumfepieruntj  ipfi  cafas  ibidem  fibi  ponunt,  &  peconfiabula  con- 
dunt,  ad  ufum  quidem  non  longi  temporis.  For  when  by  felling  of  trees f 
they  have  inclofed,  and  fenced  therewith  a  large  circuit  of  wood,  therein 
they  raife  cabbins  and  cottages  for  themfehes,  and  hovels  for  their  cat- 
tell,  of  no  great  continuance,  but  only  to  fupply  their  prefent  ufe  and 
occafion.  ' 

CdUrJib*.  Opidum  Britanni  Vocant  (faith  Cdfar)  quumfihas  impeditas  vaUo 
atque  fojja  munierunt,  quo  incur fionis  hojlium  <vitandot  caufa,  conVe- 
nire  confueVerunt,  The  Britans  call  a  thick  wood,  endofed  about  with 
a  ditch  and  rampire,  made  for  a  place  of  retreat  to  avoid  the  invafton 
and  affault  of  their  bordering  enemies,  a  Town. 

Thus,  you  fee,  in  what  condition  the  Inhabitants  of  this 
Ifland  lived  in  thofe  ancient  times,  having  of  themfelves, 
neither  defire,  nor  ability  to  exercife,  nor  from  others,  en- 
couragement to  attain  whatever  knowledge  in  the  Art  of 
Building.  Precepts,  and  rules  therein,  the  Druid's  neither 
could,  nor  would  impart  unto  them.  That  they  could  not, 
appears  from  what  is  formerly  faid,  and  in  what  skilful! 
above  others,  they  communicated  nothing,  but  to  thofe  of 
their  own  fociety  ,  taking  jpeciafl  order  ( as  Coefar  affirms) 
their  difcipline  might  not  be  divulged. 

As 


Stoncheng  rejlored.  i 3 

As  for  Colonies  of  any  Nation  practifed  in  Arts,  from 
whom  they  might  receive  or  knowledge,  or  civil  conven- 
tion, there  were  none  fetled  amongft  them  :  neither  had 
they  commerce,  or  traffique,  with  any  people  experienced 
therein,  much  lefle  acquaintance  with  any  other,  except 
thofeof  Gaul,  welnear  as  barbarous  as  themfelves.  ISlpnetf 
the  Gauls  in  a  manner ,  had  any  knowledge  (faith  Gtfir )  of  the  na- 
ture and  duality  of  the  people  o/Britain,  or  of  the  places  sports,  orptftes 
oftheCountrey.  l^equeenimtemerd  prater  mercatores  iUbadit  quif  c*far.lib.o". 
quam,  neque  its  ipfis  quidquam,  prater  oram  maritimam,  atque  eas 
regiones  qu&funt  contra  Galliamjiotum  eft.  For,  not  any  went  thi- 
ther without  eminent  danger ,  except  merchants,  and  they  alfo  could 
give  accompt  of  nothing,JaVe  only  the  Sea-coaft,  and  thofe  Countreys 
which  were  oppofite  to  Gaul.  Never  any  Colony  of  the  Greeks,  for 
ought  1  know  (hkh  Ortelw)  was  feated  in  Britain.  And  Cxfar,  or teUefcr. 
the  firft  of  all  the  Romans  that  difcovered it,  faith  Camden*  Fr\ 

If  defire  neverthelefle,  to  know  in  what  times  the  anci-  Cam4er,f0'1' 
cnt  <Britans  began  to  be  civilized,  when  to  learn  the  know- 
ledge of  Arts,  to  build  ftately  Temples ,  Palaces,  publick  Build- 
ings, to  be  eloquent  in  forrain  languages ,and  by  their  habits, 
and  attire,  attain  the  qualities  of  a  civil,  and  well  ordered 
people,  Tacitus  fhall  relate  the  fame. 

Sequens  hiems  Jaluberrimis  conciliis  abfumpta  &c.  The  winter 

enfuing  (being  the  fecond  year  of  Julius  AgricoU  his  Proprietor' 

f?ip,  or  Leivtenancy  in  Briton ;  Titus  Vefpafian  Emperour, 

about  one  hundred  thirty  three  years  after  the  firft  difcove- 

ry  thereof  by  Cajar)  wot  f pent  in  moft  profitable,  and  politick  Com- 

cels  (faith  Tacitus.)  For, whereas  the  Britans  were  rude,  and  difptr-  Tatiuin  vit. 

fed,  and  thereby  prone ,  upon  every  occajion,  to  "wane  \   Agricola,  to    &r' 

induce  them  bypleafure  to  quiet neffe  and  reft ,  exhorted  in  private,  and 

helpt  them  in  common  to  build  Temples,  Houfes*,  and  places  of  publick 

refort,  commending  thofe,  that  were  forward  therein,  and  punifhing  the 

refractory.  Moreover, the  TSlpblemensfons  he  took,  and  inftrucled  in  the 

liber all  Sciences  preferring  the  "wits  of  Britain,  to  the  ftudents  in 

Gaul,  as  being  now  eagerly  ambitious  to  attain  the  eloquence  of  the 

Roman  tongue,  whereas  lately  they  utterly  rejected  that  language. 

After  that, our  attire  grew  in  accounted  the  gown  much  ufed  amongft 

them, 


14  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

them,  and  jo  by  little  and  little  they  proceeded  to  provocates  offices 
to fumptuous galleries,  baths,  and  exquifite  banquettings .  Thus  far 
Tacitus.  Now  had  there  been  but  theleaft  mention  made, 
by  any  Author,  concerning  the  Druiis  inftructing,  and 
training  up  the  ancient  Britans  in  any  fuch  matters,  as  thefe, 
(which  Tacitus  remembers  rhcQfamans  to  have  done)  what 
conclufions  might  have  beenraifd  from  them  ?  what  pre- 
fumpuve  reafons  drawn,  to  prove,  Stoneheng  a  work  of  the 
Druid's  pr  at  leaft  erected  for  their  ufe  ? 

To  conclude, if  this  authority  from  Tacitus  only,  (an  Au- 
thor efteem'd  the  Tolybius  of  the  Latines)  be  throughly  weigh- 
ed, it  will  evidently  manifeft,  (whatever  elle  hach  formerly 
been  delivered)  there  was  no  fuch  thing  in  Britain,  before 
the^omans  arrived  here,  as  that  which  we  now  call  Stone- 
heng* What  credit  elfe  with  poflerity  could  Tacitus  expect 
to  gain,  in  affirming  the  'Britans  were  taught  and  instru- 
cted in  the  liberall  Sciences  by  the  (Romans ;  if  thofe  Arts 
acknowledg'd,  to  be  practifdamongft  the  Britans  before? 
What  need  to  have  told  us,  the  (Romans  made  them  skilfull 
in  erecting  fumptuous  Palaces ,  irately  Portico's,  and  publick 
places,  if  the  inhabitants  here,  accuftomed  to  enjoy  fuch 
noble  buildings,  before  thc^pmans  arrivall  in  this  Land? 
Why,  tell  fuccecding  Ages ,  when  gentle  perfmfions  not 
prevail,  to  make  the  Britans  innovate,  and  admit  of  facred 
ftructures  to  whatever  Deities,  Agricola  compelled  them  to 
found  magnificent  Temples,  and  affift  therein,  if  this  Anti- 
quity Stoneheng  extant  before  thofe  times  ?  Why  alio,  fhould 
the  Britans  look  upon  the  Temple  erected  by  the  Romans  at 
Camalodunum,(Cuppofe.dMaldonmEJjL'x)  in  honour  of  Claw 
dius  facred  memory ,  as  an  Altar  of  perpetuall  dominion 
over  them,  if  been  ufed  to  fuch  ftructures  before  ?  yea, 
fuch  an  eye- fore  the  Britans  accounted  it,  as,  thatTemple  was 
oneofthepnncipallcaufes,  which  gave  birth  to  chat  fatal! 
infurrection  under  Boadicia.  Neither  would  Tacitus  have 
magnified  the  introducing  thole  cuftoms  amongft  them,  as 
admirable  policy  in  Agricola,  and  the  true  and  only  rule  to 
bring  them  from  their  rude,  anddifperfed  manner  ofliving 

to 


\ 


Stoneheng  reftored.  I  f 

to  civility,  if  theSfltens  attain'd  fuch  difcipline  before,  or 

any  knowledge  in  the  excellency  of  Architecture  preceding 

the  time  or  the  Romans  government  here.  No,  for  what  faith 

Camden  ?    It  T&as  the  bngbtneffe  of  that  moft  glorious  Empire ,  which  Cam.fo.6i. 

thufed  away  all  favxge  Bxrbanfm  from  the  Britans  minds  t  like  as 

fom  other  Nations,  whom  it  hadfubdued. 

Fu  thermore,  in  the  time  of  this  Agricola^  'Britain  was  ful- 
ly difcovered,  the  Romans  had  circumnavigated  it,  and 
knew,  for  certain,  ic  was  an  Ifland ,  formerly  doubted 
of  till  his  time;  yea.  there  was  not  a  Port  (as  I  may  fo  (ay) 
a  bay,  mountain,  valley,  hill,  plain,  wood,  or  foreft,  either 
any  cuftom,  rite,  ceremony,  or  what  elfe  belonging  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  Countrey,  or  manners  of  the  People,but 
the  Romans  were  then  as  well  acquainted  with  (efpecially, 
in  that  part  of  the  Ifland  now  call'd  England)  as,  at  this  day, 
the  Inhabitants  themfelves  are.  NevertheleiTe,  what  men- 
tion foever  is  made  by  their  Hiftorians,  concerning  other 
matters  of  the  Bntans,  not  one  word  is  to  be  found  of  this 
Antiqui-y,  or  any  building  of  this  kind  in  u(e  amongft 
them.  But,  becauie  fome  curioufly  learned  have  defired 
fomwhat  to  be  fpoken  for  their  better  fatisfaction  touching 
this  particular,  I  have  been  too  prolixe.  In  a  word  there- 
fore, lee  it  fuffice,  Stoneheng  was  no  work  of  the  Druid's,  or 
of  the  ancient  Britans;  the  learning  of  the  Druid's  confifting 
more  in  contemplation  then  practice,  and  the  ancient  Bri* 
tans  accounting  it  their  chiefeft  glory  to  be  wholly  ignorant 
in  whatever  Arts.  Neither  could  it  be  otherwife,  feeing 
their  life  fo  uncivil,  fo  rude,  fo  full  of  wars,  and  confequently  <voidof 
all  literature,  (as  Camden  relateth)  Cm.fa. 

Yet,  before  I  come  to  fpeak  of  this  middle  Age  (if  I  may 
fo  call  it)  wherein  the  l^rnans  prevailed,  and  to  compleat 
their  victories  gave  firft  rife  to  civility  in  this  Ifland;  as,  I 
began  with  times  of  great  Antiquity,  fo  muft  I  now  de- 
icend  co  thofe  lefle  ancient,  and  modern,  wherein,  as  pofte- 
rityhath  furfered  an  irreparable  damage,  through  want  of 
writing  in  thofe  firft  times,  fo  hath  it  been  almoft  at  as. 
great  a  lofle,  by  too  much  writing  in  later  times }  fo  many 

Authors, 


1 6  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

Authors,  Co  much  contrariety,  fo  little  certainty  is  round 
amongft  them,  Who,  when  they  could  not  fearch  out  the 
truth  m  deed,  laboured  to  bring  forth  narrations  invented 
by  themfelves,  without  or  reafbn,  or  authority :  delivering 
(lakh  Camden)  their  feverall  opinions,  rather  with  a  certain 
plealant  variety  to  give  contentment  to  their  ^aders,  then 
with  any  care  or  judgement  to  find  out  the  truth  oF 
things. 

THOSE  ancient  Hiftorians  who  (among  other  acti- 
ons of  the  Brians)  treat  of  this  Antiquity,  differ  much  in 
their  feverall  reports.  And,  asitisufuall  with  Hiftoriogra- 
phers  of  other  Nations,  where,  they  cannot  give  a  jufl  and 
rationall  accompt  of  unwonted  accidents,  beyond  the  com- 
mon courfe  of  things,  to  fill  up  their  ftorieswith  fabulous, 
and  incredible  relations ;  fo,  no  marvell,  if  we  hear  the  like 
Lejla»d.de'  in  our  own  Hiftories.  Credible  cnim  eft  calamitatem  bellicam, 
afjert.  Anh.  ^  ecclejt04  una  cum  bibliochecis  exbauferat  infinite  ^  clara  Vctufta- 
tis  monumentaabraftffe.  For  evident  it  is ,  through  the  calamities  of 
wars  (faith  Leyland)  which  together  with  infinite  Libraries  ruined  the 
Churches  themfelves ,  the  certain  records  of  our  Antiquities^  are  ut- 
terly loft.  Unde  fcripturienti  de  antiquitate  B  r itan  n  i  ca  occultiftima. 
plcraque  omnia.  WJmebythe  Writers  of  the  Britifh  Stories ,  are  all 
of  them  7  for  the  moftpart}  Very  obfeure  and  doubt  full. 

Some  others  again,  efpecially  the  moft  ancient  and  au- 
thentick  tBritifl?  Hiftorians,  wholiv'din  Ages  nextfucceed- 
ing  thofe,  wherein,  Stoneheng  might  probably  be  firft  ere- 
cted, have  wholly  parted  it  over  with  filence.  In  like  man- 
ner venerable  *Bede,  William  Malmefbury,  Qtyger  HoVeden,  and 
others,  fpeak  nothing  thereof,  as  happily,  willing  rather 
to  decline  it  altogether,  then  deliver  it  upon  frivolous  con- 
jectures, and  in  fo  doing  caft  a  blemifh  upon  their  other 
labours.  Neither  is  it  improbable,  that  the  moil:  ancient 
Authors,  confidering  the  times  wherein  they  wrote,  upon 
the  firft  fpringing  up  of  Cbriftian  Religion  here,  might 
through  zeal  unto  the  true  God,  forbear  to  commemorate 
unto  poftcrity,  places  defignedfor  idolatrous  ufes  •  endea- 
vouring 


Stoneheng  reflored.  17 

vouring  rather,  to  fupprefle  the  memory  thereof,  and  make 
fucceeding  generations  follicitous  therein;  then,  in  that  in- 
fancy of  Divine  worfliip,  to  illuftrate  the  magnificence  of 
the  Heathens,  for  building  fuch  notable  ftructurcs  to  their 
falle  Gods.  Infomuch,  I  find  very  little ,  or  no  menti- 
on at  all  thereof  in  the  OSritiJh  Stories,  except  by  Geffrey  Man- 
mouth,  with  f ome  who  follow  him,  and  by  fuch  Auchors 
only,asourmoft  judicious  Writers  hold  in  many  things, 
cither  meerly  fabulous,  or  overladen  with  malicious,  or  ac- 
cidentary  untruths.  Such  relations  neverthelefle,  as  they 
make  thereof,  I  fhall  endeavour  to  deliver  in  their  own 
words,  reduceable  into  two  conjectures,  v«fc  either  that 
Stoneheng  was  erected  by  A.  Ambrofius  (in  ancient  times  King 
of  the  'Britans)  in  memory  of  the  'Britifh  Nobility  perfidi- 
oufly  (lain  at  a  treaty  by  Hengifi  the  Saxon :  or  elle,  let  up 
by  the  'Britans  themlelves  in  honour  of  Him  their  laid 
King. 

Giraldus  Cambrenfis,  curioufly  diligent  in  his  relations  of 
the  miracles  in  Ir*/W,amongft  other  ftrangc  things  in  thole 
parts,  reckons  up  this  Antiquity  Stonehenv.  Fuk  antiauis  tern-  G}r'c,*m}' 
ponbusvn  tiibctma.,  lapiaum  congeries  admtranda,  (larth  he)  qu<t  c*p. it. 
O*  Chorea  Gigantum  di&a  fuit,  quia  Gigantes  eamab  ultimis 
Africa  partibus  in  Hiberniam  attulerunt  <rc.  Time  Was  in  Ire- 
land in  ancient  times,  a  pile-  offtones  worthy  admiration,  called  the 
Giants  Dance,  becauje  Giants,  from  the  remote f  parts  of  Africa, 
brought  them  into  Ireland,  and  in  the  plains  of  Kildarc,  not  farrt 
from  the  CaftleoftheNizk,  afwellby  force  of  Art,  as  fir  mgth,  mi~ 
raculouflyfit  them  up. Thefe  flones  (according  to  the  Britifh  ftory) 
Aurelius  Ambrofius, %ingofthe  Britans,  procured  Merlin  by 
fupernaturall  means  to  bring  from  Ireland,  into  Britain .  Andt  that 
he  might  leave  /ome  famous  monument  of  fo  great  a  treafon  to  aftet 
ages,  in  the  fame  order,  and  art,  as  they  flood  formerly,  fit  them  up, 
where  the  flower  of  the  Britifli  Ration  fell  by  the  cut-throat  praBice 
of  the  Saxons,  and  where  under  the  pretence  of  peace,  the  ill  fecured 
youth  of  the  kingdom,  by  murdrous  defigns  werefiain. 

<%ainulph  Monk  of  Chefier,  fpeaking  of  Aurelius,  alias  Au-  Peljcbr.H.^ 
relianus  Ambrofius  (by  others  called  Ambrofius  Aurelianus)  faith 

D  (as 


jg  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

(as  Sir  John  Trevifa  the  Prieft  in  old  Englifh  laid  it  down) 

^te  tootfter  titer  ^enojagon  ty  Wf!  of  $0ct\in 

t\)t  0?Opftet  tyOttgl)t  Choream  Gigantum,  tljat  (S 

£»toncl)engc£  out  of  JtclanD*  jbtoncljengc  ts 
nott)intl)eplafnof  j&aMtfmtp  t  of  t!)at  Ringing 
of  £>toneljengeottt  of  3)relantr5  fptaKetl)  ti)e  ^f£ 
ttft)  ftojp,  if  it  t^oulD  lawfully  be  ptroifceo. 

It  appears,  ${ainulph  of  Chcfler,  as  cafic  credit  as  he  gave  to 
Grange  ftories,  had  not  much  confidence  in  this :  and  if, 
according  to  Geffrey  Monmouth,  or  Matthew  Weflminfltr,  I 
fhould  fet  it  down,  I  prefume  you  would  be  or  his  mind. 
But,  laffecl:  not  fuch  conceits,  they  are  neither  fitting  my 
dilcourfe,  nor  your  perufall.  Neverthelefle,  feeing  none  of 
them  tell  us,  by  what  ways,or  Arts,  Giants  (as  they  will  have 
it)  brought  them  from  the  remoteft  parts  or  Africk  into  Ire- 
land (for  it  feems  they  could  not  hanfomly  find  a  Merlin  to 
help  them  therein  alfo)  I  fhall  take  lo  much  leave,  follow- 
ing Geffrey  Monmoutbs  fteps,  as  to  give  you,  at  leaft,  fome  part 
of  the  ftory,  and  relate  (according  to  their  opinions )  how 
they  came  from  Ireland  hither.  After  Geffrey  Monmouths  dii- 
couvfe  of  Uter  Tendragons  \i£toty  over  the  Injb,  who  with 
A/w/w*  forfooth  and  a  great  Army,  were  fent  by  A.Amhrojms 
to  fetch  the  Giants  dance,  Lapidum  flrutlwam  adepti  (lakh  he) 
gavjfifunt  <?  admirati;  drcumflant'tbus  itaque  cuntlis,  accefit 
Merlinus  <&  ait,  utiminirviribus  VefirisjuVenes,  nt  in  depomndo 
lapides  iflos,  fciatis  utrum  ingeniumvirtuti^  aut  virtus  ingenioce- 
dat,  tsrc*  i.e.  Having  found  the  firuSlure,  from  joy  they  fill  into  ad- 
miration, andfianding  all  of  them  at ga%e  round  about  tf,  Merlin 
draws  near,  and  thus  bejj>eaks  them:  life  now  your  utm^fl  flrength 
young  men,  that  in  taking  amy  thefe  flows  }you  may  difcoVery  whe- 
ther Art  to  ftrength,  or  ftrength gives  place  to  Art.  At  his  command 
therefore,  they  bring  feVer all  forts  of  engines,  and  addrefje  them- 
f ehes  to  pulling  it  down.  Some  ropes,  fome  cables,  fome  had  made  la- 
thers ready,  that  what  they  fo  much  defired^  might  be  effetled,  but  in 
no  wife  able  to  atcheive  their  pwpofe.  Defcientibus  cun&is,  jolutus 
eft  Merlinus  in  rifum  (faith  Geffrey)  (srfuat  machin.ttwnes  confe- 
cit,  penique  cum  qmeque  neceffaria  appofuijfet  -  levius  quam  credi 

potefl 


Stoneheng  reftored.  19 

poteft  lapides  depofuit :  depofitis  autemy  fecit  deferri  ad  naVes,  <sr 
mtropom :  <Cr  fie  cum  gaudio  in  Brkanniam  reverti  coeperunt. 
All  of  them  tired ,  Merlin  breaks  out  into  laughter }  and  provides  his 
engines,  Laflly,  when  hehadfet  all  things  in  a  readmeffe,  hardly  to  be 
beleeVd  it  h,"witb  fbbat facility  he  took  them  down :  being  taken  down, 
he  caufed  them  to  be  carried  to  the  Ships  ,and  imbarquedj  andfo  with  joy 
they  began  their  return  towards  Britain.  Leaving  ic  for  us  to  fup-  * 
pole,  with  as  fnrull  labour  they  were  imbarcjued,  difimbar- 
qued  ,and  brought  from  their  landing  place  toSalisbury  plain: 
all  (it  feemsj  done  by  Merlins  (pels.  But  of  this  too  much. 

Neverthclelle,  as  1  contemne  fables,  fo  doe  I  imbrace,and 
takcpleaiure  in  the  truth  of  Hiftory  :  and  therefore,  that 
which  concerns  the  (laughter  of  the  Britijh  Nobility  by 
treafon  otHengijl  commander  of  the  Saxons,  as  of  greater 
moment,  and  truth,  1  (hall  more  fully  relate.  And  Geffrey 
Monmouth's  Authority  in  this  treacherous  (laughter  of  the  BtU 
tans,  though  I  refpect  not  fo  much,  as  ffinnius,  Malmsbury, 
Sigebert,  and  others  that  affirm  the  lame  ;  yet,  becaufc  he 
was  the  firft,  after  fo  many,  and  fo  ancient  Authors,  that  fa- 
ther'd  Stoneheng  their  monument,  and  A.  Ambrofius  founder 
thereof,  and  therefore  muft  trace  him,  and  his  followers 
therein  •   1  will  give  vou  the  hiftory  likewife  from  him,and 
thus  it  was :  Bengift^  upon  his  return  with  new  fupplies 
into  Britain,  finding  Vortigern  beyond  expectation  reftored 
to  the  Crown,  and  withall  greatly  alienated  in  his  affecti- 
ons towards  him,  prepared  for  his  defence,  with  force  of 
arms.  But,  whether  he  thought  him(elf  too  weak  •  or,  that 
he  rather  fought  to  be  efpecially  revenged  on  the  'Britijh  No- 
bility, who  had  wholly  unriveted  his  defigns,  or  both  j  he 
thought  it  no  difficult  matter  to  delude  him  by  a  Treaty, 
whom  formerly  he  had  fo  eafily  beguiled  with  his  Neece 
%awtna.  To  which  purpofe,  he  makes  an  overture,  to  com- 
pofe  the  enmities  betwixt  them  at  a  Parley  j  and  the  King 
accepting  it,  appoints  AmbresburyTavm  their  meeting  place, 
Nee  mora^  flatuta  die  inflante  conyenerunt  omnes  intra  nominatam 
urbem  (faith  Geffrey)  zsr  depace  habenda  colloquium  inceperunt.   Ut  GM«n.H4. 
igitur  horam  proditioni  fua  idoneaminjpexijfet  Hengiftus^  vocife- 

D  2  ratus 


2o  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

ratus  eft,  ffitttttt  OUtZ  ($$&£  X    &r  Mco  Vortigernum  acce- 
pt, <&  per  pallium  detinuit.  Judito  ocyns  figno,  abftraxerunt  (i.e. 
eduxerunt)  Saxones  cultios  fnos,  &  aftantes  pnnapes  inVaferunt, 
ipjofque  nihil  tale  prtmeditantes  jugulaVerunt  circitcr  quadnngentos 
fexaginta  inter  (Barones  C"  Confutes.  The  prefixed  day  being  come, 
they  all,  without  delay ,  met  in  the  afo,  el. rid  Town,  and  began  their 
Treaty  for^eace ;  fvhen  therefore  Hengift  faw  fit  time  for  execu- 
tion of  his  intended  Treafon,  he  cried  out,givitig  the  word,  0,tt\Xtt 
Verftegan     Wtt{%ffa£  (0t\Xl  eOttnrfcajCCS  (faith  Verftegan)  that 
ch-5'         is,  Take  your  fc&JCCS ;  a  kind  of  crooked  knives,  which 
each  of  the  Saxons  then  carried  clofely  in  his  pocket)  and 
fortlmith  feifed  upon  Vortigern ,  and  held  him  by  his  robe.  The 
Saxons  quickly  hearingit,  drew  forth  their  knives,  and  fell  upon  the 
Britans  ftanding  by,  of  whom,  part  Noblemen,  part  officers  cf  State 
expetling  no  fuch  dejign,  they  flew  four  hundred  and  Jixty.  Quorum 
corpora  beatus  Eldadus  poftmodum  fepelivit,  atque  Chriftiano  more 
humavitjhaudhngea  J&ftfctsC&ttlD&ttC,  qu<e  nunc  Salesberia 
diciturfm  c&meter w  quod  eft  juxta  ccenobium  Ambrii.  Whofe  corpfes 
holy  Eldad,  according  to  cuftome,  after  Chriflian  manner  interred,  not 
far  from  l&SCIfcC&ltt&tinCj  now  called  Salisbury,  in  the  Church- 
yard adjoymng  to  the  monaftery  o/Ambresbury. 
Ma.  weft.         With  this  relation  of  the  Saxons  treachery,  Mathew  Wcft- 
/"•84-  minfter  (in  his  Floreshiftoriarum)  fcems  to  agree.  And  it  whol- 

ly deftroys  the  opinion  commonly  received,  That  thefaid 
Treaty  with  the  Saxons,  the  maflacre  of  the  (Britans,  and  like- 
wife  their  interment,  were  at  Stoneheng  -,  and  that  in  memo- 
ry, thofe  matters  to  transacted  there,  A.  Jmbrofim  in  the 
fame  place  erected  this  Antiquity.   Wherefore,   I  much 
Ho/Unfi.Ls.  wonder,  our  modern  hiftorians  mould  cite  the  aforefaid 
Snwfo  «   Authors  in  confirmation  thereof,  efpecially,  when  they 
4ro.  '         affirm  directly,  the  treaty  was  held  in  Ambresbury  Town, 
and    that    the   ISritifl)  Nobility   fell   by  Treafon  there. 
Juftit  Vortigernus  <sr  ches  <&  Saxones  Maiis  fylendis,  qua 
jam  inftare  incipiebant,  juxta  Ambrii  ccenobium  conVenire  (faith 
G.  Monm.     £#  Monmouth)  Vortigern  commanded  both  his  own  people,  and  the 
Saxons,  upon  $J)e  Calends  of  May  then  approaching,  to  appear  near  to 
the  Monaftery  o/Ambresbury.  In  Fago  Ambri coitvenire,to  meet 


VI 


Stoneheng  rejldrcd.  1 1 

in  the  Town  it  felfof  Ambresbury  (faith  Matbew  Weflminfler) 
In  order  to  which  fummons,  (that  I  may  proceed  with 
Geffrey  Monmouths  ftory  explaining  himfelf  pofidvely  concer- 
ning the  place)  ftatuta  die  mflante  cmVmerunt  omncs  intra  nomi- 
ncitam  urbem7  &c.  th  appointed  day  being  come,  all  of  them  met 
together  fbitbm  the  forenamed  Town,  and  there  treated.  The  iflue 
whereof  was,  that  upon  the  word  given  (as  before  related) 
The  Saxons  drew  their  knives ,  and  falling  upon  the  Britans  fianding 
by^flewtbem.  And,  left  pofterity  fhould  doubt  thofe  facrifi- 
ced  for  their  Countreys  caule  neglected  in  their  funerals, 
he  leaves  not  there,  but  gives  us  the  direct  place,  and  man- 
ner of  their  buriall,  affirming  plainly  they  were  buried  by 
a  Metropolitane  of  thofe  times,  even  in  a  Church-yard,  as 
Chriftians  fhould .  In  ccemeterio,  quod  efl  juxta  coznobiurn,  In  the 
Church-yardy  clofe  by  the  Monaftery.  (faith  he)  There  is  not  one 
word  mentioned  (I  pray  obferve)  of  Salisbury  plain,  where 
this  Antiauity  Stoneheng  remains,  throughout  all  their  Story. 

But,  it's  objected,  although  they  were  buried  at  the  Mo- 
naftery, the  monument  for  their  memory  might  be  Ccz  up 
clfewhere,  in  a  place  more  proper,  and  more  confpicuous ; 
even,  as  in  the  moft  properly  confpicuous  places  where  great 
actions  happened  Trophies  were  erected  by  the  Romans 
whofe  cuftoms  A.Jmbrofws  living  long  timeamongft  them, 
knew  very  well.  I  anfwer,  A.  Ambrofiusjs  fuppofd  by  &ede9 
andthebeft  Authors,  defcended from  the  Romans-,  who, 
living  many  years  under  their  fubjection,  in  forrain  parts, 
had  fully  informed  his  judgement,  no  doubt,  with  whatever 
cuftoms,  civill  or  martiall,  then  in  ufeamongftthem.  For, 
though  the  Quorums  in  thofe  times,  had  utterly  loft  all  know- 
ledge of  Arts,  cjueftionleffe  civill,  and  martiall  cuftoms  in 
fome  fort  continued  with  them.  NevertheleiTe,  itA.Ambro- 
fms  did  erect  any  monument  for  the  BritiJJ?  Nobility,  he  ra- 
thcr,doubtlefle  endeavoured  to  obferve  the  rules  of  his  own 
Religion,  being  a  Chriftian,  then  the  Heathenifh  cuftoms 
of  his  Anceftors.  However,  in  erecting  it,  at  the  place  of 
their  interment, he  purfiied  both.  As  for  the  Chriftians  ho- 
nouring to  pofterity  their  famous  men  after  death,  it  being 

fo 


2.2,  Stoneheng  rejlortd. 

fo  well  known ?  I  need  not  relate  it.    And,  as  concerning  the 

ancient  (Romans  manner  in  burying  their  Emperours,  and 

thofe  that  had  triumphed,  or  otherwifc  deferved  well  of 

the  Common-weakh ,  though  they  burned  their  bodies 

Thomaf.       abroad,  the  place  for  fepuku re  of  their  Allies,  was  within 

Procachh      the  City,  monuments  to  their  memory  being  erected,  upon 

ft.46.  the  tame  place  where  buried;  fo  was  Tublkola  honoured,  fo 

the  Fabritii,  the  Cafars,  and  others.  And,  after  the  fame  fa- 

fliion  k  fecms,  was  the  monument  for  the  'Britijh  Nobility 

(if  any)  let  up  where  they  were  interred;  as  in  the  place  of  all 

^         others  moft  proper  for  it,all  the  confiderable  circumftances 

touching  their  deaths,  happening  there  in  like  manner. 

It's  true  the  Romans  fet  up  Trophies  for  great  Victories,  in 
the  moft  eminent  places  where  thofe  victories  were  obtai- 
ned by  them  j  as  the  Trophy  for  Cams  Marks  his  vanquifh- 
ing  the  CimbrianSj  in  the  moft  notable  place  where  that  me- 
morable field  was  fought.  Alfo,  the  Trophy  dedicated  to  the 
memory  of  Auguftus  Coefar  that  by  his  happy  conduct,  all 
the  Alpine  Nations,  were  reduced  to  fyman  obedience,  was 
erected  in  the  moft  confpicuous  place  of  the  Alps,  Now, 
this  marriallcuftomeconfidered,  the  (Britijh  Nobility  being 
(as  the  aforefaid  Hiftorians  maintain)  Slaughtered  in  the 
Town,  and  buried  at  the  Monaftery  adjoyning.  Some  one 
of  thofe  high  hils,  on  either  fide  Ambresbury,  had  certainly 
for  fire  been  more  eminent,  and  the  monument  it  (elf  more 
expofed  to  the  daily  view  of  travellers ,  then  about  two 
miles  from  the  Town,  in  a  place  remote,  where  this  Anti- 
quity ftands.  Which,  though  indeed  eminent  of  it  felf,  and 
overlooking  the  plains  adjoyning ;  yet,  at  a  large  diftance, 
efpecially  on  that  fide  towards  Ambresbury,  and  Salisbury- 
ward,  is  fo  furrounded  with  hils ;  as  it  appears  with  an 
Afpect  of  Religious  horror,rather  then  as  carrying  any  form 
of  whatever  fepulture. 

This,  though  fufficient  to  refute  the  preceding  objection 

(the  former  reafons  being  grounded  upon  cuftoms  only)  I 

Math  mfis  ^a^  yet>  from  the  hiftorics  of  thofe  times,  further  anfwer 

fo.91.         thereunto ;  Matbw  Weftminfler  eels  us,  A*  Amhofw  having 

com- 


Stoncheng  rejlored.  z  } 

compleated  his  victories  over  Htngtfl,  and  fubdued  his  Tons 
at  York ;  Veinde  porrexiffe  ad  monafterium  Ambri,  ubi  principes 
defuntlijacebant,  quos  Hengiftus  prodiderat ;  from  thence  came  to 
the  Monafiery  at  Ambresbury,  where  the  deceajed  Nobles ,  whom 
Hengift  betrayed ,  lay  buried.  And  Geffrey  Monmouth,  profecu-  cMgn.H.2. 
ting  the  fame  ftoiy,  affirms  alfo,  that  A.  Ambrofius  being 
come  to  the  Monastery,  ut  locum  quo  defuncliJAcebant  ciicumfpe- 
xit,  pietate  motus  in  lachrymal  folutusefl,  dignum  namqjue  memoria 
cenfebat  cejpitem,  qui  tot  nobiles  pro  patria  defunclos  proteg.bat. 
So  foon  as  he  caflhis  eyes  upon  the  place  where  the  Jl.mghtered  Prin- 
ces lay  interred,  deplored  them  j  efleeming  that  Very  ground  febich 
covered  jo  many  Nobles  y  dying  for  their  Comtreys  cauje,  worthy  eter- 
nall memory.  Upon  this  confideration,(Pr<ec^'rMerlino  (faith 
the  fame  Author)  lapides  cica  jepulturam  erigere,  quos  ex  Hi- 
bernia  ajportaVerat.  A.  Ambrofius  commanded  Merlin,  that 
the  flones  brought  out  of  Ireland  (for  he  mil  troubles  him- 
felf  and  readers  therewith)  Jbould  be  ere8ed  about  the 
place  of  their  buriall.  Whereby  it  clearly  appears  their 
Sepulchre  was  fet  up  about  the  fame  place  where  they 
were  buried,  and  not  elfewherc.  Alfo,  as  fully  that  their 
buriall  place  (as  both  the  faid  Hiftorians  have  told  us)  was 
at  the  Monaftery  of  Ambresburyy  or  Churchyard  adjoyning 
to  it.  All  which  former  circumftances  duly  weighed,  'tis 
not  poffible  Stoneheng  fhould  be  fuppofed  their  Monument ; 
except  Geffrey  Monmouth,  having  made  fo  formall  a  talc  of 
their  eafie  tranfportation  from  Ireland,  would  compell  us 
alfo  to  imagine,  pofterity  might  aseafily  be  induced  toaf- 
lent,  they  were  in  like  manner  removed  from  the  Church- 
yard at  Ambresbury  to  Salisbuty  plain,  the  one  being  equally 
as  ridiculous  as  the  other,  and  no  manner  of  credit  to  be 
given  to  either. 

Wherefore,  laying  all  the  aforefaid  Authorities  together. 
Firfl.  that  Giraldus  Cambrenjts  formerly  cited,  tells  us,  (in  that 
part  of  his  (lory  which  carries  moft  likelihood  of  truth) 
a  Monument  was  let  up  by  A.  Ambrofius  t  in  memory  of  the 
Britans,  flain  ataTreatybythe&Jxow,  upon  the  very  fame 
phct  where  [lain -,  and  in  order  thereunto  the  aforefaid  Bri- 

tijh 


24  Stoneheng  reftored. 

tijb  Hiftorians  unanimoufly  affirming  the  place  at  which 
that  treaty  was  held,  and  where  thofe  Brians  were  /lain 
was  the  Town  it  (elf  of  Ambresbury,  not  where  this  Antiquity 
Stoneheng  remains :  again,  if  fufpeet  Cambrenfts  authority ,and 
allow  rather  what  our  Historiographer  of  Monmouth  faith, 
That  the  Monument  was  erected  by  A.  Ambrofws ,upon  thac 
plat  of  ground,  where  the  Slaughtered  <Bntans  lay  buryed . 
he  telling  us  alfo,  their  burial! place  was  in  the  Churchyard 
of  the  Monastery  at  Ambresbury  (at  the  Monaftery  it  felf, 
faith  Matthew  Weftminfter)  certainly  then  their  Monument 
(whatsoever  it  was)  being  fet  up  at  the  place,  where  they 
were  both  flain  and  buried,  and  (according  to  the  aforefaid 
Authors)  they  being  nor  flain  nor  buryed  at  Stoneheng,  it 
muSt  ncceflarily  follow,  this  Antiquity  was  not  erected  in 
Honour  of  thofe  Britans.  Unlefleanyman  will  undertake 
to  prove  (which  moft  certain  it  is  none  can)  Stoneheng  ftands 
now,  where  Ambresbury  flood  of  old:  or  that  the  Mona- 
ftery and  Churchyard  thereof  were  not  at  Ambresbury,  but 
at  Stoneheng. 
Cam.j v.254.  That  the  Monaftery  of  three  hundred  Monks,  ftood 
there,  (to  wit  at  Ambresbury)  Camden,  out  of  the  Book  called 
Eulogium,  affirms.  And,  that  the  Churchyard  was  clofc  ad- 
joyningto  it,  there's  no  queftion  to  be  made.  Firft,  becauSe 
in  all  times  fince  Monafterics  erected,  it  was  always  in  ulc, 
to  lay  outplaces  for  Churchyards  belonging  to  them,  near 
to  the  Monafteries  themfelves.  Secondly,  becaufe  divers 
Sepulchres,  upon  feverall  occafions,  broken  up  at  Ambrcft. 
bwy  Monaftery,  manifeftthe  fame.  Thirdly,  becaufe  Gef. 
frey  Monmouth  plainly  tels  us,  they  were  buried  in  ccemeteriot 
quod  tjl  juxta  camobium ;  in  the  Churchyard  which  is  clofe  by  the 
Moivjleiy  Laftly,  it  is  further  confirmed  by  theft  his  for- 
G.  Mo»m.  merly  recked  words ,  A.  Ambrofius  being  come  unto  the  Monaftery, 
lib.6.  &  8.     caji  fa  eyes  upon  t}ye  p]ace  wyu  fa  Jlaughtered  Trinces  lay  interred. 

Which  is  notpoflible  he  Should  have  done,  if  the  Church- 
yard had  been  at  Stoneheng  -y  it  being  very  well  known  Stone- 
heng  cannot  be  difcerned,  even  from  the  higheft  hils,  upon 
thole  parts  efpecially,  that  next  fuiround  Ambresbury,  much 

leflc 


Stoncheng  rejlored.  z<$ 

lefle  from  theMonaftery  ic  (elf,  fited  in  thebottome  of  a 
deep  vale  by  the  river  Avons  fide. 

Among  other  Sepulchres  found  at  the  laid  Monaftery, 
it's  worthy  memory,  that  about  the  beginning  of  this  Cen- 
tury, one  of  them  hewn  out  of  afirm  ftone,  and  placed 
in  the  middle  of  a  wall,  was  opened,  having  upon  irs  co- 
verture in  rude  letters  of  maffie  gold, 

ft.    G.    A.    C.        600.  The  original! 

<■  Inlcnpuonl 

could  nor  pro- 

The  bones  within  which  Sepulchre  were  all  firm,   fair  udonrhereof6 
yellow  coloured  hair  about  thefcull,a  fuppofed  pecce  of  J^'JJ" 
the  liver,  near  upon  the  bigneiTe  of  a  walnut,  very  dry  and  ua"ns^eI(i■ta^, 
hard,  and  together  therewith,  were  found  feverall  royall  thofc  perfbns 
habiliments,  as  jewels,  veils,  fcarfs,  and  the  like,  retaining  whomr«ei-om 
even  till  then,  their  proper  colours.    All  which  were  after-  ^,nkrtedlt 
wards,  very  choicely  kept,  in  the  collection  of  the  Right  ho- 
nourable Edward  ^hen  Earl  of  Hertford :  and  of  the  aforefoid 
gold  divers  rings  were  made  and  worn  by  his  Lordfhips 
principall  Officers.  Concerning  which  Tomb  (though  I 
lift  not  difpute)  why  might  it  not  be  the  Sepulchre  of  Queen 
GkineVery  wife  of  King  Arthur,   efpecially  the  Letters  ^  G. 
as  much  to  fay,  ^egina  GuineVera,  declaring  her  tide  and 
name ;  and  the  date  An.  Cbr.  60c.  (if  truly  copied)  agreeing 
(poflibly  well  enough)  with  the  time  of  her  death?  Be- 
sides, Leyl  and  affirms,  feverall  Writers  make  mention,  flae  Ym'Antt 
tooikuponbera'N.uns  <ved  at  Ambresbury  ,<//&/,  and  was  buried 
there.   To  which  he  gives  fo  much  credit,  that  (whatever 
Giraldus  Qimbrenfis  delivers  to  the  contrary)  he  will   by  no 
means  allow,  either  her  body  to  be  afterwards  tranllated 
from  Jmbmbwyy  or,  at  any  time,  buried  by  her  husband 
King  Arthur  at  Glaftonbury.  Unto  LeyUnds  reafons  for  her  in- 
terment at  Ambresburyy  Camden  (ic  feems)  inclines  alfo,  be- 
caufc  wholly  filentof  her  Sepulchre,  difcovered  any  where 
elfe :  though  he  at  large  lets  down  all  the  circumftances  of 
her  Husbands  body,  its  being  found  at  Glajlenbwy.  For,  had 
Camden  apprehended  any  thing  inducing  him  to  beleeve, 

E  her 


i6  Stoneheng  reftored. 

her  body  had  been  together  with  his  there  found,  he  would 
never,  certainly,  have  concealed  it  from  pofterity. 

Whether  the  aforefaid  Tomb  fo  found ,  were  her 
monument,  yea  or  no,  enough  concerning  the  (laughter, 
and  fepultutes  of  the  afore  mentioned  'Britans  -,  asalfo,thac 
Stoneheng  was  not  erected  in  memory  of  them.  Let  us  come 
now  to  Aurelim  Ambrofius,  and  fee  whether  Tolydore  Virgill's 
ftory  in  relation  to  Stoneheng  agrees  with  what  other  Au- 
thors have  delivered  of  Aurelim.  For  from  Tolydore's  autho- 
rity, our  modern  Writers  raile  their  lecond,  and  quite 

speed  lib.-i.    contrary  opinion :    namely,  that  the  Britans  erected  this  AH- 

Stowfi-H.    tiquity  for  A.  Ambrofms  his  Sepulchre. 

p°lylVirg.        tPolydore  Virgill treating  of  the  actions  of  thofe  times  be- 

nb.%.  twixt  the  firiuns  and  Saxom;    Britanni,  Duci  fuo  Ambrofio 

de  republic*  bene  mmto  magnifcum  (faith  he )  pofuerunt  fepul- 
chrum  See.  The  Britans  in  memory  of  his  great  achievements  for 
the  Commonwealth,  ere&ed  a  magnificent  Sepulchre  to  their  Chieftain 
Ambrofius,  made  of  great  jquare  fanes  in  form  of  a  Crown,  even 
in  that  place,  Where  fighting,  he  wa6  flain,  that  theprowefje  of  (o great 
a  Commander,  fhoutd  neither  be  forgotten  amongfl  thtrnfehes,  Tbbo 
then  lived,  or  left  unremembred  to  pofterity.  Which  Monument  re- 
mains even  to  this  day,  in  the  Diocefe  of  Salisbury,  near  unto  the 
<villagc  called  Amisbery. 

This  opinion  of  Tolydore  is  grounded  (as  I  conceive)  up- 
on no  great  likelihood.  For,  fhould  the  'Britifh  ]S(obks ,  far 
inferiour  to  A.Amhofus,  in  honour,  and  dignity,  be  bu- 
ried in  the  Churchyard  of  a  Monaftery,  and  a  Sepulchre 
afTigned  for  Ambrofms  himfelf  in  the  open  fields  ?  Should 
that  Chriflian  King,  who  had  accomphflied  fo  many  great 
atchievements  victorioufly  againft  the  pagans,  enemies  to 
Chrifl  ?  Caufed  Churches  to  be  repaired,  which  the  Bar- 
bar  ifm  of  the  Saxons  had  deftroyed  ?  pulled  down  and  de- 
mohfhed  idolatrous  places  of  the  Heathen}  and  (as  is  more 
probable)  rather,  then  erected  by  him,  whilft  living,  to 
others,  or  by  others,  to  his  memory  after  dead,  the  very  firft 
that  began  to  deface  this  Heathenifh  facred  ftructure,  (for, 

though 


Stoneheng  reftored.  2.7 

though  a  <%om,w,yet  a  Qniflhn,  and  zeal  to  true  Religion,, 
might,  no  doubt,  caufe  him  difpenfe  with  ruining  idola- 
trous Temples  though  formerly  built,  and  confecrated  to 
falfeGods  by  his  feduced  Aunceftors)  fhould  he,  1  fay,  be 
buried  Pagan-like,  in  unfanctified,  unhallowed  ground, 
and  others  far  lefle  eminent,  lefle  confpicuous,  in  more 
noble,  andfacred  places  ?  It  could  never  be.  Neither  rea* 
fon  of  State,  nor  fervor  of  piety,  in  thofe  more  fcrupulous 
times,  could  ever  admit  thereof. 

Had  Tolydore,  or  any  other,  told  us  fome  Pagan-Saxon- 
Commander  lay  there  intombed,  'twould  have  carried  a 
fliew  of  much  more  credit,  and  the  ancient  cuftome  of  that 
Peoples  burying  their  dead  might  have  been  produced,  at 
leaft  as  a  probable  argument,  to  confirm  the  fame.  For  the 
Saxons  a  Pagan  Nation,  if  any  ottbeir  Princes  or  Nobility  died, 
in  their  houfes  at  home  of  ftcknefje,  were  burled  inpleafant,  and  de- 
light/nil gardens  ;  if  from  borne,  and  in  the  wars,  not  fir  from  their 
camps,  in  heaps  of  earth  caft  up  in  the  fields,  'which  heaps  they  called 
Burrows :  and  the  promifcuous  common  people  in  medows  and  open 
fields.  SaxoncsNobiles gens  Cbriftiignara,  in  bonis  amoenis,fidomi  L(  /  ^ 
forte  Agroti  moriebantur:  ft  fori*  &  bello  occifi,in  egeflis  per  cam'  affen.Ar 
pos  terra  tumulis  quos  Burgos  appellabant,  juxta  ciftrafepiddfunt  : 
"vulgus  autem  promifcuum  etiam  in  pratis  &«  apertis  campis .  As  Ley- 
Und,  who  laid  a  good  ground-work  towards  the  difcovcry 
o^BritiJl)  Antiquities,  delivers. 

Tolydore  nevertheleiTe,  had  great  reafon  to  imagine  A.Am- 
broftus  famed  the  reftorer  of  his  Countrey  (and  Bulwark  of 
War,as  Camden  cals  him)  worthy  an  everlafting  Monument, 
Extat  etiam  nunc  id  monimentum  in  dioecefi  Sarisberienfi  prope  pa- 
gum  cjuam  Amisberiam  <vocant,  Which  monument  is  yet  extant 
in  the  diacefe  of  Salisbury  (faith  he)  not  far  from  Ambresbury 
Town :  and  fo  was  the  Churchyard  of  the  Monaftcry  too.He 
alfo  tels  us,  Fatlumfuiffe  adformam  corona %  it  was  made  in  form  of 
a  Crown.  An  elegant  expreflion  (I  confeffe)  of  a  no  lefle  ele- 
gant work,  if  he  meant  Stoneheng  ■  yet  no  argument  thereby 
to  prove  A.Ambrofius  or  buried,  or  (lain  there-  For,  as  touch- 
ing A.  Ambroftus  his  death,  fererall  Authors,  of  as  good  cre- 

£  2  die 


iS  Stoneheng  reftored. 

die  as  Tolydore  (his  integrity  ncverthelefle  I  queftion  not, 

g.  Mount,     ethers  have  been  bufie  enough  therein)  affirm,  that  Tafcen- 

to'fahron.'    tius  Vortigerm  fon,  with  many  rewards  corrupted  a  certain 

Caxten.       Saxon  called  Eopa*  (Clappa^mh  Caxton)  who,  taking  upon 

LtjUni.      frim  t^e  |ia|3i(.  Qc  a  Monk,  under   pretence  of  Phyfick 

(A.  Ambroftus  being  then  fick)  gave  him  poyfon,  whereof 

he  died  at  Winchefter.  And  no  wonder  he  was  fo  poyibned, 

many  examples  ofthelikekinde  being  recorded  in  Hifto- 

Knolh  in      ry.  As  in  later  times,  (the  Turkijh  Emperour  fiaja^et  the  fe- 

vit.  Ba.       cond,  under  pretence  of  Phyfick  poyibned  by  a  Jew:  alfo 

Fed.  Mexia  Conrad  third  of  that  name  Emperour  of  Germany ,  by  an  Ita- 

in  vit.  Con.    ffaH  .   anc|?  m  t{mcs  of  old,  under  the  fame  pretence,  Tyrrbus 

Plutarch  in  that  famous  Epirot  had  been  poyibned  by  his  own  Phy- 

vit.  Pyrr.      fojai^  tfC.Fabriaus  the  Roman  Conful  would  have  enclined 

to  fuch  ignoble  refolutions,  as  Pafcentius  after  put  in  ad 

againft  ji.  Ambrofius  in  our  ftory. 

Amongft  other,  who  relate  this  dilafter  of  A.  Ambrofius , 
Ma.mjt.  Matthew  Weflminfler  tels  us,The  faid  pretended  Monk/Wf»j 
f°  94*  ad^egis  pnefentiam  perdttttumyenenum  eiporrexifjej&cbeing  at  lajl 

admitted  to  tfo  Kjngs  prefence,  admini fired  poyfon  unto  him,  which 
having  drunk,  the  wicked  Tray  tor  advijed  him  tofleep,  and  in  fo  do. 
ingfuddenlyfrould  recover  health]  l^ec  mora^Uahente per poros  corpo- 
ris <?  Vena*  Veneno,  mortem  pariter  fubfecutam  ejje.  But,  ere  Ion?, 
the  poyfon  being  difperfed  through  the  pores  and  Veins  of  his  body  7  death 
felled  upon  him. 

Concerning  the  buriall  of  A.Jmbrofius,  if  give  credit  to 
Geffrey  Monmouths  affirming  A.  Ambrofius  on  his  death-bed 
gave  command,  and  was  accordingly  buried,  in  the  Se- 
pulchre by  him  (whilft  living)  prepared  in  the  Churchyard 
adjoyning  to  the  Monaftery  at  Ambresbury,  then  was  A.Am- 
brofius  nor  burled  at  Stoneheng,  nor  confequently  this  Antiquity 
erected  to  his  memory.  Geffrey  Monmouth  tels  us  -  His 
death  being  known,  the  Bifjops,  Abbats,  and  all the  Ckigy  of  that 
G  Monm.  pyovince,  ajfembled  together  in  the  City  of  Winchefter.  Et  quia 
Vivensadhuc  pr&ceperat,  ut  in  ccemeterio  prope  ccenobium  Ambni, 
quod  ipfeparaVerat  fepeliretur,  tulerunt  corpus  ejus,  eodem  at  que  cum 
regalibus  exequm,  hwnaVerunt,  And  "frith  refpeB  to  his  command, 

vbileft 


Stoneheng  rejiored.  tp 

wbilejl  livingjbat  in  the  Qmrcyard  adjoynmg  to  the  Monafiery  at  Am* 
bresbury,  prepared  by  him}  be  would  be  buried ,  they  took  bis  body  pud 
with  royallfolemnities  interred  him  there. 

Furthermore,  at  Ambresburyy  that  is,  Ambrofehis  Town,  CimftAfr 
(Camden  zels  us)  certain  ancient  things,  by  report  of  the  Britifh 
ftGry,  ljy  mterred-  Whether  A.  Ambro/iuf  was  one  of  them,  or 
no,  I  argue  not  ;  yet  the  fame  Author  faith,  Ambrofe  Aureli- 
anus  gave  name  unto  the  place.  And  why  not,  he  being  bu- 
ried there,  as  well,  as  upon  the  tranflation  of  the  body  of  Ed- 
mund that  moft  Chriftian  King,theTown  of  Edmunds  bury  in 
Suffolk  was  fo  called  ? 

It  manifeftly  hence  ^czrs, Stweheng  no  Scpulchre,either 
erected  by  A.  Ambrofius  ,or  by  the  'Britifh  Nobility  ,or  to  any  of 
their  memories.  Some  Monument  there  was,  perhaps,  an- 
ciently fetupin  honour  of  them,  ac  the  Monaftery  of  Am- 
bresbury.   Which,  the  fury  of  the  Saxons  when  victorious,  or 
violence  of  time,  which  deftroyeth  all  things,  utterly  con- 
fuming,  might  happily  be  the  reafon,Hiftorians  in  fucceed- 
ing  Ages,  finding  fo  notable  an  Antiquity  as  Stoneheng,  not 
far  from  thence,  and  not  apprehending  for  what  ufc  it  was 
firft  built,  fuppos'd  no  other  thing  worthy  A.  Ambrofius ,or 
thofe  Brians ,  then  fuch  an  extraordinary  ftructure.  Where- 
as, the  Monuments  in  thofe  ancient  times,  made  for  great 
Princes  here  in  !8Wtai»,werconely  two  Pyramids  between 
which  interred,  of  no  extraordinary  bigneffe  erected  to 
their  memory  in  what  e're  Religious  places  thole  Princes 
lay  buried.  Moreover,  if  ferioufly  take  notice  of  the  feve- 
rall  forts  of  Sepulchres  ufed  by  divers  Nations,  none  are 
found  bearing  like  AfpeR  with  this  work  Stoneheng,   but  of 
other  kinde  of  Architecture,  far  different  in  Form,  Manner, 
and  Compofure.  Some,  made  of  one  Columne  onely ;   or, 
if  other  wile,  only  a  vafe  erected  on  the  place  of  buriall,  as 
amongft  the  Athenians :  Some,  had  a  Columne  whereon  the 
fhields  ufed  in  War  by  the  deceaied,  whilft  living, were  fixt, 
as  in  thofe  medals  of  filver,  which  the  ^oman  Senate  dedi- 
cated to  Vefpafian :  Some,  a  Columne  with  a  Statue  there- 
on j  fo  the  famous  Columne  of  Trajan  had  a  Colojjus  on  the 

top 


3  o  Stoneheng  reftored. 

top  thereof,  as  by  his  medals  alio  appears.  Again,  the  Gauls 
on  the  tops  of  Mountains,  ere&ed  Pyramid's  or  Columnes,  as 
Monuments  to  their  Princes.  The  Saxons  were  buried  (as 
laid  before)  in  huge  heaps  of  earth,  to  this  day  vifiblc 
among  us.  The  Kjep  of  the  now  Cajlell  S.  Angelo  at  %pme  was 
the  Sepulchre  of  the  Emperour  Adrian,  (fuch  mighty  moles 
were  the  Monuments  of  the  G{omans)  The  Greeks  erected 
Altars,  and  inftituted  Sacrifices  to  the  memory.of  their  Chief- 
tains-,  .as  the  Spartans  to  Lyfander  :  The  renowned  Carton 
Queen  made  the  Maufoleumior  her  husband,  a  maffie  bulk 
of  building,  14c  foot  high:  The  huge  Pyramid's  in  AEgypt 
caufing  fuch  wonder  in  the  world,  were  Sepulchres  of  AE- 
gyptian  Kings-  In  a  word,  amongft  all  Nations,  Sepulchres 
yc  r  **  whether  little  or.great,  were  always  reall  and  folid  piles  - 
not  airous,  with  frequent  openings,  and  void  fpaces  of 
ground  within,  expofed  to  Sun  and  wind,  neither  uncove- 
red like  this  Antiquity  ,•  or  in  any  manner  fo  built,  as  may 
enforce  the  leaft  prefumption,  that  this  our  Stoneheng  was 
ever  a  Sepulchre. 

1  have  given  you  a  full  relation  what  concerning  Stone- 
heng hath  been  delivered  by  Writers,  in  refpect  of  us  though 
ancient,  yet  in  regard  of  the  great  antiquity  of  this  Work,  in- 
deed but  modern,  Geffrey  Monmouth  living  not  full  five  hun- 
dred years  ago,  and  (Polydore  Virgtll  long  after  him,  in  King 
Henry-the  eighths  reign :  Who,  as  they  are  the  principall  Au- 
thors that  write  any  thing  of  Stoneheng;  fo,upon  what  autho- 
rity deliver  the  fame,  they  make  not  appear.  Infomuch, 
Camden  gives  no  more  credit  to  their  relations  in  this  very 
particular,  then  unto  common  fayings,  (fo  he  cals  them) 
as  if  grounded  upon  Fame  only,  or  invented  by  themfelves. 
And  it  may  the  rather  be  fo  prefumed,  becaufe,  as  they  lived 
not  in  ancient  times,  and  consequently  could  not  themfelves 
bearteftimony  of  any  fuch  things  ,-  (b,  neither  the  fcritans 
nor  Saxons  for  a  long  time  after  their  firft  arrivall  here,  had 
any  Records  or  Writings  to  convey  whatever  actions,  ei- 
ther of  their  own,  or  others  to  pofterity,  VS(innius  a  OSritiJJ? 
Hiftorian,  living  about  one  thoufand  years  ago,  telling  us, 

Bri- 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  3 1 

Britannos  doclores  nuUam  peritiam  habuijje,  (src.  The  great  Ma- 
fiers  and  Doctors  of  Britain  kid  no  skill,  nor  left  memonall  of  any 
thing  inwriting  :  confefling,  that  himfelf gathered "tohatfocver  he 
Wrote,  out  of  the  Annals  and  Chronicles  of  the  holy  Fathers.  Nee  Sax- 
ones  amufi  quicquam  penede  rebus  inter  ipfos,  &  Brirannos  eo 
tempore  gefis  jcrtptum  pojlcitati  reliquennt,  Sec.   ^either  did  the  , 

Saxons  being  unlearned  (faith  Leyland)  leave  almojl  any  tkngin  dfajfen'. 
ivritingtopojlerijy,  of  the  aElwns  performed  in  thofe  times  betwixt  A"fil>2S- 
themfehes  and  Britans :  whatfoeVer,  remembred  after  Chrift  taught 
inthislflandjofthefiiji  Victories  of  the  Saxons,  being  both  t.iken  up 
upon  trujlfrom  the  mouth  of  the  common  people,  and  committed  to  Wri- 
ting from  njulgar  reports  only.  Neither  the  Britans,  utterly  worn  out 
withfo  many  wars, had  (as  the  fame  Author  hath  it)  or  defire,  or 
opportunity,  had  they  defied  it}  to  btftow  their  pains  in  compiling  any 
whatever  hifory,  that  might  commend  their  atlions  to  fucceeding 
Ages. 

But,  it  may  be  objected  :   If  Tolydore  VirgiU^  and  Geffrey 
Monmouth  could  neither  bceye-witnefles  themfelves,nor  have 
authority  from  other  more  ancient  Authors  for  what  rela- 
ted by  them  concerning  Stoneheng :   and  that  from  whatever 
writings  ancient  or  modern,  not  any  thing  of  certainty  can 
be  found  out  concerning  the  fame  ;   from  whence  then  ap- 
pear, for  what  ule,  or  by  whom  Stoneheng  erected  ?  I  an- 
lwer,  though  not  appear  from  Hiftories  written  either  by 
the  'Britans  or  Saxons  •  yet,  as  Gildas  profefling  he  wrote  his 
Hiftory  (for  the  former  reafons )  by  relations  from  beyond 
Sea  :    and,  as  Njnnim  his   out  of  the  Annals  and  Chronicles 
of  the  holy  Fathers  as  aforefaid :    io,  feverali  other  ways  a 
poffibility  of  truth  may  be  gathered,  namely,  from  the  au- 
thority of  other  Nations ;  from  the  concurrence  of  time  for 
fuch  undertakings ;  from  the  cuftoms  of  forepafled  Ages 
in  like  works ;  from  the  manner  and  form  of  building 
proper  to  feverali  Countries;   from  the  ufe  to  which  fuch 
buildings  applied,  and  the  like.  Upon  which,  as  occafion 
ferves,  intending  hereafter  more  largely  to  infift,  1  fhall  in 
the  mean  while  fet  down  the  judgement  our  late  Writers 
give  of  this  yintiqutty. 

Cam- 


3 1  Stonebeng  rejlored. 

Camden,*  diligent  fearcher  after  Antiquities  of  our  Nation, 
having,  in  his  Chorography  of  Wiltflme, collected  all  the  afore- 
faid  opinions,  together  with  his  own,  gives  a  fummary  de- 
Cam.fo.i51.  icription  of  Stonebeng,ia  words  as  follow.  Towards  the  North, 
about  fix  milts  from  Salisbury,  in  the  plain,  is  to  befeen  a  huge  and 
monfrous  per  ce  of  work,  fucb  as  Cicero  termetb  mfanam  fubftru- 
ctionem.  For, within  the  circuit  of  a  ditch, there  are  erected  in  manner 
(fa  Crown  j  in  three  ranks  or  courfes  one  within  another  pertain  mighty 
and  unwroughtjlones, whereof fome  are  twenty  eight  foot  high, <^"  J  even 
foot  broad ,  upon  the  heads  of  which  others ,  like  oVerthwart  peeces,  do 
bear  and  rift  cr  of -wife, with  afmall  tenon  and  mortaifefo  as  the  whole 
frame  feemctb  to  bang ;  whereof  lee  call  it  Stoneheng,//'ta  as  our  old 
Hifonans  termed  it  for  thegreatnef  theGiants  dance.Our  Countrimen 
reckon  this  for  one  of  our  wonders ,  and  miracles.   And  much  they  mar- 
Veil,  from  whence  fucb  bugejlones  were  brought,  confidering  that  in 
all  tbofe  quarters  bordering  thereupon,  there  is  hardly  to  be  found  any 
common  f  one  at  all  for  building :  as  alfo,  by  what  means  thy  werefet 
up.  For  mine  own  part  about  tbefe points  I  am  not  cunoufly  to  argue 
and  difpute,  but  rather  to  lament  "frith  much  grief,  that  the  Authors  of 
fo  notable  a  Monument  are  thus  buried  in  oblivion.    Yet  fame  there 
are,  that  think  them  to  be  no  natural! Jlones  hewn  out  of  the  rock,  but 
artificially  made  of  pure  find,  and  byjome  glewy  and  unctuous  mat- 
ter knit  and  incorporate  together ,  like  as  tbofe  ancient  trophies  or 
monuments  of  victory  "which  1  haVe  fen  in  Yorkfhire.    And  what 
marVcll?   (Read  we  not  1  pray  you  in  Pliny,  that  the  find  or  duflof 
Puteoli ,  being  covered  over  with  water,  becometh  forthwith  a  very 
flow,  that  the  cifterns  in  Rome  of  find,  digged  out  of  the  ground, 
and  tbeflrongefi  kind  of  lime  "wrought  together  grow  fo  bard,  that  they 
(can  fones  indeed?  and  that  flatues  and  images  of marble  fialings 
and  \mall  grit  grow  together  fo  compact  and  firm,  that  they  "were  dee- 
med entire  andjolid  marble  ?  The  common  faying  is, that  Ambrofius 
Anrelianus,  or  bis  bi  other  Uther  did  rear  them  up,  by  the  art  of 
Merlin,^  Thus  far  Camden,  it  being  needlefle  to  repeat 
more  from  himjiaving  already  delivered  the  ftory  from  the 
Authors  themfelves.  Yet  here  neverthelefle,  as  neceflanly  in- 
duced thereunto,  1  fhall  take  leave  to  oblerve  fomething 
more  remarkable  to  our  purpofe  in  hand,upon  his  words. 

In 


Stoneheng  refiored.  .    3  3 

In  the  fit  ft  place  then,  Stoneheng  is  by  him  called  a  huge 
and  monfkrous  pd'ce  of  ipo/k,  terming  it  from  Cicero,  infanam  fub- 
ftrutlionm.  To  which  1  fay,  had  Camden  as  well  attained 
other  abilities  of  an  Architect,  as  he  was  skilfull  in  Antiqui- 
ties: or  been  as  converfantin  Antiquities  abroad,  as  learned 
in  thofe  of  his  own  Nation,  he  would  have  given  a  far  dif- 
ferent judgement  hereof.  For,  whofocver  is  acquainted 
with  the  ancient  ruines  yet  remaining  in  and  about  Italy  y 
mayeafily  perceive  this  no  fuch  huge  building,  either  for 
the  circuit  of  the  work,  or  bignefte  of  the  ftones,  they  being 
as  manageable  to  the  ^oman  Architects  y  as  amongft  us  to  raife 
a  May-pole,  or  mart  of  a  Ship.  And,  if  this  fty  led  huge  and 
monjlrous^  what  may  be  faid  of  Diocletians  baths  ?  the  great 
Cirque  ?  Marcellus  his  Theater  ?  Vefpafians  Temple  of  Peace? 
and  other  prodigious  works  of  the  Romans  ?  the  very  re- 
mainders whereof  now  lying  in  the  duft,breed  amazement 
and  wonder  (not  without  juft  reafon  too)  in  whoibever 
beholds  them  with  attcntivenefle  and  judgement.  Nay, 
whereas  he  ftyles  it  infanam  fubflrutlionem ,  it's  demon- 
ftrable,  that  betwixt  this  Ifland  of  great  'Britain^  and 
<Rome  it  felf,  there's  no  one  ftruclure  to  be  leen,  wherein 
more  clearly  fhines  thofe  harmoniacall  proportions,  of 
wheh  only  the  beft  times  could  vaunt,  then  in  this  of 
Stoneheng. 

Moreover,  Our  Countreymen  mjtrVeR  ((atth  he)  from  whence 
fuch  huge  ftones  were  brought ,  considering  that  in  all  thofe  quarters 
bordering  thereupon  t  there  is  hardly  to  be  found  any  common  Jlone  for 
budding.  Upon  what  truft  Camden  (his  extraordinary  judge- 
ment otherwife  considered)  took  this  relation,  ]  know  not. 
For^there  is  not  onely  common  ftone  thereabouts, for  ordi- 
nary ufes,but  ftone  of  extraordinary  proportions  like  wile, 
even  for  greater  works  (if  occafion  were)  then  Stoneheng: 
the  Quarries  of Hafjelborough  and  Cbilmarh,  both  of  them  not 
far  from  the  borders  of  the  plain,  having  of  a  long  time  fur- 
niflied  all  the  adjacent  parts  with  common  ftone  for  build- 
ing. And  (to  come  nearer  the  matter)  it  is  manifeft,  chat  in 
divers  places  about  the  Plain,  the  fame  kinde  of  Stone 

F  whereof 


34  Stoneheng  reflored. 

whereof  this  Antiquity  confifts  may  be  found,  efpecially 
about  Atbwy  in  North-  Wilt  (Jrire, not  many  miles  diftant  from 
it,  where  not  onely  are  Quarries  of  the  like  ftone,  but  alio 
ftones  of  far  greater  dimenfions  then  any  at  Stoneheng,  may 
be  had. 

They  bonder  alfo  (faith  he)  by  what  means  they  (that,  isfuch 
huge  ftones)  werefet  up.  What  may  be  effected  by  that  Me- 
cbanicallArt,  which  Dee  in  his  Mathematical  (preface  to  Euclyde, 
cals  Menadry,  or  Art  of  ordering  Engines  for  raifing  weights ;  thole 
(it  feems)   of  whom  Camden  fpeaks  took  little  notice  of, 
p.     .         when  Archimedes  during  the  fiege  of  Syracufe,  raifed  out  of 
Marcel.       the  Sea,  and  turned  in  the  air  at  pleafure,  the  Ships  and 
Galhes  of  the  (Ronuns,  full  fraught  as  they  were  with  Soul- 
diers,  Manners,  and  their  ordinary  lading  :  and  if  King 
Hieron  could  have  afligned  him,  a  fit  place  to  firm  his  en- 
gines on,  he  would  have  undertaken  to  remove,  even  the 
terreftnall  Globe  out  of  the  worlds  center,  fo  high,  perfecti- 
on in  this  Art  tranfported  him.  What  mould  1  fay  of  the 
Obelisk  in  Ages  fo  far  paft,  brought  from  the  Mountains 
otAimema,  and  erected  in  'Babylon  by  Semiramis,  one  hundred 
&  fifty  foot  high,  and  at  the  bafe  twenty  four  foot  fcjuare  of 
HerodMb.i.  one  entire  ftone  ?   Eft  infanoLztonx  (faith  Herodotw  of  his 
own  knowledge)  delubrumex  unofMumlapide,  cttjtu  parietes 
<equah  celfitudine  ad  longitudinem  quadragcnum  cubito  urn.   cum 
hcunari,  pro  teclo  impofuus  efi  alius  lapis  quatuor  cubitorum  per  oras 
crafiitudine.   In  the  Temple  of  Latona  (in  ALgypt)  it  a  Ch.ippell 
f  mtdofotvjlonc,  wboje  wills  being  of  equall height,  are  in  length 
forty  cubits,  covered  in  like  manner  with  one  Jole  flone  four  cubits 
thick.   Thofe,  which  made  this  wonder  would  have  much' 
more  admired,  if  they  could  have  feen  the  Obelisk  raifed 
Ttdl.Ub.it.     m  times  of  old  by  King  %amefu  at  Heli:polis,  in  that  part  of 
Piifi.Ub.-i6.  jEgypt  anciently   called  Tlnbrn,  in  height  one   hundred 
twenty  one  Geometrical  feet  (which  of  our  meafure  makes 
one  hundred  thirty  fix  feet)  of  one  entire  ftone:  and  fo 
little  wonder  made  they  of  raifing  it,  that  the  Architect 
undertook  and  did  effect  it,  the  Kings  own  ion  being  ac 
the  fame  time  bound  to  the  top  thereof.  Amongft  the  ^o- 

mans. 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  J  ^ 

WW,  Auguflus  Cafar  erected  in  the  great  Cirque  at  %ome,  an 
Obelisk  of  one  ftone,  one  hundred  and  twenty  foot,  nine 
inch:s  long  :  another  alfo,was  fet  up  in  Mars  field,  nine  foot 
higher  then  it,  by  the  faid  Emperour.  And  it  feems  alfo, 
neither  they  ,nor  Camdens  lelf  had  ever  feen  that  Obelisk,wKicri 
even  in  thete  our  days,  in  the  year  one  thoufand  five  hun- 
dred eighty  fix,  Sixtus  Qmntus  caufed  to  be  erected  in  the 
^Pia^a  of  S.  Teter  at  l{pme,  one  hundred  and  eight  G(oman  D6m.Fmu 
palms  high, and  at  the  bale  twelve  palms  fquare,  (according  '*•*■ 
to  our  Affile,  fourfcore  and  one  foot  high,  and  nine  foot 
(Square)   of  one  entire  ftone  alfo  :  Dmninico  Fontana  being 
ArcbittB.  But,  there  are  more  ftrange  things  (as  Sir  Walter 
(fyletgb  hath  it)  in  the  world,  then  betwixt  London  and  Stanes. 
1  is  want  of  knowledge  in  Arts  makes  fuch  admirers,  and 
Art  it  felfhavefo  many  Enemies.   Had  I  not  been  thought 
wonhy  (by  him  who  then  commanded)  to  have  been  fole 
Architect  thereof,  1  would  have  made  fome  mention  of  the 
great  fto.ses  ufcd  in  the  work,  and  Portico  at  the  Weft  end 
of  S  'Pauls  Church  London,  but  1  forbear  ;  though  in  great- 
nf'ifv:  ey  wereeOjUall  tomoftinthis  Antiquity ,  and  railed 
to  a  far  greater  height  then  any  there.   What  manner  of  En- 
gines the  Ancients  ufed  for  raifing ;  and  what  feeurc  ways 
they  had,  for  cariage  and   transportation  of   their  huge 
weighcs,is  more  proper  for  anocher  fubject. 

Some  there  are  (faith  Qamden)  that  think  them  to  be  no  naturall 
(lanes,  hewn  out  of  the  rock,  but  artificially  made  of  purefand,  and 
byfomeglewy  and  untluous  m.rtter^  knit  and  incorporate  together ,  like 
thofe  ancient  trophies ,  or  monuments  ofnjttlory,  "which  I  have  feen  in 
Yorkfhire.  As  for  thele  Monuments  (for  my  part)  I  have 
not  feen,  otherwife  I  would  give  my  fenfe  upon  them,  and 
happily  they  may  be  found  as  far  from  being  artificiall,  as 
thofe  at  Stoneheng.  And  what  marVell  ?  (faith  he)  read  we  not,  1 
pray  you,  in  Pliny,rW  the /and  or  dujl  o/Puteoli,  being  covered  over 
"with  water ,  becometh  forthwith  a  Veryflone  &c.  He  might  as  well 
have  told  us  the  Rocks  in  Tortland  are  artificiall.  But  it's  true, 
this  fand  of  Tuteoli,  was  much  ufed  by  the  Ancients,  and  it  is 
fuch  a  kind  of  earth,  as  is  very  famous  for  its  admirable  ef- 

F  2  feels 


3  6  Stonebeng  rejlored. 

fects  in  building,  being  tempered  with  the  cement  ofCttma: 
For,  it  notonely  yeelds  ftrength  to  all  other  buildings,  but 
thereby  alio,  all  works  made  in  the  Sea  under  water,  are 
moft  firmly  confolrdated.  Yet,  doe  I  not  find,  that  ever  the 
Ancients  made  any  artificiall  ftones  thereof,  or  that  VitruVim 
hath  any  thing  to  that  purpofe,  to  him  the  credit  given  to 
Pliny,  and  others, concerning  the  Earth  of  (P«^o/i,being  only 
due;  pofterity  being  in  the  firft  place  beholding  unto  him 
for  finding  out  the  nature  of  that  earth,  he  giving  us  not 
only  the  effects  thereof,but  the  caufe  alfo  from  whence  thofe 
effects  proceed.  Hocautem  fieri  hacratione  Videtur,  quodfub  his 
Vitr.lib.i.  montibus  (i.e.  in  regionibus  Baianis,  <&  in  agris,  qiujunt  area  Ve- 
cap.6.  fuvium  montem)  isr  terra  ferVentesfunt,  Zsrfontes  crebn^  quincn 

ejfent^  fi?iomnimohaberent}  autde  fulphure,  aut  alumine,  autbi- 
tumine  ar  denies  maximoslgnes.  Which  is  (faith  he)  by  reajon  in 
thofe  mountains  (to  wit,  in  the  regions  of  Baix,  and  fields  about 
mount  Vefuvius)  the  grounds  are  hott  and  full  offprings,  Tbbick  heat 
could  not  be ,  but  that  from  the  bottomet  are  nourified  mighty  great 
fires }arifing  from  [ulphur,  alume}  or  bnmflone  time.  Indeed,  ac- 
cording to  (Pliny,  thefand  upon  the  fide  of  the  hill  o(Tateo!it 
being  oppofed  to  the  Sea,  and  continually  drenched,  and 
drowned  with  the  water  thereof,  doth  (by  the  reftringent 
quality,  no  doubt,  of  the  fait  water)  become  a  ftone  fo  com- 
pact, and  united  together,  that  (corning  all  the  violence 
of  the  furging  billows,  it  hardeneth  every  day  more  and 
more. 

Neverthelefle,  whofoever  could  find  out  any  kind  of 
earth  in  this  lfland,  naturally  apt,  to  make  artificiall  ftones 
of  fuch  greatnefie  as  thefe  ,•  and,  like  them  fo  obdurate 
alfo,  that  hardly  any  tool  enter  them :  or,  that  our  Aunce- 
ftors  in  times  or  old,  did  make  ule  of  fuch  a  cement,  and 
in  what  manner  compofed  by  them.  The  benefit  thereof 
doubt'.effe,  would  amount  fo  ample  to  this  Nation,  that 
Records  could  not  but  render  him  delervedly  famous  to  all 
pofterity.  In  the  mean  while,  as  it  is  moft  certain  thole 
ftcnes  at  Stoneheng  are  naturall ;  fo,  am  I  as  clearly  of  opini- 
on, the  very  Quarries  from  whence  hewn,  were  about  Ji~ 

bury 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  3  7 

bury  before  mentioned  :  where,  no  fmall  quantities  of  the 
fame  kind,  are  even  at  this  day  to  be  had ;  vaft  fcantlings, 
not  only  appeanng  about  the  To wn  ic  felf,  but  through- 
out the  plain  and  fields  adjoyning,  the  Quarries  lying  bare, 
numbers  alfo  numberlefTe  of  ftones,  are  generally  feen.  (be- 
ing no  fmall  prejudice  to  the  bordering  inhabitants)  As  alfo, 
not  far  from  the  edge  of  Wiltjlnre^  in  the  afcent  from  Lam- 
bom  to  Wbitehorfe  hittjht  like  ftones  are  daily  difcovered.  To 
mentio^more  places  in  particular  is  needlefle,  the  Quarries 
at  and  abouc  Albury  (without  relacing  to  Lambom,  or  what 
ever  other)  diftant  but  fifteen  miles  or  thereabouts  from 
Sto-iekeng,  being  of  themfelves  fufficient  to  clear  the  doubt. 
Thele,havingchrough  longtime,  got  the  very  fame  crufta- 
tion  upon  them,  are  in  like  manner  coloured,  grained,bed- 
ded,  weighty,  and  of  like  difficulty  in  working,  as  thofe  at 
Stoneheng.    Some  of  which,  being  of  a  whitifh  colour,  are 
intermixt  and  veined  here  and  there  with  red  :  fome,  of  a 
lightifh  blew,  glifter,  as  ifminerallamongft  them:  fome, 
for  the  moft  part  white,perplexed  fas  it  were)  with  a  ruddy 
colour  :  fome,  dark  gray  and  ruffet,  differing  in  kinds  as 
thofe  ftones  at  Aibury  do.  Some  of  them  again,  of  a  grayifh 
colour,  are  fpcckled  or  intermixt  with  dark  green,  and 
white,    together   with   yellow  amongft  it,  refembling 
after  a  fort,  that  kind  of  marble  which  the  Italians  (from  the 
valley  where  the  Quarries  are  found)  call  To^gfirera;  no- 
thing, notwithstanding,  io  beautifull ,   though  naturally 
much  harder,and  being  weathered  by  time,as  in  this  work; 
diluain  the  touch  even  of  the  beft  tempered  tool.  Infbmuch, 
that  if  nothing  elfe,  the  more  then  ordinary  hardnefle  of 
them  is  fuch,  as  will  in  part  convince  any  indifferent  judge- 
ment in  the  nature  and  quality  of  ftones  •    thofe,  in  this  An- 
tiqutty,  are  not  (as  Camden  would  have  them)  artificially  but 
natural!. 

Whatloever,worthy  admiration  concerning  Stoneheng  ei- 
ther in  relation  to  thegreatnefte  of  the  work  in  generall, 
the  extraordinary  proportion  of  the  ftones  in  particular,  the 
wonder  the  people  make,  from  whence  brought,  by  what 

Arts 


38  Stoneheng  reflored. 

Arts  or  Engines  raifed,  and  in  fuch  order  placed,  Camden  de- 
livers :  certainly,  in  his  judgement  he  was  wholly  oppofite 
to  the  opinions  of  the  aforefaid  BritijJ?  Hiftorians.  He 
would  never  elfe,  with  fo  much  regret  have  complained, 
Tlie  Authors  offo  notable  a  Monument  lay  buried  in  oblivion,  had  he 
given  any  the  leaft  credit,  this  Antiquity  had  been  built,  either 
by  A.  Ambroftm,  or  the  Britijl?  Nobility,  or  to  eternize  either 
of  their  names,  or  actions  to  fucceeding  generations.  Let 
Geffrey  Monmouth  and  his  followers  >  fay  what  they  pleafe, 
Henry  Huntingdon  (his  Contemporary,  if  not  more  Ancient) 
H.Uunting.  is  mine  Author,  Nee  poteft  aliquis  excogitare3  qua  arte  tanti  la~ 
W.i.  pides  adeoin  altum  eleVatiJunt,  Vel  quare  ibi  conftruSli  funt.    7>{o 

man  knows  (faith  Huntingdon)  for  "tobatcaufe  Stoneheng  eretled, 
or  (which  is  fully  anfwered  already)  by  what  Art  fuch  huge 
ftones  were  raifed  to  fo  great  a  height.  Take  with  you  alfo  Dray- 
tons  judgement  in  his  Toly-olbion  couched  under  the  fiction 
of  old  Wanfdikes  depraving  Stoneheng.  (Wan/dike  being  a  huge 
C4m.fo.2p.  Ditch  in  Wtltftrire  fo  called,  anciently,  as  Camden  opines,  di- 
viding the  two  Kingdomes  of  the  Mertians  and  Wejl  Saxons 
afunderj 

Poij-oibm         Whom  for  a  paltry  ditch ,  W;e«  Stone  nc\ge  pleas' d  t 'upbraid , 
Mt.$.  jj?£  Qjj  mm  tafong  heart}  thus  to  that  Trophy  J  aid  j 

Dull  heap,  that  thus  thy  head  above  the  reft  dojl  reare^ 
(Precifely  yet  not  know  ft  who  fir  ft  did  place  thee  there  • 
ButTraytor  bajely  turnd  to  Merlins  skill  doft  flie, 
And  with  his  Magicks  doft  thy  Makers  truth  bdie. 

For,  as  for  that  ridiculous  Fable,  of  Merlins  tranfporting  the 
ftones  out  of  Ireland  by  Magick,  it's  an  idle  conceit.  As  alfo, 
that  old  wives  tale,  that  for  the  greatnefle  it  was  in  elder 
times  called  the  Giants  dance.  The  name  of  the  dance  of  Giants 
by  which  it  is  ftyled  in  Monmouth ,hath  nothing  allufive,  no 
not  fo  much  as  to  the  tale  he  tels  us,  faith  a  modern  Writer  in 
the  life  of  Nero  C<efar. 
speed  hb.7.  Furthermore,  our  modern  Hiftorians  Stow  and  Speed,  tell 
»»4°.         us,  in  feverall  parts  of  the  Plain  adjoyning,  have  been  by 

dig- 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  jg 

digging  found,  pceccs  of  ancient  fafliioned  armour,    and 
the  bones  of  men,  insinuating  this  as  an  argumenc ,  for 
upholding  the  opinions  of  the  Britifr  Writers.  To  which, 
if  they  would  have  thofe  to  be  the  bones  of  the  flanghtered 
Nutans,  how  came  thofe  Armours  to  be  found  with  them, 
they  coming  to  the  Treaty  unarmed,  and  without  wea* 
pons  ?  Howfoever,  what  is  done  in  the  Plains  abroad,  con- 
cerns not  Stoneheng)   Neither  can  any  man  think  it  ftrange, 
that  in  a  place,  where  Fame  hiih  rendred,ib  many  memo- 
rable and  fierce  battels,fought  in  times  of  old,  rufty  armour, 
and  mens  bones  fhould  be  digged  up.  kis  ufuall  through- 
out the  world  in  all  fuch  places,  and  (if  I  miftake  not)  Sands 
in  his  Travels,  relates,  that  even  in  the  Plains  of  (Pbarfilia^ 
fuch  like  bones  and  Armour,  have  lately  been  difcovered  : 
and  Sir  Henry  'Blunt  m  that  notable  relation  of  his  voyage 
into  the  Levant,  fpeaks  with  much  judgement  of  thofe  Pbar- 
fallan  fields.   Likewife,  the  aforefaid  Writers,  might  well  Cam.fo  194. 
have  remembred,  (bmeof  them felves  deliver,  that  at  J^am-  speed  HL7. 
buian^  or  Cambulam  Cornwall,  fuch  habiliments  of  War  have 
been  digged  up,  in  tillage  of  the  ground,  witncfling  either 
the  fatall field,  fometimes  there  fought,  where Mordred  was 
flain  by  Arthur,  and  Arthur  himfelf  received  his   deaths 
wound  :  or  elfe,  the  relicjues  of  that  battel  betwixt  the  Bri- 
tans  and  Saxons,  in  the  year  eight  hundred  and  twenty.  'Tis 
true,  the  relation  conduces  much  towards  confirming,  that 
ancient  cuftome  of  the  Sixons,  formerly  recited  out  of  Ley- 
hnd ,  confidering  efpecially,   not  far  from  this  Antiquity,  lie 
certain  hillocks,  at  this  day  commonly  called  the  feVen  'Bur- 
rows,  where  it  may  be  prefumed,  fome  Princes,  or  gobies  of 
the  Saxon  Nation  lie  interred.   But,  that  Stoneheng  mould 
therefore  be  a  place  of  buriall,  the  aforefaid  relation  to  main- 
tain the  fame  is  nothing  worth. 

They  adde  moreover,  the  ftones  yet  remaining  arc  not  to 
be  numbred,  according  as  our  Noble  Sydney  in  his  Sonnet 
of  the  wonders  of  England. 

$(ear 


40  Stonebeng  rejlored. 

Near  W 'ikon  fweet,  huge  heaps  offtone  are  found, 
But  foconfus'd,  thu  neither  any  eye 
Can  count  themjuft,  nor  reafon  reafon  try7 
What  force  brought  them  to  jo  unlikely  ground. 

This,  though  ic  fcarcely  merits  an  anfwer,  yet,  to  fatisfie 
thofe  which  in  this  point  may  be  curious,  let  them  but  ob- 
ferve  the  orders  of  the  Circles,  as  they  now  appear,  and  not 
pafle  from  one  to  another  confulcdly  (noting  neverthelcflc 
where  they  begin)  and  they'll  find  the juft  number  eafie  to 
be  taken. 

Now,  though  whether  in  order  to  the  Place  it  felf  where 
this  Antiquity  ftands,  or  Terjbns,  by  whom  Stoneheng  preten- 
ded to  be  built,  enough  laid,  to  wave  the  reports  upon 
fancy,  or  common  Fame,  formerly  delivered  :  to  the  ftate 
oiTime  neverthelefle,   wherein  the  Britijh  Hiftories  would 
have  it  erected,  becaule  nothing  by  me  hath  yet  been  fpo- 
ken,  I  will  therefore  adde,  'tis  not  probable  fuch  a  work  as 
Stoneheng  could  be  then  built.   For,  although  our  Britans,  in 
ancient  time  poflefled,  together  with  the  (Roman  civility,  all 
good  Arts ,  it  is  evident  during  the  reign  of  A.  Ambrojius 
(about  the  fiift  coming  in  of  the  Saxons  here,  and  towards 
the  later  end  of  the  firth  Century,  as  Hiftorians  and  Chro- 
nologifts  compute  it)  in  the  laft  declining  of  the  'Roman 
Empire,  the  A>  ts  or  Dejign,  of  which  Jrchitetlure  chief,  were 
utterly  loft  even  in  Rome  it  lelf ,  much  more  in  Britain,  being 
then  but  a  Tempeft-beaten  Province,  and  utterly  abando- 
ned by  the  'Romans,     Britain,  therefore,  being  over-run 
w  ith  enemies,  and  the  know  ledge  of  Arts  then  loft  amongft 
them  :  none^ueftionleflejCan  reafonably  apprehend  Co  no- 
table a  work  as  Stoneheng  could  in  fuch  times  be  built. 

That,  amongft  the  Romans  and  Britans  b.ith,  A.  Ambrojius 
governing  here,  all  Sciences  were  utterly  peiifhed,  is  evi- 
dently manifeft.  For,  the  Goths  had  then  invaded  Italy  •  and 
thatvaft  Empire  drooping  with  extreme  Age,  by  the  fatall 
irruption  of  ftrange  Nations,  was  not  only  torn  in  peeces, 

but 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  4  i 

but  Bdthmfme  having  trod  learning  under  foot,  and  the 
fword  bearing  more  fway  then  letters,  or  learned  men,  all 
Sciences  were  neglected  ;  and  particularly  that  of  'Building 
fell  into  fuch  decay,  that  till  or  Jare  about  the  year  one  thou- 
fand  five  hundred  and  ten,  it  lay  (wallowed  up,  and  (as! 
may  fo  fay)  buried  in  oblivion.  When  one  Bramante  of 
the  Dutchy  of  Urbinf  attaining  admirable  perfection  in  Ar»  S&U&4& 
chitetlure,  reftored  to  the  woild  again,  the  true  rules  of  buil- 
ding, according  to  thole  Orders,  by  the  ancient  Romans  in 
their  moft  flour  ifhing  times  oblerved.  Furthermore,  not 
onely  liberall  Sciences  and  Architecture,  but  Art  military  alfo, 
about  the  time  or  J.  Ambrojius,  was  Co  tar  loft  amongft 
the  %?mans,  thauhey  were  ignorant,  yea,  in  the  very  rudi- 
ments ot  War.  lnfomuch,  (as  (Procopius  in  his  fecond  Book 
of  the  Gothick  Wars  relate)  B^bartjm  had  bereft  them  of  the 
skill,  even  in  what  manner  to  found  a  retreat. 

With  us  here  al(b,  the  Saxons  domineer'd  over  all,  and 
A.  jimbrofius  with  the  Britans  had  enough  to  do,  in  endea- 
vouring the  recovery  of  their  loft  Countrey  from  a  mighry 
prevailing  Enemy,  that  in  few  years  afterwards  (maug-e 
all  the  ways  which  force  or  policy  could  invent)  conquered 
the  whole  Nation.  Among  other  calamities  attending  that 
milerable  Age,  Camden  (from  William  ofMalmsbury)  direct- 
ly to  the  purpoic  in  hand  tels  us.    Cum  Tyrannt  ntdlum  in  agris  /-J.g.  * 
pr<eter  femibarbaros,  nullum  in  urbibus  pater  <ventri  diditos  re//-  Camden 
quijjent :  Britannia  omni  patrocuio  juvenilis  vigoris  viduata}  omni  *^% 
Artium  exercitio  exinanital  conterminarum  gentium  tuhiationi  dm 
obnoxiafuit.  When  the  Tyrants  (to  wit,  the  Romans)  had  left  none 
in  the  Countrey  but  half  Barbarians ,  none  in  the  Ctties  and  Towns 
butjuchd*  wholly  gave  them/elves  to  belly-cheer }  Britain,  deftitute 
of  all  protection,  by  her  Vtgorousyoung  men,  bereaved  c/all  exercife, 
and  practice  of  good  Arts,  became  expo  fed  for  along  time  to  the 
greedy,  and  gaping  jaws  of  Nations  confining  upon  her. 

Here  you  have  it  from  an  Author,  more  ancient  then 
G.  Monmouth  a  little,  though  both  lived  in  one  age,  the  times 
about  A.  Ambrofius  government,  whether  before,  during  his 
reign,  or  after,  werefo  full  of  miferies,  that  he  complains, 

G  none 


42,  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

none  then  employed,  or  excrcifed  in  any  whatever  works 
belonging  to  Art.  They  had  fomthing  elfe  (as  appears  by 
divers  Writers)  to  think  upon,  all  their  abilities  being  in- 
fumcient  to  defend  their  Countrey  from  forein  fervicude, 
their  Cities  and  Towns  from  mine,  and  deftru&ion,  and 
their  habitations  from  rage  of  cruell  and  infolent  enemies, 
robbing,  fpoiling,  burning,  wafting,  all  before  them  :  to 

Ctldas.  which,  plague,  peftlence,  and  famine  being  joyned,  the  in- 
land part  or  the  IJlandf  even  to  the  Wcftem  Ocean  was  wel* 
near  totally  conlumed. 

Befides,  the  Countrey  was  fo  opprefs'd,  what  with  out- 
waid  hoftile  miieiies,  what  w:th  inteftine  tumults  and 
troubles :  that,  had  they  not  loft  the  practice  of  all  Arts  (as 
the  former  Hiftorian  faith  they  had )  (6  far  were  they  from 
erecting  any  work  of  this  kind,  that  they  were  compel- 
led to  abandon  their  Towns,  and  houfes,  built  in  times 
foiegoing  by  their  Aunceftors,  and  betake  themielves  to 
mountains,  caves,  and  woods  for  flicker.  Now,  if  the  ca- 
lamities of  thofe  rimes  hung  over  the  'Britans  heads,  in  fb 
genet  all  manner,  that  not  one  amongft  them  had  leifureto 
put  pen  to  paper,  (as  from  Leyland  before  remembred) 
much  lefle  able  were  they  ,  without  all  peradventure,  to 
undertake  Co  great  a  work  as  Stoneheng,  wherein,  as  all  ra- 
tionall  men  mull  grant,  numbers  of  men  employed,  and 
many  years  taken  up,  before  brought  to  its  abfolute  per- 
fc&ioiu 

But,  nothing  can  better  exprefle  the  ignorance  of  that 
Age,  then  the  barbarous  manner  of  infeription  upon  the 
T  i.mb  of  the  firttifh  Hetlor  King  Arthur,  nephew  to  A.  Am- 
brofius,  found  long  fince  in  the  Churchyard  of  the  Abbey 
at  GUjlenbury,  the  letters  whereof,  being  exactly  reprelen- 

Cam-fo.iii.  ted  to  our  view  by  Camden,  do,  as  by  demonftration,  fully 
dilcovertous  the  Barbarifm  of  thole  times.  As,  barbarous 
in  thole  characters,  fo  were  they  ignorant  in,  and  had  left 
the  ufc  of  all  other  Arts.  2V^w  exercife  nor  practice  of  good  Arts, 
"too*  then  amongfl  them,  faith  the  Hiftoriographer  of  Malmf- 
bury.  And  well  he  might  fo  deliver  himfelf,  not withftan  cl- 
ing 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  43 

ing  Ma'tbeiv  Wejiminflei  rels  us,  A  Ambrofws  repaired  Chur- 
ches, whici  the  rage  of  Saxons,  enemies  to  Qbriflim  (Religion, 
fpoiled.   For,  befides,the  vaft  difference  be,  wixt  fuch  works 
as  Stoneheng,  where  Art  overmafters  the  coinmon  skill  of 
man,  and  making  up  the  decaiesof  ruinaced  buildings,  is 
apprehenfive  even  to  the  meaneft  capacities :  Gildas  and 
Bde  (whofe  Antiquity  and  learning  the  greater  it  is,  the 
more  is  their  authority  acceptable)  affirm,  the  Britain  ii 
the  fe  times  knew  not  in  what  manner  to  bring  up  bare  wals 
of  ftone.   When,  thc^pman  Legion  fent  to  aid  the  Britain 
by  Valentinian  the  third,  under  the  conduct  of  Gallia  of  %a- 
"Venna,  was  remanded  hence,  for  defence  of  France  ;  before 
departing,  they  exhorted  the  Britans  to  make  a  wall  over- 
thwart  the  Ifland,  to  fecure  themielves  from  the  Barbarians, 
(Pitts,  and  Scots :    which  wall,  S^tels  us,  tvas  made  net  fo 
much  mthflone,  as  turjfes,  confidering  they  had  no  woikmrn  to  bring 
up  fuch  works  of  jlone -,  and  ft,  (faith  rhe  venerable  H.  ft  jrian) 
they  did  Jet  up  one, good  for  nothing.   'Twas  made  by  the  rude,  and  un* 
shlfull  cuinnion  multitude ,  not  fo  much  of  flone,  as  twffes  (faith 
GddaA  alio)  none  being  found  able  to  give  diretlion  for  building 
works  of  flone.  This  was  about  thirty  fix  years  preceding 
A.  Ambrofiu*  government.  In  which  time,  the  Romans  aban- 
doning Britain,  Vortigem  ufurped ;  call'd  in  the  Saxons  to  his 
aid  ;  was  depofed  by  his  Nobility  ;  and  VorMmer  his  fin 
fet  up.  Whom  Qtywena  having  made  away  -,  Vortigem  was 
re-enthronib'd.  Him  A.Ambroftm  invades^and  having  burnt 
him,  together  with  %owena  in  Wales,  aflumes  the  Crown  as 
his  j  holding  continuall  war  with  the  Saxons,  untill  poyfo- 
ned  by  Tafcentius  as  aforefaid. 

It  being  thus,  that  nothing  but  univerfallconfufion,  and 
deftruCtive  broyls  of  war,  appeared  then  in  all  parts ;  more 
ancient,  and  far  more  propitious  times,  muft  be  fought  out 
for  defigning  aftructure,  fo  exquifitein  the  compolure  as 
this :  even  fuch  a  flourifhing  Age,  as  when  Architetlure  in 
rare  perfection,  and  fuch  People  lookt  upon,  as  by  continuall 
fuccefle,  attaining  unto  the  fole  power  over  Arts,  as  well  as 
Empires ,  commanded  all.  I  fay,  iuch  Ttmest  and  Perfons,  be- 

G  2  caufe 


44  Stoneheng  reflored. 

caufe  thofe  things,  which  accord  not:  with  the  courfe  of 
time,  which  by  a  genetall  content  of  Authors  agree  not- 
which  by  the  approved  cuftomes  of  ancient  Ages,  and  votes 
of  learned  men,  are  noc  received  and  allowed,  and  conic- 
quemly  no  ways  probable  j   1  eafily  admit  not  of. 

Another  fiction  there  is  concerning  Stoneheng,  not  to  be 
part  over  •  and  chough  che  caufe  upon  which  it's  grounded, 
be  far  more  ancient  then  the  government  of  Ambrofius,  or 
aforefaid  fiaugbter  of  the  B)itans :  neverthelefle,  in  relpecl: 
it  is  a  new  conceit,  noc  thirty  years  being  paft  fince  hatch'c,I 
fuppolethis  the  moft  proper  place  to  difcourfe  thereof,  ha- 
ving ended  with  Geffrey  Monmouth  fBolydoreVirgill,  and  their 
followers. 

The  Author  thereof  is  Anonymus,  unlefle  known  in  being 
Translator  of  Lucius  Florus,  His  opinion,  (in  his  NeroCtffar) 
Stoneheng  the  Tomb  of  Boadic'u    ( formerly  remembred  ) 
fjiii  Queen  of  the  hem*  His  reafons,  firft,  becaufe  that  memo- 

rable battell  betwixt  her,  and  Suetonius  Vaulinus  fought  upon 
a  Plain.  Secondly,  in  refpect  the  Brians  buried  her  magni- 
ficently. For  confirming  this,  he  eels  us,  Had  the  pretkus  vo- 
lumes of  the  Cornelian  Annals y  and  D  oCalTius,  and  John  Xi« 
vhiYiuc  been  within  the  ftheare  of  Geffrey  Monmouthsy?«cfo, 
not  Aurelius  Ambrofius,  nor  thofe  four  hundred  and  fixty  Noble- 
men of  Biitain,  murtheiedin  Vortigerns  regn}  fliould  have  carried 
away  Mth  him  the  f  me  of  this  mater iall  "bonder,  but  nugnanimous 
Boad  cia.  Itfeems,  he  would  not  bebehinde-hand  with 
Monmouth;  for,  as  the  one  finding  no  flory  more  famous 
then  of  A.  Ambrofius  and  the  Slaughtered  Biitans  t  fathered 
Stoneheng  upon  them  :  fo,to  make  the  inventive  faculty,  as 
apparently  predominant  in  himfelf ;  this  other,  refpecting 
Boadktds  heroicall  actions,  would  as  willingly  make  the 
world  beleeve  this  Antiquity  her  Monument. 

His  principall  argument  1  delivered  before,-  to  wit,  the 
battell  betwixt  Her  and  the  'i^om^wherein  Boadicia  utterly 
overthiown  too,  being  fought  upon  a  Plain,  was  there  in 
old  rime  (did  he  think)  no  Plain  in  Bikainto  fighc  a  battel! 
on  buc  Salisbury  Plain?  How  came  Boadicia  and  her  Army 

thi- 


I 

Stoneheng  reftored.  4? 

thither  ?  I  find  indeed,  Boidicia  leading  one  hundred  and 
twenty  thoufand  fighting  men  oucof  the  Iceman  Countries, 
and  like  a  terrible  tempeft,  falling  upon  Catnalodunum,  that 
famous  <3{oman  Colony  of  old,  (where  the  firft  fury  of  the 
War  was  felt )  fhe  furpriled  it  and  razed  ic  to  the  ground  ; 
Suetonius  Taulinus  i hen  in  Anglefey:  Intercepting  fpetilim  Cere- 
alts,  who  advanced  with  the  ninth  legion  to  relieve  that  Co. 
lony,  flie  cut  all  his  Infantry  in  peeces  :  Putting  to  the 
fword  allchole,which  unbecillity  of Tex,  tedioufnefle  of  age, 
or  pleafure  or  the  place  detained  from  following  Suetonius 
in  his  march  from  Lmdm  :  And  taking  VemUmium,  fackt 
and  burnt  ic  down  to  afhes.  But,  how  fhe  marcht  from 
thence  to  Salisbury  Plain  is  neither  apparent  nor  probable; 
nottheleaft  aikling  being  left  in  the  world,  what  hoftile 
a£h.  fhe  committed,  which  way  (he  moved,  or  what  done 
by  her  ,after  the  ruine  of  VeruUm,  till  utterly  overthrown. 

Can  it  be  imagined,  (he  that  deftroyed  fo  great  a  Co- 
lony, togecher  with  a  free-borough  of  the  Romans,  (lain  (e- 
venry  or  eighty  thoufand  perfons  in  fuch  horrid  manner  as 
icarce  credible  j  relerving  not  one  Prifbner  alive, but  killing, 
hanging,  crucifying,  and  burning  whatfoever  <%pmanef  or 
to  that  party  enclmed  :  that  was  yet  victorious,  and  her  Ar- 
my encieafing  daily ;   can  ic  be  imagined,  I  fay,  flie  marcht 
to  Salisbury  Plain  with  fo  huge  an  Army  invifibly  ?  or  ftole 
from  VtiuUm  thither  by  night,  left  notice  (hould  be  taken 
of  her  proceedings  ?  Anonymws  (elf  cannot  tlvnk  Co  unwor- 
thily of  his  lBoalicui  yet  certainly  after  fuch  manner  fhe 
went,  if  ever  wenc  thuher  at  all :  Ocherwife,  Soadkia  mar- 
ching in  the  height  of  glory,  and  bearing  down  all  before 
her  till  ranco.intred  by  Suetonius.    Thole  faithfull  Hifto- 
nans  Tacitus,  and  Diow,  (both  fo  (edulous  in  delivering  her 
Fame  to  potter  it) )  would  never  have  omitted  fo  notable  a 
march,  thrcugh  fuch  a  large  tracl:  of  enemies  Countrey,  as 
ofnecerlity  fhe  was  to  make  from  Veru\<xm$.o  Salisbury  Plain; 
but  would  have  prolecuted  her  War,  by  recording  the 
fpoyls,  rapines,  burnings,  and  devaftations  made  therein; 
as  particularly,  as  from  the  firft  fomenting  the  rebellion,  till 

her 


46  Stoneheng  reftond. 

her  advance  to  Vcrulamjhty  have  done.  U  pon  which  Town* 
and  the  aforementioned  places  only,  the  aforefaid  Hifto- 

Tacit.Ann.    r'ans  directly  tell  us  the  whole  burden  of  the  War  fell.  Ad 

Ub.14.  SeptuiginU  tnilhx  avium  &  jociorum  its  qu<z  memoravi  locis  occi- 

diffe  conjiitit ,  laith  Tacitus.    It  was  mamfefit  there  ware  pain  in 
the  places,  1  baVe  rememb/ed  ■    the  number  of  feVenty  thoujand 

Dion.Caf.  Citizens  and  AUtes.  Bunduica  duos  urbes  ( faith  Xiphlines 
T)iona\\o)  piipuli  Romani  expugnavit  atque  diripuit,  iniijque ce- 
dent tnfinittim,  ut  fupradixi^feat.  Bunduica  took  arid  razed  to  the 
ground  two  Towns  e/  the  Romans,  and  in  tbtm  nude  that  infinite 
Jlaughter,  I  have  mentioned  before,  offourfcore  thoufand  perfom.  At 
furw/awthen,  it  fully  appears,  the  courfe  of  her  Victories 
ftopt,  the  inhumane  butchery  of  the  Romans,  and  their  con- 
federates, end-d  with  che  maffacre  in  that  Town  5  which 
could  not  polTibly  have  hapned,  if  with  fuch  a  firm  refo- 
lucion  to  extirpate  the  (ftyman  name  in  'Britain,  and  fiich  a 
numerous  Army  to  effect  it,  fliehad  gone  on  victoiioufly 
unfought  wich,  fo  far  as  where  this  Antiquity  ftands.  And 
therefore  the  Plain  of  Salisbury  could  not  be  the  place  of  bat- 
tcll,as  Anonymus  would  fain  enforce  it.  Who  having  fo  large- 
ly, and  wich  fo  good  advice,  difcourfed  the  motions,  and 
actions  of  this  rebellion,  with  all  the  circumftances  the-eof, 
from  the  fii  ft  rile,  till  (he  deftroyed  Verulamy  fhould  either 
have  found  lome  warrantable  authority  for  BoadicWs  fo 
great  an  undertaking  afterwards,  cl(e  never  engaged  her  lb 
far  within  the  (Roman  Province  ;  otherwife,  fome  may  ima- 
gine, he  framed  it,  only  out  of  ambition  for  a  meer  pre- 
tence ,  rather,  then  ftated  ic,from  a  reall endeavour,  to  make 
difcovery  for  what  caufe  Stoneheng  at  firft  erected. 

Furthermore,  Suetonius  Tauhnus  was  too  well  skilled  in 
the  discipline  of  war,  to  make  the  feat  thereof  in  a  Countrey 
ioablblucely^owdw,  as  betwixt  the  Brit'tfh  Ocean  and  the 
River  Thames.  He  had  it's  true  (being  return'd  from  Jnglcfey) 
abandoned  London,  no  colony.  But  upon  what  remit  ?  find- 
ing his  accefle  of  ftrength  difproportionable  to  the  War  in 

Tacit.  Ann.    hand,  and  therefore  determined  "with  the  lofje  of  one  Town  to  pre- 
4*        JerVe  tbereft  whole,  (whether  London  or  Camalodunum  is  not  to 

the 


Stoneheng  reftored.  47 

the  purpofe)  and,  by  attending  the  motions  of  the  enemy, 

wait  all  fair  occafions  to  give  Boadkia  battcll,  being  unwilling  Dion.  Cajf. 

to  try  his  fotuw  toofuddenly,  multitude  and  fuccejfe  making  the  Bri-  M-6i. 

tans  outrag'oufly  during.   In  the  interim  neverthelefle,  railing 

what  forces,  the  exigency  of  fo  important  affairs  would 

permit, 

\X  hiCh  way  Suetonius  marched  from  London  is  altogether 
omnted,  yetitlawmll  to  conjecture, why  not?  to  draw 
eft  the  Forces  oiCatus  Decianus  Procurator,  (not  long  before 
fled  inco  Ga  </,  for  fear  of  this  War)  together  with  the  re- 
mains or  Tetitw  Cerealis  troops  j  quartered,  as  Anonymus  Ner.  c*f. 
confeffeth,  in  thofe  very  camps  yet  appearing  about  Gildf-  /<m°j- 
hrough  and  Datntry  in  7>{orthamptonfhirey  then,  confining  the 
Iceman  Dominion  to  the  Weftward.  Which  Troops  there- 
fore, lay  doubtlelTe,  in  very  great  danger  if  not  timely  re- 
lieved ;  eipecially  in  cafe  Boaiicia  fhould  conduct  her  Ar- 
my that  way  ;  as,  ere  long  afterwards  fhe  did  fo  far  as  Veru- 
lam;  this  courfe  being  taken  by  her,  not  improbably,  in 
purfuit  of  Suetonius,  Neither  was  it  very  dangerous  for  the 
ijtymun  Generall  to  lead  his  Forces  that  way,  the  Enemies 
main  ftreng  h  lying  about  Camalodumm.  Howfoever,whc- 
ther  he  marched  up  to  them  or  no,  concluded  it  is,  he  made 
his  recreat  towards  <Veenius  Tofthumus  encamped  with  the  fe- 
cund Legion  in  the  borders  of  zhcSilures ,  (now  Herefordshire , 
(2^  dnurfnre  &c  )  for  which  Legion,  Suetonius  fending  to  have 
it  broughc  up  to  his  Rendezvouz,  his  commands  being 
flighted,  that  ltrength  failed  him.  The  "way  Tbbicb  Suetonius  Ner.c*f. 
took,  after  his  departure,  was  in  mine  opinion  (faith  Anonymus)  to-.  f0'1™' 
wards  Scvei  n,  where  Pcenius  Pofthumus  encamped  "frith  the  fe~ 
c  nd  Legion  among  the  Silures.  So  al(b  Spencer  our  famous 
Engltjh  Pott  finds  it.  Whereby  it  appears,  Suetonius  retreat 
was  not  Weftward  to  Salisbury  Plains,  but  Northerly  to- 
wards thufecond  Legion.  In  this  retreat,  I  may  not  omit,  Ano- 
nymus conducts  him  over  the  Thames  at  London ;  which  if  Ner.c*f. 
granted,  and,  that  he  kept  the  river  upon  his  right  handftiU,  un-  fi'lSS- 
till  engaging  ftoadicia,  as  Anonymus  faith  he  did  :  then  was 
Suetonius  march /ir  away  indeed  from  Salisbury  Plain.  The 

courfe 


48  Stonebeng  rejlored. 

courie  of  that  River  winding,  as  we  all  know,  through 
fBarkfhire  out  of  Oxfordshire,  where  Tame  from  the  County 
Buckingham  pud  Ijis  from  the  edge  ofGlocejier  Province,make 
their  conjunction  a  lictle  beneath  Dorcheper.  And,  if  keep- 
ing this  courie  ftiO  by  the  Rivers  fide,  Suetonius  marcht 
alongft  che  banks  of  Cherwel!  alfb,  then  muft  Anonymus,  whe- 
ther he  will  or  no,  bring  him  up  clofc  to  Gildsbrough  and 

?n£**'  *Daintrytte aforefaid  j  and  thereby  (for  it  is  admitted  Cerealis 
horfe  troops  were  at  the  figbrj  reconciling  all  opinions, 
upon  his  direct  way  towards \hcfecond  Legion. 

How  far  on,neverthelcflc,ro ward  Vanius  Tofthumus  Camp 
Suetonius  advanced  is  uncertain  ;  but,  that  the  bactcll  might 
be  fought  in  fome  Plain  about  Verulam,  or  upon  that  rode, 
is  not  altogether  improbable-  (Efpecially  confidering  part 
of  Suetonius  ftrcngrh  confifted  of  Londoners,  who,  as  Auxili- 
aries followed  him  in  this  War,  and  would  not  ftay  behind} 
For,  the  Qtyman  Gencrall  when  marfhalling  his  Army  for 
fight,  had  wi  h  him  (  faith  Taiitus)  the  aids  of  the  places  ad  joy- 
ning.  What  places  were  thefe  ?  the  laft  place  named  by  him 
was  Verulam,  the  next  place  before  it  London-,  and,  iftheHi- 
ftonan  intends  either  of  thcfe  two,by  iheplaces  adjoyningto  the 
field,  where  the  bactcll  fought ;  then,  may  Anonymus  prove 
the  defarts  in  Africa,  as  foon  as  the  Plains  of  Salisbury,  to 
be  the  place  of  Battell. 

Cant.ie.  Spencer  faich,  the  battell  was  fought  near  Severn : 

W hich feeing  flout  Bunduca  uparofe, 
And  taking  arms,  the  Britons  to  her  drew  • 
Wuh  V>hom(he  marched  flraight  againfl  her  foes, 
And  them  Vnwares  bejides  the  Seuerne  did  enclofe, 

Suetonius,  when  refolving  for  fight,  deligit  locum  artis  fau- 
Sal  **"  ^nu»  ^  *  te,&°  fi^*  daufum,  jam  cognito,  nihil  hojlium  nifi  in 
fronte,  isr  apertam  planitiem  ejje  fine  metu  infidiarum.  Choofed  a 
pi  ice  with  a  narrow  entrance,  enclojed  behind  "frith  a  wood,  being  well 
afjwed,  he  had  no  enemies  but  before  him,  and  the  Plain  being  open 
wm  without  fear  ofAmbufh,  Thus  Tacitus  describes  the  field,  the 

tinman 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  49 

(I(pman  Army  confifting  of  fcarce  ten  thoufand  armed  men. 
In  what  pare  of  'Britain  ibever  this  Plain  lay,  it  was,  for  cer- 
tain, of  no  great  extent,  being  hardly  able  to  contain  the 
vaft  multitudes  of 'Boadicia 's  Army ;  computed  two  hundred 
and  thirty  thouland  fighting  men,  by  'Dion,  and  therefore 
could  not  poflibly  be  Salisbury  Plain.  For,  the  Britans  placing 
their  carts  and  wagons  fupra  extrcmum  ambitum  campi,  in  the 
titmoft  borders  of  the  field,  had  fo  environed  their  Army  there- 
with, that  upon  the  rout  given,  they  could  hardly  flee  away, 
quia  circumjetla  <vehicula  fefferant  abitus ,  by  reafon  the  carts  (faith 
Tacitus)  hedged  in  the  parages  on  every  fide,  and  (to  ufe  Anonymm  Ner-C*f. 
own  words)   were  like  a  wallagain/l  eva/ion.  Now,  if  the  Bri- 
tans  had  (0  furrounded  the  utmoft  borders  of  Salisbury  Plain, 
and  in  fiich  manner  barticado'd  up  all  the  paflages  thereof,       . 
their  numbers  fhould  rather  have  been  millions  then  thou- 
fands,  as  every  man  knowing  thole  Plains  muft  needs  con- 
fefle.  Befides,yf«o;2)iwwielftels  us^afterthe  Britans  intheheadof  Ner  Cer 
their  battel  began  toflnink  and  turn, that  alone  was  a  blow  to  all  behind,  fo.  178. 
who  being  many  fcore  of  thousands •   remain  d  untouch,  during  the 
fight,  becaufe  they  could  never  come  up  to  handy -jlrokes,  for  wane  of 
room  in  the  narrowings  of  the  feld.  He  told  us  even  now  there  N    r  r 
was  (cope  enough.   Whereabout  in  thefe  parts  of  Britain,  (lakh  f0.i6j. 
he)  that  very  place  was,  unlejfe  it  were  upon  Salisbury  Tlain,  where 
there  is  a  black  heath,  and  fcope  enough,  tf  not  for  me  to  imagine. 
Now,  on  the  contrary,  when  coming  to  the  ifliie,  herels 
us  the  Plain  was  narrow,  and  they  wanted  room.    Did  the 
Britans  want  room  in  the  fleld,and  were  on  Salisbury  Plain? 
Surely,in  the  heat  of  his  defcnbing  the  Battel  Anonymus  for- 
got his  own  invention  ;  the  fury  of  the  Romans ,  in  beating 
down  the  Briiifr  lquadrons,  therewith  daflit  the  main  force 
of  his  conceit  to  peeces.  Sufpicious  and  jealous  men  had 
need  of  good  memories.  Upon  the  aforefaid  fituation  he 
might  rather  have  obferved,  the  great  experience  of  the  !{o- 
rnane  Generall'm  martiall  affairs,  then  from  thence  fuggefted, 
the  Britans  in  point  of  honour  erected  Stoneheng  to  the  me- 
mory of  Boadicia  ,  Suetonius  not  onely  choofing  to  make 
good  a  ftraight  encloled  behinde  with  a  wood,  for  fecu- 

H  ring 


50  Stoneheng  reftored. 

ring  his  own  fmall  Troops,  but  fuch  a  ftraight  alfb,  where 
the  Plain,  or  field  before  it,  was  not  of  fufficient  extent  for 
Boadicia  to  marfhall  her  great  Army  in .  Furthermore,  Jno- 
nymus  determining  (it  feems)  to  parcell  out  his  ground  pro- 
portionable to  the  numbers,  undertakes  to  give  pofterity  an 
exact  furvey  of  this  Plain,telling  us,  it  was  a  Thin  office  or  fix 
miles  over  :  This  makes  it  more  apparent 'twas  not  Salisbury 
Plain,  which  far  and  wide  fo  expatiates  it  felf  through 
the  middle  of  Wilt/hire  ,  that  it  is  not  onely  five  or  fix  miles , 
but  (as  I  may  fay)  five  times  fix  miles  over.  This  famous 
battell  then,  being  ftruck  upon  a  Plain  hardly  capable  of 
'Boadicia's  Army,  was  not  fought  upon  Salisbury  Plain  -y  but, 
on  fome  other,  which  Suetonius  Taulinus  found  beft  for  his 
own  advantage,  and  therefore  Stoneheng  ("as  Anonymus 
would  fain  have  it)  could  not  be  the  Sepulchre  otBoadiaa. 

Concerning <Boadiaas  magnificent  oblequies  j  a  mighty 
Prince  may  be  buried  with  great  folemnity,  yet  no  materiall 
Monument  dedicated  to  his  memory.  Examples  of  this 
kinde  are  fo  frequent,  there  needs  no  mention  of  them. 
Dio».  Caf  Humaverunt  magnified  (they  arc  Dions  words)  the  (Britans  laid 
her  into  the  earth  magmficently,with  as  much  pomp,happi- 
ly,and  honour,  attending  her  to  the  grave,as  their  barbarous 
cuftoms  for  their  gloriousChieftain  would  admit;  but,that 
they  raifed  any  Monument,  or  erected  whatsoever  kinde 
of  Sepulchre  for  her,  much  lefle  (b  notable  a  ftructure  as 
Stonebeng,  he  no  where  tels  us.  Which  had  the  'Bntans  done, 
the  Hiftorian  could  not  avoid,  taking  more  knowledge 
thereof,  then  of  her  bare  enterment,and  would  undoubted- 
ly have  recorded  it.  Again,  grant  Salisbury  Plain  the  place 
of  Battell,  yet,  Dion  faith  not,  they  buried  her  magnificently 
where  the  battell  fought,  only  tHumaVerunt  magnifid :  adding 
withall,  thofe,  that  efcaped  the  field,  prepared  to  re-enforce 
themfelves  for  a  new  triall,  in  the  mean  while  a  difeafe  fei- 
zingon  <Bunduica)  (he  died.  Now  then,  after  fo  terrible  an 
overthrow,  wherein  'tis  reported  fhe  loft  fourfcore  thou- 
fand  'Britans ;  Boadicia,'m  all  likelihood,  endevoured  to  re- 
cover the  Icenian  Countreys,  her  principall  ftrength  ■>  having 

in 


lib,  61. 


Stoneheng  reflored.  5  1 

in  her  fpeech  before  the  Battell  infmuated  the  fenny  pares 
thereof,  as  a  refuge  if  the  worft  mould  happen.  In  what 
C  untreys  elfe  could  they  recruit  ?  where  falling  lick  fhe 
died,  (whether  by  violent  or  naturall  death  is  not  materi- 
all)  and  as  ever  obferved  among  all  Nations,  was,  no 
doubt,  buried  in  her  own  territories,  among  the  graves  of 
her  renowned  Anceftors. 

That  the®/ itms,  unt\\\  Julius  Jgricolas  time,  had  learned  Ner.Caf, 
nothing  (as  Jnonymus  takes  fpeciall  notice)  but  to  fight ,  and  f°-n7- 
Ti?ere  no  I ■andicraftjmen,  whereby  they  might  be  capable  of 
erecting  luch  works  as  Stoneheng,  being  already  fully  proved 
from  Tacitus,  I  will  adde,  the  ringleaders  or  heads  of  com- 
motions againft  Empires  and  Commonwealths  were  an- 
ciently, (in  many  Countreys  at  this  day)  not  only  them- 
felves  punifhableby  the  Laws  with  death,  but  their  whole 
families  and  kindred  though  guiklefle,  fuflered  in  like  man- 
ner •  their  very  houfes  alio,  being  razed  to  the  ground,  left 
any  knowledge  of  fuch  pernicious  undertakings  fhould  re- 
main vifible  topofterity  :  and  a  capitall  crime  ic  was,  in 
whomfoever  that  reftor'd  them.   How  comes  it  then,  'Boa- 
dicta  the  pnncipall  promoter,  and  Head  of  an  infurrection  s>*non.i» 
fo  farall,    as  accounted  by  Suetonim  Tranquillus ,  among  the 
infortunate  lolTes  of  the  (Roman  Empire,  and  the  more  igno-  Dim  c  r 
minious  by  a  womans  conduct,  fhould  be  permitted  by  the  Hb.6z. 
conquering  Romans,  a  monument  to  eternize  her  fame  to 
fucceeding  Ages  ?   Boadiciay  t-hat  ript  up  the  bellies  of  the 
(Roman  Legionaries,  and  cutting  out  their  bowels  impal'd 
their  bodies  upon  burning  (takes ,  that  hanged  up  the  moft 
noble  and  honourable  (Roman  Dames  naked,  and  llicing  off 
their  paps,fowed  them  to  their  mouths,  as  in  act  of  eating 
them  ■  that  in  fcalding  water  boiled  the  (Roman  infants,  and 
young  children  to  death ;   their  Parents,  Husbands,  and 
Commanders  unable  to  relieve  them,  but  enforced  to  give 
way,  and  happy  in  fo  faving  themfelves  from  the  cruell  in- 
humanities or  the  Conquerejfe.  We  fought  for  to  li\e,  faith  Taci- 
tus. Yet,  when  ere  long  afterwards,  victorioufly  recovering 
'Britain  to  C<efar}  by  fo  memorable  a  battell  as  compared  to 

H   2  their 


52,  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

their  victories  of  old,  fliould  the  (^omdw  fuffer  the  enthral- 
led Britms  to  erect  a  Trophy  to  her  memory,  whole  pur- 
pofe  was  absolutely  to  root  out  all  that  was  (Roman  here  ? 
what  greater  infamy  to  the  %pman  name,  except  the  permif- 
fion  of  it  ?  They,  who  rafed  and  broke  in  peeces  whatever 
titles  and  infciiptions,  bearing  the  names  of  their  Cafiirs; 
pulled  down  and  demolished  the  royall  En/igns3  Trophies, 
Statues,  Temples,  or  whatever  elfe  (acred,  to  their  own  Empe- 
rors, when  actively  adminiftring  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
%omane  State ;  would  they  permit  any  publick  monuments 
be  erected  to  the  memory  of  a  conquered  Prince,of  an  Ene- 
my fo  barbaroufly  cruell  as  Boadicia  ?  That  (he  lives  in  Hi- 
ftory,  they  could  not  prevent  •  fo  live  their  worft  of  Empe- 
rors.  Moreover,  publick  Monuments  were  in  all  ages  fet 
up  in  honour  of  the  Vanquishers,  not  vanquifhed  ;   refpe- 
cting  which,  Anonymus  fhould  alio,  either  have  made  Boadi- 
cia Victrefle,  or  never  (uppoled  Stoneheng  her  Sepulchre. 
Ner.Caf.         The  time  afligned  by  Anonymus,  for  erecting  thcle  orderly 
fo.\%i.        irregular ,  andformlejje  uniform  heaps  of  maftive  marhle,  (as  he  cals 
them)  tothe  eVerlafting  remembrance  of  Boadicia,  is  much  above 
fifteen  hundred  years  fince :   (Petronius  Turpilianus  fuccecding 
Suetonius  (paulinus  m  the  Leivtenancy  of  Britain ;  who  by  his 
idle  and  lazy  life,  making  the  world  beleeve  there  was 
peace  here :  Anonymus  will  have  it  a  proper  time,  forpermic- 
tingjwc/?  an  office  to  the  Britans ,  in  Boadicia' s  honour.  Times 
of  peace/tis  confeft,  when^f  flourifh  under  nobly  min- 
ded Govcrnours,  are  chiefly  proper  for  erecting  magnificent 
buildings.  The  Government  under  Petronius  was  guilty  of 
none  of  theie.  As  for  the  State  of  Britain  in  generall,  Tacitus 
in  the  life  of  Agricola  tels  us  ,    Petronius  had  compofed 
the  former  troubles ;  but  in  what  fort,  the  fourteenth  book 
of  his  Annals  declares ,-   non   irritato  hofie,    neque  laceftitus, 
neither  the  Enemy,  incenjed  him  ;  nor  he ,  provoked  the  Enemy  : 
otherwife  lJWow«;durftnotdo.  And,  if  peace  ietled,  why 
doth  the  Hiftorian  call  them  Enemies  ?    Concerning  his 
own  perfon  in  particular,  Tetronius  gave  himfelf  over  to  an 
unprofitable  life,  difguifingit  under  the  honourable  name 

of 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  *  ± 

°f  peace,  Honeftum  pads  nomen  ffgni  otio  vnpofuit,  faith  Tad- 
tus.  And,  the  Britans  (as  laid  before)  were  not  then  civi- 
lized, nor  friends  to  fuch  Arts  as  either  nourifh  or  are 
nourifhed  by  peace,  therefore  fuch  a  work  of  wonder  as 
this  Antiquity  famed,  not  to  be  expected  from  them.  For,  as 
through  the  malignities  of  the  Age,  wherein  Aurelius  Am- 
brofius  lived,  the  Britans  had  utterly  loft  the  practice  of  all 
thofc  Science ft  in  times  foregoing,  learned  by  their  Aunce- 
ftors  from  the  (Romans :  fo,  through  the  neglect  of  civil  po- 
licy in  the  preceding  (Roman  Governours,  in  this  Leivtenan- 
cy  of  TetromuSj  the  Britans  had  not  attained  the  knowledge 
of  any  thole  Artsy  not  many  years  afterwards,  taught  their 
pofterity  by  the  (Romans.  Whofe  imperiall  Eagles  took  not 
wing  in  'Britain  with  fuch  lofty  (peed,  as  over  other  Coun- 
treys;  The  Britans  being  a  feneration,  /lowly  giving  ear  to  any  Tacit.  Ann. 
peace v  the  Romans  had  work  enough  in  fubduing  them.  Julius  li^H- 
Caejar  rather  fhewed  the  Ifland  to  his  fucceflors,  then  left 
them  poifeffion  of  it :  Auguftus  and  Tiberius  held  k  policy 
to  neglect  it :  Caligula  intending  to  invade  Britain,  was  di- 
verted by  his  Wars  in  Germany  :  Claudius  firft  profecucing 
the  conqueft  with  effect,  eftablifhed  the  colony  at  Camalodu- 
num}  and  his  Ltivtenants  MusTlautius,  FlaVius  Veftafianus . 
OJlorius  Scapula)  and  Didius  Gallus  by  little  and  little,  after 
muchconteft,  and  various  fucceffe,  fubducd  certain  Coun- 
tries ;  and  reducing  the  neareft  part  of  the  Ifland  to  the  form 
of  a  Province,  built  alfo,  or  rather  caft  up  fome  few  forti- 
fications further  within  the  land :  Nero's  Generals  had 
much  to  do  in  keeping,  what  their  predeceffors  gained  f 
Suetonius  Taulinus  (under  him)  ftruck  that  fortunate  battell 
with  Boadicia,  elfe  the  Romans  beaten  out  of  all.  So  that,  in 
the  time  of  <Petronius)  the  (Romans  having  obtained  no  fuch 
affured  dominion  over  the  Britans,  as  might  make  them, 
themfelves  confident  to  undertake  great  and  (lately  build- 
ings here,  for  their  own  either  publick,  or  private  accom- 
modations ;  (the  ruine  of  (jtmalodunum  being  too  frefli  in 
memory)  occafion  was  not  offered,  nor  the  time  yet  come, 
to  let  the  Britans  know  by  what  Arts  all  civill  Nations  of 

the 


^4  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

the  world,  did  erect  their  exceftive,  rather  then  not  magni- 
ficent ft  rudures,  for  eternizing  their  names  tofucceeding 
generations.  And  therefore,  the  Leivtenancy  of  Tctronius 
Turpiliamts,  not  proper  for  building  this  Jlvny  maryell,  as  Ano- 
nymus  fulpects.  For,  befide  what's  delivered,  whenfoever 
Stoneheng  built,  the  preparation  only  of  materials  for  the 
work,  and  bringing  them  to  the  place,  what  Engines  or 
^/-frfoeverufed,  necelTarily,lpenc  more  time,  then  Tetronius 
confumed  in  the  whole  continuance  of  his  government 
here.  What  tumults  fucceeded  him,  let  others  declare. 

Furthermore,  ifthofe  times  of  Tetronius  would  no:,  yet 
(faith  Anonymus)  other  enjuing  feafons  might  permit Jucb  an  office  to 
the  Brirans,  her  name  for  ever  glorious  among  them.  The  hai- 
noufnefleof  her  Rebellion,  horridnefle  of  her  cruelties,  and 
inveterate  hatred  Boadicia  bore  to  the 'Romans f  whereby  her 
name  for  ever  infamous  among  them,  clearly  manifeft  all  other 
enfuing  feafons ,  equally  improper  for  thofe  ancient  inha- 
bitants of  this  Ifland,  to  erect  Stoneheng.  If  the  (Brians,  once 
attaining  the  ^omane  manner  of  Architecture,  in  any  fucceed- 
ing  times  had  expelled  the  Romans,  and  been  triumphant  • 
fome  probable  reafbn,  at  leaft,  Anonymus  might  have  alled- 
ged,  towards  advancing  his  opinion.  But  Boadicia  and  her 
Complices  overthrown ,  the  ^pman  Power  in  this  Ifland 
encreafing  dayly,  and  the  liberty  of  the  'Britans  as  faft  decli- 
ning, no  followingy^Jotf  could  be  opportunely  favourable 
for  undertaking  fuch  a  work  by  them  ;  the  erecting  where- 
of, yea  the  fole  endeavouring  to  commemorate  by  fuch 
publick  means,  Co  mortall  an  enemy  to  the  Romans  as  'Boa- 
dicia :  nothing  but  the  deareft  lives  of  the  bold  attempters, 
could,  certainly,  expiate.  The  Temple  upon  Mount  Ccdius  at 
Suet,  in  Ve-  (Rome, begun  to  Claudius  facred  memory  by  Agrippina,  was 
"*lm  deftroyed  to  the  very  foundations  by  TS(ero.   If  then,  infill- 

ting  Agrippina  might  not  erect  a  memorable  ftructure,  to 
the  glory  of  her  deceafed  Cdfar  -■>  whom  the  Senate  and  People 
of  (Rome,  in  all  fblemne  manner  deified :  What  opprefled 
Brifrm,  durfi  undertake  the  railing  a  publick  Monument  to 
the  honour  ofvancjuifhedSo^Vw,  whom  the  State  (in  all 

reafon) 


Stone -heng  rejlored.  ^ 

reafon)  for  ever  declared  enemy  to  the  Q^oman  Empire  ? 
And  though,  after  a  long  fucceilion  of  years,  the  Romans 
abandoned  this  Ifland,  yet,  when  departed,  the  Britain  were 
left  in  fuch  deplorable  condition,  (at  large  declared  before) 
that,  albek  her  name  never  (b  glorious  among  them,  they  had 
much  more  to  do,  in  faving  their  own  miierable  lives  from 
plague,  famine,  and  the  fword,  then  any  opportunity,  or 
ability  to  erect  whatever  Monument  to  the  glory  of  ffoadi- 
cia.  But,  of  this  enough  ;  the  invalidity  oiAnonymus  opini- 
on efpecially  refpedted.  The  difcovering  the  original!  foun- 
dation of  an  Antiquity  Co  famous,being  not  to  be  enforced  by 
jealous  fufpicions,  raifed  upon  bare  and  groundlefle  con- 
jectures. 

THIS  Antiquity  (call'd  by  Henry  Huntingdon,  Tlxfecond: 
by  Toly-olbion 

Fir  ft  "bonder  of  the  land  ) 

becaule  the  Architraves  are  let  upon  the  heads  of  the  upright 
ftones ,  and  hang  ( as  it  were )  in  the  air ,  is  generally 
known  by  the  name  o£Stone-beng.  It  is  fited  upon  the  Plain 
in  the  County  of  Wilt/hire  in  England,  not  far  from  Ambref- 
bury  (the  foundations  of  whofe  ancient  buildings,frequently 
digged  up,  render  it  to  have  been  in  times  paft  a  Town  of  no 
fmall  fame)  fix  miles  at  lcaft  from  ncvjSalisbury  northwards. 

The  whole  work,in  generall,  being  of  a  circular  form,is 
one  hundred  and  ten  foot  diameter,  double  winged  about 
without  a  roof,  anciently  environed  with  a  deepTrench,ftill 
appearing  about  thirty  foot  broad.  So  that,  betwixt  it,  and 
the  work  it  felf,  a  large  and  void  fpace  of  ground  being  left, 
it  had,  from  the  Plain,  three  open  entrances,  the  moft  con- 
spicuous thereof  lying  North-eaft.  At  each  of  which,  was 
raifed,  on  the  outfide  of  the  Trench  aforefaid,  two  huge 
ftones  gate-wife,  parallel  whereunto,  on  the  infide  two 
others  of  lefle  proportion.  The  inner  part  of  the  work,con- 
fifting  of  an  ExagonaU figure,  was  raifed,  by  due  fymmetry, 
upon  the  tales  of  four  equilaterall  triangles,  (which  for- 
med the  whole  ftructurej  this  inner  part  likewife  was 

double, 


%6  Stone-heng  rejlored. 

double,  having,  within  italfo,  another  Exagon  railed,  and 
all  that  part  within  the  Trench  ficed  upon  a  commanding 
ground,  eminent,  and  higher  by  much,  then  any  of  the 
Plain  lying  without,  and,  in  the  midil  thereof,  upon  a  foun- 
dation of  hard  chalk,  the  work  it  felf  was  placed.  Info- 
much,  from  what  part  foever  they  came  unto  it,  they  rofe 
by  an  eafie  afcending  hill. 

Which,  that  it  may  be  the  more  clearly  demonftrated, 
(being  by  mc,  with  no  little  pains,  and  charge  meafured, 
and  the  foundations  thereof  diligently  fearched)  I  have 
reduced  into  T>efy\y  not  onely  as  the  ruine  thereof  now  ap- 
pears, but  as  (in  my  judgement)  it  was  in  its  priftine  per- 
fection. And  that  the  groundplot,  with  the  uprights,  and 
profyleofthe  whole  Work  may  the  morediftin&ly  beun- 
derftood,  I  have  purpofely  counterfigncd  each  Dcfign  of 
them  with  Numbers,  and  the  particular  parts  thereof  with 
Letters. 

Nu.  i 

Signifies  the  Plant  of  the  whole  work  in  general!,  with 
the  Trench  round  about  it,  drawn  by  a  fmall  fcale,  that  it 
may  be  feen  all  at  one  view. 

A 
The  Trench. 

B 
The  Intcrvall  betwixt  the  Trench  and  Work. 

C 
The  Work  it  (elf;  in  the  inmoft  part  whereof,  there  is  a 
ftone  appearing  not  much  above  the  furface  of  the  earth, 
(and  lying  towards  the  Eaft)  four  foot  broad,  and  fixteen 
foot  in  length.  Which,  whether  it  might  be  an  Altar  or  no, 
I  leave  to  the  judgement  of  others,  becaufe  fo  overwhelmed 
with  the  mines  of  the  Work,  that  I  could  make  no  fearch 
after  ic,  but  even  with  much  difficulty,  took  the  aforefaid 
proportion  thereof.  Yet  for  my  part,  I  can  apprehend  no 
valid  reafon  to  the  contrary,  except  that  the  whole  con- 

ftru&ure 


Stoneheng  reftored.  57 

ftructure  being  circular  in  form,  the  Altar  fliould  rather 
have  been  placed  upon  the  center  of  the  Circle,  then  encli- 
ningto  the  circumference.  Neverthelefle  it  cannot  be  deni- 
ed, but  being  fo  fited,  the  (///(as  1  may  call  it)  was  there- 
by left  more  free,  for  the  due  performance  of  thole  feverall 
fuperftitious  rites,  which  their  Idolatry  led  them  to.  Be- 
fides,  though  the  Akare  amongft  the  Ancients  was  exalted 
and  raifed  fomwhat  high  above  the  earth  ,•  yet,  their  Am 
was  made  quadrangular,  not  very  high,  and  as  fome  will 
have  ic  clofe  to  the  ground,  being  conlecrated  as  well  to 
the  fupernall  as  infernall  Deities :  and  therefore  in  re-  Rofm.Ub.%, 
fpect  of  the  form,  it  may  hold  well  enough  it  was  anci- 
ently an  Altar.  9 

D 

Thefuppofed  Altar, 

E 

The  great  ftones  which  made  the  entrances  from  the 
outfide  of  the  Trench,  feven  foot  broad,  three  foot  thick, 
and  twenty  foot  high. 

F 

The  parallel  ftones,  on  the  infide  of  the  Trench,  four 
foot  broad,  and  three  foot  thick ;  but  they  lie  fo  broken, 
and  ruined  by  time,  that  their  proportion  in  height  cannot 
bediftinguifht,  much  lefle exactly  meafured. 

G 

The  fcale  of  fifty  foot. 

The  Vefign  follows* 


NU.: 


Stoneheng  rejlored. 


5P 


Dililt,  in  a 
les  making 
npofed. 


lire&Iy  op- 


!,  (even  foot 
fifteen  foot 
ins  mortai- 
i,  through- 
ntraVes,  be- 
the  perpen- 
equallbta- 
n  wrought, 
:  concluded 
ut  this  out> 


Foot  and  an 
ligh.  Thefe 
d  perpendi- 
10  Architrave 
5  being  coo 
ig  alfo  too 
richout  dan- 
there  could 
.ining  for  a 
y  the  great- 


The 


Stoneheng  reflored.  59 

Nu.  2 
The  Groundplotof  the  work,  as  when  firft  built,  in  a 
greater  form,  with  the  foure  equilaterall  triangles  making 
the  Scbeame,  by  which  the  whole  work  was  compofed. 

H 

The  fix  principall  entrances,  three  whereofdirectly  op- 
pofite  to  thofe  of  the  Trench. 

I 
The  ftones  which  made  the  outward  Circle,  (even  foot 
in  breadth;  three  foot  and  an  half  thick,  and  fifteen  foot 
and  an  half  high:  each  ftone  having  two  tenons  mortai- 
fed  into  the  Architrave,  continuing  upon  them,  through- 
out the  whole  circumference.  For,  thefe  Architraves,  be- 
ing joynted  directly  in  the  middle  of  each  of  the  perpen- 
dicular ftones  that  their  weight  might  have  an  equall  bea- 
ring, and  upon  each  fide  of  the  joynt  a  tenon  wrought, 
(as  remains  yet  to  befeen)  it  may  pofitively  be  concluded 
thereby ,  the  Architrave  continued  round  about  this  ouc» 
ward  circle. 

K 

Thefmaller  ftones  of  the  inner  circle,  one  foot  and  an 
half  in  bredth,  one  foot  thick,  and  fix  foot  high.  Thefe 
had  no  Architraves  upon  them,  but  were  railed  perpendi- 
cular, ofapyramidallform.  That,  there  was  no  Architrave 
upon  thefe,  may  be  hence  concluded,  the  ftones  being  coo 
fmall  to  carry  fuch  a  weight,  the  fpaces  being  alfo  too 
wide,  to  admit  of  an  Architrave  upon  them  without  dan- 
ger of  breaking,  and  being  but  fix  foot  high,  there  could 
not,  poflibly,  be  a  convenient  head-height  remaining  for  a 
palTage  underneath,  Specially,  confidering  fully  the  great- 
nefTe  of  the  whole  work. 


The 


6o  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

L 
The  ftones  of  the  greater  Hexagon^  feven  foot  and  an 
half  in  breadth,  three  root  nine  inches  thick,  and  twenty 
foot  high,  each  ftone  having  one  tenon  in  the  middle. 

M 

The  ftones  of  the  Hexagon  within,  two  foot  fix  inches 
in  breadth,  one  foot  and  an  half  thick,  and  eight  foot  high, 
in  form  pyramidall,  like  thofe  of  the  inner  circle. 

The  Scale  which  hath  this  mark,  X,  is  of  thirty  foot,  by 
which  likewife  all  the  enfuing  Veftgns  are  drawn. 

The  Defegn  follows. 


Nu.3 


SffineViPticr  vpflnrfiA. 


1 


| 

.-■■ 

f- 


'    H 


.- 


• 


. 


. 


hich  the 
:ounter- 


i    being 

each  of 

foot  and 


,t  ftones 
fixteen 
ree  foot 
:ly  from 
a  void 
:en  con- 
ccflarily 
the  faid 
rg  difpo- 
j  and  yec 
tided. 


joxkj  as 
ldploc. 


Nu.5 


61 


Stoneheng  re/lored.  6 1 

Nu.3 

The  upright  of  the  work,  as  when  entire,  in  which  the 
perpendicular  ftones  of  the  outward  circle,  are  counter- 
figned  with  the  Letter/,  as  in  the  groundplot. 

The  Architrave  lying  round  about  upon  them,  being 
mortaifed  into  them,  and  joynted  in  the  middle  of  each  of 
the  perpendicular  ftones.  This  Architrave  is  three  foot  and 
an  half  broad,  and  two  foot  and  an  half  high. 

0 

The  Architrave  lying  on  the  top  of  the  great  ftones 
of  the  Hexagon,  and  mortaifed  alio  into  them,  fixteen 
foot  long,  three  foot  nine  inches  broad,  and  three  foot 
four  inches  high.  This  Architrave  continuing  onely  from 
ftone  to  ftone,  left  betwixt  every  two  and  two,  a  void 
{pace  free  to  the  Air  uncovered.  For,  if  they  had  been  con- 
tinued throughout  the  whole  Hexagon,  then  neceffarily 
there  muft  have  been  two  tenons  upon  each  of  the  faid 
ftones,  as  thole  of  the  outward  circle  had,  but  being  difpo- 
fed  as  aforefaid,that  one,  which  was  in  the  middle,  and  yet 
remains  apparent,  was  fufficient  for  the  thing  intended. 


'Nu.  4 

The  Profyle,  or  cut,  through  the  middle  of  the  work,  as 
entire,  counterfigned  with  the  Letters  of  the  Groundplot. 

.  The  Vefigns  follow. 

Nu.5 


Ml 


Stoneheng  rejlored*  6) 

Nu.5 
The  whole  work  in  ProJpettiVe,  as  when  entire,  whereby 
the  generall  compofure  of  the  particular  parts  of  the  up- 
rights, are  together  all  feen  :  and,  by  which  alio,  the  ftately 
Alpecl:,  and  magnificent  greatnefle  thereof,  are  fully,  and 
more  apparently  confpicuous. 

Nu.  6 
The  Groundplot  of  the  work,  as  it  now  Hands,  counter- 
figned  with  the  fame  Letters  by  which  the  Plant  marked 
Nk.2  is  defcribed.  The  ftones  of  the  greater  Hexagon,  and 
outward  circle,  after  fo  long  conteft  with  the  violence  of 
time,  and  injury  of  weather,  are  for  the  raoft  part  ftanding 
at  this  day  -  which,  though  not  all  at  their  full  height,  as 
when  flrft  fet  up,yet  the  Footfteps  nevertheleiTe^of  fo  many 
of  them  as  expreft  in  the  Defign,  are  mil  remaining  in  their 
proper  places.  Thole  of  the  inner  circle,  and  lelTer  Hexa- 
gon, not  only  expofed  to  the  fury  of  all  devouring  Age,  but 
to  the  rage  of  men  like  wife,  have  been  more  fubject  to  ru- 
ine.  For,  being  of  no  extraordinary  proportions ,  they 
might  eafily  be  beaten  down,  or  digged  up,  and  at  pleafure, 
made  ufe  of  for  other  occasions.  Which,  I  am  the  rather 
enduced  to  beleeve,  becaule,  fincemy  flrft  meafuring  the 
work,  not  one  fragment  of  fome  then  ftanding,  are  now 
to  be  found. 

Nu.7 
The  Ruine  yet  remaining  drawn  in  Pro/fre  Stive. 

<P 
The  manner  of  the  tenons,  of  a  round  form,  mortaifed 
into  the  Architrave  of  the  outward  Circle. 


•iflC 


64  Stoneheng  refiored. 

The  tenons  of  like  form  in  the  middle  of  the  ftoncs  of 
the  greater  Hexagon. 

The  Englifh  foot  (by  which  the  work  it  felf  was  mea- 
fured)  divided  into  twelve  inches,  and  each  inch  fubdi- 
vided  into  four  parts. 

The  Vefigns  follow. 


** 


I 

ft 

bf 

i- 

as 

i- 


:i- 
i- 
w 
:h 
o- 

)U 

e- 
ik 

u 
p- 

he 
li- 


ra 
:ly 
b- 

th 

:rs 

:u- 
ay 


ire 
of 
ny 


c 


^ 


9 

ft 
bf 

■i- 
as 

Or 

:i- 
i- 
w 

ck 

>. 

lo- 
oil 

re- 

lik 

•W- 

ild 

ip- 

ng 
the 

al- 


o 


- 


3m 
stly 
fo- 


or, 

ith 
aye 
iers 
ion 
cu- 
lay 

€«- 

Lire 

of 

iny 


f 


M 


IO 


Ml 


c 


o 


# 


# 


^ 


0 


nay 
loft 

ei- 
,as 
un- 

lci- 
ivi- 
ow 

Set- 

:re- 
uik 
Sri- 
uld 
iip- 
mg 
the 
al- 

3m 
sdy 
fo- 

< 
ith 

lers 
ion 
cu- 
lay 


€«"- 

iire 

of 

my 


i     s 


ft 


J_J I     '     t     I     l     i l_J l_J L 


^'■^^^     »     ■It*»Twt«Tt     tjTt     ^f|«»     >?■     .if 


Stoneheng  reftored.  6"<j 

Hitherto,  upon  what  occafion  Stoneheng  built  (you  may 
eafily  perceive)  is  very  doubtfull,  the  true  Hiftory  of  thole 
times,  when  firft  erected,  and  by  which  the  memory  of 
things  efpecially  made  over  to  fucceeding  Ages,  being  ei- 
ther not  written,  or  if  written,  utterly  loft.  Likewife,  as 
for  what  ufe  fct  up,  not  yet  known  •  fo,  by  whom  alfo  foun- 
ded, is  equally  uncertain. 

You  cannot  but  remember,  in  what  manner  the  anci- 
ent Inhabitants  of  this  lfland  lived,  before  reduced  to  civi- 
lity by  the  Romans  I  have  formerly  delivered  :  alfo,  how 
they  were  firft  inftructed  by  them,  in  ieverall  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences, whereof  the  <Britans  wholly  ignorant,  before  the  Ro- 
mans arrivall  here,  and  teaching  them-  I  have  given  you 
in  like  manner,  a  full  defcription  of  this  Antiquity,  where- 
by doubcleiTe  ic  appears  to  you,  as  in  truth  it  is,  a  work  buile 
with  much  Art,  Order  and  Proportion.  That  the  ancient  firi- 
fdWjbefore  the  difcovery  of  this  Iftand  by  the  'Romans,  could 
not  be  the  Founders  thereof,  by  the  former  reafons,  I  fup- 
pofe,  is  clearly  manifefted.  For,  where  Art  is  not,  nothing 
can  be  performed  by  Jrt.  As,  for  that  which  concerns  the 
Briti/l)  Nobility,  Aurelius  Ambrofius,  or  tBoadicia}  enough  al- 
ready. 

It  refts  now,  to  endeavor  the  difcovering  by  whom 
Stoneheng  built ;  in  what  time,  and,  for  what  ufe  anciently 
erected.  But,  it  is  not  expected  (I  hope)  any  abfolute  refo- 
lution  fhould  be  given  by  me,  in  fo  doubtfull  a  matter ;  for, 
06  it  hath  been  always  lawfull for  every  man  infucb  like  matters  (faith 
Camden)  both  to  think  what  he  will,  and  relate  what  others  have 
thought :  So  pardon  me,  if  I  take  upon  me,  what  others 
have  done  before  me,  and  interpofe  mine  own  opinion 
alfo,  grounded  neverthelelle  upon  filch  Authorities,  cu- 
ftomes,  and  concurrence  of  time,  as  very  probably  may 
fatisfie  judicious  and  impartiall  Readers. 

Touching  the  Founders  of  Stoneheng.  Among  the  ABgyptian 
Antiquities,  or  thole  Eajiern  Nations  from  whom  the  Greci- 
ans deduced  their  learning,  I  find  not  any  fuch  compofure 
ever  ufed :  or  with  the  Gwfothemlelves,  mention  made  of 

K  any 


66  Stoneheng  refiored. 

any  work  conformable  to  this,  in  point  of  Order,   (as  the 
moft    converfant  in  thofe  Hiftories  cannot   contradict) 

Pattfan.fo,    I  read  neverthelefle,  in  Paufamas,  of  a  Temple  amongft  the 

392-  Eleans  erected  without  walls :  noyam  quandam  in  Eleorum 

foro  templi  formam  <vidi.  Ifaw  (faith  he)  in  the  market  place  of 
the  Eleans,  a  Temple  of  a  new  firm.   Modic*  eft  ades  altitudinis, 
Jim parietibm,  tetlum  e  quercu  dolatis  fulcientibus  tibicinibus.    A 
low  thing,  without  "frails,  haying  the  roof fuppoi  ted  "frith  props  of 
oaken  timber  (inftead,  it  feems,  ofColumnes)  neatly  "brought. 

Um  fi.yy.  j_je  remembers  a  Temple  alfo  in  Attica  facred  to  Joye  without 
a  roof.  The  Thracians  (as  I  read  likewiie)  ufed  to  build 
Temples  dedicated  to  Sol,  of  around  form,  open  in  the  middle,  and 
alfo  without  a  roof:  by  the  form,  or  roundnefle  thereof, 
they  fignified  the  Suns  figure ;  by  making  them  open,  and 
rooflefle,  they  exprefled  his  furmounting,  and  dilating 
light  equally  to  all  things.   Thraces  foh  rotunda  templa  faciebant 

In  Vhr.        (faith  Daniel  (Barbaro)   in  medio  fub  diyo,  &  aperta  erant :  hac 
*'  forma  Solis  figurant  innuebant :    quo d  autem  aperta  ejjent ,  O* 

fine  teflo,  innuebant  Solem  fupra  omnia  effe,  Zsr  lumen  fuum  dif- 
fundtre, 

Howfoever,  confidering  what  magnificence  the  (Romans 
in  profperous  times  anciently  ufed  in  all  works ,  both 
publick,  and  private  :  their  knowledge  and  experience  in 
sWArts  and  Sciences:  their  powerfull  means  for  effecting 
great  works:  together  with  their  Order  in  building,  and 
manner  of  workmanfhip  accuftomed  amongft  them  : 
Stoneheng  in  my  judgement  was  a  work,  built  by  the  <]{q~ 
mans,  and  they  the  ible  Founders  thereof.  For,  if  look  upon 
this  Antiquity,  as  an  admired  and  magnificent  building,who 

Ub.i.fo.9.  more  magnificent  then  the dtymans  ?  Efsi  foli  frai  populi  dell' 
yniverfo,  con  ogni  termine  di  magnificen^a  edificarono  tutti  i  generi 
d'edifici.  They  only  amongft  all  tl?e  Rations  of  the  Uniyerfe,  ere  cling 
all  forts  of  buildings  ,  "frith  all  Kinds  of  magnificence,  faith  Scamo^o 
in  the  firft  Book  of  his  Architecture.  If  confider  the  Art,  and 
elegant  difpofition  thereof,  all  Arts  and  Sciences  (we  muft 
know)  were  in  full  perfection  with  them,  and  Architecture, 
which  amongft  the  Creeks  was  youthfull  only,  and  vigo- 
rous 


Stoneheng  reftored.  6j 

tons ;  under  the  (Romans  their   Empire  grown  to  the  full 
height  became  manly  and  perfect,  not  in  inventions,  and 
elegancy  of  forms  alone,  but  alfo  in  exquifiteneffe  of  Art,  and  excel- 
lency of ~ {materials.    Salito  al  colmo  I'imperio  Romano,  ella  pure 
divenne  Virile  e  perfetta :  non  folo  mile  irtventioni,  e  nella  ellegan^a 
dette forme,  ma  parimente  nell'  efauifite^a  deW  artifcio,  e  nella  fin* 
oplarita  delta  materia.  As  the  fame  Author  hath  it.  If  take 
notice  of  their  power  and  ways  by  which  they  effe&ed 
fuch  goodly  ftructures,  their  means  were  not  ordinary  ac- 
cording to  the  common  cuftome  of  other  People;  and  why? 
becaufe,  befides  particular  Artifans   practifed  in  feverall 
Arts,  they  employed  in  thofe  their  works  whole  bodies  of* 
their  own  Amies,  and  whatever  Nations  lubdued  by  them. 
The  Romans  were  wont  to  exercije  therein  (faith  Camden)  their  camdea 
Souldiers,  and  the  common  multitude,  upon  great  policy  doing  the  fr.W 
fame,  left  being  idle  they  flmld  grow  factious,  and  affett  alteration  in 
the  State.   The  Britans  complained  ((aith  Tacitus  likewife)  cor- 
pora <&  manus  contriVifje,  that  their  bodies  and  hands  were  "from  out, 
and  confumed  by  the  Romans,  in  bringing  to  effeEl  their  great 
and  admired  undertakings :  in  that  kind  employing  their  flaves 
and  prifoners  alfo,  as  holding  it,  rather  then  by  violent 
deaths  to  cut  them  off;  more  profitable  for  the  Commonwealth, 
more  exemplary  for  others,  and  far  greater  punifhment  for 
their  Prifoners,  toenjoyn  them  contmuall  labour. 

If  obkrvc  their  Order  in  building ;  the  only  Order  of  Archi- 
tecture, which  Italy  may  truly  glory  in  the  invention  of,  is 
the  Tufcane  Order, fo  called,  becaufe  firft  found  out  by  the  Tu- 
fcans,  that  in  a  more  then  ordinary  manner  they  might  re- 
verence their  Deities  in  Temples  compofed  thereof.   (Janus  Cko*l.fi.i; 
their  fir  ft  King,  accordingto  the  common  opinion  of  di- 
vers ancient  Hiftorians,  being  the  firft  of  all  others,  that 
built  Temples  to  the  Gods)   Which  Order,  though  firft  ufed 
by  the  Tufcans,  certain  it  is,  the  Remans  took  from  them,  and 
brought  it  in  ufc  with  other  Arts,  in  feverall  parts  of  the 
worW,as  their  concjucfts  led  them  on.  Now  or  this  Tufcan 
Order,  &  plain,  grave,  and  humble  manner  of  Budding,  very 
folid  and  ftrong  Stoneheng  principally  confifts.  So  that,  ob- 

K  2  ferving 


68  Stoneheng"  reftored. 

fcrving  the  Order  whereof  Stomheng  built,  there  being  no 
fuch  Elements  known  in  this  I/land  as  diftinft  Orders  of 
Architecture,  untill  the  Romans  introduced  them,  the  very 
work  it  felf,  of  fo  great  Antiquity  ^  declares  the  (Romans  Foun- 
ders thereof.  Who,  that  hath  right  judgement  in  Architecture 
knows  not  the  difference,  and  by  the  manner  of  their  works 
how  to  diftinguifh  Algyptian,  Greek,  and  Roman ftructures  of 
old,  alfo  Italian,  French  and  Dutch  buildings  in  thefe  modern 
times?  Is  not  our  Shipping  by  the  mould  thereof,  known 
throughout  the  world  Bnglijh  built  ?  Who  did  not  by  the 
very  Order  of  the  work,  affure  himfelf,  the  body  of  the 
Church  of  S.  Paul  London,  from  its  Tower  to  the  Weft  end 
anciently  built  by  the  Saxons :  as  the  Quire  thereof,  from  the 
faid  Tower  to  the  Eaft  end  by  the  "Normans,  it  being  Gothick. 
work  ?  yet  that  there  might  be  a  Ionian  Temple  in  old  time 
Handing  in  that  place,  I  will  not  deny,,  the  numbers  of  Oxe- 
heads  digged  up  and  anciently  facrificed  there,  fettingall 
other  reafons  afide,  fo  probably  manifesting  the  fame.  And 
in  all  Lkelihood,  the  Romans  for  fo  notable  a  Structure  as 
Stomheng,  made  choice  of  the  Tufcane  rather  then  any  other 
Order,  not  only  as  beft  agreeing  with  the  rude,  plain,  Simple 
nature  of  thofe  they  intended  to  inftruct,  and  uSe  for  which 
erected  j  but  alfo,  becaufeprefuming  to  challenge  a  certain 
kind  of  propriety  therein,  they  might  take  occafion  there- 
by, to  magnifie  to  thofe  then  living  the  virtue  of  their  Aun- 
ceftors  for  fo  noble  an  invention,  and  make  themfelves  the 
mof e  renowned  to  pofterity,  for  erecting  thereof,  So  well 
ordred  a  building. 

Befides,  the  Order  is  not  only  (Roman,  but  the  Scheam  alSb 
(confiding  of  four  equilaterall  triangles,  inferibed  within 
the  circumference  of  a  Circle)  by  which  this  work  Stone- 
ritr.  lib.  5.  heng  formed,  was  an  Jrchitetlomcall  Scheam  ufed  by  the  (Ro- 
mans. Whereof,  1  Shall  have  more  occafion  to  fpeak,  when 
I  come  to  fet  down,  for  what  ufe  this  Antiquity  at  firft 
erected. 

Again,  the  (Portico  at  Stomheng,  is  made  double,  as  in  Stru- 
ctures of  great  magnificence  the  ancient  Romans  ufed ;  fo  at 

the 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  69 

the  foot  of  the  Capitol  the  Temple  to  JoVe  the  Thunderer,  built 
by  Augujlus  Cotfar  ;  fo  the  Pantheon  at  Athens,  royally  adorned 
with  one  hundred  and  twenty  vaft  columnes  of  rich  Phry- 
gian marble,  by  the  Emperour  Adrian.  But,  fome  may  alledge, 
the  Romans  made  the  Pillars  of  their  double  Portico's,  of  one 
and  the  fame  fymmetry,  or  very  little  different,  which  irt 
this  Antiquity  otherwife  appearing,  cannot  be  a  (Roman  work. 
To  as  much  purpofe  it  may  be  alledged  the  Temple  of  Diana 
ztMagnefta,  was  no  Greek  work,  becaufe  the  Pillars  of  the 
inner  Portico  were  wholly  left  out.  Yet  it's  true,the  Romans 
ufually  made  them  as  is  objected,  and  the  reafon  was,  be- 
caufe of  the  weight  the  inner  Pillars  carried  :  now,  in  this 
work,  no  roof  being  to  be  fuftained,  nor  any  manner  of 
weight  born  up,  though  the  judgement  of  the  Architetl, 
thereby  to  fave  labour  and  expcnce,  ordered  the  ftones  ma- 
king the  Portico  within,  of  a  far  lefle  proportion  then  thole 
of  the  outward  circle,  it  retains  neverthelefle  the  proper 
Afpetf  (principally  aim'd  at  by  the  ancient  Arcbitetls)  in  ule 
amongft  the  '-Romans,  and  confequently  for  ought  aliedged 
to  the  contrary  by  them  built. 

In  this  Antiquity,  there  is  a  Portico  alfo  (as  I  may  rightly 
term  it)  within  the  Cell,  or  greater  Hexagon,  reduced  like- 
wife  into  the  fame  figure.  Now,  that  the  (Romans  ufed  to 
make  Portico's  on  the  infide  of  their  buildings,  as  well  facred 
as  fecular,  by  the  ruines  of  their  'Baftlicaes  or  Courts  of  Ju- 
dicature •  by  that  Temple  without  a  roof  anciently  dedicated 
to  Jove  in  Mount  Qumnalis,  now  the  Horfe  Mount  in  (Rome  j 
by  the  Temple  ofBaccbm  there  of  a  round  form,  at  this  day 
confecrate  to  S.  Agnes  without  the  gate  Viminalvs,  manifeftly 
appears.  But  in  what  ever  ftructures  elfe  the  (Romans  ufed 
them,  certain  it  is,  within  their  moft  (lately  Temples  which 
lay  uncovered,  and  had  no  roofs,  they  always  made  fuch 
Portico's ;  and  though  in  other  Temples  they  fometimea  di- 
fpos'd  them,  yet  from  VitruVius  it  may  be  gathered,  they 
properly  belonged  to  the  Afpetl  Ryp&thros,  which  was  unco- 
vered and  rooflefle  as  this  Antiquity  Stoneheng,  he  peremptorily 
affigning  Portico's  to  be  made  on  the  infide  of  no  kind  of 

Temples^ 


70  Stoneheng  reftored. 

Vitr.Ub.%.    Temples ,  but  thofe ;   His  words  are,  Hypathros  in  interfere  parte 

caP-x'  habet  columns,  remotas  a  parietibus  ad  circuitionem  (ut  porticus) 

perijlyliorum.  Temples  open  to  the  air,  and  without  roofs,  haVeco- 

lumnes  on  the  mfidey  dijlantfrom  the  walls,  as  Courts  Portico's  about 

them.  Even, after  the  fame  decorum  as  at  Stoneheng, 

Furthermore,  if  caft  an  eye  upon  their  artifice  and  man- 
ner of  workmanfhip,  &ow/;ewg  appears  built  directly  agree* 
able  to  thofe  rules,  which  the  Romans  obferved  in  great 
works.  For,  the  ^oman  ArchteEis,  in  diftinguifhing  the  man- 
ner of  their  Temples,  always  obferved  (as  Vitrtivius  in  his 
third  book  teacheth  us)  the  greater  the  Columnes  were,  the 
clofer  they  fet  them  together ;  fo  in  this  Antiquity,  the  ftones 
being  great,  the  (paces  betwixt  them  are  likewise  narrow. 

The  Architraves  alfo,  in  this  work  were  all  of  them  let 
without  morter,  and  fixed  upon  the  upright  (tones  by  te- 
nons ("as  formerly  delcribed)  in  the  very  fame  manner,  as 
in  great  ftru&ures,  where  the  ftones  folid,  and  of  more  then 
ordinary  greatnefle,  the  Romans  were  wont  to  doe.  They 
LeoSap.AI-  laid  them  without  any  unftuous  incorporating  matter,  nullo  fulta  glu- 
tino,  faith  Leo  'Baptifta  Jlbertus.  And  divers  examples  of  this 
kind  might  be  brought,  1  my  felf  amongft  other  Antiquities 
have  feen  the  mines  of  an  Aaiuedut~lJ  built  by  the  Romans  in 
ProVynce,  running  through  a  deep  valley,  and  raifed  in  height 
equall  to  the  adjacent  Mountains,  upon  huge  Arches  fifty 
eight  foot  wide,  the  ftones  whereof,  being  of  extraordi- 
nary fcantlings,  were  laid  without  any  cement  or  morter, 
to  incorporate  them  with  the  reft  of  the  work.  And, 
where  occafion  guided  their  judgements  to  the  oblervance 
of  this  rule,  they  united  and  compacted  the  ftones  together, 
by  certain  ligatures  or  holdfafts,  (the  Italians  call  them  Terni, 
pegs  or  tops,  for  fuch  they  refemble,  and  we,  from  the  verb 
tenere  to  hold,  not  improperly  calling  them  tenons)  qu<&  infe- 
riores,  tsrunafuperiores  inlapidesinfixa,caVaufuerey  ne  quid  forte 
LioBap.Al.  protrufi  ordines  alteriab  alteris dijlrabantur.  Which  (faith  Albertus) 
«"• » .3.  -  fang  formed  in  the  inferiour  jlones,  were  hollowed  ormortaijed  into 
thofe  above,  left by  any  chance  they  flmld  flart  one  from  another  t  and 
breakthe  order  of  the  "toork.  Here  the  Florentine  Architetl  gives 

us 


Stoneheng  reftored.  qi 

us  the  felf  fame  manner  of  banding  ftones,  when  the^o- 
mans  laid  them  without  morter}  as  if  he  hadfeen  this  very 
Antiquity  Stoneheng. 

Moreover,  what  ever  footfteps  of  the  Romans  found  in 
other  places  of  this  Ifland,  it's  not  inconfideratcly  to  be  paft 
over,  that  in  WiltJ}rirey  the  County  (as  is  (aid  before)  where 
our  Stoneheng  remains,  (Roman  .Antiquities  are  moft  perfpicu- 
ous,  not  only,  by  the  apparent  testimonies  of  the  coyns  of 
their  Emperors  in  divers  places  digged  up,  but  by  feverall 
their  encamping  places  yet  to  be  ieen,  as  Leckhamjn  times  of  Cam*™- 
yore  a  feat  of  the  (Romans :  the  place  alfo  where  old  Salisbury 
now  (heweth  it  felf ,within  fix  miles  of  Stoneheng :  and  with- 
in three  miles  thereof  Tanesbwy  Caftle,  fuppofed  a  work  of 
Vefyajims  when  he  conquered,  and  after  kept  in  fubjedrion 
the  <Belgai  ancient  inhabitants  of  that  tract.  Likewife  the 
ruines  nearer  yet  to  Stoneheng^  of  a  fortrefle  our  Hiftorians  typ- 
hoid anciently  a  garrifon  of  the  Romans,  and  in  many  other 
forts  of  that  Shire  (both  by  their  form  and  manner  of  ma- 
king well  known  to  have  been  Roman)  the  tract  of  their 
footing  is  yet  left. 

But  it  is  objected,If  Stoneheng  &%pman  work,  how  comes 
it,  no  (Roman  Author  makes  mention  of  it  ?  I  anfwer,  their 
Hiftorians  ufed  not  to  commit  to  writing  every  particular 
work,  or  action  the  (Romans  performed :  if  fo,  how  vaft 
would  their  volumes  have  been  ?  Stoneheng  'cis  granted,  is 
much  admired  by  us,  yet,  how  far  more  admirable  works 
were  the  (Romans  Founders  of,  not  mentioned  in  any  of  their 
ancient  ftories  ?  That  notable  bridge  invented  and  built  by 
Csfar,  for  pafling  his  Army  over  the  (Rjnne,  himfelf  at  large 
defcribes,  remembring  little  or  nothing  nevertheleffe  con- 
cerning divers  other  as  great  works  in  Gaul  and  <BataYtaJ 
fuppos'd  to  be  performed  by  him  alio.  Dion,  Herodian,  Eu- 
troptus  and  other  their  Hiftorians  tell  us,  the  Romans  buile  the 
fo  famed  wall, commonly  by  us  called  theTtfls  "ball,  exten- 
ding crofle  over  our  Ifland  from  the  Irifh  Sea  to  the  Germ&ti 
Ocean,  above  fourfcore  Italian  miles  in  length,  with  many 
cowers  and  fortreiTes  erected  upon  it  j  when  works  of  as 

great 


*ji  Stoneheng  rejiored. 

great  admiration  in  Brita'mthey  have  pad  in  filence :  thofe 
wonderfull  caufeys  made  throughout  the  land,  by  dreining 
and  drying  up  Fens,  levelling  hils,  railing  valleys,  and  pa- 
ving them  with  ftones  of  fuch  breadth,  that  Wains  might 
without  danger  pafle  one  by  another,  not  any  ancient  (^o- 
man  Author  (for  ought  appears)  directly  mentioning.  Yet, 
Caru.f0.64.  who  doubts  them  Ifyman  works  ?  /  dare  confidently  avouch f 
the  Gfemani  by  little  and  little  founded  and  raifed  them  up,  faith  Cam- 
den. And  why  .?  mark  I  pray,^  becaufe,  whilft  Jgkola  go- 
verned Britain,  Tacitus  tels  us,  feVeraU  "frays  were  e?>joyned.  If 
then,  becaufe  Tacitus  affirms  in  generall  terms  only,  fever  all 
ways  enjoyned,  Camden  confidently  concludes  them  (fioman 
"barks,  no  %oman  Hiftory  otherwife  remembring  them,-  Why 
may  it  not ,  the  fame  Tacitus  telling  us  in  like  manner, 
Agricola  exhorted  the  Britans  in  private,  and  helpt  them  in  common, 
to  build  Temples,  tioufes,  and  Places  of  pubUck  refer  t,  as  perem- 
ptorily be  in  f en  c\,Stonelxng  was  a  work  built  by  the  ^omansy 
though  not  particularly  remembred  by  them  in  their  ftories? 
Tatim.  *n  a  wor£^,  Temples  and  places  of  publick  refort,  the  Romans 
Bed*.  built  here,  and  were  the  firft  that  did  fo,  leaving  it  to  after, 

ages  to  find  out  by  their  Manner  of  building ,  Order  in  building 
and  Tower  and  Means  for  building,  fuch  lofty  ruines,as  appears 
in  this  Antiquity j  could  be  remains  of  none  but  tinman 
building. 

The  next  thing  to  be  enquired  after,  is,  in  what  time 
Stoneheng  built.  Happily,  about  thofe  times,  when  the  1{p- 
mans  having  feded  the  Country  here  under  their  own  Em- 
pire ,  and,  together  with  bringing  over  Colonies  reduced  the 
naturall  inhabitants  of  this  Ifland  unto  the  fociety  of  civill 
life,  by  training  them  up  in  the  liberall  Sciences.  For, 
Camden  l^m  a^f°  (faith  Camden)  did  they  frrnifh  the  Britans,  with  goodly 
fo.63.  houfes,  and  Jlately  buildings,  in  fuch  fort,  that  the  reliaues  and  rub- 

biJJ?  of  their  mines,  caufe  the  beholder  snow,  exceedingly  to  admire 
the  fame,  and  the  common  fort  of  People  plainly  fay,  thofe  Roman 
ft>orks  were  made  by  Giants,  of  fuch  exceeding  great  admiration,  and 
fumptuous  magnificence  they  are. 

This 


Stonehcng  refiored.  7} 

This  relation  of  Camdens,  reflects  chiefly  upon  the  time  of 
AgicoU ;  neverthele(Te,  that  Stoneheng  (though  fabled  Giants 
work)  was  then  built,  I  dare  not  affirm  :  the  great  work's 
o[\.\\e{Romans,  brought  to  perfection  in  this  Ifland,  being 
not  the  work  of  a  day.  It  hath  been  the  invention  of  wife 
(Romans  of  old,  affecting  civility,  to  raiie  goodly  buildings 
here :    but  the  precife  times  when,  in  things  fo  far  from  all 
knowledge,  cannot  be  with  any  certainty  avouched.  For 
my  part,  Khouldchoofe  toaffign  thofc  times  for  building 
thereof,  when  the  Romans  in  their  chief  profperity  mod 
fiourifhed  here,  and  refer  the  firft  erection  to  the  time  be- 
twixt Agricolas  government  formerly  mentioned,    and  the 
reign  of  Conftantine  the  Great :  in  order  to  which,  the  times 
rather  fomwhat  after  Agricola1  if  not  during  his  own  LieV- 
tenancy,  then  next  preceding  Conftantine.  For,  long  before 
Qmjlant'me  acquired  the  Sovcraignty  (which  was  not  till 
the  year  of  our  Lord  three  hundred  and  ten)    the  magnifi- 
cent fplendor  of  that  mighty  Empire  began  fenfibly  to  wane, 
and  the  ambition  of  the  great  Captains  of  (Rome,  (Tome  few 
excepted)  tended  rather  to  make  parties  for  obtaining  the 
tPu/ple  (Robe,  then  (after  the  manner  of  their  anceftors)  to 
eternife  their  names  by  great  and  admirable  works,  or  pa- 
tronizing good  Arts,  for  want  whereof  they  began  like- 
wife  to  decay  apace  •,  Serty  in  his  third  Book  fpeaking  of 
thofe  times,  telling  us,  that  id  tempom Architetli,  ficumfupe- 
riorihus  conferantur,  rudires  &  ineptiores  extitijfe  Yidentur.  In 
thofe  days  although  there  loere  many  Architects,  yet,  compared  with 
fuch  m  lived  in  the  preceding  Ages,  they  were  Very  rude  and  unsk.it- 
full.  Befides,  the  condition  wherein  this  Ifland  was,  divers 
years  preceding  Conftantine,  would  not  admit  fuch  underta- 
kings.  For,  by  the  civil  difcord  of  the  (Romans  3  the  <Britarts 
taking  occafion  to  make  frequent  revolts,  in  hope  to  reco- 
ver their  loft  liberty,  the  Romans  were  put  upon  other  man- 
ner of  Councels  then  to  think  of  building  -y  namely  to  re- 
duce the  'Britans  to  their  wonted  obedience,  and  keep  the 
Province  in  feme  reafonable  quiet,  by  expelling  the  Scots 
and  (Pitls   ( favage  and  perfidious  Teopk  even  from  times 

L  of 


74  Stonebeog  rejtored. 

of  old)    making  daily  inroads  and   incurfions   there- 
unto. 

Now,  as  forthefe  reafons,  it's  not  likely  Stoneheng  could 
be  built  in  the  times  next  before  Conftantine,  (b,  by  what  fol- 
lows, it  will  manifeftly  appear,  it  was  not  erected  after  his 
Reign.  For,  after  his  tranfplancing  the  (eat  of  the  Empire 
into  the  Eaft,  and  the  government  of  the  then  known 
world,  under  the  Romans ,  diftinguiflied  by  Eaft  and  Weftern 
Emperours,  a  deluge  of  barbarous  Nations  (like  fo  many 
Locufts)  fwarmed  over  all.  Who,  as  with  their  vaft  multi- 
tudes they  oft  had  formerly  attempted  it,  fo,thence  forward, 
till  bringing  that  mighty  Empire  unto  its  finail  and  fatall 
period ;  and  thereby  utterly  deftroying  in  like  manner  all 
Arts  and  Sciences,  together  with  Architecture,  (not  reftored 
again,  even  in  Italy  it  felf,  untill,  as  formerly  remembred) 
they  never  defined.  Moreover,  in  the  times  afcer  Conftantine, 
no  Temples  to  Heathen  Deities  (fuch  as  I  (hall  make  appear 
this  Antiquity  Stoneheng  was)  were  erected  here,  they  being 
times  of  defacing,  rather  then  erecting  idolatrous  places. 
For,  moft  of  the  Tucceeding  Emperors  becoming  Chriftkns, 
thetempeftuous  dorms  of  per(ecution  were  over,  and  the 
thick  clouds  of  fuperftition  beginning  to  be  diflblved  by 
the  bright  beams  of  the  Gofpel,  and  true  light  of  CHRIST, 
every  where  Temples  were  fhut  up  againft  falfe  Gods,  and 
Gild*.  fetopentothetrueGOD.  According  to  that  of  Gddast  Tfy 
fooner  wot  the  blufiering  tempeft^  andftmm  of  persecution  blown  ever, 
butthefaithfuSChriftians,  who  in  the  time  of  trouble  arid  danger  bad 
hidden  themjefaes  in  woods  ^deferts,andfecret  caves,  being  come  abroad 
in  open  fight,  renoyant  Ecclefia*  ad  folttm  ufquedejlruclasy  baftU- 
casfanBorum  martyrumfundant}conftruunt,perficiunt  <src.  Churches 
ruinate  to  the  Very  ground  they  reedifie,  Temples  of  My  Martyrs  they 
found ,  build ,  andfinfh  <(<rc.  So  that,in  ftead  of  idolatrous  Tem- 
ples, built  in  the  Ages  preceding  Conftantine,  during  his  reign 
and  after,  whilft  the  Romans  continued  in  any  profperous 
ftate  here,  by  erecting  Qiriftian  Churches ,  they  began  generally 
to  neglect,  and  iufter  fall  to  decay,  rather  then  new  build 
Temples  to  theii  Pagan  Gods. 

Thefe 


Stoneheng  reftored.  75 

Thefe  preffing  occurrences  therefore,  to"wit,civillbroyls 
amongftthe^owww  themfelves,  frequent  infurrections  of 
the  Britons,  daily  inrodes  by  the  Pitls  and  Scots,  together 
w ith  the  downfall  of  Paganifm,  decay  of  Arts,  and  fatall  ruim 
ofthewhole  Empire,  making  the  times  both  long  before 
and  after  Ccnfiantim  incompatible  for  undertaking  fuch 
works  as  this  Antiquity,  it  may  fafely  enough  be  concluded, 
if  Stoneheng  not  founded  by  Agiicola,  yet  erected  it  might  be 
about  fifteen  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  in  the  times  (bme- 
what  after  his  government,  the  Province  being  formerly  left  Tacit.inVh* 
hy  him  in  good  and  peaceable  ftate,  the  'Britans  reduced  from  A&r' 
barbarity  to  order  and  civill  converfation,  and  the  Romans 
flourifhing  in  all  manner  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Now,  concerning  the  ute  for  which  Stoneheng  at  firft  ere- 
cted, I  am  clearly  of  opinion,  it  was  originally  a  Temple,  ic 
being  built  with  all  accommodations  properly  belonging 
to  a  facred  ftructure.  For,  it  had  an  intervall  or  fpacious 
Court  lying  round  about  it,  wherein  the  ViSlimes  for  obla- 
tion were  flain,  into  which  it  was  unlawfull  for  any  pro- 
fane perfon  to  enter :  Ic  was  feparated  from  the  circum- 
adjacent  Plain,  with  a  large  Trench  in  (lead  of  a  wall,  as 
a  boundary  about  the  Temple,  moft  conformable  to  the  main 
work, wholly  expofed  to  open  view :  Without  this  Trench, 
the  promifcuous  common  multitude,  with  zeal  too  much, 
attended  the  ceremonies  of  their  folemne  though  fuperftiti- 
ous  Sacrifices,  and  might  fee  the  oblations,  but  not  come 
within  them  :  It  had  likewife  its  peculiar  Cell,  with  (Portico's 
round  about,  into  which  Cell,  as  into  their  Santlum  fanBorum 
(pardon  the  expreflion)  none  but  the  Tiiefts  entrcd  to  offer 
Sacrifice,  and  make  atonement  for  the  People:  Within  the 
(jUzaAra  or  Altar  was  placed,  having  its  proper  pofition 
towards  the  Eajl,  as  the  Romans  ufed.  Ar<efpeBent  ad  Orientem,  yttr.  MM 
faith  VitruYms.  And,  that  there  hath  been  the  heads  of  Bulls,  caP-%- 
or  Oxen,  of  Harts,  and  other  fuch  beafts  digged  up,  or  in, 
or  near  this  Antiquity  (as  divers  now  living  can  teftifie)  is 
not  to  be  omitted;  for  who  can  imagine,  but  thefe  were  the 
heads  of  fuch,  as  anciently  there  offered  in  Sacrifice  ?  toge- 

L  2  ther 


j6  Stoneheng  reftored. 

ther  with  which  al(b,  were  heaped  up  great  quantities  of 
Charcole,  happily  ufed  about  the  performance  of  their  fu- 
perftitious  ceremonies.  That  the  ancient  Romans  had  Char- 
Tiin.iib.i6.  cole  in  ufe  amongft  them,  (Pliny  affirms.  And  when  I  cau- 
Tem.i.  nb.  fe£  the  foundations  of  the  (tones  to  be  fearched,  my  felf 
found,  and  yet  have  by  me  to  fhew  the  cover  of  a  Thunbu- 
RofinMb.i.    /«m,  or  fame  fuchhkevafe  (Ifuppofe)  wherein  Ghoul  in  his 
chouifoi.      difcourie  of  their  Religion,  reports  the  ancient  Romans  ufed 
"7 '»  2Z9-     j.Q  ca,Ty  incen^  wine  or  holy  water,  for  fervice  in  their  Sa- 
crifices, lying  about  three  foot  within  the  ground,  near  one 
of  the  ftones  of  the  greater  Hexagon. 

The  Order  whereof  this  Temple  confifts,  according  to  the 
rules  of  Art  oblerved  by  the  ancient  Romans  in  works  of 
thiskinde,  is  mingled  of  Greek  and  Tufcane  work.  For,  as 
the  plainnelle  and  iblidnefle  of  the  Tufcane  Order,  appears 
eminently  throughout  the  whole  Antiquity:  fothenarrow- 
nefle  of  the  (paces  betwixt  the  ftones,  vifibly  difcovers 
therein,  the  delicacy  of  the  Corinthian  Order.  Which  commix- 
ture amongft  the  %oman  ArchitetJs  was  very  ufuall,  in  re- 
gard VitruVim  (in  his  fourth  Book  and  feventh  Chapter) 
treating  fomwhat  largely  (his  method  otherwife  conside- 
red) of  feverall  forts  of  the  like  compofed  Tbw/?fo,  mixt  of 
the  Creek  andTufome  manners  tels  us:  that ,2N(ow;k/// de  Tu- 
Vkr.lib.^.  fcariicu  gene:  thus  fumentes  columnarum  difpofmonesi  transferunt  in 
c^'7'  Corinthiorum  &  lonicorum  operum  ordmationes.  Some  taking  the 

qualities  of  the  columns  of  the  Tufcane  Order ,  transfer  them  into  the 
fymmetry  of  the  Corinthian  and  lonick  Tborks-  Whereby  (to  pleaie 
themfelves  it  feems  in  their  own  inventions)  efficiunt  Tufca- 
nicorum  <s  Gr&corum  operum  communem  ratiocinationem.  They  make 
of  the  Tufcane  and  Greek  Toorks  one  common  compofure.  As  the 
fame  Auihor  likewile  remembers. 

The  Ajpetl  of  this  Temple  j  by  which  weunderftand  that 

fiift  (hew  which  Temples  make  to  thofe  that  draw  near  unto 

them,  is  Dipteros  Hypxthros,  which  is  double  winged  abouc 

,.     ...       uncovered.    Dipteros  circa  ddem  duplices  hahet  columnarum  or~ 

cap.i.         dines  (  faith  VitruVius)  Dipteros  hath  double  orders  of  columnet 

About  the  Temple.    Hypsethros  fuh  divo  eflt  fine  tech,  (  as  the 

fame 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  77 

fame  Author)  Hyptthros  is  open  to  the  air,  without  a  roof. 

The  Manner  of  this  Temple  is  Tycnojlylos ,  or  wtfirojp  Jpdcw. 
<Pycnoflylos  is  that  kinde  of  Temples,  which  hath  the  columnes  F«r.  lib.i* 
fee  thick,  and  clofe  together  crebris  columnis,  as  Vitru\>ius  alio  c^*2* 
hath  it. 

But  it  may  be  objected,though  it  appears  from  very  good 
Authorities,  the  Artifice,  and  workmanfhip  of  this  Antiquity, 
together  with  the  Scheam  which  formed  it,were^»M« :  and 
the  Order  of  which  confifting,  invented  in  Italy t  and  fo  con- 
fequently  %oman  in  like  manner :  as  alfo,  by  the  fcverall 
peculiar  accommodations,  the  probable  relicjues  of  Hea- 
themfh  Sacrifices,  and  determinate  rules  ok  Architecture,  it  was 
anci  ently  a  Temple :  NevertheleiTe  it  appears  not,the  Romans 
ever  ufed  any  whatever  profane  ftru&ure  like  this,  much 
lefle  any  manner  of  Temples  of  this  kinde  of  invention, 
Where  the  Temple  lies  open  without  walls,  furnunded  only  Toith  pil- 
lars. For, that  the  upright  ftones  which  make  this  work 
Stoneheng,  are  in  ftead  of  them,  may  well  enough  be 
granted. 

To  this  I  anfwer,  the  learned  in  Antiquities  very  well 
know, thofe  things  which  oblivion  hath  10  long  removed 
out  of  mind,  are  hardly  to  be  discovered.  Yet,  as  to  the  firft 
part  of  the  objection,  that  the  Romans  never  uled  any  what- 
ever profane  ftrucT:ure  like  this,  Varro  de  re  ruflica  (as  I 
find  him  cited  by  Philander)  tels  us,  that  they  had  in  u(e  PkiU»Vitrl 
amongft  them  a  round  building  without  any  wals,  having  lt^*' 
a  double  Order  of  columns  round  about,  this  he  cals  by  the 
name  of  Tholus,  adificium  rotundum,  columnatum  duplici  colum- 
namm  ordine.  A  round  edifice  (faith  he)  environed  about  with  a 
double  order  of  columns.  Which  double  Order  o£(jlumns  <Pyrrho 
Ligorio  a  famous  2\(eapohtane  Architect,  and  great  diicoverer  of 
Antiquities,  in  his  defcription  thereof  defignes  without  a 
roof  alfo. 

But  to  come  to  their  (acred  works,  which  in  regard  of 
this  Antiquity ,  are  (it's  true)  of  raoft  concernment,  I  find 
the  (B$mans  ufed  (as  VitruVms  witneffeth)  fuch  manner  of 
Temples.  For  (in  his  fourth  Book,  and  feventh  Chapter)  he  ™r-  M+ 

deli- 


7« 


zs£des  facr& 
Templa  di- 
ll a  f Her  unt, 
quod  ejfent 
qttafi  <edei 
Dcorum. 
Rojin.  lib,  2. 
cap. 2. 

Dan.  Bar- 
bar. 


Stoneheng  refiored. 

delivers,  there  were  amongft  others  two  forms  of  round 
Temples,  commonly  in  ufe  amongft  them,  the  one  called  Mo- 
nopteros ;  the  other  Peripteros.  This, had  the  Cell  enclofed  about 
with  a  continued  wall,and  at  a  proportionate  diftance  from 
it,  the  columns  placed  which  made  a  Portico  round  about 
it,  clean  different  from  Stoneheng :  the  other  made  open,  and 
in  ftead  of  a  wall  encompafled  with  a  row  of  pillars  only, 
having  no  enclofed  (jll  within  it  at  all,  as  much  conducing 
toourpurpofe  in  hand.  His  words  are  thefe,  Fiunt  autem 
ades  rotunda, £  quibus  alia  fine  cella  columnate  conftituuntur.  They 
make  alfo  (faith  he)  round  Temples,  of  which fome  are  built  without 
a  Cell,  environed  "frith  Pillars  only.  Thefe  were    without  any 
wals,  (as  his  Commenter  hath  it)  lying  open  to  the  Air. 
And  truly  (as  1  may  prefume  to  fay)  from  this  very  manner 
the  invention  of  Stoneheng  was  principally  taken,  in  ordering 
whereof,  the  Architefl  difdaining  ufiiall   and   common 
forms,  of  both  the  aforefaid  forms  compofcd  one.  For, 
taking  the  outward  circle  from  the  Monopteros,  he  made  it 
open  alfo  as  in  that,  but  in  ftead  of  the  continued  wall  cir- 
cularly enclofing  the  Cell  of  the  Peripteros,  at  Stoneheng  he 
made  only  an  Hexagon  about  the  Cell,  leaving  the  fame  open 
in  like  manner-  And,  as  Hermogenes  (whom  I  fhall  have  oc- 
cafion  to  remember  again)  to  llluftrate  his  work,  leaving 
out  the  inner  row  of  Pillars,  made  a  (ingle  Portico  about 
the  Temple  at  Magnefia,  whereby  it  came  to  be  a  new  inven- 
tion  for  which  he  is  famous  to  pofterity :  fo  the  fubtile  Ar- 
chitetl, whofotva  he  was,to  ennoble  this  his  work,  adding 
the  faid  Hexagon  here,  made  a  double  Portico  round  about 
this  Temple,  and  thereby  anew  invention  likewife,  nolefle 
famous  to  fucceeding  Ages.   Our  Antiquity  Stoneheng  had 
otherwife  been  of  the  felf  fame  AfpeB  without  a  Cell,  as  Vi- 
truvius  hath  before  delivered.  That  Temple  Monopteros,  was 
environed  with  a  row  of  pillars }  this  Temple  Stoneheng,  in 
ftead  of  them,  fupplied  with  a  rank  of  pillafters  (as  they 
may  well  be  called)  continuing  round  about  it.  That,lay 
open  to  the  air  without  any  walls :   fo  doth  this  at  Stone- 
heng. That,  had  over  the  pillars  an  Architrave,  Freefe,  and 

Cornice, 


Stoneheng  reflcred.  y$ 

Cornice,  the  Order  being  delicate :  this  ac  Stoneheng,  over  the 
pillafters  an  Architrave  only,  as  moft  conformable  to  the 
iblidnefle  of  the  Order  and  plainnefleof  the  work. 

Thus  it  fully  appears,  the  ancient  Romans  ufed  to  erect 
Temples,  which  lay  open  without  walls,  furrounded  only  with  pillars  -y 
in  invention  like  this  at  Stoneheng.  But,  let  us  (ee  whether 
the  form  Monopteros,  had  any  roof  over  it.  That  the  Romans 
had  Temples  uncovered,  and  without  roofs,  like  Stoneheng,  is 
in  part  already,  and  fhall  more  manifeftly  be  hereafter  pro- 
ved :  and  fearching  curioufly  into  their  Antiquities,  it  will  be 
found  the  greateft,  moft  (plendid,  and  moft  magnificent 
work  of  all  others,  which  the  Ancients  made  for  fervice  of 
their  Deities,  were  thole  kinde  of  Temples  of  the  AfpetlHy- 
p<£thros.  Whether  the  Monopteros  was  one  of  that  kind,  appears 
not  yet,and  VitruYtus  is  very  oblcure  therein  •  neverthelefle, 
that  it  was  built  without  a  roof,  I  (hall  illuftrate  by  thefe 
reafons. 

Firft,  VitruYms  tels  us  not  it  had  a  roof;  for,  in  his  pre- 
cepts of  all  Icverall  kinds  of  Temples,  after  he  hath  delive- 
red the  Afyett,  Form,  and  Manner  of  them  with  much  ex- 
actnelTe,  he  omits  not  throughout  his  fourth  Book  to  dc- 
monftrate  afwell  the  contignation,  as  proportion  of  tim- 
bers of  the  roofs,  belonging  to  all  thofe  Tempks,  which 
had  any,  and  when  vaulted  he  gives  us  likewife  the  form 
thereof, if  thcTemples  fo  covered :  but,  in  the  defcription  of 
the  form  MonopteroSj  there  is  no  manner  of  timber  work, 
nor  form  of  vault,  nor  the  leaft  word  mentioned  of  any 
roof  at  all,  in  what  place  foever  throughout  his  whole 
work  fpeaking  thereof.  In  which  refpeel:,  confidering  all 
Temples  having  roofs,  thofe  roofs  are  delcribed  by  Vitruvius, 
and  that  he  defenbes  no  roof  belonging  to  this,  it  muft 
neceffarily  follow,  the  Temples  in  form  Monopteros  had  no 
roofs  over  them. 

Again,  after  giving  the  proportion  of  the  Architrave  over 
the  columnes  of  the  Monopteros,  he  faith,  Zophorus  isr  rebqua 
qu<e  infuper  imponuntur,  ita  uti  in  tertio  <volumine  de  jymmetnis 
jcripjit.  The  Freefe  and  other  ornaments  laid  upm  them,  ars  a*  m 


80  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

his  third  'Book  of  Symmetries  made  mention  of.   Now,  in  his  rhird 
Book,  he  only  treats  of  proportions,  and  not  one  word  is 
Co  much  as  mentioned  by  him  of  any  manner  of  roofs  at  all 
only  in  the  clofe  ofthefaid  Book,  he  gives  the  proportion 
of  frontifpices  belonging  to  quadrangular  Temples :  the 
fame  referment  in  like  manner  he  makes  for  the  ornaments 
of  the  fferipteros ,  andwithall  proceeds  to  a  full  defcription, 
in  what  manner  the  roof  of  its  Cell  was  made,  which  que- 
ftionlefle,  he  would  likewife  have  done  in  the  other  form 
if  it  had  been  covered.   For,  he  faith,whatever  is  to  be  laid 
above  the  Freefe  of  the  Monopteros,  is,  as  fee  down  in  his  third 
Book :  but,  in  his  third  Book,there  is  not  One  word  menti- 
oned of  any  roofsj  the  conclufion  then  follows  the  Monopte- 
ros  was  without  a  roof. 

Laftly,  he  policively  tels  us  it  was  fine  Cellay  without  a  Cell: 
now  the  Cell  (and  which  for  diftindion  fake  I  have  focal- 
led  in  defcribing  this  Antiquity,  becauie  it  was  applied  to 
the  fame  ufe,  to  perform  their  facred  rices  in)  was  indeed 
Btn.Baldo.  properly,  the  inner,  or  chief  part  of  the  Temple ,  qmm  nos 
corpus  Temph  Mulgb  dicimus,  tl>e  commonly  call  it  the  body  of  the 
Church,  which  cnclofed  with  wals,  was  covered  with  a 
roof,  as  VitruVms  declares  in  the  form  Teripteros,  tetli  latio 
\u  haheatur  t?c.   Tlie  manner  of  a  rco/Yfairh  he)  ^as  thus<jr-c. 
But,   the    Monopteros   was  without  a  Cell,    and    conie- 
quently  without  a  roof  alio,  as  having  no  walls  to  bear 
it.  For,  in  regard  of  the  manner  of  the  JrcbitcBure,  the  pil- 
lars (landing  in  Ifland  (as  we  fay)   the  work  could  not  fe- 
curely  bear  a  roof,  if  made  of  any  great  capacity:   either 
therefore,  they  made  Temples  of  this  form  very  little  (in 
which  refpecl  only,  <Palladio  fuppofeth  it  might  be  vaulted) 
inconfiftent  with  the  %oman  greatnefle,  or  elfe,  like  Stone- 
heng they  were  wholly  uncovered  and  rooflefle.  Howfb- 
ever,  it  is  manifeft,  the  Afpetl  was  juft  the  lame.    And 
if  I  fhould  fay,  the  ruines  of  one  after  the  fame  form  alio, 
remains  yet  in  Oxfordfhire,  which  the  common  people  ufual- 
ly  call  (Rolle- rich-flows,  take  it  but  as  my  conjecture  only,  as 
likewife  one  or  two  built  after  the  like  manner  in  Scotland , 

no 


Stoneheng  refiored.  S  i 

no  man  unlefle  Hetlor  Boetius  knowing  by  what  Kings. 

Moreover,  the  proportions  appearing  in  this  Antiquity 
Stoneheng ,  are  much  conformable  to  thole,  affigned  by  VI- 
truvius  to  the  parts  of  the  Monopieros :  He  tels  us,  Tribttn  d 
babent  &  afcenfnm  exftu  diametri  tenia  parte :  they  bad  the  Trim 
bunal,  (by  which  is  underftood  that  levell  upon  which  the 
Temple  placed)  and  the  afcent,  conjifting  of  one  third  part  of  the 
Diameter.  So  at  oVowe/wg,  the  work  it  felf  is  one  third  pari 
of  the  Diameter  of  the  circumvaliation  :  And,  acording  to 
the  proportion  allowed  by  him  to  the  Afcent,  ic  feems  thote 
Temples  were  fited  more  {lately  then  others,  (by  conle- 
tjuence  great  alio)  and  certain  it  is,  whofoever  views  this 
Antiquity  attentively  with  judgement,  upon  the  place  where 
remaining  (for  the  Folio  being  too  little  I  could  not  exprelTe 
it  in  Defign)  and  doth  allow  a  proportionate  depth  to 
the  Trench  furrounding  it  ;  confidering  alfo,  together 
therewith,  the  levell  of  the  plain  lying  without,  he  will 
then  findeitftandinguponfuch  a  riling  ground,  that  the 
A/cent  unto  it,  was  not  much  lelTe  magnificent,  then  whac 
VitruVius  hath  declared. 

Furthermore,  befides  the  aforementioned  round  Temples  ± 
VitruVius  in  the  lame  Chapter  tels  us,  that,  generibus  aids  con- 
jlituuntur  <edesy  ex  iijdcm  fymmetrm  ordinate,  &*  alio  gcnere  dif- 
pojitiones  habentes.  The  Romans  built  them  after  other  manner 
of inventions ,  following  the  fame  proportions,  and  haying  their  d'fpo- 
fures  after  another  kinde.  Of  which,  if  vouchfafed  to  pofteri* 
ty  the  defcriptions,  fome  of  them  might  have  been  found, 
not  only  agreeable  in  AfpeB,  but  happily  of  the  very  felf 
fame  form  alio,   as  this  Temple  Stoneheng  doth  2ppear. 

Now  confidering  this  difcourfe  may  happen  into  the 
hands  of  thole,  who  cannot  by  words  fo  eafily  appre- 
hend things  of  this  Arty  I  have  for  their  fatisfaction  brought 
into  Defign,  the  plants  of  both  the  aforefaid  Temples  men- 
tioned by  VitruVius  y  whereby  their  conformity  with  Stone- 
heng, and  the  invention  thereof  taken  from  them,  is  more 
clearly  manifefted.' 

M  The 


Sz  Stomhengreftored. 

A 

The  Plant  of  the  Monopteros* 

<B 

The  Order  of  Tillm  which  continued  round  about  it,  to 
which  the  outward  circle  (of  Pillafters)  in  this  Antiquity 
Stoneheng,  directly  correfponds,  as  will  appear  in  the  lecond 
Figure  thereof,  formerly  defcribed  by  the  Letter  /. 

The  Vefign  follows. 


Ston  eheng  refloredi 


Kft 


■ 


■ 


•-  ■  -. 


. 


in 
-  i 


x 


B 


M     2 


§4 


Stoncheng  rejlored. 


The  Plant  of  the  Teripteros. 


2> 


The  Tortico  continuing  about  the  Cell. 


The  Circular  G/7enclofed  with  a  wall,whichin  theTem- 
pleStoneheng,  to  vary  the  invention,  was  converted  into  an 
Hexagonall  form,  and  in  ftead  of  walling  it  round  about, 
the  ArchiteB  as  (aid  before,  left  it  wholly  open,  as  mod 
agreeing  with  the  nature  of  the  Veity  to  whom  confecrate. 

The  Dcfign  follows. 


Stoneheng  reJloreJi 


&5 


86  .'  .  Stoneheng  refiored. 

By  the  Plants  of  which  faid  (Roman  Temples,  although  it 
is  plainly  manifeft,  from  whence  the  invention  of  Stone- 
heng was  taken :  yet,  that  it  may  more  clearly  be  under- 
stood, I  have,  unto  the  Order  of  pillars  which  makes  the 
Portico  of  the  laft  of  thofe  Temples,  applied  the  Architetlo- 
nicatlScbeam  by  which  our  Antiquity  was  formed  ;  whereby 
the  interfectionofthe  feverall  triangles  fully  demon ftrates 
after  what  manner  the  greater  Hexagon  made  open  at  Stone- 
heng, was  raifed  from  the  folid  wall  environing  the  Cell 
of  the  Peripteros. 


The  Rank  of  Pillars  which  made  the  Portico  of  the  Peri- 
pteros. 

G 

The  Ard'itcttomcall  Scheam  by  which  Stoneheng  formed. 

H 

The  circular  wall  environing  the  CW/of  the  Peripteros, 


After  what  manner  the  ftones  of  the  greater  Hexagons 
Stoneheng,  were  raifed  from  the  circumference  of  the  faid 
wall. 

The  Defign  follows. 


Stoneheng  njlorel. 


§7 


Stoneheng  reftored*  8$ 

Buc,before  deliver  my  judgment,unto  which  of  cheir  Dei- 
ties this  Temple  Stoneheng  was  anciently  dedicated  by  the^o- 
mans,\  fhall  give  you  fome  cuftoms  in  force  amongft  the  An- 
cients, relating  the  Decorum  ufed  by  them,  in  building  their 
particular7fwp/«:whereby,thofe  feveral  opinions  ieemingly 
conclufive  to  whom  Stonebengfacred,  may  more  evidently 
appear  invalid,  and  my  own  more  apparently  probable. 
Thofe  therefore  that  endevour  the  farthing  out  Antiquities 
of  ArcbitecJure,mu{\  amongft  others,  efpecially  prefcribe  to 
themfelves  five  things  to  be  guided  by.  wi^  Tin  Situation^ 
jifpeB,  Manner,  Form,  and  Order  of  the  work  as  in  ule 
amongft  the  Ancients.  For,inventing  the  feverall  ornaments 
of  JrcbheRure,  at  firft  for  honour  and  diftin&ion  onely 
of  their  Deities,  they  appropriated  to  each  of  them  particu- 
lar fituatims,  prccifc /orw,  peculiar  Orders,  according  to 
theleverall  qualities,  in  regard  whereof  adored  by  them. 

The  fituation  of  the  Temples  to  Vmus,  Mars,  Vulcan,  they 
ordained  tobechofen  without  their  Cities,  as  thole  which 
moved  mens  minds  to  lafcivioufnefle,  wars,  and  devaluati- 
ons. Within  their  Cities  they  placed  the  Tunples  of  the  Pa- 
trons of  Chaftity,Teace,  good  Arts :  and  offuch  Gods  alio, 
to  whom  the  Prote&ion  of  their  Cities  committed.  To 
Pallas,  Mercury,  and  Jfts  the  chief  Prefidents  of  Artificers, 
and  Merchants,  they  hudtTemples  near  the  Market  places, 
or  upon  the  Mai ket  places  themfelves.  To  Apollo  and  'Bac- 
chus near  the  Theater.  To  Hercules  near  the  Cirque  or  Am- 
phitheater. Unto  JEfcuhpius  and  Salus,  in  places  mod  of  all 
others  healthfully  and  near  topureftre;ms,and  waters }  be- 
caufe  the  infirm  people,comingoutof  a  peftilent  and  con- 
ragious  Aire,  to  that  which  was  good  and  healthrull,  by 
drinking  thofe  waters  might  the  fooner,  and  with  lefle 
difficulty  be  recovered,  whereby  zeal  to  thofe  fuppoled  Dei- 
ties  encreafed* 

The  Afpetl  Hjpathros,  mentioned  before,  of  which  Stone- 
heng  appears  built,  was  proper  only  to  fome  of  their  Gods, 
as  fhallberemembred  in  due  time  :  the  other  five  (need* 
lefle  here  to  name)  were  indifferently  difpofed,  fbmetime 

N  to 


£o  Stoneheng  reftored. 

to  one,  and  fometime  to  another  Deity,  as  the  magnificence 
of  thcTemples  to  be  built  required,  and,  as  to  be  made  with 
Portico's  or  without. 

The  M*wzer,which  VitruVtus  diftinguifhes  into  five  kinds  j 
according  as  the  intercolumnes  are  of  five  feverall  propor- 
tions ,  was  only  fo  far  forth  peculiarly  appropriated  to 
their  Deities  ^s  it  was  agreeable  to  the  proper  CW#-,otherwi(c 
they  followed  the  greatnefle  of  the  Work. 

But,  to  each  of  them  appropriating  particular  forms  of 
Temples ;  to  fome  of  their  Gods,  they  made  them  of  a  round 
form,  to  others  quadrangular,  to  others  of  many  angles: 
fome  of  them  having  their  Temples  covered,  with  roofs  over 
them  j  others  again  built  uncovered,  without  any  manner 
of  roofs  at  all :  As,  our  Antiquity  Stoneheng. 

Laftly,  the  Order  of  which  they  built  them,  was  fo  di- 
ligently obfcrved,  according  to  the  peculiar  qualities  of  their 
Deities,  that  feldom  or  never  they  varied  :  as  in  fit  place  [ 
fhall  remember.  Thefe  aforeiaid  rules  alfo  were  fo  firmly 
obferved  by  the  Ancients,  that  even  at  firft  fight  the  2[oman 
Arcbite&s  of  o\d  were  able  to  judge,  to  what  Deity  y  this,  or 
thatTem/7/eiacred:  and  the  modern  Italian  Arcbitetls,  by  the 
ruines  of  them  at  this  day,  give  fuch  notable  teftimonies  to- 
wards the  difcovery  of  them,  as  are  very  hardly  to  be  con- 
tradicted. Whofoever  defires  more  of  this,  may  read  Vttrtf 
Yms^Leo  'Baptijla  Albertus^  and  other  Authors  writing  of  Ar- 
chiteffure.  That  then  we  may  arrive  to  a  degree  of  certainty 
unto  whom  our  Stomheng  anciently  dedicated-  fome  fuch 
Deitie  of  the  Romans  is  to  be  found  out,  in  whofe  honour 
they  built  Temp/tt,  not  only  in  [uchfituations  as  this  zzStone- 
beng-  but  with  whole  natureor  quality  the  Forwand  Afpetl 
thereof  may  be  agreeable  alfo;  and  the  Order  proper,  for, 
whofoever  goes  about  to  enforce  other  realbns,  do  as  I  con- 
ceive but  beat  the  air,  neither  can  they  reduce  this  Antiquity  to 
any  probable  Originall. 

To  which  of  the  ^oman  Deities  SfWtfWjj  con  fecrated,  are, 
as  I  faid  before,  feverall  opinions.  Some  prefume  it  facred 
to  Diana}bm  upon  what  ground  their  conjecture  is  raifed, 

confi- 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  <?i 

confidering  both  the  AjpeB  and  Manner  of  this  Temple  utter- 
ly different  fromthofe  the  Ancients  ufed  to  dedicate  to  Her, 
I  cannot  conceive  j  for,  the  Manner  of  the  Temples  erected  to  fhr.  nb.%. 
Diana,  was  Diaflylos/i.e.  columnis  amplius patentibus,  made  with  cap.i&t. 
large  and  void  fpaces :  the  AjpeB  of  that  at  Ephejus  was 
Dipteros  •  that  at  Magnefu  Pfeudodipteros :  which  Manner  Her- 
mogcnes  inventing  to  fave  expence  and  labour,  though  he 
left  out  the  Older  of  pillars  within,  and  thereby  the  Portico 
came  to  be  more  large,  yet  the  Afpetl  continued  ftill  the 
fame.  And,  as  in  the  AfpeEi  and  Manner,  folikewife  in  the 
Order  and  Form  it's  different :  that,  at  Ephefus  aforcfaid  being 
of  the  lonick  Order,  the  Order  peculiarly  appropriated  to  Dia- 
na, and  quadrangular :  of  the  lame  Form  alfo,  was  that  at 
Magnefiaaf or  efaid,  and  fo  likewile  the  Romans  built  them, 
as  by  the  now  Church  of  S.  John  Evangcliftat  the  iatian,  or 
hatine  Port,  anciently  the  Temple  of  Diana  ■  and  that  in 
Mount /4vewf  we  alfo,  the  chief  of  her  Temples  in  P^me,  fully  Fab-Cal. 
appears.  The  fituation  of  the  Temples  dedicated  to  her, 
was  in  groves,  whence  VitruVtus  cals  her  grovy  Diana.  *r'  *  4' 

Ecce  (uburban?  templum  nemorale  Diana,  faith  OVid. 
See  inhere  Diana's  groyy  Temple  /lands. 

In  which  fort  Virgil,  Pliny,  and  other  Authors  alfo  tell  us 
her  Temples  were  always  fited.  The  ArchiteElure  therefore 
of  the  Temples  to  Diana,  and  this  at  Stoneheng  being  fo  far 
different,  there  is  no  probable  realbn  Stoneheng  fhould  be 
iuppos'd  dedicated  to  her. 

Moreover,  whether  or  no  this  opinion  maybe  confi- 
dent with  any  of  thole  qualities,  the  Ancients  endowed 
this  Goddeffe  with,  let  us  examine  further  the  Nature  of 
the  Deity  it  felf.  Is  Stoneheng  confecrated  to  Dima  becaufe  Nat  Ccm 
(he  prefided  over  ways  ?  what  publick  roads  then,  or  /tf.3.M/MS. 
common  high-ways  are  to  be  read  of,  which  anciently  led 
over  the  Downs  near  this  Antiquity  ?  The  moft  ancient 
ways  we  meet  with,  and  which  the  P^omans  firft  made  in 
this  I(l*nd}  as  Camden  fets  them  do  wn,are  four,  Watling-ftreet,  foa?fn 

N  2  Ike- 


pz  Stoneheng  reftored. 

Ikemild-flreet ,  Ermin-flteet,  and  the  Fojfe.    Watling-flreet  led 
through  Verohmium  directly  as  ic  were  by  a  (height  line  to 
Camden  fo.    the  Weft  fide  of  Leiceji-erJJ?ire}  and  from  thence  through  the 
51?*  Northerly  Counties  inco  Wales,  Iketmld-ftreet  began  in  the 

Countrey  of  the /extending  Eaftward.  Ermin-Jlreet  in  the 
fame  quarter,  running  through  Qambridgefhire,  Huntingdon- 
Jhire,  and  fo  on  towards  Lincoln/hire  led  the  right  way  inco 
the  Northern  Countreys  on  that  fide:  (this  (treet-way,hap- 
ply,  may  be  that  which  among  the  inhabitants  palTech  now 
by  the  name  of  High  Dike.)  The  FoJJe  parting  through  War- 
llid.fo.i66.  Vkkfhire,  came  down  to  Stow  on  the  Would,  thence  to  dm- 
cefter,  f torn  Cirncefter continuing  on  towards  'Bath  and  be- 
yond it  to  Somerton  into  the  Weftern  Provinces :  the  ridge 
whereof  is  yet  to  be  feen  in  divers  places  of  that  tract.  All 
of  them  lying  fo  far  from  Stoneheng,  that  none  of  them  are 
remembred  to  come  nearer  then  Cirncefterto  any  pare  of  the 
Plains  whereon  it  ftands,  and  therefore  in  this  refpect  there 
can  be  no  caufeto  imagine  this  Antiquity  mould  be  dedica- 
ted to  her.  Or,  is  Stoneheng  (acred  to  Diana,  becaule  fhe  was 
the  Patronefle  of  Gates  ?  for  which  reafon  the  Ancients 
built  her  Temples,  either  near  to  them  within  their  Cities, 
or  not  far  from  them  in  the  pleafant  luburbs.  But  what 
Cities,  or  places  having  any  fuch  Gates,  were  ever  found  an- 
ciently fo  near  Stoneheng,zs  might  caule  the  dedication  of  fo 
great  a  work  to  her  ?  furely  none.  Or,  is  Stoneheng  hallow- 
ed to  Diana  becaufe  (he  had  the  tutelage  of  Mountains  ?  if 
fo,  then  where  are  thofe  Mountains  to  be  found  near  this 
Antiquity  on  Salisbury  Plains  ?  which  Plains,  North,  South', 
Eaft  and  Weftward  through  the  midft  of  Wiltjhire  are  fo 
open, that  they  terminate  the  Horizon.  If  any  fuch  Moun- 
tains there,  why  do  all  Hiftorians  call  them  Plains  ?  But 
admit  Mountains  fomtimes  on  Salisbury  Plain,  what  then 
became  of  them  ?  were  they  removed  by  Earthquakes, 
fwallowed  into  the  ground  by  an  Hiatus  of  the  earth,  or 
levelled  by  inundations  ?  thenletitbemadeapparent  when 
fuch  like  accidents  fell  out.  Or  is  Stoneheng  dedicated  to  Di- 
<ww,foecau(c  (he  delighted  to  bath  her  (elf  in  fountains  and 

frefli 


Stoneheng  reftored.  pj 

frefli  fprings  ?  where  are  thofe  fountains  and  frefh  fprings 
to  be  found  ?  haply,  in  the  utmoft  borders  they  may  be  had, 
none  certainly  in  the  body  of  the  Plains,  or  any  thing  near 
Stoneheng  :  fpring  veins  being  not  there  to  be  found,  unlefle 
by  finking  wells  or  pits  very  deep,  which  the  inhabitants 
are  enforced  to  make  in  feverall  places  for  watering  their 
fheep,  and  as  glad  they  are  there,  as  the  Patriarchs  of  old     ' 
in  the  deferts  of  Qmaan  to  come  by  them.   Or  is  Stoneheng 
iacred  to  Diam,  becauie  reputed  Goddefle  of  hunting  ?  then, 
who  ever  defirous  of  a  Temple  for  her,  may  finde  it  in 
Daphne,  the  anciently  famous  fuburbs  of  Antiocbia,  where 
was  not  onely  a  Temple  dedicated  to  her,  but  an  Ajylum  Strab.  li.\6. 
alfb,  as  Strabo  witneffeth :  fiich  places  only  being  held  pro- 
per for  her  mytfteries,  where  interven  d  variety  of  pleafures, 
goodly  fhadowygrovespclelicate  walks,and  pleafant  fprings 
of  moft  cool  and  freflh  waters.  In  the  midft  of  thefe  delight* 
the  Ancients  fited  her  Temples,  not  in  wilde  Downs,  oc 
vaft  Plains,  (o  wide  and  open  that  hardly  fee  from  one  fide 
of  them  to  another,  affording  neither  flicker  for  travellers 
againft  canicular  heats,  nor  fuccourior  cattell  againftrfie 
boiftcrous  bl.ifts  of  bluiftering  Boreas.  Laftly,  is  Stoneheng 
dedicated  to  Diana,  becaufe  the  fuppo(cd  guardian    of 
woods  ?  then  remains  it  to  be  made  apparent  by  them,chofe 
Plains  in  ancient  times  bore  another  countenance  then  at 
prefcnt.  That  they  were  full  or  Forrefts,  woods  and  groves, 
■with  variety  of  lawns,  iceplenifhed  and  ftored  with  fuch 
forts  of  game,  aanci  wilde  beaffs  in  chafe  whereof  Diana  and 
her  companions  are  faid  co  recreate  themielves :    from 
whence  fome  are  of  opinion  Die  was  called  Diana  t  as  much 
.to  fay  DeViana^quomam  <venantes per  deviatsr  fifoaa  deVwefolent,  &<>/>"•  M-**, 
captantes  [eras.   (Becaufe  of  kuntfmens  deviating,  or  wandring  out  cap'^m 
of  the  ypay  ,throttgk<unc<mtk  paths  and  froods  inpurftdt  of  their  game. 
That*thofe  Plains  afforded  as  much  pleafure  and  delights 
.as  the  TheJfalianTempe,  the  Syrian  Daphne,  or  what  place  elfe 
as  famous  where  her  Temples  anciently  flood  :  and,  in  what 
unknown  age  they  were  diiafTbrreftcd  and  ltd   waft. 
Which,  if  ever  ifo,  certainly  tome  figns  thereof  would  re- 
main, 


24  Stoneheng  rejlored. 

main,  or  at  leaft  be  found  there,  as  well  as  in  other  pares  of 
the  lfland,  in  times  paft  overgrown  with  woods.  As  in 
Anglesey  formerly  mentioned  ;  in  Chefhirey  where,  in  digging 
their  marlepits  are  often  found  huge  trees  ,demonftrating  to 
pofterity  the  forrefts  there  anciently  growing  j    in  the  Ifle 
oiAxhohn  in  Lincolnjhtre^  where  the  inhabitants  have  hardly 
any  fewell,  but  what  fuch  trees  afford  Co  digged  out  of  the 
earth ;  in  Somerfetfhire,  where  1  my  felf  have  feen  trunks  of 
trees  lying  under  ground,  and  exprefting  the  places  in  times 
paft  overgrown  with  trees,  very  few  or  none  being  in  thofe 
places  now  ftanding.  Befides,  fome  remembrance  of  the 
aforefaid  forrefts  and  woods  Hiftory  queftionlefle  would 
yeeld  ;  now  what  occafion  foever  Hiftorians  take  for  men- 
tioning this  tract,  not  one  word  is  delivered  by  them  to  that 
purpofe,  all  unanimoufly  confenting  'twas  never  other  then 
at  prefent  an  open  and  champion  Countrey.  A  Theater  on 
which  Bellow  often  difplayed  her  bloody  enfigns,    and 
acted  feverall  tragedies  in  times  of  old :  A  field  of  Mars, 
where  'Romans,  Saxons  f  and  after  Vanes  for  obtaining  the  do- 
minion of  this  lfland  decided  their  ambitious  controver- 
sies. Of  which  actions  we  have  vifible  teftimony  unto  this 
day,  witnefle  thofe  burrows,  and  places  where  they  caftthe 
bodies  of  their  {lain,  over  all  quarters  of  the  plain  difperfed, 
which  in  long  time  are  fofhrowded  by  nature  with  ever 
growing  grafte,  that  their  memory  will  remain  by  their 
fepulchrcs  to  all  pofterity,  that  which  confumes  all  works  of 
Art,  making  them  ftill  more  frefli  and  flourishing :  wic- 
neffe  fpoils  of  war  there  frequently  digged  up,  as  formerly 
remembred :  leverall  encamping  places  of  thole  leverall 
Nations  in  all  parts  of  the  plain'  even  yet  appearing,  no 
place  in  the  whole  lfland,rcfpecting  the  circuit,having  more 
remains  of  them  :  Alio  that  huge  Trench,  mentioned  be- 
fore by  the  name  of  Wanfdike,  running  through  the  very 
bowels  of  them,  fuch  manner  of  trenches  appearing  no 
where  in  any  part  of  England  befidej  laving  where  the  like 
plains  interveen  ;  fo  at  l>{ewmarket  Heath  the  like  trench  vul- 
garly called  Devils  Dike,  as  if  made  by  Devils  not  by  men}'n 

to 


Stonehcng  reftored.  ^ 

to  be  feen ;  though  in  ancient  rimes  it  was  the  limits  of  the 
Kingdome  of  the  Eaft  Angles ,  and  it  took  end,  as  Camden  Camden  ft. 
very  well  obferves,  token  the  pajfagss  by  reafon  of  Woods  grew  *9°' 
cumbersome :  Which>if  the  like  be  granted  for  Wanfdike  (as  is 
very  probable,  it  ending  alfo  wichthe  Plains)  then  with- 
out controverfie  there  were  no  more  woods  in  times  of 
old  on  Salisbury  Plains  then  at  this  day^  it  running  over- 
thwart  them,  as  in  a  direct  line  from  Eaft  to  Weft.  And 
who  knows  not,  that  other  manner  of  fortifications  then 
running  trenches  upon  direct  lines  are  to  be  eaft  up  for 
defence  of  woody  (ituations  ?  But  why  urge  more  Autho- 
rities, when  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Countrey  tell  us,  the 
foil  or  ground  being  hot,  dry,  and  chalky  is  altogether 
improper  for  the  growth  of  trees.  Thus  then  thefituation 
of  the  place,  fo  antipathizing  in  all  refpects  with  the  na- 
ture and  qualities  anciently  attributed  to  Diana,  and  the 
Manner ,  Farmland  Order  of  this  Antiquity,  fo  contrary  to  the 
cuftome  ufed  by  the  Ancients  in  erecting  her  Temples,  no  rea- 
fon wherefore  this  Temple  Stonekeng  fhould  be  conceiv'd  as 
erected  for  celebration  of  the  fuperftitious  ceremonies  an- 
ciently afcribed  unto  her  Worfhip. 

Some^gain,  would  have  Stoneheng  confecrated  to  Wan-, 
becaufe  Tan  a  Greek  word  fignifyingthe  Univerfe, under  him 
the  whole  frame  of  Nature  was  adored.  And  therefore,  the 
Ancients  made  his  ftatues  wich  horns,faith  &rvi«4,expreiling 
thereby  the  beams  oftheS««,and  horns  of  the  Mwn;  thofc 
iffuing  from  his  forehead,  and  turning  upwards  towards 
Heaven,  as  Boccace  will  have  it,  fignified  the  Celeftiall  bo- 
dies :  feigning  alio,  as  the  world  moves  with  extraordi- 
nary fwiftnefle,  he  excelled  like  wife  in  fpecd  of  running. 
By  the  purple,  ruddy,  and  enflamed  face,  attributed  to  Tan, 
that  pure  fire,  above  all  othe):  Elements  holding  his  place  in 
the  confines  of  the  Celeftiall  Sphears  was  demonftrated : 
by  his  large  long  beard  defcending  down  upon  his  brcaft, 
the  two  fuperiour  Elements  Aire  and  Fire  of  a  malculine 
nature,fending  down  their  impreffions  upon  the  other  two 
naturally  feminine  was  (hewed :  by  the  (potted  skin  cove- 
ring 


$6  Stoneheng  refiored. 

ring  his  breaft  and  Shoulders,  the  eighth  iphear  wholly 
embelifbed  with  glorious  (tars ;  inveloping  in  like  man- 
ner all  appertaining  to  the  nature  of  fublunary  creatures 
was  represented ".  by  the  (heep-hook  which  he  held  in  one 
hand,  Natures  dominion  over  all  things  (according  to  Boc- 
cace)  was  Signified :  and  as  SerViut  faith,  becaufe  this  ftaffe, 
or  rod  was  crooked,  the  year  revolving  into  it  (elf,  was 
thereby  exprefTed  :  in  the  other  hand  holding  a  Pipe,con- 
fifting  of  feven  reeds,  whereby,  the  Celeftiall  harmony 
conceived  by  fome  to  have  (even  founds,  and  feven  diffe- 
rent tunes,  according  to  the  number  of  the  Tlanets,a.nd  their 
Sphears  which  are  (even,  was  (b  fet  forth. 

After  this  manner  Mythologtfls  difcourfe  of  Tan,  with  va- 
rious opinions,  according  to  the  fubtile  niceties  of  their 
feverall  fancies :  and  in  thefe  refpc&s  as  having  relation  to 
the  Heavens,  this  Antiquity  Stoneheng  is  imagined  (acred  to 
Him.  'Tis  true,  if  Mythologie,  and  not  demonftrative  rea- 
fons  were  to  be  fixe  upon  in  matters  of  Architecture y  the  for- 
mer conceptions  might  be  fome  ground  to  frame  conje- 
ctures Stoneheng  (acred  to  Tan.  But,  Architecture  depending 
upon  demonftration,  not  fancy,  the  fictions  of  Mythologies 
are  no  further  to  be  embraced,  then  as  not  impertinently 
conducing  to  prove  rcall  truths.  Wherefore,  the  aforefaid 
ancient  rules  for  building  Temples  confidered,  and  compa- 
ring the  Order j  Formt  AfptU  and  Situation  of  the  Temples  to 
'PdMjWith  the  like  in  this  Antiquity,  fo  much  contrariety  is 
found  betwixt  them,as  may  convince  any  reafonable  judge- 
ment Stoneheng  not  dedicated  to  Him. 

Tan  pujlorum,  venatorumy  <&/-  univerfo  a>it<e  ruftian* prafidem 

Nat.  Cm.    crediderunt  Jntiqui,  faith  Totalis  Comes.    Tan  was  the  reputed 

**"  5  *  God  amongft  the  Ancients,  of  Shepherds,  Huntfmen,  and  all  thofe 

that  led  an  agrejlick  life.  The  fame  Author  alfo  calling  him 

Tifcatorum  T>eumy  the  God  of  Ftfhermen  as  well  as  Shepherds. 

Arcadihus  "Deorum  antiquifsimus  &  honoratifs'tmus  eft  Tan,  faith 

Dion.HaH.    Eionyfius.  Tan  is  the  mofl  ancient,  andmoft  honoured  Deity  of  the 

lib.*.  Arcadians.  And  in  Arcadia  itfelf  where  he  was  principally 

Rofin.ub.%,,  acjorec|?thCy  built  his  Temples  for  the  moftpartin  Towns 

of 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  <?y 

of  the  fame  Form  and  Order  as  to  Juno :  In  the  Town  ofHei<eaf 
babetTantemplumfuum  (faith  Taufatitts  in  his  description  of 
Arcadia)    quod  olim  Junoni  dicatum  ftut,  Pan  bad  bis  Temple  Paufan.fc 
-which  anciently  Ida*  dedicated  to  Juno.  Now ,the  Order  appropri-  49^ 
ated  to  Juno  by  the  (Romans  y  was  the  7oh/V&,  as  is  manifeft  from 
VitruYius,  who  tels  us,  To  Juno,  Vuna,  and  Bacchus,  and  to  the 
ocher  Deities  of  the  fame  quality,  they  built  Temples  of  the  Ionick  Vitr' l^-1- 
Order.  The  Form  in  like  manner  of  her  facred  ftructures  was 
quadrangular,  as  in  Mount  AVentine,  in  foro  Olitorio  (or  the 
herb  Market)  in  Mount  Quirinal,  and  elfwherc  amongft  the  Al 
%omh\s  the  ruines  of  her  Temples  do  evidently  witnefle  :  as  Don. 
alio,  her  Temples  anciently  at  Argosy  and  amongft  the  Elians  p<»»p^omt 
in  Greece,  built  of  the  like  Form,  and  of  the  Vorick  Order.       f     . 
But  this  Antiquity  is  of  the  ievere  Tufcane  work,  and  of  a  ■ii4.&\ijf 
round  figure.  The  Temples  toTan  had  a  Tortico  onely  in 
fro?it)  at  Stoneheng  it  continues  round  about  the  Qll.  The 
Temples  to  Tan  were  not  expofed  to  the  open  Aire,  and  buile 
uncovered  as  Stoneheng  was,  but  had  roofs  upon  them.  For, : 
Ignis  ei perpetuus  ardebatt  therein  they  kept  per petuau  fire,  as  at  Aca-  „y  ,     6 
cejium  a  Town  alio  of  Arcadians ;  all  Temples  wherein  they 
kept  fuch  fires  being  covered,  as  the  Temple  to  Apollo  at  Del- 
phos  amongft  the  Greeks,  and  to  Vefta  at  %ome  amongft  the 
Romans.   But,  if  at  any  time  they  did  erect  them  diftant  from 
a  Town,  reserving  always  the  Form  and  Order,  they  chofe 
fuch  fituacions  as  wholly  environed  with  trees  •  for  ex- 
ample, the  Temple  to  Tan  in  Mount  Lycms^  was  compafled 
in  with  a  thick  wood,  condenfo  circumfeptum  lucoy  as  Taufanias 
hath  it :    fo  likewife,  that  Temple  facred  to  tiim  in  the  Tar- 
thenian  Forreft,  according  to  the  faid  Author.  Now,  this 
Temple  Stoneheng  is  fited  in  an  open  champion  Countrey, 
where  fcarce  a  bufh  or  tree,  much  leflc  thick  woods,  or  for- 
refts  to  be  feen  throughout  the  whole  Plain;   nor  was 
there  ever  any  in  times  of  old  as  Hiftory  remembers,and  the 
nature  of  the  foil,as  I  am  informed,  is  no  wife  profperous 
for  their  growing  there,  as  is.fufficiently  before  declared. 

But  Tan  (fay  they)  being  the  God  of  Shepherds ,why  might 
not  Stoneheng  to  gratifie  them  be  erected,  and  confequently 

O  by 


pg  Stoneheng  refiored. 

by  the  Romans  dedicated  to  their  God  Tan  f  no  place  in  the 
whole  lfland  more  abounding  with  fheep,  then  the  cir- 
cumadjacent  Plains  -y  the  almoft  innumerable  flocks  where- 
of, not  only  moft  plentifully  fatisfying  the  bordering  in- 
habitants for  food  j  but,  from  their  delicate  fleeces,  a 
great  part  of  the  known  univerlc  are  clad  alfb.  I  anfwer, 
amongft  the  (Romans  (declared  at  large  before  to  be  Founders 
of  Stoneheng)  I  do  not  finde  any  one  Temple  JEidyHoufejSanclu- 
ary,  Grove,  Altar,  or  any  fuch  like  facred  ftruclure  confecrated 
to  Tan  in  their  own  Country ;  much  lelTe  any  Temple  dedi- 
cated unto  Him  by  them  in  Britain :  and  therefore,  utter- 
ly improbable  this  Temple  Stoneheng  fhould  be  erected  by  the 
Romans  unto  Tan. 
Dion.  HaI.  There  was  a  Temple  indeed,  built  to  Tan  Lyuus  on 
lil.i.  Mount  Talatine}   by  thole  Arcadians  which  accompanied 

M/.10.'        Evander  into  Italy  ■>  in  which,  though  the  (%omms  in  fuccee- 
ding  times  performed  the  fame  rites,  as  the  Arcadians  anci- 
ently had  inftituted }  yet,  He  paffed  with  the  Romans  under 
imfttn,  lib*    the  name  ofLupercus,  and  in  honour  of  Himy  as  fome  Au- 
4?  •  thors  of  opinion,  certain  feftivals  or  games  called  Lupercalia, 

at  flfyme  onely,  not  in  Provinces  conquered  by  them,  were 
(blemnized  by  the  Romans;  Noblemens  Ions  running  in 
Plutarch,  in  tno^e  gamcs>  according  to  the  primitive  inftitution  fec- 
Rm.  ting  forth  and  beginning  their  courie  at  Mount  Talat'me, 

Ktfin.ub.%.  anJ  fQ  roun(j  about  the  City  to  the  fame  place  again.  I 
may  not  omit,  ncverthelefle,  that  (everall  Authors  deliver 
the  LupercalU  were  inftituted  in  thankfulneflc  to  Lupat  or 
the  wolf  that  gave  <%omulus  fuck,  and  the  courfe  of  thole 
games  beginning  at  Mount  Talaiim  (not  fo  much  in  re- 
membrance it  feems  of  Tans  Temple  there,  as)  from  the 
pittt.inRom.  Lupend  or   the  Very  place  they  fay  Cohere  Romulus   "bos 

cafl  ota. 
Di<m.uy.i.  fiionyfius  of  Halkarnaffus  tels  us  the  Arcadians  built  the 
aforefaid  Temple  to  Tan,  idonto  inVento  loco&c,  when  they 
had  found  out  a  convenient  placi  for  it  adjoyning  to  their  ha- 
bitations :  the  condition  or  nature  of  which  place  is  not 
unworthy  your  ebferyacion  y  for  by  his  deicription  thereof 

we 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  $$ 

we  fhall  cafily  perceive  what  manner  of  fituation  was 
by  the  Arcadian  Shepherds  held  proper  for  performing  the 
ceremonies  of  their  God  Tan.  His  words  are,  Erat  turn,  ut 
fertur,jftelunca  fub  tumulo  magna,  denfo  querceto  contecla,  O-  fub 
petns  profundi  fonticuhjolumque  rupibus  contiguum  nemorofum,  &* 
frequentibus  ac  proems  opacum  arboribus :  ibi  ara  deo  extrutla,  more 
patriofacrafecerunt.  Under  the  Hill  (to  wit,  Mount  'Palatine) 
ivas  anciently  tas  report  goes  (faith  he)  a  great  cave  or  den,  cohered 
oyer  by  a  thickgroVe,  deep  "wells  or  riverets  running  amongjl  thejlones 
ofthecaVe,  and  round  about  it  a  "tooodjbythe  many  and  tall  trees 
0 rowing  therein  Very  dark  and  obfeure  :  there  the  Altar  of  the  God  "too* 
placed,  and  his  Sacrifices  after  their  Country  manner  performed. 
Now  is  Stontheng  thus  fited,  or  was  there  ever  any  fuch 
like  place  near  this  Antiquity*  of  all  the  places  in  England 
that  1  know,  none  comes  nearer  that  cave,  then  Ochy-hole  in 
Somerletfhire :  And  if  the  Ancients  held  fuch  difmall  fitua- 
tions  only  proper  for  Tans  Temples,  then  without  perad- 
venture  Stoneheng  was  never  erected  in  honour  of  him,  they 
being  no  innovators  in  their  fuperftitions. 

A  further  obiervation  may  be  made  to  our  purpofe,  up- 
on theaforefaid  defcription,  Erat  turn  antrum  magnum,  itVeas 
a?iciently  (faith  Vionyfms )  a  great  cave.  But  in  his  own  time,  DhnM.t. 
which  was  under  Auguflus,  the  Romans  had  fo  choked  up 
the  place  wich  building,  that  the  manner  how  Tans  Temple 
in  old  time  flood,  was  hardly  to  be  difcovered :  nuncquidem 
adi fiats  (faith  he)  finumcircumquaque  fepientibus,  difficilis  conje- 
Bura  ejl  qaalis  olim  loci  natura  fuerit.  At  this  prefent ,  Verify 
the  Temple  being  eVery  Vt>ay  environed  with  buildings,  it  is 
hardly  to  be  conjectured  in  what  manner  of  place  it  anciently 
flood.  This  was  the  caufe  which  enforced  him  to  deliver 
ro  pofterity  the  former  delcription  meerly  upon  report. 
Certainly  then,  the  Romans  employing  the  place  to  proraner 
ufes,  Tans  Deity  was  little  efteemed  by  them;  otherwife, 
they  would  never  have  polluted  it,  by  fctting  up  private 
houfes  upon  the  place  confecrated  to  him.  Now  the  (Ro- 
man* flighting  him  after  this  manner  at  home,  little  reafon 
appears  fo  magnificent  a  ftructure  as  Stoneheng,  fhould  be 

O  2  erected 


I  oo  Stoneheng  reftored. 

erected  by  them  for  adoration  of  Tan  in  other  Countreys. 

Furthermore,  the  sacrifices  in  times  of  old  offered  to 

Tan  were  milk  and  honey,  offered  up  in  fimple  Shepherds 

crocks  or  earthen  pitchers :    quare  non  rite  facrificabant,  qui 

tauros  illi  immolabant,  aut  qui  in  aunts  poculis  lac  aut  Vtnum  ojfe- 

Nat.  Com.     nbant  <?c.    Wherefore,  they  facrificed  not  aright,  faith  ]S{atalis 

Ub>%.  (Jomes,  fbho  immolated  'Buls  or  Oxen  unto  him,  or  out  of  golden  cups 

poured  forth  milk  or  "tome  upon  his  Altars ;  for  goblets  of  that 

metall  were  proper  onely  for  the  fupernall  and  celeftiall 

Deities,  not  to  terreftriall,  and  fuch  as  had  care  of  Heardf- 

men  or  Shepherd  Swains.  To  which  purpofe  alfb,the  fame 

Author  out  of  Apollonius  Smyrntus  remembers  Tan,  thus 

fpeaking  of  himfelf. 

Sum  Deusagrefis,  curhisfunt  aureafacris 
Tocula  f   quo  Vmum  funditis  Italicum  ? 

Adpetram  cur  flat  taurus  cerYtce  ligatus  ? 
Tarcite  :  non  h&c  ejl  vitlima grata  miht. 

Tan  montanus egofurn, ligneus ,'tpfaque Veftis 
Telliceaeft:  muflum  e  fiffilibufque  bibo. 

In  Engl  ifh  thus: 

A  rural!  God  ami,  ingoldencup 
Tlie  Falern  "fcine,  "toby  then  d'yee  offer  up  ? 
Why  at  mine  Altar, /lands  the  fern  Bull  bound, 
Or  Oxe  that's  fat,  with  laurell  gtrland  crown  d  * 
Spare  ye  fuch  cofi :  nogratefull  Vtclimes  thefe 
Are  unto  me,  others  lejje  cojlly  pleafe. 
A  Mountaineer }  a  woodman  clad  in  skin 
Am  I:  your  wine  in  earthen  Vejjcls  bring. 

But  the  Sacrifices  anciently  offered  at  Stoneheng  (already  re- 
membred)  were  Ms  or  Oxeny  and  feverall  forts  ofbeafts, 
as  appears  by  the  heads  of  divers  kinds  of  them,  not  many 
years  fincc  there  digged  up. 

As  for  that  of  the  Tantheony  it  is  Very  well  known  the  An- 
cients fo  called  it,  not  in  any  relation  to  Tan,  but  becaufe  it 
Was  facrcd  to  JoVe  the  fyvenger,  and  according  to  others  to 

Cibele. 


Stonehen  g  reftored.  I  o  I 

Cibele,  and  all  Gods.  For  which  reafon,  Boniface  the  fourth 
obcained  licence  from  the  Emperour  Phocasy  to  confecrate  it  PUtin,i» 
to  the  Virgm  Mary,  and  all  Saints.  And  who  knows  not  the  Bon' 
Architecture  thereof  wholly  different  from  this  of  Stoneheng  ? 
The  Pantheon  hath  its  Cell  enclofed  with  a  continued  folid 
wall,  and  the  Portico  only  in  front,  of  the  delicate  Corinthian 
Order;  of  which  Ordtr  the  inner  part  confifted  likewife, 
being  vaulted  in  moft  admirable  and  magnificent  manner: 
From  whence  VionCafsius  delivers  his  opinion,  indeidnomi-  Dw*«''M3» 
m  habere,  quod  forma  conVexa  fajligiatumy  coeli  ftmilitudinem 
ojlenderet,  it  to  be  called  the  Pantheon,  becaufe  by  the  form  of  that 
Vault  wherewith  covered^  it  reprefented  the  concave  ofHeaVen^  or  (as 
others  will)  the  figure  of  the  world }  for  the  world  being 
mans  houfe,  the  firmament  is  as  the  vaulted  roof  thereof 
At  the  crown  of  the  vault  it  had  an  opening,  by  which  only 
it  received  light  and  air.  But,  this  Antiquity  Stoneheng  built 
of  a  grave  and  humble  Order  (as  is  faid  before)  had  a 
double  Portico  continuing  round  about  it,  the  Cell  thereof 
free  and  open,  and  every  way  expofed  to  the  air,  received 
light  from  all  parts. 

Wherefore  leaving  thefe,  Stoneheng  wasdedlcated,as  Icon- 
ceive,to  the  God  Coelus,  by  fome  Authors  called  Ccelum,  by 
others  Uranus  fiom  whom  the  Ancients  imagined  all  things 
took  their  beginning.  My  reafons  are,  Firft,in  refpectof 
the  fituation  thereof;  for  it  ftands  in  a  Plain,  remote  from 
any  Town  or  Village,  in  a  free  and  open  air,  without  any 
groves  or  woods  about  it. 

Secondly,  in  regard  of  the  AfpeB ;  for  Stoneheng  was  ne- 
ver covered,  but  buile  without  a  roof.  Which  Decorum  the 
^omms  ever  obferved,  both  in  the  Situation  and  AfpeB  of  the 
Temples  dedicated  to  this  their  God,  and  to  Jove  the  Ligbtner, 
the  5««,and  the  Moon.  Jovi  fulgumtorifir  Ccelo}<&  Soli  fir  Lm<ef  vitrdi.u 
adificiafub  divo  Hypatbraque  conjlituuntur.  To  Jove  the  Lightner,  c*b*" 
and  to  Ccelus,  and  to  the  Sunt  and  to  the  Moont  they  ereBed  buildings 
in  the  open  air  and  uncovered ,(aith  VitruVius  in  the  fecond  Chap- 
ter of  his  firft  Book.  Take  with  you  alfo  his  reafon.  Homm 
enim  'Deorum  <&  [pedes  &  effeBus  in  aperto  mundo  atque  lucenti 


I  o  1  Stoaeheng  rejlored. 

prdfentesvidemus,  becaufeboth  the  forms  andeffeBs  oftbefe  Dei- 
ties,we  behold  preftnt  before  our  eyes,  in  a  clear  arid  open  View.  Ano- 
Coiw.  An-    tncr  rcafon  I  find  alfo  why  they  built  their  Temples  to  Ccelus, 
titj.l.t.cdp.  and  thofe  other  Deities  uncovered  as  Stoneheng:  becaufe 
,0#  they  counted  it  an  hainous  (matter  to  fee  thole  Gods  confi- 

ned under  a  roof,  whole  doing  good  confifted  in  being 
abroad. 

Thirdly,  in  regard  of  the  Form  of  Stoneheng,  which  is  cir- 

fur.VaUr:,  cu^r-  This  figure  was  proper  to  the  Temples  of  Calm  and 

HitrM-19'  Tellus,  whom  the  Ancients  called  Vefla,  as  Valerianus  (in 

his  Hieroglyphicks)  affirms.    Nonfolamentelapalla,  ma  unafim- 

plice  piegatura  di  ruota,  appreffogli  Egi^jani  demofiraVa  il  Cielo, 

7>{ptonly  (faith  he)  the  circular  form ,  but  the  meer  fegment  of  a 

circle  amongfl  the  Egyptians  was  an  Hieroglypbick  of  Ccelus.  And 

Lee  Baft,      to  this  purpofe  alfo,  Leo  'Baptijla  Albertus  ufeth  thefe  words. 

Alb.  Ubjj.     JBdem  Vefed,  quam  ejfe  terram  putarent,  rotundam  ad  pile  fimilitu- 

dinem,faciebant.   Unto  Vejia,  "tohom  they  reputed  to  be  the  Earth 

they  built  Temples  of  a  round  form  globelike.  Befides,  obferve 

philanlin    what  philander  commenting  on  Vitruvius  tels  us.  Templorum 

Tap  i      '    quanquam  alia  font  quadrata,  alia  multor  urn  angulor  urn  y  Cceli  natu- 

ram  imitati  Veteres  jmprimis rotundis funt  deleclati :  Although  ({aith 

he)  the  Ancients  madefome  Temples  fquare,  feme  off x fides  pothers 

of  many  angles  t  they  were  efpecially  delighted  "with  making  of  them 

round,   as  reprefenting  thereby  the  Form  or  Figure  of  Ccelum, 

Heaven. 

Fourthly,  in  refpect  of  the  Order  whereof  Stonebengbuilf. 
Theleverity  of  this  Tufcane  work,  retaining  in  it  a  fhew 
An.?M.l'u\ .  (as  it  were)  of  that  firft  face  of  Antiquity  (as  A.  Palladia  terms 
it)  being  mod  agreeable  to  the  narure  of  this  their  God, 
reputed  the  ancienteft  of  all  their  Deities,  and  Father  of  Sa- 
turn. For,  it  was  the  cuftome  of  the  Ancients  (as  in  part  I 
iemcmbred  before)  to  appropriate  the  feverall  Orders  of  Ar- 
chitecture, according  to  the  particular  qualifications  of  thofe 
they  deified.  MinerV*,  O*  Marti,  <?  Herculi,  <edes  Doric*  fent : 
Vitr.lib.*.  fa  emm  fa  propter  virtutem,  fine  deliciis  adifcia  conflitui  decet. 
To  Minerva,  and  Mars3  and  Hercules,  Temples  of  the  Donck  Order 
"were  made  5  for,  to  thefe  Deities  in  refpetl  of  their  valiant  aclions>  it 

WAS 


Stoneheng  reftored.  i  o  j 

"too*  requijite  to  build  without  delicacy.  Veneri,  Floret,  Proferpinte, 
Fontium  ftymphis,  Corinthiogenere  conflituta,  aptM  videbuntur  bd- 
bere  proprietates,quod  hisdiis  propter  teneritdtem  graciliora  &  flo- 
rid*, foliifque  &*  Volutis  orndta  opera  facia  augere  videbuntur  jujlum 
decorem.  To  Venus 7  Flora,  Troferpbu,  the  Fountain  TS{ymphs,  the 
Qorinthian  Order  wo*  thought  moft  proper :  becaufe  unto  thefe  in  re- 
gard of  their  tender  natures ,  the  mrkfeemed  to  advance  a  juft  deco- 
rum, when  made  delicate  and  ftourifting,  and  adorned  Vith  leaves  and 
volutes.  Junonij'Dian^yLiberoTatricietertJjue  dm  qui eadem  funt 
Jimilitudine,  fi  tides  lonicaconjlruerentur,  habita  erat  ratio  mediocri- 
tatis,  quod  <&  abfeVero  more  Doricorum,  &r  a  teneritate  Cormtbio- 
mm,  temperabitur  earum  in/litutio  proprietatis.  To  Juno,  Diana, 
Bacchus,  and  to  the  other  Deities  of  the  fame  quality,  building  Tern- 
pies  of  the  Ionick  Order,  they  had  regard  unto  the  mean,  that  from 
the  feVere  manner  of  theVorick,and  delicacy  of  the  Corinthian,  the 
condition  of  their  indowments  might  be  duly  moderated,  faith  Vhru- 
vius.  To  Jupiter,  Sol  ,and  Luna,  though  they  made  Temples 
fub  divo  open  to  the  air  and  without  roofs  like  this  Anti- 
quity -,  yet  were  they  not  built  of  fevere  and  humble  but 
moft  delicate  Orders,  and  accordingly  were  adorned  with 
coftly  ornaments,  and  beautified  with  various  enrichments 
in  fevcrall  forts  of  fculpture,  as  by  the  ruines  of  them  in 
divers  parts  of  Italy  remaining  to  this  day,  evidently  ap- 
pears. Refpecling  therefore,  thisD^wnwufedby  the  Anci- 
ents in  building  their  Temples,  and  that  this  work  Stoneheng 
is  principally  compofed  of  a  moft  grave  Tufcane  manner,  by 
juft  proportions  of  an  agreeable  format  is  in  mine  opinion, 
as  I  faid  before,  moft  agreeable  to  the  quality  and  condition 
of  that  ancient  Cce/«4,whom  Antiquity  reputed  the  very  ftem 
whence  all  thole  Deities  in  the  fuccecding  Ages  proceeded. 
Ccelus  ex  eadem  conjuge  (fcilicet  Tellure)  procreavit  Ocean  urn,  J^^ 
Ccelum,Hyperionem  <src.  Zsr  novifsimum  omnium  Saturnum  lib.x. 
fufcepit.  Ccelus,  by  the  fame  wife  (co  wit  Tellus)  had  Oceanus, 
Ccelum,Hyperionarc.  and  loft  of  all  begat  Saturn.  To  which 
purpofe  alfo  Latlantius,  Jfinde  U ramus  by  his  wife  Vefta  had 
Saturn  andOps :  Saturn  attaining  the  government, called  bis  father 
UraniuSjCceluSjW  his  motbcrTetra;  that  by  this  change  of  names, 


1 04  Stoneheng  rejtored. 

he  might  the  more  magnife  thefflendor  of  his  originall  <&c.  Further 
I  conceive  ic  will  not  be  impertinent  to  our  purpofe  in 
hand,  to  deliver  what  the  Ancients  have  reported  of  Qe* 
lus  •  and  wherefore  they  afcribcd  divine  Honours  unto 
Him. 

According  to  the  Poets,  Coelus  was  not  that  huge  machine 
adorned  with  ftars,  which  Orpheus  faith  was  com poPed  for 
habitation  of  the  Planets,  and  other  Deities,  and  which  we 
behold  moving  with  continuall  revolution:  but  a. certain 
man  fo  called,  fon  to  JEther  and  Vies,  that,  is  della  Virtu  ar- 
dente,  C  della  lucefamofa,  of  tranfcendent  influence  and  refplendent 

^occace        foigbtnefs,  as  *Boccace  hath  it. 

By  Hiftorians,  efpecially  Diodorus  Siculus,  it's  thus  delive- 

libi.  rec^  Scribunt  primum  regnajfe  apud  AtUntides  Ccelum :  Hominef. 

que  anteaper  agros  dtfperfos,  ad  ccetum,  condendafque  urbes  exhor- 
tatum,  afera  eos  agreflique  Vita  ad  mitiorem  cultum  extitiffe  isrc. 
They  tyfkejie  Tohichfrft  reignedover  ffoAtlantides  was  Cce!us,dflii 
that  he  invited  men  living  difperfedly  before  throughout  the  fields ,  to 
convene y  and  dwell  in  companies  together,  exhorting  them  to  build 
Towns ,  and  reducing  them  from  wild  and  JaVage  to  the  conVerfatton 
of  civill  life  :  Taught  them  aljo  to  fow  corn  and  feeds,  and  divers 
other  things  belonging  to  the  common  ufe  of  mankind ;  tf^uled  likewtfe 
over  a  great  part  of  the  world  from  Eafl  to  Weft ;  Wo*  a  diligent 
obferVer  oftheftars,  and  foretold  men  divers  things  to  come:  The  year 
(before  confus'd)  bringing  into  Order,  according  to  the  courfe  of  the 
Sun,  reducing  italfo  into  moneths  after  the  l/ioons  courfe,  and  appoint- 
ing likewife  the  feVerall  feajons  of  the  year.  IPIiereby  many  ignorant 
of  the  perpetual  courfe  oftheflars  j  and  amazed  at  his  future  predi&i- 
ons,  did  >verily  believe  he  participated  of  Divine  Is^ature,  and  there- 
fore after  his  death,  as  well  for  benefits  received  from  him,  as  great 
knowledge  of  theftars,  they  conferred  on  him  immortall  honours,  and 
adored  him  as  a  God.  And,  as  appears,  called  Ccelus  in  regard  of  his 
skill  in  the  celefliall  bodies,  as  aljo,  for  divers  other  caufes  eternall 
iQng  of  all  the  world.  Thus  Diodorus.  It  being  an  ordinary  cu- 
ftome  among  the  Heathens  to  deifie,  and  efteem  for 
Gods,  fuch  excellent  perfonages,  as  either  had  well  ruled, 
or  governed  them,  or  done  any  notable  thing  among 

them 


Stonehcng  rejlored.  105 

them  to  their  efpeciall  benefit,  or  good  liking.  Such, 
were  they  men,  or  women,  remained  with  the  name,  re- 
putation, and  reverence  of  Gods  or  Goddejfes  after  their 
deaths. 

Furthermore,  according  to  the  Thilofophers  .y  Men  (they 
knew  not  how)  by  nature  ibon  wanting,  and  by  inftincl: 
as  foon  feeking  fome  God  (in  ftcad  of  apprehending  bet- 
ter) deified  the  befl  to  [enfc.  Whereupon,  out  of  all  Untitles 
as  moft  glorious  to  the  eye,  they  firft  made  choice  of  Hea- 
VcM,and  Heavenly  bodies;  conhdering  again,  as  the  moft  piHttphin 
beneficiall  objects,  thole  living  creatures,  and  fruits  which  opn.lib.i. 
the  Eartlj  beneath  brought  forth,  to  make compleat  genera- 
tions, they  coupled  Ccelus  to  Tellus^ adoring  Heaven  as  Father, 
and  Earth  as  Mother  to  thefe;  the  pouring  down  of  fhow- 
ers  from  Heaven  feeming  in  ftead  of  naturall  feeds,  and 
the  Earth  as  a  Mother  to  conceive,  and  bring  forth  the 
fame. 

Fifthly,  the  Sacrifices  in  times  of  old  offered  to  Codut 
were  Bull's  or  Oxen,  their  gi  eat  God  Jupiter  himfelf,  as  I  find 
in  (jtyfinus,  offering  fuch  Victimes  unto  him.  Ante  pugnam}  Rofin.lib.z. 
qitACttm  Gigantibus  in  Creta  habita  eft,  Jovem  facrificafje  dicunt  f"M« 
SclijCcelo  acTerrxbovcm.  'Before  the  battell  flruck  with  the  Gi- 
ants in  Crete  }they  fay  Jupiter  facrificed  an  Oxe  to  Sol,Ccelus,  and 
Terra.  Now  that  there  hath  orrentimes  been  digged  out  of 
the  ground  ac  Stonehengythe  heads  of  fuch  beafts,  in  all  pro- 
bability anciently  in  that  place  facrificed  •  I  need  not  again 
remember,  being  it  is  fo  well  known. 

Sixchly,  all  the  upright  Hones  in  this  Antiquity  are  Tyra- 
midall  like  flames,  in  imitation  of  thole  /Etbcriall  fires, 
wherewith  the  HeaVen  is  adorned.  Now,  that  Fire  hath  the  Pier.Vdtr. 
form  of  a  Tyrants  is  evident,  peraoche1  ejjendo  largo  da  bajfo,  in-     Hr' '  '  °* 
to. no  alia  materia  <&r  efcayda  chefipafcey  finifce  in  acuta  fiamma che 
riguardo  al  Ciclo.  Becaufe,  being  Urge  at  the  bottomey  in  refpetl  of  the 
matter  and  Jewell ',  by  "tobicb  it  is  fed,  it  finiflm  in  an  acute  flame 
tending  upwards  towards  Heaven.  And,  that  the  Heavens  arc 
adorned  with  fires,  Natalis  Comes  in  his  Mythology,  out  of 
Orpheus ,  makes  apparent.  ]S[ihdaliud  effe  Caelum  exiftimans^ifi 

P  hum 


io6  Stonthcngreftored. 

htmc  dtherd  qui  conflat  ex  altifiimis  illis  igmbus.  Suppofing  the 
Heaven  to  be  no  other  things  but  this  Air  which  conflfleth  ofthofe 
tranfcendent  Fires. 

Laftly,  that  Sioneheng  was  anciently  dedicated  to  Oelus 
I  collect  from  the  Conformation  of  the  work.  For  the  con- 
formation of  the  CW/and  Vo/ticus  in  the  Plant,  was  defigned 
with  four  ecjuilaterall  Triangles,  inferibed  in  a  Circle y  fuch 
as  the  Jjlrologers  ufein  defcribing  the  twelve  celefliali  Cigns 

Vitr.lib.%.  in  muficall  proportions.  According  to  that  of  Vitruvius;  In 
ex  confo/tnatiofie  quatuor  fcribantur  trigona  paribus  lateribus  ^  inter - 
ValltSj  quae  extremam  hneam  circinationis  tangant ;  In  the  confor- 
mation thereof  let  four  tnanvlcs  be  infcribed  of equall  fides  and  inter- 
Valsy  which  may  touch  the  extreme  part  of  the  circumference  :  quibus 
ct'um  in  duodecim  fignoi urn  codeflium  dejeriptione }  Aflrologi  ex  mu- 
fica  conVcnientia  aflrorum  rjttocinantur  ;  by  which  figures  aljo^  Jjlro- 
logers fiom  the  muficall  hamony  of  the  flars  grotoid  their  reafonings, 
04  concerning  the  defenption  of  the  twelve  celefliall  Cigns.  Befides 
the  Cell  it  felf  in  the  formation  thereof,is  caft  into  an  Exagon, 
one  of  the  three  figures,  likewife  ufed  by  Aflrologers  in  their 
aforefaid  arguments  of  thzfympathy  of  the  ftars.  Figuris  tri- 
bal (fa.lth'Philander)  utunturAflrologiyTrigono}Tetragono  &  Hexa- 
gom.  The  jjlrologers  make  ufe  of  three  forts  of  figures  •  the  Tri- 
angle^Tetragon^and  Hexagon.  Furtheimore,  the  three  entran- 
ces leading  into  the  Temple  from  the  Plain,  were  compar- 
ted by  an  equilaterall  triangle  ;  which  was  the  figure 
whereby  the  Ancients  exprefled  what  appertained  to  Hea- 
ven, and  divine  myfteries  alio.  Avviuntono  i  Man  (faith  •?«- 

HicrMb.19.  rwsVale.ianus)  cbe  un  trungolo  Jempucedi  uti  uguah}e  indi^todt 
divimta,  oVtto effigie di cofe cclefli.  The  Magi  addethat  a  triangle 
of  equall  fides  is  ajymbole  of  Divinity,  m  fign  of  celefliall  matters. 
Now  this  Antiquity  con  lifting  of  feverall  ftones,  orderly 
difpofed  into  one  entire  work,  in  imitation,  as  it  were,  of 
thofe  feverall  ftars  which  appearing  to  us  in  the  Heavens 
in  form  of  a  circle,  are  called  the  celefliall  Crown  •  and  whol- 
ly defigned  by  thofe  Scheams  wherewith  Aflrologers  ufe  to 
defenbe  celefliall  bodies ;  which  figures  ,  ufually  applied 
by  them  to  particular  accidents  onely,  being  all  joyntly 

made 


Stoneheng  rejlored.  107 

made  ufe  of  by  the  JrchiuEl  for  conformation  of  this  fa- 
cred  ftructure,  it  is  not  improbable  Stoneheng  was  Co  com- 
pofed,  becaufe  dedicated  to  Qdum.  Yea  further,  (if  lawfull 
to  compare  an  idolatrous  place  with  fb  divine  a  work)  was 
not  the  Temple  at  Hierujaitm  adorned  with  the  figures  of 
Qherubims,  that  thereby  the  Nations  of  the  Earth  might 
know  it  was  the  habitation  of  the  living  God  ?  and,  why 
not  in  like  manner  this  Temple  compofed  by  Aflrologicall  fi- 
gures, that  after  Ages  might  apprehend,  it  was  anciently 
confecrated  to  Coelus  or  Cdum  Heaven  ? 

But  in  this  conjuncture;    concerning  fuch  kinde  of 
Temples  as  this  at  Stoneheng,  what  f  nth  the  learned  Patriarch 
of  Aquikia  ?  Io  credo ,  che  quel  Tempio  fen^aparete  JignificaVa  al-  D*».  Barbs, 
cune  cofe  del&ehgli  effetti  delle  qualifono  nelld  fcoperto.   IbeleeVe  "JJ  J' 
that  1 emple  without  emails  (fpeaking  of  the  Monopteros  aforefatd)  inVen.\%%^ 
had  a  relation  to  Ccelum  (Heaven)  becaufe  the  effetls  thereof  are 
openly  dij plated  to  the  full  <view  of  all  men. 

Camden  tels  us  he  had  heard,  that  in  the  time  of  King  Hew- 
ry  the  eighth,  a  table  of  metall  was  found,  not  far  from  this 
Antiquity,  engraven  with  divers  ftrange  characters,  which 
being  not  legible,  was  neglected  and  loft :  had,  indeed,  that 
Table  been  found  within  the  work  it  felf  it  might  happily 
have  brought  to  light  fomwhat  in  relation  to  Stoneheng. 
And  by  all  likelihood,  in  time  fome  inferiptions  may  there- 
in be  found,  it  being  the  cuftome  as  well  of  Greeks  as  (2fc- 
wdw,intimesofgreateft^«^ttrt)),  to  lay  inscriptions  (ufu- 
ally)  under  the  flrft  ftoncs  fet  in  what  works  foever ;  efpe- 
cially,  thofe  of  any  great  magnificence.  Wherefore,  I  advife 
mine  honoured  Friend  Laurence  Wafhington  Efquire  in 
whofe  demeafnes  this  Antiquity  ftands,  to  whom  I  am  much 
obliged,  for  his  friendly  notice  of  what  things  have  been 
there  of  late  years  digged  up,  that  he  would  be  folicitous 
upon  any  fearch  made  there,  to  enquire  after  them,  and  if 
any  found  not  to  neglect,  or  curioufly  conceal  them,  but 
prclerve  and  willingly  produce  the  fame. 

I  fuppofe,  I  have  now  proved  from  Authentick  Authors, 
and  the  rules  of  Art,  Stoneheng  anciently  a  Temple,  dedicated 

P   2  to 


ro8  Stoneheng  refiored. 

to  Galus,  built  by  the  Romans;  cither  in,  or  not  long  after 
thofe  times  (by  all  likelihood)  when  the  [%pma?i  Eagles 
fpreading  their  commanding  wings  over  this  Jfland,  the 
more  co  civilize  the  Natives,  introduced  the  Art  of  Building 
amongft  them,  difcovering  their  ambitious  defire,  by  flu- 
pendious  and  prodigious  works,  to  eternize  the  memory 
of  their  high  minds  to  fucceeding  Ages,  for,  the  magnifi- 
cence of  that  ftacely  Empire ,  is  a:  this  day  clearly  vifible  in 
nothing  more,  then  in  the  mines  of  their  Temples,  Palaces, 
Arch's  Triumphals,  Jqu&duBs,  Therm*,  Theaters ,  ^Amphitheaters ' 
Cirques,  and  other  fecular,  and  (acred  ftrudmres. 

Hiftory  affords  only  Contemplation,  whereby  their  great 

Actions  are  made  conceivable  alone  to  reafoning:  but  the 

•  ruines  of  their  buildings  Demonftration,  which  obvious  to 

lenle,  are  even  yet  as  fo  many  eye-witnefles  of  their  admir'd 

achievements. 

Roma  quanta  fuit,  ipfa  ruina  dotet, 
How  great  Rome  "toM,  her  mines  yet  dtclare. 

Opinions  fancied  to  the  contrary,  I  have  rendred  impro- 
bable, the  Authors  of  them  in  refpecT:  of  this  Antiquity  being 
not  only  modern ;  but  alfo,  what  faid  by  them  %vmance- 

Cmlfo.%.  ^^e  natcneQl  out  or"  cneir  own  brains,  even  as  other  fables 
invented  by  them,  touching  the  'Bntains  of  old.  Men  pofleft 
neverthelcfTe,  with  a  former  conceit  of  things,  endure  not 
by  any  means  new  opinions,  having  not  commonly  pati- 
ence to  fearch  long  after  the  truth  thereof.  To  them,  ever 
the  more  generally  received,  the  truer  things  feem,  accoun- 
ting all  of  their  own  time  defpicable ;  infomuch,  as  fbme 
are  fo  far  in  love  with  vulgarly  received  reports,  that  it 
muft  be  taken  for  truth,  whatfoever  related  by  them,though 
nor  head,  nor  tail,  nor  foot,  nor  footftep  in  it  oftentimes  of 
reafon  or  common  fenle.  They  that  beleeve  Geffrey  Mon- 
mouths  ipfe  dixit,  may  make  themlelves  merry  therewith  ;  in 
pleafing  their  own  fancy,  they  diipleafe  not  mine.  As  I 
have  delivered  my  own  judgement  freely,  all  reafon  they 

fliould 


Stoneheng  reftored*  i  05? 

fhould  enjoy  theirs.  Butfuchas  fail  in  thevaft  Ocean  of 
time,  amongft  the  craggy  rocks  of  Antiquity,  fleering  their 
courfe,  betwixt  anciently  approved  cuftoms,  and  convin- 
cing arguments ,  guided  by  good  Authority,  and  (bund 
judgement,  arrive  much  fafer,  and  with  better  repute,  in 
the  fecure  Haven  o  f  undoubted  Truth.  For  mine  own  part, 
I  had  rather  erre  happily  with  venerable  Antiquity,  then  Co 
much  as  trouble  my  thoughts  with  modern  conceits. 
Whether,  in  this  adventure,  I  have  wafted  my  Barque  into 
the  wiflied  "Port  of  Truths  difcovery  concerning  Stoneheng, 
I  leave  to  the  judgement  of  skilfull  'Pilots.  I  have  endevou- 
red,  at  leaft,  to  give  iife  to  the  attempt,  trending  perhaps, 
to  fuch  a  degree,  as  either  may  invite  others  to  undertake 
the  Voyage  anew,  or  projecute  the  fame  in  more  ample 
manner,  in  which,  IwiQi  them  their  dented  fucceflc,  and 
that  with  profperous  gales  they  may  make  a  more  full 
and  certain  difcovery. 


F  I  2SQI  S. 


Errata. 

Polio  io.  line  6.  Thcfc  words, 
\The  Romans  overthrew  not  the  Temples,  or  ra^ed  to  the  Founda- 
tions any  of  the  facred  JiruSlures  of  the  Druid's  and  Britans 
Zlofftole,  or  other  Lenals,  Ukh  he  mi^ht  as  readily  have 
done,  if}heyhadufedanyfuch:butpofiuvely)]  (hould  have  been 
printed  in  the  ordinary  letter. 


To. 

Line 

18 

22 

28 

4 

38 

19 

49 

37 

50 

1 

80  J 

*3 

Read 

was 

Cappa 

Mercians 

ftreit 
ftreit 
the  roofe 


)-5 

9  lx 


RfTTY  CFNTER  LIBRARY 


,