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Municipal engineering
Sci 1520.537
LIBRARY
LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL,
Engineering Department.
OCT
^0 1904
SCIENCE CENTER LIBRARY
HARVARD COLLEGE
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;
^^WlCIPAL ENGINEERI^
INDEX
January— June, 1904.
VOLUME XXVI
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
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H^f- ,M, I
'■'■■l-UlM ■I!..,.,,-,
J^ci 1520.537
^
INDEX
Municipal Engineering.
VOLUME XXVI. JANUARY— JUNE, 1904.
Acceptance of Work by City— L 418
Acetylene Gas Refuse In Sewer— Q 24S
Administration as a Business, City 356
Advertising, The Value of— M 213
American Park and Improvement So-
ciety 440
Apportionment— L , 418
Asbury Park, Greater— 1 193
Ashes and Refuse and the Cost, How
Many Cities Remove— 1 181
Asphalt and Automobiles— E 314
Asphalt Company of America Assessed
124.000,000, Stockholders of— 1 44
Asphalt Company's Annual Report,
The General 429
Asphalt, Cost of Municipal Laying
of-B 16
Asphalt Deposits, American Capital
After Italian— 1 45
Asphalt, Detroit's Bids for Furnish-
ing-1 193
Asphalt for Street Pavements. Arti-
ficial—M 373
Asphalt, Kentucky Rock, for Floors
and Pavements-*-M 65
Asphalt Lake Suit Decided, Venezue-
lan—L 175
Asphalt Pavement, Cost of— Q 102
Asphalt Pavement Maintenance— F. O.
Blake, Cincinnati, Ohio 155
Asphalt Pavements in Various Cities.
Cost of Brick and— 1 263
Asphalt Pavements, Specifications
for— I 360
Asphalt Paving Estimates at Detroit,
Mich.. Criticisms of— W. F. Ray-
mond, Indianapolis, Ind 100
Asphalt Paving, Modern Methods in—
F. O. Blake, Cincinnati, Ohio 303
Asphalts and Cements, Rights and
Duties of the Washington Inspector
of-E 314
Asphalt for Repair Work, Method of
Preparing 428
Asphalt Specifications in New York
City, Changes in 430
Asphalt Streets, Municipal Repair
of-Q 408
Assess— Court's Power to— L 176
Assessment Affirmed, Logansport
Street— L 37
Assessment, City Sewer, Debt Lim-
it-L 174
Assessment — Confirmation— Collateral
Attack— L 248
Assessment Defense, Time for— L 36
Assessment. Equal Rate of— Reassess-
ing Benefits— L 174
Assessment. Fraud Defined— L 105
Assessment, Front- foot Rule— L .... 105
Assessment Law Upheld, Indiana
Form of Front Foot— L 37
Assessment of Coal Right Under
Street for Its Pavement is Re-
fused—I 360
Assessment of Part Owner as sole
Owner— L 248
Assessments— L 418, 417
Assessment, Improvements, Setting
Aside— L 419
Assessment— Part Payment Estopped,
Objection Later— L 326
Asses.sment Roll— Sufficiency- L 826
Assessment, School Property— L 249
Assessment, Special— Notice of Hear-
Ing— L 326
Assessment Warrant Must Be PaiJ
-L 36
Assessments— L 35,106
Assessments — Avoidance Because
Debt Limit is Exceeded— L 248
Assessments — Benefits — Front-Foot
Rulo— L 105
Assessments— Description of Work— L. 105
Assessments for Sidewalks and Inter-
sections—L 106
Assessments — Hearing — Front-Foot
Rule— L 105
Assessments of Railroad Rlght-of-
Way— L... 35, 106
Assessments, Original Construction— L 103
Assessments, Sidewalks, Grades and,
Publication of Correction- L 174
Assessments, Special, Equalization— L. 249
Assessments, Validity— L 249
Attorney Liable for Opinion Corruptly
Auto Traveling, How Fast Was That?
— M 282
Automobile. Development of the— M.. 205
Automobiles. Asphalt and— E 314
Avenue of Art and History, The Ger-
man; The Sieges- AUee— Frederick
Stymetz Lamb, President of the
Architectural League of America,
New York City 79
Bitullthlc Contracts, Upheld by Su-
preme Court, St. Louis— M 205
ment of— L 176
Bitullthlc Patents, Suit for Infring-
Influenced. City— L 331
Bitullthlc Pavement the— W. A. Hoyt. 117
Bitullthlc Pavement at Cohoes, N
Y.. the-M 205
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INDEX.
m
Bitulithic Pavement for Country
Roads— 1 45
Bitulithic Pavement for Shreveport.
La.—M 373
Bitulithic Pavement in New York
aty— 1 45
Bituminous Macadam Contracts in St.
Louis Upheld by Supreme Court— I.. 265
Book, A Perpetual Memorandum— M.. 134
Brick and Asphalt Pavements in Va-
rious Cities. Cost of-1 263
Brick of Cement and Sand— Q 414
Brick, Cement Paving— I 275
Brick. Makers of Sand and Cement—
Q ;. 241
Brick of the Future, The F. H.
Doreraus, Kingston, N. Y 84
Brick Pavement. Concrete Foundation
and Cement Filler for. O. L. Gear-
hart. City Engineer. Champaign, 111. 183
Brick Pavement, Foundation for— Q.. 102
Brick Pavement. Shell Road as Foun-
dation for— Q 172
Brick Pavements, Book on— Q 172
Brick Paving, Inspection of— Q 244
Brick Paving in New England— Q 407
Brick Roads in Rural Districts— Q.... 173
Bridges, Book on Concrete— Q 166
Bridges Obstruct Navigation. lUinoU
River-1 47
Bridge of the Illinois Central Railroad
Over the Big Muddy River, the Con-
crete , J&2
Bridge Members, Formula for Size
of-Q 411
Building Construction. Incompetence
in-E 239
Buildings, Fire-Proof— E 166
Caliper, a Pocket Rope— M 270
Canal. End of Illinois and Michigan -
I. ..: 177
Cement and Lime Mortar. Tests of— I. J29
Cement Block Construction in Pltts-
burg— 1 353
Cement Block Machine. A Portable—
M *^
Cement Block Machine. The Stewart
-M 2-39
Cement Block Manufacturers, of In-
terest to— Q 222
Cement Block. A Sand Bed for Cur-
ing^M 134
Cement Block Wall. Cracks In-Q .... 243
Cement Blocks and Posts, Machinery
for-M 200
Cement Blocks Made Under Pres-
sure—M 372
Cement Blocks. White— Q 413
Cement Brick. Makers of Sand and— Q 241
Cement Brick for Chimney— Q 413
Cement Building Block, A Pioneer— M 211
Cement Chemists and Engineers— Q.. 19
Cement Company, The Alma— Q 318
Cement Company, The Edison Porr-
land— Q 323
Cement Filler for Brick Pavement,
Concrete Foundation and. O. L.
Qearhart, City Engineer, Cham-
paign, 111 183
Cement Floor Tiling— Q 823
Cement for Sidewalk Purposes, Price
of— Q 248
Cement, Grinding Mills for— Q 320
Cement Industries, The Directory of
American— 1 56, 279
Cement Lining for Reservoirs— Q 413
Cement, Magazines Devoted to— Q 167
Cement Manufacture, Portland- E. O.
Eckel, U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C 227
Cement Manufacturers, The Associa-
tion of Portland— 1 59
Cement Manufacturers* Building at
Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
Portland 129
Cement Manufacturers, Exhibit of the
Portland— I 274
Cement Manufacturers, List of— Q ..14,22
Cement Mortar and Concrete, Strength
of— Q 416
Cement Paving Brick- I 275
Cement Pipe, Machine for Making— Q.. 317
Cement Pipe, The Manufacture of
M 372
Cement i'ipe. Molds for Making— Q... 21
Cement Pipes, A Press for Making— M. 65
Cement Pipe for Water Works— Q .. 412
Cement Pipe Machinery— Q 416
Cement Plant, Cost of Building and
Operating a Portland, Bollleau and
Lyon 391
Cement Plant, The Proposed Govern-
ment— E 239
Cement Post, An Everlasting— M 213
Cement Posts, Effect of Frost on-Q.. 241
Cement Posts, Pratt's 449
Cement, Price of 426
Cement, Quality of— Q 22
Cement Required for Wet Concrete—
Q 20
Cement Roofing Tile and Building
Blocks— M 870
Cement with the Rotary Kiln, Early
Manufacture of Portland— Q 412
Cement and Sand Bricks, Strength of 426
Cement Sewer Pipe, A Practical Mold
for Making 446
Cement Sidewalks, About— Q 19
Cement Sidewalks, Cause of Checking
and Eflflorescence on— Q , 19
Cement, Sieves for Testing— Q 320
Cement, Silexold Portland— Q 21
Cement Situation. The 149
Cement. Specifications for— 1 350
Cement Statistics— I 128
Cement Statistics— Q 416, 417
Cement Trade, The Outlook for the—
E 88
Cement Trade. The Transportation
Question In the— E 17
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INDEX.
Cement Walks, How to Make LUht-
Colored— Q 20
Cement, What Brand of. Was It?— Q.. 321
Cement for Wheelways of Country
Road8-Q 415
Cement. White Portland— Q 322
Cement Workers, Makers of Tools
for— Q 318
Cements, Rlgrhts and Duties of the
* Washington Inspector of Asphalts
and-E 314
Chains and Chain Transmission— I.
Charles H. HillA. Indianapolis 864
Charges for Professional Services— E.. 92
Charter of Frederick, Mfi., ProvlslonB
of New— 1 867
Chicago Public Work in— C. B. Maug-
ham 439
Cities, Condition of Municipal Public
Works in Large— Q 108
City Beautiful, A— 1 128
City— Powers— Water Works— L 106
Civic Week at the St. Louis Exposi-
tion-! 277
Civil Service Examinations— 1 277
Civil Service Examinations. New
York— Q 172
Civil Service Examinations— U S 443
Civil Service Examinations. U. S.— 1..195
Concrete, Articles on Reinforced— Q... 167
Concrete Base for Fence— Q 242
Concrete. Best Proportions of Ma-
terials in— I •.... 351
Concrete Block Manufacture 389
Concrete Blocks. Strength of 426
Concrete Block Architecture— E 313
Concrete Block Houses— Q 22
Concrete Block Houses, Plans for— Q.. 323
Concrete Blocks. Another System of
Hollow— M 281
Concrete Blocks, Cost of— Q 317
Concrete Block. Cracks in— Q 319
Concrete Block for Manholes— 1 354
Cor'^-ete Blocks in Waterloo. la..
Paimer Hollow 371
Concrete Blocks. Patents on
Hollow— Q 20
Concrete Building Block, The Best— Q 416
Concrete. S. B. Newberry. San-
Dusky, Olifo 187
Concrete for Lining Mine Shafts Aii
Concrete. Sea Water for Mixing- Q — 413
Concrete Standplpe. The Mllford .... 428
Concrete Blocks, Plastering on
Hollow— Q 19
Concrete Blocks. Weathering of— Q... 247
Concrete Brf^'ges. Book on— Q 168
Concrete Bridge of the Illinois Central
Railroad Over the Big Muddy River,
The 162
Concrete Building Blocks. Information
About— Q 242
Concrete Floor for Engine House— Q.. 21
Concrete Foundation and Cement Fill-
ers for Brick Pavement. O. L. Gear-
hart. City Engineer, Champaigrn, HL 188
Concrete, Impervious— 1 852
Concrete In the Baltimore Fire— 1 192
Concrete in Baltimore Fire— E 405
Concrete Masonry, With SpecialRefer-
erence to the Use of Natural Bank
Gravel. George S. Plerson. Kala-
mazoo. Mich 186
Concrete Mixer, A Prismatic Drum—
M 209
Concrete Mixer. The Stanley— M £81
Concrete Piers, Specifications for— Q.. 242
Concrete Sewer, Cost of— Q 169
Concrete, Special Chemical Treatment
of— Q r 325
Concrete Standplpe at Mllford, O., The 162
Concrete Steel Construction of the In-
gals Building, Cincinnati, The, H. C.
Bru baker. Indianapolis. Ind 272
Concrete Steel Construction. Regula-
tions of New York City for— 1 272
Concrete-Steel Standpipe— 1 48
Concrete Walk With Natural Cement
in Base and Portland Cement in
Top— Q 168, 248
Concrete Walk With Two Kinds of
Cement— Q 321
Concrete Wall for Well— Q 817
Concrete. Wash or Paint foi^-Q 167
Concrete W«rk, Books on— Q 24C
Concrete Work in Cuba and Yuca-
tan. C. E. McDowell, Newark, N.
J 228
Conduit. A Bitumlnl'ed Flbe'— M .. 371
Conduit. A Vitrified Electric— M 371
Conduits for Electric Wires 811
Conduits for Underground Wires— Q . . 412
Construction News. Chicago— 1 47
Contract. A Suit for Forfeit for De- ..
lay in Completing— L 109
Contract. Duluth Property Owners Not
Relieved from Invalid— L 421
Contract Without Valid Petition is
Vold-L ^
Contracts. Louisville Council Need Not
Approve— L 421
Contractor for Delays. Pittsburg Not
Liable to— I ^22
Contractors, Names of— Q 408, 409
Cremation. T|ie fanitarv ulsposj^l of
Municipal and Institutional Waste
by .... 28
Culverti. Plans for Concrete— Q 20
Curb at St. Louis Exposition, Bedell's 449
Dam and Obstruction to Navigation- L 420
Damage Suits Against Chicago. Mil-
lions in— I IW
rioKf TJT«1t rhloQcrn'a—T. 177
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INDEX.
Electrtc Oub, The-1 276
Electric Cpmpapi^s Contested, Merger
of Denver— L 329
Electric Light Schedules of Cities— Q.. 104
:^lectric Light, Prices Charged for Gas
and— Q 460
Electric Power for New York Central
' Railroad— I ; 194
Electric Shoclc from a Fire Stream— I. 128
Electric Shocks from Fire Streams— I. 54
^Electric Wires, Construction and
Maintenance of— 1 125
Electrical Conduit System, in Erif.
Pa.. Municipal-I 54
"Electrical Survey of Rochester, N. Y.,
Method of Making 396
Electrolysis ir. "Jchmond, Va.— 1 127
Electrolysis Not a Necessity. A. Ross
G^*y, Bradford, Pa 2S2
:Electrolysis of •• Pipes, Some Ex-
amples of— 1 133
2:ngine, AUis-Chalmers Companj *
New Standard Reynolds-Corliss— M. . 64
Engineer, Books for a City— Q 171
Engineer Earns His Salary, Fargo* s
City— I > 62
Engineer, What Is a Civil?— B 164
Engineering Building, The— 1 276
Engineering Congress, The Interna-
tional—I 276
Engineering Costs, Guesswork Esti-
mates in— 1 860
Engineering, Illinois University Col-
lege of— 1 196
^pglneering Schools, Professors for— I 62
Engineering Society, Indiana— I.. 62,131
EngineeriaflT Society, Ohio— I 130
Snglneersw American Society of Civil
-L 18^
Engineera'. Club,. .The Scranion— I 62
Filters. Sand, for Water Supplies— Q.. Slit
SUtan. Versus Contact Beds in Sewaire
PuriflcaUon— W. S. Shields, O. E,
Chicago. Ill m
Fire Loss, Liability of Water Com *
pany for— Q 316
Fire -Loss, Water Company Not Lia-
ble- for— L 250
"Front'Foot Rule, Alabama Supreme
Court on— L 421
F*ullers* Earth— Q 410
-Garbage Collection and Destruction,
Books on— Q .. «
Garbage Collection and Disposal, City
Practices in— I 18!'
Garbage Contract Ordinance Invalid,
Cincinnati's £bcclusive^I LS2
Garbage Crematories, Makers of— Q.. 98
Garbage Disposal, Best Methods of— Q 179
Garbage Disposal, Methods of— E 23S
Gas; Chicago Cannot Have 76*cent— L. 176
Gas Company, Duties of tne Bay
State— L 1«»
Gas Company's Reorganization Trou-
bles, Bay State— L 176
Cas-in Chicago. Final Decision on
76-cent— L 321
Gas and Electric Light, Prices
Charged for— Q 410
Gas Explosion in a Newark Conduit.. 432
Gas Lighting . Over Electricity, Ad-
vantages of. Modern 432
Gas- Machines; Makers of Acetylene—
Q 241
Gas Mains, Suit to Prevent Laying
of— Q.*-..,, > 106
Gas Works, Muncipal Ownership of—
Q.s 828
Grade Crossings on Dequlndre-st., De-
troit—I 192
Grade- Crossings. P-
a Million Dollars to Abolish— I 46
Grade, Damage from Changing— L ... 175
Grades end Assessments, Sidew:alk8—
Publication of Corrections— L ' 174
Grndlns: by Owner— Damages— Bstop-
pel-L l<y'
Granite Screenings for Mosaic Work
-^ 415
Gutters, Grass In— Q.. '. 26
Heating from a Central Station,
Steam^F. B. Hofft 1^5
Highway Commission is at Work, Illi-
nois-I ..... ...... ^ «)
Highways, Widening not Opening— L. 46
Hose Nozzle, A Manageable— M 446
House Numbering Ordinance, En-
forcement of— Q 171
Houses, Plates for Numbertng— Q »
Hydrant Rental fot Lack of Pressure,
Deductions from— Q 2a
Hydrant Rentals and Services, Fire
Q 315
Improvement. Definite Description of
Character of-L 418. ^
Improvement — Invalid Supplemental
Contract— L.. ^^
Improvement Resolution, Modification
of-Publk? Hearing-L 173
Iniprovements— AbutUng Owners— L.. 249
Improvements— Contracts— Validity— L. 249
Improvements Enjoined, Payment for
Anderson, Ind.— L 1<»
Improvements in Oshkosh, Wis.— L.., 46
Improvements, Local— Front Foot
Rule-Collateral Attack-L 174
Improvements, Pennsylvania School
Property Not Assessable for— 1 122
Improvements, PetUton.for Local— L.. 86
Improvements— Sufficiency of Notice-
Meaning of Repairs— L......... 249
Intersection of Two Streets Belong,
To Which Street Does the-«:j......... 248
Irrfgatioh, Books on— Q 24
Lighting Contracts— L W
Lighting Plant, ■ JOpIl'n; M6:;' May
Build Its Own— L 86
Lighting Plantff Is Constitutional in
Connecticut, Municipal Ownership
of-L ; 329
Light Plant, Tullahoma, Tenn, Water
and— Granberry Jackson— I 337
Lime. Amount of. Required in Build-
ing-Q ;. ^
Limestone In a Cord— Q 25
Luminometer, The— Q 823
Macadam Roads, Improvements of— Q MO
Manholes, Concrete Blocks for- 1 364
Materials, Ownership of Old, Di9plaoed
by New Construction— Q 24
Materials. Plans for Drying— M 186
Merger Decision, The Northern Pa-
clflo-L 250
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VI
INDEX.
Meter and Its Record, City ResiDonsl-
ble tor Defective— L :08
Meters Recommended for Lestershlre
—I ^ ^
Municipal Ene^eeringr, Bindinflr* for^Q 245
Municipal Engineerlngr, Index to— Q.. 172
Municipal Bnirineering, Index to— Q.. 247
Municipal League, Conference of Le-
iBlators with Iowa— I IM
Municipal Officials, Names of Con-
tractors and— Q 408
Municipal Ownership In Chlcagro— I.... 855
Municipal Ownership of Oas Works— Q 828
Municipal Ownership of Ldghtlnff
Plants Is Constitutional In Con-
necticut—L 229
Municipal Program, The— E ! ifis"
Municipal Reports .... 59, 180, 196. 279, 488
Municipal Societies, Convention of
Michigan— I , 201
National Municipal League, Conven-
tlon of 440
New Publications 197,'866!484
Oil on Roads in D. C 428
Ordinance for Contracted Improve-
ment Is Unreasonable, Second— L .. 418
Ordinance Invalid, Unreasonable— De-
stroying Street Improvement— L 174
Ordinance— Resolution— Certainty— L. . . 248
Park Extension, Plans for Chicago—
C. B. Maugham, Chicago, lU 307
Park Fund Cannot Be Spent for Street
Improyem«nt— L 413
Park for Water Works StaUon, City
Enjoined ftom Using— L 176
Park, plans for City— Q 171
Parks for Chicago, Small— 1 194
Pavements, Artificial Asphalt for
Street— M 373
Pavements in New York, BUI to Per-
mit Bids on Patented— 1 264
Pavement. Street— Louis M. Pfelffer,
Denver, Colo 258
Pavement Guaranties— Q 407
Pavement Proposed, Ordinance Must
State Kind of— L 420
Pavements, The Economic Designing
of— I 49
Paving Blocks, Slag— Q -244,321
Paving Block, Slag— Q 821
Paving for Driveway, Stone Block— Q. 824
Paving, InJuncUon Granted, New
York— 1 122
Paving, Who Can Sign Remonstrances
Against, and When— L 108
Personal Notes 68, 188, 203; 278, 868, 448
Pipe in Trench. Pressure of Earth on
— Q 816
Pipe, Machine for Making Cement—
Q 217
Property, Village Board Indicted for
Destroying Public— L 177
Pumps, Classlflcatloe of Bids for. Up-
held by Court— L 260
Railroad Crossing, Planking Between
Tracks— L 06
Reassessment— Allen Labor Clause— L. 107
Recent Inventions 890
Refuse and the Cost, How Many
Cities Remove Ashes and— I m.
Refuse Destruction in Burnley, Eng-
land^I 268
Rehearing. New Plan at Less Cost Not
Subject to— L 419
Reservoirs. Water-Tlght— Q 288
Road Act Void, Saginaw County,
Mich.— L .^ lOB
Road at Weetfleld, N. J.. Oil on— I.... 264
Road Building Proposed in Ohio, State
Aid for— 1 264
Road Improvement, State Aid of— E.. 90
Road Law, Indiana Farmers Want
Better— 1 49
Road Law Is Constitutional, Indiana's
Gravel— L 86
Road Making in Buxton, England-
John Hatton, Assistant Town Sur-
veyor 1B7
Road Materials Proposed in Indiana,
Convict Labor on— 1 193
Road, New Gravel, for Clinton County,
Indiana— 1 121
Road Roller Company, The Ameri-
can—M §4
Roads, Bltullthlc Pavement for Coun-
ty-1 45
Roads Convention, Good— 1 276
Roads Convention at St. Louis, Good. 441
Roads, How to Make Gktod- E 406
Roads, New Jersey Public 86
Roads, Success of California Oiled— I.. 193
St Louis Landmcurk— A 446
Scmd Lime Bricks. Strength of .... 426
Seaman's Brick Machlnev The 446
Septic Tank, Bacteria and the— 1 267
Septic Tank for the Treatment of
Sewage at the Soldiers' Home near
Santa Monica, Cal., The. By James
D/ Schuyler, Consulting Engineer,
Los Angeles, Cal i
Septic Tanks, ClUes Having— Q 409
Sewage, Cities Pumping— Q 170
Sewage Disposal at Bedford. Ind..
Sewerage and— G. C. Houston, City
Engineer 109
Sewage Disposal Plants, Location
of— Q 824
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INDEX.
Tii
Sewage. The Septic Tank for tiie
Treatment of. at the Boldieni' Home
Near Santa Monica, CoL, By James
D. Schuyler, Conenltlnc Snffineer,
Los Anselee, Cal 1
Sewerage^ Books on— Q 409
Beweraye and Sewage Disposal' at
Bedford, l£d. O. C. Houston, City
Snglneer 109
Sewer, Acetylene Oas Refuse In— Q.... MS
Sewer-Cleaning, A Vexatious Ques-
Uon-M ,.... 264
Sewer Commissioners, A Pn^^tosed
New York State Board of Water
and-I ISO
Sewer Construction; Variation from
Speciflcations— L 826
Sewer, Cost of Concrete— Q ISI
Sewer, laghtest Gradient for Pipe-Q.. 216
Sewer, Machine for making— Q 418
Sewers, Preventing Tree Roots from
Entering 484
Sewers, Roots of Trees in— Q 86
Sidewalk Construction- L 86
Sidewalk Grades— L 86
Sidewalk Purposes, Price of Cement
for— Q 243
Sidewalks, About Cement— Q 19
Sidewalks— Advertisement — Right of
Lien-L 248
Sidewalks, Assessments for, at Street
Intersections— Q 25
Sidewalks, Cause of Checking and Ef-
florescence on Cement— Q 820
Sidewalks. Grades and Assessments-
Publication of Corrections— L W4
Sidewalks, Streets and Contracts— L. . S27
Sieges-Allee, The German Avenue ot
Art and History. Frederick Stymets-
Lamb, President of the Agricultural
League of America. New York City.. 79
Sparks from Locomotives, Prevention
of Sparks fronn-Q 400
Specifications for Cast Iron Pipe— Q.. 317
Sprinkling Tax, Louisville Must Levy
-L 420
Steel Beams, Where to Purchase— Q.. 20
Steel Concrete Beams, Tests of 427
Steel Tape, Expansion and Sag of— Q. 170
Stone, An EngUsh Artificial 426
Stone. Art-M ^^
Stone Block Paving for Driveway— Q.. 324
Stone Drinking Fountains— Q 817
Stone Making, Artificial— M 208
Stone Making by the Lake Process— M 207
Stone, Stevens Cast— M 211.
Stream Pollution b" Wood Pulp Mills,
Investigation of— 1 129
Stream Pollution Prohibited in Min-
nesota—I ISO
Street. Assesssment for Improving One
Side of— L 418
Street Assessment, Liability of Rear
Lots for-L 418
Street Construction, A New Reason
For Withholding Payment for— I .. 47
Street Grades. Form of Ordinance Es-
tablishing 480
Street Imnrovprnent Asssessment by
Street Improvement Law, The Indiana
— C. A. Kenyon, Indianapolis, Ind.... 286
Street Improvement— Assessment, Ten-
Year Plan— L 827
Street Improvements, Designation of
Materials— Details— L K7
Street Improvements— Remonstrance— *-'
Effect of Withdrawing Same— L 249
Street, LiabiUty of Lots not AbutUng
on — L 176
Street Oiling SpeciflcaUons at Bakers-
field, Cal-1 68
Street Paving Assessment Validity— L 419
Street Paving, Defects in Procedure
— L ' 827
Street Railway Track, Best Rail for
-^ 100
Street Sprinklers, A Large Shipment
of-M 284
Streets and Sidewalks— Contracts— L. . 327
Streets, Opening— L 826
Streets of Somerville, Mass., The 14
Streets — Remonstrances — Front Foot
Rule-L ^
Streets, Revocation of Permission to
Use-L l**
Streets, Lighting, Etc, Powers— L.... 107
Streets, Removal of Snow from— Q.... 178
Streets Under Control of Legislature
-L ^
Streets, Vacation of— L 176
Street Water and Refuse, A New Sys-
tem of Removal of— M 872
Street Work in Kansas City-I «
Syphons. Books on Inverted— Q 98
Tanks. Makers of Small— Q 216
Tax Bills, Special— Limitations of— L.. 107
Tax for Bridge Not on Highway, No
Power to Levy— L 419
Technical Meetings.. 62, 128, 202. 277, 367, 442
Telemeter, A.— Q 824
Testing Laboratory of the City of In-
dianapolis, The Municipal, Walter
Buehler, AasistsAt CUy Engineer.... 849
Track Elevation In Chicago, Progress
of-I «
Track ElevaUon. Joliet— I 49
Trade Journals, Paper— Q 409
Trade Notes 67, 135, 213, 286. 374, 461
Trade Publications
66. 135, 213, 285, 873, 450
Trade Publications in Stone, Lumber
and Building Materials-Q «8
Trench Excavator, The Chicago— Q.... 98
Trenches. Refilling, Ernest McCul-
lough. Engineer Municipal Engineer-
ing and Contracting Co.. Chicago,
111 304
Trenching Machine, A— Q ITO
Tunnel. Progress on the New York
Rapid Transit— I ^63
University Education for Business
Life-E *>*
Vehicles at the Exposition 447
-Wantt* bv Cremation. The Sanitary
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INDEX.
Water and Sewer Commissioners. A
Proposed New York State Board of
-I 180
Water at Cincinnati, The Clarlflcation
of Ohio River— 1 41
Water by Compressed Air, The Rais-
ing of— I 345
Water Company's Difficulties, East
Chicago— L. 107
Water Company Subject to MechatJcs'
Lien— L il9
Water Department, Finances of New
York— I 43
Water Filtration Contracts, The Wil-
mington, Del.— I Z3
Water Filtration Plants, Some De-
tails of the Philadelphia 82
Water in Toledo, O., Consumption of
-I 127
Water Main, Joint for Submerged— Q.. 315
Water Mains, Laying Large— Q 244
Water Meters. Testmg— Q 171
Waterphone, The— Q 410
Water Pipe and Specials, Makers of
and Dealers in Cast Iron— 24
Water Pipes, Electrically Thawing
Out Frozen— I 335
Water Plant, Gardner. Mass.. Must
Pay for— L 249
Water Plam, Sioux Falls May Com-
plete Its— L 88
Water Purification at Quincy, 111.— I.. ZSo
Watfer Rates, Cicero, Must be Same as
Chicago's— L 176
Water R&tes Must Be Adopted, Reas-
onable—L 250
Water Rentals— Taxing Powe!>-L 249
Water Supply— L » 249
Water Supply, Extension of New
York's— I 40
Water Supply In Fort Wayne, Dam-
ages Sought for Contaminated— L. . 177
Water Supply, Cambridge, Maiss 432
Water Supply— Monopoly-<?ity Liable
for Water When Furnished— L 327
Water Supply, Ukiah City Cannot Col-
. • lect Damages for Defective— L 177
Wafer Supply, Water Company Must
Pajr Fire Loss Caused by Cutting
Off- L 107
Water Supplies, Sand Filters For- Q.. 318
Water Supplies, The DutV of the State
in Protection of— E 94
Water Works Association, New Eng-
land—I , 132
Water Works, Ballot Is Illegal, Dual
— L 419
Water Works Bond Issue Valid, Cin-
cinnati's Supplemental— L 106
Water Works— City— Powers— L 106
Water Works Consolidation, New Al-
bany—L 329
Water Works Construction Enjoined,
Houston— L i 37
Water Works Contract in Court, A
Cincinnati— L 381
Water Works— Damage to Land— L... 107
Water Works— Debt Limit— Bonds— L. 327
Water Works Declared Invalid, Bond
Ordinance for Purchasing, Leaven-
worth- L 328
Water Works Purchase Cases Dis-
missed by U. S. Court. Newbury-
port and Gloucester— L 329
Water Works Rentals, Collection of
L 36
Water Works Station, City Enjoined
from Using Park for— L 176
Watdr Worka Tunnel Decided, Suits
for Extras on Chicago— L 87
Wood Fibre Machine Makers— Q 243
Work, Defective— Right of Taxpayer
-L 106
Work In Duluth, Minn., Public— 1 196
Work In Nashville,' Tenn.. Public— I.. 19S
IMPROVBMBNT AND CONTRACTING NBW8.
Paving 70, 139, 217, 291, 379. 454
Sewers 73. 142, 220, 295. 383. 459
Water- Works 74, 144, 222, 298, 386. 461
Bridges 76, 146, 224, 300. 387, 463
Street Lighting .... 78, 147, 225, 301, 388, 464
Public Parks ..' 78, 147, 302, 388
Garbage Disposal. Street Cleaning and
Sprinkling 78, 148, 226, 302, 388, 464
Too Late for Classification .. 148, 302, 464
Fire Apparatus 148, 226, 302
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Municipal Engineering
VOLUME XXVI
JANUARY. NINETEEN HUNDRED FOUR
NUMBER ONE
THE SEPTIC TANK FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AT THE
SOLDIERS' HOME NEAR SANTA MONICA, CAL.
By James D, Schuyler^ Consulting Engineer^ Los Angeles^ CaL
In the summer of lfi99 the question of
sewage disposal at the Soldiers' Home
became a serious one because of com-
plaints by neighboring farmers living to
leeward, of the odors arising from the
sewage irrigated fields. Threats of in-
junction and suits for damage caused
action to be taken by the Board of Man-
agers of the Home, and the writer was
employed to report upon the situation.
Strong pressure was brought to bear on
the management to induce them to con-
nect their sewers with the sewerage
system of Santa Monica, and dump theh
sewage into the ocean, four miles dis-
tant This would have cost $20,000 for the
necessary pipes and |800 a year for use
of the outfall. The sewage had always
been used for irrigating the vegetable
garden at the Home, and had added
greatly to its fertility. The supply of
other water for irrigation is scanty, and
expensive to procure The sewage was
needed, and its waste was manifestly im-
proper and unwise. The writer recom-
mended the construction of a septic tank
for the liquefying of the solids of the
sewage, and the continued use of the
sewage for irrigation on the grounds ot
the Home. Later he was employed to
prepare plans for the tank, his recom-
mendation having been approved, and a
contract was let for its construction on
Nov. 7. ISOO, at a total cost of $2,585.06.
The work was completed Jan. 30, 1901,
and the tank was put in service March
18 following. The contractor carried
out his obligations faithfully, but suf-
fered a loss of nearly $500, chiefly due to
The tank is 80 feet long, 20 feet wide,
10 feet deep, with a center wall, dividing
it lengthwise into two compartments.
These walls and the floor are of concrete.
It is sunken entirely below the surface
in an orchard of walnut trees and is
covered with a roof of asphalt and
gravel. It has been built In entire con-
formity with the plans, copy of which
accompanies.
When the tank was flrst put in opera-
tion and daring the last days of March
the odor arising from the raw sewage
in the tank was very offensive. This
graducdly decreased, and within a month
or two became scarcely noticeable. Since
then the operation of the tank has given
entire satisfaction, and no complaints
have been made. It has been cleaned out
but once since it was put into service,
and that was about a year after its use
began. The writer was not present on
this occasion, but the Chief Bnglneer
of the Home stated that he found but
a few inches of sandy or ashy sediment
in the bottom.
The Home authorities are so well
pleased with the action of the tank that
they have made a requisition for another
one for the treatment of the sewage
from the Hospital, whose discharge was
at too low an elevation to enter the
present tank.
The only offensive odors which can now
be detected arise from the ditches '^here
the water is conveyed to the fields, and .
this is confined to a distance of a few
hundred feet below the discharge end ot
the pipe. Sufficient attention is not al-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
summer of 1901 by Samuel Storr'ow, C. E.
of this city, the associate of the writer
In the construction of the tank, by an
automatic registering device, with the
following result:
From 6 p. m. to 6 a. m. ... 27,»7 gallons
From 6. a. m. to 6. p. m. ... 66,743 gallons
Total for 24 hours of 94,050 gallons
This was an Increase of about 20,000
gallons dally over the gaugings made by
the writer In May 1899. The volume of
sewage has further increased In the past
two years, as the population of the Home
is steadily Increasing, but no measure-
ment has recently been made. It may
now reach an average of 125,000 gallons
daily, although this is merely an esti-
mate.
Mr. Storrow also measured the flow
from the hospital sewer for 68 hours,
from July 26th to 29th, 1901, and found
it fluctuating through such a wide range
as to require a provision for handling
75,000 gallons dally, or an Increase of 50
per cent over the maximum rate of dis-
charge. Because of the desirability of
destroying pathogenic germs existing In
the hospital sewage, a special treatment
has been recommended in addition to the
septic tank for purifying the effluent by
intermittent filtration.
The accompanying photographs illus-
trate the construction of the tank.
The tank has been inspected by many
visitors, and Its operation is universally
conceded to be successful, and all that
could be expected from a septic tank
short of complete clarification and puri-
fication. The effluent has a cloudy, mi'ky
appearance, with flocculent black specks,
carried in suspension.
Following are extracts from the
specifications under which the construc-
tion of the septic tank was 'Jone.
The general size of the tank, inside
measurement, is that of two paifcllel
tanks, each ten feet wide by eighty feet
long; nine feet deep at one end and nine
and one-half feet deep at the other Wlh
a sand box at the deeper end. The ranks
are built separated by a center wall In ft
are built throughout as one piece of
When there is ' cause t6 measure the
brickwork It shall be counted by actual
kiln count and not by measure.
All brickwork must be laid up with
good hard-burned or the best mercantile
bricks, acceptable to the engineer, laid
in mortar with shove Joints.
All bricks shall be well wet before
laying. Each brick shall be laid with a
shove Joint in a full bed of cement, all
the interstices being thoroughly filled.
Every fourth course shall consist of a
heading course 'of whole brick, extending
through the entire thickness of the wall.
All courses of brickwork shall be kept
level and bonds shall be carefully pre-
served. When necessary to bring any
course to the required hight, clipped
courses shall be formed, a^ in no case
shall any Joints finish more than one-
half inch thick. Al! brickwork shall be
laid to the lines and all walls must be
built firm, true, plumb, out of wind and
square. Tops of walls must be carefully
built up around the roof Joints. All
grooves In the masonry shalJ be filled up
snugly around the cross partitions, which
are to be put In place as the work pro-
gresses.
All brick work shall be laid in a mortar
composed of one part by measure of fresh
cement and 2% parts by measure clean,
sharp sand, properly screened, and mixed
with suflflcient water to render the mix-
ture of proper consistency. Care must
be taken to thoroughly mix the sand and
cement dry in the proper proportions be-
fore adding the water. The mortar shall
be mixed In small quantities only and In
no case shall mortar that has commenced
to set or stood over night be used.
The masonry work shall be erected by
first excavating the material to the full
cube of the completed structure, and then
building the walls of the tank to their
full hight, establishing these walls on a
firm and well-set footing, as shown In the
sections and drawings. After the cement
in the walls has become well set and
hard, the fioor shall be laid with a grade
of six inches from the sides to the center
of each fioor. The man-hole in the center
of the tank shall be built upward with
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
shall receive a coating of California
silicate compound, to be composed of
69 parts of clean sand, small enough to
pass through a 20 mesh screen, and thirty
parts of pure sulphur, and one-third part
each of sal ammoniac, litharge and whit-
ing, all to be melted and mixed together
at a heat of not less than 550 degrees Far-
enheit; then allowed to cool, and then
against brought to the melting point
under a steady heat and held there by a
constant fire. This preparation shall be
applied to the walls with a bru3h in not
less than two coats, and a third coat
when necessary to bring the total thick-
ness of the coating to not less than three-
eighths of an inch, care being
taken in heating and applying the
material so that there i^all be no blow-
holes or bubbles in the finished work,
and that the coatings shall be even and
well brushed down.
The contractor is to set all iron work
shown in the drawings or specified in
such a way that it shall be firmly cement-
ed into masonry, and the frame of the
sluice gates in the discbarge box shall
be set in the masonry in such a way as
to make a strong and water-tight con-
nection. The 10-inch slotted discharge
pipes shall be 10-inch cast-iron pipes one-
half inch thick, with two holes, each one
inch In diameter, bored in line and ten
feet apart and with a slot mil'ed through
the pipe connecting these holes but not
passing out the end of the pipe; when
set in place these pipes shall have their
bell ends imbedded In the masonry. The
two ten-inch blow-ofC valves and the two
ten-inch entrance valves shall be leaded
onto a piece of ten-Inch cast iron pipe,
and this pipe shall be bedded in the mas-
onry so as to make a strong and firm con-
nection.
The weir in the discharge box shall be
made up out of one-eighth-inch Iron with
a horizontal crest and vertical sides, pro-
jecting at least two inches clear of the
masonry.
The 12-inch vitrified discharge and the
10-inch vitrified blowoff pipe shall be fur-
nished and laid with cement Joints in a
trench excavated to the depth shown In
the drawing and back-filled, all by the
contractor, all on a uniform grade. The
manhole shall be set with a cast-iron
grating cover set in a cast-iron ring of
standard sewer manhole pattern as used
by the city of Los Angeles and approved
by the engineer. The tour 10-inch valves
shall be set in two boxes made of two-
inch redwood lumber with a cover set six
inches above the ground.
The two iron sluice gates in the dis-
charge chamber shall be of a good and
substantial pattern, moving in a guide
frame which shall be built into masonry.
The slotted pipe shall be a H-inch thick
10-inch cast-iron water-pipe, having a
slot one inch wide by ten feet long
milled out of two of the three sections of
pipe and it shall be so set in the ma-
sonry that this slot shall come at the
bottom and so that the bell ends shall
be imbedded in the masonry. The roof-
stringers shall be steadied by 2x4-inch
cross-bracing cut in over the two center
cross partitions and two square manholes
shall be left In the roof near the dis-
charge end fitted with tight wooden cov-
ers similar to skylight covers. The whole
roof shall then be covered with a roof-
ing paper, tar and gravel, or such an
equivalent as shall be previously accepted
by the engineer.
All concrete shall be mixed in the pro-
portion of one of cement, three of clean
sharp sand, and five parts of gravel, all
measured, well screened and washed; the
gravel to be of all sizes from pea size up
to dimensions that will pass through a
two-inch ring. The mixing shall be done
on a tight platform and the materials
shall be thoroughly mixed dry. before ap-
plying water. They shall be turned over
by hand not less than three times dry.
and three times after wetting. If the
management accepts bids for' concrete
walls Instead of brick all the walls must
be molded true, plumb, out of wind, and
of uniform thickness, and so thoroughly
rammed as to leave no spaces or holes
when the molds are removed. The con-
crete must be spread in layers of not
more than six inches in thickness and
evenly and thoroughly tamped so as to
avoid bridging of materials over hollow
spaces and so as to secure a perfect mon-
olithic structure. If any portion of the
wall has become set hard on the surface
before completion, the surface shall be
cleaned and coated with a wash of oure
cement before the next layer Is applied
in order to secure a perfect bond. The
work must be kept shaded from the sun
and frequently mo'stened for ten days
after setting. The concrete in the floor
must be thoroughly tamped and troweled
to a smooth and uniform surface at the
one operation.
Cement— The contractor will be required
to furnish the engineer with certified
copies of the manufacturers' tests ^*
each batch of ten barrels of the cement
proposed to be furnished for the work
and permit him to take such samples
free of charge as he may dealre for test-
ing. All cement used shall conform to
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Sidewalls and Manhole Compl**ted. Furnis for Middle Wall in Place.
Tank Completed Except Cover.
SEPTIC TANK, SOLDIERS' HOME, SANTA MONICA, CAL.
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6
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
the requirements as to tensile strength
and fineness, time of setting, etc., re-
quired in the specifications of the City v'«
Los Angeles for the cement used in the
Third-firt. and Broadway tunnels, and b?
equal In every respect to the best cement
manufactured by the Colton Cement
Company. Any cement delivered at the
site of the work which falls to meet the?e
requirements and tests shall be removed
at once from the premises and not used
in any part of the work.
Gravel Roof— The roof is to be com-
pooS JO spjBoq dufd qoui auo jo pasod
quality, surfaced on one side sufficiently
to ensure a uniform thickness through-
out and avoid any Irregularity of top
surface. The boards shall be closely l.xid
and securely nailed to all the stringers
and project a uniform distance of two
inches beyond the walls all around. The
boards are then to be covered with P. &
B. mastic composition asphalt :ind
gravel roofing, consisting of three Hyers
of two-ply P. & B. waterproof felt
smoothly spread upon the boaids but
not nailed thereto. Between each of the
layers of the felt a heavy coating of hot
refined asphalt will be spread with mops,
and the top surface will be uoodel with
a hot coating of refined asphn't heavily
mopped on. While still hot. thero must
be imbedded in this coating of asphalt
a layer of forty-hich burlap, tiijhtly
stretched over the entire roof suffuce.
The surface of the burlap thus prepared
shall then be treated to two heavy coat-
ings of refined asphaltum, to be poured
on hot and spread evenly with mops; the
first spreading of the mop to fill all
the pores of the burlap and the second
coating, to be put on immediately after-
ward, must entirely fiood the surface,
after which the whole surface of the root
shall receive an application of clean, dry,
well screened gravel of pea size, swept on
uniformly &nd evenly while the last
asphalt coating is still hot, the gravel to
be thoroughly dry and warm. The edges
of the roofing shall be tacked to the edges
of the boards, and trimmed to the outer
edge, and a margin shall be formed with
a strip of No. 18 galvanized iron bent
to proper form, lapping two inches on
top and one and one-half inches dpwn the
side, with a folded projection above to a
level with the fiush top of the finished
roof. A neat, tight connection shall be
made to all openings in the top of the
roof. The contractor will be required to
guarantee the water-tightness of the root
for a period of five years, giving an ac-
ceptable bond to perform all reps^Irs
needed within that period promptly on
notification that the roof requires repair.
A tight connection shall be made all
around between the roof and the walls,
and all spaces so thoroughly filled with
mortar as to make the tank practically
air tight and prevent the leakage of gas
Backfilling— All the excavation outside
of the tank, below the fioor, and else-
where, must be refilled with good ma-
terial well tamped and wet down.
PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURE.*
Burning the Mixture.
By Edwin C. Eckel y U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, I). C.
After the cement mixture has been carc^-
fully prepared, as described in preceding
papers of this series. It must be burned
with equal care. In the early history of
the Portland cement industry various
types of kilns were In use at different
plants, patented continuous kilns of sev-
eral styles being particularly favored in
European mills, but, at present, practice
in burning at the different American
almost invariably of the rotary type, the
rotary process, which Is essentially Amer-
ican in its development, being based upon
the substitution of machines for hand la-
bor wherever possible. A brief summary
of the process will first be given, after
which certain subjects of interest will
be taken up in more detail.
Summary of Burning: Process— As at
present used the rotary kiln is a steel
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PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURE.
This cylinder la set fn a slightly In-
clined position, the Inclination being ap-
proximately one-half Inch to the foot.
The kiln Is lined, except near the upper
end, with very resistant Are brick, to
withstand both the high temperature to
which its inner surface is subjected and
also the destructive action of the molten
clinker.
The cement mixture Is fed in at the
upper end of the kiln, while fuel which
may be either powdered coal, oil or gas
—Is injected at its lower end. The kiln,
which rests upon geared bearings, is
slowly revolved about its axis. This
revolution, in connection with the
Inclination at whicn the cylinder
Is set, gradually carries the ce-
ment mixture to the lower end of the
kiln. In the course of this journey the
intense heat generated by the burning
fuel first drives off the water and carbon
dioxide from the mixture and thon causes
the lime, silica, alumina and Iron to com-
bine chemically to form the partially
fused mass known as "cement clinker."
This clinker drops out of the lower end
of the kiln. Is cooled so as to prevent
Injury to the grinding machinery, and Is
then sent to the grinding mills.
theoretical Fuel Heoulrements— As a
preliminary to a discussion of actual
practice in the matter of fuel. It will be
of interest to determine the heat units
and fuel theoretically required In the
manufacture of Portland cement from a
dry mixture of normal composition.
In burning such a mixture to a clinker,
practically all of the heat consumed In
the operation will be that required for the
dissociation of the lime carbonate present
into lime oxide and carbon dioxide. Driv-
ing off the water of combination that
la chemically held by the clay or shale,
and decomposing any calcium sulphate
(gypsum) that may be present In the
raw materials, will require a small ad-
ditional amount of heat. The amount in-
quired tor these r^rposes is not accurate-
ly known, however, but is probably bO
small that It will be more or less entirely
ofTset by the heat which will be liberated
during the combination of the lime with
the silica and alumina. We may, there
tore, without seriSlble error, regard the
total heat theoretically required ;or the
production of a barrel of Portland cement
as being that which Is necessary for the
dissociation of 450 pounds of lime car-
bonate. With coal of a thermal value
of 13,500 B. T. U., burned with only the
air supply demanded by theory, this dis-
sociation will require 26% pounds of coal
per barrel of cement, a fuel consumption
of only 6.6 per cent.
Losses of Heat in Practice— In practice
with the rotary kiln, however, there are
a number of distinct sources of loss of
heat, which result in a fuel consumption
Immensely greater than the theoretical
requirements given above. The more Im-
portant of these sources of loss are the
following:
1. The kiln gases are discharged at a
temperature much above that of the at-
mosphere, ranging from 30O F. to 2,000
F., according to the type of materials
u«ed and the length of the kiln.
2. The clinker Is discharged at a tem-
perature varying from 300 F. to 2.'>00 1'.,
the range depending as before on mate-
rials and length of the kiln.
3. The air supply Injected into the
kiln is always greater, and usually very
much greater, than that required for
the perfect combustion of the fuel; and
the available heating power of the fuel is
thereby reduced.
4. Heat Is lost by radiation from the
ends and exposed surfaces of the kiln.
5. The mixture. In plants using a wet
process, carries a high percentage of
water, which must be driven off. ^
It Is evident, t'nerefore, that present-day
working conditions serve to increase
greatly the amount of fuel actually nec-
essary for the production of a barrel of
cement above that required by theory.
Actual Fuel iRequirements and Output-
Rotary kilns are nominally rated at o
production of 200 barrels per day per kiln.
Even on dry and easily cllnkered ma-
terials and with good coal, however, such
an output Is rarely attained. Normally, a
kiln working on a dry mixture will pro-
duce from 140 to 180 barrels of cement per
day of twenty-four hours. In doing this,
If good coal Is used, Its fuel consumption
will commonly be from 120 to 140 pound*
of coal per barrel of cement, though it
may range as high as 160 pounds, and, on
the other hand, has fallen as low as 90
pounds. An output of 160 barrels per day,
with a coal consumption of 130 pounds per
barrel, may therefore be considered as
representing the results of fairly good
practice on dry materials. In dealing
with a wet mixture, which may carry
anywhere from 30 to 70 per cent, of water,
the results are more variable, though al-
ways worse than with dry materials. In
working a sixty-foot kiln on a wet
material, the output may range from 80
to 140 barrels per day, with a fuel con-
sumption of from 150 to 230 pounds pet
barrel. Using a longer kiln, partly drying
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
the mix, and utilizing waste heat will, oi
course, improve these figures materially.
When oil is used for kiln fuel, it may be
considered that one gallon of oil Is
equivalent in the kiln to about ten pounds
of coal. The fuel consumption, using dry
materials, will range between 11 and 14
gallons of oil per barrel of cement; but
the output per day is always somewhat
less with oil fuel than where coal is used.
Natural gas, in the kiln, may be com-
pared with good Pennsylvania coal by al-
lowing about 20,000 cubic feet of gas as
equivalent to a ton of coal. This esti-
mate is, however, based upon too little
data to be as close as those above given
for oil or coal.
Effect of Composition on Burning— The
differences in composition between Port-
land cement mixtures are very slight If
compared, for example, to the differences
between various natural cement rocks.
But even such slight differences as do
exist exercise a very appreciable effect on
the burning of the mixture. Other things
being equal, any increase in the percent-
age of lime in the mixture will necessi-
tate a higher temperature in order to get
an equally sound cement A mixture
which will give a cement carrying 68 per
cent, of lime, for example, will require
much less through burning than would
a mixture designed to give a cement with
64 per cent, of lime.
With equal lime percentages, the ce-
ment carrying high silica and low alum-
ina and iron will require a higher tem-
perature than If it were lower in silica
and higher in alumina and iron. But,
on the other hand, if the alumina and
iron are ccurrled too high, the clinker
will ball up in the kiln, forming sticky
and unmanageable masses.
Character of Kiln Coal— The fuel most
commonly used in modern rotary kiln
practice is bituminous coai, pulverized
very finely. Coal for this purpose should
be high in volatile matter, and as low in
ash and sulphur as possible. Russell
gives the following analyses of West Vir-
ginia and Pennsylvania coals used at
present at various cement plants in Mich-
igan.
—Analyses of Kiln Coals-
Fixed carbon 66.15 56.33 55.82 51.69
Volatile matter 36.41 35.26 39.37 39.52
j\8h 6.36 7.06 3.81 6.13
Moisture 2.08 1.35 1.00 i.40
Sulphur 1.30 1.34 0.42 1.46
The coal as usually bought is either
"slack" or "run of mine." In the latter
case it is necessary to crush the lumps
before proceeding further with the prep-
aration of the coal, but with slack this
preliminary crushing is not necessary,
and the material can go directly to the
dryer.
Drying Coal— Coal as bought may carry
as high as 15 per cent, of water in win-
ter or wet season. Usually It will run
from 3 to 8 per cent. To secure good re-
sults from the crushing machinery it is
necessary that this water should be
driven off. For coal drying, as for the
drying of raw materials, the rotary dryer
seems best adapted to American condi-
tions. It should be said, however, that In
drying coal it Is usually considered Inad-
visable to allow the products of combus-
tion to pass through the cylinder In which
the coal is being dried. This restriction
serves to decrease slightly the possible
economy of the dryer, but an evapora-
tion of 6 to 8 pounds of water per pound
of fuel coal can still b«9 counted on with
any good dryer. The fuel cost of dry-
ing coal containing 8 per cent, of moist-
ure, allowing $2 per ton for the eoal
used as fuel, will therefore be about 8
to 4 cents per ton of dried product.
Pulverising Coal— Though apparently
brittle enough when In large lumps, coal
is a dlflElcult material to pulverise finely.
For cement kiln use, the fineness of re-
duction is very variable. The finer the
coal is pulverised, the better results will
be obtained from It in the kiln; and the
poorer the quality of the coal, the finer
it is necessary to pulverize It. The fine-
ness attained in practice may therefore
vary from 85 per cent, through a 100 mesh
sieve, to 95 per cent, or more through the
same. At one plant a very poor bat
cheap coal is pulverized to pass 98 per
cent, through a 100 mesh sieve, and in
consequence gives very good results In
the kiln.
Coal pulverizing Is usually carried on
in two stages, the material being first
crushed to 20 to 30 mesh In a Williams
mill or ball mill, and finally reduced in
a tube mill. At many plants, however,
the entire reduction takes pace In one
stage. Griffin or Huntingdon mills being
used.
Total Cost of Coal Preparation- The
total cost of crushing (if necessary), dry-
ing and pulverizing coal, and of convey-
ing and feeding the product to the kiln,
together with fair allowances for re-
placements and repairs, and for Interest
on the plant, will probably range from
about 20 cents to 30 cents per ton of
dried coal, for a four-kiln plant. This
will be equivalent to a cost of from 8 to
5 cents per barrel of cement. While this
may seem a heavy addition to the cost
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PROSPECT HILL PARKWAY, 80MERVILLE, MASS.
PROSPECT HILL PARK DRIVE, SOMERVILLE. MASS.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
of cement manufacture, it should be re- use much poorer— and therefore cheaper
membered that careful drying and fine — g^rades of coal than could otherwise be
pulverizing enable the manufacturer to utilized.
CRITICISMS OF ASPHALT PAVING ESTIMATES AT DETROIT, MICH.
By W. F. Raymond, Indianapolia, Ind,
On page 435 of the December issue of
Municipal Engineering, under the head-
ing of "Asphalt Paving Estimates in
Detroit." there is given the synopsis of a
report by Mr. C. A. Proctor to the Coun-
cil Committee on streets for the c<ty of
Detroit. Mich., under date of Nov. 17 last.
There is much of vaiue in the report,
much worthy of commendation, but from
the synopsis it is very inaccurate and in-
complete and very misleading. Following
the items as reported, take first
Plant and Maintenance— Primarily the
appropriation of $10,000 for installation of
a plapt. capable of suqh capacity as fig-
ured upon is insufficient to meet the re-
quirements of modern improved and con-
stantly improving methods In plant con-
struction and devices; $12,500 to $15,003
would undoubtedly be needed.
Secondly, but one roller is figured on at
a less cost than $2,500. What becomes of
surface rclllng on new and re-surface
work? And If done by hand-rollers what
allowance has been made for the extra
men required on the street to manipulate
the hand-roller?
Modern methods and those conceded
best do not admit of surface rolling with
a hand roller, but require one of at least
2% tons (steam); this, therefore, would
mean an additional outlay for a second
steam roller. Another point is that one
roller cannot properly do surface and fin-
ish work for 1,500 square yard.^ of paving:
in a day, hence another necessity for two
rollers. The other figures for cost of
plant submitted in the report are quite
fair, though from the above It will be
seen that interest and maintenance cost
must be brought higher becau?e a greater
principal is required.
Cost of Binder and Labor— In binder
Items the report shows plant labor costs
in excess of that of street labor. This
should accurately apply to new work
alone. Where binder U used for repairs
the cost of labor on the street exceeds
by far the labor cost at the plant. To
for the plant (new work and repairs;)
second, for street labor, using binder and
top, both on new work and repairs; these
figures are based on some years experi-
ence with work under normal average
economical conditions.
PLANT LABOR— NEW WORK— BIND-
ER OR TOP.
1 Foreman $ 4.00
1 Engineer 3.50
1 Assistant E3nglneer 2.60
1 Mlxerman 2.0o
1 Dust Man 1.75
2 Drum Firemen 3.50
1 Tank Man 1.75
1 Utility Man l.To
1 Office Boy 1.00
1 Water Boy 75
1 Watchman 1.50
10 Laborers 15.00
Total $39.00
PLANT LABOR-REPAIR WORK.
1 Foreman $ 4.00
2 Engineers 3.50
1 Assistant Engineer 2.50
1 Mixer Man 2.00
1 Utility Man 1.75
2 Firemen 3.50
1 Dust Man 1.75
1 Tank Man 1.75
1 Office Boy 1.00
1 Water Boy 75
1 Watchman 1.50
6 Laborers 9.00
Total $33.00
STREET LABOR— BINDER— NEW
WORK.
1 Foreman $ 4.00
1 Timekeeper 2.00
1 Engineer 3.50
1 Helper 1.50
3 Rakers 6.75
2 Tampers 4.00
1 Joint Painter 1.50
2 Wagon Dumpers 3.50
1 Utility Man 1.75
•5 shovelers 8.75
1 Watchman 1.50
Total $38.75
• Smnnfhprs Jirt. ii«xiifi11v iiqa.-I as chrkxrAl.
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STONE AVENUE EXTENSION, SOMERVILLE, MASS.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
STREET LABOR— TOP— NEW WORK.
1 Foreman % 4.00
1 Timekeeper 2.00
1 Engineer 8.50
1 £n«:ineer 8.00
8 Raners 6.76
(a) 2 Tampers 4.00
2 Smoothers 4.00
1 Painter 1.60
(b) 1 UUlity Man 1.75
2 Wagon Dumpers 3.50
4 Sbovelers 7.00
1 Watchman 1.60
Total $42.50
(a) In case of work between street car
rails two more tampers and one more
ehoveler would be needed making cost
15.75 a day more or a total of $48.25.
(b) Used chiefly as cement sweeper.
In figuring for binder and top for re-
pairs and cut holes, the distribution of
charges cannot be much more fairly made
than by assigning one-third to binder and
two- thirds to top. For this reason but one
list for labor required is given, and the
cost may be distributed accordingly. The
holes must be made ready, the dirt and
old material cleaned up, so a truly accu-
rate distribution of binder cost and top
cost is next to impossible. The labor
needed on asphalt repairs, whether laid
with or without binder, follows:
STREET LABOR— REPAIRS.
1 Foreman $i00
1 Timekeeper 2.00
a) 2 EJngineers 650
O) 8 Tampers 6.00
2 Smoothers 4.00
1 Joint Painter 1.50
1 Water-boy 1.00
3 Shovelers E.26
1 Utility man (sweeper) 1.75
2 Men cleaning up 300
8 Joint Cutters 5.25
8 Men breaking out 4.60
1 Man cleaning out holes 1.50
1 Watchman 1.50
(8) 2 Teams cleaning up 7.00
Total $54.75
(1) On patches over four or five feet
square surface rolling is necessary. Two
rollers should therefore be usea.
(2) Oftentimes where the patches are
many and small four tampers are neces-
sary to keep up with the rakers.
(3) If haul to dump is at all long, two
teams will be needed to clean up, though
sometimes one will do, if on the last turn
nearly accurate dally average of yardage,
especially where binder is used, would be
from 400 to 600 square yards. Let us see
what this would mean in cost, including
material, plant and street labor, with
maintenance and repairs left out. The
following table is based on 500 square
yards of paving laid in one ten-hour day,
three-inch wearing surface, one-inch
binder, two-inch top.
TOTAL REPAIR COST.
Street pay-roll $ .'■; To
Plant pay-roll 33 00
46 boxes binder 99 84
84 boxes top 318 22
Coal and fuel (plant) 30 00
Coal and fuel (street) 4 50
Hauling, five teams at $4.50 22 50
Total $562 81
Cost per yard $1 12
Between these figures and those of Mr.
Proctor at 67c a square yard, on 500
square yards of repair work, including
asphalt and binder, there is a difference of
$107.81 on a very good day's work. Some
consideration must be given, however, to
the fact that in these estimates Mr. Proc-
tor's figures for fuel, for stone, for teams
and asphalt have been given, the remain-
ing items being figured from prices ruling
in Indiana, and more especially Indianap-
olis.
In the estimate of forty-six boxes of
binder the amount of asphalt cement re-
quired was figured at a minimum, and
very clear lime stone would be necessary
to keep within this estimate. In the
eighty-six boxes of top allowance was
made for each ten-foot box of surface
mixture to lay practically six (6) square
yards of pavement; in binder each ten-
foot box to lay a little more than ten (10)
square yards, though it should run
eleven or a little more, especially in re-
pairs at one-inch tliickness. Further, in
the asphalt charges the stone dust al-
lowance was liberal, but not too great by
many cents, dependent greatly on freight
rates and whether ground at the plant of
the user or received ready for use.
Now as to new work, if 1,500 square
yards of two-inch asphalt was laid in a
day the total plant and street labor plus
the cost of materials, but less the cost
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HANCOCK STREET, SOMERVILLE, MASS.
Before Improvement.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
as the discount could apply only to ma-
terials.
The estimates for new work- by Mr.
Proctor are quite too low for another
reason, since he makes no allowance for
stormy days, for daya or even hours when
the plant or one of the rollers breaks
down and he must pay many of his men
full or at least half time in order to re-
tain the class of skilled labor which the
proper laying of asphalt demands.
Data and figures covering many pages
could be written on thi3 subject, showing
cost prices under varying conditions, but
it must ever be borne in mind that vast
differences exist between new and repair
work; also, that the use of binder on any
work makes a vast difference In cost,
thickness of the asphalt surface, too, be-
ing all important in figuring. Were it
possible to lay 1.500 square yard3 of 2 in.
top six days a week, and every week from
April to November, then one could say
that 67c a square yard was a good price
for municipalities, but taking all things
Into consideration a contractor should
hesitate a long time before he slg^ied a
contract for any kind of asphalt work for
less than tl per square yard.
Theoretically, 67c per sq. yard is very
attractive to the municipality in quest of
good streets at the lowest possible cost;
practically, over II per sq. yard would
be found to be the nearest approximate
average cost. Should a municipality have
thousands of yards of new work to lay
and many of repairs no doubt it could
save money by doing Its own work, cost
of plant not considered, for on days and
in seasons when new work should not
be done for satisfactory results many re-
pairs could properly be made. The idea
is a good one and should be tried, but
only after most thorough investigation,
and under the direct management of a
hustling, competent man of long and suc-
cessful experience.
THE STREETS OF SOMERVILLE, MASS.
The pictures In the reports of Mr. John
JOHN P. PBICHARD,
Street CommiseioQer, Somerville, Mass.
P. Prlchard, who is Street Commissioner
and a member of the Board of Public
Works of Somervllle, Mass., show the
quality of the work done under his de-
partment even better than the text. All
the work is done by day labor and nearly
all the street construction is macadam.
The pictures show the road rollers, of
which the city has one fifteen-ton, one
twelve-ton and a five-ton asphalt roller.
The streets reconstructed in 1902, three-
fourths of them wholly, measured 26,788
feet in length and the total cost was
I21.33S.53.
Two of the pictures show the brown-
tail moth and the process of removing it
from the trees. The street commissioner
is wagring vigorous war against the pest,
and says the city is not yet free. The
work of removal cost $6,092.07 in 1902.
With these explanations and the tiHes
under the pictures they will speak for
themselves.
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REMOVING BROWN TAIL MOTHS, SOMERVILLE, MASS.
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EDITORIAL
COMMENT
Cost of Municipal Laying
of Asphalt.
The Transportation Question
In the Cement Trade.
Has He Gone to New York.
COST OF MUNICIPAL LAYING OF
ASPHALT.
In the December number of Municipal
En^neerlnflT, page 436» was an estimate
by Mr. Proctor of the cost of laying as-
phalt in a municipal plant, which com-
puted the actual cost of laying asphall
at 67 cents, including three items, top-
ping at 44 cents, binder at 20 cents and
maintenance at 3 cents. The maintenance
charge is for maintenance of plant, not
of pavement, and includes interest, de-
preciation, repairs and insurance, rent,
and taxes.
Mr. Raymond, in an article elsewhere
in this number, points out the fact thai
these estimates assume constant em-
ployment, or, rather, no expense for
plant or labor when work is not in prog-
ress, and justly claims that this asump^
tion is without sufficient basis.
In the November number of Municipal
Engineering will be found some figures
from the municipal asphalt plant at Win-
nipeg, Manitoba, which clearly show the
difCerence between cost with this as-
sumption and under everyday working
conditions. The figures for cost of ma-
terials are larger than those given by
either Mr. Proctor or Mr. Raymond, and
the final assessments against property
owners show how much they must be
increased that the city may come out
\ even.
Mr. Proctor thinks 67 cents is enough
to allow for cost of laying binder and
top, as stated above. Mr. Raymond thinks
this might be all right for constant
work, but that the actual cost with due
allowance for lost time and labor and
without allowance for profit would be
more than $1. The authorities at Winni-
peg, in computing the assessments to be
made against property owners for asphali
pavements laid assign to the items in-
cluded in the figures of the two gentle-
men, named the following cost prices:
Binder, 1% inches, at plant 18^
Binder labor on street 06
Surface, 1% inches, at plant 46
Surface labor on street, teaming,
etc 15
Plant charges 06
Other charges 08
Making a total of 94H
The charge for labor is undoubtedly very
high for continuous work, and showb
the erreat allowance that must be made
for lost time.
It is evident from these figures that
Mr. Raymond's plea for careful investi-
gation and for full consideration of all
the circumstances has a good bcuris. De-
troit has been paying from $1.12 to $1.23
for surface repairs, according to Mr.
Proctor, and he estimates that, with a
cost of 67 cents in a municipal plant the
city would save over $60,000 a year with
the amount of work done the past year.
Evidently, were the asphalt laying the
straight work of laying new pavement
which was done In Winnipeg, the cost
will be nearly 60 per cent, more and the
saving consequently nearly cut in two.
This cuts down the profit which the oon-
traotor is making under present condi-
tions very materially. But, as Mr. Ray-
mond points out, the cost of repairing Is
much greater than the cost of laying new
pavement, so far as the labor item is
concerned, at least. This is evident from
a consideration of the facta that the
patch must be cleaned out, the old ma-
terial removed, a good surfcfcce for juno-
tiofi with the new material formed and a
tar coat applied, all in addition to any-
thing required In laying new pavement;
also that the patches are more or less
scattered, and there is lots of time in
moving men and machinery from one
patch to another and In unloading mate-
rial. The labor on the street, according
to the Winnipeg experience, costs 28 cents
a square yard. An increase in labor cost
of 60 per cent, is perhaps not excessive,
which would IncrecMe the total cost of
laying repairs per square yard by 11^
cents, making it $1.06. With Detroit prices
this leaves only 6 to 17 cents a yard, or
5H to 16 per cent, for the contractors'
contingent fund and his profits. This does
not seem to be exorbitant.
A report of the New York Commis-
sioner of Public Works made In Novem-
ber, 1903, on the subject of a repair plant
for asphalt pavements for the Borough
of Manhattan contains an estimate by
Dr. J. C. Bayles of the cost of repair ma-
terials and labor as follows per square
yard of pavement:
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EDITORIAL COMMENT.
17
Asphalt cement 80
Sand, stone, oil, etc *.. .16
MixlnfiT, cartlnjr and laylnjr Zo
Total 80
The items do not agree very closely
with those In either Wlnnipejr or Detroit
or as given by Mr. Raymond, partly be-
cause the form of the pavement is differ-
ent, but, when plant charges and general
supervision are added, the total will ap-
proximate that given for Winnipeg. The
present contract rates for repairs in Man-
hattan are for binder. 11.62, and for wear-
ing surface, 46 cents a square yard.
The contractor may have one advan-
tage over the city in being able to ob-
tain asphalt at a lower price than that
paid by Winnipeg, but this is a quesUon
quite aside from that under considera-
tion and does not change the fact that
the city must pay the prices named.
Facts are sometimes hard things for
theories to overcome, and it is not safe
for a city to enter the asphalt paving
and repair field without more careful
consideration of all the conditions than
seems to be shown In the Detroit report
under discussion.
Such portable apparatus as is now of-
fered for small repairs of asphalt streets
and for putting them in shape before the
actual time for repair arrives, do not
come properly into this consideration, as
they have their own place, and can often
be used profitably by city or contractor
when there is a regular contract for re-
pairs of the customary nature, making
certain classes of repair more econom-
ically than they can be done with the
ordinary asphalt plant.
^-
THE TRANSPORTATION QUESTION
IN THE CEMENT TRADE.
The third edition of the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" is now in
active preparation for issue early in 1904.
It shows a vast increase in capacity for
production of cement during the year,
and an almost equal Increase in con-
sumption. The demand would, apparently,
have exceeded the supply throughout the
year as it did early in the reason, if
strikes and financial fiurries, especially
the former, had not curtailed building
operations.
The cement factories are now so widely
distributed that the question of freight
rates is becoming one of great import-
ance. This condition was recognized
three years ago or so by some of the
larger companies, and their extensions to
keep up with their rapidly growing trade
have been made in the form of new mills
located in new regions. Factories of
Pennsylvania companies are now located
In Ohio. Indiana and Missouri, as well as
in the home state, and there is at leaat
one group of capitaUsts who are estab-
lishing works in various parts of the
United States and Canada. Independent
in form, but under the same financial
control.
A controlling rea;s5on for this tendency
is found in such facts as the following:
Some bids for work were called for and
cement prices clustered about $2.06 to
12.10. One contractor proposed to a near-
by factory to purchase at the factory for
the same price that he was offered for
equally good cement at a distant factory.
For illustration we will take the freight
rate from the Lehigh region to Cindn-
naU. 16 cents a hundred pounds, and
from Michigan points. 7 cents. The differ-
ence, about 30 cents a barrel, is a very
satisfactory increase of the contractor's
profits. When cement stocks are large
and money is wanted by the manufac-
turers, contractors can pick up numerous
bargains of this sort.
Cement has been quoted in New York
at about 90 cents in large lots, and there
has been nearly the same condition in
Chicago when there was any large busi-
ness to do. But in San Francisco cement
in car load lots will bring about $1.75. An
exaggerated case is found in the bids
for cement for the Touto basin dam in
Arizona, where the price of cement was
19 a barrel, due largely to the long rail-
road and wagon haul. This is an excep-
tional case and the government engineers
have determined that a large sum of
money can be ^aved by building a Port-
land cement plant on the ground for the
sole purpose of making the cement for
this structure. As shown more in detail
in another department of this number of
Municipal Engineering, bids will now be
asked for cement delivered on the ground
and for cement made on the spot by the
machinery already purchased.
Though an exaggerated case, this dem-
onstrates the theory that the location of
new cement plants must be based large-
ly on the matter of freight rates, assum-
ing a local demand, actual or prospec-
tive, and proper materials.
The enormous fiuctuatlons In price of
cement recently are due largely to the
Inability of the mills to suppi/ the legl-
^mate demand for cement, as detailed in
this department in the November num-
ber, but when temporary checks
to building operations fill up /ne slock
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MUNICIPAL ENGINBERING.
houses, the anomalies of freight charges
and the resulting competition ft local
factories with over-loaded factories in
other districts exaggerate the variations
and result in such peculiar conditioni as
a factory shipping all the cement It can
make at a price which would llidicate a
complete stagnation of the trade.
While it is necessary to shut down fac-
tories for repairs, any long continued
stoppage of all factories would put them
next season in the same condition they
were the past season, unable to fill orders
and helping to bring on a stagnation In
business by restricting building opera-
tions or necessitating substitution of
other materials. When the cement plants
are able to All the regular demand, and
are better distributed, cement rates will
reach a state of comparative uniformity,
if not artificially manipulated, but in the
meantime, such pronounced action as
seems to be contemplated by the large
manufacturers, as detailed elsewhere,
will only exaggerate the unfortunate con-
ditions under which we are laboring in
the present stage of development of the
industry.
That many persons have confidence in
the reality of a demand for cement next
season in excess of the supply, especially
if the mills are shut down for a large
part of the winter, is indicated by the
fact that money is being borrowed with
which to invest in cement at pro—nt
prices, ,with the expectation of making
large profits next season, notwithstand-
ing extra freight and storage charges.
A comparison of capacity and demand
will be attempted in an early number of
this magazine based on the data gather-
ed for the new edition of the "Directory
of American Cement Industries."
HAS HE GONE TO NEW YORK?
Our readers of some years' standing
may remember the methods of certain
journals in Louisville and later in Cin-
cinnati in working up their circulation.
They purported to be industrial papers
circulating In the South and asked for ap-
proval of laudatory articles concerning
men or machinery, and proposed to sell
copies of the number containing the no-
tice.
A notice recently received by a reader
of this magasine from the "Financial
Review*' of New York City suggests the
possibility that the same writer has re-
moved to that city. The notice Is as fol-
lows:
For those who are interested in the
matter of municipal reform. In the beauti-
fying of our large cities from an artistic
standpoint and. In fact, the promotion of
better government in all departments,
parks included, the recent convention of
the American Society of Municipal Im-
provement, which was held in Indianapo-
lis, will no doubt have an interest, for this
association has proved useful in the past
and has a bright future. The election of
Mr. of as has been
commented upon from different stand-
points naturally enough, but in no case
has the comment been of an unfavorable
character. His own work in an official
way has been not only competent but haa
afforded evidence that he is heart and
soul in favor of anything calculated to
promote improvement in his own city..
Mr. has a host of friends both in
and outside of the organization referred
to and in so his election was logl-
caL As a man of affairs, also, he stands
high in the business world.
A slip in the name of the city shows
that the notice is sent to all the officers
of the society in the same wording. There
must be a monotony in the columns of the
paper which would discourage the plac-
ing of a |6 subscription, If a sample copy
could be seen before making the reply
which the following letter, accompanying
the notice, is intended to bring:
We inclose an item which, with your
permission, will appear ra our next Issue.
We would like to receive your subscrip-
tion, in which event wo would send yon
twenty copies gratis. Trusting we shall
hear from you we remain.
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THE QUEiTION
DEPARTMENT
PLASTERING ON HOLLOW CON-
CRETE BLOCKS.
I have a house nearly finished with hol-
low concrete blocks. It Is a good looking
house and many admire it. I would like
to know if we can plaster on the blocks
or will it be better to lath against the
blocks. Some think the blocks will sweat
and color the paper.
R. B. CLEMENT,
Walkerton, Ont.
One of the points made by the adyocates
of hollow cement block construction is
that the plastering 'for the Inside of the
house can be applied directly to the
blocks without any studding and lath.
The hollow wall is expected to keep the
inside surface dry and warm. The Joints
must be well filled and the proper Junc-
tions made according to the designs of
the blocks. Most of the blocks break the
Joints so that moisture will find it yery
difficult to follow them through to the
inner wall surface, and some go so far as
to put Joints only half way through the
wall, the blocks being made so as to
oyerlap. Any of the methods in common
use promise success in keeping the inner
wall surface dry.
The blocks should be thoroughly ^et and
dried before the plaster is put on, other-
wise there might be a slight absorption
by the plaster of any free water used in
the construction or absorbed from ex-
posure, with a consequent discoloration.
This can be entirely preyented by proper
curing of the blocks and drying of the
walls before plastering.
square foot to 20 cents or sof according
to specifications, cost of cement, kind and
cost of other materials, labor conditions,
diflnculty of work, etc.
ABOUT CEMENT SIDEWALKS.
Do you know of a good form for speci-
fications to ^lay cement sidewalks? Can
you give me approximate cost per square
yard to lay cement walk, grading done by
owner? Can you give me any other facts
as to cement sidewalks?
J. DICKINSON CONDICT,
Madison, N. J.
The "Handbook for Cement Users" (IR)
CEMENT CHEMISTS AND ENGI-
NEESRS.
I have some rock which I would like
to have analyzed for cement and would
like to be referred to some one who can
do the work. Please also refer me to some
one as to the cost of a cement plant and
cement machinery.
One rock is a black porous lava, of
which there is a large solid body on the
railroad, with side tracks, water and fuel
accessible. It is being used for concrete,
fire-proofing and some kinds of ornamen-
tal work. Tests have been made on it for
slag cement with favorable results. An-
other rock is a gray volcanic tufa, also on
the railroad, with water and fuel.
G. R., Los Angeles, Cal.
Who can furnish estimates on cement
plants?
W. C. B., Toronto, Ont.
Reference should be made to the "Busi-
ness Directory" in the advertising depart-
ment of Municipal Engineering, under the
heading of "Cement Plant Desfgners;"
also to the list of "Engineers Who De-
sign Cement Plants" in the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" dS).
With reference to the first questions it
might be said that similar materials have
been used with fair success since the days
of the ancient Romans, and are now In
use at San Giovanni a Teducdo, near
Naples, Italy. The questtons of quality of
product, cheapness of freight on raw ma-
terials and supplies and proximity and
size of market for the cement are matters
which must be specially considered, event
if the chemists' reports concerning the
value of the material are favorable. UiU-
formlty in composition of the raw ma>-
terials and proximity of* any corrective
material which may be necessary to pro-
duce the best cement are also essential
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
PLANS FOR CONCRETE CULVERTS-
WHERE TO PURCHASE STEEL
BEAMS.
1. Where can we gret plans and speci-
fications for concrete culverts and
bridges?
2. Where can we gret Iron and steel I-
beama by the carload?
K. & CO., Tecumseh, Neb.
The best place to get specifications for
concrete culverts and bridges is in the
''Handbook for Cement Users" (|3). Val-
uable information will also be found in
the back numbers of Municipal Engineer-
ing. Plans should be prepared by an
engineer of experience in this class of
work who can have an opportunity to
make himself familiar with the local con-,
ditions which must be met. such as span,
foundation, protection from flood, possi-
bility of settlement, possible loadings,
etc. Reference may be made to the
"Business Directory" in our advertising
pages under the headings "Civil Engi-
neers" and "Bridges." Lists of names
of Engineers using concrete will also be
found in the "Directory of American Ce-
ment Industries" ($5).
2, The nearest manufacturer of struc-
tural steel is probably the Colorado Fuel
and Iron Company, Denver, Colo. Other
makers are the Cambria Steel Company,
Chicago office, 188 Jackson Boulevard;
Carnegie Steel Company, Chicago office
204 Dearborn-st.; IlUnois Steel Company,
The Rookery, Chicago.
CEJMBNT REQUIRED FOR WET CON-
CRETE.
Being an appreciative subscriber ot
your magazine I would be pleased to have
you answer the following question, as
from the data at hand I cannot figure it
out. We are now making what is called
dry concrete and tamping it, and the
molds that we are using make it rathei
difficult lo tamp without expending much
time. We do not care about the outside
finish, i. e., we do not care whether it
looks like cut stone or not. We are using
one part Portland cement, two parts sand
and four and one-half parts gravel pass-
ing a three-fourth-inch screen and the
sand screened from it. What we want
to know is how much more cement we
will have to add to have practically the
same strength concrete by the wet con-
crete process, 1. e., wet enough so we
can pour it into the mold.
F. A. SICKLESTEEL,
North Branch, Mich.
The claim made for wet concrete is
that it produces a stone of greater
strength with the same proportion of ce-
ment. If the mixture Is properly made
this is probably true, since the stone will
be somewhat more dense. The mortar
must not be so wet that the heavier
stones will settle to the bottom and the
water will collect on the top, and still
it must be wet enough so that the mix-
ture will fiow into all corners and re-
cesses of the mol<Sl and leave no vacan-
cies bridged over by the stones wedging
together. The mixture must be thorough-
ly well made before and after the water
is added so that the cement will be uni-
formly distributed through the mass,
and in such manner that the water will
not wash it out With care a stronger
mixture will result than when the con-
crete Is made with as little water as pos-
sible and tamped in the ordinary way,
though thoroughly tamped stone is shown
by some experiments to be equal if not
slightly superior in strength.
It must be remembered that the wet
concrete must be left in the molds fur
several days, two or more, to set. while
the dry tamped concrete can be removed
immediately if properly handled.
HOW TO MAKE LIGHT-COLORED CE-
MENT WALKS.
I would like to know what method is
adopted to obtain light-colored walks. It
there any process by which cement walks
can be bleached out white after the
troweling and floating Is done?
J. H. OTTERSTATTER,
TltusviUe. Pa.
Each cement has a fairly definite color
which cannot be changed. This color does
not appear always when the surface Is
first finished and will usually be some-
what lighter after the cement has fully
set and the surplus water has evaporated.
Walks can be whitened in color by us-
ing white materials In finishing. The use
of marble dust Is described In Municipal
Engineering, vol. xxv., pp. 260 and 419,
the latter article giving specifications for
sidewalk construction.
Most persons desire darker walks rather
than lighter, but the use of marble or
limestone dust of light color will make
the color as light as it can be ma^le.
There are no successful processes for
whitening cement work after It has been
laid.
•
PATENTS ON HOLLOW CONCRETE
BLOCKS.
Can you inform me as to whether there
Is any patent now pending or in force
upon the manufacture of hollow concrete
blocks for building or upon the manu-
facture of the molds?
F. A. v., Ellsworth, Kas.
The subject of patents on hollow con-
crete blocks was quite fully discussed
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
21
In Municipal Engineering, vol. xxlv, p.
436, and a list of the earlier patents on
blocks of various forms and for various
purposes Is there given.
There are also a number of patents on
machines for making the blocks.
Among the articles in Municipal En-
gineering describing blocks, machines for
making them and processes, the follow-
ing may be mentioned, some of them
containing references to the patents
covering the apparatus, process or pro-
duct:
•'Concrete Building Blocks," vol. xxii,
pp. 13, 161. 163. xxiil, p. 392.
"H. S. Palmer's Method of Concrete
Building," vol. xxlU, p. 482.
"Machines and Methods for Making
Hollow Building Blocks," vol. zzlv, p.
191, describing the machines and pro-
cesses patented by H. S. Palmer, N. F.
Palmer, the Cement Machinery Com-
pany (Normandln), Seamans, Stevens,
and the Standard Stone Company.
Tlie Seamans machine is described in
vol. xxlv. pp. 234, 393, and vol. xxv, p.
375, with patent specifications.
Some information regarding suits on
patents will be found in vol. xxlv, p. 393,
463.
The blocks of the American Hydraulic
Stone Company are described In vol.
xxlv, p. 457.
The Miracle pressed concrete block
machine is described in vol. xxv., p. 53.
The Normandln machine is described in
vol. xxv, p. 54.
The Winget machine and block are de-
scribed in vol. xxv, pp. 129. £90.
Dykema's molds and their product
are described in vol. xxv, p. 464.
Reference may be made also to our ad-
vertising columns, as the prominent
makers of machines and blocks are rep-
resented there. Fisher's hydraulic stone
system is one of the latest.
New patents are Issued at frequent In-
tervals and if watch is kept on the list
of "Recent Inventions" in the depart-
ment of "Machinery and Trade," in Mu-
nicipal Engineering each month, the gen-
eral character of these patents and their
numbers and claimants can be learned.
SILEXOID PORTLAND CEMENT.
Can you tell me what Is Sllexold Port-
land cement, which is on the market,
and who makes it?
J. D., Kankakee, 111.
The Sllexold Portland Cement Company
is a corporation whose main office is at
Union City, Mich. It succeeds the Calu-
met Portland Cement Company and has
its works at Thlrty-nlnth-st. and Lowe-
ave., Chicago, III., where it makes Its
"Improved Portland" cement by grinding
up together Portland cement and crushed
limestone exceedingly fine. It Is thus
similar to silica Portland cement, which
shows excellent qualities, substituting,
however, limestone for sand In the mix-
ture. Tests of the cement are not at
hand, but It is probable that they show
high results, especially when the cement
is tested neat. Neither Is any informa-
tion at hand regarding its durability In
various kinds of construction.
CONCRETE FLOOR FOR BNOINB
HOUSE.
We would like to know if a board floor
two Inches thick could be covered with
expanded metal or wire netting and a
coating of cement two Inches thick, made
of 2 parts sand and 1 purt cement, placed
on this metal would make a good job.
Would it be sufficiently strong for a floor
in a fire engine house which Is not used
a great deal? We presume that the floor
Is solid to start with.
ILIFF BROTHERS. Cedarville. O.
This question cannot be answered
definitely without a personal knowledge
of the present fioor and Its supports, but
it is almost certain that the present floor
is not strong enough to carry the weight
of the cement floor In addition to its pres-
sent load, and unless the concrete floor
is weir anchored to the foundations on all
sides, and these are strong enough to
stand the strain, a failure of the present
floor would result in a failure of the
concrete floor. Such a floor as that pro-
posed is sufficient If the supports and the
anchorage to supports and walls are suffi-
cient, but its construction should not be
attempted without full directions from a
competent architect or engineer with ex-
perience In concrete construction.
MOLD FOR MAKING CEMENT PIPE.
I will thank you if you will give me
the address of the American representa-
tive of the German Kielberg press for
making cement pipe, mentioned on page
426 of the December number. In the same
article you refer to the abandonment of
a plant in Brooklyn using the Sherman
machine. Will you kindly tell me
whether this abandonment was caused
by a failure in introducing the article or
was the machine a failure?
W. C. HUMPHREYS,
Norfolk, Va.
The address of H. Schebye, C. E., Is 848
Carolina-st, Pittsburg, Pa., and his ad-
vertisement of the Kielberg molding
press for making pipes will be found in
our advertising pages.
There does not seem to have been any
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22
MUNICIPAL BNGINEEBINO.
great effort to Introduce the Sherman
machine. Reports Indicate that It was
used In making cement sewer pipe for
use in Brooklyn* but that no machines
have been used elsewhere, and now the
use of cement pipe has been practically-
abandoned In Brooklyn. There seems to
be no special reason for all this, although
there were occasional complaints some
years ago, when the methods of manu-
facture were less fully understood* of de-
terioration of cement sewer pipes In use.
It cannot be said that the reported aban-
donment of the Brooklyn machine was
due to defects in the machine, and It
would not be proper to condemn sewer
pipe made with the better knowledge of
mixtures and methods of treating them
of the present time on account of rather
indefinite statements of occasional fail-
ures o'f pipe many years ago.
Some description of the Klelberg ma-
chine will be found in the department of
"Machinery and Trade" in this number.
OP INTEREST TO CEMENT BLOCK
MANUFACTURERS.
Kindly advise me if there are any back
numbers of Municipal Engineering that
would be of particular interest to cement
block manufacturers. P. T. C,
Ft. Dodge, la.
Reference should be made to the article
in this department under the heading
"Concrete Block Machines" for a full list
of articles upon cement blocks. There are
doubtless many more articles of Interest
to makers of such blocks among the
many upon cement and concrete in the
successive numbers of the magazine.
LIST OP CEMENT MANUFACTURERS.
Kindly send me that copy of* your
magazine which embraces the list of
cement mills in the United States, with
their output, etc. Also if you know of any
corrections to be made to the list which
you can make easily, I should be glad to
have you advise me what they are. Also
I should like to know wnen you expect to
publish a new, revised and up-to date
list E. D. KIMBALL,
Wichita, Kas.
The best list in print, giving all the in-
formation asked for above and much
more, is to be found in the "Directory of
American Cement Industries and Hand-
book for Cement Users" (|6). A list of
new companies, since the last issue of the
Directory, in operation and under con-
struction, will be found in Municipal En-
gineering for October, 1908, vol. xxv, p.
261.
The third edition of the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" is now In
active preparation for issue early in 1904
and will have the latest revised list of
cement manufacturers, giving officers,
capitalisation, capacity, brands, sales
agents and descriptions of works, besides
much other information and other direc-
tory lists as is set forth more In detail
elsewhere in this numner in an article
describing the book.
QUALITY OF CBMBNT-CONCRBTB
BLOCK HOUSES.
Mr. R. B. Clement of Walkerton, Ont,
in writing about accidental wetting of
cement, as reported in Municipal Engi-
neering, vol xxv, p. 872, says he has
"no doubt it was good cement and if it
had got plenty of water on it for two
or three days it would have stood hard
pounding." He has had similar experi-
ence. He continues as follows: "I am
delighted with the last number of Munic-
ipal Engineering and think that all ce-
ment contractors should tell you the
worth of it in their business."
Mr. Clement has Just completed a hol-
low block concrete house doing the work
himself with the help of a man at ItS
a day, while masons receive $3 a day.
The man alone laid three chimneys in
one day at a saving of $60 over brlok
chlnmeya. The house cost about the
same as brick, owing to the high price of
cement when the blocks were made.
With low prices for cement, such as
those this winter, he can build cheaper
than with either brick or wood, and give
better satisfaction. The blocks are
rock face. The cellar is successfully
grouted with 1 part sand to. 10 parts of
sand and gravel.
AMOUNT OF LIME REQUIRED IN
BUILDING.
Our water company makes a charge of
three cents a bushel of lime for building
purposes and I would like to know if
you have any books that would be of as-
sistance in figuring the number of bush-
els required in any building.
WII^I.IAM L. GIBB.
Ocean City, N. J.
Perhaps some of our readers can give
rules which they have found convenient.
It would be interesting to know the
origin of such peculiar rates as this.
Trautwlne's "Engineers' Pocketbook" (|6)
contains the data desired. It would ap-
parently be simplest to require presenta-
tion of the bills for the materials actual-
ly furnished. In the absence of this defi-
nite information an estimate of the num-
ber of bricks must be made. Trautwine
gives the number of standard size re-
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
qtitr«d per square foot of wall of dlfterent
thlckneeats, fnmi which the total num-
ber of bricks can be obtained if the num-
ber of square feet of wall of each thick-
ness is obtained from the plans of the
buildinff. He also gives the quantity of
mortar required per thousand brick with
various thicknesses of joints and allow-
anoe for waste^ and the quantity erf lime
required for this mortar. There are evi-
dently many chances for inaccuracy in
these computations so that the result can
be considered as only roughly approxi-
mate.
WATBJR-TIGHT RESBRVOIRS.
With reference to water-tight reservoirs
J. EL Salflsberg A Ck>. of Aurora, 111., re-
port their experience m withstanding
water pressure from without. The bottom
of the basin was about two feet below the
river level and about thirty feet from the
river bank. In construction they were
bothered considerably with the permea-
tion of water from the rrver and from
springs underneath the nasin. An 8-inch
concrete floor was put m, but it heaved
up in the center and 10 mches more of
concrete was added to make it safe. In
response to their inquiry the address of
the Thayer School of Engmeering is
given as Dartmouth College, Hanover,
N. H.
DEDUCTIONS FROM HYDRANT
RENTAL. FOR LACK OF
PRESSURE.
A dty claims to have the right to de-
duct from the hydrant rental a certain
amount on account of the water com-
pany in case of a fire not having pres-
sure enough to give the fire company
ample water for fire protection. If you
know of any cases of the above descrip-
tion will you refer me to the decisions?
JUDD DECKER,
Superintendent of Water Works, Sterling,
HL
Leaving out of consideration any con-
tract provisions which might settle the
matter, the following decisions among
the many which have been rendered may
be referred to. Those regarding damages
for fire loss on account of lack of water
pressure are given as throwing a side
light upon the question asked.
A contract requiring the water com-
pany to repair pipe within forty-eight
hours or town will not be liable for
water rents and company will be liable
for individual losses caused by the con-
dition of the pipes is not a bar to all re-
covery as for a breach of contract, be-
cause of occasional bursting of pipes,
Grand Junction Water Company vs. Cit5
of Grand Junction, Colorado. Vol. 00,
Pacific Reporter, page 196.
A water company which uncondition-
ally contracts to supply a constimer witb
water and fire pressure Is liable for dam-
ages for failure of fire pressure, even
though the break in pipes is not the
water company's fault. Knappman Whlt-
inir Co. VB. Middlesex Water Co. Vol. 46.
Atlantic Reporter (K. J. ), page 082.
Pleas of insufliclent pressure are insuf-
ficient as complete defense to a suit for
hydrant rentals, and demurrers thereto
are properly sustained. Greenville, Ala.,
vs. Greenville Water Works Co. South-
em Reporter, May 80, 1900.
A contract to furnish an ample supply
of water is severable and the borough is
liable for the actual service rendered in
good faith under such contract, though
at times the supply was inadequate.
Hsmdman Water Company vs. Borough
of Hyndman, Pa. Vol 7, Pennsylvania
Superior Court, page 19L
Where a water company has contracted
to supply fire protection in quantity and
force, a failure will entitle the city to
treat the contract as terminated even
though no actual damage occurred.
Light, Heat and Power Company of
Jackson vs. City of Jackson, Miss. Vol.
19. Southern Reporter, p. 771.
A c6ntract for fire protection between
a city and a water company does not
give a water consumer a right to dam-
ages from the company for fire loss
due to failure of water supply in quan-
tity or presure. Akron Water Company
vs. Brownless, Am. Dig. August, 1896.
Also House vs. Houston Water Works
Company (Tex.). Am. Dig. June, 1896.
Also Buch vs. Artesian Hot and Cold
Water Company, Idaho. Am. Dig. Janu-
ary, 1890; and Miss. Supreme Court, Dec.
4, 1900. See Municipal Engineering, vol.
XX, p. 89.
A city is liable to a patron of the city's
public water works for loss by fire on
account of negligence in permitting sys-
tem to get out. of repair. Lenzen vs.
New Braunfels, Tex. 86 S. W. Rep. 8IL
On the contrary, neither water com-
pany nor city owning water works is
liable for damages of consumer by fire,
according to Eaton vs. Falrbury (Neb.)
Water Works Company, 66 N. W. Rep.,
201 and Municipal Engineering, vol. vi.
p. 171. Also, a citizen cannot recover
from the city for fire loss, the fire
pressure and supply being defective, ac-
cording to Butterworth vs. City of Hen-
rietta, Tex.. 61 S. W. Rep., p. 975, and
Municipal Engineering, vol. xx, 362.
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24
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Ukiah, California, obtained a judgrment
In a Jury trial against the Uklah Water
and Improvement Company in 1S90 for
1370 fire damages to city property on ac-
count of defective water supply. Munici-
pal Engineering, vol. xix. p. 418.
With the exception of the contradiction
in Texas, in which the court seems to
have reversed itself, the general tendency
of the decisions is to reduce the re-
sponsibility of the water company for
failure to supply flre service to the actual
duration of the defective service, the
company being able to collect for all
service actually rendered in good faith,
though it did fail at critical times, and
to take oft all liabllfty for damages for
actual fire loss on account of such fail-
ures.
#
BOOKS ON IRRIGATION.
What is the best work on irrigation
and where can I secure it?
SUBSCRIBER. Havre, Mont.
The best book upon the technical
features of irrigation engineering is Wil-
son's "Irrigation Engineering" (|4), the
fourth edition of which has Just been
Issued, revised and enlarged. Neweirs
"Irrigation" (|2), is a discussion of the
subject from the economic standpoint
and also contains much which is of direct
value to the engineer. Mead's "Irriga-
tion Institutions" ($1.25), is a valuable
treatise upon the legal aspects of irriga-
tion questions showing the need of some
central authority in state or nation.
A review of Mead's book will be found
in Municipal Engineering, vol. xxv, p. 270
and one of Newell' s book in vol. xxiii.
p. 294. A review of Wilson's book will
appear later.
»
OWNERSHIP OP OLD MATERIAL43
DISPLACED BY NEW CON-
STRUCTION.
I am the contractor for a "court" ditch
in the town of Boswell. It Is a common
tile drain on the line of an old county
ditch and I am liifting the old tile. Do
they belong to me or to the town or to
the people who paid for them when they
were laid? There Is about a hundred
rods of the old 12-inch tile. The con-
tract says nothing about the old tile.
Boswell Is an incorporated town.
The line goes under the railroad track.
Can the railroad company make me fur-
nish anything but the common drain tile
that the plans call for?
B. F. DIMMICK. Boswell, Ind.
Detailed answer to these questions can
only be made by an attorney who has
carefully examined the provisions of the
contract and knows the law governing
ihls kind of work. A few general ob-
servations may not be out of place, how-
ever. If Boswell Is an Incorporated town
the old materials would belong to the
town in case nothing was said about
them in the contract The contractor Is
probably to some extra expense in re-
moving them, which should be a claim
against them, partly offsetting their
value. If the contratjt Is with a drain-
age district, the old materials would
probably be considered as belonging to
the district. They could probably not be
claimed by Individuals who paid the as-
F.essments levied for the construction of
the old drain. In that case their value
to the contractor after removal, duo al-
lowance being made for their condition
and the extra e.-ipense of removal, might
well be made a charge against the con-
tractor, or they ijnlght be sold and the
money turned in to reduce ihc aaspss-
ment for the new drain. The attorney
could give the legal steps necessary.
The railroad company probably has the
right to prescribe the kind of construc-
tion which It will require under Its tracks
and right-of-way, provided It does not af-
fect the main purpose of the drain. Un-
less the matter of extra expense In cross-
ing the right-of-way is settled on the con-
tractor by some provision of the con-
tract, this extra work an3 extra expense
for different material wculd probably be
chargeable to the drainage district or the
town as an extra, over and above the
contract price. The railroad doubtless
pays an assesment for the drain, but this
would be independent of the question of
the cost of making the crossing. Snme
roads insist upon doing the work on th<»ir
own rights-of-way under their own of-
ficials and occasionally by their own men.
It may be quite a complicated matter for
settlement which would require direct as-
sistance from the legal profession.
MAKERS OF AND DEALERS IN CAST
IRON WATER PIPE AND SPECIALS.
Will you kindly give me the names and
addresses of some cast Iron water pipe
and casting makers in Chicago, St. Paul
and other middle west points?
W. N., Windsor, Ont.
There Is but little cast iron pipe man-
ufactured in the district named. The fol-
lowing firms have offices in Chicago, viz.:
James B. Clow & Sons and the U. S. Cast
Iron Pipe and Foundry Company, 217 La
Salle-st., the latter having foundries lo-
cated In many places.
William B. Scaife & Sons. Pittoburg.
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
25
Pa., make riveted steel pipe as shown by
their advertisement In this magazine.
The American Car and Foundry Com-
pany has offices at 706 Chestnut-st, St.
Ix»ui8, Mo.t and the Colorado Fuel and
Iron Company. Denver, Colo, makes pipe
from three to twenty-four Inches in diam-
eter.
Nearly all the pipe foundries are located
south and east of Ohio.
INFORMATION ON DREDGES.
Is there any book on the use of dredges
in cutting drainage ditches?
H. G. P., Moline. 111.
There seems to be no book on the mar-
ket discussing this subject. The only
sources of information open are the en-
gineering and drainage publications and
the proceedings of societies. The old
« "Drainage Journal," now combined with
the "Clay worker" at Indianapolis, Ind.,
has in its back numbers some interesting
information upon this particular class
of dredging.
Can our readers refer us to publications
on this subject, either books or periodi-
cals?
»
ASSESSMENTS FOR SIDEWALKS AT
STREET INTERSECTIONS.
Will you inform me as to general prac-
tice in assessing cost of sidewalk con-
struction at street intersections? Is it
customary to charge comer lots with that
part of the sidewalk extending from the
property line to the cross-walk or cross-
ing? For instance, a street is 80 feet in
width and divided as follows: A 9-foot
grass plat next to property line, a 6-foot
sidewalk and an 8-foot grass plat between
walk and curb, with 34-foot roadway. This
plan requires 40 feet of walk at each cor-
ner. Should this be a charge against cor-
ner lots or apportioned to all lots within
the block or borne by the city as a gen-
eral expense? Cases of this kind some-
times arise when all lots within the blQck
affected have previously constructed the
walk abutting their property, excepting
the comers.
S., Havre, Mont
The older custom Is for the sidewalks
to be considered practically the private
property of the property-owner, and in
Where the town exercises a little con-
trol over the kind and cost of sidewalks,
largely by sufferance, it is most likely
to pay the expense of these extensions.
Many cities pay a share of the cost to
induce property owners to put down a
better class of walks. Thus the north-
ern cities which are desirous of displac-
ing the old wooden sidewalks wtih cement
or trick offer to pay out of the city
treasury a certain proportion of the cosi
of the better walk, which may or may not
make it cost less than the plank walk. In
such cases the city's contribution is like-
ly to be considered payment in full of its
share and the remainder- of the cost is as-
sessed in the way in vogue in the city,
though, even here, if the cost of the bet-
ter walk is greater to the property own-
ers than that of the cheap one the city
may pay for these excess walks at the
street intersections.
It is hardly equitable to require the cor-
ner lot to pay the cost of the forty feet
of walk referred to, and in case the pri-
vate ownership idea prevails, this part of
the walk might well be considered the
property of the city and be paid for as
such out of the city treasury. This is per-
haps the most satisfactory method under
such conditions.
The most modern idea, however, and
that which gives the most satisfaction
when it is once in vogue, is to consider
sidewalk improvements as upon exactly
the same basis as street improvements.
In that case the sidewalks at the inter-
sections of streets would be paid for in
the same way that pavement of the road-
ways of the intersections is paid for. In
Indiana cities, for example, where the
proi^erty owners pay all the cost of the
pavements, the cost of the entire side-
walk would be assessed against the ag-
gregate frontage and the cost of the in-
tersections would thus be distributed over
the entire frontage on the walk. In case
some walks are already constructed, the
cost of the intersections may be com-
puted separately and property not com-
ing under the assessment for walk abut-
ting it would receive a small assessment
for these intersections. In another class of
cities, where the city can or must pay a
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
LIMBSTONB IN A CORD— GRABS IN
GUTTBRS.
Will you kindly Inform me as to the
number of pounds of limestone thst it
takes to make a cord? Also the best way
to prevent grass from growing through
cobblestone gutters.
FRSD T. WILLIAMS.
City Engineer, Petoskey, Mich.
A cord of stooe is presumably the same
as a cord of wood. 4 by 4 by 8 feet or U8
cubic feet If the Umestone. quarried in
Irregular fragments, is piled in cord form
1 cubic yard of the solid stone in the
quarry will make about 1% cubic yards
in the pile, according to Trautwine. and
the pile will weigh 96 pounds per cubic
foot, as against 168 pounds for the solid
rock. This would make a piled cord of
limestone weigh 128x96. or 12.288 pounds.
The only way known to the writer to
keep the grass permanently out of the
cobblestone gutters is to All the spaces
between them completely. ThL« can be
done by laying them In a bed of concrete
or mortar, or if they are already laid,
by cleaning out the Joints and niUng
them with Portland cement mortar. Per-
haps some of our readers will report their
experience.
■ »
CITIES PUMPING S9WAGB.
Mr. N. S. Frost. City Engineer of Peta-
luma, Cal.. makes the following addition
to our information about cities which are
obliged to pump their sewage:
In reply to your inquiry on page 178 of
the September Number of your magasine,
in regard to cities that have sewer pump-
ing plants. I would say that Santa Crus.
Cal. (population in 1900, 5,668) pumps near-
ly all its sewage over a bluff into the Pa-
cific Ocean. I do not think It possible to
ascertain the cost, as the same power is
used for pumping and to run the lights
and whatever may be the system now. at
the time I was City Engineer, (during the
early 908.) no separate accounts were kept.
I know that the cost of operating the
station was considerable.
The main portion of the town Ues in a
basin, and the only outlet to the ocean
is at the foot of the Main street, too close
to the bathing beach to permit the dis-
charge of sewage. Hie sewage of that
portion of the town is collected in a res-
ervoir and pumped over the hknSL at a
point where the current carries it ams»
The lift from the bottom of tbe rmmt
voir is about sixty feet No storm water
or roof water is allowed to enter the
sewers, but the last thousand feet or so
of the pipe runs through a swamp and
the leakage through defective Joints adds
a great deal to tbe quantity to be pump-
ed, and of course to the expeaes.
The dty of San Rafael. Cat (population
8.879) also had at one time a pumping
plant, but I believe that they have aban-
doned it on account of the expense and
constructed a gravity outfall in place of
it
PLATES FOR NUMBERING HOUSES.
I am in need of various kinds of num-
ber plates for numbering Of houses, so
that property owners can have a choice
of styles, as I have a contract to renum-
ber the city. Please give me the adresses
of Manufacturers in stamped and cast
metals, nickel plated, etc
W. P. B. , C3ku
Perhaps the FrankUn Rolling MiU and
Foundry Company of FrankUI^ Pa.,
whose advertisement of street signs will
be found in our Mvertislng pages, can
furnish house numbers also.
If not the following may be referred to:
Arcade Mfg. Co. brass and aluminum
house numbers, Freeport, 111. r
Trevor F. Jones A Co.. 874 W. Broad-
way, New York City.
Nicol A Co.. B7 W. Washington, C^hl-
cago, m.
Enameled Iron Company, Beaver
Falls. Pa.
Dayton Stencil Company, Dayton, O.
Wadsworth Engraving Company,
Springfield, O.
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1. MORSE-BOULGEB DESTRUCTOR AND GREEN'S ECONOMIZER IN LIT BROS.*
DEPARTMENT STORE, PHILADELPHIA'
2. MORSB-BOULGER DESTRUCTOR, STANDARD No. 1.
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GARBAGE DliPOJAL
The Sanitary Disposal of Municipal
and institutional Waste by
Cremation.
The following selections from a paper
by W. P. Morse, sanitary engineer, read
at the recent meeting of the American
Public Health Association, give a clear
statement of the principal reasons for the
success in garbage destruction in Eng-
land and the practical failure in this coun-
try.
A review of the work accomplished In
the field of disposal of city waste by cre-
radical changes in methods of business, in
design, material and construction.
Tet not all the skill and experience ob-
tained from years of work in this line
has been lost, or allowea to remain un-'
productive. Distinct advances have been
made in the direction of the sanitary de-
struction of the waste of great business
establishments, public and private insti-
tutions, and in certain departments of the
government.
In the basement of several large depart-
ment stores have been placed destructor
furnaces connected witn the upper sto-
3. MORSE-BOULGEB DESTRUCTOR,
St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, After Ten Years' Use.
mation will show that in three years a
number of furnaces have been put in op-
eration which' for various reasons have
been retired from service, abandoned or
suppressed.
It would be a hopeless task to enumer-
ate in detail the various mstances of fail-
ure, or to explain the causes of the un-
satisfactory results that have been at-
ries of the building by a chute which car-
ries the waste to a room where it is
sorted over by men in charge of the
operation of the plant, the valuable por-
tions recovered for market and the re-
mainder used as fuel for the destructor.
This method of dealing with department
stores waste is expeditious, sanitary and
inexpensive. The heat produced by the
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4. MOKSE-HOULGEK DKSlRUCTOR,
Disposal SlatioD Kings Coanty Institutions, Brooklyn.
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30
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
of the establishment. This means a sav-
ins of from three to four tons of coal
per day during the time that the waste
is used. The plan of the destructor is
shown more clearly in the perspective
drawing, Fig. 2.
In another case the heat from a de-
structor furnace is introduced under the
Are boxes of a boiler of a very large ca-
pacity and is used as auxiliary for the
production of steam power. Again, in an-
other instance, a steam boiler is attached
to the destructor placed in the basement
of a large hotel which has a daily ca-
pacity of upwards of four tons of gar-
bage.
the emplo3rment of destructor furnace*
which the experience of four years has
shown to be a factor for sanitation and
economy in the administration of the
municipal government.
This form of disposal of city waste has
been carried farther by the installation
of a Refuse Utilization station in Bos-
ton, views of the exterior and interior of
which are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. ,
The city of Buffalo is about to construct
a similar plant which will recover a large
proportion of the valuable parts of the
city refuse and consume the remainder In
a destructor, the heat from which will be
utilized to pump the sewage of a large
6. THE MOBSB-BOULGER DESTRUCTOR. INTERIOR REFUSE UTILIZATION
STATION, BOSTON.
Among the first in the country to recog-
nize the value of destructor furnaces were
the sanitariums, hospitals and similar
public and private institutions, and for
more than twelve years m some of the
large cities of the country the waste of
hospitals and institutions has been de-
stroyed without unsanitary results and
with perfect economy and efficiency. Fig.
3 shows the Morse-Bouiger destructor In
St, Luke's Hospital, New Yorlc City,
section of the city containing nearly
200.000 of the population.
There Is no place in the world where
the destruction of municipal waste is or
more importance than In the tropics,
since ^e rapid decay which seizes upon
all rejected animal and vegetable sub-
stances requires swift and efficient meth-
od of disposal.
When Manila was taken possession of by
the American troops it was found that
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7. THE MORSB-BOULGER DESTRUCTOR AT MANILA,
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
8. MELDRUM TOP-FEED "SIMPLEX.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING,
city. It is one of the largest single plants
in operation in the United States. Re-
ports from there indicate that there is
destroyed by this furnace a larger amount
of waste than was stipulated for in the
contract, which was to be upwards of
120 tons daily.
The secret of. the rapid and complete
combustion of this waste is a matter
which has heretofore baffled most Ameri-
can crematory builders. When garbage
is destroyed in the ordinary American
crematory by natural chimney draft the
heat rarely rises to a temperature above
800 to 1,000 degrees. The proportion of 40
to 60 degrees of moisture in the garbage
delays ignition and comDustion, and the
use of fuel for the e>apui*ation of this
water is necessary. But if combustion is
sanitarian, Lord Kelvin, when he said
that the waste of any city when properly
consumed and the heat applied to the
production of electric power, would be
sufficient to furnish a light of eight
candle power for every individual in the
city during the three hours when light is
necessary. At the time when this state-
ment was made it appeared to present a
fanciful and impossible idea, but it has
been more than realized by the results of
practical work. Within four or five years
there has developed in England a olass of
destructor which will consume every kind
of municipal waste without nuisance, will
developed steam power in the proportion
of one and one-half to two pounds of
water evaporated for every pound of
waste consumed, and will produce a resi-
9. CROSS-SECTION MELDRUM DESTRUCTOR.
stimulated by forced draft in the ashpit
of the fire boxes, and the manipulation
and charging of the furnace are so man-
aged as to dry a portion of the garbage
for use as fuel, combustion is not only
maintained but is raised to a higher tem-
perature than it is possible to attain by
natural draft. This is the principle upon
duum useful for many kinds of municipal
work.
Reports received from the latest instal-
lations of this powerful apparatus shotr
that the actual results are overwhelming-
ly in support of the statement made by
Lord Kelvin.
A paper read by Mr. W. F. GkK>drich,
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10. LONGITUDINAL SECTION BEAMAN St DBAS DESTRUCTOR,
With Steam Boiler, Air Blast, etc.
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34 MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
innovation, onlyi some five or six years refuse will £^enerate a similar quantity of
in use, is the really vita: Mnprovement in high pressure steam.
furnace construction. By this means the Of the 180 towns in Great Britain where
temperature has been raised from 500 de- destructors are installed sixty-three com-
greee in 1S96 at Hull before the adoption bine these with electricity works for the
of forced draft to 3,000 degrees in 1902 at lighting of the streets, and in forty towns
Walker-on-Tyne. these destructors are combined with the ^
It has led to the use of powerful steam sewage works. From one ton of town's
boilers developing one-horse power of refuse 40 B. T. electrical units are gener-
ic. MAP OF ENGLAND AND WALES,
Indicating Number of Destructor Furnaces in Use.
steam from the combustion of ten poimds a ted at Nelson, the average being 80 units
of "town's refuse"— corresponding to our per ton, equivalent to 40 h. p. hours of
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[MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
35
to the minimum. They are placed in close
proximity to pubUc offices, scbools and
all claaaes of buildings, wHbout objection-
able results such as noxious fumes or
offensive odors.
In three cases the destructors are com-
bined with waterworks, and the city
thus delivers its water supply by the
destruction of its waste.
T)ier« are 1,660 destructor cells in oper-
ation or in course of construction in Great
Britain, with 300 steam boilers employed.
Figs 8, 9 and 10 show sections of prom-
inent successful furnaces used in England
and Fig. 11 is a photograph of the Bea-
man and Deas Destructor In use at Dar-
wen. England. Fig. 12 is a map showing
the location of refuse destructors In Eng-
land and Wales and shows In the clearest
possible manner the extent of the devel-
opment in twenty-five years, much of it
having taken place in the last six or
eight years.
Destructors have been built after tho
same plans in Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa, Germany. France, Belgium
and South America, which destroy the
miscellaneous city waste of every class,
employing the steam power for various
purposes, and operating in the same effi-
cient, sanitary and entrrery satisfactory
manner that has been so well demon-
strated by the work performed In Eng-
lish cities and towns.
This, then, is the successful result w»
should look forward to In this country.
There is no radical difference in tho
character of the people and the manner
of living, or in the nature of the waste
elements discharged from the life of the
people. With the .same agencies acting
under similar conditions, employed upon
the s&me class of work, it Is as certain
as daylight that equally profitable results
are to be attained. It is only a matter of
a clear understanding of the results
achieved abroad, and of opportunity for
the application of the same methods in
this country.
MUNICIPAL riATTERi
IN COURT
Higher Courts—JopUn Ughting Plant -Indiana Gravel Road Law— Front Foot
Assessments— Extras on Contract— Logansport Street Assessments-
Houston Water- Works— Sioux Palls Water Plant.
Abstract* from Decisions of the High-
er Courts.
Assessments of Railroad Rigrht-of-Way
—B.. 3. 1£88 sec. 120, provides that
a railroad right-of-way shall he
taxed as personalty, and that such
right-of-way gives the company only an
easement in the land. It was held, how-
ever, that the company was liable for an
assessment for the improvement of such
road bed as for any other real estate.
But in determining the amount of the as-
sessment the commissioners may not
adopt the valuation placed upon the road
bed and right-of-way by the corporation
commission, because the railroad com-
missioners In their determination of value
consider elements other than the value of
the land and the improvements thereon.
In determining the amount of the assess-
ments only these elements of value may
be considered.— Cheatham County Com-
missioners vs. Seaboard, etc., 45 S. E.
Rep. (N. C.) 606.
Assessments— The statute provides that
cities of the third class shall pay for
paving and curbing streets, which they
have previously graded, by a special as-
sessment. The ordinance may Include the
cost of grading In this special assess-
ment, if in the Judgment of the council,
this general fund of the city does not
warrant such an expense, providing such
ordinance declares the general fund in-
sufficient. In this case the ordinance did
not declare the general fund to be in-
sufficient to pay the expense of grading
and the contractor was not permitted to
I'ecover against the abutting property
owners on tax bills issued to him.— City
of Sedalia, etc. vs. Abell et al. 76 s w.
rep. (Mo.) 497.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Assessment Warrant, Must Be Paid—
This was an action to enforce an
apportionment warrant for the construc-
tion of a sidewalk. The work was done
under section 3706, st. 1899, which does not
require the town trustees to permit the
property-owner to do his own work. How-
ever, the trustees did g\ ve defendant such
privilege. It was then discovered that the
ordinance as passed did not justify the
privilege granted, and the defendant wa&
compelled to pay the warrant. It was also
held that after the work has been ac-
cepted by the council the defendant will
not be heard to say that the street grade
was not properly fixed. Eversole vs.
Walsh. 16 S. W. Rep. (Ky.) 358.
Time for Assessment Defense— This was
a suit for a delinquent special assess-
ment. In relation to the different ques-
tions raised the court found— 1, that where
a judgment has been entered confirming
a special assessment under an ordinance
which has been subsequently repealed,
the property-owner may Interpose this
judgment as a defense In the proceedings
for the making an assessment .for the
same Improvement authorized by a sub-
sequent ordinance, but— 2, this defense
may not be made (sec. 48, c 23, Hurd56
R. S. 1899) to an application for judgment
for sale for delinquency. It must be made
at a proper ilme. People ex-rel. Raymond
et al. vs. Fuller. 69 N. E. Rep. (111.) 371.
Collection of Water Works Rantals—
The unanimous vote of the city council
to accept offered terms authorizes the In-
stallation of water works but dot»3 not
authorize the Mayor to. sign a contract
for water and silence of Council upor. his
report is not ratification of it. The city
may assess more than five mills on the
dollar for payment of water rentals. Tht
city cannot defeat recovery of rentals
when it has recognized plaintiff as owner
of works by showing that it has not
consented to the assignment of the
original contract to the plaintiff. Marlon
Water Company vs. City of Marlon. 96
N. W. Rep. (Iowa) 883.
Lighting Contracts— The charter of
the city of St. Paul provides that the
acceptance of bid for the lighting of city
streets, pursuant to a notice and accord-
ing to plans and specifications, is a pro-
ceeding to be taken only by resolution,
ordinance or by-law. An action by the
Council whereby It accepted such a bid
by motion is void. Broderlck vs. City of
St. Paul et al., 97 N. W. Rep. (Minn.), 118.
Sldewa'.k Construction— The statute pro-
vides that a sidewalk ordinance may re-
quire all abutlng property owners to con-
struct sidewalks upon their abutting prop-
erty, etc., and court held that may shall
be read shall. When the council deter-
mines that certain sidewalks shall be con-
structed and paid for by special taxation,
this is finding that such walks are need-
ed and t*iat the property will be benefit-
ted to the amount of the taxation. This
finding will not be Interfered with In
the absence of an abuse of discretion,
Plerson vs. People, ex rel Walter, 68, N.
E. Rep. (111.) 383.
Sidewalk Grades— Grades of streets
may be established for the building of
sidewalks by ordinance and not by
resolution. An ordinance prescribes a
permanent rule of. conduct of govern-
ment, while ^ a resolution is of a special
and temporary character. It was held
that an ordinance providing that there
should be an excavation of earth four
inches below the established grade, "ex-
cept where it would be better, on account
of drainage, to excavate less or grade
up at low places," was defective in fall-
ing to show a grade with sufficient cer-
tainty.—McDowell vs. People ex rel. Mar-
tin, etc. 68 N. E. Rep. (111.), 879.
Petition for Local Improvements— The
statute provides "that when any ten resi-
dent owners" of real property in any city
etc., shall petition the City Council for
any local Improvement, such Council shall
lay out the entire city or part thereof, as
the case may be. Into improvement dis-
tricts. A petitioner must not only be an
owner of real estate in a given district,
but a resident thereof; and the provisions
of this statute are mandatory and juris-
dictional. Board etc., No. 60 vs. Cotter,
76 S. W. Rep. (Ark.) 552.
Joplin, Mo., May Build Its Own Light-
ing Plant.
The United States Supreme Court ren-
dered a decision recently in the case of
the city of Joplln, Mo., vs. the Southwest
Missouri Light Company, in favor of the
city. The right of the city to erect a
municipal electric light plant to be oper-
ated in competition with those of the
present light company was involved.
Indiana's Gravel Road Law Is Consti-
tutional.
The Indiana Supreme Court has de-
clared constitutional the gravel road law
enacted last spring. Suit was brought by
Melvin L. Bowlin to prevent the con-
struction of a road in Tlptoh county and
the collection of assessments for Its cost.
He claimed that the title was defective
and provided for taking property without
due process of law; also that it conferred
class privileges.
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
37
Indiana Form of Front Foot Asseta-
ment Law Upheld.
The Indiana law for the assessment of
the cost of street Improvements was up-
held in an opinion handed down by the
United States Supreme Court at Wash-
ington, Nov. 90.
A property owner in Irvlngton, Indiana,
was assessed over 16,000 for street
Improvements. She resisted payment and
the contractor foreclosed and obtained
Judgment. She appealed to the United
States Supreme Court, alleging that the
act of the Indiana Legislature, under
which the assessment was made, is un-
constitutional, in that it provides for an
assessment by the front foot. She also
alleged that no hearing was had before
the Board of Town Trustees to deter-
mine the actual benefits; that all of the
members of the board were residents of
the town and taxpayers, and that two of
them were interested parties because they
owned lots abutting on the improvement
and that its acts were therefore nuga-
tory. The United States Supreme Court
holds that an arbitrary assessment by the
front foot would be unconstitutional, but
it explains that, under the Indiana law,
the front foot assessment is subject to
alteration or review by the Board of
County Commissioners or the Board of
Town TrtHiteee, upon a basis of special
benefits and that, if the commissioners or
trustees refuse to consider the question
of special benefits, the property holder's
remedy is by mandamus or injunction to
compel a bearing as to the amount of as-
sessment on each lot, and, further, that
a lot owner cannot waive such a remedy
and make a denial of a hearing available
as a defense in an action to collect an as-
sessment. The Supreme Court says it
finds nothing in the law repugnant to the
constitution of the United States and
therefore it is upheld.
The argument that two members of the
town board were Interested property own-
ers is disposed of as follows:
Although it might have been more
seemly for those two members, if they
recollected the fact of such ownership,
to have refused to act In the matter, yet
there is nothing to show their attention
was called to the fact.
The judgment of the Indiana Supreme
Court is affirmed and the costs are
charged against the plaintiff.
McKechney contracts on the northwest
land tunnel of the Chicago water works.
The contractors sued the city of Chi-
cago for extras on their tunnel work
which the city had refused to pay. The
city claimed that the contractors had not
fulfilled their contract on their section
of the underground construction; also,
that they had used material of a kind
which was not specified in the contract.
The amount at stake with interest was
al>out 1700,000.
Logansport Street Attetsment Af-
firmed.
The Indiana Supreme Court handed
down a decision Dec. 11 sustaining the
judgment of the Cass County Circuit
Court in a case filed against the Central
Bermudez Company by Lizzie W. Brown
et al., at Logansport, Ind. The plaintiff
asked that the assessment against her
property for paving Market-st. with as-
phalt, be paid by the city or charged
against the account of the Asphalt Com-
pany. The complaint set forth that the
improvement was ordered when 81 per
cent, of the property-owners wer§ against
the improvement and that the council
passed the order without a two-thirds
vote, which waa specified by 'aw. The
decision of the Supreme Court is as fol-
lows:
(1) A stipulation that all matters bear-
ing on the rights of the parties may be
proved and considered under the plead-
ings, as they theh are, waives prior ex-
ceptions to rulings on demurrers. (2)
Where a city council proceeds under sec-
tion 4,292, Burns, to pave a street at the
expense of abutting owners, without a
preliminary petition for the improvement.
It Is not essential to jurisdiction that two-
thirds of the council shall vote In the firdt
instance for an order that the Imorbve-
ment be made and that the clerk shall
advertise for bids, if -the necessary two-
thirds vote in favor of entering into a
contract with the successful bidder. If
such vote is cast, and the proceedings
thereafter until the assessments are con-
firmed be regrular, such assessments are
proof against a collateral attack on the
ground that a bare majority first ordered
the Improvement. (3) The preliminary
acts of the council are ministerial only.
Suit for Extras on Chicago Water
Works Tunnel Decided.
The Illinois Supreme Court refused a
hearing in the Weir, McKechney & Co.
case, Dec. 16, which case grew out of the
Houston Water Works Construction
Enjoined.
A recent decision by Judge Waller T.
Burns of the United States Courts for
the southern district of Texas, completely
ties up the city of Houston on the water
works proposition until a hearing can be
had at the next term of the Federal
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Court, which convenes in February. The
city could resort to filing a motion to
dissolve the temporary restraining oider
continued in force by the decision of
Judge Burns, thereby securing a disso-
lution of the order prior to that time.
Judge Burns continued in force the tem-
porary restraining order granted by Cir-
cuit Judge McCormick at Ft. Worth. The
city did not file an answer in the case,
but simply a pleading denying the Juris-
diction of the Federal Court over thlff
case. The court holds as follows :
1. That the plea of the city to the
jurisdiction of the court be overruled.
2. That the injunctions heretofore
granted by Judge McCormick be con-
tinued.
3. That the city be required to remove
the sanitary sewers emptying into Buf-
falo bayou above the water company's
dam. and also to remove and abate the
polluting nuisance complained of in the
plaintirs bill.
4. That the city be enjoined from ad-
vertising for bids, or attempting to enter
into any contract, in derogation of ltd
contract with the water company, for
supplying to the city water for flre
hydrants and public purposes and from
'otherwise attempting to enforce the ordi-
nance of Oct 6, 1903, declaring the fran-
chise of the water company forfeited
and its contract with the city terminated.
5. That the city be enjoined from en-
forcing any reduction of rates for water
furnished to private citizens.
6. That the city be enjoined from tak-
ing water from the water company and
using same without paying for it. or pro-
viding for the payment thereof, in a man-
ner satisfactory to the water company.
Sioux Falls May Complete Its Water
Plant.
In a decision rendered by Judge John
E. Carland of the Federal Court, Nov.
12. he refused to issue a temporary In^
junction restraining the citty of Sioux
Falls. 8. D., from proceeding further
in the construction of a new water
plant. The South Dakota Water Works
Company has sought to impede, step by
step, the work of the city. The cohi-
pany has always met with defeat in the
state and federal courts. Judge Carland
holds that the issue of $210,000 water
works bonds is valid. The decision Is as
follows:
The application for a temporary in-
junction is addressed to the sound dis-
as true. Taking them as true, a case
for a temporary Injunction is stated, if
•there are not other facts appearing
which must control the discretion of the
court. This action, speaking now of the
original bill and cross-bill, has been a
continuing menace to the peaceful con-
struction of a S3'stem of water works by
the city of Sioux Falls, ever since Nov.
30. 1901, and will continue to be until
Its merits are finally decided by an ap-
pellate court. Notwithstanding the pend-
ency of this action, it appears from the
undisputed statement of the mayor of the
city, uncler oath, that the city of Sioux
Falls is now engaged in building and con-
structing a system of water works for do-
mestic uses. That said city has already
purchased pipe for entire system, about
ten miles of which have already been laid
in the ground, and the balance of naid
pipe is on the ground ready to be laid
and is being laid daily by the contrac-
tors. That said city has already pur-
chased necessary engines, boilers, pump-
ing plant, pumping station and all other
machinery necessary to complete the
same. .That some of the machinery tht^t
has been ordered in special work and
manufactured especially for said plant.
That the money already actually paid out
for material and labor in the construe*
tion of said plant, and the machinery,
material and work already done, all of
which has been purchased or let by con-
tract, amount to about $190,600. That
everything needed for the building and
construction of said water works system,
ready for use, with the exception of one
or two items, has already been purchased
or contracted for. The city in so doing
has assumed the risk of an advei'se de-
cision in this case, but that is not the
question now before the court.
The question now is: What riffht or
property of the South Dakota Water
Company will be injured prior to the
hearing of this case on the merits, by re-
fusing a temporary Injunction? It is diffi-
cult to see any injury at all. On the other
hand, what Inconvenience and damage .
might result to the city if the temporary
writ should Issue? The damage to the city
If It shall finally be successful In this
litigation would be great and irreparable.
It would be nearly impossible to fix with
intelligence the amount of the bond that
would be necessary to protect the city in
case the temporary writ should issue and
be finally dissolved.
The court, therefore, bearing in mind
that courts of equity, should be very
cautious In the use of the writ of Injunc-
tion prior to the hearing on the merits,
and In the exercise of a sound discretion,
will balance the inconvenience and dam-
age which the city might suffer by the
issuance of the writ as against any in-
jury that the water company ndght suffer
therehv. and in so dnine the court flnd^
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WATER AND iEWERi
Wttminston Filtration Contracts— Exten 5 loa of New York 5uppl\ ^Purifica-
tion of Cincinnati Water Supply— Finances of New York Water
Department— Concrete- Steel 5tandplpe.
The Wilmington, Del., Water FIKration
Contracts.
The city of Wilmington, Del., is a city
large enough to keep out of difficulties
•due to failure to obtain independent ex-
pert technical advice into which small
cities so often fall, but it has not learned
from its own past experience and is now
In trouble over a contract for a new filter
plant for Its waterworks, proposed to
take the place of an old plant on which
the city authorities did not take disin-
terested advice, and which has proven in-
adequate.
The Water Board of the city made a
contract in March, 1903, with the United
States Sand Filtration Company for the
preparation of plans for the proposed fll-
' ter, the use of patent rights and the
prospective supervision of construction in
which were the following provisions,
stated as briefly as possible:
The company agrees to present prelim-
inary plans for the entire plant within
30 days, to receive the city's modifica-
tions within 30 days, and to complete the
plans in 90 days more, for which it is to
receive 2% per cent, of the estimated
cost of the works on completion of plans
and an additional 2% per cent, of the con-
tract price on letting the contract, pro-
vided that is within the next three
months, otherwise this second payment is
to be the same as the first. The city >s
given the right to use certain patents on
•details, and any future patents of the
company on payment of 10 per cent, of
the estimated cost or the contract
price, computed under the same
conditions as the fee for plans-
The company is to be free to
bid on the construction and In case it
receive the contract agrees to bond itself
for HOO.OOO to $125,000 to construct accord-
ing to contract, and that the plant will
filter 4.000,000 gallons an acre per day. the
filtrate to contain not more than 40 bac-
teria per cubic centimeter on a three
moBtlMr average: the company te make
at its own expense any change necessary
to produce this efllciency. In case the
company obtains the contract it will re-
ceive nothing for pRns and supervision.
An arbitration board is provided for in
case of disputes, the expense to be di-
vided between city and company, one
member to be chosen by each and the
third by these two, or in case of failure to
agree, to be chosen from three names
given by the president of the American
Society of Mining Engineers, the city to
reject one, the company the second and
leaving the third to serve.
It is estimated in Wilmington that the
15 per cent, of the contract might amount
to 1187,500.
It seems that when Mr. P. J. Ford be-
came a member of the Water Board,
some time after the making of the con-
tract, he objected to its provisions and
when the time came for the first pay-
ment under It he procured large conces-
sions from the company, whereby the
company is to receive $65,000 In lieu of the
sum computed as above, the company to
give a bond of $150,000 for the efficiency
of the plant and to defend the patents.
Mr. L. K. Davis of the company was to
receive $10,000 for services as consulting
engineer. Mr. Ford considers this con-
tract acceptable only because it is a
great improvement over the first one—
perhaps as great as could be obtained at
that time.
Mayor Bird refused to approve this con-
tract and demanded the resignations of
the other two members of the board, one
of which was received. Upon the refusal
of the other to resign he was removed
by the City Council, and Mayor Bird
asked Mr. Ford to select his two coK
leagues to succeed them.
The company has entered suit for the
$20,000 under the new agreement and also
a suit for $100,000 damages for breach of
contract.
The latest news from the city intimates
the cancellation of the first contract by
the Water Board if it is not already void
on account of irregularities in its adop-
tion, such as failure to secure the ap-
proval of the city solicitor, as required
by law; also that Mr. Davis will not be
retained as consulting engineer.
The sufficiency of the i>\pa3 and th6
efficiency of the filtration /ystem have .
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40
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
not been called in question, but the trou-
bles of the Water Board are due to lack
of proper consultation with the legal ad-
visers of the city and also to a consider-
able extent to lack of proper engineering
advice.
The moral is easily drawn, but its ap-
plication to any particular case is not
likely to be made under the present
method of government of most American
municipalities.
Extension of New York's Water
Supply.
The final report of the special commis-
sioners appointed by Mayor Low of New
York City to advise regarding the ex-
tension of the city's water supply was
submitted to the board of estimate Dec.
18. The commission recommends the im-«
mediate construction of a filtration plant
for the Croton water supply. The Housa-
tonic, Wallkill and the Ten Mile rivers
are discarded as possible sources of sup-
ply because they flow Into anotAbi* state
and to select them would be to invite
litigation. These rivers had been regard-
ed as some of the most likely sources
for an additional supply. The commis-
sion, which is composed of Messrs. John
R. Freeman, Prof. William A. Burr and
Rudolph Herlng, in reference to Brook-
lyn and Long Island says:
It has loQjg been known that both the
shallow and deep lying sands of Long
Island are saturated with water so as to
fo'rm a great storage volume for that por-
tion of the rainfall finding its way into
the sub-surface sands. A large part of
the commission's work has been devoted
to investigating this question in order to
determine, if practicable, what volume of
water may be found In these sub-surface
sands and to devise the best means of se-
curing it. The Borough of Queens is
pressingly In need of additional water,
and the Borough of Brooklyn has also
reached that point where It must have ad-
ditional water of good quality. It has
already begun to filter Its present sur-
face supplies, which are more or less pol-
luted by the increasing population of the
southern portion of Nassau County.
It is not generally known that ground
• water constitutes one of the best posMblo
this gn*eat underground storage on Long
Island for the boroughs of Brooklyn and
Queens, have prompted the Commission
to make an exhaustive Investigation of
that source. A large force under the
Commission's direction was engaged in
making observations upon the elevation
of this ground water In nearly 1,500 wells,
the greater part of which are the usual
open country wel's and the remainder
small driven wells made by the forces of
the Commission. These investigations
were extended over about 1,000 square
miles of territory on Long Island, em-,
bracing Queens Borough, Nassau County,
and a portion of Suffolk County. These
saturated sands, constituting this great
underground storage volume, reach near-
ly or quite to the surface at some points;
but in the higher portions of the island
they may be more than 100 feet below the
surface. These investigations disclosed
such a large volume of underground
water that the Commission recommends
extensions of the supplies for the Bor-
oughs of Brooklyn and Queens In the di-
rection of developing means for securing
as puch as possible of it. At the same
time the 500,000,000 gallon supply from the
north is tc be made available for the
same boroughs when desired, by suitable
pipe ilnea extending across Bast river
from the new high-service distributing
reservoir north of the dty.
The general recommendations are about
as follows:
It is recommended that works be imme-
. diately begun for the filtration of the Cro-
ton supply, and that all the new supplies
be filtered. It Is also recommended that
the reservoirs in Central Park be cleaned
and that they be covered as soon as the
Crotcn supply is filtered.
The waste of water has been investi-
gated and found largely due to defective
plumbing and fixtures. The leakage from
street mains is found to be less than here-
tofore supposed. This problem of the
amount of distribution of the water waste
is an extremely difficult one, and it is
recommended that these investigations be
continued and extended by permanently
districting the city for this purpose and
ascertaining the infiow and outfiow for
each district, and that the cause of ♦:he
large night flow be more fully investi-
gated.
.*w.»»«/l« «.1
otUt^V *f\*
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WATER AND SEWERS.
41
opinion that notwithstanding the greatest
possible reduction of waste a large addi-
tional supply of water is imperative.
It is foUhd that all boroughs of the dty
of New York are in need of an Increased
supply of water. The present supply Is
already drawn upon to an extent that
might lead to a dangerous shortage in a
year of drought
The cost is estimated at 189,000,000.
♦
The Clarification of Qhio River Water
at Cincinnati.
The following paper by Frank J. Kel-
ley before the Central States Water
Works Association gives a brief and in-
teresting account of the methods of puri-
fication of Ohio river water to be used
in the works now under construction at
Cincinnati:
As an employe of the Cincinnati water
works. I have charge of the hydrant
branches, meter and pipe extensions. One
of the disturbers of my sleep and peace
of mind is mud. Often I have been awak-
ened at night to help some consumer out
of his trouble, because of stoppage of his
pipe or meter by mud.
For the information of those who are
not acquainted with the conditions of
Cincinnati, it is necessary to state that
the water of the Ohio river is delivered
almost directly to the consumer, the res-
ervoir capacity being so small that com-
plete settlement of the water cannot take
place.
To give you an idea of the amount of
mud handled by the pumps of the main
pumping station of our water works, It
is only necessary to examine the experi-
ments made in 1896 under the direction
of the Board of Trustees of the new
water works.
These exi>eriment8 show the followinfc
facts:
liaximum amount of mud
per million gallons 2,833 gallons
Minimum amount of mud per
million gallons 24 gallons
Normal amount of mud per
million gallons 280 gallons
Our last annual report gives the con-
sumption of water to be as follows:
Maximum daily consump-
tion 57,803,675 gallons
Minimum daily consump- ,
tion 28.647,087 gallons
Average daily consump-
tion 48,083.081 gallons
Assuming for the sake of illustration
that the greatest amount of mud was
contained in the water on the day of
least consumption, we have 66,168 gallons
of mud delivered to the reservoirs on
that day.
Or take the normal amount of mud and
the average daily consumption and we
find that there is pumped 3.612.524 gallons
of mud during the year. This put into
one chunk would weigh 26.000 tons, or
formed into a cube it would measure
seventy-nine feet in every direction. So
that you see my disturber is a very for-
midable object.
Tou can also see that to get rid of
this mud becomes a very serious matter,
and I have asked Mr. Bouscaren, the
chief engineer of our new water works,
how he was going to change our water,
which is not alone rich in color but also
in substance, into a clear water. He has
taken great interest in explaining the
plans to me and I repeat the explanation
to you.
For* a better understanding of the filter
system, it will be necessary to give you
a brief description of how the water
from the Ohio river is delivered to it.
The pumping station is situated on the
north bank of the Ohio river about one-
half mile above the Little Miami river.
The Ohio here forms a pool, the depth
of water being no less than twenty feet
when the river is at the lowest stage.
The intake tower is on the south bank
of the river in Kentucky, close to the
pumping stations of the cities of New-
port and Covington. A tunnel, seven feet
in diameter, sixty feet below the bottom
of the river, connects the intake with the
pump pit. The water is then pumped to
the settling basins, located in the hiUs
back of the pumping station. These
reservoirs, of which there are two, have
an available capacity of 350,000,000 gallons,
I say available, because their contents
are considerably greater, but the extra
capacity is used to hold the sediment
deposited during the settlement of the
water. The depths of the reservoirs vary
from 31 to 50 feet, the greatest depth
being at the dams where a thirty-inch
outlet is provided for the purpose of
draining and cleaning them.
The valve closing the outlet is located
near the dam in the deepest portion of
the reservoir and will be opened and
closed by hydraulic power. The bottom of
the reservoir descends from all points to
this valve, thus enabling the cleaning to
be done quickly, experience proving that
this work should be performed at least
once a year.
The water will remain in these basins
from 48 to 72 hours, depending upon the
condition of the water In the river, and
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42
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
during this time depositing about 75 per
cent, of its impurities.
The settled water can be delivered to
the mixing basins from the reservoir at
any depth. This Is done by means of a
floating tube, which can be raised or low-
ered through a vertical distance of thli-ty
feet by chains operated through a wind-
lass on the dam. The water from the set-
tling basins is discharged into a well and
this is connected with the mixing basins.
There are two of these basins, one hav-
ing a capacity of 20,000,000 and the other
a capacity of 2,000,000 gallons of water,
which will be used at different times, tie-
pending upon the condition of the water
in the river; the larger one being used
when the river is muddy.
As the water flows from the well It
passes through a grating made of per-
forated pipes into a large pipe connected
at regular intervals with smaller pipes,
which in turn discharge into the mixing
bsusln.
The water as it passes the grating is
mixed with diluted alum in portions of
one to four grains of alum per gallon,
the average being 1V& grains, the amount
of the alum depending upon the condition
of the water. The alum is introduced
through the perforated pipes forming the
grating. From the mixing basins the
water flows on through the Altering beds,
where it receives its final treatment.
The Altering beds will be enclosed and
"the building can be heated by steam.
They will be thirty-six in number and
each will be about 50 feet long, 26 feet
wide and 8 feet deep. They will be con-
structed of concrete and the top will be
surrounded by a trough, the bottom will
be perforated so as to permit the Al-
tered water to be discharged Into a pipe
and from, it to the tunnel leading to an-
other pumping station In the city, about
four miles west.
The flltering material, beginning ac the
bottom, will consist of a bed of gravel
eight inches in thickness, the gravel be-
ing graded from the size of a walnut to
the size of a buckshot, the larger s*.ze be-
ing at the bottom. On top of this will be
a layer of washed river sand three feet
in depth. The water will be kept at a
depth of about three feet.
£:ach filter will have a dally capacity
of from 2,500,000 to' 3,000,000 gallons. The
total capacity will be from 80.000,000 to
108,000.000 gallons daily.
The water as It leaves 'the mixing ba-
in the water. This film being a mechan-
ical one, is formed at once and forms a
coating on the surface of the sand. It
is this film which arrests and holds most
of such suspended matter which has hot
combined with the alum and thus com-
pletes the purification of the water. So
well does It do its work that the ef-
fluent will be 99 per cent.
The rapJdity of the filtration makes it
necessary to clean the filters every eight
hours. This operation will consume about
fifteen minutes. .The cleaning will be
accomplished by draining the filter and
forcing filtered water and air by means
of a pump from the bottom to the top
of the filter, the wash water running
through the trough surrounding the filter
and from the trough the water fiows Into
the sewer. Five per cent, of the filtered
water will be used in cleaning the filters.
The amount of the alum to be used will
be determined by a careful examination
of the water as it comes on to the filter
and as it leaves it. This can be quickly
done by an examination for turbidity.
The plans here described are based on
extensive experiments made in ISfti.
The expert engineers* commission of 1896
recommended the English Fnter System.
Owing to the fact that our water for
half the time differs materially in Its
character from the waters where thld
method of purifloatlon has been success-
ful it was recommended by the Board of
Expert Engineers of 1897 as well as by
Mr. Bouscaren and the consulting engi-
neers of the present board, that before
proceeding further sufficient reliable data
should be obtained with reference to the
local conditions. In accordance with the
above recommendation an extensive ex-
perimental plant was erected capable of
handling 400.COO gallons per day, and after
an expenditure of $40,000 and experiments
extending over a period of nearly a year
the following general results were found
to be true:
That settling for moris than seventy-
two hours would not be practicable be-
cause: First, the fine particles remain-
ing a£ter seventy-two hours' settlement
settle very slowly, the percentage of de-
crease per day being seldom more than
5 per cent, of the original for the fourth
day and steadily decreasing thereafter;
and second, the cost would be excessive;
that even after settling the water for
seventy- two hours and removing seventy-
five per cent, of the mud, English filters
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WATER AND SEWERS.
43
enty-two hours, followed by treatment
with alum varying from one to four errains
per gallon, the desired purification can be
obtained, filtration being at the rate of
125,000,000 gallons per acre per day; that
the amount of water required for washing
the filter is about five per cent, of that
filtered; that if ordinary care be used
the amount of acid or alum in the fil-
tered water will be so insignificant as to
be harmless.
»
Finances of New York Water De-
partment.
Mayor Low of New York City indorses
the report of the water supply commis-
sion. Ho says in part the following:
The report of the commission contem-
plates an ultimate enlargement of tho
city's supply, from the north, to the ex-
tent of an additional 500.000.000 gallons
per day. It is estimated that this sup-
ply, with all necessary aqueducts, cser-
voirs. filtering basins and pumps, can be
procured for HOO.OOO.OOO and that It will
asufflce to supply tho needs of the city for
the next twenty-five or thirty years.
As bearing upon the possibility of
financing this large improvement, I ask
your atten>tion to the fact that a consti-
tutional amendment is to be voted upon
next November which, if it be adopted,
will exempt all water bonds of the city
issued after Jan. 1. 1904. from the 10
per oent. debt limitation of the state con-
stitution. The necessity for this exemp-
tion was foreseen by Comptroller Coler,
and it is due to his efforts, as I under-
stand, that the porposed amendment re-
ceived the necessary assent of the first
Legislature.
When it came up for adoption the jiec-
ond time by the Legislature of last win-
ter, in accordance with the state consti-
tution, it came into direct confiict with
another provision of that instrument
which provides that whenever any ques-
tion of expenditure for the enlargement
of canals is to be submitted to popular
vote no constitutional amendment shall
'be pending. When the Legislature ordered
the submission of the canal question to
the voters this year it was at first
thought that the pending water debt
amendment must fail. A happy sugges-
tion of Corporation Counsel Rives, how-
ever, saved the day and averted the ne-
cessity of commencing again the tedious
process of securing the submission to the
people of the amendment desired by the
city. He pointed out that the Legislature
was entirely at liberty, in approving the
proposed amendment, lo order tts sub-
mis^on at any election which it pleased.
The last legislature, therefore, gave its
approval tc the amendment, and ordered
it to be .submitted to the people In No-
vember, 1904. I need scarcely point out
to the city the Importance of securing fa-
vorable action upon this amendment
when it is submitted to the popular vote.
The present annual income from water
revenues for the whole city is substan-
tially 19,000.000. The cost of maintenance
is subsUnUally 12,000,000; interest, 12,600.-
000; total, 16,200.000, showing a balance of
18,800.000. There are outstanding, in round
numbers, 177,000,000 of water bonds, for
all parts of the city. Assuming a sinking
fund of 1 per cent, for 50-year bonds, the
amount anually required for this purpose
would be $770,000. This shows a net profit
from the present water works of some-
thing over three millions of dollars, on
the basis of present earnings. If it be as-
sumed that the money necessary' for th,*
new water works can be bororwed at 3%
per cent., and that 1 per cent, is neces-
sary to provide a sinking fund, a supply
more than equal to that now available
for Manhattan and The Bronx can be had
for an annual charge of $2 o;.0.roo. The Ar-
ures are: Interest on $60,000,000 at 3% per
cent., $1,950,000; sinking fund provision,
$60,000,000, at 1 per cent., $600,000; total,
$2,550,000. In other words, the profit, on
present earnings from water revenues,
would more than pay for the new en-
largement up to the extent of 32 million
gallons.
The income from water revenues has
increased, during the last two years, at
the rate of $450,00a to $500,000 per annum.
There seems to be no reason why the
water revenues should not increase at
the rate of $450,000 annually, until the
maximum supply is distributed. Every
such Increase would be largely net profit.
It may, therefore, be safely assumed
that the new water supply will pay for
itself as easily as the present water sup-
ply does. It will not only do this, but
it will pay, as the present supply would,
for the cost of filtration. The commission
have not had time to go into these
fiflTures as regards the present Cnron
supply; but the cost of the filter p'Ruts
is included in the cost of increasing the
present supply by the amount of 320
million gallons daily, vis., $60,000,000.
I conclude, therefore, tnat not only is
the need for the enlarged supply im-
mediate and urgent, but al»o that the
new system will be more than self-sup-
porting.
»
Concrete-Steel Standpipe.
A steel concrete standpipe has just
been completed for the water work* at
MUford. O., which is regarded as novel.
It has an 8-Inch wall at base. 5-Inch at
top, 81 feet of water space in hlght and
is 14 feet in diameter. The standpJpe was
construoted by J. L. H. Barr of Batavla.
Ohio.
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PA VINO AND PA VINO
riATERIALi
Asphalt Company of Anerica— lUlian Asphalt— Bitullthic for County Roads--
BItullthIc in New York City— IllinoU Highway Commission— Oshkosh
Improvements — Philadelphia Grade Crossings — Illinois River
Bridges— Withholding Payment for Construction— Chitfsgo
Construction News— Chicago Track Elevation— Joliet
Track Elevation— Kansas City Work— Farmers
Want Better Roads— Economk Design of
Pavements-Street Oiling Specifications.
Stockhoiders of Asphalt Company of
America Assessed $24,000,000.
The larsevt stock assessment order
known to the court records of this coun-
try was signed at Newark, N. J., Dec. 22
by Judge Andrew Klrkpatrlck of the Uni-
ted States District Court. This order pro-
vides for a levy of 124,000,000 upon the
stockholders of the Asphalt Company of
America. The right of levy Is given to
Henry J. Tatnall, receiver of the Ameri-
can Asphalt Company, empowering him to
collect from each stockholder 80, per cent,
of the par value of the stock.
When the company started in business
the holders of its $30,000,000 stock paid
only 20 per cent, upon their shares of
$60 par value e&ch. Judge BJrkpa trick's
order provides for the collection of the
unpaid 80 per cent.
The order threatens disaster to promi-
nent Philadelphia capitalists who figured
prominently In the promotion of the com-
pany and menaces hundreds of smaller
stockholders who were led Into invest-
ment by statements of the company's
enormous assets and secure monopoly.
These assets were grossly exaggerated,
while the monopoly was soon broken by
ruinous competition.
The successful carrying out of Judge
Klrkpatrlck' s order will mean the loss of
millions to P. A. B. Wldener, George W.
Elklns, George D. Wldener, William H.
Crocker and the estates of W. L. Elklns
and Ludwig S. Filbert. Some of these
men were heavy holders of American
Asphalt Company stock.
Many of the stockholders of the old
company are Insolvent and Receiver Tat-
nail's campaign will doubtless be direct-
ed against the promoters and original
stockholders.
The present record of stockholders nuin-
bers only ten men and the National As-
phalt Company, which is alone credited
with 688.862 shares. Among these ten men
are Gen. Greene with twenty shares and
Avery D. Andrews with nine shares. All
told, the holdings of those ten men foot
up a total of bat 1,148 shares, which would
make it appear that Receiver Tatnall
could call in only $45,920 upon Judge Klrk-
patrick's order.
But the receiver Intends to prove that
the sale of the Asphalt Company of
America to the National Asphalt
Company was the result of fraud
and conspiracy. With this fact le-
gally established the weight of Judge
Kirkp^^rick's order will fall upon the
original stockholders.
Judge KIrkpatrick's decree goes fur-
ther than the mere authorization of the
$24,000,000 levy. It directs that if the re-
ceiver shall find among the stockholders
any who are insolvent and unable to pay,
and that if he believes any former stock-
holder may in Justice be liable for the
stock he shall proceed against such
stockholder, using the funds of the estate
In his hands in an endeavor to collect.
This part of the decree covers the 698,862
shares of stock now outstanding in the
name of the National Asphalt Company.
The decree provides further that should
the receiver be advised by counsel that
such recovery cannot be made he shall
proceed with such suits upon being in-
demnified by any interested party for
costs and expenses. This opens the way
for suits against the stockholders who
assigned to the National Company, <)ither
by the receiver on his own motion or
through him at the request of any Inter-
ested party.
By this arrangement it Is possible for
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PAVING AND PAVING MATERIALS.
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the Individual stockholders who have
been vainly seeking to intervene in pend-
ing suits to proceed now through the re-
ceiver.
According to exhibits filed in the Chan-
cellor's Court of New Jersey P. A. B.
Wldener is named for 1,296 shares of the ^
American Company stock; William L. El-
kins, 7,811 shares; George Elkins, 14,621;
George D. Widener, 8,700; Sidney F. Tay-
los. 6,600; George A. Hubn & Co., 29,460;
W. J. Latta, 26,086; Frank A. Bamett,
22.900; Amsi L. Barber, 20,082; Rodman
Wanamaker, 88,012; Francis V. Greene,
1,000. and C. C. Harrison, 1,000.
This order is issued because the Land
Title and Trust Company asserts that the
deficiency due to the trust company as
trustee for holders of collateral gold cer-
Uficates on June 3, 1908. was 129,155,833.36.
If the suits begun against the promoters
of the Asphalt Company of America to
recover profits aggregating $8,699,220.50 are
successful there would yet remain a de-
ficiency of more than $24,000,000.
There is no way, it declared, for the
Asphalt Company of America to meet
this deficiency but by a call on the stock-
holders for their unpaid subscriptions.
fact that the mines in two districts alone,
namely, in Santo Spirito and Piano del
Monaci, are said to contain at least 2,000,-
000 tons of the valuable material.
American Capital After Italian Asphalt
Deposits.
It was recently reported from Rome
that American representatives were mak-
ing strenuous efforts to buy the famous
asphalt um mines, situated in the neigh-
borhood of San Valentino, in the Mazella
mountains.
These deposits of natural bitumen are
said to be the largest of this kind in
the world. Some ten years ago the mines
were bought up by a German syndicate.
Which since has installed modem machin-
ery and also connected the various mines
by means of a narrow-guage railway with
the station of San Valentino, on the trunk
line Rome-Castellamare Adriatlco.
At present six mines in the Mazella
mountains are being exploited; the as-
phaltum appears in the form of rock
asphaltum, and the quality is said to be
the best known. The annual output of
the mines. In which some 500 hands are
employed, averages 60,000 tons, the bulk
of which is shipped to various countries
of Europe, to the United States and to
South Africa.
At the station of San Valentino a plant
of large capacity, installed with up-to-
date machiner>', has been erected, where
the asphaltum rock is ground into powder
or pressed into blocks. The magnitude of
the deposits may be gathered from the
Bitulithic Pavement for County Roads.
The Highway Commissioners of Fulton
County, Georgia, in which Atlanta is sit-
uated, have contracted with Warren
Brothers Company for about two miles of
bitulithic pavement bn county roads in
Atlanta. They have rented a plant and
purchased bitumen, patent rights and ex-
pert advice from Warren Brothers Com-
pany, and will do the work chiefly with
convict labor.
♦
Bitulithic Pavement In New York City.
In the spring of 1903, when Mayor Low
took up the administration of New York
City, the attention of the officials was
brought to the bitulithic pavement, and
it was first investigated by President
Cantor of the Borough of Manhattan di-
recting his engineer of highways, Mr.
George R. Olney, to investigate the pave-
ment in cities where it had been laid.
His fftvorable report was followed by the
investigation of the presidents of other
boroughs comprising Greater New York,
through their engineers, the reports of all
of whom were favorable to the bitulithic
pavement, and led the Board of Estimate
and Apportionment, composed of Mayor
Low and the president of each borough,
the comptroller and the president of the
Board of Aldenoen. to adopt the pave-
ment unanimously for several principal
boulevards of New York City, including
Seven th-ave., Riverside-drive and St
Nicholas-ave.
Representative associations of road
users, including the Automobile Club of
America, the New York Truck Owners'
Association, the Road Drivers' Associa-
tion of New York, the Associated Cycle
Clubs of New York, the National Associa-
tion of Automobile Manufacturers, the
Associated Cycling Clubs of Long Island,
the League of American Wheelmen and
others, investigated the pavement and
they unanimously approved of its adop-
tion.
The first act in obstruction was the ap-
pearance before the Board of Estimate
and Apportionment of persons claiming
that the bitulithic pavement was inferior
to asphalt, and that, being a patented
pavement, it could not be legally specified
under the peculiar clause of the New
York charter, as follows:
"Except for repairs, no patented pave-
ment shall be laid, and no patented artl-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
cle shall be advertised for, contracted for
or purchased, except under such circum-
stances that there can be a fair and
reasonable opportunity for competition,
the conditions to secure which shall be
prescribed by the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment. ' '
Although this provision, which is in no
other municipal charter in the United
States, has been in the charter of New
York City for more than a quarter of a
century, it has never until this time been
adjudicated, and it offered an unusual op-
portunity for pressing obstructive tactics.
Specifications for the bltulithic pave-
ment were unanimously adopted by the
Board of Estimate and Apportionment for
the paving of Seventh-ave. boulevard.
The asphalt interests obtained an injunc-
tion restraining the award of the con-
tract and the Appellate Court rendered a
decision to the effect that patented pave-
ments are not barred out under this pro-
vision of the charter.
The Park Department of New York
City, desiring to adopt the best form of
pavement for paving Seventy-second-st.
from Central Park west to Riverside-
drive, a street seventy-five feet in
width, covering an area of 18.000
square yards, advertised for bids
for paving the street, taking bids
for sheet asphalt and asphalt blocks as
well as for bltulithic. The bid of War-
ren Brothers Company for its bltu-
lithic pavement was 12.40 per square yard,
while the lowest bid for asphalt was the
ridiculously low price of $1.15. this price
having evidently been made as a final
effort to further delay the laying of bl-
tulithic in New York aty.
The Park Department, however, did not
consider sheet asphalt to be the pavement
for this boulevard and recommended to
the Board of Estimate and Apportion-
ment the award of the contract to War-
ren Brothers Company. The Board of Es-
timate and Apportionment unanimously
approved this award, and this result, after
two years' stubborn opposition and the
bringing of three independent injunction
suits in the name of the Barber Asphalt
Paving Company as an injured taxpayer,
with all delays known to the law in each,
probably ends the obstructive tactics
which can be employed to prevent the
yard ; sheet asphalt. Barber Asphalt Com-
pany, 11.16; Century Construction Com-
pany, 12.20; Sicilian Asphalt Company.
$1.80; Warren's bltulithic, $2.40 a square
yard.
* Illinois Highway Commission Is at
Work.
The Illinois Good Roads Commission is
sending to all the highway commissioners
of that state a* circular letter accompa-
nied by a list of questions. These ques-
tions are designed to elicit information re-
garding the highways of the state, with
a view to determining the best and jnost
economical methods for their Improve-
ment. The Good Roads Commission was
created by an act of tne last General
Assembly for the purpose of Investigat-
ing "the various problems of road build-
ing In Illinois, such as the best and most
economical native materials, the best sys-
tem of road drainage, the best and most
practicable methods by which the burden
of cost may be equitably distributed
among all the people, such as federal,
state and county aid, convict labor, etc"
The act provides that the results of the
studies of the commission shall be embod-
ied in a report to the next General As-
sembly with recommendations for legisla-
tion on the subject, and It Is believed that
the latter and list of questions now being
sent out will furnish valuable statistical
information which will materially aid the
commission In Its work. The commission
Is composed of the following: Chairman,
DeWitt S. Smith of Springfield; Harold
U. Wallace, Chicago; Robert D. Clark.
Peoria. The members serve without com-
pensation.
— •
Improvements In Oahkoeh, Wis.
A statement has been prepared by G.
H. Randall, city engineer at Oshkosh.
Wis., showing that about $123,000 has been
expended during the year on streets,
bridges and parks. The amount expended
on street repairs was about $15,000, which
Is In addition to that expended for new
streets.
•
Philadelphia Wants a Million Dollars
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PAVING AND PAVING MATERIALS.
47
nel. To Mayor Weaver Is accredited the
new item to aboUah grade crossings. The
loan bill will be voted on in February.
Illinois River Bridges Obstruct Navi-
gation.
AH of the bridges across the Illinois
river with the single exception ot the
one at Lacon have been declared nui-
sances by the War Department. This
criticism Is the result of an inspection by
one of its corps of engineers, in which it
developed that the piers on which the
draw spans rest are constructed in so
faulty a manner as to stand as an ob-
struction to navigation. Included in this
are two city bridges and two railroad
bridges at Peoria and eleven others that
span the river at other points. The gov-
ernment recommends that lines of piling
be driven on both sides of each pier in
the shape of a double wedge so that
steamboats striking them snail be deflect-
ed into the channel. Complaints against
the changes ordered will be heard by
Capt. Ritchie of the engineering depart-
ment ot the government, at Chicago on
Jan. 4.
e
A New Reason for Withholding Pay-
ment for Street Construction.
Application was made to the New York
Supreme Court Dec. 4 by the Barber As-
phalt Company for an order compelling
Comptroller Grout to pay $14,000 fpr pav-
ing Lexington-ave. near One Hundred and
Twenty-ninth-st. Comptroller Grout re-
fused to authorize the pajrment on the
ground that a citizen had served notice
on him that she had suffered severe inju-
ries by a fall due to the faulty construc-
tion of the pavement and she intended
suing the city for damages. As the Bar-
ber Asphalt Paving Company had given
bond for only 17,000, this sum would be In-
sufficient to protect the city from loss if
she should receive a large amount of
damages. Justice Scott reserved decision.
Chicago Construction News.
The year clones with the cement mar-
ket somewhat demoralized. Prices are
nominally from $1.25 to $1.60. but there
is very little business at any figure. It
Is expected that the action of the Asso-
ciation of Portland Cement Manufactur-
ers in deciding to close down for bIx
"Weeks or more some time netween Jan.
1 and April 1 will put up -the price of
the eastern cement, but the feeling also
prevails that the western manufacturers
outside of the association will continue
to market their product at present prices
and some even anticipate that the fig-
ures on the western product will go still
lower.
Meacham & Wright have secured the
contract from Joseph J. Duflfy for sup-
plying IBO.OOO to 170,000 barrels of cement
for the work of the firm at Lockport
The price at which the contract was
taken was not made public.
The South Park Commission of Chicago
has purchased a fifty-acre tract and an-
other of ten acres for $32,820, which will
be used for small parks In the southern
part of Chicago.
The local board of improvements Is
pushing asphalt paving for State-st., be-
tween Thirty-ninth and Sixty-third-sts.,
together with a new system of sewers on
both sides of that street. The work will
cost about $600,000. The cost of sewers to
the front foot of property is estimated
at $3.60. and of asphalt paving at $6 to $7.
The corporation counsel of Chicago has
rendered an opinion to the City Council
holding that a gas company or any
other public service corporation has no
right to tear up any street that has been
paved and is in good condition. It Is
proposed to notify the gas company of
each improvement and If it wants to lay
pipes In the tlioroughfare It must do so
before the improvement Is made. If It
does not take advantage of such notifica-
tion the company must lay its pipes
under the parkway on either side of the
street or else under the sidewalk.
The Municipal Art League recommended
at a recent meeting that beauty In lamp-
posts should be encouraged by offering
prizes for designers, and suggested a com-
petition for fountains and other sculptural
decorations intended to adorn street cor-
ners. The league also decided to urge
more artistic electric light signs for stores
and other establishments in the down-
town business districts.
Gen. Henry Strong Is preparing to erect
at the southeast comer of State and
Adams-sts.. a building to be practiccdly
fourteen streets, one above the other,
lined with stores, a retail shopping dis-
trict with the blocks set one upon the
other. He seeks to accommodate retail
shopkeepers who want stores on State-
st., but cannot pay the present high
rents. Through the center of each floor
will be wide arches, and retail stores will
face on these, making each floor practic-
ally a street one block long. The bulld^
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ing will be 100 by 145 feet, with caisson
foundations and steel work to support
seventeen stories if it is decided to add
more floors.
At the annual meeting of the Chicago
Drainage Board in December the follow-
ing oflacers were elected: President, Zina
R. Carter; vice-president, William G. Leg-
ner. With- the cash on hand, the amount
of bonds that can still be issued and the
unpaid taxes the district has a working
capital for the coming year of $5,175,000.
The board has adopted plans for the
improvement of the north branch of the
Chicago river and contracts for the work
will be let sometime in January.
Stone dealers have asked the local
Board of Improvements to specify that
concrete foundations may be of crushed
stone, cement and crushed stone screen-
ings.
• •
ProgreM of Track Elevation in Chi-
cago.
More work was accomplished in Chi>
cago during 1903 in railroad track eleva-
tion than in any previous year. In a re-
port to the City Council on Dec. 20 John
O'Neill, the city's track elevation expert^
stated that 8.25 miles of main track have
been elevated, 66.5 miles of other trdcks
and forty-one subways constructed, and
18,166,260 expended during the year. He
says:
The different railroad companies com-
menced the work of elevation this year
in the month of May, and since that time
have placed upon theii right-of-way over
2,000,000 cubic yards of sand filling and,
built over 84,600 cubic yards of retaining
and abutment walls of concrete masonry.
They have eliminated forty-one grade
crossings, all of which are open to tmfilc
though not fully completed. When com-
pleted these forty-one subways will be
spanned by over 284 iron bridges sixty -
six feet in lengrth and weighing obout
1,700 pounds per running foot The work
of track elevation has given )n all its
ramifications employment to over 15,000
men this year, all the expense of which
has been borne by the railroad compa-
nies. The amount paid by the city has
been only the expense of the department
considered the most important work of
the year. Regarding; this he says:
This elevation was commenced on May
14 last and since that time they have
placed under the seven tracks from 150
to 170 loads of sand daily, averaging thir-
ty cubic yards to the car, or nearly 760,-
000 cubic yards of sand. The embank-
ments composing this elevation are sup-
ported on the sides of the right-of-way
by heavy retaining walls of concrete
masonry. This company has also elevated
its freight yards between Sixty-fourth
and 8ixty-sixth-sts., a distance of 1,820
feet, and between the west line of the
right-of-way and Armour-ave. At Six-
ty-third-st. it has constructed a stone
depot, which is reached by carriages on
a terraced driveway running from the
north line of Sixty-fourth-st. up to the
elevation of the depot This piece of
elevation is not quite completed, but will
be nearly completed before the end of the
year. Under this ordinance the company
has elevated two miles of main tracks
and about seventeen miles of other tracks,
eliminatincr seventeen grade crossings by
subways, at an estimated cost of about
$2,000,000, 1325,000 of which was expended
In 1000 in the construction of retaining
walls and foundations for the abutments.
Ordinances have been passed and ac-
cepted by the different railway and rail-
road companies this year for the eleva-
tion of their roadbeds and tracks as fol-
lows:
Miles of main tracks 6.0
Miles of other tracks 26.5
Subways to be constructed 44
Estimated cost of entire work
when completed $2,400,000
Work of elevation done this year was
as follows:
Miles of main tracks elevated .... 8.25
Miles of other tracks elevated 66.u
Subways constructed 44
Cost of entire work $8,166,260
Ordinances passed by the City Council
and accepted by the railroad companies
for the elevation of their tracks from May
23, 1892, to Dec. 31, 1903, cover the follow-
ing amount of work:
Miles of main tracks to be ele-
vated 138.10
Miles of other tracks to be
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PAVING AND PAVING MATERIALS.
Joliet Track Elevation.
The City Council at Joliet, 111., bac
directed City Attorney McKeown to
prosecute all suits against al) railroads
for violations of the track elevation ordi-
nance.
»
Street Work in Kansas City.
The report of Emmet King, secretary of
the Board of Public Works at Kansas
City, Mo., shows that during the three
months ending Oct. 20, 153 contracts for
grading, paving, curbing, sidewalks and
sewers have been completed at a total
cost of 1324,157.85. The distribution of ex-
penditures was as follows:
Miles. Cost.
Street paving 2.86 | 83,ei4.40
Paving alleys 0.18 2,997.34
Asphalt repairs 4.20 10,822.01
Street grading 6.38 40,483.66
Grading alleys 0.99 1,600.29
Artificial stone curbing 6.11 12,668.74
Curbing and guttering 1.31 5,668.66
Artificial stone sidewalks.... 8.02 33.836.40
Natural stone sidewalks 0.08 453.90
Brick sidewalks 0.18 579.84
District sewers 3.24 127,086.29
■Repairs, sidewalks and
curbing 274.75
Work paid by vouchers 798.63
Work paid by appropria-
tions 324,157.85
»
Indiana Farmers Want Better Road
Law.
A resolution was adopted at the Allen
County Farmers' Institute, which was
held at Ft. Wayne, Ind., Dec. 2, declar-
ing that the farmers of Allen County
favor **8uch a revision of our present
road laws as. will secure the construction
of permanent macadamizing." Also, that
the Senators and Representatives of
Allen County be requested to give the
matter the attention necessary to se-
cure the proper legislation.
The Economic Designing of Pave-
ments.
By A. W. Dow, Engineer Department,
District of Columbia.
(A paper before the League of Ameri-
can Municipalities at Its convention In
Baltimore.)
In presenting to you a paper on Paving,
I am impressed with the fact that there
is less known about this branch of
municipal engineering than of any other.
or I put this differently and say that
we have still more to learn about this
branch than any other. We are really
only now finishing the foundation of our
education In this Industry. Strange as
this may soimd to you In the light of the
enormous amount of paving that has
been done In this country In the past
fifteen years, yet It Is so, for our pres-
ent method of paving Is nearly entirely
lacking In system and science. We make
little or no study of the conditions that
the pavement has to meet In Its exist-
ence, and do not make suflFlclent distinc-
tion In the class of pavements for dif-
ferent streets and different localities.
Before going further I would beg your
indulgence for following the much-used
path pursued by writers on this subject,
that is, of making some remarks on the
ancient history of the subject, and call
your attention to the pavements or roads
built by the ancient Egyptians, Cartha-
genlans and Romans. It Is not, though,
for the purpose of presenting these old
pavements as examples, or of extolling
the methods employed In their construe-*
tion. but only for the purpose of illustrat-
ing more forcibly the character of the
problems in this industry that we have
to deal with at the present day. Our at-
tention is often called to these ancient
roads, to their marvelous life and en-
durance, and by some, to the fine engin-
eering displayed in their construction.
But in the light of Intelligent engineering
this last is greatly overdrawn, as there
is jio good engineering displayed In the
construction of these pavements, and
they they are only monuments to an ex-
travagant waste of labor and material
and examples of methods that we want
to avoid. It does not require an engineer
to build a structure that will endure it
the builder Is allowed an unlimited
amount of material and labor. The skill-
fully constructed work is that which is
an economic combination of good proper-
ties supported by a strength having a
sufficient factor of safety.
There Is nothing that better Illustrates
the difference between the ancient and
the modern pavements than a compari-
son of the ancient and modern civiliza-
tion. In the early day of civillzaition the
welfare of man was entirely dependent
upon his strength, his capacity to over-
come and resist things with brute force.
The successful man in those days was
the one 'that could wield the heaviest club
or sword and bear the heaviest armor.
All other qualities were sacrificed to the
building up of strength and endurance,
and so It is with the ancient pavement
const rucled of huge stones or masses of
masonry, m many cases six feet in thick-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ness, built solely far the purpose of en-
durance and resisting traffic through its
brute strength, built with no purpose in
view other than that of resisting. In
our modern times the man with strength
alone counts for little. The most suc-
cessful man is the one in which various
desirable traits are governed by a good
Intellect, and the whole frame supported
by a sufflclertt bodily strength to insure
health, even under an excessive strain
of mental energy. And so It should be
with the modem pavement. It should be
an economic combination of many gcod
properties, sustained by a strength suf-
ficient to maintain it under the maxi-
mum strain to which it may be sub-
jected during Its existence. As the train-
ing of the modern man is studied and
planned so as 'to produce a combination
of faculties that will serve him best In
the profession he Is to follow, so should
the pavement be studied that Is to pave
•a certain street.
We must free ourselves from the bar-
baric methods of building pavements,
that Is, of putting down some material
that we think will be the most durable,
irrespective of whether It answers any
other purpose or not, and also of n meth-
od 80 much in use today of paving every
street with the same class of pavement,
irrespective of whether the conditions of
the street are suited to that pavement, or
even suitable to the materials used In its
construction. This last practice we can-
not hope to do away with until we have
abandoned our present method of select-
ing pavements from the bargain coun-
ter of competitive bidding. This method
of selecting pavements that Is now In
vogue with the majority of muncipall-
tles, would not be countenanced in any
other business, and until we have learned
how to select pavements that will best
meet the requirements of the street to be
paved, we cannot hope to pave our
streets economically and well. What
would we think of a firm who made a
business of the use of sheet metals for
A A^..1.
Can anyone consider that an economic
way of doing business? That the select-
ing the kind of pavement and even the
kind of material to use in the same class
of pavement is necessary Is demonstrated
each day to anyone who makes a careful
study of the wearing of dlfCerent pave-
ments. It Is a common occurrence to find
two pavements laid at Identically the
same time, under the same specifications*
and with the same materials, and with
apparently the same amount of traffic on
both streets— one pavement gives a most
excellent surface, costing practically
nothing for repairs for over ten years.
The second pavement begins to act poorly
in two or three years, and by five years
it is in need of extensive repairs. What
has caused the difference in these two
pavements, both laid in identically the
same manner? It Is evident that this dif-
ference is the result of some physical con-
dition existing in the second pavement
that does not exist in the other, and that
if it Is possible by any means to change
the conditions so that they will }ye Identi-
cal In both pavements the one will last
as long as the other. If, on the other
hand, It is found that the conditions can-
not be changed economically. It shows
conclusively that another class of pave-
ment not Injuriously affected by that con-
dition should be selected for the paving of
that particular street.
In other words we mu3t learn to study
thoroughly the characteristics of the
various paving materials, and classes of
pavements, what physical conditions In
the streets act detrimentally on one
clas3 and not on another, and what phy-
sical properties It is desirable for the
pavement to have to be the best suited
for the class of traffic and the comfort
of the property owners of the street un-
der consideration. We should treat the
paving of streeta in a similar manner
to the educating of men. We must
study their adaptability and endeavor
to develop them In the line which, after
careful study, we conclude they will
best be adapted to. As some men will
make utter failures in some professions,
and be most successful in others, so it
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PAVING AND PAVING MATERIALS.
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other with a view of determlnlnur the
difference In the conditions that were
responsible for the success and the
failure. It Is owinar to this that we have
some cities going so far as to pass or-
dinances prohibiting the use. of certain
•clasees of pavement, whfie others are
using the same wfth marked success and
economy. This has done much to retard
progress in paving.
The necessity of a study of conditions
and factors is well appreciated and rec-
ognized by such authorities on paving as
Tillson and Baker, as both these authors
^ive tables In which they assign figures
to represent the value of different factors
such as cheapness, durability, ease of
cleaning, ease of traction, foothold, ease
of maintalnance, favorableness to travel,
sanltarlness, etc., but these tables and
•their discussions are principally adapted
to differentiating between the different
•classes of pavements, and do liot empha-
size the necessity of studying the effects
of existing physical conditions on the dif-
ferent materials entering into the com-
position of the pavement, and also upon
Its physical construction. Such factors
should be discussed under the heading
of durability. Their existence is recog-
nized by Tillson, for he says " Durabil-
ity, too, is affected by so many varied
conditions that it is discussed with dif-
-flculty." But pavements should not
alone be studied during their manufac-
ture and laying, but should be watched
oarefully during their entire life, and
•careful record kept of all failure and the
probable cause.
The question now naturally arises as to
what Is the most satisfactory and eco-
nomical result in paving. The methods
of contracting for paving that are in
general use at the present day, and
especially that branch of the contract
that relates to the guarantee have been
■so ably discussed before the Amerlt/in
Society of Civil Engineers by Messrs.
Hazelhurst, Whinery, Lewis an^ others
that it would only be repetition on rny
part to undertake to discuss in full these
methods, so I will only call your atten-
tion to a few essential points, and advise
all who are at all interestod in paving to
read these most instructive papers is the
transactions of the American Society of
<:ivii Engineers, Dec. 1902.
The method in most general use today
is to draft speciflcatlons going conslder-
guarantee all work and keep same in re-
pair without expense to the municipality
for a stipulated term of years, the most
common period being five years. The
method adopted by cities for protecting
guarantee is to retain a ceretain sum of
money, say 10 per cent., from the original
cost of the pavement.
Another method is to have the contrac-
tor give bond, guaranteeing the fulfill-
ment of the guarantee. Possibly the
most serious objecHon that has been
pointed out In such specifications is re-
quiring the contractor to guarantee that
his pavements be kept in good repair for
a certain term of years. As has been
Justly remarked on this poiiiF, where are
we to draw the line between the paying
for the pavement and the keeping of it in
repair? Would not the property-owners
in such a contract be justified in com-
plaining that they were paying for main-
tenance of the pavement when such work
is chargeable to the city, and, as pointed
out by Mr. Whinery, is it justice for
property-owners on a heavily traveled
street to pay more for the Identical pave-
ment than property-owners are paying on
a lightly traveled street? With a time
guarantee even as short as five years
there is the danger that the paving com-
pany or its bond.S'men may fail to make
good the guarantee, and the pavement
be left in a poor coiidition with repairs
necessary at the expense of the city.
Another objection which applies to any
guarantee system is the question In what
condition should a city expect its pave-
ments at the expiration of its guarantee?
This will always be a bone of contention
between the city and a close contractor.
An objection to the present method of
operation under this class of specifica-
tions is that considerable detail la given
as to the m^^thods of laying the pavement,
and of producing materials, and that as
yet there Is hardly a city that has such
an inspection as to know whether these
specifications are carried out. Under
these circumstances the entire perform-
ance of the work on the pavement is left
to the contractor, and is largely depend-
ent on the foreman he employs, both in
the manufacture of the pavement and
the laying- of it. Such reliance without a
thorough inspection is dangerous, and in
a number of cases has proved disastrous
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52
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
the laying: of the pavement, and his ex-
perience has taught him that good re-
sults are often obtained by cheaper and
quicker methods than those In the speci-
fications. He Is naturally led to believe
from this that such great care as Is spec-
ified Is not necessary for the production
of geod work, and he will then make
such changes In the manipulation as he
thinks win either be a saving to his em-
ployer, or produce a good record for him-
self of laying more pavement with less
expenditure of money. But let me add
that he is often justified in following his
own methods, as those of many specifica-
tions if clos^ely followed would result in
poor work.
Another objection that may be raised
to the technical part of such specifica-
tions Is that the same class of pavement
is asked for for every street. The con-
tractor and possibly even the cRy is not
aware of the physical conditions exist-
ing on these streets, and yet the contrac-
tor bids and guarantees to lay the same
pavement on every street alike.
Another method of letting contracts
that is in use by some cities and which
especially does away wtth the objections
which are raised to the long-time guar-
antee is that the city pay a certain sum
for the pavement, and require in the
specifications that after five years the
contractor Is to keep the pavement In
repair for a certain period, for which
he will be paid a stipulated sum per
square yard. This likely in some cases
Is an advantage over the first method
mentioned of contracting for paving, but
It, too, i3 open to objections, which have
already been reviewed and discussed in
the papers ^jefore mentioned.
Some cities at the present time are
undertaking to do their paving on the
municipal plan. This, I believe, in some
cases, will prove very advantageous and
economical to the municipality, but a
careful study should be made of condi-
tions before a city adopts this method of
paving. In the first place they should
consider whether the amount of paving
which they do in a year is sufficient to
warrant their erecting a plant; for how
long each year this plant will be working,
and if not constantly, will It be econom-
ical to retain the men employed in its
««t««.o Tf tv»o mf^n are discharged at
keep its one plant well employed, Is that
after the city has invested In its paving
outfit, and its force has been trained, St
will naturally be restricted to only that
class of pavement for which they have
been equipped. Another objection which
a number rai^ to municipal construction
is that it will give an opportunity to poli-
ticians to secure places for their constitu-
ents, irrespective of their suitability for
such positions, and such men are not
likely to produce good work. It appears,
however, that all serious objections to
municipal construction are dependent up-
on conditions and without doubt many
cities could devise methods that would
be economical whether these methods be
entirely or partially carried on by the
municipality.
There are three methods which I be-
lieve might' prove desirable for munici-
palities to construct pavements. One of
these, which I have just discussed, is
that of municipal construction. If a city
does sufficient paving during a year to
keep- a plant and pavers occupied, either
at laying new pavement or repairing, old,
and their government is such that poli-
ticians will not enter into the selection of
the skilled laborers necessary to the per-
formance of this work, paving can, with-
out doubt, be done very economically.
Before a city adopts this plan it should
be sure that it has a man in charge of
the work who is not only competent to
lay good pavements, but of being able to
study the different factors and physical
character of the street to be paved.
Another modification of the method
would be for cities to hire a paving plant
and gangs of men from contractors, the
city furnishing all or part of the mater-
ial to be used in the production of the
pavement. Of course this plan is open to
many modifications depending on how
much work the city would do, and how
much material they would furnish or re-
quire the contractor to furnish. By lay-
ing pavements under the municipal plan,
or by the modification just suggested, the
city has the advantage of being able to
discriminate between different materials
to meet the conditions of the various
streets under construction.
The method which I believe would be
the most generally advantageous Is for
a city to employ a man who Is compe-
tent to take entire charge of all branches
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PAVING AND PAVING MATERIALS.
53
where conditions require a change from
the detail of the speciflcations. The con-
tract should only require that the pave-
ment be guaranteed for two yeara. by
specifying that any defective workman-
ship or material which might develop
during the guarantee period should be
immediately made good by the contrac-
tor. By this means the objection made
to to the 5, 10 and 15-year contract
system, especially when paving is paid
by assessing the abutting property-own-
ers, that the property-owner is not a'one
paying for the construction of the pave-
ment but for its malntalnance, would lya
overcome.
Such a system would make possible a
thorough examination of the character of
all streets to be paved and the selection
and use of only that class of pavement
that Is best suited to the conditions of
the several streets. It, of course, goes
without saying that with a thorough in-
spection the city will obtain far better
work in paving and besides it will cor-
rect an evil that Is so prevalent in the
paving business today, which is responsi-
ble for much bad paving and for which
many cities will have to pay dearly fcr
in repairs and defaulted contracts In the
future. I am speaking here of the com-
petitive bidding that Is carried to such a
pass that It Is hardly possible for a con-
tractor to make any money if he is held
to the requirements of the specifications.
I will not attempt any detailed de-
scription of how such a method
could be carried out In a paper
such as this and then it is more
than likely that the detail would vary
with the conditions met with in different
cities, but I believe they will be found to
be the simplest of any of the systems in
vogue at the present time.
It is evident that whether the paving be
done by municipal construction or by the
two-year guarantee system, the work
must be In charge of a competent man.
one who Is especially tralnod tn this line.
It is to be regretted that there are so
few such men, and that ihe science of
paving Is so overlooked and neglected by
our technical institutions. Should there
be a demand for men making a specialty
of this subject our institutions would not
be long in giving cour.ses, which would
meet the demand.
It has ^een my object in this paper
to noint out lo vou how lax cur present
to be so lightly treated may be the bet-
ter appreciated when you consider tliat
In the twenty-five years preceding -the
year 1900, 120 cities spent approximately
S75.000,000 in first cost of asphalt pave-
ments alone. True, this class of pave-
ment has been the most popular, but »t
would be safe tc estimate from these fig-
ures that during the time there was
much over $100,000,000 spent for all classes
of so-called Improved pavements. It is
estimated that New York City alone will
spend over $4,000,000 per annum to keep
the present paved streets of the city in
condition. I do not oelleve tthat I am
far from right in saying that there will
be over 8,000.000 square yards of pave-
ments laid this year in the United States
at a cost of $15,000,000, and how much
study and forethought is given to all this
work, and to what extent are the specl-
floatlona being adhered to?
That we are not getting today what our
specifications call for in all cases is evi-
denced by the low prices some cities are
pajing for pavements. It Is certain that
If a contractor is to be paid a price less
than what it will cost him to lay a pave-
ment under a specification he will shirk
his work in some way so as to make
some profit, for he is not in the business
for philanthrophlc motives. It is Just a
year ago that this society was addressed
on the subject of paving by Mr. Fendall
of this city, when he advised a combina-
tion of the different cities for the purpose
of reducing the price of pavements, but I
believe a more advisable plan would be to
combine more for the purpose of regulat-
ing the prices to pay for pavements
rather than to lower It. A contractor i»
surely entitled to a price that will Insure
him under average conditions a fair profit.
The lesson must be learned that a cheap
pavement Is not generally the most eco-
nomical, and only by a reconstruction of
our present methods can we hope to se-
cure a satisfactory system of paving.
Street Oiling Specifications at Bakers-
field, Cal.
The city ot Bakersfleld has adopted the
following specifications covering the con-
struction of oiled streets:
First— The street, after being graded in
accordance with specifications for grading
streets in city of Bakersfield. will be
ready to receive the oil.
Second— The quantity of crude mineral
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M
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
cent, of water and heated to a tempera-
ture of not less than 200 degrees Fahren-
heit when being applied.
Fourth— The oil shall be applied as fol-
lows: The street shall be plowed to a
depth of six inches, then be coated with
oil at the rate of one gallon of oil per
square yard of area: then the oil shall be
plowed under to a depth of four inches
and then harrowed with a disc harrow, or
rolled with a Fitzgerald spike roller;
then a second coating of oil shall be ap-
plied at the rate of one-half gallon of oil
per square yard of surface area of street.
The street shall then be harrowed or
rolled with the Fitzgerald spike roller till
the oil becomes thoroughly incorporated
with the surface material of the street.
Then the street shall be rolled till suf-
ficiently compacted to withstand ordinary
traffic without rutting.
Fifth— When accepted the street shalT
be on the established grade, having a
true and even surface and crown.
Sixth— The contractor shall furnish alt
material and appliances necessary for
the prosecution of the work to complex
tion in a thorough and workmanship
manner.
Seventh— Bids shall state price per
barrel (42 gallons) of oil app'ied on
street according to the method pre-
scribed in these specifications.
Eighth— The work ©haU be performed
under the superintendence and to the
satisfaction of the street superintendent
and city engineer.
Ninth— The Board of Trustees reserve
the right to reject any and all bids.
The specifications were adopted as pre-
pared by City Engineer Evans.
ELECTRICITY
Erie ilunlcipal Conduits— Electric Ught Statistics— Electric Shocks from Rre
Streams— Construction and flalntenance of Electric Wires.
Municipal Electrical ConduK System
in Erie, Pa.
During 1898-9 the city of Erie, Pa.,
constructed 137,300 linear feet of ducts
for electric wires underground and ban
since added 22,083 feet, making a- total at
this time of 159,383 feet constructed and
in use. The total cost, including the ex-
pense of connections, poles, cross-arms,
guy wires, iron pipe on poles, manholes
and castings therefor, repairing over
trenches on paved streets, etc., complete
was 118.066.75.
Of the space in the ducts 19,372.5 linear
feet is occupied by the N. Y. & Pa. Tel-
ephone and Telegraph Company, 18,633
feet by the Mutual Telephone Company,
10,131 feet by the Western Union Tele-
graph Company and 8,296 feet by the city
fire and police signal system.
The revenue derived from the use ot
the conduit for the year ending April 3,
1903, was 12,378.41. The total revenue re-
ceived to Sept. 26, 1903. was 16,738.71.
We are indebted to B. E. Briggs, City
Engineer, for this information.
Electric Shocks from Fire Streams.
One of the objections to the erection of
electric wires on poles in cities is the hin-
drance which such wires offer to free
access to a burning building by means
of ladders and Are towers. It is at times
also necessary to cut such wires to afford
access to a burning building— a work
which is not highly appreciated by the
fire fighters. Another difficulty presents
itself also, namely, the danger to the fire-
men from electric shocks due to currents
carried to the nozzle by the stream of
water when it comes in contact with live
wires. Such shocks have more than once
been of sufficient strength to disable fire-
men for a time, but, so far as is known,
no fatalities due to this cause have oc-
curred. In order to ascertain to what ex-
tent firemen are subject to risk of life, if
at all, when the stream of water thrown
from the hose strikes against live wires
a series of experiments were recently un-
dertaken in Germany. They were made
with pressure of 6,000 volts alternating cur-
rent and 650 volts direct current. The
stream of water was directed against a
portion of the wires from which the in-
sulation had been previously removed.
With the 6,000 volts pressure It was found
that the resistance of about one foot of
ordinary hydrant water reduced the po-
tential of the current to a point when it
was not dangerous, but the effects were
not pleasant. When the resistance of the
water was lowered by the addition of 0.06
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STATISTICS ELECTRIC LIGHT OF SIXTYFOUR SMALL CITIES.
Compiled by M, W. Mix, Mayor of Afishawaka, Ind.
i
1
d
z
1'
i
0
1
s.
1
T
1
Illinois.
Belvidere
7,000
8,000
8,979
5.000
.1.375
9.662
8.252
6,000
6.105
8.460
5,728
106
72
75
96
§114
132
107
.52
102
108
74
$65 00
72.00
80.00
60.00
48.00
66.00
65.00
65.00
75.00
M. L.
M. L.
M. L.
M. L.
A. N.
M. L.
A.N.
M.L.
M. L.
20c
20c
10c
lie
20c
25^
25^
20jt
25 to 50^
P
P
P
P
P
M
P
P
M
P
P
Centralia
Dixon
Harvey
Macomb
MattooD
$25,000.00
Moomoatb
Mt. Vernon
Paris
25,00000
Pekin
Urbana
Indiana.
Alexandria
7.300
6,115
7,000
8,000
10.000
6,836
6.649
7,100
5.700
6,789
11,000
10,960
5, .560
7.000
9.000
8.618
10.000
1 •
53
70
73
101
83
90
14S
121
87
120
127
119
76
74
87
28
144
90.00 , A. N.
80.00 > A. N.
8c
None
10c
15c
12Hc
7Hto20c
None
ICc
10 & 12c
lie
12. 10 A 8c
None
None
None
*'
None
P
P
P
P
M
P
P
P
P
P
M
P
^
M
Bedford
Bioomin^rton
80.00
62.40
46.50
75.00
60.00
60.00
75.00
80.00
46&54
70.00
65.00
60.75
76.00
70.75
A.N.
M.L.
M.L.
A. N.
A. N.
A.N.
M.L.
A.N.
A.N.
M.L.
A.N.
A. N.
A.N.
M.L.
Brazil... r.
Colambus
10,000.00
Connersville
Crawfordsville
100,000.00
Frankfort
75.000.00
Oreensbnrcr
Hartford City
JeflforsonTiUe
Kokomo
Mishawaka
Mt. Vernon
Pern
60,000.00
Wabash
Washington.
75,000.00
Michigan.
Adrian
9.654
6..532
6,216
7,790
5,000
9,705
•112
♦50
81
64
60
63
49
86
tl20
136
120
64.80
72.00
60.00
75.00
65.00
51.00
6.5<fc95
57.60
29.80
A.N.
M.L.
A. N.
M.L.
M.L.
M.L.
A.N.
M.L.
!iM. L.
14c
14c
lOHc
8c
8c
150
15c
None
5to50<
10,15&a))<
5l<
5l<
P
P
M
M
P
P
P
M
?
M
Benton Harbor
Coldwater.
45,194.88
Holland
80,000.00
Ionia
Iron wood
Ludington
Monroe
7,166
6,200
8.986
11,000
7.000
25,268.00
Owosso
Pontiac
YpsUanti
18,000.00
Ohio.
Bellefontaine
6,649
8,000
9,qpo
7,282
5,432
5.5.58
5,501
6,8.52
8,991
9.215
6,663
7,490
7,074
5,859
5,688
10,9vH9
90
80
134
109
65
42
100
110
105
111 '
110 1
•66
105
73
75
160
70
100
113
75.00
77.00
72.00
64.50
82.92
78.00
75.00
85.00
84.00
69.00
75.00
70.00
.50.00
75.00
80.00
76.55
70.00
63.00
D. H.
M.L.
A.N.
A. N.
A.N.
In.
A.N.
San
A.N.
D. H.
Mid.
M.L.
A.N.
A.N.
M.L.
M.L.
M.L.
•8«c
lOc
10c
Not used
None
15c
10 to 25c
10to20c
None
10c
12fc
10 to 15c
9c
10c
15c
None
5!<
NonA
P
M
P
P
P
M
P
P
P
¥
M
P
P
P
M
P
20,000.00
Defiance
Delaware
Oalfpn.
42.000.00
Gain polls
Glenville
Greenville
Kenton
125,000.00
Lancaster
Middletown
io:<
None
10^
None
None
Mt. Vernon
Niles
70,000.00
Norwalk
St. Marys
Sidney
33,500.00
Tiffin
Van Wert
6.422
8,045
8.696
Wellston
Xenia
40,000.00
Kentdcky.
Bellevue
6.6;«
10,000
11.464
62
90
lOK
75.00
50.00
M.L.
A.N.
P
M
P
Bowling Qreen
25,000.00
Frankforr
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56
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
per cent, of soda, the minimum safe
length of the stream was Increased to
about 40 inches. With 550 volts direct cur-
rent a dangerous voltage was not reached
with pure hydrant water, but with the
same percentage of soda in the water
harmful potentials were indicated by the
volt meters used in the tests when the
stream of water was only three inches
long. On the whole the results of the
experiments showed that the danger to
firemen from the contact of water from
the hose with live wires carrying high po-
tentials is not ordinarily so great as has
been generally supposed hitherto. This,
however, is no reason for lessening the
precautions looking to the safety and best
interests of all concerned In this mat-
ter.—Cassier's Magazine.
THE DIRECTORY OF AMERI-
CAN CEMENT INDUrTRlEi
The rapid and great development of the
cement industries demands a third edi-
tion of the "Directory of American Ce-
ment Industries," which will be Issued
early in 1904. It is the only complete
representative of the cement trade in all
its branches, and consequently there is an
increasing demand for it which makes
frequent editions necessary. Advantage
is taken of the opportunity to revise and
improve the book each time and these im-
provements will be specially notable in
this third edition.
The expansion of the directory features
has been so great that the Hand-Book Is
now bound separately and can be ob-
tained either separately or in combina-
tion with the Directory or with Munici-
pal Engineering Magazine.
The enormous expansion of the manu-
facture and use of cement shows itself
In every department of the Directory.
Thus in the list of Descriptions of
Works, the second edition had 240 en-
tries, while the third edition will have
about 360 entries, an expansion of 50 per
cent.
The new works which are in operation
are fully described, which makes a con-
siderable addition to this mo^t valuable
section of the book. There have been so
many additions to the older factories, so
many of them have been rebuilt, and
they have added so many new plants to
their existing works, that this whole
chapter has been rewritten, scarcely a
single description remaining the same in
Is of direct benefit to the reputation of
their brands of cement, so that a few
who have heretofore withheld informa-
tion are now ready to supply It in full.
As a consequence of this rapid develop-
ment of the Industry there have been
many abortive attempts to organize com-
panies, there have been many combina-
tions, and there have been some aban-
donments of old-fashioned plants. The
list Is therefore divided into two parts,
the first giving the names and descrip-
tions of existing plants, of those under
construction, and of those companies
which are In process of establishment or
of formation. The second part of the list
gives all the names which at the date of
issue have dropped out of the business
world, either from change of name, from
absorption by other companies, from
failure and liquidation or from abandon-
ment before actual construction had be-
gun. This second list will be of consid-
erable value) though not havin,«? the in-
dispensable nature of the first list.
•Following the descriptions of works will
be given the list of companies which are
in existence with locations of ofllces and
works, names of all officers and directors,
and sales agents, capitalization, capacity,
names of brands of cement manufactured
and their kind and the Iransportatlon
routes available. For convenience of
users of the book this list Is separated
from the list of descriptions of works and
will be found to be a full and concise
business directory of iill the manufactur-
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THE DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN CEMENT INDUSTRIES.
57
list are collected in a separate list, ar-
rangred alphabetically as names of brands,
each name accompanied by a statement oC
the kind of cement, the name of the man-
ufacturer and of the general sales agents
handling it, thus giving in a convenient
form Just the information about a cement
brand which is wanted and referring to
the lists of cement manufacturers and
descriptions of works for grreater detail.
The names of general sales agents are
also collected from the list of manufac-
turers into an alphabetical list, giving
names and addresses of agents, names of
companies for which they act and of
brands they handle.
The importance of the import trade dur-
ing the past year and the slowly growing
importance of the export trade lead to a
considerable improvement in the section
devoted to the foreign cement trade, In
which .will be found the names and ad-
dresses of the principal manufacturers
of cement In foreign countries and of the
brands of cement which they manufac-
ture. The Improvement In this list, es-
pecially as regards German and French
manufacturers, is marked and it gives
all the Information which Is called for by
our correspondents at this time ui»on the
subject of foreign cements. A few de-
Bcriptioivs of foreign cement works are
given to show the differences in processes
of manufacture from those which have
been developed so recently and so origi-
nally in America. Like all ih^ other de-
partments in the Directory this one aims
at giving all the comnicro'al information
which can be desired at this stage of the
development of the com^'nt trade, and,
in fact, more than !s roaune 1.
The list of dealers in cement Is consid-
erably increased, and has been thorough-
ly revised so that It rei:>resents completely
the cement trade In all cities In the Uni-
ted States of 2,000 population or more and
of some others, very few cities indeed
having failed to respond to our requests
for the latest information. The manufac-
turers of and sales agents for cement are
listed under their appropriate postoiUce
addresses so that this list serves also as
a geographical list of factories and dis-
tributing points.
The rapid extension of the use of ce-
ment has caused a large addition to the
number of contractors using cement. Al-
though there are many cha'hges each year
in the contractors and it is necessary to
eliminate many names of those who have
failed or who were in the business but
temporarily, there is a very large increase
in this list, which is estimated at 50 per
cent., though all the returns are not yet
in. The list includes all contractors.
workers in cement and large users who do
their own purchasing of cement. The
value of the rating feature, Introduced In
the second edition, has been recognized
and it is now possible to tell from the list
how much cement within certain defined
limits a contractor uses. Practically all
of those not showing the rating for ce-
ment used consumed less than 500 barrels
a year.
There is a considerable addition to the
list of engineers, architects and other
supervisors of the use of cement, for the
same reason given for the Increase in
number of contractors. These men make
the specifications for the use of cement
and have considerable advisory power
over the selection of brands of cement
to be used on their work.
The list of laboratories and engineers
making analyses and tests of cement and
cement materials , and of engineers who
design cement plants has been thorough-
ly revised, and so have the lists of mak-
ers of and dealers In machinery and sup-
plies for cement plant.i and for cement
users.
The valuable credit rating feature in-
troduced in the second edition has been
improved and exten<?ed for the third edi-
tion. The recognition of its value has led
many more to respond to requests for in-
formation upon which to base the ratings
quoted and they will be found fuller and
quite as reliable as those given In the
first edition. The feature is one which
was expected to be. of slow growth and
the publishers of the Directory are much
gratified at the rapidity with which it has
received recogrnitlon and the alacrity with
which information is furnished.
The table of freight rates has been re-
vised and extended to suit the increase
in the factories in operation and is still
worth many times the cost of the book to
those purchasing or selling quantities of
cement large or small. The evidences
of saving in money on account of intelli-
gent consultation of this table come to
hand frequently.
A new feature of the book is an outline
map of the United States showing by ap-
propriate marks the location of cement
plants in operation or proposed, the dif-
ference being shown by differences In
symbols. This Is an Interesting exhibit,
especially to those who are considering
the establishment of new cement plants.
In conclusion It may be said that the
third edition of the "Direcory of Ameri-
can Cement Industries" will be a mate-
rial Improvement and extension of the
previous editions and that it will continue
to represent the enormous advance in the
trade as completely as its predecessors.
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municipal and technical
literature:
Municipal Reports.
Municipal Reports.
Receipts and ExpendKures of Ordinary
Revenue of Boston, Mass., 1898-1902.
Special Publication No. 9. Statistics
Department.
This Is one of the occasional publica-
tions additional to the regular monthly
bulletin of the Boston City, Department
of ^taitistics, and shows the receipts and
expenditures of the city for the years
named, so separated and arranged that
comparisons can be made of various
items from year to year. Analyses are
made by d«ipartmettts and by funds un-
der each department, so that almost any
desired detail short of individual vouch-
ers can be found. If more cities made
such publications as this there would be
greater economy in many sdepartments,
for leaks could be more readily traced.
Appendices give the financial state-
ments of the last two or three years In
the uniform form proposed by the Na-
tional Municipal League, and .show the
advanitages of this form of making an-
nual reports.
A Repair Plant for Asphalt Pavements
for the Borough of Manhattan. Recom-
mended by George Livingston. Commis-
sioner of Public Works. With an ap-
pendix embodying the result of an ex-
pert investigation by James C. Bayles.
Made to Jacob A. Cantor, President of
Borough of Manhattan, New York
City.
This report outlines a plan for munici-
pal plants for repairing asphalt streets,
including seven section stations in Man-
hattan. The recent grand Jury recom-
mendation of an asphalt repair plant
owned by the municipality is set forth in
detail, with tables of number, length and
area of street openings each year, ag-
gregating nearly fifty miles of trench.
Arguments are made against the present
system and for the direct responsibility
of the city for present jondltlon.s, clos'
ing with a recommendation of ^^hj ap
propriatlon of $100,000 for :i municipal as-
phalt plant.
present repair contract by which concrete
costs 16 a cubic yard, binder costs I1.&2
a square yard and wearing surface costs
45 cents a square yard. He favors a short
period of guaranty, only sufficient to de-
velop bad materials used In construction
or errors In manipulation. He shows that
there are now no trade secrets ir asphalt
manlulation, that there are plenty of men
of skill and experience to be secured,
that machinery and tools are on the mar-
ket, that there are many Independent
sources of suitable asphalt and that ther<>
are no basic patents on asphalt mixtures.
He believes that the cost of the work un-
der municipal operation will compare fa-
vorably with that by contract.
The estimates of cost of plants are given
in detail, amounting to about $30,000 for
fhe central station on the river front for
receiving and preparing materials for use
and $2,500 each for steam rollers and tools
for seven section stations, making near-
ly $50,000 for the equipment of the plants,
not including ground and building?. The
annual fixed charges Including I'^terest,
superintendent and assistant and eight
foremen are estimated at $16,900. Tlie cost
of laying the repairs Is estimated at 80
cents a square yard, 30 cents being for
the asphalt, 15 cents for the other materi-
als and 35 cents for mixing, carting and
laying. He thinks the utilization of old
material might reduce the cost a I limes
to 50 cents a square yard.
Annual Report of the Board of Public
Works of the City of Milwaukee, V/ls..
for 1902. Charles J. Foetsch, City En-
gineer.
The main Items in the report are the
following:
In the Water Department the total re-
ceipts were $579,032.48, an increase over
the previous year of about 8 per cent.
The disbursements were $168,238.17 for op-
erating expenses, of which $21,000 was re-
turned for taps, etc., made; $105,060.35 for
extensions of water mains, of which
about one- third was assessed as benefits
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
5»
withstanding the much-discussed reduc-
tions in water rates, there is a consider-
able profit from the works above all
chargres except depreciation. Nearly 11
miles of new mains were laid.
The sewerage department laid 16,000 feet
of bilck sewer and 23,000 feet of pipe at a
total cost of 1202.776, of which sum less
than one-fifth was paid by special assess-
ment. About $41,000 of this amount was
for cleaning and repairing sewers and
catch basins. The Jones Island sewage
pumping plant lifted nineteen billion gal-
lons of sewage and river water at a cost
of $17,832. The plant also furnishes light
and power to- operate the garbage plant.
The Milwaukee river flushing works
forced over seventeen billion gallons from
the lake into the river to flush it, at a
cost of $18,8S7. A flushing tunnel of the
same sort for the Kinnicklnnic river is
under construction.
The mileage of streets and alleys im-
proved is 19^ at a cost of $466,280, a trifle
less than half of which is assessed on the
abutting property. New sidewalks were
8H miles long, of which nearly 4 miles-
were cement.
Street sprinkling cost $64,569. Street
cleaning cost $98,000, alley cleaning $21,000, ^
and removal of ashes and rubbish $125,000.
The board also constructed several
school houses, five engine houses, a
natatorium and public library station and
a garbage plant.
The garbage plant cost $80,630, of which
$12,500 was for the right to use the proc*
esses.
Three natatoriums were maintained at
a total cost of about $14,000 and were used
by about 650,000 persons. Two of them
were run all the year round and one for
three summer months.
The new Grand-ave. draw bridge was
constructed at a total cost of $87,522.
An ordinance has been passed and ac-
cepted providing for the depression of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad in the
Eighteenth ward, and bridges over the
tracks at the street crossings.
OR^OANIZATIONi
AND INDIVIDUAL!
Portland Cement Manufacturers— Pargo City Engineer— Professors for Engi-^
neering Schools— Indiana Engineering Society— Scranton Engineers'
Club— Technical Meetings— Personal Notes.
The Association of Portland Cement
Manufacturers.
Questions of importance to the cement
trade were settled at the second annual
meeting- of the Association of Portland
Cement Manufacturers, held Doc. 8 in
New York. Forty- two companies were
represented, being a large percentage of
the $350,000,000 capital invested in the busi-
ness. The meeting was held to enable the
members to exchange views as to the best
methods of manufacturing cement and of
extending and developing the business; to
consider the reports of committees, and
to elect officers for the ensuing year.
A number of the members represented
to the association that because of the
enormous demand for cement during the
last two years they have been compiUed
to keep their mills in continuous opera-
tion day and night, and it had been im-
possible to make repairs. In view of this
fact a resolution was adopted that the
members of the association should close
their mills for six weeks or more between
Dec. 1 and April 1, to enable tho necessary
repairs to be made.
It was the consensus of opinion that,
with prices as they are at present, the
imports of foreign cement, amounting to
about $2,000,000 in 1903, would be decreased
considerably during the coming year. The
amount of cement on hand at the various
mills on Dec. 1 was found to be light, and
much lower than had been anticipated.
The association will erect a building at
the St. Louis Exposition at a cost of be-
tween $35,000 and $50,000.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Robert W. Lesley of the American Ce-
ment Company retired from the office of
president and was succeeded by J. B.
Lober of the Vulcanite Portland Cement
Company; A. F. Gerstell of the Alpha
Portland Cement Company, formerly
secretary, was elected vice-president; E.
M. Young of the Lehigh Portland Cement
Company, formerly treasurer, was elected
secretary, and E. R. Ackerman of the
Lawrence Cement Company becomes
treasurer. The new executive committee
consists of H. W. Maxwell. W. H. Hard-
ing, R. W. Lesley, W. R. Warren, George
E. Bartol. E. M. Hager and S. B. New-
berry.
A banquet was given by the association
at Sherry's at night, at which a silver
loving cup was presented to R W. Les-
ley, the retiring president.
The companies represented at the meet-
ing were as follows:
Alpena, John Monaghan; Alpha, A. F.
Qerstell; Alsens. W. S. Sinclair. Mr. Bab-
son; American, R. W. Lesley, J. W. Eck-
ert, Wallace King, George Norris, C. M.
Camm, H. B. Warner; Atlas. Howard W.
Maxwell; Bonneville, W. H. Harding;
Castalla, W. J. Prentiss; Catsklll. J. W.
Kittrell; Cayuga Lake, M. E. Calkins;
Central, R. E. Griffith; Chicago, Norman
D. Fraser; Coplay, J. T. Brady, Gabriel
Blum. J. L. Berg, R. L. Morrell. James
Butler; Dexter, G. E. Bartol. J. Brobston,
G. A. Schneebele; Edison, W. S. Mallory,
Lovell H. Carr. W. S. Pilling; Elk Rapids.
Mr. Sly; Empire, C. A. Lockard, Mr.
Kingsbur>'; German-American, O. C.
Prussing; Glens Falls. W. W. Maclay,
Byron Lapham; Helderljerg. T. H. Du-
mary, Mr. Farrell; Hudson, L. C. Smith,
E. Bra vender, Mr. Bernard; Illinois, E.
M. Hager. Morris Metcalf; Lawrence*. E.
R. Ackerman. M. S. Ackerman* L. V.
Clark; Lehigh, E. M. Young; Martins
Creek, J. B. Wight; Thomas Milleii Com-
pany, . Millen; Nazareth, P. H. Hamp
son, M. J. Warner; Newaygo, B. T. Breck
er; Northampton, Mr. Dunn; Peerless, J.
R. Patterson; Peninsular, J. W. Shooe
Phoenix, J. Turner, Mr. ZIpperlein: St
Louis, J. C. Robinson, E. E. Para more,
A. J. Craney, jr.; Sandusky. S. B. New
berry, P. B. Beery; Virginia, W. R. War
ren, F. H. Lewis, F. W. White, D. ^
RIanhard; Vulcanite, J. B. Lober. B. F
Stradley, W. D. Lober. W. R. Dunn. H
A. Shaffer, Albert Meyer; Wayland, V,
T. Whitmore; WTiltehall, W. B. Whitney
Thomas M. Rlghter. W. E. Erdell; Wol
verine, L. M. Wing; C. H. Wood; Stand
ard, W. G. Henshaw of California.
The extracts given herewith from the
report of the executive committee will
show the progress which has been made
by this committee and sub-committees
toward the settlement of many questions
of great interest to both makers and
users of cement. In this connection it
may be suggested that the third edition
of the Directory of American Cement In-
dustries will be issued in 1904 and will
contain the latest and fullest information
about the cement factories of this country
and the latest and fullest Information
available upon the production of and the
demand for cement for domestic con-
sumption and exportation.
The report of the executive committee,
of which R. W. Lesley of the American
Cement Company, was chairman, reads in
part as follows:
The executive committee beg to report
as follows:
Your association grew out of a call,
signed by twenty-three companies, t:or a
meeting at Sherry's, Forty-fourth-st end
Fifth-ave., New York, on Sept. U, 1902.
The subject of the call was stated to be
as follows:
"The HAderslgned, manufacturers of
Portland cement, recognizing the fact
that the pr*^.sent methods of handling of
•sacks' are almost universally unsatls-
factorj', and believing that the question
ran be profitably be discussed and a sat-
isfactory plan evolved at a meeting of
the eastern mills, hereby pledge them-
selves to attend such meeting."
Prior to the meeting, the gentlemen in
attendance enjoyed a very charming
lunch and during the course o£ the in-
formal speeches, the thought of such an
association as we now have, was brought
forward. The thought was father to the
deed, and- our association was formed
with twenty members signing the consti-
tution.
At the first annual meeting of the asso-
ciation there was submitted to the asso-
ciation, which wau composed of reorescn-
tativo.s of eastern mills only, a su5f?«»ytl::n
on behalf of the Central Association of
Cement Manufacturers. composed of
western mills exclusively, that the two
associations should co-operate. This im-
portant suggestion met with the full ap-
proval of your association, and at the
quarterly meeting on March 10, 1903, ten
companies, members of the Central Ce-
ment Association, were present, and ull
became members of our association, thus
making the Association of Portland Ce-
ment Manufacturers no longer local, but
a National Association. The membership
has now grown from twenty to forty-six,
representing manufacturers from the At-
lantic to the Pacific Coast. The esti-
mated output of Portland cement which
Is now represented In our body being from
90 per cent, to 95 per cent, of the total
product of the TTnlted States.
During the year there were brought
forward many questions involving freight
rates and also other transportation ques-
tions. The most Important of these and
the settlement of which was brought
about by co-operation between our asso-
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
61
elation and the railroads, was a vmlform
method vecarding: the letum of empty
bass* Tliis action resulted in the Issu-
ance of uniform circulars by all the
the member of our association to their
respective customers, and, similar no-
tices by all the railroads to their freight
aerents, resulting in a uniform method for
the return of bags and the payment of
freight thereon.
In the fall there was also a reduction
of freight to Chicago and western points
not taking the 60 per cent, rates; another
lesult of the work of our transportation
committee.
Under similar linos of co-operation, a
committee was appointed by your asso-
ciation to confer with representative
manufacturers, members of the Iron and
Steel Association, in the matter of test-
ing and standards for concrete steel con-
struction. This suggestion, which had
root in our association, has extended from
the two associations originally contem-
plated to the American Society of Civil
Engineers, which will bring up the matter
at Its next annual meeting in January.
190i and to the American Society for
Testing Materials, which has appointed a
committee to act in unison with those al-
ready referred to. The effect of this will
be that by standard methods in this Im-
portant form of construction the possible
danger to the cement industry by im-
proper and careless construction of con-
crete steel bridges, buildings, etc., will be
entirely obviated.
The importance of a standard specifica-
tion for cement has certainly been recog-
nized by all of those connected with ce-
ment, either as engineers, consumers or
manufacturers. Certainly, no class recog-
nizes it more fully than the members of
our association. To do away with th^
many hundreds of varying specifications
which come to the mills during the course
of the year, and to substitute for them a
single specification, well thought out, well
considered and well adjusted, would be
of great value.
Following the line of co-operation al-
ready referred to as part of the business
of this association, your cement commit-
tee has been represented upon a joint
committee of the American Society for
Testing Materials. This society is seek-
ing to find a field as a general clearing
house for the making of specifications in
the interest of consumers, engineers and
producers. The committee to which this
matter of uniform cement specificaticms
has been referred is composed of engi-
neers connected with the drafting of the
iTnlted States army specifications, of the
entire committee of the American Society
of Civil Engineers on the manipulation
a.nd testing of cements, of representatives
of the engineering departments of the
Kew York Central, Baltimore & Ohio. Il-
linois Central and Pennsylvania railroads,
of representatives of the Cement Commit-
tee of the American Railway Engineer-
ing and Maintenance of Way Association.
The Institute of Architects has been in-
vited also to be represented on the ce-
rnent committee of your association.
The methods of manipulation adopted in
the progress report of the American So-
ciety of Civil Engineers, were made the
standard for the purposes referred to, and
samples of some eight different cements
were sent to some thirty-odd laboratories
to be tested in accordance with the meth-
ods described. These tests have been
completed and a summary has been made
of them, and from this summary a sug-
gested specification has been laid before
the committee of the American Society
for Testing Materials, and has now been
sent for final examination and approval
to all its members, with the object of
having replies by February 1, 1904, at
which time a meeting will be held for the
final adoption of the specification.
It is needless to say that a standard
specification, which has grown from the
intelligent work of the American Society
of Civil Engineers' committee, coupled
with the thought of the United States
army engineers, the American Railway
Engineers and Maintenance of Way As-
sociation, the American Society for Test-
ing Materials and your own association,
and practically determined in the labora-
tories to which the samples were sent,
will, when adopted, command the regard
and respect of all engineers, .consumers
and producers of cement.
Further in the line of co-operation with
sister societies may also be mentioned
the meeting held in New York on Dec. 1,
1908, between your committee on uniform
contracts and a committee appointed by
the National Builders' Supply Associa-
tion to confer with us on the subject
named. This was the first meeting be-
tween the manufacturers of, and the
dealers in, cement, and it may be stated
that the best of feeling and co-operation
marked the meeting, and that it was
thought highly advisable by both parties
that many similar meetings should be
held during the course of every business
year, and the National Builders' Supply
Association havea emphasized their views
on the subject by extending to our asso-
ciation an invitation to Join the annual
meeting of the National Builders' Supply
Association, to be held at Buffalo, N. Y.,
on Feb. 3, 1904.
The manufacture of Portland cement by
the United States government, on the site
of the Tonto Dam, in Arizona, was
brought before your executive committee
by representatives of mills on the Pacific
coast, and in connection with these gen-
tlemen who have now become members
of our association, an effective argument
was addressed to the Secretary of the
Interior. After a hearing of several hours
in which the matter was fully gone over,
a decision was rendered giving the vic-
tory to the cement men, the government
deciding not to make cement on the site
of the dam, but to advertise for bids for
cement under either of the two following
methods, viz.:
First— Cement manufactured elsewhere
and shipped to Phoenix or Globe by rail,
and then hauled to the dam site.
Second— The government to furnish a
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
250-barrel-per-day mill at the site with
power to operate It, and the contractor
to manufacture It there.
Fargo'8 City Engineer Earns His Sal-
ary.
Mr. Sam F. Crabbe, city engineer at
Fargo, N. D., recently asked the City
Council to reduce his salary 50 per cent,
during the winter months, as his time Is
only about half employed during that
-season. After recovering from their sur-
prise the Aldermen decided to allow Mr.
■Crabbe to earn all this salary during the
busy months, but to continue paying his
■salary as heretofore.
Professors for Engineering 8oho9!s.
One of the problems to which engineer-
ing schools ought to give Immediate and
-serious consideration has grown out of
the practice of obtaining professors by
"In-breedlng," as It has been character-
ized, meaning by this the recruiting of
the young teachers, soon to be developed
Into full-fledged professors, from among
recent graduates, with little more than
their school experience to their credit.
This species of selection has become an
increasing fashion within the past ten
years, or perhaps better put, an Increas-
ing necessity, due to the cramped financial
<:ondltIons ruling with most of the
schools, and the result has undoubtedly
t>een a nar/owed degree of usefulness of
Instructors and professors, and a more
•closely circumscribed value in the eu-
^neerlng market of the young graduates
forced Into It. In a few instances, ft is
true, prominent engineers, actively en-
gaged In professional work, have be?n in-
duced to lecture occasionally at such
schools, thus vitalizing the college atmos-
phere with the spirit of actual engineering
and through such lectures some »cood has
been accomplished. In several -ecent in-
stances, also, men fresh from engineering
fields have been secured as the heads of
engineering school departments, and aa
such aCTord admirable Ulustiations o' a
policy which Is to be much commended.
Indiana Engineering Society.
The Indiana Engineering Society pre-
sents a program for its convention at
Indianapolis Jan. 14, 15 and 16. 1904. which
promises to be more than usually inter-
esting and valuable. It Indicates that the
society is endeavoring to Include all
branches of engineering in its interet'.ts.
The program Includes among others the
following:
"The Indiana Assessment Law," by C.
A. Kenyon, Indianapolis.
"The Indianapolis Municipal Testing
Laboratory," by Walter Buehler, Assist-
ant City Engineer.
"Computing Machines," by Prof. C. B.
Veal, Purdue University.
"Structural Timber," by Prof. W. IC
Hatt. Purdue University.
"Bridge Abutments and Piers," by Prof.
W. D. Pence, Purdue University.
"More Light on the Theory of Con-
crete," by S. B. Newberry, Sandusky
Portland Cement Company.
"Stream Pollution In Indiana, with Spe-
cial Reference to the Purification of
Strawboard Refuse," by M. O. Lelghton,
United States Oeologlcal Survey.
"The Sewer System of Connersvllle," by
Karl L. Hanson, City Engineer.
"Sewerage and Sewage Disposal at Bed-
ford," by G. C. Houston, City Engineer.
"The Septic Tank and Filter Bed of the
Eastern Hospital for the Insane," by
Prof. R. L. Sackett, Earlham College.
"Filters vs. Contact Beds In Sewag^a
Purification," by W. S. Shields, City En-
gineer, Chicago, 111.
"The New Centralized Power and Heat-
ing Plant of Purdue University," by Prof.
J. D. Hoffman.
"Steam Heating from Central Station,"
by Fred B. Hofft, Indianapolis.
"A New Automatic Stationary Engine,"
by F. F. Shandler, Indianapolis.
"Power Chains and Their Use," by
Charles H. Hills, Indianapolis.
"Smoke Prevention." by R. P. King, In-
dianapolis.
"Cost Keeping." by Harry B. Marsh.
Indianapolis.
"Locomotive Testing at St. Louis Expo-
sition." by Prof. W. F. M. Goss, Pur-
due University.
"Surveys for Electric Railway Con-
struction," by Charles L. Sellers. Peru.
"Interurban Railways In Small Cities/'
by John W. Fulwlder, Lebanon.
"Some Special Street Railway Work."
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
63
neer's Club, held at Philadelphia Nov. 21,
"Cement and its Uses" was the topic of
discussion.
The annual meetiner of the Iowa Brick
and Tile Association will be held in Ma-
3on City, la.. Jan. 20 and 21.
The annual convention of the Illinois
Clayworkers' Association will be held at
Danville, 111., Jan. 5 and 6.
The Wisconsin Clayworkers* Associa-
tion will hold its fourth annual meeting
s,t Portage, Wis., and the dates as now
proposed are March 1, 2 and 8.
The midwinter good roads meeting of
the National Good Roads Association will
be held at Ormond Beach, Fla., Jan. 28
and 29.
At the annual convention of the League
of California Municipalities at Stockton,
•Cal., Dec. 9, the subject of oil for good
roads was discussed. A. T. Lightner, trus-
tee at Bakersfleld. stated that his city
has thirty miles of oiled street^; that last
year 11,000 barrels were applied at a cost
of 60 cents per barrel, ninety barrels be-
ing used In the first application on each
3S0-foot block, the width of all streets
being fifty-one feet. C. B. Seeley of Napa
said that oil had been tried on twenty-five
miles of macadam with satisfactory re-
sults. Considerable attention was also
given to the litigation whereby the In-
ventors of machines for applying oil are
■attempting to recover damages. The use
of salt water for street sprinkling was
thoroughly discussed.
The December meeting of the New Eng-
land Waterworks Association was held
in Boston Dec. 9; A paper on "Notes on
the Building of a Storage Reservoir" by
Walter H. Richards and one "Rainfall
and RunofT from Catchment Areas" by
Lewis M. Hastings, C. E. of Cambridge.
Mass., were read. W. R. Grace, superin-
tendent of waterworks at Rockland,
^ass., urged the desirability of making
water rates a lien on the property occu-
pied by the consumer and moved the ap-
pointment of a committee of three to look
Into the matter and report at the January
meeting. The matter carried and the
president stated that he would appoint
the committee later.
Personal Notes.
W. J. Harsett has been elected mayor
;at Sacramento, Cal.
USttL JBL S. Sduaits has been re-elected
Charles E. Phelps, .Jr., has been reap-
pointed chief engineer of the municipal
subways of Baltimore, Md.
Peter J. Ford has been elected presi-
dent of the drainage board and William
G. Legner vice-president, at Chicago.
John R. Hardin has been appointed park
commissioner at Newark, N. J., to suc-
ceed Howard W. Hayes, who died Nov. 26.
John C. Brackenridge, M. Am. Soc. C.
E., has been appointed commissioner of
public works of the borough of Brooklyn.
N. L. Taylor, who gave up the office of
city engineer at Tacoma, Wash., Dec. 81,
1908. has established an ofi^ce at 801 N.
I-st., Tacoma.
W. A. Cattell, M. Am. Soc. C. E., con-
suiting engineer, has removed his offices
In New York City from 42 Broadway to
the Park Row Bldg.
Hon. C. C. Dlgby, mayor of Charleston,
111., visited Indianapolis. Ind., Dec. 12 to
obtain some information re;?ardlng street
cars and interurban roads.
C. H. Danenhower, conduit engineer of
the Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company,
Cincinnati, O., was appointed general en-
gineer of that company Dec."!.
Mr. Thomas Cyprian Prenyear, sales
manager of» the new Canadian Westing-
house Company, died of typhoid fever at
Ft. William, Canada, on Dec. 10.
Henry Burton has been elected superin-
tendent and consulting engineer, and
Thomas Riddle, jr., chief engineer to the
Water Board at Port Huron, Mich.
Williams & Whitman, civil and sani-
tary engineers, have removed from 702
Fuller Bldg.. New York City, to 908
Whitehall Bldg., Battery Park Place.
O. Perry Salle, C E., 146 Westmlnster-
st., Providence. R. I., has been appointed
engineers of waterworks and sewers at
Hickory. N. C. Edward W. Shedd will
be associated with him.
Messrs. Fred J. Potters, Samuel B.
Bower, William A. Shreve, Joseph L.
Caughlln and David R. Brown have been
appointed members of the water commis-
sion at Bordentown, N. J.
Oliver N. EUer has resigned as supers
Intendent of the municipal electric light
and waterworks plants at Portland. Ind..
to accept a position with the S. M. Smith
Company at Noblesvllle, Ind.
W. H. Hall of Birmingham. Ala., has
been appointed superintendent of public
works at Columbus, Ga., to succeed Rob-
ert I^. Johnson, who was killed by the
caving In of a trench Sept. 30.
John D. Allen has been appointed vice-
president and general manager of the
AlUs-Chalmers Company. Mr. Allen has
been associated with the company for
more than twenty-five years.
Gen. Francis V. Greene, commissioner
of police. New York City, has tendered
his resignation to take effect on Dec. 81.
to become general manager of the Nlag-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
troit, Mich., Nov. .29, aged sixty-three
years. Mr. Merdian was a paving con-
tractor, his business being conducted un-
der the name. of the Henry Merdian Com-
pany.
Charles Baillarge has resigned the du-
ties of city engineer at Quebec and has
been succeeded by his son, W. D. Ball-
large, who has the title of acting city en-
gineer. Mr. BaJUarge has filled the posi-
tion of city engineer for a number of
years.
Hon. Alen C. Pobes, newly-elected
Mayor at Syracuse, N. Y., has appointed
heads of departments under his adminis-
tration as follows: Ralph S. Bowen, com-
missioner of public safety; Aaron R.
Thompson, commissioner of public works;
corporation counsel, Walter W. Magel;
city engineer, Frank J. Schnauber, reap-
pointed.
Frederick W. Cappelen, former city en-
gineer of Minneapolis, Minn., has been
engaged by the special council committee
of that city to assist in determining the
cost of producing electric power In that
city and to secure comparative figures of
the cost of electric lighting and power in
the various cities of the United States
under similar conditions.
Robert Grimes, prominent in bridge
building, died at Elmira, N. Y., Dec. 8. He
was for years connected with the Union
Bridge Company. Among the bridges he
built are the first iron pier at Coney Is-
land, the cantilever bridq^o at Louisville,
the viaduct from the Harlem river to ihe
Grand Central Station in New York City.
MACHINERY AND TRADE
The American Road Roller Company.
The American Road Roller Company is
a new corporation, of which William
Churchill Oastler, Asso. Am. Soc. C. E.,
is president and Jay Con<;er is treasurer.
It is the successor to the business of Wm.
Churchill Oastler and a'lso to that of the
Conger Manufacturing* Company. The
principal offices of the company are at 15C
Fifth -ave., New York, and the works are
at Groton, New York. Mr. Oastler has
carried on a business in steam and road
rollers and street and street cleaning and
construction machinery for over twenty-
five years and his machines are widely
and favorably known. The Conger works
at Groton were completed just before the
combination was made and the new com-
pany starts out with better facilities than
the old and with the prestige of the
reputation of both of them.
A Ills-Chalmers Company's New Stand-
ard Reynolds Corliss Engine.
We illustrate herewith a new Corliss
represents the experience of twenty-six
years in building of Corliss engines and
combines all of the desirable elements of
the best designs.
Engines of the type illustrated are being
built in seven sizes, ranging from 50 to
500 horse-power, and are designed for
steam pressures up to 150 lbs. They are
built of somewhat shorter strokes than
have heretofore been customary in Cor-
liss engines, with the idea of economiz-
ing in space and making the construction
more rigid. The speeds are also some-
what higher than usual, ranging from HO
to 150 revolutions per minute, although
these speeds are not higher than those
at which the Reynolds-Corliss engines of
older deslgrn are frequently operated.
The frame is cast in one piece with the
slide, the construction being of the box
type, resting on the foundation for its
entire length. The main bearing shells
are bored into the frame, thus insuring
a solid bearing and also permitting the
easy removal of the shells by rolling them
out around the shaft.
The slide Is of the barrel type with
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
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cast-iron base plate, which extends under
the valve erear, serving as a drip pan.
The valve gear is of the usual Rey-
nolds Corliss type, the wrist plate being
of skeleton pattern and fitted with a new
type of disconnecting device which, while
clamping the hook rod firmly, is very
easily detached by iiand.
The dash pots are cf differential plunger
type without leathers or packing of any
kind.
The regulator is of the high-speed
weighted t3l>e, designed to control the en-
gine within narrow limits of speed varia-
tion.
The connecting rod is of steel with solid
forged ends, fitted with bronze boxes,
babbitt-lined on the crank pin ends, the
boxes being adjustable by means of screw
actuated wedges.
The crank pin is of plain type, polished
formerly laid, have opened a New York
office at 32 Broadway, under the man-
agement of Mr. T. Hugh Boorman.
They are now selling quantities of their
mastic to contractors throughout the
country and there is a special call for it
for brewery floors.
This mastic contains nothing but pure
material, viz.: Silica, carbonate of lime
and bitumen, free from residuum oils or
earthen or vegetable matter, which no
imported mastic can claim.
The company is also preparing to de-
liver rock asphalt powder ready for use
by municipalities for repairs and are per-
fecting plans for moderate cost machin-
ery of improved construction, which will
be much appreciated by city engineers
and commissioners of public works.
NEW CORLISS ENGINE OF ALLIS-CHALMERS CO.
on the face, and is protected by a plan-
ished steel oil guard (not shown in cut).
The onflTlnes are fitted oither with belt
flywheels, as shown, or with square rim
wheels where used with direct connected
electric generators. The crank and cross-
head pins and main Journals are of a size
ordinarily used with heavy duty engines.
In brief, the engine is strong, simple
and compact, and while nothing has been
added for ornamentation, nothing con-
tributing to economy or durability has
been omitted, and the machine should
find a large sale among power users who
appreciate quality.
♦
Kentucky Rock Asphalt for Floors and
Pavements.
The Wadsworth Stone and Paving Com-
pany of Pittsburg, owners of rock asphalt
mines on Green river, Kentucky, who for
the past two years have been using
American rock asphalt which they had
A Press for Making Cement Pipes.
The Kielberg molding press has been
used for some years in Europe for mak-
ing cement pipes and Is now being intro-
duced in this country by H. Schebye,
C. E.
The machine uses a cylindrical mold.
Inside of which works a mandrel, which
serves the double purpose of forming
the inner surface of the pipe and of com-
pacting the cement paste or mortar of
which the pipe is made. The mold is
made In two semi-cyllndrical halves
which are clamped together by a self •
locking band. Flanges or sockets are
made as desired.
To mold a length of pipe one of the
cylindrical molds is set up concentric
with the ring. The mandrel is then low-
ered into it until the helical thread is
nearly in contact with the bottom ring.
Enough cement to form the pipe socket
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Is ithen placed inside the mold and the
mandrel is rotated by means of gear-
ing. Tlie effect of this rotation is to
cause the helical threaii to force the ce-
ment downward and fill the socket. The
rotation is then continued, more cement
being added at intervals and the man-
drel being gradually moved upward, until
the moid Is fillM to the top. The man-
drel is then withdrawn from the mold
and the latter with its contents and base
plate is by means of an especial form
of car removed to the store-room, where
the iron foot of the mold is exchanged
for a wooden one. This done, the pipe Is
placed uprght and the mold taken away
whilst the pipe is left to harden.
The capacity of one machine is stated
to be as follows per hour:
6
9
12
15
18
20
24
Inches.
10
11
8
7
5
5
4
Pieces 8
ft. long
The pipes made by this machine are
very smooth internally, and being molded
under pressure, the concrete after hard-
ening is very strong. The- figures in the
accompanying table below represent the
breaking loads on pipes of different sizes,
three months old. These tests were made
by Dr. Toepffer, Finkenwalde, Gt?rmany.
The pipes were laid fiat and loaded on tfie
upper surface.
Table showing results of tests of cement
pipe, 3.28 feet long and of various diam-
eters:
Composition of Mortar.
1
UD
.2
Cem-
ent.
Sand.
SmaU
stones.
11
8
3
2
1%
1
8
3
4
3
""i"'"
1
Inch.
7.87
9.84
9.84
9.84
9.84
9.84
11.02
11.02
19.78
Inch.
1.03
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.18
1.18
1.57
Lbs.
6,455
6,305
7,059
5,855
5.324
5,789
5.216
5,027
5,247
Other tests made by the Royal Tech-
nical Academy, Stockholm, Swedep,
showed that the cement pipes were
stronger than those of glazed earthen-
water level had sunk 23mm. in the ce-
ment pipes and 150mm. in the earthen-
v/are pipes.
» «
Art Stone.
The first book written on the artificial
stone and hollow concrete building block
subject makes its appearance Jan. 1. It
was written by F. W. Hagloch, Rose
Building. Cleveland O., and gives plain
instructions in easily understood lan-
guage for the making of artificial stone
and hollow concrete blocks in all its uses.
It also gives much information as to
making colored artificial stone ornaments
of all kinds. The author is a practical
civil engineer who has devoted many
years to the subject of concrete and in
recent years has devoted his entire time
to the artificial stone industry. In this
work he describes all hand and machine
methods and has taken great care in de-
scribing every detail so that, he believes,
any one of common school education and
ordinary mechanical ability can by use
of this book make all kinds of artificial
stone successfully, special attention being
given to the materials and devices most
suitable for this line of work. A cate-
chism of over 100 questions and answers
gives a full review of the subject. The
appendix consists of a glossary defining
the unfamiliar terms used by the trade.
It is an instructor for the beginner and a
ready help for the most experienced. It
is neatly bound in cloth and can be had
by sending $1.50 to the author.
Trade Publlcat'ons.
Jeffrey coal washing machinery is
shown in catalogue 52 of the Jeffrey Mfg.
Co. of Columbus, O.
Jeffrey Screening Machinery is Illus-
trated and described in catalogue 69 of
the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company, of
Columbus, O.
The Cement Machinery Company,
Jackson, Mich., sends a large card illus-
trating and describing the new 32-inch
Normandin concrete block machine.
Circular No. 73 of the Jeffrey Manu-
facturing Company, Columbus, O., gives
a general illustrated list of the various
manufactures of this company in
pocket book form handy for consulta-
tion.
The Engineering Company of America,
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
67
The Medina Quarry Company, 150 Nas-
eau-8t.. New York, issue "to archlteot?,
<x>ntractors, owners, and other interested
persons" a handsomely illustrated book-
let describing: the product of their
<iuarries at Albion, New York, and its
U3e in buildings and pavements.
Julian Scholl & Co., 126 Liberty-st., New
York, issue a catalogue of their Reliance
steel stone crushers and portable stone
crushing plants, including folding ele-
Tator, revolving screens, portable bins
and road-roller or other portable engine.
^—
Trade Notes.
ASPHALT.
The Ada Asphalt Company, Ada, Ind.
Ter., is developing asphalt fields at that
place.
The asphalt plant of Brayer Bros, near
the city limits of Auburn, N. Y., was dt-
•stroyed by flre Dec. 18.
A fire in the plant of the Barber As-
phalt Paving Company at Long Island
City Nov. iJ6 caused a loss of about $oOO.
The purchase of an asphalt plant to re-
pair the asphalt streets in A!le^eny, Pa.,
Is recommended by E. J. Mcllvain, direc-
tor of public works.
The Boston Oil and Asphalt Company,
Washington, D. C. has been incorporatwl
by R. S. Donaldson, B. W. McCormick
and James P. Shepperson.
A two-foot vein of asphalt was found
recently on IT. G. Leevey's farm near
Robinson, Kas., while digging a well.
Samples have been submitted for analy-
sis and if a favorable report is rendered
the deposits will be developed.
Capitalists of Beaumont, Tex., will de-
velop asphalt deposits in the AYolf Creek
valley in Pike County, Arkansas. J. E.
Blackburn, president of the Texas Crude
Oil and Mining Company, Beaumont, has
secured 1,500 acres in fee simple, a lease
on 1,000 more acres and an option on .W-
OCO which are supposed to contain one
of the finest beds of asphalt in the coun-
try.
An attachment was served on the Fed-
eral Asphalt Company at Black Rock,
Grayson County, Ky., Dec. 3. The at-
tachment was sworn out by the Central
■Coal and Iron Company at Central City
for $1,063. The Federal Asphalt Company
was incorporated In West Virginia. Its
miues are located three miles from Big
Cilfty. Another attachment for $4,800 has
been sued for at Ft. Wayne, Ind. Presi-
dent Coffeen has not yet made a state-
ment of the affairs of the company, but
promises to do so in a few days.
BRICK.
The clay at Oak I'ark, Minn., is adapted
to the manufacture of paving brick, r/C-
cording to press reports, and a plant wi!!
be established.
The Clarinda Mining and Manufactur-
ing Company, Clarinda, la., will erect a
plant and engage in the manufacture of
pressed and paving brick.
The erection of a large paving brick
plant at New Albany, is contemplated by
McCann, Fitch & Converse of Chicago.
111.
The Staten Island Brick and Tile Man-
ufacturing Company, Washii;igton, D. C,
has been Incorporated by George Lodgo,
Walter Bevans and Charles M. Mac-
Go wan.
Ike A. Chase, Memphis, Tenn., desires
to correspond with parties who would be
interested in a site for the establishment
of a fire brick and sewer pipe plant.
H. Huennekes & Company, 114 Liberty-
st., New York, show many highly com-
mendatory letters from those who have
purchased plants of them and those who
have investigated the qualities of their
product, sand lime brick.
CEMENT.
The Consumers' Gypsum Company.
Port Clinton, O., has been Incorporated.
The plant of the Aetna Cement <Com-
pany, Fenton, Mich., is being Improved.
The Cumberland Cement and Paving
Company, Cumberland City, Tenn., has
been incorporated.
Plans are being discussed by the Di-
rectors at Detroit, Mich., for reorganiz-
ing the Hecla Portland Cement Com-
pany.
The construction of Immense Cement
works near Laverty, Indian Territory,
10 mis. west of Chlckasha, Is contem-
plated.
Balfour, Guthrie & Company, of Lon-
don, will engage In the manufacture of
cement near Whatcom, Wash., according
to press reports.
The Galveston, Houston & Northern
delivered to W. L. Macatee & Sons of
Houston, Tex., Jan. 11, 8,000 sacks of
cement of 95 pounds each.
The Carbutt Gypsum Company, Roches-
ter, N. Y., has been Incorporated to mine
gypsum, by John D. Lynn, Smith O'Brien
and Carroll A. Thompson.
The National Portland Cement Com-
pany, First National Bank building, Eas-
ton. Pa., will have a new 16-klln plant
in operation in the spring.
The Wyandotte Cement Company has
been Incorporated by George B. Morely.
of Saginaw; Standford T. Crapo, John B.
Ford, Harry J. Baxton and Benjamin F.
Berry of Detroit.
The Redfield Cement. Brick & Tllo
Manufacturing Company, Redfield, S D.,
has Its new machinery In running order
and will begin making cement bricks and
building blocks in the spring.
A Boston company has purchased, of
Hon. J. F. Wllkhouse of Orvillo, Ala.,
cement rights on 1,000 acres of land at
West Dallas. Ala. and will erect a large
plant for manufacturing Portland ce-
ment.
The pla^t of the Ft. Scott Hydraulic
Cement Company. Ft. Scott, Kas.,
was entirely destroyed by fire Dec. IL
The plant was principally owned by
Walter Halliwell and D. P. Thomas of
Kansas City.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The plants of the Glens Falls Portland
Cement Company, with the exception of
one have been closed for a short time on
account of a fire.
The Bronson Portland Cement Com-
pany, Bronson, Mich., has been
closed for the purpose of beingr put in
good condition for an early renewal of
business.
Valuable beds of cement extending
over an area of several miles SQuare
and directly adjoining Anadarko, O. T.,
have been located, according to press re-
ports from^Andarko.
The Bronson Portland Cement Com-
pany has acquired some of the property
of the Kalamazoo Cement Company, Kal-
amazoo, Mich. The company has also in-
creased Its capital stock from $500,000 to
. $1,000,000.
P. F. Haley and Q. Q. Hough, mana-
gers of the Bridger coal mine, Bridger,
Mont., have found another deposH of
gypsum one and one-fourth miles from
the railroad. Where exposed the ledge is
eight feet thick-
The Gypsum fields around Watonga,
Ok., aro pronounced by G. P. Grimsby,
secretary of the Kansas Academy of
Science, among the richest In the United
States. Mr. Grimsby has been Investi-
gating the deposits for Oklahoma City
and El Reno investors.
The repairs being made to the plant of
the Alpena Portland Cement Company,
Alpena, Mich., will be completed early In
January. At a recent meeting of the di-
rectors they unanimously voted to change
from the wet to the dry process, which
will require about three and a half
months and will cost between $50,000 and
$60,000. Herman Besser, president.
The Standard Portland Cement Com-
pany, Detroit, Mich., filed amended arti-
cles of association Nov. 27. converting
$900,000 of common stock into preferred
stock. The company is building a railroad
from its property in Benzie County to
Lake Michigan, where it has a large pier.
The construction of the plant will be
commenced In the spring. Fred H. Ald-
rlch, secretary.
The Consolidated Cement Company has
made a proposition to the county board
at Milwaukee, Wis., to sell Its White-
fish Bay property for prison use. The
Whiteflsh Bay property conaists of 75%
acres and is fully equipped with all th€
Improvements necessary for furnishing
an output of 1,000 barrels a day. W.
Bollow, agent.
The Kentucky Portland Cement Com-
pany, of Delaware, has been reorganized
by Detroit capitalists who have taken
over the holdings of the company and
will begin at once the construction of a
large cement plant at Marengo, Ind.
Congressman F. L. Wheeler is president
and John Lokie Is secretary and treasur-
er of the new company. Both gentle-
men are residents of Detroit. The Ken-
tucky Portland Cement Company was
organized In Louisville. Ky., in 1902 with
C. J. Meddin as president and C. B. Nor-
deman as secretary and treasurer. Plans
for a plant at Marengo will be made at
once by C H. Todge. The new company
will be known as the Marengo Portland
Cement Company.
The Wentx Engineering Company of
Nazareth, Pa., wiU begin Jan. 2, the
construction ot\ a 1,000-barrel cement
plant at Edgewater, Benzie County.
Mich., for the Standard Portland Ce-
ment Company. The Standard PorUand
Cement Company is composed of F. H.
Aldrich, 813 Hammond Building, Detroit;
S. C. Symons, Saginaw; Wm. J. Corn-
well, Cadillac; Edwin Fellows, Frank-
fort.
The Cement Tile Works, Sac City. la.,
is manufacturing drain tile out of cement
concrete and will manufacture building
blocks after molding dies invented by C
S. Larimer, manager of the company.
The company will engage in sidewalk
construction and will retail cemen^. A
steam heat plant has been put in and op-
erations will continue during winter and
summer. The officers of the company
are: President, George Glass; manager C.
S. Larimer; secretary, Henry Barent.
U. R. Loranger, former secretary and
manager of the Hecla Portland Cement
A Coal Company, Bay City, Mich., filed
in the United States Court Dec. 9, a
sworn petition asking the court to par-
mlt him to intervene in the foreclosure
suit brought against the Hecla Com-
pany by the Detroit 'a rust Company.
The former secretary claims that the
company's troubles are the result of a
deliberate attempt to wreck the com-
pany in order that the properties might
be secured at less than their actual
value, he and others being principal
creditors.
The Cement Workers and Heli^rs'
Union at Springfield, III., has elected offi-
cers for the ensuing six months as fol-
lows: President, W. Fifield (re-elected);
vice-president, Joe Bostick; recording
secretary, Clifford Fifield (re-elected);
financial secretary, Alfred Overton (re-
elected); treasurer, George Slfkln; war-
den, Pete DufCy; guide, Noah Roe. Trus-
tees—C. Fifield, R. Lovejoy, F. Mclnem.
Delegates to S. F. of Labor— W. Fifield,
R. Lovejoy, C. Fifield. This is the fourth
consecutive term that Clifford Fifield, the
present recording secretary, has been
unanimously elected to office.
The Alma Cement Company, which
purchased the property of the Alma Port-
land Cement Company at Wellston, O.,
is rebuilding the plant and will be ready
for operation about Jan. 1. 1903. The
company does not expect to place cement
on the market before March 1, however,
as it desires its product to be properly
aged before it goes out. The company's
offices are In the Betz Building, Phila-
delphia, and its officers are as follows:
President. B. B. Lathbury; vice-presi-
dent, Frederick Strau.ss; secretary and
treasurer, Mark T. Cox. William J. Don-
aldson in charge of sales department.
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
LIGHTING AND POWER.
The McClure Lighting Company, Minne-
apolis, Minn., has been incorporated by
F. D. Clark, Edward Stump and W. M.
Bruger.
The General Lighting Supply Company,
Philadelphia, Pa., has been incorporated
to furnish light, heat and uower and man-
ufacture and sell lighting supplies.
The American Gas Machine Company,
Albert Lea, Minn., has been Incorporated
by Ferdinand Larson, N. P. Chrlstenson,
J. P. Jensen, C. A. Ranson, Edward Olson,
Geo. Hurd, E. W. Knatvold and others,
all of Albert Lea.
The Saginaw United Electric Company
and Bay City United Electric Company
have been capitalized by Philadelphia
capitalists, who will engage in electric
lighting.
The Allgemeine and Union Elektricl-
tats companies, Berlin, Germany, decided
Dec. 5, to consolidate. Tho Union Com-
pany's 24,000,000 shares will be trans-
formed into 16,000.000 shares of the Alle-
meine, making the capital of the
latter $19,000,000.
A merger of electric and power plants
In the coke regions and the Pittsburg,
McKeesport & Connellsvllle railway sys-
tem has been effected and applications
for a charter for the combined Interests
will be made at Harrlsburg, Dec. 31. The
new company will be known as the West-
ern Pennsylvania Railroad Company and
will be in control of the entire lighting,
power and street railway systems of
Westmoreland and Fayette Counties and
part of the trolley system of Allegheny
County.
MI8CBLLANEOU8.
The works of the American Bridge Com-
pany at Ambridge, Pa., will be started
Jan. 4.
The Plymouth Paving Co., Minneapolis,
Minn., will manufacture sidewalk blocks
this winter at Aitken, Minn.
One of the largest stone crushing plants
In southern Minnesota has recently been
completed by Fowler & Pay of Mankato.
Minn.
The Canton Concrete Company, Canton,
C, has been incorporated by J. N. Mc-
Queen, Peter Schlsler, P. H. Weber, John
Floom and A. O. Stentz.
The Pleasant Hill Sewer Company, Tup-
per Lake, N. Y., has been incorporated
by Louis De Laucett. W. J. Devendorf
and Barney Seigel of Tupper Lake.
The Nashville Roofing & Paving Com-
pany of Nashville, Tenn., will build a
plant at Birmingham. Ala., for the man-
ufacture of bituminous macadam.
The Wagner Stone Company. Sandusky,
O.. has been incorporated by Michael
Wagner, Leo E. Wagner, Albert E. Wag-
ner. Emil W. Wagner and Joseph F.
Wagner.
The Ohio Paving Company has been In-
corporated at Indianapolis, acknowledg-
ing to Interests in Indiana worth $5,000.
John Kerlin, Montpeller, Ind., state rep-
resentative.
The Powers Manufacturing Company,
Clarinda, la., has been incorporated to
manufacture well-boring and rock-drill-
ing machinery and general well and
water supply tools.
The Building Block Manufacturing
Company, Minneapolis. Minn., has
erected a large plant near Lake Calhoun
for the manufacture of hollow concrete
blocks for structural purposes.
Lewlnson & Just, 452 Fifth-ave.. New
York City, have dissolved partnership and
George A. Just will conduct the business
of consulting and contracting engineers
under the firm name of .George A. Just
& Co.
C. M. and John J. Murphy, formerly of
the Fuller Construction Company have
organized and Incorporated the Murphy
Construction Company, with offices at 112
and 114 W. Forty-thlrd-st., New York
City.
The Howard Hydraulic Cement Com-
pany,, Cement, Ga., desires to correspond
with tile companies or parties who make
tile for sidewalks, etc. Also with par-
ties making tools for this walk. J. H.
Warner, prest. & treas.
Mayer Bros., Mankato, Minn., have
been incorporated to manufacture trip
hammers, boilers, gasoline and steam en-
gines, structural steel and iron, etc., with
oflftcers as follows: President. Louis
Mayer; vice-president, H. F. Mayer; sec-
retary and treasurer. Lorenz L. Mayer.
Mr. W. N. Thornburg has been elected
vice-president of the Ohio Quarries Com-
pany. His offices will be in the Marquette
building. 204 Dearborn-st., Chicago. Mr.
Thornburgh has been connected with the
sandstone trade for many years.
The Altoona Concrete Construction &
Supply Company of Butler, Pa., has been
Incorporated under Delaware laws to
manufacture the H. S. Palmer hollow
concrete building block and Cochrane ce-
ment sand brick. The incorporators are
Chas. C. Reeder. Butler. Pa.; S. P. Zetul-
Mr. F. S. Dickinson has been appointed
sales agent of the Bedford Quarries Com-
pany with offices in the Flatiron building,
949 Broadway. New York City. Mr.
Dickinson will have charge of the east-
ern sales of this company, which Is th«
largest producer of Oolitic limestone in
the world.
J. W. Sanderson of the Normandin Ce-
ment Building Block Machinery Company,
Burlington, la., has sold cement block
machines as follows: A company at
Cedar Rapids, la., composed of William
King. T. C. Munger and J. W. Sanderson;
to Roney & Sheehan of Independence, la. ;
to Webster Cement Products Company,
Webster City, la.; Rockford Concrete
Construction Company, Rockford, 111.;
company at Oskaloosa, la., composed of
G. H. Carlon & Sons and G. H. Carlon;
Chris Riemer & Co., Marshalltown, la.
The Normandin Cement block machine is
in operation in 22 plants in Iowa.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The Buffalo Litholite Company has been
Incorporated to manufacture an artificial
st6ne Invented by C. W. Stevens of Har-
vey, 111. The officers of the company are:
President, Uriah Cummings. Akron, N.
Y.r vice-president, Chas. H. Lockard,
Syracuse; secretary and treasurer, Chas.
Barnum. Buffalo.
Lewinson & Co. was recently Incorpor-
ated with offices at 128 W. iPorty-second-
st., New York City, to conduct business
as consulting engineers and* contractors.
MacMilian Lewinson, who is president of
the company, has been, for a number of
years a member of the recently dissolved
iirm of Lewinson & Just. D. B. Rich-
ardson is secretary and treasurer of the
company.
"We pull for Leschens" Is what you
read on the large leather collars of the
horses attached to the wagons of A.
Leschen & Sons Rope Company in St.
Louis, New York, Chicago and Denver.
These are the wagons in which they de-
liver their reels and coils of Hercules and
patent flattened strand and all other
kinds of wire rope. A. Leschen & Sons
Rope Company also manufactures and
erects aerial wire rope tramwajs of
every description; likewise underground
and surface wire rope haulage plants.
Their engineers in charge of the differ-
ent departments have had years of ex-
perience and are thoroughly competent.
920 to 932 N. First-st., St. Louts, Mb., is
the home office of A. Leschen & Sons
Rope Company.
mPROVEriENT AND
CONTRACTING NEWi
RAVING.
Davenport, la.— The Allen Paving case
will come up on appeal In the United
States Circuit Court on Jan. 11.
St. Joseph, Mo.— A sample block of pav-
ing will be constructed on Elghth-st..
between Felix and Francis-sts., by
Rackliffe & Gibson, using Purington
block, which is manufactured at Gales-
burg, 111.
Akron, O.— The property owners on
Rhodes-ave. have been granted an in-
punction restraining the County Treasur-
er from collecting the assessments for im-
proving that street, o.- the sale of their
property as delinquents on their refusal
to pay. They claim that the resolution
providing for the improvement was il-
legal.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Frankford. Pa.— Paving is contemplated
for various streets.
Hazleton. Pa.— An ordinance has beeu
passed to pave Wyoming-st.
Scranton, Pa.— Cedar-ave. will be paved.
Aleck T. Connell, mayor.
Pasadena. Cal.— Marengo-ave. will be
paved its entire length. 2\ miles.
Boston. Mass.— The question of widen-
New York City- The property owners
on lower Park-row have petitioned for
asphalt paving.
Albany, N. Y.— An ordinance has been
approved by Mayor Gaus for paving
Sherman-st. with asphalt.
Dallas, Tex.— The Dallas county comrs.
will engage a civil engineer to preparo
plans for county roads.
Nashua, N. H.— The bd. of pub. wks.
contemplates paving Main-st., from City
Hall to the Worcester tracks.
Fairvlew, Mich.— This village voted Dec.
12 to issue $36,000 bonds for paving, sew-
ers and water mains.
Houghton, Mich.— (Special.)— W. V. Sa-
cicki, vll. engr., says this village contem-
plates paving Sheldon-st.
Newport News, Va.— A bill has passed
the Senate approving the Issue of |66,00(^
bonds for street pavements.
Cedar Rapids, la.— The city council is
considering a petition for the improve-
ment of the Welchheimer road.
Los Angeles, Cal.— Petitions have been
submitted to the city council asking for
about 4 mis. o? asphalt paving.
Little Falls, N. Y.— The question of pav-
ing all the pilncipal streets is being con-
sidered. Cy. Engr. Lansing.
Walla Wtlla. Wash.— Tiie necessity of
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
71
Hays. Kas.— An ordinance has been ap-
proved for constructing sidewalks on
various streets. W. H. Cakrick. cy. elk.
Atlanta, Ga.— The question of paving
Marietta-ave.. from Peach Tree-st. to a
point near the {government building with
asphalt Is under discussion.
Paris, 111— Ordinances will be passed In
January for paving S. Central, N. Cen-
tral and Pralrie-st9. Cy. Engi\ St/wyer.
Mobilfi, Ala.— The board of public works
will present the plan for the third pav-
ing contract to the general Council dur-
ing January.
Atchison, Kas.— A resolutioh has been
passed' to pave 7.800 square yards of
Parallel-st. with brick. Fred Giddings,
cy. engr.
Atlantic City, N. J.— The property-own-
ers on lowa-ave., from Pacific to Arctlc-
aves., have petitioned for asphalt or
bituiithio pavement.
New York City— The board of esti-
mates appropriated $1,750,000 for the com-
pletion of the Riverside Drive extension,
One Hundred and Thirty-fifth to "Or.o
Hundred and Flfty-fllth-sts.
Philadelphia, Pa.- A boulevard frovn
City Hall to the Green-st. entrance to
Park Is proposed. Macadam or asphal':
paving will be usod.
Marshalltown. la.— A resolution will bo
considered by the City Council Jan. 4 pro-
viding for paving Second, Third, Fourth
and Fifth-sts., six blocks.
Greece, N. Y.— The town board has
decided to construct about 6 miles of
roads. Bids will be asked as soon as
plans and speclficn lions can be prepared.
Rushville, Ind.— The county commis-
sioners have approved the report of the
viewers for constructing 12 mis. of the
Gcwdy, Moscow arid St. Paul pike.
Akron, O.— Ordinances have been ap-
proved for paving Upson and Docust-
st?. with brick, and macadamizing
South and Bill-fets. Chas. W. Kempel,
mayor.
Decatur, Ind.— A oetitlon has been sub-
mitted to the county auditor asking for
the construction of a macadam road in
Monroe township. Abe Boch, co. audt.
Frankfort. Ind.— About 20 mis. of new
gravel roads will be built, as a result of
the recent decision of the Supreme Court
holding the gravel law to be constitu-
tional.
Norwood, O.— Resolutions have been
passed by the city council providing for
the construction of macadam paving on
Lawrence and Walton-aves. John
Meyer, prest. cy. coun.
Washington, la.— A resolution was ap-
proved Dec. 7 for paving Iowa. Marion,
Main and Washington-st*. with brick
blocks. Objections will be heard Jan. 6.
A. N. Alberson. mayor.
supvrs. to construct a state road 2 mis.
long from Stottsville to this place, and
one 1-ml long from Chatham to Chat-
ham Center.
Ashland, Wis.- The committee appoint-
ed by Mayor Williams to report upon
street Improvements for next year favor
macadam paving for W. Second and
Thlrd-sts. and Prentice and Vaughn-
aves. with asphalt for Seventh and El-
lis-aves. and Second-st.
rONTRACTS TO BE LET.
Ottawa, O.— Bids are asked untr. Jan.
28 lor 7^ miles of stone road work. O. C.
Talbot, CO. surv.
Paoll, Ind.— Bids are asked until Jan.
5 for building ^ mis. and 1.548 ft. oJ.' road.
Geo. W. Tegarden, co. audt.
Cleveland, O.— Bids are asked until Jan.
6 for paving a number of streets with as-
phalt. A. R. Callow, secy B. P. 3.
Lafayette, Ind.— Bids are asked until 10
a. m. Jan. 11 for constructing the E. B.
Steeley et al. gravel road. Bd. comrs.
I^ Mars. la.— Bids are asked until Jan.
16 for paving Sixth, Seventh and Main-
sts. with vitrified brick. O. L. Louden-
slager. elk.
Houston, Tex.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m. Jan. 4 for constructing 32 mis.
of gravel pavements. O. T. Holt, mayor;
D. D. Bryan, secy.
Omaha, Neb.— Bids are asked until Jan.
22, according to local press reports, for
building permanent sidewalks and for
grading Flfteenth-st. and an alley.
Cincinnati, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until Jan. 14 for paving McMillan-st.
from May-st. to Auburn-ave. with as-
phalt. Geo. F. Holmes, elk. B. P. S.
Toms River. N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until Feb. 9 for building a gravel
road in Union twp. 3.25 miles In length.
Jas. E. Otis. dir. bd. freeholders.
New London. Conn.— Bids are asked un-
til Jan. 14 for constructing a macadam-
ized road between Ft. Mansfield and
Watch Hill. R. I. Address Q. M., 27
Granlte-st.
Bloomfield. Ind.— Bids are asked until 1
p. m.. Jan. 5. for building 2 mis. of gravel
roads In Smith twp. and % mi. of gravel
road In Center twp. Bd. comrs.
Sullivan. Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 11 a. m., Jan. 4, for building 4 mis.
of stone roads In Haddon twp. Joseph
Asbury. chmn. bd. comrs.; J. M. Lang,
CO. audt.
Port Townsend. Wash.— Bids are asked
until Jan. 13, for building granolithio
walks as approaches to buildings at
Forts Worden and Casey. Geo. H. Pen-
rose. Q. M.. V. S. A.
Columbus. Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until Jan. 7 for 9,325 sq. yJs. of brick pav-
ing on Washington-st., and 7.000 sq. yds.
on FIfth-st. W. H. Rights, cy. engr.;
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Crookston, Minn.— Sealed bi-ds are asked
until 8 p. m., Jan. 12, for granite ma-
cadam pavingr, granite or sandstone curb-
ing and granolithic gutter on Broad wa>,
Main, Fletcher and Third-sts. W. H.
Graver, cy. elk.
Belleville. 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until Jan. 20, 1904, for paving W. Main
and S. Illlnois-sts. with brick, with stone
curbing; paving Race, Second and Third-
sts. with asphalt, with combined granit-
oid Tiurb and gutter. Fred J. Kern, prest.
B. L. I.
Toledo, O.— Bids are asked until Jan. 4,
for brick paving as follows: John-st.,
647 sq. yds.; Ostrich Lane, 1,005 sq. y^s.;
Prouty-ave., 1,650 sq. yds. Bids are a.sked
until Jan. 18 for 1,690 sq. yds. of brick
paving on Elm-st.. and 5,930 sq. yds. on
Auburn-ave. Harry S. Jones, secy. B.
P. S.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Ardmore, I. T.— The contract for paving
Main-st. with asphalt was awarded to J.
B. Downard.
Cincinnati, O.— The contract for paving
Fourth-st. with asphalt was awarded to
the Kirchner Construction Company.
Atlanta, Ga.— The contract for paving
N. Pryor-st., /rom Peachtree to Alabama,
with asphalt, was awarded to Venabl«i
Bros.
Springfield, Mass.— The contract for
constructing the Depot road was awarded
to John Polcaro of Plttsfield for $22,608.
Chester, Pa.— W. E. Reilly was awarded
the contract for relaying the sidewalks
on Fifth and Lloyd-sts. at 55 cents a sq.
yd.
Far Hills, N. Y.— The contract for mac-
adam paving to the Morris county line
was awarded to Augustus Munson &
Company for I'i2,8u9.
Lexington, Mo.— The contract for pav-
ing Main-st.. from Eighth to Thirteenth,
was awarded, Dec. 10, to Ihe Ft. Scott
Stone & Const. Company for $1.74 a sq.
yd.
St. Paul. Minn.—The contract for mac-
adam paving on W. Seventh-st., from
Tuscarora to Fort Snelilng was awarded
to Fielding & Shepley for $69,872.
Benton Harbor, Mich. — The Cleveland
Asphalt and Paving Company, Cleveland,
O., was awarded the contract for paving
three streets at $1.87 a sq. yd.
Salt Lake City, Utah.— Paving contracts
were awarded Dec. 13 as follows: B.
First South-st., J. P. Moran. $21,711.2^;
cement sidewalks, R. S. Blome Company
of Chicago, $29,696.
Bound Brook, N. J.— Bids have been re-
rtAlvAil fftr mat*ai\am r\a-v\r\cr t\r\ Tlffmntoin.
HoUoway, 8.8 cts. *: sq. ft.; Grading, curb
and gutter in Carlton-avo., Charles Mush-
rush, 65 cts. a ca. yd. for grading, 20 cts.
a lin. ft. for curb and 13 cts. for gutter.
Pleasant-st., E. J. Hart, sidewalks, S.izS
cts.; grading, 29 cts.; curb, 20 cts. and
gutter, 18 cts.
Kansas City, Mo.— The contract for re-
surfacing Westport-ave. from Main-st. to
Shawnee-ave., was awarded to the Baroer
Asphalt Paving Company at $1.85 a s^j.
yd. Other contracts for asphalt paving
were awarded as follows: 40th-st., from
Main to Oak, Parker- Washington Com-
pany, $7,243.35; 23d St., from Indiana lo
Cleveland, Gllsonite Company, $10,225.40;
brick sidewalk. 25th-st.. from Michigan n>
Cleveland, Missouri Sidewalk Company,
$284.70; curbing Locust-st., from 20th-Bt.
to Belt line tracks, Kansas City Sidewalk
Company, $185.25.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Bids have been received
for paving as follows: Repavlng Wal-
den-ave., German Rock Asphalt Com-
pany, asphalt, $12,065; paving Hartman-
place. Eastern Construction Company,
asphalt, S6,300. F. V. E. Bardol bla th'^
same sum for brick; repavlng Tona-
v/anda-st.. German Rock Asphalt Com-
pany, asphalt, $36,048; L. H. Gipp, brick.
$30,500.
Cadillac, Mich.— Bids were submitted
Dec. S for paving the principal streets
as follows: Cleveland Trinidad Asphalt
Company of Ohio, asphalt, lO-yoar guar-
antee, $33,020; Central Bitulithlc Company
of Detroit, bituUtliic, 10-year, $34,786; 5-
year, $32,433; Barber Asphalt Pax'lnflr
Company, Detroi't, bitulithlc, 10-year, $32.-
666; Trinidad. 10-year, $32,500; Trinidad
Lake asphalt. 10-year, $33,293; A. Prange.
Grand Rapids. Canton brick, 10-year, $3L-
686; Dean & Connors. Albion. Mich., 10-
year, $81,214; 5-year, $80,976.
Philadelphia. Pa.— Bids were received
Dec. 17 for repairing streets, maintaining
macadamized roads, etc., as follows: Re-
pair streets, except asphalt and grano-
lithic. Mack Paving Company. $144,200.
Maintaining macadamized and improved
roads, D&vid Peoples. $175,000; Edward
H. Vare, $122,000; David McMahon. $180.-
000; James R. Shanley, $170,000. For re-
surfacing macadamized roads with
broken stone, David McMahon, 91 cenfta
per square yard; Edward H. Vare, 80
cents; David Peoples. 95 cents, ■ and
James R. Shanley, 90 cents.
Syracuse, N. Y.— Bids have been sub-
mitted for paving S. Sallna-st. as fol-
lows: John W. Bustln. 405 W. Onon-
daga-st.. Syracuse brick, $22,370;» and
sandstone between railway tracks, $24.-
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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sandstone between tracks, ;26.003; Empire
Contracting: Company, 112 E. Jefferson-
st., Trinidad asphalt, $28,921, and sand-
stone between tracks, $27,177.
SEWERS.
Columbus, O.— Mayor Jeffrey Is oppose<2
to the exi)endlture of $50,000 for the con-
struction of a temporary or experimental
sewage disposal plant.
CONTEMPLATKD WOKK.
Evansvlllo, Ind.— A main sewer is con-
templated.
Marden Rock, Wis.— Plans for a sewer
arc under consideration.
Chamborsburg, Pa.— A 24-in. pipe sewer
to the creek is proposed.
Croton, Conn.— The question of sew-
age disposal is being discussed.
Hutchinson, Kas.— The extension of the
sewerage system is contemplated.
Falrvlew, Mich.- This village voted to
issue bonds for building sewers.
Lamberts vlUe, N. J.— The construction
of a system of sewers is contemplated.
Monasha, Wis.— A sewer in Manltowor-
st. is contemplated. S. S. Little, cy. elk.
Rockford, 111.— The city engineer is pre-
paring plans for a new sewer in Pralrio-
st.
Red Wing, Minn.— I'lans have been de-
cided upon for a sewerage system in
East Red Wing.
Vt. Wayne, Ind.— A resolution has been
adopted for a system of sewers in South
Wayne territory.
Houlton, Me.— An engineer will be en-
gaged to make a survey for the exten-
sion of the sewerage system.
Fltchburg, Mass.— Plans have been pre
pared for building a sewerage system.
David A. Hartwell, cy engr.
Bellevile. 111.— An ordinance has been
adopted to build intercepting sewers and
a ?eptlc tank. Mayor Kern.
Edwardsville, 111.— Bids may be asked
In February for constructing 20 to .30-in.
pipe sewers and a septic tank.
Hagerstown, Md.— Mayor Holzappcl. jr.,
advocates the construction of eight to
ten underground drains to cost about
$8,000.
Baltimore, Md.— The sewerage commis-
sion has finally placed the oost of the pro-
posed sewerage system at $12,000,000.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Estimates have
been prepared for building sewers in
Baldwin and N. Unlon-sts. and Ellsworth
and Morris-aves.
Binghamton. N. Y.— S. E. Monroe, cy.
engr., estimates the cost of the proposed
Fourth Ward trunk sewer at $85,000 with-
out the laterals.
will be asked for the construction of a
trunk sewer In Noble-ave. and the exten-
sion of the trunk sewer In Maln-st
Niagara Palls, N. Y.— A sewer is pro*
posed from the disposal works in Echota
to the tunnel trunk sewer. Bids will be
asked for building a sewer In Beech-ave.
Buffalo, N. Y.— The Business Men and
Taxpayers' Association of West Seneca
has appointed a committee to report on
the matter of Installing a modern sewer-
age system.
Janesvllle, Wis.— The special committee
has recommended the construction of
sewers and storm sewers In a large num-
ber of streets on the west side of the
river.
Johnstown. Pa.— Resolutions have been
introduced providing for a trunk sewer
to take care of the first, second and third
ward sewage and for a permanent Sow*
erage system.
Sebring, O.— Plans have been accepted
for the proposed sewerage system. Plans
and specifications for a new sewage dis-
posal plant will be submitted to the
State Board of Health.
HyattsvIUe, Md.— A preliminary survey
of the torwn Is being made by T. Chalk-
ley Hatton of Wilmington, Del., prepara-
tory to making estimates of the cost of
installing a sewerage system.
The construction of sewerage systems
Is contemplated at the following places:
Coldwater, Mich.; Saxonvllle, Mass.;
Lakevlfle, Conn.; Newton, N. J.; Ben-
nettsviile, S. C; Louisiana, Mo.; San-
tiago, Chili.
CONTSACT8 TO BE LET.
Clinton, la.— Bids are asked until Jan.
12 for 63G0 ft. of brick sower. H. E. Gates,
elk.
Crookston, Minn.— Bids are asked un-
til Jan. 8 for constructing ditch No. 49.
N. A. HofTard, co. audt.
Cannellton, Ind.— Bids are asked until
10 a. m. Jan. 4 for constructing a public
ditch. Bd. CO. corors.
Alexandria, Minn.— Bids are asked until
Jan 11 for constructing ditch No. S. E.
P. Wright, CO. audt.
Vinlta, Ind. Ter.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 6 for building a sewerage system. F.
J. Barrett,^ recorder.
Anderson', Ind.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 2 for constructing 7 mis. of open
ditch. Morton H. Downey, co. surv.
Decatur, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 7 p. m. Jan. 5 for a 10 in. tile sewer
In Marshall-st. D. M. Hower, cy. elk.
St Paul, Minn.— Bids are asked until
2 p. m., Jan. 4 for building a sewer on
Falrfield-ave. from Wabash to Custer-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
. HaWklnsville, Ga.— Sealed bids are ask-
ed until Jan. 21 for furnished and laying
19,500 feet of 6 to 15-in. sewer pipe, in)
manholes and 10 flush tanks. T. J. Hol-
der, cy. elk.
Omaha, Neb.— Bids are asked, accord-
ing to press reports, for constructing the
Saddle Creek sewer, from Hamilton to
California-sts. and sewers in Llncoln-
ave. and Thirteenth and Cass-sts.
New Orlean.?, La.— Sealed bids are ask-
ed until Feb. 2 for constructing 66 mis.
of sewers and appurtenances, including
700 manholes and oOO flush tanks. F. S.
Shields secy, sewerage and water bd.
CONTRACTS AWAKDBD.
Tacoma, Wash.— Carlson & Swanson se-
cured the contract Deo. 15 for building
sewers !n dist. No. 2i for $2,925.
Wabash, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing a ditch 7 mis. long was awarded
to A. M. Jones of Syracuse for $10,000.
Burlington. la.— The contract for
building the Hawkeye sewer was award-
ed to the Burlington Const. Company for
$20,000.
Oakland, Cal.— The contract for building
a main outlet sewer was awarded to E. 6.
& A.L. Stone for $136,511.10.
Kansas City, Mo.— The contract for
constructing a sewer in district 218 was
awarded to W. C. Mulllns for $204,812.83.
Salt Lake City, Utah— The contract for
constructing sewers was awarded Dec. 12
to Jaa. Kennedy & Co. of Fargo, N. D.,
for $18,801.
Baston. Pa.— The contract for building a
sewer from Second-st. to the Delaware
river was awarded to John McQueriiey,
city, for $2,516.
National Park. N. J.— The contract for
constructing sewerage system was award-
ed Dec. 1 to H. A. Miller of Wilmington
for $5,387.54.
Steubenville, O.— John O. Bates was
awarded the contract for building a 20-ln.
sewer on S. Seven th-st., from South to
Slack-sts., for $1,488.80.
Greensboro. N. C— The contract for
building 13% nils, of lateral sewers warf
awarded to Guild & Co. of Chattanooga.
Tenn.. for $34,529.
Harrisburg. Pa.— Henry Opperman was
the lowest bidder, Dec. 19, for construct-
ing the Second-st. sewer extension from
Muench to Kelker for $671.
Saginaw, Mich.— Sewer contracts have
been awarded as follows: State-st.. from
Merchon to Bay-sts., Z. & J. Lalonde;
Mackinaw-st.. from Center to Llnden-
sts.. B. F. Brucker & Co.
$25,000; Wm. H. Achuff, $16,900; Jas. M.
West, $14,400; B. E. Minaghan. $15,876; Da-
vid Peoples, $29,000.
East S>'racuse, N. Y.— The contract for
building a sewerage system was awarded,
Dec. 4, as follows: South Section, M.
O'Hearn & Co., Pittsburg. $22,686.30; north
section, De Nallo & Klingsburg of Kings-
ton. $24,562.20.
Mishawka, Ind.— The Elkhart Construc-
tion Company was awarded the contract,
Dec. 7. for building Joseph-st. sewer No.
3 for $1,430.68. Fred Rankert was awarded
the contract for the Calhoun, Charlotte
and Joseph-st. trunk sewer for $22,539.96.
Guttenberg, N. J.— Bids for building the
main outlet sewer have been submitted
as follows: George Horung. $33,669; Rob-
ert J. Emmer, $37,338; Palisade Construc-
tion Company. Jersey City, $40,998.72; Au-
gust Theit, $36,602; Capone & Frost, $35,-
022; Michael J. Curley, Jersey City, $40,-
267.
Milwaukee, Wis.— The contract for com-
pleting the Kinnickinnic river flushing
tunnel was awarded Dec. 22 to R. J. Mick-
ey at $38 a lin. ft. R. W. Forrestal, who
had the contract for the complete work
and was released from the contract, had
completed all but 385 feet of the work.
St. Paul, Minn.— Edward J. Kirkland
submitted the lowest bid Dec. 14 for con-
structing the first three-fourths mile of
the St. Anthony Park .<«ewer system. His
bid aggregated $59,122, which was $500 le«w
than the city engineer's estimate. The
sewer will be built of brick and stone or
concrete and steel.
Centralia, 111.— The contract for con-
structing a sewerage system was awarded
Dec. 10 to Engel & Carpenter of West
Pullman, Chicago, for $38,283.18. The work
consists of 23.920 ft. 8 in., 10.165 ft. 10 in.,
7.205 ft. 12 in.. 1 880 ft. 15 in. and 3,575 ft
18 in. pipe sewers. 75 manholes and 21
flush tanks. Iowa Engineering Company,
Clinton, la., Engrs. in charge.
WA TSR'WORKS,
Chicago, 111.— George Mayer was ap-
pointed receiver of the East Chicago
Water Works Company, Dej. 8, by Judge
Kavanaugh.
Columbia, Mo.— The city council de-
cided. Dec. 16, to purchase the water
and light plant of the Columbia Water
and Light Company.
Camden, N. J.— The Wilmington Water
and Light Company has been incorpor-
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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of the city's water supply. The water
department has knowledge of about 500
cases of pollution, about 150 of which are
technical, but not actual, inasmuch as
they are within the limit set by law pro-
hibitingr the existence of nuisances near
streams tributary to the water supply,
and yet do not drain into the stre.ims.
Of the remaining number many consist
of barnyards and pig pens and about 100
nuisances, all due to dwellings.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Suit was brought
In the Federal court Dec. 17 by Frank H.
Cooper of New York City, asking for a
receiver for the Lake City Water Com-
pany, at Hammond, Ind., and asking for
an Injunction against that city to pre-
vent it from cutting the company's con-
nection with the city's mains. He
claims that the city owes the company
$15,000 for water rentals and is arrang-
ing to cut off the company's mains and
8ui>ply citizens with water from other
sources. Mr. Cooper is owner of 60
bonds of an Issue of $197,000 authorised by
the city of Hammond In 1901 to build a
water works system.
Bristol, Tenn.— A temporary Injunc-
tion restraining this city from putting in-
to effect the deal by which the city was
to become owner of the water works of
the Bristol-Goodson Water Company, the
King and Preston Springs, was granted
by Chancellor H. H. Haynes, Dec. 12. The
oily had closed deal foi these properties
at $112,500. The citizens seeking the in-
junction, stated in their petition to the
court that the city has no legal right to
purchase and operate the plant of anoth-
er corporation; that the city has no right
to contract for rights-of-way and to con-
struct a pipe line In Virginia which
would be necessary to reach the Preston
Springs, the proposed source of supply;
that the price agreed upon is exorbitant.
The petitioners propose the purchase of
the Bristol-Goodson wat-er works at a
* lower price, and the construction of a
pipe line to the Holston River at Damas-
cus, a distance of 15 miles.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Newton, N. J.— A storage reservoir is
proposed.
Springfield, O. — The extension of the
water mains is proposed.
Marquette, Mich.— The extension of the
Intake pipe is proposed.
Waldron. Ind.— A company has been or-
ganized to build a water works.
Fairvlew, Mich.— The village voted to
Issue bonds for water mains.
Auburn. N. Y.— The Water Board has
decided to lay about 5 mis. of water
mains during 1904.
Lancaster, Pa.— A committee has been
appointed to Investigate and report on a
nitration plant.
Sheboygan, Wis.— Plans are being made
for municipal water works. George C.
Morgan, Chicago, engr.
Harrisburg, Pa.— The contract for con-
structing the filter plant will probably
be let in February.
Waltham, Mass. — The Improvement of
the water supply will be taken up by the
new city government.
Downers Grove. III.— The water mains
will be exftended on Rogers and Elm-sts.
and Prairle-ave.
The question of issuing water works
bonds will be voted on at the following
places: Waverly, Minn.; Caro, Mich.
Pueblo. Colo.— An ordinance has been
oassed providing for the issue of $150,000
bonds for the North Side water works.
Gadsden, Ala.— The question of the city
owning and operating Us own wa>ter
works system will be voted on Jan. 4.
Houghton, Mich. (Special)— W. V. Sa-
vickl, vil. engr., says this village con-
templates enlarging its water works sys-
tem.
Rockford, 111.— A revolution was passed
Dec. 7 favoring the installation of wa-
ter meters in many of the large build-
ings.
Nevada, Mo. (Special)— James M. Clack,
cy. engr., says this city voted to Issue
$90,000 for a new municipal water plant.
The question of Issuing water works
bonds nas been favorably voted on as
follows: Cedar Bluffs, Neb.; Saugatuck,
Mich.; Phoenix, Ariz.
Sayviile. N. T.- The establishment of
water works is contemplated by the Say-
viile Electric Light Company In connec-
tion with Its electric plant.
Shenandoah, Pa.— The question of in-
creasing the borough debt $50,000 for se-
curing a more plentiful water supply will
be voted on In Februar>\
Yankton, S. D.— The estimated cost of
Improving the water works system includ-
ing a standpipe, filtration plant and new
mains Is $77,000.
Columbus, Ga.— J. L. Ludlow, cons,
engr., Winston, N. C, has submitted es-
timate of the cost of water works for
this city. T. E. Golden, chmn. water
comrs.
Brockton, Mass.— An ordinance has been
passed providing for a loan of $150,000 for
completing the Silver Lake Water Sup-
ply system. Horace Kingman, supt.
w. w.
Springfield, Mass.— Mayor Stone and the
Board of Water Commissioners have pe-
titioned the legislature for authority to
secure a water supply from the Westfield
river.
Wheeling, W. Va.— This city has au-
thorized an expenditure of $75,000 for a
new 30-in. supply main from the pump-
ing station to the reservoir. C. B.
Cooke, cy, engrr.
Philadelphia. Pa.— The loan bill pro-
^vldlng for a bond issue of $16,000,000 for
filtration, sewers, bridges, paving, build-
ing, etc., has been passed over the
mayor's veto.
Delphi. Ind.— C^'. engr. Shields recom-
mends the plan of taking water from
the mill race on Deer Creek and filtering
It. as a means of securing an increased
water supply.
La Cra?se, Wis.— A plan has been
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
formulated subject to the approval of
the citizens, for the Immediate construc-
tion of a filtration plant at a cost of
180,000 to $100,000.
Trenton, N. J.— The council finance
committee contemplates emp!oylns an
engineer to report upon the feasibility of
auxiliary high pressure water mains for
the center of this city.
Chehalls, Wash.— This city has pur-
chased the plant of the Chehalls Water
Company. A gravity water system and
the Improvement of the source of supply
Is now proposed. Francis Donahue,
mayor.
The construction of water work.9 sys-
tems is contemplated at the following
places: Elberton, Ga.; Tahlequah, Ind.
Ter.; MIlo. Me.; Prospect, N. Y.; Gar-
field, N. J.; Winchester, 111.; Murray, O.;
Onawa, la.
CONTRACTS TO BB LIT.
HawltlnsvUle. Ga.— Sealed bids are asked
until Jan. 21 for a water works system.
T. J. Holden, cy. elk.
New Orleans, La.— Sealed bids are
asked until Feb. 2 for laying 2.7 mis. of
water mains. F. S. Shields, secy, sewer-
age and water bd.
Ithaca, N. Y.— Bids are asked until Jan.
4 for constructing artesian wells to in-
take well at the pumping station. John
Miller, secy, water bd.
Portland, Me.— Bids are asked until Jan.
22 for constructing a pumping and storage
plant at Ft. McKinley, Me. Capt. A. W.
Gates, Q. M. U. S. A.
San Antonio, Tex.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 5 for the erection of a 50.000-gal. steel
tank on 50 ft. trestle at Ft. Brown, Tex.,
T. B. True, C. Q. M.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until Jan. 7 for constructing a wa-
ter tank and tower at the Mt. Pleasant
School, Mich. W. A. Jones, comr. Indian
AfTalrs.
Dayton. O.— Sealed bld« are asked until
Jan. 20 for furnishing and delivering 800
%-in., 20 %-in., 15 1-In., 5 l^-in. and 5 2-In.
water meters. Louis Haas. prest.
B. P. L.
Milwaukee. Wis.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 1 for furnishing a pumping
engine, boileiB and auxiliary machinery
for the Klnnicklnnlc river flushing tun-
nel. Chas. J. Poetsch, chmn. comrs. pub.
wks.
Prophetstown, 111.— Bids will be received
Jan. 19 for a .steel tower and tank, two
miles of mains, pumping station, gasoline
engine, and triplex pump. Iowa Engineer-
ing Company, engrs., Clinton, la.
Minneapolis. Minn.— Bids are asked un-
til Jan. 8 for furnlshinfi: 815 tons of 6. S. 12
and 16-in. c. 1. pipe; 64 6-ln.; 3 8-ln. and
4 12-in. valves; 103 hydrants; 25 tons spe-
cial casting. L. A. Lyrard, cy. elk.; An-
drew Rinker. cy. encr.
St. Paul. Minn.— Blf^.s are n.^^ked ir^ti!
Jan. 11 for furnishing 4 to 16-ln. water
gates; 10,000 ft. 6-in., 4,000 ft. 12-in.. 7.200
ft. 16-ln. water pipe with privilege of ad-
ditional pipe hydrants: 1,000 ston boxes;
4 to 16-in. valve boxes; cast Iron spe-
cials. John Caulfleld, secy, water comrs.
Washington, D. C- Sealed bids are
asked until Jan. 7 for constructing 18 mis.
of canal, pressure pipes and tunnels, to-
gether with headworks, spillways and
gates for the diversion anJ conduction of
about 200 cu. ft. of water per second
from Salt river, about 25 mis. north of
Globe. Ariz., for power purposes. E. A,
Hitchcock, secy. int.
CONTRACTS AWARHRD.
Chickasha, Ind. Ter.- The contract for
building the waterworks system was
awarded to Bums & McDonnel of Kansas
City.
Seattle, Wash.— The Pacific Coast Pipe
Company wa.s awarded the contract Dec.
5 for 8-in. banded wooden pipe with iron
couplings for 166,792.
Regina, N. W. T.— The contract for a
new waterworks system was awarded to
Dobson, Jackson & Fry.
Clinton. Mass.— The contract for con-
structing the south dike of the Wachusett
reservoir was awarded to Nawn & Brock
of Boston for $128,015.
Riverside, Cal.— The contract for con-
structing water mains -in 14th-8t., 47th-
ave., 13th-st. and I3th-place was awarded
to James J. Lynch for $2,628.40.
Newark. N. J. — The Board of Works
adopted the water contract Dec. 17 pre-
sented by the Borough Council of East
Newark for a term of five years at $60
per 1.000,000 gallons.
Salt Lake City, Utah.— The contract for
watter mains extension was awarded, Dec.
12 to James Kennedy & Company of Far-
go. N. D.. for $24,486.
National Park. N. J.— The contract for
constructing a water works plant was
awarded, Dec. 2. to H. A. Miller of Wil-
mington. Del., for $4,134.60.
Aurora. Neb.— The contract for a new
boiler and pumping machinery for the
water works was awarded to Joseph
Burns of Lincoln. Neb., for $5,288.
Helena, Mont.— The contract for build-
ing a municipal water works system was
awarded. Dec. 14, to the Congress Con-
struction Company of Chicago for $579,000.
The bids were opened Nov. 25.
. Biasdell, N. Y.— Special)— The contract
for 492 tons of 4 and 6-In. c. I. pipe and 1%
tons of special castings was awarded to
Wm. V. Briggs of New York City for
$13,851; valves, hydrants and gate boxes,
Eddy Valve Company, $2,300.
Marshalltown, la.— Contracts for the
improvement of the water supply were
awarded. Dec. 4, as follows: Construct-
ing reservoir and pumping well and lay-
ing connecting pipe. Elzy & Dunn of Mar-
shalltown, $17,200; c. 1. pipe. U. S. Cast
Iron Pipe & Foundry Con^pany. Chicago.
$26.25 per ton; valves. Rensselaer Mfg.
Company, Troy, N. Y.
BRioaes.
Morrlsville. N. J.— A new bridge over
the canal at Brldge-at. is proposed.
Carlisle, Ind.— The construction of an
Iron bridge In the city is contemplated
by the co. comrs.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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Utlca, N. Y.— The estimated cost of re-
building Schuyler-st bridge over Mo-
hawk river is 17,000.
Midland, Mich.— Bids are aslced until
Jan. 4 for repairlnsr upper bridge. H. D.
Holden, elk. B. P. W.
Walpole, N. H.— A bridge over Con-
necticut river at North Walpole is con-
templated by the selectmen.
Manitowoc, Wis.— Plans for a new tooi
bridge across the Manitowoc river ha\e
been submitted to council.
Rensselaer, N. Y.- The question of a
bridge over Hudson river north of LIv-
in^ston-ave. is being agitated.
Creston, La.— Bids are asked until Jan.
4 for all bridges to be built during 1904.
Q^6. Brotberton, co. audt.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Bids will be
asked In January for ihe Wealthy-ave.
bridge. L. W. Anderson, cy. engr.
Stockport, N. Y.— This town voted Dec.
15 to appropriate t%500 foi building a foot
bridge over Kinderhook creek.
Little Falls, N. Y.— The construction of
a bridge across the creek in^E. Mill-st. is
contemplated. Cy. Engr. Lansing.
Portland, Ore.— Plans have been com-
pleted for a steel bridge across Balch
Gulch at Thurman-st. Cy. Engr. Elliott.
Hastings, Neb.— Sealed bids are asked
until 9 a. m. Jan. 4 for building bridges
in Adams County. W. H. Davis, co. elk.
Wayne, Neb.— Bids are asked until Jan.
12 for building and repairing county
bridges during 1904. Bert Brown, co. elk.
Chicago, III.— A bridge over the south
fork of the south branch of the Chicago
river at Thlrty-flrst-st. is proposed dur-
ing 1904.
Redding, Cal.— Bids will be asked at
once for building a .brick bridge across
Calaboose creek at Yuba-st. Cy. Engr.
Burson.
Dallas, Tex.— The City Council con-
templates establishing a system of perm-
anent bridges to be built of masonry and
steeL
Centerville, Md.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 12 for building a steel drawbridge
over Kent Island Narrows. Joseph M.
Parvis, elk.
Central Falls, R. I.— This city has ap-
propriated 122,500 as its share of the
bridge to be erected at Cross-st. jointly
with Pawtucket.
Saginaw, Mich.— This city will apply to
the county board of supervisors Jan. 11
for authority to construct a highway
bridge across Saginaw river.
Bridgeport, Conn.— The joint construc-
tion of a concrete bridge over Ash creek
Is contemplated by this city and Fair-
field. H. G. Schofleld, cy. engr.
Colville, Wash.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 4 for building a Howe truss bridge
over Kettle River at station of Barstow,
8 mis. north of Marcus. Co. comrs.
Davenport, Wash.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 4 for building a combination wagon
bridge over Spokane river, near the town
of Reardon. A. 8. Brown, co. audt.
Hempstead, L. I.— The town board pass-
ed a resolution Dec. 14 to build an iron
bridge over a creek on the Mill road,
south of the village of Freeport.
Olivia, Minn.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til Jan. 5 for building a steel bridge across
the Minnesota River, near the village of
Franklin. H. J. Lee, co. audt.
Streator, 111.— The council has adopted
plans for the proposed Marie-st. bridge.
The plans provide for a steel bridge on
concrete abutments and piers.
San. Jose, Cal.— Sealed bids are asked
until 10 a. m. Jan 5 for a concrete bridge
over Calabasas Creek on the Stevens
Creek road. Henry A. Pflster, co. elk.
Rushville, Ind.— The contract for build-
ing a joint arch bridge between Fayette
and Rush Counties was awarded to the
National Bridge Company of Indianap-
olis for 11,040.
Eudora, Kas.— Bids are asked until Jan.
5 for a bridge over Kansas river at this
place. Geo. A. Flory, elk. joint bd. comrs.
Douglas and Leavenworth Cos. at Law-
rence.
Boston, Mass.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m. Jan. 16 for building the steel
superstructure for Cambridge bridge.
Patrick A. Collins, ehmn. Cambridge
Bridge Comn., City Hall, Boston.
Chicago, m.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til Jan. 27 for constructing the substruc-
ture and superstructure of a bride across
the Chicago river. Thos. A. Smyth, prest.
bd. trustees sanitary dist.
Stroudsburg, Pa.^Bids are asked until
Jan. 14 for rebuilding substructure and su-
perstructure of a bridge over Broadheads
creek. John E. Scott, secy. com. on bldgs.
and grounds, Hanrisburg.
Charlotte, N. Y.— The committee ap-
pointed to investigate the matter of
building a bridge across Genesee river has
reported to the board of supvrs. recom-
mending the Bridge Road site. The coun-
ty engineer has been directed to prepare
plans.
Toledo, O.— Bids are asked until Jan. 20
for building abutments and approaches to
the bridge in Keener road, Wonclora
twp., and at Strickney-ave., Washington
twp.; building a 40-ft. bridge over Cedar
creek, in Jerusalem twp.; bridge and
abutments on Lecor-tve., Washington
twp. David T. David, jr., co. audt.
Los Angeles, Cal.— Bids are asked until
Jan. 5 for constructing the Fourth-st.
bridge, consisting of ^ spans, combina-
tion *wood and steel, supported by steel
towers and concrete-steel cylinders;
Macy-st. bridge, combination wood snd
steel supported by concrete steel cylin-
ders and concrete abutments. H. F. Staf-
ford, cy. engr.
Dayton, ©.—(Special)— F. M. Turner, cy.
engr., says bids were submitted Dec. 22
for constructing a concrete steel arch
bridge across the Great Miami river at
Thlrd-st. as follows: Charles Hoglen,
Dayton, $179,000; Moore-Mansfield Constr.
Company. Indianapolis, two bids, $192.-
870 and $196,070; J. O. Shoup, Dayton, |202.-
000; W. T. Gawne Company. Cleveland,
$204,797; Adams Bros., Zanesville. $212,000;
The Ferro Concrete Constr. Company,
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Cincinnati, $213,500; R. L. Fosburgh &
Sons, Boston. $214,000; King Bridge Com-
pany. Cleveland, $219,500. T. A. Gillespie
Company, Pittsburg, $220.0C0: G. H. Fath
A Son Constr. Company, Cleveland, $247,-
561; H. E. Talbott & Co.. Dayton, $248,-
■640; M. Rabbitt & Sons Company, Tole-
do. $340,000.
^AmKS.
Syracuse, N. Y.— The purchase of Kirk
Park for public park purposes is pro-
proposed.
Bangor. Me. — A proposition is being
<!onsidered by this city providing for mak-
ing MaplewQOd Park public.
Atlantic City, N. J.—An ordinance has
passed second reading providing for the
purchase of several squares of property
in the Gardner tract for a public park.
STRBBT UQHTINQ.
Glastonbury, Conn. — A new electric
power plant is proposed.
Waverly, Minn.— The question of issuing
bonds for wi electri/5 light plant will be
voted on.
Dallas, Tex.—The question of a muni-
-cipal light and power plant for this city
is being agitated.
Beloit. Wis.— Plans have been prepared
for a new municipal electric light plant.
Robert, Caldwell, cy. engr.
Mechanicsburg, O.— The Meehanicsburg
Light and Power Company contemplates
the construction of an electric light plant.
Girard, Kas.— Plans arid specifications
hav3 been adopted for an eiecLric light
plant. J. B. Grantham, cy. elk.
Buffalo, N.* Y.— The (trustees ;f the
ciiy and county hall hsve asked the
county supervisors to install an electric
light plant.
Kewanee, 111.— The city council aban-
doned Deo. 23 the proposed plan of build-
ing and opera.ting a municipal electric
lighting plant.
Irvlngton, N. J.— The Are and water
com. was directed Dec. 22 to solicit esti-
mates on the probable cost of a munici-
pal lighting plant.
Hancock, Mich.— A three-yodr ccntrac".
has been awarded the Hou«:hton County
Eleotrl? Light Company to f-.irnlsh street
lights at $68 per lamp per yeai.
St. Paul, Minn.— The contract lor street
lighting during 1904 v/as awrirdec to the
<Jleveland Vapor Lit;ht Company, Clcve-
Joplin, Mo.; Rosalia, Wash.; Downe>%
Cal.
Yankton, S. D.— John J. Flatcher, who
was engaged to examine the electric
light plant which the city contemplates
purchasing, reports that the value of
tne plant is $14,755.
Jeffersonville, Ind.— The suit of the
United Gas and Electric<^ompany against
this city, Involving the lighting contract,
will be settled by compromise, accord-
ing to prejs reports.
Addington, Pa.— The citizens of this
town, Kershaw's Bank, Garrettford and
Fernwood, and the towns in Upper
Darby twp, are considering the ques-
tion of street lighting for the entire
township.
• Bay City, Mich.— A resolution was
adopted Dec. 21, directing city attorney
Orr to prepare an ordinance empower-
ing this city to engage in commercial
lighting and furnish heat and power
supply from electrical sources.
QAmBAQM DISPOSAL, STREET
OLBANiNQ AND SPRINKUNQ.
Calgary, Alberta— (Special)— This city
desif^es to correspond with makers or
builders of garbage crematories. F. W.
Thorold, cy. engr.
St. Louis, Mo.— David R. Francis, prest.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, has
authorized the erection of a garbage and
light plant on the World's Fair grounds.
Charleston. W. Va.— The contract for
erecting a crematory was awarded Dec.
17 to the Public Utilities Company. 15
Willlam-st., New York City for $8,077 for
a twenty-ton incinerator.
Harrisburg. Pa.— The sanitary commit-
tee approved Dec. 14. specifications for
garbage collection, and bids will be re-
ceived Jan. 7 for collecting garbage for
periods of one to ten years.
Philadelphia, Pa.— Mayor Wearer is re-
ported as considering a proposition made
by John Pessano & Co. who offer to
erect a garbage crematory for $1,500,000
if a thirty-year contract Is given them.
New York City— Bids for the removal of
snow and Ice in Boro of Bronx were re-
ceived Dec. 22 as loHows: Rawling &
Farley, 19 cents a cubic yard; William
Bradley, 16 cents.; Thomas Crummlns, 20
cents; Holland Bros., 21 cents.
Jersey City, N. J.— The contract for
street cleaning and garbage removal for
the fiscal year beginning Dec, 1 was
awarded to Henry Byrne as follows:
Sweeping about 2,950 stone-paved streets.
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MtINICIPAL ENGINEEaMNG
VOLUME XXVI
FEBRUARY, NINETEEN HUNDRED FOUR
NUMBER TWO
THE SIEGES- ALLfiE : THE GERMAN AVENUE OF ART AND HISTORY.
By Frederick Stymetz Lamby President of the Architectural Leagite
of America^ New York City,
"How much good sculpture Is wasted In
New York,'* is a remark which has been
recently made. New York possesses some
of the finest sculpture, yet from the poor
provision made for it the public at large
Is hardly aware of its existence. The
subjects have been selected at random
and the statues are located without ref-
erence to any general plan In the city's
development.
The criticism made of New York is
equally true of other cities. Good w'orks
have been created, but the results when
completed have little or no effect owing
to their haphazard location. It is true
that within the last decade a serious ef-
fort has been made in the Public Library
at Boston, in the Congressional Library
at Washington, in the Appellate Court of
New York to carry out a logical scheme
of subjects suitably executed, either in
painting or sculpture, but these few build-
ings are insufficient to redeem our work
as a whole from the criticism of being
spasmodic and haphazard. Even when
plans have been started, such as the se-
ries of statues in the Mall at Central
Park, or the portrait statues of National
Heroes at Washington, they have not
been adhered to with any degree of con-
sistency. The scale of the figures is often
changed and minor details so modified
as to defeat the original purpose.
No field offers a better opportunity for
Individual effort. Great groups of build-
ings have been projected, like the Leland
Stanford University and the University
of California, and even in part completed,
but up to the present time no effort has
been made in either painting or sculpture
adequate to the growth and progress of
the country. ^__^
It is interesting to compare what we
have achieved with work in foreign coun-
tries. It is needless to say that the great
cathedrals of Burope teem with Matues
and sculptured panels, and that even
the minor churches are so enriched as
to compel admiration. The smallest de-
tails of the architecture are so carefully
studied and so deftly executed as to
leave nothing to be desired. Legend after
legend, story after story, is recorded with
a truth and inspiration that have been
the wonder of the present age. The state
buildings, the city halls, the court
houses, even the museums, have their
historical records In permanent form
where both sculptor and painter can find
inspiration. The portrait statue is the
same the world over, historical groups
hardly differ enough to call for compari-
son, but one example exists which in the
ability of its execution and the grandeur
of the effect obtained shows what can be
accomplished by individual effort.
The German Emperor on the Sieges
Allee has* placed before his people not
only a record of the great rulers of his
country, but a work of art which must
command the attention of his people and
for all time act as an inspiration to their
patriotism. From the Koenlgs Platz to
the Kaemper Platz, he has placed on
.either side of the avenue a series of
statues which not only portray the prin-
cipal rulers of the country, but recall
the important epochs of its history. The
Emperor In presenting this gift said;
"One quarter of o. century has nearly
passed since the union of the different
German provinces to resist foreign ag-
gression and to build up the new Ger-
man empire. My capital city, Berlin, has
so nobly performed her part that I want
to give her something as a mark of es-
teem and respect. This gift is to repre-
sent the building up of the empire from
the beginning to the present time, and
especially to record the work of the
Province of Brandenburg. My sugges-
tion Is to have an avenue lined with stat-
ues of the Margraves, Kings and Empe-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
rors, who from the time of Albrecht the
Bear to the Emptor William the First
have contributed to the honor and glory
of their country, as well as the portraits
of the soldiers, statesmen and citizens
who have aided In obtaining this result."
The expense of this noble work was de-
frayed by the Emperor from his private
purse, and it stands as a most notable
example of the Judicious expenditure- of
private funds for the public benefit.
Beginning with Margrave Albrecht the
Bear and ending with King William the
First, this series includes thirty-two of
the Important rulers who have contrib-
uted to the success and prosperity of
their country. Each statue is placed on
each age and its environment. Each of
the statues is happily placed against a
background of green foliage. They are
located directly opposite each other and
at equally distant points, making the ef-
fect of the avenue, as a whole, one of
exquisite, beauty. The Emperor has not
only enriched the Thiergarten of Berlin,
but has placed there a work of art which
is representative of the age and which
will be famous for years to come.
The same scale has been retained
throughout, and the details, while modi-
fied to give individual character, are so
placed as to retain the decorative effect
desired. While no less than thirty dif-
ferent sculptors have been employed, the
THE SIEGES-ALL^, BERLIN, GERMANY.
a dignified pedestal in the center of a
semi-circular seat, in the detail of which
it Is endeavored to carry out the spirit
of the time. Portraits of two important
men of each reign, usually the leading
warrior and the most important states
man, complete the composition, and aia
work has a unity which is surprising, and
shows the controlling force of the mind
which projected the scheme.
We are repeatedly told in these mod-
ern days that gre^t works are not possi-
ble because of tho short time allowed for
their execution, and chat the greatest
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improved, but the effect of the, completed
work as it stands today has never been
surpassed; for it combines not only the
dignity of composition and the charm of
artistic treatment, but appeals to the
patriotism of all who behold it.
Here the history of Germany may be
traced from the first Mar^aves of Bran-
denburg to King Karl the Fourth, the
first of the kings, and on through that
long series of rulers to the Emperor Wil-
liam the Great. The personality of the
conquerors seems to speak in the statute;
the charming plctuDe of Johann First and
Otto Third, twin brothers, ruling for
thirty years in perfect amity, is placed
before us, and one cannot walk through
this beautiful avenue without feeling re-
freshed, uplifted and inspired with re-
newed respect for the past of the coun-
try and its present ideals.
Why should Germany be the only
country to thus fitUngly immortalize her
rulers? Are there not in this land do-
nors sufficiently generous to be fired with
emulation at the example set by the Em-
peror, or is there not sufficient public
spirit to induce the government to place
a similar record for the benefit of the
people?
The accompanying photograph shows
one side of the avenue and makes clear
both the general design and the common
plan for the details of each group. The
semi-circular niches sei in a background
of foliage, the principal statue in each
group representing the ruler, the portrait
busts of warriors and statesmen and the
general style of their setting and orna-
mentation will be readily i-ecognlzed, and
an idea of the artistic effect as a whole
and in detail Is clearly formed.
SOME DETAILS OF THE PHILADELPHIA WATER
FILTRATION PLANTS.
Several descriptions of the plans for
water filtration in Philadelphia and of
the methods of construction have ap-
peared in Municipal Engineering. We
present this month some views of details
of construction and operation which will
be of interest, the photographs being fur-
nished by the Bonneville Portland Ce-
ment Company, whose Star brand ot
Portland cement has been largely used
in the work.
Plate I gives a view of the unfinished
filter beds at Upper Roxborough, taken
from a point about 75 feet above the
ground. The dimensions of the separate
beds and their grouping are readily seen.
Those on the left are in the earlier
stages of construction. Those further to
the right have the roof pillars in, one
of them showing the placing of the cen-
tering for the construction of the roof.
Those at the extreme right are receiving
the concrete roof, part of which is com-
pleted.
The floors, piers, walls and roofs are
made of Portland cement concrete in the
proportions of one part cement, three
parts of sand and five parts of broken
stone. The pillars are monoliths, the
walls are built in monolithic sections with
covering the sections between the rows
of pillars shown in the beds in plate I.
The openings in the roof for some ot
these ventilators will be seen in plate V.
Some of the details of the sand washing
apparatus are shown in plates III, IV
and V. A view of the ejector for re-
moving dirty sand from the filter and a
description of its operation will be founa
in Municipal Engineering, vol. xxv, pp.
153 and 154. Plate III shows the opening
in the roof of a filter at Lower Roxbor-
ough for the sand incline, through which
the sand is passed. Plate IV shows the
sand Incline in Beln-.on* filter No. 9, from
below, supported on steel beams imbed
ded in the roof pillars. On the fioor will
be seen the main collector for filterea
water, the filtering material not being in
place when this photograph was taken.
Plate V gives a side view of the sand in-
cline in Belmont filter No. 8, near Us
lower end. It al^o shows clearly the
vaulting in the roof, the method of sup-
porting the roof*on the pillars and the
location of the ventilators-
Plate VI shows a rear view of the mas-
sive concrete gate chamber of the reser-
voir at the Belmont filter plant under
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
series of tests of compressive strength of
concrete cubes ever undertaken is in-
cluded. The pubHcation of the entire set
of results is awaited with much Interest.
Some of them have already been pub-
lished. The Bonneville Portland Cement
Company pubHshea full notes of many
tests upon its Star brand sho^^ing: the
results of the tests and the action of the
teat blocks \r the machine.
THE BRICK OF THE FUTURE.
B^ F, H, Doremus, Kingston j N. Y,
In every large building center between
our coast lines the attention of architects
and buildings has lately been focused on
an important structural material, com-
paratively new to the states, and called
variously "sand brick," "mortar brick, **
or "sand-lime brick." To those out of
touch with the trend of architectural de-
velopments, apd the production and sale
of building supplies, the use of these
new brick will seem to have sprung up in
a liight, but the truth is that they have
had an evolution covering more tlian
thirty years. In central Germany, where
the sand-lime brick had their inception,
stone and clay brick for building pur-
poses are not plentiful, and necessity has
been the spur that has driven the pro-
cess of making bricks from lime and
sand toward perfection. When the dis-
covery was made that it was possible to
harden the freshly pressed brick under
steam pressure (they had previously been
hardened by exposure to the air for a
period of three or four months), the in-
dustry grew with great rapidity. The
sand-lime brick are now manufactured
extensively in England and France.
Oddly enough, these new brick, of a
beautiful appearance, beside which the
ordinary red brick look crude and com-
mon, have met with a reception In Amer-
ica less appreciative than the circum-
stances seem to warrant, and that, too.
In a country proverbially eager to utilize
every innovation that promises to be an
improvement over old ways and means.
The new brick people have chanted the
praises of their several systems enthusi-
astically and insistently, but investors
have assumed a waiting attitude difficult
to explain. "We can make you a brick
more durable than sandstone Itself, be-
cause natural sandstone is liable to
strata of inferior substances which yield
readily to decay when exposed to the ele-
ments," declare the sponsors for the now
brick. "We can make them of any de-
sirable color, perfect in form, uniform
in weight, smooth as polished stone, With
strong, clean-cut corners, make them one
day ready to be laid in the wall the next.
make them In winter as well as in sum-
mer, and make them of materials so
plentiful as to be found almost anywhere
—merely sand and lime. We claim that
our brick will not absorb more than a
fourth as much water as the ordinary
building brick, and will, therefore, make
a dryer wall, that they will wlthstano
a crushing strain exceeding that of any
other pressed brick in any market, and
that exposure to the elements Increases
their hardness. But what is better than
all this, we claim that we can manufac-
ture this high-grade face-brick at a cost
that will compare favorably with the
cost of making common red brick!"
Of course, all this sounds alluring—
suspiciously so. If there are any obstacles
to be set aside— and, doubtless, there will
prove to be a few— the brick companies
all claim to be 'unaware of the fact. It is
hardly surprising that investors have
been tempted to remind themselves that
they have heard of "ropes of sand," and
even "golc" bricks," as well as some other
things too good to be true, and esi>ecially
designed for the undoing of the guileless,
and naturally prefer to wait and se^
what others are going to do about the
'matter.
Though the intervening time since the
introduction of sand-lime brick into this
country has been a time of comparing,
testing and observing, there is certainly
no denying that these brick have rendered
an exceedingly satisfactory account of
themselves. A number of factories have
been established in various parts of the
country and these have served as valu-
able object lessons to the public at large,
while the analyses of experts of ability
and veracity have gone far toward re-
assuring those essentially interested. The
writer himself has gone to some trouble
to investigate the claims of two repre-
sentative companies. The tests in both
cases were excellent and beyond all cavil,
especially the tests for tensile and com-
pressive strength.
The period of rigid Investigation over,
there seems no legitimate reason why
these new brick should not win the con-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
fldence of the building world. The pro-
cess of manufacture is so simple that one
cannot but wonder why It has not come
Into vogue long ago. and the fact
that the raw materials are so generally
available should contribute to their popu-
larity. The sand-lime bricRs are really
blocks of artificial sandstone In a con-
venient form for handling; but when one
considers the time, labor and expense re-
quired to quarry and dress similar bloclcs
of natural sandstone to a corresponding
perfection the great utility of these new
brick becomes at onco apparent. The
moderate cost of production will, at the
same time, make them a formidable rival
to clay brick.
We are told that this new artificial
sandstone may be pressed into
many shapes beside the usual parallele-
piped form— in fact, inco an infinite va-
riety of shapes, mouldings, cornices.
newels, corbels and pillars of every
known order, from base to fillet, and thac
the natural adaptability of the material
will lend itself most readily to archi-
tectural ornamentation. The colonial
architecture of our ancestors was as dis-
tinctly characteristic of our national life
as the Taj Mahal is an expression of
Hindu artistic ideas. After a long and
fearful wrestle with the ubiquitous
"Queen Anne," our notions of home build-
ing have reverted to the simple and dig-
nified architecture of our early days. The
colonial era under way Is one that is
glorified by a quickened artistic percep-
tion and influenced by the best the Old
World has had to teach. And, seemingly,
in answer to the need of this new-old
phase in our architectural history, these
new gray brick have come, and seem to
have been especially designed.
NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
The state of New Jersey is proceeding
with its road improvements at an in-
creasing rate, the number of miles con-
structed in 1902 being nearly 50 per cent,
more than in any preceding year. The •
state has now paid $1,265,000 in aiding the
construction of 797 miles of road. The
state helped pay for 155 miles of the 201
miles of road built in 1902. We are In-
debted to Henry 1. Budd, Commissioner
of Public Roads, for the opportunity to
present the accompanying illustrations of
the effects of some of the improvements
which have been made.
The first pair of pictures shows one of
the deep cuts on the Holmdel and Marl-
boro road in Monmouth County, during
and after improvement. This road is but
3.43 miles long, but the grading is so
heavy, on account of deep cuts and high
fills, that it has required two years for
construction. The grading and under-
draining cost $7,848.06, or $2,288 a mile. It
was macadamized 14 feet wide and 6
Inches thick at a jost oi $21,834 72, or
$6,365 a mile. The total cost was $8,742 a
mile. The maximum grade was reduced
from 4.92 per cent, to 3.6 per cent.
The second pair of cu'^a .=hows the Stoy's
Landing road in Camden County before
and after improvement. This road Is 1.42
for grading, and the extra foundation
costing less than $160. The cost per mile,
with macadam 12 feet wide and 8 inches
deep, was $7,756 a mile.
The third pair of pictures shows the
South Plainfield road, in Middlesex coun-
ty, before and after improvement. This
road is 1.34 miles long ana the maximum
grade was reduced from 3.6 to 2.25 per
cent. The macadam Is 12 feet wide and
8 inches thick. The soil is sandy loam.
The cost of the road wns $5,913.88, or
$4,413 a mile, about 10 per cent, of which
seems to be chargeable to grading. This
is hardly half the cost of macadamizing
the other roads mentioned in this article.
The reason is that the contract for ma-
cadam was let at 48% cents a square
yard, as compared with 89 cents for the
Stoy's Landing road of the same width
and depth.
The fourth and fifth pairs of pictures
show the River road in Camden county
before and after improvement. This road
is 3.21 miles long and has also been diflH-
cult to grade because it crosses many
deep ravines. The soil Is sand and clay-
gravel. The macadan* is 15 feet wide and
10 Inches thick. The maximum grade was
reduced from 9.18 per cent, to 4.81 per
cent. The total cost of the road was $34,-
156.15. or $10,640 a mile. Ot this about $2,280
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EDITORIAL
COMMENT
The Outlook for the Cement
Trade.
State Aid of Road Improve-
ment.
Charges for Professional
Services.
The Duty of the SUte in
Protecting Water Supplies.
THE OUTLOOK FOR THE CEMENT
TRADE.
The collection of data regarding the
cement trade in 1903 for the third edition
of the "Directory of American Cement
Industries." now In the hands of the
printer, is not completed in time for a
full study of the conditions of last year
and the prospects for this year In this
February number of Municipal En-
gineering, but some general statements
may be made which are preliminary to
the fuller data to be presented in the
"Directory" and summarized in later
'numbers of this magazine.
The report of the United States Geologi-
cal Survey on the production of cement
In 1902 was issued early in January, 1904,
and it will be interesting to compare its
data with the estimates made in an arti-
cle in Municipal Engflneering in February,
1903. on "The Cement Industry and Its
Prospects for 1908" as a basis for further
predictions.
The article referred to estimated that
60 Portland cement works were in oper-
ation in 1902. prouucing 14,400,000 barrels.
The offlclal returns show 66 works In
operation at the date of making reports*
and that the total production was 17,23u,"
644. This figure is about 400,000 barrels
greater than the department's prelimi-
nary estimate Issued in June, 1908. It is
evident that this magazine's estimate of
the production was conservative, as
stated when It was made.
The Increase in production in 1902 over
1901 was 4,519,419 barrels, or 36.6 per cent,
while the increases for each, of the six
preceding years were 50 per cent, or more,
except 1898, which was 88 per cent; but
1897 offset this by a percentage of In-
the last six months of 1902 and continued
during the first six months of 1903.
Some details of the Geological Survey's
report will be found elsewhere in this
number of Municipal Engineering.
The article referred to estimated that
there would be 72 Portland cement fac-
tories In operation in 1903, producing 19,-
440,000 barrels. The accuracy of this esti-
mate will be tested shortly when the
present compilation of data for the "Di-
rectory of American Cement Industries"
is completed and published in that book.
The labor troubles of the year in the
East and the consequent cessation of
building operations reduced the demand
for cement and consequently the produc-
tion of the eastern mills for the latter
part of the year. The' effect was not so
marked upon the western mills, some of
which were running full time upon the
low prices set by the overstocked eastern
mills. It is probable, therefore, that the
effect upon the total production of the
country was not so serious as it appeared
to be upon a study of the drop in prices,
and that the estimate of 19,440,000 total
production in 1903 Is a conservative one.
As to the prospect for 1904 it may now
be said that It Is favorable with one or
two rather prominent "ifs." The legiti-
mate demand for cement is increasing
quite as rapidly as the supply and with
normal financial and labor conditions will
tax the productive capacity of the mills
now in operation and construction, and
possibly demand some importation. This
means good prices for the product and
good profits for the mills which do not
need to ship long distances by rail. The
action of the large manufacturers in clos-
ing their mills "for much needed re-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
increased each ye«r. If this happens the
supply will be nearer the demand. Last
year the labor troubles were localized,
and while the largest markets were ser-
iously affected, they were but few In
iinmber and the general demand for <e-
ment was gooo. What they will be this
year cannot be predicted.
At this time there is some financial
stringency, but it seems to be the general
opinion that this is due to over-capitaliza-
tion and to the results of speculation in
such diluted stocks, and if this be true it
will be temporary and may pass over in
time to permit the fullest expansion of
legitimate enterprises involving construc-
tion next year. This can be more safely
estimated than can th^ effect* of labor
agitations.
The large eastern manufacturers are
certainly on the safe side in restricting
production If the smaller field of view is
covered and the safety of individual cor-
porations Is the only consideration. If,
however, as seems very proba1;>le, the con-
ditions will approach the normal this
year, the restriction will have an un-
fortunate effect upon the stain lity and
continuity of progress In the cement
trade, which was considered in this de-
partment on page 17 of the January num-
ber
STATE AID OF ROAD IMPROVE-
MENT.
The State ESngineer and Surveyor of the
State of New York has issued a bulletin
showing the progress in the improvement
of the roads of that state since the state
aid law has been in operation. The show-
ing is very satisfactory so far as i. goes,
and is under discussion at the annual
Supervisors' Highway Convention at Al-
bany as this magazine goes to press. It
can be and doubtless will be used effect-
ively In the campaign before the Legis-
lature to secure funds for more work In
the future.
The law provides for the payment by
the state of half the cost of roads peti-
tioned for which the counties have
adopted and for which they have appro-
priated the other half of the cost. The
difference between the appropriations by
th<» counties and hv th«» stnfp is v^rv
counties and appropriate^ for would have
been increased if there had be^ any
prospect of early construction of the
roads. As the case now stands, the coun-
ties have appropriated 15,540,587 and the
state but |2,0^,u00 in the six yearv since
the law went Into effect. This leaves the
state about $3,500,000 behlnl, and at the
present rate of annual appropriations it
would require about six years for the
state to provide Its share of the neces-
sary funds.
A neat showing of these facts Is made
In the bulletin referred to, in the form of
a statement showing the roads which
have been petitioned for and appropriated
for so far as the county's half Is con-
cerned, arranged In the order of filing
and In the order In which they must be
constructed under the state aid law. In
the margin Is shown at intervals the
amount of appropriation which must be
made to cover the roads In the list down
to the point marked, thus showing whnt
sums from $200,000 to $8,558,000 will ac-
complish and making it to the interest of
each member of the Legislature to cover
as many of the items of direct bearing on
his constituents as possible.
There does not seem to be any record -
of the mileage of roads built in the state
without state aid, but if the state can-
not keep up its end It would seem neces-
sary for some localities to construct their
own roads. The fact that their neighbors
have received state aid doubtless delays
the undertaking of this work.
The state of New Jersey has a state aid
law under which the state pays one-third
the cost of the roads adopted by the
Commissioner of Public Roads up to $250,-
000 a year. In 1902 155.365 miles of roads
were constructed at a cost of $750,000, and
In addition 45.964 miles were built which
were not paid for by the state in that
year. The cost of roads In New Jersey
Is less than that In New York. Figures
for the former state, given In an article
elsewhere In this number of Municipal
Engineering, may be compared with
some for the latter state In vol. xxlv, p.
409. Since 1893 New Jersey has con-
structed 796.8 miles of road at an ex-
pense to the state of $1,366,168, or a total
cost of $3,795.5(H. Since 1S98 New York
nas constructed 298 miles with stat(» an-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
broken stone roads, which have cost
about |24,«)0,000. They have been con-
structed under the county or district sys-
tem, and the rate of construction has
been far more rapid than In the states
where state aid Is In vogue, (ndlana is
greatly favored by wide dlstrlbutlbn of
reasonably good road materials, but much
of the difference In cost Is due to cheaper
construction. Is It not good economy to
build many of the cheaper roads at first
rather than a few excellent roads? The
development of the country with the Im-
provement In roads makes It better able
to pay for the better roads when the
first construction wears out. There is a
rivalry among districts to get the larg-
est number of good roads rather than a
rivalry to get the largest proportion of
the state appropriation. It results In
such feats as a hundred miles of new
road put under construction In a single
county In a year and In 500 or 600 miles
of rejwonably good roads In each of a
number of counties.
For the newer states, especially if road
material is abundant, the dlstHct system
seems most satisfactory. New York and
New Jersey may perhaps be considered
to have passed that stage In road build-
ing and to be ready for the better roads
which it is now securing. Indiana Is
rapidly coming to the same stage and
will soon be ready for a state aid law.
Theoretically, the state should pay
some proportion of the cost of main
roads, though one-half or even one- third
seems excessive, and It is aifllcult to
draw the line between roads which
should receive state aid and those not
deserving It
There Is conslderauie agitation lA some
quarters of the proposition of national
aid in the building of good roads. This
Is an entirely tilfferent proposition. The
reasons for state aid do not apply to the
national aid proposition and no others
have been presented which are any more
satisfactory. Paternalism and socialism
are neither of them elements of our form
of government and all the arguments are
based on one or the other or are the
politicians' bid for votes.
CHARGES FOR PROFESSIONAL
SERVICES.
The American Institute of Architects
and gives rise to several questions, such
as Its effect uopn architects and their
clients, the possible effect of a similar
schedule upon the clients * of various
classes of engineers, the relative value
and propriety of such schedules for
architects and for engineers. Does the-
existence of such a schedule have any
appreciable effect upon the professional
fees of architects In general, especially
those of architects who have not yet at-
tained to high standing or the reputation-
with the public to which they are en-
titled by reason of their abilities? Would
it have any effect upon the receipts for
professional services of engineers of any
grade?
Is it not true that the public in general
has no adequate idea of the value of en-
gineering services and consequently has
a deep-seated aversion to paying what
such- services are worth? Would not such
schedules as this, if adopted by the en-
gineering profession generally through its
societies, from the national organizations
down to local associations, be well worth-
while, simply as a standard to which to
point, and an educator of the public and
private client, particularly of the mu-
nicipal official? The fact that any
schedule mus;^ be modified somewhat to-
suit special cases does not materially af-
fect the answers to these questions. What
probably prevents thr^ discussion and pos-
sibly the adoption of such schedules Is ap-
parently the fact that the national socle-
ties, which must first present the mat-
ter if it is to meet with any large meas-
ure of success, are in the control of
those whose business connections or pro-
fessional standing are such that their
dealings are with clients who more fully
recognize the value of professional ser-
vices an<l are often willing to pay more
than the profession at large would feel
Justified in fixing as schedule charges.
Perhaps they fear that a schedule of
minimum charges would reduce the ideas
of their clients regarding their own com-
pensation. They evidently differ from*
members of all other professions In think-
ing schedules of charges somewhat be-
neath their professional dignity.
The circular of the American Institute
of Architects ie as follows:
The architect's professional services
consist in making the necessary prelim-
inary studies, working drawings, specl-
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Before Improyement.
After ImprovemeDt,
NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
Deep Cat on Holmdel and Marlboro Road in Monmouth County.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
HO.OOO. and for furniture, monuments,
decorative and cabinet work, it is usual
and proper to charsre a special fee in ex-
cess of the above. '
For alterations and additions to exist-
ing buildings, the fee is 10 per cent, upon
the cost of the work.
Consultation fees for professional ad-
vice are to be paid in proportion to the
importance of the questions involved.
None of the charges above enumerated
covers alterations and additions to con-
tracts, drawings and specifications, nor
professional or legal services incidental
to negotiations for site, disputed party
walls, right of light, measur«nnent of
work, or failure of contractors. When
such services become necessary, they
shall be charged for according to the
time and trouble Involved.
Where heating, ventilating, mechanical,
electrical and sanitary problems in a
building are of such a nature as to re-
quire the assistance of a specialist, the
owner is to pay for such assistance.
Chemical and mechanical tests, when re-
quired, are to be pcdd for by the owner.
Necessary traveling expenses are to be
paid by the owner.
Drawings and specifications, as instru-
ments of service, are the property of the
architect.
The architect's payments are due as his
work progresses in the following order:
Upon completion of the preliminary
sketches, one-flfth of the entire fee; upon
completion of working drawings and
specifications, two-fifths; the remaining
two-fifths being due from time to time in
proportion to the amount of work done
by the architect in his oflSce .and at the
building.
Until an actual estimate is received, the
charges are based upon the proposed cost
of the work, and payments are received
as installments of the entire fee, which
is based upon the actual cost to the
owner of the building or other work,
when completed, including all fixtures
necessary to render It fit for occupation.
The architect is entitled to extra com-
pensation for furniture or other articles
purchased under his direction.
If any material or work used in the
construction of the building be already
upon the ground or come into the owner's
possession without expense to him, its
vft)ue Is to be added to the sum actually
expended upon the building before the
architect's commission is computed.
In case of the abandonment or suspen^
sion of the work, the basis of settlement
is as follows: Preliminary studies, a fee
In accordance with the character and
magnitude of the work: preliminary
studies, working drawings and specifica-
tions, three-fifths of the fee for complete
services.
The supervision of an architect (as dis-
tinguished from the continuous personal
superintendence which may be secured by
the employment of a clerk of the works)
means such inspection by the architect,
or his deputy, of work in studios and
shops, or of a building or other work in
process of erection, completion or altera-
tion, as he finds necessary to ascertain
whether it is being executed in conform-
ity with his drawings and specifications
or directions. He Is to act In construc-
tive emergencies, to order necessary
changes and to define the true intent and
meaning of the drawings and specifica-
tions, and he has authority to stop the
progress of the work and order its re-
moval when not in accordance with
them.
On buildings where the constant ser-
vices of a superintendent are required,
a clerk of the works shall be employed by
the architect at the owner's expense.
THE DUTY JF THE STATE IN
PROTECTldN OF WATER
SUPPLIES.
The question of the purity of water
supplies lias been one of much prom-
inence recently and the defects of exist-
ing laws and methods of treatment of
the subject have been clearly shown by
several occurrences. The state of In-
diana has the most defective laws which
have been tested in the courts, and it is
only by good fortune that it has not been
subject to such epidemics of tjrphoid
fever as those which have occurred very
recently at Ithaca. N. Y.. and Butler,
Pa. The secretary of the State Board of
Health is doihg all in his power to edu-
cate the sentiment of the public and to
overcome the legal and financial difficul-
ties in the way of a proper protection cf
the streams of the state, which is impos-
sible without direct legislation, for the
lower courts of the state have decided In
more than one case that the streams of
the state are naturally the recipients of
sewage and that its discharge into the
streams will not be prevented by them.
• It is also very difficult, if not impossible,
to prove damages from such use of
streams sufficient to justify the courts in
giving judgments in favor of plaintiffs
suing for their rights.
Each year th3 State Board of Health
holds a school of health officers, In which
lectures on their various duties are de-
.-/ered by men of experience in them. At
the last school Mr. Charles Csu-roll
Brown, M. Am. Soc. C. E., gave a dis-
cussion of the subject of stream pollu-
tion by sewage in which he called atten-
tion to the fact that the streams of the
state of Indiana are absolutely without
protection. He mentioned the smaller
water supplies, such as that of Blooming-
ton, drawn from a watershed but a few
hundred acres In area with a few scat-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
tered houses, in which there was no at-
tention paid to the sanitary condition of
their drainage to the reservoir and no
method of requirinsr such attention either
with or without expense to the city own-
iner the water supply. He also instanced
such supplies as that at Seymour, on the
east fork of White rirer, a larger stream
with comparatively little pollution of a
dangerous character, but likely to have
large Increase in the pollution from sew-
age by the construction and extension of
sewerage systems in the cities on Its
watershed. The effect of the sewage of
Indianapolis upon the west fork of the
same river was also described. At low
stages of the river the 'sewage is not suf-
ficiently diluted and the deposits of sew-
age show to a serious extent for several
miles down the river. The decomposition
of the solids puts the stream in very bad
condition, which becomes progressively
worse until a rise in the water carries off
the deposits. No fish life is possible. Be-
fore the Indiana Engineering Society, Dr.
J. N. Hurty, the secretary of the State
Board of Health, described an occurrence
showing the effect of this poisonous mat-
ter upon fish. A report reached his of-
fice of the destruction of many thousand
fish at Waverley, a few miles below the
city. Upon investigation he found that
the fish were either Idlled or were driven
ashore by a slight rise in the river which
floated out of the pools nearer the city
the products of the sewage decomposition
and the water which had lost its oxygen
on this account. The fish were driven ap
the small streams and into bayous in
search of air and were left there by the
lowering of the water level, either killed
by the poisonous water or left to die on
the bare beds of the bayous. This river
is used as a source of water supply many
miles below.
The epidemic of typhoid fever at
Ithaca was described by Mr. Brown, and
the fact that it was due to a careless and
accidental pollution of the immediate
watershed of the reservoir of the city
water supply, was brought out. The epl«
demic at Butler, Pa., then raging, warn
also attributed to similar pollution of the-
water su'>ply. Dr. Soper's Investigations
and those of the Pennsylvania Stale Board
of Health have shown this to be true,
and also that the temporary failure ot
the filtration system aggravated the dan-
ger.
The state of New York has machinery
which can be put in operation to protect
any public water supply, but it does not
seem to have been applied in the case
of Ithaca before the epidemic. The state
of Pennsylvania has some legal control
over the purity of water supplies,
though not so complete as that possible
in New York. The state of Indiana has
no control whatever by legislative enact-
ment, and court decisions have taken
away any possibility of control under any
circumstances.
The occurrences at Ithaca and Butler
show negligence which, in the former
case at least, in the face of the possibili-
ties of control, was Almost criminal, and
show that good laws are of no avail
without intelligent supervision of their
enforcement by the responsible local
authorities. The authorities in the state
of Indiana can now do nothing. They
have no protective laws and their cases
are thrown out of court.
The Indiana Engineering Society, at its
recent convention, recognised these facta-
and passed resolutions calling attention
to them and lo the need of prompt ac-
tion by the Legislature. It also recom-
mended the filtration of all water sup-
plies liable to accidental pollutijpn of a
dangerous character.
Possibly other states are in nearly as
bad condition as Indiana. It is hardly
possible that any state is quite so fkr
down Ir the scale. If so. they should
take lessons from the recent and more
distant evidences of the serious effects
of stream pollution and recClfy their er-
rors of omission and commision sm^
promptly as possible.
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NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
River Road, Camden County.
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THE QUEiTION
DEPARTMENT
RCMDTS OF TREES IN SEWERS.
I have been requested by the Board to
write and ask If you know of some rem-
edy that Is a sure preventive of roots
of trees, particularly elm trees, forcing
their way into sewers.
JOHN A. WEDDBLL,
City Clerk. Tarboro, N. C.
This question has been discussed In
Municipal Engineering in the Question
Department and elsewhere in vol. xviii,
pp. 109, 171, 248; xxil, 155. 303; xxiv. 431, to
which reference may be made for details.
The conclusion seems to be that tight
joints are the only salvation and that
deep-socket pipe, say three inches, and
gaskets and well rammed Portland ce-
ment joint filling are recommended for
making them. Methods of removal of
tree roots are also described.
BOOKS ON INVERTED SYPHONS.
Do you publish any works which treat
of inverted syphons, or can you refer me
to any book which treats of them?
P. E. MEYERS,
Canton, Ohio.
Fol well's "Sewerage" ($3) has the full-
est treatment of this subject. See also
Farnham's article on the Newton syph-
ons in Municipal Engineering, Vol.
XXV, p. 410 and two answers to ques-
tions in Vol. xxli. pp. 93 and 168.
THE CHICAGO TRENCH EXCAVATOR.
In the December, 1903. number of Pop-
ular Mechanics there is an article on the
"Chicago Excavator," with photo. Can
you tell me where this machine can be
seen working? Will it work in sticky
clay or quicksand? Where has any city
work been done by it?
JAMES H. TURNER,
Zion City, 111.
The machine referred to is one used by
clay, but, on account of the difficulty in
sheeting the trench along the few feet
between the lower end of the scraper and
elevator and the surface of the ground,
it would probably not operate In quick-
sand. The owners of the machine can
give lists of places where it is used and
methods of overcoming difficulties with
special classes of materials. The possi-
ble capacity is much greater than that
stated as observed with the machine at
work in Indianapolis In the article re-
ferred to.
BOOKS ON GARBAGE COLLECTION
AND DESTRUCTION.
I wish a work, the latest and best, on
garbage collection and destruction.
B. N. WOODRUFF,
Mayor, Peoria, 111.
Goodrich's "Economic Disposal of
Town's Refuse," ($3.50), is an English
book and the only one which gives any-
thing like an adequate discussion of this
subject. The English cities seem to be
more successful than those in America,
part of the reason for which may perhaps
be found in the article on "Garbage Dis-
posal," on page 28 of the January number
of Municipal Engineering. Chapin's
"Municipal Sanitation In the United
States" ($5), has some good chapters on
garbage collection and disposal, though
too short.
MAKERS OF GARBAGE CRE-
MATORIES.
Will you kindly give me the addresses
of several firms making d'ematories, that
is. devices for disposing of the garbage
of cities?
F. P. ANDERSON. . Ky.
The Morse-Boulger Destructor Com-
^»^.. on /^^~4-i»..j ^* 'KT^.M -xr^wmi^ r^t*.-...
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100
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
BEST RATI. FOR STREET RAILWAY
TRACK.
Can you iclve me Information as to
what kind of a rail is considered best
from the municipal point of view for a
street railway track on a street paved
with brick? The street railway running
through our street is using a 60-pound
T-rail 4% Inches high. The street is about
to be paved with brick and the question
presents itself whether It would be better
to require the street railway company
to put in a girder rail.
W. V. SAVICKI.
Village Engineer, Houghton, Mich.
For the integrity of tlie pavement it
Is quite necessary to have a rail of suf-
flclerit weight and depth to keep Its po-
sition and not bend under the weight of
the cars more than is required for elas-
ticity of roadway, and to have these rails
«o supported that they will not settle
or sink under the weight of cars at the
points of support.
The Indianapolis Traction and Termi-
nal Company has made a close study of
this subject and many experiments have
been tried with various pavements, foun-
dations and rails. Their standard con-
struction for tracks to be used by heavy
interurban cars is described in Municipal
Engineering, vol. xxv, p. 342, in a paper
by Thos. B. McMath, the engineer of the
company. It Includes a 7-1 nch Shanghai
T-rail on ties spaced two feet apart bal-
lasted with six Inches of concrete under
the ties and between and above them to a
level five Inches below the top of the rail,
an inch of sand cushion, special shaped
nose brick next the rail to form a groove
for the wheel flanges, and brick pavement
between the tracks and for eighteen
Inches outside. This may be accepted
as flrst-class construction for street rail-
way in brick street. Even this construc-
tion gives some trouble from occasional
settlement, looseness of rail Joints, etc.,
which permit some movement of the rail
vertically under the cars and a lifting of
the bricks by the friction of the rail as
it resumes its normal position, which
finally displaces some of them. Any less
complete construction will give more
trouble and the choice must be made be-
tween the cost of first construction and
cost of repalrb.
The subject is discussed in other arti-
cles in Municipal Engineering, some of
ments," vol. xil, p. 7, and xviU, p. 320;
also in the Transactlomr of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, 18»7.
An answer to a similar question fron*
a correspondent in the same town goes
into some details not here considered. It
will be found In vol. xvlii. p. 249.
There is an excellent report on "The
Construction of Surface Railroad Tracks
in Paved Streets" in vol. xv, p. 348, which
gives the practice in various cities and
the reasons for many of the differences.
Perhaps the fullest discussion of the
questions involved will be found in an
article on "How to Lay Interurban Track
In ClUes" In vol. xxlv, p. 172.
Some track laid in Columbus, O., Is de-
scribed in an article on "Columbus Inter-
urban Railway Construction," in vol. xxi,
p. 69.
Methods of construction of street rail-
ways are given in some detail In an ar-
ticle in vol. xvi, p. 139.
Paving next to street railway tracks is
descrtbed in an article on "Brick Paving
from Start to Finish," In vol. x, p. 154.
The necessity of good foundation is
shown in an article on "Street Railway
Tracks on Paved Streets." vol. v, p. 271.
IMPROVEMBNTfl ON MACADAM
ROADS.
Our city Is about to take up the matter
of building about a half mile of macadam
roadway. The plans and spedflcations
have not yet been made, and it has oc-
curred to some of us that perhaps there
might be a much better road which could
be had for very little more expense than
the old-fashioned rock road. Heretofore
we have made our streets of brick, but
as this road is to be built at the public
expense Instead of by assessments
against the property, and as it will pass
through the outer part of the city, we
do not care to make it too expensive.
Our old macadam roads were simply a
lot of crushed stone thrown on the sur-
face of the earth after the ground had
been leveled off a little. Is there not an
Improvement on that system? I under-
stand that now in some places they put
in drain tile and large stone on the bot-
tom and then spread on the macadam.
Please advise as to where we can learn
about the improved roads and also get
an idea as to their cost.
D. D., : , 111.
Tt Is hardlv nroner to call a road made
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NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
River Road, Camden County.
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102
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
grade should be thorouKhly compacted
by rolling and soft places should be dug
out and replaced by good materlaL On
top of this foundation a proper thickness
of broken stone should be placed, and It
is customary to place the larger sizes at
the bottom, finishing the wearing sur-
face with fine material thoroughly wcushed
and rolled in so that the surface will be
as nearly waterproof as possible.
In some places the bottom layer of
stone is of large enough size to lay by
hand in the form of a rough pavement,
and enough of the finer broken stone or
gravel is laid on top to make a good
wearing surface, which can be renewed
as it wears out. This is called telford
pavement, or telford macadam. Novacu-
lite can be used for the wearing surface.
Bxperience with macadam roads in Illi-
nois, in one case of novaculite, shows that
there is great danger that the sticky
mud from the unpaved road at the end
or intersecting the macadam road will
stick to the wagon wheels and pick up
the stones from the macadam and carry
them away, thus destroying considerable
sections of the road within a few weeks
or months. Unless the macadam is thor-
oughly compacted this is almost certain
to happen with the sticky clay of the
nilnois prairies and is possible with the
best construction.
Some material to hold the stones in
place is needed to overcome this action
of the mud, and bituminous macadam is
suggested for consideration in case this
trouble may be expected.
The construction of macadam roads and
pavements is considered at length in Mu-
nicipal Engineering, vol. xxiii, pp. 372,
874, 375 and 383, and of bituminous ma-
cadam on p. 877. Specifications for tel-
ford macadam will be found in vol. x, p.
406. Specifications for macadam roads
will be found in vol. xviii, p. 168.
Figures as to cost will be found in vol.
ix, p. 107; xlv, p. 222; xvil, p. 80; xxl, p.
150, which also gives a list .of previous
articles on the subject of macadam.
The bituminous macadam or bltullthlc
pavement is fully described in vol. xxv,
pp. 99 and 326. Further information, and
lists of articles on the subject, will be
found In vol. xxv. pp. 27 and 377.
Books giving treatment of the subject
of macadam pavement are Baker's
"Roads and Pavements" ($6), Judson's
"City Roads and Pavements" ($2), Alt-
FOUNDATION FOR BRICK PAVE-
MENT.
A^ communication from the Shinn Slag
Sand Company, Pittsburg, Pa., calls at-
tention to the statement regarding the
use of sand for cushion under brick
wearing surface in Municipal Engineer-
ing, vol. xxiv, p. 861, which says, "It
is especially so if any of the sand Is
likely to leak into the foundation, for
the less the thickness of cushion the less
unevenness in brick surface from its
disappearance." The communication
calls attention to slag sand as a material
for the sand cushion because "when com-
mon sand is used for this purpose it will
flow into the crevices between the gravel
and stone when the sand is either dry.
or supersaturated, leaving the brick un-
supported," "one of the prime causes of
failure in brick paving," while slag sand
will not flow under either of these con-
ditions, but will set into a sort of con-
crete adhering to sub-foundation and to
brick, and hardening into a part of the
superstructure.
COST OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT.
I would like to learn the cost of asphalt
pavement in the different large cities of
the United States. Can you refer me to
the soiu'ces of such information?
HENRY C. WRIGHT,
Cincinnati, O.
The volumes of Municipal Engineer-
ing are the best sources of this informa-
tion. Beginning with the latest, the fol-
lowing articles wl^ich have appeared in
the past six years will give the fullest
and best information. There are many
shorter articles giving special figures for
particular times and places.
Articles in vol. xxvi, pp. 10 and 16 and
vol. xxv. p. 435, give a discussion of some
estimates of cost for a municipal plant
and figures of actual cost. In vol. xxlil,
p. 117. will be found some bids from
Philadelphia. In vol. xxli. pp. 150 and 176
are figures of cost under municipal con-
struction in Winnipeg; on p. 401 are data
regarding cost of asphalt pavements In
Iowa cities. In vol. xx, p. 132. is a large
table carefully prepared by City Engin-
eer Bardol of Buffalo giving cost of pave-
ments in many large cities, the table
being editorially discussed on page 146.
The cost in Newark N. J., is given in vol.
xix, p. 297. A large table prepare! by
City Engineer Gray of Providence, R. I.,
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
103
prepared by a committee of the American
Society of Municipal Improvements will
be found In vol. zlv, p. 18 and another
report from the same society in brief in
vol. xlii, p. 866. The cost of asphalt re-
pairs is griven in many short articles in-
cludincr vol. XX. p. 97, regarding BuflCalOp
p. 129 regarding Chattanooga and in vol.
xvii regarding several cities.
Honest and fair statements will be
found in the annual volumes of proceed-
ings of the American Society of Munici-
pal Improvements, the National Munici-
pal League and the League of American
Municipalities. There is scarcely a num-
ber of Municipal Engineering which does
not contain some information concern-
ing several cities of the size identioned.
NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
River Boad in Camden County After Improvement, Showing Cribbing on Both Sides.
CONDITION OF MUNICIPAL PUBLIC
WORKS IN LARGE CITIES.
Where can I get full and recent le o ts
concerning the actual condition in cities
of over one hundred thousand population
of pavements, street cleaning, water
works and other public works? I desire
to get all possible information concerning
any failures and shortcomings in these
departments. F. L. INKS.
Mounc Vernon, la.
The papers and reports which are de-
voted to the shortcomings of municipal
departments are too often written for a
special purpose and are biased by the de-
sire to make some point such as our cor-
.nrlAnf annarAni'lv tvlaViAci ff\ TTlfllrA
A study of the annuui reports of the
various departments by one who is
familiar with good and bad practice Is
the best method of selecting the places
where improvements might be made, but
even then personal investigation on the*
spot may change one's opinion.
Our correspondent is to debate a ques-
tion which in short is a resolution that
cities of the size named should own and
operate their water works, lighting plants
and street railways. Some will draw the
line of ownership inside this list, some
one side and some the other. Discussions
of the place to draw the line will be found
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104
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERINQ.
ELECTRIC LIGHT SCHEDULES OP
CITIES.
What cities between 150.000 and 200.000
population pay for electric lighting on all-
night schedules?
FRANK S. FISHBACK,
Indianapolis, Ind.
Of the five cities of the size mentioned
Providence, R. I.; Rochester, N. Y., and
Si. Paul. Minn., have all-night schedules
for electric lighting and Kansas City.
Mo., and Indianapolis, Ind., do not.
LIST OP CEBfENT MANUFACTUR-
ERS.
I would most respectfully request you
to be so kind as to furnish me with a list
of a few good cement manufacturerSi, as
I expect to go into business in a few
months. L. J. K., BuflCalo. N. Y.
The "Directory of American Cement In-
dustries'* ($6) contains a full list, giving
all the present and prospective manufact-
urers of cement whose companies have
1>een organised. The list gives the rat-
ings of the companies as to capital and
<:redit, the number of barrels of cement
manufactured, the capacity of mills, the
kinds of cement manufactured, the pro-
<:esses used in the manufacture, brief yet
full descriptions of works, names of
brands, and sales agents, in short, every-
thing that would be necessary to enable
one to select a satisfactory list for the
purpose for which our correspondent de-
sires it.
Thje third edition is now in the printer's
hands and will be pushed through the
press as rapidly as possible, being issued,
probably in March.
THE BEST CONCRETE BUILDINQ
BLOCK MACHINE.
Lime and Plaster, describing methods
of manufacture.
Freight Rates on Cement, giving rates
from factories to principal distributing
points throughout the country.
Descriptions of Works ana of Processes
for the Manufacture of Cement, giving
brief but comprehensive statements of
the processes and machinery used in each
cement factory in operation in the United
States and Canada.
The book is thus seen to be the most
Could you tell me who makes the best
concrete building block machine?
F. G. S. St. Marys. Pa.
It is hardly possible for this magazine
to select the best machine for any partic-
ular user's purposes. The most promi-
nent machines have been quite fully de-
scribed in Municipal Engineering from
time to time, A list of the articles con-
taining these descriptions will be found
on page 21 of the January number.
References may also be made ti> our ad-
vertising pages. All of those represented
with which the writer is acquainted have
their points of special value and one who
wishes to go into the business of making
and selling blocks or who wishes to pur-
chase for his own use should determine
what he wants and select the machine
according to his needs and desires or the
conditions of the trade which he must
meet
»
THE HANDBOOK FOR CEMENT
USERS.
Kindly let me know if your "Handbook
for Cement Users" contains any informa-
tion on the design of cement concrete-
steel construction, the determination of
stresses and proportioning of the parts,
etc. Kindly let me know the price and
send table of contents if possible.
J. DE BRUYN KOP8,
Sa annah, Oa.
The "Handbook for Cement Users'* (|8)
does not contcdn a discussion of the sub-
ject of the design of concrete-steel con-
struction from the standpoint of the com-
puter of stresses and of dimensions. In
fact there is no book in English upon
this subject. Various engineers connected
with firms introducing methods of steel
reinforcements have published papers up-
on various phases of the subject, some of
them as presented to engineering soci-
eties and some as prepared for the ad-
vertising literature of their companies.
There are as yet but few tests of con-
struction to determine the correctness of
the formulae deduced and no one has yet
taken up the question in an unbiased
way. How© in his "Arches" (M) and Cain
in his "Concrete-Steel Arches" (50 cents)
have given theoretical consideration to
this particular form of concrete-steel.
The "Handbook for Cement Users" is
now published separately from the "Di-
rectory of American Cement Industries"
($6) and the former can now be obtained
for $3. It coiitains the following chapters:
Introduction, giving a review of the de-
velopment of cement manufacture and
statistics of production, price, etc.
Testing of Cement, giving the methods
recommended by the American Society of
Civil Engineers, the Corps of Engineers,
U. S. A., etc.. including chemical analysis.
Specifications for Cement, giving many
sample specification by the United States
Engineers, various railroads and cities,
and for many special uses.
The Uses of Cement, describing methods
of designing mixtures of cement for vari-
ous uses and the results in strength and
cost, as well as many special methods
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
105
of constructing foundations, pavements,
sewers, arches, reservoir linings, piers,
dams, etc., including coloring and special
treatments.
Specifications for the Use of Cement,
giving specifications used by contractors,
cities, railroads, government engineers,
and others for arches, piers, foundations^
conduits, reservoirs and linings, walks,
curb, pavements, floors, sewers., buildings,
cisterns, plastering, masonry, etc.
Data for Estimates of Cement Work,
both quantities of materials and cost.
Cement Laboratories, describing typical
private, municipal and college labora-
tories.
complete yet published upon the practical
use of cement, and the clearest guide to
t^e construction of specifications for
concrete work. It is not a book upon the
design of structures, but it is a full guide
to the use of cement and concrete in such
structures.
MUNICIPAL MATTERS
IN COURT
Higher Courts— Water Comimny Pays Fire Loss— Bast Chicago Water
Company— Defective /leter— Water Bond Issue— Remoastraoces—
flichigan Road Act— Anderson Improvements Enjoined—
Forfeit for Delay— Bay State Gas Company*
Abstract from Decisions of the IHiglv
er Courts on Matters Relating
to Municipal improvements.
Prepared by Russell T. Byers, LL. B.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
Assessments— Benefits— Front-Foot Rule
The validity of an assessment must
be determined by a rererence to the
law in force at the ame the im-
provement was ordered. The Ctouncll's
Judgment as to what property is benefited
is conclusive In the absence of fraud or
gross mistake. The adoption of the front-
age rule In determining the amount of the
assessments does not vitiate the assess-
ment. Where the plaintiffs do not own
the property Improved they can not at-
taclc the validity of the assessment on
the ground that the city is not the owner.
Beck et al. vs. Holland et al., 74 Pac. R.
<Mon.) 410.
Assessment— Front-Foot Rule— The stat-
ute providing that tne amount of
an assessment shall be -determined by
the front-foot rule is not unconstitution-
al as a taking of private property with-
out due process of law. Deane et al. vs.
Indiana Machine and Construction Com-
pany, 68 N. B. Rep. (Ind.), 686.
Assessments — Description of Work—
An improvement resolution must "In-
form the citizens, substantially of the
kind and character of improvement." The
statute also makes it imperative that the
resolution of the council shall set out
where the grade line is to be. It Is also
necessary, before any contract is let, that
an estimate of the cost of the contem-
plated improvement shall be made by the
city engineer. City of KirksviUe ex rel.
Fleming, etc., vs. Coleman, 77 S. W. Rep.
(Mo.), lao.
Assessments— Hearing— Front-Foot Rule
—The City Council In providing that
a hearing should be given after an
improvement was ordered, to receive
objections to the assessments, also
for an appeal from the decision at such
hearing, complied with the statutes. The
frontage rule Is a reasonable basis for
determining the amount of an assessment
in the absence of a showing that the
property is not benefited to the extent of
the assessment. Adams vs. City of
Roanoke, 45 S. E. Rep. (Va.) 881.
Assessment— Fraud Defined— When an
Improvement has been regularly ap-
proved by the common council such ap-
proval, in the absence of fraud, is con-
clusive upon the abutting property own-
ers. What is fraud under such circum-
stances is considered in this decision.
Lux etc., vs. Donaldsoon et al. 68 N. K,.
Rep. (Ind.) 1,014.
Assessments — Original Construction —
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Where repairs are made on that por-
tion of an old turnpike road which
lias been brought into a city by the
extension of its limits, these repairs do
not constitute such an original construc-
tion as to relieve abutting propertj'-own-
ers from an assessment for a subsequent
improvement. The council had the pow-
er to determine the manner of assessing
the cost. Where a street which was to be
improved had been previously imprced
along part of its distance by original
construction the city has a right to pay
out of the funds of the city for that por-
tion which they reimprove. Wymond et
al. vs. Barber Asphalt Paving Company.
77 S. W. Rep. (Ky.) 203.
Assessments of Railroad Right-of-Way
—A strip of land taken by a railroad
company, under its right of eminent do-
main, and used as a right-of-way, which
is a "lot" within the statute governing
street improvements, is liable for an as-
sessment for a street improvement.
Louisville & Chicago Railway Company,
vs. Barker, etc.. 76 8. W. Rep. (Ky.) 1097.
Assessments— In an action to restrain
the city from collecting the second
installment for local assessment, the
first having been paid, it was held
that the failure to include an item-
ized engineer's estimate in the ordi-
nance is a jurisdictional question, and-
under the statute, should have been
raised and determined at the time of the
payment of the first installment. Treat
vs. City of Chicago, et al., 126 Fed. Rep.
(111.) 644.
Assements for Sidewalks and Inter-
sections — In determining the amount
of the assessment for certain side-
walks, the linear foot rule was
adopted. Property-owners had the priv-
ilege of building their own walks, in
which event they should be liable to as-
sessment only for their pro rata of the
cost of the intersections. Held— That the
construction by the property-owner of
the intersections did not relieve him from
such assessment. Herman Construction
Company vs. McManus, 77 8. W. Rep.
(Mo.) 810.
City— Powers— Water Works— 8ec. 3,541,
Burns' R. S., 1901, provides that a
city may become a stockholder in a
water works corporation by subscribing
to its capital stock and may borrow
money to pay its stock subscription. Pur-
nnrtlnsr fr^ Ant imdAr thifi Annrtrnpnt nf
that the water company, previously in-
corporated, should be permitted to oper-
ate a water works system for twenty-one
years; that the city should pur-
chase 30.000.000 gallons of water
per month, etc., etc.; should fur-
nish the steam to operate the
plant; that it should "pledge the income
and revenues of its water works system
for the payment of water rentals, and
levy a tax sufficient to amply supple-
ment said incomes and revenues." It
also provided that in the event
the city should issue bonds that
it should pay the said water
rentals to trustees to secure said bonds.
The court held that municipal corpora-
tions may exercise only such powers as
they are invested with by the Legislature,
and such other implied powers as are
reasonably necessary for the carrying out
of the powers expressly conferred. The
court also held that the power to contract
for 21 years to pay for 30,000,000 gallons
of water per month, whether used or not,
to furnish the motive power for the plant,
and to pay rentals to trustees, in the
event of the issue of bonds, was the exer-
cising of powers' not expressly grranted
or reasonably implied. 8uch provisions
render the city practically a guarantor of
the water company. The court intimates
strongly, however, that in Indiana a city
may install a water plant for the benefit
of the public generally, and that it may
aid to a reasonable extent a private
corporation to furnish water to the in-
habitants. 8cott et al. vs. City of La-
porte, 68 N. E. Rep. (Ind.) 278.
Defective Work— Right of Taxpayer—
The plaintiffs are citizens and own-
ers of real estate abutting upon
Sprague-st. The suit was brought to
prevent the city from paying for or ac-
cepting certain paving done upon Sprague-
st. for the reason that the work did not
conform to the contract between the dty
and the paving company, and because the
materials used were of inferior quality.
It was held that the specifications and
the written contract are the evidences of
the agreement of the parties and the
work must conform to them. The work
in this case did not come up to the re-
quirements of the contract and the In-
junction of the citizens was made per-
petual. Pleasants et al. vs. City of
Shreveport et al., 36 So. Rep. (La.). 283.
Gas Mains— Suit to Pi*event Laying of
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
107
Grading By Owner— Damages— Estoppel
An owner of property on both sides
of the street secured permission to
pave the street in conformity to the
grade line, etc. After completing the
grading he sued the city because he had
been compelled to conform his pavement
to the grade line, which was higher than
the natural surface. The court held that
he was not compelled to construct the
pavement at all, and that the permission
was granted for plaintiffs benefit and
upon condition that he conform to
the line. Having accepted the condition
he is bound. Devlin vs. City of Philadel-
phia. 56 Atl. Rep. (Penn-), a.
Powers—Lighting Streets, Etc.— A city
has implied power to light its pub-
lic streets and public buildings and
places. When a city has the power to
provide for public heating and lighting
it may do so by the erection of plants.
The cost of the construction of water and
electric light plants, is a "necessary ex-
pense" within the meaning of the consti-
tution, art. 7. sec. 7. Fawcett et al.
vs. .Town of Mt. Airy, 45 S. B. Rep.
(N. C.) 1029.
Improvement — Invalid Supplemental
Contract— Quantum Meruit— Where a con-
tractor acting under an invalid sup-
plemental contract, constructs certain
public improvements, the city is lia-
ble for the reasonable value of the
additional benefits conferred. City of
Chicago vs. McKechney et al., 68 N.
E. Rep. (111.) 954.
Reassessment— Alien lAbor Clause— A
void ordinance cannot serve as a
basis for a new ordinance calling
for a new assessment. A statute which
provides that contractors shall not em-
ploy aliens is void as being an interfer-
ence with the right to contract. City of
Chicago vs. Hulbert et al.. 68 N. B. Rep.,
(III.) 786.
Special Tax Bills — Limitations of —
I'nder the Kansas City charter, art.
9, sec. 23, though a default in the pay-
ment of any Installment of a special tax
bill may mature the entire bill, yet the
statutory limitation of ' one year, during
which time the bill is a lien, does not be-
gin to run until one year after the last
installment becomes due, as Indicated
upon the face of the bill. Barber Asphalt
Paving Company vs. Meservey. 77 S. W.
Rep. (Mo.) 137.
Water Works— Damage to Land— The
petitioner sought to recover for dam-
ages to property not taken but in-
jured by the acts of Metropolitan Wa-
ter Board. In this case part of the real
estate damaged was within and part
without the prescribed boundaries. Held
that the statute Intended to afCect only
the property within the prescribed boun-
daries; also, that the draining of a well,
which lay without the boundaries, is a
damage that may be compensated for un-
der certain sections of the act McNam-
ara vs. Commonwealth. 68 N. B. Rep.
(Mass.) 332.
♦
Water Company Must Pay Fire Loss
Caused by Cutting Off Water
Supply.
A jury verdict returned Jan. 13 awarded
the Buchanan & Smock Lumber Com-
pany of Asbury Park, N. J., $31,000. The
company brought suit against the Fast
Jersey Coast Water Company for $42,000
damages resulting from the failure of its
hydrants to feed the hose at a fire which
practically wiped out the lumber yard in
October, 1902. The lumber company, be-
fore it was incorporated, made a con-
tract with the Bast Jersey Company for
the rental of two hydrants near its yards,
with the provision that the plugs should
be supplied by the company with water
for use in case of fire. On Oct. 30, 1902,
a fire occurred and the plugs were found
quite dry, and the damage that followed
was estimated at $42,000. Owing to a dis-
agreement with another patron over the
payment of a bill, the water company had
shut off the main which supplied him,
and in doing so had also deprived the
lumber company of its expected supply.
The water company alleged that the fire-
men did not know how to operate the
hydrants and that the plaintiff corpora-
tion had recovnred its fire loss through
the payment to it of insurance money.
Justice Fort ruled, however, for the bene-
fit of the Jury, that this point in no way
affected the principle of liability at issue.
Before the case went to the jury the
plaintiff company announced that the
amount of damages demanded had been
reduced from $42,000 to $86,000, the deduc-
tion being for the $7,000 insurance which
had been recovered.
The attorneys for the Bast Jersey
Coast Water Company Immediately gave
notice of appeal.
East Chicago Water Company's Diffi-
culties.
Judge Anderson of the Federal Court
at Indianapolis on Jan. 6 ordered the
city of Bast Chicago, Ind., to pay to the
receiver for the Bast Chicago Water
Works Company, dating from Nov. 12,
1903. $66 a year for each of the 163 fire hy-
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108
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
drants used In that city, and $92.80 for
each of the 66 arc lights. In addition all
money received for the private consump-
tion of water and light since the receiver
was appointed must be accounted for to
the receiver. Judge Anderson ordered the
costs of the appearance and decree of
the court adjudged against E. W. Wick-
ey, city attorney of East Chicago.
under valid, the supplementary act an<S
the issue thereunder must also bd held
valid. The Circuit Court dismissed the
petition on appeal from .this decision, af-
firming it as correct.
City Responsible for Defective Meter
and Its Record.
The Appellate division of the New
York Supreme Court handed down a de-
cision, Jan. 15, affirming the Judgment of
the lower court in granting Thomas J.
Healey an Injunction restraining the city
of New York from cutting oft his water
supply because of his refusal to pay a
water bill presented by the city. The evi-
dence submitted showed that the water
inspectors examined the meter in Healy's
place and broke the official seal, which
they found Intact. They discovered that
the teeth of a cog wheel attached to the.
dial had been so filed down that the meter
only registered one-flftb of the actual
amount of water consumed. The Appel-
late division holds that since there is no
proof that Healy had anything to do with
the fraud in the meter the city is bound
by the figures on the meter dial, be they
right or wrong. The dismissal of the
city's suit to recover the bill is also af-
firmed.
•
Cincinnnati's Supplemental Water
Works Bond Issue Valid.
An oral decision issued by the Circuit
Court at Cincinnati, O., January 8, up-
holds the position of Judge S. W. Smith
that the supplemental issue of water
works bonds is valid. The suit was
brought by City Solicitor Hunt on request
of Theodore Horstman, who sues as a
taxpayer, and who attacks as unconsti-
tutional the issue of 12,000.000 bonds sup-
plemental to the issue of original con-
struction bonds. He alleged that it was
special legislation; that the act providing
for the construction of water works
Who Can Sign Remonstrances Against
Paving and When.
The Court of Appeals at Kansas City,
Mo., handed down a decision Jan. 4, in
the case of the city of Sedalia vs. Jennie-
R. Scott. The suit Is based on a special
tax bill for street paving, In which a
majority of the property owners filed a
remonstrance with the city clerk against
the paving of a street within ten days
after the publication of the resolution,
proposing the work. After the remon-
strance had been filed, however, several
of the remonstrants withdrew their
names, leaving, apparently a minority
remonstrance petition. Judge Ellison de-
cides that after a remonstrance has beeik
filed with the city clerk no name may be
withdrawn. He points out, however, that
a name upon a petition inay be with-
drawn before the instrument is filed with
the city clerk. The tax bills are, there-
fore, declared Invalid. The court decides^
in the same opinion, that administrators^
. have no right to sign remonstrances and
petitions for estates in street Improve-
ment work.
♦
Saginaw County Mich., Road Act Void.^
An opinion handed down by Judge
Snow of the Circuit Court at Saginaw,
Mich., holds the county road act void.
The opinion was rendered in the case
of the Board of SupervisOTS vs. John G.
Hubinger, supervisor of the township of
Frankenmuth, asking that he be com-
pelled to spread the road tax on the rolls
of that township, as provided by local
road act of 1899. The refusal of Franken-
muth township to recognize the Saginaw
County ix)ad act as applicable to it has
caused considerable friction. The con-
tention of the township is that it is ex-
empt under the county act, having estab-
lished a road law of its own under pre-
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SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
109-
Council from settling finally with the
contractors for making improvements on
Sherman-st. until they are completed, ac-
cording to specifications. When the mat-
ter came up in Council interested prop-
erty owners remonstrated, claiming that
the work hawl not been properly done. The
work will now have to be done over.
A Suit for Forfeit for Delay in Com<
pleting Contract.
An answer has been filed in the Fed-
eral Court by the city of SaJt Lake*
Utah, in the suit brought by the Alcatras
Asphalt Paving Company, in which judg-
ment against the city in the amount of
17,860 is asked on account of an alleged
balance due on a paving contract. Vari-
ous amounts were paid at different
times on the contract for grading, curb-
ing and paving Second South-st.. from
First West to Sixth West, and Third
South-st.. from State to West Temple-st.
Upon the comt)letion of the work, on Nov.
22, 1902. there was a balance due the com-
pany, it alleges, of |23,784.2L In making
the settlement, however, council retained
out of the total contract price the sum
of $7,850 as a forfeit for 167 days' delay In
completing the work, and it is for the
recovery of this forfeit that the paving
company brought suit. In its answer the
city makes denial of all allegations in the^
complaint which attack the right to re-
tain the forfeit money.
Duties of the Bay State Gas Company-
The Delaware Supreme Court has ren-
dered two decisions connected with the
Bay State Gas Company. In one case the
court decided against the appeal of the
Bay State Oas Company in the suit
brought by Henry and Walter Content of
New York City, who are stockholders, and
tried to gain access to the books of th«»
company at Wilmington. They secured a
writ of mandamus^ J. Edward Addicks,
president of the Bay State QaB Company,
appealed to the Supreme Court, which de-
cided against him.
In the second case the Bay State Gar
Company refused to file with the Secre-
tary of the Sta;te of Delaware a certificate
stating the condition of the company.
The court sustained the company in this-
case on the ground that it waa chartered
under a special law prior to the enact-
ment of the present general corporation
laws, which require such statement to be
filed.
vSEWERAOE AND iEWAOE
DliPOJAL
Bedford Sewerage— Filters and Contact Beds— Minnesota Stream PoUutlon-
Puip niii Pollution— New York State Water and Sewer Board-
Exclusive Qarbage Contract.
Sewerage and Sewage Disposal at
Bedford, Ind.*
By G. C. Houston, City Engineer.
Some years ago, shortly after assum-
ing the duties of City Civil Engineer of
Bedford, Ind., it became apparent that a
system of sewers was fast becoming an
absolute necessity.
The place was fast growing from a
straggling country village to a little city
of several thousand inhabitants and the
crude methods then in use for disposing
of wastes were found to be no longer
sufficient. Epidemics of typhoid fever,
diphtheria and other diseases began to-
make the people realize the necessity of
getting the city into a better state of
cleanliness.
Various plans were proposed and some
investigations were made, but for some-
time nothing definite was arrived at It
was finally decided that a system of
strictly sanitary sewers should be con-
structed. The city, some time before, had
built sewers for carrying off the storm*
*From a i>aper before the Indiana Engl neerlng Society.
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110
MUNICIPAL BNQINEERINO.
water a( such places as were at that
time needed so that there was no neces^
sity for conveying surface water Into
the sewers built for conveying away foul
sewage.
Surveys were made of the streets and
alleys and profiles made showing the
surface of the ground and the grade of
the flow line of the sewers; also location
of street and alley Intersections. A map
was also prepared showing the territory
proposed to be drained. This map showed
the street and alley lines, the location and
diameter of the proposed sewers and tb«
location of all manholes, flush tanks and
Junctions.
Owing to the hilly surface on which
Bedford stands only a part of the city
could be made to drain into any one sys-
tem of sewers. The part selected for
the present system embraces nearly all
the northeastern portion of the city. The
public square and the streets leading east,
west and south, and the twrltory lying
between the Monon railway and Spider
creek, embracing about half of the area
of the city and perhaps two-thirds of the
population. This territory Is known of-
ficially as sewer district Ko. 1.
Starting at the outlet at the south line
of the corporation the main sewer runs
in a northerly direction over private
ground and various streets and alleys to
the intersection of K-st. with the alley
between Sixteenth and Seventeenth-sts.
This main is fifteen inches in diameter.
At the point spoken of the main divides
into two mains each twelve inches in
diameter. One branch going west on
the alley above mentioned to its Inter-
section with M-st., thence north on M-st.
to the alley between Fourteenth and Fif-
teenth-sts., where it decreases to tea
inches in diameter and continues north
on M-st. to the alley between Twelfth
and Thlrteenth-sts., where it branches
into three laterals.
The other branch goes east on the alley
between Sixteenth and Seventeenth-sts.
to J-st., thence north on J-st. to the man-
hole at Thirteenth, where it enters a cast
iron riveted siphon which extends about
800 feet to a point near the southwest cor-
ner of the Southern Indiana Railway Sta-
tion, where It enters a 10-inch terra cotta
pipe and runs east to I-st., thence north
to Ninth-st., where it branches into two
laterals which extend north to the cor-
porate limits of the city.
Laterals connect with these mains and
extend as far as the nature of the ground
will permit.
Altogether there were laid 27,740 lineal
feet of 8-inch terra cotta pipe, 2,350 lineal
feet of 10-inch terra cotta pipe, 2,720 lineal
feet of 12-inch terra cotta pipe, 1,240 lineal
feet of 15-inch terra cotta pipe, 800 ilneat
feet of 8-inch cast iron pipe and ^220
lineal feet of 10-inch cast iron pipe. There
are nineteen flush tanks and eighty-siz.
manholes. Wye junctions were placed so
as to provide connection for each piece of
property and to provide for contingencies.
The prnciple laid down by the late
George E. Waring, jr., were in the main
followed, except in the use of eight-inclx
in place of six-inch laterals and in the
more 'extensive use of manholes. These
changes, were deemed advisable from per-
sonal experience some years ago a*^
Pueblo, Colo., also by correspondence
with public works oflSclals at San Diego,
Cal., and other places. Col. Waring him->
self admits that t^ere is no objection to
the use of 8-inch pipe except the cost.
The inverted siphon spoken of abov^
was put in to bring the sewer across £l
ravine near the Southern Indiana station.
The sewer on leaving the manhole enters
an 8 cast-iron pipe at an elevation o't
274 above return and runs 370 feet to
a gate valve at an elevation of 24S,
thence 480 feet to the manhole at Thir-
teonth-st at an elevation of 269.54, wher^
it re-enters the terra cotta pipe on J-s€.
The gate valve is placed at the low poin^
to provide for flushing in case of stop-
page.
Great care was taken with the grad«
and alignment so as to have no crooks
or depressions. Stakes were driven at
every fifty feet or half station on the
surface and the cuts from the top of the
stakes marked. When the cut was nearly
completed finishing stakes were driven
to the grade of the flow line at distances
varying from ten to fifteen feet, accord-
ing to circumstances.
The flush tanks made by the Pacific
Flush Tank Company of Chicago were
used. Wherever possible the Standard
Miller tanks were put in, but in some
places, owing to light cuts, special de-
signs adapted to shallow depths were
used
Bedford is situated about three miles
from the east fork of White river and is
about two hundred and fifty feet above
low water In that stream. A high stone
ridge lies immediately south of the cor-
poration line and between the city and
the river, making It practically impossible
for the sewer to have an outlet in that
direction, even if it had been so desired.
It was suggested that an outlet might be
had by cutting through to Leatherwood
creek on the east or to Spider creek on
the west for an outlet, but as those
streams are scarcely more than a succes-
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SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
Ill
sion of pools In dry weather the conse-
quence of emptying ^ne foul sewage of a
city of eight thousand people may well be
Imagined.
White River and Its various branches
above Bedford receive the drainage from
Brownstown, Seymour, Columbus,
Greensburg, Vernon, North Vernon,
Scottsburg, Franklin, Edlnburg, Shelby-
ville, Rushvllle, Knlghtstown, New
Castle, Carthage and Greenfield, besides
numerous smaller towns. Some of these
places contain factories of various kinds
such as strawboard works, tanneries,
etc.. which empty their refuse Into the
river. Some of them are places of sev-
eral thousand people, and have sewers
that empty their filthy contents Into the
river without any purification, whatever,
converting that which the Almighty
made pure Into deadly poison. The
writer once stood on the bank of the
river at Columbus and watched the sew-
age of that city discharge Into the water.
He had never believed that water run-
ning two miles would purify Itself, and
the sight of that filthy sewer confirmed
him more fully in his belief that the
emptying of filth into the streams was
wrong and that something ought to be
done to cause it to be discontinued.
The water supply for the city of Bed-
ford is taken from the river below the
city and should the sewage by any
means be carried to the river It would
of necessity empty above the intake of
the water works, but with the refuse of
the towns above mentioned fiowlng Into
the river It was taken for granted that
the water In the stream was already suf-
ficiently charged with filth and bacteria
for all practical purposes.
It was, therefore, decided that the sew-
age should be purified before being turned
loose on the people living below town, and
the well-known firm of Alvord & Shields
of Chicago was employed to design a
sytem cf purification works. Upon their
advice a septic tank was located on the
bank of a small stream near the south
line of the corporation Just east of tE©
Monon Railway. At this point there is a
group of sink holes. This stream re-
ceives the surface water falling on the
central and a portion of the western parts
of the city, and empties its waters Into
the sink holes Just north of the high
ridge above spoken of.
The tank is seventy-six feet long and
twenty-one feet wide on the outside. The
lower part to a short distance above the
water line Is built of concrete, while the
upper part is built of brick and covered
with galvanized steel. On top of the
roof a ventilator extends about two-
thirds the length of the bxilldlng. Four
windows «re placed on each side while
each end is provided with an ordinary
door. The interior Is provided with four
concrete baflle walls and two concrete
gutters. These walls and gutters are
supported by Iron rods extending Into
the concrete side walls and securely an-
chored. A sludge valve Is placed about
six feet from the upper end of the tank,
to be opened only when the tank requires
cleaning. An outlet is provided at about
two-thirds of the way from the inlet end
and another one at the lower or outlet
end. A wooden walk extends the full
length of the tank on the west side
The sewage coming toward the tank en-
ters a diversion manhole near the upper
end of the tank under 8ufi9cient pressure
to force the sewage into the tank.
It passes under the first three baffie
walls and a part of It passes Into the
concrete gutter and leaves the tank
through a ten-inch opening. The remain-
der passes under the fourth or last baffle
wall and passes into another gutter and
leaves the tank near the south-
west corner. The sewage thus
treated passes into one of the sink
holes mentioned above. What becomes of
it after passing Into the sink hole Is a
problem that is as yet unsolved, but most
likely it passes deep Into the earth. Time
will no doubt demonstrate what finally
becomes of it. The city owns ample
grounds on the west side of the tank for
the building of filter beds and should the
working of the tank not prove satisfac-
tory the beds will be built later on as the
occasion may require.
When this work was commenced there
was no plant of like character in Indiana
and I believe even now it is the third one
in the state, and to some extent it is an
experiment. I am convinced that we have
begun to move In the right direction and
hope that the day Is close at hand when
cities and factories will no longer be al-
lowed to send foul sewage into tlit*
streams to spread disease and death on
the Inhabitants of places lower down.
Filters Versus Contact Beds In Sew-
age Purification.*
By W. S. Shields, C. E., Chicago, 111.
There has been so much written about
the septic tank that I only note as in-
troducing my subject that there Is much
about them that Is unknown. Its use is
now universally admitted to be essential
in the present practice of bacterial puri-
fication, although when men like Douglas
Archibald of England present such for-
•From a paper before the Indiana Engineering Society.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
midable arguments backed by actual re-
sults in favor of chemical precipitation
a^ a preliminary treatment to titration
where large quantities must be handled,
his claims must and will receive consid-
eration. The preponderance of opinion,
however, is in favor of the tank for liqui-
fying the solids and preparing the sewage
for final nitrification.
Grenerally speaking, our knowledge of
these vegetable growths, or bacteria, is
that there are three general classes which
bring about the purification of organic
waste; first, the anaerobic or liquifying
bacteria which in the presence of oxy-
der conditions where oxygen does not ex-
ist; second, the aerobic or noa- iq ufying
becteria which in the presence of oxy-
gen produce decomposition, and third, the
facultative bacteria which may be either
anaerobic or aerobic in their nature. Each
of these classes is composed ot different
species, each having its specific func-
tions and operating on the different com-
ponent parts of the sewage. It is from
a close study of these classes and their
species that we can hope to Improve upon
or get the greatest efficiency from the
septic tank and it is to the bacteriologist
that we must look for advice in this di-
rection.
Tne r^nglisn practice is to build links
with a capacity of from 1 to 1% times the
daily fiow and expect the effluent to con-
tain less than one part of albuminoid
ammonia, while the American engineers
design their tanks for from % to 1 times
the dally flow.
The treatment of the sepMc tank ef-
fluent is the most interesting feature at
the present stage of the science, and it is
receiving a very careful study from ex-
perts who will Ir a few years be able to
give us reliable information and data on
this part of the work. Until then, we
must be guided by the experience and re-
sults obtained by those who have care-
fully and methodically designed works
which have been put into operation, and
who are able and willing to give results
secured, or If failures are encountered
the reasons for such, that others may
avoid like disaster.
The result to be obtained is to take the
septic tank effluent and to further purify
it by oxidation and nitrification so that
there may be no nuisance created or
damage done by discharging it Into the
most available water course.
In some cases where sufficient running
water i« nvnilnhle thp pffliient mav hA
most generally, however, such streams
are not available and some artificial
means must be adopted, and this in the
present practice, means either contact
beds or some type of filters; and it s
particularly this feature of the problem
that I wish to call attention to.
The English engineers who were the
first to recognize and adopt the bacterial
process as such, have had a much wider
and more varied experience with the dif-
ferent forms of filters and bacterial beds-
than we have had; consequently much
importance must be given to the results
which ' they have been able to obtain.
With them the contact bed originated, as
well as a number of the different forms
of bacterial filters which are now being
used.
The contact bed, which was the first
form of anaerobic treatment. Is perhaps ^
the best known of their methods. A
large number of plants have been
equipped with these beds and even in
America, we have quite a number of
plants designed after the same jgreneral
principles first adopted in England. Ex-
perience and a more thorough knowledge
of the principles involved have resulted
in Improved methods until at the present
time the contact beds are losing their
popularity and are being crowded to the
background in favor of other forms of"^
filters in which more positive aerobic ac-
tion can l>e secured and at a less expense.
It is interesting to note that at a recent
meeting of the Sanitary Institute fat
Birmingham, England, a great majority
of the speakers expressed themselves as
being against the adoption of contact
beds; some of them even pronouncing
them back numbers and out of date. It
is not strange, however, that this should
be »9o, as it is expected that the first
methods adopted to accomplish a certain
result are subject to improvements and if
the contact beds have only been a step-
ping stone to something better, they have
accomplished useful resu'ts.
The present English practice is now
running largely to open filters, variously
termed percolating, aerating, intermit-
tent, streaming filters, etc., all much aUke
in general character and differing mostly
In their construction and method of ap-
plication.
The "contact bed requires practically
water-tight tanks, which are quite ex-
pensive, and to get best results there
oVtrtiilH VkA
nta<^f TvifVi a mii'vi-
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114
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Acuities with the beds Is that their capac-
ity decreases rapidly by the filling up of
the Interstices of the material by a vege-
table growth, thus reducing the original
capacity as much as 4 per cent, in two
years. It is found, too. that they require
more skilled care than was at first an-
ticipated, and, further, that the filtering
medium m-ust be removed and cleahed if
worked at maximum rates.
The form of filters most popular at the
present time Is open percolating fi'ters
built upon a hard floor well drained; they
vary from 4 to 8 feet in depth and are
composed of any hard material that will
not disintegrate by the action of the air
and water. In experiments made with
coke, coal, broken brick, cinder and brok-
en stone, coal gave best results, and from
many tests as to the best size, that broken
to pieces varying from ^ to % inch gave
much the best results.
There are many patented devices and
appliances for distributing the fewage
over the beds, and this feature is of great
importance. Revolving arms are used in
circular beds. Sprays and Jets from per-
forated pi pea give good results, but cre-
ate much odor. A good septic effluent
can, they say, be purified by one of these
filters at rates of from 400 to 600 gallons
per square yard per day.
My own experience and observation
with contact beda though limited, is far
from satisfactory, and I have given most
attention to fi.ters, principally sand filters,
operated intermittently and automatically.
Some six of these plants are now in suc-
cessful operation.
An interesting plant was built for the
Allis-Chalmbers Company, at their new
works in West Allls. Early in 1902, the
company advertised for propositions for
constructing a sewage purification plant
with a capacity sufllcient to purify the
sewage from factories where 3,500 men
were to be employed. The requirements
so far as purification was concerned, stip-
ulated that the "effluent from the plant
shall be without odor and in such condi-
tion that no further purification shall oc-
cur. In particular, the effluent water
shall be at all times unobjectionable in
flowing through the course of natural
drainage into which it is discharged be-
yond the limits of the property of the
company."
The writer submitted a proposition on
plans similar to the one later constructed
for the County of Milwaukee in which
sand filters were to be used for final
treatment. At the suzzestion of their
structlon substituted therefor. The plant
was designed for a capacity of 80,000 gal-
lons of sewage per day. It consists of
a septic tank provided with a grit cham-
ber and an anaerobic filter connected
with the tank and the final
treatment through an open percolating
filter. Thf plant was constructed on a
hillside; the tank is built of concrete and
covered with a gable roof resting on top
of the concrete walls with a plank walk
through its center supported by the raft-
ers. The tank is divided by a central
partition into two long tanks, each 10 feei
by 58 feet with 7.5 feet depth of watei
or a total fluid capacity of 68,000 gallons.
Controlling valves are placed at the open-
ings leading to a bypass pipe which will
enable the sewage to be discharged
through the grit chambers into the outlet,
or it may be discharged Into the outlet
after leaving either the septic tank or
the anaerobic filter. These openings are
all provided with coffin shear sewer
valves with two additional ones in the
bottom of the tanks to permit the sludge
or contents of either the tank chambers
to be discharged into the outlet.
Each compartment of the tank has a
separate discharge opening into the
anaerobic filter; these are provided with
floating weirs similar in construction to
those used by Messrs. Snow & Barbour
in their plant at Mansfield, O. There is
several feet fall between the level of the
water in the septic tank and that in the
anaerobic filter so that a certain amount
of air is admitted at this point by two
falls. The anaerobic filter is 21 feet wide
by 33 feet long, being a continuation of
the tank itself. It has a drain outlet Into
the main bypass or outlet pipe also sup-
plied by a shear valve and an 8-incb
concrete trap and wall at the entrance
and where the sewage must pass down
underneath this wall into the filter and
pass upward through the filtering ma-
terial and over a weir the full length of
the chamber into a concrete trough,
thence to the distributing siphons. This
filter is composed of lines of 4-iiich tile
conduit pipe, laid upon a concrete floor;
they are rpacod 4 inches apart with open-
ing at each section of several inches be-
tween pieces. The entire floor is covered
in this way, the end of the tile projecting
through beneath the trap wall; on top
of this tile are placed large pieces of coal
clinkers so laid by hand that the finer
material cannot get down to clog the
drains. On top of these large pieces la
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SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
115
on top of this is 6 inches of a still flner
grade of the same material, leaving a 6-
Inch depth of water over the entire sur-
face when it is flooded.
A bypass is provided through which the
effluent from the septic tank can be car*
ried around this anaerobic Alter and into
the distributing chambers.
At the outlet end of the building and at
the end of the anaerobic filter are three
concrete siphon chambers each 3 by 5 feet
into which the eflluent passes when leav-
ing the anaerobic filter; each chamber is
supplied with a 12-inch wide weir notch
are concrete gutters which collect the
effluent and discharge it through tile pipe
into an open ditch below the works. On
top of the floor are placed parallel lines
of 4-inch conduit pipe sloping from the
center to the sides for the purpose of ad-
mitting air to the interior of the filter.
These tile are laid a few inches apart
over the entire surface and on top of
these is placed the filtering material
which in this case is composed of coal
cinders a-^d clinkers varying in size from
% to V4 Inch in diameter. The outside
was built of large clinkers laid carefully
S£CTI0M
AMACIfffBIC riLTtm
9CCTtOII
3CPTIC TAflU
WEST ALLIS SEWAGE DISPOSAL PLANT. CROSS SECTIONS.
Anaerobic filter bed. Aerobic filter bed. Septic tank.
in the edge of the side trough that re-
ceives the flow, distributing it equally to
the three chambers. These chambers are
supplied with 6-inch automatic siphons
which discharge the contents of the
aerobic filter and work independent of
each other.
The object of the anaerobic filter Is to
produce conditions under which the
facultative bacteria can do their work
and prepare the effluent for more rapid
nitrification in the aerobic filter.
The aerobic filter is an open filter con-
structed on a concrete floor or founda-
tion; this floor Is 40 by 60 feet in dimen-
sions and has a slope of 6 Inches from the
center to the outside. Along the outside
with a slight batter. The fllter has a
hight of 8 feet at the sides and 7% feet
in the center and a top area of 30x54 feet.
Across the top of this filter Is placed the
distributing system, which Is composed
of three parallel lines of plank troughs
constructed of 2-inch pine plank, making
a trough 12 Inches wide by 10 inches
high. Into each of these troughs an 8-
inch iron pipe leading from the siphons
is connected In such a manner that each
siphon feeds one-third of the bed. Across
and at right angles to these troughs and
spaced 3 feet centers are feed troughs.
These are of lumber and are 9 feet long,
projecting 4 feet on each side of the
main trough. They are built of 12-lnch
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
wide boards 9 feet long resting upon a
wall of clinkers and elevated some 12
inches above the top of the bed. These
walls were built of selected pieces, are
wide at the bottom and narrowed to IG
Inches at the top. On these walls aro
placed the bottom boards of the distrib-
uting troughs; these troughs are 4 inches
wide and 5 inches high; they were con-
structed by taking a 4x1 inch strip of
dressed lumber with two side pieces S
Inches wide nailed to its edges; then at
a distance of 8 inches apait, notches V*
inch wide were cut through the lower
two inches of the sides and half way
through the bottom. These boxes wei-e
nailed to the 12-inch board and the ends
closed; they were then fastened with
no experience with this class of filter was
available to determine the effect of ex-
treme cold weather upon it.
The plant was constructed very careful-
ly and was put into operation about Feb.
1, 1903, and has operated continuously up
to the present time, and during this time
it has given entire satisfaction. The final
effluent is bright, clear and without odor.
The operation of this plant has devel-
oped the following facts:
1. That our estimate of 80,000 gallons
per day was far too small, as the actual
flow ranges during at least twelve hours
of the twenty-four from a rate of 250,(W
to -. /U Om a lons per aa . ivera
probably being 320,000 gallons, and con-
tains a large amount of oil and hot wa-
ter from engine and machinery.
WEST ALLIS SEPTIC TANK AND SEWAGE FILTER.
Aerobic bed in front, septic tank and anaerobic bed in rear.
cleats to the sides of the main trough,
in each side of which is a 2 by 2-inch
opening through which the water dis-
charges into the feed troughs; these
openings are provided with hand slides
so that the amount of water can be reg-
ulated in order to get a uniform distribu-
tion over the entire area fed by one
main trough.
The filter is protected by a wooden roof
supported on brick piers and above the
top of the filter it is closed in, while be-
low the sides and the ends of the filter
2. That ordinary coal cinders, when
carefully screened, will disintegrate ander
conditions here found, indicating that a
harder material should be used for con-
structing filters.
3. That the outside of such filters
should be constructed of square open tile
laid in mortar or dry rubble masonry in-
stead of the large clinkers, which disin-
tegrate under action of the water and al-
low slides to take place.
4. That there is not so much danger
from freezing In extreme cold weather as
might naturally be expected; consequent-
ly the covering might be omitted en-
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ROADS AND PAVEMENTS.
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.good septic tank effluent a Alter of this
kind may be depended upon for a capa-
city of from 750 to 1,000 gallons of effluent
per sq. yard of surface.
This filter has during the past six
months, been operated continuously at a
rate of at least l,Ou^t gallons per sq. yard
during twelve hours each day and as at
least part of the plant is operated during
the night, it gets but little rest during
that period. I have no knowledge of the
night flow.
Since the plant has been operating sev-
eral changes have been made. The aero-
bic Alter has been surrounded with a
brick wall laid dry. and tho distributing
system has been suspended from trusses
resting upon brick piers and is now sup-
ported independent of the filtering me-
dium and some fifteen inches above it.
The system, however, proves very satis-
factory and the distribution is even
throughout the whole surface. The notch-
es in the bottom of the troughs fill up
with fine cinders washed from the an-
aerobic bed and a fungus growth, which
requires that the slots be raked 0];>en
once each week.
Temperature readings taken at different
points through this plant during cold
weather indicate very slight changes in
the water. A typical set of readings In-
dicate the following: Outside atmos-
phere, -13. Atmosphere Inside septic tank
with door open, 24. Atmosphere over fil-
ter bea with winter shutters in place, 44.
Sewage entering plant, 60. Water leaving
septic tank, 60. Water in siphon cham-
bers, 54. Final effluent below the plant,
52. with outside atmosphere. 22. Readings
show a loss of but 2 degrees In passing
the" entire plant, and In this, as Well as a
number of other readings, the water In
leaving the septic tank is 1 degree higher
than when it entered.
ROADvS AND PAVEMENTS
The Bitulithic Pavement— Indiana aravel Roads— Delays of Contract—
Bitullthic Pavement Injunction— School Property not assessable.
The Bitulithic Pavement.*
By W. A. Hoyt.
A thorough exposition of the bitulithic
pavement is not attempted in this paper.
I therefore^ give some observations and
conclusions which I have gathered in su-
perintending the construction of about
65,000 square yards of this pavement dur-
ing the past summer for the cities of Kal-
amazoo and Manistee. Mich., in a ►^nort
correspondence with others who have had
a similar or a greater opportunity for ob-
servation and in a study of available lit-
erature upon the subject.
I wish to say at the outset that 1 am
not Interested In the promotion of any
kind of pavement whatsoever, except the
-one, which by merit alone, proves its
right to promotion. The purpose of the
paper Is to bring out weak points as
well as strong ones. If I err in my judg-
ments it Is because of the lack of acu-
men and not because of the lack of spirit
of inquiry.
The legitimate predecessor of the
bltuUthlic pavement, and with which the
public so naturally confuses It, is the
coal tar pavement. The hlHory of this
pavement is very erratic, with peculiar
successes and disastrous failure?. Tar
macadam pavements were used In Part*
in 1854 and they have been used in other
European countries for many years.
They began to be used in this country
about 1866. Mr. Tlllson. In his "Pavements
and Paving Materials," speaks of a few
of these pavements in Brooklyn and
elsewhere, which have lasted for over
twenty years. The experience of Wash-
ington, D. C, affords the best opportun-
ity for the study of coal tar pavement?.
From 1871 to 1888 there was laid 864,400
sq. yds. of this pavement, all essentially
the 5ame, In the use of the broken stone
base coated with tar, a wearing sur-
face, of varying thfcckness and composl-
tion, depending upon the patent under
which it was constructed. In all the
pavements coal tar was used either crude
or partly refined, and either alone or
mixed with sawdust, sulphur, sulphuric
acid, slacked lime or eisphalt, or a com-
bination of several of these materials.
Of these pavements something like 20
per cent, of the total yardage failed In
two or three years, about 50 per cent, in
seven years, and 91 per cent. In 15 yoara.
While 4.9 per cent. Ip^ted for 26 years and
1.2 for 30 years. The average annual cost
for repairing those streets which have
*From a paper before the Michigan Engineering Society.
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118
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
lasted for thirty years and over, Is very
low— about 2.2 cents per sq. yd. The
method of construction was very crude.
At first the tar and stone were mixed
cold and later were mixed hot, the stone
was heated on a drying floor and the
tar in kettles, and 'mixed with shoveU as
concrete. Still later, when mechanical
mixers were used, there was no uni-
formity in the tar or attempted en^ada-
tlon of the stone. Mr. A. W. Dow,
Government Inspector of Asphalt? anu
Cements, says that in all pavements of
"this cla&9 which lasted well, no mater-
ial except refined coal tar waB used a?
the cementing agent, with, in some In-
stances, the addition of a little a?ph«it;
and those pavements in existence today
were all laid with straight refined coal
tar." He further says that the long life
of these old pavements "can only be
looked upon as a lucky aocident," and
for this reason "it is a remarkable* il-
lustration of what coal tar bitumen can
do by chance."
Despite these failures, coal tar pave-
ments continue to be used and In the
last few years have become quite popular
in Canada. Some of the places repeated
the same mistakes as were made at
Washington. Hamilton and Toronto have
been using it in increasing amounts for
several years. These pavements appear
to give satisfaction in many cases and
cost from 40 cents to $1.25 per square
yard.
The unusual wearing qualities of some
of these old pavements attracted the at-
tention of men interested in the paving
business. While at the same timo the
conditions of the asphalt trade, and some
difficult features connected with that con-
struction, caused men to seek for some
other form of pavement.
Mr. S. Whinery, M. Am. See. C. E., for
several years in the asphalt paving busi-
ness, advocated in 1901 an asphalt macad-
am pavement which would combine the
low cost and non-slippery features of the'
macadam with the smooth hard surface,
noiselessness and sanitary features of the
asphalt pavement. Thus ne thought to
obtain a. pavement which would not be
dusty and "ravel" as macadam, and
would not be slippery and crack and shift
and "scale" as asphalt. He considered
the combination more durable than as-
pavement based on the same general line
of reasoning. He had made a study of
the old coal tar pavement and proposed
to use a coal tar pitoh for the binder and
a graded stone for the metaL
Method of Construction.— The subgrade
and foundation will not be taken up In
detail, as the work Is nearly identical
with that of the macadam i>avement.
with which all are familiar, except only,
to mention a matter which caused great
consternation amongst the "curbstone
engineers." The sand came through the
stone so badly that we began the use of
a light sprinkling of coarse hay upon the
subgrade. This hay, in large quantities
would help the rolling of the subgrade,
and a light layer being left, it kept the
sand down considerably. It was not per-
mitted in bunches or upon questionably
spongy soil.
Usually a six-inch macadam base 's
used, the stone varying in sixe from that
which will pass a three-inch ring to that
held on a one-inch ring. This should be
thoroughly rolled so as not to ridge or
shift under a fifteen ton roller. If neces-
sary to bind the stone, a light coat of
smaller sizes should be used. Smooth
places caused by the concentration of fine
stone and dust are not desirable. If sand,
mud or clay works up through it should
be cut out, replaced with stone and
rolled until solid. When the rolling is
finished the surface should have a uni-
form grade, the thickness of the wearing
coat below finished grade, over the entire
surface. This point should be watched
and a variation of one half inch should
be the maximum. The spreader in
chargQ of forming the surface should
have two eyes and a Judgment and know
how to use them.
Upon this foundation is spread a light
sprinkling of what is called Warren's No.
1 Puritan Brand Semi-LIquld Bituminous
Cement. Upon this is then uniformly
spread a coating of No. 24 bituminous
cement. To coat the stone entirely it
requires about one gallon per sq. yd.,
which amount Is stipulated in the speci-
fications.
The wearing surface is ordinarily two
inches thick after compression; it is com-
posed of granite or hard field stone, vary-
ing in size from 1% inches to an impalpa-
ble powder, with stone dust or hydraulic
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ROADS AND PAVEMENTS.
119
hauled to the street. When this Is shov-
eled from the platform, upon which it Is
dumped, and spread upon the street, it
should not be thrown, but deposited
where wanted as concrete. Much de-
pends upon the rakers who spread the
material after it Is deposited in place by
the shovelers. to keep uniformity in the
mixture and to get a uniform surface by
filling up irregularities left in the founda-
tion or caused by subseouent settlement
In rolling the surface. The rolling
should follow closely upon the spreading
of the material.
Upon this wearing surface is then
spread a thin flush coat of bituminous
:iement, Just sufficient and no more, to
All all honey comb which may exist. The
amount required varies with the irregu-
larities of the surface and the amount of
the rolling it gets before cooling. Too
much, especially in cold weather, is
worse than not enough. Over this is
spread a light coat of stone chips of a
size depending upon the roughness of
surface desired, and rolled in. These
successive layers should follow sufficient-
ly close upon each other to allow the sur-
face to receive Its full amount of roll-
ing before it becomes cold. This
time will vary greatly depen'Jlng
upon the conditions of the weath-
er. Much depends upon the roll-
ing to make the surface dense by
wedging the stone together and by forc-
ing out air bubbles. The first rolling or
the wearing surface should be length-
wise of the street, but it should be gone
over diagonally before the rolling is fin-
ished. The weight of the roller should
not be less than fifteen tons, with a 20-In,
rear wheel.which gives a compression ot
460 lbs. per in. width of wheel. Loads oi
1.000 lbs. are frequent and they sometimes
run up to twice that amount.
All the bituminous material from the
first that Is applied to the last sprink-
ling of stone chips should be heated, and
all, except the No. 1 bituminous composi-
tion, should be applied to the street at
between 200 degrees and 250 degrees F.,
but none, not even the stone chips, should
be heated over 275 degrees F.
Each layer should be kept free from
dirt and moisture. It is best to suspena
work during wet weather, and to stop
work when the thermometer reaches 25
or 30 degrees F.
Difficulties encountered in the founda-
tion work are those common to macadam
pavements. Sand and mud must not be
permitted to fill the voids in the founda-
tion stone. The only real difficulty that 1
experienced, and I find the same difficulty
with others, was in getting a uniform
surface. If the crown is low (less than
5 inches for a 30 foot street or 6 inches
for a 40 foot street) or the grades are
flat (less than 0.33 per cent.) great care
must be taken to avoid small pools of
water and to make the gutters drain.
Under the repeated rolling, slight set-
tlements may take place. An appar-
ently solid subgrade may get wet and
"churn up and make the surface spongy
and uneven, which may necessitate cut-
ting out the pavement or burning down
and building up the surface. Slightly
spongy spots tighten up after a few
days and appear to be satisfactory. Small
depressions should be kept less than %
of an Inch under a four-foot straight
edge and long swells, aside from the
gutters, within % of an Inch from estab-
lished grade.
Stone for the base Is selected on the
same principle as for macadam. It should
be sound, hard stone, not friable under
the roller. The scare, which some would-
he wise heads sometimes succeed in cre-
ating about limestone dlsintegraUng In
the foundation Is entirely unfounded. The
effect of frost upon a porous stone In tho
foundation would be extremely small, as
there is ample room for drainage and ex-
pansion. Of course, it is better to hiwe
a hard stone, so it will last for severs?
resurfacings.
The wearing surface must have three
chief properties, which have long been
recognized as essential to a good road
material. They are hardness, or "the re-
sistance which a material ofters to the
displacement of its particles by friction";
toughness, or "the power possessed by a
material to resist fracture under im-
pact," and cementing or binding power.
The latter property is furnished by the
bitumen, therefore a harder and tougher
stone, not suited to a macadam pave-
ment, can be used. A hard, tough gran-
ite or field stone fulfilling the above con-
ditions Is ess«-ntial— limestones are not
suitable.
The Bituminous Cemep* used must fur-
nirh tWs cementing oi binding yower.
According to the specifications furnished
by the patentee of tMs pavement, the
bitumen or pitch sha*l be free from
water, petro'eum oil, naphthalene, and
other crystalline matter, susceptible to
atmospheric influences.
As this pitch is surrounded with so
much mystery, and is the chief point of
attack, an attempt was made to get
some definite information upon the sub-
ject. Expert chemists were unwilling to
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
commit themaelves, and any general in-
formaUon was hard to find. It Is. how-
ever, manufactured from coal tar by a
process of dinillatlon, unknown to the
public. (The paper gave a rather lengrthy
technical discussion of coa) tar and Its
manufacture.)
A coal tar pitch, in its normal con-
ditions \3 a bright, black, lustrous sub-
stantce, sometimes with a grayish tint,
and breaking with a conchoidal fracture.
Some English requirements of the pitch
of commerce are. that the sample must
"twlH fairly after ^n Immersion for two
minutes in water at 140 degrees P., but
not under 120 degrees." and must con-
tain at least 53 per cent, of "volatile or-
ganic matter."
Mr. A. W. Dow of Washington, whj is
undoubtedly the best authority In the
United Statei?, recommends the following
tests:
The ductility and fluidity are detex-
mined by ascertaining the distance at
which a piece of the cement may be
drawn out before breaking, at tempera-
tures of 20 degrees and 70 degrees P.
The one that is the man ductile is the
most perfect fluid and Is therefore the
best.
The rate of softening is determined by
finding its consistency at 32, 77, 100 and
115 degrees F.
Tht heat effect, in the manufacture of
the pavement. Is determined by taking
a sample cf known consistency at 77 de-
grees P., and raising it to 300 degree3 P.
for eight hours, then finding the con-
sistency at 77 degrees P.
Aging is brought about in two ways,
that is, by surface hardening and body
hardening. The first is due to the oxida-
tion and volatilization of light oils. The
second is apparently due to condemnation
of molecules. The aging is determined
by taking a shmple, exposing It to air
away from dust and finding Its consist-
ency at 77 degrees P. at different periods,
until the sample appears to have har-
dened, then a long slanting cut is made
through the sample, and penetration Is
ency is determined by the penetration of
a certain sized wire under a definite load.
As cements are not of the same de-
gree of purity, it is necessary for compari-
son to make these tests on a basis of the
puve bitumen. After a relation between
these physical tests and the bitumen has
been established, tests can be made on a
new cement and an allowance made for
impurities. Chemical tests are. there-
fore, necessary for this comparison and
also because upon the amount of bitumen
depends the cementing power of the mix-
ture.
The foundation of this pavement is
patterned after that of the old tar maca-
dam pavements, which proved to be so
very durable. Some recommend a con-
crete base, with the surface laid directly
upon it, f.nd others a concrete base with
three or four inches of stone upon the
concrete. The first does not obviate
any of the difllcultles of the sheet
asphalt, and the latter would appear un-
necessarily expensive, I am of the opin-
ion that a broken stone base, thorougnly
rolled and compacted is the best. It
gives ample drainage, and more body to
the pavement, as the wearing surface
and base are monolithic. It will not be
so easily resurfaced, but this is not of
great importance. I think the claim
made by some of the promoteis, that itie
stone are rolled with a heavy roller, while
the concrete is only tamped in place;
and therefore, the stone is better, is not
a good one. The stone base makes the
pavement more elastic in its application.
For in many places, where stone are
dear, other material could be used, and in
other places where travel is light and
there is a well-compacted gravel road-
way, a base of three inches of stone
would appear sufficient. Thus by pay-
ing more attention to the subgrade the
base could be made to suit local condi-
tions. When the surface becomes worn.
care should be taken to prevent water
soaking through to the foundation. If
there Is not adequate supervision of the
backfilling of the trenches cut through
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ROADS AND PAVEMENTS.
121
trated loads will not shear or shift the
material.
2. It must have cohesion, so as not to
■easily grind up or wear out under travel
3. It must be elastic to allow for ex-
pansion anS contraction.
4. It must have a sufficient range of
flexibility, so as not to become sticky or
shift in summer or to crumble and crack
In winter.
5. It must be impervious to water.
6. It must not disintegrate under
water.
7. And it must contain the foregoing
properties sufficiently long to allow a
nearly even and uniform wear of the
pavement.
The question whether asphalt or coal
tar pitch would best fulfill these re-
<iuirement8 Is a question for the special-
ist. The fact that the patent under
which the bitulithic pavement is laid,
permits the use of "coal tar. coal tar
pitch, asphalt, or a mixture of them or
other equivalent bituminous material.'
together with the fact that asphalt is
cheaper than the pitch, would Indicate
that the manufacturers of the pavement
liave more confidence in the coal tar dis-
tillate.
Municipal Engineering assigns values to
the bitulithic pavement as follows:
Ideal. Bitulithic. Asphalt. Brick.
Tillson's
table ...100 82 76 67
leaker's
table ...100 88 77 70
These values could be altered slightly
perhaps, but in general, as far as I am
sible to determine, they appear correct.
Xt is of course understood that these ra-
tios are not absolute, but that they must
"vary to suit local coiMitions, and these
local conditions should be studied with
the knowledge of the advantages pos-
sessed by various paving material to suit
different conditions.
The at^ve requirements from one to six
Inclusive, have already received a thor-
ough test In actual practice. More time
is yet required to demonstrate the sev-
enth condition. The sixth, an important
factor, is fully secured in the coal t ir
pitch; as it appears to be a well-known
fact of chemistry that *'it is wholly in-
soluble in water." And because it has
this property it ^111 be less pervious to
water. But the lower temperatures or
manufacture of the* bitumen w(» il 1 v
haps give It more volatile matter and
thus counteract the above effect.
The claim that the gradation In the
sizes of stone gives the metal aggregat^^
Inherent stability, and thus permits thf
use of a softer and therefore more dura-
ble bitumen, ia unquestionably a good
one. The softer bitumen would give great-
er adhesion, cohesion, elasticity and
range of flexibility than a hard one. This
gradation in the stone> reducing the voids
to 10 or 12 per cent., gives much less area
of stone to be coated, therefore less of,
the surface of cement exposed, than with
the sand mixture. And If the same
amount of pitch were used, which I see
no reason for doing, the film of pitch
would be much thicker around the stone
and therefore better. It appears to be
true of asphalt pavements that those
with well graded sand are more durable.
And also that the softer the bitumen
used the better the pavement.
If any city wishes to do its own work
arrangements can be made with the Bi-
tulithic Paving Company to furnish the
patent pitch at a cost of $1 per square
yard. This includes the expert advice
necessary In its use and in proportioning
the mixtures. The cost of dolhg the
work would depend upon a great m.an
things, such as: The proximity of suit-
able stone, in mass or crushed; the
amount of work to be done, and local la-
bor facilities. The class of labor re-
quired Is higher than that required for
macadam pavements. The cost of labor
per sq. yd. on the street and at the plant,
for mixing surface material, exclusive of
hauling and excavating, is about 12 or
13 cents. Thus if the stone costs 38 cents
per sq. yd. on the street for an eight-Inch
pavement, the total cost exclusive of
plant and tools would be about 50 cents
per sq. yd. This does not take into ac-
count delays from bad weather or brtnik-
downs or cost and deterioration of tools
and plant.
In conclusion I wish to say that I be-
gan my correspondence with different
cities, with the expectation of finding
some dissatisfaction with the pavement;
but there appears to be general, and in
many cases enthusiastic, approval. Con
servatism Is a commendable attribute,
but when a method of construction re-
ceives such universal approval from prac-
tice and profession alike, conservatism
must give way to commendation.
New Gravel Road for Clinton County,
Indiana.
A number of farmers of Clinton County.
Infllana. who recently petitioned lor n« w
gravel roads, appeared berore the Board
of County Cc^missloners Jan. 4 at
Frankfort and asked for permission to
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MUNICIPAL ENQINEERINQ.
withdraw their names, claiming that the
expense would be too heavy and that
their taxes would be increased more than
they had counted upon. The board of
commissioners ruled, however, that the
matter had gone too far to be stopped
now and the roads will be constructed.
Pittsburg Not Liable to Contractor for
Delays.
An opinion handed down by Judge R. S.
Frazer at Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 18, holding
that the city of Pittsburg is not liable to
Wemeberg, Sheehan & Co. in the sum of
1134,727.64 on the Grant boulevard con-
tract. The above firm brought suit
against the city for 1384.944.07 on the con-
tract for the paving of the street, claim-
ing the amount to be on the final estimate
and for extras ordered. Most of the
items were based upon an alleged failure
of Director E. M. Bigelow of the depart-
ment of public works to procure the nec-
essary rights of way for the boulevard,
thereby preventing the contractors from
completing their work \p. the time speci-
fied by the contract. The lower court
rendered a verdict for the plaintiffs in
the sum of 1134.727.64 with a question of
law reserved as to the right of the con-
tractors to recover anything. Judge
Frazer' s decision was rendered on a mo-
tion for a new trial by the plaintiff and
a motion by the city for judgment In its
favor, notwithstanding the verdict.
New York Paving Injunction Granted.
The appellate division of the New York
Supreme Court handed down a decision
January 22 reversing an order of the
special term denying a motion for a tem-
porary injunction asked for by the Bar-
ber Asphalt Paving Company against
William R. Wilcox, John E. Eustis, and
Richard Young, as commissioners of
parks. The proceeding was a taxpayers'
action to enjoin an alleged illegal award
of a contract for furnishing and setting
new curbstones and paving with War-
ren Brothers' bitulithic pavement. The
commissioners advertised for bids and
with such deflniteness <ind precision as
to prevent competition. The specifica-
tions should be of a more general nature.
In the present case the plaintiff alleges,
and it Is not denied, that the defendants
intended to accept the proposal for the
patent pavement. The law does not for-
bid the use of a patented pavement, but
it does prohibit the award of a contract
unless the proposals are invited under
circumstances which afford a fair and
reasonable opportunity for competitiO!i.
The order is reversed, with HO costs and
disbursements, and motion for injunctiuii
granted, with |10 costs.
Pennsylvania School Property Not As-
sessable for Improvements.
A. decision was rendered by Judge Kelly
Jan. 19 in the suit of the City of Scran-
ton, Pa., aganist the school district of
that city. The city sought to ascertain
whether or not it can collect sewer as-
sessments from the school district for
sewers constructed In front of the schools.
The opinion, which is in favor of the de-
fendant, Is as follows:
The only question in this case is wheth-
er the real estate of a school district used
for school purposes is liable to assessfent
for school purposes is liable to assessment
front of it. This question has been so re-
cently decided by the Supreme Court that
a discussion of it would be idle. Mr. Jus-
tice Mestrezat, In a very exhaustive opin-
ion, in Pittsburg vs. Sub-District School,
204 Pa., 635, has covered the whole ques-
tion, and in that case the point is de-
cided In favor of the school district. Aft-
er a review of the authorities Mr. Justice
Mestrezat says: "These authorities con-
clusively show that statutes Imposing as-
sessments for local Improvements are
enacted In the exercise of the taxing pow-
er of the legislature. They, therefore,
notwithstanding the generality of the
enumeration of the property affected, do
not apply or relate to property held or
used for public purposes by the state or
any of Its political subdivisions. The rea-
sons given for this rule given in the au-
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WATER, LIGHT AND HEAT.
123
relieves the public from the necessity of
contributing to the cost or expense of the
improvement. If public property pur-
chased by funds raised by taxation is
subjected to assessment, it is the public
paying the public, which clearly discloses
the absurdity of the proposition." Fur-
ther comment is unnecesary.
WATER, LIGHT AND HEAT
Steam Heating from Central Station— Regulations for Electric Wires-
Toledo Water Consumption— Electrolysis in Richmond-
Electric Shock from Fire Stream.
ap-
It is
little
indi-
Steam Heating from a Central 8ta
tion.'
By F. B. Hofft.
Heating from central station
proaches very nearly the ideal,
clean, even, pleasant and sanitary;
if any more expensive than the
vidual plant, and with none of its difficul-
ties. It is undoubtedly the best known
cure for the smoke nuisance outside of
manufacturing districts. It has so many
advantages and with practically no trou-
ble or care to the consumer, that its suc-
cess, when installed and operated prop-
erly, has been instantaneous and com-
plete.
Central station heating is the result of
the outcome of several conditions of
prime causes; namely the demand of the
public, following, particularly in this
state, failure of the natural gas, the un-
certainty of the coal supply, and the just
complaint of the public against the smoke
nuisance. Second, and probably the
more important cause is the endeavor of
the manager of the local electric light and
power company to increase the earning
power of his plant; to get some revenue
out of what might be called waste energy,
namely, exhaust steam.
The time was when the manager was
content, if hl^ cost per kw. per hour
compared favorably with the average of
his class. The price per ton of his coal,
together with his revenue, and not the
small percentage of heat units delivered
at the switch board, was the criterion by
which he Judged of his economical opera-
tion.
And even in this day of the high ef-
ficiency engine, generators, boilers, stok-
ers, etc., when we are approaching the
limits of efficiency we are only turning
into revenue earning energy about 7 per
cent, of the coal shoveled on the grates
To this 93 per cent, loss and how to de-
crease it, or turn it into a source of rev-
enue, have been given the best thought
and endeavor of the up-to-date manager
and engineer, and he has found In the
heating plant a practical method of re-
deeming a large portion of this waste.
Central Station heating may be divided
into two clasess— hot water and steam;
steam may then be divided into two
classes, first the ^raight heating plant,
both high and low pressure; second the
low pressure or exhaust steam plant.
This latter class may again be divided
into two classes, namely the return sys-
tem, or where the condensation is re-
turned to the power house, and the one-
pipe system where the condensation,
after being cooled, Is discharged into the
sewer and is a loss.
This paper will be confined to the latter
class, and more particularly to the plant
of the Merchants' Heat and Light Com-
pany of Indianapolis, together, with its
operation.
A brief history of the plant would read
as follows: Simultaneously with the fail-
ure of natural gas, the uncertainty of
the coal supply, together with smoke
and the Inconvenience of the individual
plant, and a demand for cheaper elec-
tric light, a movement was set on foot
by the Merchants' Association of Indian-
apolis, looking to the overcoming of these
and many other difficulties, and the log-
ical solution was central station heat.
Mr. W. H. Schott, who later designed
and installed the plant, was called in,
plans and estimates were furnished and
active steps taken toward getting things
started. A franchise, covering the busi-
ness section of the city for steam heating
•A paper read before the Indiana Engineering Society.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
and electric light was secured on July
29, 1902, and by the following January
steam was being carried through a long
system of mains and several buildings
were being heated. Since then to the
present day, or practically one year, the
plant has given entire satisfaction, which
is confirmed by the fact that about one
hundred and twenty-flve of the largest
business buildings, making a total of
nearly 200,000 square feet of steam radia-
tion, are being supplied by exhaust steam.
The following short description of the
plant will give a fair Idea of its make-up.
The plant was designed to run condens-
ing or straight electric during summer
months, and with a back pressure of
from one to seven pounds during the
heating seaaon. The capacity of the pow-
er house at present It but one-third of Its
ultimate size. It Is equipped with seven
250 hp. Wickes water tube boilers, with
Roney stokers designed for the burning
of slack coal. In the engrine room are
three 500 hp. and one 350 hp. Ideal
compound engines, designed to run con-
densing on 18 pounds of steam per 'hp.
per hour and 27 pounds of steam when
running with a back pressure' of five
pounds. The engines are directly con-
nected with three 350 kw. and one 250
kw. Western Electric direct current
250 volt generators, two 1,000 ampere com-
pensators, one 2,000 hp. Cochrane-Sorge
heater and purifier and one 2000 hp.
Worthlngton jet condenser and cooling
tower complete. A twenty-inch Davis
back pressure valve is Installed on the
open air exhaust. There is also a ten-
inch live steam line connected to the
heating main through an automatic re-
ducing valve to furnish live steam if
there should be an insufficient exhaust
to maintain the required heating pressjre.
The system of street mains was laid
out to supply 500,000 square feet of radia-
tion with a power-house pressure of five
pounds; and at present there are Installed
16,885 feet of mains, varying in size from
eight-Inch to twenty-inch pipe. The great-
est distance this exhaust steam Is carried
is 4,840 feet, and at this point there Is a
building requiring 7,500 square feet of ra-
diation. The most of the underground in-
sulation was special design and built up
of two-Inch hemlock lumber, set stag-
gered, with two dead air cells between
the layers of lumber, filled with a special
hair felt. The space between the pipe
and the Insulation Is filled with soft-wood
placed about 160 feet apart In man-holes,-
pipe resting on rollers, giving free travel;
services are taken off from up-turned
tees and given considerable swing to al-
low slight travel of the. main. Service-
connections are not made within thirty
feet of an expan.5lon joint. Anchors are-
placed about midway between expansion
joints, thus giving a maximum travel of
any service connection of about six-
tenths of an Inch. Line condensation is
collected at the low points and discharged
through traps into dry-wells.
Connection to the building Is made to a
suitable point In the consumer's system.
A trap Is set on the return and conden-
sation sent through what Is called a
cooling coll. which Is water radiation set
to heat the basement, or boxed up and
used as Indirect radiation on flr^t floor
through a floor register. From the soiling
cell or water radiation the water Is dis-
charged Into the sewer at about IbO de-
grees. In many instances this condensa-
tion Is used to heat water for domestic
purposes by means of a range boilei
Probably the most Important feature of
the entire system, from a satisfactory
and economical operating standpoint, is-
the automatic building temperature reg-
ulation. Its value as a steam saver can
be placed at 40 per cent., while Its value
considering the even temperature, can
hardly be estimated. Without tempera-
ture regulation,, central station heating
would not be the success It Is today.
Regulation on this system Is obtained
by means of thermostatic control of a
regulating valve on the steam supply.
This Is operated by compressed air from
the power house of fifteen pounds press-
ure. The valve is sneak feed and gives
a regulation not varying over two de-
grees. A small valved by-pass Is con-
nected around the regulator and the
valve slightly cracked. This keeps the
main warm during such time as the
regulator is entirely closed for a consid-
erable period, and prevents the regulator
opening into a cold main keeps the
air out of the main and gives a more
rapid circulation of steam.
Let us now consider the operation of
the plant under heating conditions. Since
it is exhaust steam that is used we wll!
consider the heating as a by-product of
the electric light plant. To do this we
must charge up to lighting only that por-
tion of the operating expenses required
under the best oneratlnsr conditions, 1. e..
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WATER, LIGHT AND HEAT.
125^
costs of each, leavlngr out the factors
that remain constant.
Let us assume an electric load of 750
kw. as average for twenty-four hours,
and consider the plant first as a straight
electric light plant. As above mentioned
the engines are to be run on eighteen
pounds of steam per hp. hour. This will
make a total of 432,000 pounds of steam
during the twenty-four hours. The
running of the condenser pumps con-
sumes say 40 hp. at eighty pounds of
steam per hp. hour, making a total of
67,200 pounds. The running of the cool-
ing tower fan, say twenty hp. electric
motor, would take in steam value about
twenty-one pounds per hp. hour, a total
of 10.080 pounds of steam. The boiler
feed pumps will average about fifteen hp.
at eighty pounds of steam per hp. hour,
a total of 28,000 pounds. Thus we have
an approximate value of steam con-
sumption for twenty-four hours running
as condensing plant, 638,080 pounds of
steam.
Now let us change the conditions to
heating. The average outside temperature
for the city of Indianapolis for the
seven heating months is 29 degrees. With
this outside temperature, and 200,000
square feet of radiation connected, the
power house pressure required will be
three and one-half pounds. This would
mean a back pressure on the engines of
three and one-half pounds, and the steam
consumption would increase from
eighteen pounds to twenty-six pounds
per hp, hour. Going back to our electric
load of 750 kw. under these conditions we
will have an engine consumption for the
twenty-four hours of 624,000 pounds ^f
steam. The boiler feed pumps will in-
crease to say twenty hp. at eighty
pounds, a total of 33.600. The deep well
pump will Increase due to the loss of
condensation, about five hp. This is
driven by electric motor, and placing its
steam value at twenty-one pounds per
hp. hour it will require 2.520 pounds of
steam. Adding this up we will get a total
of 661.120 pounds of steam. This will, to-
gether with its condensation, take care
of 183.000 square feet of radiation. Since
we are figuring on 200,000 square feet,
there will be live steam required for
17.000, or about 69,600 pounds of live steam.
We thus, have a total steam consump-
tion, when operating heating and light-
ing, of 729,720 pounds of steam.
There are other conditions entering,
which must be balanced in heat units, for
example, when operating under heating
conditions the boiler feed must be heated
from the well temperature to 210 de-
grees. The raising in temperature of
729,720 pounds of water from say 50 to 210
degrees will requlie about 117,165,200 heat
units. Now to balance this feed water
heating charge, we will charge aganist
the electric light plant the heat units re-
quired to raise the water from a hot well
temperature of 90 degrees to 210 degrees,
This would be 538,000 pounds of water, 120
degrees, or 64.569,600 B. T. U. or difference
to be charged against the heating depart-
ment of 62.585,600 B. T. U. Reducing this
to steam at 150 pounds pressure, since no
deduction was made from the steam
available for heating, and charging it
aganist the heating department we have
40.000 pounds of steam.
From the above figures we get, from the
condition assumed, a total steam con-
sumption, when running as a straight
electric plant. 538,080 pounds of steam
and a total consumption of steam when
running as both electric and heating, of
729,720, plus 40,000 equal to 769,720, or a
difference in steam consumption of 271.640
pounds of steam for the twenty-four
hours.
This 271,640 pounds of steam, which is
about one third of the total steam con-
sumption, together with the additional
labor represents the cost of operatioii
treating the heating as a by-product of
the electric light plant.
Construction and Maintenance of
Electric Wires.
The following regulations for the use
and maintenance of electric wires were
given in a paper by A. S. Hatch of the
Detroit Electric Light Commission before
the American Society of Municipal Im-
provements:
Wires are divided into two classes.
1. Those for telegraph, telephone and
signalling purposes.
2. Those for electric light and power
purposes.
These are classified as overhead and
underground.
1. Two pole lines bearing the same
class of wires shall not be erected In the
same street, avenue or alley, nor shall
two pole lines of either class be erected
on the same side of any street, avenue or
alley. Whenever possible, all pole lines
shall be built in alleys.
2. Poles shall be set near to and within
the curb and not nearer than ten feet
from any hydrant. They must be at
least five feet in the ground for a thirty
foot pole, and not less than one-seventh
of their length for longer poles. Where
pole lines intersect, there must be a
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
pole used In common, when so required,
unless otherwise specified in the permit.
3. All poles now standing, or hereafter
erected, shall be branded or stamped with
the name or initials of the company
owning: them. Each grouji of cross arms,
or where necessary the support of a
single wire of different ownership must
be distinguished by some characteristic
mark or fastening, otherwise the owner
of the pole will be held responsible.
4. All poles erected in conspicious
places must be of such weight and di-
mensions and be painted such a color as
may be approved by the Public X^lghting
Commission.
5. Each line of poles must run on one
side of the street only unless special per-
mission Is given to cross.
6. Cross arms must be at least twenty-
four inches apart, strengthened by braces
and designated by some characteristic
mark if belonging to a company other
than the one owning the poles. In class
1, pins must be at least twelve inches
apart and inside pins twenty-eight inches;
in class 2, inside pins thirty inches, all
others fourteen Inches. Where wires un-
der class 2 are taken from the main line
at any angle, the outside pins must be
steel or cored, or an Iron guard placed
between the outside pin and the end of
the arm.
7. All wires must be fastened upon
poles or other fixtures with glass, porce-
lain or other Insulators approved by the
commission, stretched properly and fas-
tened with a tie of the same kind of
wire or other fastening approved by the
commission. Lines of wires at intersec-
tions must not pass through each other,
but must be either above or below, pre-
ferably class 2 above that of class 1.
Upon all poles the lowest point in the
wires suspended from them shall nut be
less than twenty-five feet from the
ground.
All wires which would naturally pass
within four inches of any pole, building
or other object must be attached to the
same and Insulated therefrom. All wires
strung on house tops must be at least
seven feet from flat and one foot from
proportion to the strain and not smaller
than No. 8 Birmingham wire gauge and
all angles must be guyed, tne guys insu-
lated, and where there are more than
four wires In the line, head guys must be
used.
10. Every line, pole or fixture must be
kept in thorough order and repair, in con-
formity with these rules and regulations
in every case, where possible, under the
general permit for repairs (rule 16), upon
penalty of forfeiture of all permits not
acted upon and a refusal to grant new
permits until the rule is complied with,
but no additional poles or wires can be
erected under cover of repairs nor shall
any route or location be changed without
a permit.
11. All wires or current carying conduc-
tors, polos, guys or apparatus belonging
to any person, firm or corporation that
may be found dangerous to life or prop-
erty or intruding on "the rights of citi-
zens or other corporations must be rem-
edied by the owners thereof when noti-
fied. This applies to any damage to
sewers, conduits, cables, gas or water-
pipes by electrolysis or otherwise.
12. All wires of class 2 must be se-
cured to insulating fastenings and cov-
ered with an insulation easily abraded
and waterproof approved by the commis-
sion. Whenever the insulation becomes
impaired it must be renewed Immedi-
ately.
13. All connections with pole lines for
service in either class must be made at
right angles to the line wnere possible,
and connections to buildings shall be run
straight across to buildings, where pos-
sible, and then down and the insulation
must be preserved throughout the entire
circuit.
14. No electrical conductor shall be
erected, maintained or placed overhead or
underground without a permit in writing
therefor being first obtained ffom the
Public Lighting Commission, and before
such permit Is issued the person, corpo-
ration or company wishing to place or
maintam said wires shall make applica-
tion to said commission in writing stat-
ing the size of said wire. :the purpose for
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WATER, LIGHT AND HEAT.
127
ency repairs may be made without per-
mit, but a report of such repairs Is to be
forwarded within twenty-four (24) hours
after the making: of the repairs and a
regrular parmlt taken out at that time.
16. Where notice has been given of un-
der§rround accommodations and the no-
tice of time required by law has elapsefd,
companies owning or operating overhead
lines are not authorized to make any re-
pairs or connections, or to go upon the
poles bearing such. wires for any purpose
whatever except to remove said lines in
conformity with the direction of said
Commission.
17. The amount of wire allowed for
service connection from a pole to a build-
ing Shan not exceed 130 feet between sup«
ports, except by special permit.
18. The person, firm or corporation
owning or controlling poles In any street,
alley or public place in the City of De-
troit must allow the same to be used by
other persons, firms or corporations oper-
ating wires, cables or conductors for
electrical service when authorized to do so
by the Commission on tender of proper
compensation to be determined by agrree-
ment between the parties interested. If
the present capacity Is not sufficient for
both lines and unless otherwise agreed
upon between them the party desiring ac-
commodation may rebuild the line of
poles and rent contracts to the owners of
the previously existing lines at terms to
be agreed upon between the parties, tn
default of any agreement between the
parties interested, the matter may be re-
ferred to the Public Lighting Commission
for arbitration and their decision is to
be final.
19. Any person, firm or corporation in
accepting any permit from the Public
Lighting Commission hereby binds him-
self or themselves to the acceptance of
any provisions specified in any rule es-
tablished or to be established by the
Commission, unless It Is specifically ex-
cepted in the permit The Public Light-
ing Commission reserves the right to al-
ter or add to these rules as they may de-
sire at any time.
20. It shall be the duty of the Public
Lightmg Commission to turn all money
received under this ordinance Into the
Public Lighting fund of the City of De-
troit,
21. No person, firm or corporation shall
train wires, erect poles, build conduits.
manholes, hand-holes or make any alter-
ations whatever in electric line equip-
ment without first notifying this Commis-
sion in writing giving a description with
diagram of the proposed work, allowing
ample opportunity for Inspection, and re*
ceiving from said Commission a written
permit to do the work described. All
such work, equipment, alteration or ad-
dition shall be done under the supervision
of and subject to the inspection of said
Commission upon finding the work to be
done according to such rules and reg-
ulations, the Commission shall certify
and place the record thereof on its bock«.
maps, cards or diagrams; but no such
equipment shall be used by anyone until
such certificate shall have been given by
said Commission in conformity therewith.
22. Any firm or corporation who shall
make contact to poles or other property
of the Public Lighting Commission. Police
or Fire Commissions without having ob-
tained a permit for the same from tho
Public Lighting Commission shkll pay
a fine of three dollars for each such un-
authorized contact and no further ppr.
mits shall be granted to said person, firm
or corporation until the aforesaid fine or
fines are paid.
23. Owners of lines of poles or of
buildings shall remove therefrom all
dead wire or wires fastened thereto In
violation of these rules, when notified to
do so by the Public Lighting Commission
within a reasonable time to be «*xprt8sed
in the notice; on failure to do so the Pub-
lic Lighting Commission will nroceed to
remove tha same.
Many details can be added to ineso
rules, if necessary to fit local conji lon^.
Consumption of Water in Toledo. O
The annual report of E. D. Locke, chief
engineer of water works at Toledo, O.,
shows that from April 1 to Dec. 31, 1903.
2,715,167.000 gallons of water was pumped,
making an average of 9.873,335 gallons per
day. During 1902 the pumpage for the
same period was 2,493.707,710 gallons, an
average of 10,068.829 gallons per day. The
pumpage during the last nine months
shows an Increase therefore of 804,506
gallons per day.
Electrolysis In Richmond, Va.
The city water committee of Richmond,
Va.. has decided that the Passenger and
Power Company must pay the city dam-
ages for injury to the city pipes by elec-
trolysis before the city passes upon and
approves a system that will be non-de-
structive. The company had Its tracks
bonded, but It is now feared that It will
be compelled to install either a double
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128
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
wire or an underground system, which
would cost In either case 1250.000 to
$300,000.
Electric Shock from A Fire Stream.
In a communication from L. W. Mat-
thewson C. E., of Cincinnati, in which he
refers to the article that appeared on page
54 of the January number of Municipal
Engineering, entitled "Electric Shocks
from Fire Streams," he sends a brief de-
scription of a fire that occurred at a dis-
tillery in that city Jan. 19. The water
tower was run up to a position of ad-
vantage and the water turned on the
flames, when suddenly a sheet of white
flame shot out and spread itself from the
edge of the pavement to the building and
the tower. Capt. Charles Burk, who was
working the nozzle, was hurled from his
elevated position horizontally into the air
and fell to the street. As the stream
from the water tower nozzle shot out <t
crosed with all Its force the electrically
charged wires that interlaced the eleva-
tion In front of the burning building and
produced the electrical phenomena ob-
served.
CEMENT AND LIME
Cement Statistics— Cement and Lime Mortar— Cement at
St. Louis Exposition.
Cement Statistics.
The report of the United States Geolog-
ical Survey on the production of cement
in the United States In 1902 was Issued
early in January. For 1901 and 1902 the
totals are as follows, the exports being
taken from Treasury Department re-
ports:
1901. 1902.
Natural cement, brls.. 7,084.823 8,044,305
Portland cement, brls.. 12,711,225 17.230,644
Puzzolan, brls 272,689 478,555
Total domestic prod'n.. 20,068,737 25,753,504
Imports, bris.., 939,330 1,961,013
Exports and re-exports 419,819 375,130
Total net domestic con-
sumpUon 20,588,248 27,339.387
The increases in items and the per-
centages of increase as derived from this
table are as follows:
Per
Barrels. Cent.
Increase in natural cement 959,482 13.5
Portland cement 4.519,419 35.6
Puzzolan 205,866 75.5
Domestic production 5,684.767 28.3
The effect of the labor troubles is con-
sidered in the editorial department.
The true state of the case is still more
clearly indicated if the Imports for the
year ending June, 1903, are taken for
comparison. The grreat increase in Im-
ports began in July and August, 1902, ana
continued for a little more than a year.
The Treasury Department's fiscal year
nearly covers this period and shows an
Importation of over 2,770,000 barrels ot
cement, or 50 per cent, more than is
shown in the calendar year 1902. The
overstocking due to the labor troubles
then shut off importations which have
again been small since the autumn of
1903. However, the imports for the year
ending with November, 1903, were over
2.400.000 barrels.
The Increase In production of Portland
cement was distributed as follows New
York. 540,000 barrels; Pennsylvania, 2.200,-
000 barrels; Michigan, 500,000 barrels;
other sections to make up the balance.
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CEMENT AND LIME.
glnla (including Alabama and Georgia),
each over 300,000; California (includUig
Utah) and Illinois, from 150.000 to 250.000
each; while Colorado, Ohio and Texas
show losses, the former of 500,000 and the
others 125,000 and 30,000, respectively.
An interesting section of the report Is
the review of the industry in each state.
Those wishing greater detail can And it
in the study of the descriptions of ce-
ment plants in the "Directory of Ameri-
can Cement Industries." third edition,
shortly to be Issued.
— ♦-
Tests of Cement and Lime Mortar.
In Municipal Engineering, vol. xxlv. p.
217, were published Pome tests of mor-
tar made of limold and Nazareth Port-
land cement, showing the results at 7
and 28 days and 3 months age on bri-
quettes. We now have results for a full
year, and for purposes of comparison the
averages of all the results are given.
Full details of the tests will be found in
the article above referred to.
1 year 265 220 284 266 210
254 243 800 290 240
250 224 288 282 230
222 236 276 270 222
232 220 294 298 216
Average .... 245
288 281 224
Averages of tests of mortar of limold
and Nazareth Portland cement
Seven Days— liy4 limold. 1 part Nazareth,
SI pounds,- 1*4 limold, 1 part Nazareth, 101
pounds; % limoid, 1 part Nazareth. 119
pounds; ^ limold, 1 part Nazareth, 129
pounds; 1 part limold, 1 part Nazareth
(special), 137 pounds.
Twenty-eight Days— 1% limoid, 1 part
Nazareth. 134 pounds; 1^ limold. 1 part
Nazareth. 144 pounds; % limold, 1 part
Naeareth. 173 pounds; % limoid. 1 part
Nazareth, 179 pounds; 1 part limoid, 1
part Nazareth (special), 169 pounds.
Eighty-eight Days— 1% limold, 1 part
Nazareth, 148 pounds; 1%, limoid, 1 part
Nazareth, 154 pounds; % limoid. 1 part
Nazareth, 217 pounds; % limoid, 1 part
Nazareth, 181 pounds; 1 part limold, 1
part Nazareth (special), 1*^4 pounds.
One Year— 1% limold, 1 part Nazareth,
246 pounds; VA limold, 1 part Nazareth, m
Portland Cement Manufacturers Build-
ing at Louisiana Purchase
Exposition.
The Association of Portland Cement
Manufacturers of the United States is
erecting a building on the grounds of the
Louisiana Purchase Fair to Illustrate the
possibilities of cement and concrete con-
struction. In addition to an exhibit ha'l
and testing laboratory, a hall has been
set apart as a meeting place for en-
gineers visiting ihe fair who are Inter-
ested in cement construction. In this
room general cement literature will be
kept on file.
investigation of Stream Pollution by
Wood Pulp Mills.
An investigation of the waters of Lake
Champlain and of the rivers emptying
into it has been commenced by Col. Wil-
liam S. Stanton, of the United States
Corps of Engineers, who Is acting under
orders from Secretary Root. M. O.
Leighton. chief of the Division of Hydro-
economics of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey, of the Department of the Interior,
has asked for funds to build a laboratory
on the lake so that the matter of its
pollution by pulp mills may be thorough-
ly investigated. Maj. C. L. Woodbury
and assistants under orders from Col.
Stanton, have taken up quarters on the
lake and have begun chemical tests.
Visits to the Au Sable and Boquet rivers
and Tlconderoga Creek, on which the
pulp mills are located, have developed
amazing results caused by the refuse
from the mills.
A City Beautiful.
The plan which the American Institute
for Social Service was invited to submit
for the carrying out of the CarnegJe-
Dumferllne trust, has been made public.
It provides for a regional museum, a dis-
trict for a city beautiful, a social center,
a department of civics, boys' and grirls*
flower gardens, children's playgrounds
and out-door gymnastics, holiday tours
and historic pilgrimages, get-together
ciubs, and a system of awards and pnzo.^
The general outline of a city beiutlful
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MUNICIPAL LITERATURE
Grand Rapids Annual Report.
Thirtieth annual report of the Board of
Public Works of Grand Rapids, Mich.,
for the year ending April 30. 1903. W.
Millard Palmer, mayor; Joseph Emmer,
president; L. W. Anderson, city engr.
Like too many city reports, this one ap-
pears a long time after its date. The re-
port is apparently transmitted to the
Council May 1, 1903, and it would seem
possible to print the seventy pages
which it contains in less than eight
months.
The board manages the water and light
plants and constructs the street and
sewer improvements.
The total receipts of the water works
were $135,540. including $20,180 from the
city funds. The disbursements were
$132,272, maintenance and operatfon tak-
ing $55,694, construction $37,219. and inter-
est $39,206. The average amount of wa*"-
pumped was 12,216,000 gallons # day. The
number of hydrants In use is 1,371, mak-
ing the cost to the city, based on the ap-
propriation to the works for general pur-
poses, only $13 each per year, certainly
a reasonable amount.
The city lighting plant now operates 599
lamps. The cost of operating would have
been about $1.25 a lamp a year less, ex-
cept for the high price of coal, which In-
creased the cost $3.65 over the year be-
fore. Operation of the plant cost $24,958.20,
which is $43.40 per lamp per year. In-
terest and repairs to towers increase the
cost to $31,290, or $54.40 per lamp per
year. Adding $10,000 for depreciation (5
per cent, on $200,000) makes the cost
$71.80 per lamp per year. The fhterest is
computed only on the $125,000 of indebted-
ness and the "lost taxes" are not consid-
ered.
During the year about three-flfths of a
mile of asphalt was laid at a cost of
about 135,000; about three-fourths of a
mile of brick, costing nearly $32,000; 634
feet of Portland cement concrete street,
eighteen feet wide, at a cost of $2,000. The
former concrete streets are reported in
good condition except that the joints are
a weak spot and should be reduced to a
minimum. About 4.58 miles of S to 24-
Inch pipe sewers were constructed at a
cost of $29,976. The total payments* dur-
ing the year for public improvements,
some having been completed the previous
year, was $196,579, including streets, sew-
ers, bridge repairs, new bridges, water
mains and a Are department house.
OR^OANIZATIONi
AND INDIVIDUAL!
Ohio and Indiana Engineering Societies— New England Water. Works
Association— American Society of Civil Engineers-
Technical Meetings— Personal Notes.
Ohio Engineering Society.
The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the
Ohio Society of Surveyors and Clivl En-
gineers was held in Columbus, Jan. 12 to
14. Owing to the death of the Secretary,
Mr. B. H. Flynn, the affairs of the so-
ciety were In a somewhat unsatisfactory
condition and no program had been pre-
pared. The meeting, therefore, assuming
the nature of an informal discussion of
the needs of the society and of the pro-
fession throughout the state. Mr. J. H.
Turner presented a paper on the "County
Surveyor/' Mr. B A. Kemmler read a
short paper on "The Welfare of the So-
ciety." The society was entertained by
the Columbus Engineers' Club and an
interesting description of the water puri-
fication plant of the East Jersey "Water
company, illustrated with stereopticon
views, was given by Mr. R. H.. Gregory.
Fourteen new members were admittea
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
131
and the following officers elected for the
coming year:
President, J. W. Payne, Akron, O.; vice-
president, J. H. Turner, Jackson. O.; sec-
retary and treasurer, E. G. Bradbury,
Columbus, O. ; trustees, J. H. Asher, Lon-
don. O.; A. F. Cole. Marietta, O.; H. J.
Walker, Troy, O.; J. M. Harper, Cincin-
nati, O., and P. R. Murray, New Phila-
delphia, O.
A committee was appointed to confer
with members of the State Legislature In
regard to the present unsatisfactory
statutory provisions. The question of a
tri-state meeting with the societies of
Michigan and Indiana was considered,
and the president and secretary were in-
structed to correspond with these organi-
zations in regard to the same.
Indiana Engineering Society.
The twenty-fourth annual convention of
the Indiana Engineering Society was held
at Indianapolis Jan. 14. 15 and 16. The
advisability of the Indiana Society join-
ing the National Association was dis-
cussed and It was decided not to do so
this year. R. L. Sackett of Richmond de-
livered the annual address, which was on
the "Evolution of Engineering." He said
that while the constructing engineer has
always been a factor In the progress of
the race, he is, In his present character,
a recent product of conditions. In the be-
ginning he was but a hewer of wood and
a drawer of water; now he does these
same things, but on a gigantic scale.
High ability to design seems only limited
by the capital of the financier. He is now
the servant of humanity, providing rapid
and safe transportation and building
great bridges which have been important
factors In the unification of our country.
Not one of the superb structures which
now span the Ohio and Mississippi existed
at the opening of the civil war. In refer-
ring to sanitary engineering he said that
it was saving thousands from the ravages
of disease, and that the purification of
water and sewage are prolonging the life
and promoting the happiness of the
people.
Prof. William D. Pence presented a
paper on "The Relation of the Railway
Profile to Locomotive Power," in which
he said:
The difference between the operating
profile and the actual profile is very com-
monly ignored by railway civil engineers.
This is in part due to the fact that the
civil engineer is frequently unfamiliar
with the fundamentals connected with
the operation of locomotives and trains
over the line which he locates and builds,
and perhaps maintains, and which he is
called upon to revise and Improve. The
trouble Is that the civil engineer has often
been so occupied with the construction or
'pick and shovel" part of the problem,
that the operation or "locomotive" part
of it receives little attention. In other
words, the "haul" that he has in mind In
locating and building the line is that of
earthwork yardage from cut to fill, rather
than that of trains over the finished
line. But the civil engineer who locates
and builds the road and improves Its
grades should have more than a mere
superficial knowledge as to the operating
ability of the locomotives which are to
haul trains over the line. The entire
practicability, as well as the business
sense, in natural co-operation of this sort
is fully evidenced by the splendid econo-
mies accomplished on some roads under
such a system.
The term "operating profile" may refer
to either freight or passenger service.
Generally, however, the ruling or critical
conditions, are imposed by freight service,
and it is customary to discuss the pro-
file first on that basis; afterward test-
ing doubtful portlors, perhaps, with ref-
erence to passsenffer train conditions.
Two general steps are Involved: 1. The
determination of the tonnage of the train
which the given locomotive can steadily
pull up an assumed or prescribed maxi-
mum grade of Indefinite length, fit a
maximum speed of say seven or ten milQS
an hour, which speed Is intended to glvo
a slight margin above the stalling condi-
tions. 2. To test the operation of this
train under all conditions of service,
from starting at stations or elsewhere, to
the maximum speeds in sags and on large
grades.
The report of the committee on stream
pollution was submitted by A. J. Ham-
mond, in which the statement was made
that farmers had won suits where
refuse has rendered water unfit for ani-
mals to drink. This tends to keep the
subject alive and to force the govern-
ment and the factory owners to realize
that the problem of abating the nui-
sance must be met. Special studies will
be made at Lafayette of the water from
Wabash River before and after the start-
ing of a strawboard factory, and studies
will also be made as to the effects of sew-
age pollution.
A paper was then read from M. O.
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132
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Leighton of the United States Geological
Survey on "Stream Pollution in Indi-
ana, with Special Reference to the Puri-
fication of Strawboard Refuse," in which
he favors a policy of persuasion and edu-
cation of the strawboard Interests, and
claimed that the practical results of this
policy during the last year have been far
greater than the results obtained by years
of hostile litigation.
The discussion of the report and paper
was opened by Prof. Hoffman, who re-
called the case at Anderson, where the
river is polluted by strawboard refuse,
slaughter-house refuse and the waste
acids from the tin-plate and rod mills.
Comparatively little importance is at-
tached to these acids, however. Dr. J. N.
Hurty, secretary of the State Board of
Health, spoke and while he scored the
strawboard interests for * polluting th<»
streams, he cited other serious offend-
ers. He stated that the city of Indianap-
olis is the worst of these, and the condi-
tion ot the river at this city is inde-
scribably foul, as well as very danger-
ous. The river has a series of pools and
shcals, or "ripples," and these holes con-
tain thick beds of sewage, being, in fact,
a series of septic tanks, with the result
that in many places fish cannot live in
the water. Dr. Hurty favors government
action to compel the establishment of im-
proved methods, as he did not think the
city would ever undertake any improve-
ment without such outside pressure. The
farmers are also largely responsible for
pollution, and particularly for the spread
of hog cholera.
The number of members of the society
is now 111. The next meeting will be held
in Indianapolis, Jan. 12. 13 and 14. Offi-
cers were elected as follows: President,
R. Li. Sackett. Richmond; vice-president,
J. B. Nelson, Indianapolis; trustees, R. P.
Woods and J. W. Ful wider; secretary, C.
C. Brown.
New England Water Works Associa-
tion.
The annual meeting of the New Eng-
land Water Works Association was held
in Boston, Jan. 13. The annual report
of Secretary Willard Kent showed that
the membership is now 528, three hono-
rary members and flfty-flve associates,
making a total of 686. This is one less
than the association had one year ago.
Officers were filpntpd ns followH* PrAsi-
agent, R. J. Thomas. Among the papers
submitted was one by W. C. Hawley on
"Some Notes on the Cost of Waterproof-
ing Concrete Lining of Reservoirs," in
which he referred to the recent use by the
United States government of two coats
of linseed oil applied to the concrete sur-
face as an expensive process, still in an
experimental stage as to permanency of
results. He then took the Sylvester
process and modifications thereof. In this
process a wash of soap is followed, after
an Interval, with a wash of alum In solu-
tion. Under the direction of Edward
Cunningham, assistant engrineer, the
Apollo Water Works Company recently
plastered a leaky clear-water well with
a cement mortar containing soap and
alum with good results. The Pennsylva-
nia Water Company used washes of soap
and alum to stop leaks in a concrete res-
ervoir lining back of Braddock, Pa. In
building a new reservoir near Wilmer-
ding. Pa., a concrete lining has been
made waterproof by mixing caustic pot-
ash and alum with the finishing coat of
cement mortar. William Lyman Under-
wood read a paper on "Mosquitoes, With
Suggestions for their Extermination," in
which he described the life and habits of
mosquitoes and explained the efficiency
of drainage and petroleum films aa ex-
terminators. He also alluded to the use
of pyrethrum powder burned to mitigate
the mosquito nuisance In a closed room
or on a piazza. Freeman C. Coffin, C.
M. Saville, Frank E. Merrill, Patrick
Kieran and H. V. Mackey were ap-
pointed a committee to collect data on
the subject of meter rates.
American Society of Civil Engineers.
The annual business meeting of the
American Society of Civil Engineers was
held Jan. 20 at the Carnegie Lyceum. The
report of the Board of Direction on the
subject of joint building for the various
engineering societies was presented and
its discussion occupied the greater part
of the meet!ng. The only definite re-
sult of the discussion was the passage
of two resolutions, as follows: "1. Re-
solved. That the Board of Direction be
instructed to Issue a letter-ballot, to be
canvassed at the meeting of the society,
March 2, 1904, on the question whether
this society shall become one of the con-
stiuent societie.i in the occupancy and
/»rtnfrnl nf tViA nronoppd An&rinf^f^rins: build-
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
133
proceed In the matter, provided the ex-
emption from taxation of the proposed
buildlncr is assured and the Interests of the
society are otherwise fully safeguarded."
Officers were elected as follows: Presi-
dent, Chailes Hermany; vice-presidents,
F. S. Curtis and S. L. F. Deyo; treas-
urer, Joseph M. Knap; directors, Charles
S. Gowen, N. P. Lewis, John W. Ellis,
Georgfc S. Webster, Ralph Modjeskl
and C. D. Marx.
Teshnl:al Meetings.
The Wisconsin Clay Workers* Associa-
tion will hold its fourth annual meeting
at Portage, Wis., March 1, 2 and 3.
The eleventh annual meeting of the
Michigan Gas Association will be held in
Saginaw Feb. 17 and 18. Papers will be
read as follows: "A Few Notes on Am-
monia," F. E. Sheriff, Battle Creek,
Mich.; "The Laying of High and Low
Pressure River Gas Lines," H. C. Morris,
Bay City, Mich.; "The Laying of Maim
and Services and Recording of Same,"
John Hellen, Grand Rapids, Mich.; "Care
of Benches and Results Therefrom,"
Thomas J. Whalen, Jackson, Mich.; "Ad-
vertising: As Advantageous to the Gas
Business," A. P. Ewing, Detroit, Mich.;
"A Report of Progress on the Study of
Naphthaline," Samuel Ball, University Of
Michigan.
The convention of the Minnesota Mu-
nicipal and Commercial League will be
held at St. Paul Feb. 17 and 18. L. A.
Rosing of Cannon Falls is president.
The annual meeting of the St. Paul
Civil Engineers' Society was held Jan. 11.
New Officers were re-elected as follows:
President, A. R. Starkey; vice-president,
Oscar Claussen; secretary, A. L. Annan;
treasurer, L. P. Wolff; librarian, C. L.
Winfilow.
At the annual meeting of the Municipal
Art Society Jan. 13, at Baltimore, Md.,
Frederick Law Olmstead of Boston de-
livered an address, accompanied by stere-
optlcon views. Daniel C. Oilman, Michael
Jenkins, John N. Steele and J. B. Noel
were re-elected directors of the society.
The Twenty-flfth annual meeting of the
Michigan Engineering Society was held
at Lansing Jan. 12, 13 and 14. Papers were
read as follows: "Choice of a Water Sup^-
ply," by Mr. W. W. Brigden; "An Elec-
tric Driven Pumping Plant." by Mr. J.
De Young; "Pure Water Supply," by Mr.
F. Q. Frlnk; "Bitullthlc Pavement," by
Mr. W. A. Hoyt: •'Proi)Tgation of Hot and
Cold Waves Down Into the Earth," by
Mr. A. C. Lane; "P/actlcal Heating Tests
of Coal," by Mr. F. B. Piatt; "The Hot
Air Furnace," by Mr. John R. Allen;
"Building a City," by Mr H. K. Whitney;
"County Surveyors' Records," by Mr. B.
F. Dorr; "Gas Engines," by Mr. W. H.
Patton; "Engineering Experiences." by
Mr. B. E. Parks; "Some Rivers of the
Upper Peninsula," by Mr. Charles Cum-
mings; "Sewerage Laws in the Last Leg-
islature," by Mr. H. E. Baker; "Concrete-
Steel Bridge Construction," by Mr. P. A.
Courtright.
Committee reports were submitted on
the following: The Relation of Sewerage
and Water Supply to the Public Health;
Forestry; Englnering Features of Munic-
ipal Work to be Protected by Ordinance;
Roads and Paving; Questions of Land
Surveying; Electric Railway; Topograph-
ical Survey of the State.
Officers were elected as follows: Preat-
dent. Dorr Skeels of Grand Rapids; vi^e-
president. Prof. H. C. Vedd.-r of Michigan
Agricultural College; secretary -treasurer,
F. Hodgman of Climax.
The annual meeting of the Massachu-
setts highway association will be held
at Bostoii February 9. A. B. Fletcher,
secy., 20 Pemberton Square, Boston.
Personal Notes.
W. J. Olwell was inaugurated mayor of
Davenport, Wash., Jan. 13.
F. P. Cobb has been reappointed city
engineer at Chicopee, Mass.
L. E. Farnham has been reappointoa
city engineer at Camden, N. J.
Henry L. Haines has been elected city
surveyor at Burllngion, N. J.
Julius F. Frehsee has been reappointed
city engineer at Lockport, N. Y.
Winslow L. Webber has been re-elected
city engineer at Gloucester, Mass.
W. H. Thome has been appointed su-
perintendent of streets at Brockton.
Mass.
David M. Earle, jr., has been appointed
assistant city engineer at Worcester,
Alfred L. Black has been elected first
Mayor of the new city of Bellingham,
Wash.
Edward L. Arundel has been elected
president of the water board at Law-
rence, Mass.
Harry S. Scull has been re-elected pres-
ident of the City Council at Ventnor,
New Jersey.
Andrew J. Klrwln has been re-elected
chief engineer of the fire department at
Newport, R. L
George T. Ingersoll has resigned as su-
perintendent of the water department it
Schenectady, N. Y.
J. Walter Ackerman was reappointed
city engineer at Auburn, N. Y., Jan. 4
by the common council.
Frank Ward has been elected city clerk
at New Brunswick, N. J., to succeed
George H. Denizer, resigned.
William Hamilton has been re-elected
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
street commissioner and William H. Law-
, ton city engineer at Newport, R. I.
Walter E. Hassem has been 'elected
street commissioner at Worcester, Mass.,
to succeed Wright S. Prior, resigned.
John P. Murphy has been elected may-
or at Knoxville, Tenn., to fill out the un-
expired term of the late J. T. McTeer.
John C. Wait has resigned his position
as assistant corporation counsel in New
York City and entered on the practice ot
law at 220 Broadway. Ne^w York City.
Robert G. Post has been appointed
president of the water department at
Oswego, N. Y., to succeed Eliot B. Mott.
S. E. Monroe has resigned as city en-
gineer of Binghamton. N. Y., which of-
fice he has held for twelve years. Mr.
Monroe will be succeeded by S. M. Bainl.
Samuel J. Prescott & Co., removed their
offices to the northwest corner of Thir-
teenth and G streets, N. W., Washington,
D. C.
Dr. Philip H. Grier, who was mayor of
Elizabeth, N. J., from 186-' to 1871 died at
Trenton, N. J., Jan. 2, aged about 74
years.
J. H. Gregory has been appointed as-
sistant to Julian Griggs, city engineer
at Columbus, Ohio, in charge of designs
for sewage disposal works and a large
storage dam.
Presidents of water commissions have
been elected as follows: F. O. Tomp-
kins, Middletown, N. Y.; Edward L.
Arundel, Lawrence, Ma^s. ; Patrick Con-
very. Perth Amboy, N. J.
Hon. Joseph T. McTeer, mayor of
Knoxville T-^nn., died In New York City
Jan. 6, where he hBd oeen for several
months under a surgeon's care.
James Thompson has been elected may-
or at Walhalla. Wash. J. R. Veal, W.
L. Verner, D. H. Rowland, W. D. Moss
and John F. Craig were elected alder-
men.
C. B. Helmick has resigned as city en-
gineer of Hannibal, Mo., and chief en-
gineer of the plants of the Atlas Port-
land Cement Company, to accept a posi-
tion in the governmental service at Chey-
enne, Wyo.
L. A. Nicholson has been appointed city
engineer at Tacoma, Wash., to succeed
Norton L. Taylor, whose term expired
Jan. 1. Mr. Nicholson Is a member of tho
firm of Nicholson & Bullard. civil engi-
neers and architects.
Mr. Dabney H. Maury, Consulting En-
gineer, while still retaining his connection
with the Peoria Water Works Company
as its engineer and superintendent, as
well as his office for private practice at
129 N. JeCferson-ave., Peoria, 111., has re-
cently opened another engineering office
at 126 Llberty-st.. New York City.
Mr. Irving H. Reynolds, formerly with
the Allis-Chalmers Company and for
many years in charge of their pumping
engine department has accepted a posi-
tion with the William Tod <7ompany of
Youngstown as consulting engineer and
is in charge of the department devoted
to the building of large high duty crank
and flywheel pumps, giving most of his
attention to this branch of the business.
The Hon. George B. McClellan was in-
augurated Mayor of New York City Jan.
1 and has made appointments as follows:
Park commissioners, John J. Pallas for
Manhattan, William P. Schmitt for the
Bronx, Michael J. Kennedy for Brook-
lyn and Queens; bridge commissioner,
George E. Best; commissioner of water
supply, gas and electricity, John T. Oak-
ley; street commissioner, John McGaw
Woodbury.
MACHINERY AND TRADE
A Sand Bed for Curing Cement Block.
The Fisher Hydraulic Stone System
new includes a wet bed of sand on which
A Perpetual Memorandum Book.
All persons engaged in construction
work, engineers, architects, contractors.
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
135
er*s name in gold on the cover at a low
price. A full description of the book
will be found in their advertisement In
this number of Municipal Engineering.
The cover is handsome and durable and
the pads can be renewed as often as nec-
essary or exchanged when different rul-
ings are needed. Municipalities and firms
frequently supply the books to their of-
flclils and employes and customers. Sam-
ples of the rulings used show that any
ordinary use for such a book can be met
by choosing a suitable design from those
presented.
•
Plans for Drying Materials.
The United States Drying Engineering
Company, 66 Beaver-st., New York City,
is a firm of engineers that prepares plans
for dryers for all purposes and gives at-
tention to the particular requirements of
each case, including such products as ce-
ment, clay, marl, slag, coal, peat, etc.
Not being interested in any particular
dryer, the firm recommends at all times
that which is best suited to the case un-
der consideration. Specifications and
data win be furnished on receipt of par-
ticulars of operation.
Trade Publications.
The American Hydraulic Stone Com-
pany, Denver, Colo., issues an illustrated
pamphlet on the "Revolution in Build-
ing," describing its machinery and meth-
ods for making artificial stone, and show-
ing a number of buildings constructed
therewith.
The Pope Bicycle Dally Memoranda
Calendar has again made its appearance,
showing that A. A. Pope is again at the
head of the bicycle business so long con-
ducted by him. The corporation is
known as the Pope Manufacturing Com-
pany, Hartford, Conn.
Port Huron road-building machinery is
iliustrated in the new catalogue of the
Port Huron Engine nad Thresher Com-
pany of Port Huron, Mich.
The F. W. Dodge Com^^ny, 2S9 Fourth-
ave.. New York City, has published the
"Buildiing and Engineering Trades Direc-
tory" for 1904, containing lists of archi-
tects, engineers, builders, contractors and
others interested in construction in the
city of New York. Further notice will be
given the book later.
Industrial Railways are shown in all
their details in the new catalogue of the
Hoshor- Piatt Company, 120 Liberty-st.,
New York City.
The Spaulding Print Paper Company,
Boston, Mass., issues a catalogue of its
Federal blue-printing machines for print-/
Ing by electric light.
The Charles Warner Company, Wilming-
ton, Del., sends a handsome picture with
a birds-eye view of the Cedar Hollow and
Whiteland lime plants with the sur-
rounding country.
Tonindustrie-Kalender, 1904, is a con-
venient pocket calendar, with a second
part which is a book of nearly 800 pages
full of Information about the various ma-
chinery and processes used In the clay
d.nd cement industries and lists of the
prominent German manufacturers.
Catalogue No. 1,018 of the Atlas Car and
Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, O.,
describes their mine and ore cars, and
dump cars of every description, and the
apparatus for operating them.
The Jeffrey grab bucket for handling
ore, coal, broken stone, gravel, sand, etc.,
is fully illustrated and described in cir-
cular No. 77 of the Jeffrey Manufacturing
Company of Columbus, O.
Catalogue No. 9 of the C. O. Bartlett &
Snow Co., Cleveland, O., illustrates their
interlocking shoulder bearing chain belts
for use in cement mills, rolling mills,
mines, etc.
•
TRADE NOTES.
ASPHALT.
The Lake Erie Asphalt Block Company
resumed operations at its plant in Iron-
ville, Jan, 6. The plant has been shut
down since last November on account of
a .Ksarcity of material.
The Lake Erie Asphalt Block Company
of Toledo, O., has elected ofl!lcers for the
ensuing year as follows: President, C.
H. Burchinal; vice-president, J. B. Bat-
telle; treasurer, H. C. Burchinal; secre-
tary, Arthur Weller.
About 2,100 acres of asphalt lands in the
Tlshimlngo quadrangle In Indian Terri-
tory, are for sale, and the folio, w.-iich is
No. 98 In the series, may be obtained for
25 cents on application to the director
of the United States Geological Survey.
Washington. D. C.
The Federal Asphalt Company of
Chicago has filed 9 mortgage at Eliza-
bethtown, Ky., of $500,000 to the American
Trust and Savings Company of that city,
on its asphalt lands in Hardin and
nearby counties. The company will be-
gin at once to develop its property.
A press report from Galveston, Tex.,
states that a stratum of asphalt has
been discovered by the United States
dredge boat, General Comstock, off the
mouth of the Jetties, and that the dis-
covery confirms the belief that a vast
bed of asphaltum underli<»s the coast be-
tween Galveston and Sabine Piss.
Press reports from Tamplco, Tex., state
that A. L. Barber of New York City, for-
merly of the Barber Asphalt Company,
accompanied by experts, has just finished
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
fin investigation of the deposits of as-
phalt In the v'.cinlty of Tuxpan, near the
Gulf coast, ai«d has purchased about 800,-
000 acres of land upon which these depos-
its are found. The field is said to be the
most extensive in asphalt deposits in the
world.
Major George H. Walton, stastistical
expert of the State Department of Agri-
culture, Austin, Tex., has made an inves-
tigation of the underground asphalt lake
situated near St. Joe, Tex., and stales
that liquid asphalt is oozing from the
ground In several places. He believes
that the lake exists at a depth of about
150 feet, and says that hundreds of tons
of solidified asphalt lie on the surface
of the ground.
A supp'emental contract has been made
with Hetherington & Berner of Indlan-
spolis for an asphalt plant for the city
of Detroit, Mich. The supplemental con-
tract settles the suit brought against the
city and provides for the taking of the
plant under the contract made by that
firm with the city, according to local
pres9 reports. The plant will have a ca-
pacity of 2,000 sq. yds. daily and will cost
$15,500.
Henry Tatnall. receiver of the Asphalt
Company of America, has caused an at-
tachment to be issued against Harry
C. Splnks, fixing ball in the sum of $40,-
000 and summoning the Land Title and
Trust Company ass garnishees. Thi9 ac-
tion is exp'alned by the fact that the
property of Mr. Spinks. valued at $40,-
UOO, is said to be held by the Land Title
and Trun Company, and that an at-
tempt will be made to recover this for a
sum which Mr. Spinks did not pay when
the court's call for $40 per share on as-
phalt stock w.-'H made. Mr. Spinks held
1.000 shares.
BRICK.
Fred H. Shelton, Pennsylvania Building.
Philadelphia, Pa., desires the names and
addresses of firms making briquette ma-
chinery.
The Anniston Brick, Tile and Pottr^ry
Company, Anniston, Ala., Is to be organ-
ized, with E. P. Helfner of Atlanta, Ga.,
at its head.
The American Process Company has
just installed a direct heat sand dryer for
the Granite Brick Company at Glens
Falls, N. Y. They are manufacturers of
brick under the Huennekes system.
The Southern Hydraulic Brick Com-
pany, Charleston, S. C, began opera-
tions Jan. 8. E. H. Jahnz is president
and W. F. Sauls Is superintendent of the
plant. Paving brick will be manufac-
tured also.
The Delaware Cement Brick Company
is enlarging its plant at South Wilming-
ton. DaI. Th«> aililltion is hAlne- nnr\~
pressed brick and drain tile. A number
of local men will be associated with Mr.
Stiver.
CJEMBNT.
The Aetna Cement Company, Fenton.
Mich., contemplates enlarging its plant
by the installation of new rotarles.
W. H. Oliver of Stephensburg, Ky..
contemplates the manufacture of Port-
land cement from deposits in that com-
munity.
The Portland Cement Works, six miles
west of Florence, Colo., will resume oper-
ations about Feb. 1, according to press
reports.
The ofllce, drafting-room and labora-
tory of the Pennsylvania Cement C-om-
pany, near Bath, Pa., were destroyed by
fire Jan. 14. Loss. $20,000.
H. A. Mayo and others of Walhalla, N.
D., are interested in the proposed estab-
lishment of a plant to manufacture ce-
ment, hollow brick, tiling, pressed brick,
etc.
A petition in bankruptcy was filed In
New York City Jan. 3 by Sears, Humbert
& Co., cement manufacturers, showing
liabilities of $204,577 and assets of $160,-
960.
The Ajax Portland Cement Company,
Trenton, N. J., was incorporated Jan. 8
by Hiram C. Bennett and Edward H.
Bennett of New York City and H. B.
Starrett of Bayonne, N. J.
Edward A. Kingsbury. Syracuse. N. 1r..
has severed his connection with the Em-
pire Portland Cement Company at War-
ner. N. Y.. to accept a position with the
Hu-'son Portland Cement Company.
Bankruptcy proceedings have been in-
stituted against the Texas Portland Ce-
ment and Lime Company at Galveston,
Tex. The total of the liabilities is $200,-
321 and the assets amount to $295,098.
The machine shops of the Alabama
Portland Cement Company at Deraopolis,
Ala., were burned recently. Involving a
loss of $3,500. The shops will be rebuilt
and equipped with new machinery.
The Cement Products Company, Blng-
hamton. N. Y.. has been incorporated by
John Hull. jr.. Mark S. Hotchkiss, Oscar
Heller. William H. Lockwood. Harry W.
Edson. Benjamin F. Welden and Fred
Matthews.
Samuel Horner of Philadelphia. Pa.,
has purcha.^d 816 a^res of land near
Louisville, Ky., and will establish a ce-
ment plant costing $1,000,000. The plans
include the establishment of a new town
for the employes.
The Shreveport Sand and Cement Com-
pany, Shreveport, La., is ready to com-
mence business. The company deals in
sand and cement and will make estimates
on concrete sidewalks. C. W. Lane is
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
137
construction company, organized the ce-
ment company.
H. R. Van Wagoner of Linden, Mich.,
has purchased 500 acres of marl land near
Cohoctah and will erect a cement plant
within the next year. Detroit and other
capitalists are interested. Mr. Van Wag-
oner is of the opinion that a good quality
of marl also exists In the Big Swamp in
Davison township, Genesee County.
The Cement Construction, Floor and
Sidewalk Layers' Union, Local No. I,
Chicago, has elected officers as follows:
President, Geo. Cease; vice-president,
Fred Hirt; recording secretary, Martin
Nolan; treasurer, fid ward Olson; trus-
tees. Otto Wallin, James Mclntyre, and
P. Mackin; business agent, P. H. Malloy.
The plant of the Edison Portland Ce-
ment Company, near Washington, N. J.,
will not begin operations Feb.. 1 as
planned, but has fixed June 1 as the time
for starting its works. The plant was
erected last year at a cost of more than
$3,000,000. and its manufacturing has, so
far, been principally experimental.
Thomas A. Edison is at the head of the
company.
W. H. Harrison, Laverty, O. T., says
that no company has yet been formed to
work the cement beds, but it Is thought
that one will be organized soon. An un-
limited supply of cement, adjacent to
the Frisco Railroad, exists there and the
farmers in the vicinity are very anxious
for a cement plant to be located. Mr.
Harrison desires to communicate with
any person or company who would care
to investigate the matter.
Thomas Pray, Jr., Boston, Mass., as
trustee, has for sale about 750 acres of
land, located on the Illinois Central Rail-
road, between sixty and ' seventy miles
southwest of Louisville, Ky., on which
large quantities of clay, limestone, etc.,
all the factors for making first-class
Portland cement, exist. The property is
within a mile of a town, has water for
all steam and other purposes, and the I.
C. Railroad runs for a mile through the
property. Address Thomas Pray, Jr., P.
O. Box 2809. Boston.
A petition was filed in the United
States Court at Bay City, Mich., Jan. 12,
by U. R. Loranger, asking that the De-
troit Trust Company and the Hecla Port-
land Cement and Coal Company be re-
quired to deposit the books in court for
examination. It is alleged that the Hecla
Portland Cement Company has failed to
defend the suit against it to foreclose the
1750,000 mortgage; that Mr. Loranger was
permitted by the United States Court on
Dec. 21, 1902. to make the defense which
the directors of the company were ne-
glecting to make, and that in order lo
prepare for such defense it Is necessary
that the books be gone over by experts.
The petitioners are Reeves Bros.' Com-
pany of Alliance, O., whose claim
amounts to 127,280; Fulton Bag and Cotton
Mills Company, New York City, and W.
M. Fink Company of Detroit.
CONCRBTE BLOCKS.
The Saal Concrete Company, Pekin,
111., is preparing to manufacture con-
crete building blocks.
The Aberdeen Artificial Stone Com-
pany, Aberdeen, Wash., has been or-
ganized to manufacture building b ocks.
The Frost Concrete Stone Company,
Downs' la., has been organized to manu-
facture building blocks under patents of
R. T. Frost.
A plant is being erected at Escanaba,
Mich., for the manufacture of cement
blocks for building purposes, according
to press reports.
Henry J. Dei-ter of New York City will
locate a .plant In New Albany. Jnd.. for
the manufacture of building block from
shale, cement and other materials.
A plant for the manufacture of hollow
concrete building blocks will be estab-
lished In Jollet. 111. Charles L. Wallace
is interested in the proposed new indus-
try.
The Duluth Hollow Concrete Building
Block Company, Duluth, Minn., has been
incorporated by Frank McCormack,
Napoleon Grignon, William Clifford and
Thomas H. Mackle.
The Stevens Cast Stone Company,
manufacturers of litholite, Chicago, 111.,
has received word from it? company in
Toronto, Ont., stating that two Carne-
gie libraries and several bank buildings
have been built entirely of its stone.
Several plants have been established in
New York state by Charles H. Lockard
of Syracuse.
The Miracle Pressed Stone Company,
manufacturers of pressed concrete build-
ing blocks and machinery, Sioux Falls,
S. D., has opened a general office at 602-
603 Northwestern Block, Minneapolis,
Minn., and will handle the company's
business from that point. O. U. Miracle,
president, R. O. Miracle, secretary and
treasury.
The Granillte Manufacturing Company.
Kansas City, Mo., has been incorporated
to manufacture a general line of cement
products, including hollow building
blocks, ornamental work, roof tiles, bur-
ial cases, posts, etc. The company will
also do a general contracting business
in paving, curbing, steps and porch work.
The officers of the company are: Presi-
dent, L. W. Bigs; Vice-President, A. D.
Burrows; Secretary and Treasurer,
Homer B. Mann; General Manager, B. L.
Simpson; Superintendent of Construction,
J. W. Cable. The company's temporary
address will be 406 K. C. Life Building.
LIGHTING AND POWER.
The Sangane Electrical Company ,ot
Springfield, O.. will open a factory in the
White Block at Windsor, Ont., for the
manufacture of electric motors.
The Parker Engine Company, 1041
Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa., has
Just equipped thf Philadelphia Rapid
Transit Company, at Second and Wyom-
ing-sts., with six 641 horse-power boilers
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
and are building two 871 horse-power for
another plant.
Newly Incorporated lighting companies
Standard Light & Heat Company. Jersey
City, N. J.; Gillet Light Company, Chi-
cago, 111.; Triumph Light Company,
Brooklyn, N. Y.; Shelby ville Water,
Light & Heat Company. Shelbyville, 111.,
Detroit Electric Light Company, Detroit,
Tex.
The Moline Incandescent Light Com-
pany has been organized at Moline, 111.,
with officers as follows: President, C. H.
Deere; vice-president, E. E. Morgan; sec-
retary, and treasurer, C F. Grantz; gen-
eral manager. A, H. Kreitler. The re-
moval of the plant from Owensboro, Ky.,
will begin at once and it will be In opera-
tion by the middle of February.
The Hudson River Electric Power
Company, Queensbury N. Y., has been in-
corporated. The company's interests will
be identical with the Hudson River
Water Power Company, the Hudson Riv-
er Electric Company, and the Hudson
River Power and Transmission Company,
in all of which Eugene V. . Ashley, of
Glens Falls, is actively Interested.
The HolthofC Machinery Company or
Cudahy, near Milwaukee, Wis., and the
Loomls Pettibone Gas Machinery Compa-
ny of New York, will consolidate and will
conduct the business under the name oi
the Power & Mining Machinery Company.
The company's specialty will be gas en-
gines. Benjamin Guggenheim, of JSew
York will be president; H. C. Holthoff,
vice-president; B. T. Leuzander. secre-
tary and treasurer.
MIBCSLLANS0U8.
J. M. Williamson, Bloomington, 111., has
sold his concrete walk and curb plant to
George L. Bozath.
The Number Eight Reservoir Co., Ft.
Collins, Colo., haa been incorporated by
Benjamin H. Eaton, Bruce G. Eaton and
Ellis Smith.
L. L. Leslie, Cleveland, S. D., contem-
plates building a plant in Sioux Falls
next spring for the manufacture of ce-
ment fence posts.
James F. Connelly, city clerk of New-
ark, N. J., and John H. McLeod have
Jointly invented a device to be used In
connection with voting machines.
The National Valve Company, Sandus-
ky, O., is belnsL incorporated to take over
the Vincent Valve Company. John G.
Schurtz, president; William E. Guerin,
Jr., secretary.
Bridge contractors will be Interested in
the desire of Peoria to build a new bridge
across the Illinois river at Bridge-st. and
may be able to help the city finance the
proposition.
Russell Clark of New York and Charles
of the same place, are now in the field
soliciting orders for high-grade malleable
castings.
The Plymouth Rock Granite Company,
St. Cloud, Minn., has been Incorporated
by Homer J. Brooks and Joseph F. Da-
vis of St. Cloud; Fred A. Mlchler, Au-
gust Brief and Albin Anderson of Per-
ham. Minn.
The Valley Stone Company, Schenec-
tady, N. Y., has been incorporated to
construct public works by J. W. Potter
of Marcy, F. E. Swanoott of Utlca, Au-
gust, John and Alanson Roblson of Sche-
nectady and Alonzo S'rhaupp of Albany.
The Republic Creosotlng Company of
Minneapolis, Minn., has been Incorpor-
ated to manufacture paving materials
and wood preservatives by Peter C. Reilly
and James Broden of Indianapolis, and
Alexander W. Van Hofften of Minne-
apolis.
Sealed proposals will be received by the
Cienfuegos, Palmyra & Cruces Electric
Power and Railway Company, Havana,
Cuba, until March 15, for furnishing 4.400
tons of steel tee rails, 1,200 kegs of spikes,
14,100 electric rail bonds, 105,000 creosoted
railroad ties, 4,100 trolley poles, 15,000 bar-
rels Portland cement.
Patent on a new cement shingle, Which
It Is claimed will ultimately displace
wooden shingles, has been granted George
C. Zwerk of Saginaw, Mich.
The F. D. Cummer & Son Company of
Cleveland, O., since Nov. 15, 1903. has re-
ceived orders for twelve of its Cummer
dryers, nine of which are to be used In
the United States; three go to foreign
countries.
United States Drying Engineering Com-
pany has closed a contract with the Pro-
vincial Chemical Fertilizer Company of
St. John, N. B., for the Installation of a
complete plant for the reduction of 50
tons of dog fish and fish offal per day.
plant to be located In the Bay of Fundy.
on an Island near DIgby, Nova Scotia.
Construction to be commenced March 1.
Those Interested can address the United
States Drying Engineering Company, 66
Beavcr"-st., New York City.
The C. O. Bartlett and Snow Company.
Cleveland, O., has received an ordw from
the Dakota Pressed Brick Company,
Dead wood, S. D., for a rotary dryer for
drying fifty tons of sand a day. and aUo
for conveying machinery. The company
has also received orders for elevating and
conveying macTiinery as follows: Iro-
quois Portland Cement Company, Cale-
donia, N. Y.; the Elk Rapids Portland
Cement Company. Elk Rapids, Mich.; the
Grasselli Chemical Company. Cleveland.
O.; the Struthers Furnace Company.
Struthers. O.; the Sandusky Portland Ce-
ment Company. Sandusky, O.: the Sher-
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IMPROVEMENT AND
CONTRACTING NEWi
RAVING.
Ft. Leavenworth, Kas.—About |1U,000
worth of road machinery has been
shipped here fiom Wtishlngton, D. C,
and all of the government roads will be
put in flrst-class condition.
RUzville, Wash.— The constitutionality
of the road law passed by the Ijeglsla-
ture of 1903, wherein it sought to
abolish the system of electing a road su-
pervisor xor every district in the county
and place the matter in the hands of the
County Commissioners with power to di-
vide the county into four districts and
appoint four supervisors at a salarj' of
$4 per day, will be tested.
Camden, N. J.— Application was made
to the Supreme Court, Jan. 18, for a rule
to show cause why a certiorari should
not be issued to review the action of the
City Council of Atlantic City in awarding
a contract for the paving of a number of
streets to the Delaware River Quarry
Construction Company. The complain-
ants are Dlxey, Marsh & Lane, who al-
lege that the Delaware River Quarry
Construction Company offered five bids
for the work when the proposals only
called for one, and the contract was
awarded to the company for J197,000; that
the city can only be bonded for $48,000
for this improvement aiid the total aggre-
gate of the contract would amount to
1200,000. being an excess of $150,000 over its
bonded indebtedness. The rule was al-
lowed and was made returnable Feb. 1.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Danville, 111.— Paving is contemplatod
for College-st.
Wellston, O.— Brick paving is contem-
plated for three streets.
Stoneham. Mass.— The Board of Select-
men has been authorized to rebuild
Franklin-st.
Elgin, 111.— The property-owners of S.
State-st. favor asphalt paving. Mayor
Hubbard.
Brookville, Ind.— A resolution has been
passed to pave Main-st. with vitrified
brick.
Little Falls, Minn.— Paving is contem-
plated for the business streets.
Pomona, Cal.— The City Trustees have
passed resolutions for paving a number
of streets.
Spring City, Pa.— The Town Council has
decided to pave Main-st. from New to
Hall this spring.
LaCrosse, Wis. — Brick paving is pro-
posed for Fourth-st. from King to Mor-
mon Coulee road.
Plqua. O.— Paving is proposed for Wood-
st. J. A. Miles, elk. Joun.
Superior, Wis.— Paving is proposed for
Twelfth-st. to the East End.
Atlanta, Ga.— Asphalt paving has been
decided upon for Forsyth, Decatur and
Mitchell-sts.
Stoneham, Mass.— The macadamizing of
Franklin-st. has been authorized.
Alton, 111.— The City Council reported on
the proposed paving of several streets
adjacent to Henry-st.
Atlantic, la.— The City Council has or-
dered the construction hereafter of stone,
brick or cement sidewalks.
Harrisburg. Pa.— Mayor McCormick has
recommended the paving of Cameron-st.
Ft. Smith, Ark.— The ordinance for pav-
ing Sixth-st. with vitrified brick was de-
feated. Mayor Kuper.
Freeport, 111.— The property-owners on
Stephenson-st. are in favor of brick pav-
ing.
South Haven, Mich.— This town voted,
Jan. 20, to issue bonds for public im-
provements.
Duluth, . Minn.— The bd. of pub. wks.
contemplates paving portions of Seventh
and First-aves. and Dingrwell, Superior
and Seconds-sts.
Beverley, N. J.— Brick paving is con-
template for % ml. of a street. J. D.
Fish, mayor.
Portsmouth, O.— Petitions are being cir-
culated for paving Fourth-st. with brick
and asphalt.
Kansas City, Mo.— A resolution has been
adopted to pave Hammond-place, from
Cleveland to Myrtle-aves. Baxter Brown,
cy. elk.
Oldham, S. D.— The construction of ^sev-
eral miles of new sidewalks during' 1904
is contemplated.
Bay City, Mich.— Council has adopted
estimates f'^r paving Johnson-st., from
Center-ave. to Second-st.
Mansfield, O.— Brick, block, asphalt and
macadam paving is recommended for a
number of streets.
Canandaigua, N. Y.— The property-own-
ers on five streets have petitioned for
paving. W. E. Martin, vil. elk.
North Adams, Mass.— The exclusive use
of granolithic walks Is recommended by
F. B. Locke, cy. engr.
Fall River, Mass.— The highway dept.
has asked the council for $380,000 for high-
ways, curbing and paving.
Hartford Conn.— The bd. of pub. wks.
has recommended the macadamizing of
Mather-st., from Garden to Vine. Philip
Hansling, jr., supt. sts.
Indianapolis, Ind.— The property-owners
on Sixteenth -St.. from L. E. & W. tracks
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
to R(Kksevelt-ave., have petitioned for
flint rock macadam.
West Bay City, Mich.— Plans are being
proposed providing for paving Washing-
ton, Litchfleld. S. Henry and Walnut-
sts. Cy Engr. Thompson.
Freeport, 111.— An ordinance has been
passed providing for brick paving on Wil-
liam, Chicago, Oak-place and Van Buren-
sts. Mayor T>lttmar.
Qrand Haplds, Mich.— Brick paving on
concrete base is proposed for W. Leonard-
st., from Alpine-ave. to the city limits,
at a cost of $44,610.
Covington, Ky.— The reconstruction of a
number of streets during 1904 with creo-
soted block and brick is contemplated. W.
B. Qunn, cy. engr.
Livingston, Mont.— Bids will be received,
according to press reoorts for construct-
ing cement walks and crossings during
1904. Cy. elk.
Ogden, Utah.— A. F. Parker, cy. engr.,
has been authorized to prepare plans for
ten blocks of concrete curb and gutter.
Louisville, Ky.— Ordinances were ap-
proved, Jan. 8, for paving and repavlng
the sidewalks on Gray, Washington and
Preston -sts. with brick. Paul C. BartH;
mayor.
Fort Smith, Ark.— Resolutions were
adopted Jan. 20 for curbing v/ith stone or
cement and constructing flag walks on a
number of streets. Henry Kupjer, Jr.,
mayor; D. B. Sparks, cy. elk.
Bay City, Mich.— Plans and speciflca-
tions have been adopted for paving JohU'
son-st.. from Center-ave. to Second-st.,
with vitrlfled brick on concrete base,
with artiflclal stone curbing, at a total
cost of $9,181.96. M. J. O'Malley, chm.
B. P. W.
Marion. O.— (Special).— Geo. E. Dwyer,
cy. engr., says that bids will be asked
for about March 30 for 12.000 sq. yds. of
asphalt block paving and March 1 for
9,000 sq. yds. of brick paving.
Newark. N. J.— The Hudson and Essex
freeholders joint bridge committee decid-
ed. Jan. 21, to replace the wornout as-
phalt paving on the Fourth-st. bridge
across the Passaic with wooden paving
blocks.
Ithaca. N. Y.— A decision handed down
by the court of appeals, Jan. 20, sustains
all previous decisions regarding the im-
provement of E. Lawn-ave. and flnds
that it is a necessity. The road wiU now
be built.
Mobile, Ala.— The cy. coun. adopted,
Jan. 6, a new paving proposition which
will include 30,382 sq. yds. of asphalt,
51.823 sq. yds. of brick, 29,746 sq. yds. of
granite, and 11,578 sq. yds. of rectangu-
lar wooden blocks.
New Bedford, Mass.— Mayor Chas. A.
Ashley recommends, in his annual roes-
Little Rock, Ark.— (Special.)— Gerhard
Morgner, supt. pub. wks., says that 10
blocks of asphalt paving on W. Thlrd-sc
and 8 blocks of Intersecting streets Is con-
contemplated. Speciflcations have been
prepared, but the time for receiving bids
has not yet been determined upon. About
30 blocks of gravel streets will also be
built by the city. The county proposes
to build 19 blocks of macadam p?vlng on
Chester-st.. but no contract wi.U be le..
New Britain, Conn.— Bids will be asked
soon for building 5,000 ft. of macadam
road on East-st. W. H. Cadwell, cy.
engr.
Utlca, N. Y.— Resolutions have been in-
troduced asking for the paving of Scott,
Dakln, Steuben, Miller and Mortimer-sts.
and other streets and avenues.
Sprlngfleld, Mass.— A. A. Adams, supt.
St. dept. recommends the repavlng t f
Main-st. from Hampden to State-sts.
Davenport. la.— Council adopted a new
paving list Jan. 19, providing for the pav-
ing during 1904 of a large number of
streets.
Sprlngfleld, O.— The residents will again
agitate the question of paving Main-st.
from Yellow Springs-st. to Western-ave.
Woonsocket, R. I.— A resolution has
been Introduced providing for an appro-
priation of $45,000 for paving Main and
Cumberland-sts.
St. Joseph, Mo.— Paving is contemplated
for Fourth-st., leading from the business
section of the city to the stock yards
district. Brick will probably be the ma-
terial used.
Toledo, O.— An ordinance has been ap-
proved providing for paving Virglnla-st.
from Lawrence to Detrolt-ave. and an al-
ley between Huron and Erie-sts. from
Washington to Monroe-sts.
Orlando, Fla.— The county board decid-
ed Jan. 7 to purchase 100.000 paving brick
of the Clarcona Brick Company and ex-
periment In paving the county roads.
Denver, Colo.— The paving contemplated
for 1904 embraces a large number of
streets and includes asphalt, crushed ba-
salt, disintegrated granite and side-
walks.
Albany, N. Y.— Ordinances are pending
providing for paving as follows: Dalllus-
st. from Madison-ave. to S. Ferry-st.,
granite blocks; Unlon-st. from Madison to
Hudson-aves., vitrlfled brick.
Clarlnda, La.— Final action will be taken
Feb. 2 on a resolution to pave Main,
Washington, Fifteenth and Slxteenth-sts.
with vitrlfled paving brick on a concrete
base. C. W. Foster, mayor; C. W. Stuart,
cy. elk.
Rosedale, Kas.— (Special)— George Ger-
ner, cy. elk., says that flfteen blocks of
asphalt paving on concrete and ten
blocks of brick paving on concrete are
contemplated.
Dubuque, la.— A petition is being cir-
culated in East Dubuque requesting the
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
141
Gate Park and a road around the bay-
shore is proposed.
Cohoes, N. Y.— Bids will be received
at a meetingr to be held Feb. 10, according
to local press reports, for paving Willow,
Mangam, High, Vliet and Ontarlo-sts.
and Younglove-ave.
CONTBACTB TO BE LET.
Paoli, Ind.— Bids are asked until 2 p. m.
Feb. 5 for building gravel roads. George
W. Teagarden, co. audt.
Jeffersonville, Ind.— Bids are asked un-
til Feb. n for constructing 39 miles of
county roads. George B. Parks, co. audt.
Lakewood. O.— Bids are asked until
Feb. 2 for stone flagging and cement
walks on Clifton Boulevard. H. J. Sen-
sel, vil. elk.
Walla Walla, Wash.— Bids are asked
until 3 p. m. Feb. 2 for grading and side-
walks at Oak and E. Oak-sts. R. P.
Reynolds, cy. elk.
Bethlehem, Conn.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 16 for constructing a section
of gravel road. F. P. Hayes, chmn. bd.
selectmen.
Bellefontaine, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 4 for grading and macadamiz-
ing Horton Pike No. 2. James E. Shaw,
chmn. CO. comrs.
Rushville, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2 p. m. Feb. 1 for building a ma-
cadam road in Richland twp. Marquis
L. Sisson, chmn. co. comrs.
Harrisburg, Pa.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 10 for constructing 1,935 feet
of road in Castanea twp., Clinton co.
Penn. State Highway Dept.
Detroit, Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until 10 a. m. Feb. 1 for furnishing 1,500
tons of refined sheet asphalt. Wm. H.
Maybury, comr. pub. wks.
Brownstown, Ind.— Bids are asked un-
til Feb. 2 and 3, according to press re-
ports, for constructing gravel roads. As-
bury M. Manuel, co. audt.
Chattanooga, Tenn.— Sealed bids are,
asked until Feb. 15 for grading and con-,
structing walks and roads at Chica-
mauga Park, Ga. H. W. French, Capt.
Q. M.
Toms River, N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until Feb. 9 for building a gravel
road in Union twp. 3.25 mis. long. James
E. Otis, bd. chosen freeholders.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til Feb. 3 for constructing cinder walks
in a large number of streets. A. M.
Lynch, prest. bd. local imprvts.
Greensburg, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until* Feb. 1 for building free macadam-
ized roads in Clay, Sandcreek and Jack-
son twps. Frank E. Ryan, co. audt.
FIndlay, O.^Bids are asked until Feb.
2 for vitrified brick or block paving on
Elm-st., and block paving on W. Craw-
ford-st. Frank C. Ray, cy. elk.
St. Bernard, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 11 for macadamizing Albert-st.
from Bertus to Leonard, and construct-
ing cement curbs and gutters. George
Meyer, vil. elk.
Washington, la.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 9 for paving lowa-st. from
Main to Railroad-sto. with vitrified brick
on concrete base. Hugh H. McCleery,
cy. elk.
Santiago, Chill— Public bids will be
opened July 1 for constructing pave-
ments. Address Chilean Legation In
Washington, D. C, or Chilean Consulate
General, 135 W. Eleventh-st., New York
aty.
Spencer, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til Feb. 1 for reletting Jefferson twp.
pike contract. Bids will also be received
at the same time for improving various
other highways. Geo. O. Mitten.
Peoria, 111.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 2 p. m., Feb. I, for paving Washlng-
ton-st. with brick, requiring 10,052 sq.
yds of paving, excavation, stone curb
and protection curb. R. W. Schuch,
chmn. bd. local impvts.
Canal Dover, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb 16 for about 16.500 sq. yds. ol
brick paving on Factory and Tbird-sts.,
and alternate bids on about 10,000 sq. yds.
of brick or asphalt block paving on
Thlrd-st. B. P. S.; Paul R. Murray,
engr., New Philadelphia, O.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Ne .v Orleans, La.— The contract for con-
structing Srhillinger 'sidewalks ai.>und
Lee Circle was awarded, Jan. 11, to Fritz.
Jahncke.
Cleveland, O.— The Cleveland Trinidad
Paving Company was awarded the con-
tract for paving the Breckfvllle road for
1109.000.
West Hoboken, N. J.— Bids were sub-
mitted, Jan. 13, for paving Hill and Hlgh-
sts., by Henry M. Schneider, M. Curley
and Callery & Murphy.
Houston, Tex.— The contract for paving
WlUow-st., San Jacinto and Llberty-aves
was awarded, Jan. 13, to Fitzgerald &
Ray for $13,000.
Paoli, Ind.— The contract for building
38,548 ft. of gravel roads was awarded,
Jan. 5, to E. Stout of Paoli for J14,277.
Lafayette, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing free gravel roads was awarded,
Jan. 11, to Chas. J. Murphy of Brookston,
Ind., for $9,724.
St. Louis, Mo.— The contract for paving
Chestnut-st., from Broadway to Twen-
tieth, with bituminous macadam was
awarded, Jan. 20, to the Granite Bitu-
minous Paving Company for $51,334.50.
Riverside, Cal. — Bids for paving
Twelfth-st. were received as follows: H.
E. Branch, $6,019; Robert Fltzslmmons;
$5,714; Zeno de Moss, $5,790.
Le Mars, la.— The contract for brick
paving was awarded to SnoulTer & Ford
of Cedar Rapids, Jan. 18, at $2.02 a sq. yd.
for Purlngton brick.
Indianapolis, Ind.— The contract for
building cement walks in Linwood-st,
Garfield-ave. and Gladstone-ave., from
Washington to Michigan-sts., was award-
ed, Jan. 20, to J. W. Baxter.
Toledo, O.— The contract for paving has
been awarded to H. P. Strelcher as fol-
lows: Ostrich Lane, $2,138; John-st., $2,602:
Prouty-ave., $3,098.
Marlon, 0.—(SpecIal.)— George E. Dwyer,
cy. engr., says that the contract for 12,-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
500 sq. yds. of paving was awarded to
Scoflcld & Fairbanks of Marion.
Decatur, Ind.— Contracts for building 3
miles of gravel roads have been awarded
as follows: East Washington road, Julius
Haugh, $4,016; Calvin Miller, two West
Washington roads, $3,437 and $3,837.
New York City— Bids for asphalt paving
for the Manhattan approach of the Wil-
liamsburg bridge were submitted Jan. 5
as follows: Barber Asphalt Paving Com-
pany, $5,411; Sicilian Asphalt Paving
Company, $5,319.
Jeffersonvllle, Ind.— The contract for
furnishing brick for paving the walks
outside of the penitentiary was awarded
to the Indiana Paving Brick Company
at $12 per thousand, and the contract for
furnishing curbing to George W. Cox of
Osgood at 32 cents per lln. ft.
Crookston, Minn.— P. McDonnell of Du-
luth was the only bidder Jan. 12 for mac-
adam paving on several streets, as fol-
lows: Granite macadam, $1.68 a sq. yd.;
granite and sandstone macadam, $1.86;
granite curb, $1.25 a lln. ft.; sandstone
curb, 78 cents a lln. ft.
Galveston, Tex.— Brown & Dabney of
Ft. Worth submitted a bid for paving
Market-st.-as follows: Vitrified brick on
sand base, $1.60 a sq yd.; on concrete
base, between street car tracks, $2.£0; ex-
tra concreting, $6 a cu. yd.; extra filling,
40 cts. a cu. yd.
Columbus, Ind.— Bids were received Jan.
7 for 9,325 sq. yds. of brick paving on
Washington-st. and 7,000 sq. yds. on
Fifth-st. The contract has not been
awarded, however, according to press re-
ports, and the question of asphalt pav-
ing for the streets is stated to be undor
consideration for the streets.
SBWERS.
Bloomington, 111.— Maps, blue prints,
etc., have been secured for the proposed
drainage system and construction of a
14-mi. levee along the Illinois river in
the Spring Lake district, and work will
begin in the spring.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Madison, 111.— A sewerage system is
proposed.
Danielson, Conn.— A sewerage system is
contemplated.
Putnam, Conn.— The Mayor recommends
a sewerage system.
Billings, Mont.— A new sewerage dis-
trict will be created.
Aberdeen, Wash.— Mayor West urges
of a sewer in the Fourth. Ward is $85,-
000.
Franklin, Ind.— The construction of a
sewerage system next summer is con-
templated.
Sumpter, Ore.— The construction of a
sewerage system is favored by McCal-
loch.
Piqua, O.— Special— J. A. Miles, elk. of
council, says there is some talk of build-
ing sewers.
Stamford, Conn.— The construction of a
sewerage system is contemplated. Paul
Nash, city engr.
Carbondale, 111.— An ordinance has been
passed to build a sewer in Poplar-st. and
an alley.
Pittsburg, Pa.— Plans for rebuilding the
sewerage system in the downtown dis-
trict ^re being prepared.
Eldorado, Kas.— Plans have been com-
pleted and bids will be asked for con-
structing about 5Vi miles of sewers.
Springfield, O.— W. H. Seiverling, cy,
engr., has been directed to prepare plan.*;
for a new sewerage system.
Hyattsville, Md.— The Legislature will
be asked for authority to issue $30,000 for
building a sewerage system.
Brainerd, Minn.— Plans and specifica-
tions for a new sewerage systenn. have
been prepared by City Engineer Wool-
man.
Spring Grove, Pa.— The question of issu-
ing $7,000 for building a sewerage system
will be voted on in February.
Atchison, Kas.— Plans for the northwest
district sewerage system will be pre-
pared by Fred Giddings, cy. engr.
McKeesport, Pa.— A sewer for the
Crooked Run district is being considered
by council. Thomas W. White, cy. engr.
Youngstown, O.— Petitions have been
submitted for building sewers in Glen-
wood-ave. and Thomas, McGuffey and
Foster-sts.
Ensley, Ala.— Sewer bonds have been
sold and the work of construction on the
proposed sewerage system will begin soon.
Janesville, Wis.— City J'Sngineer Kerch is
making plans for a sewerage system
which will involve the laying of 6 mis.
of pipe.
Los Angeles, Cal.-r-The immediate con-
struction of a new outfall sewer is
recommended by Mayor Snyder in his
annual message.
Columbus, Ga.— W. H. Hall, supt. pub.
wks., desires Information regrarding small
septic tanks, including plans, estimates,
etc.
Denver, Colo.— Means for the disposal of
its sewage are being considered by the
directors of the State Home for De-
pendent Children.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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Weehawken, N. J.— The construction of
a Joint outlet sewer for this place and
West Hoboken Is approved by the town-
ship committee. Clerk Carrol.
Duluth, Minn.— City Engineer Patton
estimates the cost of buildlns: sewers on
Fifty-fourth and Grand aves. and Ellnor-
st.. West Duluth, at $11,239.47.
Guttenberg:, N. J.— An ordinance has
been approved providing for an 18-ln.
vitrified pipe sewer on Franklln-ave. and
for a sewer In Hudson-boulevard.
Muskegon, Mich.— A sewerage system
win be constructed In the southeastern
part of the city after plans prep tred by
George S. Plerson of Kalamazoo.
Macon, Ga.— Plans for a sewerago sys-
tem for Vlnevllle, Pleasant Hill and Hu-
guenln Heights have been submitted by J.
W. Wilcox, cy. engr.
Little Rock, Ark.— Special — Gerhard
Morgner, supt. pub. wks., says the con-
struction of sewer extensions is talked of
but nothing is assured yet.
Kansas City, Mo.— The bd. of pub. wks.
approved Jan. 18 the plans prepared by
Cy. Eng. Pike for the proposed Intercept-
ing sewer to drain O. K. creek.
New York City— A petition has been
submitted to Congress for an appropria-
tion of $1,250,000 for Improvements to El-
lis Island, which Include the construction
of a new sewerage system.
South Orange, N. J.— Bids for lurnlsh-
ing materials and constructing section >*
and 5 of the proposed lateral sewers will
be received after the bonds are disposed
of. S. H. Rolllnson, cham. com.
Northampton, Mass.— Bids for the con-
struction of main sewers through the
Meadows into Connecticut River, at :i
cost of about 1100.000, will be asked for as
soon as the land question at the outlet is
settled.
Galesburg, 111.— The estimated cost of
constructing the sewerage system and
purification works is as follows: Main In-
terceptor, 1302.425; Fulton-st. branch. $ « -
8S8; Railroad Creek branch, $43,538; N.
Henderson-st. branch, $44,438; N. West-st.
branch. $56,550; Main-st. branch, $9,700.
purification works. $43,000.
Reading. Pa.— In his annual message,
Mayor Yeager recommends the construc-
tion of a storm water sewer In Franklln-
st., the construction of sewers In Rose
Valley Creek and Canal and Windsor-sts.,
extension of present house sewer system,
reconstruction and Installation of sewage
disposal plant to meet not only present
but all future needs.
CONTRACTS TO BS LST.
Glencoe, Minn.— Bids are asked until
Feb. 5 for constructing ditches Nos. 3 and
4. P. D. Stocking, co. audt.
Alexandria, Minn.— Bids are asked un-
til March 7 for constructing ditch No. 8
and branches. E. P. Wright, co. audt.
Center City, Minn.- Bids are asked un-
til April 22 for constructing ditches Nos.
3 and 4. A. B. Slattengren, co. audt.
Berwick, Pa.— Seale<f bids are asked
until Feb. 4 for constructing brick and
pipe sewers. J. N. Harry, chmn. st.
com.
Rosedale, Kas.— Sealed bids are asked
until 5 p. m. Feb. 4 for building sewers
on Oak-st. and Rosedale-ave. Geo. Ger-
ner, cy. elk.
St. Paul, Minn.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 2 for constructing a sewer
system at Ft. SnelUng. R. M. Schofield,
const. Q. M.
Washington. D. C— Sealed bids are
asked imtll Feb. 20 for constructing sew-
ers In the District of Columbia. H. B.
P. MacFarland/ chmn. district comrs.
New Orleans. La.— Sealed bids are
asked until Feb. 2 for constructing 66
miles of sewers and appurtenances. F.
S. Shields, secy, sewerage and water bd.
Scranton, Pa.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2 p. m. Feb. 4 for constructing sew-
ers in sections "E," "G" and "H" of the
Nineteenth Ward. B. T. Jayne, dir. dept.
pub. wk&
Washington, D. C.T-Blds are asked un-
til March 5 for erecting sewerage screens, t
machinery and apparatus at sewerage
pumping station. H. B. F. MacFarland,
chmn. dlst. comrs.
Santiago, Chile— Public bids will be
opened July 1 for constructing sewerage.
Address Chilean Legation, Washington,
D. C, or Chilean Consulate-General, 135
W. Eleventh-st.. N. Y. City.
Saginaw. Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until 7:30 p. m. Feb. 11 for furnishing
Portland and natural cement, drain tile,
sewer pipe, sewer basin and sewer and
water manhole castings. W. H. Barton,
elk. B. P. W.
Flndlay, O.— Bids are asked until Feb.
2 for constructing combined local sewer
No. 2 on W. Front-st., Including man-
holes, fiush tanks and catch-basins; also
a sewer In E. Llncoln-st. Frank C. Ray,
elk.
Vallsburgh, N. J.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 10 for 2,981 ft. 12-ln., 11,000 ft.
10-in. and 27,863 ft. 8-in. pipe sewers. 122
manholes, 82 fiushtanks and 4,000 cu. yds.
rock excavation. John Henry Theberath,
acting mayor; Andrew R. Fitzslmons,
elk.; Eugene Murray, ch. engr.
BufTalo, N. Y.— Bids will be received
Feb. 2 for furnishing and erecting 3 hor-
izontal centrifugal sewage pumps, 3 en-
gines and auxiliary machinery to drive
them and 4 125-HP boilers with auxiliar-
ies for a sewage pumping plant on Main
and Hamburg Canal strip near Hamburg-
st. Francis G. Ward, comr. pub. wks.
C0NTKACT8 AWARDED.
Joplln, Mo.— The contract for a sewer
was awarded to J. F. McCarthy for $6,000.
St. Paul, Minn.— The contract for build-
ing the St. Anthony Park sewer has been
awarded to E. J. Kirkland for $50,122.99.
Seattle, Wash.— T. I. Peterson . secured
the contracts for sewer systems in the
Brooklyn ana Latonia districts for $58,-
050.
Grand Junction, Colo.— The contract for
constructing a sewerage system at the
Teller Indian Institute was awarded to
D. J. Tirsway of Denver for $16,000 to
$17,000.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Lancaster, Pa.— Contracts for building
two sewers have been awarded to Stone,
Jordan & Co., Philadelphia, for 1180,000.
Clinton, la.— The contract for construct-
ing a sewer in Pearl-st. was awarded to
George M. King of Des Moines for $6,895.
Mishawaka, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing the W. Joseph-st. sewer was
awarded to the Elkhart Construction Co.
of Elkhart, Ind.
Vlnlta, Ind. Ter.— The contract for con-
structing a sewerage system was awarded
Jan. 5 to the Allan Black Co. of St. Paul
for 118.600.
Youngstown, O.— Sherman De Groodt se-
cured the contract for a seWer on W.
Federal-st. and Rochford & Comisky for
a sewer on E. Woodland -ave.
Delray, Mich.— The contract for build-
ing a sewer In McGregor-ave. was award-
ed to the Elkhart Construction Co. of
Elkhart, Ind., for 123,000.
Athens, Ala.— The Nashville Plumbing
Co. of Nashville, Tenn., was awarded the
contract Jan. 14 for constructing a sew-
erage system here for $11,736.
Los Angeles, Cal.— The contract for fur-
nishing 20.000,000 brlc!i for the outfall
sewer and storm drains was awarded Jan.
19 to Charles Forrester at $6.40 per thou-
sand.
Niagara Falls. N. Y.— The contract for
extending the tunnel trunk sewer in the
eastern part of this city has been award-
ed to James D. Casey of Rochester for
about $90,000.
Petaluma. Cal.— Special— N. S. Frost,
cy. engr.. says the contract for a 6-ln.
pipe sewer on Tlfft-st. was awarded to
J. R. Nesbitt at 50 cents a lin. ft and
$1.50 for lampholes.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Bids were submitted.
Jan. 19, on three sewers as follows: Her-
tel-ave.. Miller & Franklin. $18,900; Angle
and Heath-sts., C. G. Stein wocks, $7,590;
Merrimac-st., H. P. Burgard, $6,000.
Toledo, O.— Sewer contracts have been
awarded as follows: No. 910 In Western-
aye., John McMahon, $2,011.80; ^o. 920 In
an alley. John McMahon, $1,478.88; No. 917
in alley, A. Lewandoskl, $823.
Boston, Masa— Contracts for the con-
struction of high level sewers were
awarded, Jan. 5, as follows: Talbot-ave.,
circular brick sewer, section 2, Coleman
Bros., $14,882.50; section 3, Coleman Bros.,
$13,987. Dorchester high level circular
brick sewer, section 1. D. F. O'Connell,
$14,176.96; section 2, H. A. Hanscom Com-
pany, $12,042.20.
Beaver Falls, Pa.— Bids were submitted,
WATBR'WORKS.
Bloomfleld, N. J.— This borough voted,.
Jan. 19, to purchase the plant of the
Orange Water Company for $90,000.
Marquette. Mich.— The Federal Trust
Company ol Boston has applied xor a re-
ceiver for the Ironwood Water Company
on the ground of wasteful management.
New Cumberland, Pa.— The Falriiew
Township Water Company has b«en in-
corporated to supply water for this place
by T. Russ, J. Relff and George H. Kctll.
Wmthrop Harbor, 111.— The Wlnthrop
Harbor Water and Supply Company has
been incorporated to construct v/ater
works, light, heat and power plants by
G. A. Truesdale, R. R. Cowie and S. M.
Swanson.
CONTBMPLATSD WORK.
Saugatuck, Mich.— Plans are being pre-
pared for a new water works system.
Toledo, O.— A submerged 20-in. water
main across the Maumee River Is pro-
posed.
Cotter, Ark.— A company has been
formed to establish and operate a water
works system.
Mayfleld, Cal.— Bids will probably not
be received for constructing water works
before April.
Pawtucket, R. I.— The purchase of a
new pumping engine is contemplated. S.
H. Roberts, cy. elk.
Pittsburg, Pa.— The compulsory Instal-
lation of water meters Is recommended
by Dlr. E. M. Bigelow.
Hoi yoke, Mass.— The purchase of a
large meter to be placed at the source
of water supply is proposed.
Waltham, Mass.— Le Roy Brown, supt.
w. w., favors replacing 9 mis. of cement
mains with cast-Iron pipes.
Salt Lake City, Utah— The establish-
ment of a permanent water supply is
urged by the Commercial Club.
Montreal, Que.— Plans are being made
for a complete filtration system for the-
Montreal Water and Power Company.
Barbeiton, O.— Plans and specifications -
for the proposed new water works sys-
tem have been approved.
Canton, O.— (Special.)— Phil H. Weber,
cy. engr., says a new pumping station,
a 12,000.000 gal. pump and three 200- hp.
boller.s.
Delhi, O.— A water works system to
supply this town. Home City, Fernbank,
Addyston, North Bend and Cleves Is con-
templated.
Newark, N. J.— The estimated cost of
an auxiliary water main from Campbel''s
Pond to this city Is $100,000 or $123,000.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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Philadelphia, Pa.— The names of firms
manufacturing gas and water pipe are de-
sired by Samuel P. Yoe, C. E., 1861 Frank-
ford-ave.
Luvlington, Mich.— The bd. of pub. wks.
has asked the City Council to call a
special election to vote on the improve-
ment of the water works system by ex-
tending the intake pipe 1,000 ft. .^urther
Into the lake.
Shenandoah, Pa.— The question of in-
creasing the borough debt $50,000 for se-
curing a more plentiful water supply will
be voted on In February.
Evansville, Ind.— The estimated cost of
repairing the damage caused at the new
water works by the breaking of the In-
take pipe is 150,000 to $100,000.
Cambridge, Mass.— The water board has
asked for an appropriation of $500,000 for
constrjcting a new main from Hobbs
Brook basin to Fresh Pond. E. C. Brooks,
SUIJt, w. w.
Pittston, Pa.— The stockholders of the
Monongahela Water Company voted to
increasd its capital stock for the con-
struction of new pipe line extensions,
boiler, tanks, pumping machinery and
other permanent improvements.
The construction of water works syH
tems is contemplated at the following
places: Hampton, Neb.; Kensington.
Minn.; Maiden Rock, Wis.; Prattsville
N. Y.; Chambersburg, Pa.; Ashtabula,
O.; Olendale, Wash.; Mt. Jackson, Va ;
Adams, Ore.
Springfield, O.— A 'resolution has been
adopted by the B. P. S. to ask for bids
for engaging a hydraulic engineer to pre-
pare plans and specifications for the pur-
chase of a 10,000,000 gallon pumping en-
gine and all necessary equipment.
St Paul, Minn. — In his annual
report City Engineer Rundlett rec-
ommends the Improvement of Vad-
nais and Pleasant lakes by the
construction of a deep well, 2,400-foot en-
closed conduit between Vadnais and
Pleasant lakes and the protection of the
shores of Centervllle Lake.
Monaca, Pa.— Council decided, Jan. 13,
to ask the Secretary of War for permis-
sion for this borough to erect a crib in
the Ohio River In front of the pumplni;
station for the purpose of improving the
water supply and protecting the pumping
station.
Washington, D. C— The colonial govern-
ment of the Island of Bermuda is investi-
gating the question of a pure water sur-
ply for the citizens of that Island, and
has called upon the experts of the United
States Geological Survey to furnish infor-
mation regarding the possibility of find-
ing a large and continuous supply of
fresh water by sinking artesian wells.
COKTRACT8 TO BB LET.
Jacksonville. 111.— Bids are asked until
Feb. 10 for a pumping plant. Merdosia
Lake. Drainage and Levee DIst.
Santa Barbara, Cal.— Bids will be re-
ceived until Feb. 23 for constructing a
tunnel 19.560 ft. long. Comrs. W. W.
dept.
New Orleans. La.— Sealed bids are
asked until Feb. 2 for laying 2.7 mis. of
water mains. F. S. Shields, secy, sewer-
age and water bd.
Dalles City, Ore-Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 10 for constructing a wat^r
works system. T. J. Seuoert, prest. wa-
ter comrs.
St. Paul. Minn.-Sealed bids are asked
until 11 a. m. Feb. 2 for construcUng a
water system at Fort Snelling. R. M.
Schoffleld, Const. Q. M.
St. Louis. Mo.-Sealed bids are adked
until Feb. 18 for a 150.000 gal. steel tank
with trestle at Jefferson Barracks. Maj
Thomas Cruse, Depot Q. M.
Ligonler, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until March 9 for improvements to tne
water works system. Fred H. Green,
mayor; H. Jeanneret, cy. elk.
Kansas City, Mo.— Bids will be received
until March 9 for improvements to the
48-ln. steel water flow line from Kaw
Point to Turkey creek. B. P. W.
Saginaw, Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 11 for furnishing the cast Iron
water pipe and special castings required
during the year. W. H. Barton, elk.
B. P. W.
Oil City, Pa.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 15 for 1 triple expansion con-
densing crank and fiywheel pumping en-
gine of 3,500,000 gals. P. C. Porter, elk.
bd comrs. water and light
Milwaukee, Wis.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 1 for furnishing a pumping
engine, boilers and auxiliary machinery
for the Kinnlckinnick river flushing tun-
nel. Chas. J. Poetsch, chmn. B. P. W.
Santiago. Chile.— Public bids are asked
until July 1 for improvinr the water sup-
ply of this city. Address Chilean Lega«
tlon. Washington. D. C, or Chilean Con-
sulate-General. 135 W. Eleventh-st., New
York City.
Cienfuegos, Cuba— Bids are asked until
April 2 for furnishing material for the
water works as follows: 10,441 ft. e. 1.
pipe. 185 tons special castings, 279 valves.
130 hydrants. 345 tons structural steel,
11.135 sq. yds. expanded metal. 330,000 lbs.
lead. C. C. Vermeule. cons. engr.. 20S:
Broadway, New York City; F. W. Ben-
nett, ch. engr., San Carlos 128. Cien-
fuegos.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Kansas City, Mo.— The contract for a
pumping engine for Quindaro Station was
awarded to tha Allls-Chalmers Company
for $79,400.
Peoria, 7.11.— The contract for piping the
new water system of the Bartonville
asylum was awarded to Charles O'Neill
& Sons for $3,600. *
VInlta, Ind. Ter.— The contract for con-
structing a water works system was
awarlod to Allen. Black & Co. of Minne-
apolis, Minn., for $78,465.
Shawnee. Okla.— The contract for a new
water works system was awarded to
Henry C. Ulen, Jr., of Oklahoma City for
ri 22,000.
Port Angeles, Wash.— H. A. Lengenbrlnk
of St. Louis, Mo., has been granted a
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
60-year franchise for water and power
privileeres in this city.
La Cro3se, Wis.— The contract for in-
stalling new boilers at the pump house
was awarded to F. Freeman Sons & Co.
of Racine for 19,484.
' Heflin, Ala.— A franchise has been
granted to F. F. Taylor and W. B. Mer-
rill for constructing and maintaining a
•»7ater works and electric light plant.
Danville, Va.— The contract for con-
structing the new intakes for the new
municipal pumping station was awarded,
Jan. 8, to Charles Orchard for about
$3,000.
Kansas City, Mo.— The contract for con-
structing a submerged pipe line under the
Kaw river was awarded, Jan. 18, to Kah-
mann & McMurry of this city for $24,000.
Salt Lake City, Utah— The contract for
water mains and sewer work curing 1904
was awarded to James Kennedy & Co. of
Fargo, N. D., for $24,486 and $20,301, re-
spectively.
St. Paul, Minn.— Contracts for laying a
main in W. Seventh-st. were awarded,
Jan. Uf as follows: Laying msSn, P. H.
Thornton, $L89 a ft.; furnishing pipe. Din-
wick Pipe Company of Birmingham, Ala. ;
$23.35 per ton; hauling, Charles Forrestal
& Co.; valves and service boxes. Crane &
Ordway, $2,000; special castings, hydrants
and cast iron pipe. South Park Foundry
and Machine Company.
Dayton, O.— Bids were submitted Jan. 19
for furnishing %-in. water meters to this
city. Henry W. Worthington of New
York City furnished the lowest bid at
$5.60 each. The Pittsburg Meter Com-
pany, which has been furnishing the city
with meters at $6.50 each, bid $6.25. The
bids were as follows:
Union • Meter Company, Worcester,
Mass.— %-in. meters, $6.10 each; %, $10.90
1-in., $19.15: 1%. $29.65; 2-in.. $44.90.
M. J. Gibbons, Dayton— %. $6.45; %, $9.45
1-in., $12.50; l^-in., $24; 2-in., $30.
Pittsburg Meter Company, Pittaburg,
Pa.-%. $6.25; %. $11.30; 1-in., $15.30; 1%,
$27; 2-in., $45.
Hersey Manufacturing Company, Bos
ton-%. $8; %, $12; 1-in., $16; 1%, $30; 2-in.
$50.
Neptune Meter Company, New Tork
City— %, $8.40; %. $12.50; 1-ln., $16.75; 1%.
$35; 2-in., $55.
Henrv R. Worthington. New York City
-%, $5.60; %. $9; 1-ln., $13; 1%, $25.
National Meter Company, New York
City-%, $10.40; %. $15.60; 1-in., $20.80; 1%,
$40; 2-in., $60.
The BulTalo Meter Company of BulTalo,
N. Y., bid on bulk lots as follows: 800
(%-in. meters), $6,809.40; 20 (%-in. mete:s),
$5,148.90.
BRIDQMS,
Linden. Tenn.— The county court has
23, according to press reports, for building
a bridge.
Los Angeles, Cal.— Plans have been sub-
mitted for constructing three bridges
across the Los Angeles river.
BoonviUe, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 7 for constructing an iron bridge.
R. D. O. Moore, co. audt.
Iowa City, la.— Plans and specifications
are being prepared for a proposed con-
crete viaduct on lowa-ave.
Portland, Ore.— Bids are asked until
Feb. 19 for a steel bridge at Thurman-st,
Thos. C. Devlin, cy. audt.
Kansas City, Kas.— Sealed bids are
asked until 12 m. Feb. 1 for building two
steel bridges. Frank Holcomb, co. elk.
Cohoes, N. Y.— Plans have been pre-
pared by City Engineer Van Auken for a
bridge across the western branch of the
Mohawk.
Fargo, N. D.— A bill has been introduced
asking for authority to build a bridge
across the Missouri river at this place.
Richmond, Ind.— City Engineer Weber
has submitted several different plans for
the proposer South Side bridge.
Oshkosh, V/is.— Plans are being con-
sidered for building a new bridge to re-
place the one now crossing the river at
Main-st.
Dillon, Mont.— Bids are asked until Feb.
15 for constructing a bridge across Big
Hole river at Melrose. W. M. Oliver,
chmn. CO. comrs.
Somerset, Ky.— The county court has
decided to build a modern steel bridge
over the south fork of Cumberland river
at Burnside.
Neosho, Mo.— Bids are asked until Feb.
5 for two bridges, one across Shoal creek
and one across Capps creek. R. Fred
Jones, rd. and br. comr.
Crookston, Minn.- The county commis-
sioners decided, Jan. 9, to build a new
steel arch bridge across Red river, on
Robert-st., in this city.
Redding. Cal.— The contract for the big
brick bridge over Calaboose creek, at
Yuba-st., was awarded to Frank Thomp-
son and Chris Stabler, for $628.
Fall River, Mass.— A bill has been in-
troduced appropriating $100,000 for build-
ing a bridge across the Seaconnet river,
between Tiverton and Portsmouth.
Walpole, N. H.— The question of erect-
ing a bridge over the Connecticut river,
between North Walpole and Bellows
Falls, is being discussed by the select-
men.
South Bend, Ind.— The contract for
erecting a 700-ft. bridge across St. Joe
river was awarded to the Lafayette En-
gineering Company of Lafayette for $79.-
200.
Dayton, O.— Special— F. M. Turner, cy.
engr., says that the contract for the
Third-st. bridge was awarded to Charles
H. Hoglen of this city.
Houston. Tex.— Sealed bids are asked
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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the substructure for a new bridge on
Evan-st, over Erie Canal. Francis G.
Ward, comrs. pub. wks.
Kankakee, 111.— Plans have been ac-
cepted, according to press reports, for
a concrete steel bridge across Kankakee
river at Washington-st. J. E. Smith,
chmn. com. pub. wks.
Bloomfleld, Ind.— Bids are asked until
Feb. 2 for constructing iron bridges in
Jackson, Taylor and Stockton twps., and
stone arches in Richland and Washing-
ton twps. Co. comrs.
Beaufort, S. C— The county comrs. will
call for bids, according to press reports,
to be received at April term of court, for
building bridges , over Coosawhatchle
river and Bee's creek.
Atlanta, Ga.— A steel bridge will be
constructed soon across the Chattahoo-
chee river at the Mason and Turner
Ferry, about nine miles from this city.
Judge E. B. Rosser, chmn. com. on rds.
and bridges.
Washington. D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until Feb. 16 for constructing a 7-
span masonry bridge across the Rock
Creek Valley, on the line of Connectlcut-
ave. H. B. F. MacFarland, chmn. DIst.
Comrs.
Lyndon. Kas.— Bids are asked until
Feb. 2 for constructing superstructure and
reconstructing abutments and two piers
for Wilden bridge over Marais des
Cygnes River. Chas. F. Hobbs, co. elk.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Special.— The D., L. &
W. R. R. Co. has made application to
the canal board of the state of New
York for permission to elevate its track
and to construct a stationary bridge over
the Ohio Basin slip.
Kansas City, Mo.— An ordinance was
passed Jan. 18 authorizing the city en-
gineer to prepare plans and speciflcatlons
for an overhead viaduct and approaches
to and over the tracks of the Kansas City
Belt Line Railway Company on Broad-
way.
Cincinnati. O.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 6 for substructure and ap-
proaches to bridge over Jordan creek on
Jordan creek road; substructure of bridge
across Great Miami river at Elizabeth-
town; superstructure of Ellzabethtown
bridge. E. L. Lewis, co. audt.
Everett, Wash.— Cy. Engr. Barkhuff re-
ceived word from the War Department,
Jan. 13, stating that this city may pro-
ceed with the construction of the pro-
posed new bridge over the Snobhomish
river, according to the plans submittM.
RARK3.
Peoria, 111.— The park board is consid-
ering an offer that has been made it for
establishing a park on the river front.
B. F. Cartwright, secy.
New York City— A large park has been
dedicated to this city by James Gordon
Bennett. It lies between the boulevard,
Lafayette and Broadway, north of One
Hundred and Eighty-second-st.
Baltimore, Md. — City Solicitor Bruce
will prepare a separate act for the pro-
posed boulevard connecting the parks of
this city.
South Haven, Mich.— This village voted
to Issue bonds for a new city park.
Topeka, Kas. — This city will expend
STRBBT UGHTINQ,
Topeka, Kas.— Improvements to the ek-c-
tric light plant are contemplated.
Cripple Creek, Colo.— Mayor Shockey
advises the erection of an electric light
plant.
Newport, Ky.— Mayor Helmbold advo-
cates municipal ownership of an electric
light plant.
Churchville, N. Y.— The contract for
street lighting has been awarded to Wil-
liam Kates.
Tallahassee, Fla.— This city voted to is-
sue bonds for enlarging the electric light
plant.
Canton, Mo.— Bids are asked until Feb.
3 for constructing an electric light plant.
Town elk.
Conyers, Ga.— This city has voted to is-
sue 110,000 bonds for constructing an
electric light plant.
Pittsburg, Pa. — An ordinance was
passed Jan. 11 authorizing a contract for
street lighting for 1904.
Hannibal, Mo.— This city voted Jan. 11
to issue $100,000 bonds for constructing an
electric light plant.
Winston-Salem, N. C— W. T. Brown
has been appointed to investigate the
feasibility of an electric light plant.
Shell Lake, Wis.— This town voted Jan.
12 to borrow $10,000 to establish and equip
an electric light plant.
Oconomowoc, Wis.- The committee on
electric lighting is considering four plans
for Improving the electric light plant.
Savannah, Ga.— In his annual report the
director of public works recommends mu-
nicipal ownership of an elertric light
plant.
Ft. Wayne, Ind.— Messrs. Schnitker and
Clark of the town of New Haven are ag-
itating the question of an electric light
plant.
Geneseo. 111.— The City Council voted
Jan. 21 to cancel the contract with the
Electric Light Company for lighting the
streets.
Lockport. N. Y.— The office, test-room
and pipe-room of the Lockport Gas and
Electric Light Company w.ere wrecked by
an explosion Jan. 8.
Columbus, Ind.— The contract for a new
electrical light plant was awarded to the
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Omaha, Neb.— This cicy Is considering:
a proposition of the electric light com-
pany to replace 388 gasoline lamps now
in use with 32-c. p. incandescent lamps.
Braddock, Pa.— The borough council
adopted a resolution, Jan. 4, provldng for
the appointment of a committee to in-
quire into the cost of an electric light
plant.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 3 for electric work to be done
at the Buffalo State Hospital. Carroll F.
Smith, acting sec'y. State Comn. in
Lunacy.
Lansing. Mich.— The question of grant-
ing a franchise for the operation of a
heating and electrical power plant to
John H. Chase and William L. Haag will
be voted on Feb. 1.
Cheyenne, Wyo.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 13 for wiring buildings and
grounds, installing fixtures, arc lights,
etc., at post of Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo.
Capt. W. S. Scott, Q. M.
Eau Claire, Wis.— The Trades and La-
bor Council adopted a resolution Jan. 14
against awarding the city lighting con-
tract to the Eau Claire Light and Power
Company, and in favor of municipal own-
ership of a light plant.
Beaver, Pa.— The citizens have appoint-
ed John H. Eaton chairman and Aaron
B. McGrew secretary of a committee to
take action regarding the formation of a
corporation to furnish electric light for
the streets and houses.
Alhambra, Cal.— Sealed bids are asked
until Feb. 9 for a franchise to erect poles,
string wires and construct underground
conduits, and to maintain and operate
same for 50 years for transmitting elec-
tricity for light, heat and power. A. A.
Clapp, Sr., cy. elk.
Bufftilo, N. Y.—(SpecIal.)— Mayor Knight
has signed the contract passed by the
city council awarding to the Buffalo Gas
Company the contract to light the city
for 5 years, as follows: 1st yr., 79 cts. per
1.000; 2nd yr., 78 cts.; 3rd yr., 77 cis.; 4th
yr., 76 cts.; 5th yr., 75 cts. The city may
use such burners and lamp heads as de-
sired, and also pay gas company for
lighting and extlnguishinfir and cleaning.
17 cts. per lamp per month.
1904 was awarded to the Indianapolis
Street Sweeping Co. at 13.9 cts. per
10,000 sq. ft. for each sweeping.
BufTalo. N. Y.-(Special.)-Mayor Knight
has signed the resolution passed by the
common council to enter Into a contract
with the Buffalo Sanitary Co. for clean-
ing the streets of this city for five years
for $450,000.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— A council com-
mittee has been appointed to investigate
a report on the advisability of a munici-
pal system of garbage collection. Secre-
tary Brown of the board of health has
sent letters to 21 cities asking for in-
formation.
Philadelphia. Pa.— The contracts for
cleaning the city streets this year were
awarded to E. H. Vare. Daniel Dooley,
J. H. Hinckle & Co., David McMahon
and Daniel J. McMahon. Under these
contracts the city will pay $292.43 a mile
more for street cleaning than it paid last
year.
QARBAQM DISR08AL, STRBBT
::OLBANtNQ AND SPRINKLING.
Harrisburg. Pa.— The contract for col-
lecting garbage for 10 years was awarded
to the Harrisburg Sanitary Co. at $28,080
per year.
Marlon, O.— (Special.)— George E. Dwyer,
city engineer, says the city council and
B. P. S. will build a garbage disposal
plant this summer.
St. Louis. Mo.— J. A. Worthlngton rep-
resents a Denver syndicate which has
FIRB ARRARATUS.
Kensington, Minn.— The purchase of a
chemical fire engine Is proposed.
Rochester, Minn. — The purchase of a
chemical Are extinguisher for the county
poor farm is proposed.
Ashland, Wis. — Bids are asked until
Feb. 5 for a hose wagon and 2,000 feet of
hose. W. W. Fisher, cy. elk
Piqua, O.— (Special.)— J. A. Miles, clerk
of Council, says the Central Fire Depart-
ment and the sub-station is contemplated.
East Grand ^ork, Minn.— Bids are asked,
until 8 p. m., Feb 2. for 1,000 ft of wax
and gum-treated lined cotton fire hoso.
E. R. Jacobi, City Recorder.
Belleville, N. J. — The Board of Fire
Commissioners is considering the instal-
lation, maintenance and operation of a
Gamewell fire alarm system.
TOO LATB FOR OLASSIFIOATION
Toledo, O.— Resolutions were approved
Jan. 20 for repaving eleven streets.
Belleville, 111.— The Commercial Club Is
In favor of paving the public square.
Kansa.s City, Mo.— The property-owners
on McGee-st.. from Eighth to Admiral
boulevard, have petitioned for gi^unite
block paving.
Hancock, Mich.— The extension of the
asphalt pavement on Quincy-st. about
four or five blocks is contemplated for
this spring.
Mexico, Mo.— About nine blocks of
vitrified brick or block paving in the
business section of this city is contem-
plated.
Ogden City, Utah.— A resolution ha»
been adopted \o repave Twenty-fifth-st,
from Washington ir Wall-aves., with as-
phalt. W. J. Crltchlow, cy. recorder.
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Municipal Engineering
VOLUME XXVI
MARCH, NINBTBEN HUNDRED FOUR
NUNBER THREE
THE CEMENT SITUATION.
The data gathered for the third edition
of the "Directory of American Cement
Industries" now in press and to be is-
sued shortly, show conclusively the
healthy condition of the cement trade
and the good prospects for further rapid
development, provided financial and la-
bor troubles do not delay investment in
construction of the many public and
private v^orkii which are now necessary
or will be in the liear future.
The invasion of new fields of construc-
tion and the more thorough covering of
the old ones by cement promise some
years of Increase in the demand which
will tax the facilities of the existing
companies and encourage the formation
of new ones. The following tables will
give a birdseye view of the past and a
basis for some idea of what the imme-
diate future will be.
The first table gives the number of
works, the product in barrels and the
value of the cement in bulk for each year
since 1895. The figures for 1903 are es-
timates. The 63 in the column of "No.
of Works" Is the number of the compa-
nies manufacturing cement, and to be on
the same basis as the other figures in
the column should be increased by the
number of plants operated by companies
in addition to their original plans. This
does not affect the total production, bui
explains the discrepancy in number of
plants. The product for 1903 is estimated
at 1,000,000 barrels higher than the esti-
mate made in February, 1903, ana
is probably as conservative as the
estimates made in the article on page
83 of Municipal Engineering of that
date. The great fluctuation in prices in
1903 makes the assumption of an average
price of bulk cement at the mill difficult.
That assumed, $1.10 a barrel, may differ
from the official report, as that may be
Influenced by the date the reports are
made.
PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PORT-
LAND CEMENT IN THE
UNITED STATES.
No. of Product.
Year. Works. Barrels. Value.
1895 22 990.824 $1,586,880
1896 26 1.543,028 2.424,012
1897 29 2,677,775 4.816,8911
1898 31 3,692,284 5,970,778
1899 36 5,652.266 8,074,871
1900 50 8,482,020 9,280,525
1901 56 12,711,226 12.582,86(»
1902 68 17.280.644 20,684.078
1908 •eS 120.700,000 !22,77a000
^Number of manufacturing companies.
! Estimated.
A t the close of 1903 there were 68 differ-
ent companies manufacturing Portland
cement in the United States, the number
of works at different locations on the
basis of the U. S. Qeoxoglcal Survey
reports being larger by some 6 or 8. The
maximum capacity of these companies,
as taken from their reports to the Direc-
tory, assuming 300 days as the length of
the operating year, was 40.000,000 barrels
a year. The estimated production of these
companies was almost exactly half this
capacity. Comparison of reported figtires
for 1903 shows very nearly the same re-
lation of capacity and actual production.
There are several reasons for the differ-
ence. Few plants can operate all their
machinery fully 300 days a year. Many
sections of plants have recently been
thrown out of use for considerable
periods to make changes in machinery
or its arrangement or for the purpose of
enlargement. Some companies have been
In financial difficulties rrom faults of
management or otherwise. Some have
had difficulty in disposing of their prod-
uct on account of local overstocking of
market, deftotlve quality, etc. Some give
the maximum capacity under forced
speed which cannot be malntcdned con-
tinuously. The labor troubles, as last
year, cause general overstocking. The
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150
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
sum of these effects cuts down the total
production to about half the capacity.
The reports indicate that there will bo
8 or 10 new mills put in operation during
1904. which will increase the capacity
some 10 or 12 per cent. The average ca-
pacity of the mills in operation is not
quite 2,000 barrels a day. The average pro •
duction, with figures for former years
for comparison, Is given m the following
table:
AVERAGE PRODUCT PER MILL AND
VALUE OP PORTLAND CEMENT.
Av. Product Av. Value
of Each Mill at Mill
Year. Brls. a Day. Per Brl.
1895 150 $1 60
1896 197 1 67
1897 308 1 61
1898 397 1 62
1899 523 1 43
1900 565 1 09
1901 757 0 99
1902 912 1 21
1903 •958 n 10
•Estimated.
For 1903 the average product is per com-
pany.: that per mill would probably be
about 900 barrels. The limit of increase
in production per mill seems to be very
nearly reached. The average capacity of
the mills likely to go into operation in
1904 is perhaps 100 barrels a day less than
the average of those now in operation,
and the aCverago production per mill, un-
less there is a great demand for cemenC.
in 1904 to crowd the mills, will not be
greater than in 1903.
There are very many companies listed
in the Directory of American Cement In-
dustries as projected, some being under
construction. There are about thirty-five
of these which state the proposed capac-
ity of their mills, and, if constructed
they would increase the total capacity of
mills about 40 per cent. Very few, if any,
of these will be completed in 1904 and but
few more in 1905. Judging from the list
of discontinued names of cement com-
panies given in the directory, many of
them will fall by the wayside. Some of
the most promising pro.lects have not yet
been put into official form and therefore
do not appear In the lists.
The foliowing table gives the data re-
garding the actual consumption of ce-
ment In the United States. The fig-
ures for imported cement have been
corrected for the years 1900 to 1902, de-
ducting the amount of cement re-ex-
tual domestic consumption and not the
production and importation. Assuming
the consumption of domestic Portland ce-
ment to be 20,400,000 barrels In 1903, it
will be seen that the increase in the use
of domestic Portland cement has been
very nearly 4,000,000 barrels each year
since 1900. The increase in capacity ' by
addition of new mills for 1904 Is but little
more than four million barrels and the
actual production will be somewhat less.
The new works will therefore scarcely be
able to take care of the Increase If it is
equal in amount to that of the recent
years.
TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF CEMENT IN THE
UNITED STATES.
Year.
Natural.
I
To 1880
00
1880
00
1881
00
1882
00
1883
00
1884
00
1885
00
1886
52
1887
44
1888
95
1889
76
1890
04
1891
35
1892
81
1893
15
1894
88
1895
77
1896
50
1897
88
1898
24
1899
79
1900
19
1901
23
1902
05
1903
00
233,000
365,611
272,689
478,555
1600,000
fEstimated.
The increase in the amount of imported,
natural and puzzoian cements from 1901
to 1902 Is about 2,200,000 barrels, of which
1,000,000 barrels is in foreign cements. The
increase in use of domestic Portland ce-
ments from 1901 to 1902 of 4.500,000 barrels,
shows a total increase In cement con-
sumption of 6,700,000 barrels and Indicates
the inability of the domestic plants to
meet all the demands in 1902.
The estimated increase in domestic use
of domestic Portland cement from 1902
to 1903 Is a little less than 4,000,000 bar-
rels. The actual domestic consumption
of foreign cements was practically the
same as In 1902. The figures for con*
sumption of natural cement are not avail-
able, but expert estimates of one district
indicate that the production for 1903 was
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MUNICIPAL ENQINEERINQ,
bor and flnancial troubles on the one
hand, or by concerted restriction In pro-
duction on the other, it seems probable
that the plants in operation in 1904 will
be practically equal to the demands made
upon them. An increase in demand
beyond that estimated is probable under
favorable conditions and must be
met, if it occurs, by importation
largely. A decrease in demand, on
account of decrease in construction,
must be met by a restriction of
production. Although this is a presiden-
tial year the prospects for a good season
in construction lines are excellent, and
an increase in demand is more probable
than a decrease.
The following table gives the Increcise
in the consumption of cement per capita
in the United States:
CONSUMPTION OP CEMENT IN
UNITED STATES PER CAPITA
OP POPULATION.
Consumption,
Pounds per Capita.
Tear. Population. Portland. All Kinds.
1880 50.155,783 1.7 13.1
1890 62.622,250 13.8 45.5
1900 75,559.258 54.7 87.8
1902 78,611,628» 91.0 . 121.6
'Estimated.
There is still some room for displace-
ment of natural cement by Port-
land cement, though It is prob-
able that the present use. of
natural cement will not be very
greatly diminished. The statement that
Germany produced In 1900 136 barrels of
Portland cement per capital indicates a
chance for considerable expansion in Its
use in this country. Germany uses
cement largely for many purposes for
which this country as yet uses only small
quantities. On the other hand, this coun-
try has extended some uses far beyond
their application in other countries. It Is
probable, therefore, that the per capita
consumption of cement In this country
will ultimately exceed that in Germany.
Our export trade is but Just beginning
and probably only requires cultivation to
take a considerable percentage of our
production. Until we can take care of
the domestic demand It is not probable
that much time and effort will b^ spent
upon the foreign trade.
The growth In the manufacture of
puzzolan cement Is interesting. The
capacity of the plants which will be in
operation at some time during 1904 is fuUy
1,600,000 barrels a year and the actual pro-
duction will probably be materially
greater than that estimated for 1908.
The natural hydraulic cement mills
have an actual capacity of approximately
25.000,000 barrels a year. Their annual
production is about 30 per cent of their
capacity, as compared with 50 per cent
for Portland cement plants.
THE CONCRETE BRIDGE OF THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
OVER THE BIG MUDDY RIVER.
In May, 1903, the Illinois Central Rail-
road completed a bridge across the Big
Muddy river in southern Illinois, made of
concrete after designs and under the su-
pervision of H. W. Parkhurst, Its engi-
neer of bridges and buildings, which has
some very interesting features. The
bridge consists of three arches, each or
140 feet span, resting on abutments at
the ends 31 feet thick and two piers each
21.5 feet thick. The piers and abutments
were built around old stone structures
which carried the former iron truss bridge,
main arch was built in sections so as to
form voussoirs, similar to the stones in a
masonry arch, except that each one ex-
tends the full width of the bridge. The
order in which they were built was ar-
ranged to load the centering symmetric-
ally, and when half through to show al-
ternate blocks completed. The first pair
of blocks made were the skew backs, the
second at the quarters, the third each
side the keystone, the fourth and fifth
pairs divided the spaces between those
already laid, the sixth, seventh and eicrhth
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CONCRETE BRIDGE OF THE I. C. R. OVER BIG MUDDY RIVER. 153
ly 20 tons for each of the piles support-
ing it. The photograph shows the projec-
tion of the false work outside the face of
the arch on which to support the forms
for depositing the concrete and the plat-
form for the workmen. Rather wet Port-
land cement concrete, requiring little
tamping, was used, and a facing about
1^ inches thick of Portland cement mor-
tar was deposited next the form at the
same time.
The second photograph shows one arch
with the arch forms still in place and
one with the arch forms removed and
of the roadbed. They a. e covered by the
extension upward of the abutment and
pier ends. The space for expansion is
filled with several thicknesses of corru-
gated asbestos board which will compress
and expand so as to keep foreign matter
out, and sliding surfaces between the
spandrel arch structure and the pier or
abutment recess, in which the Joint is
constructed, are provided, also pro-
tected by asbestos board. The top
of the Joint is '* covered by a
lead plate with its edges set in
the concrete some inches back from each
II. • BIG MUDDY CONCRETE BRIDGE, ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD,
Showing Concrete Mixing Platform to Which Derrick Delivered Materials. Concrete Was
Wheeled From Platform to Place on Pier Shown Under Constmction.
the forms for the spandrel arches in
place.
The base of the roadbed is about two
feet above the highest point in the arch.
The space between the level of the road-
bed and the outer surface of the arch is
filled in with spandrel arches as shown
in the third view. This structure is a
steel frame, a part of which is shown in
the fourth view, surrounded with con-
crete. It is made as flexible as possl-
side of the Joint. The plate is folded
down into the Joint two inches, forming a
channel, which is filled with an asphalt
composition, extending out to cover the
entire lead plate. Observations showed
a maximum movement at these expan-
sion Joints of 0.012 feet for a 140-foot span
between January and May, divided al-
most equally between the two ends of
the span.
The spandrel arches are true arches
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IIL BIG MUDDY CONCRETE BRIDGE, ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD.
Showing Completed Maiu Arch and Completed End of Spandrel Arches of North Span« and
Arch Vonssoir Molds in Place on Center Span.
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ASPHALT PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE.
156
though the depth of the keystone is but
five feet.
The roadbed was raised about five feet
and the old bridsre was raised to carry
trains during the construction of the new
one. This made it possible to construci
the main arches completely in one oper-
ation. The spandrel arches for half the
width of the bridge were then completed
and trains run over that half. The old
trusses were then removed and the
spandrel arches were completed. This is
seen in the fourth view.
The fifth view shows the east side of
the bridge with the main arches com-
pleted. The general plan of the center-
ing is shown in the nearby span: though
much of it has been removed. The cen-
tering for the center span is shown sup-
ported on plate girders of 60 feet span
over th^i water in the stream. There
were 10 of these girders. At the time
this picture was taken the spandrel
arches of the west half of the bridgi
were completed and" nearly ready for the
passage of trains.
The total cost of the bridge was $126. OOb
The railroad company furnished and
drove the piles, raised the old bridge and
removed it. removed the falsework and
cleaned up. laid the temporary track on
the west half of the bridge «vnd did many
odd Jobs at a cost of 134.402. under the
unfavorable conditions of railroad work.
The steel cost 14.461, crushed stone 17,200.
$6,700 Was allowed for engineering and
sundries and the concrete contractor was
paid $72,128. The cost of details is re-
ported as follows: 5.000 cubic yards of
excavation for fundations at 76 cents;
12,000 cubic yards of concrete at $4 to $10
a yard, averaging $5.43; 300,000 pounds of
steel at 1.2 cents a pound and 0.61 cents
for handling fitting and erecting.
We are indebted to Mr. H. W. Park-
hurst for information and to the G^er-
man- American Portland Cement Com-
pany, whose "Owlcement" was used ex-
clusively, for the accompanying illustra-
tions.
ASPHALT PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE.
By F. O. Blake, Cincinnati^ Ohio.
Now that we have induced the property
owners in our American cities to pay
over $100,000,000 for asphalt paving, and
as the period for which the contractor
agreed to maintain it has expired on a
large percentage of it, we are confronted
with a new problem, that of maintaining
it properly. This is a business proposi-
tion and must be met fqirly and squarely
by the city officers chargeable with
such responsibilities, and much depends
upon the result of their efforts.
The system thus far commonly used
has been to contract with paving contract-
ors to make repairs after holes have worn
into the pavement, limiting the work, as
near as possible, to the size of the hole,
and to pay for the work performed
by the square yard. There are many se-
rious objections to this system. It is the
wrong time to make a repair after a hole
has developed, for it will then require
is apt to reduce the amount of asphalt
used in the mixture or to adulterate
what he does use.
The contractor must make it pay or go
to the wall. An asphalt mixture can be
produced for $2 per ton or it may cost
$10 per ton, depending on the material
used. It is a temptation for a contrac-
tor to use the $2 mixture in repair work,
especially when he is not held responsible
for the results; when it is to his interest
to have the pavement go to pieces that he
may reconstruct it. There are honest
paving contractors, but human nature is
weak and we are apt to consider our own
selfish Interests first when there Is a
conflict. This is not said to reflect on the
Integrity of the contractor, but to show
that it is not to his interest to have a
pavement everlasting and that his and
the taxpayers* interests are not identical.
Along this line of reasoning can be
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ROAD MAKING IN BUXTON, ENGLAND.
157
structed and the property owner is aeraln
called on to pay the bill. This system is
wroniTt and the political party in power
must be held i^esponsible for its continu-
ance. Pavement should be maintained to
a certain standard; it should be free from
holes, waves, cracks or other defects; it
should be as smooth as a billiard table.
This condition is not possible under the
present system of making: repairs. Some
system of constant renewal and of mak-
ing repairs at the proper time must be
adopted; the repair must be made when It
is possible to make it with ten pounds in-
stead of waiting until It requires two
hundred and fifty pounds per square yard.
By such a system it will b^ easy to main-
tain a pavement in perfect condition at
less than half its present cost of main-
tenance.
I think the best results are to be had
by adopting one of two methods; one is
for the city to own and operate its
asphalt mixing and maintenance plant,
the other is to contract with competent
parties to do the work by "force ac-
count."
The municipal ownership proposition
has some good and many poor features.
One advantage is that you are certain to
get the material you pay for and as much
as you mfifi. and, more Important than
all other considerations, you can make
the repair early and the pavement can be
maintained to any standard desired. Such
a policy will have the support of the
property-owner and the public at large,
but the opposition of the contractor
whose interest it is to reconstruct. One
objection to the municipal ownership
proposition is that it requires skilled
labor to operate it, one man of whom
should be an expert and able to make
chemical analyses and physical tests of
the asphalt. Such men command large
annual salaries and but a few cities have
enough work to warrant the expense.
Another bad feature about the municipal
ownership plan is, that it is apt to be-
come a political machine and be loaded
down with political pensioners. Such a
condition will give worse results than
the present very poor system.
The advantages named above all apply
to the second or "force account" propo-
sition and it is free from the objections
named. The "force account" proposition
contemplates that the contractor shall
furnish all machinery, tools, appliances,
and the skilled labor necessary to do the
work; the city pays all material and la-
bor bills and the contractor is paid _a
reasonable per cent, on the gross amount
for the use of his appliances and for su-
pervision. By this proposition the city
has no money tied up in machinery or
tools, and receives the benefit of the ex-
pert labor without having to maintain
a large salary roll. Asphalt pavement
maintenance is now as much of a special-
ty as any other branch of municipal en-
gineering and calls for a high class of
ability and technical knowledge in this
line.
Under this "force account" proposition,
the city has complete control of the work,
as much so as if it owned the plant. It
pays for what it gets and no more. It is
Just to all parties. It is in the interest of
the taxpayer and all others. It Is one
solution of the asphalt pav^nent main-
tenance problem.
ROAD MAKING IN BUXTON, ENGLAND.
By John ffatton, Mem. San. InsL, Assistant Town Surveyor.
Tarred macadam is attracting increased
attention by reason of its hygienic prop-
erties, non-absorbent surface and low
cost. Good roads are appreciated every-
'where but perhaps nowhere more than
in a health or pleasure resort. Buxton,
the famous English Spa, early adopted
tarred macadam. Situated In the heart of
a limestone district the best possible
rock is ready to hand. Tarred macadam
Is eminently adapted for the light busi-
ness and carriage traffic of a non-manu-
facturing town. The even surface se-
cures smooth running of vehicles, it is
much quieter than ordinary dry ma-
cadam, wears longer, malces little dust
and mud and if well laid does not form
into caps and hollows. A tarred ma-
cadam roadway can be easily cleaned
with horse brush and hose or water van;
as a healthy road surface it competes
closely with natural asphalt and. in that
it is far less slippery during rain or fog,
scores a point over the more costly road-
way—but even tarred macadam is barely
safe on a steeper grade than 1 in 20.
Tarred macadam presents good features
for sidewalks. In roads overhung wk.*
trees its use avoids the unsightly and
sometimes dangerous channels caused by
water dropping from the branches.
Water, whether from clouds or trees,
runs off tarred macadam, and leaves it
clean and fresh.
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158
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Limestone is one of the best rocks for
tarred macadam. Granite is certainly a
harder stone, but it does not absorb the
tar to the same extent. An experimenUil
length of roadway will soon show wheth-
er the right rock has been selected. Clean
stone is essential to success. Clay, earth
or even quarry sap proves fatal to good
work and leads to rapid decay. The stone
must be dry before being tarred and if
slightly warm requires less labor in mix-
ing and can be more evenly coated with
tar mixture. Too great a heat, however,
partially disintegrates the stone and ren-
ders it useless.
In Buxton direct labor is employed in
all municipal departments. The tarred
macadam works are under the control of
Town Sui-veyor William Hedley Grieves,
Hon. Fel. Inst. San. Engrs., Mem.
San. Inst., etc.. and produce by the sale
of material a handsome profit for High-
ways Department.
The rock is quarried by gelignite blast-
ing sjid run on an overhead tramroad to
the crusher platform, where it Is dumped.
The crusher, driven by a water wheel, is
fed from the platform and, after crush-
ing, the stone is automatically screened
into separate compartments. Nothing is
wasted; the dust is used in place of sand
in making concrete and for veneering
tarred macadam sidewalks. From the
screening bins the stone and gravel are
harrowed to the drying shed, there to be
thoroughly dried and slightly warmed on
the hot iron floor. Even drying through-
out a large heap of stone or gravel may
be obtained by occasionally turning the
mass over, but a greater depth on the
drying floor than one foot is not econom-
ical. The drying shed floor is built of iron
plates laid on low brick walls. All the
plates are removable for cleaning and the
spaces between the low walls form flues
conveying heat to dry the stone above.
A tar boiler, fed from the store tank, is
under the same roof as the drying floor.
Great care is necessary in boiling the tar
to the right consistency. Unless the light
oils are all expelled the macadam is soft
and wears badly; If the heavy oils are
also driven off bv too lonir boilintr the
rowed to the mixing plates, 4 feet by 4
feet sheet iron plates, laid in f^ ont of the
store shed. One man brings a barrow of
stone or gravel and dumps it on the plate,
the tar man then pours a bucket of hot
tar mixture over the heap and two mix-
ers immediately follow and by repeated
shovelings mix the stuff until every lit-
tle stone is coated. The tarred macadam
is then thrown to the store heap and
kept in stock for three weeks or longer
to allow the stone to become thoroughly
saturated with the mixture. At the side
of each mixing plate is a small coke fire,
in which the shovels are heated from time
to time. This prevents the tar sticking
and lessens labor. The store shed floor
may be either concrete, tarred macadam
or iron plates, the latter in preference.
Power-driven machine mixers are de-
sirable for very large consumers, but the
method of hand-mixing described will be
found economical for towns of moderate
size.
Roadways are formed on solid rubble
foundation leveled up to a true cross sec-
tion and rolled. A 4-inch layer of tarred
IH-lnch stone is laid on the rubble, raked
even and rolled and this is followed by a
1-inch coating of tarred H-lnch gravel,
and the surface is Anally rolled. A 10-
ton roller is sufficiently heavy for tarred
macadam carriage roads.
Sidewalks are laid in a similar manner,
except that the surface is finished with
a ^inch coating of tarred ^-inch gravel
laid on top of the H-lnch stuff. Each
layer is rolled separately and the whole
rolled finally with a one-ton manual
roller. The dark appearance of sidewalks
may be partly avoided by sprinkling the
top coat before the final rolling with
white or colored dry gravel, but this
must be done sparingly or the advantage
of tarred macadam will, in a great meas-
ure, be lost.
When the sidewalk gets worn slippery
the surface should be thoroughly cleaned,
fioated with boiling tar mixture and
sprinkled with limestone dust and traf-
fic kept off until the tar has set. The
mixture for veneering is the same as that
used for making tar macadam. This
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FL/JQ nOLO
FIG. 1. MOLD POR CONCRETE SIDEWALK FLAGS, BUXTON, ENG.
COnCRETE I^ERB nOLD
TiiTuf ■ if '^
FIG. 2. MOLD FOR CONCRETE CURB. BUXTON. ENG.
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MUNICIPAL ENQINEERINQ.
Ing. Rain, great heat or frost during lay-
ing Is fatal to permanent work. A fairly
wcu*m spell with slight wind Is the best
time for laying tarred macadam.
Thorough rolling Is essential and If the
material sticks to the roller water must
not be used to get It off. A dry scraper
gives the best results, although some en-
gineers uso creosote. Lastly, trafllc
should be kept ofT the road until the sur-
face has set. Too early use leads to the
formation of ridges and consequent rapid
wear. Should the roadway be much cut
up by the first few days' traffic it will
pay to send the roller to smooth all down
again before the surface has set quite
hard.
Cost will naturally vary to a great ex-
text in different districts. The tables
below are taken from some recent cost
sheets from the Buxton Works. Road-
ways average about half a dollar per
square yard to form, exclusive of rubble
foundation, and to relay the whole sur-
face from 24 cents per square yard. Foot-
ways cost practically the same amount.
Cost of tarred %-lnch gravel at works:
6 men working half hour |0.26
9.75 gallons tar mixture 18
1 ton %-lnch limestone gravel 74
IL12
Cost of Veneering Footpaths:
Manual labor, 80 hours 18.20
Team labor, 10 hours 2.40
7.78 tons limestone dust, at .72 5.60
228.21 gallons tar mixture, at .07 15.96
Cost of veneering 1,000 sq. yds. .$32.16
Only Just over tb^ee cents per square
yard.
Concrete Sidewalks. Sidewalks In the
main business streets of Buxton Are
paved with artificial flags manufactured
by the Town Council employes. Finding
natural flags costly and in some respects
unsatisfactory. Town Surveyor William
Hedley Grieves experimented with lime-
stone gravel and Portland cement and*
proving that a pavement of smooth sur-
face, hard wear and about one-third the
cost of York flag could be produced, ad-
vised his Council to adopt artificial flags
for sidewalks. This paving is less slippery
than natural stone and much more pleas-
ant to walk upon. The flags were so
RAtlRfnotnrv Afl tn noon lead to the adon-
now the paving in front of important
public buildings and in mam business
thoroughfares is chiefly laid in this ma-
terial.
Cab ranks, unless well paved and fre-
quently swilled with a deodorant, are a
proliflc source of complaint. The many
stands in Buxton are paved with imperv-
ious concrete block, manufactured in the
same way as the flags, and can be easily
kept clean and free from odor. The
blocks are made fifteen inches square by
three inches thick and cross-grooved on
the surface to afford a good foothold for
horses.
Limestone, from an adjoining quarry,
is used entirely for the aggregate and
Portland cement of flrst-class quality
for the matrix. The crusher screen Is
arranged to give ^-inch gravel and dust
together, which is harrowed to the pav-
ing shop and mixed in the proportion of
three of aggregate to one of Portland ce-
ment by measure. The molds are laid
on a smooth floor, preferably of iron
plates, sprinkled with limestone dust to
prevent sticking and hand fllled with
concrete which is well worked down and
the surface struck off and floated smooth.
After setting for 24 aouts the molds are
taken off and used again. The flag re-
mains on the floor for another day. It
is then taken to the open stone yard and
allowed to become thoroughly hard by
maturing for six months.
The flags are made from 2 feet to 3 feet,
by 1 foot 6 Inches, by 2^ and 3 inches
thick, and the curb 9* inch by 7-inch sec-
tion in 2 feet to 3 feet lengths.
The molds are made in 3-inch pine with
wrought iron straps across each end.
Figs. 1 and 2 show molds for flag and
curb.
All the sections are made in the same
manner, thicker blocks requiring a pro-
portionately longer time to dry and ma-
• ture.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the construction of
roadways and sidewalks in Buxton. Cab
rank blocks are laid on 6 inches of lias
lime concrete. Both sidewalks and cab
ranks have the Joints made in Portlanvl
cement.
The cost at the shop works out at
about half a dollar per square yard for
2U.inch flasr and the same sum per lineal
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3!
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1G2 MUNICIPAL ENGINEEBINQ.
THE CONCRETE STANDPIPE AT MILFORD, OHIO.
The accompanying cuts ate taken from ries that thickness for thirty feet, when It
photographs of the Mllford, O., stand- is reduced to seven Inches and again at
pipe which was recently constructed by flfty-flve feet It Is reduced to five inches.
Mr. J. L. H. Barr of Batavia, O., of the reduction being made on the Inside
steel concrete, under the Weber system. each time.
The standplpe Is eighty-one feet from The wall is reinforced with steel "tees"
the base to the roof. The roof has a 1 Inch by l\i Inches set about three inches
spring of three feet, making a total hight from the outer circumference of the wall,
of eighty-four feet. The outside diam- being placed both horizontally and per-
eter Is fifteen and a half feet. The wall pendlcularly, thus forming a net work
Is nine Inches thick at the base and car- of the steel. The horizontal tees are
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THE CONCRETE STANDPIPE AT MILFORD, OHIO.
163
placed <:lo8er at the bottom than at the
top.
The intake pipe extends eighteen inches
above the bottom of the tank, and the
overflow pipe to within eighteen inches of
the top, giving seventy-eight feet of
available water space.
These pipes as well as the washout
pipe are imbedded in the concrete foun-
dation, which is six feet deep, of octagon
shape with an inscribed diameter of
twenty feet. The top of the base is
troweled smooth and the standpipe pro-
per is washed with neat cement.
The foundation is ma4e of concrete in
proportions one part cement to seven
parts gravel. And the wall is one part
cement to three parts clean sharp sand.
The forms were made of 1^-lnch floor-
ing three inches wide and cut to three
feet in length for staves, and nailed to
ribs 4x4 inches. The top rib extended
one inch above the top of the staves
forming a rabbet to receive the bottom
of the next form when placed on top of
it. Three sets of forms were used, each
set consisting of an outer and an inner
form, and each divided into eight sections
for convenience in handling. These sec-
tions are held together by specially pre-
pared latches.
A ladder extends from the bottom of
the tank on the inside to the top and
down again on the outside to within ten
feet of the base.
The structure was completed without a
pause or an accident of any kind.
This class of construction will evidently
supersede steel for the same purpose, as
the cost is about the same and they are
practically indestructible.
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EDITORIAL
COMMENT
What is a Civil En^neer?
nunidpal Pra8:raiii.
Fireproof Buildings.
WHAT 18 A CIVIL ENGINEER?
The discussion over the Union Engin-
eering Building and the apparent objec-
tion of many members of the American
Society of Civil Engineers to leaving
their present home for the new house to
be occupied by the principal national so-
cieties, has brought into prominence the
definition of Civil Engineering. The prin-
cipal reason for this is the adherence of
prominent engineers to the comprehensive
Tredgold definition of seventy-five years
ago, as the art of directing the great
sources of power in nature for the use
and convenience of man.
The name civil engineering was first
assumed to distinguish it from military
engineering, which was the first field to
which the term engineering was applied.
Military engineering may also be, said to
be included in the Tredgold definition, so
that the Institution of Civil Engineers
and the American Society of Civil Engin-
eers are right in admitting military en-
gineers to membership. In this country
of peace most of the work of engineers
of the War Department is strictly civil
engineering in its classification.
In its early history all branches of
engineering work then known were as-
sumed by the civil engineer. One man
could learn all that was known and have
time to put in practice what he knew
and add to the sum of knowledge. After
a time the work of the civil engineers
developed a class of men who operated
the machines made necessary to aid him,
and they in turn developed new appli-
cations of machinery and a special de-
partment of mechanical engineering
which concerned itself mamly with the
problen^s of machinery. These expert
mechanicians and the engineern devel-
oped in the same special field became
numerous enough to form a guild ^f their
own and the profession of mechanical en-
gineering was established. When elec-
the gas engineers, the sanitary engineers,
the municipal engineers, the* bridge en-
gineers, in some coilntry or another have
their separate organizations, most of
them having special organizations in this
country. The architect originally was a
combination of architect and engineer.
There has been a strong tendency to em-
phasize the artist In the combination to
the detriment of the engineer, but modem
architecture is emphasizing the engineer-
ing side, sometimes, unfortunately, to
the exclusion of the artistic.
Each of these subordinate divisions of
the engineering profession contains with-
in its membership true engineers under
the definition of civil engineering given,
and also many experts in the technical de-
tails of the profession who are mechan-
icians, electricians, plumbers, draftsmen.'
surveyors, 1. e., artisans, expert Indeed,
and thoroughly well informed, but not
engineers, any mord than the expert
stone cutter who does the manual labor
upon a statue Is a sculptor.
There is room for a term which shall
designate the true engineers in all these
various professions, so-called, and will
distinguish them from the great numbers
of subordinate workers with which they
are associated in their special lines. The
time-honored term is civil engineering,
and, while there might be a better, it is
appropriate and may well be retained.
The American. Society of Civil Engineers
followed the British InsUtuUon of Civil
Engineers in this fundamental definition
and should retain .it. Its constitution
makes the engineers in all the fields of
mechanics, electricity, shipbuilding, mines,
architecture, army and navy, eligible to
membership. The mechanicians, electri-
cians, ship carpenters, mine bosses,
draftsmen, surveyors, drill masters and
sailing masters have a proper place with
the engineers in their various fields in the
societies rep/'esenting these various
branches of engineering, but they
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EDITORIAL COMMENT.
165
\
American Society of Civil Engineers Is
founded. If the society has departed
therefrom In any degree it Is because It
hap had a tendency to accept the forma-
tion of the societies in the special
branches of engineering activity as com
plete and permanent separations from
what is really the parent body. Its true
position Is that of central organ 'zation
containing the master minds in all the
other societies and aiding and fostering
the development of each and all of them.
It represents the entire engineering pro-
fessions, not what is left after electrical,
mechanical, mining, military, water-
works, gas, sanitary and bridge engineers
have been taken away.
These various branches of engineering,
and others yet to come, form their spe-
cial societies when they And the need of
them, for a comparatively sm^all num-
ber of the members are eligible to mem-
bership in the Society of Engineers and
the new society Is necessary to the fur-
ther advancement of the profession. It
does not mean separation from the par-
ent society, but, on tiie other hand,
should mean co-operation with it and
extension of its influence and work.
The engineering profession began In a
unity due to ix lack of know-ledge; it is
now passing through a stage of aiverslty
owing to the vast Increase in knowledge
and the opening possibJllties of still great-
er advance; there are signs that it will
return within a reasonable time to the
unity brought about by a clearer under-
standing of the true meaning and value
of the Tredgold definition.
THE MUNICIPAL PROGRAM.
One of the most important subjects
which the National Municipal League has
under consideration is what it styles the
municipal program, and much of its most
valuable work has been done ii* .-
ucating the public up to the advisability
of the adoption of a well considered plan
for municipal improveiA.en.s. mat the cm-
glneerlng features may be properly taken
care of, that the artistic aide of the in-
dividual structures may be fully devel-
oped and, what is still more extent! i. i
more likely to be neglected, that a well
designed whole may be put up as the
ultimate goal to be reached, so that all
individual structures may be in accord-
ance therewith and the full effect of all
details be secured through their con-
formity to the organic whole.
The arguments for the municipal pro
gram are not wholly those of enhanced
beauty of the city, though these argu-
ments are certainly very weighty. In al-
most every case the argument drawn
from cold cash Is even stronger. The only
difficulties in secu-lng the acceptance of
this argument have been the lack of
knowledge of history by the ordinary mu-
nicipal officials, and the necessity of pay-
ing for the preparation of the great plan.
Though slight in comparison with the
savings it will insure, the proximity of
this expense and the fact that it usually
does not apply directly to the construc-
tion of some immediate improvement con-
ceal the greater benefits in the future.
The penny-wise and pound-foolish prov-
erb and the dollar concealing the sun are
directly applicable.
Two recent disasters on very different
scales give opportunity for the adoption
of two municipal programs, and may
serve as examples of the very different
ways in which the principles may be ap-
plied, thus suggesting to other cities the
possibilities in their own cases and the
opportunities for originality in their pro-
grams and in the methods of carrying
them out.
The first, and greatest. Is the Balti-
more fire. The city of Baltimore has
been hampered In Its development, as
was the city of Boston, by the narrow-
ness of the plan on which It was origln-
allly laid out. Moreover. It has been
veiy backward in the adoption of such
Improvements as sanitary sewers, mod-
ern pavements, electric wire conduits
and transportation facilities. The wip-
ing out of the business portion of the
city with the exception of the handfnl
of fire-proof buildings, gives an oppor-
tunity for the adoption of a comprehen-
sive municipal program which has not
been possible in any of the older cities
since the Boston fire. The street plan
can now be revised In the burnt district,
which was the most congested business
district. In accordance with the most
modern ideas. There are no sewers nor
pavements worthy the name which will
interfere. The new sewer system, which
has been so long under consideration,
can easily be changed to fit the new plan,
and the new streets can be paved with
the best materials for their respective
uses. At the same time it is possible to
put in the new plan for the streets, the
sewers, the conduits, and to follow them
promptly with the pavements. The op-
portunity for making a new Baltimore is
wonderful and questions of present ex-
pense and comparatively slight delay
should not be permitted to stand in the
way of the preparation of such a plan by
experts In these lines. A general man-
ifestation of public spirit equal to that
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166
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
of a few of Its -citizens will insure vast
future benefits to the city, the opportun-
ity for which may otherwise be lost
forever.
On a far smaller scale, the wholesale
wrecking of bridges in Indianapolis by
the spring floods has given that city an
opportunity at far less expense, and with
far less restriction on account of neces-
sity for immediate rebuilding, to prepare
and put up as a model to which to ap-
proximate, a comprehensive plan for
bridges over the streams in the city and
for the protection and beautification of
their beds and banks. The division of re-
sponsibility for these improvements is
greater in this case than in the much
greater problem befor*) Baltimore, and
the education of the public at large la
therefore still more necessary.
The newly formed Indianapolis Civic
Improvement Association has taken the
matter up, and, through its committee
on bridges, has shown the desirability of
a general plan for the improvements
mentioned, and the ultimate economy of
working to such a plan. The division of
responsibility concerning the conatruction
of a few bridges which are needed at
the earliest possible moment may prevent
the full consummation of the associa-
tion's wishes, but the agitation is a popu-
lar one and will have a favorable effect
upon such constructions as are now in
contemplation.
There is scarcely a city which cannot
form a municipal program upon some
line between that of reform of municipal
government on the plans of the National
Municipal Licague, revising and rebuild-
ing of the city, fortunately on a smaller
scale than Baltimore finds necessary, im-
proving and beautifying the city's water-
ways and their crossings as Indianapolis
proposes, with great advantage to its ap-
pearance and nearly always with equal
advantage to its munldpea treasury.
FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS.
The newspaper reports that fire-
proof buildings burned in the Bal-
timore fire as readily as any
others led to some investigation of
the question, and while all the results
have not been received at this date,
enough have come to hand to show that
th» fire-proof buildings have come
through the furnace lu a condition far
better than might have been expected.
There were but six o> eight such fire-
proof buildings in the bume<i dlstrSct, and
they stand as strong evidence of the
value of this method of construction. A
few more such as those which passed
through the fire with the loss of every-
thing combustible in them and with com-
paratively little damage to the buildings
themselves, and like the court house and
postofilce, which, with the open spaces
about them, prevented the spread of the
fire in their direction, would have made
a different story. This subject will be con-
sidered more In detail nereafter. It is
desirable, at tills time and at all times,
that the practical s«jccess of fire-proof
construction In such a fire be emphasised,
and that the misstatements of the dally
press with reference to them be corrected
as promptly ajid as vigorously as possi-
ble.
THE QUESTION
DEPARTMENT
BOOKS ON STEIEL CONCRETE CON-
STRUCTION.
Will you kindly give us a list of books
published that treat on concrete con-
struction in connection with steel and
expanded metal?
Researches on Reinforced Concrete" (|2>
is a translation from the French of Con-
sidere which has recently been pub-
lished.
There are many papers in the proceed-
ings of various societies uoon the sublect
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
167
suit the list under the heading, "Con-
crete-Steel Arch Bridges, " in the "Busi-
ness Directory" elsewhere In this num-
ber of Municipal Engineering. See the
list of "Articles on Reinforced Concrete"
in the answer to C. H. Sonn tag's ques-
tion.
♦ '
ARTICLES ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE.
As we have had several inquiries re-
cently with reference to the application
of reinforced concrete and the calcula-
tion of its strength, we should be pleased
to receive a list of articles which have
appeared in your magazine on this sub-
ject. C. H. SONNTAQ.
Castalia, O.
The principal articles on the subject of
concrete-steel construction which have
appeared in Municipal Engineering are
the following:
"Westvale Concrete Bridge," vol. xxil,
p. 137; "Comparison of Stone and Con-
crete Arch Bridges," vol. xxli, p. 150; "Me-
lan Arches in Indianapolis," vol. xx, p. 68;
"Highway Bridges of Concrete," vol. xix,
p. 388; in vol. xxiii, "Concrete and Me-
lan Arches," p. 108; ''Tests of Reinforced
Concrete Beams," p. 126; "Concrete-Steel
Bridges," p. 155; "Dimensions of Concrete
Arches," p. 199; "A Small Concrete
Arch," p. 477; in vol. xxlv, "Concrete
Building Construction," p. 88; "Concrete-
Steel Arch Bridges," p. 127; "A Few Ap-
plications of doncrete Steel in Building,"
p. 128; "The Melan Arch Patent," p. 191;
"Concrete Sewers," p. 253; "An Applica-
tion of Concrete-Steel Construction to Re-
taining Walls," p. 287; "Some Uses of
Concrete," p. 422; in vol. xxv, "The Con-
crete Sewer on North western-ave., Indian-
apolis," p. 182; "The Construction of the
Sixty-inch Reinforced Conduits of New-
ark, N. J.;" in vol. xxvi. "Some Details
of the Philadelphia Water Filtration
Plants," p. 82.
There are many more articles on ce-
ment and on concrete without reinforce-
ment.
. »
WASH OR PAINT FOR CONCRETE.
I would like to know the best wash or
paint to cover concrete wont. Give me the
proportions and kind of material.
1 F. B. PARKS,
Valparaiso, Ind.
The answer to thi« question will depend
upon the necessity i*or the coating. A sim-
ple coat of whitewash, of lime with a
little cement added, mlgnt answer for
some purposes. The concrete may be
painted the same as wood or iron if it is
a front of a building or is the wall of a
room. If a waterproof coating is desired
and the wall was not finished with a
coat of water-tight mortar when it was
constructed, Sylvester's process may be
used, applying first a coat of % pound of
castlle soap to 1 gallon of water as Lot
as possible, rubbing to a lather with a
stiff brush, and after 2S4 nours a second
coat of ^ pound of alum to 4 gallons of
water. Three applications of each coating
alternately at intervals of 24 hours should
make any surface waterproof. If none of
these suggestions meet the case, the
exact 'reason for the coat should be
stated.
EFFECT OF OIL ON CONCRETE
FLOOR.
I should very much like to know what
effect lubricating dH has on cement con-
crete floors in machine shops, from some
one who has had actual experience, to-
gether with the name and location of the
shop. H. J. C. Cincinnati, O.
This question is referred to our readers.
There are certainly many floors in ma-
chine shops and some' of our subscribers
can report their observations. The only
report in Municipal Engineering is in voL
xxiil, p. 81, where tallow on a concrete
floor made the surface quite porous. The
top coat was made 1 cement to 1^ sand
and a damp covering- was kept on the
concrete for a week after it was laid.
MAGAZINES DEVOTED TO CEMENT.
Can you give the addresses of maga-
zines devoted to the work and materials
of cement? J. H. HOOK,
Lancaster^ Fa.
The principal magazines devoted to ce-
ment are first "Municipal Engineering"
($2). of Indianapolis and New York,
whose publishers also issue frequent edi-
tions of the "Handbook for Cement Us-
ers" (18). and the "Directory of Amei-ican
Cement Industries" ($5.)
"Cement," bi-monthly. New York.
"Cement and Engineering News,"
monthly, Chicago.
•T,e Ciment," monthly, Paris, France.
"Cement und Beton," monthly, Berlin,
Oermany.
Others devoting a portion of their space
to cement are:
"Rock Products," monthly, Louisvillew
Ky.
"Ceinent and Slate," monthly, ^Mien-
town, Pa.
"Thonindustrie-Zeitung," weekly, Ber-
lin, Germany.
The American publications cover dif-
ferent parts of the field and there Is none
which attempts to cover It all. This
magazine devotes the portion of its time
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168
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
and space occupied by this subject to the
practical use of cement in its various
combinations and In the various classfs
of structures in which it is incorporated
BOOK ON CONCRETE BRIDGES.
Will you kindly let me know if the
"Directory of American Cement Indus-
tries" for 1904 gives directions how to
build bridges and other works of a similar
nature? If not, what book would you
recommend for giving such instructions,
as I want to get a book on such worka
with specifications for the same.
JAMES WARREN,
Walkerton, Ont.
There is no American book on the sub-
ject of concrete bridges, which is as-
sumed to be the subject of this question.
The third edition of the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" (|5), for
1904, does not include the handbook for
cement users of former editions. It is
omitted because it did not need imme-
diate revision, and because the rapid ex-
pansion of the cement industry has g^reat-
ly increased the size of the Directory.
The "Handbook for Cement Users" is
now published separately at a price of
$3, and is the nearest what is asked for
of any book now published. It gives the
specifications for arch bridges of various
kinds in concrete and in concrete steel,
and is a guide to the construction of such
bridges, but does not consider the
methods of determining the size and
strength of the structures.
Many articles on the subject of arch
bridges In concrete and in concrete-steel
will be found in Municipal Engineeriog,
some of which give Instructions in de-
tail for construction. All of the liter-
ature In English upon this subject is
now in society proceedings and technical
periodicals.
The design of concrete arches does not
differ materially from that of masonry
arches and the construction does not
differ materially from that of any other
concrete structure, so that there Is noth-
ing particularly new or strange to be
met. The introducers of various methods
of constructing concrete-steel arches and
bridges present their own methods of de-
sign and construction in the advertising
literature which they issue, and most de-
signers of such structures follow their
methods more or less closely. The list
HOW TO BUILD CONCRETE
CHIMNEY.
I have a concrete chimney to build, 85
feet high, 3 feet of flue on the inside and
walls 9 Inches thick at top. 8 feet square
at bottom, walls 18 Inches thick, a square
chimney. Can you give me any Infor-
mation regarding system of centering and
construction?
B. V. H., London, Ont.
Reference may be made to the descrip-
tion of the construction of the concrete
standpipe at Miltord, O., elsewhere in
this number of Municipal Engineering.
The method of placing the concrete, and
the method of putting up and removing
forms can be used, whatever system of
reinforcing or If concrete alone Is used.
CONCRETE WALK WITH NATURAL
CEIMENT IN BASE AND PORT-
LAND CEMENT IN TOP.
I have just completed 18,000 square feet
of cement floors, government work, under
the following specifications: Base, three
inches thick, one part natural cement,
two parts sand and four parts gravel;
top, one inch thick, one part Portland
cemen*. and one and one-half parts sand.
Both the natural and Portland cements
were tested and were accepted. The
work was done according to specifications
and to the satisfaction of the sup^n-
tendent in charge. Now the top i& be-
ginning to separate from the base and
the superintendent has condemned It and
ordered it replaced. I have protested, as
I contend that a bond cannot be formed
between natural and Portland cements,
owing to their different properties and
manner of setting. (None of the work
was frozen.) I protested before begin-
ning the work, but you may know how
useless that is under government speci-
fications. I cannot give the scientific
reasons why natural and Portland ce-
ments will not bond together, but I know
by an experience of eighteen years In the
business that they will not. I have also
made inquiries of several contractors and
they are all of the same opinion. I wish
to show to the government superinten-
dent the reasons why they will not bond
together. If you can secure for me any
Information along this line It will be ap-
preciated.
C. W. H., Omaha. Neb.
There are several very good reasons
why a Portland cement top for a cement
walk or fioor cannot be gruaranteed to
keep its connection with a base made
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
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have largre amounts of masrnesla. The
action of these substances is detrimental
to Portland cement, and accounts for the
inability of natural cement concrete to
stand exposure to the weather. In ca^e
the natural cements are of this nature, a
layer, perhaps exceedingly thin, of weak
and granular concrete is likely to form
between the top and the base. This pre-
vents the intimate union of the two
which is an absolute essential to a per-
manent walk, for the greater expansion
of the top with an increase in tempera-
ture will soon separate the two on this
plane of weakness. The swelling of the
natural cement concrete from the action
of the free lime, magnesia, etc., has an
early tendency to disintegrate a thin slab
such as a sidewalk or floor is, and this
would have the same effect in separating
the Portland cement top from it.
The two kinds of cement require ma-
terially different proportions of water,
and natural cement is usually very quick
setting as compared with good Portland
cements suitable for sidewalk work. It
is extremely dlfl[lcult, and in some cases
it is impossible, to get the top in place
promptly enough to permit the base and
top to set together, which is essential m
the integrity of the walk.
It Is sometimes claimed that the differ-
ence in the coefficient of expansion of
natural and Portland cement concretes
is the cause for the separation, but this
troublesome difference in expansion is
rather that between the top of the walk,
which is oper to the great changes of
temperature from direct sun and heavy
frost, and the base, which is protected
from sudden changes in temperature and
therefore expands and contracts much
less and far more slowly. The same
trouble in separation of top from base
is found in walks and floors made entire-
ly with Portland cement in case the base
Is permitted to set before the top is put
on, or there is not complete combination
of the two layers from any other cause.
The difference in chemical action of the
two kinds of cement, the tendency of
some natural cements to disintegration
from chemical actions i^hlch are careful-
ly provided against in the manufacture of
Portland cement, the absolute neces-
sity of a perfect bond between the two
layers of the walk and an equality In
fheir strength, are the true reasons for
the very general failures of walks and
floors made according to the method de-
scribed in the question.
It may be suggested that the base and
top of a Portland cement walk are not of
equal strength on account of the differ-
ences in proportions of cement and sand,
but many experiments have shown that
there is much less difference in strength,
especially under compression, than tlv*
differences In proportions would indi-
cate, and what difference there is is far
less than that between the natural ce-
ment concrete In the base described and
the Portland cement concrete in the top.
It will probably not be possible to put
a new top on the old base which will
keep Its place, because the exposure of
the natural cement concrete has still
further weakened it, and because it is
almost Impossible to put a top on a base
which has set, so that it will keep its
place. The chemical actions in the ce-
ment have probably been completed suf-
ficiently not to interfere. ,
There are a few cases In which walks
under such a specification have been suc-
cessful, according to reports, though the
writer has never seen a well authenti-
cated case. The detrimental chemical
actions were undoubtedly absent in these
cases, the two la:yers happened to be we..
Joined and probably the exposure of the ,
walk or floor has been slight, so that the
tendency to separation of the two layers
has been smal. The word "happened"
is used purposely, for the number of suc-
cesses is so small and the reasons for
them are so little known that the term is
properly applied. The f am€ may be said
of successful attempts to put a new top
on an old base.
COST OF CONCRETE SEWER.
We would like to know the approximate
cost of a concrete sewer 6 feet in diameter
with an average cut of 13 feet. Gravel
costs $1 a cubic yard and Portland cement
$1.50 a barrel on the line of the ditch and
labor $1.76 a day. The trench is in hard
clay, with very large boulders in the line.
J. M., Erie, Pa.
Perhaps our readers can give some idea
of the cost of such a sewer from their
own experience. Some figures from
Washington, D. C, give the cost of ex-
cavation at 60 to 70 cents a cubic yar-i
and concrete sewer complete at $7.50 a
cubic yard in place. The cubic yards of
excavation per linear foot of sewer are
easily computed, and if the thickness of
the concrete is given, the cubic yards per
foot of sewer can be computed quite as
readily. There is considerable variation
in the bids on various Washington sewers
on account of differences in conditions
and in contractors, the bids for excava-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
tion varying: from 30 cents to $1.10 a cubic
yard and for Portland cement concrete
from $6.41 to 19.50. Cement cost $1.40 to
$1.50 a barrel.
A TRENCHING MACHINE.
Can you gWe me the address of the
manufacturer of the trenching machihe
described on page 275 of vol. xvlll of
Municipal Engineering. I have eight
miles of farm drains to construct from
8 feet to 10 feet In depth and am looking
for an excavator which will not mire in
the soft ground. C. C, Danville, 111.
The machine refered to was operated by
John A. McGarry & Co., 189 Racine-ave.,
Chicago, m. Possibly the manufacturers
named under the heading "Trenching Ma-
chines" in the "Business Directory*' can
supply a machine which will do the work.
The revolving wheel machine of the Mu-
nicipal Engineering and Contracting
Company, used for digging water pipft
trenches might be adapted to this work.
Can our readers suggest any machines
which they have found successful for
this class of work?
CITIES PUMPING SEWAGE.
Our city is desirous of collecting In-
formation regarding pumping sewage
from low levels Into the gravity mains,
and would be pleased to know the names
of any cities which have pumping sta-
tions installed in connection with their
system of sewerage.
C. H. TOPP.
City Engineer, Victoria, B. C.
In Municipal Engineering, vol. xxv, p.
178 and vol. xxvl, p. 26, will be found a
partial answer to this question. Including
Boston, Chicago, a large New Jersey
drainage district, New Orleans, Provi-
dence, Madison, Wis., Plttsfleld, Salem,
Webster, Swampscott, and others in
Massachusetts, Santa Cruz, and at one
time, San Rafael, Cal. We will add to this
list the names of other towns and cities
In the United States or elsewhere which
are sent us by our readers.
ments are really such. Tho article on
page 28 of the January number of Mu-
nicipal Engineering is very favorable to
the Incineration process, but there are
equally pronounced opinions in favor of
reduction processes. The fact is that,
like many other engineering questions,
each problem must be solved for Itself,
and the process to be adopted for a given
city must be chosen with due reference
to the methods of collection of garbage,
the customs as to separation of garbage
and refuse, the danger of producing nuis-
ance in the operation of the plant, the
composition of the refuse and garbage,
the possibilities of profit from the prod-
uct of the works, etc., all of which are
variables requiring special study for the
determination of their prdbable values in
any particular case.
The fact that the reduction works are
all in the hands of private companies
which seem to be operating profitably un-
der their contracts with cities, suggests
the value of these processes. The great-
er freedom from nuisance of many in-
cineration plants is an argument in their
favor. These are only two sample ar-
guments, of which there are many on
both sides.
Unfortunately the question of the prop-
er disposal of garbage has never been
considered to be an engineering question,
which it really is, and there are very
few instances in this country of ade-
quate studies of the problem and
thoroughly good plants well designed to
fit the local conditions.
BEST METHOD OF GARBAGE DIS-
POSAL.
EXPANSION AND SAG OF STEEL
TAPE.
What IS the co-efflcient of linear expan-
sion for a surveyor's steel tape for each
degree of Increase or decrease in tem-
perature. Fahrenheit, as recognized by
the U. S. government as standard?
When dynamometer Is used to compen-
sate for sag in 100-foot steel tape, what Is
the necessary stress In pounds to be ap-
plied on dynamometer to correct for sag?
SUBSCRIBER, Seattle, Wash.
These questions are considered in de-
tail in Johnson's "Surveying" ($4) In the
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
171
be determined when the tape is officially
tested.
The proper tension to be used on a
steel tape is such that the stretch due to
it will equal the shortening due to the
sag. The weight and length of the tape
and distances between points of support
are quantities which must be known in
order to determine this tension. To deter-
mine the working tension, the pull when
the length of the tape was tested must
also be known. Prof. Johnson gives, as
an example of the use of the tables and
diagram which he has computed, the case
of a 50-foot tape weighing 6 ounces on
which the pull when tested for length
was 5 pounds, and determines the pull to
which the tape should be subjected as 9^
pounds. In the case of a 100-foot tape
weighing 12 ounces, with same pull at
test, the working tension will be found
from the diagram to be about 9% pounds.
Errors from weights greater will be less
than those for less weights. The chapter
on geodetiq surveying gives methods of
correcting measured lengths when the
tern perat lores and tensions are measured,
there being no attempt to make them ex-
actly what they should be to produce the
exact proper length of tape at time of
measurement
♦
PLANS FOR CITY PARK.
You will greatly oblige me by sending
me some plans for a city park 300 feet
square, or the address of some one who
can give the information.
J. L. N., Mitchell, S. D.
Municipal Engineering has not pub-
lished any plans for such a park. Our
correspondent Is referred to the civil en-
gineers whose names will be found under
that heading In the "Business Directory"
alsewhere in this number. Several of the
engineers whose cards are in the adver-
tising pages mention parks as one of their
specialties.
BOOKS FOR A CITY ENGINEER.
Please give me names of books on esti-
mates and report on street paving, sani-
tary sewers and road building.
W. H. GAINEY,
Valdosta. Ga.
Can you send me the titles of two or
three of the best text books for city en-
gineers, touching on his varied duties,
and especially on the manner of con-
structing the work, the best materials,
etc? CLAY STACKER,
Clarksville, Tenn.
There is no single book covering the
ground desired. McCullough's "Municipal
Public Works" (50 cents) is an excellent
little discussion of the problems coming
under its title, but it is necessary to go
for detail to books devoted to paving,
sewerage, bridges and other sx>ecial
branches. Quite a full list of books under
each subdivision of the city engineer's
work in an article entitled "A City En-
gineer's Library" in this department, in
vol. xxiv, p. 277.
ENFORCEMENT OF HOUSE NUM-
BERING ORDINANCE.
Our city has passed in due form and
regular enactment an ordinance for the
numbering of the buildings, providing as
follows:
"Sec. 3. The owner or owners of all
improved and occupied lots or parts of
lots shall have posted in a conspicuous
place on some building thereon such
numerals as correspond with the number
of such lot or part of lot. and as shall be
furnished them by the City Engineer.
"Sec. 4. Any person neglecting fpr
sixty days after having been notified i>y
the City Engineer or City Marshal of the
numerals to be placed upon his or her
property, shall upon conviction be liable
for a fine in any sum not exceeding |10,
and moreover, the city may place upon
his or her property such numerals as
required, and file an' itemized cost of
same with the County Clerk, and such
shall be added to the levy as a special
tax, and shall be a lien upon the proper-
ty collectable as any other tax."
I do not find anything in the statutes
of Nebraska authorizing such a law. and
the question Is: Can It be enforced?
J. P. HAZARI>.
Alliance, Neb.
The numbering of houses is a police
regulation. It Is a necessary regulation
for cities and can be enforced as other
police regulations duly established by
ordinance are enforced.
Possibly the courts would take cogrniz-
ance of any unreasonableness in such an
ordinance and require modification on
this account, but the principle of the or-
dinance would undoubtedly be upheld.
TESTING WATER METERS.
Will you please give me some Informa-
tion through your question department
about testing water meters?
JOHN J. WEIR,
New Glasgow, N. S.
In the Journal of the New England
Water Works Association for Dec, 1908,
will be found an article on testing some
6-Inch water meters which probably gives
the information desired. The tests were
made:
First. To determine the loss of head or
retardation of flow by the passage
through them of varying quantities of
water, say from 25 cubic feet per minute
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
to as larire an amount as would flow
under the conditions resulting, possibly
as high as 300 to 400 cubic feet per min-
ute in some types of meters.
Second. To determine how small a
stream each meter would register, and
with what per cent, of slip or leakage, or,
In other words, what the unrecorded flow
will amount to on various discharges,
from the smallest stream possible to reg-
ister, as well as their accuracy on va-
rious-sized streams up to their capacity.
Since the meters were large, special ar-
rangements were made for getUng rid of
the water. The ordinary Are hose nozzle
was used to measure the amount of water
passed, using Freeman's tables of pres-
sures and discharges. Pressure gauges
on each side of the water showed the loss
In pressure In passing through the meter.
This varied greatly with different meters
and the results are shown In detail in the
paper.
For the second class of experiments the
water passing the meter was weighed
and the volume thus obtained was com-
pared with the meter reading to de-
termine the>error In the meter.
Mr. John W. Hill has a paper on a
comparison of water meters In the trans-
actions of the American Society of Civil
Engineers for 1899 which has some valu-
able Information on the subject. If our
correspondent will be a little more
definite as to his wants they can probably
be filled to his satisfaction.
pense if it Is wanted. It is open to sub-
scription and win be printed If any rea-
sonable number of responses are made to
this call.
INDEX TO MUNICIPAL ENGINEER-
ING.
I have not the liberty to make a
card index to Munclpal Engineering,
which would make the files more avail-
able. Are there not many subscribers in
the same position? Why cannot you make
and publish an index of all the volumes
to date and then issue supplements every
five or ten years? I think it would meet
with ready sale. If you do not care to
venture on the experiment, a note In the
magazine that such an index would be Is-
sued If a sufllclent number would sub-
scribe for it would determine what is the
desire for It.
J. WALTER ACKERMAN.
Auburn, N. Y.
BOOK ON BRICK PAVEMENTS.
What is the best book you have on
brick pavements, Including formulae for
estimating on such work?
U. G. STOCKWBLL,
Albany, N. Y.
Baker's "Roads and Pavements" (|5)
has the best treatment of the subject of
brick pavements and Includes data for
making estimates of quanUtles and coat.
»
NEW YORK CIVIL SERVICE EXAM-
INATIONS.
In your September number of 1903 there
is a notice of New York City civil service
examinations for Inspectors of municipal
work. I should like very much to get a
copy of these examination papers. Can
you tell me how to secure them?
JAMES H. TURNER.
ZIon City, IlL
A letter addressed to the secretary of
the Board of City Civil Service Com-
missioners, New York City, would prob-
ably secure copies of sets of examina-
tion questions which have been used.
SHELL ROAD AS FOUNDATION FOR
BRICK PAVEMENT.
Will you please give me, through the
columns of Municipal Engineering, your
opinion as to whether shell streets are
a good foundation for brick pavements in
a town of six or seven thousand Inha?
Itants. It has been said by some authori-
ties that these shell streets will make a
good foundation for brick pavements by
putting a coat of sand on the shells and
filling In the joints with brick. These
shell streets are very uneven and In or-
der to have the sand of uniform thick-
ness It would be necessary to do quite a
great deal of leveling, which would be
very hard to do. and the places filled In
would, of course, be much softer than
those that are not disturbed, and it seems
to me that this might be a serious objec-
tion. It has also been said that In case
that proves an objection that the streets
might be plowed up and rolled, but I
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
173
the shell road. The latter may not oc-
cur, since the road may be worn down to
a reasonable crown for a brick street.
A roller will be necessary in getting the
roadway Into shape for the brick and In
settling the brick. Spikes may be set in
the rim of the large wheel, which will
loosen up the surface of the street and
picks can then get hold of it. A scarifier
is advertised by Julian Scholl & Co.
which would seem to be the proper In-
strument for removing the unevenness of
the street. It tears up the surface just
enough for this purpose. It can be hauled
by the steam roller and used either with
or without the spikes on the roller
wheels, as seems to be necessary. The
.loosened material can then be spread
with pick and shovel and objectionable
parts removed, the surface again rolled
to uniformity and the sand cushion and
bri:k then put In place.
REMOVAL OF SNOW FROM STREETS.
Can you give me any references to ma-
chines for melting snow In the streets?
G. W. BORTON. Philadelphia, Pa.
The dally press had some notice of a
machine for melting snow from city
streets, but It seems to have disappeared.
A little computation of the heat which
would be necessary to remove any appre-
icable amount of snow, and a considera-
tion of the difficulty of getting the water
Into the sewers before it could freeze,
gives an Idea of the difficulties In the
way and of the reasons for. failure of any-
chance apparatus for this purpose.
A more feasible suggestion is that made
by a correspondent in Municipal Engin-
eering, vol. vi, p. 53. He would lay steam
pipes under the gutters which would be
of material not Injured by the heat. The
snow in the gutters would melt and run
to the catch-basins and the snow could
be scraped from the street Into the gut-
ters as rapidly as it disappeared from
them. The large amount of h'eat required
would make this a slow process, but it
would be more rapid than the machine
and would keep the melted water run-
ning to the sewer.
Detroit dumps snow into the nearest
sewer manhole or large sewer, as de-
scribed in vol. xxii, p. 44. The removal of
snow from New York streets by carts Is
described in vol. xii, p. 38.
BRICK ROADS IN RURAL. DISTRICTS.
Can you give me any Information as to
construction of brick roads in rural dis-
tricts? We would like to find out where
such roads have been laid and construc-
tion of same; also how they are wearing,
and what kind of satisfaction they are
giving.
A. M. COBBE,
Jamestown, N. Y.
In the proceedings of the Ohio Society
of Surveyors and Civil Engineers for 1902
will be found a paper on "Paving a Coun-
try Road," by Sam Huston, C. E., of Steu-
benvIUe, O., who describes a road 10 feet
wide laid on one- half a roadway, leaving
the other half for use in good weather.
The roadbed is thoroughly drained with
all the necessary transverse and longi-
tudinal drain tile. A curb of vitrified
clay is set at each edge of the brick and
flush with its surface. The drain trenches
were filled with 2H-inch fragments of vit-
rified clay, waste from tile factories, and
a 6-inch layer served as foundation for
the brick. The sand cushion was one
inch thick. The itemised cost was as
follows for 6,479 feet, slightly over one
mile:
ExcavaUon, 10,334 cu, yds $1,240.08
Overhaul, 47,490 cu. yds 474.90
Grubbing trees, 18 18.00
4-inch sewer pipe, 8,012 ft 480.72
Curbing, 10,784 ft 2,156.80
Foundation, 3.413 cu. yds 750.86
Paving, 6,243 sq. yds 3.246.36
Total $8,367.72
. Can our readers give other examples in
detail of this class of work?
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS
IN COURT
Higher Courts— Cicero Water Rates— Venezuelan Asphalt Suit— Non-Abutting
Lx>t Assessments— Parle for Water- Works— Bay State Qas Co.— Bitu-
iithic Infringement Suits— Chicago's 75-cent Qas— Defective Water
Supply— Chicago Debt Umit— Contaminated Water Supply-
Destroying Public Property— Illinois and flichigan Canal.
Abstracts from Decisions of the Higli-
er Cciurts on Matters Reiating
to Municipai Improvements.
Prepared by Russell T. Byers, LL. B.,
Indianapolis. Ind.
Assessments— Validity— In Duluth» pe-
tition for local Improvements must con-
tain the names of a majority of the
property-owners to be affected. This pro-
' vision is jurisdictional and until com-
plied with confers no authority upon the
Council to act.— Hawkins vs. Horton et al.
97 N. W. Rep. (Minn.) 1063. .
Reassessing Benefits— Equal Rate of
Assessment- The Portland City charter
provides that the Council may reassess
benefits on an equitable basis when the
origrinal assessment is invalid. This sec-
tion is retroactive in effect. The state
constitution, Art. 9, Sec. 1, requiriner an
equal rate of assessment and taxation
does not apply to the assessment of prop-
erty for local improvements.— Kadderly
et al. vs. City of Portland et al. 74 Pac.
Rep. (Oregron) 710.
Local Improvements— Front Foot Rule
—Collateral Attack— Though a resolution
to make improvements be not passed by
a two-thirds vote of the Council, if the
requisite number vote to enter into the
contract for that 'specific Improvement
and the assessment be duly confirmed,
the assessment is not open to collateral
attack in a suit brought for the collec-
tion of the assessment. The application
er, and at the time of entering into the,
contract for the same the borough's In-
debtedness was less than the 2 per cent,
limit. The contnr :t imposed no liability
on the borough, but viewers afterward as-
sessed a p&rt of the cost against the city.
Subsequently, and before the bonds to
pay for the sewer had been issued, ordi-
nances were passed authorizing other ex-
penditures and bonds to pay for same.
These, with the original indebtedness and
the cost of building the sewer, exceeded
the 2 per cent. limit. Held, that the mere
passage of the subsequent ordinance did
not create an indebtedness, that the obliga-
tion for the sewer was prior to any aris-
ing under such subsequent ordinances
and that the indebtedness incident to the
construction of sewer did not increase
the debt beyond the 2 per cent, limit
Redding et al. vs. Esplen Borough et al..
56 Atl. Rep. (Penn.), 431.
Sidewalks, Grades and Assessments-
Publication of Corrections— When the or-
dinance providing for a sidewalk declares
that it shall be constructed on a grade
established by an ordinance then on file,
and such grade establishing ordinance
was really passed and approved the same
day as the sidewalk ordinance, there is
no such in6onsistency as will avoid the
assessment, the grade ordinance being
sufficiently identified to give notice of the
grade. The fact that an ordinance does
not provide what shall be the exact num-
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
175
city has 8:eneral power to legislate on a
given subject, an ordinance relating to
such subject, if unreasonable, unjust or
oppressive, is Invalid. Where a macadam
pavement has been in place less than four
years, is in good condition and there is no
reason for removing it, an ordinance re-
quiring it to be torn up is void. City of
Chidago vs. Brown et al., 69 N. E. Rep.
an.), 65.
Council's Power to Assess— Council does
not have power to assess property not as-
sessed by the commissioners. Spring Steel
& Co. vs. City of Anderson et al., 69 N.
E. Rep. (Ind.) 404.
Damage ftom Changing Grade— In an
action for damages, incident to a change
of the street grade, Is is no de-
fense that the plaintiff bought the prop-
erty with knowledge that the improve-
ment had been ordered. One of the items
of damage is the reasonable cost of grad-
ing plaintifTs front lot as being an Item
of special damage. Improvements made
by neighbors are not Items of special
benefits. Pickles vs. City of Ansonia, 66
Atl. Rep. (Conn.), G52.
Modification of Improvement Resolution
—Public Hearing— Voting to abandon the
improvement provided for in the first res-
olution and directing the engineer to pre-
pare a second estimate which was subse-
quently modified by substituting a differ-
ent material and a cheaper method of
construction, is not such an abandonment
as to make a second hearing necessary.
McChesney et al. vs. City of Chicago, 69
N. E. Rep. (111.) 82.
Revocation of Permission to Use Streets
—Where the right to revoke permission to
use city streets for laying electric light
conduits exists, by virtue of reservations
In ordinances, it may be exercised by the
legislature. Boston Electric & Co. vs.
Boston & Co., 69 N. B. Rep. (Mass.) 346.
Vacation of Streets— The town council
had power to vacate a public street,
but only for the public benefit. An
ordinance providing for vacation of a
street for the benefit of a private indi-
vidual Is void. An ordinance of a town
council ordering In general words, the
reduction In the width of a street from
forty to fifteen feet Is void for uncertain-
ty. Pence vs. Bryant et al., 46 S. E. Rep.
(W Va.) 275.
Vacation of Streets— The statute relat-
ing to vacation of streets Is applicable
to the vacation of one side of a street.
Where such vacation takes place over the
objection of property owners It Is void
and subject to collateral attack. Lowe
et al. vs. Lawrenceburg et al.. 69 N. E.
Rep. (Ind.) 148.
Cicero Water Rates Must 3e Same as
Chicago's.
The Supreme Court of Illinois rendered
a decision Feb. 17 in the case of the town
of Cicero vs. Chicago, in which if held
that under the sanitary district act Cicero
is entitled to pure water at the same rate
Chicago pays. The town filed a petition
in the Circuit Court of Cook county for i
writ of mandamus to compel the city of
Chicago to furnish the 'people of Cicero
with pure water at the rates prevailing in
Chicago. The town set up the sanitary
district, claiming it was a part of the dis-
trict and had paid its share of the taxes
to construct and maintain the canal, the
object of which was to furnish pure water
to the people of the district. Among other
things the court holds that the Lieglsla-
ture had no right to change the boun-
daries of the sanitary district so it would
take in additional territory.
Venezuelan Asphalt Lake Suit De-
cided.
The Federal High Court at Caracas,
Vene2uela. has handed down a decision
holding that the claim of Warner & Quln-
lan of Syracuse, N. T., to possession of
the Fellcldad asphalt mine, a portion of
the asphalt lake in the State of Ber-
mudez, claimed also by the New York and
Bermudez Asphalt Company, which holds
a concession to work the lake, Is null and
void. The court bases Its opinion on the
argument that, while the concession of
the .Bermudez Company was valid, no
claim to the Fellcldad mine could be
granted. The Fellcldad mine was bought
in 1898 by Warner &Quinlan.
Liability of Lots Not Abutting on
Street.
The meaning of that section of the
Barrett law which provides for assessing
the cost of a street improvement against
the property lying back from the street,
but within 150 feet of It, in case the
abutting property does not sell for en-
enough to pay the expense, was argued
before the Indiana Supreme Court, at In-
dianapolis, February 17. The suit came
from Kokomo. William H. Voris sued
the Pittsburg Plate Glass Ck>mpany on
some street improvement bonds that were
issued ten years ago and purchased by
him. No assessment was levied on the
company's property, and it was not until
after Voris had forclosed his lien on the
abutting property and it has been solcl
chat he set up a claim to the property
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176
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
lying behind it. The attorneys for Mr.
Vorls rely on the construction which
they give to a clause in the statute- pro-
viding that if the abutting land does not
sell for enough to pay an assessment all
land within 150 feet of the street shall
be subject to sale. The appellee's at-
torneys insist, however, that this applies
only in case immediate steps are taken
by the contractor to enforce payment.-
and an assessment is duly levied on the
ba<:k property. "^
In this case no assessment was made
against any property except the abutting
lots. The attorneys also insist that Bar-
rett law bonds can only be issued after
a final assessment has been made and
after the owner of the property assessed
has signed a personal undertaking to pay
the assessment, whether the assessment
is legal or not. They argue, therefore,
that the purchaser of bonds must be re-
garded as having taken the personal ob-
ligation of the abutting lot owner, se-
cured by a lien on his property, and is
not in the same situation as the con-
tractor was before bonds were issued.
City Enjoined from Using Parl< for
Water Works Station.
A decision was rendered recently, by
Judge Joseph A. Gill of the United States
Court at Vinita, Ind., Ter.. on the ques-
tion of the right of an incorporated town
or city in the Indian Territory to use its
parks for public works. The attempt of
the municipal authorities to erect a stand-
pipe, reservoir, power house, tanks, etc..
in the North Park of the city of Vinita
for the purpose of constructing a water
works plant and a sewerage system
brought out the decision. The city had
awarded the contract for constructing the
water works plant and the contractors
were ready to go to work when property-
owners facing the park where the plant
was to be erected filed an application for
an injunction against the city and the
contractors to prevent them from using
the park for that purpose. The decision
sustained the property-owners in their
contention.
Bay State Gas Company of New Jersey,
a co-plaintiff in a suit now pending In
the supreme judicial court of Massa-
chusetts, wherein Mr. Pepper seeks to set
aside the sale of $11,000,000 worth of bonds
made last July upon the reorganization
of the New Jersey corporation. The
court allowed Mr. Hallock, however, to be
made a party defendant in the suit in
order that he might defend his action In
bringing about the reorganization and the
subsequent sale of the bonds. It was
agreed that this act should not be con-
sidered in any way as casting discredit
upon Mr. Hallock's action as receiver of
the New Jersey corporation. Bir. Hal-
lock's counsel opposed the application on
the grounds that his client had acted in
good faith in all his acts as receiver and
any sales that he made or brought about
were solely in the interests of the stock-
holders. The counsel for the New Jersey
corporation declared that the purpose of
the application was only to harass the
local corporation and its receiver. He
contended that the application to make
the receiver for ttie New Jersey corpora-
tion a co-plaintiff in the suit would, if
granted, not only bring discredit upon the
receiver himself, but upon the court ks
well, for Mr. Hallock had been ap-
pointed by him.
•
Suit for Infringment of Bitulithic
Patents.
Warren Brothers Company of Boston,
Mass., have instituted suit in the United
States Court at Grand Rapids, Mich.,
against the city of Muskegon, Mich., to
recover damages, alleging that a bitu-
minous macadam pavement recently com-
pleted in that city by the Barber Asphalt
Paving Company is an infringement of
patents. A similar action is pending
against the city of Owosso.
Bay State Gas Company's Reorganiza-
tion Troubles.
Judge Kirkpatrick of the United States
Circuit Court denied, Feb. 9, the applica-
Chicago Cannot IHave 75-Cent Gat.
A decision was rendered by Judge
Grosscup of the United States Circuit
Court at Chicago, Jan. 25, against the
city of Chicago in the 75-cent gas cases.
He declares that the state did not dele-
gate the city the power to regulate the
price of gas. The decision was. rendered
in the case of D. O. Mills, as stockholder
in the People's Gas Light and Coke Com-
pany, and Frank G. Jones, as stockhold-
er in the Northwestern Coal and Coke
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
177
Ukiah City Cannot Collect Damages
for Defective Water Supply.
The Supreme Court of California Ten-
dered a decision Feb. 11 holdlngr that
Ukiah City is not entitled to damages
from the Ukiah Water and Improvement
Company by reason of the losses sus-
tained by the former af a fire where the
water supply did not prove adequate.
The municipal authorities allege that the
corporation was under contract to furnish
a sufficient supply of water for fire-figrht-
ing purposes. The Supreme Court holds
that there was no express covenant in the
contract providing for any special quan-
tity or pressure of water, and cited
numerous cases similar to this one show-
ing that no damages may be obtained un-
less the terms of the contract specially
provide for services which are not given
in the emergencies where losses are sus-
tained. A Jury in the lower court
rendered a verdict In favor of the town,
but the Judge granted a new trial and an
appeal was taken from his order by the
plaintifT. The Supreme Court sustains the
judge of the lower court.
Chicago's Debt Limit.
The Illinois Supreme Court has ren-
dered a decision giving the city of Chicago
the power to issue bonds up to $20,550,000,
which Is 6 per cent, of the assessed val-
uation of the city— the debt which the
city can assume under its constitution.
World's Pair bonds of $4,511,000 are heia
to be outside of the city's bonded indebt-
edness, and the sinking fund reserve is
$1,049,000, and is by the court credited
against the bonded debt, reducing it by
that amount. The special assessment
debt for public improvements, amounting
to $2,000,000, is not included In the bonded
Indebtedness. The city, therefore, has the
right to immediately issue bonds to the
amount of $20,550,000 foi any corporate
purpose. The entire indebtedness of the
city at the present time Is $15,980,000 ana
the outstanding Judgments not provided
for amount to $4,871,182. As soon as the
bonds are issued these bonds will be paid
in full and the debt paid.
the city water when the company pumps
are out of order, forgot to turn the valve
and pumped 'river water on high pressure
Into the city mains through a secret con-
nection which was made during an'^ther
administration.
Village Board indicted for Destroying
Public Property.
The members of the village board of
Harmon, 111., were arrested recently on
warrants sworn out by property-owners
on charges of destroying public property.
The board had built a cement walk be-
fore the store of George and John Swartz.
The firm refused to pay for the walk, and
it was torn up by order of the board. A
man conducting a saloon In the Swartz
building petitioned. the board for an ex-
tension of license. On the ground that
he was occupying the Swartz building the
board refused the llcen.se and proceeding}]
were then instituted against it.
Damages Sought for Contaminated
Water Supply in Ft. Wayne.
The grand Jury at Ft. Wayne found
contaminated water In the mains recently
and Indicted three water works trustees
and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
on the charge of committing public nui-
sance. The Pennsylvania Company, which
gets its water from the river, but uses
End of Illinois ard Michigan Canal.
The Illinois Supreme Court handed down
a decision Feb. 17 directing the Sangamon
County Circuit Court to enjoin the canal
commissioners from drawing any part ot
the last appropriation of the General As-
sembly. Representatives L. Y. Sherman
and Richard E. Burke of Chicago made a
fight in the last General Assembly
against a bill appropriating $152,950 for
maintaining the canal and operating the
Bridgeport pumping station. Mr. Burke's
contention was that such an appropriation
was in direct violation of a provision ot
the state constitution which prohibits ap-
propriation of public moneys for the
maintenance of railroads and canals. He
was granted a temporary Injunction In
the Circuit Court, but on hearing Judge
Crelghton dissolved the Injunction. The
Supreme Court's decision sustains Mr.
Burke at every point. The opinion sets
out in detail its answer to the conten-
tions of the appellees, as follows:
The court gathers that the constitu-
tional content of the provision relating tc
the canal was that the power to sell or
lease the water way should remain with
the people, and the management, if that
shall seem wise and best, should be pos-
sessed by the i-eglslature, to which power
of managemett there was attached an -"n-
hlbltlon against the application of the
public moneys to any of the ourpos s ot
the canal. The constitutional mtenr was
and Is. the court says, that the .pnal
shall be self-supporting and that the p'^o-
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178
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
pie of the state shall not be taxed to aid
it in any way.
After reviewing at some length the de-
bates of members of the constitutional
convention, as aiding to a correct deter-
mination of the intent of the framers of
the instrument, the court says:
Though it does not aid to the deter-
mination of the question of power of the
Legislature to make the appropriation in
question it is not Inappropriaate to re-
mark that the fears entertained by mem-
bers of the constitutional convention that
more modem and more speedy means of
.transporting passengers and commodities
would soon supplant the canal and divert
traffic from it and the canal would be-
come practically of no use as a waterway*
or highway of traffic and commerce and
would cease to produce an income suffi-
cient to pay the expenses connected with
its management and* would, unless re-
strained by the constitution, become a
regular applicant at the door of the
state tpe€«ury for appropriation of money
of the taxpayers of the state, have been
verified.
In 1876 the tolls received for the use of
the canal aggregated $113,293, but since
that year there has been a marked and
substantially gradual decrease In such re-
ceipts. In 1900, so little demand was
there for the canal as a highway or
waterway for {he transportation of
person or' property that but $13.86/
was paid as tolls. In 1901 the use
of the canal for pur];>o8e of trade or com-
merce was so little availed of that but
$8,120 was collected from tolls. In addition
to all receipts, of every character, during
these years heavy appropriations fronv
the treasury of the state, amounting to
something more than $500,000, have been
asked to meet the deficiences arising from
the management. and operation of the
canal. The canal has practically fallen in-
to disuse for any of the purposes of trans-
portation of either persons or property
and has been perverted to mere commer-
cial purposes of supplsrlng water power to
those along its banks and selling privi-
leges to cut ice from its pools. It Is no
longer a higghway of commerce.
iEWAOE AND GARBAGE
Sewer Purification at East Haven, lad.— Stream Pollution in ninnesota-
New Yoric Sewer and Water Commission— Practice in Removing
Refuse— Qarbase Collection and Disposal— Evdusive
Garbage Contract Void.
The Sewage Purification Riant at the
Eastern Hospital for the Insane.*
By Prof. R. L. Sackett, C. E.
The Eastern Indiana Hospital for the
Insane has at present a population of
about 800 and uses 100 gallons of water
per individual per twenty-four hours by
tank measurement. The buildings are
situated about twenty-flve feet above
and 1,500 feet distant from Cedar Creek,
into which the sewage was formerly dis-
charged. The dry weather flow was only
about 100.000 to :dOO,000 gallons per day and
the dilution was wholly insufficient. The
large amount of laundry and bath water,
roof water, a little surface and no ground
water.
The use of disinfectants and the cloth-
ing which the inmates destroy and stufT
in closets are disturbing factors requiring
special attention in the design
The old main sewer of 18-inch cement
tile was tapped near the Duildlngs. In
the manhole an emergency overflow was
constructed so that an extraordinary
storm could not choke the intercepting
sewer. The latter consisted of a l(V-inch
line of vitrified pipe 1,100 It. long.
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SEWAGE AND GARBAGE.
179
feet loner, 16 feet wide and may be ope-
rated under a head from 6 to 8 feet.
Various valves are provided by which
the chambers may be cleaned and the
sludfire discharged on the surface of the
ground for irrigation purposes. The
structure, excepting the slate roof, is of
concrete.
An 8-foot weir leads from the tank to
the dosing chamber holding from 4,000 to
6.000 gallons, depending upon the depth.
This quantity is discharged automatical-
ly, at regulajr intervals of about thirty
minutes, when the dose Is 4,000 gallons.
The apparatus, manufactured by Mr.
Shields of Chicago, operates four 12-inch
valves leading to sewer pipe lines which
conduct the sewage to the four filter
the inner third of the wall at all cor-
ners and into all cross walls.
The structure, which is 67 feet long, 20
feet wide and 10 feet high, has no ex-
pansion joints and has developed no
cracks except one on each side caused by
the soil under one end of the structure
being soaked with sewage and settling
slightly. This settling reached its limit
very soon and the filled joint has given
no trouble.
From the sewer lines, the efliuent
passes to the four filter beds, each of
which is 100 feet square. To each bed
there are three cypress troughs w*th
side openings which distribute the sew-
age over the bed.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL PLANT.
Eastern Indiana Hospital for Insane.
beds. These valves are mechanically ope-
rated in turn by compressed air, the air
bein^r confined in a dome under water*
pressure.
The foundation and walls are of Port-
land cement concrete In the proportions
of 1 of cement to 7 of an excellent quality
of bank sand and gravel.
The floor is 6 inches thick and the
edde walls taper from 18 inches to 12
inches In a hight of 9 feet, the total hlght
being 10 feet. The gables are carried out
In brick.
In order to render the walls water
The sewage as it goes on the beds shows
only a slight milkiness in color, and the
the solids are not visible to the naked
Ave.
The ground was graded to proper form
and a grillage of farm tile was laid, lead-
ing to a 12-inch trunk, which discharges
into Clear Creek about 150 feet distant.
On the <tlle a 6-inch layer of coarse
gravel was placed, obtained by screening
a portion of the top material. Three feet
of bank gnravel, practically unscreened,
but very uniform in quality, and only 600
feet distant, conapieted the filters.
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180
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Ing to nitrites and nitrates, ^he process
Is blologrical, not chemical, and the mate-
rial of the Alter Is not Important so
long as It is insoluble ajid maintains a
porous condition. More than one micro-
organism has the power to take oxygen
from the air and combine it with the am-
moniacal fluid from the tank, thus pro-
ducing water and nitrates.
If the process were perfect only pure
water and harmless gases would be left.
To maintain the efflctency, the supply of
air to the filter must be about three times
the quantity of nitrogen. Tests have
shown that a quantity of air equal to
from five to nine times the volume of
sewage was flowing through the pores
of the sand. Tests of the air coming
from filter drains show that the oxygen
Is reduced, while carbon dioxide and
nitrogen are increased, showing conclu-
sively that the predicted action has taken
place. (Bacterial Purification of Sewage
by Barwise, page 38.)
The plant was put In operation Dec. 4
last and the effluent was soon very satis-
factory to the eye.
When 5 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit,
the temperature of the sewage thawed
the frozen ground slowly, and at no time
was the operation Interfered with by
freezing, even when the temperature was
20 degrees below zero.
As scientific data are lacking, it is pro-
posed to make tests of three months' du-
ration on various periods of septic action
and the effect of large and small doses
on the filters.
Analyses will be made of the stwage,
effluent and filtrate, together with tem-
perature, chemical, microscopic and bio-
logical analyses. In this manner the most
efflcient conditions under which to run
this plant will be determined. It is only
by providing for a change In the septic
period and by experiment that the high-
est efficiency can be obtained, as the tank
is so sensitive to local conditions that no
rule of thumb will give the best results.
Extravagant claims have been -made for
the new processes of sewage purification,
and they have not always been realized.
Bacteriological processes require the very
greatest care in weighing local ana
peculiar conditions and in adapting the
requisite means to the end.
EFFECT OF EAST HAVEN FILTER
ON SEWAGE.
Stream Pollution Prohibited in Minne-
sota.
The Minnesota State Board of Health
has declared the discharge of sewage by
any village, city or other municipality
by means of artificial drains or a sew-
erage system Into any well, pond, lake,
stream or river in Minnesota to be a pub-
»llc nuisance, and it will be prohibited
unless such sewage is first passed through
a septic tank or filter bed. A year is al-
lowed for the installation of septic tanks
or filter beds. The general enforcement
of this resolution would mean Immense
expenditures to the larger cities In the
state, particularly St. Paul and Minneap-
olis. The sewage and surface drainage
of both these cities are carried through
the same pipes to the river. If the in-
stallation of filter beds Is required it
will mean the construction of entire new
sewerage systems. The resolution ap-
plies to rivers within the state, and -at
St. Paul and Minneapolis the Mississippi
River is such a river, but at Winona It
it a boundary line between two states,
and It is believed that the resolution
would not be applicable to that city.
A Proposed New York State Board of
Water and Sewer Commissioners.
A bill has been introduced in the New
York Legislature providing for the plac-
ing of the water supply and sewer sys-
tems of the various cities and towns of
that state under the control of a state
board, similar in makeup and powers to
the state railroad commission. The pur-
pose of the bill is to create "The State
Board of Water and Sewer Commission-
ers, to consist of three competent per-
sons, who shall be appointed by the Gov-
ernor by and with the consent of the
Senate for a term of five years. One
shall be a competent civil and hydraulic
engineer and one a competent sanitary
engineer and bacterlollgist."
The salary of each commissioner Is to
be $8,000 and the board Is to have a secre-
tary at $3,500 and a marshal at $1,500, to-
gether with clerical force, inspectors, bac-
teriologists and chemists at a gross ex-
pense for salaries not to exceed $15,000 a
year. The bill appropriates $75,000 to car-
out the provisions of the act.
To this commission is given almost ab-
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SEWAGE AND GARBAGE.
181
How Many Cities Remove Ashes and
Refuse and tiie Cost.
Street Commissioner Pierson ofWilmlug-
ton. Del., has been collecting compara-
tive data of methods and cost of collect-
ing ashes and rubbish in other cities. He
recently sent letters to some of the prin-
cipal cities and has received replies from
twenty-eight of them giving the desired
information. Data compiled from these
letters, which included the practice fol-
lowed In Wilmington, are as follows:
Wilmington— Population. 76,508. The city
removes rubbish incidental to housekeep-
ing, paper if tied up In bundles, but does
not remove factory ashes. The carts are
owned by the city and horses are hired by
the day. The collections are made from
the curb, once a week. The cost is |8,-
2C9.46 per annum, based on last year's
cost, or 10 cents per capita.
Baltimore, Md.— Population. 508,957. The
city removes the ashes and all house-
hold waste, Including paper from dwell-
ing and apartment houses. This does not
Include the ashes from factories, baker-
ies and steam boilers. The work is done
by contract, and the collections are made
from both yard and streets, three times
a week. The cost for removing ashes and
garbage is $195,800 per annum, or 32 cents
per capita.
Boston, Mass.— Population, 560,892. The
city removes all rubbish incidental to
housekeeping and newspapers if tied in
bundles; 10 cents per barrel extra being
charged for removing ashes from factor-
ies, etc. The city owns most of the teams,
but the work in the suburbs is done by
contract. Collections are made only from
yards; twice a week in winter and once a
week in summer. The cost is $384,018.45
per annum, a per capita of 68 cents.
Buffalo. N. Y.— Population, 352.219. The
city removes general household refuse
and newspapers if the latter are kept
separate. It does not remove factory
ashes. The work is done by contract and
is gathered from yards, if necessary. Col-
lections are made twice a week from May
to November and once a week from No-
vember until May. Collections are made
in business sections daily. The cost is
181,706.34. or 21 cents per capita.
Cincinnati, O.— Population, 325,902. The
city removes the ashes from dwellings,
but does not r«»move factory ashes. The
work is done by contract and the ashes
are removed from streets and alleys two
and three times per week at a cost of
$103,000.
Columbus, O.— Population, 125,560. The
city does not remove ashes, rubbish or
paper.
Cleveland, O.— Population, 381,768. The
city does not remove ashes or rubbish.
Chicago, 111.— Population. 1.698,595. The
ashes and household rubbish, outside of
garbage, are removed by the city. Only
such papers as are thrown out with other
rubbish are taken. Factory ashes are re-
moved at owner's expense. The city hires
teams by the day, and collects from both
yards and streets, weekly, semi-weekly
and tri-weekly; business sections, daily.
For ashes and garbage the cost is $645,000,
which is 32 cents per capita.
Detroit, Mich.— Population, 285,704. The
city collects all rubbish incidental to
housekeeping, including newspapers. It
does not remove factory ashes. The city
hires teams by the day, ant gathers from
alleys or lanes which run between the
streets. The collections are made in the
residence sections twice yearly, and in
the business and rooming-house sections
as often as they beomce a nuisance. The
expense is paid out of the street cleaning
fund and is not made a separate acocunt.
Elizabeth. N. J.— Population, 52,130. The
collection af ashes is made by the city
by contract. The ashes and rubbish* are
taken from the sidewalks weekly at a
cost of $7,100.
Hartford, Conn.— Population, 79,850. The
city removes the ashes and rubbish, which
includes general household rubbish ana
paper tied in bundles; does not remove
factory ashes. The work is done by con-
tract, and the collections are made from
the sidewalks, onec a week In resldenec
sections and twice a week In business sec-
tions. For ashes and garbage the annual
cost is $20,547.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Population. 169,164.
The city does not remove the ashes.
Newark, N. J.— Population, 246,070. The
city removes the ashes sind rubbish, in-
cluding paper. It does not remove fac-
tory ashes. The work is done by con-
tract, the collections being made from
sidewalks. The cost for removing ashes
and garbage is $79,164 per annum.
New York City, N. Y.— Population,
3,437,202. The city removes the ashes and
rubbish. By hanging out special cards
the city calls for household refuse and re-
moves same in special wagons. It re-
moves bundles of paper and sells it, but
does not remove factory ashes. The work
is done by contract.
Philadelphia, Pa.— Population, 1,293,697.
The city removes ashes and household
waste; also newspapers. The work is
done by contract, the collections are
made from the streets weekly, and costs,
including the cleaning of the streets,
$693,850.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Paterson, N. J.— Population. 106,171. The
city removes household rubbish and a,
limited amount of waste paper; but does
not remove factory ashes. The work Is
done by contract; collections are made
from the curb weekly. The collection of
ashes and garbage costs $30,000.
Richmond, Va.— Population, 85,000. The
city removes rubbish of every description,
including waste paper; but only a few
newspapers are taken. The work is done
by contract and collections are made
from two to three times weekly from
streets and alleys. Street cleaning, ashes
and garbage cost $69,066, which is 69 cents
per capita.
Rochester. N. Y.— Population, 162,435.
The city removes all rubbish, all kinds of
waste paper and factory ashes. Private
teams are hired, paid per load for four
yards, according to distance. The ashes
are collected from yards, daily, semi-
weekly and weekly. The cost is $80,000.
Syracuse, N. Y.— Population, 108,374. The
city removes all household rubbish,
newspapers in small bundles, but does
not remove factory ashes. The city hires
teams and collections are made from the
streets every day in the centre of the
city and every week in outlying districts.
The cost Is $20,000, which Is 17 cents per
capita.
Trenton, N. J.—Population, 73,307. The
city removes houshold rubbish and waste
paper, but does not remove factory ashes.
The work Is done by contract and col-
lections are made from streets and alleys
every other day. The cost is $20,000.
Washington, D. C— Population 278,718.
The district removes miscellaneous refuse
and waste paper, but does not remove
factory ashes. The work is done by con-
tract. Rubbish is kept on premises until
called for by contractor once a week.
The cost is as follows. As-es, $29,979; re-
fuse, $8,000; total, $39,979, which is 14 cents
per capita.
Albany. N. Y., 94,151 population; Co-
lumbus, O., 125,560; C eveland, O., 381^768;
Indianapolis, Ind., 169,164; New Haven,
Conn., 108,027; Providence. R. I., 176,597;
Reading, Pa., 78,961; St. Louis, Mo., 575,-
238;Toledo, O., 131,822; Scranton, Pa., 102,-
026; and Pittsburg, Pa., 321.606;, do not re-
move the ashes. In Pittsburg natural gas
forms the greatest part of fuel, and, con-
joint garbage committees of the Council
and Board of Health at Grand Rapids,
Mich., brought forth considerable inter-
esting and valuable information on gar-
bage collection llrom fifteen cities. In
twelve cities the garbage Is collected In
wagons, two in barrels, one in boxes and
none in cans. I:i nine of the cities the
garbage is collected by contract, and the
city collects It in the other six cities.
Householders own their own cans in
twelve cities, ard no statement Is made
regarding this hi the other three. Dis-
posal of garbage by cremation is followed
by five cities, including Minneapolis,
Syracuse, N. Y. ; Columbus, O., and Mil-
waukee. Reduction is used in Utica. N.
Y., population 56,383; Buffalo, N. Y., 352,-
387; Detroit, Mich., 286,704.
In Worcester, M€iss., whose population
is 125,000, the garbage Is collected from
the entire city in wagons by contract,
and is hauled to the poor farm, where it
Is fed to the hogs owned by the city.
The following statement for 1903 Is given:
Cost of collection $18,140 57
Receipts from pork . .- 11.941 55
Net expense 6,199 02
Other cities with populations given, re-
port the following receipts in 1901 from
the sale of garbage:
Lowell H969 $2,833 40
Cambridge 91.886 8,016 17
Lynn 68.513 3.788 82
Springfield 62,059 1.333 53
Toledo, 131,822, and Syracuse, 108,374,
collect the garbage by the city, from 20.-
000 houses in each city at a cost of $14,-
000 and $20,000 respectively.
»
Cincinnati's Exclusive Garbage Con-
tract Ordinance Invalid.
A decision was rendered by the Circuit
Court at Cincinnati, Jan. 19. declaring in-
valid the ordinance regarding the haul-
ing of garbage through the streets. The
decision was rendered in the habeas cor-
pus proceedings of David Bauer against
James Casey, Inspector of police, and
others. The plaintiff was arrested on the
charge of hauling garbage through the
streets, and was fined $50 and costs in
Police Court. He attacked the validity
of the ordinance and the lower courts
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
183
circuit Court, and there they won their
contention that the lower court had no
right or authority to seperate the ordi-
nance. The Circuit Court took this view
of the case and held that the assump-
tion of the lower court that the Board of
Legrislation had omitted unintentionally
a vital part of the ordinance, was unten-
able. The ordinance is, therefore, de-
clared Invalid.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE
Concrete Foundation and Cement Filler for Brick Pavement— Concrete
riasonry— Concrete— Cinder Concrete in Baltimore Fire.
Concrete Foundation and Cement Fil-
ler for Brick Pavement.*
By. O. L. Gearhart, City Engineer, Cham-
paign, 111.
In this paper it is proposed to discuss
the economic relations between concrete
foundations of different compositions and
cement filler.
The Concrete.— About a year ago the
writer made a series of experiments to
deternilne the variation in the strength
and cost of concrete d ue to a variation in
the kind of cement and In the proportions
of the Ingredients. The former practice
was to use a natural cement concrete for
the pavement foundation, but on one oc-
casion the Portland cement concrete, con-
sisting of one part Portland cement and
nine parts fine gravel, was used with ex-
cellent result. This led the writer to give
the matter of Portland cement concrete
further study.
The numbers of specimens made were
about as follows : Tfrenty-flve 8-inch
cubes, twenty-flve 6-Inch cubes and
twenty-five 6x6x21%-inch beams. Eleven
different proportions with Portland
cement and one proportion with natural
cement were used. One each of the two
cubes and one beam were tested at the
two different ages, viz.: 80 days and 90
days. Owing to other matters that were
occupying the writer's attention at that
time the age for breaking specimens in-
tended for the 90-day teats varies some-
what, but the difference is not enough to
materially change the results. The dif-
ferent specimens were made by the wril^r
at the Champaign City Laboratory, and
through the kindness of Professor A. N.
Talbot were tested on the machines be-
longing to the Department of Applied
Mechanics at the University of Illinois.
Only details essential to the understand-
ing of the results will be mentioned here.
Materials.— The materials used were At-
las Portland cement, Clark's Utica ce-
ment, gravel from a pit northwest of
Urbana, 111., send from a bank in the
same locality and broken stone from a
quarry at Kankakee, 111. The sand was
a fair quality of building sand contain-
ing some clay and having about 35 per
cent, of voids. Of the gravel 23 per cent,
was retained on a No. 4 sieve, 53 per cent,
on a No. 10 sieve, 71 per cent, on a No. 20
sieve and 29 per cent, passed a No. 20
sieve. This material contained 21 per
cent, voids. It will be seen that the grav-
el contained but litMe coarse material.
The broken stone was a good quality of
stratified limestone, crushed so that all
of the particles would pass a screen of
two-inch mesh and be retained on &
screen of one-half-inch mesh. This ma-
terial contained 4 per cent, voids. The-
stone is bought by weight, and as thu
freight is quite an item it is found to be
cheaper In Champaign to buy screened
stone and fill the voids with a larger
amount of gravel than would otherwise
be necessary.
The cement was taken from bags:
shipped to this city for the retail mar-
ket and was not a special cement for
testing purposes. It will be seen that
the UtIca cement is a very high grade
of natural cement and that the Atlas
cement Is a good quality of Portland. The
fineness of the cement Is as follows:
Utlca. Atlas.
Per cent, passing slevt. No. 60. .97.4 99.6
Per cent, passing sieve No. 100. .80.5 92.5
The activity of the cement is as fol-
lows:
Utica. Atlas.
Time from mixing to initial set.. :32 1.5G
Time from mixing to final set 3:20 5:16
•A paper before the Illinois Society of Engineers and Surveyors.
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184
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The tensile strength of the cement m
pounds per square inch is as follows:
Cement.
Percent,
of Water.
A«e.
Utica
Atlas
81
17
24hrs.
80
266
7d8.
181
710
30 ds.
2!»
Mixing and Testing.— The cement and
gravel were thoroughly mixed dry, then
wetted and mixed into a stiff mortar,
after which the dampened stone was add-
ed and the whole was turned several
times. The mixture was then tamped
into the molds by means of an eleven-
I)Ound tamper, having a face area of nine
square inches. About two or three inches
of loose material was placed in the molds
at a time and tamped. During the opera-
tion a square-ended trowel was worked
up and down between the concrete and
form, thus bringing the mortar to the
sides and corners of the specimen and
making it homogenous throughout. In
every case only enough water was used
to cause a film of water to come to the
surface after considerable tamping. The
cubes were left in the molds for twenty-
four hours with a damp cloth over them,
after which time the molds were care-
fully removed and the specimens were
stored under cloths, which were damp-
ened from time to time until the cubes
were tested. The concrete beams were
made and stored in the same manner as
the cubes.
In crushing the cubes and breaking
the beams, the direction of the force ap-
plied was perpendicular to the tamped
surface. Immediately before crushing the
cubes the two faces to which the force
was applied were plastered with a thin
coat of plaster of Paris and a self-ad-
justing plate was used to distribute the
pressure over the entire surface of the
cube.
Costs.— In arriving at the cost of the
concrete, gravel and sand were taken at
90 cents per cubic yard, broken stone at
11.40, Utica cement at 65 cents per bar-
rel, Portland cement at )2, and labor for
measuring, mixing, placing, grrading and
tamping a six-inch layer of concrete was
taken at 6 cents per square yard.
Results.— Table I shows the strength of
the cubes and beams and also gives the
yield of rammed concrete In terms of the
sum of the volumes of the gravel and
broken stone. This table also shows the
cost per square yard of a six-inch layer
of concrete of the different compositions.
Conclusions.— From the tests given In
tabe I, it is believed that the following
conclusions may be drawn:
Table I.
STRENGTH AND COST OF CONCRETE OF DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS.
NATURAL CBMBNl
Yield in terms of
volumes of fH'av-
el and broken
stone.
Age,
days.
Load on
cubes, lbs.
per sq. in.
lit
6"x6"xl8" beams.
Load at
center,
lbs.
1280
1270
Modulus
of rup-
ture, lbs.
persq.in.
)n
9.
8"
6"
111
30
90
610
870
540
470
575
670
160
159
77 i
49
PORTLAND CEMENT.
3
4
6
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
5
8
8
6
6
8
8
7
7
8
8
10
10
10
"s"
80.45
30
90
80
90
30
90
30
90
30
105
SO
90
30
115
30
90
30
108
30
118
102
30
107
1750
1770
1.500
2210
1180
1260
2250
1850
890
88:^
1290
1510
965
1425
1240
1190
1010
1050
530
585
'1236'
1720
1565
1990
1365
1780
1170
1430
1545
2050
840
1230
895
980
570
860
i:«5
1425
990
1030
600
■ m
♦780
1657
1880
1432
1995
1175
1345
1897
1950
865
1056
1092
1220
767
1142
1302
1307
1000
1040
565
2700
3060
2440
5360
1800
1620
2800
3280
1650
2500
2560
3060
1750
1700
2100
2820
1600
1930
1010
1220
388
882
805
670
225
203
350
410
206
313
319
383
219
218
263
853
200
241
126
153
77.5
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
10
10
10
6
6
16
74 1i
74.6
7
8
70.7?6
68.6
9
10
74.4J<
66.1
11
1?
72.8?6
57
13
14
76 Jt
64
15
16
74 H
56.8
17
18
74 ?6
56.6
19
20
73 *5t"
51.4
21
22
71.5^
50.3
?3
24
1230
1627
i786
2410
223
301
25
26
170 a
si
1
* Defective and omitted from average, f Assumed.
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
185
1. From numbers 2 and 20 in table I,
we see that the cost ot Portland cement
concrete Is about 4 per cent, more than
natural cement concrete, while the former
is 50 per cent, stronger.
2. By comparing numbers 2 with 23
and 24. it is seen that the strengths of con-
crete composed of 1 part natural cement,
3 parts gravel and 3 parts broken stone,
and concrete composed of 1 part Portland
cement, 10 parts gravel and 10 parts brok-
en stone, are nearly equal.
3. By comparing experiment number 4
with number 10, it Is seen that the addi-
tion of broken stone in amount equal to
the gravel, without increasing the quanti-
ty of cement, materially increases the
strength and decreases the cost of the
concrete.
4. Numbers 12, 16 and 20 show that the
increase of the broken stone from four
parts to eight parts does not materially
change the strength o.' the concrete, but
reduces the cost.
Table II shows the result obtained by
supporting the beams on knife edges 24
Inches apart and applying the load at
the center.
By comparing number 2 and number 20
in Table I with number 3 in Table II it
will be seen that a brick beam four inches
in depth is 50 per cent, stronger than a
concrete beam consisting of one part nat-
ural cement, three parts gravel, and three
parts broken stone, and is also a little
stronger than a beam consisting of one
part Portland cement, eight parts gravel,
and eight parts broken stone. This fact
suggests the idea whether it may not be
economical to employ the cemeht as 4
filler between the brick rather than using
it in the concrete foundation.
The cost of the cement and labor for
a six-inch layer of concrete composed of
Tablb II.
MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF BRICK BEAMS WITH CEMENT FILLER.
Filler.
Name of Bnck.
Age
Days.
Dimensions of Beam
in Inches.
i
J5
Id
1-
a oS
rS
No.
^
1
i
i
1
1
2
a
4
5
Clinton.
Culver.
Poston.
80
30
90
30
122
lOH
lOX
lQ9i
11
11
24
24
24
24
24
1640
2160
2660
2670
2210
3S1
452
657
526
452
1248
1607
1981
1870
1607
8 to 12
•«
••
5. By comparing numbers 18 with 26, it
is seen that the increase of the broken
stone from eight parts to sixteen parts
does not materially change the cost of
the concrete.
6. About half a mile of pavement hav-
ing a very lean Portland concrete was
laid during the past season under the
writer's direction. It was found, much to
the surprise of the writer, and also to the
contractor, that not only the very lean
concrete was more easily mixed, but It
was more uniform than the very rich
natural cement concrete, heretofore used.
In all respects the Portland cement
concrete is superior to the natural ce-
ment concrete.
Brick Beams.— The writer made a num-
ber of brick beams by taking paving brick
and cementing them together with a ce-
ment filler. The beams were three bricks
long, three bricks wide and four inches
deep. They were formed by laying the
brick side by side as in the pavement,
and the Interstices were filled with grout
consisting of one part Portland cement
and one part sand.
one part Portland cement, eight parts
gravel, and eight parts broken stone If?
about twenty-four cents per square yard
more than that of a compacted layer of
gravel or broken stone; and the cost of
the cement filler Is about six to ten centu
per square yard more than sand filler.
Therefore a brick pavement with cement
filler on a foundation of broken stone or
gravel without any cement In It Is from
14 to 18 cents per square yard cheaper
than brick pavement with a sand filler
and with a concrete foundation; and fur-
ther, the two forms of construction are
of equal strength.
For a pavement on a street which has
been cut up with trenches and where the
filler adds very much to the strength and
to the life of the improvement, the
added expenditure for the filler is money
well invested. In residence districts,
where the traffic Is not so heavy or con-
stant, a brick pavement with cement fil-
ler and a gravel foundation may be con-
structed with advantage and the cost of
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186
MUNICIPAL ENQINEERI
the improvement be considerably less
than if a concrete foundation and sand
filler be used.
As far as the writer knows, attention
has not before been called to the
strengrth produced by the cement filler,
nor the fact that the brick thus filled
makes th'e beam 50 per cent, stronger
than the use of concrete foundation; and
in view of what has been said concern-
ing strength of the cement filler, to use
it in pavement construction is clearly an
economical advantage.
For several valuable suggestions, the
write gratefully acknowledges his in-
debtedness to Prof. A. N. Talbott and
Prof. I. O. Baker.
Concrete Masonry with Special Ref-
erence to the Use of Natural
Bank Gravel/
By George S. Pierson, M. Am. Soc. C. E.,
Kalamazoo, Mich.
The varied uses to which concrete is
put demand different mixtures. In some
cases, a concrete with but a small pro-
portion of cement and which requires no
surface finish will answer the purpose. In
other cases strength Is the important con-
sideration, in others a smooth surface
finish, and
abrasion; b
concrete is
suits shouh
One of tl
concrete ma
igan has mi
and sand f
may be ma
found near
the very e:
the structui
cur containi
proportions
times the m
better and
concrete th;
apeciflcatior
i.*ause in tl
material w£
lated in a
compact an
tion of void
be improvec
considerablj
proportion c
or of coars
and considt
saved with
of masonry
The write
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL B;
No. 1.
No.
2.
Screen.
IH inch
1 inch
Eet'd.
8.0
21.7
31.7
44.0
S9.4
68.8
70.8
79.6
96.4
99.0
Diff.
8.0
13.7 '
10.0
12.3
15.4
9.4
2.0
8.8
16.8
2.6
1.0
Bet'd.
4.9
9.5
15.3
27.5
88.1
41.4
61.8
95.5
97.6
Diff.
4.9
4.6
5.8
12.2
10.6
8.8
20.4
33.7
2.1
2.4
Re
IC
% inch
14
mncb
n
^ inch
31
% inch
44
^ inch
41
^Q inch
at
■Clinch
^ inch
9{
IQO.H
lOO.lf
VrtiHa. Irwian
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
187
and construction of a concrete waste
weir last season, and as the price of ce-
ment was high at the time and the mate-
rial for the aggregate must be brought
from a distance. It soemed worth while
to make a more than usually careful ex-
amination of material which could be
secured for an aggregate. Samples
were taken from several deposits and
analyzed with the result shown below.
It is difficult to secure a fair sample
from the face of a pit where the gravel
Is Ploughing and running down the face,
as the coarser particles are separated and
carried farther down the slope. The ma-
terial also varies in composition as it lies
in most pits and must vary somewhat as
it is delivered for use on the work. This
objection is not peculiar to natural bank
gravel, however. The same objection may
be urged against the crushed atone often
used aik an ingredient of the^ aggregate,
and against the sand used with it. Al-
though it is improbable that the analyses
represent precisely the conditions of the
aggregate as it is received on the work,
a comparison of the analyses with each
other and with the samples to which they
refer appears to be of considerable assist-
ance in deciding the relative value of ma-
terial from different deposits, and in de-
tecting variations in the quality of ma-
terial as it is delivered.
Sample No. 1 contains excellent material,
but the sample indicates that the addi-
tion of quite a proportion of coarse sand
would result In a stronger and more im-
pervious concrete, a smoother finish and
saving in cement.
Sample No. 2 is poorest of all. It con-
tains too small a proportion of large par-
ticles, too great a proportion of fine sand,
and some clay. The voids in it are
greater than in any of the others and the
w^eight per cubic foot and also the specific
gravity of the particles, less than in any
of the other samples.
Sample No. 3 contains too small a pro-
portion of coarse particles for economy.
Sample No. 4 contains a larger propor-
tion of particles from one-eighth-inch to
one-half-inch than any of the other sam-
ples. Probably a larger proportion of
sizes three-fourths Inch to one inch would
be desirable In massive work and require
less cement, though probably not as
smooth a finish could be obtained. The
voids In this sample were less than in
any of the others examined, the weight
per cubic foot greatest, and the specific
gravity of the partlcleiT highest. This
material was fairly accessible. Tests
of the material were made fre-
quently during construction and It was
found that the addition of a small pro-
portion of a rather fine, gray sand, which
was found in the excavation, slightly re-
duced the voids and made a smoother fin-
ish next the forms.
The voids In all the samples were
measured with the material dry and
loose. As placed In the work the voids
would, of course, be much less.
A convenient rule for determining ap-
proximately the voids in gravels, ond
which can be conveniently applied In the
field, is the following: I have found that
the natural gravels In this vicinity have
an average specific gravity of about 2.65.
This corresponds to a weight per cubic
foot. If there were no voids, of 166
pounds. If a known measure of gravel
be weighed and Its actual weight per
cubic foot ascertained, then the voids In
the condition In which It was weighed
will be: Per cent, of voids equals 166,
minus weight per cubic foot, divider! by
166.
Gravels differ considerably In the char-
acter of the particles. Some are made up
of well-rounded and smooth particles, and
In some the particles are more angular
and the surface rougher, which Is advan-
tageous.
Under a compound microscope with one-
Inch objective the sand and fine gravel In
sample No. 4 seems sharper than in any
other of the samples, with No. 1, No. 3
and No. 2 following In the order named.
The gravel in sample No. 3 seems rough-
ened by fine sand particles which adhere
to the surface, and this would probably
give a better adhesion to the matrix.
Probably natural bank gravels as they
are taken from the pit or mixed with
small proportions of fine or coarse mater-
ial as a corrective, can be used In con-
crete to better advantage than they usu-
ally are. This material can be selected
or mixed so as to adapt the concrete to a
wide range of uses, from rough and mas-
sive work to work which is light and
finished in mould which require sharp
and perfect details. The labor which can
be Judiciously spent in selecting or bal-
ancing the aggregate will be determined
by the current price of cement and the
use to which the concrete is put.
Concrete/
By S. B. Newberry, Sandusky. O.
Concrete Is a compact mass composed of
sand and broken stone or gravel, united
by cement.
Hydraulic cement concrete has been
known since an early period of history.
It is, however, only since Portland cement
has bc^n cheaply produced and greatly
•From a paper before the Indiai^a Engineering Society.
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188
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Improved in quality and uniformity that
concrete construction has attracted the
attention of engineers. At the present
day Portland cement concrete is being
adopted with astonishing rapidity in all
kinds of constructions in place of stone,
brick, wood and iron. Portland cement
is the essence of rock in portable form.
When Judiciously used it will convert
many times its volume of loose sand,
gravel and waste btone into a solid
brick or monolith, of any desired shape,
equal in strength and durability to the
best rock from the quarry. It is not sur-
prising that a material which will do this
should be in great demand.
Materials. — Sand should be clean
and sharp. The sands which give the
highest tests with cement are those show-
ing rounded grains with a dull surface.
A mixed size of grain, from fine to coarse,
is better than a grain of uniform size.
The presence of a small amount of clay,
up to 4 or 5 per cent., does not harni It
concrete be thoroughly mixed and suf-
ficiently wet.
Gravel and broken stone should be hard
and sharp, and as free as possible from
soft particles. The harder the stone the
better the concrete will be; trap rock ov
crushed flint or quartz are superior to
soft limestone or sandstone. As in the
case of sand, a mixed mate;rial, fine to
coarse, is preferable, and screening is
generally injurious. It was formerly sup-
posed that the presence of fine dust in
the materials was objectionable. This is
not the case If the mixing be thorough.
It Is quite possible that with imperfect
mixing a film of clay or stone-dust might
coat the stone or gravel and pre-
vent adhesion of the cement. If the mix-
ing be thorough, however, these fine ma-
terials will help to fill the voids and in-
crease the strength. The most compe-
tent engineers now use crushed stone
without screening, containing all the dust
from the crusher.
Many engineers consider broken stone
superior to gravel for concrete. With
this view the writer does not agree.
Good quartz gravel is harder than any
broken stone except trao or ouartzite.
gravel show that where good, coarse
gravel is abundant there Is no need of
going to a distance for a supply of costly
crushed stone.
Proportions. — The xihlef object in
compounding concrete is to produce a
compact maa?, as free as possible from
pores or open spaces; In short to Imitate
solid rock as closely as possible. To
produce a compact mass from fragmen-
tary materials the voids must be filled.
Imagine a box holding one cubic foot.
If this were filled with spheres of uni-
form size, the voids or open spaces would
be 25.95 per cent, of the total volume.
With spheres of various sizes, as, for ex-
ample, from large marbles down to small
shot, the voids would be much less, and
it would theoretically be possible, by the
use of spheres of graded sizes, from the
largest down to dust of infinite fineness,
to fill the box completely, so that there
should be no voids whatever. In prac-
tice it is well known that the use of
materials of varying fineness gives the
best concrete, since the voids are much
less than in materials composed of pieces
of uniform size. Hence the common prac-
tice of making concrete wltti cement,
sand and broken stone. Instead of stone
only. The sand fills the voids of the
stone, the cement fills the voids of the
sa*hd, and If the proportions are correct
a practically solid mass results. As an
example of this, the writer found that
briquettes of cement with three parts
sand and four parts gravel showed higher
tensile strength at twenty-eight days
than those made with three parts sand
only.
The determination of the percentage of
voids In the gravel or broKen stone to be
used is of the greatest Importance. This
determination is most easily made by
the use of a metal box of exactly 1 cubic
foot (or a known part of a cubic foot;
capacity. This is weighed, filled with the
material, well shaken down, and again
weighed. Now, quartz sand or limestone
(carbonate of lime) has a specific gravity
of 2.65. One cubic foot of solid quartz or
limestone, free from voids or pores, would
therefore weigh 2.65 times as much as a
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
189
Per cent.
Sandusky Bay sand, not screened — 32.2
Sandusky Bay sand, througrh 20 mesh. 38.5
Sandusky Bay. 20-30 mesh 40.7
Gravel, >4 to H inch 42.4
Gravel, ^, to 1-20 inch 36.9
Marblebead broken stont., about egg
size 47.0
Comparison of the three different grades
of Sandusky Bay sand shows how great-
ly the percentage of voids varies with the
proportion of fine and coarse grains pres-
ent. The first is the natural sand, not
screened, as pumped up by the sand-
sucker from the bottom of the bay, and
contains a large amount of fine grravel. /
The second is the same, passed through
a 20- mesh screen to remove the coarse
particles. It will be seen that this opera-
tion increases the proportion of voids
from 32 to 38 per cent. The third is the
same sand, passing a 20-mesh and re-
tained on a 30-mesh screen, thus brought
to the fineness of the "standard sand"
used in cement testing. This shows 40.7
per cent, of voids, owing to the uniform
size of the grains. The same relation is
seen in the two grades of gravel given
in the table, that containing finer grains
showing much the lower percentage of
voids. These figures illustrate the im-
prudence of screening any of the ma-
terials used in making concrete.
As an aid in determining the voids in
concrete materials, the writer has pre-
pared the following table, in which the
percentages of voids corresponding to
various weights per cubic foot may be
seen at a glance. The figures given in
this table are calculated on the assump-
tion that the specific gravity of sand,
gravel and stone Is 2.65.
Table showing weight per cubic foot and
per cent, voids in sand, gravel and brok-
en stone.
Wt. Per Wt. Per Wt. Per .
per cent. per cent. per cent,
cu. ft. voids, cu. ft. voids, cu. ft. voids.
165.4 0.00 135 18.38 105 36.52
164 .85 134 18.98 104 37.12
163 1.45 133 19.58 103 37.73
162 2.06 132 20.19 102 38.33
161 2.66 131 20.80 101 38.94
160 3.26 130 21.40 100 39.54
159 3.87 129 22.01 99 40.15
158 4.47 128 22.61 98 40.75
157 5.08 127 23.22 97 41.35
156 5.68 126 23.82 96 41.%
155 6.29 125 24.43 95 42.56
154 6.89 124 25.03 94 43.17
153 7.50 123 26.63 93 43.77
152 8.10 122 26.24 92 44.38
151 8.71 121 26.84 91 44.98
150 9.31 120 27.45 90 45.59
1^ 9.92 119 28.06 89 46.19
14S 10.52 118 28.66 88 46.80
147 11.13 117 29.26 87 47.40
Wt.
Per
Wt.
Per
Wt.
Per
per
cent.
per
cent.
per
cent.
cu.ft.
voids.
cu. ft.
voids.
cu. ft.
voids.
146
11.73
116
29.87
86
48.00
145
12.33
115
30.47
85
48.61
144
12.94
114
31.06
84
49.21
143
13.54
113
31.68
83
49.82
142
14.15
112
32.28
82
50.42
141
14.75
111
32.89
81
51.08
140
15.36
110
33.49
80
51.63
139
15.96
109
34.10
79
52.24
138
16.67
106
34.70
78
62.84
137
17.17
107
35.31
77
63.45
136
17.78
106
36.91
76
54.05
Having determined the voids in the
sand and gravel and stone, let us next
4nquire how we shall calculate the pro-
portions in which the materials are to be
used. At first glance it might be sup-
posed that the larger the proportion of ce-
ment a concrete contains, the stronger
it will be.- This is by no means neces-
sarily the case, as the following table,
taken from a paper by Dykerhoff, clear-
ly shows. Thds table gives the crushing
strength of various concretes, determined
by tests of 2%-inch cubes after 1 day in
air and 27 daya in water.
Proportions by Measure.
Strength un-
der com-
pression.
Pounds per
sq. inch.
Portland
Cement.
Sand.
Gravel.
2
2
2
2,125
3
5
5
2,747
2.387
978
3
.3
3
4
4
4
1.388
5
6H
1.682
1,515
1,053
5
8H
1.278
1.204
These figures prove that mixtures of
cement and sand are strengthened
rather than weakened, by the addition of
a suitable quantity of gravel. It will b«
noticed that the mixture— cement 1, sand
2, gravel 6— is actually stronger than
cement 1, sand 2, without gravel. The
same is shown in the mixtures 1 to 3
and 1 to 4. Again, the list mixture. 1:4:
S^^, containing only 7.4 per cent, cement
is stronger than the mixture 1:4, contain-
ing 20 per cent, cement. One barrel of
cement, judiciously mixed with sand
and gravel, is therefore as good as 3 bar-
rels used with .sand only.
As to the proportion in which the n.a-
terials are to be mixed to give the best re-
suit, Mr. Wm. B, Fuller (Proc. Am. Soc.
Civil Engrs. Dec. 1899) points out that
"there is one proportion, and only one, in
which a given sand and stone can be
mixed and give the minimum of voids;
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190
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
this Is the proportion In which they This will vary considerably with different
should always be mixed, whether a rich materials, but those materials are cer-
or poor concrete be desired." talnly best which when mixed in the most
Mr. Fullers rule is: favorable proportions grlve the greatest
"Mix the sand and stone (or gravel) in weight per cubic foot. Any good gravel
a definite fixed quantity for the material and sand, rightly proportloneJ, will show
In use, and add cement as economy die- at least 130 pounds; the besi result the
tates, possibly up to 10 per cent, in excess writer has ever oMained ^as 139 pound?!,
of the voids in the combined material." corresponding to io per cent, voids. Bro-
To determine the practical value of this ken limestone and sand give less densit> .
rule, the writer made experiments with rarely more than 125 pounds per foot. A
the following materials: few trials with available materials will
Wt. Per Per Ct. enable an engineer to specify a minimum
^ 1 ^ . , . . . ^"- '^' Voids. weight per cubic foot for materials to be
Gravel, about 1 in. in size.. 101.2 lbs. 38.V ^aed In a elven niece of work
Sand. 20 to 40 mesh 106.8 " 35 9 ^ ^
Cement. Medusa H4 5 " Proportion of Cement.— Mr. Ful-
The weights of these materials were de' ^^^'^ ^"^^' "'^^.^ f ^^"' *«//; "^^^^/^^^^^
termined by filling a metal cylinder of a **» economy dictates possibly up to 10 per
m*>««nr*»^ f..o«n«« ^# „ w« * ^ Cent. In excess of the voids in the com-
measured fraction of a cubic foot capa- . , , ^^ , ^
city bined material." The lowest proportion
Since the grave- contains 38.7 per cent. ^^ ''^^^^ obtained with the gravel and
voids, we shall require 38.7 per cent of r **"*^ "«^^ *" ^^^ ^^""^ experiments was
cubic foot of sand to fill these voids. If ^'^ P®'* *^^"*- Addition of this propor-
the materials could be perfectly mixed **^" ^^ cement would give a very rich
the sand would exactly fill the voids in *"^ expensive concrete; about 1 to 5,
the gravei. and the mixture would weigh '«^ ^^^^"^ anything that could be re-
142.1 lbs. per cubic foot, and would contain ^"*''^<^ ^^^ ^^^ "*® ®*^^P^ water-tight
38.7 times ^.9 divided by 100. or 13.9 per ^^'**^' ^" ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^' *' ^ volume of
cent, of voids. cement equal to the calculated voids in
Mixtures in this proportion, and with ^^^ mixture,-13.9 per cent.,-be taken,
greater quantity of sand, were made ^^ shall have 1:7 concrete, of abundant
and the volume-weight determined strength for engine foundations or other
with following results: Important uses. Mixtures much poorer In
Wt. Per Per Ct. cement, containing 10 per cent. '^'* ever
Cu. ft. Voids. 7 per cent, may safely be used for foun-
Gravel. ^7 per cent. sand.... 133.5 19.2 ditions. filling of abutmenU. etc. If the
oAlt ^ Z Ten!: Tntr^l ^:J -^-^-^« -^-^ -" -^-^^<^ -<^ --r;^
proportioned these poor concretes will be
It will be noted that increase of the found to have surprising strength, and
sand from the calculated volume. 38.7 often to be superior to rich mixtures in-
per cent, to 50 per cent., makes practical- judiciously combined.
ly no difference In the density, while fur- ^^ , * . . * * ^u «•
♦»!*».. «»/«*^oo^ ♦^ CA * . ... Many series of tests of strength ot
ther increase to 60 per cent. Increases the ^ ._ ^..t.^i_..
voids and injures the mixture. concrete have been published, but dn none
Further tests of the same materials «' ^*^^'"' ^^ '*'' ^^ "^^ *'"^''- ^^""^ ^***
were made, with the addition of the vol- influence of proportions on density and
ume of cement neces.sary to fill the calcu- density on strength, been clearly stated,
lated voids In the mixed sand and gravel. ^^^^ ^ series of experiments, consisting
The results were: ^^ crushing tests of 6 cubes of concrete
___^_ is now In progress under the writer's di-
Wt. per rection. and results will be published as
ca. ft. ^ Voids soon as complete. It is believed that the
Orayel +30^ sand + 13.9^ cement,. 137. 9 16.5 strength of concrete will be found to be
.. -f.^^*" +18.S..*.V.*.' .'..140.7 14 8 ""^^^ ®*" ^^^ closely proporUonal to the
. — — ratio of percentage of cement to voids.
These figures show strikingly that the *"^ ^^^^ mixtures In which the voids are
calculated proportion of sand gives great- ^"^<^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ degree will be approxi-
A«> ^^r^t,^^xT tKo^ « r,^^«»«« «.. i^«„ «^ * matelv eaual In strensrth. There Is. how-
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CEMBNT AND CONCRETE.
191
It Is probably chiefly for this reason that
coarse materials give greater strength
than fine materials.
To sum up the foregoing reasoning in
regard to the composition of concrete, we
may formulate the following rule for ob-
taining the best practical results. This is
simply an extension of Mr. Fuller's in-
structions:
Determine carefully the voids in the •
gravel or broken stone which it is pro-
posed to uso, add finer material in the
proportion necessary to fill the voids, also
in greater and ?ess proportions, and adopc
the mixture giving the greatest weight
per unit of volume. Add cement m
amount depending on desired strength
and admissible cost, from a minimum of
perhaps 7 per cent, to a maximum equal
to the total volume, of voids in the mixed
materials.
Proportion of Water.— It was formerly
supposed that the best concrete was ob-
tained by using very little water, and en-
gineers generallv specified that the con-
sistency of the mixture should be that of
moist garden earth, and that no water
should show until thoroughly tamped.
Recently it has been shown that the use
of more water— at least enough to make
the mass decidedly plastic— grlves better
results. A paper by Irving Hitz (J. of
Western Soc. of Engineers. January.
1901), describes experiments on this
point by engineers of the C, M.
& St. P. Railway. Three-foot cubes
of cement, gravel and stone were
prepared, using water to the amount of
44 per cent, and 82 per cent, of the vol-
ume of the cement, respectively. The
first mixture was merely damp, and was
compacted in the box by tamping. The
second mixture was liquid, and was
poured into the mold without tamping.
After thirty days the wet cube was found
to be 9.7 per cent, heavier than the dry,
and was smooth and dense on the sur-
face, while the dryer cube was rough and
porous. On splitting the blocks the wet
cube proved to be much harder, and most
of the stones were broken along the line
of fracture. The dry block, on the other
hand, gave an irregular break, most of
the stones remaining whole, and the
mass showed distinct layers correspond-
ing to the different batches of material.
Another valuable paper on this subject
Is that by Parkhurst, chief engineer Illi-
nois Central Railroad, in J. West. Soc.
Engrs., June, 1902. Dry concrete was found
to weigh 136.2 lbs. per cu. ft., medium ISl.b
lbs., and wet, 161.4 lbs. The dry blocks
easily crumbled In handling. On split-
ting, the medium and wet blocks were
found to be excellent; the dry block poor
and not well compacted. Mr, Parkhurst
recommends a medium proportion of
water, such that the concrete shall quake
when strongly rammed, but states that
excess of water is better than deficiency.
In the discussion following Mr.
Rafter's paper on the theory of concrete,
(Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, Dec.
1899), Mr. Herman Conrow stated that
he had found the cost of a wet concrete,
laid in place, to be $4.13 per yard, and
of dry concrete of the same composition
$5.13 per yard. The use of a liberal pro-
. portion of water thus effected a saving
of 24 per cent.
Mixing and Laying Concrete.— En-
gineecs appear to be generally con
vinced of the advantage of using a suit-
able concrete-mixer, instead of hand
labor. Where large amounts of concrete
are to be mixed the saving b> using a
power mixer is very great, and there can
be no doubt that the danger of imper-
fect and careless mixing is avoided by
use of a suitable machine. The writer
has successfully used mixers of the pug-
mill type, consisting of a trough with
revolving blades. Several excellent ma-
chines of the revolving-drum type are in
ude, and give excellent satisfaction. An
Ingenious horse-power machine is the
"Dromedary mixer," made by the Fisher
& Saxton Company of Washington, D. C.
This consists of a drum mounted on
wagon-wheels, in which the concrete Is
mixed while being tra»^sported to the
place of use. For cement mortar, con-
taining nothing coarser than fine grave?,
to be thoroughly mixed In batches, the
phosphate mixer, made by the Elliot &
Walker Company of Wilmington, Del.,
may well be recommended. This is a
revolving pan provided with rotating
stirrers; it is very convenient and re-
quires but little power.
In mixing concrete the sand and ce-
ment should first be mixed, dry, then the
water added, and finally the stone or
gravel, previously well wetted, is intro-
duced and the whole thoroughly mixed
together.
Large masses of concrete should be
laid continuously, by day and night work
If necessary, to avoid partings between
set and fresh work. If the laying must
be interrupted the set surface should be
thoroughly wetted and dusted with ce-
ment before fresh concrete is applied.
This method should also be used in plas-
tering the surface of concrete with ce-
ment mortar. A break in a cement floor
or sidewalk may be successfully patched
in the came manner.
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192
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Concrete in Freezing Weather.—
Freezing does no harm to Portlana
cement after the mass has fully set. Tho
hardening of the cement is interrupted
by freezing, but proceeds again without
hindrance after thawing takes place.
Damage from frost is to be feared before
the setting, especially if excess of water
is used. When work in extreme cold can
not be avoided, the sand and water
should be warmed and the proportion of
water reduced to a minimum. After put-
ting in place the work should be covered
with straw or other non-conductor to
protect it from frost. Mortar for use in
freezing weather is often made with the '
addition of salt (about one pound to one
gallon of water) and appears to give good
result. Cement plastering in ei^treme
cold weather should not be attempted.
Concrete in the Baltimore Fire.
An engineer engaged in concrete con-
struction reports to Municipal Engineer-
ing that the behavior of concrete in the
Baltimore fire was in general very satis-
factory. The flre-proof buildings, of
which there were, under a strict classifi-
cation, but six or eight, came through
the fire practically intact and with com-
paratively little injury to contents. About
as many incombustible buildings came
through without serious injury, aside
from wooden trimmings and partitions.
but lost all their combustible contents,
in some cases even those in vaults. Ap-
parently most of these buildings had tile
floors of some sort, but there were a few
floors of reinforced cinder concrete.
Nearly all the floors of both descriptions
successfully withstood the fire. In sev-
eral instances the tile floors were broken
through by falling safes and other debris,
but no failures of the concrete floors on
this account were reported by our in-
formant. In fact, the concrete roof of
one three-story building successfully
withstood the shock and weight of the
falling walls of the adjoining higher
building, and concrete floors In other
buildings developed similar strength. The
Commercial and Farmers' National Bank
building was a notable instance of the
efficacy of a concrete floor. The banking
room on the. grround floor, which had con-
crete floor and ceiling, was protected
from injury although the roof and two
upper floors of wooden construction were
destroyed and the debris, including a safe
which was on the fourth floor, fell on the
concrete floor.
.Reports of failures Of concrete floors
have not yet been reported, but the suc-
cesses noted prove deflnitely the value of
cinder concrete floors constructed accord-
ing' to the best designs. Their work shows
them fully equal to tile floor in resisting
Are and superior in strength to resist both
shock and the weight of debris.
METHODvS AND REiULTi
Grade Crossings in Detroit— Asphalt Bids for Detroit —Calif omia Oiled Roads—
. Convict Labor on Road riaterials— Greater Asbury Park— Electric
Power for N. Y. C. Railroad— Legislators and Iowa Munici-
pal League -Small Parks for Chicago— Illinois En-
gineering School— Civil Service Examinations.
Grade Crossings on Dequlndre-St.
Detroit.
Plans providing for separating the
heavy grade of the railroad tracks on
Dequindre-st. and the hight of some of
the streets present great difliculties. The
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METHODS AND RESULTS.
193
sides of Dequindre-st. As nearly all of
the subways will run to Orleans-st. or
beyond, there will not only be depressions
in the cross streets, but Orleans-st., the
parallel street, will have to be depressed
from 2H to 3^ feet nearly the whole dis-
tance from Gratiot -a ve. to Port-st. Al-
thou£:ht the damages will be enormous,
the committee, the city engineer and the
railroad men feel that it is not only the
sole practicable plan of grade separation,
but that it is cheaper than it would be
to depress the tracks and bridge the
streets.
♦
Detroit's Bids for Furnishing Asphalt.
The city of Detroit, Mich., received bids
from nine firms, Feb. 1, for furnishing
1,500 tons of refined asphalt. The Barber
Asphalt Paving Company offered to de-
liver Trinidad lake asphalt at $26, and the
Venezuela at $23.90 a ton, which is the
lowest pricej_ it is claimed, ever submit-
ted on these two brands. Otto Quelich of-
fered a Turkish asphalt, which is con-
trolled by a French syndicate, at $25 a
^on. Los Angeles asphalt was offered at
$20 a ton. The Trindad Asphalt Manu-
facturing Company of St. Louis bid on the
crude material at $15,98 a ton, and in-
cluded five grades of the refined material
in its bids, varying from $18.98 to $27.98 a
ton. The American Asphalt Rubber Com-
pany of Chicago offered asphalt which
is 99 per cent, pure and will go 50 per cent,
further than the Trinidad asphalt, at
$23.50.
♦
Success of California Oiled Roads.
A communication has been received by
Clark Alberti, secretary of the depart-
ment of highways at Sacramento, Cal.,
from Robert H. Reaney, district and road
engineer at Wanganui, near Auckland,
New Zealand, in which he states that his
attention has been drawn to the success-
ful experiments carried out in California
in the construction of permanent road
surfaces by the use of oil, and asking for
detailed Information as to the methods
used, and any other facts which would
be of service In establishing a similar
system of oiled highways in New Zea-
land.
Secretary Alberti has been engaged for
some time in compiling the latest avail-
able practical information on the con-
struction and maintenance of oiled roads.
Communications received from the su-
pervisors of every county In California
indicate that there will be 9 large in-
crease in the mileage of oiled roads and
streets during 1904. The California De-
partment of Highways will later issue
this matter in printed form and supply
all the road ofllcials in the state.
Convict Labor on Road Materials Pro-
posed in Indiana.
In a recent address before the Farmers'
State Congress of Indiana State Geologist
Blatchley severely criticised the contract
labor system now in force In the st^te
prisons. His subject was, "The Utility of
Convict Labor in Making Road Material/'
which he discussed, in part, as follows:
The contract labor system is a system
which often leads to debauchery and cor-
ruption of public officers. It is a system
that robs labor, destroys factories and
turns over to private Individuals an asset
of labor which should be used for the ben-
efit of the people. The law-breaker owes
a debt to the community and any profits
accruing from his labor should go to the
community.
In order to abolish the evils in the con-
tract system and to Improve the roads
of Indiana, he advocates the using r^ the
undeveloped deposits of shale and fire-clay
which are found in vast quantities and
which have been tested and found suit-
able for making the best paving brick.
He favors the purchase of an extensive
bed of shale in western Indiana and the
erection of a modern brick plant. He
would equip the plant with convict labor
and put several hundred additional con-
victs to breaking stone for foundations
and cutting it for curbing. This brick
and stone could then be furnished at the
plant at less than one-sixth of the present
prices to the counties devoid of other
road material, or, if they are unwilling to
buy it, the material could be given to
them.
Mr. Blatohley does not give the esti-
mates on which he bases these low
figures of cost, but, though the cost may
be underestimated, the employment of the
convicts will be worth what the excess of
expenditure over Income may be, even
though the road materials are donated to
the counties.
Greater Asbury Park.
The residents of the various New Jersey
municipalities affected by the proposed
plan of consolidation with the Greater
Asbury Park will probably vote on the
matter March 8. A bill will be introduced
by Senator Brown early In March. As
submitted, the boundary lines begin at
Wesley Lake; thence westerly through
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191
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
the center of the street to Main street.
The lines follow Main street south to the
northerly boundary line of Bradley
Beach; thence easterly to the ocean, thus
excluding Ocean Grove. South they go to
the Sharic River; thence westerly through
the north branch of the Musquash Creek
to Reynolds bridge; then back again north
along Corliss avenue to Sprlngdale avenue
on to West Asbury, to the westerly line
cf Ivy place In West Allenhurst; thence
easterly again along Deal Lake to the
southerly boundary line of Allenhurst
to the ocean.
Electric Power for New York Central
Railroad.
Plans for the entire reconstruction of
the New York Central roadbed for a dis-
tance of thirty-five miles from the city
of New York northward and the elimina-
tion of all grade-crossings on the Hudson
River and the Harlem divisions have been
made and have been submitted to the
local authorities of Yonkers, Mount Ver-
non, Irvington, Tarrytown and Ossining.
The work of reconstruction will begin as
soon as the necessary consents and agree-
ments of the municipal villages and
county officers are obtained. The work
will include the laying of an electrical
third rail system over and under all the
streets, grounds and highways now
crossed at grade. Electrical engines, sup-
plied from the power-houses at Yonkers
and Fort Morris, will take the place of
steam power.
•
Conference of Legislators w.th Iowa
Municipal League.
Members of the Iowa League of Mu-
nicipalities met with joint legislative com-
mittees recntly and asked for an appro-
priation of 15.000 for furthering the work
of the league. It also recommended sev-
eral different matters of legislation rela-
tive to the government of municipalities,
particularly along the line of municipal
ownership, to which the members, as a
whole, are favorable. The appropriation
of $5,000 would be used for the collection
of afnfiafirs r<>liitivft to Water worka. srafl.
salary paid all others. An additional al-
lowance is to be griven under the pro-
visions of the proposed bill for service on
the board of review. Legislation provid-
ing for a uniform accounting system in
cities and for the annual examination of
the accounts of cities and towns by the
State Auditor, is also proposed.
Small Parks for Chicago.
In discussing the accepted plans of
Olmstead Bros, of Boston for the small
parks to be established on the South Side
in Chicago, 111., President Foreman of
the South Park system recently said:
The new parks will be the best pre-
ventive of crime that possibly could be
found. Environnient is everything in the
development of a child, and the children
who grow up in the sight of green grass
and trees and flowers, and with opportu-
nities to expend their energies in healthy
sports and amusements, will not become
vicious men and women. The lack of re-
fining infiuences sends young men into
paths of crime. To provide such influ-
ences is to provide the foundation of
good morals and good morals make good
citizenship.
In developing the plans for this sys-
tem of small parks we have also had the
idea of applying the social settlement
idea to public institutions. What the
social settlement, through the devotion of
noble Individuals, has accomplished for
the people of certain neighborhoods we
purpose bringing about through public
funds and public agencies. Places where
mothers and children can find rest and
inspiration for the duties of life, gymna-
siums where bodies can be developed into
strength and symmetry, and public meet-
ing places where the social instinct &hall
be developed— these are the things we
mean to build.
The fourteen parks that we are about
to construct will have swimming pools,
gymnastic apparatus of all kinds, ball
ground?, boating facilities, sand piles and
many other opportunities for exercising
young muscles and young activities. One
of the chief features will be public meet-
ing halls, where people can get together
to hear lectures and hold discussions.
This feature alone will be a great help
toward bettering the conditions of our
congested districts. I am anxious also
to have music In the small parks, and
provision Is being made for this great
educational factor of human development
in the Diann.
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METHODS AND RESULTS.
195
to open some of them on the second an-
niversary.
The small parks have been selected on
scientific principles. We made popula-
tion maps, showing: the Congested dis-
tricts, and located the parks where they
were most needed along the lines of fu-
ture development of residence districts.
Further, we have placed them so that
they can eventually be adjacent to an
extension of the boulevard ^stem. They
will thus be of Immediate and future ben-
efit. The largest of the parks, between
Blxty-seventh, Seventy-flrst-sts. and Cal-
ifornia and Central Park-ave., will bo as
large as Washington Park, and nearer
to the center of population of the town
of Lake than was Washington Park ten
years ago.
Grant Park will be a beautiful setting
for a beautiful gem, the Field Columbian
Museum. Though the building will be
the most consplclous feature of it, there
will be delightful lawns, trees and views
out over the lake, and a superb drive.
It will be one of the greatest panoramas
in the world. In two years we expect
to have the filling for this park com-
pleted. There is money enough on hand
for all our work, and we shall not build
beyond our means. It will be a question
af only a little time before this park is
connected with Jackson Park with a
boulevard along the lake.
Illinois University College of. Engin-
eering.
The President of the University of Illi-
nois and the board of trustees have
reached a decision concerning the disposi-
tion of the appropriation of $150,000 made
by the state of Illinois for the equipment
of the College of Englneermg. The sum
of 130,000 is to be reserved to extend the
present equipment for the use of the un-
dergraduate classes. The remainder, after
full consideration of the best means of
providing opportunities for advanced re-
search and for furthering the Interests of
the engineering professions and other
public afEairs, largely managed by en-
irinecrs and particularly to materially ele-
vate engineering education, will be used
to establish an engineering experiment
station, which will *^e the first ever In-
stituted in connection with any state unl-
vArnlt.v In this country Two tniildlngs ot
simple construction will be built as fol-
lows:
1. A foundry, costing $10,000, to permit
the present forge and machine shops to
be enlarged enough to receive the stu-
dents now In attendance.
2. A steam engineering laboratory,
costing $20,000, to contain machines and
apparatus for advanced experiments on
steam engines and boilers, gas engrlnes.
gasoline motors, compressed air, etc.
U. S. Civil Service Examinations.
An important examination will be held
ApHl 1, 1904, by the United States Civil
Service Commission to secure construct-
ing engineers on the reclamation service
of the United States Geological Survey at
salaries of $3,600 to $4,800 a year. The
subjects for examination will be the ap-
plicant's education and training, count-
ing 10 points; his professional experience
In general engineering, counting 20 points;,
his professional experience In construc-
tion, counting 50 points, and a technical
description In detail of the most Import-
ant piece of engineering work done under
the applicant's supervision, counting 20
points. Personal attendance is not neces-
sary, the papers being sent to Washing-
ton. The commissioners expect to have
the assistance of a board of eminent en-
grineers in rating the papers.
This form of examination for this class
of work is eminently proper and appar-
ently complies with the requirements of
the law.
An examination for engineer draftsmen
in the supervising architect's office at
$1,400 and $1,600 a year will be held at the
usual places on April 6. 7 and 8, 1904.
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MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL
LITERATURE
Chicago Damage Suits— Duluth and Nasiiville Public Work-
New Publications— Municipal Reports.
Miiiions in Damage Suits Against
Cliicago.
A report was made public Jan. 31 by
John W. Smulskl, city* attorney of Chi-
cago, in which he states that suits for
personal Injuries, amounting to $38,666,352.
are pending against that city. The ma-
jority of the suits result from injuries re-
ceived from sidewallts. An appeal for re-
lief is made to the council, the legisla-
ture and finally to the people. Mr. Smul-
skl says in his report that the interests
combining to loot the city In this way
amount practically to an organisation.
The names of lawyers, mostly young
men, and doctors, occur with great fre-
quency in the lists of suits. He says the
piling up of suiU will inevitably con-
tinue for some years, even should the city
at once begin to tear up every wood side-
walk. He says the main cause of this
condition is the deplorable state of ihe
city's finances, which makes it impossible
to care properly for Its streets and side-
walks. The remedy lies In a new city
charter, and he points out the many
judgments awarded against the city and
says that unless favorable action is taken
in regard to a new city charter inevitable
bankruptcy will result.
Pubiic Work in Duluth, Minn.
The annual report of City Engineer
Patton of Duluth. Minn., which has been
filed with the City Clerk, states that the
street improvements recommended for
last year amounted to $2,187,626.12, but it
was Impossible to accomplish more than
30 per cent, of the work. Mr. Patton rec-
ommends the establishment of street
monuments in West Duluth, urging that
be restored and states that the depart-
ment was unable to do this work last
year owing to the lack of funds. Last
year a sum of $13,333.30 was appropriated
for the engineering department out of the
public fund. The value of contract work
begun by the city and the estimated value
of improvements made by private parties
under direction of the department for the
year was $226,581.31, diyided as follows:
Building-j $11,295.35
Street Improvements, paving 135,747.03
Sidewalks 46,53222
Bridges 11.36'/.02
Sewers 21,639.69
Mr. Patton s;iys that It is the custom
to retain a certain per cent, of the esti-
mate from the contractor to guarantee
that the work will be kept in order for
five years. During the year 17 miles of
sidewalks were built, consisting of 13.93
miles of wooden and 3.6 miles of cement
and tile walks.
Public Work in Nasliviiie, Tenn.
The annual report for the year 1903 has
been submitted to the board of public
works at Nashville, Tenn., by W. W.
Southgate, city engineer. During the
year the city has expended for special
street work, $119,370.08, of which $73,393.92
was contributed by the city, $45,976.16 by
the street railway company, and $6,0U0 by
property owners for paving Broad-st
and West End-ave. Street work other
than special street work during the year
cost $56,397.25, and during the year the
total expenditures for special and other
street work amounted to $175,767.33. Bi-
tullthic paving was laid on Broad and
Woodland-sts. and West End-ave..
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MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE.
197
by 337 acres; the length of the streets
by 9 35-100 miles; the length of the alleys
3 miles, which was occasioned by the an-
nexation of the new territory in prox-
imity to Centennial Park, known as the
Twenty-flfth ward. The total lengrth
of streets graded and macadamized dur-
ing the year was 2 8-10 miles. The total
length of both trunk and lateral r ewers
constructed during the year under the
supervision of the engineering depart-
ment was 8 miles. This makes the total
length of all sewers in the city, up to
January 1, 1904. 67.2 miles. Mr. South-
gate says:
If the present policy of the board in
extending the lateral sewers, in so far
as funds are available, and as rapidly
as trunk sewers are afforded, and in
such manner as to carry out a compre-
hensive system, accommodating entire
neighborhoods at one time is pursued,
it will not be a great while until the
city will be accommodated with a sewer
system the equal of any In the coun-
try.
The city is frequently put to an un-
necesrt&ry expense to clear lateral sew-
ers that, have become clogged by rea-
son of water closets emptying Into the
sewer, either without any, or without
adequate water fixtures for properly
flushing the closets, the result being
that the soil lodges in the sewer. I
would suggest that the board request
the Mayor and City Council to so
amend the ordinances governing sewer
connections as to forbid that any wa-
ter closets remain connected to a sewer
without adequate water connection to
properly flush the closets and sewer
out, and flxlng a proper penalty for the
violation of such a requirement. It
would also be well to request the Mayor
and City Council to require by ordinance
that all closets or privies within a cer-
tain specified distance— say 250 feet— of
an available city sewer, shall be directly
connected therewith by a proper water
closet arrangement
New Publications.
The Testing of Road Materials, includ-
ing the methods used and the results
obtained in the Road Material Labora-
tory incollaboratlon with the Office of
Public Road Inquiries. By Logan Wal-
ter Page, Chief and Allerton 8. Cush-
man. Chemist Road-Material Labora-
tory, XJ. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
The road material laboratory is now
nearly three years old and Its methods
of work have begun to take form, and
their present state Is shown In this pam-
phlet. W^ooden blocks, brick, stone and
gravel are tested for hardness, absorp-
tion, abrasion, toughness, cross break-
ing and tensile strength, specific grav-
ity and weight, and cement Is tested
both chemically and physically. Methods
and machinery for all these tests are set
forth and many results are given. Forms
for making reports and forms for re-
cording street traffic are given. The
publication should be valuable in In-
ducing uniformity In testing methods
and In making known the facilities for
and conditions of public testing In thlA
laboratory.
Critical Review of the Second Series of
Analysis of Materials for the Portland
Cement Industry, Made Under the
Auspices of the New York Section of
the Society of Chemical Industry. By
W. F. Hlllebrand.
This paper is a reprint from the Jour-
nal of the American Chemical Society,
and is of much interest at this time on
account of the active work which is in
progress toward uniformity in methods
of analysis and test of cements. It is
too technical for abstract, but can doubt-
less be obtained In full on application to
Mr. Hlllebrand or to the society.
L' Etude des Eaux de Sources. La Flevre
Typhoid a Auxerre en 1902. Sources de
in Dhuis. Choix de T Emplacement des
Cimitieres. Les Cavemes Penetrables a
r Homme. By Max le Couppey de la
Forest, Secretary of the Commission
for Study of the Water Supplies of
Paris, FYance.
The first four of these pamphlets are
reports of sanitary investigations made
by M. de la Forest in the line of his du-
ties. The first and third are studies of
spring water and of river sources and the
second of a typhoid fever epidemic. The
last describes some caves of greater or
less extent. M. de la Forest has recently
completed a tour of th^ United States for
the purpose of obtaining additional In-
formation regarding all these lines and
the report of his visit Is awaited with
much Interest.
Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, U.
S. Geological Survey, Washington,
D. C.
The papers In this series Issued since
March, 1908, are as follows:
No. 77, on the water resources of Molo-
kal, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar
Llndgren.
No. 78, a preliminary report on artesian
basins in southwestern Idaho and south-
western Oregon, by I. C. RusseL
No. 79, on normal and polluted water in
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196
MUNICIPAL ENGINEEBING.
northeastern United States, by M. O.
Leighton.
No. 80, on the relation of rainfall to
run-off, by G. W. Rafter.
No. 81, on California hydrography, by
J. B. Llppincott.
Nos. 82, 83, and 84, report of progress of
stream measurements for 1902, by F. H.
Newell.
These titles serve to show to some ex-
tent the breadth of the work of the sur-
vey and the examination of the pamph-
lets makes known this practical char-
acter, though the preliminary nature of
some of them is mainly indicative of
what may be expected of the later full
reports. Those interested in the subjects
treated can obtain copies of the various
papers on application to their Congress-
men or in some cases to the Director of
the U. S. Geological Survey.
Ii'Etat Actuel de I'Blectroculture. By
M. E. GuarinI, 70 Bvd Charlemagne,
Bruxelles, Belgium.
This little pamphlet gives the results
of some experiments with 'the culture of
vegetables under electric currents, show-
ing the beneficial effects of certain cur-
rents and the methods of applying them.
Index of the Technical Press. Asso-
ciation de la Presse Technique, Brux-
elles, Belgium.
The monthly numbers of this valuable
publication show constant improvement,
and though scarcely a year old £u:e now
quite four times the size of those at the
beginning. The editors cover the period-
icals which they index more thoroughly
than any similar publication and give
full representation to all branches of en-
gineering. A large number of American
and foreign periodicals is now on the list
and the price of subscription. 5 shillings
(11.26) a year Is no indication of Its value.
Only a large circulation can make so low
a price possible.
Merchants' Association Review, vol. vil,
to September, 1903. Merchants' Asso-
ciation, San Francisco, Cal.
The collection of the monthly numbei-s
of the publication of the San Francisco
Merchants' Association shows clearly the
value of the work done by this public-
spirited body, to which the city of San
Francisco Is most largely indebted for
and a field for the discussion of public
problema and the formation of public
opinion. The public-spirited business men
of other cities may well study the meth-
ods of this active club and can attain
to some measure of its success if they
will put into their efforts the same busi-
ness ability and push.
Nine Feet from Pittsburg to Cairo. By
Albert Bettlnger. CIncinati. O.. 16 pp.
and map.
This pamphlet contcdns a speech by the
Hon. Albert Bettlnger of Cincinnati be-
fore the ninth annual convention of the
Ohio Valley Improvement Association at
Evansvile. Ind., in October, 1908, and gives
the arguments in favor of a nine-foot
stage of water from Pittsburg to Cairo.
It is full of facts and figures and should
have a favorable effect upon public opin-
ion In this direction.
Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual
Convention of the American Water
Works Association. Held at Detroit,
Mich., June. 1903. John M. Diven, Sec-
retary, Elmlra, N. Y.
This volume contains 724 pages without
counting the advertising pages, is printed
in large and readable type and is well
illustrated with a photograph of Presi-
dent L. N. Case and numerous drawings
and photographs illustrating the various
papers which were presented.
Many of the papers are of much value
and the discussions as well an the other
proceedings of the convention are given
in full.
An arrangement has been made by
which the proceedings can be obtained of
the secretary, the amount paid for them
being credited on his membership fee if
the purchaser makes application for
membership during the year.
The association is in a flourishing con-
dition and about 350 members and their
families attended the convention. The
next meeting will be held in St. Louis.
Free-hand Lettering: Being a treatise
on plain lettering from the practical
standpoint for use in engineering
schools and colleges. By Victor T. Wil-
son, M. E. 106 pp., 13 plates. Cloth. $1.
John Wiley & Sons. New York City.
Mr. Wilson has prepared a very satis-
factory little book for the beginner on
simple lettering. He rightly assumes
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MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE.
199
If combined with Brown's "Letters and
Lettering," which was reviewed In Mu-
nicipal Engineering some months ago* the
two books cover the whole field of letter-
ing very satisfactorily.
Hendricks' Commercial Register of the
United States, for buyers and sellers.
Especially devoted to the interests of
the architectural, mechanical, engineer-
ing, contracting, electrical, railroad,
iron, steel, mining, mill, quarrying and
kindred industries. 1.326 pp. Cloth, |6.
Samuel C. Hendricks Company, 76 Elm-
St., New York City.
This Is the edition for the year be-
ginning Nov. 1, 1903, of the standard
directory of manufacturers, dealers, en-
gineers, architects and all other interested
in any sort of construction or in materials
and apparatus for construction. The book
increases In size each year, an Indication
that it is keeping up with the develop-
ments in business. A measure of this in-
crease Is found in the index which, in the
last edition ocupied 138 columns, and in
this edition requires 168 columns. A little
circular of question and answers, which
can be had for the asking, shows what
the scope of the book is and some of the
many uses to which it can be put.
The Mechanical Engineer's Reference
Book, by Henry H. Suplee, Member oi
the American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers.
This book is published by J. B. Lippln-
cott Company, Philadelphia, Pa. The de-
mand for the book has be^n so large that
a second printing was required before the
date of publication of the book, and the
publishers are now prepared to fill all
orders. The work contains 800 pages, 450
illustrations, and is furnished with a very
complete index. It is of pocket size,
bound In limp leather, and can also be
supplied with a thumb subject-index for
60 cents additional to the regular price,
which is $5 net. Fuller notice will be
given later.
Munfcfpal and State Reports.
Eighth Annual Report of the Board of
Water Commissioners of Atlantic City,
N. J., for year ending September 1, 1903.
Kenneth Allen, Engineer and Superin-
tendent.
Under Mr. Allen the works, which were
recently acquired by the city, have been
considerably Improved and recommenda-
tions for further Improvements are made
in the report. The summary of statistics
is made on the standard form.
The cost of the works has been $1,302,402
and the bonded Indebtedness is $1,250,500.
The sinking fund now amounts to 131,500.
Receipts from water rates have been $52,-
211 and from bond issue $85,000. Mainten-
ance cost $69,176, Interest $57,643 and the
sinking fund took $36,211. Construction
cost $46,993.
The estimated city population on the
lines of pipe is 36,500, but the summer
population is more than this by 100,000
to 225,000 persons, ordinarily 150,000. This
causes some peculiarities in the consump-
tion. Thus the average dally conBump-
tlon for the year is 3,967,546 gallons and
the average during the summer on the
basis of 150,000 additional population is
5.656,336 gallons. The average consump-
tion per Inhabitant computed in the usual
way is HO gallons. The summer consump-
tion is 38 gallons and the winter con-
sumption is 94 gallons, computed on the
average population for the two seasons.
Monthly analyses of the water are
made, both chemical and bacteriological.
The water In the Absecon Canal, the
source of supply, comes from cedar
swamps and there is salt from the sea
spray blown Inland in storms, which
make the ordinary chemical indications
of little value. Bacteriologlcally the wa-
ter shows well, there being seldom more
than 300 bacteria per cubic centimeter,
and bacillus coll communis seldom show-
ing a sample of one cubic centimeter,
though they always show in quantities of
10 and 20 centimeters. The removal of
barns and barnyards on the banks of the
reservoir and canal is recommended to
Insure safety from accidental pollution
of a dangerous character.
Fifty-first annual report of the Railroad
Commissioners of Connecticut, with sta-
tistical tables of steam and street rail-
ways. W. F*. Wlllcox, W. O. Seymour
and O. R. Fyler, Commissioners, Hart-
ford, Conn.
The railroad statistics are of great
value and Interest, but room can only be
made for a few. The length of road re-
porting is 4.438 miles, 1,861 miles being in
Connecticut. The average cost of the
roads was $78,056 a mile, the average
capitalization is $78,062 and the average
funded debt is $24,567. Gross earnings are
$20,748 per mile of road operated, net
earnings $5,302 and operating expenses
$16,295. The summaries in the report go
into detail on maintenance of way and
equipment, transportation, traffic and
freight, fuel, employes, equipment, acci-
dents, grade crossings, etc. The net
earnings are 7.6 per cent, of the total cap-
ital stock and indebtedness. Still greater
detail is given regarding each individual
road, the same for both steam and elec-
tric lines.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The street railways show an average
cost of construction and equipment of
$80,773 a mile of road owned and $66,939 a
mile of road operated. Capital stock per
mile of road owned is $46,122, and bonds
are $34,931 per mile, including sidings. The
gross earnings are $6,798. the net earn-
ings $2,021 and the operating expenses
$4,777 per mile operated.
An appendix gives the state laws regu-
lating railroads of cdl kinds and the
powers and duties of the Railroad Com-
mission.
Third Report on the Highways of Mary-
land, by A. N. Johnson, Highway En-
gineer. Maryland Geological Survey,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Md.
Aside from the reports of the small
amount of road improvement done under
the present laws, the report contains some
valuable woili, such as an outline of a
county road law prepared at the request
of the grand jury in one county. This
provides for a board of road commis-
sioners, a roads engineer, supervisors of
districts, methods of making appropria-
tions and keeping accounts.
Some tests of paving bricks, comparing
the use of old cast-iron shot, new cast-iron
shot and chilled steel shot are given,
showing percentages of loss in the rattler
of 16.2, 17.9 and 20.7 with the three kinds
respectively, with a hard brick, and 24.2,
24.5 and 28.3 with a soft brick. The shape
of the shot is said to exercise little in-
fluence, and the hardness of the brick,
in comparison with the difference in
. equisility of material of which the shot is
made.
Some tests of concrete bars 6 by 6 by
24 to 80 inches are reported, also some
tests on the tensile strength of cement.
The latter were made on rings which
were pulled apart by exerting air pres-
sure on the inner surface of the rings.
The data are not suflfldent in ntim-
ber to warrant conclusions as to the
comparison of this method with the ordi-
nary briquette method.
Mayor's Annual Message and the twenty-
seventh annual report of the Depart-
shows the reasons for the poverty of the
city in low valuations and favoritism of
officials fixing the valuations and tax
rates. The street question is well handled.
A compliment is paid to creosoted wood
blocks and a municipal creosoting plant
at the house of correction is suggested.
City work is said to com];>are favorably
with contract work, and contractors'
combinations are blamed for high prices,
so that it is claimed the only solution of
the present difficulties Is a municipal de-
partment of construction. The work done
in removing garbage is commended in
this connection. The city has completed
by day labor contracts on a land tunnel
of the water works and one of the tunnels
under the lake which had been abandoned
by the contractors and has also con-
structed by day labor two water pipe
tunnels and is now building a lateral in-
tercepting sewer. In all these cases the
Mayor gives comparisons showing the
superior results of the municipal con-
struction, and especially the saving in
cost. The civil service is commended.
Track elevation, subways, pneumatic
tubes, strikes and social problems have
their full measure of attention.
Fifth Annual Report of the Board of
Water and Light Commissioners.
Duluth, Minn., 1903. L. N. Case, Man-
ager and Secretary.
The earnings of the department for 1903
exceeded the expenditures for operation,
maintenance and interest chargres by
$32,000. The accumulated earnings of the
department are $90,000, nearly all of which
has been applied on construction. The
demands for extensions are greater than
can be met in this way and $60,000 addi-
tional is desired, which would be added to
the bonded indebtedness. Extensions arc
only made when the guaranteed income
from them will pay 8 per cent, on the
cost, but the cost is computed at $1.60 a
foot, that of pipe for local service, and
when the necessities of the distribution
service require larger pipe, the board
considers the additional cost properly a
charge upon the system at large. Rock
excavations sometimes make a similar
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POWER TRANSMISSION.
201
consumers $2,648, or a total profit of more
than 110,000.
A new pump is one of the necessities of
the immediate future.
The board also operate:^ the city gas
works, which earned $4,584 of the surplus
given.
A contract has been made with the
Zenith Furnace Company to furnish gas
to the city for Its distribution, at a price
slightly less than the cost of making gas
in the city's own plant. The surplus is
$3,000 greater than for the year before, al-
though the higher price of coal added
$3,572 to expenses and the reduction in
rates from $1.16 to $1 made a reduction in
receipts of $6,272.
A court decision has established the
power of the board to install water
meters wherever it suspects waste of
water.
An interesting table gives the cost of
making gas and the amount of gas lost
and unaccounted for. The monthly aver-
ages of cost of gas actually made range
from 37H to 60 cents per 1,000 cubic feet,
and the g&s not acounted for varies from
3^ to 18 2-3 per cent, of the amount made.
OICOANIZATIONi
AND INDIVIDUALi
Michigan Municipal Societies— Electric Clul>— Technical Club— Personal Notes.
Convention of Michigan Municipal
Societies.
The Michigan Political Science Asso-
ciation and the League of Michigan
Municipalities held a Joint convention In
Ann Arbor, Mich., Feb. 11 and 12. at
which there was earnest and careful dis-
cussion of some Important municipal
problems.
Municipal ownership of public utilities
was discussed pro and con by F. F. In-
gram and C. A. Kent of Detroit.
Prof. Kent is the president of the Po-
litical Science Association. He took a
decided stand against the public owner-
ship, on the ground that the interest of
the workers is destroyed if they are em-
ployes of a government.
Private enterprise safeguards itself at
every step along lines of economy and ef-
ficiency, but in governmental affairs
these precautions are sensibly relaxed.
"Even if the public officials are honest and
well meaning, private affairs and the ne-
cessity of maintaining their political
standing interfere very greatly with their
administration of their public duties.
Another argument is that public own->
ership tends to an increase of taxation,
by removing taxable enterprises ftom the
field.
Thirdly, public ownership tends to make
the government all powerful, which is
contrary to our 9nglo-Saxon principles.
The advocates of public ownership of
public utilities, are obliged to go to
Great Britain for example of their theory,
and then the question is still subject to
debate. In Glasgow the most striking
example, the taxes have increased great-
ly during the past decade.
Municipalities are popularly supposed to
treat their working men better than do
private enterprises, and their argument
naturally appeals to the poor.
. One who would radically change the
great machinery of society had better
look carefully to what he does. At what
stage in the process of acquiring wealth
does a nobleman worry his fellows? He
works himself up from the bottom by or-
ganizing and developing enterprises that
give employment to workmen. The
poverty of the multitude is a great evil,
but in this country at least its main cause
is the willingness to live -on a bare sub-
sistence. For the mass of the poor the
only real help is the instilling of new
wants and the creating in them of the
industry necessary to gratify these wants.
Business seems doomed to vibrate be-
tween too great competition and too great
combination. The extreme of socialism
is unthinkable, but the scope of govern-
ment may be greatly increased.
There is a limit to the amount of tax-
ation, as people cannot pay taxes unless
their income is enough larger to allow
them to live on the difference. Contests
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
as to wages are really contests between
different classes of workers, as the con-
sumer pays for any increase in the cost
of production. Combinations of capital
under government would have the same
evils as the trusts.
Mr. Elmer Swarthout of the Grand
llapids city council, read an interesting
paper on "Some Requisites of a Good
C--y Charter." The first part of this was
a discussion of the place which should
be given to the council in the scheme of
municipal organization. After consider-
ing the plans for centralizing all power
in the hands of the mayor and for estab-
lishing bicameral councils, Mr. Swarthout
disapproved of both. He believed in a
single council with large power. This
would be niore economical than the bi-
cameral system, would fix responsibility
and would avoid the confusion which ex-
ists where the ordinance power is dis-
tributed among various boards and offi-
cials. This would be following the same
plan as private corporations, where the
board of directors is the general policy
determining power. At the same time the
council should not have executive or ad-
ministrative powers; but these should be
centered in the control of the mayor.
The latter part of the paper discussed
charter provisions in reference to fran-
chises and street improvements. On both
subjects the provisions of the Grand
Rapids charter were critlsed, and those
of the recent charter of Portland, Ore.,
were cited aprovingly. lu reference to
franchises, these limit the terms of
franchises to twenty-five years, require
public notice and a twb-thirds vote of
the council to grant a franchise, provide
for public reports from the franchise
company, authorize a referendum on all
franchises on the petition of 15 per cent,
of the voters, and empower the city to
own and operate public utilities. Mn.
Swarthout did not favor municipal owner-
ship of street railways, but legal author-
ity to do so, as a means of controlling
the franchise corporations.
He did approve, however, of cities own-
ing and leasing the street railway road-
beds.
Papers were read on "Public Works in
Detroit," bv Commissioner W. H. May-
bury and on "The Separate System of
Sewers for Small Cities," by Mayor E.
Jection. It is free from any of the more
Important objections that are urged
against its application to larger and dif-
ferently constituted communities. It is
sound in theory and has proved effective
in practice. Still better results may be
expected as the weaknesses of the law ap-
pear through repeated application and are
remedied. For my own part I am confi-
dent that It will do more to reform our
municipal governments than any other
change suggested or projected. The re-
form in the nominating system is a fun-
damental reform, for nearly all public Ills
may be traced to the initial step In the
choice of public servants.
The Ohio Municipal Code was explained
by M. G. Denman, city solicitor of Toledo.
The progress toward uniformity in
municipal accounting was recounted by
Charles Carroll Brown of Indianapolis,
editor of Municipal Engineering, special
attention being given to the new Ohio
law. The work of the Wisconsin league
was described by Prof. S. E. Sparling, its
secretary.
The social features were not neglected.
Such meetings as this are ftruitful of re-
sults beneficial to the government of the
municipalities of the state and country.
Prof. J. A. Fairlie, the secretary of both
organizations, was largely responsible for
the high character of the papers pre-
sented and for the general success of the
convention.
«
Technical Meetings.
The fourth annual meeting of the Wis-
consin Clay Workers' Association will be
held at Portage, Wis., March 1, 2 and 3.
The twenty-sixth annual convention of
the Illinois Clay Workers' Association
was held at Danville, 111., January 5 and
6. Among the papers presented were the
following: "Civic Improvements," D. H.
Jansen, Pekin, 111.; "Necessary Sizes of
Drain Tiles," L. R. Whitney. Teri«
Haute, Ind.; "Road Construction," F. 8.
Selley, Danville, 111.; "Power Generation
. for Brick Plants," John T. Thompson.
Chicago. Officers for the ensuing year
were elected as follow: president, Frank
W. Butterworth, Danville, 111.; vice-presi-
dent, O. W. Dunlap, Bloomington. 111.;
secretary, George H. Hartwell, Chicago;
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
203
boards of supervisors of the state of New
Tork was held at Albany, N. Y., January
26 and 27. Officers were elected as follows:
chairman, Hon. Eugene L. Burnette, On-
tario county; secretary, H. E. Cook,
Lewis county; vice-presidents— Peter
Walker, Albany county; Una A. Pollard^
Broome; F. E. Whitmore, Cortland; Geo.
H. Butterfleld, Chenango; James A.
"Woodward, Erie; E. V. Decker. Herki-
mer; A. Bickelhaupt, Jefferson; Adam
Kotary, Lewis; J. T. McCUntock, Monroe;
T. R. Staley, Montgomery; F. E. Swan-
cott. Oneida; John Schumann, Jr., Rens-
selaer; Joseph S. Barnes, Seneca; Phillip
Shautz, Ulster; Dr. Wm. C. Smith, St.
Lawrence.
The next annual convention of the Na-
tional Good Roads Association will be held
In St. Louis, May 19, 20 and 21. Practical
demonstrations of road making methods
will be given during the convention.
The twelfth annual convention of the
Northwestern Electrical Associatian was
beld in Milwaukee, January zO, 21 and 22.
Officers for the ensuing ye6r were elected
as follows: president, T. F. Grover, Fond
du Lac, Wis.; vice-presidents, George H.
Lukes, Evanston and F. A. Daniel, Me-
nominee; secretary- treasurer, Thomas R.
Mercein, Milwaukee.
The eighteenth annual convention of
the National Brick Manufacturers' As-
sociation was held at Cincinnati, O., Feb.
1 to 13 inclusive. Among the papers
presented were: "Neglected D etails In
Brick Pavement Construction," Prof. I.
O. Baker, Champaign, 111. and "Brick
Pavements, or the Permanent Improve-
ment of City Streets," W. E. Gunn, C. E.,
Covington, Ky.
The nineteenth annual meeting of the
Illinois Society of Civil Engineers and
Surveyors was held at Champaign, 111.,
Jan. 20, 21 and 22. Prof. Ira O. Baker
opened the meeting with an address of
welcome to which President John W. Al-
vord responded. An address was then
delivered by Dean N. C. Ricker on the
College of Engineering of the University
of Illinois. The annual address of Pres-
ident Alvord, on "Harnessing the Forces
of Nature for the Use of Man," followed.
In the absence of F. E. Herdman, his
paper on "Municipally Owned Water, Gas
and Electric Light Plants," was read
by the secretary, and the methods em-
ployed by Winnetka to furnish its resi-
dents with light and water were de-
scribed. The practical uses of concrete
on the farm were described by L. Z. Jones.
O. L. Gearheart submitted a paper on
'•Concrete Foundations for Pavements."
The sixteenth annual meeting of the
Iowa Engineering Soc*ety was held in
Des Moines, January 20, 21 and 22. A
paper on "Nishnabotna River Improve-
ments" was read by Seth Dean of Green-
wood; "Street Grades" by Prof. L. Hig-
glns of Des Moines; "Experiences of a
County Surveyor," I. W. Hoffman of Car-
roll; "The New Melan Arch Bridge at
Waterloo," W. L. Newton; "Sanitary
Engineering," Prof. C. S. Magowan of
Iowa City; "Official Methods in Struc-
tural Iron Works," Prof. L. E. Ashbaugh
of Ames; "Railway Construction from
the Resident Engineer's Standpoint,"
Prof F. C. French of Ames; "Electric
Power for Railways," Prof. B. S. Lamp-
hear of Ames.
The Engineers' Club of Columbus, O.,
elected officers February 6 ab follows;
President, W. F. McGruder; vice-presi-
dents, W. T. Guy and W. K. Danman;
secretary, H. M. Gates; treasurer, Wm.
Michael.
The Engineers' Club of Philadelphia,
held a meeting February 20 and a paper
on "Reinforced Concrete in Building
ConstrucUon." was read by E. G. Per-
rott.
« —
Personal Notes.
, John E. Reynolds has been elected
Mayor at Meadville. Pa.
J. W. Barnett has been reappointed
city engineer at Athens, Ga.
T. J. Moreland has been re-elected city
engineer at Knoxvllle, Tenn.
J. P. Ogden has resigned as first as-
sistant city engineer at Cleveland, O.
Edward Lynch has been reappointed
fire commissioner at Fall River, Mass.
Hon. John A. Roche, former mayor of
Chicago, 111., died suddenly February 10.
William Gavlii Taylor has been reap-
pointed city engineer at Medford, Mass.
Robert Hoffman has been appointed
first assistant city engineer at Cleveland,
O.
Robert Clark, Jr.. has resigned as a
member of the council at North Plalnfield.
N. J.
Daniel Phillips has been appointed coun-
cilman, to succeed C. U. Davis, at Glen-
vllle, O.
Walter W. Crosby has accepted the gen-
eral superlntendency of parks at Balti-
more,- Md.
John F. Sprenkle has been elected su-
perintendent of the Lehigh Waf-r Com-
pany, at Easton, Pa.
Park Woodward has been re-elected
general manager of the water-works de-
partment at Atlanta, Ga.
William Mayer, alderman and chairman
of the finance committee of city council
at Chicago, 111., died February 12 of apo-
plexy.
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David Hoover has been re-elected su-
perintendent of the Waynesboro Water
Company at Waynesboro, Pa.
J. S. O'Conneli has been appointed
chairman of the Board of Water Com-
missioners at Marlboro. Mass.
George Dwyer has been appointed city
engrineer and Thomas J. Schoenlaub as-
sistant city engineer at Marion. O.
Rufus Benye has been reappointed a
member bf the water commission f^r a
term of three years at Atlantic City, N. J.
Arthur J. Cox, secretary and treasurer
of the Iowa Engineering Company, Clin-
ton, la., will have his office at Iowa City,
la.
Christopher Harrison has been reap-
pointed city engineer at Everett, Mass.
This is Mr. H£u:rison's seventh consecu-
tive term.
David A. Hartwell has been re-elected
city engineer at Fitchburg, Mass. Mr.
Hartwell has held this position for thir-
teen years.
J. O. Magruder has been elected city
engineer and Frank Talbott superintend-
ent of water works and electric lighting
at Danville, Vr.
Mr. Edward B. Bllicott, city electrician
of Chicago, has been appointed chief elec-
trician and mechanical engineer of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
George H. Boughman has been re-elect-
ed city engineer and James L. Zeigler
and William E. Snyder first and second
assistants, respectively, at Wilmington,
Del.
Bertram Brewer has been reappointed
city engineer, Richard A. Jones superin-
tendent of streets a!hd Leroy Brown su-
perintendent of water-works at Waltham,
Mass.
O. C. Simonds, landscape engineer, of
Chicago, 111., addressed the Woman's
Club of Moline, HI., February 15, on
"Town Improvement or Beautiful Sur-
roundings."
Asa B. Prichard has been appointed
commissioner of streets at Somerville,
Mass., to succeed his father John P.
Prichard. who has held the position for
nearly eight years.
John H. Kelman has resigned his posi-
tion as superintendent of the Stanley
Electric Company of Pittsfleld, Mass., to
accept a position with the Allis-Chalm-
ers Company of Chicago, 111.
George A. Clark of East Boston has
been appointed engineer for Simpson
Bros. Corporation, 106 Devonshire-st.,
Boston, to conduct the business of its
steel-concrete construction department.
Russell L. Dunn has been appointed
special assistant engineer for the Board
of Public Works at San Francisco, Cal.,
in an investigation for fixing the water
rates of the Spring Valley Water Com-
pany.
C. F. Berger, formerly with the San-
dusky Portland Cement Company, is now
the Chicago - sales agent of the Atlas
Portland Cement Company, with offices
in the Marquette building.
John Geist has established an office
as consulting engineer at 38 Exchange
Building, Milwaukee, Wis. Mr. Geist
has been acting as engineer of the Mil-
waukee plant of the American Bridge
Company.
T. Chalkley Hatton, M. Am. Soc. C. E.,
has resigned as consulting engineer to
the sewer department of Wilmington,
Del., and will devote all his t'me to pri-
vate practice.
Arthur W. Tldd has accepted a position
as assistant engineer with the Charles
River Basin Commission. Mr. Tidd has
been recently engaged in work for the
commission on additional water supply
for New York City.
Frederick A. Waldron, formerly super-
intendent of power and plant at the
works of the Yale & Towne Manufactur-
ing Company, at Stamford, Conn., has
established himself as a consulting engi-
neer in power plant construction.
Mazyck Ravenel has been sent to
Charleston, S. C, by the American Pipe
Company to make an analysis of
Goose Creek water, and as soon as com-
pleted the result of his Investigation will
be reported to that company.
Albert E. Greene, a practicing engineer
and the son of the late dean of the en-
gineering department of the University
of Michigan, Charles E. Greene, has been
appointed as assistant professor of civil
engineering to take charge of the class
work formerly done by his father. A suc-
cessor to the deanship has not yet been
appointed.
Dr. Kiosaburo Futami, professor of civil
engineering in the Kyoio Imperial Uni-
versity, Japan, arrived m Boston, Mass.,
February 2. He will siutty certain
branches of civil engineering, and par-
ticularly tho bridges of the largest cities,
while in this country. Dr. Futami is mak-
ing his headquarters with the American
Society of Civil Engineers In New York
City while here.
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MACHINERY AND TRADE
St. Louis Bitulithic Contracts Upheld
by Supreme Court.
The Missouri Supreme Court rendered
a decision on Feb. 24 upholding the
Board of Public Improvements of St.
Louis in the matter of paving W. Pine-
boulevard with bituminous macadam.
William F. Swift, one of the property-
holders along the way of the proposed im-
provements, sought to Invalidate the
special tax bills because the city au-
thorities specified Warren's bituminous
macadams The court holds that the
Board of Public Improvements had au-
thority, under the. charter of the city, to
so specify.
The decision sustained the judgment of
Circuit Judge Wood, who, in giving his
decision, said: "The testimony strongly
tends to show *.hat there are no manufac-
turers In the United States manufactur-
ing coal tar cement for street paving pur-
poses other than that manufactured by
the Warren Bros." This statement the
Board of Public Improvements quoted in
their answer to the request by the House
of Delegates for a statement in regard to
why certain Warren's materials were
specified in street bills In preference to
other materials, which. It was claimed,
barred competition on street work. War-
ren's waterproof cement, which Is used
in mixing the ingredients of bituminous
macadam, is patented by the Warren
Bros., and, according to the board mem-
bers, is the best waterproof material ever
submitted for paving purposes, and there-
fore had been recommended by them In
construction work, where the board's dis-
cretion had been called upon.
Judge Gantt wrote the decision.
A report of the decision of the lower
court, which Is now affirmed by the Su-
preme Court, will be found in Municipal
Engineering, vol. xxiv, p. 284.
Development of the Automobile.
The rapid and progressive growth of
the automobile industry within the past
ten years has had great Infiuence on en«
gineering problems. These vehicles are
and have been one of the factors helpful
to the movement for better roads and
paved streets. The Industry ha^ opened
a new industrial field for manufacturers
and mechanical men. The problems that
have been solved In connection with the
automobile as a pleasure conveyance are
now being adopted for every day, prac-
tical use. The plow, lawnmower, truck,
reaper, fire-engine, street-sweeper, street-
sprinkler, and many other horse-drawn
vehicles have been the medium for appli-
cation of power for self-propulsion.
The two great automobile shows of the
year have been held at New York and
Chicago, each of them giving a splendid
idea of the advancement of the industry.
Neither show exhibited anything radical'
ly new, although many builders and de-
signers have changed their methods of
construction. Foreign Ideas are bein^'
taken by Americans and blended with oui
own methods, with the consequent in-
crease in strength and utility.
The present tendency is toward the in-
crease of power and the decreasing of
weight In ratios that add strength,
power and speed to machines. All manu-
facturers are endeavoring to bring the
weights of their machines within the
limits of one horse-power for every hun-
dred pounds of weight or less.
The Chicago show emphasized the fact
that the two-cylinder crouble opposed,
and three and four-cylinder vertical mo-
tors are being universally recognised.
The single cylinder engine has been dis-
carded on all machines with the exception
of runabouts, the main objection to if
being Its excessive vibration and the in-
ability satisfactorily to construct single
cylinder motors of over eight to nine-
horse power, although the style Is sim-
ple to operate and gives little trouble.
The two-cylinder double opposed engine
is especially well adapted to hilly coun-
try and bad, rocky roads, where large
power is desired, but not great speeds
This type gives very little vibration and
propels a machine very smoothly. Many
prominent firms exhibited cars with this
style motor at Chicago. Among whom
were such firms as the Wlnton Company,
Haynes-Apperson Company, Steams
Bros.. Kirk Manufacturing Company,
Apperson Bros., and the Ford Company.
It was a noticeable fact at Chicago that
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206
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
many new companies were following the
lead of these older concerns and building
cars with this same type of motor.
Quite a number of Arms exhibited two-
cylinder vertical engrines. This is an
economical engine and gives very good
service, but it has been found exceedingly
difficult to attain perfect balance for the
reason that the cranks are necessarily
opposed, while the cylinders and pistons
are not, both being vertical. The posi-
tions of cranks and pistons consequently
give the engine irregular impulses when
an explosion occurs.
One of the newest and most thoroughly
built cars and one that in all probability
was surrounded more continually than
others by mechanical engineers and en-
thusiasts was a three-cylinder ma-
chine. Although several American
Arms have been rather unsuccess-
ful with this style of motor
'others have proved it is entirely practical
and very serviceable. Prominent foreign
manufacturers, such as the Panhard-
THE THOMA8INE.
Instantly Convertible Into Inclosed or Open Car
Without Alighting.
Levassor Company, are making a special
feature of their three-cylinder motors.
This engine gives almost perfect balance,
with one-third less of wearmg parts than
a four-cylinder, is one-third less compli-
cated and bums one-third less fuel, to
say nothing of the decrease in trouble
with valves, ignition, lubrication, bearings
and coolings. Above all, and perhaps one
of the most important features, it is less
expensive than the four-cylinder motor,
which gives the same results in regard
to power and balance, but with the addi-
tional drawbacks mentioned. The three-
cylinder motor was exhibited in such
numbers at Paris that it was pronounced
cal construction and have at the same
time provided for the safety and com-
fort of the tourist. Their three-cylinder
motor develops twenty-four horse power
at a normal speed of 900 revolutions per
minute. The cylinders are cast individu-
ally, facilitating ease of repair in case of
necessity. The power Is transmitted
through a very neat sliding gear trans-
mission, with three speeds forward and
one reverse, the drive being direct on the
high gear, with no gears meshed. A
countershaft, bevel geared to the trans-
• mission, then carries the power to the
rear wheels through two side chains.
Safety devices are numerous throughout
the car, making It simple and safe for
the most careless chauffeur. Three brakes
are provided, one on the differential shaft
and two on the rear wheels attached to
drums. All brakes may be applied, the
clutch disengaged and the throttle re-
leased by applying the emergency brake.
Another feature that appeals to drivers
in hilly countri is the device that abso-
lutely locks the rear wheels if through
any. mishap the car should begin to trav-
el backward on a steep and treacherous
incline. This is accomplished through
the use of a pawl and ratchet in each
brake drum on the rear wheels.
The Thomas people seem to have solved
the problem of winter and summer tour-
ing with the introduction of their new
six-passenger limousine body. This body
is of beautiful design, resembling the
usual canopy topped car, but the tonneau
is very ingeniously inclosed in plate
glass that may be taken out or put in
with little trouble. A hot water pipe is
run through the tonneau for the comfort
of the occupants in cold weather. A
plate glass is placed in front of the
chauffeur and side curtams 'are provided
for his protection. •
With all of these features the car aver-
ages eighty-three pounds of weight for
every horse power, thus making it one of
the lightest of the high-power machines
at the shew.
Many "ars were equipped with four-
cylinder engines, ranging from sixteen to
sixty horse-power. In fact, the general
tendency seems to be toward four-cylin-
der motors. They give very little vibra-
tion with light power but are necessarily
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
207
movinsT machine comes from the chains
and transmission.
Foreign manufacturers are using th*i
four-cylinder engine to a great extent
and the American designs are following
their lead. R. F.
A Successful Type of Dump Wagon.
The accompanying cut shows the
Hoosier dump wagon, which is manu-
factured by the Studebaker Brothers'
Manufacturing Company of South Bend,
Ind. The cut shows most of the points
of interest In the wagon, with its latest
improvements, including the turn-under
front gear and the levers and chains by
which the dri>er can operate the dump-
used without tooling, or can be tooled
In any manner desired. The special fea-
ture of the method is the filling of the
mold partially with water before putting
in the concrete mixture for making the
stone. The mixture may be fed in dry
or of desired consistency, and as it is
deposited the water rises In the mold
and when the stone is finished the water
stands a fraction of an inch deep upon
the surface. After about twenty-four hours
the water has nearly disappeared, the
mold can be removed and the stone is
cured for any desired period before using.
The claims for the stone made in this
way are that it is nearer the natural
stone in appearance and color, that it is
close grained enough to be waterproof,
THE STUDEBAKER DUMP WAGON.
Ing mechanism without leaving his seat.
The Studebaker gruaranty goes with this
wagon, as it goes with all their vehicles.
The company can furnish on the shortest
notice any description of dump wagons,
•contractors' carts, garbage wagons, street
sprinklers, street sweepers or other mu-
nicipal vehicles of any sort. It has the
reputation of keeping all its vehicles up-
to date, equipping them with all the
latest improvements.
^tone Making by the Lake Process.
Three patents have recently been Is-
sued to Mr. Albert Lake for molding ar-
tificial stone, which are the result of
:8ome years of exper.'.once in molding such
Atone and embody the ideas which he
has developed as a result of this ex-
perience. One of these patents, No.
743,525, dated November 10, 1908, describes
a method Intended to produce a stone
free from craze or surface cracks and
iiaving a smooth surface which can be
that it can be cut or ornamented like
stone, has greater tensile strength than
stone and is otherwise much stronger.
Blocks are made solid or hollow of any
desired shape or reasonable size and with
all sorts of ornamentation of face.
The wet pToce»H is used so that no
tamping is necessary, and no acid^ are
used. The process is simple and inexpen-
sive and the product as stated above is
claimed to be superior. Crushed stone
and Portland cement are used and hollow
blocks, plain or tooled face, are made for
foundations and walls of plain buildings.
Heavier and finer blocks with rock or
tooled face are made for higher class
building walls. Blocks of any size or
shape, solid or hollow are made to suit
any class of buildings for trimmings or
for walls. The price of the common
foundation blocks is low enough to per-
mit competition with common brick. The
walls of a building can be furnished com-
plete from bottom of foundation to roof,
or any part, including window and door
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
sills and lintels, belt courses and cornices
frieze, columns, capitals, pilasters, balus-
trades, posts, steps, caps, coping, chim-
ney caps, as well as any oramental or
useful objects usually made of stone of
iron, terra cotta and other materials.
Montfort and Weaver, 45 Clinton-st.,
Newark, N. J., are the general sales
agents for territory and appliances for
operating under the Lake patents.
Artiffciai Stone Making.
In the rush to make a machine that
would produce- concrete building blocks,
the most essential feature, that of pro-
1 inch high and 4 inches wide an the
under side of each block, thus connecting
all vertical air spaces a^ well as forming
a convenient hand-hold for the mason in
laying the wall.
This form of hollow block is made in aU
sizes and shapes desired in building con-
struction with one machine, a great sav-
ing in first cost to a concrete block manu-
facturer. The machine is built of Iron
and steel in a most thorough manner and
has no complicated mechanism. It has
few parts and a large range of adjust-
ments. All width blocks are made with
one size pallet, which ' feature alone is a
great saving in the purchase price of a
CONCRETE BLOCK MACHINE
Of the Standard Sand and Machine Co., Cleveland, O.
ducing a sound, correctly-formed block
has often been overlooked. The Standard
Sand and Machine Company, Cleveland,
C, instead of rushing on the market last
season put in the year in developing a
block that is pronounced correct by en-
machine. Newly-made blocks are deliv-
ered upon the side, thus seasoning them
without a single crack or break in the
withes (bonds). Face designs are made
with a simple interchangeable panel de-
vice requiring but a few moments. They
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MACHINBRY AND TRADE.
209
many plans of rnbdn? plants installed
by this firm.
♦
A Prismatic Drum Concrete Mixer.
Tbe Stanley Prismatic Drum Concrete
Mixer is a new candidate ror popular fa-
vor, put on the market hy the Contract-
ors' Plant Company of 37 Pittsburg-st.,
Boston, Mass. This is a batch mixer
adapted to steam, gasoline or electricity
for motive power. It is driven from both
sides with considerable aavmg in power
and in wear and tear, and is said to be
the only concrete mixer so driven. The
drum is an octagonal prism with the cir-
cular driving gears at the ends. De-
flectors are attached to the plates of the
machine in such way that the concrete
mass is not only turned over by the revo-
lution of the prisnp on its axis, but is
thrown from side to side, thus giving the
same effect as a cubical box swung from
two opposite corners.
Barrows dump the material into one
end of the machine. At the other end of
the machine is a chute which in one posi-
tion keeps the material m the drum, but
by throwing a lever it drops into position
to receive the materisa as it comes to its
upper end and discharges it into a barrow
or pile outside. The water is fed by auto-
matic measurement. The drum continues
its revolution without stop either for
loading or discharging.
The capacity of this mixer is rated ac-
cording to the product turned out. not ac-
cording to the amount of materials put
in. Thus a mixture of 5 cubic feet of
cement. WA of sand and 2« of stone make
43% cubic feet of materials, which is used
as the measure of capacity of some ma-
chines. These materials make but 27 cubic
feet of concrete or one cubic yard, and
this is the rating of the Stanley mixer.
The half-yard machine will hold materials
enough to turn out 18% cubic feet of con-
crete in one batch.
The machine is lighter than similar ma-
chines.* but this lightness 5s not secured
at the expense of strength. The drum
runs so easily that, when empty, it can
be revolved by one hand.
This company also manufactures a
very satisfactory gravity concrete mixer.
•
The Stewart Cement Block Machine.
One of the simplest machines for mak-
ing cement blocks is that put on the m£u:-
ket by the Stewart Cement Block Ma-
chine Company of the Lafayette Building,
Waterloo, Iowa.
The whole machine is operated with on4*
lever. Throwing this lever down lowers
the core, opens the sides and ends and
raises the block out of the machine ready
to be taken away. Throwmg the lever
back to place sets the machine ready to
make another block. One movement is
all that is necessary for each of these
operations, for the machine is self-lock-
ing. The machine has no hopper, but is
provided with an adjustable table level
with the top of the box, which opens out
of the way by the same motion which
opens the mold or box. It is said that
three men will make from 250 to 300 blocks
a day with this machine.
Full-sized blocks of 8 by 24-inch face
and 8, 10 and 12-lnch wldtn can be made,
also fractional blocks 4, 8, 12 and 16
inches long.
The rapidity of action of the machine
and the small number of men needed are
said to make it possible to turn out blocks
at lower cost than has heretofore been
thought possible.
•
Machinery for Cement Blocks and
Posts.
The Cement Machinery and Manufac-
turing Company of Burlington, la., is an
organization formed to supply the rapidly
growing demand for machinery for mak-
ing various kinds of cement and concrete
blocks, posts, etc.
The Chicago block machine of this com-
pany will make hollow or solid blocks
and is adjustable for any sizes of blocks
up to 48 inches long, 18 inches wide and
12 Inches high. It will also make comer,
pier, flue, circle and octagon blocks. Any
desired design of face can be used.
Their Burlington rotary block machine
will do the same work and it automatic-
ally releases the block from the mold,
loads it on a car and runs the car, so
that one man can operate the machine.
The only handling necessary is to stack
the cured blocks.
The Burlington rotary post machine has
the same car system as the block ma-
chine. It makes fence posts, which can
be reinforced with any ntimber of wires,
the clips being placed at any desired dis-
tance apart. One man can make from
100 to 150 posts a day 7 feet long and 4x4
and 2x4-inch dimensions at the two ends.
The cuts on page 210 show the three ma-
chines mentioned.
The company also has a sidewalk block
machine adjustable for any thickness of
block up to six inches and any sise from
16 inches to 86 inches square. This ma-
chine can also be used for pier and flue
blocks.
With the Burlington brick machine
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The BorUa^toa Rotary Post Machine.
The Burlinffton Botary Block]Machine.
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MACHINERY AND TBADE.
211
from 16,000 to 20,000 bricks of standard size
can be made in a day, it is said.
The Burlington sewer tile molds are of
heavy sheet steel reinforced with band
iron and have heavy cast caps and bases.
They are made in stock sizes for pipe of
6 to 30 inches diameter, but can be made
of any size desired. Tank molds designed
on like principles can be furnished of any
desired diameter.
The company also manufactures a so-
lution which is said to make cement stone
impervious to water. It can be applied
by brush or sprayer.
The business of the company also in-
cludes the sale of engines, concrete mix-
ers, Portland cement and other necessai'y
machinery and materials.
Eo much to develop. There were many
difficulties and great prejudices to over-
come in manipulation and in the cheap-
ening of the product, and the users of the
machines in very many cases were igno-
rant of the methods to be used. Mr.
Palmer's efforts have aided greatly in
overcoming these difficulties and this ig-
norance, and with the cheapening in the
cost due to the lower price of cement, the
business of making cement blocks ha^ <).d-
vanced with amazing strides since inter-
est was first strongly awakened in it,
for which this magazine claims a fair
share of credit, since the beginning of the
rapid extension of the business coincided
with the notice made in Its pages of the
LAW EXCHANGE, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.
Built of H. S. Palmer Hollow Blocks.
A Pioneer Cement Building Bloclc.
The use of cement building blocks as a
successful substitute for wood, brick, ter-
ra cotta and stone, as a real factor in the
building world, is of most recent growth,
though the crude idea is many years old.
Durability is conceded, provided the
blocks are made right by right people ot
right material by right machines and
methods. It is clear that, when a manu-
facturer of cement block machines sells
a machine he does not provide brains or
common sense for the buyer. The maker
of blocks must know something about ce-
ment, its qualities and methods of man-
ipulation.
Harmon S. Palmer of Washington, D.
C, may well be termed the pioneer In the
field of cement block construction and
use. His first cement block building was
erected about sixteen years ago and is
today one of the best evidences of the
practicability of the method he has done
new applicant for favor in concrete con-
struction. The extensive sale of the ma-
chine shows its popularity, based on its
adaptability to the conditions.
Mr. Palmer has just completed a large
apartment building constructed of his
blocks on Mount Pleasant Heights, N. W.
Washington, D. C, on the lower floor of
which are his offices and also his resi-
dence.
The accompanying illustration shows
the Law Exchange, erected at Jackson-
ville, Fla., of the Palmer block. The title
of Mr. Palmer's company is The Palmer
Hollow Concrete Building Block Com-
pany, Washington, D. C.
■ ♦
Stevens Cast Stone.
In the multiplicity of machinery and
methods for making cement blocks and
artificial stone the earliest method of
casting artificial stone, should not be lost
sight of. This is the Stevens method,
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The Post.
Section of Post.
Trussed Core of Post.
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
213
using sand molds and concrete wet
enough to pour Into the molds and fill
them properly. The development of thU
method whereby sand cores are used In
making blocks, makes it possible to use a
minimum of expensive forms. Metal
cylinders or prisms surround the sand
cores during the process of forming the
stone, and they can be removed as soon
as the stone is finished, leaving the sand
in place to support the concrete until it
has set. The Stevens Cast Stone Com-
pany, 808 Chamber of Commerce, Chicago,
111., controls this method. It also claims
a patent covering its most popular form
of block, which is two slabs connected
by posts or piers of concrete, all
made at the same time and of the same
material.
•
A Portable Cement Block Machine.
Pettljohn Brothers of Terre Haute, Ind.,
have put on the market a new machine
for making cement concrete blocks for
which they claim several advantages,
such as making the blocks on the floor,
quick changes of face plate, absence of
springs, levers, cogs or gears. The blocks
are made on the spot where they are to
remain for curing and the machine is
taken away from tho completed block
and set up in position for the next block.
Iron pallets or planks for moving the
blocks are therefore not necessary. The
machine is simple, light and easily
moved.
#
An Everlasting Cement Post.
A new cement post is put on the market
by Leverett A. Pratt of Bay City, Mich.,
which has some points of interest The
core of the post is a strip of wood
trussed with No. 8 galvanized wire which
has projecting loops at proper intervals
to s^rve as fastener's for the wire or
boards used for fencing material. This
core, with its attached wire, is held in
proper position in the galvanized Iron
mold, which is set on end. Concrete of
cement, sand and gravel or broken stone
Is mixed wet enough to pour and the
mold Is then filled, making a firm, non-
porous stone post with a smoothly fin-
ished surface. The flask is then hung
up until the post is cured ready for ihe
market A wire fence may be attached
directly to the wire loops projecting from
one surface of the post. A board fence
may be similarly attached or a nailing
strip can be attached to the post to which
the fence boards may be nailed. Con-
crete posts do tiot rot burn or corrode,
and can be set so that they wUl not be
lifted by the frost. The cuts on the op-
posite page show the construction of the
post.
The Value of Advertising.
The Noyes F. Palmer Manufacturing
Company put on the market one of the
earlier machines for making concrete
building blocks, which it claims as the
original adjustable mold press for mak-
ing hollow or solid blocks. After a year's
use of the advertising pages of Municipal
Engineering Mr. N. F. Palmer says that
he knows of no publication giving so
much space to the subject and he gives
the magaalne a great share of the credit
for his monthly rush of correspondence,
which has now come from nearly eight
hundred different localities. The results
of the advertisements and the corre-
spondence seem to be equally satisfactory
to buyer and seller of machines.
Trade Publications.
The Universal Safety Tread Company,
45 Broadway, New York, describes In a
catalogue their method of giving a lead
surface for travel on steps for cars,
stairways, ladders, etc.
Worthington meters are listed In a little
descriptive catalogue of Henry R. Worth-
ington, 114 Liberty-st, New York.
The latest catalogue of the Jeffrey
Manufacturing Company, Columbus, O.,
is No. 57A, describing their machinery for
the sawmills, lumber and wood-working
industries.
The Pope Manufacturing Company,
Hartford, Conn., sends a valentine as a
reminder of the coming season for its
wares.
Calendars have been received from the
National Electric Company, Milwaukee,
Wis.; the American Cement Company.
Philadelphia, Pa.; F. L. Smidth & Co..
New York City; Troy Public Works Com-
pany, Utica, N. Y.
Julian Scholl & Co.. 126 Liberty-st., New
York City, send circulars regarding their
reversible horse rollers and the Babcock
hardpan plow.
#
TRADE NOTES.
ASPHALT.
The Whippell heirs of Kentucky have
made application for the appointment ot
a receiver for the Federal Asphalt Com-
pany, claiming that the company has not
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214
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
a clear title to the land on wliich the
rock asphalt is mined. The claims aggre-
gate $15,000.
Judge Kohlsaat appointed the Chicago
Title & Trust Company receiver in bank-
ruptcy of the assets of the Federal As-
phalt Company, Feb. 29. The petition for
a receiver alleges that the company has
been insolvent for more than four months,
and sets forth several acts in balfkruptcy
as having been committed by members of
the company, one of which is that the
company paid a bill to the Central Coal
& Iron Company, preferring that com-
pany over other creditors. It is also al-
leged that the corporation's liabilities arc
between $325,000 and $475,000, and that the
assets are considerably below this mark;
that Joseph Huftaker and William L.
Breyfogle claim to own a first mortgage
on the property of the asphalt company
for $100,000. and that other liabilities
reach a total of more than $300,000. The
assets of the company are said to include
a large tract of land in Kentucky, where
the concern's principal holdings are lo-
cated, sundry stores containing merchan-
dise, and accounts and bills receivable to
the amount of $40,000.
The C. A. Brockett Cement Co.. Kansas
City, Mo., has attached the tools and
equipment of the Federal Asphalt Com-
pan> of Chicago on a claim of $1,000.75 for
cement furnished that company.
BRICK.
The Winamac Cement Pressed Brick
Company of Winamac, Ind., has been in-
corporated to manufacture cement-sand
building blocks, and other articles which
can be made from a combination of ce-
ment and sand. The incorporators are
Samuel A. March. George T. Bouslog,
Milo E. Bond, Mont M. Hathaway and
Charles L. Weeks.
The Amsler Engineering Company, Em-
pire Building, Pitsburg. Pa., has been
Incorporated under the laws of Pennsyl-
vania to build blast, open hearth, heating
and melting furnaces, and to conduct a
general contracting business In brick and
concrete. The company lias secured a
contract from the American Steel and
Wire Company to erect one furnace and
four hot olast stovoes at Cleveland. O.
W. O. Amsler, president; A. C. Davis,
treasurer.
A plant for the manufacture of sand
brick will be constructed at Ft. Smith,
Ark., under the direction of J. T. Rabb,
a millwright of Bonham. Tex.
A vitrified brick and sewer plant Is said
to be needed at Paris, Tex.
CEMENT.
The Guarantee Cement and Stone Com-
pany, northwestern sales agents for the
cement department of the Illino !s Steel
Company of Chicago have moved to 704
New York Life building, Minneapolis,
Minn.
The Milwaukee Crushed Stone Com-
pany, Milwaukee, Wis., has been Incor-
porated to manufacture, buy and sell
stone, lime and cement by Carl F. Grell-
fuss. Joseph V. Quarles, jr., and Arthur
Wenz.
The Western Cement Company was
awarded the contract for furnishing the
city of Detroit. Mich . with natural ce-
ment during the year at 62 cents per bar-
rel.
The American Cement Post Company
has been organized at Marshall. Mich.,
and will be licensed by trustees of basic
patents on fence and other posts of ce-
ment to manufacture such products
throughout the United State.s. The first
plant will be established at Grand Rapids.
Mich. The officers of the company are:
President, S. F, Dobbins. Marshall; vice-
president. F. A. Stewart. Marshall; sec-
retary and manager, M. Gray, Mar-
shall,
The A.lax Portland Cement Company.
recently incorporated by Edward H. and
Hiram C. Bennett of New York City and
Harry H. Starntt of Bayonne, N. J., has
purchased the Tice-McCray estate, one
mile west of Pattenburg, N. J., and will
open a quarry and establish a cement
plant.
The Cincinnati Cement and Blacking
Company, Cincinnati, O.. has been incor-
porated by H. H. Patton. F. S. Fatten,
A. F. Ryan, W. Hughes and J. A. Carr.
The Logan Portland Cament Company
is preparing to build a cement plant at
Fenton, Mich., according to press re-
ports.
The Portland Cement Conetruction
Company, Milwaukee, Wis., has besn in-
corporated by Charles Becker, William
Grell and Charles B. Frick.
The Anadarko Plaster and Cement
Company, Anadarko. Okla.. has been in-
corporated by Homer W. Dunbar, H. G.
R. GilUtte. J. D. Thompson, James F.
Stick. T. B. Page. J. G. Gallagher. George
Baker, J. E. Tarrington. J. D. Nicholson.
W. J. Lacy and A. W. Koorilz.
The Gulf States Portland Cement Com-
pany, Huron, S. D., has been Incorporated.
Wo are a<lvlsed by the Edison Portland
Cement Company that the works at New
Village, N. J., which have been for some
time past under construction, are now
completed and in operation. The plant
was designed and built under the direct
supervision of Thomas A. Edison, the
well-known Inventor, and contains many
novel and ingenious appliances, resulting
in great economies in the handling of
material, and in uniformity, fineness and
product of exceedingly Mgh grade. Owing
to superior scientific methods employed,
the company is in position to guarantee
unusually fine grinding, over 85 per cent.
passing 200 mesh and 98 per cent, passing
100 mesh. The present capacity of the
plant is 1,500 barrels daily. Much of the
equipment, however, is on basis of 10,000
barrels daily, and by June 1 it will have
a capacity of 3,000 barrels daily. The
plant will gradually be increased by ad-
ditional units representing 1,500 barrels
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
215
dally capacity until the ultimate limit of
10,000 barrels dally will be reached.
The charter of the lola Portland Cement
Company of Dallas, Tex., was filed Jan.
30, at Austin, by Edwin M. Reardon. Jas.
C. Duke, of Dallas; Sheldon H. Bassett,
St. Louis; Edgrar H. Ryan, Davenport.Ia.;
Chas. H. Pope, Moline, 111., the company
having acquired 'the properties of the
Texas Portland Cement Company.
The contract for furnishing 4,300 barrels
of Portland Cement for use in the exten-
sion of the concrete breakwater at Mar-
quette, Mich., was awarded to F. B.
Spear & Sons, at $1.79 a barrel.
A new cement company has been or-
ganized, according to pre&s reports, to
build a plant one-half mile north of the
Om*^ga Company, in Scipio, Mich. The
new company will be known as the Dei-
ta Cement Company. The officers of the
company are as follows:' President, Wes-
ley Sears. Jackson, Mich.; vice-president.
Prof. D. E. Haskins, Scipio, secretary and
treasurer. Dr. E. R. Espio, Jonesville.
In the United States Circuit Court at
Baltimore. Md., February 5, the Carolina
Portland Cement Company obtained a
verdict for $4,000, and Ira C. Hutchinson
for $2,000 damages against the Maryland
Cement Company. The Carolina Portland
Cement Company alleged a breach of con-
tract for the delivery of 25.000 barrels of
cement in 1902. The amount claimed was
$18.0*»0. The Maryland Cement Company
claimed that it could not comply with the
contract because of inability to secure the
necessary slag to make the cement. The
verdict of the jury was for the difference
of 40 cents a barrel, which it was com-
I)elled to pay on 10.000 barrels of cement.
Ira C. Hutchinson, In the Second suit,
claimed $5,000 commission on the cement
In the first suit and other sales. The first
ease was tried before a jury, and the lat-
ter before a Judge .without a jury.
Pre.ss reports from Galveston, Tex.,
that Judge S. W. Jones, referee In bank-
ruptcy, has received from Jens Moller,
trustee in bankruptcy of the Texas Port-
land Cement & Lime Company, a re-
port of the sale to Edgar H. Ryan, of
Davenport, la.. In behalf of the lola Port,
land Cement Company for $250,000, of the
total assets of the bankrupt company.
A majority of the creditors, representing
$177,322 out of a total of $193,973 joined In a
request for speedy confirmation of the
sale. The purchaser Is to pay the sum of
$223,513 clear of all Incumbrances on said
properties upon the following terms: $100.-
000 thereof in ready money upon the de-
livery of the properties to the purchaser;
$15,000 in cash within 30 days thereafter,
and ■ the residue within 30 days there-
after; deed to be held In escrow until
all the purchase money shall have been
paid. The purchaser has also assumed
$26,486 worth of liens, which makes the to-
tal sale aggregate $250,000. Judge Jones
says that the bankrupt company will pay
its indebtedness dollar for dollar with in-
terest, and will leave from $25,000 to $40,000
to be distributed as surplus among Its
stockholders. He had approved the trus-
tee's report of sale, and as soon as the
trustee reports to him the expenses of
the first dividend of at least 60 per cent,
will be declared. Judge Jones is gratified
at the outlook for the stockholders owing
to the splendid physical condition of the
plant and the satisfactory terms of sale,
and says that he has never known a
bankrupt concern to exhibit a better
financial showing.
CONCRETE BLOCKS.
A cement company is being organized
at Watertown, S. D., and the names of
two or three foremen and the same num-
ber of finishers for sidewalk construction
are de.'^Ired. Lee Stover.
The American Concrete Construction
Company of Cincinnati, O., has been in-
corporated by Charles H. Davidson,
George P. Walker. J. H. Crawford, C. M.
Foster and Charles H. Urban.
The Building Block Manufacturing
Company, Minneapolis, Minn., has been
incorporated to manufacture hollow con-
crete building blocks by Samuel Whaley, .
William F. Porten and Charles W.
Buechner of St. Paul and James W.
Cooper of Minneapolis.
I. Hawk, EsthervUle. la., contem-
plates erecting building for the manufac-
ture of cement building blocks.
Charles Atkinson has purchased the
Interest of I. S. BInford in the Brook-
ings Cement Block Company, Brookings,
S. D.
Cement sidewalk blocks will be manu-
factured by Adams Bros, at Little Falls,
Minn.
The Cement Products Company, Web-
ster City, la., manufacturers of hollow
concrete building blocks, will add ce-
ment posts to their product this year.
The Building Material Manufacturlngr
Company, Warriw, Ind., has purchased
an outfit from the Miracle Pressed Stone-
Company of Minneapolis, Minn., and will
mnaufacture concrete building blocks.
The plant will be installed on Winona:
Lake, 3 miles east of Warsaw. F. F-
Lehew will be superintendent.
Russell Brothers, Waverly, la., have
completed arrangements with the Miracle
Pressed Stone Company for an outfit to
manufacture the Miracle hollow concrete
building block, and have purchased the
exclusive right for Butler and Bremer
Counties.
The Wapakoneta Cement Block Com-
pany, Wapakoneta, O., has been Incor-
porated to manufacture hollow concrete
blocks for building purposes.
A. J. Stacer of Chicago has purchased
the patent for a cement mold to be used
in manufacturing building blocks, and
two engines of Charles E. Shumway of
Albion, Mich.
The Cement Building Block and Stone
Company, Springfield, O., has been or-
ganized by Joseph Bolan, Philip Beninger
and James Powers, and will establish a
plant for the manufacture of cement
building blocks.
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216
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The Utopian Concrete Block Company.
Denever, Colo., has been Incorporated by
A. C. Haffner, Thomas A. McMurtrle and
Charles D. Baker.
Tl^e Freeport Concrete Construction
Company, 302 Wllcoxen Building, Free-
port, 111., has been organized to manu-
facture hollow concrete building blocks,
by W. H. Shones, J. A. Gale and C. K.
Meyers.
A cement brick-making machine is be-
ing made for the Delaware Cement Pro-
ducts Company of South Wilmington.
Del., by Charles Helnel.
A company has been Incornorated at
Waterloo, la., for the manufacture of
cement blocks, with J. H. Stewart as
president; George L. Dixon, vice-presi-
dent; W. M. Law, secretary.
LIGHTING AND POWER.
The Safety Automatic Gas Light Cut-
off Company, Kaukauna, Wis., has been
incorporated by A. G. Koch, J. M. Jan-
sen, C. A. Walquist and Peter Rnde-
macher.
The United Light & Traction Company,
Camden, N. J., has been incorporated to
generate electricity for light and power,
by M. Leon Berry, Norman Grey and W.
B. Walcott.
The National Gas. Electric Light &
Power Company, 15 Exchange Place, Jer-
sey City, N. J., has been incorporated
to acquire, lease, construct, develop, im-
prove, maintain, operate and deal In
lights and franchises of or relating to
any and all public utilities. The incor-
porators are James T. Lynn, Frank K
Pelton and Kenneth K. McLaren.
The Massachusetts Electric Supplies
Company, Portland, Mass., has been or-
ganized to manufacture and deal in elec-
trical apparatus, by Charles J. Nichols
and Edward H. Lounsbury.
Newly incorporated lighting companies:
Municipal Electric & Construction Com-
pany. St. Louis, Mo.— Chas. G.
DIemunsch, William Gottlieb and Joseph
Block; The City Gas Company, Wash-
ington. Ind.— Bascom Parker, Jules Dick
and E. T. Taylor; Monterey Light &
Power Company, Jersey City, N. J.— Ken-
neth K McLaren, Robt. L. Hogust and
Roger H. Williams; Vlrden Electric
Light Company, Vlrden, 111.— J. N. Hair-
grove, U. G. Tucker and C. W. Cam;
Aurora, Elgin & Chicago Electric Light,
Heat & Power Company, Aurora, III.— E.
C. Faber, J. T. Huntington and W. P.
Harvey.
XT/»r»»»c«4'
Prtmnorv hn« rp-
of Michigan, the northwestern part of
Ohio and the northeastern part of Indi-
ana.
MISCBLLANEOU8.
George M. Pierce, who has for the last
three years been secretary and treasurer
of the Duplex Manufacturing Company
of Cleveland, O., has severed his connec-
tion with that company and Is now asso-
ciated with the Pierce Supply Company,
American Trust Building, Cleveland, O.
The new company manufactures a full
line of cast-iron goods for street improve-
ments.
The Decatur Hydraulic Stone and Hard
Plaster Company, Decatur, 111., has been
Incorporated to manufacture artificial
stone and hard plaster, b^ George Ferre,
John Or en and B. F. Stanley.
The Pressed Stone Manufacturing Com-
pany, St. Paul, Minn., has been incor-
porated by George W. Oakes, W. S.
Darby and B. S. Oakes.
The Northwestern Artificial Stone
Works, Huron, S. D., has been Incor-
porated.
The construction of a plant for the
manufacture of artificial stone Is contem-
plated at New Decatur, Ala., by parties
from Birmingham and Decatur.
The Nelson Bros.' Paving and Con-
struction Company, Minneapolis. Minn.,
has been Incorporated by John A. Nelson,
N. J. Nelson and Harvey V. Smith.
The Universal Stone Machine Company,
Jersey City, N. J., has been incorporated
by Albert Crockel, S. E. Atwater and
John W. Walker.
At the annual meeUng of the Acme
Road Machinery Company held at
the offices of the 'Corporation at Frank-
fort.N. Y. on Thursday, January 28. 1904,
the following directors were elected for
the ensuing year: W. A. Cook, D. B.
Cook, James Dempsey, T. G. Ingersoll, J.
W. Jones, Philander Pollock, Alonzo
Schaupp. At a subsequent meeting
of the directors of the company the
following officers were elected: President,
Philander Pollock; vice-president, A.
Schaupp; secretary and treasurer, James
W. Jones; general manager, W. A. Cook.
8BWBR PIPB.
Pittsburg capitalists have purchased 20
acres of the McGrew farm, according to
press reports and will locate thereon a
sewer pipe plant.
The Mexican Sewer Pipe Company,
Cleveland, O., has been incorporated by J.
E. Morley, E. A. Foote. C. H. Gale. L. H.
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IMPROVEMENT AND
CONTRACTING NEWi
RAVIN Q,
South Bend, Ind.— The Barber Asphalt
Pavingr Company has dismissed Us suit
against this city In the United States
District Court. The original basis of the
action was a claim against the city for
$3,000 on the ground of services rendered
In the paving of street and alley cross-
ings. The company had given the city a
receipt In full for the work, but after-
ward decided that It was entitled to in-
terest in amounts ranging from $150 to
$200.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Athens, Ga.— Paving Is proposed for
Barber-st.
Baclne. Wis. — Douglas-ave. may be
paved. Mayor Nelson.
Terre Haute, Ind.— Brick paving Is con-
templated for Lafayette-ave.
Asheville, N. C— Macadam paving is
contemplated for Haywood road.
Wichita, Kas.— An ordinance has been
passed for paving WUllam-st.
ThomasvUle, Ga.— Estimates are desired
for constructing brick paving.
Monterey, Cal.— About 3 mis. of grading,
paving and sidewalks is contemplated.
South Bend, Ind.— The residents on
Ohlo-st. have petitioned for brick paving.
Ottumwa, la.— S. Green and Marion-sts.
are to be paved with brick on concrete.
Fairbanks, Ind.— This township voted to
construct about 9 mis. of gravel roads.
MUlville, N. J.— Bids will be asked In
May for street paving. George F. Payne,
mayor.
Galveston, Tex.— Brick paving is con-
plated for Avenues E and F and Twenty-
first and Twenty-fourth-sts.
Ida, Kas.— A resolution has been adopt-
ed recommending the paving of the alley
in block 59.
East St. Louis, 111.— Paving is contem-
plated for Nineteenth-st., from State-st.
to St. Clair-ave.
Pana, 111.— (Special).— Bids will be asked
for brick paving on concrete base early
this spring.
Trenton, N. J.— A resolution has been
introduced asking for Federal co-opera-
tion in road building.
Oshkosh, Wis.— Asphalt paving is fa-
vored for Jackson-st., according to local
press reports.
Paris, Ky.— This city is preparing to
pave Main-st., from First to Tenth, with
aBphalt or concrete.
Chattanooga, Tenn.— This city and Jas-
per will be connected by a macadamized
road before next winter.
Anaheim, Cal.— Bids will be asked for in
April for constructing cement walks and
curb. E. B. Merritt, cy. elk.
Mankato, Minn.— The county board will
take action March 22 on the proposed
Strand's ravine road matter.
Bay City, Mich.— An ordinance has been
passed regulating the construction of
stone, cement and brick sidewalks.
Allentown. Pa.— Ordinances have been
passed and $20,000 appropriated for street
paving. H. F. Bascom, cy. engr.
Mollne, 111.— The village council of East
Moline voted, Feb. 15, to construct 10,-
000 ft. of plank sidewalks.
Hancock, Mich.- Plans and specifica'
tlons have been received for the exten-
sion of the asphalt paving on Qulncy-st
Covington, Ky.— Scott-st. will be paved
with Kreodone block, and Bankllck and
several other streets with brick.
Red Bluff. Cal.— The town trustees have
ordered constructed cement sidewalks on
both sides of Walnut-st. from Maln-st. to
the depot.
HuntsvlUe, Mo.— The citizens are in
favor of bonding for $10,000 or $20,000 for
the purpose of macadamizing the prin-
cipal streets.
Sherman, Tex.— (Special.)— Charles E.
Hayden, cy. engr., says about 4,150 sq.
yds. of brick paving, on broken stone
foundation, is contemplated.
Chicago, 111.— New sidewalk ordinances,
covering 6 mis., are being prepared. The
material will be c^nent. cinder or stone.
Augusta, Ga.— The question of paving
Broad-st. with asphalt, vitrified brick or
bitulithic paven?«nt Is being considered.
Mayor Allen.
Richmond. Ind.— A resolution has been
passed for constructing cement curb and
gutters on N. Thirteenth and N. Fif-
teenth-sts. Cy. engr., Weber.
Mooresville, Ind. — (Special.) — D. E.
Dolen. town elk., says that contracts will
be let about April 1, for about 15,000 sq.
ft. of cement walks.
Massillon, O.— Estimates have been
prepared for paving as follows: Factory,
Canal and Cherry-sts., brick, $9,013; East
and Hill-sts., $8,611.
Cincinnati. O.— An ordinance has been
passed for paving Schoedlnger-ave., from
Jonte-ave. to Llerman-ave. with brick. H.
L. Gordon, prest. coun.
Kansas City, Mo.-rAbout two and a half
miles of asphalt and macadam paving Is
contemplated on Independence-ave., from
Topping-ave. to Blue River. D. W.
Pike, cy. engr.
Ashland. Wis.- Council has decided to
pave Third-st. and Seventh-ave with
macadam. In accordance with the wishes
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218
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
of the property owners. W. W. Fisher,
cy. elk.
Denver. Colo.— Surveys and estimates
have been completed for Rradinsr and pav-
ing about four mis. of streets and boule-
vards In Montclair, with disintegrated
Kranlte.
San Francisco. Cal.— A resolution has
been passed for constructing artificial
stone sidewalks on Point Lobos-ave. from
Wllliamson-st. to FIrst-ave.
Albany. N. Y.— An ordinance was
pass.d. Feb. 15, over the protes'3 of the
property owners, for paving Tnion-st..
between Madison and Hudson-aves.. with
granite block.
Springfield, O.— City engineer Sievcrling
has been directed to prepare plans and
specifications for paving portions of Cen-
ter. Fisher, Columbia. Main and Pleas-
ant-sts.
Oakland, Cal.— A bond issue of $3,500,000
Is favored, and among the improvements
propo.^ed is $230,000 for boulevards and
$100,000 for cross-walks and culverts.
Ashland, Ky.— (Speclal).-Chas. D. Bog-
gess. cy. engr.. says that bids will be
received about March 1 for 35.600 sq. yds.
of brick paving on 6-in. concrete base.
W. A. GInn, Mayor.
Washington, la.— Resolutions have been
approved for paving Main, Washington.
Marion and lowa-sts. and certain alleys
with vitrified brick. A. N. Alberson,
Mayor; Hugh H. McCreery, cy. elk.
La Crosse, Wis.— Resolutions have been
passed authorizing brick paving on Jay
and Mill-sts., and macadam paving on
Avon, St. James, Market. Ninth, Elev-
enth and Jackson-sts., West-ave. and
certain alleys.
St. Joseph. Mo.— The Barber Asphalt
Paving Company, which had the con-
tracts for resurfacing 4 streets in the
business district, has cancelled its con-
tracts, and the work will be re-adver-
ti.^ed.
Hancock, Mich.— (Special).— Hon. A. J.
Scott, Mayor, .says that this city will
pave about 8,000 .sq. yds. of Quincy-st.
with asphalt. The date for receiving
bids has not yet been fixed, but will be
about May 1.
Louisville. Ky.— The Fiscal Court de-
cided, Feb. 9. to ask for bids for the re-
construction of the Shelby vllle and
Bardstown pikes with bitullthlc pave-
ment for a distance of 1 mile each from
the city limits.
Cleveland, O.— An ordinance has been
passed providing for vitrified brick pav-
ing on Atwater-st. from Miles-ave. to
Pratt-st., and dressed block Medina
stone paving on Flint-st. from Detroit
to Washlngton-sts. Peter Witt, cy, elk.
Ashland, Wis.— (Special).— W. W. Fisher,
cy, elk., says that about 25.000 sq. yds.
of asphalt paving and about 2 miles of
macadam paving is contemplated. Bids
have not yet been advertised, as the
plans and specifications are not com-
pleted.
Charlotte, Mlch.-(SpecIal).— Murl H. De-
Foe, cy. elk., says that Rlggs & Sherman
of Toledo, O., have been engaged to pre-
pare plans and specifications for paving,
but the material or time for receiving
bids has not yet been determined upon,
but will be at an early date.
Harrisburg, Pa.— (Special).— About 100.-
000 sq. yds. of paving, which may be sheet
asphalt, asphalt block, brick and War-
ren's bitullthic pavement, is contemplated.
With the exception of Warren Bros,
bitullthic macadam these pavements will
be laid on concrete base. M. B. Cow-
den, cy. ergr.
Menominee. Mich.— Albert Hass. cy.
engr., has prepared estimates for street
paving as follows: Grand-ave.— brick.
$28,372.85; bitullthic, $26,091.60; macadam.
$15,054.10: as})halt. $28,372.85. State-st.-
brick. $19,96(1.95; bitullthic. $18,193.90; mac-
adam. $10.4:0.20; asphalt, $19.9«;o.65; Spies-
ave., Macadam, $2,204.75; Michlgan-ave.,
macadam, $6,271.50; Jenkins-st., macadam.
$2,899.75; Pine-st. and Wells-ave., maca-
dam, $1,832.50; Dunlap-ave., macadam,
$1,933.75; Wllliams-ave.. macadam. $1.-
^•95.50. Bids will be received in March
for the work.
La Salle. lll.-(Sptcial).-C. M. Rickard,
cy. engr., says estimates for brick pav-
ing and stone curb for 1904 are as fol-
lows: Crosiit-st., lo,.802 sq. yds., $22,499.94;
St. VIncent-st., 10,706 sq yds.. $22,499.94;
Fourth-st.. 7.826 sq. yd.s., $15,460.14; Tontl-
st., 8.593 sq. yds., $16,470.91; Ninth-st, 15.-
285 sq yds.. $-9,285.41; Chartres-st., 6.611
aq. yds.. $13,601.02; Joliet-st.. 18.041 sq.
yds., $34,490.20; total, $153,448.58.
CONTRACTS TO BB LBT.
Mt. Holly. N. J.— Bids are asked until
March 1 for one-third mile of macadam
street paving. W. N. Stewart, cy. elk.
Greensburg. Ind.— Bids are asked until
I p. m. March 7 for constructing a gravel
road. Frank E. Ryan. co. audt.
Port Huron, Mich.— Bids are asked until
II a. m. March 7 for repaving Butler,
Broad and S. Milltary-sts.
Steubenvllle. O.— Bids are asked until
March 10 for grading and macadamizing
Neel free turnpike. R, S. Neel.
Muncle, Ind. — Bids are asked until
March 1 for paving Jackson-st. with
crushed stone. J. E. Mitchell, town elk.
Cincinnati. O. — Bids are asked until
March 12 for Improving Bloome road, in
Sycamore township. E. L. Lewis, co.
audt.
Brownstown, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 7 for constructing 2 miles and 4Slo
feet of gravel roads. Bd. co. comrs.
Lawrence, Kas.— Bids are asked until
March 7 for grading, curbing and pavin?
New Hampshire-8t. Samuel P. Moore,
cy. elk.
Sidney. O.— Sealed bids are asked until
12 m. March 5 for ♦he Bodey pike im-
provement in Van Buren twp. Charles
Counts, CO. engr.
.Hartford City. Ind.— Bids are asked un-
til 8 p. m. March 3 for paving High, Main
and Jefferson-sts. with brick. William
Harley. cy. engr.
Versailles. Ind.— Bids are asked until
12 m. March 8 for building 9 miles anl
2126 feet of macadamized roads. Nicholas
Volz. CO. audt.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
219
Louisville, Ky.— Bids are asked until
March 15 for constructing 2^ miles of
bitulithic or tar macadam road. R. H.
Young. CO. surv.
Amsterdam, N. Y.— Bids are asked until
March 5 for further improvement of Mo-
hawk River turnpike. No. 108. Edward
A. Bond, state engr., Albany.
North Yakima, Wash.— Bids are asked
until March 7 for grading and graveling
1 mile of road in Moxee Valley. W. I.
Lince, chmn. bd. co. comrs.
Lawrenceburg, Ind. — Sealed bids are
asked until 12 m. March 7 for construct-
ing a tree macadamized road in Clay
township. Charles M. Beinkamp, co.
audt.
Crown Point, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 7 for constructing about 6 miles of
gravel roads. Michael Gimmer, co. audt.
Logansport, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2 p. m. March 10 for constructln.^
gravel roads in Deer township. Terrence
A. McGovern, chmn. bd. c6mrs.
Ottawa, Kas. — Bids are asked until
March 2 for grading, concrete curbing
and 50,000 sq. yds of vitrified brick pav-
ing. John C. Quin. cy. elk.
Washington, la.— Bids will be received
imtll March 3 for paving N. Marion-ave.
from the public square to Railroad-st.
A. N. Alberson,. mayor; Hugh H. Mc-
Cleery, cy. elk.
Brownstown, Ind.— Blds^ are asked until
March 7 for constructing a gravel road
on the township line between Jackson,
Brownstown and Washington twps. As-
bury H. ManueU co. audt. '
Washington. Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 8 for constructing and improving
certain roads in the towns of Montgom-
ery and Elnora. W. H. McCarte, chmn.
CO. comrs.
Winamac. Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m. March 8 for improving 31,708
ft. of the Telephone road, and 31,710 ft.
of the W^inamac and MedaryviUe road.
P. A. Folln>ar, chmn. co. comrs.
Muscatine, la.— Sealed bids are asked
until 7:30 p. m. March 3 for 31,300 sq.
yds. of brick paving in impvt. dlst. No.
22, and 27.39) sq. yds. in dlst. No. 21. James
J. Ryan, cy. engr.
Mt. Clemens, Mich.— Sealed bids are
asked until 6 p. m. March 7 for regrad-
ing and repaving Cass-ave. and Walnut
and Grand-aves. with brick, asphalt and
bituminous macadam. William F. Kracht,
cy. elk.
Ottumwa. la.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 7:30 p. m. March 7 for lepaving and
reconstructing Main-st. from Jefferson to
Washington with vitrified repressed pav-
ing brick or blocks. H. P. Keyhoe. chmn.
St. com.
Geneva, N. Y.— Sealed bids are asked
until 10 a. m. March 3 for 10,500 sq. yds.
of asphalt, asphalt block and brick pav-
ing on concrete, macadam, tar macadam
and asphaltic bituminous macadam pav-
ing:. W. S. Wood, secy B. P. W.
Mansfield, O.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til March 2 for constructing 15.480 lln. ft.
of combination cement sidewalk, curb
and gutter. 730 lin. ft. separate cement
curbing, 5.330 ft. separate cement walk,
800 lin. ft. cement curb and gutter. Brlggs
Real Estate Company. Also 19.280 sq.
yds. of macadam paving.
Shereveport, La.— Sealed bids are asked
until 7 p. m. March 21 for paving twenty-
nine streets with brick, asphalt and War-
ren Bros.' bithullthic pavement, or simi-
lar pavements. Each street is to be bid
on separately. C. G. Rives, compt.
Portsmouth. O.— Bids are asked until
March 8 for 55,517 sq. yds of paving, 22,765
lin. ft. curbing. 2.658 ft. edging, twenty-
five manholes, 19,805 ft. sidewalks relald,
on Fourth, Market. N. Waller and Clay-
sts. Filmore Musser, cy. audt.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Decatur, Ind.— The contract for ma-
cadamizing Thirteenth-st. v/as awarded
to Fred Hoffman for |4,515.
Toledo, O.— The contract for paving
Wakeman-st. with Ma&sn:on block was
awarded to Bodette & Sheehah for $5,384.
Atchison, Kan.— S. M. Missmer & Co..
city, secured the contract for paving
Mound-st. with brick for $12,828.
Duluth, Minn.~The contk-act for paving
N. Twelfth-st., from Banks to Ofden-
ave.. was awarded to Warren Bros, of
Boston.
Marion, Ind.— The contract for con-
r.tiucting the B.^own and Sanderman roads
was awarded to Nathan P. Medlin for
$9,999.
Elwood, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing the Hanshaw gravel road has
been awarded to Crall & Daniels for $26.-
747.
Los Angeles, Cal.— The contract for pav-
ing W. Citrus-ave. and W. State-st. was
awarded to the Barber Asphalt Paving
Company.
Rushville. Ind.— Philip Wilk was award-
ed the contract for macadamizing 3% mis.
of pike in Richmond twp. for $12,775.
C'lookston, Minn.— P. 'McDonnell of Du-
luth has been awarded the contract for
paving several streets in tnis city with
macadam.
Nashville, Tenn.— The contract for fur-
nishing granite paving blocks was award-
ed Feb. 10 to Frincls Jones & Co. at
$45 per 1.000.
St. Paul. Minn.— L. G. Washington was
awarded the contract for all stone and
cement sidewalks to be built during 1904
for $40.;»6.
Crookston, Minn.- The contract for pav-
ing several streets with macadam was
awarded to P. McDonnell of Duluth at
$1.68 a sq. yd.
Downers Grove, 111.— The lowest bidd
submitted for paving Main-st. with brick
was that of A. E. Rutledge of Rockford
for $12,593.94.
Savannah. Ga.— The contract for fur-
nishing 40.000 sq. yds. of vitrified brick
was awarded to the Georgia Brick and
Clay Company of Augusta, for approxi-
mately $40,000.
Normal, 111.— The contiact for 3,700 sq
yds. of brick block paving was awarded
to Geo. W. Bansom of Amboy at $2.05 a
sq. yd.; 1.760 lin. ft. cement curb, 34 cts.;
totai, $7,800.
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220
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Toms River, N. J.— The contract for
constructing 3*4 mis. of gravel road In
Union twp. was awarded Feb. 9 to E.
King of Parkertown and Daniel T.
Cranim of New Gretna fo 19,164.
Newark, N. J.— Tlie contract for repav-
Ing the roadway of the Jackson-st. bridge
with creo-resinate wood block pavement
was awarded Feb. 118 to David E. Olds,
103 Grafton-st.. city, for 18,250.
St. Paul, Minn.— The contract for con-
structing and repairing cement sidewalka
during 1904 was awarded to J. G. Wash-
ington for $40,396. The James Forrestal
Company will build woooden walks for
115,010.
gravel road extensions have been award-
Washington, la.— The contract for 6,300
sq. yds. of brick paving on N. lowa-ave.
was awarded, Feb. 9, to the Mc'Jirthv-
Stone Company at $1.49^ a sq. yd. The
work will requir* about 2,000 ft. of curb-
ing and gutter.
Harrisburg, Pa.— The first contract for
the reconstruction of a road under the
new road law was awarded, Feb. U, to
Frederick Robinson of Meadville for $11,-
540.20. The road will extend from Titus-
ville to Hydetown, a distance of 7,708 ft.
Vigo, Ind.— Contracts for constructing
the L. W. Bailey and George Sanders
ed to George J. Singer for $3,866, and Cook
& Brocksmith for $6,266 respectively.
Brownstown, Ind.— Contracts have been
awarded for 6 mis. of macadam road in
Grassy Fork, Washington and Brown-
town twps. as follows: De Golyer &
Moritz, Seymour, $1,622; Samuel Small-
wood, Ewing. $4,066; Wm. H. Shields, Sey-
mour, $1,468.
Peoria, 111.— M. E. Case was awarded
tho contract for 10,152 sq. yds. of brick
paving on Washington-st., at $1.24 a sq.
yd.; exca., 24 cts, a cu. yd.; protection
curb, 30 cts.; stone curb, 5x22, 74 cts. a lin.
ft. ; total, $16,356.
Bay City, Mich.— The stone road com-
mission awarded contracts for supplies,
Feb. 20, as follows: Gravel. Peter Mal-
colm of Saginaw, $1.15 a cu. yd.; crushed
hard heads, Legg & Harvey of Oakley,
$2.06 a cu. yd.; Bayport limestone, Wal-
lace Stone and .Lime Company of Bay-
port, $1.40 a cu. yd.
Kalamazoo, Mich.— Bids were submitted
Feb. 15 for paving South and Park-sts.
and Park-place, from W. W. Hatch &
Son of Goshen, Ind., and J. E. Conly, on
brick; Central Bitulithic Company and
Barber Asphalt Paving Campany. on bi-
aBWBRa.
Plainfleld, N. J.— The Cameron Septic
Tank Company has filed suit against this
city for infringements of that company's
patents in the local sewage dispocal
plant.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Brainerd, Minn.— A sewer is desired in
the Second ward.
Gulf port, Miss.— A sewerage system will
be established.
Liverpool, O.— The extension of the san-
itary sewers is contemplated.
Celina, O.— The question of a sewerage
system is again being agitated.
Michigan City Ind.— A three-foot brick
sewer on Franklin-st is contemplated.
Bellefontaine, O.— The question of a
sewerage system will be considered soon.
Dallas, Ore.- Plans and specifications
for a sewerage system will be prepared.
Centerville, la.— A complete sewerage
system is proposed. T. W. Meers, cy.
elk.
Waukesha, Wis.— Council has decided
to build a sewer on Rosemary-st. Mayor
Harding.
Los Angeles, Cal.— Bids will be asked at
once for constructing a storm drain on
Hill-st.
Saugerties, N. Y.— The question of a
sewerage system will probably be . voted
on this spring.
Mainistee, Mich.— Pipe sewers will be
constructed' in Fllen, Washington, Han-
cock and Sixth-sts.
Seneca Falls, N. Y.— The question of
building a sewerage system will be voted
on in March.
Grantville, Ga.— The construction of
sewers is contemplated this spring. F.
T. Meacham, Mayor.
Naperville, 111.— A resolution has been
passed favoring the construction of a
sewerage system.
Los Angeles, Cal.— Bids are to be asked
for constructing the outfall sewer. H.
H. Stafford, cy. engr.
Elmwood, O.— The city engr. has been
directed to prepare plans and specifi-
cations for a sewerage system.
Covington, Ky.— The Willow Run Sew-
er will be continued from Sixteenth-st.
to the south corporation line.
Hamilton, O.— About 8 miles of sani-
tary and storm sewers Is contemplated,
according to press reports.
West Hartford, Conn.— Bids will be
asked in March for constructing the
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
221
mate has been prepared for a sewer on
Thomas. Ocean, Oneida, Fauquier and
Slnnen-sts.
La Crosse, Wis.— The council com.
recommends the construction of twenty-
four blocks of sewers on the North Side.
Brooklnss, S. D.— Plans and specifica-
tions have been filed at the city clerk's
office for a sewerage system.
Glenvllle. O.— A storm water sewer on
Ethel-st. and a sanitary sswer on Lake
Shore-boulevard is contemplated.
MIshawaka, Ind.— A resolution has been
adopted for the .construction of a trunk
sewer on Logan-st M. W. Mix. mayor.
Longmont, Colo.— Bids will be asked
soon for constructing fourteen and one-
half mis. of eight to eighteeen-in. sew-
ers. C. C. Catkins, cy. engr.
Lenox. Tenn.— J. W. Winkler is chair-
man of a com. to investigate the con-
struction of a sewerage system. R. J.
Rawlings, mayor.
Cloverdale. Cal.— W. T. Brush and
Charles E. Humbert are members of a
■com. appointed to secure preliminary
plans for a sewerage system.
Philadelphia. Pa.— The board of survey
has approved plans for the construction
of branch "ewers in different sections of
the city.
Oakland Cal.— The bond com of council
thinks $70,000 will be necessary for recon-
structing the western end' of the Main
Lake sewer.
Alton. 111.— An ordinance has been
adopted to construct sewers on Sprlng-st.
from Union to Sixth, and from Fourth
to Second. Mayor Brueggeman.
West. Duluth, Minn.— Enough petitions
have been filed, according to local press
reports, to secure a sewerage system for
West Duluth.
Hartford, Conn.— A resolution has been
favorably reported by the bd. of alder*
men appropriating $30,000 for the exten-
sion of intercepting sewers.
Perth Amboy. N. J.— New York capi-
talists have made a proposition to pro-
vide a sewer system and a water-works
and electric light plant for South Am-
boy.
Urbana, 111.— A resolution has been
passed authorizing the bd. of local
impvts. to secure an engineer to investi-
gate the proposed general sewer exten-
sions.
Waukegan, 111.— Plans for the comple-
tion of the North Side sewer system are
being discussed. A public hearing will be
given on the matter March 15.
Sackville. N. B., Canada— (Special.)—
Thomas R. Anderson, chmn. water and
sewerage com. of count., says this town
contemplates the extension of the sewer-
age system.
also been authorized to prepare plans for
the Illinois, B and C-st. sewers.
Palataka, Fla.— (Special.)— This city de-
sires to secure the services of an expert
sanitary engineer to come here and plat
the city for a sewerage system. Addres*
J. M. Black well, cy. elk.
San Jose, Cal.— The city engr. will be
directed to prepare plans and estimates
for constructing sewers, with manholes,
storm water Inlets, catch basins, etc., in
Broadway-st. and San Pablo-ave.
Columbus, O.— An ordinance has been
introduced authorizing an appropriation
of $46,000 from the sewage disposal plant
fund to be used in the construction of an
experimental plant south of Moler road.
Newark, N. J.— Surveys will be made
for a sewerage system in and around
Newfoundland. The proposed plan in-
cludes the erection of a septic tank dis-
posal plant below the Macopin intake,
and it is believed that such a system
would effectually prevent pollution of the
water supply.
CONTRACTS TO BB LBT.
Sumpter. Ore. — Bids are asked until
April 1 for constructing a sewerage sys-
tem. S. S. Start, cy. recorder.
Windom, Minn. — Bids are asked until
March 14 for constructing a ditch near
Mountain Lake. J. A. Brown, cc. audt.
Atlantic, la.— Bids will be received until
March 3 for constructing 3 miles of sew-
ers. Iowa Engineering Company, engrs.
Alexandria, Minn.— Bids are asked until
10 a. m. March 7 for constructing ditch
No. 3. E. P. Wright, co. audt.
Green Valley, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until March 8 for constructing an open
ditch. D. S. Fisher, chmn. drainage
comrs.
Butler. Mo.— Bids are asked until March
7 for constructing a sewage disposal plant
and a sewerage system. J. L. Stanley,
cy. elk.
York, Pa.— Sealed bids are asked until
7 p. m. March 1 for constructing a system
of sanitary sewers. R. E. Cochran, prest.
B. P. W.
Portsmouth, O. — Bids are asked uhtll
March 8 for the construction of brick and
pipe sewers with twenty-five manholes.
Fllmore Musser, cy. iiudt.
Port Arthur Ont.— Bids are asked until
March 28 for constructing about 7,000 feet
of storm sewers and 15,500 feet of sanitary
sewers. James McTelgue. town elk.
Washington, D. C. — Sealed bids are
asked until Mirch 25 for furnishing and
erecting sluice gates at the sewage pump-
ing station. H. B. F. MacFarland, chmn.
Dist. Comrs.
Henderson. N. C— Bids are asked until
March 10 for constructing a seweraj?o
system, consisting of 8 miles of 8 to IS-
inch pipe sew6rs. H. T. Powell, secy. bd.
ir»t«arnal Imnvts
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•222
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
March 2 for constructing a sewer through
the northern porton of Dyker Beach Par-c
consisting of 2,525 lin. ft. of 36, 90. 102
and 120-inch brick sewers; 11 manholes.
2,480 lin. ft. 12-ln. vitrified stoneware pipe
subdraln. Martin Littleton, boro. prest.
Dolgeville. N Y.— Sealed bids are asked
. until 7:30 p. m. March 28 for 31.000 feet
6 to 18-in. sewer, with flushtanks, man-
holes and lampholes; also for a large
septic tank disposal plant for the systerp
and a small disposal plant for factory,
with gate house, gates, pipes and pumps
complete. Julius Breckwoldt, prest. bd.
sewer comrs.
Shreveport,, Da.— Sealed bids are asked
until 7 p. m. March 21 for constructing
756-ft. 18-In., and 690-ft. 24-in. vitrified
piper sewer; 279-ft. 30-In., 363-ft. 42-ln. and
373-ft. 54-In. circular brick or concrete
sewer; 40-ft. 72-in. brick or concrete sewer
with manholes, catchbaslns and connec-
tions complete. C. G. Rives, comt.
Marshall. Tex.— Sealed bids are asked
until March 8 for constructing a system
of sanitary sewers, consisting of 3.950-ft.
24-in.. 5,020-ft. 18-In., 10,105- ft. 16-in., 5.320-
ft. 12-In., 5.430-ft. 10-In.. 19.293-ft. 8-In.,
64,985-ft. 6-In. pipe, 280 anholes, 78
fiushtanks, 35 tons of c. I. pipe laid with
lead joints. M. S. Rice, sec'y.; J. W.
Maxcy, con. engr., Houston
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Red Oak. la.— The contrait for a sew-
erage system was awarded to Shepard &
Hanrahan of Des Moines, for $6,300.
San Francisco. Cal.— The contract for
building a sewer In Cedar-st. was award-
ed to Fred Lefler. at $1.65 a lin. ft.
Belleville. 111.— Brauch & Co. was
awarded the contract, Feb. 10. for con-
structing a s-wer on Pennsylvanla-ave.
for $1,700.
Bayonne, Pa.— The contract for a sewer
on W. Thirtieth-st.. from Avenue C to
Avenue A. was award id, Feb. 16, to D.
Donovan, for $6,098.50.
Grafton. I*a.— The contract for con-
structing a sewer on Chartiers-ave. was
awarded, Feb. 11. to V. Di Glorno & Co.
of Pittsburg, for $18.:;80.
Berwick. Pa—The contract for con-
structing a sewerage system has been
awarded to Hurd, Sherman & Co. of
Syracuse, N. Y., for $46.953.7t.
Youngstown. O.-J. P. McCarron was
awarded the contract for a sewer In Gar-
land-ave., and Rochford & Comlsky for
sewers In Rigby and Pearl-sts.
Milwaukee, Wis.-The contract for ma-
chinery for the flushing tunnel works
was awarded. Feb. 11. to the Allls-Chalm-
ers Company, of Chicago, for $28 600
Hawklnsville. Ga.-The contract for
constructing a sewerage system was
awarded to Hallanhan & Costcllo. of
Augusta, and for furnLshlne dIdp to w
St. Paul, Minn.— Sewer contracts were
awareded. Feb. 15. as follows: P. J. Ryan.
P:ato-st.. $800: Van Buren-st.. $1,248; Earl-
st.. $676; Mendota-st.. $8^3. D. W. Moore.
George-st., $399. and Cherokee-ave.. $1.-
987.
Long Island City, N. Y.— Contracts for
constructing sewers were awarded. Feb.
1. as follows: John Herle. Seventh-st..
in Elmhurst, $6,702. Gabrtel Hill, Sixth-
ave.. Elmhurst, $3,604; Fourth-st., Elm-
hurst. $2,665; Eleventb-st., Elmhurst,
$1,877; Victor-place. Elmhurst, $1,265;
Academy-st., Long Island. $1,917. Queens
Borough Censt. Co., Ninth and Tenth-
sts., $4,586. F. Welch, Lawrence-st., $763.
New Orleans. La.— Contracts for con-
structing sixty-five mis. of sewers were
awarded, Feb. 13, as follows: Irwin
Bros., contract "L," $61,447; contrac-
"M." $119,164.50; contract *'0," $131,487"
total. $311,977.50. A. L. Patterson & Co.,
contract "J." $63,306.50; contract "K." $91.-
184.85: contract "N," $95,961.80; total. $280,-
532.15. U. S. Cast Iron Pipe and Foundrv
Company, $73,465.25. These bids were re-
ceived Feb. 2.
WATBR-WORKS,
Decatur. Tex.— The water works system
of this city has been sold to J. J. Per-
kins.
Los Angeles, Cal.— The Inglewood Do-
mestic Water Company has been incoi-
porated by Chas. Lloyd, H. L. Martin, L.
R. Garrett, J. Cook, W. Rodman, B. P.
Garrett of Los Angeles and Frank W.
Phelps of Inglewood.
Arcade, N. Y.— The question of munic-
ipal water works will be voted on
March 15.
Richmond, Ind.— The question of watei
main extension Is being considered. C>-.
Engr. Weber.
Puyallup, Wash.— The question of a mu-
nicipal water plant Is again being agi-
tated. .
Houghton, Mich.— The question of
water works improvemmis will be tp.ken
up during March.
Oswego, N. Y.— Plans are being pre-
pared for obtaining the city water sup-
ply from Lake Ontario.
Covington, O.— The construction of
water works Is contemplated. J. G. Waq
ner. secy. B. P. A.
Atlantic City, N. J.— In his annual mes-
sage Mayor Stoy urges a reserve water
supply and larger mains.
Fargo, N. D.— The question of purchas-
ing a pump for ine water works system
will be voted on April 4.
Beaumont, Tex.— The purchase of two
complete pumping plants Is contem-
plated. W. A. Ward, secy. Orange Co.
Irrigation Company.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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Kansas City, Mo.— Additional ordi-
nances have been passed authorizing the
laying of water mains and Installation ot
Are hydrants.
Tiffin, O.— The citizens have asked coun-
cil to employ an engineer to prepare
plans and specifications for a new water-
works system.
Trenton, N. J.— The adoption of an ordi-
nance providing for the installation of
$100,000 worth of new water mains has
been recommended.
Bridgeport, Conn.— The establishment
of a filtration system is contemplated by
the Bridgeport Hydraulic Co., of which
Chas. P. Senior is supt.
Hartford. Conn.— The bd. of water
conifs. contemrkaes building another res-
ervoir on West Hartford shed, and en-
larging the river pumping station.
Jarr.estown, N. Y.— Chief engineer Han-
cock thinlis it would be advisable to re-
place the five boilers at the pumping sta-
lio?. with new ones this summer.
Blnjfhamion, N. Y.-John Anderson,
supt., has hi^on directed to i re pa re e|k*cI-
ficatlons and ask for bids for a new
pumping engine of 12,000,000 gals, capac-
ity,
Sackvllle, N. B., Canada.— (Special.)—
Thomas R. Anderson, chmn. Water and
Sewerage com. of coun. says this town
contemplates the extension of the water
works system.
Grunge, N. J. --City engr. Crane has been
dlrt^cted to prepare plans for the con-
struction of a new water main from the
reservoir to this city.
Harrisburg, Pa.— (Special.)— M. B. Cow-
den, cy. engr. says that bids will prob-
ably be received within a month for a
filtration plant. Address B. P. W'., 26 S.
Second-sC.
Co.icord, Mass.— This town has asked
the legislature for permission to issue
$100,000 water bonds for the extension of
the wit**r works system. Wm. Wheeler,
w. w. comr.
Perth Amboy, N. J.— A proposition has
been made by Now Vor»i capitalists to
put in an independent water and electric
light plant and sewer system for South
Amboy.
Cliarlotte, N. C— Preparations will begin
at once for establishing a water works
system west of this city on Irwin's Creek.
A new pump, engines anr. boiler will bo
Installerl at once.
0:i?iland, Cal.— The bond committee has
recommended that provision be made for
an .loproprlalion of $140,000 for the instal-
l.'ition of water meters. In anticipation of
the city's owning its water works sys-
tem.
The quostion of issuing bonds for the
construction of water works systems will
be voted on as follows: Arcadia, Fla.,
Mar. 7; Brookside, Ala., Mar. 8; Alpena,
Mieh.: Mlllington, Mich.; Hawkeye, la.
Plttsfield. Mass.— A new supply reser-
voir to be built above the present distri-
l>iTtlrg n^servoir has been recommended
by the bd, of pub. wks. The more general
uKe of water meters is nlso recommended.
Taooma, Wash —The Mt. Tacoma Water
Supply Company has asked council to ap-
point a committee to investigate its water
with a view of enteiing into a contract
with the company for furnish' ng this city
with water.
Port Townsen'*', Wash.— The city coun-
cil has recommended the passage of an
ordinance calling for a special election
to vote bonds for building a municipal
water works system. The matter will be
voted on Mar. 12.
Columbus, O.— The council com. on w.
w. and finance has decided to recommend
t'le ..doption of a resolution to submit a
proposition to iFSue $1,500,000 bonds for a
water purification and softening plant to
a vote of the people this spring.
Sherman, Tex.— (Special)— Charles E.
Hayden, cy. engr., s<ays that bids will
probably be received March 7 for con-
structing a standplpe and exter.ding the
mains, plans for which are not yet com-
plete. Some water works machinery is
also to be purchased soon, but this Is
dependent on the water supply now be-
ing sought.
The construction of water works sys-
tems is contemplated at the following
places: High Springs, Fla.; Salem, 111.;
Arion. la.; Glasgow, Mont.; Lyndon,
Wash.; Bron&on, Mich.; Kensington,
Minn.; Louisa, Ky. ; Seaside, Ore.; Milton,
N. H.; Northfield, Vt.; Charlottesville, N.
Y.: Millville. N. J.; Toccoa, Ga.; Ft.
Gaines. Ga.; Vermillion, O.; Cedar Bluffs,
Neb.; Granite, Okla.
CONTRACTS TO BS LET.
Key West Barracks, Fla.— Bids are
asked until ^ March lii foi installing a
water main. 'Address Q. M.
Bardstown, Ky.— Bids are asked until
March 8 for constructing a water works
system. W. T. Eid^on, cy. elk.
Belzoni, Miss.— Bids are asked until
April 5 for constiucting a. water works
system. S. Castleman, mttyor.
Osceola, la.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til March 8 for constructing a water
works s>'stom. W. N. Temple, cy. elk.
Murray City, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until 'March 15 for constructing a water
works system. Harry Frazee, vll. elk.
Durant, Ind. T.— Sealed t.ds are asked
until 8 p. m., March 2, for constructing a
water works system and standplpe. W. L.
Poole, mayor.
Ligonier, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 9 for rebuilding the water works
and purchasing pumps and boilers. Mr.
H. Jeanneret, cy. elk.
East Orange, N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until March 7 tor constructing a
reinforced concrete reservoir at South
Orange. Stephen M. Long. cy. elk.
Atlantic City, N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until March 8 for laying 300 ft. of
12-in. submerged main. Louis Kuehnle;,
rhmn. bd. water comrs.
Bremerton, Wash.— Bids are asked un-
til March 26 for installing a water sys-
tem at Puget Sound Navy Yard here.
Mordecai T. Endlcott, ch. bureau yards
and docks.
Cambridge. O.- Bldi» are asked until
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
March 2 for constructing extensions to
the water works system, includingr pipe,
hydrants, valves, etc. Chas. F. Blair,
secy. B. P. S.
St. Paul, Minn.— Bids are asked until
March 5 for constriictlrf pump hous^^
and equipment, includlni? pumps and
boilers complete at Ft. 'Missoula. Mont,
J. McE. Hyde, Q. M.
Detroit, Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until March 23 for constructiner an intake
crib, crib house, river shaft and 3,185 lin.
ft. trick tunnel. Edward W. Pendleton,
prest. bd. water comrs.
Frankfort, Ind.— Sealed bids will be
asked until 12 m. March 15 for construct-
ing and establishing a water works plant
and supply of water to city for both pub-
lic and private use. Otto Wolf, cy. elk.
Chickamauga Park, Ga.— Bids are asked
until March 10 for constructing a pumping
plant, Including pump and boiler house,
pumping machinery and connectlonc to
wells and reservoir at new military post
here. Capt. H. W. French, Q. M., Chatta-
nooga, Tenn.
Columbus, O. — Bids are asked until
March 8 for furnishing a full and ade-
quate supply of pure water to school
buildings and school library by means of
Alters, drilled wells, boiled water, or any
other methoi' J. A. Williams, elk. t)d.
of education,
Lethbridge, Alberta, N. W. T.— Bids are
asked until March 31 for work and ma-
chinery, Including masonry foundation,
pumping machinery, boilers, well, gal-
leries and pump-house. C. B. Bowman,
secy.-treas. ; Willis Chipman, ch. engr.,
Toronto, Ont.
Cienfuegos. Cuba.— Sealed bl^s are asked
until April 2 for furnishing 10,441 feet of
of 24 to 4-inch c. 1. pipe; 185 tons special
castings; 279 24 to 4-inch valves; 130 hy-
drants; 345 tons structural steel; 11,135
sq. yds. expanded metal; 330,000 lbs lead.
F. W. Bennett, ch. engr., San Carlos 128.
C. C. Vermuele, New York City.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Milton, Ore.— The contract for remodel-
ing the water works system was awarded
to the Washington Pipe Foundry Com-
panv of Tacoma for $3,500.
Roosevelt, Okla. - (Special.)-Guy A.
Parker, cy. elk., says that the contract
for a tank and tower and laying two
blocks of water mains has been awarded
to E. S. Perkins & Co. of this city.
Auburn, N. Y.— The contract for fur-
nishing 20.000 to 25,000 of 12-in. pipe has
been awarded to the Warren Foundry and
Machine Company of New York City at
$22.60 a ton. and specials at 2Vi cts. a lb.
Buffalo, N. Y.— The contract for new
boilers, stokers, coal conveyors and other
machinery for the water works pumping
station have been awarded as follows:
boilers and 9 engines, John W. Danforth,
Buffalo, $10,760.
New Orleans, La.— The contract for fur-
nishing pipe, specials, etc., was awarded
to the United States Cast Iron Pipe and
Foundry Company, New York City, as
follows: For 2,600 tons straight pipe,
$23.67 per ton; 42 tons of 20 and 36-in.
flexible Joint pipe, $65 per ton; 15 tons
special castings, $65 per ton, and valves.
$4,468; total bid, $73,465. The only other
bid received was that of the Camden
Iron works, Camden, N. J., which bid for
straight pipe, 1,650 tons 48 and 36-in.,
$24.87; 660 tons 20, 18, 16 and 12-in., $25; 150
tons 6 and 4-in., $26.60, and for 42 tons 20
and 26-in. flexible Joint pipe, $34 per ton;
15 tons special castings, $58 per ton; 60
tons special castings, $(», and for valv**.
$2,388; total bid, $75,516.
Angola, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 8 for three iron bridges. Bd» co.
comrs.
Winchester. Ind.— Bids will be received
until March 8 for building 16 new bridges.
South Bend, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 9 for building two iron bridges.
John W. Harbon, co. audt.
St. Joseph, Mo.— Petitions for building
eight steel bridges are being considered
by the Pettis County Court.
Asbury Park, N. J.— Bids are to be
asked for building a bridge at north side
of Toms River at Main-st.
Scranton, Pa.— Bids are asked until
March 12 for building several small coun-
ty bridges. E. A. Jones, co. compt.
Boonville, Ind.— Bids are asked until 2
p. m., March 7, for constructing an iron
bridge. R. D. O. Moore, co. audt.
Sacramento, Cal.— Bids are asked until
March 7 for a trestle over water course
14-mi. south of Walsh's Station.
Chicago, 111.— Bids are asked until April
13 for a new bascule bridge over the Chi-
cago river at Harrison-st. Drainage bd.
Versailles, Ind.— Bids are naked until 12
m. March 8 for constructing 2 wagon
bridges and abutments for 2 wagon
bridges. Nicholas Volz, co. audt.
Virginia City, Mont —Bids are a.sked
until March 11 for building a 2-span iron
or steel flat truss bridge over Big Hole
River. Bd. co. comrs.
Greensburg, Ind.— Bids are asked until
March 7 for building an arch bridge over
Clifty Creek. Separate bids will be re-
ceived on stone or concrete bridge.
Butte, Neb.— Bids are asked until March
7 for building 5 combination steel bridges
over Ponca Creek, and 1 over Kaya Paha
River. D. A. Sinclair, co. elk.
Atlanta. Ga.— Capt, R. M. Clayton, cy.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
Battle Creek. Mich.— Council has
adopted a resolution authorizlngr the cy.
engr. to prepare plans and specifications
for a bridge at McCamly-st. C. A. Jack-
son, Chmn. bridge com.
Atlanta, Ga.— Bids are asked until
March 31 for building a bridge over
Chattahoochee Rlv^r between Fulton and
Cobb Counties. H. E. W. Palmer,
chmn. comrs. roads & revenue of Fulton
County.
Cleveland, O. — Bids are asked until
March 2 for coTXStructing steel superstruc-
ture for bridge on Town line roal be-
tween Brecksville and Royalton. Ba. co.
comrs. William H. Evers Engrg. Co.,
engrs., 237 Arcade Bldg.
Salem, Ind.— Bids are asked until March
7 for building a steel bridge over High-
land Creek at Quarry Ford, In Washing-
ton twp. Separate bids will also be re-
ceived for stone work, fills, approaches
and steel work. Frank E. Morris, co.
audt.
Brookville, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m. March 7 for refloorlng two
bridges and building a beam truss bridge
and stone superstructure across Bull Fork
at the crossing of the Clarksburg road,
in Salt Creek twp. Charles A. Miller, co.
audt.
Chicago, 111. — City Engineer Spengler
has asked the finance com. of Council for
appropriations of $40,000 to begin work on
the proposed bridge across the river at
Archer-ave., and 150,000 with which to
make plans and specifications for ten
other bridges.
Belle Plaine, Minn.— Bids are asked for
building stone piers or abutments of the
Raven Stream bridge, town to furnish
cement and sand. A. J. Irwiu, town elk.
Bids are also asked for constructing the
steel work and material for wagon
bridge on stone abutments. A. J. IrwiV.,
town elk, , ^
Indianapolis. Ind.— Sealed l?ids are asked
until 10 a. m. March 14 for building a
bridge on White River and Fall Creek
road, Washington twp.; over Buck Creek,
sec. 2, Perry twp.; over Buck Creek sec.
11 Ferry twp.; over Buck Creek, bet.
Perry and Franklin twps.; over Bean
Creek, Center twp. John E. McGaughey.
chmn. CO. comrs.
STRMBT UQHTINQ.
South Norrldgewock, Me.— An electric
light plant is proposed.
Logan, Utah.-This city voted to build
a municipal electric light plant.
Sparta, Wis.— The question of building
a municipal gas plant will be voted on.
Beloit, Wis.— Bids will be asked soon for
plans for a municipal lighting plant.
Santa Cruz, Cal.— The construction of
another electric light plant is proposed.
Neenah. HI.— The business men are con-
sidering the construction of an electric
light plant.
Valatle, N. T.— The question of estab-
lishing a municipal lighting and pumping
station win be voted on soon.
Newcastle, Pa.— Council has authorized
the preparing of plans for a $65,000 mu-
nicipal electric light plant.
Walnut, la.— Bids are asked until March
1 for an electric light and power plant.
A. R. Longnecker, town elk.
Watseka, 111.— Bids are asked until
March 15 for an electric street lighting
contract. C. L. Abell, cy. elk.
Omro, Wis.— The Omro Electric Light
Co. has been Incorporated by John Chal-
loner, L. S. Lighten and S. Lighten.
Belzona, Miss.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 5 for building an electric light
plant. S. Castleman, mayor.
Columbia. Tenn.— Bids are desired for
building and equipping an electric light
plant. W. A. Dale, chmn. light commit-
tee.
Mt. Clemens, Mich.— The street llghtlni^
was awarded Feb. 15 to the Mt. Clemens
Electric Co., for 5-yrs. at $58.12 per light
per year.
Bay City, Mich.— The question of issu-
ing $50,000 bonds for making additional
city electric lighting plant will be voted
on April 4.
Des Moines, la.— Sealed bids are asked
until March 16 for an electric light sys-
tem at Ft. Des Moines. MaJ. R. B. Tur-
ner, Q. M.
Burlington^ la.— Council has appointed
a committee of four to investigate the
feasibility of buUdJng a municipal elec-
tric light plant.
Newport News, Va.— A bill has been in-
troduced authorizing this city to Issue
$100,000 bonds for the construction of an
electric light plant.
Waycross, Ga.— Harding Johnson, a
New York capitalist, and others have ap-
plied to the City Council for a fran-
chise to establish a $100,000 gas plant.
Kemps Creek, Ala.— Plans and specifi-
cations for an electric light plant will be
desired about March 15, by Frank F,
Taylor, who secured a frajichise here.
Benton Harbor, Mich.— The contract for
125 arc lights for five years wa/< awarded
to the Benton Harbor and St. Joseph
Electric Light Company at $47 per light
per year.
Baton Rouge, La.— An ordinance has
been Introduced authorizng the organiza-
tion of a new electric light company.
Prof. Henry Kretz and Edward Weick
are Interested.
Brooklyn, N. Y.— A resolution has been
introduced asking for the. appointment of
a committee of five to investigate the
question of establishing a municipal gas
plant.
Lincoln. Neb.— The City Council has
passed an ordinance to submit to the
voters the question of issuing $65,000 bonds
to erect a municipal electric light plant
St. Paul, Minn.— The contract for an
electric lighting system at Ft. D. A.
Russell. Wyo., was awarded to the Mc-
Brlde-Downlng Electric Company of this
city for $23,965.
Aurora, Ind.— The contract for lighting
this city was awarded Feb. 22 to the Sun
Vapor Street Lighting Company of Can-
ton. O.. at $20 per lamp for 100 gasoline
street lamps.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Richmond. Va.— Sealed bids are asked
until March 8 for installing a lighting
and healing plant in the new cell build-
ings of the Virginia State Penitentiary-.
W. \V. Baker, chmn. Pen. Bidg. Com.
The question of issuing bonds for con-
struction of electiic lignt plants has been
fa vol ably voted on at the following
places: Jonesboro, Ga.; Mason City, la.;
Sweetwater, Tenn.; Attalia, Ala.; New
Haven, Ind. ; Jackson, Miss.
Cleveland, O.— The American Lighting
Company of Wilmington, Del., has' been
awarded the contract for lighting Incan-
descent vapor lamps In this city for one
year at t'lZ.ho for each lamp now erected, •
$:;1).85 for each additional vapor lamp, $2.00
for each post set or reset.
The question of l.*<.sulng bonds for tho
construction of electric light plants will
be voted on at the following places: Hop-
kins. Mo.. Cicero, Ind.; Penn Yan. N. Y.;
Mooresvllle, N. C. ; Ashland, O. ; Monti-
cello. Wi.s.; South Stillwater, Minn.;
Lincoln, Neb.; Beaver, i'tah; West End,
Ala.; Ithaca, Mich.; Stoughton, Wis.;
Thomasville. Ga.
Indianapolis, Ind.— The contract for
public lighting for ten years was awarded
Feb. 24 to the Indianapolis Light & Pow-
er Company at $75 a year for each light
on both direct and alternating current
enclosed arc lamps, and $74 on direct cur-
rent open arc lamps; $35 a year on 50 c.
p. Incandescent lamps. Under the old
contract this company received $85 a year
for each light on a moonlight schedule.
Other bidders were George E. Fisher of
Detroit and Ernest C. Bruckman of New
York City, who represented foreign cap-
ital.
QARBAQM DISPOSAL, STREET
OUEANINQ AND SPRINKUNQ.
Kalamazoo. Mich.— The Domestic Gar-
bage Company has been incorporated.
Plalntield, N. J.— The question of mu-
nicipal collection of garbage Is being agi-
tated. O. L. Jenkins, mayor.
Atlanta. Ga.— Bids are asked until
Mach 25 for constructing a garbage
plant. Address C. W. Strickler, 326 Em-
pire bldg.
Oakland, Cal.— The garbage contract
has been awarded to the Pacltlc Inciner-
ating Company for a term of twenty
years.
Harrisburg, Pa.— N. B. Cowden. ry.
engr., says bids have been opened for gar-
bage disposal, but contract has not yet
been awarded.
Perth Amboy, N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until March 7 for the gathering and
and other refuse for terms of 1. 5, 10 and
15 ytars. Frank E. Moores, mayor.
Dayton. O.— The Dayton Reduction
Company has been incorporated by
Charles Michael. W. C. Wulchet, George
Wuichet. Walter Wulchet and William
Chapman. The company has the contract
for disposing of the city's garbage.
FIRE ARRARATUS.
llouston. Tex.— Estimates of the cost of
new flre alarm system pj-e desired. Mayor
Holt.
Trenton, N. J.— The purchase oi three
new steam flre engines, one new flre
house and the Installation of a flre com-
pany has been recommended to the com-
mon council.
Sackvllle, N. B., Canada.— (Special.)—
Thomas R. Anderson, chmn. water and
sewerage com. of coun., says this town
contemplates establishing an electric flre
alarm system, but has not yet decided
what system to adopt. An inexpensive
and eflUcient system Is desired.
Knoxvllle, Tenn.— The purchase of one
second-class flre engine. 5,000 feet of hose,
two cellar pipes and the equipment of a
hook and ladder truck is recommended.
The rewiring of the fire alarm system
and several additional flre alarm boxes
are recommended In the report of Herman
Schenk, city electrician.
SHREVEPORT, LA., SEWER CONSTRUCTI ON.
(1) Sealed proposals will be received at the office
of the City Comptroller until 7 p. m., March 21, 1904,
for constructing the following sewers :
756 feet of 18-inch vitrified pipe sewer,
690 feet of 24-inch vitrified pipe sewer.
279 feet of aO-inch circular sewer, brick or con-
crete.
* 363 feet of 42-inch circular sewer, brick or con-
crete.
873 feet of 54-inch circular sewer, brick or con-
crete.
40 feet of 72-inoh circular sewer, brick or concrete
with manholes, catch-basins and connections com-
plete.
(2) Plans and specifications may be seen and
blank proposals obtained at the office of the City
Engineer.
(3) A certified check equal to 10 per cent, of esti-
mated amount of contract, payable to the Comp-
troller of the city, must accompany each bid as a
guarantee that if the bid is accepted a contract will
be entered into. A bond equal to 50 per cent, of the
amount of the contract will be required for the
faithful completion of the work and as surety
against all claims for material and labor.
The city reserves the right to reject any and all
bids. C. G. RIVES.
Comptroller.
NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS.
Notice is hereby given that the Common Coancil
of the City of Frankfort will receive sealed bids, at
the City Clerk's office of said city, up to 12 o'clock
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Municipal Engineering
VOLUME XXVI
APRIL, NINETEEN HUNDRED FOUR
NUNBER POUR
PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURE.*
Clinker Grinding. Gypsum.
By E. C. Eckel, U. S, Geological Survey ^ Washington, D. C.
Clinker Grinding— The power and ma-
chinery required, for pulverizing the
•clinker at a Portland cement plant using
the dry process of manufacture Is very
closely the same as that required for
pulverizing the raw materials for the
same output. This may seem, at first
sight, improbable, for Portland cement
clinker Is much harder to grind than' any
possible combination of raw materials;
but it must be recollected that for ev-
ery barrel of cement produced about 600
pounds of raw materials must be pulver-
ized, while only a scant 400 pounds of
clinker will be treated and that the large
crushers required for some raw materials
can be dispensed with In crushing clinker.
With this exception, the raw material
side and the clinker side of a dry-process
Portland cement plant are usually almost
or exactly duplIc|Ltes.
The difficulty and In consequence the ex-
pense of grinding clinker will depend In
large part on the chemical composition
of the clinker and on the temperature at
which it has been burned. The difficulty
of grinding, for example, increases with
the perci^ntage of lime carried by the
clinker: and a clinker containing 64 per
cent of lime will be very noticeably more
resistant to pulverizing than one carry-
ing 62 per cent of lime. So far as re-
K£Lrds burning, it may be said In general
that the more thoroughly burned the
clinker, the more difficult It will be to
grind, assuming that its chemical com-
position remains the same.
The tendency among engineers at pres-
ent-Is to demand more finely ground ce-
ment. While this demand Is doubtless
Justified by the results of comparative
tests of finely and coarsely ground ce-
ments. It must be borne In mind that
♦Published by permission of the Director.
any increase in fineness of grinding
means a decrease in the product per hour
of the grinding mills employed^; and a
consequent increase In the cost of cement.
At some point in the process, therefore,
the gain In strength due to fineness of
grinding will be counterbalanced by the
Increased cost of manufacturing the more
finely ground product.
The Increase In the required fineness
has been gradual but steady, during re-
cent years. Most specifications now re-
quire at least 90 per cent to pass a 100
mesh sieve; a number require 92 per cent;
while a few Important specifications re-
quire 95 per cent. Within a few years It
is probable that almost all specifications
will go as high as this.
Addition of Gypsum— The cement pro-
duced by the rotary kiln is invariably
naturally so quick-setting as to require
the addition of sulphate of lime. This
substance when added in quantities up to
2% or 3 per cent retards the rate of set
of the cement proportionately, and ap-
pears to exert no Injurious Influence on
the strength of the cement. In amounts
over 3 per cent, however, Its retarding
Influence seems to become at least doubt-
ful, while a decided weakening of the ce-
ment is noticeable.
Sulphate of lime may be added In one
of two forms: Either as crude gypsum or
as burned plaster. Crude gypsum is a
natural hydrous lime sulphate, contain-
ing about 80 per cent of lime sulphate
and 20 per cent of water. When gypsum
is calcined at temperatures not exceed-
ing 400 degrees F., most of Its contained
water Is driven off. The "plaster" re-
maining carries about 93 per cent of lime
sulphate, with only 7 per cent of water.
U. S. Geological Survey.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
In Portland cement manufacture either
srypsum or burned plaster may be used
to retard the set of the cement. As a
matter of fact, .gypsum is the form al-
most universally employed in the United
States. This Is merely a question of cost.
It is true that, to secure the same amount
of retardation of set, it will be necessary
to add a little more of gypsum than if
burned plaster were used; but, on the
other hand, gypsum is much cheaper
than burned plaster.
The addition of the gypsum to the
clinker is usually made' before It has
passed into the ball mill, kommlnuter or
whatever mill is#in use for preliminary
grinding. Adding it at this point secures
much more thorough mixing and pulver^
izing than if the mixture were made later
in the process. At some of the few plants
which use plaster Instead of gypsum, the
finely ground plaster Is not added until
the clinker has received its final grinding
and is ready for storage or packing.
CONCRETE WORK IN CUBA AND YUCATAN.
By C. E, McDowell, Newark, N. J,
Concrete construction of buildings in
tropical countries has Existed for cen-
turies, but took the form of adobe rather
than the scientific processes of today. The
native rock, as well as the sand used,
was of 'a limestone nature. When put in
one and two story buildings, erected and
left undisturbed, they would last for cen-
turies. We show in our sketches concrete
work in Havana, Cuba, and street work
in Merida, Yocatan. There is but one ce-
ment factory in Cuba. This is situate^d
on the Almendares River, some five miles
from Havana on the west. The cement is
a Portland made from rock found at
Regla, across the bay from Havana.
American cements like the Atlas, Alpha,
Iiehlgh, Vulcanite, Oiant, Universal and
other well-known brands, demand the
trade for first-class work. The Cuban en-
gineer and builder, clannish to a high de-
gree, uses the Almendares brand to a
large extent. Most of the improvements
during the time of the United States
army of Intervention in Cuba were made •
with American cement. These repre-
sented a large expenditure of money and
as great care was used in the construc-
tion, the work as a whole was very satis-
factory.
The first view shows Campo Florida
station, fifteen miles from Havana on the
United Railway of Havana running to
Matanzas. It is a sample of concrete sta-
tions proposed for this line and was built
in 1900. The material, used in the pro-
is a very important one, being in the
midst of a large dairy and agricultural
district near Havana.
Venta Springs are said to be the
greatest springs in the world, supplying
as they do the City of Havana with 40,-
000,000 gallons of the purest water daUy.
They are ten miles south of Havana and
reservoir and aqueduct lines to the city
were most carefully guarded by the Span-
iards during the last war. The source of
supply consists of some 400 springs cor-
raled In the reservoir, shown in the sec-
and view, and carried through a brick
masonry oval-shaped aqueduct six miles
long to the reservoir and gate house,
shown in the third view. Meagre descrip-
tion as to the receiving reservoir at Venta
Springs is to be had. It is a solid ma-
sonry and concrete basin some 150 feet
square and 40 feet deep, faced with a
sand-lime coating, whlth has stood se-
cure since its completion in 1872, when It
was connected by the aqueduct to the old
city system. The records say that up to
1887 the work had cost 13,500,000.
The third sketch shows the Palatlno
reservoir and gate house. In 1889. thirty
years after Its inception, the new reser-
voir and gate house at PalaUno, near
Havana, was instituted by American en-
gineers and pushed to completion In 1893,
when the inauguration of the same took
place by the Captain General of Cuba and
Bishop of Havana. The reservoir and
gate house are all of heavy masonry and
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CONCRETE WORK IN CUBA AND YUCATAN.
reservoir Is one foot thick, laid In two
courses of six inches each. This formed a
volume of concrete. In all about 5,500
cubic yards, to be spread in so thin a sheet
on so large an area, and great care was
necessary In preparing the ground for its
reception. The specified thickness was
obligatory and on the other hand no extra
thickness would be paid for.
The stone mostly used for this concrete
was in every respect admirably Adapted
for the purpose, being an exceedingly
hard crystalline limestone breaking read-
ily in a crusher with a sharp conchoidal
fracture. The sand was calcareous, there
being no silicious sand procurable. It was
sharp, very clean and gave excellent re-
The fourth sketch shows the top of tha
main tower of Mme. Rosalie de Abreiux's
concrete chateau at the Klna de Delicias
on the Palatino road, some three miles
from Havana. A Are destroyed her home
in 1900 and so a contract was made with
the Cuba Supply Company to erect a con-
crete building on the Ransome system to
cost 1100,000. The method of construction
can be stated in a general way by saying
that the walls inside and out, all floors
and towers, are built under the Ransome
system. The concrete used was very rich
and consisted of the imported American
cements, Alpha and Atlas; beach sand,
(calcareous) from Bacharhanoa; and
broken limestone from the Cuban Quarry
I. CAMPO FLORIDA STATION, NEAR HAVANA, CUBA. CONCRETE.
suits. The keeping of the concrete thor-
oughly wet for long periods of time after
being placed was inflexibly insisted upon.
The precaution was doubly necessary In
such a climate as that of Cuba and was
enforced for all classes of masonry.
The inside faces of .the reservoir walls
were plastered with one part cement, one
part sand and one part lime. It stood
Company's quarry at Jesus Del Monte
near Havana. All of the concrete was
kept thoroughly wet for thirty days while
setting and so no cracks appeared. The
main tower is 80 feet high with 12-inch
walls at the base and 8 inches at top.
The location is an Ideal one, situated as
it is on high groun-d in the midst of a
beautiful tropical garden at the end of
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
tan block from Canton, O. They are
laid on a 5-inch concrete base made in
proportion of 1, 3, 7, and finished with
pitch Joints. The stone used in the con-
crete Is the native limestone, fairly hard
and broken flne, 14 inch to 1% inches. The
sand is calcareous in nature and comes
from the beach at Progresso, 25 miles
away. Giant cement was used in com-
pleting the mixture and the result was
very satisfactory. In the sidewalks the
same material was used, but in propor-
tion of 1, 2, 5, and the top finished one
to one, with a rough surface, and bound
on the curb front with an iron face set
in the concrete, under the Wainwright
system. The sidewalks were laid in ad-
vance of the street work and are very
irregular in width, covering as they .do
from the curb line to the fronts of the
adobe houses, of which the whole city of
Merida, Yucatan, is built. The effect of all
this street work is to change the appear-
ance of this 400-year-old city and to ad-
vance it along the line of civilization and
progress a hundred years.
In all our sketches improved American
cements have been largely used and the
demands are constantly increasing. Mod-
ern American contruction is the ideal
form for all of these southern countries.
Some day a good native Portland cement
rock will be found that will help construc-
tion work. In the meantime American
engineers, architects and build-
ers, are looking southward for business
opportunities where brains and capital
are needed to bring out flrst-class con-
crete construction work. The examples,
of work shown are evidence that the ten-
dency is toward good work, equal to
most of that in the United States.
WASTE UTILIZATION.
The title of this article suggests the
treatment of municipal waste in such
manner as to utilize the product of the
process and thus save the valuable ele-
ments. An excellent system of reduction
by cremation was described in the Janu-
ary number of Municipal Engineering,
and some description of an English in-
stallation upon the same principle will be
found elsewhere in this number. There
are many reduction plants in this country
which extract from the garbage all kinds
of valuable products, and which seem to
be operated at a good profit under the
contracts of their owners with the respec-
tive municipalities.
There is in operation one system which
is a combination of the cremation and re-
duction processes. Mr. F. G. Wiselogel,
the inventor of the process, describes the
plant and the method of operailon ii. a
paper from which the following abstract
is taken:
By this system all material, dead ani-
mals, etc., is taken to the top lloor of the
plant, the hides are taken off the d«-fid
animals In a room especially prepared for
this purpose and provided with a power-
ful fan to exhaust the air constantly, thus
insuring an inward draft. The air from
this room is blown into the boiler furnnce
»»«»j i.1...
draft to the tank as long as the dx^or is
left open. When the tank is full the door
is closed and bolted and its contents
cooked under vacuum. When sufficiently
cooked the mass; is allowed to settle and
the grease is drawn off. This done, the
tankage is subjected to a special treat-
ment to extract the balance of the grease
still mixed with it. The tankage is then
dumped through a suitable pipe into the
dryer below, without being exposed to
the air or sight and is dried under
vacuum with steam heat. When dry it
Is dropped into a conveyor, which con-
veys it to an elevator, which in turn de-
livers it into a revolving screen, from
which the fine particles are spouted or
conveyed into the shipping room, whilo
the coarser parts that will pass through
the coarse part of the screen fall into
the mill to be ground to proper fineness,
and are spouted into the conveyor, ele-
vator and screen to land in the shipping
room.
The large parts, bones, hoofs, tin cans,
rags, etc.. go out at the end of the screen
as tailings and drop throi\gh a spout into
a suitable bin.
The garbage, kitchen slops, butchers*
offal, decayed vegetable or animal mat-
ter, etc., are hauled to the top floor and
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II. VENTA SPRING3. HAVANA WATER SUPPLY. CONCRETE, BRICK AND SAND-LIBiB.
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MONICIPAL ENGINEERING.
all the vapors and gases emanating from
the material in process of reduction and
drying through proper condensers that
condense alt the vapors and pass the ef-
fluent through a sanitary filter bed into a
cistern or sewer. The uncondensed foul
air or gas is led in iron pipes into cast
Iron retorts walled In the boiler furnace
and is there burned.
The dry waste, such as paper, paper
boxes, rags, etc., is received in a room
set apart for this purpose, where the
different grades are separated and balea
for shipment, while the other waste, such
as floor sweepings, shavings, di*y stable
manure, yard cleanings, tree trimmings,
wood, etc., is burned in a patented fur-
nace attached to the boilers to help in
generating the steam required to operate
the plant.
The night soil, cesspool matter, wet
manure and all kinds of foecal, animal or
vegetable matter are taken to the top
floor and thrown into the digester, then
treated to a proper amount of acid to
destroy any disease germs that may be
in the mass, which is then dried under
vacuum with steam heat at 350 degrees F.
Th6 digesters; like the tanks, are pro-
vided with air pumps, condensers and gas
separators, connected with the filter bed
and gas retorts in the boiler furnace.
The coal ashes are received on the top
floor and thrown Into poppers connecting
with suitable screens and separators. The
ash goes into a suitable room to be mixed
with cement and pressed into brick or
used in plastering. The clinkers, mixed
with cement, make excellent concrete,
while unbumt coal or coke Is used for
fuel to make the steam to operate the
plant.
All the floors, except the shipping room
floor, are of concrete, pitched to a cen-
ter drain. The inner sides of the walla and
partitions are coated with an adaman-
tine paint so there can be no absorption
of bad odors. Plenty of water must be
used to keep the floors, walls and ap-
paratus thoroughly washed and clean to
insure its sanitary condition at all times.
The products, such as grease, oil, hides,
bones, tankage or fertilizer stock, paper
stock, cement brick, clinkers, etc., flnd
ready si».le, while the unbumt coal, mixed
with the other waste burned in the Im-
proved furnace, makes more steam than
is required to operate the plant.
- All material being received on the top
floor, it flows by gravity to the bottom
in. the process of reduction and drying
and lands in the shipping room an odor-
less and absolutely sterile product ready
for the market. The apparatus, being pow-
erful and especially designed for this
business, makes the sorting of the garb-
age and consequent exposure in the
plant unnecessary, as tlie tin cans, etc.,
are taken out by the machine automatic-
ally and dumped into the proper bin.
Thlc is a concise description of the
Wiseloger system of waste utilization,
which is the result of nearly thirty years
of study and experience in construction
and operation of plants and many costly
experiments. It has advanced by slow de-
grees and, owing to the flrst cost of for-
mer plants, it has been kept out of the
general market except in large clUes. Re-
cent inventions and improvements have
reduced the flrst cost of plant one-third
and the cost of operation and reduction
one- half, and it can be made profitable
in small cities of 12,000 inhabitants as is
shown by the latest plant of this system,
the Star Tankage and Fertilizer Works
of Vincennes, Ind.
ELECTROLYSIS NOT A NECESSITY.
By A, R088 Gray, Bradford, Pa.
The protection of water works dis-
tributing systems from destruction by
electrolytic action has never received the
careful attention which the importance
of the question demands. In all our cities
thA «rAt(>r nlnf^R ArA helnsr dflmAfirf^d in a.
low at some future time if the trouble is
not remedied, but In no case, I believe,
has the engineer making such report of-
fered any satisfactory method for the
complete elimination of the trouble.
ThA thftorv is cnmstAntlv advanrad bv
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IV. TOWER OF MADAME ABREUX'S HOUSE, HAVANA. CONCRETE.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
agreed so generally upon this theory for
two reasons principally: The first that
the destruction of piping systems by elec-
trclytlc action is comi) ritivoiv a new
phenomenon, the protection of piping
systems from It a new problem and one
with which a large majority of the en-
gineers are not familiar except in a theo-
retical way, having no occasion to make
a careful study of the problem under ac-
tual conditions; the second, that the prin-
cipal employers of engineers meeting
these difllcultles are the street railway
and power companies. The piping system
of any city offers a convenient return for
the current of a street lailwiv and as long
as It remains a good return is the means
of saving the railway company large
amounts of money which otherwise would
of necessity be Investerl in copper returns,
and which copper If .instnlleii would not
return the current as well as the piping
system does. This Is especially true in
cases where the water department of a
city has been led to believe that, If the
piping system were connected to the
track returns of the railway company or
to the negative bus bar at the power sta-
tion by a return feeder, all trouble from
electrolysis would be at an end. Such
connections are of grreat advantage to
the railway company, because they re-
duce the resistance offered to the current
by the grround between the pipes and the
power station, and by reducing such re-
sistance secure a larger flow of current
on the pipes than could otherwise be ob-
tained. Such connections are, however,
the means of increasing the electrolytic
action on the piping system a hundred
fold.
It Is maintained by many that the cur-
rent is all taken from the pipes by means
of such connection and that when this is
the case no electrolytic action takes place.
If the current were all taken from the
pipes by such connections it is undoubted-
ly true that no action would result, but
unfortunately the current is not all car-
ried off by the connections. If the cross
sectional area of iron in an entire piping
system is calculated and compared with
the cross sectional area of copper which
is installed by the railway to take current
from the pipe, making due allowance for
the difference in the conductivity of the
two metals, it will readily be seen that
all of the current carried by the pipes
cannot be taken off by copper returns as
they are usually installed in such cases.
true, is it logical to suppose that the*
adoption of a plan whereby the amount
of current flow is increased 100 per cent
is the only means of protection which
should be considered for a piping system T
Does it not seem that such method of
protection is a benefit to the street rail-
way rather than to the piping system?"
Yet our water ^ distributing systems are
being daily connected by return feeders
to tracks and to power stations. Does It
look reasonable to expect to reduce the
damage by increasing the cause of it?
Yet this is the result of connecting pipes
to a return feeder of any description.
Does ft not seem reasonable to maintain
that the only logical means to do away
with the trouble is to eliminate the
cause? In other words, deal with that
which produces the trouble, instead of
trying to deal with its effect? ' If it is
true that the extent of electrolytic action
is due to the amount of current flow, why
not adopt a plan whereby this amount is
decreased instead "of Increased? If such
a plan is possible why do electrical en-
gineers and the street railway companies
not adopt It? Simply because for every
ampere of current which is prevented
from returning over a piping system the
railway must invest in copper to supply
a return of its own, and if the entire pip-
ing system of a city is so treated that It
will not carry current the street railway
company must invest thousands of dollars
for copper to do the work which the
piping systems are now doing. The use of
return feeders has been tried times with-
out number and the case is yet to be
found where the electrolytic action has
been lessened to any extent.
Tne almost universally accepted theory,
which originated when we knew a great
deal less about electrolysis than we de
now, and which is being constantly harped
upon by the railways today, viz: That
electrolysis as affecting piping systems
cannot be stopped and that the damage
must go on, is a fallacy. Electrolytic
action can be entirely eliminated in any
underground piping system by the intel-
ligent use of insulating Joints placed at
intervals in the pipes. The writer has
had the supervision of the Installation of
insulating Joints in numerous entire pip-
ing systems, containing from 25 to 300-
miles of pipe, some of them in localities
'where the conditions were the worst that
could be met. The result obtained in
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THE INDIANA STREET IMPROVEMENT LAW.
23&
obtained are there to show for them-
selves.
If some radical change is not made by
our cities in their method of dealing with
this problem, during the next ten years
will be noted the serious impairment of
whole plants, necessitating the recon-
struction of distributing systems at a
cost many times greater than would be
necessary to secure ample protection if
applied before the damage becomes too
serious.
It Is of vital importance that piping
systems in localities where street rail-
ways are operated should be thoroughly
investigated to determine how severe the
conditions are and that immediate steps
be taken to secure adequate means of
protection before the damage reaches a
serious point. It is not safe to wait until
the destruction that is going on becomes
all too evident by the giving out of pipes
during a critical time as that occasioned
by a bad fire.
THE INDIANA STREET IMPROVEMENT LAW.
By C A. Kenyan, Indianapolis, Ind.
The rapid growth of our towns and cit-
ies may be attributed to the progressive
thought and restless energy of the Ameri-
can citizen. The progressive man wants
to see his home town enjoy electric light,*
sewers, pavements, a police force, a fire
department, during his lifetime. He is
not content to say I will help build the
sewers, and my children will help pave
and their children will help pay for lights
and Are protection. On the other hand
there is a very active and noisy minority
who do not want to pay taxes, do not
want improvements.
The present constitution of the State
of Indiana prohibits municipalities going
Into debt in excess of 2 per cent of the
assessed valuation of the property within
the municipality. This clause is a great
restraint to the ambitions of the progres-
sive class, and often Is a distinct hin-
drance to the advance of a rapidly grow-
ing town or city. Again it has some ad-
vantages in that it will prevent public
officials from indulging in ruthless extrav-
agance. The 2 per cent limit is, however,
so low that nearly every town and city
In the State of any size is close to or
beyond its legal limit of indebtedness,
from sheer necessity.
Many people believe in and still advo-
cate the old system of making public im-
provements, namely; pay for them out
of funds raised by general taxation. Under
our constitution, if this were the law
there would be practically no improve-
ments.
* To meet the progressive idea the mod-
ern street improvement laws were de-
vised, under which th« 20st of the im-
provements, sewers and pavements
are paid for by the property
l>eneftted, in ten annual installments, rep-
resented by street improvement bonds,
which bonds are not a part of the munici-
pal indebtedness and hence not subject to-
the 2 per cent limit rule.
What is known as the Barrett Law
was passed in 1889 by the Indiana Legis-
lature, and under it the cities and towns
of the State made such rapid progress
that other States rapidly passed similar
laws, with similar results. When the
United States Supreme Court, a few years
ago, decided the case of the village of
Norwood against Baker, many lawyers
thought it invalidated the Barrett law,
and the Legislature of 1931 hastened to
repeal it as to cities, by passing what is
known as the Artman law. which was
vastly inferior to the Barrett law In
many vital respects, and It is to some of
the defects of the Artman law that I
desire to call attention.
1. An Ideal street improvement law
should be so simple and clear that an
ordinary mind could understand it. The
Artman law is so involved and com-
plicated that no two lawyers construe it
alike.
2. The property-owner whose land is to-
be taxed to pay for the improvement
should have a right to be effectively
heard, and if enough of his fellow owners
should join in insisting that no improve-
ment should be made then their protest
should be effective, unless some urgent
public demand or necessity for the im-
provement exists.
3. When it shall be decided to do the
work, and its nature and character are
determined, then all contests should be
at an end. These applications should be
carefully and accurately drawr\, so that
contractors may know exactly what they
are bidding on and that when their work
is completed they will surely get their
pay without discount, delay, hold-up or
quibble. There should be no chance at
this time for the property-owner to con-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
test the matter except on one s^round, to-
wlt, that the work was not done accord-
ing to contract; and even this should be
raised while the work Is In progrress.
If contractors know that they will get
their pay as soon as the work i« done ac-
cording to contract in cash, or bonds that
are at once as good as cash, they are in a
position to offer very much lower prices,
and competition will be sharper. On the
other hand, If the contractor is filled with
doubts as to when he will get. his pay, as
to whether he will ever get his pay, as to
whether he can sell his street improve-
ment bonds when he gets them or must
sell at a ridiculously low price on account
of some foolish provision that in no way
benefits the property-owner, so that all
his profit is gone, and a loss is entailed,
the result is that the next time he bids
much higher to provide for these things.
In my opinion the Artman law has
about all of these defects. There Is no
serious objection to the advertisement
and letting of the contract, although the
property-owner could be given more
rights. It is after the contractor has
•completed his work that his trouble be-
gins.
The engineer measures up the work,
finds It all right, computes the total
amount due the contractor, and reports it
to the Council; the law does not say
when, but he usually does it in a reason-
able time.
Then the Council can dally with the es-
timate as long as they see fit, without
the contractor being able to help himself.
I have frequently known it to be more
than a month.
They then accept it, and refer It to the
city commissioners, fixing a day for them
to meet, and the city marshal notifies
the city commissioners. They may take
fifteen days to decide the names of the
owners and the p/operty that will be
benefited by the Improvement. (One day
would be enough.)
They then report this to the Council,
(what for no one has ever been able to
definitely find out), who may let one or a
dozen meetings elapse before acting on it,
then only to report It bnck to the city com-
missioners, fixing a day and place for
them to meet and notifying the property
owners by advertisement that they may
go before the commissioners on that day
another day fixed they may have another
hearing before the Council.
That hearing ended, the Council may
take It under advisement indefinitely be-
fore confirming the assessment.
Finally they confirm the assessment, but
after th^t anv propertv owner who con-
siders himself aggrieved may within
twenty days appeal the whole matter to
the Circuit court, where it may drag
from three months to a year, the poor
contractor out of his money and paying
interest on his loans, being pressed oy
his banker, and no interest accruing on
the amount due him.
Finally, if not entirely defeated on some
technicality, the assessment is made,
whether appealed from or not, and the
assessment roll goes to the treasurer.
The property owners may at once pay
in cash, which, by the way, few of them
do. And then the Council must pass a
bond ordinance. The lawyers do not
agree as to how this should be drawn,
and the contractor has to take his
chances. At any rate after a time it is
passed and bonds are issued and given to
the contractor. Seldom does he get them
within four months and frequently a year
elapses from the time he finished his
work according to contract They are
issued to him at par.
The city Is through, but the contractor
goes to his banker, who does not want
them.
1. Because they only bear 5 per cent in-
terest when he can keep his money loaned
on short time paper at from 6 to 8 per
cent.
2. One-tenth Is payable each year and
any property-owner may pay his entire
assessment at any time without notice.
.3 If any property-owner on the entire
improvement falls to pay his installment
of Interest or principal promptly each
year as It falls due, the bondholder finds
such coupons returned to him unpaid anal
he must go and look up the delinquent
party and institute a foreclosure suit to
get his money.
4. He must pay taxes on them while
city bonds escape taxation.
The contractor finds he cannot sell them
or If he does he must make the large dis-
/«minf fViA Ki'i-kV'ai* i^vonfa
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THE INDIANA STREET IMPROVEMENT LAW.
237
has cost the people in the short time it
has been in operation hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars, by reason of extra cost
of work, and this is increasing.
Can anyone suggest the use of all those
notices and references back and forth be-
tween the Council and the City Commis-
sioners, with the numerous publications,
all of which have to be paid for by the
property-owners ?
If a property-owner stands by and sees
an improvement completed in front of
his property, why should he afterwards
be heard to say it is illegal, he will not
pay for it, yet he will keep the improve-
ment?
In no State in the Union have street
improvement bonds, that only bear 5 per
cent interest, such as are issued under
the present law, been sold at par.
The option to pay the entire bond off at
any time should also be abolished-
The law should specifically exempt these
bonds from taxation. They are a greater
burden on the taxpayer than genera]
bonds. They are a tax, and to tax them
again is a tax on a tax.
Everything that can be done to make
these securities desirable should be done
in the interest of the taxpayer. The more
desirsCble these bonds are and the greater
market there is for them, the lower the
taxes for public improvements are. These
bonds are in the nature of a statutory
mortgage on real estate, and hence should
be available as reserves required by law
for insurance and surety companies.
A NEW JERSEY GOOD ROAD.
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EDITORIAL
COMMENT
Methods of Oarbage Disposal..
The Proposed Qovernmeot
Cement PUint.
Incompetence in Building
Construction.
METHODS OF GARBAGE DISPOSAL.
The appearance In this and other •num-
bers of Municipal Engineering^ of ar-
ticles upon various methods of garbag^e
disposal suggests a few words upon the
adv.sability of a thorough study of all
the methods in determining what msthol
shall be used for a given place. In, this
country, at least, the disposal of garbage
has not been -considered as an engineering
question, with the exception of a very few
cases.
In a few instances the matter has been
turned over to the health authorities with
some success, but the tendency of that
department is to consider the sanitary
features to the exclusion of a 1 others, so
that it is possible to pass by meritorious
processes from the sanitary point of view
because they have other components
which complicate the view of them.
In the great majority of cases, how-
ever, the matter is in the hands of a
council committee or board, whose mem-
bers do not claim to be expert either in
sanitation or engineering, and who are
only anxious to get through with a .dis-
agreeable matter as promptly and - as
•cheaply as possible.
The consequence is that the ordinary
garbage disposal plant is more or less of
a failure. The process costs too much, the
plant Is too smal', the delivery of gar-
bage to it produces nuisance, the process
Is odorous, the product is valueless, the
plant is not durable, it is not well lo-
cated. The list of troubles can be in-
definitely extended.
It Is not to be expected that the ordi-
nary city official shall be an expert in
such matters as this. The fact is, there
are very few experts upon the subject in
the country. The technical nature of the
that our readers may have a record on
their desks for reference of the latest
and best upon this Important subject.
THE PROPOSED GOVERNMENT
CEMENT PLANT.
The engineers who estimated the cost
of the great Tonto basin dam for irriga-
tion purposes near Globe. Arizona, added
to the local price of cement at Globe the
cost of hauling it by wagon to the site
of the dam, and thus made the cost of
the cement J9 a barrel on the work. Mr.
E. Duryee, an expert cement manufac-
turer, now an engineer on the reclama-
tion service, estimated the cost of a ce-
ment plant at the dam, where suitable
materials for making cement are found.
He estimated the cost of making cement
in this plant at $2 a barrel, under the
difllculties regarding fuel at that locality.
The cost of making the 150,000 barrels or
so of cement needed in the dam, includ-
ing the total cost of the plant consid-
ered as scrap at the close of the work,
would approximate $3 a barrel. This
shows an apparent saving over the engi-
neer's estimate of $6 a barrel, or, say
fSOO.OOO. It was therefore decided that a
cement plant should be erected for the
purpose of making the cement needed in
the dam, and the machinery has been
purchased for the mill.
The cement companies, upon learning
these facts, protested against the action
of the government on two principal
grounds, one that the government should
not go Into competition with private cor-
porations in the manufacture of any
needed commodity, and the other, that
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EDITORIAL COMMENT.
may not be necessary to consider It
farther In this connection.
The second objection seems to have
been well taken and was met by a call
for bids from cement nianufacturers, by
which it developed that cement could be
delivered at the dam at a cost of $4.81
s. barrel, or $4.52 if the grovernment did
not retain the usual 20 per cent of the
price until the completion and acceptance
of the whole of the material. This re-
duces the estimated saving to about $1.80
a barrel, but this sum, amounting to
^0.000 is well worth looking after.
Bids were received from very few com-
panies. There are, in fact, very few
companies near enough to compete, the
two in Colorado and Southern California
being the nearest and two others. In the
vicinity of San Francisco being the only
other probable competitors.
Much capital has been made in some
quarters of a claim that there is a ce-
ment trust which fixes the prices. The
fact Is, however, that there has been a
cut-throat competition In the business,
which has not been overcome, though it
lias been mitigated by recent conferences
among the larger manufacturers. The
companies have been put to it to do their
best in reducing the price at the works
and and in securing the best possible
freight rates, so that the government's
course has undoubtedly reduced the bid
price a dollar or two below what it would
have been had bids been called for in
the beginning. Prom this point of view
the purchase of the machinery has been
fully Justified even should it never be
used.
The cement manufacturers propose a
solution of the problem whldh seems on
its face to be very satisfactory. Bids
Are to be received from the manufacturers
to furnish cement on the work either
from their own plants or from the govern-
ment plant on the ground. The govern-
ment may still hold itself in readiness
to operate the plant if satisfactory bids
Are not obtained. The lowest bidder, if
accepted, can then use the government
plant with electric power from the gov-
ernment water power.
These bids will check Mr. Duryee's esti-
mate of the cost of making cement, will
Increase the competition by extending the
number of manufacturers who can reach
the work, and, apparently, will give the
government all the advantages of the
ownership of the cement plant without
the risk of depending upon the accuracy
of the engineer's estimates of the cost of
operating It. His estimate is more th^in
•double the usual cost of making cement
i)y the dry process.
An important fact is emphasized by
this discussion of prices, namely, the ef-
fect of freight rates In restricting com-
petit'.on and in fixing the price of cement.
This is an exaggerated case, both because
the long railroad haul and the wagon
haul add a large amount to the factory
price of the cement, and because the
isolated condition of the work reduces
the possibility of competition to a very
small number of plants, say two, or at
most. four.
The same factors enter into the fixing
of rates in any case, but their effect Is
usually very successfully concealed. Un-
der ordinary conditions of healthy com-
petition, where plants are prosperous and
do not need to cut below profitable fac-
tory prices, these factors operate first to
restrict the competition to those factories
where the cost of manufacture plus the
freight charges are v4ry nearly equal.
Thus at A, cement from B, costing $1 to
make and twenty cents for freight,
will meet on equal ground cement from
C. costing eighty cents to make and forty
cents for freight. Any plant coming
within this $1.20 limit has an equal
chance.
The actual price of cement at A will de-
pend upon many other Items. If the de-
mand is greater than' the supply from
these millF*. the price will go up until a
figure is reached at which plants with a
higher cout but a smaller local demand
can ship in their product. Thus the prices
will fluctuate with the supply and de-
mand in a healthy way.
If A happens to be so situated that .
two or three plants have a considerable
advantage over any others, it is easy to
arrange a combination which will raise
the price nearly to that at which others
can ship in profitably. If twenty or
thirty is read for two or three and the
combination extends to the restriction of
production, we are as near a cement
trust as we have ever attained in the
American cement trade.
This illustration suggests one of the
uses which may be made of the table of
freight rates in the Directory of Amer-
ican Cement Industries. It could readily
be carried much further if space per-
mitted.
1 « - ..
INCOMPETENCE IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION.
A correspondent sends a list of failures
of concrete construction in buildings
which he says are used as examples of
the inadequacy of this material for use in
floors and walls and as flre-resisting pro-
tection for the supporting framework of
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240
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
steel skeleton buildings. Most of these
cases of failure have been fully described
in the public press, many of them in
technical Journals, and in every case
which has been fully investigated it has
been shown that there has been some in-
competence or dishonesty in the desigrn
or construction, more than sufficient to
account for the failure. In one instance,
concrete beams were built which de-
pended upon ordinary brick walls as
anchors, and when the beams were loaded
with but a part of the weight intended
for them, their deflection, on account of
insufficient area of cross-section and error
in its design, pulled the walls of the
building down. In other cases the thrust
of the cement arches spread the beams or
the walls sufficiently to permit the con-
crete to fall through. In other cases the
proportions of materials, methods of mix-
ture or methods of putting in place were
so defective that the concrete developed
only a small fraction of the strength
which it might haVe if properly made.
Partial loading or merely the removal of
the centering caused collapse in these
cases.
The Darlington building in New York is
the most recent instance of the collapse
of a steel frame for a building. The
exact cause for this failure has not yet
been determined definitely, but it is un-
doubtedly due either to defective design,
overloading of the frame with structural
materials on the way to their places, or
defects in the construction. The suffi-
ciency of the design is presumed to have
been assured by the approval of the plans
by the city's building inspector, so that,
until the report of the official investiga-
tion is made, the building contractor will
bear the greater part of the blame.
Whatever the cause, it is due to in-
competency or dishonesty of some sort
The city's department is presumed to
have done its duty when it guarantees
the sufficiency of the plans, but In view
of the serious calamities oaused by the
collapse of buildings during or imme-
diately after construction, it seems to be
the part of wisdom to extend the au-
thority of the department over the super-
vision of the actual work of construction.
Some of the friends of concrete con-
struction fear that the attaclcs made upon
the failures in such construction will
weaken the public confidence in the ma-
terial for buildings. It may possibly delay
the recognition of its value In some In-
stances, but rabid attacks are always
very largely their own refutation and the
rapidly increasing number of excellent
constructions in concrete will soon extend
the knowledge of its successes and the
reasons for its failures so that the latter
will be less frequent and the former will
be more numerous.
The failure of the Darlington building
should not destroy the public confidence
in the steel frame methods of construc-
tion. Neither should the occasional col-
lapse of a badly designed or constructed
concrete floor or brick wall condemn con-
crete or br*ck as building materlsLls. The
effect will rather be to enforce closer in-
spection of the processes of construction
as well as of the designs upon which they
are based.
Concrete, especially cinder concrete,
offered an additional proof of its value as
a building material by successfully with-
standing the great heat of the Baltimore
fire. In the words of one engineer on tlie
ground, "Concrete appears to have stood
the fire better than anything else."
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THE QUEiTION
DEPARTMENT
COST OF MAKING SLAG CEMENT.
Can you give me an Idea of about the
cost of a slag-cement plant of say 200
barrels per day, the class or makes of
machinery required? We would like
something like the Illinois Steel Com-
pany's north works plant on a smaller
scale. Can you also give me data as to
cost of producing slag cement In the bar-
rel? D. D. G. Chicago.
If the slag is granulated at the blast
furnace, where only it can be done prop-
erly, the only machinery necessary is
that for drying the llmo and the slag
sand, a preliminary grinding of th^ latter,
grinding the lime and slag sand together,
elevators and conveyors, and packing
machinery. The cost of this machinery
will depend upon the kind of grinding
machine selected. Griffin mills, made by
the Bradley Pulveriier Company, tube
mills such as those made by F. L.
Smidth & Co. and the Bonnot Comi>any,
closed pebble mills or ball mills, and Kent
mills are used in various plants, most of
which make a preliminary reduction of
the slag in one mill and the final grind-
ing of the slag and lime in another. There
are several dryers on the market.
Reference may be made to the "Business
Directory" under the headings "Dryers,"
"Cement Machinery," "Cement Plant
Designers," "Tube Mills," etc., for names
of manufacturers and dealers in cement
machinery and experts in designing
plants. They can give full information
on cost when full details are known re-
garding materials and local conditions.
No definite figures are at hand regard-
ing the actual cost of making slag ce-
ment. Estimates have l)een made vary-
ing from about forty cents up to sixty
cents a barrel, the range showing the ef-
fect of local conditions and also the
conservatism of the estimators.
BiAKERS OF SAND AND CEMENT
BRICK.
Can you give me the names and ad-
dresses of the different firms in the
United States making sand and cement
brick? W. J. M., Toronto, Ont.
The new edition of the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" (|6), now
nearly through the press, has a special
list of the makers of stone and brick
using cement and lime, in which will be
found the names and addresses desired.
Reference should also be made to the
VBusiness Directory" elsewhere in this
number under the heading "Cement
Brick."
MAKERS OF ACETYLENE GAS
MACHINES.
WUl you please send us a list of the
principal acetylene gas machine com-'
panics In the United States?
M. Marquette, Mich.
Hendricks's "Commercial Register" (|6)
gives a Hst of about 150 makers and
dealers In acetylene gas machines. Some
of those in the vicinity of Michigan are
the Abner Acetylene Gas Co., 36 LaSalle-
st., Chicago, ni.; Acetylene Apparatus
Mfg. Co., 167 Michlgan-ave., Chicago, 111.;
Alexander Furnace and Mfg. Co.. I^n-
sing, Mich.; American Acetylene Lighting
Co., Battle Creek, Mich.; Briscoe Mfg.
Co., 1427 Woodward-ave., Detroit,; Ran-
som Gas Machine Co., 872 E. Water-st.,
Milwaukee, Wis.
EFFECT OF FROST ON CEMENT
POSTS.
We have commenced the manufacture
of concrete fence posts at this place and
and yve would. like to have your opinion
as to whether frost would have any dam-
aging effect wliorc ihey enter the ground.
We are making posts with five parts sand
and gnivcl and one part Portlaind cement,
mixed into a slush, and when the posts
are about four davs old we give ihem a
dip into a solution of cement and water
to close up the pores so as to make them
non-absorptive. We have tried placing
the posts in water and letting them freese
up solid and then have thawed them out,
and to all appearance they were as good
as they were before they were frozen.
GRIFFIN AND LOW,
Lake City, Iowa.
The amount of effect of frost upon con-
crete posts would depend upon the
amount of water which could be absorbed
by them. It is possible to make cement
concrete which is practically waterproof,
the proportion of cement to be used de-
pending upon the amount of voids in the
sand and gravel. This can be determined
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
for the sand and gravel used by measur-
ing the amount of water necessary to fill
a box already containing a known amount
of the sand and gravel. Ii> practice a lit-
tle more cement is used to allow for de-
fects in mixing the concrete. The propor-
tions named are about the minimum for
close-grained concrete. It is quite prob-
able that experiment would show the ad-
visability of using a little more cement.
Posts set in wet ground would need to
be more impervious than those in well-
-draiued soil.
If well done the process of dipping the
post should aid somewhat In making its
surface Impervious, but it should not be
depended upon as a complete correction
ior errors in mixing the concrete.
Concrete of the proportions named is
less porous than many kinds of stone,
And it would be less affected by frost than
-anj' but the densest and strongest stone.
The tensile strength of concrete is greater
than that of stone and the action of
frost in bursting the post would have
much greater resistance than it would
have in a stone post similarly situated.
Alternations in freezing and thawing
posts porous enough to absorb an appre-
■ciable amount of water will result in a
sort of granulation of the surface and
the separation of these grains rather than
in the spalling which often happens to
-stone under the same conditions. The life
■of a concrete post, well made except as
to porosity, is therefore likely to be much
longer than that of most stone under the
-same conditions. It is not difficult to re-
duce the porosity to a very small pro-
. portion with corresponding advantage.
Whether the added life is sufficient to
compensate for the greater cost will de-
pend upon the amount of the excess of
cost. The whole ma«ik^r Is a refinement
which needs but little consideration in
practice.
«
INFORMATION ABOUT CONCRETE
BUILDING BLOCKS.
Does your monthly magazine tell all
about concrete building block making and
the machine? We will use the cheapest
and best me*hod of building concrete
walls, cornices, floors, sills and steps for
•cottages we can get hold of; a plan that
can be used without skilled labor. We
can get sand, gravel, fuel and limestone
cement block machines. Since the de-
velopment of this method of construction
began, but little more than two years ago,
this magazine has given everything of
importance on the subject. The list of
articles is too long to reproduce here, for
nearly every number contains articles on
the blocks and their use and the machines
for making them.
CONTENTS OF A BAG OF CEMENT.
One local dealer will put out only
three sacks of Lehigh cement to the
barrel and other cements are delivered
four sacks to the barrel, so I will be un-
der obligations to you if you will kindly
tell me how many sacks constitute one
barrel of Lehigh cement
J. W. BURNEY, Bainbrldge, Ga.
The dealer referred to is apparently in
error. The Lehigh Portland Cement C >ni-
pany conforms to the usual custom of
putting 95 pounds net of cement in a
sack, which Is four sacks to a barrel. He
Is possibly confusing Portland with nat-
ural cement, the latter being delivered
In paper sacks of about the same weight,
but only three to the barrel, since natural
cement weighs less than Portland.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRET^E
PIERS.
Will you please inform me where I can
get specifications for concrete abutments
and piers for railroad work. Or refer me
to a book on railroading containing such
specifications. A. W. FISHBAUGH.
Cellna, O.
The "Hand-Book for Cement Users" ($S)
gives the specifications desired.
CONCRETE BASE FOR FENCE.
We are about to construct a fence
600 feet long, the base of which will be
made of concrete blocks 7 feet long by
about 18 inches square, with the upper
edges beveled.
Any information which you can give
us regarding the best way to proceed to
do this work will be appreciated.
M. & C. Philadelphia, Pa.
The laying of concrete blocks is a sim-
ple operation. The foundation being prop-
erly prepared (a very essential matter),
the molds can be staked or braced in
place, filled with the concrete mixture,
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
S43
CRACKS IN CEMENT BLOCK WALL.
I have a building constructed of hol-
low cement blocks, placed on a frost-
proof foundaUon. The wall is cracked
half-way up the building and it was not
caused by a blow or anything of that
sort. The foundation did not crack or
settle and the cracks referred to were In
the blocks only. What was the reason?
D. Z., Hanover, Ont.
This can hardly be answered without
an inspection of the building. As the
question reads, the crack is due to some
movement of the wall. Are the blocks
cracked or does the crack in the wall
follow the Joints between the blocks? In
either case setUement of the wall, ex-
pansion or contraction, or bulging of the.
wall by frost or some other force, which
may be slight and soon disappear, might
account for it. P\irther information Is
necessaiT to determine whether the fault
Is in the design or the construction of the
wall.
PRICE OF CEMENT FOR SIDEWALK
PURPOSES.
Please give me the prices on cement
for sidewalk purposes. There will be
some sidewalks put down here this year.
F. R., Fayette, Iowa.
Some recent bids run from 11.29 to $1.66
■a barrel for cement in sacks on cars at
the mill, to which freight must be added.
The table of freight rates in the "Hand
Book for Cement Users" (|3) and In the
'•Directory of American Cement Indus-
tries" (15) give much help m determining
the additional cost due to shipping
•charges.
CONCRETE WALK WITH NATURAL
CEMENT IN BASE AND PORT-
LAND CEMENT IN TOP.
We note a very Interesting discussion in
your last issue regarding the adhesion of
a natural cement base with a Portland
cement top. We think your explanation
Is very good and covers the subject care-
fully. We, however, would ll^e to add,
as perhaps of some benefit to the party
making the inquiry, that the specific
gravity of a true Portland cement is at
all times over 3. thereby being the heav-
iest hydraulic material known to the
water is added to Portland cement a
chemical change takes place. In theory,
all of the water up to 20 per cent is crys-
tallsed and this will take place with or
without air. Portland cement will set
und«r water or in a vacuum and all of
its characteristics are so enth-ely different
from a natural cement that they cannot
In anywise be classed together.
These facts, together with the differ-
ence in contraction and expansion, we be-
lieve will explain why a Portland cement
and a natural cement should not be used
together.
HOUSTON BROTHERS CO.
Pittsburg, Pa,
The writer does not agree with all ths
statements, regarding the chemical action
of natural cements stated above, but
does agree with the proposition that the
differences In the chemical actions are
usually such that the two cements can-
not be used safely In the combination
under discussion.
TO WHICH STREET DOES THE IN-
TERSECTION OF TWO STREETS
BELONG?
Will you kindly Inform me as to the
solution of the following problem? Thir-
teenth street, running north and south,
crosses South street (44 feet wide), which
Is paved east of the easternmost line of
Thirteenth street. North of South street.
Thirteenth street is 60 feet wide. South of
South street it Is 40 feet wide and its east-
• ern line is opposite the western line of
Thirteenth street north of South street,
I. e., there is an offset in Thirteenth
street equal to Its width north of South
street. An ordinance proposes to pave
Thirteenth street from Its north end "to
the south line of South street." Is the
part of this description in the Intersection
a part of Thirteenth street or Is it a part
of South street, and should any part of
its cost be assessed on the block on the
southeast corner of the Intersection?
J. A. WILSON, Lexington, Mo.
This is a problem for attorneys versed
in Missouri law to wrestle with. The
council has evidently described this inter-
section as belonging to Thirteenth street.
Tne end of the improvement abuts on 60
feet of the north side of the block on the
southeast corner and in most States this
would authorize an assessment uoon this
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244
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
sons would probably agree that the inter-
flections in this particular case belong to
South street, but in law the definition of
the crdinance or custom may govern. The
mi/st equitable form of assessment should
be chosen by the engineer and the modi-
fications necessary to make this conform
vitb th» statutes may be left to the legal
aaviff'/s of the city.
INSPECTION OF BRICK PAVING.
A correspondent states that he proposed
the method of Inspection of a completed
brick pavement outlined in Municipal En-
gineering, vol. XXV, p. 425, and was met
with the objection from the contractor
that no engineer has done this; that it is
unheard of, unfair, etc. On the other
hand the taxpayers observe that the
pavement has a very uneven, undulating
surface and will not be satisfied until the
work is fully inspected and made right.
In too many instances pavements are
laid, especially in the smaller cities, with-
out inspection by any competent city
authority, or with so little, owing to the
multiplicity of the city engineer's duties,
that it practically amounts to nothing.
The nature of the contract will govern
the force of the inspection, but well-made
contracts usually contain a provision that
the discovery of defects at any time will
lead to reconstruction of the defective
sections, even though passed by an in-
spector. This is a salutary provision
which is no hardship on an honest con-
tractor, for the courts will protect him
against any injustice which may be
forced upon him, but will uphold the au-
thorities in demanding reconstruction of
work passed by Incompetent or dishonest
inspectors.
In case there is no inspection during
construction, it is difficult to see how the
condition of a brick pavement can be de-
termined without cutting into it. Even
the areas which show up well on the sur-
face may be defective underneath and in
worse condition than the areas whlqji
show greater defects to the eye. Such an
inspection by an unprejudiced person can
have no terrors for the contractor who
manner described in the article referred
to, the points ifor examination being
selected by the taxpayers who had ap-
pointed themselves as inspectors. For-
tunately for the contractor, these cuts
showed his substantial compliance with
the terms of the contract.
Undoubtedly our readers can cite similar
instances from their own practice and we
will publish the results if they are sent
in, with or without reference to names
and places as may be preferred.
SLAG PAVING BLOCKS.
Will you kindly advise me whether
paving blocks are being made from blast
furnace sUg In this country at the pres-
ent time and, further, whether blocks of
this character make entirely satisfactory
pavements?
R. L. H., Philadelphia, Pa.
Slag is used for paving purposes and is
furnished by the Vulcanite Paving Co.
of Philadelphia, Pa. So far as the writer
knows there is no use of slag paving
blocks in this country on a commercial
scale. Can our readers give any informa-
tion on the subject?
LAYING LARGE WATER MAJNS.
Norfolk is about to install a SO-inch
water main, five miles long, to supersede
one of smaller bore. The council resolu-
tion providing for the main restricts the
bidding upon it to local contractors and
plumbers.
This restriction has aroused much criti-
cism. It is objected that no local con-
tractor is equipped with the machinery
necessary for handling such large pipe;
that none has had any experience in
caulking pipe of this size, and that unless
the city, therefore, modifies its resolution,
it is likely to pay two profits for the
work.
It is saia on the other side that local
contractors can easily buy what appa-
ratus they need for the work, and some
declare that no special appliances are de-
manded for it.
Kindly tell i'3 what special faclliUes, if
any. are required for laying and caulking
pipe of this size in the most eftective way
and under the cheapest and most favor-
able circumstances.
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
245
such contractors there may be several.
The smaller the number of possible bid-
ders, the greater the possibility of a com-
bination of bidders and an increase in
price. If the work is somewhat unusual
and but few. if any, have had any ex-
perience in it. this possibility is still fur-
ther increased, for those who have not
had experience may feel some hesitancy
in taklngr risks with K and will increase
their bids to cover the risk due to their
lack of knowledge, or. as in some in-
stances, when there are one or two bid-
ders whose experience will enable them
to bid low enough to Insure the contract
going to them, may bring about a com-
bination which wiU put them on an
equality.
Criticisms similar to this are easily
made, and the bids, when received, may
or may not show that they are well
founded. Bids can almost always be re-
jected if too high.
In this particular case it may l?e said
that the 30-inch pipe can be laid without
any very special appliances. Heavier der-
ricks will be necessary to handle It suc-
cessfully^ and there are specicU appli-
ances for supplying lead and running it
into the Joints, as well as for caulking
which matertally aid in the work and
consequently reduce its cost. These ap-
pliances can probably be rented if the
work is not extensive enough to warrant
their purchase and contractors desire to
avail themselves of them.
A restriction of bidders to local contrac-
tors is not very common in the larger
cities and if it is made on ordinary con-
tracts it is likely to be omitted when
competition would be too greatly re-
stricted. Whether such a restriction is
advisable In this case is a local question
wflich cannot be answered without full
knowledge of all facts.
BINDING FOR MUNICIPAL.
ENGINEERING.
WTiat would be your price for binding
Municipal Engineering?
CARL MAUGHMER.
City Engineer, Nampa, Idaho.
Tlie Simplex binder can be obtained at
this office of proper size for Municipal
Engineering for 60 cents, each binder suf-
ficient for one volume of six numbers.
To the first order for binders should be
added 30 cents for a stapler and a box
of steel staples which are used in at-
tachiner the number to the back. Vol-
umes Trill be bound for subscribers for
11,60 eacli, in half morocco, six numbers
in a volume, the loose numbers being
sent for the purpose. New bound vol-
umes, including the six numbers and the
binding, are sold for $2.50.
MAKERS OF SMALL TANKS.
Will you kindly give us the names of
some of the manufacturers of small
tanks made up in either copper or gal-
vanized iron or both? The principal
sizes will be such as are used by doctors*
for instance, as supply tanks, with av-
erage pressure of 40 lbs. per square inch.
Other sizes would range up to about 10
cubic feet capacity, with correspondingly
higher pressures; for instance, tanks to
be used in connection with gas engine
starters.
F. W. S.. Indianapolis.
William E. Scaife & Sons' Co.. 221
First-ave., Pittsburg, Pa., can doubtless
supply the tanks desired.
The Pressed Steel Tank Co.. Milwau-
kee. Wis.; Ironclad Mfg. Co.. New York
City; Holthoft Machinery Co.. Cudahy,
Wis.; Randolph-Clowes Co.. Waterbury,
Conn., are other makers of copper op
galvanized iron tanks and boilers who
may be able to meet the requirements.
LIGHTEST GRADIENT FOR PIPE
SEWER.
What, in your opinion. Is the lightest
gradient that should be used for an
eight or nine inch vitrified pipe sewer,
that is. in extreme cases.
SUBSCRIBER, , Mont.
Some discussion of this question will be
found in Municipal Engineering, vol.
xxil, p. 382. It requires a fall of one foot
in 250 in an eight-inch pipe or of one foot .
in 900 in a nine-inch pipe to produce a
velocity of two feet a second, running
full or half-full, assumed to be a self-
cleaning velocity, according to Kutter's
formula. Latham's tables give one in 400
and one 450 as the gradients producing
this velocity. If the sewer does not run
half full the velocity will be less. If it
is necessary to run the sewer on fiatter
grade or, as is ordinarily the case, it does
not run half full, special means must be
taken to keep the, sewer clean. It is
possible to run a sewer on a level line,
but to keep it clean one must run water
through it under pressure at intervals or
must run cleaning tools through it The
gradients named are ordinarily given as
the minima, but are not always possible,
and when they are not. fiush-tanks. fiush-
Ing manholes, water pipe connections, or
special appliances for cleaning must be
supplied and used freely.
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246
MUNICIPAIi ENGINEERING.
HOW TO LAY CEMENT WALKS AND
FLOORS.
Mr. G. S. Neff of Rochester, N. Y.,
refers to the article In this department
In the number of Municipal Engineering
for December, 1903, vol. xxv, p. 419, on
specifications for laying cement side-
walks, and makes some criticisms of it.
He objects to the digging of a trench
15 to 18 inches in depth to be filled with
cinders or other porous material on the
ground that this trench will fill with
water which will freeze and throw the
walk out of shape. This would be true
were the trench dug in an Impervious
soil and proper provision for drainage
were not made. The porous cinder,
gravel or broken stone foundation is in-
tended to remove any accumula-
tions of water as far from the walk as
possible and to leave the moisture in this
foundation as much room to expand in
freezing as possible so that it will not lift
the walk. Were it possible to make a-
foundation which would at all times be
impervious to water, it would be ideal.
The soil cannot expand from freezing if
there is no water to crystallize. But since
few, if any, contractors have ever been
able to obtain such a continuously im-
pervious foundation, the next best thing
is to have one so porous and so deep and
so well drained that there shall be no ac-
cumulations of water enough to fill it full
and with so much vacant space well dis-
tributed through it that any moisture
clinging to the solid particles may have
ample space in which to expand in freez-
ing without crowding these particles out
of place. Mr. Neft says:
Now, why not lay your walk on the
earth as you find it and see to it that the
water along your walk can drain off
and also cut your flags well through at
the Joints so that they can give when the
flags begin to heave and you will have
less broken flags and also less settlement
when the frost gets out of the ground.
The article also gives the quantity of
cement, sand, gravel and stone; viz., 1
to 3 to 5, making one part of cement to
eight parts of sand and stone, which will
make 45 square feet of finished walk.
Now, at 1 to 8 cement and broken stone
will make at least 60 square feet of walk;
1 to 5 will make 60 square feet of walk
with 3 inches of 1 to 5 and one inch of 1 to
The article also gives formula for lay-
ing cellar and basement fioor, in which
it states that 1 part of cement to 5 parts
of sand and 10 parts of gpravel or broken
stone gives good results. Whew! That
may do to look at, but not to use. That's
like giving a Clydesdale horse a cupful of
oats for a meal. You may think it suflA-
cient for the horse, but it is only a ques-
tion of time when the horse will die from
overfeeding. ' To sum it up, you cannot
expect to do good work and durable un-
less you usfe enough cement, and that
good cement.
Now my way of building a walk is as
follows: I never use a shovel full of
ashes, cinders or clinkers. If I have to
fill and get earth I use sand. I place my
stringers; make my concrete 5 to 1 and
the top 2 to 1, the concrete Just moist
enough to ball well in the hand; fill the
frame level full; then pound down one
inch. When I wish to make or cut my
Joints I place a 2x4 cross piece, of which
I have three. I make my flags five feet
square. I place a cross piece at every
flve-foot mark on the outside of the
stringer and All up at least Ave or six.
remove the 2x4 crosspieces and fill the
joints with sifted concrete and ram down
well. When I have the five or six squares
and the Joints filled in, I proceed to put
on the top. If the weather is warm and
the occasion demands it. I sprinkle water
on the concrete before putting on the
top. I strike it with a straight edge, then
let it set for a few minutes or until the
surface will bear fioating. then finish
with trowel and as I go along cut the
Joints through the sifted concrete, top
and all, open up the cut with the Jointer
and finish with trowel.
This laying every other fiag one day
and then the spaces between the next is
a back number. I never use paper. By
cutting as above you will have Just
enough space for expansion and you will
have no double Joints, but you must
pound the Joints well.
I have given guarantees for six years
and in no instance have I been called up-
on to make good.
I have made one flag 13 feet long, four
feet wide, all in one piece, four inches
thick; also two flags seven by e'ght feet,
four inches thick. They have been laid
eight years.
All that is necessary is to see that the
water can run off, not under the walk.
Then your flags will raise even and will
settle down again when the frost leaves.
BOOKS ON CONCRETE WORK.
-trill ..^,,
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
247
Crete" (|3), It is one of the older books,
but is excellent, and when it is brougrht
down to date by additional study of the
"Hand-Book for Cement Users" (|3) will
be found a valuable guide. Many things
about concrete can only be learned by
experience.
A new book. Gillette's "Earthwork and
Its Cost," is the most complete book 6n
this subject. Experience may not bear
out all its statements, but on the whole
it is a good treatment of the subject.
INDEX TO MUNICIPAL ENGI-
NEERING.
In response to the request for expres-
sions of desire for a printed index to the
back volumes of Municipal Engineering,
made in the March number, a few addi-
tional subscriptions have been received.
Are there others who will purchase the
index if it is printed? If enough advance
promises are made the index will be
published.
WEATHERING OP CONCRETE
BLOCKS.
For something more than a year we
have been manufacturing stone from
cement and sand. The bulding stone put
out by us has so far .proven satisfac-
tory. We have foundations which are
now stand^g the second winter and the
stone is apparently better and harder
than when put into the wall. We do not
use cement enough to till all the voids in
the s&nd, and our stone readily absorbs
water. We have taken our stone and
placed it under a hydrant and let it
stand constant dripping, and in winter,
freezing and thawing, with no apparent
effect upon it, and the stone so used ab-
sorbs water freely. We have in the
face of pretty general disapproval of our
product by stone masons, made very en-
couraging progress in its introduction.
Still the stonemasons insist that in the
course of two or three years the stone
will very perceptibly show signs of dis-
integration and say they have read that
Is the course of stone of this nature, and
some say they have seen It. So far we
have never been able to get anyone to
point out a specific instance. The writer
has Just recently completed a new house
in which he used the regular stone from
our plant in the foundation, and without
any misgivings as to the outcome. Can
you give us some information as to the
experience of those who have used stone
of the kind usually made in the plants
scattered over the country? We have
made stones of various proportions, and
all the way from 3 per cent of sand to
1 per cent of cement to 30 per cent of
sand to 1 per cent of cement, but the
stone we place on the market is uni-
formly 8 to 1. The other stones were for
experimental purposes. The 80 to 1 rubs
oflp easily, but seems to stand the effect
of freezing and thawing as well as any
and shows remarkable strength.
P., , Kan.
Reference should be made to the answer
in another place to the question about
the freezing of cement posts. One finds
many small stone spalls at the foot of
walls made of some c'asses of stone,
which are apparently separated from the
stone faces by frost, chemical action or
the action of heat and cold in expanding
and contracting the outer surfaces. The
same spalls are not found at the foot of
a concrete wall, partly because the con-
crete is not In so pronounced layers as
the stone and partly because it has a
much greater tensile strength and itft
surface is not so easily broken by the ac-
tion of frost or temperature changes.
The poorer mixtures of concrete may ulti-
mately act as the 30 to 1 mixture re-
ferred to, so that the outer surfaces will
rub off, and in that case fine dust or sand
will be found at the base of a wall left
undisturbed for some time. The richer
mixtures do not have this difficulty and
any mixture which makes a hard, homo-
geneoiis, smooth surface, such as 8 to 1
and stronger mixtures can be made to
have, will not show this action, if one
may Judge by comparison with similai*
but not identical samples of concrete con-
struction. Mixtures even weaker than 8
to 1 are often entirely satisfactory from
this point of view.
The records on this subject are very
meager and our readers are Invited to
add to them. We will publish all that may
be sent to us for that purpose.
ADDRESSES OP CEMENT COM-
PANIES.
Will you kindly send us the addresses
of the following cement manufacturers:
Dexter, Phoenix, Reading, Vulcanite.
F. P. R., Johnstown, Pa.
From the "Directory of American Ce-
ment Industries" (|5) these addresses can
be ascertained with full information re-
garding the products of ttielr works, the
offices and agents, brands manufactured,
etc. The addresses are as follows:
Dexter Portland Cement Co., Naza-
reth, Pa.; Samuel H. French & Co.. sole
agents, York-ave., Fourth and Callow-
hlll-sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
Phoenix Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa.;
William G. Hartranft Cement Co., Sole
selling agents Philadelphia, Pa.
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248
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Readingr Cement Co., Reading, Pa.
Vulcanite Portland Cement Co., offices
Philadelphia. Pa.; works, Vulcanite
(postofflce PhllUpsburg), N. J.
WOOD FIBER MACHINE MAKERS.
I am In the market for a wood fiber
and wood pulp machine and thought you
could possibly Inform me where to get
the best one In the market.
W. B. T., PLASTERER,
Charlerol, Pa.
Hendricks's "Commercial Register" ($6)
gives the following names of makers of
fiber machinery: Joseph C. Todd, 203
Broadway. New York; J. W. Voglesong,
Elyrla. O.; "Wtood Fiber Machinery Co..
Sandusky, O. Wood pulp grinders can
be obtained of several manufactures, the
nearest one to the Inquirer being Pusey
& Jones Co., Wilmington, Del. Wood
pulp knives are sold by Coes, Lorlng &
Co., Worcester, Mass.
ACETYLENE GAS REFUSE IN SEWER.
We have several persons In town using
acetylene g&a plants. These people wish
to run the wash and slaked carbide into
the sewer. Can you furnish any Informa-
tion as to whether same will settle or fill
up the pipes. B. B. M., , Me.
Can our readers give any results of ob-
servation? The character of the refuse
seems to be that of finely divided rather
light materials and it would seem that it
would give no more trouble than other
fine material, such as fine sand or clay.
Is there a tendency to harden in mass
if left undisturbed?
MUNICIPAL MATTERS
IN COURT
Higher Courts— Gardner Water Plant— Liability of Water Company for Fire
Loss— Classification of Bids— Reasonable Rates-^Northem Pacific Merger.
Abstracts of Decisions of the Higher
Courts on Matters Relating to
MunlclpaJtIes.
Prei>ared by Russell T. Byers, LL. B.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
Assessments— Avoidance Because Debt
l^lmlt is Exceeded— The owner of property
knowing of a street improvement and
acting under the advice of an attorney,
made no objection until the improvement
had been assessed. He is not entitled to
have such assessment set aside, the as-
sessment being equitable and fair, on the
ground that the company, a foreign cor-
poration, doing the work had not com-
plied with the laws of the State relating
to foreign corporations or for the reason
that the contract was void because the
of the cost of such improvement, even
though notice Is served upon him as sole
owner, and is not served upon the other
owners. City of Louisiana vs. McAllister,
78 S. W. Rep (Mo.) 314.
. Assessment — Confirmation — Collateral
Attack— It is too late to urge the failure to
make an Itemized estimate of the cost of
an improvement a part of the record as
a defense to an application for Judgment
for delinquent assessments. This objec-
tion should have been urged to the con-
firmation of the assessment The general
rule is that no objection (save lack ot
jurisdiction and that must appear on the
record itself), which could have been
made to the confirmation of the assess-
ment will be heard when suit is brought
for the delinquent assessments. The fact
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
249
Improvements — Abutting Owners —
Where the expense of constructiner Im-
provements Is met by abutting: property
Owners, they are parties so interested as
entitles them to Insist that all proceed-
ings should conform to law. Under the
8ta.tutes, where the board of public works
declares the sidewalk of a property owner
living on a non-graded street defective,
such property owner is entitled to ten
days' notice before the city will be Justi-
fied In letting a contract for the improve-
ment.—City of Waukesha vs. Randies et
al. 96 N. W. Rep. (Wis.) 237.
Impiovl'ments — Contracts - Validity—
Though the specification of a contract for
public improvements contains a so-called
alien labor clause, since declared Invalid,
It is competent to show that this Item
was not made a part of the contract,
thus increasing the cost of the improve-
ment. Where the contract contained such
an invalid clause, which was disregarded
by all parties, the contract was not void
in toto as against public policy.— Doyle et
al. vs. People ex rel. Hanberg. 69 N. E.
Rep. an.) 689.
Improvements— Suflaclency of Notice-
Meaning of Repairs— Under the statute
providing for the publication of a pro-
posed ordinance for a street improve-
ment, the fifth consecutive day may fall
on Sunday and be included in the com-
putation of time. Held, certain improve-
ments were not repairs under Sec. 6,6S1,
which provides that the cost of all re-
pairs shall be paid out of the general
revenue fund.— Barber Asphalt Paving
Co. v. Muchenberger et al., 78 S. W. Rep.
(Mo.), 280.
Ordinance — Resolution — Certainty —
Under the statutes the description pro-
vided for in the resolution of the Board
of Public ^Improvements need > not be so
detailed as that provided for in the ordi-
nance authorizing the improvement. De-
scription held sufficient.- Gage vs. CJity
of Chicago. 69 N. E. R. (111.), 688.
School Property Assessment. — The
State constitution and code do not ex-
empt lots donated by Congress, title to
which is in Board . of Education, from
taxation for local improvements. Such
an expenditure is foi the benefit ^t
schools. Such lots may not be sold to
enforce collection of assessments, but
this is no objection to the levying of the
assessment, nor does the fact that said
lots are occupied and unused exempt
them from such taxation. City of Chi-
cago vs. City of Chicago, 69 N. E. Rep.
(111.), 580.
Sidewalks — Advertisement — Right of
Uen.— Under proceedings provided for in
the statutes a sidewalk was constructed
in front of the real estate In question.
The advertisement for bids referred for
the specifications to a particular ordi-
nance which did not provide for this
particular improvement. Held, no lieii
attached. City of Louisiana vs. ShafTner.
78 S. W. Rep. (Mo.), 287.
Special Assessments — Equalization— A
finding that the property is "specially
benefited and shall be assessed for the
full cost of construction of said sewers
according to their foot frontage" is
equivalent to finding that the benefits are
equal and uniform and Is not subject to
collatoral attack.John V. Connell et al. 9S
N. W. Rep. (Neb.) 467.
Street Improvements— Remonstrance-
Effect of Withdrawing Same— Under the
law when a remonstrance, signed by ft
majority of the abutting property-owners.
Is filed, remonstrating against a given
improvement, the Jurisdiction of the
council is ousted and It can not be recon-
firmed by a portion of the remonstrants
withdrawing their objections. C.ty of
Sedalia vs. Scott, 78 S. W. R^p. (Mo.).
27C.
Water Rentals— Taxing Power— The
statutes limit cities, with a population of
less than 5,000, to a seven mill taxation
for hydrant rentals. This is a limitation
on the taxing power, and such cities will
not be permitted to levy an additional
tax to pay a Judgment secured In an ac-
tion to recover unpaid rentals In excess of
such limit. State, ex rel. Young vs.
Royse. Mayor et al. 98 N. W. Rep. (Neb),
4 l«.
Water Supply— Where a civil district
having no authority to contract for water
for fire piotection enterb Into such a corn-
tract the district Is not liable oh the con-
tract.—South Covington vs. Kenton Wa-
ter Company, 78 S. W. Rep. (Ky.), 420.
Gardner, Mass., Must Pay for Water
Plant.
The decision of the Supreme Court of
Massachusetts In the appeal of the town
of Gardner, Mass., against the decision
of the special water commission, makes it
obligatory for the town to pay the Gtejrd-
ner Water Company $274,000 and interest
at 6 per cent, from July 1, 1902. The only
I)oint in the commission's decision to
which objection was made was the award
of $90,000 for water rights in Crystal lake.
The town contended that the water rights
in the lake could not be considered as an
asset that should be paid for.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Water Company Not Liable for Fire
Loss.
The Supreme Court of California has
rendered a decision which Involves the
question of whether a water company is
liable for the value of town property de-
stroyed by fire, where at the time of the
fire the supply of water was deficient. A
fire occurred at Uklah, and througrh a
breakdown of the pumping plant of the
Uklah Water Company there was no
water in the town hydrants at the time.
The fire destroyed much property beloner-
ing to individuals, and also a portion of
the city hall and a lot of fire apparatus
belonsriner to the town. The town sued the
water company for damages, and a Jury
gave a verdict in favor of the city for
the value of the property destroyed by
the fire. The Supreme Court holds that a
water company under the laws of the
State of California does not by its charter
undertake to pay for property destroyed
by fire, although it may be negligent in
supplying water at the time, and that
neither a municipality nor an individual
whose property is destroyed by fire has
any right of action against a water com-
pany for damages.
Classification of Bids for Pumps Up-
held by Court.
Justice Fort of the New Jersey Su-
preme Court handed down a decision
March 3 in the case of the Marine En-
gine & Machine Co. of New York against
the city of Bast Orange. The Marine
Engine & Machine Co. filed an application
for a writ of certiorari, claiming that It
was the lowest bidder for pumps and
' engines to be erected at White Oak Ridge
for the new water supply of East Orange.
It cited that the contract for the work
was awarded to the Snow Company for
148,060. which was about 110,000 higher
than its bid. The contract was awarded
for two 4,000,000-gallon pumps and three
large boilers. The company held that the
bids were classified as A., B. and C, and
that on advice of the city counsel, Phile-
mon Woodruff, the Common Council re-
jected the bids in class A. and C. and ac-
cepted the lowest bid in class B.. that of
the Snow Company. It was claimed in
the application that the pumps and boil-
ers of the Marine Company were Just as
class A. than in class B. Also, that the
engines of class B. were more durable
and ran slower than those of class C,
thus lasting longer.
In his decision Justice Fort decided In
favor of the city on the ground that it
^ad awarded the bid to the lowest bid-
der in class B. and rejected all bids In
classes A. and C, and that all formalities
had been observed. On the authority of
four cases in the Supreme Court, no
fraud having been charged against the
East Orange officials, the court stated
that it would not interfere with the ex-
ercise of discretion vested by the law in
the city officers.
The decision upholds the principle that
bids can be obtained in classes and that
a municipality is not compelled to award
the contract to the lowest of all the bids,
but only to the lowest in any one set,
rejecting all others.
Reasonable Water Rates Must Be
Adopteid.
In compliance with a decision of the
United States Supreme Court, Justice
Morrow of San Francisco dismissed
March 2, without prejudice, the bill of
complaint in the suit of the San Joaquin
and Kings River Canal and Irrigation
Company against the county of Stanis-
laus, awarding costs to the defendants.
The Supreme Court's decision was as fol-
lows:
That hereafter, in case the counties of
Merced and Fresno shall fix rates in such
a manner that, taken as a whole, the
rates In the three counties of Stanislaus,
Merced and Fresno would not Insure an
Income of at least 6 per cent, the com-
plainant would not be bound to accept
such rates, and this court would not
bind it in regard to the propriety of rates
for the future.
I-Vl/^BA f\f f-VkA
The tJorthern Pacific Merger Decision.
Justice Harlan of t|ie United States Su-
preme Court handed down a decision,
March 14, in the merger of the Northern
Pacific and the Great Northern Railroad
Companies. The decision, which affirms
the opinion of the Circuit Court for the
district of Minnesota, is in favor of the
government and the effect Is to sustain
the contention that the Sherman anti-
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
251
dissolving the merger of the two roads,
which the United States claimed had been
created by the creation of a holding com-
pany, the Securities Company. This con-
soUdation was c'aimed to be in violation
of the Sherman anti-trust law. It was
claimed on the behalf of the government
that this consolidation was in effect a
pool, created to promote the interests,
not of one system at the expense of the
other, but of both at the expense of the
public. The railroads claimed that the
transfer of the stock of the two companies
to the Sacuritles Company was ih the na-
ture of a sale and perfectly legitimate.
Justice Harlan said that in the merger of
the two roads the stockholders disap-
peared and reappeared In the Securities
Company, the two thus becoming practi-
cally consolidated in a holding company,
the principal object being to prevent com-
petition. He said:
"No scheme ©r device could certainly
more effectively come within the prohi-
bition of the anti-trust law, and it is
within the meaning of the act a trust."
^In reviewing the contentions of the Se-
curities Company, Justice Harlan quoted
the various opinions involving the trust
question, saying that from them it is to
be gathered that all contracts In re-
straint of trade, reasonable or unreason-
able, are prohibited by the Sherman law,
and that Congress has the power to estab-
lish such regulations as are laid down in
that law. Congress had power to enact
the statute. Replying in detail to the
points made for the Securities Company,
Justice Harlan adds that the contention
that the law is an interference with the
rights of the individual States by which
the companies are incorporated was not
well founded. In such cases, he said, the
authority of Congress is supreme. He also
declared it to be unnecessary to determine
the right of owners of railroad stock to
sell their property nor was it true that
the right of the Securities Company to
own and hold railroad stock is the on'y
question involved. Such contentions are
wide of the mark— mere men of straw. All
that the government complains of is the
existence of a corporation to repress com-
merce, and is not concerned with the
otlier points.
Justice Harlan said that in this day
tlkere should be no doubt of the complete
power of Congress to control interstate
commerce, all appropriate means might be
resorted to for that purpose. All the prior
trust cases were in support of that con-
tention. Whether free and unrestrained
competition was wise, he said,- was an
economic question with which the court
need not concern itself, the question was
that of statutory law.
He asserted the power of Congress over
interstate commerce to be as complete as
the power of a state over domestic com-
merce.
Coming to the plea of the railroads that
the anti-trust law should be declared un-
constitutional, he said that the court
could not see Its way to that end. "If
the Securities Company's contentions are
sound why may not all the railroads of
the United States enter into a combifa-
tlon and by the device of a holding cor-
poration control rates throughout the
country In defiance of Congress?"
Continuing he said that there had been
nothing In the securities company's cer-
tificate of Incorporation to indicate its
purpose to be that of destroying com-
merce, and he therefore absolved the
State of New Jersey from any charge of
such knowledge in advance. It might be
true that a Federal Court has no power
to dissolve a corporation of a State, but
this circumstance could not be an indi-
cation of powerlessness to enforce the
law, than which no corporation is strong-
er. No device could suffice to prevent
this enforcement of the national statutes.
The courts had in deed consistently held
to the supremacy of the national laws in
case of conflict between those laws and
the lawM of the State.**. So long as Con-
gress confined Itself to Its prescribed
functions, he said, there could be no
danger. At any rate the error, if any,
was with Congress and it was for Con-
gress to supply the remedy, and not for
the courts.
In his Judgment the evidence fully sus-
tains the material allegations of the bill
and shows a violation of the act of Con-
gress, in so far as it declares illegal
every combination or conspiracy in re-
straint of commerce among the several
States and wlthiprelgn nations, and for-
bids attempts to monopolize such com-
merce.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT
Improvements In Electric Arc Street one of the best lighted streeU
Liahtina • *" ***® world. Either day or night,
^ ^' it Is representative of the best practice
By H. W. HlUman, Schenectady, N. T. ^^ich the advancement of the art per-
Durlng the past few years, the manu- mlts. The New York Edison Company
facturers of electric street lighting ma- owns the poles and lamps; also fur-
FIG. 1-ORNAMENTAL POLE, BOSTON, MASS.
4
terial, and the electric lighting companies nishes current for lighting. The policy of
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ELECTRIC LIGHT.
time, It represents a municipal im-
provement in connection with which the
Njew (York Edison Company Reserves
much credit.
Those acquainted with New York City
will remember the "Isle of Safety."
How easy It would have been to
arrange the arc lighting system so as to .
thwart the artist's design of beauty. On
the contrary, it is entirely a work of art,
completed by the englneertng skill of the
New York Edison Company. Incidentally
EIQ. a— OLD STYLE HOOD AND CUT-OUT..
it was necessary to turn the lamp upside
down and equip it with a new and latest
design of mechanism; but the grand point
of the entire scheme was when the artist
and the engineer came together and, with
one accord, effected that design, which
will stand for all time as a monument,
in honor of paunicipal improvements.
Not desiring to dwell at length on New
York City lighting, I do wish to call your
attention to another illustrat ion of
the determined desire on the part of the
electrical industry to advance electric
street illumination only as it harmonizes
with the attractive and ornamental ap-
pearance of other street requirements.
Where the lamps are installed on bridges
a careful inspection will show some of
the prettiest designs of ornamental poles,
especially, considered in connection with
the trimmings on the bridge, and partic-
ularly designed as a part of the bridge.
In this installation I claim the utmost
degree of engineering skill in behalf of
municipal improvements.
The city of Boston has been highly
favored in respect to ornamental electric
arc street lighting. Everywhere through-
out the city and suburbs of Boston will
be found the so-called "Boston Orna-
mental Poles." Upward of 7,000 electric
arcs illuminate this city, each and every
arc being suspended on an ornamental
pole. The Boston Edison Illuminating
Company has made itself world famous
by the Installation of the electric inclosed
arc street lighting system. It was not an
easy problem for them ta change their
several thousand arc lamps and install a
system entirely different from that which
had been so extensively adopted and ap-
proved during the previous years. Not-
withstanding, their efforts met with
grand success, and this association can
well afford to follow me in my en-
deavors to present the many features of
this inclosed arc system which represent
municipal improvements of a high order.
.XSee Fig. 1.)
There are 8.760 hours during the year.
Allowing 3,700 hours for darkness, there
remain approximately 5,000 hours of day-
light, when arc lamps and poles are on
exhibition before the citizens of our com-
munities. Fig. 2 shows an old-style hood
and cut-out. The new style ornamental
FIG. 3-MODERN CUT-OUT.
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FIG. 4-ENCLOSED ARC LAMP WITH REFLECTOR.
FIG. 5-OLD STYLE OPEN ARC LAMP WITH HOOD.
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ELECTRIC LIGHT.
255
pole is equipped with a cut-out concealed
within the pole, and the lamp is made
weatherproof, so as to require no hood
protection. When ornamental poles are
not available. Fig. 3 illustrates a modern
cut-out of ornamental design.
The new system includes a very at-
tractive light reflector, its under surface
being finished in white enamel. This will
not rust or be subject to injury from the
elements. It will therefore retain a white
flossy appearance, with frequent atten-
tion from the attendant trimming the
lamp. Its shape is symmetrical and in
FIG. 6-ENCLOSED ARC LAMP.
harmony with the size of the lamp.
<Flg. 4.)
The globes of the new system offer a
marked improvement over the old style.
Vig. 5 shows an exterior construction of
the lamp, the globe being open at the top.
Ample opportunity was afforded for the
wind to blow the arc, and occasionally
chunks of carbon would drop down into
the globe. Dust and dirt accumulated
there, which could not be easily brushed
out. As a result, the globes easily became
•dirty and presented a bad appearance.
Fig. 6 illustrates a new enclosed lamp.
Its Inner globe prevents the carbon from
dropping Into the outer globe. The lamp
casing rests snugly against the outer
globe, and at all times insures a clean ap-
pearance.
Fig. 7, shows you an up-to-date wash-
room )or cleaning globes. Each week the
inner globes on the new lamps are
changed and clean ones substituted.
Fig 8 shows one of the new carriages
of the Buffalo General Electric Company,
which is used for trimming the lamps,
carrying carbons, inner and outer globes,
etc.
It gives me much pleasure to illustrate
this carriage, as it suggests a strong
argument in favor of municipal improve-
ments. In past years, the old style lamps
required trimming each day, an^ it was
not uncommon to see an old express
wagon stop across the electric car tracks,
holding up flfty or one hundred merchants
on their way to business in the street
cars, while the arc lamp was being low-
ered, trimmed and raised again into
place. Municipal improvements are surely
favored today, when a rubber-tired buggy
of attractive design is driven to a lamp
once a week and the lamp does not have
to be raised and lowered in the street for
trimming*.
In a recent conversation with an elec-
tric lighting manager in the Pennsylvania
territory, he stated that it was as much
as a trimmer's position was worth to
leave a broken globe on a lamp more than
twenty-four hours. Surely such systematic
efforts are co-operative with your own
advanced ideas on municipal improve-
ments.
Modern ideas regarding ornamental
features have not injured the operating
end of the arc lighting business.
On the contrary there never was a time
in the history of arc lighting when the
regulation was as good as it Is today.
Fig. 9 shows a chart of the current
variation on an enclosed arc .street sys-
tem, which is nearly a straight line with-
out any variation. As a result, the 3,700
hours of darkness during the year are
protected by a system so steady in oper-
ation as to have been commented upon
by the most prominent electrical engineers
of the country. The distribution of light
has been improved, and the new system
is the result of a new patented device
known as the Street Luminometer. (See
Fig. 10.) This Instrument is considered
to be a very valuable device. It is an
easy and excellent method of proving to
city authorities the comparative value of
light distribution of the old and new sys-
tems.
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FIG. 7-WASH ROOM FOR GLOBE CLEANING.
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FIG. 9-RECORD CHART SHOWING REGULATION OF CONSTANTiCURRENT
TRANSFORMER.
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258
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The engineeringr Improvements in hang-
ars and cut-offs have minimized the
danger of handling arc lighting circuits.
This is a point which can be appreciated
by everybody, regardless of the degree of
technical education with which one may
be favored.
Fig. 11 shows a style of ornamental
poles used in Buffalo, N. Y.
After all, interruption of service is what
the citizens wish to avoid. Some of the
systems have decreased the number of
interruptions and outages to such an ex-
tent as to amount to less than one-half
of 1 per cent per night. This is a won-
derful record, and could be attained only
by reason of the improvements which
have been effected in electric arc street
lighting.
The members may well ask at this
point to what extent have these improve-
ments been carried out. In New England
territory practically 70 per cent of the
street lamps installed represent the en-
closed arc system. In the New York ter-
ritory, the figure is nearly as high.
Through the entire United States the en-
•closed arc system is being installed at the
rate of 50,000 arc lamps annually, and
there are already installed upwards of
150,000 enclosed street arcs in all sizes of
cities and towns in this country.
I do not hesitate to claim that the
methods of the electrical companies for
disseminating new ideas are second to
none. To illustrate, the New York Edi-
son Company issues a monthly bulletin to
its customers. This bulletin reaches all
•classes. In connection with residence
lighting, the families read the electrical
news. In connection with the various
classes of mercantile work, the pro-
prietors of large and small stores alike,
read this bulletin. It is one of the most
widely published pamphlets issued, and«
as if in honor of your association's meet-
ing today, their last bulletin was par-
ticularly devoted to ornamental street
llghtin. I claim that the electri-
cal Industry has attained an envi-
able position when almost every
man, woman and child In the
residential district, and nearly every pro-
prietor, clerk and boy in the commercial
days, to erad the most advanced ideas in
district, has an opportunity, every thirty
connection with electrical improvements.
If, in the future, such methods of dis-
seminating new ideas In connection with
the electrical industry shall continue, the
cause of ornamental street lighting will
be greatly advanced, and Municipal Im-
provement Associations will have reason
to rejoice
Further, regarding the method of pro-
mulgating advanced ideas on municipal
Improvements In connection with electric
street lighting, one of the largest manu-
facturers of arc lighting material In the
world has issued. In the past few years,
hundreds of thousands of pamphlets, pro-
fusely illustrated and recommending
most modern arc lighting practice to the
electric lighting companies throughout
the country. This company will issue
upwards of 50.000 of such pamphlets dur-
ing the lighting season, which . will be
representative of hearty co-operation
along the lines of municipal Improve-
ments.
ROADJ AND PAVEMENTS
Street Pavements— Cost of Brick and Asphalt— New York Rapid Transit —
Oil on New Jersey Road— Bid« on Patented Pavements— State Aid
in Ohio— Bitulitbic Contracts in St. Louis.
Street Pavements.*
By Louis M. Pfeiffer. Denver, Col.
A street pavement is strictly speaking
ticular one of these materials Is best
suited to the requirements, and, second,
having decided upon the material, which
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FIG. 11-ORNAMENTAL POLES IN BUFFALO, N. Y.
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260
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
brittle and friable and the edges are lia-
ble to be broken by the blows of horses'
feet. A great Improvement has been made
In the burning of brick In the last twenty
years, but at the best the pavement id
noisy and slippery and Is objectionable
for these reasons.
Wood, as a paving material, has been
widely used for some thirty-five years,
and its good and bad qualities are well-
known. The recent processes of forcing
creosote, rosin and other materials into
the fiber of wood blocks have undoubtedly
increased their life, but add materially
to their sllpperlness.
Stone Is the oldest of paving materials
and In one form or another has always
been used to a greater extent than all
other known pavements. Roman roads
were paved with blocks of hard stone
about one foot square and eight inches in
depth. Broadway In New York was once
similarly paved.
Round cobble was the next form of stone
pavement. This possessed the merit of
cheapness and afforded good foothold, biit
had the de-merlt of roughness and noisi-
ness. Baltimore today enjoys the pre-
eminence of being the only city that has
recently laid this form of pavement and
she Is now fast abandoning It. Philadel-
phia In 1883 had 530 miles of cobble stone
pavements, while Brooklyn still has large
areas of cobble, which, as In Philadelphia,
is fast being replaced with other forms
of pavement.
The next form of stone used was five-
Inch cubes of hard trap. This was first
laid in Brussels, then Imported to Paris
and from there to America, where it has
become widely known as the Belgian
block. This block had the objection of
having too many longitudinal joints
which wore into ruts. Tne next step was
to lengthen and narrow the blocks so as
to decrease the number of longitudinal
joints, which gives the present standard
block pavement. Such pavements are the
most durable known. The very best of
them are rough and noiay.
In the form of macadam with or with-
out the Telford foundation of large
stones, stone has been used as a road
covering In Europe and America for near-
ly a century.
John Macadam In 1816 discovered the
value of wedging the large stones togeth-
er by heavy pressure. He realized that
this gave rigidity but not density. Wa-
Telford in 1820 on discovering that the
water soaked thnmgh John Macadams
surface* and wet the foundation, often
making it boggy and permitting the
pavement to settle. Invented what Is
known as the Telford base.
The students of the macadam pave-
ment from the time of Telford and Mac-
adam have done little to Improve Its
condition. Macadam has been worked
with by nearly all the civilized nations on
the globe and thousands of miles of fine
road are the result, more In area than
that of all other pavements combined,
but with the exception of a little more
care In the selection of the stone, the
use of much heavier rollers together with
a better system of maintenance, macad-
am is the same now chat It was seventy-
five years ago.
Good road builders, however, have
learned that the Telford foundation ir
not necessary to prevent the foundation
from softening and settling. Large steam
rollers are used to compact the ground
and better dralopge Is offered to carry
off most of the surface water, and It Is
very seldom today that we hear of a
macadam road falling .because of settle-
ment.
The mines of asphalt rock In the Val de
Travers, Canton of Neufchatel. Switzer-
land, were discovered in 1721, but It was
not- until 1849 that the utility of the ma-
terial as a road covering was noticed. The
rock was then being mined for the pur-
pose of extracting the bitumen con-
tained in it for use In medicines and the
arts. It was observed that the pieces of
rock which fell from the wagons were
crushed \yy the wheels and, under the
combined Influences of the trafllc and heai
of the sun, a fair road surface was p''o-
duced. A macadam road of asphalt rocK
was then made and gave fair results ano
finally In 1854 a portion of one of the
boulevards In Paris was laid with pressed
asphalt on a concrete foundation. From
Paris its use extended to London in 1889.
and it has been used to a considerable
extent in Berlin. The success V)f the as-
phalt pavements in Europe led American
Inventors to seek to manufacture a ma-
terial which should have similar quali-
ties, and the first idea was to utilize the
tar produced at gas works." The result
was twelve or fifteen different compounds,
and all essentially composed of sand and
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ROADS AND PAVEMENTS.
261
ly unsuitable for roadway construction.
The work was done at ridiculously low
prices by contractors who had no previ-
ous familiarity with the construction of
bituminous pavements or Incentive to Im-
prove; in fact, at the time the pave-
ments were laid no one In this country
or Europe had anv accurate knowled^:-
of the requirements necessary to produce
good work. A few of these pavements,
however, are In use today, even on road-
ways, and have been in use much longer
than any asphalt pavement In existence
in this country or Europe.
All failures can be traced to the use of
Inferior grades of coal tar and improper
methods of preparing the cement, and
the use of improper sand In the wrong
proportions.
The early failure of the coal tar compo-
sition pavements put them almost entirely
out of use In roadway construction. A
German chemist. Prof. DeSmedt. had se-
cured a patent on a formula for making
an asphalt surface, using natural asphalt
as a cementing material. Experiments
were made with Mexican. Cuban and
Trinidad asphalt. The so-called Albertlte,
Gils^onite and other bitumens found in
this country were also tried, but gener-
ally without success.
Samples of the Trinidad Lake asphalt
pavements were laid in Newark about
1870 and New York City In 1873, respec-
tive:y, but it was not until 1876 that a
pavement was laid on a large scale.
In 1876 Pennsylvania-ave., in Washing-
ton, was in an almost impassable condi-
tion, being covered with rotten wooden
pavement. Congress directed its repaving
and appointed a commission consisting
of Gen. H. G. Wright and Q. A. Gilmore
of the corps of engineers, and Edward
Clark, architect, to have supervision of
the work. The terms of the law diieoted
them to lay the best known pavements.
They advertised for proposals, making np
restrictions as to materials. They re-
ceived forty-one proposals for every va-
riety of stone, wood, macadam and bi-
tuminous pavements. Out of them all
the commission selected two and laid
these respectively on two-flfths and three-
fifths of the avenue. These were the
natural rock arphalt from Neufchatel
and the Trinidad Lake asphalt mixture.
Both pavements were completed in the
spring of 1877. The Neufchatel pavement
lived a life of about ten years, while the
Trinidad Lake mixture is still In use
after much repair and two complete new
surfaces.
Prof. A. W. Dow, inspector of asphalts
and cements for the District of Columbia,
recently certified that a pavement com-
posed of coal tar cement manufactured
by E. B. Warren & Co. of Washington
had been In successful use on Massa-
chusetts-ave., Washington, for thirty
years and the expense of maintenance
has been less than one cent per sq. yd.
a year during that whole time.
Referring again to the old pavements.
Prof. Dow said: "In fact the long life of
this and other old pavements can only be
looked upon as a lucky accident and it
Is a remarkable illustration of what coal
tar bitumen can be even under unfavor-
able circumstances. The many failures
of the past Indicate how they can be
avoided in the future, and the valuable
lessons learned from these failures, to-
gether with the scientific methods em-
ployed in the construction of the Warren
pavements, insure uniform success for
the future."
It seems to be a fact that the early
asphalt pavements caused as much an-
noyance to the promoters as did the
early coal tar pavements, but they were
generally laid at a good margin of profit,
under a guarantee system which justified
and encouraged the most careful methods
and immediate repairs to defects.
The business has developed from one of
insignificant proportions to an industry
carried on in about 100 cities In the
United States. The meriU and demerits
of the pavement are well understood.
When the asphalt pavement was first in-
troduced it was considered to offer more
advantages than any other pavement
then in the field. Probably the most suc-
cessful form of asphalt pavements has
been that of the Trinidad variety, but
this is partly because they have generally
been laid with greater care and under
scientific advice.
Asphalt is a name applied to a certain-
form of bitumen found in nature, and is.
generally a mixture of sand, dirt, clay.,
shells or limestone with natural bitumen.
It is manufactured Into cement by mixing^
It with other forms of bitumen, and this
cement Is In turn used to bind together
particles of sand and fine or pulverized
limestone as in the modern Trinidad
asphalt pavements. No two asphalts are
alike, and the life of the pavement de-
pends somewhat upon the crude material.,
but more upon the skill in its manufac-
ture Into asphalt cement, and more still
upon the proper proportioning and mix-
ing of the cement with the sand and
dust and In the selection of the mineral
matter. It requires a large amount of ex-
perience to know how to combine the ma-
terial. When the Trinidad asphalt pave-
ment was first Introduced no bitumen had
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
been known up to that time which was
not waterproof and unaffected by water,
and It was presumed that the Trinidad
asphalt had these qualities. The greatest
cause of failure in the Trinidad asphalt
pavement is owing to the fact that the
asphalt rots in water, and any minute
sections of the thickness surrounding the
sand particles in the asphalt pavement,
will disintegrate in water. This weak-
ness of the Trinidad asphalt was not
thoroughly understood until very recent
years, and the best road builders were at
a loss to understand why the surfaces
were so liable to disintegrate. Only when
the mixture of sand used is so fine that
water cannot penetrate the mixture, does
the pavement show lasting qualities when
subjected to moisture. At the introduc-
tion of the asphalt pavements, the proper
rolling of foundations was not in vogue
with any form of pavement, and en-
gineers Jumped to the conclusion that
the hydraulic concrete foundation was
essential.
The smooth surface of the hydraulic
concrete has no union with the wearing
surface of the asphalt pavement, and the
tendency was for the surfaces to slide
on the foundation, thus forming depres-
sions or cups which would hold water,
and this water standing on the asphalt
had the effect of rotting or disintegrating
and separating it from the sand, and a
hole would soon follow. In an asphalt
pavement composed of sand and asphalt
It is impossible to use a sufficient amount
of the asphalt cement to make a thor-
oughly water-tight roadway. This is be-
cause sand contains 27 to 45 per cent of
voids or air spaces. Asphalt cement suit-
able for binding this sand together must
be flexible material, and if a sufficient
quantity of the asphalt is mixed with
the sand to thoroughly fill the air spaces,
the surface is sure to shift and roll un-
less the asphalt is tempered so hard that
it will surely crack and crumble in
winter, which would be objectionable. As
It is, the saturation of water into the
surface of the asphalt pavement is the
most common cause of deterioration, dis-
integration and ultimate failure.
When well built and kept In good condi-
tion the macadam pavement furnished
one of the most pleasing roads, and if it
could be kept In perfect condition would
stone, it binds better, but wears rapidly.
If the roadway is kept moist, not wet and
not dry, the natural paste or mortar
holds the stone in place fairly well; if the
surface is wet the binding material is
converted to mud and washes away as is
the case with excessive rains; If the sur-
face Is dry the binding material Is con-
verted into dust and blows away. This
uneven surface induces more wear and
more binding material is provided and the
process continues, and the absence of
binding material causes the stone to be-
come dislodged and holes occur. The re-
sult Is a roadway expensive to main-
tain; expensive to keep clean and one
which is dusty or muddy a large part of
the time and one which, but for improper
binding material for the wearing sur-
face, would be the ideal roadway.
In the bitulithlc pavement a binding
material for hard trap rock Is used
which does Its work at all times and un-
der all conditions and which will last as
long as the stone, when properly held in
place, will wear under traffic and thus the
longest possible wear of the stone itself
is secured. Ordinary sand has no firmness
in Itself, and such fine matter has .from
27 to 45 per cent of voids. The firmness
of an asphalt pavement must be secured
by cementing together the particles of
sand with the rsphalt, forming an as-
phalt mortar. The sand and the asphalt
cement are mixed in a heated condition
and then spread on the street and rolled,
and on cooling the asphalt mortar is set
The difference between asphalt which \a
too hard so that the pavement will crack
and be brittle when cold in winter and
one which is too soft so that the pave-
ment will shift or roll in summer is very
slight.
In the bitulithlc process we are en-
abled to overcome the errors which occur
In the pavements referred to.
First— By using only the best quality of
coal tar and by properly refining the
same, securing an absolutely uniform
cement such as was not and could not be
procured when the earlier coal tar pave-
ments were laid, we have a cement which
Is much more adhesive to mineral mat-
ter and one which Is absolutely unaffected
by water.
Second— By using coarse stone, which In
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ROADS AND PAVEMENTS.
263
be used at a temperature where there Is
no tendency to destroy It by overheating
during the process of mixins: the wear-
ing surface.
Third— We reduce the voids by separat-
ing crushed stone into six or more sizes
and using exact proportions of the vary-
ing sizes, using as much of the coarsest
size as would bt used if none other were
present and adding in the materials of
receding sizes in such proportions as to
fill the spaces -between the coarsest sizes,
and thereby accomplish a mineral mix-
ture before the bituminous cement is
added, which is 91 per cent solid stone,
so that the voids do not exceed 9 per cent
and the bituminous material used is suf-
ficient to thoroughly fill all the voids
and coat all the stone and thus the bi-
tumen is not minutely subdivided and ex-
posed to the weather as in the asphalt
mixture. On account of the inherent
stability of the mixture, its greater den-
sity and the greater softness of the ce-
ment, the cement itself has greater life
than was possible in former mixtures.
The durability of such a roadway de-
pends upon the amount of actual abra-
sion of traffic, which the stone used in
the mixture will sustain when properly
held in place. The bituminous mortar
used between the stones supplies a cush-
ion which reduces the wear on the stone,
makes it absolutely waterproof and pro-
tects the stone froin softening infiuence
of water. Among the greatest advant-
ages of the pavement in addition to its
great durability is that it is the least
slippery of any pavement which has yet
been constructed, and it is in successful
use on 13 per cent grrades.
The foundation for the pavement should
always be thoroughly rolled with a heavy
roller and after proper rolling has been
accomplished, the bituminous concrete
foundation used with the bitulithic pave-
ment offers many advantages over the
hydraulic concrete foundation used with
the asphalt pavement. After the stone in
the foundation is thoroughly rolled with
heavy rollers, the bituminous cement is
poured ov6r the same for the purpose of
binding it together. Into this foundation
the wearing surface is .rolled and is
welded into it. and there is no danger of
slipping or sliding of the surface as is an
asphalt pavement. After the wearing
surface has been compacted with a fifteen-
ton three-wheel road roller, having sev-
eral times as much compression to the
runninfiT inch as the ordinary aspnalt rol-
ler, the whole surface is thoroughly
coated with bituminous cement for the
purpose of closing up any honeycomb or
surface voids which may appear between
the coarse particles of stone, and Into this
cement is thoroughly rolled trap rock
chips adhering to the cement and present-
ing a gritty surface to the wear of traffic.
Cost of Brick and Asphalt Pavements
in Various Cities.
An investigation of the cost of brick
paving In Chicago by the Chicago Inter-
Ocean brings out the fact that the aver-
age cost is 13.50 a sq. yd. In order to
make a comparison the city has written
to 100 municipalities asking for figures,
and has received a number of replies.
These show that in the cities of Indiana
the cost of vitrified brick paving varies
from 11.25 to $1.45 a sq. yd. In Iowa the
prices range from $1.20 in Keokuk to $1.50
In Dubuque. In Ohio, from sixty cents
in Zanesville to $1.40 in Columbus. In
Michigan, from $1.32 in Saginaw, famed
for its brick pavements, to $1.60 in Grand
Rapids. In Illinois, exclusive of Chi-
cago, from $1.10 to $1.50. Brick paving in
Evanston costs from $1.35 to $1.50. In
Philadelphia it costs $1.40 and In St. Ptful
11.90 a sq. yd. Richmond, Va., whose pav-
ing is done entirely at the city's ex-
pense, pays $2.20 a sq. yd.
The cost of asphalt paving in other
cities is also being investigated. Colum-
bus, O., pays the most, $2.75 a sq. yd., and
Richmond, Va., is second at $2.70. Most
of the cities pay from $1.75 to $2 a sq. yd.,
and about six cities pay as low as $1.53.
Until very recently Chicago- paid $3.60 to
$4 a sq. yd. for asphalt paving, but the
price has been reduced to $3 a sq. yd.
This reduction is said to be the result of
private parties Inducing outside contrac-
tors to enter into competition In the city's
work.
Progress on the New York Rapid Tran-
sit Tunnel.
The Rapid Transit Subway in New
York City will, in all probability, be
opened in June, the date not having been
determined as yet. If it is found, how-
ever, that the subway cannot be com-
pleted—the situation depends entirely on
labor complications— the opening will take
place later in the summer. Up to date
the tunnel has cost the city $31,089,900,
with $2,312,000 for extra work. The con-
tractor. John B. McDonald, is ultiihately
to receive $6,500,000 for the tunnel work
proper. The extra work and the pur-
chase of real estate for terminals and
the acquirement of easements will make
the city's tunnel bill about $40,000,000 by
the time the road is fully running.
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264
MUNICIPAL ENGINEEKING.
Oil on Road at Westfield, N. J.
An experiment is being made at West-
field, N. J., In the use of tar sprinkled
over a macadamized roadbed to abolish
dust and mud. An ordinary country road
sixteen fiet wide and in two sections of
about 1,000 feet each, was selected for the
experiment. On one the tar was run over
the roadbed with the dust and screenings
Just as they lay. On the other the road
was swept to the hard surface and then
the tar applied. The result, in both In-
stances,, seemed to meet with the ap-
proval of the roadmaking experts pres-
ent. The tar was applied in a very crude
manner, being put on by hand from a big
watering can. After being on the road
only three hours It had penetrated nearly
an inch, and in a short time after It was
laid there was no tracking on It, and it
did not spatter on wheels driven over it.
The cost of treating a road in this way
is estimated at 1400 to |500 a mile for a
road sixteen feet wide. This would re-
quire 3,000 gallons of tar to the mile.
Owners of automobiles and the driving
public are watching the experiment with
considerable interest.
■ The scheme has been very successfully
tried In Prance for some time and has
given much satisfaction to automoblllsts.
Bill to Permit Bids on Patented Pave-
ments in New York.
A bill was Introduced In the New York
Legislature March 16 providing that no
patented pavement shall be laid In New
York City unless the borough president or
other officer having authority to contract
to lay the same, shall In his notice to
bidders ask for bids on some other form
of pavement in addition to the patented
pavement, and no contract shall be
awarded for a patented pavement un-
less bids have been received for
some other form of pavement. In the
event the bid for the patented pavement
shall not be the lowest bid, a contract
shall not be awarded for said patented
pavement unless the board of estimate
and apportionment shall authorize the of-
ficer receiving the bid to accept it. The bill
was introduced by Assemblyman Bost-
missloiier Willcox was advised to Ignore
the charter and advertise for bids for an
asphalt pavement In which the speciflca-
tions were not the same as vhe charter
provided for. The Barber Asphalt Com-
pany objected and the matter was taken
into the courts, where the contention of
the company was upheld. The only way
to get around the matter, therefore, was
to have the charter repealed. Mr.
Bostwick's bill permits bids to be received
for pavements where the articles are
patented.
State Aid for Road Building Proposed
in Ohio.
A bill has been Introduced in the Ohio
Legislature providing that any roads,
not in an incorporated municipality, the
plans and estimates for which have been
properly made by the County Surveyor
on petition of the property-owners along
the road and the township trustee, may
be constructed by the County Commis-
sioners. The plans are filed with the
State Board of Public Works. When the
work Is completed, as certified by the
Surveyor, the County Commissioners
make requisition, endorsed by the State
Board of Public Works, for 40 per cent of
the cost upon the State Treasurer; 40 per
cent Is paid by the County Treasurer
from the county road fund, on order of
the County Commissioners, and 20 per
cent is paid by the Township Trustees,
which portion may be collected from the
abutting property owners under proced-
ure laid down.
The roads are divided into four classes,
national highways, to be improved 16 to
24 feet wide; State roads. 12 to 20 feet
wide; county pikes, 9 to 17 feet wide, and
township roads, 6 to 10 feet wide.
The Township Trustees can be com-
pelled to construct bits of roa4 less than
one mile in length required to connect
State aid roads previously constructed.
Road machinery, supervisors, dissemi-
nation of information, precedence of
roads in the same township, and annual
appropriation of $220,000, not more than
$2,600 to go to any one county in a year,
reoalr of roads hv Townshin Trustee un-
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ROADS AND PAVEMENTS.
•265
•Bituminous Matadam Contracts in St.
Louis Upheld by Supreme Court.
The decision of the Circuit Court In
the case of William H. Swift against the
City of St. Louis, involving the validity
of contract for Warren's bituUthlc pave-
ment, will be found in brief In Municipal
Engineering, vol. xxlv, p. 284.
The decision of the Supreme Court on
appeal was Indicated in vol. xxvl, p. 205.
The full text of the decision has now
been received and is of sufflcknt inter-
est to warrant a rather full abstract.
The suit was one !n equity against the
city and the Board of Public Improve-
ments to enjoin the said board from mak-
ing a contract for the pavement of W.
Pine-boulevard with ''bituminous ma!cad-
am" under city ordinance No. 20,822. This
suit Is based upon the alleged invalidity
of said ordinance providing for said
pavement
Section 27 forbids the assembly to di-
rectly contract for such work or improve-
ments contemplated by the charter, or to
fix the price or rate therefor, but In all
cases, except in cases of emergency work
or necessary repairs, the board shall pre-
pare and submit to the assembly ordi-
nances with an estimate of cost thereof
emctotrsed thereon, authorizing the doing
of any proposed work and under the dl-
Kctlon of such ordinance shall advertise
for bids in the papers doing the city
printing three times, the last publication
to be at least ten days before the day ap-
pointed for the opening of the bids, stat-
ing the general nature of the work to be
done and time and place when the bids
shall be reclved. and shall let the con-
tract to the lowest responsible bidder
Any other mode of letting out or con-
tracting for work shall be held Illegal and
void.
On June 3, 1902, the said board at a
regular meeting selected "bituminous
macadam" as the material for the recon-
struction of said street, and recommended
to the Municipal Assembly an ordinance
therefor.
Among the specifications of material to
be used for the reconstruction of the
street it was required that the pavement
should be of certain compositions pre-
pared by one Warren, and known as
"Warren's No. 1 Bituminous Seml-Liquld
Composition." "Warren's Brand." and
Warren's No. 24 Puritan Brand," and
"Warren 's quick drying bituminous
flush-coat composition."
The specifications are then briefly put
forth. In the published notices no ref-
-erence is made to the Warren mixture.
The petition alleges that the ordinance
was void for the following specific rea-
sons :
First— That It arbitrarily dieprived the
land owners of the benefit of competition,
in that bituminous macadam was not an
original composition, but a well-known
composition of an original material made
up of broken stone and any bltumlno!ls
-substance used as a cement or binder;
that the Warren materials specified were
n-)t patented articles, and were nothing
but certain grades of coal-tar branded
with Warren's name, and that the speci-
fications thereof precluded competition
and designated Warren and his associates
as the sole bidders, and that this arbi-
trary specification was in violation of the
rule of competition prescribed by the'
charter.
Second— The ordinance did not specify
all the materlFl with which said bitumi-
nous macadam should be composed, nor
did it fix the manner andi general rv2gu-
latlons under which It should be con-
structed, as required by the charter, but
left the entire composition thereof, oth-
er than the arbitrary selection as afore-
said of the Warren mixtures, to the dis-
cretion of the Street Commissioner, and
thus unlawfully delegated the power and
authority of the Board to the Street
Commissioner.
Third— That the public notice did not
state or warn the property owners that
the bituminous substance to be used as
a cement should be those produced and
controlled by Warren, designating the
pavement simply as "bituminous macad-
am," which name did not imply or sug-
gest the designation of any specific man-
ufacturers' brand of binding material.
The petition also alleged that bitumin-
ous macadam was an untried experiment,
and had never been demonstrated by effi-
cient use for a series of years that such
pavement would constitute an efficient
wearing surface under city trafllc. That
the board had advertised for bids for a
contract under the ordinance and would
enter into a contract and Issue special
tax bills against plaintiff's property un-
less restrained by the court.
The answer admitted the ordinance and
their proposed making of a contract
thereunder as alleged and that said pro-
ceedings were In all things regular; that
there was only one pure waterproof mac-
adam which had been tried or tested and
that this was a pavement composed of
the Warren mixtures, that the specifica-
tions were as full and complete as the
nature of the subject would admit.
1. It Is conceded by the learned coun-
sel for the plaintiff that this court in
Asphalt Company vs. Hunt. 100 Mo., 22,
held that the City of St. Louis, under its
charter, was not prohibited from let-
ting a contract for paving a street with
materials covered by letters patent; that
to hold otherwise would be to deprive the
city of the right to enjoy the benefits of
modern Invention. When that question
was again raised In Verdin vs. the City
of St. Louis, 131 Mo., 26, the Hunt case
was reaffirmed and the doctrine as to
patented material was extended to a ma-
terial whereof the owner had a monop-
oly by reason of his exclusive owner-
ship of the natural supply of such ma-
terial.
As was said !ii the latter of those two
cases, so many contracts had been en-
tered Into on the faith of the decision of
this court In the Hunt case, that it had
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
practically become a rule of property and
that it was too late to disturb that rul-
ing. But it is insisted that those cases
went too far, and while the court might
not disturb them on the principle of stare
decisis they ought not to be extended be-
cause to do so would strike down the
last protection of the abutting property
owners against discrimination and favor-
itism in contracts for public improve-
ments which are made a charge in in-
vitum against the private citizen. The
insistence is that the facts of this ccuse
do not bring it within either the princi-
ple of a government patent nor yet with-
in the Verdin case, a monopoly based
upon the ownership of the only source of
supply of a natural product, but it is a
designation by the Board of Public Im-
provements and ratified In the ordinance
by the Municipal Assembly, of certain
brands of a certain manufacturer of a
well-known mi^rcantHe article, prepara-
tions of coal tar, and in so doing the
board and the Municipal Assembly de-
prived the tax-payers of all the benefit
of competition which the charter se-
cured to them in the letting of public
work.
On the other hand the city maintains
that its Board of Public Improvements
and its Municipal ABsembly are vested
with the power to determine the char-
acter of street improvements and the
courts will not undertake to interfere
with the discretionary powers of its of-
ficers within legal bounds; that when a
city In the prosecution of a public work
finds an article or material which in its
judgment is best adapted to such work it
is not debarred from availing itself of it
because such materisa is controlled by one
party. The Circuit Court dismissed the
bill and held that the city authorities
were authorized to specify Warren's
brands of coal tar cement as the binding
material in the construction of a bitumin-
ous macadam pavement.
After a careful reading of this record
we gather that for many years pavements
have been made of coal tar and coal tar
productions, but the difllculty encountered
was the inability of the tar preparations,
and we think the burden of the proof was
that coal tar cement properly made is a
most excellent binding for macadam;
that it resists water when properly made.
A notable case is of a pavement laid in
Washington City thirty years ago and
which is still in excellent condition, but it
had been discontinued by contractors be-
There was. then, this condition con-
fronting the Board of Public Improve-
ments and Municipal Assembly when they
came to decide what material they
should adopt for the reconstruction of
W. Pine-boulevard. The bituminous
macadam had the advantage over asphalt
pavement in that horses were not liable
to slip and fall on it, especially in cold
weather. It was sufllclently strong owing
to the rock in its composition to carry
great weight and the coal tar cement
was impervious to water and would make
an enduring pavement. A large number
of other cities were using it to advantage.
They were desirous of testing it, but they
were advised that the only proper bind-
ing for the macadam known up to that
time was the Warren's cement, and ac-
cordingly they required that cement in
the specifications submitted.
The main contention of plaintiff is that
by so specifying Warren's brand they
have prevented competition and thus vio-
lated the charter. This question is by
no means a new one. While the learned
counsel for plaintiff urges that coal tar
is a common article of merchandise and
that the specifications should not have
been limited to Warren's brands of coal
tar cement, we think the proofs demon-
strate that up to this time there was only
one such cement so made as to be equal
and uniform. How, then, can it be said
that in adopting the only proper cement
known for the binding in a bituminous
macadam pavement the board exceeded
its authority any more than it wduld
have done if it had adopted an asphalt
pavement and specified Trinidad Lake
asphalt as the material?
This court approved the Trinidad Lake
asphalt specification in the Verdin case
because the monopoly therein resulted
from the ownership of the whole natural
supply of that article. Can it make any
material difference that that supply in
this case is the result of a long and per-
sistent effort to produce a uniform ce-
ment? In each case the owner has the
only material which the city desires to
use. Having held, as this court has in
the Hunt case. 100 Mo., 22, and in the
Verdin case. 131 Mo., 22, that the city is
not precluded from using the best ma-
terial because it is a patented article or a
monopoly which denied competition, how
can it be consistently ruled that it can-
not use a desirable article because only
one firm manufactures it? It is not an-
swered by saying other persons might
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REFUSE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
267
erly so, too, that they might as well have
specified Warren's brands directly as to
have done so by indirection?
In the case of Schoenberg, vs. Field 95
Mo. A 241, it was properly ruled that
when the Board of Public Improvements
arbitrarily selected vitrified brick of a
certain make, when the Board's own
records disclosed that other manufactur-
ers made brick of the approved standard,
it was a denial of competition and void.
In this case we find from the evidence
that there was but one known manufac-
turer of coal tar cement of equal uni-
form quality and that was made by War-
ren Brothers. Had the evidence disclosed
that other manufacturers made a coal
tar cement suitable for binding the rook
in the macadam, we think it would have
been the duty of the Board to select a
standard of such cement and require bid-
ders to conform to that standard and
provided proper tests, but where, as in
this case, the whole supply is owned by
one individual and it is the only suitable
article for the public improvement, we
see no reason for denying the city the
right to avail itself of it if we are to
adhere to our former decisions permit-
ting the city to use patented articles and
materials in which one party has a mon-
opoly by the ownership of the material
supply.
II. As to the objection that the specifi-
cations did not call for coal tar cement in
so many words, but' named Warren's
Puritan Brands, the evidence clearly indi-
cates that all the contractors understood
fully that these brands were coal tar
cements.
III. The notice to the property owners
to consider the improvement we think was
a substantial compliance with the Char-
ter, referring as it did to the specifica-
tions on file in the ofllce of the board and
street commissioner. Nor was the ordi-
nance void because it left certain details
to the discretion of the proper city ofll-
cials. The evidence disclosed that such
details amounted to an infinitesimal pro-
portion of the work.
In consideration of the whole record
we think the judgment should be and it
is afllrmed.
The fact that the bituminous madaccam
pavement (s patented was not mentioned
in connection with this case and it is
therefore not touched in the decision.
REFUiE AND lEWAOE
DliPOJAL
Bacteria and the Septic Tanic— Refuse Destniction in Burnley.
Bacteria and the Septic Tank.
In an interesting article on methods of
sewage disposal for Baltimore, written
for the Baltimore Sun, the following con-
cerning the methods of operation and the
operators in a septic tank appears:
The fourth method of sewage disposal
is by means of the septic tank, in con-
nection with small filtering beds com-
posed of layers of sand, gravel, and stone
or coke. This Id the latest development
in sewage purification and perhaps the
most efficient, if not the cheapest. The
bacteria are given special facilities to do
their work— to eat up the organic mat-
ter in the sewage and then eat each oth-
er. It is called the "natural method,"
since it frankly turns the whole work
over to the natural agents, first of pu-
trescence, then of ordinary innocuous de-
composition.
In one cubic Inch of sewage there have
been found 17,000,000 bacteria that work
without air (anaerobic), 6,000,000 of thess
having the power to liquefy solids. The
same cubic inch had eighty-five more
millions of bacteria that work or feed
only where they can get air (aerobic), and
of these about 8,000,000 could liquefy sol-
ids. Those which work without air pro-
duce putrefaction, resolving organic mat-
ter into carbonic oxide, marsh gas and
sulphuretted hydrocren, inflammable and
poisonous gases of ill odor. They do not
reduce organic matter into ita simplest
forms, but into these objectionable com-
pounds. The aerobic bacteria, on the oth-
er hand, carry the dissolution to its low-
est terms and produce innocent products
which have no smell.
One cubic inch of sewage such as is
found in our cesspools contains some-
times as many as 510,000,000 of bacteria.
These are of various species, the inno-
cent bacterium coll commune (from the
human body) being very abundant. Dis-
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268
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ease-producing bacteria are compara-
tively rare, being found only when a
typhoid patient or other patient' suffer-
ing from an Infectious disease has re-
cently contributed to the contents of the
cesspool. It Is a fact of capital Impor-
tance that of the 440 known kinds of bac-
teria 190 kinds liquefy gelatine upon
which they are placed and some of them
do a useful work In liquefying the solid
•organic matter of sewage.
According to BuJIvid, 800,000,000 bacteHa
would weigh one-sixty-sixth part of a
grain and 289,000,000,000 one pound. They
multiply with amazing rapidity by divid-
ing, each half being as much father as
son. If, as supposed, the division takes
place as often as once every hour, then
In twenty-four hours one bacterium will
reckon his posterity at 16.500,000, and in
one week he will require flfty-one figures
to give their number. After five days his
posterity would equal in volume the en-
tire ocean. But bacteria are kept within
limits by want of moist food and by their
cannibalistic way of eating each other, to
say nothing of enemies and the unfavor-
able conditions they find and make for
themselves.
The bacteria which produce fever are
said to be rather delicately constituted
and fall a prey to others and the same
is to be said, it is believed, of other dla-
-ease-produchig bacteria. But if the
typhoid bacterium escapes f Pon^the. cess-
pool into the soil, being carried along
by the leaking sewage, he may survive
weeks and months and have the luck to
be carried by a particle of dust into the
pantry. Or he may be carried from the
cesspool on the proboscis or feet of a
housefly to a milk pall or dish of fruit
ahd thus find his way into the body of a
susceptible person whose vitality has been
lowered by breathing air contaminated
with exhalations from the cesspool.
Bacteria operate both where inorganic
matter is to be converted into organic
matter and where organic matter is to
be broken into its inorganic constituents.
They "fix" nitrogen for example, taking
it from the atmosphere and supplying it
in a utillzable form to the roots of clover,
atmosphere, thousands to the cubic inch
of air, and begin at once to grow and
multiply as soon as they fall upon a moist
organic substance at the right tempera-
ture.
•
Refuse Destruction In Burnley, Eng-
land.
The Installation of plants for the de-
struction of refuse has become quite fre-
quent in English towns and cities. It is
the fashion upon the successful inaugura-
tion of a plant to issue an illustrated
souvenir describing the buildings and ap-
paratus and showing the results of the
operations.
One of the recent souvenirs of this sort
is that of the Meldrum refuse destructor
and power plant, Installed at Burnley
and first fully worked In April, 1903. The
souvenir is dated January, 1904, and gives
a report of the results of the works after
they were put in full working order. The
following description of the plant is
taken partly from the souvenir and part-
ly from a report of a visit to It.
The first destructor erected In the cor-
poration was a **beehive" in January, 1884.
It disposed of 1,000 to 1.400 tons a year at
an average cost of 3 shillings 4 pence a
ton. In 1894 another type of destructor
was installed, but faiUng in ita duty was
dlBcontinoed for some years, again being
q^t in use with radical modifications in
the years 1898 to 1903, when the present
plant began operations.
In the center of Burnley is the tallest
chimney in the district, towering high
above its fcUows of the same base level.
A few years ago, when the first de-
structor was at work, you might have
seen a thin haze about the top, but what
was more, the residents In the vicinity
complained of small portions of uncon-
sumed refuse being discharged from the
top to fall into the streets, causing an un-
desirable smell. Now, however, the chim-
ney appears idle. No sign of smoke is
visible at the mouth, but nevertheless
that is no criterion on which to base
a calculation as to the work done at the
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Entrance to Destructor and Electric Plant.
Rear of Cells and Boiler.
REFUSE DESTRUCTOR AT BURNLEY, ENGLAND.
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270
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
heat that escapes up the chimney Is
that unused because there Is not further
appliance In the shape of boiler accom-
modation. For fifteen hours out of twen-
ty-four over a thousand decrees of heat
—obtained from nothinsr •Ise but town's
refuse, not a "cob" of coal or stick of
firewood being: utilized^are erenerating
continuously anything up to 400 horse-
power, and which Is »ent on to the com-
mon steam fund of the electricity works
for the purpose of running their engines
and producing electrical power. At one
time the whole of this heat went to waste
up the chlxxuiey. Now, less than one-half
of the hept escapes.
A loftr hall is entered, and at the
further «nd are the neither regions, where
dirt begrimed men are shoveling rubbish
ioto the furnaces, or stirring up the re-
fuF© with long Iron rakos or bars, a fierce
and hot glow from the grates casting a
weird picture indeed. To the right is the
old destructor, now unused, and which
was erected about five years ago. This
was fed from the top. the refuse being
shoveled down a shoot to the fire. On
account of the matter falling on the top
of the fire, and other reasons, the de-
structor was unsatisfactory. The idea
was then carried out of feeding the same
cell from two grates at the bottom, which
brought about a better state of things
the output being doubled, about two tons
per hour being nicely got through. This
however, was not sufllciently serviceable
and to the left has been erected a Mel-
drum destructor, which seems to answer
all that is required of it. The refuse
when brought, is precipitated down huge
hoppers, and the stokers below shovel the
material into the fire grates which are
immediately opposite, thus avoiding the
rising heat from the fires, and consequent
stewing of the refuse while waiting to
be burnt.
The continuous grate taking the place
of four isolated cells, with the ashpits
so arranged, and the forced draught su
applied, that practically three-fourths of
the total grate is working at full capacl-
The Regenerator fulfils a function anal-
ogous to that of the fuel economizer in
an ordinary boiler plant, only that it
heats the air for combustion instead of
the water for the ooiler. By this means
a temperature of about 360 degrees is given
to the air before it is forced into the
fires. A great advantage is thereby se-
cured, the furnace temperature being ma-
terially increased, and there is no difll-
culty in dealing with refuse containing a
high percentage of moisture, and of low
calorific value.
The gases of combustion pass from the
furnace into the combustion and settling
chambers, where most of the dust collecu
and is readily removed daily by means of
convenient doors. Ample provision is al-
so made for cleaning out the boiler flues»
etc.
The clinker is taken to one side and al-
lowed to cool, the larger pieces are sent to
the filtration beds at the sewage works,
and the smaller go to the t|ps and fiUlng-
up places.
The terrific heat that is generated by
the high temperature system is not al-
lowed to go to absolute waste. Situated
behind the furnace is a large Liancashire
boiler, 30 ft. by 8 ft. with two tubes. It
is specially adapted for being treated
from the combustion chamber. With
coal fuel the boiler would be capable of
producing 250 to 300 horse power, but by
using refuse quite 400 can be obtained, and
regularly it is working at over 300 h.p. for
fifteen hours a day. The efforts of the
firers are directed, whatever call is being
made on the steam by the electrical de-
partment, to keep a pressure as near uni-
form to 130 lbs. as possibles and an auto-
matic register records on a circular chart
exactly the fiuctuatlons of the day. Other
records are kept, and we find that for
the week endingr Dec. 6 the gallons of
water drawn upon were 10,540, 10.520, 11.600,
10.640 and 12.270 up to the Friday. The
average per hour varied in that week
from 716 to 920, which give 360 to 460 horse
power generated by the burniniT of pure
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE
logalU Bnildlns— New York Btrildlns Resulatloiis^Coiicrete Factory— Cement
Manufacturers at St. Louis -Cement Paving Brick-
Indianapolis Testing Laboratory.
The Concrete Steel Construction of
the Ingalls Building, Cincinnati.*
By H. C. Brubaker, Indianapolis. Ind.
This committee was instructed to In-
vestigate and report on the bold proj-
ect of building a sky-scraper, sixteen
stories high, entirely of re-enforced con-
crete, and without a structural steel
member. The ambitious plans of , the
promoters are no less striking, now that
their plans have been carried out with
success.
A monolithic mass. 100 by ftfty feet in
plan— twenty-one feet below grade, and
210 above grade— in which the footings,
columns, walls, girders, beams and floors
are all one and the same, differing only In
shape and position, and continuous, with-
out a joint or break, from the foundation
to the cornice, and built of particles, so
to speak, all of which could pass through
a one-inch screen, with no memb;r larger
than three and one-half inches in
diameter, is a marvel which rivals the
pyramids.
The system used throughout the build-
ing Is the Ransome system, which con-
sists of twisted bars embedded in con-
crete. The columns are from 12 by 12 to 34
by 38 inches, and carry as high as 750 tons
at the footings. The column stools are
built of cast iron embedded in concrete
and are particularly interesting in desic^n.
The sizes of the columns were limited by
the architectural desigrn, and the de-
ficiency In strength was made up by the
Iron bars, there being from four to eight
3»^-Inch bars to each column, bound to-
gether by hoops of wire each 12 Inches
In height. The girders have as large
spans as 33 feet and are from 27 to 36
are 8 Inches thick and some walls next
to adjoining buildings are as little as 3-
Inches thick. Of course, these walls carry
no loads.
The first to third stories are veneered
with marble, which isr supported by pro-
jections from the concrete fitting Into
grooves In the marble. The upper stories,
are veneered with brick, which Is sup-
ported at each story height by a ledge of
concrete.
The general features are strikingly slml-
ilar to steel cage construction; in fact, the
design is the same, and the loads, strains
and stresses are figured In the same man-
ner.
It is hardly our province to predict the
weathering of this structure. Time only
will prove Its durability. But the large
amount of money was expended, and the
enormous responsibility was assumed by
men, who evidently were thoroughly con-
vinced of the success of their under-
taking.
The same contractors (the Ferro-Con-
crete Construction Company) are build-
ing a factory building for the American
Book Company In CinclnnaU five stories
high, with a fioor load of 400 pounds per
square foot. An Interesting incident in
this connection Is the fact that they bid
for this building in competition with mill
construction and were only 4 per cent
higher than the bids for mill construc-
tion. The writer Is at a loss to under-
stand this small difference In cost be-
tween the two constructions, and is In-
clined to believe that they took the con-
tract at little or no profit
Reaulations of New Yorl< City for Con-
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
273
regulations shall be understood to mean
an approved concrete mixture reinforced
by steel of any shape, so combined that
the steel will take up the tension^
stresses and assist in the resistance to
shear.
2. Concrete-steel construction will be
approved only for buildings which are not
required to be fireproof by the building
code, unless satisfactory fire and water
tests shall have been made under the
supervision of this bureau. Such tests
shall be made In accordance with the
regulations fixed by this bureau and con-
ducted as nearly as practicable in tb*^
same manner as prescribed for fireproof
floor fillings in Section 106 of the Building
Code. Each company offering a system
of concrete -steel construction for fire-
proof buildings must submit such con-
struction to a fire and water test.
3. Before permission to erect any con-
crete-steel structure is issued, complete
drawings and specifications must be filed
with the Superintendent of Buildings,
showing all details of the construction,
the size and position of all reinforcing
rods, stirrups, etc., and giving the com-
position of the concrete.
4. The execution of work shall be con-
fided to workmen who shall be under the
control of a competent foreman or su-
perintendent.
5. The concrete must be mixed In the
proportion of one of cement, two of sand
and four of stone or gravel; or the pro-
portions may be such that the resistance
of the concrete to crushing shall not be
less than 2.000 lbs. per sq. in. after hard-
ening 28 days. The test to determine this
value must be made under the direction
of the Superintendent of Buildings. The
concrete used In concrete-steel construc-
tion must be what is usually known as
a "wet*' mixture.
6. Only high-grade Portland cements
shall be permitted in concrete-steel con-
struction. Such cements, when tested
neat, shall, after one day In air, develop
a tensile strength of at least 300 lbs. per'
sq. in., and after one day in air and six
days in water shall develop a tensile
strength of at least 500 lbs. per sq. in.;
and after one day in air and 27 days in
water shall develop- a tensile strength of
at least 600 lbs. per sq. in. Other tests as
to fineness, constancy of volume, etc.,
made In accordance with the standard
method prescribed by the American Soci-
ety of Civil Engineers' committee may,
from time to time, be prescribed by the
Superintendent of Buildings.
7. The sand to be used must be clean,
sharp grit sand, free from loam or dirt,
and shall not be finer than the standard
sample of the Bureau of Buildings.
8. The stone used in the concrete shall
be a clean, broken trap rock, or gravel,
of a size that will pass through a % in.
ring. In case it is desired to use any-
other material or other kind of stone
than that specified, samples of same must
first be submitted to and approved by the
Superintendent of Buildings.
9. The steel shall meet the require-
ments of sec. 21 of the building code.
10. Concrete-steel shall be so de-
signed that the stresses in the concreM
and the steel shall not exceed the follow-
ing limits:
Libs, per
sq. in.
Extreme fiber stress on concrete In
compression 500
Shearing stress In concrete 50
Concrete in direct compression 350
Tensile stress in steel 16.000
Shearing stress in steel 10,000
11. The adhesion of concrete to steel
shall be assumed to be not greater than
the shearing strength of the concrete.
12. The ratio of the moduli of elasticity
of concrete and steel shall be taken as
1 to 12.
13. The following assumption shall
guide in the determination of the bending
moments due to the external forces:
Beams and girders shall be considered
as simply supported at the ends, no al-
lowance being made for continuous ccn-
struction over supports. Floor plates,
when constructed continuous and when
provided with reinforcement at top of
plate over the supports, may be treated
as continuous beams, the bending mo-
ment for uniformly distributed loads b^-
ing taken at not less than WL-10; the
bending moment may be taken at WL-20
In the case of square floor plates, which
are reinforced in both directions and
supported on all sides. The floor plate to
the extent of not more than ten times the
width of any beam or girder may be
taken as part of that beam or girder in
computing Its moment of resistance.
14. The moment of resistance of any
concrete-steel construction under trans-
verse loads shall be determined by formu-
lae based on the following assumptions:
<a) The bond between the concrete r."l
steel is suflflcient to make the two materi-
als act together as a homogeneous solK..
<b) The strain in any fiber is directly
proportionate to the distance of that fiber
from the neutral axis.
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274
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
tc) The modulus of elasticity of the
concrete remains constant within the
limits of the working stresses fixed In
these regulations.
From these assumptions it follows tha\'
the stress in any fiber is directly propor-
tionate to the distance of that fiber
from the neutral axis.
The tensile strength of the CMOorete
nhall not be considered.
15. When the shearing stresses devel-
oped in any part of a concrete-steel con-
struction exceed the safe working
strength of concrete, as fixed in these
regulations, a sufllcient amount of steel
shall be Introduced in such a position
that the deficiency in the resistance to
shear is overcome.
16. When the safe limit of adhesion
between the concrete and the steel is ex-
ceeded, some provision must be made for
transmitting the strength of the steel to
the concrete.
17. Concrete-steel may be used for col-
umns in which the ratio of length to
least side or diameter does not exceed
twelve. The reinforcing rods must be
tied together at intervals of not more
than the least side or diameter of the
column.
18. The contractor must be prepared to
make load tests on any portion of a con-
crete-steel construction, within a reason-
able time after erection, as often as may
be required by the superintendent of
buildings. The tests must show that the
construction will sustain a load of three
times that for which it is designed with-
out any sign of failure.
A Concrete Factory Building.
The Central Felt & Paper Company has
completed at Borden-ave. and Dutch Kill
Creek, Long Island City, a building, the
main room of which has a clear span of
fifty-one feet and is 175 feet long. The
beams and the ceiling are entirely of con-
crete.
The general nature of the soil in Long
Island City is soft and spongy. Buildings
adjoining the tracks of the Long Islan'd
railroad have suftered consideraBly from
the vibration caused By passing trains. In
the r>flflA nf thA nnnnrAtA Kuitdinor the
■ The walls of the factory were made
first of rough plankM nailed to uprights
eighteen inches apart. Into this trough
the mixture— 1 cement, 2 sand and 5 fine
cinders— was shoveled, pounded and al-
lowed to set for three days. At the end
of this time the board walls were knocked
off, and the solid wall of hardened con-
crete remained.
The problem of constructing the ceiling
over the large machine room, in which
are to be the huge rollers transforming
the pulp into finished paper, was the most
diflElcult which builders with concrete
have yet been called upon to solve, says
a writer in the Iron Age.
Beams of solid concrete were planned,
fifty-one feet long, thhrty inches deep and
fifteen inches wide, to be placed at inter-
vals of sixteen feet along the entire di»-
tapce of. 175 feet Timbers were set up
on the fioor of the machine-room reaching
to the level of the ceiling. On these up-
rights were laid 16-inch planks, and
boards thirty inches wide were nailed to
them. Into these troughs the concrete.
1 cement, 2 sand, 4 stone, was then
shoveled. Favoring weather caused these
beams to set in less than three days. The
uprights were knocked from underneath
them, the bottom and side planks of the
trough dropped off, and the finished con-
crete beams, over fifty feet in length,
were fast to the concrete walls. The stif-
fening used was in the form of small iron
rods, placed in rows of three in the lower
and upper portions of each beam.
A wire mesh was then fastened be-
tween the beams, half way between the
top and bottom. The mold of boards
was again put in position, and the ceiling
was completed.
The factory was first planned to be a
brick and frame building, and an insiir-
ance company quoted a rate of 1 per cent
with a full sprinkler system installed.
The rate the same company now offer for
the concrete structure is one-twentieth of
1 per cent, although no provision has been
made for the sprinkler system.
Exhibit of the Portland Cement Manu-
facturers.
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
275
tween the halls forming a gateway to the
outside exhibit.
The buildingr consists of three halls, sep-
arated by two courts, and connected
across the front by a continuous arcade.
The Spanish Mission style seems natural-
ly called for, as an expression of the con-
structive idea imposed by the use of con-
crete; and the position of the various
halls is indicated on the facade by low
pitched sables, characteristic of that
«tyle. The connecting links are simply
roofed with cement tiles, cast in the
Spanish pattern, and will form a^ agree-
able color contrast. The construction
from foundation to piers is to be entirely
of concrete, and the more ornamental
parts and mouldings bering of artifldal
stone, composed of Portland cement. The
-chief constructive parts are the beamd
supporting the roof. These have a span
of thirty feet, and are designed to beicast
on the ground, and erected in the same
manner as steel or wooden beams for the
same purpose. These beams will, of
course, be reinforced by steel rods, as in-
deed will be portions of the walls and
piers; and the whole construction is ex-
pected to afford an interesting exhibition
of what is sometimes popularly referred
to as * 'poured bulding."
In the rear space, between the building
proper and the beginning of th© "Outside
Mining Exhibit," granitoid platforms will
be erected, on which machines used in
concrete construction, and forms of con-
crete construction, suitable for outdoor
exhibit, will be shown. The center hall
will be used for showing exhibits of ce-
ment In all stages of manufacture, to-
gether with a display of drawings, pho-
tographs, etc., of Portland cement plants,
including interiors, quarries, and cement
and concrete work, both complete and
In process of construction. The smaller
liall, at the extreme right of the arcade,
-will be used for a complete testing labor-
atory, with necessary apparatus, under
the charge of a competent en-
gineer. The corresponding hall on
the left, it is proposed to re-
serve as a, meeting place for en-
^neers, architects, contractors, etc., In
fact for any and all who are interested in
cement and concrete construction. Here
awaken still greater interest in cement as
the building material of the age.
Cement Paving Brick.
The commission in charge of the River
Vistula, in Germany, has for a long time
occupied itself with the production of
artificial stone. This was due to the
considerable increase in price of natural
stone. In addition to this, work had to be
found for a number of men during the
periods of high water of the river. As a
result of numerous experiments the fol-
lowing conclusions have been arrived at:
For the materials, only clean, dry, sharp
sand or gravel should be used. For bind-
ing material a slow setting cement, stored
in barrels, must be employed. The cement
must be freshly prepared. The propor-
tions are: One part of cement to six or
seven parts of sand, according to the size
of the grains. When gravel is used the
proportions are changed to the extent
that one part of cement is used for five
parts of sand and two of gravel. In the
preparation the materials must be mixed
dry, this is followed by slowly adding
from thirty to thirty-three gallons of
water to the cubic yard of dry material,
taking care that the water is thoroughly
and equally distributed. When the molds
are filled the material is tamped until
water appears on the surface. After the
material is well tamped the upper sur-
face is struck smooth and the mold is
lifted off and the surfaces and corners
smoothed. While the piece is hardening
it must be kept wet the whole time and
this hardening period must be at leapt of
four weeks' duration. No piece may be
taken for use in less than four weeks and
it is desirable that the artificial stone
should be allowed to set through the
winter before using. The place where the
work is carried on should be level and
He high and so large that there is room
enough for the vear's supply for one dis-
trict. The morl suitable ground for this
is a turf, a fat clay, or a damp sandy
soil. The size of the stone should be kept
as closely as possible to 15%xl5%x9% In.
The molds must be quite stiff, there must
not be any possibility of any of the parts
bending or spreading while the material
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OR^OANIZATIONi
AND INDIVIDUALS
The Engineering Building— The Electric Club— Qood Roads Convention-
International Engineering Congress— Civic Week at the St. Louis
Exposition— Civil Service Examinations— Technical
Meetings— Personal Notes.
The Engineering Building.
The offer of Mr. Andrew Carnegie to
donate $1,500,000 for the erection of a union
engrineerlng building has been accepted by
all the national engineering societies and
the Engineers' Club of New York City,
with .the exception of the American So-
ciety of Civil Engineers. The total
amount Involved In the undertaking will
reach $2,500,000. In addition to the sum
given by Mr. Carnegie more than $600,000
represents the investment In land for the
three societies, and the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers, the
American Institute of Mining Engineers,
in W. Thirty-ninth street, between Fifth
and Sixth avenues, while the Engineers'
Club has acquired land in W. Fortieth
street, facing the new Public Library,
now In course of construction.
The Electric Club.
The Electric Club of Pittsburg, Pa., Is
now about two years old and has over
live hundred members drawn from the
group of electric industries neai
Wllklnsburg. It holds many meet-
ings, and lectures are given in
the club's assembly-room as often
as once or twice a week. The club
has started a monthly Journal to print the
best of the current work and other ap-
propriate electrical literature.
••Transportation;" Senator Lat timer, of
South Carolina, upon the good roads bill
of which he. has charge In the Senate;
Frank Z. Wilcox, of Syracuse, N. T., on
the necessity of national aid; Frank D.
Lyon, special examiner of highways, on
the construction of State aid roads in
New York; Joseph W. Hunter, State
Highway Commissioner, on the methods
of operation in Pennsylvania; Col. W. L.
Dickinson, president of the Connecticut
Valley Highway Association, on "Con-
tinuous Lines of Improved Inter-State
Roads Built by the Co-Operatlon of the
National and State Govemmiints with
the Counties, Cities and Towns."
fiAoH Roarls ^Ant/Anflnn.
The International Engineering Con-
gress.
The International Engineering Congress
will be held Oct. 8 to 8, 1904, under the
auspices of the Amerlcafi Society of Civil
Engineers in -conjunction with the Louisi-
ana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis,
Mo. Charles Warren Hunt, 220 W. Fifty-
seventh-st.. New York City, is the secre-
tary of the committee In charge. A series
of thirty-three subjects with many addi-
tional subdivisions is given as covering
the ground to be considered during the
week and memberships in the Congress
at $6. Eaxly application for membership
is desirable that all announcements and
programs may be received.
Papers from the standpoint of American
Practice have already been assured on
the various subjects as follows:
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
277
Naval Architecture— By Rear Admiral
W. L. Capps, Chief Constructor, U. S. N.
Dry Docks— By Rear Admiral M. T. En-
dlcott. Chief of Bureau of Yards and
Docks, U. S. N.
Traffic on Improved Waterways, etc.—
By Edward P. North, New York City.
Purification of Water for Domestic Use
—By Allen Hazen, New York City.
Pxiriflcatlon of Water for the Produc-
tion of Steam— By J. O. Handy, Pittsburg,
Pa.
Turbines and Water Wheels— By Prof.
Gardner S. Williams, Ithaca, N. Y.
Irrigation— By Elwood Mead, Chf. Irri-
gation Investigations, Washington, D. C.
Railroad Terminals— By Elmer L. Cor-
thell. New York City.
Underground Railways— By William
Barclay Parsons, New York City.
Locomotives and Other Rolling Stock-
By George Gibbs, New York City.
Live Loads for Railroad Bridges— By
Henry W. Hodge, New York City.
The Substitution of Electricity for
Steam as a Motive Poweiv>By James G.
White, New York City.
Sewage Disposal— By George W. Puller,
New York City.
Disposal of Municipal Refuse— By Ru-
dolph Hering, New York City.
Ventilation of Tunnels— By Charles S.
Churchill, Chief Engineer, Norfolk &
Western Railroad, Roanoke, Va.
Highways— By James Owen, Newark,
N. J., and William E. McClintock, Bos-
ton, Mass.
Concrete and Concrete-Steel— By Edwin
Thacher. New York City.
Deep Foundations— By John P-
O'Rourke. New York City.
The Manufacture of Steel— By William
Metcalf. Pittsburg, Pa.
Tests of Materials of Construction— By
William R. Webster, Philadelphia, Pa.
Passenger Elevators— By Thomas E.
Brown, New York City.
Pumping Machinery— By Irving H. Rey-
nolds. Youngstown, O.
Dredges: Their Construction and Per-
formance—By A. W. Robinson, Montreal,
Can., and P. B. Maltby, Memphis, Tenn.
Electrical Power-Generating Stations
and Transmission— By L. B. Stillwell,
New York City.
Engineering Education— By Prof. Rob-
ert Pletcher, Hanover, N. H., and Prof.
Calvin M. Woodward, St. Louis, Mo.
Wharves and Piers— By John A. Bensel,
New York City.
Civic Week at the 8t Louis Exposition.
A feature of the program for "Civic
Week" at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi-
tion is the program giving the objects and
aims and the progrress made toward at-
taining them, of the various national so-
cieties devoted to civic improvement. The
American SocFety of Municipal Improve-
ments will be represented on the program
by Charles Carroll Brown, member Am.
Soc. C. B., editor Municipal Engineering^
Indianapc^is, second vice-president; the
American League for Civic Improvement
by Professor Charles Zueblin of the Uni-
versity of Chicago; the American Park
and Outdoor Art Association by Charles
Mulford Robinson of Rochester, N. Y.,
secretary; the National Municipal League
by Clinton Rogers Woodruff of Philadel-
phia, secretary; the American Institute of
Social Service by Dr. Josiah Strong of
New York, president, and the League of
American Municipalities by John M.
Head, mayor of Nashville, Tenn.
In addition to these subjects. Professor
Samuel E. Sparling of the Wisconsin
State University will discuss the munici-
pal or civic problem from the political
point of view. Dr. Prank Mason North of
New York from a religious point of view,
and Amasa M. Eaton of Providence, R.
I., from a legal point of view. Other
papers prepared from administrative, im-
provement and sociological points of view
are expected. The full program will be
issued at an early date.
The sessions will doubtless be held in
one of the halls in the "Model Street,'*
the success of which seems now to be as-
sured.
Civil Service Examinations.
The United States Civil Service Com-
mission, Washington, D. C, will hold an
examination April IB and 20 at the usual
places in the various States for heating
and ventilating draftsmen in the office
of the supervising architect of the Treas-
ury Department at $1,200 a year; also for
architectural draftsmen at $1,600 and a
writer of spedflcations and computer at
$1,200 in the department of the quarter-
master at large in Washington.
Technical Meetings.
The New England Water Works Asso-
ciation held a meeting at Tremont
Temple, Boston, March 9. A paper on
"Experiences" was read by Charles H.
Eglee. It treated of hydraulic engineer-
ing. Preeman C. Coffin opened a topical
discussion on "Rates for Metered Water"
and Edward H. Cowan, superintendent
of water works at Marion, O., spoke on
"The Detection and Prevention of Water
Waste."
The eighth annual convention of the
League of American Municipalities will
be held in East St. Louis, 111., Oct 4, 5
and 6.
The eighth annual convention of the
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278
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Minnesota Enfi^ineers' and Surveyors' As-
sociation -was held in St. Paul Dec. 24.
Among: the papers read were the follow-
ing: "Good Roads," Prof. W. R. Hoag
of the State University; "Sewage Ques-
tion in Cities," Dr. H. M. Bracken of the
State Board of Health; "The Position of
County Surveyors from the Standpoint of
an Editor," Israel A. Herrick of Farm-
ington.
The Association of Portland Cement
Manufacturers held a quarterly meeting
March 8 at the Hotel Walton, Philadel-
phia. In the absence of President J. B.
Lober, Vice-President A. F. Qerstell oc-
cupied the chair. The flre-resisting power
of concrete and steel as distinguished
from hollow tile and steel construction
was discussed at length. Special refer-
ence was made to buildings in the Balti-
more fire that withstood the flames be-
cause they had been built of concrete and
steel. The necessity of an impartial in-
vestigation of the matter was urged.
Among the papers read were the follow-
ing: "Grinding," George W. Frazier of
the Kent Mill Company; "The German
Cement Manufacturers* Association," S.
B. Newberry of the Sandusky Portland
Cement Company. On the evening of
March 9 Robert W. Lesley, former presi-
dent, gave a dinner to the association at
his country place, "Lesselyn," Haver-
ford, where a paper was read by Prof. J.
W. Richards of Lehigh University on
"Cement Burning." A silver loving cup
was presented to Mr. Lesley by his fellow
associates.
The Indianapolis Technical Club has
been organized by the civil, mechanical,
electrical and mining engineers, archi-
tects, managers and superintendents of
railroads, mills and manufactories and
chemists of the city, and promises to be
a permanent feature of the technical
progress of the city. Meetings are held
On the second and fourth Saturdays of
each month. Charles Carroll Brown, C.
E., is president; Walter Buehler, assist-
ant city ensrineer, is corresponding sec-
retaary, and Harry B. Marsh, E. E., is
recording secretary.
Pergonal Notes.
A. M. Owens, former mayor of Enter-
George Ellis has been appointed super-
intendent of the municipal water works
system at Canandaigua, N. Y.
William R. Ryon, local manager of the
Barber Asphalt Paving Company at Pe-
oria. lU., died March 10, aged forty- two
years.
George H. Reynolds of Marshfleld,
Wis.; J. P. Malock of Stevens Point, and
G. C. Knotter of Dancy have been ap-
pointed drainage commissioners.
City engineers have been elected and
re-elected as follows: A. B. Stevens,
Jackson. Mich.; H. J. Harder, Paterson.
N. J.; D. F. A. Wheelock. Warren. Pa.;
George W. Sykes. Beaumont, Tex.
Winslow Herschel, recently connected
with the engineering work at Jerome
Park reservoir. New York, has sailed for
Europe and will act as local agent and
technical correspondent of the AUis-Chal-
mers Co. at Zurich.
Charles Allis has resigned as president
of the AUis-Chal mers Co. on account of
the ill health of his wife, which nec-
essitates a trip abroad. He will be suc-
ceeded by B. H. Warren, formerly vice-
president and general manager of the
Westinghouse Electric and Manufactur-
ing Co.
Edward J. Johnson, wh3 has been man-
ager and superintendent of the Share n St
South Sharon Water-works Corai>any for
twenty years, at Sharon. Pa., has re-
signed his position to take effect Apiil 1.
and with several practical men is going
into business as the Water-works Con-
struction Company, with headquarters at
331 Fourth-ave., Pittsburg, Pa.
Mayors have been elected as follows:
William B. Skelton. Lewiston, Me.; A. Q.
Miller, Auburn. Me.; Cyrus W. Davis
Waterville, Me.; Luther B. Moore. Saco,
Me.; James E. Rhodes, Rockland Me.:
Alex. C. Haggerthy, Ellsworth, Me.; John
H. McFaul, Eastport. Me.; Edward W.
Hyde, Bath. Me.; George T. Spear, South
Portland, Me.; Edwin L. Russell, Gardl-
her. Me.; J. W. Fuller, Hallowell. Me.
The Hon. William R. Grcu^, former
mayor of New York City, died March a
of pneumonia, aged seventy-two years.
He was twice elected mayor, in 1880 and
in 1884. He was also presiJci't or vico-
president of numerous corporations, was
director in the Lincoln National Bank,
the New York Life fnauranco Company,
the New York & Pacific Steamship Com-
pany, whi-ch line he establish »d in 1S81.
in the Brooklyn Warehouse an-l Storage
Company and in the Lincoln l!a£o DeiKslt
Company.
Village presidents have been elected as
follows: George D. Clarke, Vassar. Mich.;
Ananias Pouch, St. Johns. Mich.; F. H.
Oliver, Allegan. Mich.; M. M. Christie,
Capac, Mich.; John R. Cotten. Essexville.
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MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL
LITERATURE
Directory of American Cement industries— Municipal Reports.
The Directory of American Cement in-
dustries.
The third edition of the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" Is now
passing through the press as rapidly as
the printer can be pushed on with the
work and will be Issued at an early day.
The failure of the printer to keep his
promises for definite dates makes it ad-
visable not to set the date exactly, but
there seems now to be nothing, in the
way of early publication. As has already
been stated, the enormous expansion in
the cement trade has vastly increased the
labor upon all sections of the directory.
This begrins with the description of ce-
ment plants, nearV every one of those of
the second edition being rewritten to
bring in the many changes in established
factories, and the number of new descrip-
tions equalling tLe number printed in the
first edition. The verification of thousands
of new names and the determination of
credit ratings for them has also taken
much more time than was expected. All
the delay of publication beyond the date
first set cannot be attributed to the print-
er, therefore. It is certain that the great-
er accuracy In the directory and the
greater fullness of the lists will amply
compensate for the comparatively short
delay in publication, and the lists will ap-
pear, fresh and complete, in plenty of
time for use in the season's trade.
Municipal Reports.
Report of the Chief Engineer of the
Board of Estimate and Apportionment
of the City of New York. 1902 and 1903.
Nelson P. Lewis, Chief Ungineer.
This is the first report of this official,
the ofiSce having been established Jan. 1,
19Q2, under the revision of the city
charter. The report is unique in at least
one respect, in that It contains no names
of officials other than Mayor George B.
McClellan in the address and Chief En-
gineer Nelson P. Lewis in the signature
to the report.
The board and its engineer must pass
upon all the projects for municipal im-
provements in the city. The extent of its
responsibilities may be gauged by the
number and cost of Improvements con-
sidered. In 1903 assessable improvements
authorized were 435 with an estimated
cost of $6,989,000. Brooklyn presented
nearly half of the total and Bronx
borough more than one-third. The total
cost of improvements in 1902 was about
the same, though the number was ItmB,
The proportion in the various boroughs
was approximately the same.
The report treats somewhat at length
of the various pavements used and
offered, the Improvements desired before
the 300th anniversary of discovery of the
Hudson river, and the activities of the
various boroughs, thus giving a very
valuable blrdseye view of the march of
Improvement In all parts of the great dty.
New parks, bridge approaches and Im-
proved railroad terminals are the great
questions considered in the report.
Pull tables give the most prominent
data regarding the improvements pre-
sented for considerrtion and the action
taken thereon.
Seventh Annual Report of the Board of
Trustees, Commissioners of Water-
works, Cincinnati, O., 1908. Aug. Herr-
mann, Pres. ; G. Bouscaren, Chief Engr.
The receipts during the year were $1,-
717,000, all but about $200,000. being the
proceeds of a bond issue. The expendi-
tures were $1,128,455. Thus far $4,079,067
has been spent upon the construction
of the new waterworks, including all ex-
penses. Interest, administration, etc. The
expenditures are classified under 21 items,
the principal of which are the California
pumping station, $900,000; the gravity con-
duits, $887,000; engineering, |447,000; set-
tling basins, $375,694; Pendleton pumping
station, $332,000. The work Is not yet
half completed, the total estimated cost
being $9,600,000.
The Chief Engineer's report gives de-
tails of the three contracts let during
the year, amounting to $583,878. These
contracts were for the buildings and
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
chimneys of the western pumpingr sta-
tion, coal storage houses and a small
contract for piling and bank protection.
Progress reports are made on the con-
tracts in hand and on those completed
during the year. A report from the chief
and consulting engineers on the variation
in position of the floor of the pump pit
with change in level of the river is given.
Weight of pumps and control of water
pressure by pumping out during highest
floods are to be depended upon to keep
the floor in place.
Statistical tables give details of con-
tracts and expenditures.
Annual Report of the City Engineer,
Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 30, 1903. James
Wilson Pierce, City Engineer.
Mr. Pierce was city engineer for half
the period covered by the report, L. M.
Hastings being his predecessor. Sewers
2.7 miles long were built at a cost of
$74,497, not including catch basins. The
city engineer's department cost 19,200;
sewer maintenance, $18,000; dredging, $2,-
672. The street work seems to have been
done by day labor under the street de-
partment. 3,330 square yards of brick
pavement and 626 square yards of gran-
ite block being reported, without flgures
of cost, in the city engineer's report.
MACHINERY AND TRADE
The Post Question.
The HillQdale F<3nce and Post Com-
pany of Hillsdale, Mich., believes that It
has solved the fence post problem in the
reinforced concrete post Invented by J.
A. Mitchell. The standard line posts are
X
I
III
ii
FORMS OF MITCHBLL'S CONCRETE FENCE POSTS.
8%x5 inches at the bottom and 2%x3
when resting on supports about 6 feet
apart. The drawing shows the regular
line post, corner post, bracing poa^, a
special octagonal post and a cross sec-
tion of a post.
Mr. Mitchell has also invented a very
simple machine for making hollow con-
crete building blocks 8x9x18 inches in di-
mensions, and with a hollow 3x12 inches.
The Bitulithic Pavement at Cohoes,
N. Y.
The Warren Brothers' Company have
been awarded a contract in Cohoes, N. Y.,
for 22,000 square yards of their patented
Bitulithic pavement at 12.48 per square
yard, the pavement to be laid in Ontario,
Vliet and Mangan-sts.
When the asphalt promoters found
there was do hope for the success, of their
material they turned the full force of
their strength and influence in favor of
brick. The East Side Taxpayers' Assso-
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
281
but because the Bitulithic paving was the
choice of the taxpayers after a thorough
Investigation of its merits. The accom-
I)€inying petition for Ontario-st. contained
the names of all but two of the property-
owners liable to assessment for the im-
provement of that street.
Another System of Hollow Concrete
Blocks.
The molds manufactured by the Michi-
gan Cement Block Machinery Company
were gradually developed in a yard de-
voted to the manufacture of concrete
block. They are the product of practical
experience gained in the making of con-
crete blocks. They do not represent any
theories or whims, but are useful only
of making alone, to say nothing of the
increased cost in laying.
The loss in the breakage of blocks in
making is one of the worst leaks in the
successful manufacture of the hollow
block. Thousands of blocks have been
made in this mold in the last three years
with a breakage loss of less than 3 per
cent. This is one of the most valuable
features of the system. Blocks made from
these molds are in general use in Michi-
gan, one large cement mill having used
5,000 in the past year. Machine shops,
boiler rooms, elevator walls, churches,
houses, stores, woodsheds, coal houses,
ice houses, sheds, hen houses, and other
buildings have been thoroughly tested
and tried before being placed upon the
market.
: PRISMATIC jDRUM CONCRETE MIXER.
for the purpose for which they are made.
The size of block they make, 18x8x9
inches, less % inch for a mortar joint,
combines many good features. This block
lays one square foot of nine-in^h wall.
The number of square feet in the walls
of a building give the number of blocks
required. This size readily subdivides
Into half or quarter blocks. As the di-
mensions of buildings are generally in
feet or fractions thereof, the puzzling
combinations of blocks containing more
or less than a square foot are avoided.
The weight of this block, about 50
pounds for plain or sixty for rock face,
is as great as one man can manufacture
unaided, or a. man lay' in the wall with-
out a tender.
In many cases the gain made in sur-
face on a large block is lost in the cost
The Stanley Concrete Mixer.
The accompanying photograph shows
the discharge end of the Stanley pris-
matic drum concrete mixer, which was
described on page 209 of the March num-
ber of Municipal Engineering, and will
aid In making clear the method of opera-
tion of the machine.
The material is dumped into the ma-
chine from barrows at the other end. The
chute shown in the picture is tipped up
into a position to retain the materials in
the mixture while the machine is re-
volved. When the concrete is thoroughly
mixed a lever is thrown which drops the
chute into the position shown. It then
receives the concrete from the revolving
drum as it comes to the upper end of the
chute, and discharges it into a barrow or
a pile outside.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The machine Is shown to be an oc-
tagonal prism, not a cylinder. Deflector
plates on the Inside of the plates of the
drum throw the mass of concrete from
side to side so that It receives a double
turning, equivalent to that in a cubical
box swung "Trom two opposite corners.
How Fast Was That Auto Traveling?
The accompanying cut illustrates 36 men
from the Washington, D. C, bicycle force
—just one-half the squad. Each man's
machine is equipped with a Jones Speed-
ometer, which is fitted to the front fork
of the bicycle by means of a supporting
clamp.
GBAR DRIVE SPEEDOMETER FOR AUTO-
MOBILE.
Realizing the necessity for an Instru-
ment which would tell the policeman the
exact speed in miles per hour which he Is
traveling, as he flies after an offender of
the speed law. Major Sylvester adopted
the Jones Speedometer in which guess-
work is eliminated, since the rider can tell
at a glance the speed of any moving ve-
hicle.
Major Sylvester expresses his entire sat-
isfaction with the Instrument in a letter
to the company manufacturing It.
While this Instrument is as necessary
displaying a new device— a gear-drive at-
tachment. The large gear is attached
to the front wheel of the car with
screws. A smaller gear is carried by a
ball-bearing shaft supported on the
steering arm by means of an attaching
clamp. The speedometer proper is at-
tached to the dashboard of the car in any
convenient position, and Is connected
with the drive gear on the wheel by
means of a flexible shaft.
The small gear-shaft support is provid-
ed with a swivel base which permits the
gears to separate in the event of any ob-
stacle, such as a stone, getting caught
in the teeth, thereby preventing any
damage to the gears.
Two sizes of this instrument are made,
with indicating dials three and four
inches In diameter.
This system of gearing makes an ab-
solutely positive drive, and is very dura-
ble. By a series of different gears the
speedometer may be adapted to any
standard wheel from twenty-eight to
thirty-six inches in diameter. The
change can be made by simply
removing a cotter pin and chang-
ing the smaller gear for one of
different diameter and number of
teeth. The advantage of this is obvious,
as any dealer carrying a speedometer in
stock can, with an extra set of small
gears, fit the speedometer to any slse
wheel, or the owner of an automobile
can, by securing a new gear use the
same speedometer on different cars.
The speedometer is manufactured by
Joseph W. Jones, 127 W. Thirty-second-
st.. New York.
The Penn-Allen Plant in Operation.
The Penn-Allen Portland Cement Com-
pany, of Allentown, Pa., are issuing
notices that they have been In operation
for several weeks and are beginning to
ship cement.
The works of the Penn-Allen Cement
Company are situated at Penn-Allen. near
Nazareth. Pa., on the tracks of the Le-
high and New England Railroad Com-
pany, and are said to b9 a model plant
with a capacity of 1,000 barrels per day,
but the mills wefe originally designed
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SPEEDOMETER ON BICYCLK.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
One interesting feature of this new plant
is the installation of eighty-foot kilns,
which have turned out so successfully
that several other mills in the Lehigh
region are installing them.
The general offices are at AUentown.
Pa., from which place all transactions
will be conducted. J. Maxwell Carrere is
the general manager.
«
A Large Shipment of Street Sprinklers*
That street sprinkling wagons have be-
come an essential part of every city's
equipment is not denied. They are no
lers, insisting upon their use as a pre-
ventive of the spread of disease.
The Austin street sprinkler, manufac-
tured by the Austin Manufacturing Com-
pany of Chicago, is one of the best
known and most popular machines of this
description on the market, and has at-
tained that position through its merits.
It is a simple device, but strong and ef-
ficient, and is used by a large number
of important cities. The accompanying
photograph shows a shipment of these
sprinklers made to the city of St. Paul,
Minn., a single purchase of magnitude
A LARGE SHIPMENT OF SPRINKLERS,
Made by Austin Western Co. to St. Paul, Minn.
longer considered a luxury, the conveni-
ences of which are to be enjoyed only by
the more prosperous class of citizens,
but a necessity from a sanitary as well
as an economical point of view. In the
sufficient to show the confidence of the
city authorities in the efficiency of the
apparatus.
The United States government uses the
Austin sprinklers in Yellowstone Park
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
285
cleaning has been a subject that has oc-
cupied the attention of many of the
most prominent engineers in the coun-
try. It has been brought before the vari-
ous engineering societies and ha« been
subject to careful consideration from
these bodies.
An invention owned and patented by
Mr. P. J. Healey of 10 Tremont-st., Bos-
ton, has concentrated the attention of the
foremost engineers, who have made the
srubject of sewer cleaning a specialty,
and it appears to have their unqualified
indorsement.
At a recent meeting of the Boston
members of the American Society of
Civil Engineers In Boston, Mr. R. S.
Door, C. E., chief of the Bureau of
Sewers, gave an interesting lecture on
this device, using a model in illustrating
his remarks. The subject being worthy
praise, Mr. Healey having received the
personal indorsements of such as Mr.
John Thatcher, Supt of Sewers, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.; Mr. Matthew J. Kennedy,
Supt. of Maintenance, Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Mr. Theodore L. Pike, Supt. of Sewers,
City of Cambridge, Mass. ; Laforest Beals,
Supt. of Streets, Lowell, Mass.; N. K.
Thompson, Street Commissioner, Eliza-
beth, N. J. It has been approved by the
officials of the Bureau of Streets and
Sewers in Boston and many others.
Mr. Healey is a practical sewerage man,
having been foreman with the Metro-
politan Sewer Commission of Boston for
ten years, and for three years with Sewer
Cleaning Department, also of Boston. It
was while in this capacity that the in-
ventive genius of the patentee developed,
and after many years' study he evolved
the present patent.
THE HEALEY SEWER CLEANINQ MACHINE.
of more than passing notice, a repre-
sentative of Municipal Engineering Mag-
aaine called on Mr. Door, who stated
that he had, as head of the department,
watched the work of the machine, which
had been adopted after several prelim-
inary trials. The tests were of a very
severe nature and had been succesful in
cleaning sewers that previous to the
Healey invention had to be ripped up.
These were twelve and eighteen-inch
size and presented a serious problem to
the department As evidence of the
rapidity with which this machine can
be worked and its general effectiveness,
it can be stated that at a demonstration
on Union-ave., Brooklyn, on March 14 of
last year, there were removed from a
three-foot sewer 106 pails of sediment in
two hours and a quarter, or at the rate
of four pailfuls in live minutes, the dls-
Trade Publications.
Electric coal mining plant and storage
battery industiial locomotives are de-
scribed and illustrated in bulletins 4 and
5 of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company,
Columbus, O. This series of bulletins ard
of the standard size, 7 by 10 inches, and
perforated for insertion in a handy bind-
er.
The special catalogue for 1904 of the
Aultman Company, Canton, O., gives the
details of their double star traction en-
gine, showing its simplicity and strength.
Baldwin, Tuthill & Bolton, Grand
Rapids, Mich., send a 200-page catalogue
for 1904 of saw and knife fitting ma-
chinery and tools, saw-mill and wood-
working machinery, of which they have
printed 40,000 copies.
Asphalt, concrete and pitch paving tools
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
their alternating current machinery for
lighting, power and railway service.
List No. 2 of the Railway and Electric
Equipment Company gives lists of their
electrical machinery for trolley roads and
for lighting and their railway equip-
ment for steam roads, etc. The company
has offices in Philadelphia. Buffalo, Chi-
cago, Pittsburg and Cleveland.
The Kent Mill Company, 170 Broadway.
New York City, sends a calendar adver-
tising its machine for grinding cement
clinker, quartz, limestone, phosphate
rock and other hard substances.
Pettljohn Brothers, 1300 N. First-st.,
Terre Haute, issue a circular descriptive
of their machine for making hollow con-
crete building blocks and the method of
operating it, giving also the cost of the
machines and of making blocks with
them.
Trade Notes.
ASPHALT.
The Dunderberg Asphalt Company.
Jones Point, N. Y., has been incorporated
by L. C. and L. I. Gillespie, of Morris-
town, N. J., and J. T. Gillespie, of New
York City.
The American Asphalt-Mastic Compa-
ny, with headquarters at Detroit, Mich.,
has been incorporated to "manufacture
and sell asphalt-mastic or a composition
for paving and roofing consisting of as-
phaltum and lime sludge from purifica-
tion of beet Juice in sugar manufacture."
The incorporators are Ammi W. Wright,
Alma, Mich,: F. R. Hathaway, Roderick,
A. Gurley, Denver, Co'o.; Wm. H. Wors-
wick, San Francisco, Oal. The first plant
will be built at Alma.
The Walnut Creek Oil and Asphalt
Company, Austin, lex., has been organ-
ized to develop asphalt property.
A deposit of asphalt rock on the island
of Bahrein, in the Red Sea, is being in-
vestigated by the British authorities.
Laboratory tests prove it to be satisfac-
tory for paving purposes, showing that
the material can be diluted up to 75 per
cent, with limestone. The asphalt is too
low in grade, however, to be profitably
exported to European markets, but it is
thought that it <*an be sold in India at
a price which would make Its shipment
there practicable.
The Barber Asphalt Paving Company
will build a stone crushing plant on a
site on the East Side known as the Low-
ery tract, at Minneapolis.
The Wadsworth Stone and Paving Com-
cently closed contracts for a clay drying-
plant for the Delaware Clay Manufactur-
ing Co., of Delaware, O.; plant for the
drying of waste phosphates for the Graa-
selli Chemical Co., of Tremley, N. J.; an
installation for the drying of tobacco
stems for the Henderson Tobacco Extract
Works, of Henderson, Ky. The com-
pany is also installing a shale drying-
plant for the Elko Paint Co.. at Randolph,
N. Y.
The board of public works at Peoria,
111., advocates the establishment of pav-
ing brick plant.
W. F. Brennah. deputy commissioner of
public works at Chicago, resigned Ills po-
sition March 1 and accepted that of West-
em agent for the Metropolitan Paving
Brick Company, with plants at Canton
and Cleveland, O.
The Vitrified Brick Company of Boise,
Idaho, has let contracts for additional
burning kilns, and will double the pres-
ent capacity of its plant.
CKMENT.
The Newaygo Portland Cement Co.,
Newaygo, Mich., has established a gen-
eral sales office in the Michigan Trust
Company Bldg., Grand Rapids, Mich., in
charge of George T. Burridge as general
sales agent. The company requests that,
in order to facilitate the handling of
mail and Insure prompt filling of orders,
that all orders for cement, as well as all
correspondence regarding prices BJi<k
freight rates, be addressed to Newaygo
Portland Cement Co., Michigan Trust
Co. Bldg., Grand Rapids, Mich., where
they will receive prompt acknowledge-
ment and attention.
The W*estern Portland Cement Works
Co. is enlarging its plant at Yankton,
S. D.
According to press leports of March 1$
a new company is being organized at
Carthage, Mo., to manufacture a paving
cement from mine tailings. It is not yet
known who is at the head of the
projest.
Henry Wood Bergen of Jackson, Mich.,
cement expert and chemist for the Pen-
insular Portland Cement Co., has found,
according to local press reports, that the
marl deposits In Bass, Zukey and Island
Lakes, near Lakeland, are as rich &8
any yet discovered In Michlga^i.
The Cairo Sand, Lime and Cement Co.,
Cairo. 111., has been incorporated to deal
in building materials, by F. J. Fitzgerald,
E. A. Patier and E. P. Fitzgerald.
The Pennville Concrete Co., Pennvllle,.
Ind.. has been incorporated by Elza N.
Cary. C. E. Caylor, M. G. McCarty,
L. G. Walling and William C. Waltz.
The cement works at Syracuse, Ind.,
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
287
l>een Investlgratlng the field In Clarke
County, Alabama, with a view to ascer-
taining conditions and advantages for
-establishing a cement plant.
The plan for the reorganisation of the
Hecla Portland Cement and Coal Com-
pany at Bay City, Mich., has been sub-
mitted to the stockholders. It provides
for the formation of a new company with
a capital of $1,000,000.
The Belleville Portland Cement Com-
pany, Belleville, Ont., has placed orders
lor steam turbines for operating its
•cement works.
The Columbus Cement Company, Colum-
bus. O., has been incorporated by John
Albert Jones, William H. Phillips. John
•C. Sherwood. Walter Page, Jr., and John
P. Given.
The quarry property of the Michigan
Alkali Company, at Bellevue. Eaton Coun-
ty, Michigan, has been purchased by the
Hon. Wellington R. Burt and George R.
Burt and an immense Portland cement
plant will be built.
The Terrace Park Concrete Company,
Cincinnati, O., has been incorporated
T>y J. B. Bellville, C. V. McChesney, L.
A. Walton, William Lamb and W. A.
Seward.
The B»n)nson Portland Cement Company
has purchased 500 acres of valuable marl
beds near Schoolcraft, Mich.
The Alsen American Portland Cement
Company announces that the arm of Sin-
clair & Babson has withdrawn from the
company's selling agency and that this
l)usiness will hereafter be conducted
•exactly as heretofore, including the im-
portation and distribution of the German
Alsen, by the Alsen Portland Cement
Works, at 45 Broadway, New York City.
W. P. Corbett, Secy, and Gen. Mgr.
The Diamond Portland Cement Com-
pany, Lincoln, N. J., has been incor-
porated to manufacture cement by Edgar
•Granert, Max F. Wirtz and Carrie C.
Wirta.
Messrs. Sinclair and Bahson having
'Withdrawn as the selling agents for the
Alsen American Portland Cement works,
the business will hereafter be conducted
directly by the company. Mr. W. P.
Corbett is now secretary of the Alsen
Company and General Manager of Sales.
He has taker, charge of same with offices
as heretofore, 46 Broadway, N. W. Busi-
ness will be conducted as before and
those having previous dealings with that
company, will find Mr. Corbett in every
way up to the usual "Alsen standard" in
liospitality and businesslike qualifications.
CONCRETE BLOCKS.
The Contractors* Tool Company, 704
Arch-st., Philadelphia, Pa., advises us
that it is issuing a new catalogue of as-
phalt and roofers' tools and machines,
and also one for cement pavers.
The Brady Cement Stone Machine Com-
pany of Jackson. Mich., contemplates
building a large plant at Louisville, Ky..
tor manufacturing cement building
.blocks.
The Columbus Cement Stone Company.
Columbus, O., has been Incorporated by
John Albert Jones, William H. PhllUps.
John C. Sherwood, Walter Page, jr., and
John P. Given. The company will manu-
facture cement stone for all purposes.
The Fond du Lac Cement Brick Manu-
facturing Company has been incorporated
at Fond du Lac, Wis., by A. C. Dallman,
Joseph Hutter, John Hutter and E. F.
Cooper.
The plant of the Perth Amboy Cement,
Stone & Roof Tile Company, Perth Am-
boy, N. J., is to be greatly enlarged and
improved. C. C. Christensen is presi-
dent, George W. Yepsen secretary and A.
Hansen treasurer.
The Rock County Concrete Stone Com-
pany, Jafl^svllle. Wis., has been organ-
ized to manufacture building materials
from cement by Grant U. Fisher, Evan
D. Roberts and Frank J. Mouat.
The Freeport Concrete Construction
Company, Freeport, 111., has been incor-
porated.
The Medina Concrete Company, Medi-
na. O., has been Incorporated to manu-
facture concrete building blocks, by B.
Felton. Clare R. Warner and Walter
Kennedy.
The Lansing Artificial Stone Company,
Lansing, Mich., has been organized to
manufacture cement brick.
I. L. Shaw of Gibson, 111., has invented
a machine for molding concrete building
blocks.
The citizens of Liverpool, O., are inter-
ested f^ a proposition to establish a plant
in the East End for manufacturing ce-
ment building blocks. John Scott and
Prof. R. E. RaymCun are interested.
A company is being formed at Detroit,
Mich., to erect a number of plants
throughout the States of Michigan and
Ohio for the manufacture of cement
brick.
The establishment of a plant at Glass-
boro, N. J., for the manufacture of ce-
ment building blocks Is contemplated.
F. M. Johnson, of Minneapolis, and L.
Hallum will establish a plant at Fosston,
Minn., this spring to manufacture ce-
ment sidewalk blocks.
A plant for the manufacture of cement
blocks and walks is proposed at Grand
Island, Neb.
The Pressed Stone Manufacturing Com-
pany, recently incorporated at St. Paul
bv George W. Oaks. W. S. Darby, B. S.
Oaks and others with a capital of )50.000,
have closed a contract whereby they se-
cure a complete power equipment for the
manufacture of the Miracle Hollow Con-
crete Blocks, which will be installed in
St. Paul, on the ground they have se-
cured on the C. St. P., M. & O. right of
way. on t.iC West Side. They will also
control the sale of these machines and
the product, under the Miracle patents, in
all the ijouthern part of Minnesota, ex-
cept a few counties in the immediate vi-
cinity of Minneapolis, which have been
reserved for Minneapolis territory.
J. O. Waterworth of Waterworth & Fee,
of Duluth. Minn., has purchased an out-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
fit for the manufacture of the Miracle
Hollow Concrete Building Block, which
will be Installed at Duluth in a very
short time. Waterworth & Fee are prac-
tical cement men, as well as heavy con-
tractors, and are going into the busi-
ness on an extensive scale.
LIOHTIIfO AND POWER.
The Ottawa Construction Company, To-
ledo, O., has been incorporated to build
electric light and power plants and rail-
ways, by S. W. Cook, Wm. E. Brown,
Oeo. W. Pearson, John Quaife, and Sam-
uel Hourt.
The California Gas & Electric Corpora-
tion, San Francisco, Cal., purchased the
Standard Electric Company of California
and the United Qas & Electric Company
of Ban Jose.
Newly Incorporated electric light com-
panies: Monroe Water and Light Com-
pany, Monroe, Wash.; Marion, Bucyrus &
pnffin Railway and Light Company, Bu-
cyrus, O.; Carthage Heat, Light & Pow-
er Company, Carthage, Mo.; Nassau
Qas, Heat and Power Company,
New York City; Seaboard Qas
Company, Camden, N. J. ; Western Water
and Power Company. Chicago, 111.
J. C. Waugh of Moline, 111., has been
granted a patent on an acetylene gas-
making machine.
The Nemst Lamp Company, Of Pitts-
burg, Pa., has opened an office and sales-
room at No. 7 W. Mohawk-st, Buffalo,
N. Y., where the above mentioned com-
pany intends to carry at all times a full
line of lamps and parts for the purpose
of supplying the trade.
Mr. Q. E. Bennett, formerly Assistant
Manager of the Chicago office, has been
appointed district salesmanager of ■ the
Buffalo office of the Nemst Lamp Com-
pany. •
MACHINERY AND MATERIALS.
We are directly advised that the fol-
lowing people are interested as possible
buyers of machinery and tools as fol-
lows:
C. E. Chandler, Eureka, Kas., cement
block machine and small mixer.
W. J. Qilmore, Tipton, la., cement fin-
ishing tools.
Qray & Stewart, Portland, Ind., wheel-
barrows, shovels, picks and cement finish-
ing tools.
Allen & Allen, Washington, Ind., con-
crete block machine.
Salina Hydraulic Stone and Brick Com-
pany, Salina, Kas., hollow block molds.
George W. Miller, 802 Equitable Bldg.,
Des Moines, la., concrete construction
machinery.
George W. Powell, box 40, Warren, Ind.,
machinery for brick, stone and cement
work.
W. S. Haynes, of Samuel W. Black &
Co., Pittsburg, Pa., concrete block ma-
chinery.
W. B. Worley, Oxford, Miss., machin-
ery for laying concrete pavements.
J. W. Schwartz, Shenandoah, la., tools
for paving and cement.
A. P. Deure, Corning, la., tools for
manufacture of artificial stone, cement
and lime.
J. F. Plew, Vevay, Ind., trowels, tam-
pers. Jointers, edgers and all other tools
for cement work.
W. L. Harding, Charleston, 111., band
saw, paving planer and sticker.
H. C. Friend, 813 E. Lexington-ave.,
Ashland, Ky., tools and machinery for
erection of cement houses.
E. Kenney, Creston. la.^ cement build-
ing blocks and other artificial stone.
W. F. Dallison, Bedford, la., cement
blocks and sidewalk machinery.
J. M. King, machinery for artificial
stone work.
A. H. Brown, Cresco, la., all kinds of
cement tools.
W. H. Faulkner, Fairfield, la., stone
crushing machinery.
John Pro, Spencer, la., hollow concrete
block machine and sidewalk tools.
Frank Ferren, 1319 Fourteenth -St., Des
Moines, la., finishing tools.
W. E. Junker, Princeton, Ind., cement
tools.
R. B. Bonce, Great Bend, Kas., cement
block machinery.
R. Q. Jacobs, Flemingsburg, Ky., pav-
ing tools.
Adam Vllmee, Le Mars, la., cement
workers' tools.
G. P. Frysberger, Bloomfi^d, la.,
cement building block machinery.
C. B. Millenie. Fairfield, la., hoisting
machine and bricklayers' tools.
F. Steinhart, 209 James street. Blue
Island, 111., concrete mixer.
Springfield Hydraulic Stone Company,
Springfield, 111., gas engine and mixer.
H. O. Bench Corporation, New London,
Conn., brick hand press for making face
brick of cement.
Noah Bogard, 1400 E. Grove street,
Washington, Ind., concrete mixer, side-
walk and curbing tools of all kinds.
Joseph Trompeter, Peru, 111., concrete
mixer, surveying instruments, tools, etc
J. A. Thornton, Morgan City, La., en-
gines and steel castings.
Frost & Son, JerseyvlUe, 111., building
block machinery.
Frank J. Rice. Norwich, Conn., hollow
cement blocks, rock face, machinery.
Moran & Hardy, Lake Forest, 111., all
tools used in cement work.
A. H. Beidelman, Napervllle, 111., con-
crete mixer and hoisting machine.
M. F. Murphy, Normal, 111., cement
sidewalk, posts and blocks.
Lord Fuel & Ice Company, Monmouth.
111., hollow block machine and sidewalk
blocks.
John Kellle & Co., 702 Mlchigan-ave.,
Detroit, Mich., mixers.
Peter Fillion. 1519 S. I street, Bedford.
Ind., concrete mixer.
Frederick S. Brown, 740 La Salle street.
Chicago. 111., concrete building block ma-
chine.
J. H. McCulloch, 1014 Marshall street.
Paris, 111., hollow block machine.
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MACHINERY AND TBADE.
289
Fuller Bros., Frostburg, Md., hoisting
engines, concrete mixer, cement tools.
Gabriel A. Chaxnblin, 254 N. Royal
street. Mobile, Ala., hoisting machine and
cement tools
Joseph S. Hamilton, 606 Franklin-st.,
Wilmington, Del., concrete b.oc*c ma
chine, tools and forms.
B. F. Burnham, Paw Pa"W, Mich., block
and tile machines and tools.
C. W. Sheatsley. 104 Grant-st., Nlles,
Mich., cement machinery.
D. W. Mellen, 22 Dwlght-st., Springfield.
Mass.. concrete mixer.
Edward L. Suiter, 410 B. Oak-st., Fort
Collins, rock crushers and concrete mixer.
E. Miller. ^ Northwestern Bldg., Min-
neapolis, Minn., hoisting machine and
derricks.
Clarence W. Coats, 727 Wlsconain-ave.,
Lansing, Mich., building block machines.
C. J. Stone, Kingsbury, Cal., pumping
plants.
John H. Hansen, Box 9, Wallace, Idaho,
hollow concrete block machine.
Charles Vogel, Wheaton, III., cement
block machine.
John Sweeney, Hingham Centre, Mass..
all kinds of machinery for quarry and
stone work.
F. W. F. WooUcott, 5 Thomton-st..
Winthrop, Mass., machinery for general
contracting.
B. If. Ralph, Savannah. Mo., machinery
for making hollow concrete blocks.
Bagley & Bagley, Santa Rosa, Cal., con-
crete mixer and concrete block machine.
• Congdon Construction Company, 813
Hennepln-ave., concrete mixer.
Evans Smith, Monroe City, Mo., con-
crete block machines.
Edward Ottoman, 306 8. Haven-st.,
South Haven, Mich., concrete mixer.
W. L. Bond, Monroe City, Mo., stone
block machine.
C. K. Anderson, 605 VIne-st., Owatonna,
Minn., hollow building cement ^lock and
sidewalk tile machinery.
J. D. O'Connell, 424 Manhattan Bldg..
Duluth, Minn., grading and sewer trench
machines.
"We have direct advice from the fol-
lowing people who are interested as
possible buyers of the following materi-
als: C. E. Chandler, Eureka, Kas., ce-
ment; J. W. Schwartz, Shenandoah, la.,
cement and stone; Firank D. Burckhard.
Clarinda, la., cement and crushed rock;
J. G. Partch, Concordia, Kas., Portland
cement; E. S. Bowen, Gamer, la., lime
and cement; B. F. Bell, Newcastle, Ind..
street paving blocks; W. J. Gilmore, Tip-
ton, la., cement; Gray & Stewart, Port-
land. Ind., cement; Allen & Allen, Wash-
Inerton, Ind., cement; George W. Miller,
802 Equitable Bldg., Des Moines, la.,
cement; George W. Powell, box 40, War-
ren, Ind., brick, stone and cement; Adam
Jess, jr.. Pennsgrove, N. J., cement in
fifty-barrel lota; E. A. Randall, lock box
86, Cedar Falls, la., Portland cement;
H. C. Friend. 813 E. Lexington-ave.. Ash-
land. Ky.. cement; E. Kenney, Creston.
la., broken stone, gravel and cement;
W. F. Dallison, Bedford, la., cement and
brick; J. M. King, Ashland, Ky., general
builder's supplies; W. H. Faulkner, Fair-
field, la., cement and crushed stone;
John Pro, Spencer, la., cement, lime,
stone and brick; Frank Ferren, 1819
Fourteenth-st., Des Moines, la., cement
in car lots; W. E. Junker, Princeton,
Ind.. lime and cement; R. B. Bonce,
Great Bend. Kas., all kinds of cement:
R. G. Jacobs, Flemingsburg, Ky., sand
and cement: W. A. Steed. Newnan, Ga.,
street paving and road constructing ma-
terials; Bloomington Concrete Co., 305
W. WashiRgton-st., Bloomington, 111.,
combined curb and gutter; J. W. Clark,
915 Hester-ave., Centralia, 111., cements
and brick; John Kellle & Co., 702 Michi-
gan-ave., Detroit, Mich., cements; J. H.
McCulloch, 1014 Marshall-st., cement and
sand; Fuller Bros., Frostburg, Md., ce-
ment, lime, sand, brick and stone; Ga-
briel A. Chamblin, 254 N. Royal st.. Mo-
bile, Ala., cements; Springfield Hydraulic
Stone Co., 10 Jackson-st., Springfield, HI.,
Portland cement; Noah Bogard, 1400 E.
Grove-st., Washington. Ind.. Portland
cement and crushed granite; F. T. Har-
desty. Rock Falls, 111., stone, brick and
cement; Joseph Trompeter, Peru, 111.,
cement, rock, sand, gravel and brick;
J. A. Thornton, Morgan City, La., gray
castings; Frost & Son, Jersey vllle, Bl..
cement and crushed granite; J. M. Stone,
Ft. Madison, la., cement; Moran & Har-
dy, Lake Forest. 111., cement; A. H. Bei-
delman, Naperville, 111., cement; M. F.
Murphy, Normal, 111., cement, stone,
sand and gravel; Lord Fuel and Ice Co.,
Monmouth, 111., Portland cement. Jo-
seph Hamilton, 605 Franklin-st., Wil-
mington, Del., cement— C. W. Sheatsley.
104 Grant-st., Nlles, Mich., cement— D. W.
Fuller, 22 Dwight-st.. Springfield. Mass..
cement, lime and brick— E. Miller, 902
Northwestern Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn,
building materials— Clarence W. Coats, 727
Wisconsin-ave., Lansing, Mich., cement—
A. D. Harrison, Little Falls, Minn., cement
and lime— C. J. Stone, Kingsbury, Cal., ce-
ment and brick— J. H. Hansen, box 9, Wal-
lace, Idaho, cement— Samuel Myrtelus,
Wabasha, Minn., cement— Chas. Vogel.
Wheaton, 111., cement— John Sweeney,
Hingham Center, Mass., all kinds of ce-
ments, stone, rough and finishing— H. N.
Cagill, 532 Ottawa-st., Grand Rapids,
Mich., cement paving and general con-
crete work— F. W. F. Woollcott, 5 Thorn-
ton-st., Winthrop, Mass., lime, cement,
brick— R. P. Burgess, 51 Auburn-st., Head-
ing, Mass., lime, cement, etc.— B. L.
Ralph, Savannah, Mo., cements— Bagley
& Bagley, Santa Rosa. Cal., cement, lime,
brick, plaster— Congdon Construction Co.,
313 Hennepin-ave., Chicago, 111., Portland
cemeht in large lots— Evan Smith, Mon-
roe City, Mo., cement— Edward Ottoman,
306 S. Haven-st.. South Haven, Mich., ce-
ment, lime, brick— C. K. Anderson, 606 E.
Vine-st, Owatonna, Minn., lime, cement,
brick, hollow tile, and all kinds of build-
ing materials— J. D. O'Connell, 424 Man-
hattan Building, Minn., cement.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
MIBCKLLANKOUB.
The Artificial Paving Co., Syracuse. N.
Y., has been Incorporated to manufacture
-cement walks, by Wm. J. Burns, Wm.
Spooner and Harry Osborne.
The Reliance Quarry & Construction
'Co., St. Louis, Mo., has been incorporated
by Edward A. Hermann, Henry W. Her-
mann and Louis C. Hermann.
J. B. Duggan and others of Tacoma,
Wash., are considering a plan for estab-
lishing plant to manufacture creosote
paving blocks.
The Davenport Construction Co.. Daven-
port, la., has been incorporated to do
excavating, concreting, paving, or con-
struction work, by C. G. Hipwell, F. H.
Bartemeyer. C. C. Campbell and J. Britt.
The Concrete and Natural Stone Co.,
«Chlcago. 111., has been organized to deal
in artificial and natural stone, by James
P. Grler. Wm. H. Tuttle and M. D.
Cross.
The Allis-Chalmers Co., has absorbed
^he Bullock Electric Manufacturing Co.,
of Cincinnati. The business of the Bul-
lock company will be conducted under the
-same management as heretofore, but un-
Aer the general direction of the Allis-
Chalmers company.
The Newark Artificial Stone & Plaster
♦Co., Newark, O., has been incorporated
by A. R. Pilser, Eli Hill, F. T. Mercer,
John McNamara, C. E. Cochran, E. R.
Hackney and B. F. McDonald.
The Jackson Cement Sewer Pipe Co.,
Jackson. Mich., has been incorporated,
with Edward F. Lowery as president,
John M. Phalen. vice-president; Andrew
J. Meade, secretary and treasurer.
Recent Inventions.
780.212, June 2, 1903. Machine for Mold-
ing Building Blocks or Artificial Stone.
C. H. Hutchings, Toronto, Canada.
The block is made, the core to produce
bollowi Is removed, the mold box is
turned onto a removable side, and un-
locked. The ends and front side of the
mold box, hinged to the bottom, are
turned out and up and the block Is
Kirawn out on a carriage; the apparatus
is all carried on a suitable frame.
730.518. Jan. 9. 1903. Filtering System.
F. A. W. Davis, Indianapolis, Ind. Imper-
vious bottoms with depressed channels,
many closely arranged transverse chan-
nels to collect filtered water, covered with
from Iron, with porcelain frits burned ap-
proximately to the fusing point.
730.780. June 9. 1903. Building Wall and
Concrete Block for Same. O. U. Miracle
and W. L. Dow, Sioux Falls, S. D. A
wall built of blocks, with two parallel
rows of air cavities separated and sur-
rounded by concrete, the necks between
cavities being strengthened by wire cloth.
730.817. June 9, 1903. Catch-Basin. Mar-
tin Ciillen. Boston, Mass. A catch-basin
overflowing through trap Into overflow
basin and having also a drain door, taper-
ing to open easily through the sediment
In the basin and a small clean-out con-
d)ilt at the bottom.
731.032. June 16, 1903. Garbage Crema-
tory. J. A. Forsyth, Atlanta. Ga. A fur-
nace having combustion chamber with
arched roof, on which garbage Is deposit-
ed, a boiler partly ovei- the outlet of the
combustion chamber and serving to de-
flect the gases to the gart>age. also a
second independent flre to help heat the
boiler, gases going out In sime way.
731.323. June 16, 1903. Machine for Mold-
ing Hollow Concrete Building Blocks.
Harmon S. Palmer. Wn^hin^ton. D. C An
addition to the removable bottom plate
of the Palmer machine, when width of
blocks Is increased, of an auxiliary flUlng-
strlp having webs or ribs for fllllng the
spaces, also of strip for forming a water
table on the block, of removable division
plates for molding slabs, nested cores, Im-
proved core carrier, etc.
731.346. June 16, 1903. Water Purifier.
Elvl Delmonly, Paris, France. Water
tank with two measuring compartments
alternately delivering to mixing tank by
means of an oscillatory double water
wheel, and a chemical distributor oper-
ated by each discharge.
731,468. June 23, 1908. Apparatus for
Softening or Otherwise Chemically Treat-
ing, Filtering and Storing Water. F. B.
Leopold, Cincinnati. O. A housing with
pure water storage tank In upper portion,
platform above, primary receiving tank
thereon, tanks of chemicals In solution,
mixing trough and tank, wheel operating
moving parts, settling chamber, filter,
connecting pipes and valves, outlet for
treated water.
731,596. June 23, 1903. Concrete-Steel
Sidewalk. William Mueser. New York, N.
Y. A concrete-steel sidewalk centrally
supported on the spandrel wall of a bridge
or viaduct and engaging therewith
through offsets in the two and anchored
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IMPROVEMENT AND
CONTRACTING NEWi
RAVIN Q.
Sycamore. 111.— The Federal Asphalt
Paving Co., of Chicago, which has the
contract for paving In this city, is getting
its plant in readiness to begin asphalt
paving as soon as the weather will i)er-
mit, according to pil'ess reports of March 2.
Washington, Pa.— A recent issue of
bonds, amounting to $82,000. for paving and
park Improvements, Is Invalid and the suc-
cessful bidders, a Philadelphia firm, refuse
to accept them. The ballots were pre-
pared according to the act of 1874 and not
In accordance with the act of 1903.
CONTBIIPLATBD WOBK.
Barre. Vt.— Some paving is contem*
plated.
Worcester, Mass.— Salem and Cam-
bridge-sts. will be paved.
Dallas. Tex.— Asphalt paving is contem-
plated for Worth-st.
Walla-Walla, Wash.— Paving is pro-
posed for Alder and Main-sts.
Kearny, N. J.— The macadamizing of
Chestnut-st. is contemplated.
Kenton, O.— An ordinance has been
passed for p'aving E. Franklin-st.
Tuscaloosa, Ala.— Paving Is contemplat-
ed for the principal streets.
Fremont, Neb.— Brick paving is con-
templated for Fifth, Main and F-sts.
Elysian, Minn.— The question of build-
ing cement walks is being agitated.
Xenla, O.— The improvement of Detroit-
8t. Is contemplated. City Engineer Mc-
Kay.
Fort Plaiu, N. Y.— This town voted
March 16 to appropriate $6,000 for pav-
ing.
Sayre, Okla.— An ordinance is proposed
providing for the building of sidewalks.
Woodbury, Conn.— Bids will be asked
for soon for altering the Minortown-
road.
Easthampton, Mass.— This town has ap-
propriated $6,000 for macadamizing Main-
st.
San Francisco, Cal.— Basalt block pav-
ing is contemplated for 1.453 feet of East-
st.
Faribault, Minn.— The question of pav-
ing the business streets is being agritated.
Pekln, 111.— The bd. of local Impvts. has
decided to pave a number of streets and
alleys.
Atlanta, Ga.— Council has voted to im-
prove twenty streets with chert, at a cost
of $14,000.
Omaha. Neb.— Andrew Rosewater, cy.
engr.. has submitted the revised paving
specifications.
Findlay. O.— Asphalt block paving is
proposed for W. Sandusky-st., from
Main-st. to Factory-st.
Effiingham, 111.— The question of street
paving will be considered by the city
council, March 22.
Ironton, O.— Brick or block asphalt pav-
ing is contemplated for Vernon and
Washlngton-sts.
Youngstown, O.— A petition has been
submitted to the B. P. S. asking that
Valley-st. be paved.
Celina, O.— A petition is being circu-
lated for paving Logan-st., from Main to
the C, H. & D. railroad.
Malone. N. Y.— This village voted to ex-
pend $2,750 on improving the highways
this summer. Vil. Clk.
Newcastle, Pa.— Plans have been com-
pleted and bids will be asked soon for
building 2,700 ft. of road.
Albion, 111.— The village council has de-
cided to issue $3,000 bonds for building
more brick sidewalks.
Kansas City, Mo— The council has au-
thorized the repaving of Walnut-st. from
Sixteenth-st. to Nineteenth-st. with as-
phalt.
Denver. Colo.— Specifications have been
adopted for paving Welton-st. from
Twenty-second-st. to Thlrtieth-st. witb
asphalt.
Albany. N. Y.— Ordinances have been
approved for paving Herkimer. Franklin,
Division and Unlon-sts.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Block asphalt for
N. Union-st. and sheet asphalt for N.
Prospect-st. are proposed.
Philadelphia. Pa.— Bids will be asked
soon for repaving Delaware-ave., from
Vine to South-sts. Dir. Costello.
Oakland, Cal.— Resolutions of intention
have been passed for building cement
sidewalks on certain streets.
Painesville, O.— The clerk of the B. P.
S. has been authorized to advertise for
bids for paving E. Main-st.
San Francisco. Cal.— Bituminous rock
paving has been petitioned for on Cor-
bett-st.. from Seventeenth to Douglass-
sts.
Springfield. 111.— Paving is contemplated
for an alley between Sixth and Elghth-
sts.. from Edwards to Cook-sts.
Anderson. Ind.— Petitions are being sub
mitted to the City Council, rsking that
the streets be paved with brlcK.
Marlon. Ind.— Asphalt paving has been
petitioned for on Gallatln-st.. from Third
to Thirty-flrst-sts. Mayor Kiley.
Ft. Smith. Ark.— An ordinance has been
adopted providing for the construction of
sidewalks on certain streets.
West Palm Beach. Fla.— The question
of issuing bonds for street paving and
other Improvements is being considered.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Nau^atuck, Conn.— Bids for laying cob-
ble iBrutters in this borough have been au-
thorized. W. J. Neary. borough clerk.
Evanston, 111.— Ordinances have been
passed for paving certain streets and al-
leys with brick. John N. Moore, city
engineer.
Argentine, Kas.— The Commercial Club is
advocating the construction of a macad-
amized road from this city to Turner.
Mt. Holly, N. J.— This town voted, Mar.
22, to issue $15,000 bonds for paving two
streets with vitrified brick.
Duluth, Minn.— The bd. of pub. wks.
is preparing to let contracts for paving
E. Superior, Second and First Ave. East.
Morgantown, N. C— The town commis-
sioners have decided to build concrete
pavements with stone curbing on Union
street.
Youngstown, O.— A petition is being cir-
culated for pavinF Wilson ave. with Bes-
semer repressed brick with stone curb-
ing.
Manchester, N. H.— Council has appro-
priated $15,000 for granite block paving
on concrete foundation. H. P. Simpson,
chm. St. and park comrs.
Washington, D. C— Favorable reports
have been made in the form of amend-
ments to the District appropriation bill
for paving 7th st with asphalt.
Ithaca, N. Y.— Bids will be asked this
summer for paving portions of Spencer,
N. Aurora, Fall, Lake, Heustis and N.
Tioga sts. and Dryden road.
Milwaukee, Wis.— The Milwaukee Mon-
ument company has made a proposition
to the board of public works proposing
to pave certain streets with granite.
Hamilton, O.— Buckeye st. from Front
to 4th will be paved with block asphalt,
sheet asphalt or vitrified brick. L. A.
Dillon, cy. engr.
Palnesvllle, O.— A committee, accompa-
nied by H. P. Cumlngs, cy. engr., visit-
ed Warren, O., Mar. 15, for the purpose of
inspecting asphalt block paving.
. Ashland, Wis.— About 19,000 sq. yds. of
macadam paving, 18,000 sq. yds of as-
phalt paving, and 15,000 lin. ft. of cement
curb and gutter is contemplated this
year. M. T. Doane, cy, engr.
Cincinnati, O.— The B. P. S. decided,
March 17, to repair, under 1-yr. contracts
at a stated price per sq. yd. for work
actually done, all asphalt streets not un-
der contract or ordered resurfaced.
Dayton, O.— Ordinances have been
passed providing for grading and gravel-
ing Edgar ave., from Wyoming to Wayne;
grading and paving with boulders. Du-
toit-st. and an alley. C. Preston Floyd,
elk. coun.
prest., is reported as being in favor or
creosoted blocks.
Newport, Ky.— The city council has au-
thorized the improvement of a number of
streets by original construction; brick
paving with combined curb and gutter
on Central-ave. ; asphalt paving on
Fourth-st. east of Park-ave. Supt. pub.
wks. Krebs.
Chllllcothe, O.— Ordinances are pro-
posed providing for paving Second-st.
from Ohio & Erie canal to N. & W.
tracks, with vitrified brick, asphalt or
other material; Walnut-st. from Second
to Fifth-sts. with vitrified brick, asphalt
or other material.
Springfield, O.— An ordinance is pend-
ing providing for paving E. Hlgn-st. from
Greenmount to Belmont-aves. with as-
phalt, asphalt block and bituminous
macadam. The macadamizing of Fre-
mont-ave. from Limestone to Cllfton-ave.
is also contemplated.
Charleston, S. C— (Special) J. H. Dingle,
cy. engr. says that the bd. of pub. wks.
is discussing the matter of constructing
40,000 sq. yds. of brick paving and 5,000
sq. yds. of granite paving, but the time
for receiving bids has not yet been deter-
mined.
Salt Lake City, Utah— (Special) L. C.
Kelsey cy. engr. says bids will be opened
about April 20 for 5,000 sq. yds. of as-
phalt or bituminous macadam paving on
First-st. About 40,000 sq. yds. of asphalt
paving on S. Temple-st. is also contem-
plated, but has not yet been ordered.
Little Rock, Ark.— An ordinance has
been passed re-enacting the establishment
of asphalt improvement district No. 1.
which was made necessary reason of error
in the ordinance passed Aug. 10, 1903. Or-
dinances were also passed for building
concrete walks and curbing on certain
streets. Mayor Lenon.
Brooklyn, N. Y.— The Brunswick board
adopted resolutions Mar. 16 for granite
paving on Crescent-st., between Liberty
and Belmont-aves., and asphalt paving on
Plne-st., between Fulton-st. and Rldge-
wood-ave., and Mllfoni-st. from Atlan-
tic to PItkin-aves. The Flatbush and
Bushwick boards are also considering the
paving of Sherlock Place, between At-
lantic and Herkimer, with asphalt.
t:0NTRACT8 TO BE LET.
La Crosse. Wis.— Bids are asked until 2
p. m. April 2 for grading Seventeenth-st
Board of Public Works.
Muncie. Ind.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for Improving sidewalks. R. G.
Hickok. city clerk.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
til April 2 for 5,850 square yards of paving
on Ohio-st. City Engineer.
Washington, Ind.— Bids are asked unt.l
April 5 for building twenty-six miles of
rock road in Bar Township. County Com-
missioners.
Pacific Grove, Cal.— Bids are asked un-
til May 9 for 6,269 square yards of pav-
ing. E. B. Lewis. City Clerk.
Lima. O.— Bids are asked until April 3
for grading, curbing and paving Pine-st.
O. J. Rose. Clerk B. P. S.
Oshkosh. Wis.— Bids are asked until
April 15 for grading and granite top mac-
adam on Merritt-st. Board of Public
Works.
Cincinnati. O.— Bids are asked until
April 5 for repairing asphalt pavements
on several streets. B. P. S.
Portland, Ind— Bids are aslced until
April 4 for building a free gravel road
In Noble twp. Jay Griffith, engr.
Chester, Pa.— Bids are asked until April
4 for curbing and paving. S. B. Penning-
ton, chmn, com. on sidewalks.
Bowling Green, O.— Bids are asked un-
til April 12 for grading, draining and
macadamizing 3 sections of road. Co.
Comrs.
Jacksonville, Fla.— Bids are ask«d un-
til April 6 for paving about 5 mis. of
county roads. P. D. Cassidy, elk. co.
comrs.
(Georgetown, Del.— Bids are asked until
12 m. April 5 for building macadam road.
Chas. G. Fisher, engr.
Woonsocket, R. I.— Sealed bids are
asked until 4 p. m. April 7 for paving
Main and Cumberland sts. F. H. Mills,
cy. engr.
Kansas City, Mo.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 4 for paving a large number
of streets with asphalt. D. W. Pike, cy.
engr.
Maywood, .N. J.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for macadamizing and guttering
Parle, Grove, Hunter, Central aves. and
Elm St. Coun.
Winfield, Kas.— Bids are asked until 5
p. m. April 4 for curbing both sides of
9th ave. with concrete. Earl M. Hart-
ley, cy. elk.
Paoli, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked until
2 p. m. April 6 for constructing 3 gravel
or macadam roads. Geo. W. Tegarden,
CO. audt.
Norfolk, Va.— Sealed bids are asked un-
Ul 12 m. April 15 for about 2.600 sq. yds.
of asphalt paving. B. G. Tunstall, chmn.
St. bd.
Stevens Point, Wis.— Sealed bids are
asked until 12 m. April 14 for imp'-oving
Clark and S 3d sts. Thos. A. Hum-
phrey, chmn. B. P. W.
Bradford, Pa.— Bids are asked until
April 11 for paving 5 streets with vitrified
brick, concrete foundation, etc. A. F.
Bannon, Jr., cy. engr.
Escanaba, Mich.— Council has authorized
about $50,000 worth of paving for this
summer, but no definite steps have yet
been taken toward doing the work.
West Bay City, Mich.— (Special,)-H. C.
Thompson, cy. engr., says that 44,000 sq.
yds. of asphalt or brick paving on con-
crete foundation is contemplated.
Fall River, Mass.— An ordinance has
been passed providing for 14,000 ft. of
granite curbing and 225,000 granite pav-
ing blocks. F. A. Thurston, supt. sts.
San Jose, Cal.— Plans and specifications
are being prepared for paving Virginia-st.,
with gravel with artificial stone sidewalks
and curbing. Cy. engr. Pipper.
San Francisco, Cal.— The Harbor comn.
is considering the improvement of the
water front by constructing a basalt
block roadway 1,453 feet length.
Minneapolis, Minn.— The paving commit-
tee decided March 16, on considerable cre-
osoted wood block, sandstone, vitrified
brick, macadam, and cedar block paving.
Milwaukee. Wis.— Asphalt paving has
been recommended for Brady-st. from
Farwell'-ave. to Prospect-ave., and brick
paving for portions of Brady, Johnson
and Park-sts.
Cincinnati, O.— Resolutions have been
passed to improve Lawrence, McAllister,
Eighth, Plum and Clark-sts. with asphalt,
Smith-st. with granite, and Buchanan-st.
with brick.
Baltimore, Md.— Mayor McLane has ap-
proved ordinances for paving Grove-st.
with vitrified brick, Twenty-flrst-st. with
coblestone and macadamizing Walbrook-
ave.
Massillon, 0.—(SpecIal.)— Harold How-
aid, cy. engr., says that bonds will be
sold April 15, and bids asked soon there-
after for 44.817 sq. yds. of brick paving:
on gravel foundation.
Albany, N. Y.— Ordinances have beea
passed for paving Franklin-st. from Mad-
ison-ave. to Gansevocrt-st. ; Herkimer-st.
from S. Pearl to Broadway; Division-st.
from S. Pearl to Broadway.
Rosedale, Kas.— The city council passed
an ordinance March 15, authorizing the
paving of the Southwest boulevard. Pav-
ing is also contemplated foi* all the prin-
cipal streets this summer.
Elizabeth, N. J.— Bids are asked until
Apcil 15 for paving Front and S. Park-
sts. with trap rock, with new curbing.
W. H. Luster, cy. elk.
Mt. Vernon, N. Y.— Bids are asked untlT
8 p. m. April 5 for laying flag walks,
cross walks and curbing for ensuing
year A. W. Reynolds, cy. elk.
Ithaca, N. Y.— Bids are asked until
April 6 for macadamizing 5 str.eets and
paving Heustis and N. Tioga-sts. with
brick. John Miller, cy. elk.
Elgin, 111.— Bids are asked until April
5 for 2,600 sq. yds. vitrified brick paving
on 5-In. cement base. A. H. Hubbard,,
prest. bd. local impvts.
Topeka. Kas.— Bids are asked until 5
p. m. April 4 for completion and con-
struction of condemned sidewalks and
others ordered. J. H. Squires, cy. elk.
Mobile, Ala.— Scaled bids are asked un-
til April 20 for asphalt, granite bUyck,
vitrified brick and wooden block paving.
C. L. Lavretta, prest. B. P. W.
Winnipeg, Man.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 12 for supplying 500 to 1,000
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
tons of asphalt and 15,000 to 25,000-bbls.
of cement. C. J. Brown, cy. elk.
Columbus, Grove, O.— (Special) Sealed
bids are asked until April 16 for 6.393 sq.
yds. of brick street paving on stone foun-
dation. O. C. Talbot, engr., Ottawa, O.
Opelousas, La.— Bids are asked until
April 15 for 3,700 ft. cement walk, with
brick curbing, and 9,000 ft. brick walk
with brick curbing. B. A. Littell, mayor.
Columbus, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 1 p. m. April 4 for building 1-mi.
and 3,744 ft. of gravel road between Jack-
son and Wayne twps. Wm. A. Morris,
CO. audt.
Oshkosh, Wis.— (Special)— Bids will be
received until April 4 for 8,000 sq. yds. of
macadam paving and gutter and curb-
ing on Evans-st. Geo. H. Randall, cy.
engr.
Hasbrouck Heights, N. J.— Sealed bids
are asked until 8 p. m. April 4 for fur-
nishing and laying flag, curb, gutter and
macadam on certain sts. G. H. Rams-
den, boro elk
Salem, N, J.— Sealed bids are asked until
April 13 for grading and placing oyster
shell surface on Salem and Pennville
road, about 6 mis. Wm. J. Preas, dlr.
freeholders.
South Bend, Ind.— Bids are asked until
6 p. m. April 4 for grading, curbing and
cement walks In town of River Park. J.
B. Walker, chmn. bd. town trustees,
River Park.
West Bay City, Mich.— Bids are asked
until 7:30 p. m. April U for brick or
asphalt paving on Washington-st., from
C, S. & M. Railroad crossing to Patter-
Bon-ave. Cy. elk.
St. Louis, Mo.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m. April 5 for completing the
government road between Springfield,
Mo., and the National Cemetery. Major
Thomas Cruse, Depot Q. M.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2:30 p. m. April 20 for furnishing and
delivering filling required for Grant Park,
3,000,000 cu. yds. E. G. Shumway, secy.
South Park Comrs.
Augusta, Ga.— Sealed bids are adked
until April 12 for resurfacing Broad-st.,
from Fifth to Twelfth, with asphalt,
brick, small Belgian block or macadam.
Nlsbet Wingfield, cy. engr.
Davenport, la.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2 p. m. April 5 for vitrified brick
paving on concrete base on Rock Island,
Perry and Main-sts., Tremont-ave. and
an alley. Thomas Murray, cy. engr.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until 12 m. April 5 for furnishing,
at navy yards. League Island, Pa., vitri-
fied paving blocks, c. i. pipe, fittings, gate
valves, etc. H. T. B. Harris, paymaster-
general U. S. N.
Muskeeon. Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
twp. John Bultman, cITtan. co. comrs.:
Nicholas Volz, co. audt.
Sullivan, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 11 a. m. April 5 for building 3 mis.
and 3,886 ft. of gravel or macadam road
in Fairbanks twp.; 3 mis. and 1.460 ft. in
Jefferson twp.; 6 mis. and 1,076 ft. in Gill
twp. J. M. Lang. co. audt.
Cortland, N. Y.— Sealed bids are asked
until 8 p. m., April 4, for 7,350 sq. yds. of
macadam and 4,050 sq. yds. of brick pav-
ing, 7,000 lineal ft. stone curb and header,
50 cu. yds. concrete, and 1,000 lbs. casf
Iron. S. S. Knox, president board public
works.
MeadviUe, Pa.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 6 for 360 sq. yds. brick paving,
390 lin. ft. curbing, and 16 lin. ft. edge
stones, on Mulberry-alley, also for 258
sq. yds. of brick paving on Cherry-alley.
A. C. Pardee, city clerk.
Ridgefield Park, N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until 8 p. m., April 11, for 12,600 sq.
yds. of Telford macadam and 20,000 sq.
yds. of macadam paving, 18.000 sq. yds.
excavation, 48 manholes brought to grade,
and 1,600 sq. ft. cross bridge relaid. John
DeGroat, village president.
Woodruff Place, Indianapolis, Ind.—
Sealed bids are asked until 8 p. m., April
8, for paving the north side of Michigan-
st., from the west to the eaart line of
Woodruff Place. Marion County, with
creosoted wooden blocks on 6-in. concrete
base, with curbing. Georife Brown, presi
dent board of trustees. A. C. Thomas,
town clerk.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 6 for paving Pennsylvanla-st!
from South to Merrill, with brick on 6-
In. gravel concrete foundation. Until
April 4 for paving Michigan-st. from
Pogue's Run to Tacoma-ave. with creo-
soted wooden blocks. Until April 8 for
cement sidewalks on portions of New
York-st. and Woodlawn and Warman-
aves.. and grading and rolling Drexel-ave.
M. A. Downing chairman board public
works.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Little Rock, Ark.— The contract for
paving Shell-alley with macadam was
awarded March 18 to Charles Torbert.
Ithaca. N. Y.— Contracts for paving
Stewart-ave. and W. BuflTalo.st. have
been awarded to Eugene McGreevy.
Washington. Ind.— The contract for
building the Elnora gravel road was
awarded to Hart & Anderson for $19,000.
Riverside. Cal.— The contract for paving
Main-st.. from First to Fifth, was award-
ed to Melntyre & DeGyrse for $7,678.47.
Meriden, Conn.— The (contract for con-
structing a roadway In this city was
awarded to Thomas Kearnev. nitv. for
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING N^WS.
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Beacon Falls, Conn.~The contract for
grading: and grravellng a section of road
was awarded to Frank Brazos of New
Haven for $7,200.
Princeton, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing the Patoka rock road was
awarded to Charles White & Co. of
Booneville for $63,000.
Geneva. N. Y.— The contract for paving
a number of streets with brick was
awarded to Thomas Fitzgerald of Fre-
donia for about $30,000.
Cadillac. Mich.— The Central Bitullthic
Company of Detroit was awarded the
contract, March 21, for paving six blocks
of Mitchell-st.
Utlca, N. Y.— The contract for construct-
ing bitullthic paving in certain streets
was awarded, March 12, to Warren Bros.
Company of Boston.
Hartford, City, Ind.— The contract for
paving Jefferson, Main and High-sts.
with brick was awarded, March 3, to
Nolan & Slattery, at $1.72 a sq. yd.
Spokane. Wash.— The contract for pav-
ing First-ave., from Madison to Walnut,
with asphalt, was awarded, March 13,
to the Barber Asphalt Paving Company,
at $3.41 a sq. yd.
Kansas City, Mo.— The Barber Asphalt
Paving Company was awarded the con-
tract, March 15, for paving Eighteenth-
st. from Indiana to Jackson with asphalt,
for $11,932.50.
Los Angeles, Cal.— The Fairchild-Gil-
more- Wilton Company was awarded the
contract for paving Fourth-st. from Main
to San Pedro, with asphalt, according to
local press reports.
McKeesport, Pa.— Bowman Bros, se-
cured the contracts for paving Evans-
ave. for $6,900, and Federal-st. for $7,500
and W. W. Kelly the contract for Stew*
art-st. for $8,150.
Natchitoches, La.— The contract for
4,400 sq. yds. of vitrified brick paving was
awarded to the Millei> Paving Company
of Memphis, Tenn., at $2.33 a sq. yd.
Bay City, Mich.— The contract for pav-
ing Washlngton-st. with brick was
awarded to W. J. Meagher, March 15,
for $32,63$, and for paving the crossings to
R. Donohue, for $7,600.
Tacoma, Wash.— The contract for pav-
ing Paclflc-ave. from 7th to 17th-sts. was
awarded. Feb. 27, to F. A. Keasal, who
will pave the street with vitrified brick
for $48,967.
Muscatine. la.— (Special)— Brick paving
contracts were awarded, March 3, as fol-
lows: Dlst. No. 21, Davenport Const. Co.,
$63,375.06; Dist. No. 22. McCarthy Impvt.
Co.. $62,531.40.
Brooklyn. N. Y.— The Uvalde Asphalt
Co. secured the contract, March 11, for
61,000 ft. of asphalt and surface repair
work at $5 a cu. yd. for concrete work
and 85c a sq. ft. for surfacing.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Paving contracts
have been awarded as follows: Eils-
worth-ave., from Fulton-st. to Wealthy-
ave.. Albert Prange, $35,286.74; GrandviUe-
ave., Wm. McDermott $62,500. The
streets will be paved with brick.
Chattanooga, Tenn.— Contracts for im-
provements at the new army post have
been awarded as follows: Building chert
roads and gutters, Wright, Wilburn &
Wadley of Macon, Ga.; building Telford
roads. Hall & Thompson, Hill City;
building cement walks. Byron Senders.
Detroit, Mich.— The contract for sup-
plying this city with asphalt was award-
ed. March 14, to the Warner-Quinlan As-
phalt Co. of Syracuse, N. Y., at $25.50
per ton. The contract for furnishing
cedar was awarded to Currie & Conn, at
$9.42 for No. 1 and $6.75 for No. 2.
St. Louis, Mo.— Paving contracts were
awarded, March 9, as follows: Fruin-
Bambrick Const. Co., Page-boul., Park-
ave., 13th and 18th-sts.; Gottlieb Eyer-
mann, Maffltt-ave.; Granite Bituminous
Paving Co.. Boyle-ave. and three sec-
tions of Hlckory-st.; Gilsonite Const. Co.,
Broadway-st.
Davenport, la.— The contracts for brick
paving were awarded, March 15, as fol-
lows: Leonard, Washington and Locust
sts., Davenport Construction Co., exca.,
32 cts; paving, $1.65; curb, 52 cts; People's
Construction Co., Fulton-ave., exca., 36%
cts; paving, $1.61; curb, 54 cts; 12th-st.,
oxca.. 40 cts; paving, 60 cts; curbing, 34 cts;
13th-.st.. exca., 38 cts; paving $1.60; curb-
ing. 34 cts; lOth-st., exca., 35 cts; paving,
$1.59; 16th-st., exca., 39 cts; paving, $1.62;
curbing, 34 cts; Cedar Rapids Asphalt
Co., Tremont-st., exca., 30 cts; paving,
$1.93; curbing, 65 cts.
smwmRS.
Trenton. N. .J.— Vice-Chancellor Grey
decided March 15 to allow an order direct-
ing the city of Bordentown to abate a
nuisance arising from the pollution by
sewage of Thorn town Creek within one
year. This case has been in the courts
three years and was Instituted by the
congregation of the Mission of St. Vin-
cent de Paul, of Bordentown, through the
property of which the creek runs. The
city will be compelled to build a new
sewer.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Minonk, 111.— A sewerage system Is pro-
posed.
Sheldon, la.— A sewerage system is ad-
vocated.
Newton, III.— A new sewerage system is
urged.
Blnghamton, N. Y.— A sewer In Pearl-
9.ve. Is proposed.
Madison, Me.— The construction of sew-
ers Is contemplated.
Parkville, Mo.— A sewerage system in
sewer dlst. No. 1 Is proposed.
Shelby vllle, Ind.— The construction of a
large sewer is contemplated.
Eugene, Ore.— The extension of the Jef-
ferson-st. sewer is contemplat'?d.
Gardner, Mass.— This town has appro-
priated $4,500 for building sewers.
Cape Girardeau, Mo.— Surveys and esti-
mates are being made for sewers.
South Bend, Ind.— Plans are being made
for a larger sewer in South Bend-ave.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
South Whitley, Ind.— The construction
of a Sewerage system is contemplated.
Marshfleld, Ore.—A survey is being
made for building a sewerage system.
Havre de Grace, Md.— Surveys for a
sewerage system will be made. C. C.
Pusey, mayor.
Marshfleld, Wis.— Council will take
action April 5 on the proposed North Side
sewer.
Wilton, N. H.— A committee is consider-
ing the question of building a sewerage
system.
storm sewers has been recommended by
C. L. Huggins, cy. engr.
Batavia, N. Y.— This village voted to
build fe sewerage system at a cost of
1300,000 to $375,000.
Zanesville. O.— A resolution has been
adopted to build a tftorm sewer In Market-
st., from Underwood to McOwen.
Lansing, Mich.— The construction of
sewers in Isaac and Cedar-sts. and
Capitol -a ve. is contemplated.
Charleston, 8. C— The question of Im-
proving the sewers or constructing a
modern system Is being urged.
Belleville, 111.— The estimated cost of the
proposed Intercepting sewer and septic
tank system is $76,000.
Fresno, Cal.— The extension of the out-
fall sewer and erection of a septic tank Is
contemplated. Mayor Stephens.
Kenton, O.— The city engineer has been
directed to prepare plans and speciflca-
tions for a sewer In Waldeck-st.
Covington, Ind.— Bids will probably be
asked in May for building sewers and
pavements. W. H. Miles, city engineer.
San Francisco, Cal.— City Engineer
Grunsky has recommended that this city
expend $67,750 for new sewers this year.
Long Branch, N. J.— The Long Branch
Sewer Co. contemplates the construction
of a new outlet pipe about 1,000 ft. long.
Louisville, Ky.— Surveys for sewers In
the southwestern nart of the cUv have
been made by J. B. F. Breed, city en-
gineer.
Sterling, 111.— The question of building
a modem sewerage system is still being
agitated, at a cost of about $600,000.
Lansing. Mich.— The city engineer has
been directed to prepare plans for a sewer
in Isaac-st, from Walnut-st. to the
river.
Plattevllle, Wls.-(SpecIal)-PhIl. D.
Hendershot, city clerk, says a plat Is
being made and a sewerage system is
contemplated.
Buffalo, N. Y.— (Special)— A resolutlort
has been adopted to build a 12 and 10 In.
Fitchburg, Mass.— A special committee
has been appointed to consider plans for
completing the sewage disposal works.
J. W. Merrian, chmn.
Houston. Tex.— The question of Issuing
$650,000 bonds for constructing a complete
sanitary and storm sewerage system will
be voted on June 27.
Chattanooga. Tenn.— The question of
building a sewerage system to relieve
that part of the city lying In the manu-
facturing district is being considered.
Columbus, O.— An ordinance has been
passed providing for erecting, equipping
and operating a sewage disposal testing
station. Geo. D. Jones, prest. coun.
Portland, Ore.— Bids will be asked at
once for constructing the proposed new
Brooklyn main sewer, which will drain
a region of about 3 sq. mis. In extent.
Rochester, N. Y.— The ordinance pro-
viding for a 70-ft. tunnel to carry the
overflow in times of flood was favorably
reported on Mar. 15. B. A. Fisher, cy.
engr.
Alma, Mich.— (Special) G. S. Young, vtl.
prest., says that this village will con-
struct 1% mi. of sewers. Plans for the
same are being made by J. G. Chase, cy.
engr.
Minneapolis, Minn.— The cost of con-
structing concrete steel sewers, in com-
parison with the present brick construc-
tion, is being considered by Carl Ilstrup,
city sewer engr.
Mansfield. O.— (Special) Bids will prob-
ably be received some time in June for
constructing 6,000 lin. ft. of trunk and
main sewers, and about 3,000 ft. of lat-
erals. Cy. engr. Keith.
Aberdeen, S. D.— The question of is-
suing $150,000 sewer and water bonds will
be voted on April 19. The sewer plans in-
volve the construction of a septic dis-
posal tank system and beds.
St. Louis. Mo.— Sewer comr. Valllant
has decided to try septic tanks in the
disposal of sewage from a district bound-
ed by Loughborough ave., Iron St., Mich-
igan ave. and Carondelet Park.
Brooklyn, N. Y.— The Bushwick board
has adopted resolutions to construct sew-
ers in Stanhope and Crescent sts. The
Flatbush board has adopted resolutions
to build sewers in E. 31st St., Greenwood
ave., Canarsle ave., E. 29th and E. 28th
sts.
Philadelphia. Pa.— Plans are being con-
sidered which provide for the construc-
tion of large Intercepting sewers along
the line of the Schuylkill and Delaware
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
297
West Side trunk sewer. L. W. Anderson,
■cy. engrr.
West CarroUton, O.— Bids are asked un-
til 12 m. April 4 for buildlnsr a villasre
sewer. Vll. elk.
Mansfield. O.— Bids are asked until
April 16 for building 6.000 ft. of lateral
sewers. Cy. Engr. Keith.
Perth Amboy, N. J.— Bids are asked un-
til April 4 for reconstructing Washington
«t. sewer. Matt Welrup, st. comr.
Kinston, N. C— Bids are asked until
April 18 for building about 5 mis. of 8 to
22-1 n. sewers. N. J. Rouse, mayor.
Columbus, Ind.— Bids are asked until
April 12 for constructing 2,195 ft. of brick
-and 6,874 ft. of pipe sewers. W. H.
Rights, cy. engr.
Trenton, N. J.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 5 for building sewers in Mon-
mouth, 2nd and Clark sts. H. B. Salter,
-cy. elk.
Des Moines, la.— Bids are asked until
April 12 for building 4.660 ft. of sewers in
7th, Pamell and Bowman ave. B. O.
Hanger, chmn. B. P. W.
Salt Lake City, Utah— Bids are asked
until April 6 for constructing 16,600 lineal
feet of eight, ten and twelve-inch pipe
■sewer. L. C. Kelsey, City Engineer.
Elizabeth. N. J.— Bids are asked until
ApM lu for building a »^wer. with man-
holes, in Amlty-st. W. H. Luster, City
Clerk.
Cincinnati, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 9 for constructing a masonry
drain on Red Bank road, Columbia Town-
ship. E. L. Lewis, County Auditor.
Laporte, Ind.— Bids are asked until
April 11 for building 2,300 feet of sewers
In Nlles. Woodward and Rldge-sts. C. E.
Wolfe, City Clerk.
Glassport, Pa.— Bids are asked until
April 11 for building a brick sewer in
Ninth-st. and a terra cotta sewer in
Cherry-alley. P. S. McMullen, Borough
Engineer.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til April 6 for constructing house drains
in eighteen streets and systems of
streets. A. M. Lynch, President Board
of Local Improvements.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until April 23 for furnishing gate
valves for the sewerage pumping station.
H. B. iP. McFarland, Chairman District
Commissioners.
Edwardsville. 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 4 for building a sewerage sys-
tem, with manholes, catch-basins, etc.
H. P. Hotas, President Board of Local
Improvements.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til April 7 for a sewer and septic tank at
the St. Charles Home for Boys. R. S.
TuthllL President Board of Trustees. 602
LaSalle-st.
Menominee. Mich.— Staled bids are
asked until April 7 for constructing sew-
ers in Williams, Marinette and Baker-
aves., and Maud and Parmenter-sts. F. S.
Norcross, City Clerk.
Hackensack, N. J.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 4 for constructing about
1,672 feet of two-foot brick sewer, sixteen
manholes and nine catch-basins. Jacob
Bauer, President Improvement Commit-
tee.
Oshkosh, Wis. (special)— Bids are asked
until April 4 for constructing 8,700 lineal
feet of eighteen, fifteen and fourteen-
inch pipe sewers on Fourteenth and Flf-
teenth-sts. and Prospect-ave. George H.
Randall, City Engineer.
Birmingham, Ala.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 7 for constructing sec-
tions 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 of the Valley Creek
sewer. R. B. gmyer, Linn building. Sec-
retary Jefferson County Sanitary Board;
Julian Kendrick, Chief Engineer.
Bay City, Tex.— Bids are asked until
April 2 for building 2,971 feet of fifteen
and 1.890 feet of twelve-inch storm sew^,
with necessary inlets; 6,922 feet of brick
gutter; 6,762 feet of cypress curbing. W.
M. Holland, Mayor.
Rockford, 111.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 11 a. m. April 4 for constructing the
Prairie and Elghth-st. sewerage systems
and sewers in Eleventh and Fourteenth-
aves., and Eleventh, Charles, N. Second.
Benton and East-sts. Charles E. Jack-
son, President Board of Local Improve-
ments.
Butler, Ind. (special)- Bids are asked
until May 2 for building a sewerage sys-
tem, including 41,775 feet of 60, 36, 30, 24,
18, 15, 12, 6 and 4-inch sewers; 60 man-
holes, 200 pipe catch-basins, 800 lot spe-
cials. 35 pipe lampholes, 25 pipe flushing
holes. J. H. W. Krontz, City Engineer.
CONTRACTS AWAKDBD.
Newport, Ky.— The contract for build-
ing a sewer in Arnold-alley was awarded
to Fred McLane.
Kearny, N. J.— Wlliam Green was award-
ed the contract for building a sewer in
Bergen-ave. for 11,060.
Asheville. N. C.-J. R. Rich & Son se-
cured the contract for building a sewer
in Catawba-st. for 1233.15.
Casper, Wyo.— The contrex^t for con-
structing a sewerage system was awarded
to O'Brien & Rhoadee of Denver for |11,-
187.
Terre Haute, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing a 12-in. sewer on Eighth and
Spruce-sts. was awarded to Donn Rob-
erts for 11,894.36.
St. Paul, Minn.— Christ Johnson was
awarded the contract for building a sewer
in S. Robert-st. from Morton to Dear-
born for $3,266.
Atlantic, la.— The contract for con-
structing a sewerage system has been
awarded to W. A. Edgar of Cedar Rapids,
la., for $11,950.
Buffalo, N. Y.— (Special)- The contract
for a 20, 18, 15 and 12-in. sewer in Huma-
son-st. was awarded to Frederick J
Mumm fpr $2,349.
Scranton, Pa.— The contract for con-
structing sec. G of the 17th sewer district
was awarded to Egli & Co. of South
Scranton for $53,000.
Kansas City, Mo.— Kinlan & McCarthy
secured the contract for building an ex-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
tension to the sewer in district No. 249
In Westport for $18,430.
Muscatine, la.— Contracts for construct-
ing sewers in Dists. Nos. 1 and 3 were
awarded to Peter Weingerter for $924.85
and $1,044, rospecUvely.
West Hartford, Conn.— The Hartford
Paving and Construction Co. of Hartford
secured the contract for constructing the
Charter Oak district sewers for $11,475.3.0.
Nashville, Tenn.— The contract for ex-
tending the sewer from the cotton factory
to the Cumberland River has been award-
ed to the Nashville Plumbing Co. for
$8,283.75.
Milwaukee, Wis.— Sewer contracts have
been awarded as follows: 1,009 ft. brick
sewer in 31st-ave., Herman Hohensee,
$7.47 a ft.; 333 ft. sewers in Muskego-ave..
C. J. CrlUey. $1.77 a ft.
Economy, Pa.— The contract for build-
ing a sewerage system has been awarded
to Thos. Sweeney & Son, for $30,000. Press
reports state that the contract for man-
holes and drops will increase the con-
tract price to $45,000 or $50,000.
Atlanta, Ga.— Contracts for sewer work
during the year have been awarded as
follows: Building sewers, A. J. Dunn;
furnishing sewer pipe. Sciple & Sons; fur-
nishing cement, Victor H. Kreigshaber;
furnishing castings. Withers Foundry Co.
Taylorville, 111.— (Special) A. B. Alex-
ander, sec'y bd. local impvts., says con-
tracts for a system of surface drainage
in this city were awarded, Feb. 1, as
follows: Two districts, M. PoweJ' & Son,
$8,088: one district, W. H. Bourne. $1,343;
Northwestern sewer, Prendergast Con-
struction Co., $11,352.15; enlargement of
N. Market-st. sewer, M. A. Hogan, $2,-
069.30; Gustine-ave. sewer, Mclntyre &
Teese, $717.25; Delmar-boul., storm sewer,
Prendergast Construction Co., $744; sewer
Inlets and connections, William F. Riley,
$2,336.90; sewer in Rock Sprtng District
No. 14, Mclntyre & Teese, $31,162.46; sewer
in Rock Spring District No. 15, Mclntyre
& Teese, $5,663.70.
WA rmR'WORKS.
Depew, N. Y.— Application has been
made in the Supreme Court for a writ of
peremptory mandamus to compel the De-
pew & Lake Erie Water Company to
furnish this village with a supply of
pure, fresh water in such quantities that
it can be In condition to protect the Uvea
and the property of the citizens of the
village from conflagration.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
St. Paul, Minn.— Water mains will be
laid in a number of streets this year.
Mansfield. O.— (Special)— The installa-
Bishop, Cal.— Plans for a municipal
water works system have been sub-
mitted, according to press reports.
Petoskey, Mich.— This city will vote on
a proposition to issue $22,000 bonds to ex-
tend the city water pipes:
Moline, 111.— D. W. Mead, cons, engr.,
urges this city to put in a fifth filter bed
at a cost of about $2,500.
Scottville, Mich.— This town voted to
improve the waterworks system by add-
ing a new pump, well and engine.
Lawrence. Mass.— Plans for additional
filters for the water supply have been
prepared. C. F. Lynch, mayor.
Menasha, W5s.— The question of ac-
quiring municipal waterworks will bt
voted on April 5. S. S. Little, cy. elk.
Greenfield, Mass.— The water commis-
sioners contemplate increasing the water
supply by the addition of a new reservoir.
Madison, Wis.— John B. Helm, supt. of
w w., recommends the construction of a
storage basin in his annual report.
Kansas City, Mo.— Ordinances have been
passed appropriating several thousand
dollars for laying more water mains.
Wheeling, W. Va.— The expenditure of
about $800,000 on water works improve-
ments, gas and street work is contem-
plated.
Youngstown, O.— The B. P. S. has de-
cided to ask for bids at once for the pro-
posed filtration plant. F. M. Lillie, cy.
engr.
Cleveland, O.— The question of voting on
an issue of $2,000,000 bonds for erecting a
filtration plant is being considered.
West Orange, N. J.— A resolution was
passed March 22 recommending for con-
sideration the acquiring of a municipal
water plant.
Iowa Falls, la.— The water works sys-
tem will be improved this year by new
and better equipment and enlarging the
works for general use.
The question of Issuing bonds fdr build-
ing water works systems will be voted on
at the following places: Klemme, la.;
Waxahachie, Tex.; Atwater, Minn.
New York City— Commissioner Oakley
of the department of water supply, gas
and electricity has recommended 6 fresh-
water pumping stations for fire protec-
tion.
Madisonville, Ky.— A map Is being made
of this city by J. E. Morgan of Chicago
preliminary to preparing plans and speci-
fications for a system of water works.
Milwaukee. Wis.- The extension of the
water system of this city to Wauwatosa
for the protection of the county institu-
tions from fire has been recommended by
Chief Meminger.
Emporia, Kas.— The city council is ne-
gotiating for the purchase of milldam and
grove near here, preliminary to building
n. municipal water- works Dumnlns: station
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
299
Mar. 3 directing the board of village
trustees to appoint ,a committee to con-
fer with a committee from the Newark
Board of Trade to investigate the cost
of constructing a water-works system,
prior to making a new contract with the
present company.
Wilmington, Del.— The water commis-
sion will secure data for furnishing this
city with a good water supply, which
will then be submitted to an engineer for
his opinion before having plans made.
MassiUon, ©.—(Special)— Harold Howald,
cy. engr., says preliminary legislation has
been passed for constructing a new wa-
ter plant, to cost about $200,000. The pres-
ent plant is owned by a private com-
pany.
Charleston, S. C— Plans and specifica-
tions have been approved for construct-
ing the proposed dam at Goose Creek for
the purpose of impounding the Water and
at the same time not closing the creek to
navigation.
Buffalo, N. Y.— (Special)— The com'r. of
pub. works has been directed to prepare
plans and ask for bids for installing a
30.000,000-gal. electric turbine pump and
the motor to drive it, at the water-works
station.
Crawfordsvllle, Ind.— A resolution has
been passed providing that great care be
taken in the matter of making a new
contract with the Crawfordsvllle Water-
works Co., and that the matter be care-
fully investigated.
The question of issuing water-works
bonds for building vuter-works systems
has been favorably voted on at the fol-
lowing places: Poland, N. Y.; Alpena,
Mich.; Hays City. Kas.; Wisrasset, Me.;
Brewster, Minn.; Fountain, Minn.
Columbus, O.— At a meeting of the
B. P. S.. March 21, Directors Bohl and
Pond voted to restrict competition in
bidding on the cement work for the new
Scioto dam to cement manufacturers
that have been In business at least five
years.
Walla Walla, Wash.— The special water
conamittee has recommended two plans
for the proposed water-works system.
One provides for installing a pumping
plant at the Thomas ranch, four miles
east of this city, at an estimated cost of
$64,000, and the other' is for a complete
gravity system developed by tunneling at
a cost of 190,000.
Columbia. S. C— The water-works com-
mission has submitted its report on the
different available sources investigated
for supplying this city with water and a
new w^ater-works plant. They report that
a water supply can be secured from thres
sources, as follows: Congaree Creek,
1647.210; Dent's Pond, $473,700; River. 1399.-
890. The commission recommends the
Congaree project.
The question of constructing water-
works systems is contemplated at the
following places: Frederic, Wis.; Moun-
tain View, Cal.; New Freedom, Pa.;
Hebron. 111.; Anderson, Cal.; Pitkin,
Colo.; Lehi, Utah; Bedford, O.; Hinckley,
III.; Coming, Cal.; Tiverton, R. I.; Lee,
111.; Hubbell, Mich.; Post Falls, Idaho;
Owensboro, Ky.; Dlxfield, Me.; Orms-
town. Quebec; Janesvllle, Mich.; Kulm>
N. D.; Gleason, Tenn.
CONTRACTS TO BS LET.
Fargo, N. D.— Bids are asked until 5 p.
m. April 4, for water main extensions.
H. J. Gibson, cy. audt.
Kinston. N. C— Sealed bids are asked
until April 18 for constructing a water-
works system. L. J. Mewborne, elk.
Statesboro, Ga.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 12 for constructing a water-
works system. G. S. Johnson, mayor.
Glenellyn, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 22 for installing a water-works
system. A. M. Kelley, vil. elk.
Ligonier, Ind.— Bids are asked until
April 14 for erecting a power station at
the water-works. H. Jeanneret, cy. elk.
Alexander City, Ala.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 6 for constructing a
waterworks system. A. P. Fuquay,
mayor.
Salt Lake City, Utah.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 6 for constructing 15,800
11 n ft. 6, 8 and 10-in. water mains. L. C.
Kelsey, cy. engr.
Springfield. O.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 9 for furnishing and erecting
at the pumping station a pumping en-
gine. B. P. S.
Mayfleld, Cal.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for furnishing casing and boring
and completing one or more 10-in. wells.
Bd. trustees.
Kennedy Heights, O.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 9 for constructing a
water-works system. J. M. Baker, elk bd.
trustees pub. affairs.
Blnghamton, N. Y.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 4 for furnishing and In-
stalling a pumping engine. John Ander-
son, supt. water comrs.
Lethbridge. Alberta, Canada.— Sealed
bids are asked until April 14 for pumping
machinery and boilers for the water-
works. C. W. Bowman, secretary-treas-
urer.
Easton, Pa.— Bids are asked until April
5 for laying about 20,000-ft. of 2 to 4-in.
c. i. Diue in the streets. Jos. S. Roden-
bough, president Lehigh Water Co.
Stowe, Vt.— Sealed bids are asked until
April 4 for laying 2 1-3-mis. c. i. water pipe
and necessary gates, hydrants and spe-
cials. J. J. Vearen, chairman village
trustees.
Dayton, O.— Sealed bids are asked until
April 15 for furnishing and delivering 550
tons 6, 8, 10 and 12-In. water p|^e with
special castings. Louis Hass, president
board public works.
Chicago, III.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 7 fc: water service, deep well,
boilers, engine, etc., for St. Charles Home
for Boys. R. S. Tuthlll, president. 602
La Salle-st.
Galveston, Tex.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 10 for scouring out the 30 ar-
tesian wells of the Galveston city water
works, located at Alta Loma, Tex. John
D. Kelley, city secretary.
New Orleans. La.— Sealed bids are
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
asked until May 10 for furnishing 2 gaso-
line engines, 2 centrifugal pumpf and 2
centrifugal pumps with motors. F. S.
Shields, secretary sewerage and water
board.
Toledo, O.— Bids are asked until April 4
for laying the proposed submerged 20-in.
water main across the river from Wal-
nut-st. to Maln-srt. to connect with a 20-
in. main at that point. Board public
works.
Harrisburg, Pa.— Bids are asked until
April 13 for c6nstructing the municipal
filter plant, low-lift pumping station and
conduit from Udand to dty. M. JB4
Cowden, city engineer; A. C. Staun, sec-
retary boeurd public works.
OOMTBAOTB AWABDKD.
Genesee, Idaho— Naylor & Norlin, of
Lewiston, have been awarded the con-
tract for installing a waterworks sys-
tem in this city, for $14,000.
Bardstown, Ky.— The contract for build-
ing a water works system has been
awarded to J. W. Doolittle & Son, of
Corydon, Ind., for about $10,000.
Durant, I. T.— The contract for con-
structing a water works system was
awarded Mar. 3 to H. C. Ullen, Jr., of
Oklahoma aty, for $77,777.72.
East Orange, N. J.— The contract for
building a 5,000.000-gal. emergency reser-
voir has been awarded to the Common-
wealth Roofing Co., for $49,625.
Manila, P. I.— The contract for pumping
equipment to be installed in the new
water works has been awarded to the
Gould Mfg. Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y.
Cambride, O.— The contract for the pro-
posed extension of the water works sys-
tem has been awarded to W. C. Corcoran
& Co., of Pittsburg, Pa., for $13,046.53.
Nashville, Tenn.— The contract for fur-
nishing water pipe to this city has been
awarded to the U. S. Cast Iron Pipe Co.,
of Chattanooga, Tenn., at $21.50 per ton.
Atlantic City, N. , J.— The contract for
Increasing the capacity of the artesian
well pumping plant at the Absecon sta-
tion has been awarded to the Pneumatic
Engine Co., of New York City, for $2,645.
Detroit, Mich.— The contracts for build-
ing the river tunnel shaft, and crib
house has been awarded as follows:
crib house W. J. Gawne Co., of Cleve-
land. $74,750; shaft and river tunnel, C.
H. Fathe & Son, $112,194.
Buffalo, N. Y.— (Special) The Snow
Steam Pump Co. has been awarded the
Ackley, la.— A petition is being cir-
culated for a bridge on S. Cerro Gordo-st.
Ontonagon, Mich.— A steel and stone
bridge over Ontonagon River is contem-
plated.
Redding, Cal.— The Merchants* Club is
urging the building of a new steel bridge
across the river.
Wichita, Kas.— Bids are asked until
April 18 for building 3 steel bridges. Hud-
son Bateman, elk.
Ogden. Utah.— City Council has voted to
construct a viaduct across the railroad
tracks on Twenty-fourth -st.
Liberty, Mo.— Bids am asked until May
3 for an iron and steel bridge over Coon
creek. Bridge comr.
Green Bay, Wis.— City Council has
ordered plans prepared for a bridge across
East River at Webster-ave.
Rathdrum, Idaho.-'^Bids are asked until
April U for building a Hoodoo Meadow
bridge. T. L. Quales, co. elk.
Long Island City, L. I.— Bids are asked
until Apr. 7 for a new bridge over Flush-
ing creek. Comr. of bridges.
Steamboat Springs, Colo.— Bids are ask-
ed until Apr. 18 (extended from Apr. 8)
for a bridge across Yampa river.
BluflTton, Ind.— Bids are asked until Apr.
6 for building several small county
bridges. C. S. Brennemen, co. audt.
Howard, S. D.— Bids are asked until
Apr. 5 for all steel bridges to be built
during yoar. Frank Smith, co. aiidt.
Milwaukee, Wis.— Plans for the proposed
new 5th-st. viaduct are being considered
by the viaduct committee.
Richmond, Ind.— C!y. Engr. Weber has
prepared 4 plans for the proposed bridge
over the White Water Mver at S. H.-st.
New Richmond, O.— Bids are asked un-
til April 11 for the superstructure of a
bridge over Twelve-Mile Creek. H. P.
Williams. County Auditor.
Chicago, 111.— Bids for a new bascule
bridge over the Chicago River at Har-
rison-st. will be received April 13. Drain-
age Board.
Primevilie. Ore.— Bids are asked until
May 9 for building a combination Howe
truss bridge over Crooked Creek. A. J.
Smith. County Clerk.
Ft. Smith. Ark.— Bids are asked until
April 14 for building a steel bridge over
Mill Creek on Wheeler-ave. road. W. A.
Falconer, County Judge.
Delphi, Ind.— Bids are asked until April
4 for building three bridges with stone
abutments and one arch culvert. Fred
H. Engle, county auditor.
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IMPROVKMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
301
spring Branch and one over Little Sugar
Creek. J. A. Cady, county clerk.
Topeka, I^as.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til April 4 for building a steel truss
bridge on E. Eighth-ave. across the
Shunganunga River. J. H. Squires, city
clerk.
Versailles, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 5 for the construction of a
wagon bridge and abutments across
Laghery and Plum creeks. Nicholas Volz
Hackensack. N. J.— Bids are asked un-
til April 5 for stone abutments and a
.«»toel beam and brick arch on Grove-st.
Walter Christie, chm. co. freeholders.
Lafayette, Ind.— Separate bids will be
received April 7 for constructing an iron
bridge and substructure over a creek near
. Hegman's farm. H. H. Cheny, co. audt
Elkhart. Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 12 for building stone abut-
ments and an iron bridge over the Elk
river In Concorn twp.; also five stone
arches. O. H. Sweitzer. co. audt.
Saginaw. Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until Apd-il 7 for building a bridge across
Saginaw river at Center-st. Also a bridge
across Saginaw river at Maple-st., in the
village of Carrollton. W. H. Barton,
elk. B. P. W.
Hillsboro, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until 8 p. m.. April 19. for constructing a
concrete spillway and bridge abutments
approximately 310 cu. yds., of concrete.
In this city. Geo. A. Clotfelter; Frank P.
Winchester, cy. elk.
Cincinnati, O.— Bids are asked until
April 16 for Improving east approach of
suspension bridge over White Water
river In White Water twp. E. L. Lewis,
CO. audt.
BuflTalo, N. Y.— (Special)— The common
council will ask the Legislature to pass
a bill giving this city permission to com-
pel the railroad companies to substitute
swing or draw bridges over the Buffalo
river. The common council has also di-
rected the commissioner of pub. works to
award the contract for the substructure
of the Evans-st. bridge to B. I. Crocker.
4 Bldrs. Exchange, and for the super-
structure to McClintic-Marshall Const.
Co.. of Pittsburg.
STRmmr uoiHriNO.
Cumberland, R. I.— A municipal lighting
plant Is propose**.
Ossian, la.— The question of building a
g-'s r»lant will b^ vot**d on.
Livingston, Mont.— The question oC an
■el«^'«^-ic lip^t ^Innt 's heirtR considered.
Wilson, Ji. T.— A company has been or-
ganized to light this city by electricity.
KInston, N. C— Bids are asked until
April 18 for an electric light plant. N. J
House, mayor.
New Haven. Ind.— Bids will be received
until April 5 for an electric light plant
Town bd.
Clarion. la.— City council contemplates
exi>endlng 16.000 in Improving the electric
light plant.
Burlington. N. J.— A special committee
is ascertaining the cost of municipal elec-
tric light plant.
Lewiston, Pa.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for thlrty-flve or more enclosed
arc lights and 150 incandescent lights.
Cheyenne, Wyo.— Bids are asked until
April 9 for electrical work at Ft. D. A.
Russ'ell. Capt. W. S. Scott, quartermaster.
Cheboygan, Mich.— Bids are asked until
April 5 for wiring the city hall for elec-
tric lights. George M. Case, city clerk.
Statesboro, Ga.— Bidd are asked until
April 12 for constructing an electric light
system. C. S. Johnston, mayor.
Waveland, Ind.— A 25 yr. franchise for a
commercial lighting system has been
granted the Johnson Acetylene Gas Co.
Bay City, Mich.— Question of issuing
$50,000 bonds for additions to the electric
plant will be voted on April 4.
Wheeling, W. Va.— The estimated cost
of a gas plant Is $40,000. City Engineer
Cook has been directed to prepare plans.
Chfr^opee, M:iss — Tr *» cW^ r« of V'ard
7 have appointed a committee to consider
the erection of a gas or electric light
plant.
East Lake, Ala.— The question of issuing
$13,500 bonds for an electric light plant
will be voted on April 20. Mayor Mc-
Klnley.
The question of constructing electric
light plants ha.*< h^^^^n vo' r- -» - - *r^\.
lowing places: Watklns. N. Y.; Monticella
Wis.; Valatle, N. Y.
Chattanooga, Tenn.— The contract for
installing an acetylene gas plant at
Chickamauga Park has been awarded to
the Acetylene Apparatus Manufacturing
Company of Chicago.
Tarentum, Pa.— Citizens are discussing
the advisability of expending from $25,000
to $30,000 in repairing the electric light
plant and the adoption of a meter sys-
tem.
Duquoin. 111.— The city councils of this
city and PinckneyvIUe contemplate erect-
ing an electric light plant mfdway be-
tween the two towns to provide service
for both.
San Antonio, Tex.— Bids are asked until
April 6 for lighting the wtreets,' plazas and
alleys of this city with gas or electric
lights for two years. John B. Campbell,
Mayor.
The construction of electric light plants
is contemplated at the following places:
Papilllon, Neb.; Litchfield. Utah; San
Jose, 111.; Bellevue. O.; Tallula, 111.; Har-
mon, 111.; Avoca. N. Y.; Escondido, Cal.;
Sayre, Okla.
Pittsburg, Pa.— The contiact for lighting
the streets of this city during the current
year has been awarded sa follows:
Allegheny County Light Company, arc
lights, 2,000 c. p.. $96 a light, and 50 c. p..
$35 a light; 60 c. p. incandescent lamps.
Cleveland Vapor Light Company at $25.9€
a lamp and supplying incandescent lamps
with plate burners at $19.50.
Brooklyn, N. Y.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for a lighting plant for tTie Twen-
ty-third Regiment Armory. George B.
McClellan, Mayor. Bids are asked until
April 23 for Installing a turbo-alternator
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
with excltor set, 5 induction motors, 1
motor generator, 2 switchboards and ac-
cessories at Navy Yard pier. M. T. Bndi-
cott, Chief Bureau Yards and Docks,
Navy Dept., Washington, D. C.
QARBAQB DiSROSAL, 3TREBT
OLEANtNQ AND 3RRINKUNQ.
Chicopee, Mass.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for collecting garbage for one
year. R. D. DeWitt, secy. bd. health.
Mankato, Minn.— The board of health
has directed the attention of the council
to the need of a crematory for this city.
Galesburg, 111.— Bids are asked un-
til April 16 for hauling ashes and sprink-
ling streets during fiscal year. F. A.
Freer, custodian.
Jackson, Miss.—(SpeciaI) The bd of al-
dermen has instructed Cy. Engr. W. T.
Kirkpatrick to prepare plans and esti-
mates for a garbage crematory.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Bids are asked until
April 4 for sprinkling unimproved streets,
avenues, alleys and public places from
May 1 to Oct. 15, bids to be for 10,000 ft. of
roadway. M. A. Downing, chmn. B. P. W.
Dunkirk, N. Y.— (Special)— The Dunkirk
Sanitary Reduction Company has made
a proposition to take care of all garbage
and waste matter from houses and stores
at rates varrylng from 25 cents to |1. The
company expects to build a reduction
plant on Bennett road. The board of
health has decided to advertise for bids
and a flve-year contract will be awarded
L. E. Hubbard, prest. company.
Omaha. Neb.— Only two bids were re-
inclnerating garbage. One was an unsigned
bid from the City Garbage Company.
Based on 5, 10 or 15 year contracts, no bid
being submitted for the one year con-
tract. The other bid was from the In-
ternational Fuel Company and proposed
that the city shall build an Incinerating
plant according to the Engle design and
pay to Andrew Engle 12 per cent if the
plant costs less than $6,000, or 10 per cent
If it costs W.OOO or more. Action on the
bids was deferred.
RARKS.
Milwaukee, Wis.— A plan Is being con-
sidered for establishing a park in Bay
View.
New London, Conn.— Plans are being
prepared for a new park covering an area
of 11 atres.
Newport, Ky.— Sealed- bids are asked
until April 2 for Improving McClure's
TOO LATBROR OLASSIFIOATION
HuntsvUle, Mo.— This city Voted to is-
sue $18,000 for macadamizing the streets.
Marseilles, 111.— An ordinance has been
passed for paving the main street of this
town.
Lorain, O.— Bids for asphalt paving on
W. Erie-ave. and Dexter-st. will >>e
asked.
Kansas City, Mo.— Sealed bids are
asked until April 4 for brick paving in an
alley.
Tiffin, O.— An ordinance has been Intro-
duced to pave Greenfield-st. from Market
to Prospect.
Winamac, Ind.-pSealed bids are asked
until April 12 ior constructing roads. El-
lis S. Rees, co. audt.
Frankfort, Ind.— Bids are asked until
May 7 for constructing a gravel road.
Geo. W. Alexander, supt. Wood gravel rd.
Moscow, Idaho— The city sewer commit-
tee has secured right of way for con-
structing a septic tank system of sewer-
age purification.
Cincinnati, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 6 for repairing a large num-
ber of asphalt streets. Geo. F. Holme.%
elk. B. P. S.
Kansas City, Mo.— Plans for a septic
tank to be located In the southeast part
of the city have been prepared by D.
W. Pike, cy. engr.
Cadillac, Mich.- The contract for pav-
ing Mltchell-st. with bitulithic pavement
has been awarded to the Central Bitu-
lithic Co. of Detroit.
Richmond, Ind.— A declaratory resolu-
tion has been passed for building a ce-
ment walk on both sides of W. Main-st.
and the south side of KInsey-st.
Milwaukee, Wis.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 2 for building sewers in the
eastern and western districts. Chas. J.
Poetsch. chm. B. P. W.
Edwardsvllle. 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until April 4 for constructing a sewerage
system, with manholes, catch basins and
appurtenances. H. P. Hotz, prest. bd.
local impts.
Covington, Ky.— An ordinance has been
passed for reconstructing Russell-st. from
12th to 15th. Creosoted wood block pav-
ing is proposed for Scott-st. from 12th
to 18th. Cy. Engr. Gunn.
Houghton, Mich.— Bids for paving Shei-
don-st. from Dacotah to Frankllii-sts.
win be received April 11, with creosoted
wood blocks, vitrified brick or other pav-
ing, according to local press reports. VIl.
Engr. Savlckl.
Flndlay, O.— The city engineer has been
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Municipal Engineering
VOLUME XXVI
MAY. NINETEEN HUNDRED FOUR
NUMBER FIVE
MODERN METHODS IN ASPHALT PAVING.
By F, O. Blake, Cincinnati, O.
NothinfiT is more important for an as-
phalt pavement than proper appliances
for reflnins the asphalt, melting the as-
phalt, heatlner the sand and mixing them.
Thus far asphalt refining and mixing
plants have been planned and built by
mechanical engrineers having but little. ac-
curate knowledge of asphalt. Steam has
been used for melting the asphalt for
several years, but sand is still heated
with a direct fire.
Dr. De Smedt earned the title of **Fath-
er of American Sheet Asphalt Pavement."
H^ made certain determinations which
form thp basis for the scientific deve'-
opments that have followed. He deter-
minled that it is the petrolene contents
of asphalt which give to it the cementl-
tlous quality so essential to a successful
pavement, and to its asphaltine contents
is chargeable the hard brittle condition
that causes the pavement to crack, be
brittle and wear away. Others have
detrmined the character of the petrolene
contents of the various kinds of asphalt,
that some petrolene is volatile and others
fixed. It has been determined that all
petrolene will convert into asphaltine
when subjected to heat. That is to say,
it will lose its tough rubber-like charac-
ter and become friable and resinous.
Means have been found and appliances
invented to make physical tests to deter-
mine the converting point of the different
bitumens and It is now possible to deter-
mine the degree of heat that can be safe-
ly employed in refining and mixing as-
phalt for paving purposes. When it is
understood that the converting point of
some asphalt is as low as 3G0 deg. F.,
and that of the asphalt having the high-
est fixed character is but 740 deg. F..
then it is easy to un^ierstand the effect
of using a fiame varying from 1,100 deg.
F. to 2,200 deg. F. in mtUIng the asphalt
or in heating the sauvl to be mixed
with it.
The presence of holes hvTe and there
in an asphalt pavement, with the other
parts of the pavement good, can be ex-
plained by one familiar with this propo-
sition. The object that all asphalt ex-
perts have had in view has been to pro-
duce a mixture having the consistency of
lead, both summer and winter, one that
would dent slightly when struck a blow
with a hammer or with a horse's hoof,
for a pavement having this quality will
not wear away so long as It retains thia
malleable condition. This result has been
frequently obtained, but rarely twice ni
succession, even with the same material,
treated as nearly alike as the appliances
used would permit.
It is evident that the mechanical en-
gineer who plans and constructs a plant
for refining, melting and mixing asphalt
for paving purposes, must have some ac-
curate technical knowledge of asphalt
and know the degrees of heat that can
be employed in order to obtain the de-
sired result. No heat should be employed
In any branch of the work in excess of
the converting point of the asphalt used;
If the asphalt used is light and volitlle,
having a converting point of 850 deerrees
F., then the heat employed to melt it
and to heat the sand to be mixed with it
should not be in excess of 350 deg. F.
Sand may be heated by the method now
commonly used, with direct heat, and the
body of the sand show a temperature of
about 300 degrees F, but some portion of
It will be 800 degrees F. It may be but a
small amount, but whatever it is will
develop a defect in the pavement in pro-
portion to the amount over-heated. If
uniform good results are to be had . in
asphalt pavements, uniform material,
methods and appliances must be used.
Do away with direct heat, temper it to
•the deerree that is safe to use. and the
result will be uniform; it will then be
possible to lay an asphalt pavement
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
twice alike and one that will last very
much longer than those laid under exist-
ing conditions.
Prof. Daw, of Washington, D. C, In a
recent article on asphalt pavements, says
In substance, that little progress has
been made in the art of asphalt paving,
that the early asphalt pavements were
equal to those laid of recent date. He
might have gone further and said that
in many cases they were superior. The
old saw "Competition is the life of trade"
has not proven true in the asphalt paving
business, for it has nearly ruined the
business. The demand has been for cheap
work and the demand has been supplied.
The contractor who could use the least
expensive material, or could adulterate
the most, use the least asphalt, could do
the work for the least cost, was gener-
ally the successful bidder. His bond wad
relied upon more that the specification,
with the result that the pavement went
to pieces and the bond was not found a
good substitute for a good pavement.
Twenty years ago the property owner
paid from 13.00 to 14.00 per square yard
for asphalt pavement, a great deal of
which is still in use and in good condi-
tion. Today asphalt pavement is had for
from 11.00 to $2.25 per square yard, and
it is common to have it go to pieces in
a few months. In one case of this kind, a
street was laid with the leading standard
asphalt, under the management of the
best so called asphalt expert skill, but
when it was barely ninety days old it
called for repairs and gave evidence of
short life. The quality of the material,
the skill smployed and the integrity of
the contractor are elements and condi-
tions precedent to a successful pavement.
The absence of either Is fatal to the
pavement.
The paving business is governed by
the same business principles as other
lines, and when you expect to get an
asphalt pavement for less than its legiti-
mate cost plus a reasonable profit, you
are likely to be disappointed. Asphalt
paving contractors have learned to lay
as cheap a pavement as you want, and
SLB a rule you get a- you pay for. Proba-
bly more asphalt contractors have gone
to the wall during the past few years
than any other class of contractors; cer-
tainly as much money has been lost as in
any one line.
One of the worst features of the as-
phalt paving business is that men have
learned to lay a cheap pavement; that is
to say, they have learned to adulterate.
Having the knowledge, there is alwajrs a
temptation to use it, especially when the
price paid is a little shy. It is difDcuU
to draw a specification and enforce it that
will give the desired result. Possibly the
system now commonly in use In America
for doing such work is wrong.
To pay for work by the square
yard is to make It to the in-
terest of the contractor to stretch
out his material to its utmost. Municipal
ownership or control Is a possible solu-
tion of the problem. Let the city pur-
chase the material known to give the best
result and employ skilled labor to mix
and lay its pavements and the best i>os-
sible results will be had.
Olasgow, Scotland, and other foreign
cities^ have their municipal paving plants
and get the best resultff. Why can't we
do as well? The argument advanced
against municipal ownership or control
of public utilities is a reflection against
our integrity and ability. No American
will ever admt that we are Iass able or
honest than the Scotch or any other na-
tion. When an American once learns
what he wants, he is not slow In acquir-
ins it.
REFILLING OF TRENCHES.
Bi/ Ernest McCulloughy Engineer Municipal Engineering and
Contracting Co., ChicagOy III,
Engineers have not yet arrived at a
general method of specifying the refilling
of trenches. The writer has read the fol-
lowing requirements in several sets of
tractor finds them when commencing
work. This clause is generally inserted
even when the manner of refilling is
specified.
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REFILLING OF TRENCHES.
305
three feet above the pipe, fill the trench
to the top with water and put in the re-
mainder of the material. This is the onlv
proper method for sand and grravel, but
an improper method for clay or any earth
containingr much clay.
4. The trenches shall be refilled and
then flushed by the city employes, or by
the contractor, in order to settle the
trenches.
In specifications like the first and second
it is sometimes required that the fillinir
be put in dry or nothing: is said about its
condition. Sometimes it is required that
the earth be moistened as it is deposited
and occasionally it is required to be
moistened on the bank before it is
shoveled in and tamped. When the pre-
scription of method is followed by the
rider that the streets be restored to their
former conditions, the contractor is put
at a disadvantage, because the method
specified may be one that is not suited to
the material and it is impossible to re-
store the streets. When this is coupled
with a provision that the contractor shall
maintain the streets for twelve months
from the date of acceptance, the injustice
is extended beyond the contractor to the
property-owners who pay for the work.
The first method, simply requiring the
trenches to be refilled and that the con-
tractor put the streets in as good condi-
tion as before he touched them, should
serve all purposes.
A clause leaving it to the engineer to
specify either tamping or fiushing is
leaving the contractor in a bad place, for
sometimes a change of engineers is made
and while the first is satisfied with fiush-
ing the latter may insist upon tamping.
The bids are uneven on such a Job.
The writer after an extended experience
In such work gives it as his opinion that.
If there is a requirement that all the dirt
possible be put back in the trenches and
in addition the streets put in as good con-
dition as he found them, a contractor can
neglect the specifications requiring him
to do the work in a certain manner or to
follow £ method required by the engineer.
Results, not methods, are wanted by the
property-owners and the sooner engineers
generally realize this the sooner unequal
and uneven bidding will stop. It may be
stated as an axiom that, when the depth
of a trench is equal to or exceeds ten
times the diameter of the pipe, no surplus
dirt remains to be hauled away, except
in some kinds of clay when the ditches
have been excavated in rainy weather.
The writer lately personally superin-
tended the refilling of a lot of house con-
nection trenches. The dirt was shoveled
in and tamped with a two-by-four stick
until the pipe was covered a few Inches.
Then the dirt was shoveled in loose for
about one foot in depth. A hose was
played gently on it until water stood over
the filling. Dry dirt to the depth of a
foot or more was thrown in, when men
could go over it with tampers and force
it into the mud below until all the earth
was soft mud. More dry dirt was thrown
in and tamped until it was solid. Then
water was run in again until the trench
was soft, when more dry dirt was thrown
in and tamped. The men got very little
mud on their feet. We found that with
six-inch pipes in trenches five feet deep
and filled in this manner there was often
not enough dirt to completely refill the
trench. After the foreman in charge had
filled a few he was able to gauge the wet-
ting and tamping so the trenches were
completly refilled with the dirt taken outl
No depression was left and there was no
surplus dirt to take away.
In refilling larger trenches in streets
the method of shovelling and tamping is
more honored in the breach than the ob-
servance. The principal injury is to the
property owners, if the cofitractor gets a
fair price for such work, as it increases
the cost unduly. The property owners
also object, as the method is slow and in
these days of machinery they like to see
the contractors get ofC a street quickly.
To refill a trench in clay soil after first
putting in water is apt to be bad. The
writer has in mind one piece of work
done within the past year where that
method was specified, and even when
the season was rainy it was insisted
upon. On one street so many teams
stalled that the writer after four months
had the trench dug out to a depth of
four feet and refilled with absolutely dry
dirt, because the specifications also re-
quired the restoration of the streets.
The method of refilling by any old
method and then flushing to settle the
trenches is often slighted. Left to a lot
of ignorant, unthinking laborers the
method adopted is to push a hose clear
down until it touches the pipe, turn the
water on and go ofC to the nearest shady
spot and sit down for awhile. Of course
the trench goes down, but future house
connection work reveals queer looking
lines of pipes with Joints washed out and
damaged stoppers in wyes.
The writer begs to offer the following
speciflcation for the consideration of en-
gineers in charge of such work.
"After the pipe is laid the earth shall
be shovelled back and tamped with a
two-by-four tamper in a manner that will
not disturb the errade or alignment until
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
there Is about one foot of earth over the
pipes. The contractor shall then refill the
trenches with all the earth excavated
therefrom, mounding: up the excess.
Along the trench on top of the mound
a ditch shall be made, and at intervals of
about twenty-five feet holes shall be dug
two or three feet deep. A stream of
water from the nearest hydrant shall be
turned into the upper end of the trench
gently, so it will flow without washing
out the earth and gullying it. This
stream shall run until the earth shows
signs of practical saturation, when it
shall be stopped. For this water a charge
will be made rf 20 cents for each one
hundred cubic yards of earth in the
trench. As soon as practicable the con-
tractor shall roll the trench with a roller
of not less than five tons weight and
jscrape dirt from the sides over the set-
tled part and alternately scrape and roll
until the trench is settled as much as
possible. If the excess earth is still
heaped high, another ditch shall be run
full of water over it and the dirt alter-
nately rolled and scraped until the earth
over the trench is neatly rounded, and
the height in inches above the general
street level is equal to the width of the
trench in feet No surplus dirt shall be
hauled off the street except upon a writ-
ten order from the engineer in charge.
**If the trenches are excavated in earth
containing at least 50 per cent of sand or
gravel the trenches shall be refilled, after
the first foot is deposited, and tamped by
filUng the trench for half its depth with
water and then putting in the remainder
of the excavated material. The rolling
and scraping shall not be omitted in any
trench.
"In trenches containing a large pro-
portion of stone the first foot shall be of
earth or sand and the stone in the re-
mainder of the trench shall be so mixed
with earth or sand that there shall be a
minimum of voids. No stone or gravel
shall be permitted to touch the pipe.
"All ditches in earth not parallel with
the line of travel on the street to be
filled as follows: The earth to be filled
if round to be not more than sik^ inches
in diameter. No ditches permitted to be
filled with dry earth and tamped without
the addition of water before the tamping,
as specified."
With a specification like the above
there is no need of requiring the con-
tractor to put the streets In their formei
condition. What that condition was is too
often a matter of controversy. The
writer one time had certified copies of all
complaints of the condition of certain
streets made before entering upon the
work of trenching in them. 'j..ie8e letters
were addressed to the Street Commis-
sioner before the contract was advertised
and were from angry property owners
who thought he was neglecting his duty.
According to these letters wagons were
continually breaking down and there
were quagmires and ruts of dangerous
dimensions existing therein. Ap a matter
of fact the streets were in miaoiing fair
condition. During the progress of the
work and upon its completion the con-
tractors were blamed for the poor condi-
tion of the streets, and to Judge from
the letters then sent in they had been
first-class in every particular before the
contract was let.
There was difilculty about getting a
settlement after the work was done on
account of the complaints about the way
the contractor treated the streets. The
certified copies of the letters— many
written by the same complainants— were
attached to a peremptory demand from
the contractors for a settlement, as
showing the actual condition before the
work was done. As these letters might
be good evidence In absence of better
proof the settlement was made. The
contractor did not in any place leave the
streets in as poor condition as the exag-
gerated complaining letters would indi-
cate had been their condition before he
touched them.
One of the best methods for filling in
hand dug trenches is to scrape across
with a long rope. A good team with a
driver and one scraper holder should do
five yards an hour. That is, the contrac-
tnr'n tAarrt nor\ Ark tVtfo XTl^txA 4-A.««««a «ai.
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PLANS FOR CHICAGO PARK EXTENSION.
307
to refill trenches. It Is set at one end of
the istreet and a cable is run alongside
the trench to a pulley fastened to tree
(first wrapped with canvas or burlap to
avoid chaflnfiT) or to posts. Prom this
pulley the cable goes across the trench
and is fastened to the scraper, which is
larger and heavier than an ordinary
"slusher," and has ropes fastened to the
handles, by means of which two men
haul it back and turn it over. This re-
quires an engineer who does his own
firings at the blodk a boy to signal him,
and the two scraper holders. The total
cost for labor, fuel, etc., is about ten
dollars per day, which includes interest
and depreciation. One hundred yards per
day is all that can be figured on steadily
on an average, so that the cost will be
ten cents per yard. ' One hundred and
twenty yards per day will make the
scraper holders quit the job. By adding
two more scraper holders and working
the men in ten or fifteen minutes shifts,
as much as two hundred and twenty-five
yards have been put into a trench in ten
hours. The writer has found it almost
necessary to have an old horse to pull
the cable back as the men haul back the
scraper or else have a double cable and a
tackle. When the horse is used the ulgnpA
boy rides him. The Increase in expense
is not great and it lightens the work of
the scraper holders.
Another method used successfully on
unimproved streets In a light soil is to
plow from one end of the ditch to the
other, gradually extending the work to
the outside edge of the piles of dirt and
using a plow with a large mold. Bach
round loosens the dirt and throws it to-
wards the ditch. Plowing is fast work
and after the whole of the excavated
earth has been plowed the street looks
fairly level and a road grader can be
used to good advantage in connection
with a road roller, alternately scraping
and rolling. There is no cheaper way of
filling a ditch if the engineer in charge
will permit.
In a town or city where the unions are
in control such results cannot be readily
obtained by horses and scrapers, if wages
are |5 per day for team and driver. The
writer likes then to sublet the work by
stations to non-union men with pick and
shovel. The back filling can be done at a
cost of 15 to 22 cents per yard by hand.
If teams can be readily obtained it is well
to insist upon fifty yards per day as a
minimum and set two marks for the
men to work between. That is, set two
stakes on the bank which contain Just
fifty yards as shown by the out along-
side and insist upon that as a day's work.
If the men get an idea in their head that
such a length is a day's work they have
sometimes finished earlier and are let
go. After a few of them have shortened
their time that way it is not hard to keep
them up to it. But a contractor should
invariably own his teams.
PLANS FOR CHICAGO PARK EXTENSION.
By C. B, Maugham^ Chicago^ III.
Under the leadership of a young "man
on horseback." Chicago is planning a sys-
tem of wooded reserves and connecting
parkways to engirdle the city and pro-
vide adequate recreation area for a pop-
ulation of upward of 5,000,000 souls. The
man is Henry Q. Foreman, who Is presi-
dent of the Board of Commissioners of
Cook County and also of the South Park
Commissioners. In this dual capacity he
is both constructing and planning parks.
- As president of the South Park Commis-
sioners he is working out the problem
of establishing new parks and improving
old ones In population centers of the
8q}^th Division of Chicago. Olmstead
Brothers are now making landscape plans
for Grant Park and Mr. Marshall Field
has agreed to erect therein a 16,000,000.
white granite museum building.
As president of the board of commis-
sioners of Cook county Mr. Foreman is
oiling the machinery necessary for the
construction of the system of forest pre-
serves and parkways, which will supple-
ment and connect with the intra-mural
system.
To understand the park situation in
Chicago today it Is necessary to go mto
the history of park building beginning
with the great movement of 1868, when
the present or inner belt, system of
parks and boulevards was begun. At that
time Chicago had a population, of about
250,000. and In the number of its inhabi-
tants was the fifth city of the Union.
Owing to limited means of transporta-
tion, the population was located chiefly
within a radius of three miles of the
courthouse.
Many of the parks laid out were In the
midst of truck gardens, and there were
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
persons who ridiculed the proposed sys-
tem as a dream impossible of practical
results. However, by the extension of
street car lines, the parks have become
centers of residence districts, and, now,
a little more than thirty years after the
plan was conceived, the breathing places
are Inadequate to the needs of the peonle.
Thus the wisdom of the projectors of that
park system has been shown by the
aotual grrowth and needs of the commun-
ity.
The park system as planned In 1869 put
Chicago's recreation area on a practical
level with that of Philadelphia, then the
city having the largest acre area of park
of any city In the United States. But in
HENRY G. FOREMAN,
PresidoDt South Park Commission.
1902 Chicago's population had grown to
more than 2,000,000, and the city in this
respect had stood for many years second
only to New York; yet in the acre area of
caused a grreat advance In park-building
in Chicago.
The South Park Commissioners now are
giving attention to the needs of its popu-
lation centers, remote from parks. Lin-
coln Park, In the North Division, Is to
have a larger addition to the northward.
The Special Parks Commission, acting
with authority from the City Council, has
recommended to the three Park Boards of
Chicago sites for small parks. The addi-
tions to the South Park system will ag-
gregate about 450 acres, and the addition
to Lincoln Park, 235 acres. The sites for
small parks, as recommended, aggregate
43 acres for the South Division, 28 acres
for the West Division, and 15 acres for
the North Division, which, In round num-
bers, would make, including present
parks, the total acreage In the South
Division a little more than 2,000, in the
North Division about 640, and in the West
Division a little more than 1,000 acres, or,
for the entire city of Chicago, about 3,800
acres. Even with these addition, Chicago
will be far behind New York, Boston (In-
cluding Its outer belt) and Philadelphia In
park area.
The following table, based on the Fed-
eral census of 1900 for population, and
the Federal labor report of 1902 for park
and city area, shows Chicago position:
Park
Popu- Area In Area in
Order. City. lation. Acres. Acres.
1— New York 3,437,202 •209,218 6,838
2— Philadelphia .... 1,293.697 84,933 4,006
3— Los Angeles .... 102,479 27,697 3,720
4-Washington .... 278,718 44,320 3.596
5— San Francisco . 342,782 77,520 2,804
6-Boston 560,892 27,251 2,620
7— Lynn, Mass. ... 68,513 7,251 2,464
8-Chicago 1,698,576 122,240 2,186
V-St. Louis 576,238 89,277 2,188
• Land area only.
In the number of inhabitants to each
acre of park, Chicago is number 32. Los
Angeles is number 1, with one acre for
every 27.5 inhabitants. Chicago is number
32, with ine acre for every 789.4 inhabitants.
Between are the cities of New Haven,
Columbus, Toledo, Denver, Rochester, De-
troit, Buffalo, Pittsburg, Milwaukee, etc.
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PLANS FOR CHICAGO PARK EXTENSION.
309
flerure, which, within a few years, will
increase very perceptibly in value.
Furthermore, if they are not secured now
or soon, city life will be extended into
them. They will be parceled into subdi-
visions; they will be cut into lots and
streets; they will be supplied with sew-
ers. The forests will disappear, and the
art of man never will be able to re-create
them."
Recognizinsr the necessity of taking
action the Board of Commissioners of
Cook County on Aug. 8 last, acting upon
a message from President Foreman,
adopted a resolution for the creation of
an outer belt of parks and boulevards.
around the city of Chicago, embracing the
valleys of nearby rivers and creeks— such
as the Calumet and Desplalnes Rivers
and Salt Creek—and parts of the Lake
Michigan shore. It would take in forest
tracts of several thousand acres each.
These forest tracts would be preserved
for all time in their native state. The
roadways would be improved into fine
roads for driving and automoblling; there
would be police patrols and a Are brigade
specially instructed to suppress forest
fires. Such outer belt would be perhaps
from 80 to 150 or even more miles in
length. It would not simply be a belt
sweeping around the city, but there would
DEAD MAN'S CURVE, SHERIDAN ROAD, near GLENCOE.
The commission to do this work is com-
posed of twenty-nine members, including
the president and four members of the
County Board, the Mayor and four mem-
bers of the City Council, three members
of Lincoln Park Board, three West Chi-
cago Park Commissioners, three South
Park Commissioners, five citizens of Chi-
cago and five residents of Cook County,
be points where two or more diverging
roads between given places wou'd be lo-
cated, so that a traveler could have the
alternative of which road he would take,
and be assured of a good road all the way.
Not one in 10,000 of the population of
Chicago knows the beauty of the country
that lies round about the fiat and smoky
city. To the south there are low, marshy
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310
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
on top of the divide in any direction a
beautiful and expansive view of the sur-
rounding country is afforded.
Once over the divide, the parkways
would cross the great drainage canal, one
of the engineering feats of the century.
Then they would turn into the picturesque
valley of the Desplaines River, where
beautiful forests still are standing.
In these forests are many small wild
animals. The inroads of civilization have
not exterminated the wild flowers and
ferns, there are large and ancient trees
of many varieties, and those that fringe
the river bank are festooned with wild
grape vines and the emerald billows of
the wild cucumber. These forests are
within easy reach of Chicago and ex-
tend along its western limits. To the
northwest is the big skokie marsh, af-
fording expanses of green studded with
groves of trees. To the north is the
shore of Lake Michigan, a series of
bluffs and wooded ravines.
Already over much ot the territory
which the outer belt of parks and boule-
vards will embrace there is a network of
hard white roadways that will need only
widening and policing to make them serv-
iceable for boulevard purposes.
Among the cities and towns through
which the outer belt probably will pass
are Pullman, Riverdale, Blue Island, Wil-
low Springs, La Grange, Lyons, River-
side. Oak Park, Maywood, River, Forest
Desplaines, Wheeling, Olencoe, Wlnnetka,
Wilmette. Evanston and Rogers Park.
When the pioneers first came to Amer-
ica, it was absolutely necessary for them,
in making settlements and in conducting
the activities of their primitive liffe, to
cut down forests. They and later genera-
tions did the clearing business too thor-
oughly. Today it is Just as
necessary to preserve the few
forests that are left and in every
way protect them from devastation, as it
was for the pioneers to hew down the
trees. This is recognised as a matter of
greatest importance by the United States
(Government, which has a Forestry De-
partment, and is teaching those who will
learn how to save forests. In fact, a
new occupation in \ite has been created
for many people in the scientific study
of forestry. The other day a man handed
President Foreman his card and on it
was written "Expert Dendrologist.** He
was a tree expert. This is a very sig-
nificant fact.
COST OF HOUSE PLASTERING.
By B, L. Brooker^ Akron , O.
The accompanying table is taken from
our plastering business the past season
and gives the amount and cost of labor
and material for plastering seventeen
houses, that run from 500 to 1,000 yards.
These are taken at random and the table
not only itemizes every part of the work,
but shows how local conditions will af-
COST OF HOUSE PLASTERING.
is
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00 O
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9^^
©••2
0*9 5
*< CO.—
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3 —
3 —
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25
25H
27
26
9X
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31
4 +
4
3«
4«-
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7
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3-
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3
00
70
67
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21
15H
17
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18
18
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20
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20V4
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22
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CONDUITS FOR ELECTRIC WIRES.
311
feet the cost of a Job. These houses are
all done in the same way and nearly all
with the same material, yet there is a
variation of 2%c in the entire cost of
these Jobs.
The work is what is known as "three-
coat" work— the first and second coats be-
ing applied at the same time and con-
sisting of the same material, while the
third or whitecoat is not applied until the
first and second coats are thoroughly dry.
The brown wall, consisting of the first
and second coats, is roded along angles
and base, then darbied, and finally Just
before taking a set is floated to an even
surface ready for the whitecoat. when
dry. Having this even surface, the white-
coat can be applied very thin and even
and when troweled down produces a
smooth, hard wall and a first class Job
in every particular.
A custom prevalent in cities is to spend
less time on the brown wall leaving it
rough and without being roded, and then
apply a heavy whitecoat, straightening
the walls and angles, to some extent, with
this material.
The material used for the brown wall
was. in most cases. *'Alabastine." put up
in bags of 100 pounds each of neat ma-
terial. Sand was added to this in the
proportion of two parts to one part
Alabastine. For whitecoating the prepared
whitecoat materiaj known as "White-
Enamel Finish" was used.
The only item of expense entering into
a Job not included in this table Is the
draylng of boxes and tools but this in no
case amounted to over a small fraction
of one cent per yard.
CONDUITS FOR ELECTRIC WIRES.
The danger to life and property from
overhead wires is not yet sufficiently
demonstrated in many smaller cities to
force the construction of imderground
conduits. The danger appears in several
different forms. So long as the number ot
wires strung overhead is small and the
tension of the electricity is low. the dan-
ger is limited to the delay in cutting th€
wires to get at a fire in an adjoining
building, but even before the general dis-
tribution of electric light and power from
central stations the telegraph and tele-
phone wires, became so numerous in the
larger cities that cables, overhead or in
conduits, were demanded. When the high
tension wires were introduced new ele-
ments of dangrer presented themselves. A
breeJc in such a wire or even in its in-
sulation is a source of danger to life and
property oh the spot, or at widely dis-
tributed places through contact with
other wires. The danger -in getting at
ilres is also greatly increased. The de-
struction of wires and poles in storms
has added to the loss of property and
business of the companies owning the
wires, the greater dangers to other people
and their property through the massing
and crossing of wires with various
volumes and tensions of current.
These and other similar sources of loss
and danger have forced the construction
of conduits In the more congested dis-
tricts of the larger cities, and as the
benefits of the removal of the wires from
overhead have been demonstrated,
methods of construction have been im-
proved and cost has been reduced, the
upe of conducts has spread in those cities
and has been introduced in smaller cities.
There is still room for improvement and
many cities need only full information to
Join the ranks of those requiriug some
sort of underground construction for car-
rying wires, or. as a steppingstone there-
to, aerial cables for wires for which
this method of construction is suitable.
Operators of telephone, telegraph, elec-
tric light and power systems who have
enjoyed the advantages of subways for
their wires have learned that aside from
a matter of safety to the public it is to
their financial interest to put wires and
cables underground. The higher first cost
of Installation is more than compensated
by the great reduction in annual outlay
for repairs and maintenance of distribut-
ing system, the safety of station ap-
paratus and the gain which comes from
less frequent interruptions to service.
These savings and gains pay a handsome
income on the increased investment.
In addition to the advantages men-
tioned, new corporations are finding that
they can often obtain franchises for tele-
phone and lighting systems by offering to
put their wires underground where other-
wise the desired franchise could not b^
obtained. This concession is rightly lookea
upon as a moderate one lor so great a
return. If indeed it be a concession at all
in the face of the advantages and sav-
ings already mentioned.
Furthermore, street space for under-
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312
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ground work in any city is limited, and
in some cases is already largely occupied
by sewer systems, water systems, gas
mains, etc., hence each additional under-
ground system is installed at greater in-
convenience and expense than that which
preceded it. The established corporation
must therefore construct subways for its
wires not only to save operating expense
and improve its service, but as an addi-
tional safeguard against competition from
new companies.
The early constructions covered the tele-
graph and telephone wires with rubber,
Jute and lead and laid them underground.
Rapid deterioration, difficulty in locating
leaks and in making repairs soon led to
the use of ducts through which insulated
cables could be drawn. These ducts have
been made of pump logs and wood in vari-
ous forms, creosoted or in the natural
state, heavy iron pipe, wrought iron pipe
protected by a cement mortar coating,
terra cotta tiles, hollow brick, vitrified
clay conduits, single and multiple duct,
bituminized fiber and other materials, the
object being to secure a conduit which
shall be electrolysis proof, non-abrasive.
both conduit and joints moisture proof,
non-corrosive, non-decaying, with high
insulating quality, and at the same time
reasonable In cost and economical in
maintenance. Other qualities desired by
the constructors are self-aligning Joints,
which shall be permanent in their aiign-
ment, light weight on account of freight,
hauling, handling and laying, strength
and toughness to stand handling, lon&
sections to reduce the number of joints.
These qualities of conduit material and
conduit, of first cost, cost of main-
tenance, convenience and appearance are
approximated more or less closely by the
various systems and materials for con-
duit construction on the market and a
selection must be made for the particular
problem on hand after a consideration oi
all these elements.
The various methods and materials
will be described and illustrated in this
and subsequent numbers of Municipal
Engineering, since the rapid extension in
the use of conduit construction makes the
subject one of increasing Interest to many
of our readers.
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EDITORIAL
COMMENT
Concrete Block Architecture.
Asphalt and Automobiles.
Rights and Duties of the
Washington inspector of
Asphalt and Cements.
CONCRETE
ARCHITEC-
BLOCK
TUBE.
An Inquiry from a subscriber for plana
for houses to be built of concrete blocks
prompts some suggestions regarding the
proper treatment of this new building ma-
terial, which seem to be greatly needed
if the business is to have its fullest de-
velopment in all directions.
The new material, if the blocks are
properly made of first-class cement and
stone or gravel to suit the appearance de-
sired, is capable of the highest artistic
development and can be used in the most
correct architectural compositions. That
it has not been so used more generally
and that its use in the better class of
buildings has even been prevented in some
cities is due not to the material but
to the manner in which it has been in-
troduced in those cities and the lack of
architectural or artistic ability" of the op-
erators of the local plants. That first-
class work of the best appearance and
architectural effect can be don* is shown
by buildings and trimmings of buildings
in Washington, New York, Cleveland and
other cities where the blocks have been
made and placed under the specifications
and supervision of competent architects.
In too many cases the machines or
rights to use processes have fallen Into
the hands of men who have been attract-
ed by the cheapness and the strength of
the method of construction, and in their
haste to get to work they have begun by
suppljing blocks for foundations and for
small dwellings and business buildings
which would otherwise have been cheap
brick or frame structures. In the strug-
gle for cheapness, and frequently on ac-
count of lack of knowledge of cement and
Its use, blocks have been turned out which
are not satisfactory for any higher uses
A man Interested in cement construc-
uon proposed to build a two-story frame
house, but found on inquiry that he
could build it of cement blocks at prac-
tically the same cost. Without change
in plans, in fact, without any definite
architect's plans, he proceeded to lay up
the walls with cement blocks. Since
blocks are much larger than bricks It
very naturally happened that at each an-
gle or offset in the walls there was a
space less than a block in length, which
must be filled in with a fractional block,
which was carelessly cut and fitted, show-
ing clearly the lack of design. Instead
of making window and door frames to fit
the depth of block courses, or changing
the depth of blocks to suit the frames,
a string course was run to fill in the
two or three-inch gap and the blocks
above and below the frames were flotched
roughly to let them in. The result is a
house of fair appearance at a distance,
but a patchwork on close inspectioiL This
may be an extreme case, but it serves
as an illustration of what is actually oc-
curring in many places. The effect is to
restrict the use of blocks to foundations
and the cheapest constructions and to cut
them out of consideration for first-class
work except by the few who know what
can be accomplished and are willing to
pay what the work is worth.
Ability to compete with common brick-
work in cost seems to have obscured the
fact that a block a little higher-priced be-
cause better and more carefully madsw
can compete still more successfully with
fine brick and stonework. More effort Is
necessary to get a footing in this higher
class of work, but it is worth much more
when it is obtained, and the cheaper work
will then come without effort.
There is plenty of business in the
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ASPHALT AND AUTOMOBILES.
A recent article Jn one of the trade Jour-
nals strongly advocated asphalt paving
upon city streets as best for automobiles.
Another trade Journal agrees that when
dry it affords good traction and satisfac-
tory traveling, but claims that asphalt
is seldom dry on account of the sprink-
Ing carts which patrol city streets con-
tinuously in some cities during most of
the months of the year. When wet, this
Journal claims, there Is nothing so treach-
erous as asphalt,' side-slipping, skidding
at corners and sliding down grades mak-
ing the machine dangerous both to opera-
tor and to general traffic. A sudden stop
from any speed called moderate or above
Is prevented by the sliding of the wheels
under the momentum of the heavy vehi-
cle. The same is said to be true of a wet
wooden block street.
A brick street or a bituminous macadam
street would not be open to this com-
plaint. There Is sufficient grit upon the
surface of smooth streets paved with
either of these materials to hold a ma-
chine from slipping.
This magazine may be permitted to sug-
gest that asphalt is a very g^pod pavement
for automobiles for the reason for which
objection Is made to it by the second
Journal referred • to. If the operator is
continuously In danger of slipping at mod-
erate speed he will be much more careful
to travel at reasonable speed than he Is
when he feels more sure of his ground,
and thus one of the terrors of pedestrians,
especially women and children, will be
lessened. Let us have more slippery
streets if they will tone down the speed
of the automobilists on the city's pave-
ments.
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE
WASHINGTON INSPECTOR OF
* ASPHALTS AND CEMENTS.
The amendment made in the United
States Senate to the bill appropriating
funds for public work in the District of
Columbia whereby it is provided "that
said inspector of asphalt and cement
shall not render expert advice to or per-
ample of the scientific method as ap-
plied to public affairs. Its investigaUons
have produced results which are taken
as standards by the other ciUes of the
country. In particular, its work in pav-
ing materials, and especially asphalt, has
been of inestimable value in the develop-
ment of the use of various substances.
The successive heads of the department
having charge of the Inspection and In-
vestigation of these materials have been
men of pronounced ability, who have
been men of reputation or who soon
developed a reputation for originality and
stability through the unassailable char-
acter of the results published by them,
which has given all their utterances an
authority which is generally recognised.
The mistakes made by them have been
so few and so unimportant as to have no
material effect upon the general opin-
ion of their ability and their honesty and
absence of bias or susceptibility to undue
influence. The present incumbent of the
office is no exception to this rule.
All of these inspectors have been per-
mitted to perform occasional service for
other persons, firms, corporations, and
municipalities, which did not Interfere
with their duties to the city of Washing-
.ton. In fact It has been generally un-
derstood that much of this work has
been enooUraged by the engineer com-
missioners for many years. It is natural
that the commissioners should look with
favor upon some such outside work, for it*
results in material benefit to the depart-
ment. Person doalring to develop new
materials and methods much prefer com-
petent investigators who are removed
beyond the possibility of outside in-
fluences and whose regular work keeps
them always in full knowledge of the
latest improvements. Cities to which new
methods and materials are offered are
still more anxious to secure the services
of such persons in testing the claims of
the promoters of such Improvements.
The amount of such work in the past
has been so slight or so unevenly distri-
buted that it is not surprising to find that
practically all the competent men of ex-
perience in these lines are or have been
in the employ of the promoters of various
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
315
Columbia. Particularly to the cities of
the country, therefore, it will be a mis-
fortune to be cut off from the services of
this person.
The restriction of the Inspector to his
employment by the District may be suc-
cessfully defended if he is given sufficient
nalary to retain the services of fully com-
petent men such as those who have been
obtainable under the system heretofore in
operation. In that case it should be pos-
sible for the department to accept many
such commissions as the inspector has
heretofore filled in his private capacity,
the fees for the same being turned hito
the funds for the support of the office. So
far as work for other municipalities is
concerned* the District, from its com-
manding position, more independent of
political and business influences than any
other city in the country. Is in i>osition to
give invaluable service Bot elsewhere ob-
tainable. It has a moral obligation to
furnish this service* and if the Inspector
is prohibited from giving it in a private ca-
pacity, the engineering department should
arrange to perform it officially. There are
difficulties in this method of offering the
service, including the increase in the sal-
ary of the inspector, which do not api>ear
under the method of doing business here-
tofore in vogue, so that the change will
be very unsatisfactory to all concerned.
The reason for the restriction of the
work of the inspector has not been gen-
' erally published and it is human to sus-
pect the motives of those who work se-
cretly to change methods of doing busi-
ness concerning which there has never
been any complaint from those directly
interested, nor from any except those
whose materials or methods have not
stood the tests of the full and unbiased
investigations which they have received
from this official.
THE QUESTION
DEPARTMENT
JOINT FOR SUBMERGED WATER
MAIN.
Wh9t kind of Joint gives the best satis-
faction for a water main laid in the river
bottom? What would be the probable
cost, of laying a 12-inch main the length
of 370 feet in water two leet deep, the
bottom being rock which can be picked
and would need no blasting? If this pipe
was laid in the trench and the joints were
run with lead and the trench filled with
concrete, would there be any danger from
expansion and contraction?
J. M. S., Royersford, Pa.
An ordinary lead joint made perfectly
water-tight should be entirely satisfac-
tory under the conditions described. If
the trench is made with a straight grade
on the bottom the pipes can be put to-
gether above the water surface and the
whole length lowered into place at once.
The expense will not probably be greater
than that of laying a pipe in a rock
as it would depend almost entirely upon
the temperature of the water in the pipe.
The depth of trench imder the river should
be sufficient to prevent freezing under the
conditions in the river. The pipe should
be tested for leaks before the concrete is
filled into the trench.
FIRE HYDRANT RENTALS AND
SERVICES.
I noticed in a copy of your magazine
an article prepared from a thesis on fire
hydrant rentals and services to which
I would like to refer, but do not know in
what number it appeared.
S. C. ROWLAND,
Crawfordsville. Ind.
The article in question was on "Hy-
drant Rentals" and was from a thesis
by D. H. Sawyer. It appeared in March,
1903, vol. xxiv, p. 182 of Municipal En-
gineering. An editorial giving some
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316
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
pressiona of desire for an index and if
some more can be obtained from persons,
like this subscriber, who wish to refer to
special articles on particular subjects,
the editor's index will be prepared for
publication.
LIABILITY OF WATER COMPANY
FOR FIRE LOSS.
In your last issue you mention a de-
cision by a California court involving: the
liability of a company furnishing water
supply to a -suit for damages in case the
supply or pressure be inadequate. Will
you kindly give something of the details
of. this case, or where they can be found?
JOHN P. BROOKS,
Lexington, Ky.
The case referred to is that of the Town
of Ukiah City (Cal.) vs. Ukiah Water and
Improvement Co., reported in vol. xxvi.,
p. 260 of Municipal Engineering. Tile de-
cision of the lower court awarding dam-
ages to the town for failure of the com-
pany to supply water to extinguish a fire
which damaged city property was re-
ported in Municipal Engineering, vol. xix.,
p. 418. The water company moved for a
new trial, the motion was granted and
the town appealed to the Supreme Court
from this order. A full report of the de-
cision of the Supreme Court on Feb. 10,
1904, affirming the order granting a new
trial, will be found in the "Pacific Re-
porter," vol. 76, p. 773, March 28, 1904.
The decision recites that the water
company had been engaged in furnishing
water to the town and its inhabitants;
that the town owned the fire hydrants, to
which the company furnished water at a
stipulated price of H a month for each
hydrant, which was paid by the town,
these being practically the only points of
evidence of contract between town and
company. It then says:
"The mere feict that a corporation was
engaged in the business of furnishing
water appropriated for sale, rental and
distribution woull not place upon it the
obligation of having constantly on hand
a sufficient quantity of water available
for use by the town for the extinguish-
ment of fires, for the failure to observe
which it would be liable to the munici-
pality for the value of municipal property
destroyed by reason of such failure."
A contract for fire service is definitely
stated to exist, though there is no writ-
available at the various hydrants. "The
town entered into the agreement under
its power to provide protection against
fire for all its inhabitants, exercising the
same character of functions that it does
when it provides fire engines or police-
men." Many cases are cited in which it
has been decided that a town owning its
own water works is not liable to its
ciltzens for failure to provide an ade-
quate supply, the city's i>ower being leg-
islative and gdvernmental, requiring the
exercise of judgment and discretion. Many
other cases are cited in which it has
been decided that, when a town contracts
with a water company to furnish such
service, practically as the agent or em-
ploye of the city, the water company is
not liable at the suit of a third' person
whose property was destroyed by fire,
by reason of its failure to supply sufficient
water to the town for such purpose, the
contracting company not being charge-
able with a greater liability than the city
itself. Only two cases are cited in which
the decisions are otherwise, one in North
Carolina following one in Kentucky in
which there was a private contract be-
tween the company and the consumer.
"Doubtless a, water company may so
bind itself by contract with a person to
furnish him water for the extinguish-
ment of fires as to render itself liable for
the value of such property of
such person, destroyed by Are
by reason of its failure to furnish
him a sufficient supply of water." Sev-
eral cases are cited in confirmation. "It
may be assumed here that it is within
the power of a municipality, as a prop-
erty owner, to enter into such a contract
with a water company for the protection
of the property which it owns as a legal
individual: but it certainly needs some-
thing more than evidence showing an ac-
cepted service for general fire purposes to
establish such a contract, and the evi-
dence here shows nothing more."
Several cases of recovery of damages
are cited, but are separated from the
case under consideration by the fact that
there was an express covenant in the
contract, which is lacking in this case.
Another •case in the South is reported
elsewhere in this number and some of the
questions involved are discussed ij^ vol.
xxvi, p. 23.
»
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
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the stresses and distortion due to the
weight of the pipe Itself? Do you know
If any experiments have been made to
determine the actual pressure of earth
as In the case of a water pipe burled
therein?— W. B. M., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Can our readers cite any experiments or
discussions which will aid our corre-
spondent?
— •
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST IRON
PIPE.
Our City Council Is about to advertise
for bids for about three and one-half miles
of fourteen-inch wooden pipe, the same
being an additional supply pipe from the
reservoir to city, and I have been in-
structed to draft specifications for same.
Will you please Inform me where I can
obtain a <!opy of the specifications
adopted by the New England Water
Works Association, Sept. 10, 1902, for cast
iron pipes? C. M. THORPE.
Engineer, Bozeman, Mont
Mr. Charles W. Sherman, editor of the
Journal of the New England Water
Works Association, 715 Tremont Temple,
Boston. Mass., can supply the specifica-
tions in full as they were finally adopted
by the society.
STONE DRINKING FOUNTAINS.
Can you cite me to any firm or Indi-
vidual that makes, cuts or manufactures
stone drinking fountains?
J. F. S., Noblesvllle, Ind.
Makers of stone monuments would
probably be able to make stone fountains
of ordinary design. They can be found in
any city of moderate size. Stone carvers
are listed in Hendricks' Directory, who
might undertake the work, such as A. F.
Nygard, 68 Cass-ave.. Detroit. Mich.; F.
& H. Schroeder, Linn and Betts-sts., Cin-
cinnati, O., and others. Possibly stone-
workers, such as the Bedford Cut Stone
Company, Bedford Quarries Company
and others of Bedford. Ind.. could supply
simple designs.
»
MACHINE FOR MAKING CEMENT
PIPE.
About a year ago I noticed in your
mafirazine an article treating on the use
of Qement for water pipes. If I am not
mistaken the writer of that article stated
that so far nobody es yet had made
proper molds suitable ifor manufacturing
cement pipe. Would you kindly advise
me if since then any firm makes any
form or mold in which cement pipe
lencrths could be prepared, and. also, if
such pipes are now in practical use?
C. T.. St. Louis, Mo.
Cement pipe machines are offered by
H. Schebye, 348 Carolina-st., Pittsburg.
Pa., and a description of the machine will
be found in Municipal Engineering, vol.
xxvi, p. 65. The Brady Cement Stone
Company, Jackson, Mich., and the Cement
Machinery and Manufacturing Company,
Burlington, la., also have machines for
making cement pipe. These pipe are not
supposed to be subjected to much internal
pressure from water, being Intended for
sewers, culverts or other water not run-
ning . under pressure. It is not known
what pressure they would stand, but It is
certainly not that of the usual water
supply system. Some reinforcement, such
as a welded steel pipe envelope or an in-
ternal steel mesh would be necessary if
the pipe is to be subjected to pressure, as'
well as special work at the Joints.
CONCRETE WALL FOR WELL— COST
OF CONCRETE BLOCKS.
I have a well fifty feet deep. From
surface of ground down about thirty feet
is very poor dirt, a kind of fine mica,
which sloughs off. The next twenty feet
is solid granite rock. I want to wall It
from and commencing on the rock up
to the earth surface with concrete, by
making a form the sl*e of well and dig-
ging out about six inches around, or
would eight Inches be better? How
would cinders from railroad engines do
for the concrete? How much cement
and sand would you use with cinders?
Would natural cement be strong enough?
How long ought concrete to stand before
moving form up for another section? I
thought of making form about ten or
twelve feet high, so as to save moving up
so often. Is that too much at one time?
Well is now three feet in diameter and ,
will be that when finished with six or
eight-inch concrete wall.
How do concrete blocks compare in
price with brick in a wall when brick
are worth 17.50 per thousand on the
ground? About what is the cost of con-
crete blocks for a twelve-inch wall when
made by hand, the sand costing 50 cents
a cu. yard and surface flint or quartz
rock 11.00 per cu. yd.?
FRANCIS M. LEDBETTER,
Qreenville, Ga.
The wall for the well can be made of
concrete, preferably of cement, sand and
gravel or broken stone in the proportions
of about 1, 2^ and 6, or 1, 3 and 6. Cinders
are not so strong as gravel or broken
stone, and if the soil is bad It would be
safer to use the stronger material. Port-
land cement will be most satisfactory and
much more durable than natural cement.
The thickness of wall for perfect safety
in bad ground should be, say, 12 Inches at
the bottom, and can be reduced at in •
tervals to 6 inches at top. Three forms,
each 4 feet high, will make it possible to
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MUNICIPAL ENQINEERINQ.
proceed almost continuously, the lower
being: removed when It is needed for ex-
tending the wall up, the concrete setting
in the middle and lower ones as long as
possible and the work of excavation ana
concreting being done before and after
the upper form is set. If the ground is
very bad more forms and each form one
to two feet high may be more convenient
and result in less delay from caving.
The relative cost of concrete blocks and
brick In wall depends on cost of
brick and labor and of cement, sand
and gravel. Generally speaking cement
blocks can be made and put in
wall cheaper than brick with the prices
given, but a sharp rise in the price
of cement might turn the balance thj
other way. It is easy to compute the cost
of blocks >«rith given cost of materials
(cost of cement is omitted in the above
statement), provided work is steady and
men are well broken in, but the making
of small numbers of blocks at irregular
Intervals is another matter and may
greatly increase the average cost of the
product. Many of our readers doubtless
have much information now upon this
<luestion, some of which they may be
willing to share with their fellow-sub-
scribers to this magazine.
THE PACIFIC COAST CEMENT COM-
PANY.
We are quite anxious to obtain some
information in regard to the Padflc
Coast Cement Company at Vancouver,
B. C, as to the character of the cement
and the standing of the company.
C, Baltimore, Md.
The second edition of the ''Directory of
American Cement Industries" states that
the offices of the Pacific Coast Cement
Company were at 66 Broadway. New York
City; that they proposed the erection of
a cement plant at Vancouver, B. C, and
that a contract for a part of the electrical
equipment had been let. No new infor-
mation has been received for the third
edition and letters addressed to the New
York office have been returned indorsed
"removed and left no address."
Wellston, O.. to which it has added mines
at Oreton, O., on which mills of 8,000 or
9,000 barrels capacity are proposed. The
officers of the new company are: B. B.
Lathbury, President, Land Title Build-
ing, Philadelphia, Pa.; Frederick Strauss,
Vice-President; Mark T. Cox, Secretary
and Treasurer, and William J. Wilson,
Assistant Secretary and Treasurer, all of
New York City. William J. Donaldson.
Philadelphia, is the general sales agent.
This information is taken from the third
edition of the "Directory of American
Cement Industries" ($5), which is pub-
lished about the time this number of
Municipal Engineering is issued.
SAND FILTERS FOR WATER
SUPPLIES.
The city of Waterloo has been having
some serious trouble with typhoid fever
and thinks its only hope is In a success-
ful filtering plant. Will you kindly give
me the names of the cities nearest Wa-
terloo which have sand-bed filtration
plants in operation?
P. J. M., Waterloo, la.
Sand filtration Is not yet In use to any
extent in the Western states. Indianap-
olis is now constructing a sand filtration
system. Albany and Poughkeepsie, N. Y..
are the nearest plants kiu>wn to the
writer which have been in operation a
sufficient length of time to prove their
value. Locations of Western plants and
descriptions of the same will be pub-
lished as information regarding them is
available.
There are many mechanical filtration
plants in use in the West In which sand
is the filtering material, most of them
giving excellent results. A long list of
these can be given If desired.
THE ALMA CEMENT COMPANY.
MAKERS OF TOOLS FOR CEMENT
WORKERS.
Will you kindly advise us of the names
of manufacturers of tools for cement
sidewalks and other cement work of this
kind?
J. J. H., Pittsburg, Pa.
Reference may be made to the list under
the heading "Tools for Cement Workers"
in the "Directory of American Cement
Industries" ($5); also to the "Business
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
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P. H. Crafts, Rochester, N. Y.
Iroquois iron Works, 178 Walden-ave.,
Buffalo, N. *r.
Ausdn-Western Co., Lid., Chicago, III.,
tor some such tobls.
Julian Scholl & Co., 126 Llberty-st., New
York city, have such tools also.
CHACICS IN CONCRETE BLOCKS.
The many Instructive articles In the
''Municipal Engineering" on Portland ce-
ment work of various kinds Indicate the
thoroughness with which you are deal-
ing with this subject, and prompt me to
write you relative thereto.
I have seen a number of flrst-clas<«
buildings In which Portland cement
trimmings were used, having been made
both by the poured and tamped methods,
and what seemed to be shrinkage cracka
were plentifully distributed on their sur-
faces, especially on projections, such as
water tables, window sills, etc., where
the weather apparently came In contact
with the work more than elsewhere.
Close to these very buildings may be
seen sidewalks made of Portland cero<».nt
concrete, upon which there Is much fa-
tigue, exposed to weather, during the
last winter covered with Ice and snow
most of the time, yet there are no such
-cracks to be found.
This fact led the writer to examine
many concrete sidewalks, many of which
had no great pretentions to being flrst-
class work, but the shrinkage cracks
were not to be found. The buildings re-
ferred to being of high grade there Is no
-doubt but what good material, skill and
care were used in the execution of the
work, all things considered more than
would ordinarily be used in the making
of a sidewalk, yet where cracks were
studiously avoided they are to be found
in plenty, and where they would do little
liarm they are practically absent. This
is a puzzle to many cement workers. An
understanding of the difficulty would be
■a. great benefit to the cement- business
Can you give us a solution of the diffl-
•culty? EDWARD LAWLOR,
Cleveland, O.
This letter Is referred to our readers
with the hope that It will give rise to
some discussion of the reasons for the
cracks referred to and of methods which
can be used for preventing the trouble.
The cracks referred to In the letter may
fairly be assumed under its phraseology
^to be surface cracks.
These hair cracks frequently appear in
new cement walks which have been
troweled too much In finishing or have
-otherwise had a thin coating of practical-
ly neat cement form on the surface. A
walk which Is much used soon loses this
^hin skin, which does not resist the wear
of traffic so well as the mortar or con-
•crete Immediately underneath, and the
cracks disappear with the coat In which
they appear. Possibly the poured blocks
have a similar tendency under some con-
ditions toward a thin coating of neat
cement on the surface and there Is not
the same wear of traffic to remove the ol)-
jectlonable appearance. One of the latest
patents on poured stone blocks seems to
have been developed with the intention of
removing all possibility of this objection-
able appearance. The block is not
affected by the cracking, which Is confined
strictly to the surface, so that It Is only
the appearance which is affected and not
the strength of the block.
The writer has not ^happened to see
any tamped blocks, which were well
made, in which surface cracks developed.
There Is a tendency to reduce the amount
of cement used in making blocks below
that necessary to fill the voids In the ag-
gregate used, due attention not being paid
to the great differences In proportions of
voids In sand and gravel mixtures having
similar appearance on superficial exam*
Inatlon. Thus blocks made with the same
proportion of cement and aggregate will
be dense or porous according to the pro-
portions of voids and their condition In
this respect be unknown to their makers.
Frequently, also, the blocks are allowed
to set without supplying water enough
to offset evaporation, so that the concrete
on the outside of the block does not
reach its full strength and hardness. As
a consequence the surfaces of such
blocks, whether dense or porous, will be
acted upon by the weather when a welt
made block would be permanent. The
action of the weather Is Intensified If the
block is porous. The surface appearance
of these badly weathered blocks would
scarcely be similar to that of the poured
blocks referred to, but would be equally
objectionable. The letter does not state
the differences In appearance.
Will our readers report the results of
their observations in full detail, especially
regarding the points above mentioned,
and from their combined experience a
theory may be formed and a remedy sug-
gested.
♦
PATENTS ON HOLLOW CONORETB
BUILDING BLOCK MACHINES.
Can you inform me through the ques-
tion department what machines for con-
crete blocks do not Infringe on the patent
rights of Harmon S. Palmer?
J. M., Long Island aty, N. Y.
This is a question which has not yet
been judicially decided. It Is understood
that suits have been begun against the
makers of two or three machines for In-
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MCJNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
frinKement of the H. S. Palmer patents,
but these suits have not yet been ccurled
to the point of decision in any court, so
far as our information extends. Many
names of manufacturers of concrete block
machines will be found In the ''Business
Directory" under the headings "Cement
Construction" and "Concrete Blocks."
Doubtless all of these firms will give
bonds protecting purchasers of their ma-
chines from damages for infringement of
patents of others, and this is the best that
can be done until the suits referred to are
decided.
The subject of patents on hollow con.
Crete building blocks is considered in^ this
department in vol. xxiv, p. 436. where
references are made to patents issued
prior fo 1889, when one of H. S. Palmer's
patents was issued. Descriptions of the
various machines and processes are given
in Municipal Engineering, nearly every
number for the past two years, making
some addition to thie record. The num-
bers and dates of patents on machines
and proc^sse8 issued during this period
will be found in the lists of "Recent In-
ventions," appearing at frequent inter-
vals In the department of "Machinery
and Trade."
Purchasers of machines must, at the
present time, make their own decisions
regarding the independence of patents
on machines and upon the form and suf-
ficiency of bonds guaranteeing protection
from suits for infringements.
SIEVES FOR TESTING CEMENT.
Will you kindly inform me where I can
procure standard sieves for testing ce-
ment for fineness?
W. F. S., Maquoketa, la.
Reference to the Directory of American
Cement Industries' list of machinery and
supplies for cement plants may be made
for a list of manufacturers and dealers
in testing machines, from whom the stan-
dard sieves for testing cement can be
obtained. It includes Fairbanks, Morse
& Co. of Chicago, Falkenau-Slnclair Ma-
chine Co., 113 N. Twenty-second-st., Phila-
delphia, Pa.; T. Olsen & Co., 500 N.
Twelfth-st., Philadelphia, Pa.; Riehle
New York City, was inadvertently omit-
ted. We are informed that there are de-
signs of this machinery which are suit-
able for grinding slag cement as well as
the raw materials of which it is com-
posed.
♦
CAUSE OF CHECKING AND EF-
FLORESCENCE ON CEMENT
SIDEWALKS.
Can you give us a reason for sideiwalks.
checking and the Portland cement rising
to the surface in such a manner that it
can be picked up in the hands? Our
opinion is that the fault is in the cement
itself, and ask you to kindly let us know
what you think about it.
SCHILLINGER BROS. COMPANY,
Detroit, Mich.
The effervescence noted Is due to the
washing out of soluble salts in the ce-
ment or in the sand, the evaporation of
^ the water leaving the deposit on the sur-
face which can be brushed off. This is
discussed in an answer to a question in
vol. xxiv., p. 435. It does not ordinarily
result in cracks or checking, and is often
no injury to the work and soon passes
away. Cement which is impure enough to
disintegrate the walk would show Its con-
dition in tests with sufficient distinctness
to be rejected. The sand and gravel or
broken stone should have careful exami-
nation for similar impurities.
The most common cause for checking
and rubbing off is the defective manner
of laying, and especially finishing the
walk. If the surface coat is laid too wet,
or is troweled too much, so that the ce-
ment is brought to the surface, it forms
a thin skim on the walk which will soon
check, and may even be rubbed off. The
latter occurs especially if the heat Is
such that the walk dries out too quickly
and sufficient water is not retained for
the process of crystallization. Some side-
walk makers try to correct the fault men-
tioned by sprinkling dry sand mixed with
cement, or cement alone on the surface
during the process of finishing. Those
who are experts seem to be able to do it
without objectionable results, but very
frequently this exaggerates the fault.
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THE QQESTION DEPARTMENT.
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supply of water to the cement during the
process of its setUnj;.
There Bas been some discussion of both
these questions in this department during
the past two or three years, and addition-
al cpnununicatlons from practical ob-
servers will be welcome.
COST OF SLAG CBMBNT-SLAG PAV-
ING BLOCKS.
We notice in your question department
in the April number of your magazine,
an inquiry about the cost of slag cement.
The following figures regarding this may
be relied upon as absolutely accurate. They
represent the writer's experience as
Treasurer and General Manager of the
Maryland Cement Company of Baltimore,
We will be very glad to give
your correspondent any further informa-
tion he might desire.
-SLAG CEMENT.—
Cost for an output of 5,000 bbls. per
month.
Mill force, labor & superintendence,
per bbl 10.160
126 tons coal at 13.06 per ton 0.076
Lime. 3,000 bushels at 16c per bu.... 0.100
Slag, 900 tons at 50c per ton 0.090
Repairs per month $100 0.020
Oil, grease per month $40 O.007
Contingencies O.OU
Totals $0,464
Administration per bbl 0.121
Totals $0,585
We notice also in the same department
an inquiry in regard to slag paving
blocks. As you say, the only ones made
were furnished by the Vulcanite Paving
Company of Philadelphia, and the writer
had a conversation with the late Dr. Fil-
bert on that subject some three years
ago before leaving Baltimore, as the
question arose of building a plant at
Sparrows Point. We think, however, that
the Sparrows Point slag is too soft for
that purpose, and the price was also
rather high. The old process slag from
the dumps in this region would be better
adapted. The proposition was a good
commercial proposition, though the ar-
ticle has never been placed on the mar-
ket or pushed to the jextent that it should
have been. BOILLBAU & LYON,
Easton, Pa.
WHAT BRAND OF CEMENT WAS IT?
Sixteen years ago in an order of five
barr^s of Portland cement purchased at
Fergus Falls, Minn., were two barrels
of a bright yellow cement, no brand on
barrel. The user claims these to have
been the most e^^cellent cement he ever
used, very quick setting and remarkably
hard. He asks me if I can identify the
brand, which I cannot. Can you?
W. C. T., Thief River Falls, Minn.
Perhaps some of our readers in thtf
Northwest will recognize the brand. Was
it made from materials such as the West-
ern Portland Cement Company used later
at Yankton? That company was estab-
lished in 1890, later than the date men-
tioned.
t
CONCRETE WALK WITH TWO KINDS
OF CEMENT.
In » your number for April, 1904, under
the head of ''Concrete Walk with Natural
Cement in Base and Portland Cement in
Top," I note a surprising statement
signed by a correspondent that "Natural
cements are but a high grade of lime
which require to be exposed to the atmos-
phere before setting can take place."
As a manufacturer of natural cement
for over thirty years, I am astonished to
see information of this character printed
jn a paper of the scientific reputation of
your own. It is a well known fact that
natural cement will set under water, and
set by the formation of hydro-silicates
and alumlnates of lime; that natural ce-
ment Is essentially a material which sets
from the inside to the surface, and is not
like lime which sets by the formation of
carbonates of lime, produced by the tak-
ing up from the air at the surface of
carbonic acid gas.
The work that has been done with nat-
ural cements in this cQuntry within the
past sixty years, is ample evidence of the
error in the statements shown in the let-
ter of your correspondent, and it is
needless at this time, to enter into a de-
fense of cements that have done such
good work as those of the Bosendale.
Cumberland, Louisville, Milwaukee, Le-
high, Akron and other well known cement
districts.
So fa«* as the statement made of the
great difference between the specific grav-
ity of Portland cement and natural ce-
ment, it may be interesting to know that
there are natural cements in this coun-
try which have a specific gravity up to
3.00 and closely approaching that of Port-
land cement. These natural cements show
under every condition, except that of the
seven days' and twenty-eight days' ten-
sile strains in sand mortars, results ap-
proaching very nearly those of Portland
cement, whereas at longer periods up to
five and ten years, their records show a
continually growing curve as contra-dis-
tinguished from the fluctuating growth ot
the Portland cements.
• While the writer does not believe in the
making of sidewalks of two grades of
cement having different conditions so far
as contraction and expansion are con-
cerned, he does not feel that a statement
such as you publish as to the character
of the well-known products of this coun-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
try sJiOuld sro unchallenfired. In defending *
them ^e does it possibly with considera-
ble better grace than the manufacturer
ot natural cement alone would be able
to do, Inasmuch as his business career
has been identified with the earliest man-
ufacture of Portland cement in this coun-
try, under the late David O. Baylor, and
subsequently with the American Cement
Company, of which he is now president.
R. W. LESLEY,
Philadelphia, Pa.
The communication referred to was in-
serted in the April number in continu-
ance of the discussion of this interesting
subject concerning which information is
not widely distributed, with the definite
statement that the editor did not agree
with the opinioA given regarding the
chemical action of natural hydraulic ce-
ment in setting, and with the hope that
full replies would be made by experts
who could speak with authority. The re-
sult desired has been secured so far as
the above letter from one of the oldest
manufacturers and experte is concerned,
and It is to be hoped that others will ex-
press their opinions if they differ In any
respect from Mr. Lesley's. The use of two
kinds of Portland cement is another
phase of the same question which is con-
sidered in the following letter from an-
other correspondent, W. P. Mann, City
Engineer of Kokomo. Ind.:
In your last issue of Municipal En-
gineering the important quesUon of the
advisability of using a Portland cement
in connection with a natural current was
discussed. The conclusion that the two
will not unite and form a perfect union
is certainly true. The one setUng in a
few hours, the other in a few minutes
would give a mechanical union similar
to and not much more perfect tl\an that
between two bricks, while the chemical
union is largely destroyed by the ex-
cessive lime contained in the natural
cement. This discussion leads up to one
of equal importance, to- wit: Whether it
is good practice to use two kinds of ce-
ment (Portland) in the construction of
sidewalks and cement curbs and gutters?
The old forms of specifications required
the core of the work to be made 'with
American Portland and then one-inch
facing to be put on with a German ce-
ment. This springs the quesUon as to
a perfect union forming between the two
makes of cement. Many contractors and
cement workers Insist that a better job
can be made of a good American cement
tions should be used In sidewalk and
gutter work. The best and latest prac-
tice, no doubt, is the use of one cement
alone and this, of course, in curb and
gutter work should be the best attainable
if permanent and lasting qualities are to
be expected. •
Our correspondent is correct In stating
that the best American Portland cements
are fully equal to the foreign cements
and most of the larger cities have re-
moved from their specifications the re-
striction for walk or for top surface to
German or other foreign Portlands. The
use of cheaper grades of Portlands in
base and of the best grades in top is
similar in principle to that of natural
cement in base and Portland in top.
Many of the cheaper Portlands are really
natural cements from specially selected
rock; are adulterated with natural
cement; are made from the less thor-
oughly burned clinker from the older
forms of kiln; or are made from materials
or by methods which do not produce the
proper chemical combinations. Their use
in conjunction with better cements in
walks is therefore only less objectionable
than that of natural cements because the
differences are ordinarily somewhat less
and the chances of trouble are therefore
somewhat reduced. There is no longer
any necessity for restricting contractors
to foreign cements in any part of a
cement walk and there is every reason
(except that of reducing first cost a very
small percentage) for using the best
American or foreign cements throughout
the work. Except In times of cement
famine the lower cost of the best Ameri-
can cements, together with their superior
quality, gives them the inside track.
However, there are so many new brands
of cement which are rushed on the mar-
ket without sufficient test and experi-
ment, that renewed vigilance must be
exercised that inferior cements may not
be admitted, though properly claiming
classification as Portlands.
WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT.
Is there a pure white Portland cement?
If so, where can I get it? Is White's
Portland cement white in color?
M. H. L., Taylor, Tex.
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
cement, but Is rather a plaster. There
are several cements of this nature and
also some puzzolan cements, which are
non-stalninsr and approximate more or
less closely to whiteness in color, but
none of them can be classed as Portland
cements and most of them are not suit-
able for work exposed to th« weather.
These cements are named in the list of
cement brands and in the department de-
voted to the foreign cement trade in the
third edition of "Directory of American
Cement Industries** <|6), which is com-
ing from the press as this number of
Municipal Engineering is issued.
White's cement is an English Portland
cement similar In color to other Port-
land cements from like materials, both
English and American.
PLANS FOR CONCRETE BLOCK
HOUSES.
Have you any plans for artlflcal stone
houses? We expect to build quite a num-
ber of hollow concrete block houses in our
city this year, but as It is a new thing
here possibly you could send us some
cuts or plans that would be of value to
us. We are using the H. S. Palmer ma-
chine at present.
M'GEHEE & NORMOTLE.
Roanoke, Va.
As yet there are no plans for houses
made with special reference to the use
of concrete blocks. Some sample de-
signs of this class of construction are
greatly needed. The advertising liter-
ature of the various cement block ma-
chine makers contain many photographs
of buildings which have been constructed,
but, as far as the writer has observed,
these are not a'^companled by plans. It is
apparently customary to build without
plans or after plans prepared for brick
or frame houses. As a consequence* the
plans often do not fit the material of
construction and the architectural effect
of which the blocks are capable Is not se-
cured. Further consideration is given to
this subject elsewhere In this number of
Municipal Engineering.
THE EDISON PORTLAND CEMENT
COMPANY.
Will you kindly let us know what is the
capitalization, preferred and common, of
the Edison Portland Cement Company,
and whether there* is any bonded Indebt-
edness? H. C. B., New York City.
From the third edition of the "Direc-
tory of American Cement Industries,"
(15), which is issued almost simultan-
eously with this number of Municipal
Engineering, it is learned that the capi-
talization of the Edison Portland Ce-
ment Company is $2,000,000 of 8 per cent
cumulative preferred stock, and 19,000,000
of common stock. No bonded indebted-
ness is reported, and the form of the pre-
ferred stock is doubtless intended to ob-
viate the necessity of issuing bonds.
CEMENT FLOOR TILING.
I want the address of a firm or firms
making cement floor tiling. I have seen
their product but do not know where to
locate them.
F. L. SEAGE,
Lansing, Mich.
The American Art Tile Company, Co-
lumbus, O., makes cement floor tile. The
American Cement Tile Company, 206
Wood-st., Pittsburg, and Wampum, Pa.,
makes cement roofing tile and may be
able to furnish floor tile also.
THE LUMINOMETER.
I should like to know what the instru-
ment called a "luminometer" on page 267
of the April number of Municipal Engi-
neering Is and who manufactures it.
H. C. W., ancinnati, O.
The luminometer referred to is an In-
strument for measuring the Intensity or
candle-power of electric light. It is port-
able and shows with reasonable accuracy
the value of the light at any point, and
can be used readily to determine the dis-
tribution of the light emitted by any lamp.
It is made by the General Electric Com-
pany. Other photometers of various de-
grees of accuracy and portability are de-
scribed in Municipal Engineering, vol.
xxill, p. 106.
4
MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP OF GAS
WORKS.
Win you kindly let me know of any
articles that have appeared in your mag-
azine on the municipal ownership of- gas
plants and inform me how I may get
them? EDWARD S. HAWS,
Fall River, Mass.
There have been numerous articles In
Municipal Engineering magazine upon
the subject of municipal ownership of
public utilities, some of which have made
special reference to the public ownership
of gas plants. The following are prob-
ably the most Important of these arti-
cles:
The lease of the Philadelphia municipal
gas plant to an operating company is dlf-
cussed in vol. xiil, p. 291.
A Pennsylvania decision in favor of the
right of a city to make and sell gas is
quoted In vol. xv, p. 175.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERINQ.
The acetylene gas plant at Wabash,
Ind., is described in vol. xvli, p. 380.
Municipal or private ownership and
control of public utilities are considered
in vol. xiv, p. 1; vol. xvii, p. 195; vol. xx,
p. 216, and vol. xxl, p. 16.
"Municipal Light, Heat and Power" Is
the title of an article in voL xviil,,p. 29S,
part of which is devoted to gas lighting.
"Cost of Light in Municipal and Pri-
vate Gas and Electric Plants" is found in
vol. xxili. p. 160.
"Cost and Prtces of Gas and Electric
Lighting by Municipal Plants" is in vol.
XXV, p. 232. These three articles are based
on data from reports of the Massa-
chusetts Lighting Commission.
Cost of municipal lighting and munici-
pal ownership are editorially considered in
vol. xxiii. p. 168; XXV. pp. 168 and 246.
Some account of the gaa plant of Ham-
ilton, O., is given in vol. xx, p. 161, and
vol. xxi, p. 105.*
A review of the report of the Massa-
chusetts Light Commissioners for 1902
will be found in vol. xxv, p. 47.
Reviews of the reports of the Duluth
'water and light department, giving some
statistics upon municipal operation of
gas plants will be found in vol. xxlii, |^
474, and vol. xxvi, p. 200.
All of the numbers in which these ar-
ticles appear can be supplied at 25 cents
each, with the exception of vol. xvii. f.
380, December, 1899.
Our correspondent's letter indicates that
he wishes to see plants Installed for in-
stitutions, such as the Hospital for the
Insane, mentioned, and If our readers can
refer him to other plants of that nature
their locations will be published.
LOCATION OP SEWAGE DISPOSAL
PLANTS.
I wish to know the location of any
sewage disposal plants la the vicinity of
Louisville, especially those which use the
septic tank and filters or contact beds In
southern Illinois, Indiana or Ohio, Ken-
tucky or Tennessee. I. W. S.,
Jackson, La.
The septic tanks at Bedford, Ind.. were
described In Municipal Engrineering in
February, 1904, by George C. Houston,
City Engineer, who will show the plant
to Interested visitors. At the Eastern In-
diana Hospital for the Insane, near Rich-
mond, Ind., Is a plant consisting of septic
tanks followed • by treatment on gravel
beds, which waa described in the March .
number of Municipal Engineering by
Prof. R. L. Sackett of Earlham College.
Richmond, Ind., who designed and super-
intended the construction of the plant.
Canton. O., is provided with a sewage
disposal plant originally designed for
chemical precipitation, but now some-
what modified. The Indiana Industrial
School at Plalnfield has a small septic
tank.
A TELEMETER.
I enclose a clipping from a paper of
recent date with reference to a simple
telemeter invented by Lieut. Saporettl of
the Italian army.
Please let me know If there Is anything
In it. If there is, I should like to know
its degree of accuracy and where it can
be obtained. G. A.. San Luis Obispo, Cal.
There are frequent announcements of
the invention of Instruments for easily
measuring distances from the observer.
Since the accuracy of the measurement
must depend upon the relative length of
the known base line to the distance to
be ^measured, and the apcuracy of meas-
urement of the angles at the ends of the
base, it Is evident that no instrument
which can be held In the hand at one
point of obsarvation only is of great ac-
curacy. Such an instrument is much
better than nothing for purposes of get-
ting ranges, etc., but is of value for
surveying purposes on'y in getting rough
estimate of distances. The range finders
for war ships have a base nearly the
length of the vessel, and similar instru-
ments can be devised for use at two ends
of measured base lines on shore.
STONE BLOCK PAVING FOR
DRIVEWAY.
I have part of a driveway to pave
with paving blocks to connect with thai
already done and I want to know the
proper way to begin and complete the
same. How deep a bed of sand? How
to set the guide stones to keep It oval
and accurate, and If It should be left
any higher than the old paving?
H. L. M.. Pawling, N. T.
The ground under the proposed pave-
ment should be excavate<d carefully and
then roiled or tamped to make it as
solid as possible, the finished surface be-
ing parallel to the proposed top surface
of the pavement. Any soft spots should
be taken out and filled with good dry
earth and again tamped or rolled. If the
driveway has curbs, a wooden form can
be made of the right shape for the
crowning of the roadway and the surface
can be made to fit this form as It Is
drawn along the curbs. The excavation
should be the thickness of the paving
blocks and six Inches more below the
proposed surface of the pavement the
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
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six inches to be filled with loamy sand
or a mixture of sand and gravel. The
top surface of this sand can be shaped
by using the form described, proper
change being made at the curb for the
six inches of sand put in. On this sand
the blocks are laid and thoroughly
tamped to place. If this tamping is well
done and the sand surface is well
formed, the new pavement will not set-
tle below the old. The shape of the
stone pavement surface can be tested
with the same form, but not so accu-
rately as the other surfaces. The eye
can correct almost any probable varia-
tions. If there is no curb, a temporary
curb made with stakes and planks
spiked to them can be improvised.
SPECIAL CHEMICAL TREATMENT
OP CONCRETE.
I have been a reader of your magazine
for about a year, and have followed with
a great deal of interest the development
in cement and concrete construction. Last
October this little city was visited by a
fire that destroyed the business portion
of the town. Under building ordinances
passed at once all new work must be of
brick, stone or concrete. The people of
this community, knowing very little as yet
about concrete for building purposes,
have been slow to take to it. There
iB presented a wonderful discovery*
known only to one person, a pro-
found secret in chemistry, that makes
the concrete not only very much better
in every way, but makes it absolutely
water-proof. The samples shown are
water-proof all right, but in looking
around in different places I have discov-
ered other men who tell similar stories of
being the only living possessors of a
chemical that produces wonderful trans-
formation in concrete, making 'it water-
proof, etc., etc. However, I was shown a
chimney in a house in Everett made by
this wonderful process, and was surprised
to find it soaked through in spots below
the ceiling. A concrete man who does a
large amount of work for the United
States, as well as for rcUlroad companies,
tells me that it is true that the acid used
makes a concrete that sets up very quick-
ly, but it very quickly sets up a destruc-
tive action, especially in this moist cli-
mate, and the stuff becomes porous and
crumbly. What I am after is facts, and
it is rather difficult to determine at this
place, quickly, what are the facts con-
cerning the effect of this kind of building
material. So you will confer a favor on
myself and a number of others who are
now in a quandary what to do. I should
have stated that we have no building
stone nor clay that will make brick;
therefore, building of brick or stone
that has to be brought in by water or
rail makes our work very expensive.
Query: -First, what add is used in con-
crete- work? Second, what effect does it
have on the work; is it beneficial or other-
wise? Third, would you advise the use
of it? a. A. W.
Aberdeen, Wash.
It is well to look with suspicion upon
any secret process of improving concrete
by the use of chemicals. Either the pro-
cess is an old one, or it is untried, or has
been tried and found wanting. There
may be some valuable discovery which
has not yet been made, but when It is
made it can be patented, and it can stand
on its merits. In nearly every recent
numl)er of this magazine there has been
some information about the use of various
chemicals in hastening the hardening of
cement and on making concrete water-
proof. One claim for the hollow concrete
blocks is that they make dry walls so
that the moisture will not get through to
the inside. No special treatment beypnd
good proportions of materials and good
workmanship is really necessary to make
good building materials out of cement.
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS
IN COURT
Higher Courts— Oas Price in Cliicago— Connecticut Municipal Ownersliip—
Leavenwortli Water Worlcs Bonds^New Altuiny Water Company
Consolidation— Denver Electric Company Consolidation— Massa-
cliusetts Water Worlcs Purcliase Cases— Corrupt Attorneys
Opinion— Damages From Water Company for Fire Loss-
Cincinnati Water Contract in Court.
Abstracts of Decisions of tlie l-liglier
Courts in Matters Reiatin'g to
.Municipaiities.
Prepared by Russell T. Byers, L.L.. B.,
Indianapolis, Ind.
1. Assessment Roll—Sufflclency— An as-
sessment roll is held sufficient though it
did not state width of intersections,
len^h of pavement, or indicate how the
amount of the assessment was to be de-
termined, or refer to the contract under
which work was done. Walker vs. City of
Detroit et al. 98 N. W. Rep. (Mich.) 744.
Assessment— Part Payment Estopped
Objection Later—The law of 1897, provid-
insT that the payment of one installment
of an assessment Is a waiver of the rifirht
to object to the payment of subsequent
installments' is held to be operative. Mc-
Donald et al. vs. People Eshel Ham-
berg, etc., 69 N. E. Rep. (111.) 509.
Highways. Widening not Opening— A
law requiring that a road or street in a
village may be widened or altered only
by consent of three-fourths of the owners
In interest of the land fronting on that
part of the street which )s affected, may
not be avoided by filing a petition to lay
out a public street. A petition to open a
street does not confer jurisdiction to
widen an old one. A variation of 300 feet
in the beginning point of such street is
such a material alteration as to cause
the proceedings to be set aside. Norton
vs. Trultt et al., 57 Atl. Rep. (New Jer-
justify a dismissal of the proceedings.
Where only a portion of one's property is
taken it is proper to determine the ben-
efits of that part remaining in determin-
ing the amount of damage, Pittsburg Rail-
way Company vs. Town of Wolcott, 69 N.
E. Rep. (Ind.) 451.
Railroad Crossing, Planking Between
Tracks— When a street has been opened
over railroad tracks a plank crossing
must be maintained over them by the
railroad company. This expense is an
element of damage proper to be assessed
in the proceedings to open the street
Baltimore & Ohio Co. vs. Mayor, etc., of
City of Baltimore, 56 Atl. Rep. (Md.) 790.
Sewer Construction; Variation from
Specifications— The contract for the con-
struction of the sewerage system provided
that the city might depart to some extent
from the plans and specifications, and
that in any matter of dispute arising un-
der the contract as to materials fur-
nished, ettj.. the decision of the City En-
gineer should be final is upheld. City of
Mobile vs. Shea. 127 Fed. Rep. 621.
Special Assessment— Notice of Hearing-
The statute provides that where public
improvements are to be paid for in part
by assessing abutting property-owners, a
two weeks* notice of the time that the
Council will meet to consider such Im-
provements must be give by publication.
A publication once a week for two weeks
is not sufficient unless the first publlca-
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
327
of the Council. Auditor-General vs.
Calkins et al. 98 N. W. Rep. (Mich.) 742.
Streets — Remonstrances — Front Foot
Rule— Notice provided for in Sec. 4288,
Bums' R. S., 1901, held sufficient. A re-
monstrance to be effective must be filed
during the time that the notice runs.
The fact that the work is to be assessed
by the front foot and without regard to
the benefits is not objectionable, when
taken in connection with the ordinance
authorizing the improvement. McKee vs.
Town of Pendleton, 69 N. E. Rep. (Ind.)
997.
Streets and Sidewalks — Contracts —
The city of St. Louis made annual con-
tracts for the construction of sidewalks.
The ordinance under which the present
street improvement was constructed did
not refer to the sidewalk improvement at
all. except to provide how It should be
paid for. Held, that this was not such a
disregard of the St. Louis city charter,
as would Invalidate the tax bill for the
street assessment. Nor Is it a defense to
the tax bill for such street improvements
that it was levied before the sidewalks,
to be constructed by another contractor,
had been completed. Heman Const. Co.
vs. Leroy, 78 S. W. Rep. (Mo. Sup.), 614.
Street Improvements— Assessment, Ten-
Year Plan— Under act April 19. 1890, pro-
viding for street Improvements, where no
request was made by property owners
for the adoption of the "ten-year plan"
for paying for the same, the statute of
limitations would run in five years from
the time of the completion oX tb« work.
The statute applies to collection by dis-
traint as well as to suit to enforce the
lien. City of Lexington et al. vs.
Crossthwaite, 78 S. W. Rep. (Ky)., 1130.
Street Improvements, Designation of
Material— Details— Where there was but
one kind of coal-tar cement made that
could be used, an ordinance providing
for the use of such cement is not void
because it prevents competition and de-
nies the taxpayers the right to have the
work done by the lowest bidder. It Is
not necessary In the specifications to use
the word cement, where it Is otherwise
suflaclently referred to. An ordinance
need not provide for every detail of the
work, when such details are left to the
discretion of certain city officials. Swifl
vs. City of St. Louis, 79 S. W. Rep. (Mo.),
172.
Street Paving, Defects in Procedure— In
proceedings brought to confirm an as-
sessment after a prior confirmation has
been reversed, the county court has pow-
er to eliminate that portion of the prop-
erty-owner's assessment which is wrong-
ful and then confirm the Judgment.
When the engineer's estimate is not
made a part of the original resolution,
the objection may not be raised for the
first time when an application has been
made for a judgment qt sale. An alien
labor clause in the specifications does not
invalidate an assessment where the rec-
ord shows that the bids were not made
upon that basis. Thompson vs. People
ex rel. Hauberg, etc., 69 N. E. Rep.
(111.), 842.
water Supply — Monopoly— City Liable
for Water when Furnished— Where a city
makes a contract with a water company
to supply water, but the contract is void
because it creates a monopoly the city is
liable for water furnished. A contract
to supply water for a number of years
does not of itself create a debt. It is
only as the water Is used by the city
that the obligation ripens Into an in-
debtedness. City of Tyler vs. L. L. Jes-
ter & Co., 78 S. W. Rep. (Tex.), 1058.
Water Works — Debt Limit — Bonds—
A suit brought by a taxpayer to enjoin
the city from issuing municipal bonds to
pay for a system of water works will be
sustained when such issue of bonds in
addition to the then indebtedness of the
city exceeds 10 per cent of the total tax-
able property valuation of the city. The
right of the city to exceed this limit can-
not be conferred by a two-thirds vote of
the electors. Purcell vs. City of East
Grand Forks et al., 98 N. W. Rep.
(Minn.), 351.
#
Final Decision on 75-Cent Gas-tn Chi*
cago.
The T'^^nited States Supreme' Court
handed down a decision April 4, sustiin-
ing Judge Grosscup of the Federal Court
In an opinion handed down more than
three years ago, when the People's Gas-
Light & Coke Company sought to re-
. strain the city of Chicago from enforcing
an ordinance passed In Oct., 1900, provid-
ing for 75-cent gas. The company
claimed a contract right to charge $1 per
thousand feet for gas. The question of
the city's power to regulate the price of
gas is not passed on, as the Federal
Court declared it lacked Jurisdiction afl
soon as it found in force no contract be-
tween the State and the company for gas
at $1. Several points were considered, in-
cluding the provisions of the act of- 1897,.
which made possible the consolidation of
ten gas companies In Chicago in that
year, the consequent fixing of the price
of gas at $1 a thousand feet in conformity
with the provisions of the statute, and the
conditions imposed in previous enact-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ments by which the gas companies had
been charglnsr as hlgrh as |8 per thousand
feet for gas. The People's company had
claimed various immunities which the
court denied.
Abstracts of the opinion read by Chief
Justice Fuller are as follows:
The Circuit Court held that the conten-
tion that the State's power to regulate
rates had not been delegr^ted to the city,
was not a federal question, and that as the
ground of impairment or deprivation of
contract rights acquired by the charter
failed under the bill framed by the at-
torneys for the gas company, the court
could not go farther and decide that
question in this case.
The decree! as its stands, in fact re-
served the question to be raised in some
other appropriate suit in the proper court.
In these circumstances we are constrained
to decline the consideration of that ques-
tion so far as it relates to the conten-
tion that the power to regulate was con-
ferred by the general law of Illinois of
1871-72, providing for the incorporation of
cities and villages under which the city
of Chicago, as now constituted, was in-
corporated.
Concerning the effects of the general
provision of 1897, whereby the gas trust
was created, the couri says:
We agree with the Circuit Court that
the clause of section 11 of the act of 1897,
that such corporation shall not Increase
the price charged for gas during any
part of the year immediately preceding
such purchase or lease, read according to
the plain and ordinary significance of the
words, was not intended to fix and did
not tix^ rate unalterable by either party,
but simply a rate above which consolidat-
ed companies could not go.
After discussing the various enactments
cited by the company's attorneys as pre-
venting the city from regulating the
price of gas the Supreme Court said:
That is to say, was the city cut off from
reducing the price below $1; had the city
power to do so? It is contended that the
first part of the amended charter of 1865
granted the city a general power to regu-
late the price after ten years, and that
the latter part Creferring to the rate of
$3 per thousand feet for gas) then ceases
to operate as a restriction, on the other
hand, that the whole clause constituted
a contract that the general assembly
would not thereafter authorize the city
to fix a rate at less than $3. But it is ex-
pressly conceded that the general assem-
bly possessed the power to regulate the
price of gas and prescribe reasonable
rates and that as complainant availed it-
self of the act of 1897, and thereby ac-
quired the plants of other gas companies,
it can now only charge the rate it had
been charging the year immediately pre-
ceding the acquisition of these properties,
namely, $1 per thousand cubic feet.
Assuming, without intimating any opin-
ion to that effect, that by the amended
charter of 1868 the city contracted with
the People's Oas Light and Coke Com-
pany that the city should not thereafter
be empowered to reduce the price of gas
below IS per thousand feet, the prelimi-
nary Inquiry Is whether by the consollda^
tion that contract was extended to the
plants of and territory occupied by the
companies absorbed. The Circuit Court
holds that it was not so extended, and
that as the bill sought relief in respect to
the entire plant and territory, the entire
system, as consolidated, it could not be
maintained, because there was no such
contract which the ordinance impaired or
destroyed.
The Supreme Court held that no matter
what exemption the opera ting, or parent,
company may have primarily held, an ex-
emption from regulation of gas rates by
the city, held by this company, would
not pass to other constituent companies
unless It was specifically provided for In
the creaUng act. .The court adds:
So that the act of 1897 cannot be con-
strued as extending any prior Immunity
the acquiring company possesses over the
whole system of all the consoUdated com-
panies, and if not, and the Circuit Court
was right, as we think it was, ui holding
that under the present bill complainant's
alleged exemption could not be enforced
as to so much of the system as originally
belonged to it, then the court was justi-
fied in declining to discuss whether by
the consolidation the alleged exemption
was lost altogether.
Bond Ordinance for Purchasing
Leavenworth Water Work* De-
clared Invalid.
The Supreme Court of Kansas held,
April 9, that the 1400.000 watecrworks
bonds voted by the city of Leavenworth
are invalid for the reason that the bal-
lots which were voted at the election de-
clared that the bonds to be voted were
for the purchase of the water-works plant
or for the construction of a new plant;
that the purchase of the water-works
plant could not be accomplished in the
manner attempted by the city adminis-
tration. Under the terms of the fran-
chise of the water-works company,
granted twenty years ago, the city was
to be allowed to purchase the plant when
the franchise expired. It was provided
that three appraisers of the property
should be selected— one to be selected by
the company, one by the city, and the
third by these two. By the enactment
of an ordinance changing the method of
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
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selecting the board, the water company
was beaten out of Its member of the
board of appraisers. The court holds
that this ordinance is invalid.
Municipal Ownership of Lighting
Plants Is Constitutional in
Connecticut.
The Supreme Court of Connecticut has
rendered an opinion upholding: the con-
stitutionality of the law providing for
municipal ownership of lighting plants
where the citizens vote to purchase an
existing private corporation. The court
decided* at the Same time, that the city
of Norwich nfust buy the Norwich Gas.
& Electric Company at a cost of $590,000,
plus the vali:^e of supplies on hand, this
figure having been made by a committee
on appraisal, or must pay the company
$190,000 and leave the property in the
hands of the bondholders. The amount
of the bonds of the company is $400,000.
secured by a mortgage, and the value of
the supplies on hand is about $20,000.
New Albany Water Works Consolida-
tion.
Th6 litigation between the majority
and minority stockholders of the New
Albany Water Company, which has been
In the United States Court for two
years, was terminated March 29 by the
purchase of the minority stock by the
holders of the majority stock for a con-
sideration of $108,900, the par value of
the stock, one-half of which is to be paid
In cash and the other half in six months,
the deferred payment to bear 5 per cent
interest. Under the new plan the Indi-
ana Water Company and the New Al-
bany Water Company will be consoli-
dated under the new agreement.
Merger of Denver Electric Companies
Contested.
Suit was instituted in the United States
Circuit Court April 5 by Morgan Jones of
Denver, Colo., to set aside the $20,000,000
consolidation of the Missouri Electric
Ldght and Power Company, the Union
Electric Light and Power Company and
the Citizens' Electric Light and Power
Company, now constituent corporations of
the North American Electric Company of
Philadelphia, alleging that the merger
was effected by fraud. Mr. Jones avers
that be is the owner of more than $100,-
000 worth of stock and that other stock-
holders stand ready to Join him in the
proceedings. He asks the court to de-
clare the merger illegal; that an injunc-
tion be forthwith issued to restrain the
officers of the. consolidated companies
from a further use of funds; the appoint-
ment of a receiver to take charge of the
Missouri Edison Company's property aQd
franchise pending the settlement of the
litigation.
Newburyport and Gloucester Water
Works Purchase Cases Dismissed
by U. S. Court.
The United States Supreme Court ren-
dered a decision April 4 In favor of the
cities in the cases of the Newburyport
Water .Company vs. the dty of Newbury-
port and the Gloucester Water Supply
Company vs. the city of Gloucester. The
companies endeavored, by a bill in equity
in the Circuit Court, to avoid the sale of
their water works to the cities and to set
aside the proceedings of the Massachu-
setts Supreme Court to ascertain the pur-
chase price, on the ground that these
proceedings amounted to a taking of the
companies' property without just com-
pensation, in violation of the 14th amend-
ment to the constitution. The bill waa
dismissed by the Circuit Court and an
appeal taken to the United States Su-
preme Court, The decision rendered April
4 remands the caaes to the Circuit Court
with directions t3 dismiss them for want
of Jurisdiction. In handing down the de-
cision JusUce White declasBd that the
federal question on which the case was
appealed is so attenuated and unsubstan-
tial as to be absolutely devoid of merit.
Water Consumer Awarded Damages
from Water Company for
Fire Loss.
A jury verdict has been rendered In the
case of the Allen & Curry Manufacturing
Company against the Shreveport Water
Works Company, at Shreveport, La.,
awarding damages to the plaintiff in the
sum of $35,649.30. The amount originally
sued for was $47,649.30, and of this $10,000
was for loss of time and $2,000 for loss ot
profits on contracts which were being
filled. These items were afterward prac-
tically abandoned by the attorneys for the
plaintiff. The suit grew out of the de-
struction by fire of the plant of the Allen
& Curry Manufacturing Company. The
evidence submitted showed that when the
fire department responded to the lire
alarm it found that tho hydrant on
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FIG. 1— SIX-INCH MAIN AT GEYER AND EIGHTEENTH STREET. (Seriously Cobboo^^'^
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WATER WORKS.
331
Texas-ave. near the plant was not In
working: order and that no water would
issue from it.
City Attorney Liable for Opinion Cor-
ruptly Influenced.
The Michigan Supreme Court handed
down an opinion April 6, afflrmingr
the . conviction in the Circuit Court of
Thomas F. McGarry, an attorney of Grand
Rapids, on the charge of bribery in the
Lake Michigah water deal, at Grand
Rapids. Among the contentions in Mc-
Garry* s appeal was one that he was
charged with bribing City Attorney Lant
K- Salsbury, an official without authority
In the council, which would have to grant
the water franchise. In answer to this
the Supreme Court cited the statute mak-
ing .it a punishable offense for the city
adviser to give an opinion corruptly.
A Cincinnati Water Works Contract
in Court.
Suit has been filed at Cincinnati by the
United States Construction Company to
enjoin cancellation of Its contract to con-
fltruct the settling reservoirs of the new
water-works plant. The water-works
commissioners, collectively and Individu-
ally, and thfe city are defendants. The
plaintiff company alleges that It was
misled as to the character of the mater-
ials it was boand to encounter, and also
claims to have done a large amount of
work in excess of its contract require-
ments on account of these undiscovered
and concealed facts, for which it asked
for payment, but was refused. The com-
pany also claims that while It has en-
deavored to make good its contract, the
city, on the contrary, has failed to make
it^ side good; that the defendants are
about to transfer their contract to an-
other company and to keep the plaintiff
from the enjoyment of the compensation
and profits due for past work, and which,
in the nature of events, would be in-
creased if it were permitted to continue
the work on an equitable and Just basis;
the plsCintiff was unable to know the
presence of an Immense amount of "con-
glomerate" which It later encountered
in its work, not only because of the fail-
ure of the city and Its engineer to make
its presence known, but also because
rains had washed the previous excava-
tion of the first contractor. The plaintiff
asks for an Injunction and for such re-
lief as the court may find due It.
WATER WORKi
Electrolysis— Thawing Pipes by Electricity— Quincy Filters— Tullahoma
Water Plant— Raising Water by Compressed Air.
-Some Examples of Electrolysis of
Pipes.
The accompanying photographs show
the effects of electrolysris upon water and
Kas pipes. They were obtamed during an
electrolytic survey of the city of St.
Liouis, Mo., by and under the direction of
Mr. E. E. Brownell of Dayton, O., to
0 whom we are Indebted for them. This
«urvey was undertaken for the water
ociumlssioner of St. LiouIl to determine
the deterioration tu watei pipes which is
procesding under the existing conditions.
Fig. 1 shows a six-inch water main, so
aoft that it could b3 easily cut with a
penknife, and the eight -penny nails
4ihown were driven half through its shell.
The tar coating is entirely destroyed and
there were many deep pits in the surface,
in some cases extending more than half
through the shell. The soil was natural
sandy clay. The pipe was carrying four
amperes of current and showed no evi-
dence of electrplysis by current Jumping
the pipe joints.
Fig. 2 shows a thirty-inch main Into
which sixteen forty-penny spikes have
been driven with ease. The flnrt spike
to the left is driven in a pit. the actual
size of which is shown In the accompany-
ing small cut. The two pits seen in Fig.
2 are each from V^ to % Inch deep. The
pipe had been in the ground but sixty
months. It carried sixty amperes and
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FIG. 2-A THIRTY-INCH MAIN AT CHOUTEAU AND COMPTON AVENUES.
(Critical; Laid Mabch, 1897.)
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WATER WORKS.
333
erhowed no electrolysis due to shunted
currents about the joints, but the lead
calking was slightly deteriorated. The
soil was natural, heavy, wet, blue clay.
A TUBERCLE FROM THE THIRTY-INCH
WATER MAIN AT THE CORNER OF
CHOUTEAU AND COMPTON AVE-
NUES. FIG. 2. (Actual Size.)
Fig. 3 shows a thirty-slx-Inch main
down seventy-two months. There are
many pits %-inch ^ep and forty-penny
8plke«r were easily driven half through
the shell. The soil is mixed clay and
loam filled with water, very favorable
conditions to electrolytic action.
Fig. 4 shows a 48-inch main generally
corroded but nowhere more than % inch
deep. This pipe was only two volts posi-
tive to the rails and the electrolytic ac-
tion iff correspondingly slow.
Fig. 5 shows a six-inch main subjected
to electrolytic action but little more
than a year. The pits cover almost
the entire surface and are about
1-16 inch deep. The soil is of clay origin,
favorable to the preservation of sub-sur-
face metallic structures not subjected to
electrolytic action
The "drainage system" of getting rid
of the electric currents without the elec-
trolytic action due to the current leaving
the pipe to jump to another conductor
has been used In some districts. This Im-
proves the condition of the pipes near
the points where the drainage connections
are made at the expense of pipes in oth-
er neighborhoods and of pipes in other
cry stems
Fig. 6 shows a gas main in St. Louis
to which the drainage system has always
been applied at a point 1,9S0 feet distant.
Its complete destruction has taken place
notwithstanding the attempted protec-
tion.
Figs. 7 to 10 show other gas mains
whose usefulness has been entirely de-
stroyed by electrolytic action.
The summary of the results of the St.
Louis survey of the water pip© system
•alone shows 120.87 miles of water mains
where the current Is leaving the rails and
going to the pipes, forming the negative
district in which the electrolytic action
is on the rails and there Is no deteriora-
tion of the water pipes. There are 53.9
miles of water pipe in the positive dis-
trict which is the danger district, the
electrolytic action of the current In leav-
ing the pipe causing the deterioration so
graphically shown In the photographs.
The total amount of current pkssing
back to the rails to, from and over the
water pipes is 6,149 amperes.
A detailed statement of the amount of
annual loss of Iron from the pipes In
each street In the positive district due
to the electrolytic action foots up 122,980
pounds of metal extracted from the
water pipes each year. This loss will ul-
timately demand the renewal of all these
miles of pipe. Those In which the action
is rapid must be soon renewed, and those
In more favorable districts later. The
cost of replacing all the pipes now af-
fected, not Including service connections
and pavements, Is $1,119,360. This takes no
account of the gas pipes and the service
connections for water and gas, which are
also subject to similar deteriorations.
The average electrical resistance ,of the
Intervening earth between the tracks and
water pipes Is 0.061 ohms, and ranges
from 0.108 to 0.082. The highest average
resistance reported by Mr. Brownell Is
at Lockport, N. Y., 0.0846 ohm, and the
lowest In the borough of the Bronx, New
York City, 0.0392 ohms.
The method of making an electrolytic
survey as stated by Mr. Brownell will be
of Interest. It is as follows:
The most accurate results can be ob-
tained, In making an electrolytic survey,
with the following methods and electrical
apparatus:
The first thin^ necessary is to 'record
the difference of electrical pressure be*
tween the pipes and the rails, giving the
character of the electrical polarity. In
this survey there was used a selection of
twelve different scale-reading voltmeters,
readable from .00001 to 160 volts, all of
which were of Weston manufacture,
with guarantees of great delicacy and
accuracy.
By Interposing Into the circuit which
gave the difference of potential reading,
a Chauvin & Arnoux micro-ohmmeter,
with calibrated leads leading froift the
pipes to the rails, I thereby recorded the
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V
PIG. »-A THIRTY-SIX-INCH MAIN AT VANDEVENTER AND SHAW AVENUES.
(Very Critical; Laid 1896.)
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WATER WORKS.
335
standard eleotrical re«l8tanc«. In this
manner I was able to accurately ffet the
electrical resistance of the intervening
earth, even though a difference of elec-
trical pressure existed between the pipe
and the rails.
By the proper use of a large number of
storage and dry batteries I was able to
perfectly balance my bridge, though
there had to be encountered this differ-
ence of electrical pressure, which came
In the problem as a constant. When the
difference of electrical potential was
high I used with this bridge low-reading
voltmeters, and when the readings were
low I used mllli-voltmeters. The stand-
ard resistances of the lead wires were
constants and remained only to be sub-
tracted to give the accurate resistance
between pipe and rails, readable directly
in ohms.
The greatest danger arises from the lia-
abillty of burning up the bridge. As a
precautionary measure an ammeter was
placed in series to find the maximum
amount of difference of electrical pres-
sure the miero-ohmmeter would stand,
without shunUng back through the bridge
sufficient current to burn the bridge. The
resistance of contacts Is thereby com-
pletely eliminated In standardizing the
resistance between pipes and rails.
In electrical work of this , cla«e one
must be equipped with a great variety of
voltmeters of the low-reading type. If
not, the sensibility of the test is com-
pletely lost. Sage ohmmeter, com-
bined with Weston voltmeters, will give
as accurate results, but the bridge wire is
continually burning out. The micro-ohra-
meter used in this work will record a
resistance from.OOOOOl to 1.0 ohm.
Electrolytic surveys made by simply
taking voltmeter readings are both im-
practical and useless in arriving at the
proper conclusions. They must give
, difference of electrical pressure, standard
resistance of the earth, and the calcu-
lated current flows, so as to average
every 600 feet along all of the lines of
electric street railways.
To get extreme low resistances, such as
those of large cast iron water mains, no
method is so accurate as the above.
the digging up of streets and the buUdlng
of fires in the excavations, resolved itself
into an interesting electrical experiment—
cheap, quick and thoroughly efficient.
Briefly, the method has been to oomplet#
an electric circuit through the frosen
water service pipe by attaching one wire
of the circuit to the street hydrant and
the other to a faucet in the building. The
iron pipes being much better electrical
conductors than the frozen earth, the
electric current followed the pipes and
heated them sufficiently to melt the ice in
a comparatively short time. In cases
where street hydrants were not con-
veniently located, the circuits were com-
pleted by connecting up pipe outlets in
two adjoining houses; but in the case of
isolated buildings there remained no other
way of getting one of the terminals thsji
by digging down at some point in the
street, or outside the building, to reach
the pipe. Bven in this extremity, how-
ever, there was not that trouble and de-
lay which attended the old wood or coal
fire method, while there was greater cer-
tainty of action.
The electric current usually was taken
from conveniently located electric light-
ing circuits, the voltage being reduced
to from 20 to 50 volts by means of port-
able step-down transformers carried on
wagons, and for further regulation of
current and pressure suitable resistances
were employed. In some Instances port-
able generating sets were employed, con-
sisting of steam or gas engine-driven
generators, with their accessories, and in
still other ca^es storage battery outfits,
moved about from place to place on
wagons, were used for the work. In at
least one instance, it is interesting to
note, the best part of a day was wasted
in the attempt to thaw out electrically
what seemed to be an unusually re-
fractory pipe, before it was learned that
earthenware water mains— non-conductors
of electricity— were used In that par-
ticular place. That ia the only case in
which the electric process is known to
have been a failure. — Cassler's Magazine.
Electrically Thawing Out Frozen
Water Purification at Quincy, III.
Having recently been required to make
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WATER WORKS.:
337
of ferrous sulphate and lime water. This
combination of chemicals is introduced
into the water for the purpose of coa^u-
latlnc: the matter held in suspension as
found in the water taken from the river
and to soften the water at the same time.
Tlie lime water is secured by slaking
lime in large receptacles built over the
lime solution tanks and the iron solution
Is produced by dissolving sulphate of
Iron crystals In water at a rate deterr
mined by analysis.
The water flows by gravity through a
thirty-inch conduit from a point about
opposite of the north line of Broadway
and 400 or 500 feet out In the river, to the
Intake well at the pump house, at the
foot of Maln-st. From this well it is
raised by a low-pressure pump to the
subsidence basin on the east side of the
alley between Front and Second-sts. and
Maine and Hampshlre-sts.
The water as It passes through the
low-pressure pump has the proper pro-
portion of iron solution introduced Into
it to coagulate the matter held in sus-
pension. The specific gravity of the iron
held in solution aids sedimentation, and
it requires Only about one and one-half
hours for the water to pass through the
various compartments in this basin and
back to the west side and at that point it
weirs out into a steel trough and flows
back by gravity across the alley to the
filter house and percolates through ap-
proximately three feet of washed sand
In fourteen large Jewell filters. These
filters are built over clear wells or chan-
nels. From these channels it fiows back
by grravity to the pump house at the foot
of Maine-st. and Is taken up by the
high-pressure pumps and forced to the
reservoir or Into the mains.
The reservoir is located at Twenty-
second and Chestnut-sts and has a ca-
pacity of 20.000.000 gallons. It has a roof
over It supported by 2x6 timbers twenty-
two feet In length set on 462 stone-capped
brick piers and cross-braced with 2x6
pieces. This roof was built to exclude
the sunlight. There is a class of plants
knows to botanists as algae, commonly
called marine plants. Filtered water
usually contains nutrient salts, and
wat€*r of this character is subject to
rapid pollution by decomposing algae.
This class of plants cannot exist Without
sunlight; hence the roof is required.
The effect on the human system of
these weeds is not known to be danger-
ous, but the effect on the mind of one
who drinks water contaminated by algae
is similar to one approaching dead ani-
mals, and it is hard to convince one that
they have not been poisoned after drink-
ing it. Water companies that have met
this condition are forced to adopt some
plan and they hesitate to adopt the roof,
as the first cost, coupled with the cost
of maintenance and the attention in win-
ter are all burdens that they do not like
to assume.
Ti:iahoma„ Tenn., Water and Light
Plant.
By Granbery Jackson.
In view of the fact that the Tullahoma
installation is perhaps the first case on
record In the South of a small munici-
pality's supplying its citizens with water
and light, with the source of power at
such distance from the town as to re-
quire what is ordinarily termed a "hlgh-
voltage transmission line," a brief his-
tory and description of the plant, togeth-
er with some observations and figures on
the results obtained after . several
months' operation, were presented to the
Engineers' Association of the South. It
was the usual case of making the. best
use of the money in hand, rather than a
clear-cut engineering proposition.
Tullahoma is a town of about 3.000 in-
habitants, located on the Nashville,
Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, nearly
midway between Nashville and Chatta-
nooga.
Prior to the establishment of the pres-
ent system nothing in the line of water-
works had been constructed; but for sev-
eral years there had been operated by
sundry private corporations and individu-
als a small alternating current electric
light plant, with which the city contract-
ed for a few electric lights. For some
time this plant was profitable and gave
fairly satisfactory service; but, like most
privately owned plants in small towns,
the service gradually became so poor
and unsatisfactory that the city con-
tract was withdrawn and operation or
the plant entirely discontinued.
In June, 1901, a bond issue of $35,000 was
voted for a municipal water and light
plant Before plans were completed the
Water and Light Commissioners of Win-
chester (a town about sixteen miles by
rail from Tullahoma) proposed to fur-
nish power to Tullahoma from its water-
power plant, then just beginning con-
struction at ''Horseshoe Bend," on Elk
River, at a point about ten and a halt
miles from Tullahoma and about four
miles from Winchester. Under the con-
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FIG.
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Yi^rZj. T -^ r-^
of ferrous sulphate and lim« wx ^ T^ij&
combination of chemicals :s jnr:«z^^^=£.
into the water for the purpose z£. ::id.sL-
latln^ the matter held in s^2S7«2Sirr ee
found in the water taken frcex ric rr-^^-
and to soften the water at li* «x3si& -znac
Tlie lime water is secured rj f-..i CTic
lime in large receptacle* t^t r^-r -^k
lime solution tanks and tbe irr-r »: .. -.ttt
is produced by dissolTin^ b-. ; *.T.-g 'u:
iron crystals in water at a rx"* nei^-
mined by analysis.
The water flows by grarity zj^r^nf^. a.
thirty-Inch conduit from a jkhlz k^iHtzr
opi>osite of the north line zZ Br:a»c»-i.'
and 400 or 500 feet out in tbe rrr-sr u iztr
intake well at the pump bo-st ir. ^ze-
foot of Maln-st. From thig w=iu. n m
raised by a low-pressure pes? i: tae
subsidence basin on tbe east sttH^ ic tn-
alley between Front and Seoosk&'flEiK. sxc:
Maine and Hampshire-sts.
The water as it pasaes "Lsr:»i«r tsat
low-pressure pump has tlie jcTij#er pn-
portion of iron solution istrnifruzAc: inn.
it to coagulate the matter ^e»i n. mm-
pension. The specific i;iafit> «C zitt
held in solution aids seduDcsz^^iiui:.
it requires only about one ildc
hours for the water to paat throu^ tat
various compartments in tJktis sodrn. use
back to the west side and at ixor. yam* r
weirs out into a steel tro>agk uni. flusn.
back by grravity across tlie jlLcif -u. isk:
filter house and percolates xJaswgE. m^
proximately three feet of
in fourteen large Jew^ filun
filters are built over clear
nels. From these channels it
by gravity to the pump hovmt isr, tut imr
of Kalaft-ftt. and is takes 19 s? t^
-fls: v.. J
*^*- . -^.
f^ii*'
re
'l"" ' in
V . ^^®
"'^^ 3 re-
^ lateral
'" ^ L thirty
itigement
.need pole
of the pole
in. the pole
cit point with
s of galvanized
it was neatly
^"^ of the pin. The
_^ . one and one-half-
^ **-fr ^hly painted. The
^' ,- . were neatly trimmed
^ aoothly shaved with a
le pprtion'in the ground
I oated with carbolineum
insulators were of glass,
licoats, and guaranteed by
o give satisfactory service
vOltS.
g consisted of three No. R
-r wires, tied securely to the
with the same material. To
t the effect of induction on the
. the Cumberland Telephone Com-
.vhich for seven miles ran parallel
(1 not more than five or six feet
It from, the electric wires, the lat-
vere transposed by revolving them
lly, with reference to the pins, or
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FIG. 6-A SIX-INCH MAIN AT ELEVENTH AND SALISBURY STREETS.
(Sliohtlt Cobbodbd.)
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WATER WORKS.
339
tract, Winchester was to furnish current
at machine voltage, delivering to Its own
switch board In the power house and
leaving Tullahoma to construct and op-
erate the ten and a half mile transmis-
sion line from that point to the Tulla-
homa substation. The contract price
agreed upon was |100 per month for all
current necessary to do the Tullahoma
pumping, and. In addition, operate arc
and incandescent lamps, whose combined
equivalent was 1,260 16-candle . power in-
candescent lamps. The price for 16-can-
dle-power lamps in excess of 1.2&0 was
. fixed at 10 cents per month, and water
and light service was to be confined to
the InhabltanU of Tullahoma for public
and private use.
The Winchester power plant was built
after plans by Klrkpatrlck & Johnson oi
Jackson, Miss. The power is obtained by
taking advantage of a loop in the river
which, after making a circuit of several
miles, at this point approaches within 7d
feet of its course, with a natural dlflter-
ence in level at low water of nearly 8
feet. By excavating a canal through the
backbone of rock separating the two
channels and throwing a concrete dam
across the river bed on the upper side,
just below the canal, a maximum head
of 19% feet at low water was obtained.
The concrete dam was 122 feet in length;
17.8 feet in height; top width, 4 feet; -ot-
tom width, 13 feet; the up-stream face
being vertical. The end next to the
power house was connected without
change in section direct to the rock bluff;
at the other end a concrete abutment was
built perpendicular to the dam, or par-
allel to the axis of the stream. The top
of this abutment was several feet above
the top of the dam, and an earth levee
was thrown up to connect the abutment
with the high ground not subject to over-
flow, several hundred feet distant.
The engineers state tnat the plant will
develop continuously at low water 170
horse power; by ponding the water and
using the surplus during a 10-hour run.
the horse power of the plant Is materially
increased, and believed to be sufficient
for the water and light plants in the
two towns. During periods of high water
the head Is reduced, but never gets below
thirteen feet and is more than oCTset by
the increased flow of the stream. The
wheels Installed have a total capacity of
400 horse power.
The total cost of the power plant was
about $13,600, exclusive of engineering, di-
vided as follows: Concrete dam and
abutment, $6,100; excavating canal, $1,700;
penstocks, $1,000; wheels, governor, shaft-
ing, etc., $2,000; building, $500; levee, $800;
property, $1,500. Electrical machinery is
not included.
The electrical equipment for generat-
ing the current consists of two 100-k.w.,
three-phase, compound-wound, revolving
field, alternating-current generators. The
current Is delivered to the switch boards
at 2.300 volts, at which pressure it is de-
livered over a four-mile transmission
line into Winchester, and there used for
arc and Incandescent lighting, and also,
by means of an induction motor, for
pumping the city's water supply.
For transmission to Tullahoma, It was
decided to step up from the machine
voltage to 10,000 volts; and three thirty-
five-k.w., oil-cooled transformers were in-
stalled in the power house for this pur-
pose.
Red-cedar poles, twenty-five feet in
length, forty poles to the mile, were used,
eAch pole carrying a standard, two-pin
cross arm. fastened to the pole with two
seven-inch lag screws. This arm was lo-
cated about twenty-four inches below the
top of the pole, and carried two
of the wires, the third wire
being carried by a pin set in
a hole bored squarely In the top of the
pole. This brought the throe wires re-
latively at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle, whose sides were about thirty
Jnches in length; and the arrangement
gave a neat-looking and balanced pole
line. To prevent the splitting of the pole
by the strain on the top pin, the pole
was tightly wrapped at that point with
a half-dozen or more turns of galvanised
iron wire, above which it was neatly
coned up to the base of the pin. The
pins were the standard one and one-half-
inch locust, thoroughly painted. The
poles, before setting, were neatly trimmed
of all knots and smoothly shaved with a
drawing knife. Tne portion-in the ground
was thoroughly coated with carbolineum
avenartus. The Insulators were of glass,
with triple petticoats, and guaranteed by
the makers to give satisfactory service
under 10,000 volts.
The wiring consisted of three No. R
bar*; ctpper wires, tied securely to the
Insulators with the same material. To
counteract the effect of Induction on the
wires of the Cumberland Telephone Com-
pany, which for seven miles ran parallel
to. and not more than five or six feet
distent from, the electric wires, the lat-
ter were transposed by revolving them
spirally, with reference to the pins, one
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WATER WORKS.
341
pin every fifteen poles, or a complete rev-
olution or transposition every mile and a
half. This was found to accomplish the
desired result, and no serious Inductive
•eflfect was noticed, even on a telephone
line placed on brackets about, eighteen
Inches below the cross arm of the trans-
mission poles themselves. This telephone
line connecting- the power house to the
Tullahoma substation has proved a very
useful and necessary adjunct in the op-
eration of the plant.
The substation at Tullahoma Is located
within a half block of the principal busi-
ness district. It is a plain, brick building,
twenty feet by thirty feet In plan. The
10,000-volt wires are connected on the
pole nearest the building to heavily-In-
sulated, lead-covered wires led to a 10,-
volt oil switch, stationed a few feet be-
hind the switch bdard and Incased In
brl»?kwork.
Fron. the oil switch the wires are led
outside the building to the step-down
transformers, which are located in a
transformer house separate from the sub-
station. The transformers are six In
number, three of twenty-k.w. each and
three of 15-k.w. each. The larger set re-
-duces the voltage back to 2,300, at which
pressure the current Is carried back to
the switch board and thence sent out
over two Independent circuits for in-
candescent llghtlnir, and through a con-
stant-current transformer and series arc
■circuit for street-lighting service. Dis-
tributed over the pole line as needed ai e ^
the regulation transformers for a further
rtdurtion of voltage to 110 for the Incan-
descent lamps.
The three flfteen-k.w. transformers re-
duce the voltage direct from 10,000 volts
to 200 volts for use by two flfty-horse
power induction motors, one of which
drives the air compressor for an alr-llft
pumping system; the other, a vertical
triplex water-works pump. These trans-
formers are also made to serve In the
capacity of "station transformers" for
lighting the station by using 220-volt
lamps.
Thirty series enclosed arc lamps are In-
stalled for street lighting, four of these
being placed on a 100-foot light tower, lo-
cated In the middle of the principal busi-
ness street. This light tower Is the only
Item "of the old plant which was retained
in use.
The water supply is from deep wells. An
8-inch well was drilled within 100 feet of
the station, 120 feet deep, which, when
tested with a 4-inch cylinder pump,
yielded the capacity of the pump, 100 gal-
lons per minute, with a reduction in head
of only six feet. It was then decided that
two such wells, chambered out to a total
depth of 200 feet to allow proper sub-
mergence for the air-lift pipes, would
yield a sufficient quantUy of water to sup-
ply the town. The two wells were not lar
enough apart to prevent one being slight-
ly affected while the other was being
pumped.
For pumping into a surface reservoir,
the air-lift system was adopted as being
best suited to the existing conditions; and
a 12xl2-lnch duplex, single-stage com-
pressor, arranged for belting to one of
the 50-horse-power motors, was installed
in the station. After the Installation was
completed the wells were tested, ^and
yielded continuously at the rate of 25.000
gallons per hour, the water being of ex-
cellent quality. ConUnued use of the
wells since completion has increased the
yield to a perceptible extent.
The wells discharge into a covered cir-
cular brick reservoir, or basin, of 80,000
gallons capacity— the diameter being
thirty feet; the depth, fifteen feet. From
this the water Is delivered ,to the elevated
tank and distribution system by means of
a vertical triplex pump of 750,000 gallons
capacity per twenty-four hours, directly
connected by double-reductlon gears, to a
50 horse-power Induction motor.
The distribution system comprises about
six miles of 4. 6 and 8-lnch standard cast-
iron pipe, to which are connected fifty-one
double-nozzle "Corey" fire hydrants.
Within 200 feet of the station and con-
nected to the system by an 8-inch pipe is
a steel tower and tank of 75.000 gallons
capacity, having a total height above cap-
stones of 120 feet, exclusive of a conical
metal roof. The tank and tower is of the
tvpe originally Introduced by the Chicago
Bridge and Iron Company, the tank hav-
ing a hemispherical bottom and being
supported on four columns, each of which
L built of two channels double-laced to-
gether.
The total cost of the Tullahoma plant,
beginning with the step-up transformers
at the power house, was $39,486. divided
approximately as follows: Pipe system.
Including valves and hydrants, $13,240.
tower and tanks. $3,995; electrical appa-
ratus. $6,257; transmission line and other
electrical construction, $7,628; wells, $1.-
250- alr-llft plant. $2,000; triplex pump,
$1,560; reservoir, $948; buildings. $738; en-
gineering and superintendences $1,880.
The work was carried out under ten
separate and distinct contracts, instead
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WATER WORKS.
343
of by the usual method of letting the
whole work to one general contractor.
This subdivision of contracts undoubtedly
resulted in reducing the total cost of the
plant as compared with what it would
have been if the contract had been let to
the lowest bidder on all sections com-
bined; but it is questionable whether this
gain was not more than offset by the
several contractors requiring more time
In which to complete the work than
would have been the case with the work
all in one man's hands.
The operation of the plant has
been remarkably successful both
electrically and flnanciaUy. Within
a few days after the plant
was put into operation and while the
elevated tank was temporarily empty
and being painted on the inside, a fire
broke out in the heart of the business
section at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The
power plant at the river was shut down
for the day, the Tullahoma superintend-
ent was nearly a mile away from the sub-
station busy with inside wiring work, the
substation was locked and the newly-
purchased fire hose and nozzles were only
partially unboxed, with nothing what-
ever in the shape of an organized fire
department. The Mayor and one or two
members of the commission broke into
the station, telephoned the operator at
the river to turn on the current, got
some of the hose connected to the near-
est hydrant, started up the triplex pump
and in spite of all the necessary delays
and lack of organization the. Are was put
under control, and several other houses
which had caught fire from flying sparks,
were extinguished without damage. It is
the general opinion of all who saw the
flre that the plant was the means of
saving, in this one Instance, property of
more value than the entire cost of the
system.
estimates for operation in January,
1908: Total receipts, $338.02; total ex-
pense, 1205: January net revenue, $133.02;
fixed charges: January interest (4% per
cent on $40,000). $150; January depreciation
(5 per cent on $40,000), $106.67; total, $316.67.
I>educting the net revenue we have
$183.66 representing the cost to the city
of its public light and water service, as
furnished by thirty series inclosed arc
lamps and fifty-one fire hydrants. With
jko allowance for increase and assuming
the January run to be an average for
twelve months, we find the yearly cost
of the public service to be $2,208.80. The
same service, when figured at the average
rates paid elsewhere— viz., $75 per year
for arc lamps and $50 for hydrants— would
cost $4,800, or over twice the above.
It should be noted, also, that the rates
charged for incandescent lights are very
low, the January average rate being 88
cents; the average xheter rate 23 1-10 cents
per lamp per month. The meter rate is
12 cents per k. w. hour.
The superintendent reports new lights
constantly going in. and it is not unrea-
sonable to assume that in the covirso of
a few months the light revenues will be
increased at least 25 per cent, also that
the water revenues will amount to at
least $150 per month before ''he expira-
tion of the present year. This would
bring the total net revenues up to $820
per month, or slightly in excess of the
interest and depreciation account, thus
making the plant self-sustaining, with the
public service (equivalent in value to
$4,800 p^ year) practically free of all
cost.
An analysis of the January figures,
with reference to the Ifghting plant alone,
gives the following:
Gross receipts from lighting serv-
ice ^300 07
Operation expense for entire plant.. 206 00
plant ^ ^^
Net revenue $95 07
Interest (at 4H per cent on $15,000).. 66 25
Depreciation (at 10 per cent on
$16.000)^ 12S0O
Total »8126
Deducting the net revenue, we have
$86.18 as the monthly cost of thirty arc
lamps, which is equivalent to $2.87 pec
lamp per month, or $84.44 per lamp per
year.
Assuming a probable increase of 25 per
cent in the light revenues, the net profit
per month win fall short of the interest
and depreciation account only $11.18 per
month, reducing the cost of the street
light service to $4.48 per lamp per yeai. It
should be noted, also, that the entire" cost
of operating both plants Is, in this case,
charged to the light department alone.
This Is done for the reason that it would
probably cost very little less to operate
the electric ligh* plant alone than it now
does to operate both plants together.
With the operation of the plant in the
hands of a first-class superintendent and <
the general management of its affairs in-
trusted to three reliable Water and Light
Commissioners, .none of whom are mem-
bers of the Board of Mayor and Alder-
men, there seems po reason why it should
not prove a very satisfactory and profit-
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WATER WORKS.
345
able addition to the public property of
the citizens of Tullahoma, besides help-
ing to demonstrate the importance and
value of many hitherto neglected water
powers in the South, even though they
may be located at considerable distance
from railroads and towns in which the
power may be utilized.
The Raising of Water by^ Compressed
Air.
At a recent meeting of the British As-
sociation of Water-Works Engineers Wil-
liam H. Maxwell, borough and water-
works engineer of Tunbridge Wells, read
A paper on the use of compressed air in
raising water from deep wells and hor-
ings from which the following is t<iken
to show the advantages and limitations
of this method of lifting water.
The successful adoption of the system
of raising water by the use of compressed
air Is* dependent upon the conditions
peculiar to tt^e case under treatment, and
it is therefore essential that the water-
works engineer, before resorting th'^reto,
should carefully consider whether the
special circumstances of the case are
such as to fully warrant its adoption,
ard the author hopes in the course of the
present paper to point out from his own
<^xperience what he believes to be ihe
special circumstances to which the sys-
tem is particularly applicable. Before *^e-
ferring to the details of the plant under
the author's charge, it will be conveni* -iit
to briefly review some of the general
principles governing the operation of
compressed air in raising water.
The experiments carried out in the
United States by Dr. Pohle of Arizona,
who for some years past has been en-
gaged in the E^pplicatlon and development
of this system for raising water, oil and
other liquids from underground sources,
have proved that the main principle apon
which the system operates is the follow-
ing: Air under the necessary pressure
and of suitable volume is admitted to
the bottom of a pipe immersed in th^
water to be lifted. By this means alter-
nate bands or columns of air and wat»r
are formed in the watei' pipe or "raising
main" and the air does not, as might
perhaps have been anticipated, pass
through the mass of water. The result
of this is that the aggregate weight of
the water in the rising main Is insuffl-
dent to balance the column of water in
the boring, and the pressure of the lat-
ter therefore produces an upward move-
ment of the air and water column in the
rising main. As the force lifting this
column is the head of water at the out-
let of the air pipe, it follows that the
hlght to which the water can be lifted
deponds upon the depth to which the pipe
is immersed below the pumping level of
water in the boring. Thus the higher
the "lift" required the deeper must be
the point at which the air is injected rel-
atively to the normal water level there-
in, and consequently the hlght to which
the water has to be raised determines the
minimum depth to which the boring must
be driven.
With regard to the best proportion be-
tween the immersion of the air nozzle
and the "lift" of the water, opinions vary,
but the author found that in his case the
most economical result was, obtained
when the ratio was three (of Immersion)
to one (of lift) at the start, and two and
two-tenths to one at the finish of the
test. Under these conditions the ef-
ficiency worked out at 86.8 per cent cal-
culated from the steam diagram, and
at 46 per cent calculated from the com-
pressor diagram, the volumes of air use^
and water Ufted being in the proportion
of 2.69 of the former to one of the lat-
ter.
From the results of his own tests and
those of others, the author has prepared
the following table showing the approx-
imate horse-power required to compress 1
cubic foot of free air to different pres-
sures per square inch:
'u "OS
^ g."
§ 8-
is ft
(If.Solvay works, Saaralben ..176 0.434
(2) Brostowe estate, jiear
Frledheim 140 0.376
(3) Tunbridge Wells water-
works 100 0.201
(4) Ditto 80 0.189
(5) Ditto 60 0.169
(6) Sugar factory, Glogan .... 45 0.145
(7) Yard works, Zwickau .... 30 0.121
(8) Rossland mines, B. C 95 0.134*
♦This excellent result was probably due
to the use of inter-coolers.
With regard to the quantity of air re-
quired to lift a given volume of water
to any specified hight, the author has
found the following formula to give re-
• suits in accordance with his own experi-
ence:
The number of cubic feet of free air
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346
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
required per minute, equals the number
of gallons of water required per minute
multiplied by the "lift" of water in 4eet
and divided by the constant 125.
From this formula it Is, of course, a
simple matter to ascertain the quantity
of water that can be lifted to any given
hlght by a given quantity of air.
With regard to the proportions between
the areas of the air pipe and the rising
main, the author considers that further
experiments are required before it can
be decided what proportions will secure
the most econonaical results in practice;
it is evident that the velocity of the water
in the rising main is an important factor
in this case, but as regards the air pipe
the author considers that the velocity of
the air should not exceed about 20 feet
per second.
It has occurred to the author, as it
has no doubt to others who have watched
an air-lift plant in operation, that the ex-
cessive velocity and force of the dis-
charge must involve a considerable waste
of energy, and that some appreciable
economy would be effected were it possi-
ble to utilize this force in any practical
way.
In considering the 'design of the com-
pressor, it is obviously important in the
interests of economy to provide either
*'two-stage" or "three-stage" machines
(with inter-coolers) according to the
amount of compression required; thus for
pressures above 60 lb. per square inch and
up to 300 lb. per square inch "two-stage"
machines' are most suitable, and from
this to 1,000 lb. per square inch *'three-
stage" machines are desirable. The cool-
ing of the air is also of great Importance
in this respect, and cvre should be taken
to start with an air supply at the lowest
temperature obtainable.
At Tunbridge Wells the compression is
car led out in two stages, the first tft a
pressure of 25 lb. per square inch, and
the second, after inter-cooling, to the
pressure required, which varies from 90
lb. to 100 lb. per square inch according to
the depth of the water In the boring. The
air is delivered into a large steel receiver
situated In the engine-house, whence it
is conveyed to the wells by means of a
4-in. cast-iron pipe. This main is formed
of ordinary spigot and socket pipes with
lead joints, which, however, shortly after
starting the plant showed signs of leak-
age adjacent to the receiver. This was
traced to the expansion and contraction
of the pipes due to the high tempera-
ture of the air, and was effectually pre-
vented by fixing k cooler on the air pipe
between the second stage compressor and
the receiver.
There are two sets of engines and com-
pressors designed to deliver a sufficient
volume of air to lift the desired quantity
of water. If needs be, over a stand-pipe
20 ft. high above ground leveL The en-
gines are compound, with cylinders 8 in.
and 18 in. diameter respectively, the air-
compressing cylinders being 10 in. (first
stage) and 6 In. (second stage) dia-
meter respectively. The stroke in
each case is 14 in. The air-cylin-
ders are water-Jacketed at- sidee and
covers. The clearance in the air-cyiinders
does not exceed 1 per cent of the capacity.
The air is drawn from outside the build-
ing, and is carried in an earthenware pipe
under the floor to the inlet valves, so that
it enters the cdmpressors at the lowest
possible temperature.
The inter-cooler (between first and sec-
ond stages of compressors) is formed of a
series of "Rows" tubes cooled by circu-
lating water. This is also fixed outside
the engine-house.
Provision Is made for draining off the
water which is precipitated In the receiver
owing to the compression of the air, and,
similarly, any oil carr'ed forward by the
air from the cylinders is also precipi-
tated here, and drained away from time
to time. As a further safeguard, another
trap is provided near the boring for the
same purpose. In some cases, however,
the receiver is filled with coke in order
to arrest any oil carried forward with the
air.
The boring is 350 ft. deep, penetrating
the Wadhurst clay to a depth of 204 ft. *
in., and the Ashdown sands to a
further depth of 145 ft. 6 in.
The upper portion is lined with 15-in.
steel tubes, and the Ibwer portion (150 ft.)
with steel perforated tubes. WA in. in
diameter. The rest level of the water Is
about 96 ft. from the surface, and the
pumping level, when drawing at the rate
of 32,000 gallons per hour, is about 120 ft.
from the surface, but on the cessation of
pumping the water resumes its rest level
very rapidly.
The water pipe or rising main is 7 In-
In diameter, and Is carried to within a
few feet of the bottom of the boring. The
air pipe was originally 1% in. in diame-
ter, but was subsequently increased to 2H
In. In diameter, an alteration which re-
duced the air prsesure required from 105
lb. to 91 lb. per square inch, the latter
figure corresponding very closely to the
head of water above tho bottom of the air
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WATER WORKS.
347
pipe, and thus proving the loss by fric-
tion to be reduced to a minimum.
In a trial run for ten and a quarter
hours made soon after the plant was in-
stalled an average of 31.402 gallons per
hour was raised from this boring under a
head of 138 ft., whereas an ordinary
singte-acting pump, such as could be
fixed in a boring of this small diameter,
would not give more than about 18,300
gallons per hour.
In a table the author has given a sum-
mary of the results obtained by tests at
various times and under different condi-
tions of water level, which he believes
will prove interesting. Here it will be
seen that the most favorable result waj
obtained in Trial 1, when the proportion
of immersion of air pipe to lift of water
was 2 to 1 at the start and 22 to 1 at the
finish, the volume of air used per volume
of water lifted being in the proportion
of 2.69 to 1. The efficiency in this case was
86.8 per cent, calculated on the water
raised proportionate to the indicated
horse-power developed in steam-
cylinders, and 46 per cent, calculated from
the indicated horse-power shown by alr-
cyllnder diagrams. Unfortunately, on this
occasion the fyel consumption was not
recorded, so that the cost per 1,000 gallons
of water raised could not be obtained.
Prom Trial No. 5, however, with a much
lesft immersion of air pipe, and when the
proportion of air used to water lifted was
more than double that in the former case,
the cost of fuel worked out at 1.078 pence
per 1,000 gallons for a maximum lift of
125 ft. 9 In., the price of coal being 26s 5d
per ton.
During the earlier months of the pres-
ent year, with water levels varying be-
tween the depths of 98 ft. and 118 ft. be-
low surface, under regular working condi-
tions the fuel cost came out at a fraction
under Id per 1,000 gallons raised.
The comparatively unfavorable results
shown in Trial 4 were accounted by the
fact that at this time the water level was
at an unusual depth, and the ratio of im-
mersion to lift was consequently reduced
to 1.13 to 1 (end of trial). On this occasion
a test was being made of the maximum
yield of the strata, and all the wells and
borings were being drawn upon to the
utmost jMMMible extent. In this case the
quantity of air required per unit of water
lifted rose to a proportion of 8.4 to 1. and
the "efllciency" fell to 17.7 per cent, on the
indicated horse-power in steam-cylinders
and 22 per cent, on indicated horse-power
in air-cylinders. The cost of fuel (at 26s
6d per ton, as before) worked out at 1.53d
per 1,000 gallons raised. The author has
given this result for the purpose of show-
ing the effect of reducing the proportion
of immersion to lift, but of course these
figures must not be taken as represent-
ing the working of the plant imder
ordinary and fair conditions.
In Trial 7 the efficiency worked out at
26.1 per cent, on steam -cylinder diagran),
and 32.5 per cent, on air-cylinder diagram.
Comparison Between Different Systems
of Pumping.— Having to provide pumping
plant for a boring 15% in. in diameter and
400 ft. deep, situated In an isolated and
somewhat inaccessible position, the author
has made a careful estimate of the com-
parative cost of pumping and main-
tenance with the three alternatives of
(1) air-lift, (2) steam engine, and (3) oU
engine— both the latter operating ordinary
borehole pumps, and in each case taking
into account the capital charges involved.
The results are shown in the following
statement, the lift being assumed as 100
ft, and the working hours 3,000 per
annum:
(1) Compressed-Air Plant.
Per 1,000
(jkiUons.
Capital charges, labor and repairs.. 1.16d.
Fuel as per test Oot. 7. 1902 1.078d.
Total 2.233d.
(2) Steam-Englne and Borehole Pump.
Per 1.000
(jkiUons.
Capital charges, labor and repairs.. 2.4d.
Fuel (average of tests by the
author) 0.6d.
Total 2.9d.
(3) Cheap Fuel Oil -Engine and Borehole
Pump.
Per 1,000
Gallons.
Capital charges, labor and repairs.. 1:53d.
Crude oil fuel 0.26d.
Total 1.78d.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Air^
Lift System.— In conclusion, the author
will summarise some of the most im-
portant general features of the air-lift
system as ascertained from his own ex-
perience. The most suitable conditions
under which the system may be applied
appear to be those which exist at Tun-
bridge Wells— viz., where a boring is
situated in an isolated and somewhat in-
accessible position, and the air-compress-
ing plant can be placed on an existing
pumping station, involving but little out-
lay in the erection of new foundations
or buildings, or the purchase of additional
land, and without inotirring the provision
of additional labor at the site of the bor-
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348
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ing. To secure satisfactory results, how-
ever, It is Important that the difference
between the rest level and the pumping
level of the water should not be ex-
cessive, that the fluctuations of the same
should be ascertained beforehand, and
that the ratio between the immersion of
the air pipe and the total lift of the water
should be adjusted to the most suitable
proportions, and not greatly varied in
ordinary working.
Although it cannot be denied that the
cost of fuel Involved by the air-lift ex-
ceeds that required with a steam or oil
driven pump of the ordinary form, yet the
author believes that, under suitable condi-
tions, the former will prove to be prefera-
ble, taking all charges into account in
Thawing Frozen Pipes by Electricity..
The use of electricity for thawing out
frozen water pipes has been resorted to
quite generally this winter in a number
of towns and cities. Newark, N. J., claims
to be the first eastern city to put the
method into practical daily use, and when
it became evident that it was a success-
ful and economical method, offlctabi of
water departments in other cities began.
making inquiries regarding if. New York
City is credited with having sent an elec-
trician to Newark to investigate, and as
a result decided to give the method a trial'
in €k>tham. A representative from Tren-
ton, N. J., also visited Newark to inves-
tigate the method, while letters of in-
TESTS OF "AIB.LIFT"-TUNBBIDGE WELLS WATER-WOBKS.
Date of Test.
Junes. 1901
AprU 11-17, 1901
July (latter part) 1901
July 14-20, 1902
October 7, 1902
October 21, 1902
February 12, 1903
Water lerels
below ground
surface.
Start.
ft. in.
84 0
94
120
103
109
96
Finish
ft. in.
106 0
139
124
158
125
124
112
24,100
29,065
30,446
19.785
27,638
27.187
26.289
5oaa
64.3
77.5
81.2
52^
73.7
82.7
70.1
•S.S ao
178.6
377
285.3
447
421.8
398
260.5
8
2.69
4.8
3.5
8.4
5.7
5.4
3.7
10
Batio of immersion
of air-pipe to lift.
At starts
At finish.
3.01 to 1
2.8 tol
2.6 tol
1.8 tol
2.27 tol
2.1 tol
2 46 tol
2.2 tot
1.6 tol
1.72 tol
1.13 tor
1.68 tol
1.71 tol
1.96 tol
Note.— The fuel cost per 1,000 gallons raised. Test No. 5, with water levels varying between 108ft.
9in. and 125ft. 9in., was 1.073a., with coal at 258. 5d. per ton. Durintr the early months of the present
year (1903), with water levels between 98ft. and 118ft. below surface, the fuel cost was .97d. per 1,000
gallons.
each case. The absence of any moving
parts in the boring secures a great reduc-
tion in the cost of repairs and main-
tenance, as well as in supervision and
all other charges incidental to an addi-
tional pumping station. There is also a
great advantage in the use of the air-lift
in cases where the water contains iron,
as the aeration is carried out very thor-
oughly in the boring, and, after the water
has reached the surface, the precipitation
of the iron takes place more speedily. On
the other hand, the system is by no
quiry were received from Paterson, Pas-
saic. Elizabeth, New Brunswick. Rah-
way and Philadelphia.
The water department at Rockford, III..
successfully thawed with electricity the
many sections of water mains that were
frozen solid in that dty.
Meters Recommended for Lestershlro^-
In his annual report F. L. Faats. super-
intendent of water works at Lestershire,
N. Y., recommends that water meters be
installed on all service pipes. He also
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE
Indianapolis Testlns Laboratory— Cement Specifications— Proportions in
Cement—impervious Concrete— Concrete Bloclcs for flanlioies—
Concrete Bionics in i>itt5burg.
The Municipal Testing Laboratory of
the City of Indianapolis.*
By Walter Buehler. Assistant City En-
gineer.
The municipal testing laboratory of the
city of Indianapolis, came Into existence
in the fall of 1902. Prior to that Ume
there was absolutely no systematic test-
ing of any of the material used in con-
struction of work done under the super-
vision of the City Civil Engineer. It is
true that there were tests made of ce-
ment, asphalt and oils, but as no record
was kept of such tests, they are, of
course, valueless at this time.
Mr. James B. Nelson knowing the value
of a testing laboratory determined to at
least give it a start, and about 1400 was
expended in buying apparatus for the
physical and chemical examination of ce-
ment. Later after Mr. Nelson resigned
and Mr. B. J. T. Jeup was appointed City
Engineer the Laboratory was given a
further impetus by the purchase of ap-
paratus for the chemical examination of
creosote oils, asphalt and for the exam-
ination of the candle power of the artifi-
cial gas.
In making tests since the Laboratory
has been in existence. I have had in .mind
the importance of a systematic method of
keeping the records of such tests, and In
the testing of cement, the value of uni-
formity of manipulation.
The specifications adopted by the Board
of Public Works are taken as a basis for
the acceptance or rejection of the cement.
The samples of cement are taken from
collecting the sanaple" is placed on file in
the Laboratory and afterward copied
with the results of the tests into a book
printed expressly for that purpose.
The following tests are made of «. -ich
sample: Fineness, tensile strength, time
of Initial and final set, soundness, specific
gravity and when thought necessary a
chemical examination. In determining
the fineness, one hundred grams of ce-
ment are passed successively through a
one hundred, eighty and fifty mesh sieve.
The sieve Is shaken by hand for ten min-
utes, the screenings are then weighed and-
the sieve is shaken again for one minute •
and the second screenings weighed. If this
weight be more than one-tenth (1-10) of a
gram the sieve is shaken again, so on till
after shaking one minute, less than one-
tenth (1-10) of a gram ptisses through.
The combined weight of the screenings
is taken as the amount passing through
that particular sieve.
Having first determined the proper per-
centage of wattoi- required for the neat
tests, this being ascertained by adding
a small portion of water from a gradu-
ate till a stiff plastic paste is obtained,
which will when moulded into a ball,
withstand a fall of twenty Inches with-
out cracking, twenty ounces of the ce-
ment are weighed out and placed upon
the mixing table, into which the proper
percentage of clean water is poured and
the whole thoroughly Kneaded to the
proper consistency with the hands. It
is then placed into the moulds in three
layers, each layer rammed thirty times
with a brass rod throe-rmft-rtera of an
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
montlm. The sand used In the three to one
cmd two one tests is Ottawa sea sand
passing a twenty sieve and being retained'
on the thirty.
For determining the time of set, the lab-
oratory is provided with Oilmore needles.
The one-twelfth-inch wire weighted to
a quarter of a pound is used for the init-
ial set, the one-twenty-fourth inch needle
weighted to one pound is used for the
final set. In testing for soundness the hut
test, the air test and the water test are
used. In the hot test a pat one-half inch
thick and three incnes in diameter is
exposed to steam for six hours and hot
water for eighteen hours. When prac-
tical this hot water test is made at the
end of the twenty-eight day test. The
air test and water test are made on pats
which are exposed to air and water for
twenty-eight days and studied at regu-
lar intervals.
The specific gravity is determined by
means of a Candlot specific gravity bot-
tie.
All cements are from time to time sub-
jected to a chemical analysis, for wliich
purpose the laboratory has l>een equipped
in every detail.
Specifications for Cement.
The following are the recently revised
specifications for cement adopted by the
engineering department of the city of In-
dfanapoUs. Ind.:
1. Inspection— All cements shall be in-
spected, and those rejected shall be im-
mediately removed from the work by the
contractor.
2. Storage— On all main sewers, bridges
(unless otherwise ordered) and such
branch sewers or other work as the City
Civil Engineer may designate, shall be
provided a suitable house for storing the
cement.
3. Protection— Accepted cement, if not
used immediately, must be thoroughly
protected from the weather, and never
placed on the ground without proper
blockings, and may be reinspeoted at any
time.
4. Failure— The failure of a shipment
of cement on any work to meet these re^
quirements may prohibit further use of
the same brand on that work.
The acceptance of a cement to be used
shall rest with the Board of Public Works
and the City Civil Engineer, and will be
based on the following requirements:
—Natural Cement-
By natural cement Is meant one made
by calcining natural rock at a heat below
incipient fusion and grinding the product
to powder.
Weight— Each bag of natural hydraulic
cement must contain 150 pounds net; each
barrel 800 pounds net.
5. Specific Gravity and Fineness— The
cement shall have a specific gravity of
not less than 2.9.
Ninety-five (96) per cent by weight must
p€Lss through a sieve made of No. 85 wire,
Stubbs gauge, 2,600 openings to the square
inch.
Eighty (80) per cent by weight must
pass through a sieve made of No. 40 wire,
Stubbs gauge, 10,000 openings to the square
ijich.
6. Constancy of Volume— Round pats of
neat cement, about three (8) inches in
diameter, one-half {%) Inches thick at
the center and tapering to a feather's
edge, mixed in the same manner as the
neat cement briquettes and placed on a
glass plate, shall not show any signs of
warping or cracking after twenty-eight
(28) days in either air or waten
7. Time of Setting— The cement shall
get its initial set in not less than thirty
(80) minutes. This being determined by
means of the Vicat needle, from pastes
of neat cement of normal consistency,
the temperature being between 60 and
70 degrees F.
8. Tensile Strength— Briquettes, one (1)
square inch in cross section, shall develop
the following ultimate tensile strength:
Strength
Ages. . Pounds.
24 hours (in water after hard set) 90
7 days ( 1 day in air. 6 in water) .... 160
28 days (1 day in air, 27 in water) 260
• 7 days (1 day in air. 6 in water). 1
cement 2 standard sand .l 120
28 (lays (1 day in air, 27 in water), 1
cement 2 standard sand 175
—Portland Cement—
The cement shall be a tnM Portland ce-
ment, made by calcining a proper mixture
of calcareous emd clayey earths, and if
desired a certified statement shall be
furnished of the chemical composition of
the cement and the raw materials from
which it is manufactured. It shall be
free from lumps and finely ground.
Weight— Each barrel must at least
weigh, 400 pounds gross and be properly
lined 'so as to be eiTectually sealed from
dampness.
Specific Gravity and Fineness— The ce-
ment shall have specific gravity of not
less than 8.1.
Ninety-eight (98) per eent by weight
must pass through a sieve made of No.
86 wire. Stubbs gauge, 2,600 openings to
the square inch.
Constancy of Volume— Round pats of
neat cement about three inches in diam-
eter, one-half inch thick at the cent<»r
and tapering to a feather's edge, mixed
in the same manner as the neat cement
briquettes and placed on a glass plate,
shall not show any signs of warping or
cracking after twenty-eight days in air or
water, or when placed six hours in b«)fl-
ing water.
Time of Set— The cement shall get its
initial set in not less than thirty minutes,
and Its final set in not less than fifty
minutes nor more than ten hours. The
test being made in the same way as for
the natural cement
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
351
Tensile Strengrth— Briquettes one squarts
Inch In cross section shall develop the
foUowingr ultimate tensile stren^h:
Strength
Ages. Pounds.
24 hours (in air) 100
7 days (1 In air. 6 in water) 400
28 days (1 in air. 27 In water) 575
7 days (1 In air. 6 In water) 1 of ce-
ment. 3 of standard sand 120
28 days (1 in air. 27 in water) 1 of ce-
fent. 3 of standard sand 200
Sulphuric Acid and Magnesia— It shall
contain not more than one and three-
quarters, per cent of anhydrous sulphuric
acid (S03) nor more than 3.5 per cent of
magnesia.
— Puzzolan—
By puzsolan cement is meant one made
by grinding together without subsequent
calcination granulated blast furnace s\&g
with slaked lime.
Weight— The average weight per barrel
shall not be less than 330 pounds net. four
sacks shall contain one barrel of cement.
Specific Gravity and Fineness— 'i ne ce-
ment shall have a specific gravity of lot
less than 2.7.
Ninety-seven per cent by weight niust
pass through a sieve made of No. 40 wire,
Stubbs gauge, having 10,000 openings to
one sqquare inch.
Constancy of Volume— Round pals oi
neat cement about three Inches in di im-
eter. one inch thick at the center t nd
tapering to a feather's edge, mixed in
the same manner as the neat cement
briquettes, and placed on a glass plate,
shall not show any signs of warping ■)i*
cracking after 28 days in water.
Time of Setting— The cement shall not
acquire its initial set In less than 45
minutes, and shall acquire its final set
In 10 hours. The test made In same way
as natural cement.
Tensile Strength— Briquettes one square
Inch in cross section shall develop the
following tensile strength:
Ages. Strength.
7 days (i in air, 6 in water)... 350 pounds
28 days (1 In air, 27 In water)... 500 pounds
7 days (1 In air, 6 in water)
1 cement. 3 standard sand.. 130 pounds
28 days (1 In air. 27 In water)
1 cement 3 standard sand.. 220 pounds
If a sample of cement submitted for
test shows higher tests than those given
above, the average of tests made on sub-
sequent shipments must come up to
those found with the sample.
Brands of Portland cement which have
been tested In the laboratory of the City
Civil Engineer and found to comply with
these specifications can be used, pro-
vided the following conditions are ful-
filled:
First. All cement shall be shipped in
strong paper bags or barrels.
Second. With each shipment of cement
a certificate of tests made at the mill and
the time that the cement has been stored
shall be submitted.
Third. Contractors must submit the
-cement and afford every facility for In-
spection and testing at least fourteen (14)
days before desiring to use It. The En-
gineer In charge of the testing laboratory
shall be notified at once on the receipt of
the shipment of cement.
Fourth. Any cement without the stamp
of the Engineer In charge of the labora-
tory, the maker's name, and the brand on
the barrel or package, will be rejected
without test.
Additional Requirements— Should there
be discovered at any time, any charac-
teristics in any cement furnished for the
work that would be objectionable In that
work, the further use of cement of the
same brand on all work of that class will
be prohibited regardless of the fact that
It has successfully withstood the tests
hereinbefore specified.
All cement shall meet such additional
requirements as to the "chemical tests"
as the City Civil Engineer may deter-
mine. The requirements for set may be
modified where the conditions are such as
as to make It advisable.
Best Proportions of Materials In Con-
crete.
The following excellent methods of se-
lecting and preparing concrete materials
are taken from a pamphlet on the
Thacher bars, issued by the Concrete
Steel Engineering Company of New York:
Concrete subjected to transverse stress
should be composed of high grade Port-
land cement; clean, sharp, coarse sand,
or preferably stone screenings and broken
stone or gravel that will pass through a
one and a half Inch ring. The Ingredients
must be thoroughly mixed (preferably by
machine), and be sufficiently wet for the
water to come to the surface with mod-
erate ramming, and it Is safer to have the
mixture too wet than too dry. No more
sand should be used than is necessary to
fill the voids. Probably the best results
would be obtained by using sufficient sand
to fill the voids where rods are embedded,
and a minimum of sand or a porous con-
crete at other points. Experiments have
shown that the transverse strength of
concrete varies very nearly as the
strength of the mortar In which the
coarse Ingredients are embedded. Two
series of interesting experiments were
made by Mr. Damton Hutton at Amster-
dam In 1872-78. The test pieces contained
various proportions of Portland cement,
sand and gravel, the gravel being nearly
frep from sand. The following results
were obtained:
First series, age three months. A mix-
ture of (1:4:5) being assumed as 100. (1:3:6)
Is 121, a:2:7) Is 225, (1:1:8) Is 285, (1:0:9) Is
334.
Second series, age four and a half
months. A mixture of (1:4:5) being as-
sumed as 100, \1:3:5) is 113, 0:2:5) is 184,
(1:1:5) Is 289. a:0:5) Is 361.
If concrete Is required to be water-proof,
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
a wet mixture should be used with mortar
more than sufficient to All the voids.
John Newman recommends for water-
proof concrete, a mixture of (1:2:4) when
exposed to moderate pressure, and a mix-
ture of (1:1% :3) for exposed work In deep
water, or under high pressure. He found
the latter impervious under pressure of
thirty pounds per square 'nch.
Newman found that broken brick, how-
ever hard, would disintegrate in sea
water, and should not be used; he advises
the use of sand and gravel from the lo-
cality, that has already been subject to
the chemical action of the water. If they
can be obtained; otherwise hard, durable,
broken stone should be used. Dr. Mi-
chaelis states that for work In sea water
a mixture of coarse and fine sand should
be used, pf which at least one-third
should be very fine, and that cement rich
in silica and as poor as possible in alu-
mina and ferric oxide should be used. A
small aggregate gives a weaker concrete
than a large one with the same amount
of cement.
G. L. SutcIifTe recommends the follow-
ing sizes for aggregates: For walls and
floors less than seven inches thick, one-
fifth thickness; for walls and floors from
seven inches to eighteen inches thick, one-
sixth thickness; i^r foundations, retaining
walls, etc., xnree inches.
Mr. Sutcliffe gives the following em-
pirical formula for finding approximately
the tensile strength of Portland cement
mortars when the strength of the cement
Is known: The ultimate strength of mor-
tar equals the ultimate strength of ce-
ment multiplied by the ratio of the vol-
ume of cement plus 1 to the volume of
sand plus 2.
Impervious C(Vicrete.
Sanford E. Thompson, before the Amer-
ican Society of Civil Engrineers. presented
the following regarding methods of mak-
ing concrete Impervious to water:
The writer's attention was first called
to the possibility of making pure concrete
of very thin section Impervious to water,
by a visit to the filtration works of the
East Jersey Water Company at Little
Falls, N. J., through the courtesy of tne
resident engineer, William B. Fuller, M.
Am. Soc. C. E. A circular wall of re-
Infnrnprl onnprftfp fifteen inches in thick-
four feet, with wall and bottom only
three Inches thick.
The double-track tunnel between Bos-
ton and East Boston, built und^r the
harbor by the Boston Transit Commis-
sion, Howard A. Carson* M. Am. Soc.
C. E., chief engineer, Illustrates the con-
struction under difficult conditions, of
concrete which could not be laid as a
monolith, but had to be built In sections
thirty inches In length. The thickness
of the arch and walls is thirty-three
inches, and at high water the depth of
the roof below the surface of the harbor
may be a« great as seventy feet. The
writer observed, when walking through
the tunnel soon after the air pressure
was removed, that the only leakage con-
sisted of percolations at the Joints be-
tween the sections of concrete laid on
different days. These emitted a scarcely
appreciable volume of water, and were
being closed by forcing In neat-cement
grout under pressure.
It Is generally agreed by engineers, in
this country and abroad, who are accus-
tomed to placing concrete which is to
withstand the percolation of water, that
the essential elements for Impermeability
are:
An aggregate (including sand) propor-
tioned for great density.
An excess of cement.
A wet mixture carefully placed.
Monolithic xronstruction.
The addition of foreign substances,
such as sopp and alum, slaked lime, or
puzzolana. has for Its chief object the
Introduction of very finely divided mat-
ter into the pores of the concrete, and as
long as the cohesion of the cement is not
Injured, it makes very little difference
as regards the permeability, whether
their action is chemical or mechanical.
A mechanical addition may actually in-
crease the strength as well as the im-
permeability, simply by Increasing the
density, and, therefore, may replace a
portion of the cement, which, as the fin-
est ground material In ordinary concrete,
must otherwise fill all the residual voids
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
353
M. Feret, In France, has recently been
conducting a series of experiments to de-
termine tb? effecls of mixing, by grind-
ing together, materials of a puzzolanic
character with cement, to be used In sea
water. Specimens In the air Were Injured
by the Introduction of this material, but
those exposed to the sea water were Im-
proved. By comparison with specimens
to which had been added matter of the
same fineness as the puzzolana. but Inert
In character, the action Is proved to be,
at least in part, a chemical one, and the
results not merely due to the greater
density obtained by the more perfect
filling of the voids.
The relation between porosity and per-
meability, which has been referre<f to by
Mr. Lesley, is misleading. Although M.
Alexandre as quoted by M. Feret, shows
that the more porous mortars are some-
times the less permeable, this principle
cannot be applied strictly to concrete,
because, In a porous concrete, as ihe
term Is generally accepted, the voids are
apt to be of such size that the cnplllary
action of the water contained in them is
insignificant. One of M. Feret's -nost Im-
portant deductions has a ciear bearing
upon this point:
*'Ii must not be undersrtood. however,
that the quantity of water which, uuder^
a given pressure, traverses a mortar dur-
ing a given time Is n^icessaifly propor-
tional to the total volume of voids in the
mortar. It depends especially upon the
size of the voids considered separately.
Thus it is that if one compares a series
of mortars obtained by combining equal
weights of the same cement with sands
of Increasingly large dimensions, it is
noted that the permeability may be very
slight for the first and considerable for
the following, although the real volume
of solid material entering into the unit
volume of the mortars goes on Increasing
at the same time with the size of the
sand."
Mortars made with fine sand, however,
M. Feret states, although less permeable,
are apt to be more easily acted upon by
sea water. Considering, now, mixed
sands M. Alexandc" lias shown toy exper-
iments that these are less permeable than
either coarse or fine sifted sand alone.
The mixed sands undoubtedly reduce
the size of the voids, and as at the same
time they give greater density, they are
conscQuently to be selected m preference
to either the coarse or the fine. Extend-
ing this principle to the coarser materials
of the aggregate in concrete, ^the conclu-
sion is reached that the selection of ma-
terials to produce greatest Impermeabll- *
Ity coincides with ^he selection of materi-
als for maximum strength, that is. the
proportioning of the aggregate so that
the grains of any one size will be suffi-
cient In quantity to fill the voids of the
larger sizes.
It Is obvious that a mass containing
voids or "pockets" such as we Invariably
see In concrete mixed with an exceed-
ingly small percentage of water, and
sometimes also in concrete mixed wet but
laid carelessly so that the mortar Is al-
lowed to run away from the stones, la
more permeable than a mixture which
to the eye is dense and compact. In re-
gard to the more minute voids the con-
clusion is not clear, the advocates of dry-
mixed concrete claiming that the sur-
plus water when evaporating leaves voids
which reduce the density of the mass.
Mr. William B. Fuller, a champion of
the wet mixture, has, on the other hand,
asserted that in his belief the greater
specific gravity of the solids causes them
to expel the surplus water. Experiments,
In collaboration with Frederick W. Tay-
lor, M. E.. which the writer now has
under way tend to prove the correctness
of Mr. Fuller's theory. Careful measure-
ments of specimens, of both mortar and
concrete, made with varying percentages
of water, show, after setting, almost
Identical volumes, and, therefore, nearly
equal density. A dry mixture, however,
to bring it to this point, requires very
violent ramming, harder than can be
given In practical work, while the very
wet mixtures need to be merely "jog-
gled."
With the latter specimens water vary-
ing In amount with the quantity used In
the mix, rises at once to the surface, and
If the mould Is tight and the soUd ma-
terials are carefully proportioned. It may
remain there unUl It evaporates, or until
taken up l)y the capillary action of the
mass.
— ♦ •
Cement Block Construction In PItte-
burg.
Concrete blocks have about been decided
upon for the construction of an apartment
house In the Hazelwood district In Pitts-
burg, Pa. W. S. Haynes of Samuel Black
& Co., has been In correspondence with
different manufacturers of machines for
making blocks, according to local press
reports, and contemplates purchasing a
machine. It is stated that brlckmakers in
Pittsburg will find concrete blocks for
building purposes quite a competitor. The
D. J. Kennedy Co., the Houston Bros.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Co., Peabody & Co.. and another large
builders' supply firm are operating ma-
chines and are selling all ihe blocks thev
can turn out. About $75,000 has thus Iat
been invested in concrete block machines,
and these companies state that they will
have to increase the capacity of their
plants.
♦
Concrete Blocks for Manholes. •
Concrete has been used by the con-
structors of underground electrical work
for some time in manholes and subways,
this type of construction being ordinarily
much less expensive than brick work for
the same purpose. In soft or wet earth
it is sometimes difficult 'to keep the ex-
cavation open long enough to permit the
placing of the concrete and there has
been some waste of time and material on
this account. The New York Telephone
Company's engineers have devised a sys-
tem of concrete blocks which are even
cheaper In place than a solid concrete
manhole. The walls are approximately
rectangular in plan, with slight curves
on the sides and curved corners. The
blocks are made in two forms to suit the
shape of the manhole and by laying them
alternately on opposite beds they break
Joint. In a recent article for Engineering
News Mr. Hugh C. Baker gives the fol-
lowing reasons for the superiority of the
block manholes, and the accompanying
comparative figures of cost: ,
The advantages of the block manhole
as Illustrated over all other forms of con-
struction previously tried are that:
1. No skilled labor Is required for any
part of the construction.
2. The cost Is less than the co-t of
brick manholes of similar size and shape.
3. There is practically no waste of
material.
4. When the excavation is ready, the
block manhole can be built and tiie street
filled In and opened for traffic in five
hours.
5. Concentration of material and super-
vision In making the concrete blocks.
again, with practically no waste of ma-
terial. If concrete Is properly made.
9. Can be put together In freezing
weather, as the blocks can be made at
.any time- and stored, or made under cover.
A number of these block manholes was
recently built by the New York Telephone
Company at Rye. N. Y. A large barn
located near the freight depot was hired
as a place In which to mix the concrete
and make the wooden molds. Over one
hundred complete sets of the flat tops
were made In this barn, and some of
them were shipped by rail to Larchmont,
Port Chester, New Rochelle and Mt
Vernon. A number of these tops were
used on ordinary brick manholes.
The 'following information is given
concerning the cost of block ttianholes
actually constructed:
Set of 6 Set of 30
top blocks, wall blocks.
Weight, lbs 1,853 9,447
Concrete, cu. ft 13 67
•Cost of making
blocks $4.27 $21.00
Co*t of I-beams In
place 5.40
••Cost of blocks In
place 6.00 32.00
Time to put In place,
ordinary labor 3man-hrs. 20man-hr8.
•Not including cost of molds.
••Not including freight.
The total average cost of complete
manhole, without iron cover, was $43.40.
The comparative cost of a brick man-
hole of similar size and shape, covered
with the flat concrete top, as actually
built, was as follows:
Brick, 1.450 at $8.25 per M $11.96
Mason 6.00
Labor, 46 man-hours at 15 cts 6.90
Cement. 4 bbls. at $1.25 5.00
Sand 75
Supervision, etc 2.50
Set of six top blocks In place, and
1-bearts, In place 11.40
Total $44. 'it
The cost of excavation has been left
out, as it is practically the same in each
case.
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MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS
Municipal Ownership in Chicago— City Administration as a fiCuslness—
Rubbish Destruction— Frederick, Md., Charter.
Municipal Ownersliip in Cliicago.
The Philadelphia Public Ledger recently
gave the following sketch of the dlfli-
culties which would result from putting
into operation the three propositions re-
lating 'to the municipal ownership and
operation of street railways which have
been adopted by heavy majorities in a
popular vote.
The first proposition relates to the en-
abling act passed by the last legislature,
known as the Mueller law, which per-
mits the cities of Illinois to own, operate
and leases street railways after the act
shall have been submitted to the electors
of any city and approved by a majority
of those voting thereon. The second
authorizes the city council upon the ac-
ceptance of the Mueller law, to proceed
without delay to acquire ownership of the
street railways under the powers con-
ferred by the Mueller law. and the third
enables the city council, instead of grant-
ing any franchises, to proceed at once,
under the police power and other existing
laws, to license the street rallw^ay com-
panies until municipal ownership can be
secured, and compel them to give satis-
factory service. The franchises' of the
companies affected by the action of the
voters. Involving the entire railway serv-
ice of the city, are now operated under
a temporary arrangement with the city.
The adoption of the propositions will
probably have no immediate effect. The
matter is referred to the city council and
the Mayor. Municipal ownership of the
lines is out of the question for the pres-
ent for financial reasons. Mayor Harri-
son says that the problem of raising a
vast sum at this time to purchase the
lines must perplex any competent finan-
cier. The vote, however, gives the coun-
cil the power to exact terms from the
companies which may benefit the public.
Mayor Harrison thinks that if the city
can make a bargain by which good serv-
ice can be obtained, and fair compensa-
tion secured to the city in exchange for a
limited extension of the franchises, mu-
nicipal ownership might be realized
eventually at a comparatively low price.
If it is possible for Chicago to own
and operate its street railway lines, the
problems of municipal government will
be definitely multiplied, aside from the
financial perplexities which will arise
from the extension of municipal func-
tions. The addition of 10,000 employes
to the city pay-roll, all of them essen-
tially ofllceholders, can not be contem-
plated without dismay by those who are
aware of the influence wielded by the
oflficeholding element in city elections.
Maj. Leonard Darwin, in his recently
published work on "Municipal Trade,"
makes the suggestive remark that when
anything like the spoils system exists,
"the uncertainty of tenure of municipal
employes will increase their temptation
to neglect the true Interests of their
employers, the public, and thus fall un-
der corrupt influences."
Conclusions drawn from experience
of British cities in the ownership of
street railways lines, that such venture*
are highly profitable to the municipality
and furnislji much cheaper transporta-
tion than the American lines, are likely
to be misleading.
In a series of communications to the
Chicago Record-Herald It was shown
that the 2-cent rate for Liverpool la
equivalent to a 5-cent rate in Chicago.
There are no transfers in Liverpool, as
In Chicago, and if the Liverpool rates
were applied to Chicago It would cost a»
much as 50 cents to make a full transfer
trip on some of the Chicago routes. In
Liverpool the fares are charged by stages
of about two miles at 2 cents per stage.
It is asserted that "the small pay-roll and
the short stages account for the profits
of the Liverpool lines." The increase Ih
the so-called net profits of the lines In
certain British cities In recent years is
attributed by one of the correspondents
of the Record-Herald wholly to the sub-
stitution of electric for horse or steam
power, through a corresponding increase
in capital outlay and the doubling of
fixed charges. The same writer says
that there is an unknown sum in rates
and taxes lost to the municipality every
year which the official figures do not take
into account. One Item of the cost of
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356
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
operation must be given due considera-
tion: the pay of motormen and conduc-
tors. The authority cited avers that the
rate of pay in Chicago Is more than two
and a half times that in Liverpool.
City Administration as a Buaineaa.
Prof. R. T. Ely, in the Citizens' Bulle-
tin of Cincinnati, nolas that European
cities are in advance of those of the
United States in their progress toward
solution of the great problem of munici-
pal administration. Although there are
diflferences of circumstances between
German cities, for example, and Ameri-
can cities, these differences are rather
superfl-cial than substantial, and are not
so great as the difference between, an
American city of the day and one of a
hundred years ago. Any refusal to learn
from abroad, on the ground that it is an
infidelity to patriotism to copy the ways
of another nation. Is foolish. True Amer-
icanism, in his opinion, "consists in find-
ing the best in all lands and using it for
American purposes, modifying it, trans-
forming it to suit' whatever is peculiar in
our own land."
The Boston Herald thinks it is not an
unreasonable opinion, still less is It a
traitorous one. The essential condition
without which reform in the government
of cities is impossible is that the admin-
istration of government shall be regarded
as a public matter and not as a party
matter. As long as all the resources of
a city treasury or a city's patronage are
employed primarily for partisan ends and
not for the common welfare, permanent
economy and efladency are not to be ex-
pected. It requires only a short term of
continuance in a>ower of a partisan ad-
ministration to demoralize It. For one
term a new party in power may do well.
Five terms, and often two terms, will
have a seesaw of parties, without accom-
plishing any enduring progress toward
good government. This for the reason
that the evils of partisan politics pervert
large circulation of the desire of the Ger-
man city of Luckenwalde for a compe-
tent mayor. Any ];>ersons desiring to be
candidates, wherever they might live,
were requested to send in their names
with a sketch of their lives and experi-
ence. The salary was named, and it was
pointed out that If at the end of his first
term— twelve years— the mayor was not
reappointed he would be entitled to a pen-
sion equal to the salary. Candidates most
have had the equivalent of a college edu-
cation and a university training in law.
What Luckenwalde was In search of was
a competent superintendent of its com-
plex public interests. It wanted the most
competent man in the German empire
who could be obtained for the salary it
could pay, and it was willing to relieve
him of any temptation to get rich during
his term by engaging to pay him for life,
whether he was constantly employed or
not.
This suggests to the Herald that in
Germany there is something like a pro-
fession of city magistracy, those devot-
ing their lives to It making adequate
preparation by a thorough course of
study, and, of cotirse, gaining wisdom
and efficiency by experience. It would
not be thought unreasonable for an
American business corporation to adver-
tise for an engineer or financial agent
Perhaps an American city might adver-
tise for an engineer or a sanitary expert
or a superintendent of schools, or a road-
maker, without attracting special atten-
tion; but one could hardly advertise for a
qualified Mayor without provoking abun-
dant satirical comment. Tet most of our
cities for most of the time have Mayors
who have never learned the rudiments of
efficient administration and never served
long enough to acquire the knowledge
and practice that would make them ex-
perts. They go blundering thro'jffh their
terms, the dupes of their underlings in
large degree, and count themselves for-
tunafte tif the^{ are able to conceal their
Ignorance so that no public scandal re-
sults. If they manage to keep the hun-
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MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS.
357
are dlscyssed at much length. The reader
who desires the wbele argument must be
referred to the article Itself. A very in-
teresting part of it rebates to the fre>
quent failure of the business man as
mayor, and the consequent disappoint-
ment of those who expected him to do
better than a politician. Briefly, it is be-
cause the man trained in private busi-
ness discovers an incapacity to view af-
fairs from the standpoint of the public.
"The sentiments, the feelings, the way of
looking at things required in municipal
administration, which is a public aftair,
are different from those which must
necessarily prevail in private business."
In this respect the professional politician
often has an advantage. Although he may
be inferior in character and intellectual
power, he has been trained to look at
affairs in their public aspect.
Not the least interesting passage is one
relating to his own experience. "At pres-
ent," he says, " I hold a humble office.
I am one of the three supervisors of the
town of Madison, Dane County, State of
Wisconsin, and It seems to me, after hav-
ing held the ofllce some six months, that
a man ought to hold it for several years
to acquire the knowledge and experience
needed to make a good supervisor. I
have been hammering away at economic
prob'ems for twenty years, at least; but
in the discharge of my duties as. super-
visor I feel oppressed by my ignorance.
And I presume what I especially lack is
sufllcient general engineering knowl-
edge; but I see clearly that the engineer
requires economics for such an office as
truly as the economist requires engineer-
ing knowledge."
New York Rubbish Destruction Plant
in Operation.
The new municipal plant for dispos-
ing of light rubbish and paper wastes was
officially opened recently by Mayor Mc-
Clellan at New York City. A report by
Commissioner Woodbury stated that the
paper wastes, boots, shoes, tin cans and
metals are separated and the residue that
is unsalable destroyed by incineration.
Bach yard of the material that goes into
the furnace produces seven horse-power.
The plant has the power of producing 200
horse-power per hour, and each one of
these horse-powers will produce 1^ arc
lights of 2.000 candle power. One arc light
is equal to 12 incandescent lights, which
means 250 arc lights or 3,000 Incandescent
lights. The city pays ^46 per year for
each arc light. Thus. 250 arc Ughts at $146
equals $36,500. It cost 80 cents per cubic
yard to tow this rubbish to sea and throw
it overboard. The city is now disposing
of 136,000 cubic yards a year at the munici-
pal plant, and it is estimated that this is
done at a saving of $21,000.
A tabulation of earnings shows the fol-
lowing:
We save then by not sending to sea.$21,000
We can earn in lights 86,500
We get from the contractor 10,400
Making an annual income to the
city over the previous system of
sending to sea of 67,900
Less $1,000 for maintenance of
plant 1,000
Or $66,900
The cost of constructing the plant was
$28,900. By working the plant continuous-
ly the $66,900 would be doubled, makhig
$185,800, less $2,000 for maintenance ot
plant, or $133,800 per year. Commissioner
Woodbury concluded with the statement
that "the combustion of these paper ana
rubbish wastes is so perfect that there is
no smoke, and as no garbage whatever is
burned there is no odor."
»
Provisions of New Charter of Fred-
erick, Md.
A new charter h^s been granted the
city of Frederick, Md., which gives the
City Register power of distress or exe-
cution for taxes. The Mayor has, hereto-
fore, had absolute power of appointment
of police, collector of water rents, super-
intendent of water works, etc., but now
his appointments are to be made subject
to the confirmation of the aldermen by a
majority vote. Other provisions of the
charter are as follows: Charges for water
rents shall be liens on the real estate on
which the water is used; the Mayor and
aldermen shall not expend in any
one year for regradlng, recurbing
and sewering with material other
than cobblestone more than the
amount received during that year for li-
censes; the Mayor and Aldermen may,
by ordinance, provide for a revaluation
of all the real and personal property in
Frederick for the purpose of municipal
taxation; they are given the power to
regulate and provide for the issuing of
licenses or permits for all hawking, ped-
dling and vending of marketable com-
modities, wares and merchandise of
every description upon the streets and
highways of the city, and to issue li-
censes or permits* to all itinerant peddlers
who may go from house to house to
vend or sell any wares or mer-
to regulate and provide
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358
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
for tile Issuing of licenses to all
traveling persons who dispense medicine
or medical advice and secret or patent In-
ventions or remedies, and for licensing
commercial travelers and all retail deal-
ers and solicitors non-residents of the
city; to regulate and license hackney car-
riages, omnibuses or other vehicles used
In the city for the carriage of passengers
or travelers; and if they see fit they may
require every such vehicle to be numbered
to correspond with the number upon the
license Issued to It in pursuance of this
authority; to levy or collect a li-
cense or tax upon all vehicles of every
kind owned by residents of the city and
habitually kept therein and used upon
the streets thereof; and the mayor and
aldermen shall also have the power by
ordinance or ordinances to levy and col-
lect a license tax upoh and regulate any
and all callings, trades, professions and
occupations conducted, pursued, carried
on or operated within the limits of said
city, and may levy and collect special
taxes upon all telegraph, telephone, elec-
tric light or ■ trolley poles or posts
erected and maintained within the cor-
porate limits of Frederick.
iEWAOE DliPOiAL
Farington, Eng., Sewage Disposal
Works.
By William Naylor.
In most cases where the available fall
for filters has been, as In this case, lim-
ited to 3 feet, either pumping has been
resorted to or a large area of land re-
quisitioned, upon which the heavily bur-
dened first-contact or even continuously
sprinkled effluent, has been distributed,
with a view to the Inducement of nitri-
fication; indeed, the practically complete
nitrification of septic tank effluents on
filters 3 feet deep has not yet been re-
ported as in operation, to the author's
knowledge, the Scott-Moncrieff trays, per-
haps, excepted.
At Farington" a special method of slow.
Intermittent, and **ralned-on" feed has
been evolved, which has proved Itself
capable of producing an effluent well
charged with nitrates, and In which the
disappearance of dissolved oxygen after
saturation with air Is as slow, and as
little in total amount, as need be aimed
at. The "albuminoid ammonia" and
"oxygen absorbed" figures also fall well
within all published standards.
The Incoming sewage gravitates to the
junction manhole from two opposite direc-
tions, the 12-inch and 15-inch sewers serv-
ing two separated portions of the lown-
shlD between which the works arc sit-
Is 78.00, septic tanks altogether above
ground level, and so capable of discharg-
ing fairly solid sludge after the withdraw-
al of the supernatant liquor, were out of
the question. Artificial filters of some
description were necessary, also, owing
to the small area of land available. The
septic or "preparation" tanks were there-
fore made about 12 feet deep and pro-
vided with a syphonic sludge removal ap-
paratus, which is put Into operation as
often as any considerable quantity of solid
particles Is seen passing towards the
filters— at least once a week.
The tanks have now been in operation
about two years, and although preceded
by fairly large detritus tanks it is very
plain that to use them continually with-
out the frequent abstraction of sludgu
would simply lead to disaster. The tank
effluent Is, notwithstanding, quite putrid
and ready for bacterial filters as It en-
ters the measuring chamber. Sludge
from the syphons is discharged into cham-
bers whence it gravitates into drainers
and the liquor therefrom Is pumped at
a well back into the septic tanks.
The filters, seven in number, are ex-
actly 3 feet deep, with 9-lnch brick sides
and 9-inch concrete fioors. It was In-
tended at the outset that these should be
used as "Dibdin" contact beds; It was also
anticipated that the area provlcied— about
450 sniinrp vards* — would be aiiflFIHATitlv
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SEWAGE DISPOSAL.
35&
Ions. These anticipations, however, were
not realized, for a first-contact effluent
liberating less than 0.2 albuminoid am-
monia was not obtained under any practi-
cable variation of contact time or pre-
liminary sewage preparation, and t > mako
matters wcrse the irrigation areaa treated
with such effluent as was obtained soon
exhibited signs of permeated putridity of
sewage "sickness."
After four or five months' trial the idea
of single-contact was given up and re-
volving distributors were installed w.Di
RIdgeway's arrangement for putt'ng
valves Into operation In rotation and so
discharging the contents of the measuring
chamber, capacity 2,500 gallons, over each
of the filters In turn. But the low hy-
drostatic head to the distributor called
for a great volume to put It Into motion—
a volume so great that the feed was just
a flush through the filter, and the filter
effluent as bad as before, black and void
of nitrates.
As a slower rate of feed during the ac-
tual revolutionary period of the distribu-
tor was impossible with the given head, a
shorter period of feed was resorted to by
putting the whole of the distributors Into
operation at once, thus apportioning to
each filter, say 350 gallons. To eflfect this
purpose all the feed valves in the chamber
were connected with each other as well as
to a central shaft, as an alternative to
building seven separate measuring cham-
bers, the most suitable capacity of which
had not yet been really ascertained. The
350 gallon discharge was then found to be
largely In excess of the filter capacity,
and that quite Independently of the period
of time intervening between the dis-
charges; indeed. Judged on the trials at
this point it appekred as though the filters
were about to exhibit no efflclency at all.
So far as cotild be observed, the only
remedy short of perforated pipes for dis-
tributing arms (and the open trough arms
were already installed) was to cut down
the discharge period. The 350 gallon dis-
charge Involved about eight revolutions
of the distribute and an Intervening
period of about half an hour between each
discharge.
A series of experiments was then carried
out with the Idea of getting at the par-
ticular volume of discharge, sufflciently
small to be void. of fiushlng effect, that
Is to be retained by the filter and subject
to bacterial action. Naturally, for each
particular filter this volume will be gov-
erned by the texture o( the filter; Indeed. '
the volume may be said to be directly
proportional to th2 fineness of the filter-
ing material so long as choking Is pro-
vided against by the Interception of sus-
pended particles.
It was discovered, by controlling the in-
let valves by hand for some time and ex-
amining the effluents produced, that
the most favorable volume of discharge
for this hydrostatic head, and the texture
of filter (1-ln. to 1%-in. clinker) was 130-
to 140 gallons per filter, Involving three
revolutions of the distributor, ten minutes
normal interval between the discharges,
and a fall of 4% In. In the water line of
the measuring chamber.
The fulfillment of these conditions was
then secured automatically by an ar-
rangement for closing the inlet valves to
the distributor after a fall of 4% In. In
the water line, in preference to blocking
up the measuring chamber space so as to
reduce the capacity to seven times 130
gallons. The advantage of the capacious
measuring chamber is undoubted. All
septic tank effluents contain a certain
amount of sparingly soluble disintegrated
matter, which falls Into suspension on
coming Into contact with air for a short
time. The measuring chamber receives
this . as a deposit even from a tank
effluent which enters It quite clear, and
so reduces the quantity of humus always
present In a good filtrate from a contin-
uously sprinkled bacterial filter.
It Is apparent that the success of the
filters Is not due entirely to the fact that
the actual feed per cubic yard per twenty-
four hours is about the same as that of a
9-ft. filter used continuously. As a matter
of fact an excellent effluent is produced
with only five-minute Intervals between
the discharges, equivalent to 300,000 gal-
lons per twenty-four hours, or 600 gallons
per cubic yard, though this rate of feed
has never run over two hours— twenty-five
discharges, 25,000 gallons.
Each discharge of three revolutions
represents a film less than % In. thick,
and the delivery from the filters varies
but little, unless the interval between the
discharges is extended by virtue of re-
duced sewage infiow to about fifteen or
twenty minutes. Evidently much de-
pends upon the sponge-like retentfvity of
the filter, and In the case of shallow fil-
ters it Is certain that success depends
upon the adjustment of feed with rela-
tion to the mechanical retentivlty of the
filter, a matter in which the hydrostatic
head plays an Imporant part In the case
of open trough distributors.
Perforated pipe distributors might meet
the difficulty, but for filters of close tex-
ture, such as shallow filters can only be.
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NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
Newton turapike before improyement.
»
NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
Newton turnpike during improvement.
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360
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
intermittent sprinkling must be resorted
to, whatever class of sprinklers are used,
and the above described arrangement pro-
duces an effluent which should satisfy the
most fastidious. Any credit due on ac-
count of the mechanical difficulties over-
come must be accorded to Messrs.
Mather & Piatt, who stuck manfully to
the business long after their contract
obligations were fulfilled, and when the
black, foul filtrate offered little encour-
agement.
The filtrate from the beds flows, by
means of drains, to the specially re-
served irrigation area beyond the em-
bankment.—The Surveyor.
PAVINO
Coal Right Not Assessed— Specifications for Asphalt Pavements.
Atsetsment of Coal Right Under
Street for Its Pavement le Refuted.
An opinion was rendered April 9, at
Springfield, 111., by Judge Murray, of the
County Court, on the assessment on the
coal right underlying the ground of S.
Sizth-st., from Pine to Oak-sts. The
property owners presented a petition to
the board of local improvements asking
that the street be paved with brick on
six-inch concrete foundation, with stone
curbing. Judge Murray's opinion is as
follows:
First— It is objected that the coal light,
which it is understood is several hundred
feet below the surface, is not assessed for
the pavement. It is claimed that the
owner of the fee is not the exclusive own-
er of the lot, and, therefore, the lot as it
appears on the surface is not the only
part which should be assessed.
The court does not think that this ob-
jection is well taken. The right or priv-
ilege to remove the coal from the prem-
ises hundreds of feet below the surface
is sought to be assessed by the objection
filed herein. No similar question (so far
as this court knows) has ever been raised,
and it must be, therefore, disposed of
without any former adjudication of the
same question.
Cities and villages are authorized by the
constitution and laws of the State to
make public improvements by special as-
sessment, or by special taxation of con-
tiguous property, and In no case can any
property be assessed beyond the benefits
derived from the improvements to be
made.
Is it any benefit to the coal right to
pave the street which adjoins the lot un-
der the surface of which this coal right
exists, the coal being removed and
brought to the surface quite a distance
from the improved street?
Without further discussion at this time
of the question as presented, the coart
overruled the objection.
Specificatione for Asphalt Pavements.
The specifications for the bituminous
portion of asphalt pavements most recent-
ly adopted by the engineer department of
the District of Columbia are as follows:
The binder course shall be composed of
clean, broken stone, equal in quality to
the stone for the base, and passing an
inch and a quarter screen. Eighty- five
per cent of this shall pass said screen
In its longest dimensions, and of the re-
maining fifteen per cent no piece shall
have a larger dimension than 2 inches,
and the stone, after passing the heating
drums, shall not contain less than Ave
nor more than fifteen per cent of material
passing a No. 10 screen.
The stone will be heated not higher than
350 degrees Fahrenheit, in suitable appli-
ances. It is then to be thoroughly mixed
by machinery with asphalt cement, such
as is acceptable for surface cement, pene-
tration 60 to 90, at such temperature and
in such proportions that the resulting
binder will have life and gloss without
an excess of cement. Should It appear
dull from overheating or la(ik of cement,
it will be rejected. While hot it will be
hauled upon the work, spread upon the
base so that when compacted it will be
at least one and one-half inches in thick-
ness, and immediately rammed and rolled
until it is cold. Should the resulting
course not show a proper bond, it shall be
immediately removed and replaced by
the contractor.
The contractor shall not enter upon a
concrete base in order to lay the binder
course until it has obtained sufllcient
strength for such a purpose, and during
the period between laying the base and
binder he shall properly protect It, and.
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NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
Newton tarapike before improTement.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
when ordered by the Engineer Commis-
sioner, shall sprinkle it in warm weather
between the hours of sunset and sunrise
as often as may be deemed necessary, and
in cold weather cover it with a material
suitable for protection.
Asphalt Wearing Surface— The wearing
surface of the pavement shall be com-
posed of asphaltic cement, clean, sharp-
grained sand and fine absorbent mineral
dust.
The asphaltic cement must be practical*
ly free from water, and must be within
the range of 40 and 70 penetration 'when
tested at 77 degrees F. The amount of
penetration to be fixed by the Engineer
Commissioner.
Preference will be given to an asphaltic
cement that Is not readily affected by
the action of water, provided It Is satis-
factory In other respects.. If an as-
phaltic cement is accepted that is affected
by water some provision satisfactory to
the Engineer Commissioner must be made
to guard against 'the results of such ac-
tion, and such work must be Included In
the price bid.
The bitumen of the asphaltic cement
must comply with the following tests:
1. It must be of such a consistency
that when tested at 32 degrees F. it will
not show hardhess below 10 penetration,
and when tested at 115 degrees F. It will
not be softer than 350 penetration.
2. When a prism of the bitumen 1 cen-
timeter square and 5 centimeters long is
tested for ductility at 77 degrees F, It
must draw out to a distance of 20 cen-
timeters before breaking.
3. When the bitumen Is heated In an
open tin at a te«mperature of 300 degrees
F. for eighteen hours In a hot-air oven
It must not show a loss by volatilization
of over 5 per cent and It must not have
been hardened over 50 per cent by this
heating.
The asphaltic cement must never be
heated to a temperature that will In-
jure It.
When the asphaltic cement contains
over 5 per cent of material that will sep-
arate by subsidence while in a molten
condition it must be thoroughly agitated
before drawing from storage and while
in use in the supply kettles so as to In-
sure a uniform cement.
These tests shall be made by uniform
methods, descriptions of which are on
file in the oflSce of the Engineer Com-
missioner.
Sand— The sand in use shall be hard
grained and moderately sharp. On sifting
It should have at least 15 per cent of ma-
terial that would be caught cm a 40-mesh
Ished on streets of light tratflc when ap-
proved by the Engineer Commissioner.
Mfneral Dust— This shall be any fine,
absorbent, Inorganic dust not acted upon
by water, the whole of which shall pass
a 30-mesh screen, and at least 75 per
cent pass a 100-mesh screen.
Asphalt Paving Mixture— The materials
complying with the above specifications
shall be mixed in proportion by weight,
depending upon their character, and the
traffic on the street, and upon the char-
acter of the asphalt, and will be deter-
mined by the Engineer Commissioner,
but the percentage of bitumen in any
mixture soluble In carbon bisulphide
shall not exceed the limits, 9 to 13 per
cent. If the proportions of the mixture
are varied In any manner from those
specified the mixture will be condemned;
Its use will not be permitted: and. If al-
ready placed m the streets, It will be
removed and replaced by proper mate-
rials at the expense of the contractor.
The sand, or the mixture of sand and
stone dust, and the asphalt cement, will
be heated separately to about 300 degrees
Fahrenheit. The dust. If limestone, will
be mixed while cold with the hot sand
In the required proportions and then
mixed with the asphaltic cemept at the-
required temperature, and In the proper
proportion In a suitable apparatus, so as
to effect a thoroughly homogeneous mix-
ture. Sand boxes and asphalt gages will
be weighed in the presence of Inspectors
as of^en as may be desired.
Samples of all material entering Into
the composition of the pavement shall be
supplied to the Inspector of Asphalt and
Cements when required, In suitable tin
boxes and cans, and he shall have access
to all branches of the works at any time.
The pavement mixture prepared In a
manner thus indicated will be brought to
the ground in carts at a temperature of
not less than 250 degrees .or more than 350
degrees Fahrenheit, and if the temper-
ature of the air Is less than 60 degrees
Fahrenheit, the contractor must provide
canvass covers for use In ttanslt. It will
then be thoroughly spread to a thickness
of at least two and one-half (2H) Inches
by means of hot Iron rakes. In such man-
ner as to give uniform and regular grade,
so that, after having received Its ultimate
compression. It will have a net thickness
of at least one and one-half (1>^) inches.
This depth will be constantly tested by
means of gauges furnished by the En-
gineer Commissioner. The surface will
then be compressed by hand-rollers, after
which a small amount of hydraulic cement
will be swept over it, and It will then be
thoroughly compressed by a steam-roller
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NEW JERSEY PUBLIC ROADS.
Cranbury and Pleasant Hill road before improvement.
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364
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ring, well rammed, and rolled with a
steam-roller weighing not less than Ave
tons. The rolling will be continued until
the stone ceases to creep before the
roller, and until it is evident that the
final compression has been reached. It
will then be thoroughly coated with
asphaltic paving cement or coal tar of
approved quality, as directed.
—Resurfacing Over Asphalt and Coal-
Tar Pavements—
The above specifications shall also
apply, as far as practicable, to all work
of resurfacing. When the binder coat
cannot be made of uniform thickness, it
will be paid for by the cubic foot, meas-
ured in carts. The Engineer Commis-
sioner will decide which method of pay-
ment will be adopted in each case.
—Ordinary Repairs—
The work to be done under this head in-
cludes the repairing of all asphalt and
coal-tar pavements where defective, due
to wear or accident, the repairs of all
cuts such as those made for tapping
sewers, water pipes, etc., and generally
all patching and miscellaneous work
necessary to keep the pavements in good
condition for travel during the contract
period. The pavement must be repaired
with materials as described above.
The repairs shall be made at such times
and place, and in such manner as may
be described, and when deemed necessary
on certain streets, between the hours of
8 p. m. and 8 a. m. All old material shall
be cut out and removed at the con-
tractor's expense, and in the case of un-
dercuts and overhanging portions shall be
removed.
Except in special cases the base of the
pavement over any cuts will be laid by
the District, and the surface only by
the contractor. The Engrineer Commis-
sioner may, however, call upon the con-
tractor to lay the base wherever he may
deem it advisable.
The holes cut out shall be cleaned and
the edges painted with hot paving
cement, of such quality as may be ac-
ceptable to the Engineer Commissioner.
Barricades of a suitable form to prevent
traffic over recently-laid work shall be
provided and kept in place until the sur-
face has hardened sufficiently to with-
stand pressure. These barricades and
their use must be subject to the approval
of the Engineer Commissioner.
POWER TRANvSMIivSION
Chains and Chain TranamiMlon.*
By Charles H. Hills, Indiaqapolis.
The application of chains to power
transmission is not new; chains having
been in use for more than a century, in
one form or another, but the advantages
of their application have not been recog-
nized by the engineer until within the
last few years. This lack of recognition
can no doubt be traced to the lack of
information concerning their action, and
for that matter very little reliable in-
formation is to be had today upon the
subject.
Chains are applicable wherever a posi-
tive speed ratio is to be secured, wherever
the elements would prove destructive to
beltinsr or rope, wherever there are short
on account of their low first cost, but the
systematic development of the machine-
made chain has placed it in the lead for
the better class of work. A machine-
made chain, when properly designed and
constructed, is superior to a cast one, in
accuracy of pitch, greater strength per
unit of weight, greater and better bearing
surface, longer life, more efficiency and
possibility of a higher chain speed. While
the machine-made chains are many, I
will only briefly describe those known as
the "block" and the "roller." with a
brief mention of a form that is coming
into genera' use, known under the head
of "cable" or balancing chains.
Figure 1 shows a block chain. This
chain is very simple, consisting of three
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POWER TRANSMISSION.
365
ate speeds— 600 feet a mniute and under-
being extensively used on bicycles, motor
cars, milling machines, drill presses, etc
Figure 2 represents a roller chain.
The construction of this chain is more
complex than that of i^'ie block, but
it is lighter for the same tensile strength,
has a better action with the sprocket, is
more efficient and permits of a higher
ported at' the ends, while a thick side-bar
makes it aproach more nearly the condi-
tion of being fixed at the ends. Besides
increasing the strength of the chain, a
thick rivet side-bar is superior to a thin
one. inasmuch as it makes the rivet less
liable to work itself loose. Experience
seems to show that the thickness of the
rivei side-bar should be approximately
1. BLOCK CHAIN.
chain speed. It consists of five parts*
namely: The outer or rivet side bar,
the inner or bushing side bar, rivet, bush-
ing and roller. The object of the bush-
ing is to increase the wearing surface
of thie rivet. If the bushing were omitted
and the roller placed on the rivet, the
bearing would be reduced to the thick-
ness of the inside side bars, while with
it the bearing surface extends the width
of the chain. It will be noticed that the
bushing is flattened on one side. This
is to insure against its turning in the
one-naif the diameter on the rivet head.
This type has been the outgrowth from
the demand for a chain that combines
good mechanical construction with high
efficiency It is used today almost ex-
clusively on motor cars, and is coming
into general use for such work as driving
engine governors, mechanical stokers,
machine tools, woodworking machinery
and the better class of conveyors.
One of the chief problems that has con-
fronted the chain manufacturer has been
the production of a chain that will not
2. ROLLER CHAIN.
side bar as the chain is bent around the
sprocket. It has been found by experi-
ence that nickel steel should be used for
the rivet to give best results. This with
the bushing and roller is hardened, to re-
duce the wear and increase the life of
the chain. Another very important point
to be considered in the construction oi
this chain is the thickness of the rivet
side-bar. The rivet acts as a beam
loaded uniformly. With a thin side-bar
It approaches the condition of being sup-
lengthen Its pitch bj wear at the Joints.
By using high-grade steel and hardening
all of the wearing surfaces, much b'»s
been done to reduce this to a minimum.
It is to be regretted that the design and
manufacture of sprockets have not in
general received the same careful
attention that has been given
the chain. It is the popular
notion that a good chain will run on
almost any sprocket, no matter what its
design. This is not the case and ought
to be self-evident, yet today the demand.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
is for small sprockets cut in such man-
ner as to grive low first cost witli no re-
gard for the action of the chain. The
fact of the case is. however, that the
sprocket plays a part quite as Important
as the chain and ought to receive the
same care in Its design and construction
Much might be said on the design and
construction of sprockets, but I will not
take time to enter deeply into the dis-
cussion here, but rather call your atten-
tion to a few of the more important
points that should be closely observed.
' No sprocket should be used that has
less than twelve teeth, unless the chain
speed is very slow, and then the life
and efficiency of the chain is impaired
by so doing. The sprocket should be cut
with a clearance along the pitch line
. equal to about one-tenth the pitch of
the chain, and the face of the- tooth so
shaped that the blow due to the engage-
ment of the tooth with the chain, shall
be reduced to a minimum.
A chain and sprocket to give good sat-
isfaction must be cleaned, and properly
lubricated at regular Intervals. A satis-
factory lubricant for this class of work
is a good grade of oil mixed with
graphite in equal proportions.
There is one other type of chain to
which I wish to call your attention, be-
cause it directly Interests every branch
of the engineering profession. This is
a simple leaf chain, known as a cable
or balancing chain. As the name Implies,
it is used for holding counter weights
and numerous other similar duties.
In conclusion the writer wishes to
thank the Federal Manufacturing Com-
pany, Diamond Chain Factory, for the
cuts used in the above article.
Guesswork Estimates in Engineering
Costs.
A gentleman of great experience in
manufacturing recently told the writer
that he believed accurate cost keeping
^as veny much less common than was
ordinarily supposed, and that he had had
• ipportunities In competitive bidding In
which his firm took part, and where they
kn^ from experience the absolute cost of
the work, to observe that competitors
were taking work materially below cost;
In some cases It actually led to the failure
of the firms who had made the mistake.
There is a great tendency In many places
where the work done consists of building
rather large machines of varying sizes In-
stead of repetition work on smaller
things, to submit proposals necessarily
based on estimates. Unless there Is a
earful system of costs, the estimates In
many cases are mere guesses.
Instances are common where estimates
are based simply on a price per pound
of machinery, predicating these figures
on prices for which other contracts had
been taken on machinery whose weight
was known. This is the very roughest
kind of work, and it should never be done
if it can be avoided. The reason prob-
ably for not having accurate costs is
that I't is expensive to establish an ac-
curate cost system; but It Is easy to see
that when buslnf ss Is carried on Without
an accurate knowledge of real costs It
Is quite possible for a single error In es-
timating to involve a loss greater than
the expense of a proper cost system for
a great many years.~W. M. McFarland*
in Cassier's Magazim
MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL
LITERATURE
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MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE.
367
The Directory of American Cement In-
dustries. Third Edition, revised and en-
larged. Edited by Charles Carroll
Brown, M. Am. Soc. C. E., 740 pp. ?5.
Municipal Engineering Company, Indi-
anai>oIis and New York.
This new edition of the standard repre-
sentation of the cement trade Is now
all off the press and will be Issued from
the bindery In a very few days after the
publication of this number of Municipal
Engineering. The separation of the
Handbook to be Issued separately as the
"Handbook for Cement Users" at $3, re-
moved 250 pages in the second edition
and these have been filled with new
names in the various lists, thus increas-
ing the number of names Included In the
book to more than 40,CG0.
These lists include the manufacturers of
cement, companies and their officers, the
sales agents, the dealers in lime, cement,
and plaster, contractors and other users
of cement, engineers, architects, and
other supervisors of the use of cement,
laboratories and engineers making an-
alyses and tests of cement and cement
materials, engineers designing and con-
structing cement plants, the manufac-
turers of and dealers In machinery used
in cement plants and by workers In ce-
ment, manufacturers of lime and plaster.
There are also special lists of makers of
cement blocks and artificial stone and
brick with lime and cement, and of
makers of machinery and molds for this
class of work.
The descriptions of the plants at which
cement is manufactured have been thor-
oughly revised and the many new plants
put In operation since the last edition
have been added, making this section as
complete and full as the plan of the book
requires. There Is a full alphabetical list
of the brands of American cements of all
kinds on the market, with due reference
to the descriptions of works at which
they are made. The foreign list of manu-
facturers and brands has also been thor-
oughly revised and enlarged and is now
quite complete for the countries promi-
nent in the manufacture of cement.
The new edition is thus more complete
and full than any preceding edition and
truly represents the vast Increase in the
cement trade which has been made dur-
ing the past two years.
As this number goes to press the binder
reports that he will begin delivering
books on May 9. As the advance sale
has been very large it will take several
days to fill all orders. They will be filled
in the order in which they were re-
ceived.
OI^OANIZATIONi
AND INDIVIDUALS
Technical fleetlngs— Personal Notes.
Technical Meetings.
A State Good Roads convention will be
held at Springfield, 111., May 3 and 4.
The tenth annual meeting of the Na-
tional Municipal League and the eleventh
national conference for good city gov-
ernment was held at Chicago beginning
April 27. The program embraced the fol-
lowing: "Home Rule Provisions in
American Municipal' Charters," Dr. Ellis
P. Oberholtzer, Philadelphia; "Municlral
Taxation," Lawson Purdy, New York;
"Municipal Ownership," Prof. James
Mayor, Toronto. Ont.; "Partnership in
Municipal Grovernment," Charles J. Bona-
parte, Baltimore.
The semi-annual meeting of the Ohio
Society of Chemical, Electrical and
Steam Engineers will be held at Colum-
bus. O., May 13 and 14.
The Engineers' Club, Columbus, O.,
held a meeting April 16. E. A. Kemmler,
assistant city engineer, read a paper on
"Sewer Construction," in which he gave
a brief outline of the elements of sewer
design and construction, and a descrip-
tion of the work accomplished in Colum-
bus during the last two years. He de-
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368
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
scribed details of special work, such as
flush tanks, automatic intercepters and
inverted siphons.
The first annual meetingr of the Illinois
State Good Roads Association will be
held at Springfield, May 3 and 4. A^.on.;
the addresses to be delivered are the fol-
lowing: "QooA Roads from lae 3" 'Cl-
polnt of the Farmer," Cons^ressman B.
P. Caldwell; "National Aid," Senatoi- A.
C. Latimer of South Carolina; "State
Aid," Hon. Martin Dodge, roads inquiry
depcurtment, Washington, D. C; "Good
Roads from the Standpoint of the Labor-
ing Man," F. J. Shlfilngton, Bo^t>..,
Mass.; "Good Roads from the Standpoint
of the University Man," Alfred Bayiiss,
State Superintendent of Instruction-
"Economics of Good Roads," Prof. i?a
O. Baker, University of Illinois.
The twenty-8evrt»^th convention of tto
National Electric Light Association will
be held in Boston, Mass., May 24 to 27.
The eighth annual convention of tlie
League of American Municipalities will
be held in East St. Louis. 111., Oct. 4, b
Mich.
The Permanent International Associa-
tion of Navigation Congresses, the of-
fice of whose secretary is at 88 Rue de
Louvaln, Brussels. Belgium, is made up
of official representatives from various
governments and of individuals. A cir-
cular giving the membership and the con-
stitution and purposes of the society is
sent out by the American representatives,
of which Col. C. W. Raymond, 39 Whlte-
» hall-st.. New York City, is the head, and
anyone not receiving a copy can obtain
one by writing to any of the American
representatives or to the secretary.
The National and International Good
Roads convention will be held In St.
Louis May 16 to 21. 1904.
The Kentucky Water Association will
hold a meeting In the Gait House, Louis-
ville, Ky., on May 3. ^ore than half
the water companies and departments
In the State have signified their inten-
tion to send representatives. W. A. Pat-
ton. Catlettsburg, Is the secretary.
Personal Notes.
C. T. Wilson has been reappointed city
engineer at Waterloo, la.
J. F. Langan has been re-elected city
engineer at Pittston. Pa.
H. F. Robinson has been appointed city
engineer at Phoenix. Arts.
J. E. Carroll has been re-elocted city
engineer at Crookston, Minn.
E. A. Kingsley has been elected super-
intendent of public works at Little Rock,
Ark.
William H. Bowne has been appointed'
village engineer at Glen Cove -'.L. I.), .
N. T. •
W. B. Ropes has been appointed city
clerk at Mount Vernon, Wash., by Mayor
Laughlin.
Francis A. Price has resigned as engi-
neer to the department of sewers at Wil-
mington, Del.
Thomas F. McGUvray has succeeded
William B. Patton as city engineer at
Duluth, Minn.
John R. Hardiu has been reappointed
park commissioner for a term of five
years, at Newark, N. J. .
W. T. Daniel has been appointed super- -
Intendent of water works at Tuscaloosa,
Ala., to succeed W. T. McCormick.
Philip Prioleau has been re-elected city
engineer at Jacksonville, Fla., which po-
sition he has filled for eight v«^r«»
A. A. Fobes has been reappointej en-
gineer of thd board of public works at
Plttsfleld, Mass, which position he has
held since 1898.
Arthur Warren has been appointed to
take charge of the new Department of
Publicity created by the Allis-Chalmers
Company.
John Flnan, Jr., has been appointed cltv
engineer at Connersvllle, Ind., to succeerl
Karl Hanson. Mr. Flnan was formerly
city engineer of El wood. Ind.
Denlson Falrchlld of Buffalo, N. Y., has-
been appointed town engineer of West
Seneca, and will prepare plans for a
sewerage system and maps for the as-
sessors' use.
T. W. Keele, principal engineer of
harbors and rivers of Australia, has been .
appointed president of the Metropolitan
Water and Sewerage . Board at Sydney,
Australia.
Fritz Worm has been elected president
and treasurer of the German-American
Portland Cement Works at La Salle. 111.,
to succeed George C. Prusslng, who re-
signed the presidency.
Harron. Hopkins & Taylor of Pittsburg
have been elected borough engineers of
Wllmerding. Pa., succeeding C. A. Stew-
art who resigned to become superintend-
ent of public works at North Braddock.
D. H. Sawyer has resigned as city en-
gineer at Paris. 111., to accept a position '
as assistant to General Manager L. E-
Fischer, of the McKlnley Street Railway
Syndicate, with headquarters at Danville.
111.
George P. Wright, the newly elected
Mayor of Tacoma. Wash., has appointed
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
has been appointed superintendent of the
Midland Portland Cement Company at
Indianapolis* Ind.
George N. Femald has been reappointed
commissioner of public works for three
years, Frederick V. Chase water com-
misioner for three years, and Ellas
Thomas, Jr., water commissioner to fill
unexpired term of D. P. Corser at Port-
land, Me.
Messrs. Allen Hazen and F. yv. Cap-
pelen have been asked to act with Dr.
Bracken, secretary of the Minnesota
Board of Health. Prof. Bass and Andrew
Rinker, city engineer of Minneapolis, to
consider tha filtration of the water sup-
ply of that dty.
Louis C. Kelsey, ex-City Bngineer of
Salt Lake City, Utah, has former a part-
nership with Charles E. Reed, to be
known as Louis C. Kelsey & Co., and es-
tablished offices at 40S-4 D. F. Walker
Building, Sale Lake City, for the practice
of civil engineering and contracting.
O. S. KeUy, Springfield. O., died April
U, aged 78 years. Mv. Kelly was a car-
penter during his early life, but gave up
that trade to seek his fortune In Call-
fomia in 1862. He succeeded in this and
returned to Springfield and formed a part-
nership with William N. Whiteley, O. S.
Kelly and Jerome Fassler. Later he
bought out Rinebart, Ballard ft Co., es-
tablished the Springfield Engine &
Thresher Company, the Kelly Road RolU
er Company and the Kelly Piano Plate
Company.
Dr. E3mst J. Lederle. formerly commis-
sioner of public heaUl^ of New York, and
for many years a member of the scien-
tific staff of the health department, has
established laboratories at 518 Fifth-ave..
New York City, for sanitary, chemical
and bacteriological investigations. Asso-
ciated with Dr. Lederle are R. C. W.
Wadsworth and Dr. Joseph A. Deghuee.
Special attention will be given to general
building sanitation, the supervision of
public and private water supplies, drain-
age and sewage disposal systems, chem-
ical and bacteriological analyses of water,
and bacteriological analyses of water,
milk, foods and commercial products and
clinical Investigations for physicians and
toxicologlcal examinations.
Mayors have been elected and re-elected
during April as follows: J. F. Alman,
Jonesvllle, S. C. ; Jacob S. Manners, Flem-
ington, N. J.; Robert T. Smith, Newton,
N. J.; Nicholas Harris, re-elected, Bel-
vldere, N. J.; Dr. Frank M. Cook, Hack-
ettstown, N. J.; D. M. Bradham, re-
elected. Manning, S. C; L. M. Olsen,
Sleepy Eye, Minn.; J. F. McGovem. Wa-
basha, Minn.; W. E. Scanlon, Anoka,
terman, Crookston, Minn; P. R. Vail.
Ely, Minn.; H. M. Angler, Litch-
field, Minn.; Frank Werrick, Bells
Plain, Minn.; C. H. Robinson, WaterviUe,
Minn.; T. J. McElligott, Madison, Minn.;
Frank L. OIotzlMLch, Faribault, Minn.;
Judge William F. Henney, Hartford,
Conn.; B. A. Van Slcklin, Weiser, Idaho;
T. K. Little, Caldwell, Idaho; Frank
Creighton, Payette, Idaho; E. F. Coltman,
Idaho Falls, Idaho; D. W. Swlnehart, Po-
catello, Idaho; Eli Mclntire, Rexburg,
Idaho; Wilford McWilliams, Montpelier,
Idaho; Nick PauU, Bellevue, Idaho; Her-
man Rossi, Wallace. Idaho; C. C. Brown-
ell, Albion, Mich.; BYank Holmes, Alpena,
Mich.; .Dr. D. L. Treat. Adrian. Mich.;
R. B. Gillette, Benton Harbor, Mich.; R.
M. Wilson, Balding, Mich.; D. C. Morrell,
Big Rapids, Mich.; James Johnson, Cad-
illac. Mich.; Elisha Shepherd, Charlotte,.
Mich.; A. J. Lacey, Clare, Mich.; Clar-
ence Merwin, Dowagiac. Mich.; J. W.
Sheldon, Eaton Rapids, Mich.; ^ruce
MaoDonald, Flint, Mich. ; Edwin F. Sweet,
Orand Rapids, Mich.; H. S. Harbeckr
Orand Haven, Mich. ; J. E. Osmun, Green-
ville. Mich.; Edward Frensdorf, Hudson,
Mich. ; Thomas Coughlin, Hancock, BClch. ;
Henry Geirlings. Holland, Mich.; Fred
Heath. HasUngs. Mich.; F. C. MiUer,
Ionia, Mich.; W. W. Todd, Jackson,
Mich.; J. W. Osbom. Kalamazoo, Mich.;
Dr. Blake, Lapeer, Mich.; F. W. Graham,
Ludington, Mich.; Hugh Lyons, Lansing,
Mich.; Edward Duel, Mt. Pleasant, Mich.;
Dr. Victor Sisung. Monroe, Mich.; Dr. W.
W. Root, Mason, Mich.; G. H. Hagger-
son, Menominee. Mich.; James C. Beck-
wlth, Marshall. Mich.; George Rockwell,
Midland, Mich.; William Wente, Manistee,
Mich.; W. Greene. Marquette, Mich.;
Leonard Eycke. Muskegon, Mich.; Johnp
Westendorf. Mt. Clemens, Mich.; L. H.
Beeson, Niles. BClch.; Dr. Hudson, Ne-
gaunee, Mich.; Stanley E. Parkhill, Owos-
so, Mich.; R. M. Winston, Petoskey,.
Mich.; Dr. John D. Riker, Pontiac, Mich.;
F. A. Miller, Stanton, Mich.; H. G. Wiley,
South Haven, Mich.; George S. Aldrich,
St. Louis, Mich.; Simon Langell, St. Clair,
Mich.; Ananias Pouch, St. Johns. Mich.;
N. C. Rice, St. Joseph, Mich.; E. J. Ful-
ghum. Traverse City, Mich.; C. J. Bar-
nett, West Bay City, Mich.; E. R. Nel-
lies, Wyandotte, Mich. ; George M. Gaudy,
Tpsilanti, Mich.; W. F. Gallagher. Cor-
unna, Mich.; A. L. Wall, Fargo, N. D.;
George E. Duis, Grand Forks, N. D.; John
Severn, re-elected, Jamestown, N. D.;
Frank N. Whitman, Devils Lake, N. D.;
Mayor Berg, re-elected, Dubuque, la.; T.
Hassell Gibbes, Columbia. S. C; A. A.
Graves, re-elected, Saginaw, Mich.; Jay
H. Neff. Kansas City, Mo., David S. Rose,
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MACHINERY AND TRADE
Palmer Hollow Concrete Blocks In
Waterloo, la.
An affidavit, dated April 13. 1904, by A.
O. Tabor, secretary and manager of the
Waterloo Artificial Stone Company of
Waterloo, la., has been received in which
he certifies that he is manager of the
Waterloo Artificial Stone Company of
Waterloo, la., and had entire charge of
manufacturing and delivering the stone
which was used In the construction of
the factory buildings at Westfield, Water-
loo, la.; that all the stone used in the
construction of the main building of the
Waterloo Threshing Machine Co. was
manufactured by the Waterloo Artificial
Stone Co. on two of the Noyes F. Palmer
cast stone presses and that all of the
fractional blocks. Joist blocks, pilaster
blocks and corner blocks beside all but
$1,000 worth of the 32-inch regular blocks,
used in the main buildfcig of the J. S.
Kemp Mfg. Co., were made by the said
Waterloo Artificial Stone Co. on two of
the said Noyes F. Palmer machines.
Pictures of these buildings have been
used in the advertisements of other
makers of hollow concrete block ma-
chines, which might lead some persons to
assume that they were not constructed
with blocks made on the Noyes F.
Palmer machine. This led to the prepara-
tion of the affidavit quoted above, to cor-
rect any misunderstandings which might
arise from the manner in which the cuts
of the buildings named have been used.
Cement Roofing Tile and Building
Blocks.
A comparatively new use for cement Is
In the making of roofing tile. The latest
development In this line has been made
by Mr. C. C. Chrlstensen, the president of
the Perth Amboy Cement, Stone and Roof-
ing Tile Company of Perth Amboy, N. J.
He makes the tiles square, of one square
foot net area, with raised ridges on two
edges on the under side and correspond-
ing indentations on two edges on the
A Pocket Rope Caliper.
The A. Leschen & Sons Rope Com-
pany of St. Louis, Mo.. Is distributing to
MACHINE FOR MAKING CEMENT
ROOFING TILE.
upper side, so that the tiles fit tightly
and are water-proof. They are set diag-
onally. Different coloring matters can be
used so that patterns or lettering can
be set out on the roof if desired. The
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
371
tiles have been subjected to a severe
heat test, beln^ exposed for some time to
2,400 degrees temperature without crum-
bling or breaking or other effect, except
a slight discoloration and reduction In
weight.
The company also makes a cement
stone fn the usual hollow form shown in
the accompanying cut. Cement sewer
pipe is also made on a German machine.
The company Is prepared to supply the
demand for stone, tile Snd sewer pipe
within reach of its factory, and also to
supply its patented machines for making
the tile.
«
A Bituminized Fiber Conduit.
Elsewhere In this number of Munlc'.'^al
Engineering will be found ' an article on
the desirable features for an underground
tion: its smooth and non-aorasfvp sur-
face, thus preventing abrasion of cables
drawn through it; lightness In weight,
saving cost in handling and permitting
the making of long sections, thus re-
ducing the number of Joints. These are
in addition to the ordinary requirements
every successful conduit must meet,
which are set forth in the article referred
to and which the bituminized fiber con-
duit meets satisfactorily.
A Vitrified Electric Conduit.
To meet the demands for a multiple
dXicL conduit the Standard Vitrified Com-
dult Company, 39-41 Cortlandt-st., N(w
York City has developed a system of con-
duits and methods of alignment and of
retention in line which seems to meet
HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK MADE BY PERTH AMBOY CEMENT
STONE AND ROOFING TILE CO.
conduit for elecric wires. One of the con-
duits which approaches most closely to
these ideals is that made by the Ameri-
can Conduit Company, 170 Broadway,
New York City. This conduit is made of
a fiber which is thoroughly saturated and
coated with a bituminous compound and
compressed to a homogeneous, non-
absorptive, smooth tube. The Joints are
made by turning down the ends of the
tubes on Inside and outside alternately,
accurately and smoothly, so that the end
of one tube will slip Into the opposite
end of the next tube and form a smooth,
straight surface both Inside and outside.
Bituminous paint or dip makes the Joints
tight without wrapping.
Special claims are made for the non-
conducting nature of the tube, thus pre-
venting electrolysis, and insuring Insula-
evcry requirement. The conduits are
made with 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 ducts for
standard construction and can be made
in any form or size ordinarily required.
The method of aligning and holding the
sections of the conduit in line is spe-
cially noteworthy. In the partition be-
tween each two ducts, at the outer sur-
face of the conduit, is located a rectan-
gular or diamond shaped channel open
along one edge. Into this channel a
steel pin of the same shape may be
slipped. In laying a section of the con-
duit, these pins are slipped Into the chan-
nels of the section already laid, a lug In
the channel stopping it at two inches
from the end. The new section is then
slipped into place, the projecting ends of
the pins being slipped into the channels
in the new section. The faces of the
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372
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
sections thus fit closely together and thp
pins keep them In position. When a sec-
tion of )ald conduit is to be removed the
lugs at one end of the pins can be
knocked out and the pins slipped back,
thus permitting the section to be lifted
out without disturbing its neighbors.
The company also makes a self center-
ing single duct conduit, a lug on the end
of one section fitting into a recess on the
other. Short lengrths and specially cut
forms are made for passing round curves,
thus making a surface as smooth as can
be made in a conduit laid in this form.
The company also makes special forms
of sections and bricks for connecting -with
manholes, and other conveniences for the
work of laying conduits.
MARRIOTT'S CURB TESTING SYSTEM.
A New System of Removal of Street
Water and Refute.
The accompanying cut shows the most
elaborate form proposed by Mr. James C
Marriott, 15 Wllllam-st., New York, for
a system of curb conduits to serve the
many purposes of street cleaning and re-
moval of water, snow and refuse, also
fire protection, flushing water, electric,
water and gas conduits.
The simplest form includes only the
curb conduit and the occasional pipe con-
nections with water mains for flushing
purposes. The conduit may be within a
large concrete curb, with longitudinal
trolled streams from the water mains can
wash them down to the nearest catch-
basin, sewer connection or streauL This
should greatly facilitate the removal of
these substances and aid materially in
keeping streets clean.
The water main can be laid in the same
trench, embedded in concrete or not, also
gas main and electric conduits. The il-
lustration shows all these in one sug-
gested relation and also a separate ssrs-
tem of water pipes for flushing and pos-
sibly Are purposes.
The Manufacture of Cement Pipe.
There have been many inquiries re-
cently for machines or molds for mak
ing cement pipe. The Cement Tile and
Tile Meld 'Manufacturing Company of
Sac City. la., now offers practicable
molds for this purpose. They are made
of good sheetiron and are economical and
durable. The outside mold is made in
two pieces and the inside mold in three
pieces, hinged with clasp hinges. The in-
side mold opens inwardly and is removed
as soon as the tile is made. It is then
pltaced jin the next outaide cylind:0r,.
which is sot on the bottom board beside
the tile Just made. The hopper is then set
on the inside cylinder so as to run the
mixture down as it is thrown on the
hopper. It must be tamped well. One
man can in ten minutes set up the mold
and make the tile. The usual length of
tile is 24 Inches, but they can as readily
be made any length from 12 to y:
inches. The tiles are used for making
sewer pipe, road culverts and well curb-
ing as well as for drain tile.
The manufacturers recommend a mix-
ture of four parts of fine sand or fine
gravel and sand, to one of cement, mixed
dry and then dampened. They claim
that they can compete with clay sewer
pipes and tile In all sizes more than iv
inches in diameter.
Cement Blocks Made Under Pressure.
Mr. W. H. Fisher. 384 Second-st., Mem-
phis, Tenn., has constructed and puts
on the market his No. 4 hydraulic pres0
for making concrete blocks, which exerts
a total pressure of 200 tons upon the four
blocks or the thirty-two bricks which
can be put into it at one time. The No.
2 press gives a pressure of 100 tons. Both
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
373
"Bituiithic Pavement For Shreveport,
La.
On March 31 a contract for 37.000 square
yards of the bituUthic pavement was
awarded by the City Council of Shreve-
port. La., to the Nashville Roofing and
Paving Company. Prior to the award-
ing of this contract a committee consist.
Ing of the Mayor. City Engineer and oth-
^r officials of the dtv of Shreveport made
an extended tour of investigation of the
bltuUthic pavement, and In consequence
-of their unanimous approval an additional
award of 10,000 square yards was made
at a special meeting of the Shreveport
City Council held on Monday evening.
April 4.
♦
Artificial Asphalt for Street Pave-
ments.
A petition has been presented to the
Board of Public Works of San Francisco
asking that the general paving specifica-
tions now In force In that city be amended
so as to permit the use of refined asphalt
in all oHglnal work. These specificf'tions
At present restrict original work to '*bl*
tuminous rock" and "natural rock as-
phalt." Refined asphalt Is only accept-
able for resurfacing bituminous rock
pavements. No change can occur unless
the specifications are revised, for It Is
impossible for competition to enter Into
the business as they now stand.
The petition Is made in the Interest of
^he California petroleum r^'finlng com-
panies and It Is reasonable. The base of
most. If not all. of the crude petroleum
thus far developed In California Is as-
phalt. The only exception In mind is
a well in the Newhall district, which Is
claimed to have a paraffin base. But
little If any oil Is now being drawn from
that well, although when the oil measure
was first tapped It proved to be a gusher.
The Kern County product Is rich In as-
phalt. In fact, the percentage of asphalt
contained In It Is so large that It In-
creases the difficulties of piping It to
tide water. In the process of refining
this crude petroleum, asphalt constitutes
one of the most abundant and important
*of the ^by-products. But Instead of being
used at home for street paving, It Is
shipped East for a market. There It
has succeeded In winning its way into
popular favor despite the opposition It
If the general specifications >>t street
paving are amended by the elimination of
the word "natural" In the conditions ap-
plying to asphalt paving, which now
reads, "It must be prepared by mixing
a refined, natural, solid asphalt with a
liquid asphalt or residuum of petroleum
oil," etc., the asphalt by-product of the
California refineries can enter Into the
competition ^'^Ith the bituminous rock ex-
clusively supplied by the Santa Cruz
quarries.
The Board of Public Works favors the
amendment of the ordlnanca to this effect
and recommends It to the Board of Su-
pervisors.
Trade Publications.
The Triumph automatic combined sand
gravel digger, elevator and grader, de-
signed and constructed by the C. O.
Bartlett & Snow Comapny. Cleveland, O.,
Is Illustrated in a new descriptive cir-
cular.
The Climax Road Machine Company,
Marathon, N. Y., catalogues Its stone
and ore crushers, elevators, screens,
bins, distributing wagons, engines, horse
rollers, road machines, scrapers, plows,
and road bridges.
Tucker & Vinton, Inc., 166 Fifth-ave.,
New York, have Issued a handsomely il-
lustrated booklet on steel-concrete
structures, of which they have built
many. In the form of filter plants, dams,
basins, pumping stations, shops, floors,
bridges, etc.. including some very artis-
tic ornamental work in concrete.
"Long Distance Transportation of Ores
and Aerial Wire Rope Tramways" *h the
title of a well-Illustrated pamphlet bear-
ing the date 1904 and Issued by A.
Leschen & Sons Rope Company, St.
Louis, Mo.
The Kelly-Sprlngfield Road Roller Com-
pany. Springfield. O., has Issued Its 1904
catalogue of road rollers and accessories,
of which It reports over 860 now in use.
The Cement Machinery and Manufac-
turing Company of Burlington. la.. Issues
a circular illustrating Its adjustable hol-
low cement stone machine and Its prod-
uct, a post machine and cement sewer
pipe molds.
The Harmon S. Palmer Hollow Con-
crete Building Block Company has i.«?sued
a new book of testimonials sh.'^wlng the
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374
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
pany, Broadway-Maiden Lane Building,
New York City, Issues an elaborately Il-
lustrated catalogue of Its methods at
laying multiple duct conduits of various
styles and materials.
The Charles Warner Company of Wil-
mington. Del., and Philadelphia. Pa., Is-
sues a fully Illustrated book of testi-
monials for Nazareth Portland cement,
putting special emphasis on the value of
the cement for sidewalk work and upon
its uniformity in quality, all the cements
being made in one mill.
Trade Notes.
ASPHALT.
The Barber Asphalt Paving Company
has purchased the plant of the Warren-
Scharf Asphalt Paving Company, in the
eastern part of Muncie, Ind. The plant
was erected about ten years ago, when
the first asphalt pavement was con-
structed In Muncie.
CRHRNT.
The Elk Rapids Portland Cement Com-
pany of Elk Rapids, Mich., and the Bay
Shore Lime Company of Bay Shore,
Mich., which were last fall placed under
the same ownership and management,
have been merged and will operate as
the Elk Portland Cement and Lime Com-
pany. The plant is located at Elk Rapids,
Mich., on the Pere Marquette Railroad
and Lake Michigan, and the general offices
are at Petoskey, in charge of E. M. Sly.
secretary and treasurer. The capacity of
the mill is 700 barrels per day, product
made from lime rock and shale clay. The
officers of the company are as follows:
R. E. Olds, president, Lansing, Mich.; P.
R. Williams, vice-president, Elk Rapids;
Homer Sly, vice-president; E. M. Sly,
secretary and treasurer. Petoskey; E. R.
Sly, general manager, Bay Shore.
The Sunflower Cement and Plaster
Company, Tampa, Kas., has been incor-
porated.
The Alpha Portland Cement Company,
Camden, N. J., has been Incorporated in
Illinois.
The new cement works of the New
York Cement Company, on Rosendale
Plains, near Kingston, N. Y., are in op-
eration.
The Lone Star Portland Cement Com-
pany, New York City, has been incor-
porated by Baxter Morton. R. L. Peterson
and C. W. Sinn of New York City.
The contract for the concrete work on
the new cement factory to be built in
Bellevue Mich., has been awarded to N.
J. and W. J. Meagher of Bay City. O.
Button is the engineer in charge of the
work.
W.H. Andrews of Rushsylvania, O.. has
been Inspecting cement land In Wilson
County, Ohio, for parties contemplating
the establishment of a plant, according to
press reports.
A large deposit of cement rock, cover-
ing an area of several acres near Sallda,
Colo., has been located at the mouth of
Pass Creek by W. H. Camp, a ranchman.
An analysis shows the rock to be equal
to the best Portland cement rock. Sampler
of the rock are on exhibition at the
Board of Trade room. In Sallda.
The Acme Cement & Plaster Company,
of St. Louis, Mo., have begun the con-
struction of a large, modern cement
plaster mill at Cement, Caddo County,
Ok., for the manufacture of cement from
the gypslte beds, which cover an area of
600 acres.
Lars Larson, of Faaborg, Denmark, has
assumed charge of the new cement roof-
ing factory in Spencer. la.
The Iroquois Portland Cement Company,
which has been closed for the installation
of new machinery, Is In operation again,
at Caledonia, N. Y. The plant of the
Caledonia Marl & Lime Company will be
enlarged during the year.
A contract has been let for constructing
a large cement plant, with a capacity of
4,000 barrels, at Chanute, Kas. J. R. Pat-
terson, president of the Peerless Portland
Cement plant at Union City, Mich., is at
the head of the company, and associated
with him are other members of that com-
pany and capitalists of Michigan.
Work has commenced or :he new plant
of the Bancroft Peat Fuel & Cement Com-
pany, one mile south of Bancroft, Mich.
Press reports of April 11 state that the
Standard Portland Cement Company, at
Frankfort, Mich., has revoked the con-
tract for the construction of a plant at
Edgewater, and will locate elsewhere. Ex-
Judge Aldrlch, of Detroit, is president of
the company.
The Pittsburg Cement Company, has
purchased the Burkey farm, one mile
from Cumberland, Md., near Narrows
Park, ccnlau^nt; 359 acres, and another
tract near Hancock, and will erect ce-
njent mills. J. H. Beall Is president, Car-
roll Forster secretary, and Jas. H. Jordan
treasurer of the company.
The Fosston Cement Company. Fossi^r.,
Minn., has been organized by L. Hallum.
F. M. Johnson, and W. E. Black.
S. M. James, 247 Falrview-ave.. Con-
nelTsvllle, Pa., advises us that the IT. S.
Portland Cement Company has secured
sixty-two acres of cement land In Con-
noUsville township, and will build a large
modern cement plant, at a cost of $200,000.
Robert Garland, Henry Shenk. and other
parties of Pittsburg are interested.
F. L. Smidth & Co.. formerly located at
80 William-st. and 66 Maiden Lane. New
York, move about May 1 to the J. Mon-
roe-Taylor building. 29-41 Cortlandt-st.,
where they will have a more desirable lo-
cation and larger offices.
CONCRETE BLOCKS.
We are advised by the Cement Machin-
ery Co., Jackson, Mich., that they have
Just moved Into their new factory, located
at 220-226 N. Jackson-st., which is
equipped with the latest electrically-
driven tools. The large demand for the
company's machines has not only ne-
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MAOHINEBY AND TRADE.
375
cessitated their taking up larger quar-
ters, but they have been obliged to run
the factory night and day to All orders
for their macMnes.
The Penville Concrete Co., Penville,
Ind., has been incorporated by H. C.
Strong, Elsa N. Cory, C. E. Caylor, M.
G. McCarty, L. G. Walling and Wm. C.
WalU.
The Richmond Concrete Construction
Co., Richmond, Ind., has been incorpo-
rated to manufacture conorete fence poets,
verandas, building blocks, and orna-
mental designs of all kinds. At wood L.
Jenkins is president, Oliver Test, general
manager and Walter Test, secretary and
treasurer.
The Racine Cement Walk Co., Racine,
Wis., has been incorporated to lay ce-
ment walks and floors.
The Concrete Block Co., Cincinnati, O.,
has been incorporated by Chas. V.
Maeschner, E. G. Hopkins, Ben Evans,
A. G. Boflnger and John V. Maeschner.
The Queen City Concrete Building Block
Co., Cincinnati, O., has been Incorporated
by M. M. Allen, Alexander Dorn, John H.
Bart, Frank M. Winter and Ferd Ritter.
Smith & Grater, Sterling, 111., have pur-
chased twelve acres of gravel and sand
land west of that city, and will purchase
machinery for the manufacture of arti-
ficial stone blocks for building purposes.
E. Lr. Jones, 166 Race-;3t., Chlllicothe, O.,
advises that he is interested in cement
blocks and pavements.
H. H. Hill, Corry, Pa., wHtes that he
desires the names of firms that manu-
facture cement window sills and tools r(»r
brick buildings.
A. J. Gamer, Madison, S. D.. has pur-
chased a site and will erect a building
for the manufacture of hollow cement
building blocks, using the Stewart ma-
chine. The name of the company is the
Madison Cement Co.. and Mr. Garner is
president.
Cement blocks will be used in building
a fifty-foot extension to the plant of the
George Carl6n Cement Block Co. at Os-
kaloosa, la.
W. B. Cook, F. A. Tlsdale and others of
Ottumwa, la., will manufacture cement
building blocks, floor tile, sewer tile, etc.
M. Kammerer, Falrbury, 111., has ob-
tained a patent for making cement
blocks.
George Clark, Clarksville, la., has put
in operation a plant for manufacturing
cement blocks for foundations and porch
pillars.
J. D. Tann & Co., Princeton, Minn.,
contemplate the manufacture of arti-
ficial stone.
George Seavey, Cedar Falls, la., has
purchased machinery for the manufac-
ture of concrete blocks.
Russell Bros., Waverly. la., have se-
cured the Miracle hollow block rights for
Bremer and Butler counties.
W. D. Rowe, a cement sidewalk con-
tractor of Crookston, Minn., will manu-
facture hollow blocks.
Godby & McWherter, Jamestown. N. D.,
are erecting a plant at the company's
cement works for the manufacture of
cement blocks.
The Montana Building Block Co.,
Havre, Mont., is erectltig a plant for the
manufacture of hollow building blocks.
A cement block plant has been estab-
lished at Litchfield, Minn.
Candy & Ladd, Webster, S. D., wIU
manufacture cement blocks for building
purposes and cement tiles for walks.
D. A. Dinnie, Minot, N. D., has pur-
chased machinery and will engage In the
manufacture of cement hollow building
blocks.
J. F. Armstrong, Eldora, la., will man-
ufacture cement building blocks.
W. D. Rowe, Ada, Minn., has purchased
machinery for the manufacture of ce-
ment building blocks.
John Naslund. Delano, Minn., contem-
plates moving to Springfield, Minn.,
where he will continue in the manufac-
ture of tile sidewalks.
Peter Parson of the Northfield Stone
Walk Company, Northfield, Minn., ha*
Installed machinery for the manufacture
of concrete liollow blocks.
C. P. Iiungard. Sleepy Eye, Minn., will
move to Springfield, Minn., where he will
engage in the cement sidewalk business.
The establishment of a cement sidewalk
plant Is contemplated at Morris, Minn.,
by Martin Peterson of Minneapolis.
0. Nordqulst and J. G. Nelson of Gran-
ite Falls, Minn., will establish a plant
at Lake City. Minn., as the Lake City
Artificial Stone Company, and will man-
ufacture cement sidewalk tiles.
A cement sidewalk tile plant Is being
built at Princeton. Minn., by F. W. Mll-
brath.
Thomas McCarthy has acquired proper-
ty at Davenport, la,, and will manufac-
ture concrete building blocks.
Frank Terry, Findlay, O., Is manufac-
turing concrete blocks for the new plant
of the Van Buren. Heck & Marvin Com-
pany..
1. L. Shaw. Gibson City, 111., has in-
vented a machine for the manufacture of
cement stone building blocks.
The directors of the Frost Concrete
Stone Company, located at Dows, la., are
considering a proposition to move the
headquarters of the plant to Waterloo.
E. W. Hartley, F. W. Scanling and F.
B. Proctor. Chrisman, 111., have pur-
chased machinery and leased a tract of
ground and will manufacture artificial
stone.
The Aurora Artificial Stone and Con-
struction Company, Aurora, 111., has been
Incorporated to manufacture artificial
stone and cement blocks by John and
Jacob Binder and Christian Armbru.ster.
The Fond du Lac Brick & Cement Com-
pany, Fond, du Lac, Wis., has contracted
for 5,000 barrels of Portland cement to
be used in the manufactwe of cement
brick, of which the company expects to
manufacture between 20,000 and 28,000 a
day.
N. M. Lester. Butler, Mo., advises MB
that, through Municipal Engineering, h«
received a very large number of letters
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
and catalo^es from. ., block machinery
manufacturers, but he has not yet decided
which machine to purchase.
The Cement Products Company, of
Wilmington, Delaware, has onlarged Its
new special machinery for making 60,000
bricks per day of ordinary wet con-
crete, such as specified by all engineers
to go under high buildings, railroad con-
struction and sidewalks. The bricks are
Impervious* and of any desired color.
The cost will be $3.50 for common and
$5.00 for face brick. A number of builrl-
Ings will be built of them this summer.
TV)r New York standard size, common
brick, one barrel Portland cement and
t)ne and one-fourth yards of ordinary
Band is used per 1,000 bricks.
The Enid Artificial Stone Company,
Bnld, Ok., has been Incorporated by J. P.
Marshall, C. S. McClellan, and J. W.
Tarr.
The National Artificial Stone Company,
'Chester, Pa., has been organized.
The Aurora Artificial Stone and Con-
Titructlon Company has been incorporated
to manufacture artificial stone and
cement blocks, by John Binder, Jacob
Binder and Christian Armbruster.
S. S. Btandon & Son, concrete work
contractors of Mobile, Ala., have pur-
chased a Powers concrete mixer and will
make and lay artificial pavements and
floors.
LIGHTING AND POWBR.
The New Castle Gaslight Company,
'Wilmington. Del., has been Incorporated
to manufacture gas from coal or other
material.
An electric lamp combine has been
formed In New York city to be known
as the General Ulectrtc Lamp Company.
The price of incandescent lamps will be f"^-
vanoed 2 cents each, and only two grades
will be furnished to the trade. This agree-
ment will place that corporation in abso-
lute control of the electric lamp trade.
Newly Incorporated electric and gas
companies: Fort Halifax Power Com-
pany, Waterville, Me.; Manllus Gas and
Electric Company, Manllus. N. Y.; East
Brady Gas Company, East Brady, N. Y.;
Montgomery Light and Power Company,
Montgomery, N. J.; Fremont Power and
Light Company, Fremont, O.; Baxter
The Cement Machinery Co. of Jackson,
Mich., has just established a branch of-
fice at 410 Massachusetts Building. Kan-
sas City, Mo., where a full line of ma-
chinery Is on exhibition. The company
has Just shipped a carload of Normandln
machines to Columbus to be used exclu-
sively by the Columbus Cement Stone Co.
The plant at Jackson Is running day and
night, and the company has placed an
order for additional lathes an^ planers.
MIBGBLLANBOU8.
The Commercial Engineering Company,
Camden, N. J., has been incorporated to
conduct mechanical, electrical and civil
engineering, by E. G. O. Bleakly, Charles
Budge and U. M. Wilson.
The city of Meadville, Pa., has pur-
chased a street sweeper of the Austin-
Western Manufacturing Company of Chi-
cago.
The King-Lambert Construction Com-
pany, Des Moines, la., has been incor-
porated to construct bridges, manufacture
brick, quarry stone and conduct a general
contracting business.
The White Engineering Company,
Marion, O., has been lncori>orated to
manufacture valve gears and portable
engines. The company will establish a
plant in Marlon.
The p}ant of the defunct Wabash Bridge
and Iron Company, Wabash, Ind., has
been purchased for $20,280 by William A.
Reed of Cleveland, O.
The Texas Stone Company, Beaumont.
Tex., has been incorporated to own and
maintain rock quarries by O. M. Stone,
J. G. TulUs aiid J. L. Megathlln.
The Simplex Concrete Piling Company.
Washington, D. C, has been Incorporated
by Frank Shuman, Joseph H. Crawford,
and John Stewart.
The United States Wood Preserving
Company, Perth Amboy, N. J., resumed .
operations April 4 after being closed down
three months on account of the severe
weather.
The city of Mankato, Minn., has pur-
chased a street sweeper of the Austin-
Western Manufacturing Company of Chi-
cago.
PAVING.
Birmingham, Ala., after a trial ->f the
bituUthic pavement last year, has award-
ed additional contracts this year. The
city of Pawtucket, R. I., the first city to
adopt the bituUthic pavement, has made
appropriations for 28,000 sq. yds. Shreve-
port. La., has awarded 116,000 yds. to thd
Nashville Roofing and Paving Company,
86,000 yds. for bituUthic pavement and 30,-
000 sq. yds. for brick. New Bedford,
Mass., the second city in the Unitea
States to use the bituUthic pavement, has
appropriated 120,000 for additional quan-
tities this year. This Is the largest
amount New Bedford has ever spent in
one year for street paving. Portlani.
Me., has awarded contracts for bltuUtlilc
pavement to Warren Brothers' Company
Portland, Ore., ordered |1S0,000 worth of
bituUthic pavement, and delayed award-
ing contracts for further investigation,
but after inspection of the pavements
laid at Tacoma, Wash., has proceeded to
award contracts.
PURCHASE OF MACHINERY AND TOOLS.
Paul S. Carter, purchasing agent in the
United States for the government of the
Philippine archipelago, advises us that he
will be in the market for a complete out-
fit of machinery for making hollow con-
crete blocks, and desires to communicate
with manufacturers. Address Paul S.
Carter. War Dept., New York City.
Daniel Hess. Waynesboro, Pa., writes
that he is Interested in hydraulic building
block machines, and desires all necessary
information regarding all sizes of the ma-
chine, their cost, where they can be ob-
tained, and how soon they could be
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
377
shipped. A company has be<>zi orgranized
and contemplates installing a machine
-very shortly.
The purchase of a stone crusher is con-
templated at Canastota, N. Y.
Bids will be asked for soon by C. S.
Llnch. of Linch & Stover, 916 Pennsyl-
vania Bldg., Philadelphia, for crushers
and other graphite machinery for a gn^a-
phlte plant, which that firm has pur-
<:ha8ed. Catalogues, etc., are desired.
We have been directly advised that the
following people are possible purchasers
•of machinery and tools as follows:
Frank M. Davis. 332 Hector-st.. Consho-
hocken. Pa., concrete building block ma-
chine.
D. H. Craw. Ravena. N. Y.. stone
•crushing plant, steam drills, sidewalk
tools, etc.
"Ward Bros.. Berlin. N. H.. general 'con-
tractors' supplies.
J. H. Boring, 524 Heylman-st., Ft. Scott,
Kas.. cement block machinery.
Arthur Caron. Box 357, Clayton, N. Y.,
•concrete mixer.
Nick Peay Construction Co., Little
Rock, Ark., sewerage excavation and
masonry tools.
F. J. Bemhart, Attica, Ind., concrete
machine.
J. H. Conard, Corinth, N. Y., concrete
and road machinery and tools.
C. C. Creager, Urbana. 0.| concrete
mixer.
William H. Grady, Bangor. Me., general
•contractors* supplies.
B. F. Adams, 200 Edward-st.. Marlon.
-O.. concrete mixers and building block •
vnachines.
Myron Oothoudt, Courtland, N. Y., ce-
ment block machinery.
Clemmer & Johnson. Hicksvllle. O.,
tools for curb and gutter work.
Charles B. Sockler, 106 N. Main-st..
Klngrflsher, Ok., cement building block
machine.
B. S. Chase, Belding, Mich., mixer for
•concrete for walks.
Charles T. Derr, Shawnee, Ok., general
municipal contractors* supplies.
George C. Hess. Morgantown, W. Va.,
•concrete or mortar mixer.
J. A. Kunkey, Lemoyne, Pa., plaster
machinery.
Benell Bros. & Co., 1215 Carterett-ave.,
Pueblo, Colo., concrete block machine,
•concrete mixer, top-coat mixer.
M. X Buehler, Portage City, Wis.,
building block and concrete machinery.
William Weber, Beaumont, Tex.,
plumbing, heating, cement and brick ma-
•chinery and tools.
Philip Beaulac. Sr., 61 Feeder-st.. Sandy
HlU. N. Y., cement mixer for sidewalks
•and cement block machine.
S. T. Belote, 21 W. Chestnut-st, Ashe-
Tille, N. C. cement tools. «
James M. Bobbitt, 210 Eleventh-st.,
Lynchburg, Va., hand power machine
for sand and cement brick.
Valentine Construction Company, St.
Marys, Pa., building block and concrete
tools in general.
George Blaine, Waverly. la., cement
walk tools and block machinery.
James Masklell, Jr., 2 WelUng-st.. Long
Island City, N. Y., concrete building
block machine.
Joseph Davey, 108 N. State-st., Big
Rapids, Mich., cement working machin-
ery and tools.
S. C. Aregood & Son, 211 W. Arch-st.,
Pottsvllle, Pa., boiler and engine for con-
struction work and hoisting crabs.
WlUlam L. Crow, 287 Fourth-ave., New
York city, machinery for general con-
tractor and builder.
McGehee & Normoyle, Roanoke, Va.,
concrete building block machinery.
John M. Rooney, Nyack, N. Y., machin-
ery and tools for cement work.
Basimi Bros.. Colfax, Wash., hollow
concrete block machine and brick ma-
chine.
Harry L. McLimans, West Grove, Pa.,
buyer of machinery or tools for j^ll kinds
of stone work.
M. H. lK>gan, Taylor, Tex., cement
molds and cement tools.
F. G. Gulzone. Flandreau, S. D., con-
crete mixer and cement block machine.
Octavius Womer, 1629 Porter-st., Phil-
adelphia, Pa., machinery and tools for
roofing and cement work.
John H. Rush. 1260 Queen-st., Potts-
town, Pa., concrete and finishing tools.
Joseph C. Watson, 4512 Thorpe-lane,
Philadelphia, Pa., machinery and tools
for general contractor.
Crane & Veeder, 69 Edison-ave.. Sche-
nectady. N. Y.. contractors' tools and ce-
ment sidewalks.
Houston Bros. & Co.. Thirty-second-st.
and Pennsylvania Railroad. Pittsburg,
Pa., tools for cement sidewalks and oth-
er cement work of this kind.
Ed Z. Conard. Pawnee City. Neb., stone
cutters and bricklayers' tools..
Fisher & Brotherton, Delphos. C, '•e-
ment tools and concrete mixer.
L. D. Pettit. 2983 RockflUer-ave., Ever-
ett, Wash., sand brick press, Roman
finish.
Fz:ank C. Sewell, care Ironside, Rannle
& Campbell. Inns of Court, Vancouver,
B. C, machinery used in heavy construc-
tion work, street paving and bridge build-
ing.
S. P. White, Vancouver. Wash., cement
and grading machinery and tools.
Ferro-Concrete Construction Co., 46
Mitchell Building, Cincinnati, O., concrete
mixers and hoisting engines.
J. F. Aldrlch, manager of the Tacoma
Concrete & Artificial Stone Co., Tacoma.
Wash., is interested as a possible pur-
chaser of heaters, kettles, shovels and
barrows.
PURCHASE OF MATERIALS.
We are advised by Pettyjohn Bros.,
manufacturers of concrete block ma-
chines at Terre Haute, Ind.. that they are
in the market for Portland cement for
both themselves and for plants where
they have sold th^r machines, and would
like to receive quotations from manu-
facturers.
L. Karr. Yankton, S. D., advises us
that he is Interested in cement work, and
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378
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
contemplates considerable building the
conilnff season, In which he will use some
cement.
We have been directly advised by the
following people during April that they
are Interested as possible buyers of ma-
terials as follows:
—Cements—
D. D. Wagner, Tarboro, N. C.
D. H. Craw, Ravena, N. T.
W. J. Jacobs, Dunn, N. C.
J. H. Boring. 524 Heylman-st., Pt.
Scott, Kas.
Arthur Caron, Box 357, Clayton, N. Y.
P. J. Bernhart, Attica, Ind.
William H. Grady. Bangor, Me.
B. F. Adams, 200 Edward-st., Ma-
rion, O.
Myron Oothoudt, Cortland, N. Y.
Smith Lumber Company, Portsmouth, O.
E. S. Chase. Belding, Mich.
Crane & Veeder, 69 Edson-av* , Schen-
ectady, N. Y.
H. H. Osgood. 125 Maln-st., Bradford,
Pa.
Ed. Z. Conard, Pawnee City, Neb.
Walter Bashan, P. O. Box 598, Lake
Geneva, Wis.
James Glbbs, Mount Carmel, Pa.
George C. Hess, Morgantown, W. Va.
J. A. Kunkel, Lemoyne, Pa.
Benell Bros. & Co., 1215 Carteret-ave.,
Pueblo, Colo.
M. J. Buehler, Portage City, Wis.
William Weber, Beaumont, Tex.
J. A. Silver, Appleton, Wis., car load
Vulcanite, Whitehall or Universal, at
oncfe.
E. T. Belote. 21 W. Chestnut-st., Ashe-
vllle, N. C.
Valentine Construction Company, St.
Marys, Pa.
George Blaine. Waverly, la.
Joseph Davey, 103 N. State-st., Big
Rapids, Mich.
Wm. L. Crow, 287 Fouth-ave., New York
City.
R. C. Sanders, Brandon, Vt.
H. H. Hill, Corry. Pa.
McGehee & Normoyle. Roanoke, Va.
Easum Bros.. Colfax. Wash.
M. H. Logan; Taylor, Tex.
F. B. GulBone, Flandreau, S. D.
J. H. Hines. Aiken. S. C.
Octavlus Worner, 1529 Porter-st., Phil-
adelphia, Pa.
E. D. Adams, 231 Spring-st., Sayre, Pa.
Henry A. Schneider, Anderson-ave..
Port Richmond, N. Y.
L. D, Pettit, 2933 Rockflller-ave., Ev-
erett. Wash.
Ferro-Concrete Construction Company,
46 Mitchell Bldg.. Cincinnati, O.
S. P. White, Vancouver, Wash.
— Brlck.-
J. H. Boring, 524 Heylman-st., Fort
Scott. Kas.
Wm. H. Grady, Bangor, Me.
Myron Oothoudt, Cortland. N. Y.
Benell Bros. & Company. 1215 Carteret-
ave., Pueblo. Colo., paving brick.
R. C. Sanders. Brandon, Vt.
J. H. Hines, Aiken. S. C.
W. J. Jacobs, Dunn. N. C.
—Building Blocks.—
Valentine Construction Company, SL
Mary's. Pa.
—Gravel.—
B. F. Adams. 200 Edwards-st., Marion,
O.
E. T. Belote, 21 W. Chestnut-«t., Ashe-
ville. N. C.
—Crushed Stone.—
J. H. Boring, 524 Heylman-st., Fort
Scott Kas.
Geo. C. Hess, Morgantown. W. Va.
Crane & Veeder. 69 Edson-ave.. Sche-
nectady, N. Y.
Ed I. C6nrad, Pawnee City. Neb.
—Miscellaneous. —
J. H. Boring. 524 Heyland-st., Ft. Scott,
Kas., sand and lime.
J. H. Conard, Corinth, N. Y., masons'
supplies.
Myron Oothoudt, Cortland, N. Y., lime.
Clemmer & Johnson, Hlcksville, O^ red
crushed sand.
H. H. Osgood, 125 Maln-st., Bradford,
Pa., all kinds materials.
George C. Hess, Morgantown, W. Va.,
sand.
J. A. Hunkel, Lemoyne, Pa., calcined
plaster.
William Weber, Beaumont, Tex., all
kinds of materials.
William S. Post, Summit, N. J., mater-
ials for building contractors.
William L. Crow, 287 Fourth-ave., New
York City, building materials.
R. C. Sanders, Brandon, Vt., calcined
plaster, tile, etc.
H. H. Hill, Corry, Pa., building mater-
ials of all kinds.
John M. Rooney, Nyack, N. Y., mason
building materials.
Easum Bros., Colfax, Wash., lime, mor-
tar, colors, etc.
J. B. Hines. Aiken. S. C, lime.
Octavius Worner, 1529 Porter-st., Phil-
adelphia, Pa., slate, felt, pitch and
gravel cement.
E. D. Adams, 231 Spring-st., Sayre. Pa.,
plastering cements.
John H. Rush. 1250 Queen-st, Potts-
town, Pa., cement mineral colors.
Ferro-Concrete Construction Company,
46 Mitchell Bldg., Cincinnati, O., finished
stone and sand.
J. F. Aldrich, manager of the Taooma
Concrete & Artiflclal Stone Co., Tacoma,
Wash., is a possible purchaser of cement,
tar and asphalt.
8BWBR PIPB.
The Jackson Sewer Pipe Co., Jackson,
Mich., has begun the manufacture of
sewer pipe and concrete catch basins.
The company is also using the Nonnan-
dln cement block machine for the manu-
facture of cement blocks.
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IMPROVEMENT AND
CONTRACTING NEWi
RAVINQ.
Cincinnati. O.— The Blake Asphalt Malh-
tenance Co. of Cincinnati has repaired the
asphalt paving on Plum-st., at 44 centa a
square yard. Heretofore the city has
paid from $1.50 to 11.75 a square yard.
Louisville. Ky.— The board of park com-
mlsisoners has decided to make the new
Portland cement walks in Central Park
have a gravel appearance by sprinkling
gravel over the freshly-laid cement walks.
Elgin. 111.— The Federal Court has di-
rected the receiver of the Federal
Asphalt Co. to borrow $26,000 to com-
plete the rock asphalt paving contracts in
this city, Belvidere and Sycamore.
CONTXMPLATCD WORK.
Chester. Pa.— Paving is proposed for
Kerlin-st.
Lisbon. O.— Council has authorised the
paving of Lincoln-ave.
Springfield, Minn.— Cement walks are
contemplated for Main-st.
Waterloo. Ont.— The construction of ce-
ment walks Is contemplated.
Arcadia. Fla.— This town voted to Is-
sue S6.000 for street improvements.
Pana. 111.— (Special.)— Brick paving on,
concrete foundation Is contemplated.
Pueblo, Colo.- The property owners on
Main-st. have petitioned for paving.
Lake Linden, Mich.— The question of
constructing cement walks is being urged.
Ordinances have been passed for paving
Third and Colby-sts.; also, Lancaster-st.
Decatur. 111.— N. Morgan-st. will be
paved with vitrified brick.- Mayor Shill-
ing.
Phoenix. Ariz.- This city, Mesa and
Tempe have voted to build a wagon road
to Tonto dam.
Port Jervis. N. Y.— The Board of Trade
favors the paving 6f Pike and Front-sts.
Waco. Tex.— Brick paving is proposed
for five blocks of streets.— Allen D. San-
ford. Mayor.
Mankato. Minn.— The Board of Public
Works has decided to recommend the
macadamizing of Rhine-st.
Green Bay. Wis.— Estimates are being
prepared for paving MaJn-st. with vari-
ous materials.
Tacoma. Wash.— The Retail Grocers'
Association Is urging the question of
street improvements.
Hartford. Conn.— A petition Is being
circulated asking for a cement or flag
walk In Main-st.
Redwood Falls. Minn.— The construction
of more than twenty blocks of cement
walks has been authorized.
Altoona. Pa.— Mayor Hoyer and Robert
U. Vaughn, Street Commissioner, favor
asphalt for street paving.
Oakland. Cal.— A resoluUon has been
adopted for macadamizing Nlneteenth-
ave.— F. R. Thompson, cy. elk.
Evansvllle, Ind.— The property owners
on Walnut-st., from Eighth to Canai,
have petitioned for asphalt.
Ashtabula, C— An ordinance has been
given first reading to proceed with the
construction of S. Maln-st
St. Paul. Minn.— Plans and estimates
have been prepared for paving Eighth
and SIbley-sts. with asphalt.
Rochester, N. Y.— The residents of Port-
land-ave. desire a Medina block pave-
ment from North to Clifford-sts.
Memphis, Tenn.— Plans have been pre-
pared by Jas. A. Omberg, Jr., cy. engr..
for paving Second-st., with asphalt.
Port Huron, Mich.— The residents on
Water-st. have petitioned for repaving
with cedar blocks with stone curbing.
Butler. Pa.— The citizens of Shenango
twp. have petitioned the county commis-
sioners to macadamize Butler road.
Danville. III.— An ordinance has been
recommended for adoption providing for
grading and graveling Robinson-st.
East Palestine, O.— A petition has been
presented to council asking that 12 blocks
of B. and W. Main-sts. be paved.
Richmond, Ind.— Plans are being con-
sidered for paving N. West-st. with mac-
adam, with cement sidewalks. City Engr.
Weber.
Sandusky, O.— The residents on First
and Monroe-sts. have petitioned for pav-
ing. A resolution Is pending for paving
Camp-st.
Walla Walla, Wash.— The citizens on
Main, Alder and Fourth-sts. have peti-
tioned for paving. Asphalt or vitrified
brick is favored.
Decatur, 111.— The propc^rty owners on
Powers-ave. will present a new petition
to council asking for €wphalt paving.
Dowagiac, Mich.— The cy. coun. voted,
April 18, to pave Front, Beeson and Com-
merclal-sts. this year at a cost of $50,000.
MeadvUle, Pa.— City Engr. Pardee has
been directed to prepare plans and speci-
fications for completing the Chestnut-st.
paving.
Marlon, Ind.— The property owners on
D-st. and Baldwin and Highland-aves.
have petitioned for brick paving and ce-
ment walks.
London, Ky.— An ordinance has been
passed providing for the construction or
stone sidewalks.-j. T. Williams, chmn
bd. trustees.
Perth Amboy. N. J.-A resolution has
been passed providing for the macadam-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
izing of a large number of streets.— John
F. Rellley, cy. elk.
Oelweln. la.— A resolution will be con-
sidered for passagre May 14 for paving
certain streets with asphalt. J. D.
Whlpps, cy. elk.
Menno. S. D.— The town bd. has directed
the construction of 10-ft cement side-
walks throughout the business portion of
this city.
Msvrshalltown. la.— A petition is Iceing
circulated to secure brick paving for S.
Pirst-st. from Church-st. to Northwest-
ern right-of-way.
Columbus. O.— A resolution has been
adopted providing for the construction of
cement sidewalks on a large number of
streets this summer.
Berkeley, Cal.— A resolution has oeen
passed providing for macadamizing and
constructing concrete gutters on Tenth-
st. E. Q. Turner, supt. sts.
Denver, Colo.— The property owners on
Twenty-third-ave. from Elliott to Hom-
er, and Grove-st. from W. Twenty-third
to W. Eighteen th-aves., have petitioned
for asphalt paving.
Lexington, Ky.— The Joint Impvt. com.
of the general council decided April 15
to build all new sidewalks of concrete.
Patrick Mooney, supt. pub. wks.
Louisville, Ky.— An ordinance will be
passed soon providing for about two
miles of asphalt paving on Market-st,
from Twenty-eighth to river front. Mayor
Oralnger.
Marlon, 111.— The question Df paving the
public square and main streets is being
considered, and a special election will
probably be called. Mayor Denison.
Mankato. Minn.— A petition will be pre-
sented to council asking that Second-st.
from Thompson to May, and iPTfth-st.
from Vine to Lime be paved with gravel.
South Amboy, N. J.— The st. com. has
been directed to secure estimates of the
cost of permanently Improving Stevens-
ave., Main and Rarltan-sts. Mayor Muir-
head.
Hamilton, O.— A resolution was passed
April 19 for paving B-st. from Ross-ave.
to Black-st. bridge with block asphalt,
sheet asphalt or vitrified brick.
Lorain, O.— Ordinances were passed
April 18 for paving Dexter-st., from Pen-
fleld-ave. to B. & O. right of way. ^ Pav-
ing Is proposed for Fourth-ave.' from
Broadway to Reid-sts.
Lewiston, Ida.— A resolution was passed
April 8 directing the city clerk to notify
the residents on Main-st. from Fifth to
and gutter on Russel-ave., and brick pav-
ing on Bankllck and Elghth-sts. Qeorger
T. Beach, Mayor, J. J. Craig, city clerk.
Atlantic, la.— (Special.)— The Iowa Engi-
neering Company is establishing a system
of street grades for this city, and a»
soon as they are adopted considerable ce-
ment and brick walks will be constructed.
Belleville, 111.— (Special.) — Henry F.
Merker, assistant city engineer, says ordi-
nances were passed April 18 for paving-
High, Jackson and Church-sts., but the
d^te of letting contracts has not yet been
determined upon.
Lorain, O.— Ordinances have been passed*
for paving Dexter-st. from Penfteld-ave.
to B. & O. right of way. The property
owners on Fourth-ave. from Broadway to
Reid-sts., have petitioned for paving. The
B. P. S. has been directed to ask for bids*
for building stone sidewalks.
Dixon, 111.— The city council passed or-
dinances April 18 providing for the con-
struction of cement curbing on Second-
St from Peoria to Hennepln-aves. ; ma-
cadamizing Seventh-st. from Peoria to*
Monroe-aves. ; paving Fellows-st. from:
Galena-ave. to Upham Place; cement
curbing on B^rst and Second-sts. and
Monroe-ave., and other streets.
CONTRACTS TO BE LIT.
Marion, Ind.— Bids are asked until 9^
p. m.. May 17, for street improvements.
C. G. Bobbins, Cy. Clk.
Vancouver Barracks, Wash.— Bids :ire-
asked until May 11 for grading €Uid road
building. Const. Q. M.
Nanticoke, Pa.— Bids are as^ced until
May 10 for paving Market-st. with brick.
C. L. Fairchlld, Boro Secy.
Mankato, Minn.— Bids are asked until
May 4 for grading road In section 28,
Mankato Twp. Bd Weaver, Co. Audt.
Ft. Des Moines, la.— Bids are asked un-
til May 12 for constructing roads • nd'
walks at post. Maj. R. B. Turner, Q. M.
Jasper, Ind.— Bids are asked until May
9 for macadamizing and curbing five
streets. Alois Belter, prest. Bd. Trustees.
Ft. Logan Colo.— Bids are asked until
May 6 for constructing flagstone side-
walks. Col. J. W. Pope. Ch. Q. M.
Watertown, Wis.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2 p. m. May 9 for improving cer-
tain streets. George H. Stanchfleld,
chmn. B. P. W.
Anderson, Ind. — Bids are asked untir
May 2 for Improving portions of Six-
teen th-st., including sidewalks. Frank A-
Sharp, Cy. Clk.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
381
gravel road. Qeorge W. Alexander,
supt. Wood gravel rd.
Rockville, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m. May 5 for constructing three
gravel roads In Raccoon Twp. J. H.
Kerr, chmn. Co. Com.
Petersburg, Ind.— Bidn are asked until
May 10 for constructing about eight miles
of rock or gravel roads in Patoka Twp.
T. W. Basinger, Co. Audt.
Bluff ton, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 10 a. m. May 3, for constructing
fifteen miles of gravel roads in Jackson
Township. Geo. Mounsey, chairman,
county commissioners.
Ft. Myer, Va.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 17 for macadam driveways and
concrete waUks, near Post Exchange.
Capt. O. C. Bamhardt, Q. M.
St. Paul. Minn.— Sealed bids are asked
until 2 p. m., May 5, for grading Como-
ave., from Capitol-boulevard to Jackson-
st. John S. Grode, president Board of
Public Works.
Canon City, Colo.— Special.— Sealed bids
will be received until May 16 for construc-
ting 187.000 square feet of cement side-
walks. W. R. Smythe, City Engineer.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 3 p. m., May 6. for brick and cement
paving, filling and retaining wall at Doo-
11 1 tie School. Business Manager Board
of Education.
Peekskill, N. Y.— Sealed bids are asked
until 12 m., May 10, for brick paving on
concrete foundation on Division and
Water-sts. Albert E. Cruger, Clerk
Board Trustees.
Carrollton, Mo.— Sealed blOs are asked
until 7:30 p. m., May 10, for 6,000 square
yards of vitrified brick paving on maca-
dam base, around public scquare. John
B. Lynn, Secretary Improvement Com-
pany.
Versailles, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 1 p. m.. May 8, for constructing four
miles and 2,320 feet of macadamized
roads: also six miles and 4,854 feet of ma-
cadamized roads. Nicholas Volz, County
Auditor.
Providence, R. I.— Sealed bids are asked
until ^12 m. May 4 for constructing 4,090-ft.
state highway in Tiverton; 2,640-ft in Ldt-
tle Compton. John H. Edwards, chmn.
State bd. pub. rds.
Dayton, O.— Sealed bids are asked until
12 m. May 8 for 1,330 sq. yds. nf brick pav-
jng and 1,800 lin. ft. protection curbing
in an alley; grading and paving with
bowlders a number of alleys. Liouis Haas,
prest. B. P. S.
Cleveland, O.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 12 m. May 4 for paving St. Clair-st,
from Becker to Ansel-aves., with dressed
block Medina stone, with curbing, grad-
ing, draining, ttc. W. J. Springbom,
prest. B. P. S.
Woodruff Place. Ind.— Sealed bids are
dlst. 2 with asphalt; grading, curbing*
guttering, building crosswalks, water-
ways and sidewalks at street inter-
sections. A. F. Parker, cy. engr.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 2 for grading, graveling and
rolling roadways of Oxford-st. and an al-
ley; asphalt paving on Ohio-st., from
Delaware-st. to Capitol-ave., and Pennsyl-
vanla-st., from Twenty-flfth-st. to point
877 feet north; building cement walks on '
Eleventh, Oxford and Dawson-sts. Bids
are asked until May 4 for brick paving;
on Pennsylvania-st. and cement walks on>
Cornell and Central-aves. and Twenty-
fourth-st. M. A. Downing, chmn. B. P. W.
Waukesha. Wis.— Bids are asked until
2 p. m. May 2 for macadam paving on
McCall and South-sts. B. P. W.
Minneapolis, Minn.— Bids are asked un-
til 11 a. m. May 2 for graveling several
roads. H. R. Scott, Audt.
Bentleyville, .Pa.— BId.<i are asked until
May 1 for macadamizing Main-st. R. A.
Johnson, Prest. Boro Coun.
New Albany, Ind.— Sealed bids will be
received until May 2 for paving Vin-
cennes-st. with vitrified brick. Cy. Coun.
Jeffersonville, Ind.— Sealed bids are-
asked until 10 a. m.. May 2, for construct-
ing a macadam and gravel road in
Cliarlestown Township. Peter Dillon,
Chairman County Commissioners.
Geneva, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked un<
til 10 a. m.. May 2, for paving Line-st.,
from east to west corporation line, with'
vitrified brick or blocks. Jas. H. Kelley,
Town Clerk.
Ft.. Smith, Ark.— Sealed bids are asked,
until 9 a. m.. May 2. for building side-
walk on south side of North A-st., from
Thirteenth to Pifteenth-sts. Henry Ku-
per, ^r.. Chairman Board Public Affairs.
Marshall, Minn.— Bids are asked until
2 p. m. May 2 for building cement yralks
on and around the court-house grounds.
Separate bids will be taken for cement
and cement block walks. Thos. McKin-
ley, CO. audt.
Shelbyville, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until 10 a. m. May 2 for 11,852 sq. yds. of"
brick paving on concrete foundation, with
curbing, catch basins, tile, etc., on Mor-
gan and Maln-sts. J. C. Westervelt, prest.
bd. local Impvts.
CONTRACTS AWABDBD.
Philadelphia, Pa.— The contract for as-
phalt repair work has been awarded to
W. S. P. Shields.
Bushnell, 111.— The Trl-City Construction
Company has been awarded the contract
contract for fifteen blocks of paving.
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Kloote Sn Van-
derveen have been awarded the contract
for Improving Baldwln-st. for $3,745.
Hartford City, Wis.— The contract for
macadamizing Main-st., was awarded
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382
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
has been awarded contracts for building
cements walks on W. Main and Klnsey-
8te .
Lemars, la.— Snouffer & Ford, of Cedar
Rapids, have been awarded the contract
for paving the principal streets of this
city.
Kenton, O.— The contract for paving
N. Detroit-st. has been awarded to Kelly
Bros., of Portsmouth, O., at $1.44 a square
yard.
Princeton, Ind.— The contract *or com-
bined curb and gutter for nine streets
was awarded to C. P. White, of Boone-
ville, Ind.
Osgood, Ind.— The contract for build-
ing twenty-two miles of pike in Adams
twp. has been awarded to Chas. Calvert,
of Scottsburg, for $42,719.99.
Menominee, Mich.— John O. Jones of Ra-
cine has been awarded the contract for
paving Grand-ave. with vitrified btick for
123.247.85.
Wilmington. Del.— The contract for
building % mi. of road in Georgetown was
awarded April 6 to the Christian Con-
struction Company for 16,430.
Oshkosh. WIs.-nJohn Monahan was
awarded the contract for macadamizing
Monroe-ave. at 00c for macadam work
and 63c for cement curb and gutter.
Duluth. Minn.— P. McDonnell was
awarded the contract April 18 for paving
First-ave. East from the railroad to Su-
perior-st. with sand^one blocks, for
13,983.75.
Toledo, O.— The contract for paving
Mlllard-ave. from Jessie-st. to Duck
Creek has been awarded to Garrigan
Bros, for $17,355.50 for Harris block or
broken stone.
Terre Haute. Ind.— The contract for
concrete sidewalks and stone curbing on
S. Third-st. was awarded to Donn M.
Roberts at 9 9-lOc a sq. ft. for sidewalks
and 34c a ft. for curbing.
Binghamton. N. Y.— The contract for
paving the new Rockbottom bridge with
brick was awarded to A. L. Willey. The
concrete work will be constructed by
the Cement Products Company.
'Milwaukee. Wis.- The contract for re-
pairing the asphalt pavements on WIs-
consln-st. and lower Grand-ave. was
awarded April 14 to the Western Paving
and Supply Company, at $1.75 a sq. yd.
Wllllamsport, Pa.— The contract for
paving Franklin, Fifth, Hepburn and
Wlllow-sts. has been awarded to Mayer
Bros, of Erie, at $1.87 a sq. yd. Guise
brick on six-inch concrete foundation will
be used.
streets as follows: Laying brick, fur-
nished by city, $1.15 a sq. yd.; macadam-
izing, 671^ cents a sq. yd.; curbing. 60
cents a ft.; excavation, 2S cents cu. yd.
South Bend, Ind.— Street improvement
contracts hae been awarded as follows:
Grades, curbs and walks on Sherman-
ave., Slders Bros.; grades, curbs and
walks on Stanfleld and Maln-sts.. T. C
Barnes; cement curbs on Lindsey-st.,
Paul J. Haas.
Indianapolis, Ind.— The contract for
paving Mlssourl-st. from Market-st. to
Kentucky-ave. with brick has been
awarded to J. K. Cooper A Sons, at $5.50
a sq. yd. J. H. Roberts secured contracts
for cement walks on two streets at 60
and 63 cents a sq. ft.
Davenport, la.— Paving contracts were
awarded April 19 as follows: Marqu&tte-
st., brick, Davenport Const. Co., grading
36 cents; paving, $1.68; curbing, 55 cents;
paving number of streets and alleys with
brick. People's Const. Co., $1.68 and $1.69.
Shreveport, La.— The city council
awarded more contracts April 15 for pav-
ing as follows: Bitulithlc. Louisiana-ave.,
Crockett and McNeil-sts. and Westem-
ave., Nashville Roofing & Paving Co.,
Nashville, Tenn.; brick, Southem-ave.,
Chatwin Bros., $2.15 a sq. yd.
Columbus, O.— Paving contracts were
awarded April 18 as follows: Lexington-
ave., A. G. Pugh, $2.44380; part of Lex-
Ington-ave., Fisher & Knight, $1,682.95;
McAlllster-ave., D. E. Sullivan & Son,
$1,616.85. Le«ington and McAllister-aves.
will be paved with Nelsonvllle blocks.
St. Louis, Mo.— The Granite Bituminous
Paving Company secured the contract for
paving Llndell boulevard, from Grand to
Spring-aves., and from Spring-ave. to
King's boulevard, with bitulithlc pave-
ment. The Barber Asphalt Paving Com-
pany was awarded the contract for pav-
ing Waterman-ave. ; Fruin-Bambrick
Construction Company, Duncan-ave.; M.
Sullivan & Sons, Labadie-ave.
Scranton, Pa.— The contract for paving
certain streets was awarded April 7 to
the Barber Asphalt $»avlng Company, the
only bidder, as follows: Paving Moir
court, $2.56 a sq. yd.; keeping same in re-
pair for five years, 10 cents a yd.; paving
Forest court, $2.44% a sq. yd.; Capouse-
ave., $2.42 a sq. yd.
Ft. Wayne, Ind.— Bids were submitted
April 7 for about 5 mis. of asphalt and
brick paving. The Moellerlng Construc-
tion Company and Joseph Dei^eimer &
Co., both of this city, were the only bid-
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEW
3a3
ave., John Malcolm; Lapeer-ave. and Mc-
•coskey and Second-sts., Z. & J. Lalonde;
common macadam, Um«3stone surface, P
Crowley.
Chicago, HI.— The R. P. Conway Co.
was awarded a contract, April 15, for
about 1200,000 worth of asphalt paving.
Parr Bros, were awarded the con-
tract for paving Stewart-ave., from
Slxty-thlrd-Bt to N. Normal Park, with
granite- top macadam, for $20,000. The Pa-
nooh Sidewalk Co. submitted bids, April
21, for building cement sidewalks cover-
ing-360,000 square feet, at 12V^, 13^ and 14%
cents a square foot, which is 10 to 25
per cent lower than the average bids.
Shreveport, La.— Contracts were award-
ed, March 31, for street paving as fol-
lows: Bltullthic— Portions of Jacobs,
"Spring, Market, Caddo, Common, Cotton,
Egan, Christian, Anna and Allen-sts.,
Nashvile Roofing & Paving Co., of Nash-
vile. Brick— ^>ortions of Commerce, Jones
and Marshall. Nashville Roofing & Paving
Co. Asphalt^Portions of Cotton, Mar-
shal, Christian, Hope, Louisiana, Travis,
Palrfield, Jordan, Edwards-sts., Memphis
Asph'alt & Paving Co., Memphis, Tenn.
Philadelphia, Pa.— Bids involving about
^,000,000 for asphalt paving were sub-
mitted April 22. Under previous speci-
fications Bermudez Lake or Trinidad Lake
asphalt only could be bid on, but under
the new specifications the material is
designated as the best quality of refined
natural asphalt, and according to Direc-
tor Costello, the term "natural" refers
to that grade which is richest In bitumen
and most free of organic and mineral
matter. The bids for paving with the
t>est natural or land asphalt were as fol-
lows: Pilbert Paving & Construction Co.,
prices ranging from $1.83 to $2.11 a sq. yd.;
W. S. P. Shields, |2.07r Barber Asphalt
Paving Co., 12.14 to 12.21 a sq. yd; Lake
a.sphalt— Barber Asphalt Paving Co., $2.14
to $2.21; Filbert Paving & Construction
-Co., $2.11; W. S. P. Shields, $2.07. Vitrified
fire clay brick— McCormick & Co., $2.41 to
$2.63; Thos. Cunningham. $2.19 to $2.37; M.
jr. Hagan & Co., $2.69 to $2.83; David Mc-
Mahon, M. & J. B. McHugh, Joseph
Glaretthy and Barber Asphalt Paving
Co., at prices averaging $2.50 a sq. yd.
Rochester, N. T.— Bids for street pav-
ing were submitted April 20 as follows:
Driving Park-ave. pavement— Estimate,
$3,800; N. H. Cowles, $3,195; Preston D;ick,
$3,147; Johnsonburg block, $3,387; Metro-
politan block, $3,471.
Hebard-st. asphalt pavement— Estimate,
$7,000; Rochester Vulcanite Pavement
Company, ^,481; Whltmore. Rauber &
Vlcinus, $6,487; Barber Asphalt Company,
$6,781; Rock Asphalt Company. $5,806.
Calumet-st. trap rock macadem pave-
ment—Estimate, $6,500; Whltmore, Rau-
ber & Vicinus, $4,309.10; H. B. Hooker &
Son, $4,564.60; H. N. Cowles, $4,601.50;
•George W. Hagaman. $5,506; Thomas Hol-
aban, $6,511; Brayer & Albaugh. $5,582.50.
Cortland. N. T.— The contract for ma-
-cadamizing Port Watson-st. from Lacka-
'wanna tracks to Port Watson bridge was
awarded April 4. to R. W. Henderson of
Geneva, for $21,427.50.
Atchison. Kas.— The contract for pav-
ing the roadway from the city limits to
the Soldiers' Orphans' Home was award-
ed April 2 to McGulre & Stanton of Leav-
enworth for about $21,000.
SEWBRS,
Sunnyside, Wash. — The Sunnyside
Drainage Co. has been organized by 8.
J. Harrison, C. E. Woods, W. H. Cllne.
H. M. Lichty, Elza Deen, G. W. Reese
and R. L. Reese. A drainage district is
being organized according to the State
law.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Pipestone, Minn.— A sewerage system is
proposed.
West Point, Miss.— A sewerage system
is contemplated.
Pullman, Wash.— A sewerage system is
contemplated this year.*
Elgin, 111.— The construction of sewers
is being discussed by council.
Yale, Mich.- This town voted, April 19,
to construct a sewer on Main-st.
Angola, Ind.— The Magnet advocates the
construction of a sewerage system.
Lowell, Mass.— Sewers are proposed for
Forrest, Parker and Stevens-sts.
West Point, Miss..- The question of a
sewerage system is being considered.
Milwaukee, Wis.— Bond ordinance will
be introduced for flushing tunnel pur-
poses.
Pairmount. 111.— The citizens are agita-
ting the question of building a sewerage
system.
Hamilton, O.— Resolutions have been
passed for constructing sewers on certain
streets.
Franklin, Ind.— The cy. coun. voted,
April 14, to build a general sanitary sew-
erage system.
Richmond, Ind.— Cy. Engr. Weber has
submitted plans for a storm sewer in .
Northwest Second-st.
Boise, Idaho— Cy. Engr. Irwin has sub-
mitted his report for the proposed new
sewer district.
Hyattsville, Md.— This city voted, April
8. to issue $80,000 for installing a sewerage
system.
Marion. 111.— Council is considering the
Question of Issuing bonds for constructing
a sewerage system.
West Duluth, Minn.— Common Council
directed, April 11, that a sanitary sewer-
age system be constructed.
Claremont, N. H,— Plans for the pro-
posed sewerage system will be made by
E. Worthlngton of Boston.
Cape Girardeau, Mo.— Plans for a sew-
erage system will be made by Jackson &
Omberg of Memphis, Tenn.
Cleveland, O.— The board of health
adopted a resolution April 6 to establish
a sewage reduction plant.
Barberton, O.— Ordinances were passed
April 18 providing for the construction of
storm sewers.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Dyersburff, Tenn.— Surveys and plans
are being made for a sewerage system
by Granbery Jackson, of NashvlUe.
St Paul, Minn.— Plans and estimates for
building sewers In a number of streets
have been filed by the city engineer.
Kansas City, Mo.— Plans for <teptic
tanks to be located In the southeascem
part of the city have been approved.
Waynetown. Ind.— Surveys for a sew-
erage system have been completed by
Surveyor Harding and plans will be made
at onoe.
Belding. Mich.— Special. -Gteori;e W.
Moulton. cy. elk., says that this city may
build trunk, main and lateral sewers this
year.
Havre de Grace. Md.— This city will
vote May 2 on the question of issuing
$29,000 bonds for building a sewerage sys-
tem.
Ogden, Utah.— The question of issuing
$66,000 bonds for constructing sewers will
be voted on May 12. W. J. Critchlow, cy.
recorder.
Lewistown. Pa.— An ordinance was
passed April 22 submitting to vote the
issue of 1100.000 bonds to complete the
sewerage system.
Hollidaysburg, Pa.— The street com-
missioner was directed, April 7, to en-
gage a competent engineer to make
grades for a sewerage system.
Cincinnati, O.— A resolution has been
introduced to build a sewer in Strader-
ave., from Humbert-st. to Bastem-ave.,
for surface water.
Bangor, Me.— The extension of the farm
brook sewer, from L4ncoln-st. north-
westerly to Hammon-st., has been auth-
orized by the council.
Butler, Pa.— An ordinance was ap-
proved, April 20, for constructing a main
public sewer in this borough. Raymond
S. Cornelius, prest. town coun.
Houston, Tex.— The question of issuing
$660,000 bonds for constructing a com-
'plete sanitary and storm water sewerage
system will be voted on June 27.
Marshall, Mo.— Special— Frank Watson,
cy. engr.. says that plans and specifica-
tions are be4ng prepared for a system of
sewers, approximating three miles.
Coming, la.— An ordinance was passed
April 16 providing for the construction
and control of sewers in this city. Carl
Stanley, mayor; S. E. Day, cy. elk.
Covington, Ky.— Ordinances have been
passed providing for the construction of
sewers in a number of streets. George T.
Beach, mayor; John J. Craig, cy. elk.
Akron, O.— Cy. Engr. Payne was di-
rected, April 12, to prepare plans and
specifications for a sewer to take care of
sewage from the South Akron factories
and residences.
Laurel. Miss.— (Special.)— The Iowa En-
gineering Company, Clinton. Ia„ has
been engaged to revise the sewer plans
of this city and to superintend the con-
son. Church, Illinois, B. Spring and C-sts.
with outlet sewer and septic tank, at a
total cost of $88,662.19.
Mexico City, Mex.— R. C. Bateman has
been engaged to make plans for a sew-
age purification plant for a small estate,
capable of purifying the sewage created
by about 1.600 persons.
Gorham. N. H.— A committee, with J.
F. L4bby as chairman, has been ap-
pointed to secure plans and estimates for
a sewerage system and report at the next
annual meeting in March, 1906.
Minneapolis, Minn.— The Council SQwer
committee decided, April 9, to build all
large sewers of steel and concrete. An-
drew Rinker, cy. engr., estimates that
this will save the city $16,000.
Urbana, O.— A resolution was passed
April 11 authorizing City Engineer Pratt
to make a survey of the city for the pur-
pose of ascertaining the cost of con-
structing a sewerage system.
Canastota, N. Y.— The Board of Trustees
decided, April 11, to have a map of the
sewers of this village prepared to facili-
tate the matter of constructing a new
sewerage system.
St. Joseph. Mo.— (Special.)— W. B.
Hazen, City Engineer, has been engaged
to make surveys, plans and estimates for
a levee and drainage of 10,600 acres of
land between Des Moines and Fox river,
at Alexandria. Mo.
Utica, N. Y.— An additional report on
the sewer problem of this city has been
submitted by George W. Rafter of
Rochester, and among other things he
recommends an expenditure of about $16,-
000 for a topographical map of the city
and vicinity.
Whitinsville, Mass.— The estimated cost
of a sewerage system for this town and
Linwood, approximating about 101-$
miles of sewers, Ms about $95,000; filtraUon
tanks, strainers and apparatus. $60,000.
James Crlchton and Jsnies R. Ferry are
members of the committee.
CONTBACT8 TO BB LET.
Marion, Ind— Sealed bids are asked until
Mav 3 for constructing sewers. C. G.
Robbins, cy. elk.
Marshfield, Wis.— Bids are a^ked until
May 13 for a sewer on N. Central-ave. C.
S. Vedder, cy. elk.
Park Rapids. Minn.— Bids are asked un-
til May 6 for constructing ditch work. \V.
M. Kemerer, co. audt.
Cherryvale, Kas.— Sealed bids eu-e asked
until May 4 for building a sewerage sys-
tem. S. J. Howard, cy. dk.
St. Bernard, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 9 for building sewers in certain
streets. Geo. Meyer, dk.
Los Angeles, C^l.— Sealed bids are aske't
until May 16 for 11.77 mis. of brick sewers.
H. J. Leland, cy. elk.
Milwaukee. Wis.- Sealed bids are asked
until May 8 for building sewers In th«*
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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until May 5 for constructing state
ditches. Peter E. Hanson, Secy. State.
MontfiTomery, Ala.— Bids are asked until
May 2 for sewers in Jefferson, Davis and
Holcombe-8ts. R. S. Williams, cy. treas.
Owosao, Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 6 for building sewers, with
manholes, flush tanks, etc. C. H. Cossitt,
supt B. P. W.
Water town. Wis.— Sealed bids ^ are asked
until 4 p. m. May 7 for 700-ft 8-in. sewers
and 3 flush tanks. Geo. H. Stanchfleld,
chnuL B. P. W.
Moose Jaw, Assa.— Bids are asked until
May 14 for sewerage work. W. A. Munns,
secy-treas.; Willis Chlpman, ch. engr., 101
Bay-st.. Toconto.
Cannon Falls, Minn.— Sealed bids are
asked until May 10 for constructing a
sewerage system and septic tank. Oeo.
B. Wilson, vil. recorder.
Tamaqua, Pa— Sealed bids are asked
until 8 p. m. May 3 for building 13,G00-ft.
vltrifled pipe sewers, with manholes, flush
tanks, etc. W. F. Lieopold, elk.
Charleston. S. C— Sealed bids are asked
until May 14 for constructing an extension
of the 4-ft. brick intercepting drain. Mor-
decai T. Bndlcott, ch. bureau yd. and
docks.
Coldwater, Mich.— Sealed bids are aflked
until May 9 for building 24, 20, 18, 35, 12
and 10-in. pipe sewers, 15 manholes and 23
drop manholes. A. A. Dorrance, prest. B.
P, a.
South Bend, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until 10 a. m. May 6 for 4.200-ft. brick
sewer and 3. 000- ft. pipe sewer; also 860- ft.
of briok sewer in Madison-st. A. J. Ham-
mond, cy. engr.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until May 7 for furnishing, de-
livering and erecting sewage screens, in-
cluding machinery and apparatus com-
plete at the sewage pimiping station. H
B. F. MacFarland, Chairman District
Commissioners.
Chicago, 111., Sealed bids are asked un-
til June 7 for constructing a system of
brick sewers 15-mis. in lengrth, and con-
structing a sewage pumping station; also
erecting four centrifugal pumping en-
gines. A. M. Li3^ch, Chairman Board
Local Improvements.
:3utler, Ind.— Sealed bids are being asked
lintil May 2, for constructing 41,775 feet
• •f GO, 36, 30, 24. 18, 15, 12, 6 and 4-inch
sewers, 60 manholes. 200 pipe-catch basins,
SOO lot specials S6 lamp holes and 25 pipe-
flushing holes. John H. W. Krontz, City
Engineer.
Danville, Pa.— Bids are asked until ^.^ay
12, for constructing a sewerage system,
including boiler, pumps, reservoirs and all
pipes and connections to install a broad
irrigation system for disposal of sewage
at the State Hospital for Insane. H. B.
Meredith, Superintendent.
CONTKACTS AWARDED.
Mlddletown, Pa. — David Hatz was
awarded the contract for a sewer on
Plne-st. for $990.
Milwaukee, Wis.— The contract for
building a brick sewer in Cllnton-s't. from
Washington-ave. to Locust-st. was
awarded to Oeorge B. Zimmerman, for
$24,307.66.
Princeton, Ind.— The franchise for a
new sewerage system has been granted
to Alvy Levy.
Nashville, Tenn.— T. J. Mooney was
awarded the contract for extending two
c. 1. sewer pipes, for 3276.
Dubuque, . la. — Noonan Bros, were
awarded the contract for constructing a
sewer in Dodge-st. for 14,896.76.
Des Moines, la.— O. P. Herrick was
awarded the contract April 12 for a sewer
in B. 8eventh-st. at $1.04 a lin. ft.
Delray, Mich. — The contract for a
sewer in McGregor-ave. was awarded to
Langley & Jaynes of Detroit for |23»400.
Cincinnati, O.— The contract for a sewer
in Woodbum-ave., from Fairfax to Dex-
ter-aves., was awarded to McCarthy
Bros.
Ashtabula, O. — N. J. Carlson was-
^.warded the contract for sewers on
Washington-st. and Tyler-ave. fcwr
11,183.90.
Detroit, Mich.— D. J. Kennedy & Sons^
secured the contract for the sewer in-
McGregor-ave, Delray, Aprtl jl9, for
9ZXJ60.
Edwardsville, 111.— The contract for a.
sewerage system was awarded to Sween*
ey & Coonen of Bast St Louis, for $16^-
088.37.
Kenton. O.— Evans & Childers secured'
the contract for building two sewers in
the South Kenton sewer district, at 40*
cents per foot
Columbia, a C— The contract for sew-
erage work at the South Carolina Col-
lege was awarded, April 23. to John T.
Gaston for 31,676.
Columbus. Ind.— The contract for builds
Ing a sewer in the north part of this city
wUl be awarded to Stillinger & Co.. for
38.244.60.
Oswego, N. Y.— The contract for sewers,
drains and grading at the new post was
awarded to C. A. Miner, of Wilmington.
Del., for 117.848.
^^mphis, Tenn.— The contract for con-
structing sewers in Lenox, a suburb, was
ayvarded to Bdwin Miller, of this city,
for about 38.000.
Toledo, O.— O'NeU & Tansey secured the
contract for building the Walbridge-st
sewer and sewage reduction plant, for
321,412.20 and 31.011.20 respectively.
Birmingham, Ala.— The Jefferson Coun-
ty Sanitary Commission awarded the con-
tract for constructing sections 6, 7, 8, ^
and 10 of the county trunk system to
Black & Laird of Dallas, Tex., for 3107.-
938.
Rockford, 111.— Sewer contracts have
been awarded as follows: Prairie and
Eighth-sts., W. J. Allen, Waukegan; Blev-
enth-st., G. Maffloll, Rockford; Benton
and N. Second-st. and Eleventh and Four-
teenth-aves., E. S. Gregory.
Dolgeville, N. Y.— The contract for con-
structing a sewerage system was award-
ed, April 8. to Nicolette & Harder of Pots*
dam for 333,47^ and disposal works to
Waldie & Snyder of this city for 37,427.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
York, Pa.— Sewer contracts were award-
ed, March 28, as follows: Contract "A,"
Smith Const. Co. of Philadelphia, $186, •
887.79; contract **B," Geo. W. Ruch & Co.
of Philadelphia, $268,804.16. Contract "C"
was held over.
Mt. Clemens, Mich.— Chas. S. Ferrin has
been awarded the contract for sewers in
Jones^t. and Maple-ave. for $878. The
contract for a sewer In Church-st. was
awarded to W. W. Hatch of Goshen, Ind.
at $8.44 a lln. ft
Menominee, Mich.— John ' Sanderson of
Marinette, Wis., was awarded the con-
tract for constructing sewers as follows:
Maud-st., $496.80; Marine tte-ave., $866.52;
Baker-ave., $778; Willlams-ave., $1,243.22;
Parmenter-st.. $914; total, $4,296.64.
Rochester, N. T.— Bids for sewers were
submitted, April 18, as follows: Norton-
St. grsidlng and sewer: Estimate, $3,600;
Ripton & Murphy, $3,285; H. B. Hooker &
Son, $3,479; Brayer & Albaugh, $7,002.60.
Jackson-st. sewer— Estimate, $2,800;
Bert Bauer, $1,817; John J. Regan, $1,-
860.50; H. N. Cowles, $1,868; John Colman,
$1,878.60; Crahan & Keams. $1,908.10; F.
A. Brotsch, $2,208; Thomas Holahan. $2,-
887.50; H. B. Hooker & Son, $2,370; Brayer
& Albaugh, $2,520.90; Ripton & Murphy,
$2,560.
Bemard-st. sewer— Estimate, $1,800;
Bert Bauer, $1,259.26; Crahan & Keams,
$1,483.60; John Calnan, $1,599.26; Thomas
Holahan, $1,641; John J. Regan, $1,671;
Brayer & Albaugh, $1,694.26; Ripton A
Murphy, $1,709; H. N. Cowles, $1,711.
Hollenbeck-st. sewer— Estimate. $600;
John J. Regan, $38t50; Bert Bauer, $389.95
<lnformaI); John Calnan. $399.90; Crahan
St Keams, $420.75; Ripton & Murphy,
$475.75; Thomas Holahan. $664.
WATBR'WORKSs
CONTBMPLATBD WORK.
Boise, Idaho.— A gravity w. w. sys. is
advocated
Ft. Mills, S. C— The installaUon of a
w. w. sys. is proposed.
Lehi, Utah.-The feasibility of establish-
ing w. w. sys. is being considered.
Lima. O.— The question of a new water
works reservoir is being investigated.
Wlnfield, Kas.— This city voted to in-
stall w. w. and electric light systems.
Warner, N. H.— This town voted to
make an appropriation for water main ex-
tensions.
Walla Walla, Wash.— The question of
building a gravity w. w. system will be
voted on.
Oklahoma City, Okla.— Cquncil contem-
nlates orovidlnK for improvements to the
been made by C. M. Thorpe, City Engi-
neer.
Taylor, Tex.— About $15,000 will be ex-
pended in placing larger water main?
along the business streets.
Auburn, N. Y.— Application for four or
five miles of water main extensions have
beem made to the water department.
Belding, Mich.— Special.— Geo. W. Moul-
ton. City Clerk, says a franchise will be
let for a complete water worka system.
Westfleld, Mass.— A preliminary survey
for a storage reservoir in connection with
the Granville system, will be made.
Island Palls. Me.— A water system will
be installed and John E. Webb desires
prices of supplies, apparatus, etc
Sacramento, Cal.— The estimated cost
of a fcity water main on I-st. from
Front to Ninth* is $17,000. J. C. Plerson,
City Engineer.
Gorman, N. H.— J. F. Libbey is chair-
man of a committee appointed to secure
plans and estimates for a water works
system, to report at the next annual
meeting in March, 1906.
The question of Issuing water works
bonds has been favorably voted on at the
following places: West Gate, la.; Hous-
ton. Minn.; Walnut Grove, Minn.; Wa-
verly. Neb.; Brooklyn, S. D.
The question of issuing bonds for con-
struction water works will be voted on
at the following places: Idaho Springs,
Colo., June 14; Findlay. 111.; Portage La
Pralri^. Man., May 2; Pepin, Wis.
Wilmington, Del.— A supplementary re-
port on the proposed new water plant for
this city has been submitted by City
Engineer Leisen. who favors Rockland
As a source of supply. The estimated cost
of the^ plant is $750,000.
Bozeman, Mont. — (Special.) — C. M.
Thorpe. County Supervisor, says the City
Council is ^about to advertise for bids for
about three and a half miles of fourteen-
inch wooden pipe, and he has been di-
rected to draft specifications for this
work.
The construction of water works sys-
crystems Is contemplated at the following
plHces: Garden Plain, Kas.; Fountain,
Colo.; McKenzie. Tenn.; Manson, la.;
Ellicott City, Md.; Brewster, Minn,;
Basin, Mont.; Bristol. S. p.; Comfrey,
Minn.; Hancock, Minn.; Java, S. D.
C0NTBAGT8 TO BB LBT.
Corning. Cal.— A franchise for furnish-
ing water for a term of fifty years will
be let May 5.
Port Huron. Mich.— Bids are asked until
May 6 for the completion of the canal
from Lake Huron to Black River,
East Orange, N. J.— Bids are aske<^ until
May 9 for a brick engine and boiler house.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
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South St. Paul. Minn.— Bids are asked
until May 16 for laying 1,700 ft. of water
mains. C. W. Clark, cy. recorder.
Lynchburg, Va.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 16 for a gravity water supply.
William V. Wilson, chm. com. on water.
Waterbury, Conn.— Sealed Wds are
asked until 7:30 p. m. May 3 for laying
water mains in certain streets. R. A.
Cairns, cy. engr.
Indianapolis. Ind.— Sealed bids are
asked until May 2 for constructing a con-
crete steel or a steel aqueduct. Indian-
apolis Water Company.
Saugatuck. Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 5 for constructing a water
works system. J. H. Pear, Prest. village
bd. trustees.
Cannon Falls, Minn.— Bids are asked
until May 10 for extending water mains
and erecting a pumping 'station. Qeorge
E. Wilson, vil. recorder.
Marietta, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 3 for improving the water sys-
tem by wells In the river or by filtration.
John H. Riley, prest. B. P. S.
New Orleans. La.— Sealed bids are
asked until May 10 for furnishing two
gasoline engines, two centrifugal pumps
and two centrifugal pumps with motors.
F. S. Shields, secy, sewerage bd.
Cincinnati, O.— Bids are asked until May
3 for cast iron pipe and special castings
for water mains required for extension
and betterment of the water distribution
system. August Herrmann, prest. bd.
trustees.
Jacksonville, Fla.— Bids are asked until
May 4 for furnishing f. o. b. cars l,50o
K. W. turbo-generator, with exciter and
switch panels, turbine to be worked con-
densing at 150 lbs. steam pressure, 27-in
vacuum; generator to be S-phase, 60-cycle
2,300 volts. R. N. Ellis, sup',, bd. trustees.
Columbus, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 11 for constructing a concrete
masonry dam consisting of 7,000 cu. yds.
dry earth exca., 6,000 cu. yds. wet earth
exca., 15,000 cu. yds. rock exca. and 56,200
cu. yds. concrete masonry. Charles H.
Frank. Sec. B. P. S.
CONTRACTS AWARDED.
Harrlsburg, Pa.— The contract for a fil-
tration plant was awarded April 18 to
Coder & Miller of this city for $275,000.
Carthage, Mo.— The contract for erect-
ing a filter and new building for pumping
. station was awarded April 6 to McNerney
Bros, of this city for about $15,000.
Toledo, O.— The M. Rabbit & Sons Com-
pany secured the contract for furnishing
pipes, specials, etc.. and laying sub-
merged 20-inch water main from Water-
st., on Walnut-st.. to point in Maln-st.,
for $17,600.
Kennedy Heights, O.— The contract for
laying mains, setting valves, hydrants,
etc., was awarded April 9 to Frank
Burns of Cincinnati for $2,265. The U. S.
Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Company was
awarded the contract for furnishing pipe
for $4,513.
BRioams.
Wapakoneta, O.— Bids are asked until
May 4 for building two steel bridges.
Board County Commissioners.
Columbus, Oa.— Bids will be opened May
6 for building two steel bridges over Wolt
Creek.
Olathe. Kans.— Bids are asked until May
4 for building five steel bridges. J. G.
Rudy, County Clerk.
Albion, Ind.— Bids will be received May
3 for building several bridges. D. L.
Henry, County Auditor.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Bids are asked until
May 2 for building ten steel bridges. C.
J. Clark. County Auditor.
Waynetown. Ind.— The Commissioners
of Montgomery and Fountain counties
decided, April 11, to build a bridge over
Coal creek.
Frankfort, Ind.— Bids are asked until
May 7 for a sixteen ft. concrete arch
bridge. Wm. H. Armatrot, chm^ co.
comrs.
Fullerton. Neb.— Bids are aakcd until
May 12 for a steel highway bridge over
Loupe river, S. Stevenson, County Clerk.
Huntington, Ind.— Bids are asked until
May 10 for constructing steel fioor system
in a number of bridges. George F. Mor-
ris, County Auditor.
South Bend, Ind.— Bids are asked until
May 21 for building one steel britli^e tind
one concrete arch culvert. John W. Har-
bou. County Auditor.
Bridgeport, Conn.— Plans and bids will
be received May 7 for constructing a
steel bridge With abutments. H. G. Sco-
ff eld. City Surveyor.
Paoll, Ind.— Bids are asked until May 5
for building one steel bridge, one wooden
bridge and two steel fioor systems. Geo.
W. Teegarden, co. audt.
Youngstown, O.— Bids are asked until
May 10 for the restoration and construc-
tion of the sub-structure of a bridge. W.
R. Leonard, co. audt.
Elwood, Ind.— The city officials are con-
sidering the construction of concrete
arches over Duck creek at the points
where old bridges were washed away.
Greensburg, Ind.— The contract for •
steel bridge across Black Rock river,
near Downeyville, was awarded to the
Converse Bridge Company of Chatta-
nooga, Tenn., for $2,295.
Bangor, Me.— Committees have been ap-
pointed to consider the matter of a new
bridge across Kenduskeag stream, and
will report to cy. coun. by May 12. P. H.
Coombs, cy. engr.
Grenada, Miss.— Bids are asked until
May 3 for a steel or wood bridge over
Turn Bull creek and for steel approaches
to Logan Bridge in Dist. No. 1. J. S.
King, chancery elk.
Port Huron. Mich.— Bids are asked until
May 6 for the uncompleted portion of the
canal from Lake Huron to Black River,
including canal, bridges, water ways
and pier. R. D. O'Keefe, supt. pub.
wks.
Toledo, O.— Sealed bids will be received
until May 3 for building superstructures of
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
a bridge over Maumee River at Grand
Rapids, O.. and one at Waterville* O.
David T. Daves, Jr., co. audt.
Indianapolis, Ind.— The iron bridges
over Goose Creek at West Newton, over
Fall Creek at Thirtleth-st. and over Fall
Creek near Fair Grounds will be sold at
public auction June 14. C. J. Clark, co.
audt.
RARKS.
Rockford, 111.— The Rood property has
been leased for park purposes.
Red Wing, Minn.— Special.— A park on
the river front is -contemplated.
Nauvoo, 111.— The question of issuing
$15,000 park bonds will be voted on.
Somerville, Ga.— Property on Telfair-st.
bas been presented to this village for
park purposes.
Fall River, Mass.— The plans of Olm-
stend Bros, for the improvement of North
Park have been adopted.
Columbus, O.— The C. D. & M. Traction
Co. has purchased a park site along its
line three miles north of Prospect.
Rome, Ga.— The conversion of the dis-
trict along the W. & A. R. R. from Sec-
ond-ave. to the old water works into a
city park is contemplated.
Belfast, Me.— The purchase of land on
the shore, with suitable shore privileges
for use as a public park, is urged by the
Belfast Improvement Society.
New York City.— Mayor Mc Clellan has
appointed a commission on beautiflcatlon,
and the Board of Aldermen has appro-
priated $15,000 for the use of the com-
mission. Daniel S. Lamont, chairman
commission.
STRBBT UQHTINQ.
Bau Claire, Wis.— Mayor Rowe is In fa-
vor of a municipal light plant.
McKInney, Tex. — The question of a
municipal electric light plant is being
agitated.
Burlington, Wis. — The electric llgnt
commission has reported In favor of a
municipal light plant
Milwaukee, Wis.— A municipal light
plant is favored and resolutions providing
for the issue of $150,000 bonds have been
Introduced.
Traverse City, Mich.— Bids are asked
until May 81 for lighting streets and al-
leys for five years. Charles M. Vere, Cy.
Clk.
til May 16 for an electric light plant John
H. ChafRn, prest. bd. trustees.
Fennlmore, Wis.— Trustees Bdge, Blanck-
ard & Ructi have been appointed a com-
mittee to investigate street lighting.
Effingham, 111.— Bids are asked untn
May 17 for lighting streets in this dty for
6, 10 and 15 years. J. F. Johnson, cy. elk.
Chicago, HI.— Sealed bids are asked until
May 3 for 50,000 feet of electric light cable
and 6.000 feet fire alarm cable. Cy. elec-
trician.
The question of issuing electric light
bonds has been favorably voted on at the
following places: Eaton Rapids, Mich.;
Bellingham, Wash.; Thomasville, Ga.;
Flora, Ind.; Wlnfleld, Kas.; Newstrand,
Minn.
GIARBAQB DISROSAL, STRBBT
OLEANINQ ANO SRRINKUNQ.
Findlay, O.— Bids for removing garbage
will be received on May 9.
Sacramento, Cal.— The Board of Health
urges the erection of a garbage crema-
tory.
Cleveland. O.— Bids are asked until May
2 for ten street flushing machines. A.
R. Callow, secretary B. P. S.
Dayton, O.— Sealed bids are asked until
May 3 for sprinkling certain streets. Wil-
liam F. Miller, clerk B. P. 8.
Lansing, Mich.— The contract for the
collection of garbage for flve years has
been awarded to the Lansing Garbage
Company.
McKeesport Pa.— Sealed bids are asked
until May 4 for the erection of a gar-
bage furnace. C. E. Soles, cy. compt
St. Louis, Mo.— A temporary garbage
contract has been awarded to the St.
Louis Sanitary Company for $10,833.84 a
month.
Pittsburg. Pa.— The public safety com.
has recommended a contract with the
American Reduction Company for the re-
moval of garbage at $155,000 per year.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Contracts for sprink-
ling the unimproved streets of this city
have been awarded to R. Thomas A Co., '
H. T. Nolting, H. W. Miller and Reeder
& Newby.
Wilmington, Del.— City Council decided
April 19 to make an Investigation of the
conection of srarbage with a view to ascer-
taining whether or not the contractors
have lived up to their contr'ict
Brooklyn. N. Y.— Bids are asked \intn
May 5 for furnishing and delivering 200
combination can and bag carriers. Bids
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WARREN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
aie ORKOONIAN BUII.DINO
PORTLAND, OREGON
CONTRACTORS FOR WARREN'S BITULITHIC PAVEMENT
Warren's Bitulithic Pavement has been laid in seventy cities in the United States and
Canada, and the hundreds of testimonials received from engineers, taxpayers and city
officials, and the floods of petitions for its general adoption in cities where it has been
laid, attest its popularity and merit. Send for full particulars. It will be promptly and
freely furnished. Do it now.
NEBRASKA BITULITHIC PAVING GGMPANY
BKK BUIL.DINO
OMAHA, NEBRASKA
Vlfhat Ravltis Experts 9my of Vlf«rren*s BItullthIo:
" We laid in Brookline, in 1902, two pieces of Warren's Bitalithic PaTement, as an experiment. Our
people seem to be very mnch pleased with the pavement, and I confidently look forward to an extensive
use of it in the near fature."— M. Driscoll, Superintendent of Streets, Brookllne, Mass.
** I am satisfied that the Bitnlithic is all right."— Joseph N. Petbbson, Mayor, Salem, Mass.
'* We have never had a complaint or criticism of Bitulithic."— Geobgb A. Cabpbntbb, City Engineer,
Pawtacket, R. I.
** The Bitulithic pavement stands the test in excellent shape, and I am pleased to recommend it.'* —
Chsistophbb Habbison, City Engineer, Everett, Mass.
yWWL ARE CONTRACTORS FOR THE BITUI.ITHIC RAVEMKNT
NASHVILLE ROOFING & PAVING CO.
COMTBACTOB8 FOB BOOFINO AND PAVING
WARREN'S BITILITHIC PAVEMENT
Cement rioors, Granitoid Sidewalks,
Concrete Construction
HOME OFFICE, 811-817 N. CHERRY STREET, NASHVILLE, TENN.
GOAL TAR PAVING AND RGGFING MATERIALS
ACCURATELY REFINED AND SCIENTIFICALLY PREPARED
SOLD WITHOUT RESTRICTION
E. B. WARREN COMPANY,
IN BUSINESS 45 YEARS
27TH AND H STREETS, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C
t
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Enduring as Stone
Is a simile, the fullness and force of which appeals to every one.
This little phrase tells Its story as fully and completely as though
reams of paper and thousands of words had been used to make its
meaning clear. ''Enduring as Stone" tells all that need be told to
make it obvious to the most superficial that the acme of durability
has been attained when stone is the material used.
It is upon the principle of the scientific use of stone that
Warren's Bitulithic pavement is constructed, and the result is a
roadway that is almost as dense as solid rock, with a wearing
surface that is smooth, tough, waterproof and elastic; equal to the
traffic it is built to sustain; an ideal roadway for horses, bicycles
and automobiles; economical to clean and easy to repair, the laborer
of ordinary intelligence, without an expensive outfit, being able to
restore the pavement to its original perfect condition after cuts have
been made for water or gas pipe trenches; dustless and practically
noiseless.
Warren's Bitulithic pavement is in a class by itself. Every
engineer, city official and street superintendent should be conversant
with its qualities. This is easy. Just send us your name and
address, and we will gladly furnish you with all Information together
with testimonials of civil engineers of world-famed ability and of
well-known probity. Write today.
M *■
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JVIunicipal Sngincmng
PUBLISHED BT
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING CO., IndianapoUs
NBW YORK OPPICB, i BROADWAY
Vol. XXVI JUNE, 1904 No. 6
Contents
Conerete Bloek Mannftoture 389
CoMt of Balldlnff and Operating a Portland Cement Plant.
By BoUUau and Lyon^ Eattorit Pa. 2fA
Method of Making Bleetrleal Sarvey of Roeheiter, N. T. . 886
BdltOFlal Comment.
Uniyersity Education for Business Life— How to Make Good Boads— Concrete in Baltimore Fire
—Votes at Municipal Elections 404-407
The Oueition Denaptment.
407-41T
Manleipal MatUri in Court.
Recent Decisions in the Higher Courts on ICatter of Interest to Municipalities— Water Com-
—Alabama Supreme Court on Front Foot Rule 419-424
Cement and Conerete.
Concrete for Lining Mine Shafts— An English Artificial Stone— Price of Cement— Strength of
Hollow ConcreteBlocks« Cement and Sand Lime Bricks— Tests of Steel Concrete Beams-^The
Milford Concrete Standpipe 424-426
Roade and Streete.
Method of Preparing Asphalt for Repair Work— Oil on Roads in District of Columbia— The
(General Asphalt Company's Annual Report— Changes in Asphalt Specifications for New York
City— Form of Ordinance Establishing Street Grades 428-4S0
Water, Light and Sewere.
Cambridge, Mass., Water Supply— Advantages of Modem Gas Lighting Over Electricity— Gas
Explonon in a Newark Conduit— Sewage Purification in Iowa— Preventing Tree Roots from
Entering Sewers 412-484
Manleipal and Teehnleal Uteratare.
New Publications— Municipal Reports— Public Works in Chicago ^ 484-489
Orffanizatlona and IttdlvlduaU.
The American Park and Improvement Society— Convention of the National Municipal League
—The Good Roads Convention at St. Loufs- Technical Meetings— U. S. Civil Service Exami-
nations—Personal Notes 440-444
Maehlmery and Trade.
A Manageable Hose Nozzle— The Seamans Brick Machine— A Practical Mold for Making Cement
Sewer Pipe— A St. Louis Landn^ark— Vehicles at the Exposition- A New Automatic Cement
T^ttng Machine— Bedell's Curb at the St. Louis Exposition— A Dump Wagon for Garbage^
Pratt's Cement Posts— Finishing Tbols for Cement Walks— Change in Michigan Iron Works-
Trade PubUcationa— Trade Notes 445-464
Improvement and Contraetinff Newe.
PaTins 454 Street Liffhting 404
Sewers 459 Garbage Disposal, Street Cleaning and Sprink-
Watop-Works 401 Ung 404
Bridges. 408 Too Late for Classification 404
S6 CENTS A NUMBBR. $2.00 A TBAB. FORBIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2.76 A TEAR
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VULCANITE
PORTLAND
CEMENT
HASAN ESTABLISHED REPUTATION
AND IS KNOWN WHEREVER
PORTLAND CEMENT 18 USED
WRITE FOR OUR TREATISE ON CEMENT
VULCANITE PORTUND CEMENT COMPANY
LMO TITU BWLMM^ HMJUKLMUL ALKRT MOYCR, rUTIRON ILOa, NEW YORK, HY.
CEMENT SEWERS AND CATCH BASINS
NOW A REAI^ITY
We areprepared to farn Ish Machines for making
Cement Sewer Pipe of any size, as shown in the
illustration; also Machines for making entire
Catch Basins out of polid cement concrete. This is
something that engineers and experts in general
have been striving for years to accomplish, and
ours is the first and only machine that will sne>
cessfnily perform this always-thonght^to-be-im-
possible task.
We also Tumish Cement Sewer Pipe and Catch
Basins ready to install, in any sise desired. Onr
Cement Pipes may also be used for municipal
water Bupmy and are far superior to iron, while
costing only about one-fifth as much. '
Mortac* for Sm^wTrnpCmtclk BasiAS*
•to*t C^m^nt Has tHe foUoiviA^
1st. It is more permanent.
2d. It hardens and strengthens with age.
Sd. It needs no repairinf|f.
4th. Owing to its composition, there can be no possible decay.
5th. No growth of any kind (such as roots of trees, etc.) can penetrate or displace any portion
of the Sewer or Catch Basin.
6th. When necessary to "tap** same it c^n be acoompliphed and the gap repaired with less trouble
than would' be possible with any othf^r known construction.
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
AUcn. H. A 49
Alpha Portlmnd Cement Co 87
Alsen's Am. Portland Cement Co SO
American Aspbaltum and Rubber Co 81
American Cement Co 86
American Sewer Pipe Co 34
Anderson Bridge and Scraper Co 46
Andersoq. W. H. & Sons 32
Associated Expanded Metal Co 21
Association de la Presse Technique 8
Association of Engineering Societies 45
Atlas Portland Cement Co 87
Austin and Western Co., Ltd.. The 38
Barber Asphalt Paving Co 23
Barron-Gollier Co 62
Bartlett, C. O. & Snow Co 81
Battjes Fuel and Building Material Co 79
Belden&Horne 47
Bixlcr. Prof.G M
Blake Asphalt Maintenance Co 24
Blome, Rudolph S 90
BonnotCo 82
Boorman, T. Hugh. 80
Booth, Garrett & Blair 16
Bridges (Thomas) Sons 47
Brown, C.C 17
Brown, Mason L 17
Brown. Willis F... 16
Bryan, W. H 17
Buckeye Fire Clay Co 26
Buckeye Portland Cement Co 86
guffalo-Pitts Steam Road Roller 87
uilding Block Mfg. Co 47
Burlington Concrete Machinery Co 8
Burrage, Severance, Eng. Co 19
Campan.Thos. &Son 18
Campbell, Donald W 16
Cappelen, F. W 16
Carlsonjohn Z 48
Carson Trench Machine Co 27
Cayuga Lake Cement Co 85
Cement Machinery Co 72
Cement Machinery & Mfg. Co 69
Cement Tile & Tile Mould Mfg. Co 77
Cement Working Machinery Co 79
Century Cement Block Machine Co 78
Chambers Bros. Co 45
City Wastes Disposal Co 18
Clearfield Clay Working Co 42
Cleveland Brick Co 42
Cleveland Builders' Supply Co 49
Cleveland Cement Paving Co 48
Cleveland Stone Co 46
Cleveland Silex Stone Co 48
Clinton Paving and Building Brick Co 44
Colby, B. H 18
Collinwood Shale Brick Co 42
Concrete Steel Engineering Co 46
Consumers' Supply Co 19
Contractors' Plant Co 38
Contractors' Suppl v & Equipment Co 33
Contractors' Tool Co 82
CoplayCement Mfg. Co 85
Cottingham, Chas 19
Crafts, F.H 82
Cullen, Orlan Clvde 15
Cummer (F.D.) & Son Co , 28
Cyclopean Iron Works 66
Davenport Granitoid Co 48
Dexter Portland Cement 88
Dieman. Oswald A 49
Dickey. W. S., Clay Mfg. Co 42
DodgeMfg.Co 82
Downard Asphalt Co 81
Downey & Wilcox 16
Dunn Manufacturing Co., The 27
Dunning, W.D 81
Duplex Mfir. Co 27
Dykema (K.) & Son Co 74
Edison Portland Cement Co 90
Elkhart Construction Co 49
Emanuel, David L 47
Enterprise Manufacturing Co 87
Erie Machine Shops 86
Evens & Howard 26
Ewing. W.B 17
Falkeneau-Sinclair Machine Co 80
Fans, D.P , 49
la Wrttlag Adv«rtls«rs MMtloa
Fi
Fi
Fi
FI
Fc
Fc
Fr
Fi
Fr
Ff
Ihepley 49
iraulic Stone System 77
d 16
P 18
r Engineering Co 48
lling Mill and Foundry Co 28
0.. Samuel H 88
U. &Son. 49
Robertson 17
ment Co .
Co
o..
er.
a:
GJ
Gl
G]
Gl
G<
Gi
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
H
Hi
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H L
Illinois Steel Co
Indisn Asphalt Co
International Waste Utilization Co....
Iowa Engineering Co
Iroquois Iron Works
iackson Cement Sewer Pipe Co
effrey Mfg. Co -•
ones Speedometer Co
K D
K >rt Co.
K
K o
K
K
K
K
K
K
Lake Erie Asphalt Block Co
Lathbury & Spackman
Lawrence Cement Co
Leschen (A.) & Sons Rope Co
Lewark. Frank T
Linch & Sprcehnle
Logan Brick Mfg. Co
Edward £.
n
graph Co 41
:iayCo 45
.... 49
20
ntCo 90
85
DckCo 66
18
85
19
48
Lyst,
Mackay, A. D. & Co
Madison Ave. Foundry Co
Mariott, Jas. C
Michigan Iron Works
Maury, Dabney H
Mc Avoy Vitrified Brick Co
McDonald. H. W. & Son
Mf Kenna, Chas. F
Meachamft Wright
Mecca Clay Works
Medina Quarry Co
Melluish.J.G
Merrifield & Westcott
Metropolitan Paving Brick Co., The
Miami Stone Co • • ■ •
Michigan Cement Block Machinery Co.
Michigan Sewer Pipe Co
Milwaukee Cement Co
Miracle Pressed Stone Co
Monmouth Mining and Mfg. Co
Montfort & Weaver
Moore. E. H
Moore & White Co
Municipal BaglBMriag Magazlaa.
7
.67,
40
90
80
19
80
28
18
25l
47
18
47
16
81
68
17
90
24
20
18
36
6
84
19
68
88
68
37
34
47
49
82
49
84
49
16
SO
S3
17
89
41
49
85
I?
78
16
44
27
16
86
26
46
17
19
42
46
66
26
85
80
26
70
t 41
84
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO ADVERTISERS.
CONTINUBD,
liorse-Bpulffer Destractor Co 20
Moses. Trank D 16
Moxley, Thos. H 18
Municipal Engineering Co., The (Inc.) 19
Nashville Roofing and Paving Co a
Nebraska Bitulithic Co 8
New Jersey Fortlaad Cement Co m
New Northern Baths Co 66
O'Brian & Rhoades .♦ 17
8 il City Sand Co * 47
oega Portland Cement Co 85
Osborn Engineering Co I7
Over, Ewald 27
)te Building Block Co 40,
[dement Co
Cement Co
t Stone & Roofing Tile Co..
62
76
41
84
90
71
67
18
68
16
27
68
84
48
41
49
CreosotingCo 9
struction Co.
at>oratory
ckCo.
Co.-
26
47
TaCottaCo 41
79
ingCo 80
81
41
68
87,81
47
84
87
71,80
... 48
41
16
18
16
80
M
48
4$
29
28
44
3 46
aeCo 46
:o 90
28
Co 78
78
Stevens Cast Stone Co 75
Stevens, H., Sons' Co 26
Studebaker Bros.* Mfg. Co S9, 40
Swink & Co.. W. E 48
Terre Haute Brick and Pipe Co 41
Terre Haute Creohotin? Co 82
Toledo Wire and Iron Works 68
Tschirgi, M.,Jr IB
Tucker, S.L 46
Ulmer (I. C.) & Co 19
Umstead, F. B. and C. H 19
United States Drying Engineering Co 21
United States Sanitary Co 21
Union Oil Co : 81
Uvalde Asphalt Co 80
Vredenburgh, 1r., Watson 16
Vulcanite Paving and Concrete Co 48
Vulcanite Portland Cement Co 6
Wabash Clay Co 42
Wallace Machine and Foundry Co 28
Waring, Chapman & Farquhar 18
Warner Co., Charles 87
Warren Bros. Co 4, 67
Warren Construction Co 8
Warren, E. B. & Co 8
Wason.L.C 18
Water-Works Construction Co 19
Watson Wagon Co 89
Webster Mfg. Co 88
Wentz (Robt. F.) Engineering Co 17
Western Brick Co 41
Western Cement Co 88
Western Construction Co 81
Western Portland Cement Co 88
Williams, C.E 49
Uilson, A. &S 47
Wise & Watson 18
Wolverine Portland Cement Co 80
Index
Technical
Press
INPEX'
PRESSE
JECHHIQUEj
vTccIintsc^cit
prcssc
Asa IwkAmM,
PriaacipAl
Artiol«s
PtablicH«4
MoAtlaljr
AssociAtioaa Am
Is^ 'PTmmmm
X«olaaai<ni«
SO* rfa« Am 1a
C las^nG*ll4»ri«
Brussels
BUILDING BLOCKS
SIDEWALK BLOCKS
FLOOR TILE 16 TO 1 MOVE
CAN CHANGE TO ANY SIZE
Prices will sarpriae you. We
are between the wet and dry
process. Come and see ns.
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Nota
dollar has
ever been
spent
for
repairs
on any
Kroodoie
Wood Block
Pavomnt
KREODONE
The best wood preserva-
tive produced;
Long Leaf Yellow Pine
the toughest tinnber
in America;
Mechanically perfect ap-
pliances and scientific-
ally correct treatment of
blocks, are the factors
that make
KREODONE
WOOO RLOOR
PAVEMENTS
The best pavements laid;
gives them the durability
of granite ; the smooth-
ness of asphalt and a
cleanliness, noiseless-
nessand ease of traction
not equalled by any other
pavement, wmte for moots.
REPUBLIC CHEMICAL &
CREOSOTING COMPANY
INOIANAPOklS' INDIANA
PRODUeERS OFTHEWOHLD'SBEST PAVEMENTS
They
are
endorsed
by
engineers
miHilcipal
officials
and
property
owners
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BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
▲BAljMt.
Obas. F. McKenna, New York City.
Richard L. Humphrey, Philadelphia, Pa.
▲rekltactt*
Thos. H. Moxley, Greenfield, Ind.
Art Stoae.
F. W. Haffloch, Oleyeland, O.
Artlflelal Stoae ApparaUt.
F. B. & C. H. Umstead. Lawrence, Mass.
Artlflelal Stone PareMenU.
H. A. Allen, Streator, 111.
Chicago, 111.
halt Co., Ca-
City.
York.
:ai.
Asphalt (Branswiek) iMparters.
Gabriel & Schall, New York City.
AnkaltBlaeks.
Lake Erie Asphalt Block Co., Toledo, O.
Asphalt Haeklaery.
Blake Asphalt Maintenance Co.. Cincinnati, 0.
F. D. Cummer & Son Co., Cleveland, O.
Hetherington & Berner, Indianapolis, Ind.
Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y.
Julian Scholl A Co., New York City.
Ankalt Mixers.
P. O. Cummer & Son Co., Cleveland, O.
Erie Machine Shop, Erie, Pa.
Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y.
lake Asphalt Maintenance Co., Cincinnati, O.
B]
Aipkalt PaTSBieats.
Barber Asphalt Paving Co., New York City.
Downard Asphalt Co., Ardmord. I. T.
I. U. Fritchey, Lancaster, Pa.
Gilsonite Construction Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Wm. Krause & Son, Philadelphia, Pa.
Charles W. Saacke. New York, N. Y.
The Sicilian Asphalt Paving Co., New York.
Warren Asphalt Paving Co., Utica, N. Y.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass.
Western Construction Co., Lafayette, Ind.
AspkaltPlaats.
Erie Machine Shop, Erie, Pa.
Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo. N. Y.
Ankalt Railroad Plants.
F. D. Cummer & Son Co., Cleveland, O.
Hetherinffton & Berner, Indianapolis, Ind.
Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y.
Ankalt Repair Plaat.
Blake Asphalt Maintenance Co., Cincinnati, O.
Ankalt HIdewalks.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass.
Ankalt Tanks.
W. B. Scaife &Sons, Pittsburg, Pa.
Anbalt Tools.
Contractors* Tool Company. Philadelphia, Pa.
F. H. Crafts, Rochester, N. Y.
BltnaiUons Haeadaai.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass.
Warren Bros. Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Bloeks. Taekle.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit, Mich.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Bine Print Haehlae.
Spaulding Print Paper Co., Boston, Mass.
Rollers.
W. B. Scaife & Sons, Pittsburg, Pa.
Boltliif4<€reons.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, O.
Bridges.
Anderson Bridge & Scraper Co., Anderson, Ind.
Concrete Steel Engineering Co., New York City.
Havana Construction Co., Havana, Cuba.
Wm. B. Scaife & Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Bridge Coatings
American Asphaltum and Rubber Co., Chicago, UU
Bridge Materials.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Bnllder*8 Sapplien.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit, Mich.
John C. Hill, Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. & S. Wilson Co., IMttsburgh, Pa.
Cakles, nires.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Cableways.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louia, Mo.
Castings.
Hennessy Foundry Company, Springfield, O.
Ewaid Over, Indianapolis. Ind.
Wallace Machine and Foundry Co., Lafayette.!Ind.
Catek Basin Covers.
H. W. McDonald & Son. Gallon, Ohio.
Madison Ave. Foundry Co., Cleveland, O.
Ewald Over, Indianapolis, Ind.
Catek Basin Manaflsetarors.
Duplex Mfg. Co.. Cleveland. O.
iackson Cement Sewer Pipe Co., Jackson, Mich.
Lramer Bros., Dayton, O.
H. W. McDonald & Son, Gallon, Ohio.
ity
I.
f.Y.
del-
i.O.
N.J.
b.
E. Tbiele, New York City.
Vulcanite Portland Cement Co.. Philadelphia, Pa.
Charles Warner & Co.. New York.
Western Cement Co., Louisville, Kv.
Wolverine Portland Cement Co.. Chicago, 111.
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BUSINESS DIRECTORY— CONTINUED.
Cement Machinery Co., lackson, Mich.
Cement Workings Machinery Co., Detroit, Mich.
Century Cement Block Mach.Co., Rochester^ N.Y.
Fisher Hydraulic Stone Co., Memphis, Tenn.
iohn Z. Carlson, Oklahoma City, 0. T.
)airenport Granitoid Co., Davenport, Iowa.
K. Dykema & Son Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Goshen Cement Post & Block Co., Goshen, Ind.
F. W. Hagloch. Cleveland, O.
Michiiran Iron Works, Manistee, Mich.
Michigan Cement Block Machine Co., Union City,
MirTi
polls, Minn.
ock Co., Wash-
oofing Tile Co.,
>el.
I.
Mass.
CeM6Ht Maeklaerj.
C. O. Bartlett & Co., Cleveland, O.
Battjes Fuel & Bldg. Material Co., Grand Rapids,
Mich.
The BonnotCo., Canton, O.
Burlington Concrete Machinery Co., Burlington,
Iowa.
Mich.
urlington, la.
Detroit, Mich.
.Rochester, N.Y.
,Pa.
ind, O.
Mishawaka, Ind.
r York City).
Vlich.
Co., Union City,
MIcH.
Miracle Pressed Stone Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Moore & White Co.. Philadelphia, Pa.
National Calcar Silicon Co., Fort Wayne, Ind.
Rnggles-Coles Engineering Co., New York City.
E. W. Seamans, Grand Rapids, Mich.
F. L. Smidtb & Co., New York.
Standard Sand and Machine Co., Cleveland, O.
Webster Mfg. Co., Chicago, 111.
Ceaent Mills.
Unch & Sproehnle, Philadelphia, Pa.
0*»«Ht Paekers.
S. Hdwes Co.. Silver Creek, N. Y.
C««eBt Pass.
W. B. Scaife & Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
GMiOHt Pa ring.
H. A. Allen, Streator, 111.
Gilsonite Construction Co.. St. Louis, Mo.
Noyet F. Palmer. Brooklyn, N. Y.
E. W. Seamans, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Ceaeat Plpea HoldlB|r Press.
Cement Tile and Tile Mould Mfg. Co., Sac City,
Iowa.
Jackson Cement Sewer Pipe Co.) Jackson, Mich.
H. Scbebye, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ceaeat Plant Designers.
Booth, Garrett & Blair, Philadelphia, Pa.
Froehling & Robertson. Richmond, Va.
Richard L. Humphrey, Philadelphia, Pa.
Lath bury & Spackman, Philadelphia, Pa.
Osbom Engineering Co., Cleveland. O.
Wauon Vredenburgh, Jr., New York city.
Robert F. Wentz Engineering Co., Natareth, Pa.
Ceaeat Posts.
Goshen Cement Post & Block Co., Goshen,' Ind.
L. A. Pratt, Bay City. Mich.
Cement Sewer Pipe.
Jackson Cement Sewer Pipe Co., Jackson, Mich.
CemsBt Sewer i^pe Maeklnery.
Cement Tile and Tile Mould Mfg. Co., Sac City,
Iowa.
Jackson Cement Sewer Pipe Co., Jackson, Jifich.
Ceaieat Testing Haeklaes
Falkenau-Sinclair Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Ceaeat Toels.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit, Mich.
Contractors' Tool Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
F. H. Crafts, Rochester, N. Y.
Ckealeal Tests.
Booth, Garrett & Blair, Philadelphia, Pa.
Froehling & Robertson, Richmond, Va.
Richard L. Humphrey, Philadelphia, Pa.
Chas. F. McKenna. New York City.
Lathbury & Spackman, Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburg Testing Laboratory, Pittsburg, Pa.
Robert F. Wentz Engineering Co., Nazareth, Pa.
Ind.
New York
t, N.Y.
reth, Pa.
Viaaips.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis. Mo.
Claj-WorklBff Haeniaery.
The Bonnot Co., Canton, O.
Chambers Bros. Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Clay Prodaets.
American Clay Mfg. Co. of N. I., Pittsburg, Pa.
Cleveland Brick Co., Canton, 0.
Cleveland Builders' Supply Co., Cleveland, O.
Georgia Vitrified Brick and Clay Co., Augusta, Ga.
Western Brick Co.. Danville, 111.
Coal and Cokf .
Schae£fer & Gengnagel, Dayton, O.
Coal Tar.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass.
Warren Bros. Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
CoMblaed Carb and Oatter.
Rudolph S. Blome Co., Chicago, 111.
iohn Z. Carlson, Oklahoma City, O. T.
)avenport Granitoid Co., Davenport, Iowa.
S. L. Tucker. Horncllsville. N. Y.
Forter-Miller Engineering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa
J. E. Southard & Co., Michigan City, Ind.
St. Louis Granitoid Curbstone Co. St. Louis, Mo.
S. L. Tucker, Hornellsville. N. Y.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston. Mass.
C. E. Williams Grand Rapids, Mich.
Concrete Blocks.
Building Block Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Goshen Cement Post & Block Co., Goshen, Ind.
ta wrMBf Advortloora aMStioi
IB nuMfBl BiigtBoorUig rUgazlBo.
11
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BUSINESS DIRECTORY— CONTINUED.
Miracle Pressed Stone Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Oil City Sand Co., Oil City, Pa.
Noyca F. Palmer. Brooklyn, N. Y.
John F. Rodefer, Elwood, Ind.
Perth Am boy Cement Stone and Roofing Tile Co.,
Perth Amboy, N. Y.
icb.
a.
; Co., Chicago.
»Teland, O.
t;«neret« steel Areh Bridges.
Concrete Steel Engineering Co., New York City.
ity.
fton,
d.
Co.,
kee,
fo.
Water- Works Construction Co., PitUburg. Pa.
0. E. Williams. Grand Rapids, Mich.
.O.
Cbici«o.
«o.
Oontrmetors' Wagons.
Stadebaker Bros. Mfg. Oo., Soatb Bend, Ind.
D. S. Watson. Canastota, N. Y.
Otnlraetors' Tools and Haeklnory.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit. Mich.
Austin & Western Go., Ltd.. Chicago, 111.
Contractors' Plant Go., Boston, Mass.
F. H. Crafts, Rochester. N. Y.
Contractors' Tool Company, Philadelphia. Pa.
G. D. Rowell & Son, Appleton, Wis.
Julian Scholl & Co.. New York Citv.
CoBTejors.
C. O. Bartlett & Co.. Clereland. O.
Carson Trench Machine Co.. Boston. Mass.
Dodge Manufacturing Company, Mishawaka, Ind.
The Jeffrey Mfg. Co.. Columbus. O. , ^
SUndard Sand and Machine Co.. Cleveland. O.
CoBTeylnf Haekinery.
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis. Mo._
Standard Sand and Machine Co.. Cleveland, O.
Webster Mfg. Co., Chicago. IlL
Corrigmtod Iron and Steel.
W. B. Scaife & Sons Co.. Pittsburg. Pa.
Croosotod Wood Block.
Republic Chemical and Creoooting Co.. Indianap-
olis. Ind.
Terre Haute Creosoting Co.. Terre Haute. Ind.
Craskers, Boek and Oro.
Austin & Western Oo.. Ltd., Chicago. 111.
Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus. O.
ulian Scholl & Co., New York City.
Lent MiU Co., New York.
Cmsked Slav.
David L. Emanuel, Catasauqua. Pa.
Cmsked Stone.
Thos. Bridges' Sons, Wabash. Ind.
Cleveland Builders' Supply Co.. Cleveland. 0.
Cleveland Stone Co.. Chicago. 111.
Miami Stone Co.. Toledo. O.
St. Louis Crushed Quartz Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Curbing.
H. A. Allen. Streator, lU.
Cleveland Stone Company, Cleveland. O.
D. P. Faus, Waterloo. la.
Medina Quarry Co., New York, N. Y.
L. F. Perdue, Terre Haute, Ind.
St Louis Granitoid Curbstone Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass.
0. E. Williams. Grand Rapids. Mich.
Berriek Ontflts.
W. H. Anderson & Sons. Detroit. Mich.
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BUSINESS DIRECTORY— CONTINUED.
Dryert.
P. O. Cummer & Son Co.. Clerelaod, O.
Iroquoii Iron Works, Buffalo N. Y.
Ru^gles-Coles EoffiDeering Co., New York City.
United States Drying Engineering Co., New York
City.
^■■p WaMM.
Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Oo., South Bend, Ind.
United States SaniUry Co.. Wasliington, D. C.
Watson Wagon Co., Canastota, N. Y.
Ileetrleal Satplles.
Consumers* Supply Co., Flgin, 111.
Ileetrie*! Kagla^er.
Gray & Neill. Bradford, Pa.
Osborn Engineering Co., Clereland, O.
Ileeir«ljrtle laTostlfratlMs.
Gray & Neill. Bradford, Pa.
Dabney H. Maury, Peoria, 111.
Ileyator Bope.
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co.. St. Louis, Mo.
laglnrerlajr lastniMeats.
Eugene Dietzgen Co., Chicago, 111.
Spaulding Blue Print Co., Boston, Mass.
j. C. Ulmer & Co., Cleveland. O.
ftKraratlBf Maeklnery .
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co.. St. Louis, Mo.
Izpanded Het«l Coaatraetioa.
Associated Expanded Metal Co., New York City.
Veaee Posts.
Cement Machinery & Mfg. Co.. Burlington, la.
L. A. Pratt, Bay City, Mich.
ruier.
J. A. Mitchell, Hillsdale, Mich.
National Bitumen Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
riltratiM Plants.
Wm. B. Scaife A Sons Co., PitUburg, Pa.
W—4 Water Plants.
Wm. B. Scaife & Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Fire Alarm Telegrapk.
Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph Co.. New York.
lis. Mo
fire Clay Prodaets.
Buckeye Fire Clay Co., Ubricbsville, O.
Clearfield Clay Working Co., Clearfield, Pa.
Evens & Howard, St. Louis, Mo.
F. B. Holmes & Co.. Detroit, Mich.
Kentucky Fire Brick Co., Portsmouth, 0.
Mecca Clay Works, Mecca. Parke Co.. Ind.
Michigan Sewer Pipe Co.. Jackson. Mich.
Monmouth Mining and Mfg. Co., Monmouth, 111.
The Royal Sewer Pipe & Fire Brick Co., Akron, O.
__H. Stevens' Sons Co., Macon, Ga.
nMfflag.
CleTeland Stone Co., Cleveland, O.
Medina Quarry Co., New York, N. Y.
Vine Liners.
Royal Sewer Pipe & Fire Brick Co., Akron, O.
Wlmak Tanks.
Pacific Flush Tank Co., Chicago, 111.
Porgiaff-Steel.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit. Mich.
Kmpp (Thos. Pressor & Son. New York City).
Vrletlea riatelieii.
The Moore & White Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
iiarkaire Tarta.
United States Sanitary Co., Washington, D. C.
€arkafre IHapesal Plants.
CitT Wastes Disposal Co., New York City.
International Waste Utilization Co.. Indianapolis,
Ind.
Morse-Boulger Destructor Co., New York City.
The MnniciiMd Engineering Co. (Inc.), New York
City.
Gas Kagineers.
Merrileld ArWestcott, Toronto, Ont.
flas Lamps.
Franklin Rolling Mill & Foundry Co., Franklin,
Pa.
CiM Warks.
Merrifield & Westcott, Toronto, Ont.
Frank D. Moses, Trenton, N. J.
Soistors.
C. O. Bartlett & Co.. CleTeland, O.
Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston, Mass.
Potter Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
HalstiBfXaelilBery.
W. H. AndersoD & Sons. Detroit, Mich.
Cyclopean Iron Works, Jersey City, N.J.
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
B^lttlng and Haalage Bape.
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
flydraalle Cement.
CleTeland Builders' Supply Co.. Cleveland, O.
Meacbam & Wright. Chicago, 111.
Milwaukee Cement Co., Milwaukee. Wis.
Western Cement Co., LooisTille, Ky.
Inlets.
Madison Ave. Foundry Co., Cleveland, O.
Laboratory.
Chas. F. McKenna, New York Citv.
Richard L. Humphrey, Philadelphia, Pa.
Landaeape InglBeers.
Maaon L. Brown, Detroit, Mich.
LfglitlBg Plaata.
Linch & Sproebnle, Philadelphia, Pa.
Ume.
Cleveland Builders' Supply Co., Cleveland, O.
Haeadam and Conerete Stone.
B. M. & J. F. Sbanley. PhUadelphia, Pa.
Haeadamfadag.
Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass.
MnnlllaBope.
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Heokanleal Inglneers.
W. H. Brvftn. St. Louis, Mo.
Osborn ETngineering Co., Cleveland, O.
Dabney H. Maury, Peoria, 111.
Hemoraadam Books.
Kennedy Bros., Utica, N. Y.
Mineral Bnbber.
American Asphaltum and Rubber Co., Chicago, 111
Maalelpal Lljr kttag.
Barron-ColOer Co., Memphis, Tenn.
Paeklag.
A. Lescben & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Park Fmmltnre.
Toledo Wire and Iron Works, Toledo, O.
Patents.
Orlan Clyde Cullen, Washington, D. C.
la wrttlag Advertlaora mootloa nmlelpal Bngliioorlag nagaxlae.
18
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BUSINESS DIRECTORY— CONTINUED.
Springfield Paving Brick Co., Springfield. 111.
Terre Haute Brick and Pipe Co., Terre Haute. Ind.
Wabash Clay Mfg. Co.. Veedersburg, Ind.
Western Brick Co., Danville, 111.
PafvlBg Briek Haehlaerr.
Chambers Bros. Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
FaTl^f , Ceaeat Sidewalk.
H. A. Allen, Streator, 111.
R. S. Blome Co., Cbicaffo, 111.
las. Kennedy, Fargo, N. Dak.
W. E. Swink bt Co., Decatur. 111.
C. E. Williams, Grand Kapids, Mich.
h.
>lis,
lo.
PATlBf Pitch.
E. B. Warren & Co., Washington, D. C.
FftTlafr Tool*.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit, Mich.
Contractors' Tool Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
F. H. Crafts, Rochester, li. Y.
Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo. N. Y.
G. D. Rowell & Son, Appleton, Wis.
Julian Scholl & Co.. New York City.
Pipe Coatlan.
American As phaltum and Rubber Co., Chicago, 111.
Pipe, RiTetad Steel.
W. B. Scaife & Sons. Pittsburg, Pa.
k City.
e,0.
O.
Pa.
Pa.
s,N.Y.
Pa.
eland.
oy,N.J.
ch.
lich.
Prodacer Gas Plants.
Forter-Miller Engineering Co., Pittsburgh. Pa.
Pall^TS.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Railroad Gradlafr.
J. U. Fritchey. Lancaster. Pa.
Rallread SBeclaltles.
Kriipp (Thos. Prosser & Son, New York City.)
Road Haehlaerr.
Anderson Bridge & Scraper Co., Anderson, Ind.
Austin & Western Co., Ltd., Chicago, 111.
Buffalo-Pitts Steam Roller WorksTBuffalo, N. Y.
Julian Scholl Co., New York Oity.
Road Rollers.
Austin & Western Co.. Ltd., Chicago, 111.
Buffalo-Pitts Steam Roller Works, Buffalo, N. Y.
Enterprise Mfg. Co., Columbiana, O.
Erie Machine Shop, Erie, Pa.
Iroguois Iron Works, Buffalo. N. Y.
O. S. Kelly Co., Springfield, O.
Julian Scholl & Co.. New York City.
Rock Crashorff.
Austin & Western Co., Ltd., Chicago, 111.
Ro«flBff Tile.
Perth Am boy Cement Stone and Roofing Tile Co.«
Perth Amboy, N.J.
Rope TraasnlsMloa.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
The Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, O.
Rope, Wire and Manila.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Sand Kriek.
H. Huenneckes Co., New York, N. Y.
Sand Dryers.
F. D. Cummer & Son, Cleveland, O.
Ruggles-Coles Engineering Co.. New York City.
Sereealag Machinery
■ " fMfg.Co., -
Settees.
Jeffrey Idfg. Co., Columbus, O.
»ttefs.
Toledo Wire and Iron Works, Toledo, O.
Sewage Disposal.
City Wastes Disposal Co., New York City.
Engineering Co. of America, New York City.
William B. Ewing, La Grange, 111.
International ^aste Utilization Co., Indianapolis^
Ind.
Morse-Boulger Destructor Co., New York Lity.
The Municipal Engineering Co. (Inc.), New York
City.
Sewer Braces.
W. H. Anderson &Sons, Detroit, Mich.
Dunn Manufacturing Co., Pittsburg.
Kalamazoo Foundry & Machine Co., Kalamazoo,.
Mich.
The Potter Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
Sewer Castings.
Duplex Mfg. Co., Cleveland, O. _ „ , ,.
Franklin Rolling Mill & Foundry Co., Franklin,
Pa.
Kells Foundry Co., Adrian, Mich.
Madison Ave. Foundry Co., Cleveland, O.
H. W. McDonald & Son^ Gallon, O.
Ewald Over, Indianapolis, Ind.
Sewer rieaalaa Machine.
P. J. Healy, Boston, Mass.
Sewer Contractors.
Fielding & Shepley, St. Paul, Minn.
i. U. Fritchey, Lancaster. Pa.
as. Kennedy. Fargo, N. Dak.
'he Potter Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
Sewer Inlets.
H. W. McDonald &Son, Galion, O.
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Charles F. McKcnna, Ph. D.
CONSULTING AND GENERAL PRACTICE IN
Chemlttry,
Toohnelegy,
Chemieal Ehginetring and
Chmileo-Ltoal Catae
References include highest engineering and manu-
facturing interests
LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE
aai Rearl Street, New Vork
ORLAN CLYDE CULLEN
C. E. LL. M.
Counsellor at Law U. S. Supreme Court
Registered Attorney U. S. Patent Office
U. S. and Foreign Patents,
Caveats, Trade Marks and Copyrights
Military and Naval Inventions a Specialty
MlrMSlM2HStMlMa,WMliiii9l8apD.C
GUN SHOP AND MODEL SHOP
ItarrM WkHi SriptHT Sprint, TtMtii Pwl OfllM
BUSINESS DIRECTORY—CONTINUED
Evens & Howara, St. Louis, Mo.
F. B. Holmes & Co.. Detroit. Mich.
{acksoQ Cement Sewer Pipe Co., Jackson, Mich.
>. J. Kennedy, Pittsburg, Pa.
Mecca Clav Works, Mecca. Parke Co. Ind.
Michigan Sewer Pipe Co., Jackson, Mich.
' ngand Mfir. " "
Monmouth Mining
Ifr. Co., Monmouth. 111.
_ C. Reynolds, Ottawa. 111.
The RoyalSewer Pipe & Fire Brick Co., Akron, O.
Scbaeffer & Gengnagel, Dayton, Ohio.
H. Stevens' Sons Co., Macon, Ga.
Dodge Mfg. Co., Mishawaka, Ind.
Sheet IroB W«rks.
W. B. Scaife &Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Slag, Crashed
David L. Emanuel, Catasauqna, Pa.
Speed Chaages.
The Moore & White Co., PhHadelpbia, Pa.
Speed«aeter.
Jones Speedometer Co., New York City.
SpriBkllBff WaffOBt.
Austin & Western Co., Ltd.. Chicago, 111.
Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co., South Bend, Ind.
SUeka.
W. B. Scaife & Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
SUll Floort.
Standard Paving Co., Newark N. J.
Steel FrBHe GoBfttraetUB.
W. B. Scaif e& Sons Co., Pittsburg. Pa
StOBB, BroksB.
Thos. Bridges' Sons, Wabash, Ind.
Medina Quarnr Co., New York, N. Y.
. Miami Stone Co., Toledo, O.
B. M. & J. F. Shanley, Jersey City, N. J.
StoBe PBveaeats.
Cleveland Stone Co., Cleveland Co.
Medina Quarrv Co., New York, N. Y.
Miami Stone Co., Toledo, O.
Street CrMalBgs.
Cleveland Stone Co., Chicago, 111.
Mlmml Stone Co., Toledo. O.
StreBt LlghtlBg.
Barron-Collier Co., Memphis, Tenn.
Street Sermpers.
!|AuttlD & Western Co.. Ltd., Chicago, 111.
Street SigBS.
Franklin Rolling Mill and Foundry Co., Franklin,
Pa.
Austin ft Wettem Co., Ltd., Chicago, 111.
15
Sanitary Street Sweeping Co., Washington. D. C.
Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co., South Bend, Ind.
SBrreytrs.
Prank T. Lewark, Greenfield, Ind.
SBrreylBg laitrBaeBta.
J. C. Ulmer & Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
TBBkS.
W. B. Scaife ft'Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Traaways, Ove^ead aad Wire Rope.
A. Leschen ft Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
TrBBsalssloB Oatflts.
Cvclopean Iron Works, Jersey City, N. J.
The Jeffrey Mfr. Co., Columbus, O.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
TrBBsaissloB Hope.
A. Leschen ft Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
TestlBf Laboratories.
Booth, Garrett & Blair, Philadelphia, Pa.
Lathbury & Spackman. Philadelphia, Pa.
Chas. F. McKenna, New York Citv,
Richard L. Humphrey. Philadelphia. Pa.
Osborn Engineering Co., Cleveland, O.
Pittsburg Testing Laboratory, Pittsburg.
Robert F. Wentz, Engineering Co., Nazareth, Pa.
TroBBh ■aehlBes
Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston.
The Potter Mfg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
TBbe Mills.
Krupp (Thos. Prosser & Son, New York City).
Tsses.
Toledo Wire and Iron Works, Toledo, 0.
Water Filters.
Wm. B. Scaife & Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Water SofteaiBg aad ParlfyiBv Plaats.
Wm. B. Scaife ft Sons Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Water- Works PlaBts.
Water- Works Construction Co., Pitts\)urg, Pa.
Wheel-Barrows.
Anderson Bridge and Scraper Co., Anderson, Ind.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit, Mich.
Austin & Western Co., Ltd., Chicago, 111.
Wheel Serapers.
Anderson Bridge ft Scraper Co.. Anderson, Ind.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit, Mich.
Austin ft Western Co., Ltd., Chicago, 111.
Wire Rope.
W. H. Anderson & Sons, Detroit. Mich.
A. Leschen ft Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Wire Rope Traaway.
A. Leschen ft Sons Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Wood FaveaeBts.
Republic Chemical ft Creosoting Co.. Indianapolis,
Ind.
Wood Split PBlley.
Dodge Manufacturing Company, Mishawaka. Ind.
The Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus O.
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BOOTH, OARRKTT A BLJKIR
ESTABLUHBD DT 1886
OHBMIOAL ANALT8ES of Ores, Waters, Minerals, Metals and Manutectored Pftdooti.
TESTS OF PAVINQ SRlCKS; crushing, abrasion, absorption tests (Johnson's Criteria).
TESTS OF CEMENT and cement making materials.
^O^ and 4tOe Looumt 8t,, Philadelphia, Pa,
Lathbury & Spackman, InCe
I ENGINEERS ANDCHEMiSTS!
at PnofHim Biumim§d aad Reported oa. PartlGatar AtteotioiiOlveiitothe AinlTMeef Rmr
Materia Used In the MaanlKtare of IHHilMid Ceneot aiHl the Mek
Baratage. I— pectloa. A— Iveee iid Teete ot Ceieiit, Coacrete, Pevtoy Brick,
AfphmltMdAIIOtherl ^
OmCE AND LABORATORIES, «» nUERT STRER, PIHLADEiMU
Pittsburisli Testing Laboratory (lm.)
PITTSBURGH
MBW YORK OHIOAOO PMILAOBLPMIA
mOHMONO
8PB0iAi.TnB— Chemical tests of all kinds: inspee-
tlon of water pipe; testing of brick and paTiDg
materials : inspection of stroetiiral material.
0. H. SHEmELD ft CO.
CIVIL ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS
Rallwasrt. Watei^Powers
Municipal Public Works, Bridges «nd Buildings
SS ilMlii Mi.. ATUNTAp M.
\SrilllsK. Bro\vii,C. B.
CIrll mmd Consmltlag Englmeer
Water Works, 5ewerage, Pavtag, Sarveys. Batl-
BUrtea, PlMM. iMpectlon aad Reports
55 Law Bunding TOLEDO, OHIO
Over two miUiom dolUrs ^pubUc ImprovtmtmU
duigiud md eomOmeta in tbepmifcmy^
P. W. CAPPBLBN
M. Am. Soo. 0. B. ; M. Am. W. W. Assn.
ConsiiltlBg Boglneer
Water-works, sewerage, paring, bridges, power
plants; Ncvthwestem BepresentatiTe Monier Con-
stmotions and American Sewage Disposal Company
of Bottoo* 610-611 Olah Bidg..
MlniMiipolU, Minn.
OA8 WORKS
Complete Installations Bepairing and Bemodeling
Bstimatee and Plans Cheerfully Furnished
Correspondence Solicited
PRANK E
147 BastIStatb Stbbbt
MOSKS
TSENTON, N. J.
ASPHALT
For information, assistance resrarding Paving
Materials, Macliinery, Men, Mixtures, Anal-
yses, also Litigation, etc., address.
J. IMf. HOlMf ARD, C. K.
1 1readway New York
21 Years* Experience. All Asphalt Pavements.
WATSON VREDENBURGH, JR.
aVILBNOlMBBR
50 Broadway, New York CRy
Lipart hi tha Piilgs, C— atwictl— aad Qperatfsi si
CBMBNT PLANTS
ExasBlnatton and Reports of Ceaent Prspertles; Tssts
and Analyses of Cements and Cement Matwlsls; PiMii
Spedficaltons and Estimates of Cost
DONALD W. CAMPBELL
DABNEY H. MAURY
M. Am. Soc. C. B. ; M. Am. Soc. M. B.
CONSUI.TING BNGINCER
tti UMrty SIrwit Ntw Yeik O^
He Hmvi wHlerssa Ava«( Piwli^ ■HMis
Water Works, Increase of Water Supply, Stsam and
Hydraulic Power Plants.
Edward Flad
Consulting Engineer
M. Am. Soc C. E.. M. Am. Soc. M. E.
1009-11 Fullerton Bldg.
5t« LouU, no.
Water Works, Sewerage, Oeaeral Practlos
CIvO and necbanlcal Bogliieertag
M. R. DOWMBT ■, J. WIUMl
DOWNEY & WILCOX
..Civil Engineers..
Surreys. Plans, Bstlnmtea and Saperintsndsoes,
Boads, Stroets, Drainage, Steam and Bleetrw
Bailways. Town Plats and Additions laid out,
and Grade Systems established.
RooMa,CowtHoiiM ANOBRSON, INDIANA
Frank Shutts
Civil Emginttr
D. M. Duun
fw,Am.Soc.CE,
SHUTTS AND DULLER
Consulting and Supervising Engineers
LAKE CHARLES, LOUISIANA
Irrigation, Bridges. Foundations, Railroad and
General Expert Surveys
le
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Robert F. Wentz Engineering: Co.
CEMENT WORK SPECIALISTS
AND CONSULTING ENGINEERS
20 years* experience in designing and building Cement Works. 18 Cement Plants
designed, built and reconstructed in O years. Examinations and Reports of Cement
Properties, Analyses and Tests of Cement Material. NO EXPERIMENTS. BUT EX-
PERIENCE. Our Coolers and Rotary Kiln Process saves from 10 cents to 25 cents
per barrel on cost of production.
f)ffi^^.(Babp*8 Block • . • . Nazareth, Pa. • U. 5. A.
(509-ii Manning Chamberst Toronto* Ont., Can,
Richard L.. Humphrey
CONSULTINQ ENttNEER AND CHEMIST HARRISON BWUNNO, nOUDELnilA
In8i)eotion and tests of cement, ooncr^te and other materials. Reports made on cement
properties and cement making materials. Plants designed or remodeled. Estimates,
plans and specificanons prepared, and construction superintended.
TNEOSBORNENaiNEERMaCO.
OSBORN BLOtt.. CLCVKLANO, O.
Civil UMiMnlOili Dtdnoi
Specialists In Desijra of lil^iii, MMbMBl, Manu
factoring and rower Plants of all Kinds.
I of Stmctural Steel, Ralls, Cast-Iron
Water Pipe and Special Castings. Cement Testing.
FROEHLING & ROBERTSON
It Chenlcal ft Mining engineers
Specialty— Cement
■smmination of Cement Propertiea. AnalysiB of
Cement Baw Materials and Experimental Bnrnings.
Flans, SMcifloations and Estimates of Costs of
Cement Planta. Cement Testing and Analyses.
{ntwlltt»tt IWUMDIftViL
Charles Carroll Brown
IL Am. 800. C. E.
CONSULTING ENQINEER.
SaCoaoMKlal q|ib BMg.
Indianapolis; iND.
8P!B0IA!/rT: Mmiioipal and Sanitary Work. 8ew>
«•«•• Drainage. Honse Drainage, Parin*. Water-
Wfl^ SttDitarjrlnTestications of WatarSai»i>liea.
MASON L. /BROWN,
CIVIL KNQINCKR t^no LANDSCAPE QARDCNKR
■aaf, aaa. eaa chambeii op commeiice,
DETROIT. MICHICAM.
SUnVEYS PLANS
FOR <
tLBOrmO RAILWAVS,
•fWCflAQE, WATER SUPPLY,
PAVmO, MAeADAMUINO,
PARKS, OtMETf RIES,
DIViLOPMENT OP SUSURSAN PAOPtflTIIS.
Peter O'Brian Nelson Bhoades, Jr
0*BR1AN & RHOADES
I BaglMsri
.Btoctrical, Mmilclpal, irrlfatloii and Water Works
Oealgii aad ConttmctloB
408-7 Tabor Block, DENVER
JAMES G. MELLUI8H
ORAOUATt, MASS. INtT. Of TUNNOtOOfV
CIVIL AND SANITARY ENGINEER
laHNII
PHONE, MAIN ee
WILLIAM H. BRYAN, M.Am.socM.B.
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer
8FBOIALTIBS— Water-Works, Electric Light and
Power Plants. Steam aAd Power Installalions, Heat-
ing, Smoke PreTention, Consultation, Kstimates.
I^Bsts, Reports, Plans, Specifleations and Snperin.
tendence.
LmooiiV TsusT Bldo., 5T. LOUIS, M0»
William B. Bwing.
Mesiber of AnMricsB Sodi^ of Qvtf Bagineers
ioo| Cbamber of Commerce
Waterworks.
Sewemge.
Sewage Diepoeal.
CHICAGO. ILU.
and
U GRANGE. ILU
FRANK T. LEWARK
Surveyor Hancock County
QRBBNPIBLDv INDIANA
Rooin If
Court HouM
Cocropondenco
Solicited
17
OF GREAT ADVANTAGE
Matvield, May 6, 1904.
Municipal Engineering Co,:
Gbntlbmbn— * * * I find your Hand-
Book for Cement Users and your magazine^
too, of great advantage to me.
J. C. BSLOTE.
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RUDOLPH. HERING and GEORGE W. FULLER
Hydraullo Engineers and Sanitary Experts
100 WILLIAM St., New YORK
Water Supply, Water Purification, Water Power. Sewerage and Sewage DisposaL
Examinations of Projects. Plans, Specifications and Estimates of Cost
Construction Superintended.
W. S. SHIELDS
Civil and Sanitary Engineer
1715 Marquette Bulldiiig. Chicago, III.
Waterworks, Street PaToments,
Water Supplies, Sewerage Systems,
Sewage Purification Plants.
OKO. 8. PIKRSON
ILAlCBOaaB.
KALAMAZOO, MICH. (Bai Phone No. 807)
Oonsultation, Plans and Superintendence.
Sewers, Sewage DispNaTwiter Works, Water
Power, Electric UgbtlBg.
IOWA ENGINEERING CO.
CM!, Qydraiilic and Sanitary Enjlneers
CHAS. P. CHASC, Man.
410-411 Weston Block, Clinton, Iowa.
8nauiAlB8!— Water-Works, Sewerage, and Sewage
Disposal.
City- Wastes Disposal Co.
(Organized from the staff of the late
CoU Geo. E. Waring. Jr.)
NEW YORK CITY, 156 Fifth Avenue.
CONSULT! NO AND CONTRACTINQ IN
SEWERAGE. SEWAGE DISPOSAL, GARBAGE AND
REFUSE DISPOSAL AND STREET CLEANING.
JOHN P. FORGE
ConsQltlng Engineer
Water-Works. Sewerage and Sewage DisposaL
Plans, jSstimates and Beports. Con-
stmction Superintended.
41.4a DUpatch-Butler Block.
M.TSCHIRGI.JR.,
... Civil Engineer
Plan* tornUhed for Waterworks,
Saverace, PaTing, and
CaaatracMoo Saperintaadad DniHiqae, lomi
WARING, CHAPMAN & FARQUHAR,
CIVIL ENQINEERS.
874 Breadway, Mew York.
Famlih plans for and superrlse the oonstrae*
tlon of Sewerage. Sewage Disposal, Drainsgeu
Plumbing, Water Works, etc. Topogr^ililcal
turreTi.
C. G. H. GOSS
Consoltlns:, Civil and Sanitary Encflneer
MARTINSVILLE. INDIANA
Specialty: Sewerage and Paviov
InvestigatkHis and Reports.
BOBKBT M. WATSOH,
Borough Bnglnsst
of Rathenoid. N. J.
WISE & WATSON,
civile and 8A^I^A.RY BNQINSSRS
Passaio National Bank BnUding. Passaie, N. J.
BailwaysJKfaesdsm Boads, Sewsrage, Water Works.
BoroQi^ Bnglneert of East Ratherford and of WsU*
Ington, N. J/Bng^s Passaio and Newark BlVc By. Oe.
B. t1. GOL.BY
M. AM. 80C. C. B.
.Civil and Consulting Engineer...
CX>Liir B. Wtsa,
Oity Snrreyor of
Passale.N.X
Plans, Spedfloatlons, Estimates and Bajpei
for Sewerage Systems, Be wage Disposal, Wa
Water- Works, Dams, Beservoirs. Street
Disposal, Water Sopply*
r»«vr— TT vrK«, A^i»tu0, joeservolrs. Street
PsTlng and Ooonty Boads, Landscape
Work for Parks and Oemeteries, Topographical
Sorreys, Ezsmlnatioos and Beports.
600 Colonial Trujt BMg.. St. Lools. Me.
THOS. CAMPAU & SON
CIVIL ENGINEERS
DETROIT - - MICHIGAN
Surveys, Plans, Estimates, Specifications. Etc.. far
Sewers. Water Works, Paving and
Electric Railways.
CON5TRUCTION 5UPERINTBNDBD
L. E- HITCHCOCK
CONSULTING AND CIVIL ENGINEER
CONSTRUCTION SUPERINT6NDBD
ELKHART. IND «
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THE SEVERANCE BURRAGE ENGINEERING COMPANY
CONSULIIIMSMTAIIY EXPERTS AND CMMNIlllio UFAYEIT^ INDUIUL
Water Works, Watkb Supplies, Water Purification, Sbwbraob, Sbwaob Disposal. Bxaxinatioiq^
Bbfoets. Sbtimates, Plans, Specifications, General Superintendence. Microsoopigal,
Bacteriological and Chemical Analyses. Bacterial Tests on Filters.
Abtbsian Wells— Tests, Capacities, Air Lift Ststbm. Heating, Refrigeration, Vemtilatioii.
wncm.kTmmmwMwiQumkvmi9r MmwummmfUi^
U/fe Mtinicipal engineering Company
(incorporated)
WALL STREET EXCHANGE BUILDIHG, 41-43 WALL STREET, HEW YORK CITT
Civil. Hsrdrat&lic, Sanitarx and dectrical Engineers
Consulting, Designing, Supervising and Contracting.
Specialties: Water Power DeTslopments, Water Supply, Pumps and Pumping Plants, Irrigation WorJu*
HeaTy Masonry, Sewage Disposal, Garl>age and Refuse Cremation.
MERRIFIELD and WESTCOTT
Consiiltliig Gas Sngliieert and Contractors
Cable AddreM " Oarbdebtbd " London and Toronto.
L. L. MBRBIFIELD. M. Inst. M. E.,
At American Office: 209 Front 8t^ East, Toronto, Oan.
J. T. WESTCOTT, Ph. D.,
At Foreign Office: 19 Abingdon Street, Westminster,
London, 8. W., England.
Reports on yalne and earning power of gas plants. Esti-
mates, plans, speoifloations. expert testimony. Special
attention given to U. 8. business. 85 years' experience.
W. B. HAZEN
CIVIL ENGINEER
Sbwbrs, Sbwbraob Disposal. Watbr Works,
Pavino Survey. Plans. Estimates,
Spbcifications. Construction Superinttnded,
St. Joseph, Mo.
WATER VkONKS
VATta PtmiricATioN
CHARLES COTTINQHAM
CIVIL AND CONSULTINO ENGINEER
DANVILLC. ILLINOIS
•metT ^AVEMCMTt
■LCCTRIC LIOHTINO
J.C.ULMER&CO.
Manufaotarers of High Grade
EmiNEEBtNQ AND 8URVEY1NQ INSTRUMENTS
Sole makers of the only Lnoas Chain
Tape. The most durable and accurate
tape on the market. (Write for tape
list.) Special attention given to re-
pairs of instruments.
tt4 nuimlili tt, ftewlaad. 0.
E LECTR flC
FLASH LIGHT.
Just the thing for Mecha- ^
nlcs, Engineers and Miners.
You can safely use It where y<
would not dare bring a candle or lighted 1
match. Prfoe,Post-piiM, $1.60. Address f
ConsumefS Supply Co., Pept. A, Elgin, III.
•CWAOI DISPOCAl.
TOPOOHAPHICAL SURVtr*
ORAOC tYtTEMt
CRAY & NEILL
Eleotrelytis Prevention Ehglneere
BRADFORD, PA.
SURVEYS made to determine extent of electro-
iytic action on under-ground piping systems of
all descriptions. Contracts made for the elimination
of electrolysis and satisfactory results guaranteed.
Estimates for surveys on application.
UMSTEAD & UnSTEAD
Coiisalting and Constructing Engineers
For power plants, heating and ventilation of buildings'
water front improvements, submarine and difficult
foundations, masonry, concrete and steel construe^
tion, sewers and waterworks. Consultations, esti-
mates, specifications, plans, physical and chemical
tests and reports.
224 So. Union St., Ljiwrenoe, Mass.
WATER WORKS CONSTRUCTIOR CO.
881 Fourth Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa.
SUILDCfIS OP WATER WORKS PLANTS
IMPROVEMENTS AND EXTENSIONS
EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS ON PLANTS
EDWARD J. ROBINSON, PitUiOENT. CHAS. 8. REINHART, Theasuhcr.
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GLAZIER NOZZLES
Fire Departments, Fireboats, Tugs, Standpipes,
Hydraulic Mining, Factory Equipment and Lawns
Made in all sizas. Catalof^es and Prices on application.
61AZIER NOZZLE & MANUFACTURING CO.,
81 South Ponntytvairia tIrMt,
THE MORSE-BOULGER DESTRUCTOR CO.
(INCORPORATCD)
Will install plants for the Sanitary and Efficient Disposal of Municipal Waste off Every
Class and the Production off Steam Power for Pumping Water or Sewage, for Electric
Lighting, for Steam Disinfecting Stations, and for Other Municipal or Private Uses.
Tilt DMigiiing and Ctnttruetion of Rafust Utilization Statiana a Siiaaialty
Special installations of small destructors for dwellings, hotels, hospitals, institutions,
department stores and business establishments. More than 150 Plants in this and
other countries now operating under the combined patents controlled by this Ck)mpany.
Descriptive Pamphlet sent upon application. Address all correspondence
THE MUSE-BOmaEB PESTMOTOR 00., 39 Ctrtlaidt a., HiwYirt
The International Waste Utilization Company
OP BOSTON. MASS., and INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
iOrgannzed and incorporated under the Laws of Maine.)
Contracts to furnish the apparatus, plans and specifications and superintend the
erection and operation of plants for the sanitary, economical and odorless reduc-
tion of garbage, night soil, dead animals, manure and all waste of a city or institu-
tion, converting same into an odorless and absolutely sterile merchantable product
ADDBE88 ALL OOMMITNICATIONS TO
The International Waste Utilization Connpany
F. Q. WISBLOOBL, Vice-President and General Manager, 806 Union St., Indianapolis, Indiana.
Or to F. F. Dodos, Secretary . . 322 Old South Building, Boston, Massachusetts.
ilCALCY SEWER CLEANING MACHINE
.^d^
Jk.
[copy)
City of New York, Borongh of Brook-
lyn^ Bureau of Sewers.
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MARRIOTT CURB-CONDUIT
Street CleaniDg^
(»r}0/f>?^ Surface Drainage,
^ and Snow Removal.
(Patented Feb. 23. 1904.)
NoYCl and
fficient Means for
Dicipal Sanitatioji
.nd recommended by various
als of the city of New York.
in relation to territorial
ther matters furnished by
JAMES C. MARRIOTTt Corn BxcKange BanR Bldg.
15 'William Stvm^X^ New York, N. Y.
THe E^xpanded Metal
Concrete System
For Foundations, Sewers, Bridges, Reservoirs, Conduits, Tanks, Retaining Walls, Domes,
Etc. Especially adapted to Fireproof Construction in all classes of buildings.
THE ASSOCIATED EXPANDED METAL COMPANIES
Room 1504 256 Broadway NEW YORK
DRYER
OF EVERV TYPE
:ONSTRUCTED FOR ALL PURPOSE'S
BEFORE PLACING YOUR ORDER CONSULT
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e; iphalt
HIGH GRADE
UNIFORM QUALITY
UNEXCELLED FOR
Roofing, Streot Paving
Reservoir Lining
Pipe Dipping, Metal Coating
Paints and Yarnislies
ASPHALTUM OIL
FOR FLUXING
SAMPLES ON APPLICATION
GULF REFININ6 COMPANY
REFINERIES GENERAL OFFICES
Port Arthur, Texas 814 Fnck Blilg., Pittslwii, Pa.
PROMPT SHIPMENTS FROM
NEW YORK, BOSTON, PHILADELPWA MO PORT ARTHUR,TE1(AS
22
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TITEKOTE
IRON PRESERVATIVE
CVirill protect Steel Coal Cars, Structural Iron,
Bridges, etc., from the destructive action of sulphuric
acid, acid fumes, ammonia, brine and electrolysis.
CA brilliant black. Non-conductor of electricity.
Easily applied. Not affected, by acid generated by
coal and water. Durable and inexpensive.
^he Barber Asphalt Paving Co.
Philadelphia
BRANCHES IN ALL LARGE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
ASPHALT FOR EVERY PURPOSE
1^
a- i
X^A..^Ur!, ^A^^f.^/^/l^cor
THE SCHOULER STALL FLOOR
Is the cheapest and best floor in the market : over 4,000 in ase. 84 out of 106 stables
built in Essex County last year have the Schouler floors and other specialties.
STANDIU PAVIHe CO., 20 CLINTON STREET, NEWtRK, N. J.
SOMETHINfi NEW
AGENTS WANTED
SCHOULER BOOR GUIDE AND WEATHER STRIP. The only
weather strip ever made for slidiogr doors. Erery stable shonld
have them, will last forerer.
/^^Pl._^ [^^^^
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INDIAN ASPHALT COMPANY
710-712 RAILWAY EXCHANGE BUILDING
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
LARGEST MANUFACTURERS AND REFINERS OF ASPHALTUM PRODUCTS IN THE CENTRAL
STATES, AND EXCLUSIVE AGENTS FOR ALL GRADES OF CALIFORNIA
ASPHALT, MANUFACTURED BY THE
CALIFORNIA ASPHALTUM SALES AGENCY
British California Reflninfir Co., Los Angeles Union Consolidated Refining Co., Los Angeles
Pacific Refining Co., Bakersfield Densmore-Stabler Refining Co., Los Angeles
Ilercales Oil Refining Co., Los Angeles Yolcan Oil and Refining Co., Bakersfield
California-Fresno Oil Co., Fresno California Consolidated Oil Fields Co., Bakersfield
Union Oil Co. of Cal., Oleum and Bakersfield California Liquid Asplialt Co., Santa Barbara
INDIAN ASPHALT COMPANY, ASPHALTUM, INDIANA
CALIFORNIA ASPHALT MINERAL RUBBER FUEL OILS
MALTHA ASPHALT PAINT LUBRICATING OILS
ASPHALT FLUX BLACK VARNISH CRUDE PETROLEUM
GUM ASPHALTUM BENZINE
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THE NEW SEMI-PORTABLE.
MODERN, UP-TO-DATE ASPHALT PAVING PLANTS
OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS
MUNICIPAL, SEMI-PORTABLE AND RAILWAY.
SAND DRYERS, MIXERS. MELTING KETTLES.
WE CONTRACT for COMPLETE PLANTS, INSTALLED REA^Y for SERVICE
OB FOR MACHINERY ONLY
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WM. E. DEE CLAY MFG. CO.
PROPRIETORS OF MECCA CLAY WORKS
MANUFACTURERS OF
Standard and Double Strength SKVVKR RIRK, DRAIN
TII.K, CUI.VKRT RIRK, WKI.I. TUBINO.
Works: Mecca, Parke County. Ind., on C. & E. I. R. R. Chicago Office: 214-215 Royal Insurance BIdff.
THE ROBINSON CLAY PRODUCT CO.
AKRON, OHIO. SKVCN factories— capacity. looo car loads pkr month
Akron ami Culvsrt Hpo, Wall Copbig, Drain Tlla, Flut Unars ami FIra BrM
Ravins Brlok, Mill Brlok, Stonawar* Spaolaltlas
CHICAGO OFFICE ::: 1306 AND IdOT CHAMBCH OF COMMCRCK
R. STEVENS' SOUS CO. M^s. of sewer^and culvert pipe
.......MilOOiV, Oil.
LOCOMOTIVB TILE, FIRE BRICK, BTC.
In two and • haH feet lengtht.
Dmp Comtgatod 5ock0ts.
^OORRBSPONOBNOB SOUOfTISis
MONMOUTH IIIMII6&MF6. GO.
MANurAeruRciia •r
F
Vi
1-
A
U
1-
E
L.
1.
C
1
O
N
P
1
1
N
N
O
O
wnx rip^ nm BMCK, Fim CUT MB
FARMDMINIU
MONMOUTH. ILLINOIS
The Buckeye Fire Clay Co.
Uhrichsvllle, Ohio.
MANT7FACTUBKB8 07
SALT GLAZED
VITRIFIED SEWER
AND CULVERT PIPE.
8EWER PIPE...
FIRE
BRICK
AMD
ALL
FIRE CLAY
GCODS
i MICHIGAN t
s Sewer Pipe Co. i
^ UAKUWACrUMMMB q
< Sewer Pipe, Drmin Tile» |
"* PIra Brick and Clay Products •
WE WANT A
REPRESENTATIVE
In every community, to whom can be turned over
each month expiring subscriptions for renewal;
also to secure new subscriptions on a special plan
which insures the bulk of the magazine busi-
ness wherever our propositions are presented.
Magazine readin(f is on the increase. Where one
magazine was suoscribed for ten years ago. five
are taken todav. Hundreds and sometimes
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Wrlt« for CIroulars, Prioe List.
Potter Safety
Trench Braces
pipt
Patented January 25, 1898.
THE POTTER MFG. CO.
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
Offlo* and Faotory, 2010 NoithwUrn Awww.
THE A STAR
INLET
COVER
FOR STREET IMPROVEMENT
FIXCO DEPTH Oa ADJUSTABLf
^AOllJ* ^AJIiEt^ '^PROV^^
SCNO FOR lUUSTRATCO CATALOGUE
Hw. McDonald & son
GALION. O.
TRENCH
MACHINES
WISOLANDLUtl
coNviYma
0Mr4
ALLKINOSOFHOISTIIiaA
FOR TRDICH WORK.
CARSON TRENCH MACHINE COMPANY
BOSTON. U.S.A.
I
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THE CUMMER PORTABLE RAILROAD ASPHALT PAVING PLANTS
THE CUMMER STATIONARY ASPHALT PAVING PLANTS
THE CUMMER SEMI-PORTABLE ASPHALT PAVING PLANTS
THE CUMMER SAND DRUMS
Also THE CUMMER DRYERS for PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS
Manufactured by The F. D. Cummer & Son Co., Cleveland, Ohio
We Make
A SPECIALTY OF
FOR
mU WORK
BOTH
MitiiMfliniiiiii
muiiuiiiioiuiiQniLLtroiiiiDtTco
FRANKLIN, PA.
CASTINGS
FOR STREET WORE and BUILDINGS
WALLACE MACHINE & FOUNDRY CO.
Lafayette, Ind.
Before You Buy Any Kind of ...
aREY IRON omiNes
Write
THE HENNESSY FOUNDRY CO.
SPRINGFIELD, OHIO
MORE THAN ANTICIPATED
Spring Green, Wis., May 2, 1904.
Municipal Engineering Co.:
Gentlemen — We are very much pleased
with your magazine, as it contains more
items of interest to us in our line of work
than we had anticipated. Reely Bros.
FIELD CUY CONDUITS
I ■DLTIPLE— OCHDUITS— SINBLE |
1J\RGE FACTORIES IN EAST AND WEST PROMPT DELIVERIES
BEST CONDUITS MODERATE PRICES
CONDUITS OR COMPLETE SUBWAY SYSTEMS CONTRACTED FOR
»n Ka«a BBAAft* A I CIEI II OADDAARllffAV BICllffVADIf
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CALIFORNIA
UQUID ASPHALT
(GUARANTEED FREE FROM COAL TAR OR PETROLEUM RESIDUUM)
A PURE
NATURAL
BITUMEN
REFINED ASPHALT
«>« PAVING, ROOFING, PIPE DIPPING,
PAINTS, VARNISHES, ETC., ETC.
WRITE FOR SAMPLES
SOUTHERN REFINING COMPANY
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
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llaiiaDa (oDStnidion (omiiaDif
Eng:ineers and Contractors
lloJD.Zyliietalllam(ul»
Importers and Exporters,
Consulting: Eng:ineers,
Structural Steel for every purpose,
Building:, Bridg:e5, Railroads,
Manufacturing: Plants,
Electric Works,
Sewerag:e, Public Sanitation.
CORRESPONDENCE SOLrCITED
CABLE. GUSAN
THE SICILIAN ASPHALT fAVme CO.,
Times Building, New Yorlc.
SKUUUIMOHUPIIIIimOWS
For Hospitals. Cellars, Kitchens. Breweries. Warehouses,
Manufactories, Railroad Platforms,
Sidewalks. Slaus:hter Houses, Stables. Etc.
Minii 110(1 miTPumn
FOR STREETS.
Dvalde Asphalt Company
I Broadway •.• NEW YORK
VENEZUEU, CALIFCRNIA AND
MTUHAL ROCK ASPHALTS
FOR PAVINQ PURPOSES
T. NUaN BCCRMAR, f.W^o'SSr'''
Any Book
On Any Subject
Can be Supplied at
the Regular Price
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Diamond Asphalt
FOR STREET PAVING
RESERVOIR LINING
PIPE DIPPING
VARNISHES AND PAINTS
METAL COATING
ROOFING
PRESERVING WOOD, ETC.
Our UQUID ASPHALT fluxes all kinds of SOLID ASPHALT.
Union Oil Go. of California
Mills Buiidinft, San Francisco, Gal.
11 Broadway, Room INo. 561, Mew York
Gabriel & Schall
206 PKARL ST., NBWTORK
Sole Importer! of the only
Graulne "Bnmswlcr flspnalt pnastlo
WXLL KNOWN FOB 90 TSAB8.
Our
••Brnnswiok"
!■ branded m
here shown.
All Others
are
Imitatloiis
BITUMEN
AMERICAN
ASPHAITUM AND RUBBER
COMPANY
WOMAN'S TEMPLE, CHICAGO
PIPE DIP, PAVING MATRIX,
ROOFING AND BRIDGE COATING
CHARLES W. SAACKE
76 Wllliain Street, New Yoric
Importer and Manufacturer of
LIMMER ROCK ASPHALT MASTIC
SAN VALENTINO AND
SICILIAN ROCK ASPHALTS
PAVING MATERIALS IN GENERAL
Henry W. WUrsluUI, Pros. S. T. Murdock, Vlce-Prw.
CiMS. M. Murdock. Sec. and Treas.
The Western Construction Co.
Contractors for
Trinidad Asphalt Pavementa
IndieaapoUe. 434-496 Newton-Olaypool Bldg.
Lafayette. 410 Ferry Street.
IF YOU DESIRE SOOTH-WESTERN GONTRAGTS WRITE 9S
CRUSHED ROCK ASPHALT
tbn STIICET PAVING
THE DOWNARD ASPHALT CO.
81
Six Dollars for Volume I of
Municipal EngineeriDg
Wanted— VoL I of Municipal EngiDeeriDg,
unbound, for which I will pay $6. Address,
J. W. A., care Municipal Engineering Co.
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THERE IS A DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN OURS ANDIOTHER MAKES OF
TOOLS AND MACHINERY
USED IN LAYING AND FINISHING
ASPHALT, CEMENT, PITCH, ETC.
None but the Best Materials
TOOU HAVE NO CQUAL FOR
DUiUBILITY AND I
m OUR dOODS MID Bt (OIIYIIiaD
Stoam Rollort, Hand Rollors, Surfaeo
Hoatort, Portabio and Stationary
Molting Kottlot, Stroot Tools, FIro
WayonSi Roofors' ToolOf TankSf Eto.
U/>e Contractor's Tool Co.
704 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa.
CREOLINE
WOOD BLOCK PAVEMENTS
An Ideal Pavement for Residence or Business Streets. It is Noiseless, Sanitary
and the Most Durable Pavement that can be Constructed. Write for Particulars.
TERRE HAUTE OREOSOTINQ CO.
TERRE HAUTE. INDIANA
FINISHING TOOl-SFOR
^r\ CONCRETE WALKS
B I and CEMENT WORK
nOLLENS
CEMENT WORKERS'TOOLS
HIGHEST QUALITY
Rbasonablb m Pbicb
WrHt tar CATAI.OOUK
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CO
iUfWlH
SMITI
MCKI
THE LAMI
EMCIMES A
DriU Stec
Air HoM
We make
Book Oi
and rebn
Crashing
full woA
Oars, Hoii
Saarry P
oilers, o
hand. Bn
liocomot
Derricks i
used by o(
No.t i
on
Truck
with
Steam
En-
gine I
<C'
Boiler I
A Hand Power Concrete Mixer
For CURBS, GUTTERS, DRIVEWATS
CONCRETE BLOCKS, ETC. Capacity,
flye cubic yards per hour.
WE ALSO MAKE THE
Portable Gravity Concrete Mixer
Also the STANLEY BATCH MIXER
CONTMOTCRS PLANT GO., 8 OLIVER ST., BOSTON, MASS.
- ESTABuenCD l»S7.
BRANCH OFFrceS
Hew YORK.
A.LESCnCN &SONS ROPE CO. ch.caco.
DCNVCR
9AN fRANClSCa
*T. LOUIS./AO
WIRE ROPE FOR
MINES. IjOCGINC,
QUARRIES « ELEVATORS,
CTC
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PERnEX1]4l<
Med Mr (oadoits
nvftiTtd Is Iran Plpn f9f Itanloiptl Sopply— 'Why?
Lees Friction
No Sediment
No Rnst
Cheaper
Greater Flow
Purer Water
ELeetrolysis Avoided
More Economical
►
^^ ruled, 6, 8 or f eii lines to
inch, if preferred. Cover has pocket for cards.
Carried in the Hip Pocket
By municipal officers, including Aldermen,
Street Commissioners, Superintendents and
Foremen ; City Engineers and Surveyors and
members of the engineering force ; municipal
Contractors and their employes, Cement
Salesmen, and other dlert and busy people.
To Jot Down
Notes, addresses, sales, expenses, pointers,
measurements, specifications, needs,
sketches, etc.
Complete, with your name lettered In
ffoid on cover
$1.00 %^
KENNEDY BROTHERS
ai9 Oeneeee Street. Utlca. New York
(Many muncipalities supply
their officials with
these books.)
To A
Wan
To All Wfro
U/^'nt Am/thin^
1
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— a5,«oo tons per year.
99.6 per
Globe Asphalt Co.
mPINBIIS OP
"OBISPO
BRAND
CALIFORNIA ASPHALT
LIQUID AND SOLID
iiplin ma4 prices fumiehed to reeponsible perties not Address elliiiqalriee,
ooonected wKh the Asphalt trust. 405 Bakewell Bldg. , PITTSBUROt PA.
CUBA
S. 8
No. 36
. GOVIN, e. M., C. E.
CONSULTINe ENGINEER AND CONTRACTOR
D. ZUI-UETA ST., HAVANA, CUBA.
Exaniiaatlon«, Surveys, Reports on Mines. Many years' experience In
Cuba. Member of ••Association de Constructores de CuIm."
GOOD
WRITING
-learned at home by mail in
3 months by spare moments ; tuition
$5, payable at your option ; no success
no pay. Bixler's Physical Training in
Penmanship, perfect self-instructor
for 20 years, prepaid, $1. Diploma
granted. No contract. Business Pen-
man and 12 Penmanship Mottoes, 4c.
I «%«^ ^^«^ ^^ «»v^irv
EVERY CITY ENGINEER OUOHT TO HAVt
COLBY'S
Sewer Computer
irtAVIlUBOB
IT tAVP MAmr TmEf nrt cojt
WHAT IT IS
This Instrument is Kutter^s formal* In
the form of e slide rule. The velnes obtain-
ed ere the seme as given by Kntter^s for-
mola; the valae of the coefficient **N*'
being taicen at .018. The cut shows only a
portion of the entire computer. The divis-
ions on the limb represent discharge in
cubic feet per second. On the slide are two
scales, the divisions of one indicate dif-
ferent diameters of sewers in inches; the
divisions of the other represent the per
cent, of grade. The computer can be used
by any one after one minute's explanation.
Colby's Sewer Computer gives correct
results according to Kutter's lormnla. It is
accurate and perfect in every respect. It is
91 inches long and weighs a few ounces.
Full directions with each computer.
Prtoi^ In Handtomt Cata^ $10M
RETURN IT IF NOT SATISPiMiraiY
Any city engineer purchasing one of these
computers from us may return It tC it is not
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s
le
Brie*Machine Shops j cor. latii md peach sts., eme, pa.
IROQUOIS IRON WORKS
Gei
Boj
MA
POi
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TNE KELLY- SPRmeFIELD ROID ROLLER Oik
STEAM ROAD ROLLERS. ALL TYPES, ALL SIZES.
OVER SIX HUNDRED IN USE. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.
SEND FOR HANDSOME CATALOGUE.
SPRINfiFIELD, ONIO
PHILADELPHIA OFFICE. 2132 LAND TITLE BUILDING
STEXE ROID ROLLERS
HITM.
Psrdi
MdTssls.
JULIAN SONOLL& CO. SL^.l'^.
S«Nl for Cstsloffse Ns. 23 of Asphalt Rollers, or
No. 24 of Macadasi Rollers.
''r^ Road Roller
WUTC FOI OlROULABS AND PRKKS.
ENTERPRISE MFG. OO.
COLUMBIANA. OHIO.
BUFFALO PfTTS
SCAIFE SYSTEM for
Softening and Purifying Water
REMOVES SCALE-FORMING INGREDIENTS
NEUTRALIZES ALL SULPHURIC ACID
BEFORE ENTERING THE BOILERS
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TRAIN-LOADS OF AUSTIN SPRINKLERS
A few years ago we were selling Austin Sprinklers by carloads.
Now they go out by train-loads. Some of these train-load purchasers
are : The United States Government, for use in the city of Washing-
ton, the cleanest city in America, which is swept and sprinkled by
Austin Swebpers and
Sprinklers; and for
Yellowstone Park, the
greatest park in the
world , in which Austin
Sprinklers are used
almost exclusively.
Greater New York gets
a train-load every now
and then, while all the
large cities are con-
tinually buying them
either in train-loads or
numerous carloads.
'XTam-ioaa or Ausnii opnnKierB parcnasea oy rne cizj
of St. Paul— the largeet single shipment of
Sprinklers ever made by any one Cfompany
We certainly are get-
ting the cream of the
Sprinkler trade. Send
for our large illustrat-
ed catalogue and you
will know why. They
are made in six sizes
and seven styles, and
are the best and most
efficient sprinklers that
were ever on wheels.
Alan f.ViA Aiiafin Psf^^l
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STUDEBAKER "BANNER" DUMP WAGON
For COBBLE STONE, BRICK, GRAVEL, WET OR DRY ASPHALT,
HACADAM, AND SPREADING CRUSHED STONE
The inside of bed is sqaare, smooth and clear of any obstmction. The trap doors nndemeath are oper-
ated by a lever and pnlley, the mechanism being all on the outside of bed. When the doors are released or
opened, they are automatically lifted out of the way. and the load is dumped clean. Another lever oper-
ates to fix the doors at any desired opening:, making tnis wagon especially adapted to distributing crushed
stone or other paying material over any given surface. We build sprinkling wagons, street sweepers, con-
tractor's wagons and carts of all descriptions. Also harness for every purpose. Catalogs and prices on
application. The Studebaker reputatioii and guarantee back of every purchase.
STUDEBAKER BROS. flFQ. Co. •''^u'Je'oiito~"' South Bend, Ind.
Chtcaco New York KaiMaiClty SuPrudico Portlami, Ore. Denver DalUa SaKLakeCtty
DtlVIPING WAGONS ro« ashes. RErm
Tbey are dumped instantly, by a^mera touch, and closed without stopping tlie team.
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Note operBtlon of patent device for controlling width of spray and repilating volmno of water at wUI il
driver, giving the '*7tudebaker" AN IMPORTANT ADVANTAQB OVER ALL OTHBR SPRINKLERS.
Either perforated or slot eprliikliiig heads. Vertical spray or "Niagara** attaohmenta.
STUDEBAKER BROS. MFG. CO., SOUTH BEND, IND.
THE ONLY BOOK ON THE SUBJECT
ART STONE
Bt p. w. hagloch
Consnltlng Engineer in Concrete, Stone and
Steel Ctonstmctlon
Gives clear, concise and detailed instructions for
making Hollow Concrete Bnilding Blocks, Trim-
mings, Ornaments, etc.
Formulas for making and coloring stone in imita-
tion of the products of all Americr.n quarries.
Every hand and machine process described in all
its details. A catechism of over 100 questions and
answers on making and molding stone.
Brief reviews of patents bearing on the subject, to
which is appended a glossary defining words, phrases
and terms peculiar to the trade.
Cloth Bound, Price, Postpaid. $ 1 .SO
iUIT STONE PUB. CO., llMi
For Your Own Protection
Send p)ostaI-card for free booklet of patent
claims, relating to Hollow Concrete Build-
ing Blocks and machines for their manufac-
ture, to the HARMON S. PALMER HOL-
LOW CONCRBTB BUILDING BLOCK
COMPANY, Washineton, D„ C, owners of
patents, or one dollar tor full copies, includ-
mg Drawings and Specifications, in bound
form: thirty-five pages, 8xii inches. Beware
of infringements ; several suits already filed.
New Patents Adjustable Machines
A WELL- PLEASED
ADVERTISER
Sac City, Iowa, May 19, 1904.
Municipal En(jineering Magazine:
Gentlemen — We are receiving
a number of inquiries — letters
from Mexico, Maine, Washington,
Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Tennessee, South
Dakota, and other-. * * * We
received magazine on May 2. Let-
ters arrived here May 3, 1904, and
every day since. Are well pleased
with the advertisement.
Very truly yours,
H. S. Barnt,
Secretarv Cement Tile Works.
40
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THE aAMEWELL FIRE AURM TELEeRAPH CO i: NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
STANDARD AURi AND SIRNAL TELERRAPHS FOR
MUNICIPAL FIRE AND PCLICE DEPARTMENTS
40 YEARS' EXPERIENCE AND OVER 1.000 PLAINTS IN SERVICE
STORAQE SATTERY CONTROLLINQ SWITCHSOAROS
EFFICIENT. ECONOMICAL, ESSENTIAL
Gold Medal Awarded September. 190Z, at Berlin ( Germany ) Exposition of Appliances for Rre
Fire Extln^lshment. Only Award, World's Fair. Chicago
Prevention and
WESTERN BRICK COMPANY
DANVILLE, ILLINOIS
Street Paving, Sewer and Impervious Red Building Briclc
CAPACITY, SIXTY MILLION ANNUALLY
nVE RAILROADS
Siiawmut IHining Company
BRICK WORKS DEI^. ST. MARYS PENNA.
MAXfTJFAOTUBSSS OF
Fire-Clay and Sliale
"Shawnnt" Pavers "Yeioran" Sewer Brick
Standard Building Brick
SA6INAW PAVM6 BRiCK COMPANY
MAinTVAOTDBMBS OF
YITRIFIEDPAYIN6 BRICK AND BUCKS
PkMi ffn fSymt tktim
CMBoe amd Works, Cor. of Jefferson and Sidney Sts.
8AQINAW, MICHIGAN
THE
LOBAN BRICK MANUFACTURIN6 CO.
PAVIN6 BLOCK^NOGLAZEBlilOEWAU Tili
[uwwamP (tkoobwuP
CAPACITY
80. 000,000
The Roseville Brick and Terra Cotta Co.
ROSEVILLB. OHIO.
MAMUrAOTURBRS Or
STREET PAVUfG BRICK AUD BLOOL
Buckle Block 3 by 4 by 9. Standard aVk by 8% by4.
<|notatkMis and samples furnished on appllcatkNi.
Capacity, iO,ooo,o«o*
Mjr sisa order filled promptly.
E. H. MOORE,
Mannf aotorers* Agent
Vitrified Sliale Brick
FOB BTBBBT PAVINQ.
Unnvr AIR PrtA vr\w. RTTTT.T»T»irr
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THE BEST PAVING BLOCK MADE
Four Facloriw— Pally OirtiMrt 3QQ OOO
i!iMETROPOLITAN PAVING BRICK CO.
CANTON, OHIO
THK
Cleveland Brick Co.
MANUTAOTTTBKBS OF
VltrifiBd Shale Paving Brick and Block
Building and Sewer Brick
ttl WtM FNrife tkwt,
WmkM at CANTON, OHIO
USEFUL TO CONTRACTORS
Champaign, III., May 2, 1904.
Municipal Engineering Co,:
Gentlemen— I received the Hand-Book
for CemeDt Users and am well pleased with
it. I also have the magazineB and think
they are fine and very useful to contractors.
Ross E. Van Der Voort.
B. D. CuLVBS, Pres't. W. P. Whitnbt, Seo*y.
mr U/ARAQH n AV rAMOAIUV
Q. L. Baed, President.
^ Q. 8. Ettla. See'7 »Bd TreM.
^ B. B. BMd, Superintendent. «•
Clearfield Clay Working Co.
(umiSD)
CLEARFIELD. PA.
if ANUrAOTURBRS 09
THE STANDARD MODERN
ROADWAY MATERIAL
Tltrlfled Annealed street PnTen of JSrerj DeeexlpllM.
BUILD|NQJ
DINQ BRICK of Bronr Kind-Rod. Btrff.
Old QoM, PMMMtea,Vlilto. Btc
PIRBBRlCKSraUUMS. ',
SHALB AND CLAY PRODUCTS OBNBRALLV.
KANSAS CITY, MC.
Sowor Pipe, Paving Brick. Wall Coptnir* P*m
Lining, PIre Brick. Drain Tile.
W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. CO.
Collinwood Shale Brick Co.
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liga
Cm ■•H
sgSl I
98<03 _
1
8
I
i
43
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street Paving Brick and Blod
AL.80 8IPEWAL.K BRICK
The towns using our material are too numerous to mentioo
here, but we will |1adly send a list of them lor the asklnc.
CLINTON PAVING BRICK COMPANY,
CLINTON, INDIANA.'
T. S. MOAVOY, PRMIOKNT. (NO. C MoAVOV. ScO. AMD TllCAtt. T. S. MoAVOY.jn.. Surr.
Mgavoy vitrified brick CO.
MANUFACTURenS OF
STANDARD SHALE PAVING BRICK AND BLOCK
FOR STREETS AND ROADWAYS
VITRIFIED BRICK FOR SEWER BOTTOMS A SPECIALTY
WORKS OFFICe. ROOMS 3 & 4
PERKIOMEN JUNCTION, PA* GERMAN-AMERICAN BUILDING
p. & R. RY. CO. PHILADELPHIA, PA.
Springfield PaYing Brick Go.
MAirUFACrURBRS OF
De-Pressed ViMed M Paviii! and Jever Drkk
Capacity, tS,000 per day. Good stock constantly on hand.
Office and Works, SPRINQFIELD. ILL.
I' Send your order now for the 1904
[edition of the Directory of Amerl-]
can Cement Industries. Price,
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GEORGIA VITRIFIED BRICK AND CLAY CO.
Main Offices ; AUBUSTA. BA. Works at CAMPANIA. BA.
MANUlTACrURERS OF HIOH-ORADB SHALB
PAVING BLOCK AND BRICK
EITHER
REPRESSED OR UN-REPRESSED
ROUND EDGE OR SQUARE
WE ARE READY TO GIVE A RESPONSIBLE GUARANTEE OF THE SPLEN-
DID WEARING QUALITIES OF THESE PAVERS
WE MAKE THE BEST SEWER PIPE IN THE SOUTH.
ALL SIZES, INCLUDING 36-INCH DOUBLE STRENGTH
CULVERT PIPE.
EXTRA QUALITY FIRE BRICK MADE FROM
HIGH-GRADE SELECTED FIRE CLAYS A SPECIALTY.
SPECIAL BRICK MADE FOR SPECIAL USES.
PAVING
BRICK
W ROUND CORNER
PAVINGBRICK
AND BLOCK
MADE WITHOUT REPRESSING. WITH
NEW INDENTING CUTTER
GHAIIBER$BRGS.CO.
JOURNAL OF
THE ASSOCIATION OF
ENGINEERING
SOCIETIES
MARCH :: I004^
ta.OO PER ANNUM
30 CENTS PER COPY
JOHN C. THAUTWINK. Jr., SKC'V
••T SOUTH FOURTH ST.
PHILADKLPHIA
THE 1.ACKAWANNA AND
WVOMINO VA1.1.EV RAI1.ROAD
By Gbobob B. Fbancis, Boston Society of Civil
IRngineers.
RECONSTRUCTION €>W HOTEl.
rOUNDATIONS
By Dana M. Pbatt, Boston Society of Civil
Engineers.
SCHERZER DOUB1.E-ROL.1.ER
L.irT BRIDOE AT CL.EVEL.AND
By William J. Cabtbb, Civil Engineers' Clnb of
Cleveland.
INSPECTION or METAl. BRIDOES
Bv Walter L. Golden, Engineers' Society of
Western New York.
45
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A. T. Stuxvbb, Pros.
J. E. Bbdblii, Sec and Troaa.
ST. LOUIS GRANITOID
CURB-STONE GO.
(incorporated)
This oat represents the end sections of oar New Patent
Lock-Joint Concrete Cnrb-Stone. When tiiese sections are
in place there can be no vertical or lateral moTement.
We also manafactnre Concrete Sever Cape for Sewer In-
lets, patented Dec. 29th, 1903. They are ail O. K.
For State. County, City or Shop Bights, address
J. E. BEDELL, PatontM, 1909 UFAYETTE AVENUE, ST. LOWS, MO. AgMitt WmUmL
PAT. APniL 1ST. 1902
Medina Stone
Tie
Eterlastmi
Tabemeni
TKe Very Best
for Heavy Traffic
Wears Evenly. Does Not PoUsh.
Approved by Long Use.
Endorsed by Competent Engineers.
Also Curbing, Flafi^^ing, Platforms, Btiilding Stone
Medina Quarry Co. i:S::^:::L::^ilV:;^iI:
lt«wTor]C OA€3«t 150 Nassau St. T^l^pboA*, I543 JoKs&
THE CLEVELAND
STONE COMPANY
Sole Prodncer of the Celebrated
BEREA SANDSTONE CURBING
And of
GRAY "CANYON
99
lANDSTONK
THE FINEST
BUILDING STONE
INTHEWORLD
Capacity Over 200 Cars Per Day
THE MIAMI STONE CO.
CRUSHED AND BUILDING STONE
GLASS SAND
105-104 Chamber of Commerce
TOLEDO, OHIO
ST. LOUIS CRUSHED QUARTZ CO.
DEALERS IN
Crushed Quarts for Oraoitold and Coucretiiif .
Sittings for Art Stooe.
OFFICE, 811 ROE BUILDIIIO, ST. UNHS^MO.
Andersen Bridge & Scraper Go.
ANDERSON
CONCRETE-STEEL ARCH BRIDGES
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F. B. HOLMES & COMPANY
QEHEIAL SALES AQENTS
-MANUFACTURERS AND SHIPPERS OF-
OFFICES
FIRE BRICK, FIRE CLAY, TILE and
ECVPTIAN PORTLAND SPECIAL SHAPES * SEWER PIPE 304-309 Hammond bldg.
CEMENT BUILDING AND PAVING BRICK DETROIT, MICH.
Of Great Interest to Any One
Making or Selling Cement
Pittsburg, Pa., May 17, 1904.
The Municipal Engineering Co,:
Gentlemen — We are in receipt
of a copy of the Directory of Amer-
ican Cement Industries, which,
without any question, shows
marked improvement over any
previous issue, and is of great in
terest to any one engaged in the
manufacture or sale of cement.
We have taken the copy home for
careful study, after which we will
place it in our oflBce library, as a
reference book. We are-
Yours truly,
Houston Brothers Company,
J. J. Haas, Sec'y.
OIL CITY SAND C2
MANCFACTtJBBBS OP
8ENCCA BRAND HARD WALL PLASTER
HOLI«OW OONCRETB BUILDINO BLOCKS
CBMENT WALKS
toNCSETS FOUNDATIONS, E'»'C.
DIBALBBS IN CHMBNT, SAND AND 6RAV3EL
LOCK BOX 121 OILCITY. PA.
Thomas Bridges' Son
CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER
Proprietor of Wabash Limestone Quarries
WalNi5b. Indiana
GBO. H. QmaaVAOML
SCHAEFFER k GENGNAGEL
JOMIM AND RSTAILEIH OF
Coal, Sewer Pipe, Building jnateila]
Portlmnd mnd HydrmuUc Cement
Pbona 33. 8i9 to 8a8 B. Pint St., DAYTON. O
CRUSHED 8I.AO
FOR
Paving, Road Malcinir and Oanaral
Concrete Construction
DAVID L. EMANUEL
Catasauqna, Pa.
JOHN C. HILL
Penn. Ave. and P. R. R. Station D., Pxttsbubo, Pa.
Both Phone8-47 Wilkins.
BUILDERS' SUPPLIES
Lumber and M ill Work, Dimension and RnbUe Stone
»arrlM at Vtfawt, Uwnan Ca., H.
P. R. R. Delivery.
BELDEN & HORNE
CONTRACTORS
OUR SPECIAL TIES
Brick Streets and
Cast iron Pipe Lines
Lancaster
Ohio
D. J. KENNEDY
LBHIOH PORTLAND CEMENT
, SBWER PIPB, DRAIN TILB.
UMB
I80 Prankatown Ave.
Ptttobars. Pa.
A. & S. WILSON CO.
CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS
Bank and Officb Fixtubbs, Hasd Wood
Finish. Mill Wobk
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THE FORTER MILLER ENGINEERING COMPANY
WESTIMHOUSI BMMJI^ PITTtlUMII^ PA
GENERAL CONTRACTORS
FOR ALL KINDS OF BRICK AND CONCRETE WORK
PRODUCER 6AS PLANTS FOR CEMENT AND UME KILNS
Cleveland Silex
Stene Co.
Fireproof Counia
aid Expaided Milal
Coaslrictloi
Contractors for
Cement Walks and
Curb and Gutter
SMITH. MOSS & BROWN
OONTEAOTOB8 lOB
STREETT PAVE^MBNTS
OmOl, DOCK AHD MILI.,
78 La8am.» STBMlg
OHIOAQO
J. H. GREEN & SON,
^^^^General Contractar
APPLBTON, WIS,
CLEVELAND CEMENT PAVING CO.
. ClMiMI AND CONCmil CONTIUOTOIIS
OfllM, f04 fmirior Mf. CLEVOAND, ONM
CONCRETE
Estimates given on Cement Sidewalks, Cement
Footings, Cement Basements, Cement Curb and
Gutter, Cement Driveways, Concrete Bridges and
Foundations. Call us by 'phone or mail.
wM9« • Vl^NNiAR
FRANK M. nNUCAN
W.E.Swink W. J. Kenn
References Furnished on Application.
W. E. SWINK & CO.
Contractors for all kinds of
Concrete, Qranitoid and Cement Work
TjTkr.nl nnri T.f\r\tT Tkiof-o
k PK/xna UToIn 91Q
BsUMisbed Marcb, 1888
x8,6x6 sq. yds. Paving during 1901
Total to Dacembar 3s, X90X, 3a8,x5o sq. yds.
A, O, PUQH
..Contractor*.
Par An Kteds of street Pmvfng, 5ewers, Bts.
COLUMBUS, OHIO
3.
L. TUCKER.
CONTRACTOR FOR
CONCRETE WORK, SIDEWALKS.
CURB AND GUTTERS, ^^
RETAINING WALM,
ABUTMENTS.
FOUNDATIONS, ETC.
HORNELLSVILLE, N. Y.
B. Barkholder, Pres. N. O. MarUn, Vice-Px«sident.
Jack MoOaffrey, Bee. and Treas.
DAVENPORT GRANITOID CO.
Sidewalks,
Basement and Brewery Floors, Carriage Drives.
Concrete Work a Specialty
Bttlmates Pumlsbed on AppilcaHoa
Office and Warehouse, 7S1 Harrison Street
Telephones, New and Old. 576. DA VBNPORT. IOWA
All Kinds of Boildlng Material
JOHN Z. CARLSON
— OKLAHOMA OITY. O. T. —
ALL KINDS OF CEMENT WORK
SIDEWALK AND CUBB AND GUTTER
COMBINED A SPECIALTY i
TWENTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE
Jas. E. Southard A C Heitschnld.
Jas. E. Southard & Co.
Contractors
Street Paving, Cement Work
IN ALL ITS BRANCHES
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S CLEVELAND BUILDERS' SUPPLY CO.
CI.KVKI.AND, OHIO
HIGH GRADE PORTLAND AND NATURAL CEMENTS
»r Plp«» L.lm«p Wall fRtmm^mr, JRr^m
rira Briok, Clay, Eto.
••d Brlokp
LAKE ERIE ASPHALT BLOCK CO.
Manufacturers Compressed Asphalt Block.
KSPHKLT block: PHVETV^ENTS
Handsome illustrated pamphlets sent free on request.
IIO
M. F. nSLDINO. L.
FIELDING & SHEPLEY
Cpntractort for Public Works.
Sewering, Grading. Curbing, Paring wllh Handstone,
Brlek, Qranlte, Cedar, Pine and Kerr Patent. Speelal
attention glren to the Planking and Paring of Bridges,
PriTase Parks, DriTOways, ete.
Offices...ai7 University Ave., St. Paul, Minn.
Mill and Taidii : Ot. Northern Ry tracks, between
Btoe and deghon Sts. .
JAMES KENNEDY
OBNBRAL MUNICIPAL and RAILROAD
CONTRACTOR
PaTins, Sewer and Water Constroctions
PARQO. N. D.
C. E. WILLIAMS
General Contractor, Cement Work
CURB ANO OUTTKR
FREEPORT, ILL
The Elkhart Construction Company
ELKHART, INDIANA
Masonry, Steel and Concrete Bridges, Pav-
ing, Sewers, and Draining of wet
lands by Steam Dredge,
E S
M. F. RAIN
^ontvnctav
CBUBNT SIDEWALKS, DRIVEWAYS, CURBING, CELLAR
& PACTORY FLOORS, FOUNDATIONS, WALLS, TUNNELS.
J. U. FRITCHEY & SON
General Contractors
LANCASTER. PA.
Specialties : Laying of Asphalt and Belgian Blocks
Vitrified Brick, Gas and Water Pipes.
Bailding Sewers and Railroads.
H. A. ALLEN
COIfTtACTOR FOR
CEMENT WALKS, CURB4NG, FOUNDATIONS
HITCHING POSTS, ETC.
Basement Work a Specialty.
RBSIDBNCB
6i8 N«rUi Bvfett Street.
5TRBAT0R. ILL.
Offioe-927 F. F. LYST BellPhome
MERIDUNST ^' ^' *" ' ^ ' MAIM 297
GENERAL
^antvnctav
ANDERSON. IND;ANA
Street Paving. Sewers and Cement Work of Every
Description. Cement Sidewalks, Curb and Gutter, Etc.
nt OM nm SIB Mm miMM at Ibt OM
CSTABUSHCD 60 YKAIIS
WM.KRAUSE&SON
PATENT PAVCMENT8
CEMENT AND ASPHALT FLOORS
I8t1*1ttt N. FMh IbMlf fMaMphiiffiL
Office. Telephones.
72 1 Wainwright Bldg. BeU Main 35. KbOoch A. 270.
aiLSONITE CONSTRUOTION 09
Asphalt, Cement and Granitoid Worlu
Brewery Work a Specialty. Asphalt and Tito RooCi.
Concrete Foundations.
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GUARANTEED
FIRST QUALITY
AMERICAN PORTLAND CEMENT
^«Ba?fei^ Use Wolberine
> \A/^^^^ strength, durability and
5 ^^ uniformity are essential, it has
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Municipal Engineering
VOLUME XXVI
JUNE, NINETEEN HUNDRED FOUR
NUMBER SIX
CONCRETE BLOCK MANUFACTURE.
The frequent requests for information
about the manufacture of concrete blocks
and artificial stone, and the choice of
machines and processes for the same, call
for some consideration of the underlying
principles which should govern the de-
velopment of a business proposition of
this sort, and which are almost always
neglected, with unfavorable effect upon
public opinion regarding this new and
valuable method of building construction.
There are three principal factors to be
considered in setting up an artificial
stone business, quality, quantity and cost,
and each step in the process must be con-
sidered with these three factors always
in view.
Quality depends first of all upon the
materials used and the methods of put-
ting them together. As stated more in
detail in the article on "Concrete Block
Architecture," on page 313 of the May
number of Municipal Engineering, com-
paratively little attention is paid to this
Important feature by the ordinary pur-
chaser of a cement block machine and
as a consequence complaints of blocks
defective in form, strength Or appearance
are beginning to be heard. These defects
are in no way to be explalnea except on
the score of ignorance of the qualities of
cement and of the methods of manipulat-
ing it properly. The first requisite, there-
fore, of a successful artificial stone busi-
ness is knowledge of the materials to be
used and of the proper methods of put-
ting them together. Much valuable infor-
vary according to the requlronents of the
case, provided the strength of the blocks
is not affected. It may therefore be pos-
sible to make blocks of materials produc-
ing less satisfactory surfaces, or to make
them with less attention to external sur-
faces and therefore more rapidly, if they
are to be used in foundations than If they
are to be used in face work or for trim-
mings. Quality in form and appearance is
therefore a relative matter. Too many
who are beginning the manufacture of
concrete blocks fail to recognise this and
offer the same blocks for all uses. They
thus lose the work which they put on
making a fine finish for a block to go un-
derground, or, what, Is much more frs~
quently the case, they offer for face work
a block which is only fit in appearance
and durability of surface for foundation
work, and so discredit all concrete block
construction, cutting off all hopes of fu-
ture fine work.
The quantity of work to be turned out
is an important factor in the choice of
machines. The mixing of the concrete
forming the body of the > blocks is prac-
tically the same for all purposes which
they may be made to serve. The cheap-
er blocks can be made rapidly and the
machine which will handle them the most
rapidly and permit their removal to the
curing shed the most quickly will be
the most satisfactory one to use. There
is considerable difference iu the number
of men required, and in the amount of
mechanical power, if any. and there 48
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
chanfire to make many kinds and forma
of blocks and stones, may be the most
desirable, while it may very well be true
that in a large business each machine
may be restricted to a very small number
of different forms and the number of dif-
ferent machines may be increased in
order to supply all the demands that may
arise. Some cement block makers have
found it advisable to use machines of
several different makes and designs,
rather than to restrict themselves to one
type.
The question of wet or dry process, ol
molds or machines, also comes up for
decision. Each process has its strong
adherents, and e;lch doubtless has its
field in which it is best, but both can be
employed for all the uses of either.
The blocks for face work, for trim-
mings, lintels, window casings, ornamen-
tal structures, steps, balustrades, and
other architectural features require more-
attention to the formation of the ex-
ternal surfaces and speed of operation
must be a secondary matter. The prin-
cipal objects, after strength is provided,
are to make a handsome surface and to
make it durable, so that cracks will not
form and the surface will not rub off.
Many cement block makers use a mixture
for the surface of fine blocks different
from that used in the body of the block.
This Introduces an additional process
concerning which there is much lack of
knowledge, and in such cases the result
is complaint of defective workmanship.
It also increases the time needed for
making a block. The cost is increased
by both extra labor and extra material.
The effect of machines, number of pal-
lets or molds, number of men. their ex-
I>ertnes8 and that of their superintend-
ents, materials, quality and quantity of
product etc., on the cost of blocks is
not easy to compute.
But after quality of materials and prod-
uct have had their share of attention,
cost of blocks Is the most important fac-
tor in the choice of a machine. How-
ever, cheapness of product has been em-
phasized so much that it has overbal-
anced some considerations of equal im-
portance in the question of cost
Where good sand, gravel and cement
are cheap and blocks are made with
reasonable speed of operation of ma-
chines, good blocks for any purpose ex-
cept the finest finish and trimmings can
be made and put in place in a wall at a
price to compete with common brick,
such as would not be used for facing a
wall in a similar location. This fact has
been made the most of, and new firms.
ignorant of the effect of increase in
price of cement and labor, and of re-
duction In speed of making blocks upon
their cost have trleC to procure the same
result. Lack of expertness in running the
machine, lack of execuUve ability ot
managers, greater cost of materials, have
often prevented a favorable outcome,
and too often the necessary competitive
price has been made possible by reduc-
ing the cost of manufacture below a mU
limit, with the serious results noted
above.
Even with high prices for materials
and labor, it is almost always possible
to make a foundation block and put it
in place as cheaply as brick suitable for
the same use. But when blocks are to
be made for external walls it must be
remembered that they come Into compe-
tition with face brick, both in appearance
and durability and in cost. It is possi-
ble, then to take the extra nare which is
necessary to give the blocks their best
external appearance and still to compete
in price with the better qualities of brick
which are met. Here is where the errors
are made most frequently in the block
business. The monotony of a single pat-
tern of rock face, the artificiality of any
imitation of rock face, the ignorance ot
the strength and durability of good con-
crete, the inertia of architects, all tempt
the block maker to get a start by mak-
mg his great point on the cheapness of
the construction and then, from igno-
rance or business necessity, the blocks
are made too cheaply. The blocks are sel-
dom used under these conditions ex-
cept in the cheaper buildings, titllt prob-
ably without the advice of an architect.
The cheap blocks have the disadvan-
tages named and sometimes develop in
addition defective surfaces, the mixture
or surface finish not being properly made.
As a consequence, the structures in
which the blocks have been used do not
serve the desired purpose of advertise-
ments, but rather restrict the future use
of the blocks to even cheaper stmc-
tures, if not to foundations only.
The artificial stone blocks can enter
into competition with cut stone for trim-
mings, casings, rails, balustrades and the
like for nearly all classes of buildings,
but to do so cheapness of construction
must be lost sight of. With the best
materials, the most expert workmanship
and the greatest time necessary, the arti-
ficial stone is so far in cost from cut
stone that It is worth while to put upon
it all the expense necessary to insure
the best possible results. This Is seldom
done by block makers, and. consequently.
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COST OF BUILDING AND OPERATING A CEMENT PLANT.
391
fine work of this class is conspicuous by
Its rarity.
The true principle upon which to base
& campaign for the Introduction of arti-
ficial stone in a locality is to try for
the best work which offers, to conform
to the requirements of the really good
architects and to make the fight first on
the ground of strength and beauty of
material and second on the basis of the
great saving in expense. If the first
points can be made clear the l&st will
greatly aid in securing the specification
of the material. Su<^ a plan requires
knowledge of the structural and archi-
tectural possibilities of concrete and arti-
ficial stone such as few of the purchasers
of block machines possess. This brings
us back to the statement with which this
article begins, that the first requisite for
a successful concrete block business is a
knowledge of the material and its uses.
The competition tor the cheaper work
can be entered upon after the best class
of work has been established, and it will
then be overcome so much the more easi-
ly because the quality of the work has
been proved to be unexceptional, and
the price need not then be cut to the
danger limit in order to get a hearing.
A' little more capital and much more
knowledge is needed at the beginning.
but the final result Is certain to be much
more satisfactory from every point of
view, and especially on the financial
side.
It is not possible to make a selection on
general principles from among the many
excellent machines and processes on the
market, for local requirements of materi-
als, men, knowledge of the business,
class of trade which can be secured,
present prospects for business, possibil-
ities of rapid future growth, etc., will
swing the decision for or against certain
machines or classes of machines and
processes, and may often lead to the use
of more than one kind of machine or more
than one process. Undoubtedly there are
differences in efficiency of the 9ame gen-
eral type as well as of the various types,
but they are so connectea with the per-
sonal preferences of the operators that
one who is not familiar with all the ma-
chines by use must make his choice as
best he can for his special requirements.
If the principles on which the business
should be conducted wlU aid in any way
in making this choice this article wftl
have achieved one of Its purposes. Per-
haps it will aid also in lifting the arti-
ficial stone business to the higher level,
artistically and as a business proposition,
to which it is entitled.
COST OF BUILDING AND OPERATING A PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT.
By Boilleau and Lyon, Eaaton, Pa,
From a superficial point of view, the
manufacture of Portland Cement would
seem to be one of the simplest of opera-
tions mechanically, as there are only
four main operations involved. First,
the quarrying of the rock; second, the
grinding and pulverizing of the same;
third, the roasting of the powdered rock;
fourth, the grinding and pulverizing ot
the resultant clinker, and of these four
operations, numbers two and four are
the same, and in most mills the same
types of grinding and pulverizing ma-
chinery are used, both for the raw rock
and the clinker grinding. Indeed, it
sometimes happens that the machinery
on the raw side is used to grind clinker
when there is an accumulation of it in
the field.
The analysis of Portland Cement is
well understood nowadays, as far as all
practical purposes are concerned. The
formulas used in the different cement
works do not vary much over 2 or 8 per
cent in the carbonate of lime used, and
there are no trade secrets, as far as that
end is concerned. It would therefore
seem that the cost of making cement
should be brought down to a pretty fine
point, and generally known .to the trade,
yet it is a subject of constant discus-
sion and no two estimates agree. To
begin with, there is necessarily a large
variation in the cost between the mills
located, for instance, in the Pennsylvania
district, where the dry process is exclu-
sively used, and the mills located in the
West, using marl and clay, where a
large quantity of water has to be evapo-
rated from the slurry. To evaporate
water, of course, means an increased
consumption of coal, and as we will show
later on that coal represents about 45
per cent of the cost of manufacturing a
barrel of cement, the cost of manufac-
turing in the wet process plants Is great-
er than in the dry iJrocess plants on ac-
count of the extra consumption of fuel.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
The following figures are taken from
actiial practice in mills located in the
Pennsylvania district, and are conse-
quently only true as referring to this
class of mills, working entirely under
dry process and having a rock that is
easy to crush and that contains in itself
in nearly correct proportions the essen-
tial elements for the manufacture oi
Portland Cement. Yet In this same ter-
ritory the cost of manufacture varies
for other causes. The majority of the
plants in this region have to buy lime-
stone. There are very fow quarries that
will give an average mix running as high
as 77 per cent of carbonate of lime in
the raw. rock. To give, therefore, the
actual cost of manufacture in this dis-
trict, we would have to make up two
sets of tables, one for mills with say
somewhat old-fashioned machinery and
kilns, and buying their limestone, and
another for mills with absolutely up-to-
date equipments and quarries containing
sufficient limestone.
■ Again our figures do not refer to a mill
that has just been started. It takes
some time to get the men in the plant
properly organized and accustomed to
their duUes, and it will take at least a
year to develop a good quarry.
'We have quarries in this region as
much as 200 feet deep where a single blast
will throw out a very large tonnage of
rock, without any stripping to speak of.
In a new quarry, the stripping is out of
all proportion to the amount of rock
available for the crushers, and the con-
sequent cost of quarrying would be much
greater than when the quarry will hare
a face of say fifty or sixty feet In hlght,
and, perhaps, 800 feet in width.
One more remark and we will give our
figures, and that is that we are contem-
plating a mill with an output of 2,000 bar-
rels per day, using the sixty-foot kilns
that are generally in use In the business.
Later on, we will have something to say
about the modern kilns of 100 to 110 feet
in length, that are being adopted for the
most recent construction
The bulk of the labor in a cement plant
is distributed in the quarry, the repair
gang and the yard gang.
In a quarry of which we had charge,
the amount of rock quarried, from Jan.
4 to Dec. 20 of one year, amounted to 56,-
own rock, was about 5 cents per barrel of
clinker. The power for running the drlUfl
and the coi>l, dynamite, oil, etc., are In-
cluded in ccal bills and supplies.
In the stock house, delivering directly
from the cars to the crushers we needed
only two men on each shift, one to at-
tend to the stone drier, and one to watch
the mouth of the big crusher. The bloa
were large enough to carry ns over Sun-
day.
In the raw and clinker mills, we had on
each shift, one raw miller, and one clinker
miller, one oiler and one assistant oiler,
one sweeper and one foreman.
In the fu^ mill, we had on each shift,
one engineer, one drier man, and one
feeder.
In the kiln room, we had one burner
for every two kilns, and one stock box
tender.
In the engine-room we had one head
engineer and one assistant on each shift
They looked after two 600-h. p. engines,
the compressor, pumps, electric light
plant, condensers, etc;
The boiler house was equipped with
four 250-h. p. boilers, and we ran It with
one fireman and one assistant on each
shift. We did not have mechanical stok-
ers, but the coal used (generally No. 2
buck), was delivered close to the boUers.
The plant from which these figures are
taken is a good little plant. Its fuel bill
was somewhat high on account of count-
er-shafting in the raw and clinker depart-
ments, and a wasteful engine in the fuel
mill, but It was well above the average
plant in this district, and for as many
as eight weeks at a time it averaged
from its six kilns over 1,300 bbls a day.
and could be safely counted on for 1,200
bbls a day on long runs. The equipment
was of the ball and tube type.
It is leasonable, therefore, to take the
figures of cost of labor in this mill and
u3e them for a mill of 2,000 bbls capacity,
as the larger bill should be run with a
greater economy of labor.
The yard gang consisted of 12 men and
a foreman; these unloaded coal, lime-
stone and other supplies and kept the
plant In order, helped at times on the
farm, in stripping, or. in fact, wherever
needed on emergencies.
The repair gang consisted as follows:
On the day shift, one head machinist, one
heloer. one blacksmith, one helper, one
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COST OF BUILDING AND OPERATING A CEMEXT PLANT. 383
The packing: house was without labor-
saving devlc^^, and the cost of running
It was at times as low as 8^ cts.. and at
thnes somewhat over t cts. per bbl.
Equipped with tunnels and belting to de-
liver directly to the packing me^hlne^
the cost of 4 cts. per bbl. should be high.
In the office force we Include a chemist,
two assistant chemists, stock clerks, a
mill superintendent, office clerk, shipping
clerks, stenographer, testing boy, handy
man and a teamster and four horses; all
cost us 2 cents a barrel.
We figured on an average of 106 lbs. of
gas slack coal per bbl. of clinker, and the
cost of coal in the kilns is estimated on
the basis that gas slack should not cost
over $2.60 a ton f. o. b. the mill. We used
under the boilers and in the dryers about
75 lbs. of coal per bbl. of manufactured
cement and we are allowing $3.00 a ton for
high-grade bituminous coal
The question of repair parts and mis-
cellaneous supplies is the burning ques-
tion in almost every plant. It is generally
conceded, for instance, that the Griffin
mill will run with less horse-power per
barrel of output than the ball and tube
mill, but many competent Judges con-
sider that the ball and tube mill is more
economical in Its repair parts.
As a general rule the wear and tear on
the raw side is small, as the raw rock
is as a rule easy to crush and pulverize,
unless it is high in silica. A given mill,
either of the Griffin type or the ball and
tube type, will turn out some two or three
times as mcch material on the raw side
as it will on the clinker side.
The cost of repair parts for the ball and
tube layout is much higher than for the
Griffin mill layout, but, in figuring up the
cost of repair parts one cannot take the
total cost of such parts, laying in stock i
house to be used whenever necessary, but
cnly the average wear and tear, covering
n long period of time.
The personal equation has an immense
amount to do with the cost of repair
parts and supplies. Unless a strict watch
is kept by the superintendent and the
clerk in chirge of the supplies, there will
be waste. We give a figure which is per-
haps low as compared with the average
practice, but which we know can be
maintained with care, using a first-class
layout.
Our figure for oil Is high. The miscel-
laneous supplies is reasonable, but care
must to til ken In the mill to see that the
shafts arc all truly lined up and the mills
properly set on their bearings, so that
thcio will be no unnecessary breaking of
geirs or straining of shafting, etc. A
little carelessness in this respect will very
easily double the cost of repair parts and
supplies.
The cost of erecting a cement plant is a
very uncertain quantity. It will depend
for instance on the location, on the close-
ness to railroad facilities, on the supply
of water on the property, on the nature
of the foundations, on the cost of build-
ing materials and labor at the time, on
the kind of buildings used. Normally
speaking, a mill that will do good work
without any fancy features, can be con-
structed for 160,000 a k!!n outside of land.
A first-class plant should be erected for
$00,000 a kiln, also exclusive of land. In
this district land has been bought recent-
ly on a basis of $200 an acre, and 100 acres
is considered ample to supply a big plant.
Some good-sized plants have only thirty to
sixty acres, but part of the property
consists of high bluffs and contains very
large deposits of rock. It is therefore
safe to say that $700,000 would cover all
possible expenses for construction, land,
promotion, etc.. for a plant of 2,000 bbls.
daily capacity. These figures are also
high, as plants of the same capacity
have been built for considerably less
money.
There Is a temptation when construc-
tion Is once begun to make improvements
not contemplated in the original esti-
mates. Where the output is so large
economies of even a cent a bbl. in the
cost of manufacturing would show a sav-
ing of $6,000 a year or the interest of
$100,000. It seems to us that it is possible
to overdo this part of the work, and that
in a cement mill where the wear and tear
is great, the strain on the engines con-
tinuous and the average labor not any
too highly skiD^i" the best policy Is to
use the simplest and heaviest types of
machinery.
Allowing the cost of $700,000, the Inter-
est chari^es oc the same at 6 per c^nt,
would amount to $42,000 a year, or 7
cents a bbl. per annual output of say 600,-
000 bbls.
The cost of administration of such a
plant Is also an uncertain quantity. Some
plants are run by a general manager, he
being practically the only highly salaried
officer in the concern. The offices are at
the plant itself, where the rent is. of
course, nominal, and the extra clerk hire
need not be large. The selling is done
directly to large Jobbers on a fixed com-
mission and the cost per bbl. for admin-
istraiion would therefore be a small one.
If the company does its own selling;
then, of course, it assumes a larger pay-
roll and has to employ more men, though
a small commission of say only 6 cents a
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
barrel to the Jobbers, would represent a
sum of $36,000 a year, or enough to pay
several good salesmen and also pther of-
ficers of the company.
To these legitimate items of cost, there
should be added in our Judgment, a sink-
ing fund and an allowance for deprecia-
tion, and wear and tear on the machinery.
The depreciation in some of the ma-
chinery in a cement plant Is small, and,
of course, the item of repair parts covers
this depreciation to a certain extent. The
buildings are not apt to deteriorate much
if properly constructed at the start. The
sum total of all these expenses should
figure out as follows:
—Labor-
Quarry $0.05
9tone house 00%
Mill building 01%
Kiln room : 01%
Engine and boiler-room 01%
Fuel mill 01
Yard gang 01%
Repair gang 02%
Miscellaneous 00%
$0.15
—Raw Materials-
Coal 22%
Gypsum 01%
.24%
-Supplies-
Repair parts 04
Lubricants 02
Fiscellaneous supplies 03
.09
Packing and shipping 04
Ofllce force 02
.06
Interest account on cost of
plant 07
Sinking fund 05
Depreciation and wear and
tear $5
Administration and selling
expenses 06%
.23%
$0.77%
The normal working year of a cement
mill is really not over 11 months. In
almost all plants there has to be a shut-
down of from two to four weeks to give
the machinery a thorough over-hauling.
During this period of shut-down, a
great many of the men can be laid off.
in January or February, when out-door
work in the quarry is most expensive
and the loss on that account is perhaps
more apparent than real. Most of the
men, too, after hard work of many
months, are glad to have a period ot
rest. Still allowances must be made for
this in counting up the cost of manu-
facture.
The chapter of accidents is an open
one. There is always a certain percen-
tage in a mill. At the same time, with
casualty insurance, the cost of which is
counted up in the administration ex-
penses, the actual loss to the mill need
not be very much.
It is safe to say that when cement is
selling at the mill at 80 jents. or even
less, the margin of profit is practically
nil.
• By leaving out the depreciation and
sinking fund accounts, a smiall margin
can be shown, but at the same time if
the amount of money tied up in working
capital, and the chances of bad debts are
considered, there is no profit at all.
If the mill has to buy llmestoBe, the
extra cost will range anywhere from
5 to 14 cts. a bbl., depending on the
quality ot the rock in its own quarry,
and its percentage in carbonate of lime.
At present prices, therefore, in this dis-
trict. It is safe to say that the majority
of mills are, if not losing money, at
least not making any for their stockhold-
ers.
In going over the figures given above,
it will be noted that certain charges are
practically fixed charges, and cannot be
diminished to any extent. Other charges
are suscepUble of being considerably re-
duced. For Instance, in a plant of 4.000
or 5,000 barrels of capacity, the admin-
istration charges could be almost cut in
two. At 6% cts. a bbl. given above, the
tax on a 2.000-barrel plant would mean
$130.00 a day; the same tax on a 6,000-
barrel plant would mean $330.00 a day.
though the cost of running the larger
plant would not increase in anything like
the same ratlD. In fact a charge of 3%
cts. a bbl. for administration in a larger
*vionf oVt/^nii hA Amnlv suificient. A re-
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METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRICAL SURVEY AT ROCHESTER. 395
bbla. a day on short runs, and the 100-
foot kilns have run as high as 475'bbls.
a day. One 100-foot kiln will, therefore,
safely do the duty of two 60-foot kilns.
There Is, therefore, an economy In first
cost of installation, as the 100-foot kiln
can be bought for >6,000 and the «0-foot
kiln costs $3,000; smaller buildings are
required and less men to tend the kilns;
also fewer conveyors, motors, engines,
etc.
Tl^e question of economy of coal In the
larger kiln has not yet been fully worked
out. There is, however, admittedly an
economy. It was claimed for the 150-foot
kilns of the Edison Cement Company
that they would use at times not over
70 lbs. of coal to the bbL of clinker pro-
duced. Conservatively speaking, an
economy of Z^ cents can easily be figured
oli from the use of the longer kilns.
Again, the engines \jx t^e plant which
we have used for purposes of illustration
were not of the most economical type,
and there was considerable counter-
shafting. Taking these various econo-
mies together, a plant built today on
ground that has been thoroughly drilled
and tested and proved not to require for-
eign limestone, and with good water and
railroad facilities, would have a,n advan-
tage of 6 to 8 cts. a bbl. over the best of
its present competitors, and nearly twic*
as much over mills having to buy lim^
stone. Such a plant would be able to do
business at a reasonable profit wUere
many of the existing plants would either
be doing business at a loss or at a very
small margin of profit; and such a plant
would represent the same position toward
the cement industry that the great Car-
negie furnaces at HomeiMead, for in-
stance, would represent toward the small
plants in country districts; and such a
plant would prove a profitable investment
where a plant put up without regard to
these conditions would simply be able to
do a good business in fiush years and
have to shut down in hard times. The
cement business seems to present many
features In common with the iron and
steel bubiness.
. There la, however, quite a field open
yet for small giants where suitable raw
materials can be found near large con-
suming' markets, and where the ad-
vantage in freights to such markets and
a smaller cost of coal would more than
counterbalance the larger expense of run-
ning a small plant.
METHOD OF MAKING ELECTRICAL SURVEY OF ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The last report of the Department of
Public Works of Rochester, N. Y., con-
tains some interesting reports regarding
electrical conditions In that city and the
surveys for determining them.
The mileage of lines operated from the
Rochester power station is 56.5, with 97
miles of track. The station is near the
center of the system and its average out-
imt is about 4000 amperes at 525 volts
pressure, the variations being between
8,000 and 6,000 amperes
Mr. Albert R. Herrlck has recently
ihade a special survey and report and
some recommendations of methods of
relieving the bad conditions found in a
ftew places, which do not agree In princi-
ple with those recommended in St. Louis.
Some account of them will therefore be
of interest. The accompanying rough
sketches are from Mr. Herrick's report.
Using the same plates, and the following
extracts and abstracts are alrro from Mr.
Herrick's report:
"Electrolysis of subterranean metallic
structures is primarily an accelet^ated
erosion caused by certain coridltions be-
ing present when a current escape from
a metallic surface. The current finds its
way to the piping system, for It presents
a path of conduction back to the power
station, and the amount of current con-
ducted by the water pipe will be in the
ratio that the earth resistance plus the
pipe resistance bears to the rail-return
resistance at portions of the system ad-
jacent to the power station (when the
trolley wire is positive potential.) This
current has to leave the pipes and return
to the negative bus, for exactly the same
volume of current must return to the
power station as is sent out from it. If
this current depart with suflElclent elec-
trical pressure between the pipe and ad-
jacent moisture In the soil, it will change
the constituents of the soluble matter
held in the water, which will In turn, on
account of their new form, more actively
attack the pipe adjacent to the point
where the solutions were decoihposed. It
is necessary to have the following ele-
ments in combination in order that the
effect may be produced called electroly-
sis. A metallic surface surrounded by
impure water and a' current leaving the
surface, having at the point of depart-
ture sufl9cient potential to decompose the
soluble chemical constituents or organic
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
matters held In solution in this moisture.
The current leaving the pipe will cause
the pipe to be positive celative to the sur-
rounding electrolyte; this will cause an
add reaction due to the decomposition
at this point
"It is not correct to assume that all
corrosion is electrolysis, for the compo-
sition of the pipe may be such that a
local action will be set up within tht*
structure of the metal itself. This is
found to be the case with steel, where
It has been rolled with particles of un-
combined carbon' incorporated with the
metal. When the moisture of the soil
rests against such a composite structure
of carbon and the surrounding metal, the
effect of this is to derftroy or lilsinteRrai*-
the metal and leaves a carbonaceous pnb-
stance of graphitic appearance which
causes a pit of greater or less dimensions
to be gradually formed on the iron sur-
face. This is the case in the pitting of
the steel pipe from Hemlock Liafco. The
test to prove whether steel for pipe con-
struction has this peculiar composition
is to submerge it in rain water, when the
pittings will soon appear, if there is
local action within the plate itself.
''Another cause where local electrolysis
may occur is where lead pipe and iron
pipe are connected and buried in the same
soil, the soil forming the electrolyte when
charged with moisture, the lead and iron
forming two battery plates.
"Passing the consideration of those
cases of electrolysis which are produced
by foreign currents flowing from the
structures, there are certain conditions
that have to be understood in order to
ascertain whether the structure is being
deteriorated by the current; and the
metal which forms the surface also de-
termines the damage that can be done by
the current under different conditions.
With a given current density and poten-
tial, cast iron is affected the least,
wrought Iron the next, mild steel the
next, high carbon steel tht» next, and
lead the next. Lead, when affected by
electrolysis, shows different peculiarities
from those exhibited by tb^ iron group.
The carbonate of lead is formed when
carbonic acid is t. ought adjacent to the
back or insulate the pipe on whose sur-
face they are formed electrolytically."
A secUon of track thirty feet long was
arranged for testing purposes as shown
in Fig. 1. This gives a cross section for
all the forms of track described in the
following table, thus showing the relative
value these forms of track construction
in preventing the passage of currents of
electricity from track to pipe or their re-
turn. The results of the tests are as
follows:
RESISTANCE TESTS OF TRACK
FOUNDATIONS.
Per 1.000 feet, single track.
Dry test—
1. Rail on ties with earth tamped
to the foot of the raU 0.58S
2. Rail on ties concreted to foot of
rail 0.612
3. Rail on ties covered with earth
to the baU of the rail 0.»1
Wet test—
1. Rail on ties concreted to foot of
rail 0.M
3. Rail on ties covered with earth to
the ball of the rail 0.168
In the dry test the earth was dry, in
the wet test it had rained for a day and
the ground and concrete were thoroughly
wet.
"Concrete has two other valuable prop-
erties when surrounding the rail. With
the soil over the rail, the fall of potential
in the path of conduction from the rail
to the surface of the pipe is gradual, ex-
cept at the surface of the pipe, where it
rises suddenly: the potential at this point
is the critical potential, and on this
potential depends whether the current
will produce a decomposing action on the
surrounding electrolyte or not. The cur-
rent, in passing from the water pipe to
the rail, will pass through mediums of
various resistance, but through the
medium of highest resistance will be the
greatest fall of potential; consequently
if we surround the rail with concrete,
which is of higher resistance than the
earth surrounding the rail, we will find
that our distribution of potential in that
circuit has changed, a large portion of it
being lost In passing from the earth to
the rail through the concrete, leaving on-
ly a small portion of it to be lost between
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
the metallic substance of the pipe itself.
lAjiother effect that a concrete pavement
or a water-proof' pavement has, is to re-
duce the circulation of electrolyte sur-
roundinsr the pipe surface. When we
have passed the current from the sur-
face into an electrolyte, we shortly de-
compose out of this water all the active
asrents; and if this electrolyte is not re-
placed but remains stagnant against the
surface of the pipes, no further action
occur^; the chemical activity being
changed into heat, the energy disappears
in this way, until the voltage rises to
1.47 when the oxygen and hydrogen in the
water are then separated. The oxygen
will then be in a nascent state, and be-
comes an active oxidizing agent; but with
the enormous areas of pipe and rail pre-
sented, it is hardly possible for this
condition to be reached, and it is only
reached in the case of extremely concen-
trated action, such as service pipes un-
derneath the rails and adjacent to them
which make low-resistance leakage
points, and if the" potential is large be-
tween the pipe and rails at these points,
an aggravated condition may arise where
the chemical constituents of the water
may be broken up.
'The physical relation of the water
main and the track system has great
bearing on whether damage will ensue
from the current passing back to the
power station over the piping system or
not. It will be readily understood, in a
system of rails, when passing toward the
power station, that the volume of cur-
rent received from the equipments will
gradually Increase.
"It can be further understood that if
the underlying piping system tapers in
its capacity and sizes, the same way that
the current volume on the rail tapers, or
in other words, the power station and
pumping station are located near each
other, the current which finds its way
back cu the pipe will have enormous
areas to be dissipated from, and will
maintain the current flowing from a
given unit of surface, at a potential be-
low that at which damage can ensue;
but where the reverse disposition of the
two systems holds, small areas are forced
to disperse too large a volume of cur-
rent for their safety."
Fig. 3 shows the method used in test-
ing the difference in potential between
report, which shows,' by means of sets
of contour lines, the area of equal dif-
ference between negative bus at power
station and rails by one set and water
pipes by another set
Tests were made for amoiXnt of flow
of current in the water pipes. When the
pipe could be reax:hed the method shown
in Fig. 4 was used. Any convenient
length of pipe was used to measure the
fall of- potential, the contacts being well
amalgamated and bridged as shown.
"The current flow in the water pipe can
also be discovered by the same method
by extending the leads between adjacent
plugs on the same line of pipe and carry-
ing out the same tests to discover the
flow on the water pipe, but in this case
there may be a poor electric connection
between the water plug and the main.
This connection should be tested by put-
ting a heavy wire "A" between the rail
and the plug, having an ampere meter
in series with this wire, and if a volt
meter "B" be connected to any other
water service near this plug, and the rail
and a volt meter were connected between
the plug and the rail, as shown' in Fig. 6^
then the resistance of the connection be-
tween the plug and the main can be
determined. Fig. 6 also shows another
method of determining this point relatfre-
ly, if the large wire "C" Is connected be-
tween plugs and the current taken from
the rail to the plug and an ampere meter
is placed in the wire from the rail to the
plug and also an ampere meter "D" in .
heavy wire between the plugs, the current
when the wire is placed on the heavy
rail will divide proportionately to the two
paths offered it. &nd knowing the resist-
ance of the wire between plugs will give
us the relative conductivity of these tw^^
paths. Where there is any question as to
resistance both plugs should be tested as
to their electrical connection to the
main.
"The method of determining the poten-
tial distribution between the track and
pipe is shown in Fig. 6. In order that the
true potential may be shown, no current
can flow through the high resistance me-
dium under test and a method of test
must be used where no current flows nor
any disturbance of the electrical condi-
tion should be produced by the Instru-
ments employed. What is known as the
Poggendorft method must be used.
^«.-^..<*K
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ferent points where the potential test Is
required. A standard battery is used, and
across It is placed a variable rheostat of
1,000 ohms, but the direction of flow of
this battery is opposed *o the normal
flow of current through thw earth. A gal-
vanometer is placed between the insu-
lated metallic rod leading to the test
mains and the variable contact on the
rheostat The contact is shifted until
zero is read on the mlvanometer, then
the potential between the test plate and
the water pipe is to the potential of the
standard battery as the resistance of "C"
is to 1,000 ohms, and this is the only
on one street and one not yet improved
on a parallel or adjacent street give rise
to this condition. Better bonding of rails
is recommended to improve this condi-
tion.
A point or two where large return cur-
rents pass over small pipes should, ac-
cording to Mr. Herrick, be relieved by a
cable r.un from the negative bus and con-
nected with all the pipes at the points
where the electrolytic action begins, ac-
cording to the "drainage" system.
Better connections are recommendea
across several bridges.
"A number of protective measures have
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ROCHESTER ELECTROLYSIS SURVEY.
means by which the potential can be
correctly determined, for in placing a
plate in the earth adjacent to the water
pipe and measuring difference of poten-
tial, the resistance of the volt meter dis-
been suggested and tried, but the on^
that has met with greatest success in
practice is what is known as the "drain-
age system." which takes the current
from the pipe at the proper point by
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEEBING.
which would naturally pass through It
if it was left to seek Its way through the
ground back to the power station; and
the other objection is, that a large cur-
rent flowing along the pipe system may
meet a poor electrical joint in the pipe
Itselt and at this point be deflected
around the joint, and the portion of the
pipe from which the current flows may
be thus injured.' This is purely a theo-
retical objection, and does not occur in
practice nor have any illustrations of It
been shown, for the reason that a con-
stricted area of pipe presents such a high
resistance, and the pipe system not b«ing
a single main but a quadrilateral system
of conductors, of itself presents a numl)er
of metallic paths around the pipe In
which section there is a bad joint.
"The practical outcome of such a sys-
tem of protection when applied as in
Rochester, is that it does protect all the
mains, and In only a few cases have the
services been affected, and in the cases
where this has occurred it has been
caused by the current being drained from
a pipe which is too small to carry the
volume of current flowing, and conse-
quently will allow considerable difference
in potential to exist between the rail and
the pipe adjacent to the power station,
and for this reason I have advised the
changing of the ground connection to tap
larger pipes on State -st. and St. Paul-st.
A number of othei methods have been
suggested, such as insulating joints in the
pipe: earth plate to drain the current
from the pipe, and insulating the pine,
all of which are not direct methods.
There are some cases arising where serv-
ices are brought very close to the rail-
road tracks, and it is advisable under
these conditions to box these services,
filling them with asphalt, or slipping rub-
ber hose over them, or taping them tor at
least four feet beyond the tracks under
which they lie, in order tO insure their
life at such point of the system where
the current is focused on thtoe pipes in
its escape to the rail; but I find these
conditions not existing in Rochester, ex-
cept along St. Paul-st, which will bo
taken cor^ of by the feeder proposed;
and along Lyell-ave., which will be r-ime-
died by connecting across tlio canal the
rails abutting at the canal, ftnd iKMsibly
along Dewey-ave., which is caused by
the shuttling of the current toward
Dewey-ave. which would be remedied by
rebonding Lake-ave."
Mr. B. A. Fisher, City Engineer, in
commenting on Mr. Herrick's report gives
the following description of proper track
construction:
"The best kind of track, both mechanic-
ally and jelectrically, is, first, a rail of
not less than IHO lbs. to the yard electric-
ally welded; second, a concrete founda-
tion of twelve inches in depth under the
rail, said concrete foundation six inches
in thickness extending under the pave-
ment to the curbs; third, a farm tile*
drain laid at least thirty inches below the
top of the rail between the trapks; fourth,
in the portion of the track near the
power station, where large amounts of
current are to be carried, supplemental
wires of the proper capacity connected
to the rails and extending to the nega-
tive end of the djrnamo; fifth, cross-
bonding of the rails and tracks; sixth,
frequent connection between tracks in
adjacent streets.
"The method of construction here de-
scribea is that generally followed by the
railway company in its track construc-
tion, and by the city in constructing ne^r
pavements for the railway company,
since the year 1897."
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ROCHESTER ELECTROLYSIS SURVEY.
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EDITORIAL
COMMENT
University Education for
Business Life.
How to Hake Qood Roads.
Concrete In Baltimore Fire.
Votes at Municipal Elections.
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
BUSINESS LIFE.
FOR
The Wharton School of Finance and
Commerce of the University of Pennsyl-
vania was organized In 1881 to adapt high-
er education to the needs of business and
public life. ' It Is Intended to give the
development and technical trfJning In
these lines which the en^eer gets In the
technical -school. Finance, transporta-
tion, commerce. Insurance, business or-
ganisation, sociology, public service, prep-
aratory training for the law and for
teaching are prominent divisions of its
work. The position of the college man in
business is becoming each year more se-
cure. It has been measurably so for
some time in technical oocupations. The
sujoined list of questions will show what
the managers of the great industrial cor-
porations are looking for in the young col-
lege graduate. The business man is
looking for the same qualities and when
he finds them in the man who has had a
college training, this man has the prefer-
ence at the start and can develop his fu-
ture the most rapidly.
The following list of questions is asked
by the chief engineer of one branch of a
great construction company and is di-
rected to young graduates in electrical
engineering, but the principle is the same
no matter what branch of business, trade
or profeii*ilon is looking for recruits:
"Enclosed please find a sheet giving
outline of informaUon desired from col-
lege graduates. Statements generally
may be brief, but some of the subjects
should be treated sufficiently at length to
give us, as far as possible, what we
it, let no mock modesty, on the one hand,
nor egotistical vanity on the other hand,
enter Into what should be a plain, manly
statement of your candid opinions, as to
numbers 7 and 8."
The questions which a.ccomi»anied this
letter made up a remarkably searching
examination. They are below:
1. Date.
2. Name and address, present and
home.
3. College from which graduated and
when.
4. Married or expecting to be soon.
5. Age, weight, hlght, complexion, na-
tionality.
6. Health, past and present
7. H'-bits, tastes, ideals, amoitions.
8. Disposition and temper.
9. Practical experience in engineering
work.
10. Practical experience with machinery,
tools or implements.
IL Experience in any kind of manual
work. Have you a trade, what?
12. Experience in supervision, or "boss-
ing."
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Why took college course?
Why took engineering course?
Why took electrical engineering?
Father's occupation.
Have you ever worked for wages?
Doing what?
18. What have - ou contributed toward
the expense of your education?
19. Do you want work or opportunity;
1. e., have you debts or obligations to
meet which you must sacrifice the future
for the present, or are you in position to
begin at the bottom and receive promo-
tion as you gain experience and find your
work?
20. If convenient, inclose unmounted
photograph and write essay equivalent to
one typewritten page, on one of the fol-
lowing:
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EDITORIAL COMMENT.
405
young men of the right sort Its atti-
tude may be taken as tsrpical of that of
large concerns toward school-trained be-
ginners evenrwhere, since a graduate In
engineering is not an engineer. His
training is very largely theoretical and a
very large part of its value must lie in
the discipline of mind proceeding from
it.
»
HOW TO MAKE GOOD ROADS.
The office of Public Road Inquiries of
the United States Department of Agricul-
ture at Washington, D. C, has been cir-
culating a letter asking each person who
has been responsible for the construction
•Of good roads to send to the assistant di-
rector, M. O. Eldridge. bull information,
separate and distinct regarding each of
the best specimens of typical kinds of
road built by him.
The information asked for Includes lo-
cation and name of road; character of
construction; source of material and dis-
tance hauled; kind, width and depth of
material; kind and weight of roller;
length of finished road; cost of finished
road per mile, exclusive of bridges.
A carefully collected and collated mass
-of data on this subject would be of much
value as an indication of the kind of
work which is being done and the varia-
tions in cost. It is evidently the desire
of the writer of the letter to reduce the
amount of information directly asked for
to a minimum and it may be found that
the data thus collected will not have their
full value, because even the skeleton of
Information asked for will not be filled
out. The desire of road supervisors to
make a good showing will reduce the
chances of accuracy in reports. Many
persons whose road-building days are
over may be expected to report from
memory with equally unsatisfactory re-
sults. Mr. Bldridge is Ukely to have a
very difficult problem In separating the
wheat from the chaft, and it is tc be
lioped tor the good of the cause that he
will not fail to reject Information open
to reasonable doubt as to its accuracy.
A little experience in gathering road
data from men directly* engaged In the
technical side of it, when a little effort
was necessary to get accurate data,
showed the tendencies of th0 ordinary
county official to guess at what would
cause him a little trouble to ascertain ex
actly, and when to this tendency is added
those of active and retired "practical"
road builders, mentioned above, the re-
sults to be obtained are not very promis-
ing.
Much pruning and much personal oor*
respondence will, however, result In con-
siderable valuable material which will
enable comparisons of materials, meth-
ods, costs and results In various sections
to be made. The making of these com-
parisons should result in some good plans
for improvement fitted to the local con-
ditions in each section, and would re*
duce the loss of effort now so frequently
experienced on account of failure to fit
the remedies to the existing conditions.
This magazine has often called atten-
tion to the real economy of large amounts
of comparatively cheap road in a grow-
ing section, as compared with short
lengths of high-priced first-class road,
reaching a very small district. The re-
liable data which can be sifted out of the
mass oft replies in the letter referred to
will help to show how to make reasonably
good roads within the prices which road
districts are able to pay in each section
of the country with due regard to the
variations in local conditions and ma-
terials.
«
CONCRETE IN BALTIMORE FIRE.
Reports from various architects and
engineers regarding the behavior of con-
crete in the Baltimore fire have been
made since the last number of this mag-
azine was i&sued. They all testify to
the value of the material for resist-
ing fire, with greater or lelss detail.
The general average of opinions seems
to be that there were not enough build-
ings made of reinforced concrete in whole
or in part and the concrete was not sub-
jected to sufficient heat to determine its
full value. Every building in which It
was used passed through the fire and
can readily be returned to its original
condition, and floor beams entirely cov-
ered with concrete were successfully pro-
tected from destruction.
Capt. J. S. Sewell, in hit report, gives
the most details regarding the action of
concrete under fire. He found some
spallin of concrete on square cor-
ners and some calcining of stone in con-
crete on the surface to a depth of about
three-fourths inch. Stone conciote spalls
from expansion of air in cavities in tlip
stone. Gravel concrete does not have th(>
cavities and is therefore better for re-
sisting fire. Broken bricks, broken slag,
ashes and clinkers make good concrete.
Cinders are unsafe if they contain any
unburned coal, though one fioor was ob-
served in which some coal had burned
out and the fioor was still safe. Loco-
motive cinders are condemned for con-
crete. If made of the best materials un-
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406
mJNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
der rigid inspection cinders make th**
best floor concrete, beinff both light ana
fire- resisting.
Siiqilar results are indicated by some
experiments made recently at Louisville
Temperatures were not accurately de-
termined, but the heat was great enough
to calcine the limestone used in 8om»
cubes and to disintegrate the cubes either
in the furnace or on putting them in wa-
ter, through the disintegration of thp
stone, the cement apparently retaining at
least part of its strength. A cube r>f
natural cement and cinder concrete wa*
not injured by either Are or water so
far as appearance would indicate. Ihcso
experiments will be carried farther-
The ability of cinder concrete floor
arches to stand 1,700 degrees heat for
some time and then a stream of water
was demonstrated in a New York ex-
periment. Several other experiments in-
dicate that both Portland and natural
cement will lose strength on being sub-
jected to heat without reference to the
stone with which they are combined, but
the laws of deterioratloi* have not yot
been determined.
One good result of the excellent be-
havior of concrete in the Baltimore Are
will be the inducing of experimentation
that we may know what materials must
be used to obtain the best flre-reslsting
concrete.
.•
VOTES AT M'UNICIPAL ELECTIONS.
The last annual number of the "Month-
ly Bulletin of the Statistics Department"
of the city of Boston contains some in-
teresting figures regarding the number
of voters at municipal elections. Of the
110,643 registered male voters in the city
of Boston, 72.47 per cent deposited ballots
of some sort at the election of Dec. 15,
1B08. Of 18,515 women voters, 73.75 per
cent deposited their ballots. These votes
were cast for Mayor, Street Commission-
er, Aldermen, for thirteen of which each
man could vote; Councilmen, three in
number; School Committee, for eight of
which each man and woman could vote,
and a special vote on licensing the sale
of liquor. The Mayor received the most
attention, 69.91 per cent of the voters
casting ballots for the candidates for this
office, only 2^ per cent less than the total
number of men voting. Many voters did
not mark all of the long list of Alder-
thos'e registered voted on the license ques-
tion.
The vote in each ward is given, and the
percentages vary from 42.16 for an Al-
derman in the Eighteenth to 76.06 for
Mayor in the Bighth Ward.
The diligence of voters in registering Is
indicated in a table showing the per-
centage of assessed polls which are regis-
tered for voting. For the whole city
this was 59.95 per cent for 1903. Multiply-
ing this percentage by that of those vot-
ing t9 those registered, 72.47. the per-
centage of men actually voting to as-
sessed polls is 48.5. indicating that much
less than half th^ possible voters exer-
cised their right oi franchise at this mu-
nicipal election. The percentage in the
various wards of registered voters to as-
sessed polls varied from 29.23 in the SixtL
to 79.02 in the Third. The percentage in
the various wards of voting men to reg-
istered voters (men) varied from 6109
in the Tenth to 78.67 in the Eighth.
The results for five years are compared,
showing variations for the whole city in
per cent of assessed polls registered from
59.95 in 1903 to 63.57 in 1902. and In ner
cent of registered male voters voting
from 59.37 in 1902 to 81.11 in 1899.
There are. of course, many causes as-
signed for the difference between voting
power and actual votes cast and a goodly
percentage can be accounted for by rea-
sons which are legitimate and do not in-
dicate any serious condition of the body
politic. A knowledge of the conditions
in the various wards of the city might
enable one to form a good idea of the slie
of this allowable percentage, but after
illness, absence from home, imperative
business and the like are accounted for,
there is a large percentage of Indiffer-
ence remaining. How much* of this In-
difference results from our methods of
making nominations and the feeling of
inability to control them, and from the
inability to make a satisfactory choice
-between two evils can scarcely be esti-
mated. That it is considerable cannot be
denied.
Five years Is not a long period from
which to Judge, but so far as it can be
taken as an indication, there is co in-
crease in the indifference to the question
of voting. The variations in percentages
from year to year seem to be without any
law, so far at least as this particular
question Is concerned. The license ques-
tion is voted on each year, and, while it
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THE QUBOTION DEPARTMENT.
407
variations from year to year. These are
favorable Indications that the averagb
voter considers that his vote has a mate-
rial effect upon the result. .
Municipal campaigns are conducted too
generally by the same orgranlsatlons as
the national organisations. It is natni^l
that this should be so, since the great
party organisations must be kept up and
they are in working order for local as
well as general elections. Organization
is necessary, and good men can be found,
for municipal service in all the parties.
The only change that it seems possible to
expect under the conditions is to drop
more out of sight the questions of na-
tional finance and policy and to substi-
tute for them in the municipal elections
the prominent local questions. This is
done successfully in an increasingly Isirge
number of cities. When It is done, there
is an increase of interest in local elec-
tions and votes on local quedtlons.
One peculiar reason for a lack of in-
terest of the individuar voter in a mu-
nicipal election is his impression that a
national election is far more importont
than one which decides how his city shall
be managed for the ensuing term. A man
who will make all sorts of sacrtflces to
cast his vote for President will not take
the trouble to go a few blocks out of
his way to vote on the question of who
shall expend his money for municipal im-
provements, even though he may have
hundreds of dollars of taxes and assess-
ments at stake. When too late for some
special case he finds out his mistake. The
lesson is being learned sk)wly. and the
interest of voters in municipal elections
is gradually increasing.
THE QUESTION
DEPARTMENT
BRICK PAVING IN NEW ENGLAND.
What can you tell us of the use of
shale brick for paving in New England?
T. H. G., Boston, Mass.
Until very recently there has been no.
brick suitable for street paving which
was manufactured within shipping dis-
tance 8«ch that this material could com-
pete in price with other paving materials.
A few cities, such as Springfield and
Worcester, laid brick pavements to some
extent, notwithstanding the price.
Some brick plants have been started in
New York and in New England within
the past few years with the intention of
supplying paving brick for the East-
tern markets, but they have not
yet met with the fullest success,
some of the plants not being able
to supply the proper quality of
PAVEMENT GUARANTIES.
I would like references to court de-
cisions affecting the five-year mainte-
nance clause of contractors' bonds.
F, , Ind,
It happens that most of the decisions
of courts on this question, which have
been published in Municipal Bnghieering,
have been against the validity of pave-
ment guaranties which In any va\ t
the charge for maintenance of the pave-
ment for the guaranty period upon those
who were assessed for the construction
of the pavement. These decisions are
most of them given in states where the
statutes definitely place the maintenance
of pavements in the hands of the city of-
ficials and at the city's expense.
The principles upon which pavement
guaranties may be Justified are consld-
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408
MUNICIPAL £NGIN££BINQ.
regardinsr a decision by the California
Supreme Court, made about the same
time, to the effect that a city ordinance
requiring a eruaranty of pavements from
injury by ordinary use is unauthorized by
the statute and is therefore Invalid. .
In vol. xvl, p. 48, is a report that the
Kentucky Court of Appeals ordered the
assessment of the cost of a pavement upon
the property-owners benefited, but re-
fused permission to assess the 10 per cent
of the cost which was retained to' gruar-
antee that the pavement would be kept
in good condition for five years, this por-
tion not being legally assessed and the
assessment not being enforceable against
property-holders. This decision was ren-
dered early in 1899.
Guaranties were required on St Louis
pavements in 1896, vol. xiv, p. 866, but
were declared by the Supreme Court dur-
ing the same year to be invalid.
In vol. xxit p. 260, will be found a re-
port of a decision by Judge Walling, on
Brie, Pa., in a suit of Brie City vs. Prop-
erty-owners on B. Th!rd-st., rendered
March 4, 1902, granting a non-suit on the
ground that the property-owners' Mablli-
ty ceases when the paving is paid for, the
city being required to make repairs, the
question in the case not being one of
guaranty of good workmanship or of
good material, but one of keeping a pave-
ment in repair for ten years. In vol.
xxiv, p. 39, it is stated that the Superior
Court in Philadelphia reversed the de-
cision of Judge Archibald^ of a lowei-
court in the case of WiUlamsport vs.
Nelson A. Hughes, who had decided that
the property-owners need not pay ror a
seven years' guaranty and repairs.
Judge Porter of the Superior Court h^d
that this case was not like that of Scran-
ton vs. B. B. Sturges, 202 Pa, Ct., 182, in
which the Supreme Court declared an as-
sessment illegal so far as the portion
chargeable to repairs was concerned.
In vol. xiv, p. 887, It Is reported that the
retention of a $5,000 guaranty fund was
upheld by Chancellor McConnell on May
6, 1898, in the case of the Ft. Payne As-
phalt Paving Company vs. the City of
Chattanooga, Tenn.
The Indiana Supreme Court upheld the
sisippi, which have asphalt pavements,
and which have ho arrangement for
maintenance; in other words, which do
their own repairing.
D., Lima, O.
The following ciUes in the States
named, having over 80.000 population are
reported as having asphalt pavements:
St. Louis Mo.; New Orleans. La.; Kansas
City. Mo.; St. Joseph, Mo.; Minneapolis,
Minn.; St. Paul, Minn.; Omaha, Neb.;
Nashville, Tenn.; Des Moines, la.; Kan-
sas City, Kan.; Houston, Tex.; Dallas.
Tex.; Lincoln, Neb.; Topeka, Kan.; Sioux
City, la., and Chattanooga, Tenn., Nash-
ville and Chattanooga do some of their
pavement construction and repair under
direct charge of their officials.
Can our subscribers add to the above
list those cities of smaller size in the
States named, which have asphalt pave-
ments, and designate which, If any, have
municipal repair or construction plants?
NAMES OP CONTRACTORS AND OP
MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS.
Have you a catalogue of contractors
doing business in Indiana and Illinois?
We also wish to find lists '^f names of
public ofilclals in the various cities and
counties of Indiana.
INDIAN ASPHALT COMPANY,
Chicago. HI.
The third edition of the •'Directory of
American Cement Industries" (15), which
has just been issued, contains lists of
contractors using cement, and probably
covers the ground desired. The latest
lists of public officials in Indiana are
contained in the last almanac Issued by
the Indianapolis Sentinel. Many munici-
pal officials in the smaller cities are
changed by the elections which occurred
In May.
e
TRADE PUBLICATIONS IN STONE.
LUMBER AND BUILDING
MATERIALS.
Where can I get a list of publications
reaching quarrjrmen, lumber dealers and
dealers In building material?
K. D., Mich.
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT,
409
NAMES OF LABQB CONTRACTORa
Can you give me the names of two or
three large construction companies that
make a specialty of building electric
lines, water works plants, eiectric and
heating plants and similar propositions?
I desire the names of large companies
who can handle large contracts, who are
strong financially and can do some fi-
nancing if found necessary In order to
secure a contract.
J. S. M., Salt Lake City, Utah.
The following may be mentioned as
among the reliable firms engaged in the
construction of one or more of the
classes of work mentioned:
Linch and Sproehnle, 916 Penn Bldg.,
Philadelphia. Pa.
Water Works Construction Co., 881
Pourth-ave., Pittsburg, Pa.
Townsend, Reed and Co.. State Life
Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind.
Other firms which can put our corre-
spondent in touch with those who can do
the work desired are the
Osbom Engineering Co., Osbom Bldg.,
Cleveland, O.
Municipal Engineering Co., 41 Wall-st.
New York aty.
PAPER TRADE JOURNALS.*
We would like the names of periodicals
making a specialty ot paper manufac-
tures. We have started manufacturing
roofing felU and find a difficulty in get-
ting the proper papers.
B. W. MANSELL.
Sydney, N. S. W.
The following are names of paper trade
journals in America which would prob-
ably be of Interest in the line mentioned:
"Pulp and Paper Magasine," Toronto,
Ont.; "Paper Trade," Chicago, Dl.; "Pa-
per Mill Wood Pulp News." 21 Park Row,
New York City; "Paper Trade Journal,"
160 Nassau-st.. New York City; "United
States Paper Maker," New York City.
CITIES HAVING SEPTIC TANKS FOR
SEWAGE TREATMENT.
We would like the names of cities hav-
ing septic tanks Installed In connection
with their systems of sewage.
C. H. TOPP,
City Engineer, Victoria, B. C.
Descriptions of septic tanks at the fol-
p. 288; Madison, Wis., vol. xxi, p. 808;
Brentwood. N. H., vol. xvlil, p. 80; Paw-
tucket. R. I., vol. XX. p. 163;
Soldiers Home. Santa Monica,
Cal., vol. xxvl. p. 1; Bedford,
Ind., vol. xxvi, p. 100; West Allls, Wis.,
vol. xxvi, p. Ill; Eastern Insane Ho0-
pital. Richmond. Ind., vol. xxvi, p. 178.
There are septic tanks in operation also
at Plalnfield, N. J.; Stamford. N. Y.;
County Farm. Milwaukee. Wis.; Indiana
Industrial School. Plalnfield, Ind.; Lake
Forest. 111.; Holland, Mich.; Danville.
Ky. Sycamore, 111.; Princeton, 111.; Wau-
watosa. Wis.; Worcester, Mass.; ColUng-
wood, N. J. and in many other places.
It will be noted that all of these plants
are small, either because the amount
of sewage is small or because, in the
cases of the larger cities mentioned, the
plants are experimental in their char-
acter.
This list will be added to as informa-
tion regarding other plants is received.
BOOKS ON SEWERAGE.
I am looking for good books on sanitary
engineering and sewerage; what ones
would you recommend? What discount
do you give on books? M. P. H.,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
. A list of good books on sewerage and
sanitary engineering will be found in the
advertising pages almost every month.
In the May number it appeared on page
72. To this list might well be added
Moore's "Sanitary Engineering" ($10 net),
which is a recent English book of great
merit. These books will be sent by the
business department of this magazine un
receipt of the list prices and upon the
terms given. These books are handled
only for the convenience of our readers
and the margins are not sufficient to
warrant discounts.
PREVENTION OF SPARKS FROM
LOCOMOTIVEa
I would be glad to learn where there
Is any literature on the subject of pre-
vention of the smoke and spark nuisance
on railway trains. P. C. N.,
Syracuse,* N. Y.
There Is a short discussion of this sub-
ject in the proceedings of the Indiana En-
gineering Society for 1908 (50 cents), by
Prof. W. F. M. Goss and others, showing
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410
MCJNICIPAIi ENOINfiSBINQ.
Doubtless the various railway dubs
throusrhout the country have discussed
this subject and their secretaries may be
able to make reference to the reports ot
these discussions and to written papers.
One such discussion by the New York
Railroad Club occurred about ten years
a.go. En^ijieering Magrazine gives each
month a long list of these clubs with
names and addresses of secretaries.
THE WATERPHONE.
Can you give ub the address of the
party manufacturing the Bell water-
phone? D. E., Chicago, 111.
The Bell waterphone was formerly
manufactured in Cincinnati, but, so far
as we can ascertain, Is not now on the
market. One can be improvised by using
a telephone receiver with the inside mag-
nets removed. The wateir can be turned
off partly by means of a stopcock key,
and the telephone receiver, applied to the
key while still in position on the stop-
cock, will detect the slightest flow
through the cock.
FULLER'S EARTH.
Where can I get information in regard
to Fuller's earth, Its uses, probable mar-
ket value, etc.?
C. B. S., Kingflsher, Okla.
Fuller's earth is not very generally
found in this country. The principal de-
posit which has been worked heretofore
is at Quincy, Fla., Deposits in South Da-
kota, Colorado and California have also
been worked to some extent. The de-
mand for this material is not great, the
production in 1900, for example, being
11,813 tons with a value at the place ot
production of $70,565, or about $6 a ton.
In the same year the importations were
about 9,000 tons with a value of $65,000
or a little over $7 a ton. Xn the same year
the market prices in Now York were
from $15 to $18 a ton for lump and pow-
dered earth and about $25 tot refined.
Fuller's earth la used for fulling wool,
but in the territory of our correspond-
ent Its principal use would probably be
for deodorizing oils and fats and remov-
ing colors. All the refiners of lard ana
cottonseed oil and the makers of cotto-
PRICES CHARGED FOR GAS AND
ELECTRIC LIGHT.
I would like to secure a reliable and
authentic statement as to the pnced
charged for illuminating and fuel gas p^
1,000 cubic feet in cities and towns lo-
cated in the Central Western States. Also
regarding the prices charged for elec-
tric lighting, meter rates per k. w. for
commercial purposes and per lamp per
month for street lighting purposes In the
same class of cities and towns.
F. *M. N., Mason City, Iowa.
The following prices for gas are com-
piled from the latest edition at hand of
Brown's "Directory of American Gas
Companies" ($6), and are for cities or
6,000 to 10,000 inhabitants:
—Gas for Light Gas for Fuel-
Gross. Net. Gross. Net.
ILLINOIS—
Belvldere .... $1 80 $1 50 $1 80 $1 50
to 1 10 to 1 10
Canton 200 150 150 100
to 1 25 to 90
Centralia 150 135 150 1.5
Champaign ...175 160 .... 1 ."JO
Dixon 100 .... lOU
tol 90
Kewanee 150 140 150 140
Lincoln. 150 140 150 125
Mattopn 150 135 150 135
Monmouth ...150 150 125 125
Murphysboro. 150 125
Paris 2 00 1 50 1 50
Pekin 110 100 110 100
to 1 50 to 1 86 to 1 50 to 1 35
Sterling 200 180 150 135
Waukegan ...125 115 125 100
INDIANA—
Bloomington 100 100
Columbus 125 125 100 100
Connersvllle .160 135
Crawf'dsv'le .150 150 100 100
Goshen 125 120 125 120
Huntington ..150
Laporte 200 160 150 135
Madison 150 .... 100
Peru 2 00 160
Seymour 150 125
Shelbyville 160
to 180
Valparaiso ...125 120 110 106
Washington . 2 00 .... 150
IOWA—
Boone 1 50 1 12 1 50 1 12
to 1 86 to 1 35
Creston 200 200 150 150
Ft. Madison .. 185 150 155 125
Iowa City .... 200 200 150 150
KANSAS—
Ark. City 2 00 .... 150
Emporia 2 50 150 .... 130
Hutchinson ..2 00 .... 150
•KT^^,*-^^ OAA leA. «AA IRA
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THE (iUESTiON DEPARTMENT.
411
MISSOURI-
Carthaire 2 00 .... 150 ....
Chlllocothe ... 165 .... 126 ....
Inde'p'dnoe'.. 200 200 150 150
Jeff's'n City ..200 180 200 150
to 190
Moberly 2 60 2 00 150
Nevada 200 150 200 150
St. Charlee ... 175 166 .... 140
NEBRASKA—
Beatrtee 2 00 1 50 2 00 1 25
Fremont 300 120 300 100
to 2 10 to 1 60
Gd. Island ... 2 50 2 00 .... 120
to 120
Hastings 2 25 2 02 .... 190
Neb. City .... 175 170 .... 160
WISCONSIN-
CMp'wa F'ls 200 .... 150
Stevens Ft. .. 200 150 175 125
Watertown ..180 160 160 140
Waukesha 140 130 140 130
With reference to charges for electric
light, reference may be made to the table
In Municipal Engineering, vol xxvi.,
p. 55, for prices of street arc lights and
for meter rates and discounts for lights
for commercial purposes, in sixty-four
cities with population from 5,000 to 15,000.
in Illinois. Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and
Kentucky.
The following additional data are from
Brown's '"Directory of American Gas
Companies:"
FORMULA FOR SIZE OF BRIDGE
MEMBERS.
Please explain the following formula:
Intensity of working stress, compression,
is 18,000 pounds minus 70 times 1 divided
by r, for a chord made up of two 10-inch
20-poiind channels and a plate of 12 inches
by \i inch. Which radius of gyration is
proper to use? Would it be proper to
take the sizes for a chord member and
for posts from the Cambria table for safo
loads for latticed channel column, pages
246 to 276, edition of 1903? READER.
Guthrie, Okla.
The formula is nearly Cooper's modifi-
cation of T. T. Johnson's straight line
formula for compression members in a
truss, with the factor of safety reduced
slightly below 3. This is low for dead
loads and the constants should be dou-
bled for live loads. The letter I in the
formula is the length of the piece and r
the least radius of gyration of its cross-
section, both in inches. The radius of
gyration to be used is that of the entire
section and not that of any of its parts.
The radii of gyration about axes paral-
lel and perpendicular to the webs of the
channels should be as nearly equal as the
construction details will permit, and if
not equal the smaller must be used in the
formula.
The tables on pages 246-249 of the
Cambria handbook give the safe loads for
Public Liohtino.
CoHMBSCiAL Lighting.
Ornss.
No. Arcs
and
Candle-
power.
u
1^
No. Incan.
and Can-
diepower.
Price Per
Year Except
as Noted.
Price of In-
candescent
Per Month.
OSCu »•
ILLIMOIS—
Canton
125-1,200
140-2,000
46-
{ 4-2,000
i 14-1.200
50-
2.161
3.000
2.500
2.700
2.700
AN.
$48 00
65 00
70 00
96 00
72 00
120 00
ti 50
10
Champaign
Kewanee
200-16
10.75 Ip-hr.
5to7
0.76*
6.3-18
Macomb
i
6 00 1 50 to 60c
Mnrphysboro . . .
Paris
)
640
500
650
60c to $1.20
40 to 85c
.750 to $1.50
50o
'*". '80c
$2-16 c. p. I
$2.50-32 c. p. f
( $1-16 c. p. i
? 102-500. p. S
{ $1-16 c. p. /
} $2-32 c. p. f
"ii.TOtoisiw
i20ckw.hr. )
} $17-25 c. p. J
Sterling
10-2.000
AN.
80 00
60 00
65 00
67 56
66 38
72 00
100 00
92 00
90 00
214-
20c
Indiana—
Rnnfcimrton
Seymour
Valparaiso
Iowa—
Creston
90^2.666
66-
28-2.000
31-2,000
84-2,000
17-2.000
34-2,000
MiL.*
2.910
2,190
1,800
i.666
500
600
700
600
800
800
ioc"
C --16
\ --32
75c to $1.25
$1.25 to $2.08
Kansas-
Arkanttas City. . .
$1.25t
IT n tv^h i niioti
17c
Newton
15o
Salina
10-16
$12 00
20c
* Per 16-candle-power hour.
fPer ampere hour.
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412
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
a factor safety of 4 according to Gordon's
formula, for struts made of two chan-
nels connected by lattice bars. If the
section in question has but one plate, and
the opposite flanges are latticed. It would
be stronger than the corresponding strut
computed from the table. On pages 248
to 277 the struts are made of two chan-
nels and two plates, making a closed box
column or strut. It would not be safe
to assume the strength of the section
described equal to the corresponding col-
umn In this table on account of the great-
er cross section of the latter and the dif-
ference in position of the center of mo-
ments of inertia. It should be remembered
also, that the factor of safety in the
table is 4, suitable for dead loads, and
that it should be doubled for live loads.
This would make the average factor of
safety for the piece lie between 4 €uid 8.
according to the relative siae of live and
dead loads to which the piece may be
subjected, some attention being paid also
to the amount of variation in stress
which may occur.
CONDUITS FOR UNDERGROUND
WIRB&
What work is there published treating
of the method of construction of conduits
for underground wires?
T. H. S., Quincy, 111.
This subject is treated in one or more
chapters of Crocker's "Electric Light-
ing," 2d vol. ($3), Abbotts "Blectrtcal
Transmission of Energy" ($4.50) and Mil-
ler's "American Telephone Practice" (|8).
Speciflcatlons for construction are also
given in Abbott's "Conduits for Tele-
phone Work" (50 cents). Reference
may be made to Municipal Engineering,
vol. xxvl, p. 311. for an article on "Con-
duits for Electric Wires." There is
much valuable material In the trade
literature of the makers of conduits.
Addresses of makers of conduits of vari-
ous materials will be found in the "Busi-
ness Directory" ' elsewhere in this num
ber under the heading, "Conduits."
has not treated the history of the indus-
try prior to its own establishment which
was about the last date mentioned. The
introduction to the "Handbook for Ce-
ment Users" (18) and the descriptions of
works for the manufacture of cement to
be found in that book and also in the
"Directory of Cement Industries" ($5), the
third edition of which has Just been is-
sued, give brief descriptions of these ex-
periments as steps toward the new meth-
ods which are based upon them.
EARLY MANUFACTURE OF PORT-
LAND CEMENT WITH THE
ROTARY KILN.
W^ill vou kindlv let us know if vou have
CEMENT PIPE FOR WATER WORKS.
Can cement pipe be used for water
works piping systems? If so, how thick
ought the pipe to be to withstand safelj
the ordinary hydraulic pressure of a dty
water works supply. What is the safe
load such a pipe can bear? I notice that
the water department here has to take
up from time to time pieces of mains,
branches, Y's, T's and so forth, made of
cast Iron, as they often become corroded
and full of small holes through eieo-
trolysis. C. T.. St. Louis, Mo.
It has never been proposed to use ce-
ment pipe for water pipe under any very
appreciable prc^ssure, and the fact that
the tensile strength of cement mortar is
measured by hundreds of pounds, while
that of cast iron is measured by thou-
sands, and of wrought iron or steel by
tens of thousands, shows the principal
reason.
The tensile strength of wrought iron
and steel is so much greater than that
ct cast iron that attempts have been
made to use those forms of tron. The
destruction of the steel pipe by corrosion
is so much more rapid on account of the
less thickness to be corroded that some
protection is necessary and cement has
been used with greater or less success.
The difficulty of making Joints and taps
which will be water-tight and will not
expose the steel shell to corrosion, with
some mistakes in design and carelessness
in manufacture and plading of pipe, have
practically driven the pipe out of the
market, but little now being used except
for some special purposes, for which it
may be adapted. The use of steel rein-
forcement, such as rods, wire doth, ex-
panded metal, etc., has been prc^osed
and has been fairly successful in some
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
41?
by this method of conttniction is doubt-
ful. If electrolysis should take place the
destruction of the pipe would take place
very soon, on account of the much small-
er section of metal to be corroded.
WHITE CEMENT BLOCKS— CEMENT
BRICK FOR CHIMNEY.
WiU you kindly inform me how to color
cement blocks? Can they be made white
instead of ^ray, the natural color of
Portland cement?
Will cement brick, made 4by8. laid up
for a chimney, stand and be as sood as
kiln-burnt brick? B. S. C.
Beldinff. Mich.
Cement blocks may be colored by using
coloring matters as described in the
•'Hand-book for Cement Users" ($8). Ref-
erence may also be made to Municipal
Engineering, vol. xx, p. 302, and xxi, p.
406, for some information on the subject.
There is no way of making cement white.
By the use of crushed marble for the
broken stone op of marble screenings for
a part or all of the sand, a reasonably
white block can be obtained. If care-
fully done expense can probably be saved
by using this mixture with marble as an
outside facing, the rest of the block being
made at the same time with the ordinary
mixture.
Cement brick are stronger under com-
pression than building brick of the kind
ordinarily used in chimneys, and would
be entirely satisfactory so far as strength
is concerned. A concrete containing much
limestone or marble would be disintegrat-
ed by a temperature sufficient to turn
the limestone into lime, but proper tem-
peratures in the stack would not be hign
enough to have this eftect. Most kinds
of gravel, trap rock and such refractory
materials would not be liable to this
danger.
»
CEMENT LINING FOR RESERVOIRS.
We have in our city a reservoir, octa-
gonal In shape, 130 feet across and 18 feet
deep. It Is built on a ledge and leaks so
badly that it cannot be used. The ledge
is full of seams. The whole has been
covered with a layer of cement 2 inches
in thickness in some parts and not over
may be spread the coatings of concretft
and cement mortar as suggested In the
question. In Municipal Engineering, vol.
xxvi, p. 352, will be found an article on
"Impervious Concrete," wMch explains
the principles by which the concrete
should be mixed. Description of the con-
crete reservoir lining of the Forbes Hill
reservoir at Quincy, Mass., will be found
In the "Hand-book for Cement Users" (13)
on pages 136 and 180. Reference may also
be made to Municipal Engineering, vol.
xxi, p. 328, for report of practice in
several cases. It is there stated that in
instances named from 18 to 24 inches of
clay puddle was carefully put in place
under the concrete when it was necessary
to have the reservoir absolutely water-
tight.
♦
. MACHINE FOR MAKING SEWER.
Can you give me any information as to
where to get a machine for the manu-
facture of large size sewer?
R. J. P., Tallahassee, Fla.
If sewer pipe is meant, reference may
be made to the answer In this depart-
ment to the question on "Cement Pipe
Machinery," for machines for making
cement sewer pipe. The machines for
making vitrified pipe are made by such
firms as the American Clay Working Ma-
chinery Co., Bucyrus and Wllloughby, O.,
Akron Engineering Co., Akron, O., etc.
If machines for excavating sewer
trenches are wanted, reference may be
made to the "Business Directory" print*
ed in each number of Municipal En-
gineering, under the headings "Sewer Ma-
chines" and "Trench Machines."
.«. VtAl# I'D
rkfliai* rta i^a r*ar\ -xnrfik atctn
SEA WATER FOR MIXING CON-
CRETE.
I would like some information as to the
merits of sea water and fresh water for
mixing concrete. Have any comparative
tests been made and with what results?
JAMES J. TATLOR.
New Glasgow, N. S.
Studies of the effect of sea water upon
cemeat and concrete were made some
years ago by Vlcat in France, briquettes
oT><4 Vklrtnlro ma<lA im vrltVi frAah wntAr
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414
MUNICIPAL ENOINEEEINO.
ments were made with coment briquettes
made with fresh water and then subject-
ed to the action of sea water, and also
with cement briquettes made with various
proportions of fresh and sea water. The
former series showed progressive im-
provement In the strength of the bri-
quettes for the six months of observation.
The latter series showed some little di-
minution hi the strength of briquettes in
tension with tnorease In amount of sea
water, with one or two discrepant results.
Thus at nine and twelve months bri-
quettes showed the following tensile
strengths •
9 mon. 12 mon.
Fresh water 949 678
Half fresh, half sea water.. 966 592
One-fourth fresh, three-
fourth sea water 950 575
Sea water, 25 pir cent evapo-.
rated 890 605
Sea water, 50 per cent evapo-
rated 970 495
The results showed gradual Increase In
strength up to nine months and then the
serious decrease at twelve months. These
results are not s^mcient for any definite
statement, since this falling off in
strength might have been due to the qual-
ity of the cement rather than the eflTect
of the sea water.
Mr. Wm. Smith, In a paper on the de-
terioration of the Aberdeen breakwater,
attributed the failure of the concrete to
the presence of an excess of free lime In
the cement and the action of the magnesia
and the carbonic acid in the sea water,
the resulting decomposed cement having
In Its composition a large percentage of
hydrate of magnesia, of which the ori-
ginal cement had none, it having appar-
ently replaced some of the free lime
which was present in the original cement.
M. Chateller, In a paper before the In-
ternational Congress on Testing Ma-
terials, three or four years ago, made a
study of this subject, with regard to con-
crete subjected to the action of sea
water, and reached the conclusions that
the presence of alumina in combinations
in which it may be hydrated, is dangerous
as its amount Increases to 4 iwr fwit
water, point to the careful examination
of any oem«»t which Is to be used in sea
water, that its suitability may be deter-
mined before it is used. The continuous
action of sea water upon an unsuitable
cement would doubtless be more serious
than tbi.t of sea water used In mixing
concrete which is deposited where there
is no danger of later submersion in sea
water, but a cement which would fall
under the first condition mignt well be
expected to show weakness under the
second.
♦-. ^—
wearing' off of cement walk
SURFACE.
I. have a walk made with a certain ce-
ment where the corrugations wore off In
two months. The surface was flnlshea
in 1 to 2 of ordinarily good river sand.
I keep fine sand on the finished walk for
ten days and keep it wet down with
plenty of water. There was no walking
on it for four or five days. Is the fault
in the cement?
M. B.. Norfolk. Neb.
The cement named is made of limestone
and clay and has an excellent reputation
on the market for sidewalk work. Un-
less, therefore, there was some trouble
with the individual shipment, the defect
was probably not due to the cement..
Dirty sand, drying out before the cement
has time to set. and too much troweling
in finishing are the usual reasons as-
signed for the rubbing off of the sur-
face of a walk. A cement which has not
been sufficiently cured may also cause
the same trouble. A practical cement
worker says that the trouble comes from
the wet sand which delays the setting ot
the top. Either more time should be
given for setting or the walk sh'buld be
wet down at Intervals in the usual way
instead of being soaked with moisture
as it is by the use of the wet sand. Our
readers are invited to report their ob-
servations upon this problend.
BRICK OF CEMENT AND SAND.
Can you tell me acythlng as to the
comparative merits of the various brick
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THE QUESTION DEPARTMENT.
415
cement brick machines, and there are
also several of the makers of hollow con-
crete block machinery who supply ma-
chines for making brick. Reference may
also be made to the "Business Directory"
published in each number of Municipal
Engineering for .lames of makers of brick
and block machines under the headings
"Cement Brick" and "Cement ^^jnstr^c-
tion."
The difficulty In the manufacture of
cement brick seems to have been largely
in the handling. In some processes using
pressure, a mortar soft enough to insure
filling the molds is too soft to remove
promptly when the bricks are formed,
or at least to transfer to the drying
sheds, and with any process the
bricks are difficult to handle until the
cement has had time to set. The process
of tamping is slow in some molds, but
seems to be more rapid in others. The
makers of the brlrk machines have been
at work on the aolution of these prob-
lems and the machines offered are quite
different in methp*^ of operation. Somo
are very elaboraf: and require a large
establishment for economical operation,
while others are very small and simplo
and can be operated anywhere. But few
of them have been in operation long
enough to be able to report fully re-
garding all the points on which informa-
tion is desired. As opportunity offers
these reports will be given.
the action of the wheels in getting on and
off the track, and would probably be as
slippery under the horses' feet as are the
steel trackways which have been tried.
Experience so far has indicated that
the only place whore smooth trackways
are economical is in streets with very
heavy traffic, which are paved with very
hard and comimratlvely rough material,
like stone blocks, or comparatively soft
and destructible material. Even here. '
however, they are not used by the teams,
for the width of wagon tracks is such
that the horses travel on the same lined
as the wheels, and it is easier for them
to pull on the rough pavement, even
thoiffgh the tractive force exerted is
much gi*eater, than to slip on the smootli
wheel ways. The successful smooth track-
ways have been of stone blocks smoother
than the blocks of which the rest ot the
street is built, or on streets so .*arrow
that but one wagon can pass at a time
and two ruts form in any pavement
which can be put down.
Unfortunately, two materials of differ-
ent strength and durability cannot be
used in a pavement in this way without
exaggerating the wear of the softer ma*
terial in spots and thus reactiug upon
the harder material as well as prevent-
ing the easy use of the combination and
thus defeating the object for which it
was constructed.
CEMENT FOR WHEELWAYS FOR
COUNTRY ROADS.
Of the cement beds now operated which
would suggest itaelf to you, combined
with crushed roch, as probably practical-
ly available for rural highways made
with a wagon wheel track a foot or
more wide with gravel or other ma-
terial for the draft animals? Even .n
Ohio and Indiana there are many sections
where road surfacing material is not lo-
cally available in large quantity.
J. E. P., Chagrin Falls. O.
Wheel tracks of cement concrete would
have the common objections to all wheel
tracks, viz: cutting away of the grravel
or macadam alongside so as to make it
difficult to get on and off the tracks at
will, especially with two-horse teams,
whose horses must travel partly on the
wheel tracks and partly on the gravel
alongside; unequal settlement, especially
when tne blocks are small; great cost
for double lines or else for proper con-
struction and maintenance of the rest of
the roadway so that turnouts may be
made at any place that vehicles meet.
In addition they would have the tendency
to wear and break off at the edges under
GRANITE SCREENINGS FOR MOSAIC
WORK.
Can you give me the address of a dealer
who handles granite chips or screenings
for mosaic floor work? I cannot use
mosaic tile. F. C. S.,
Muskogee, I. T.
Reference may be made to the "Busi-
ness Directory" published in each numoer
of Municipal Engineering under the head-
ing "Crushed Stone" for dealers in this
material. Those named furnish crushed
limestone, sandstone, dolomite or
"quartz," and screenings of the same.
Names of granite and quartz producers
in Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio and Eastern
States will be found in Municipal En-
gineering, vol. XXV, p. 24; vol. xxiv, p. 357;
vol. xxiii, p. 32. The following in St.
Louis, Mo., may be added: The St. Louis
Crushed Quartz Company (dolomite). 3U
Roe Bldg.; P. M. Bruner Granitoid Com-
pany, 816 Ollve-st.; J. C. Finck Mineral
Milling Company, 101 Barton-st.; Milne &
Gordon, Jefferson and Missouri Pacific
Railroad; Schneider Granite Company,
Fullerton Bldg.
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416
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
CEMENT PIPE MACHINBRT.
Will you give me the names of manu-
facturers of machinery for making: pipes
for drains, sewers etc., of cement?
J. E. B., Baltimore, Md.
Reference may be made to the "Busi-
ness Directory** printed In each number
of Municipal Engrlneeringr. under the
headings "Cement Pipes Molding Press."
"Cement Sewer Pipes," and "Cement
Sewer Pipe Machinery," and to the ad-
vertising pages for the following makers
of machinery for making cement pipe:
Cement Tile and Tije Mould Manufac-
turtng Company, Sac City, Iowa; Jackson
Cement Sewer Pipe Company, Jackson.
Mich.; H. Schebye, 848 CaroUna-st., Pltt4>-
burg, Pa.; Cement Machinery and Man-
ufacturing Company, Burlington, la. ; also
the Brady Cement Stone Company, JacK-
son, Mich.
The Stevens Cast Stone Company, SOS
Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago,
111., can furnish molds for making ce-
ment pipe.
♦
CEMENT STATISTICS— STRENGTH OP
CEMENT MORTAR AND CON-
CRETE.
Kindly give us your latest statistics on
the consumption of Portland cement In
the United States.
We also want the tensile and crushing
strength at 7, 28 and 60 days In air of
mixtures of cement and sand In propor-
tions of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6 and of
1:2:4 of cement, sand and broken stone.
C. M. C, Jackson, Mich.
Reference may be made to Municipal
Engineering, vol. xxvl, p. 149, March, 1904,
for the latest statistics of the cement
trade. Still fuller tables are given In
the third edition of the "Directory of
American Cement Industries" ($5) which
is now ready for delivery. The accom-
panying tables taken from that volume,
which are based on similar tables in
United States Government reports, show
the distribution of the cement industry
among the States of the Union and the
imports for a series of years.
The tensile and compressive strengths
of mortar and concrete vary so much
with the kinds of cement used, the char-
acter and condition of sand, gravel and
stone, the care used in making the mix-
150
245
110
175
80
130
60
110
35
90
the foUowlng figures may be given aa
fair values for the tensile strength of
mortars of the proportions named.
TENSILE STRENGTH OP CEMENT
MORTAR.
In pounds per square inch.
Age of Briquette. 7da. 28 da. 6 mo.
1 cement 2 sand 125
1 cement 3 sand .... 90
1 cement 4 sand .... 75
1 cement 5 sand 60
1 cement 6 sand
The average compressive strength of
concrete made of 1 cement 2 sand and 4
broken stone Is about as follows:
6 days old, 1084 pounds a square inch.
lltol3 days old, 1676 pounds a square inch.
• 19to20 days old, 2040 pounds a square inch.
52 days old, 3604 pounds a square inch.
85 days old, 4256 pounds a square inch.
Reference may also be made to the
table of strength and cost of concrete
of different compositions in vol. xxvl, p.
184, and to the strength of concrete in
compression on p. 189, both in the num-
ber of Municipal Engineering for March,
1904.
»
THE BEST CONCRETE BUILDING
BLOCK.
We are Interested in the question of
concrete building block machines and will
purchase some make of block machine in
the near future for making artificial
stone. We want to start In the business
right. We want to get the best ma-
chine, one thiEit will make the best stone
and give best results and most profit out
of the business. Any Information or as-
sistance you can give us in making selec-
tion of our artificial stone-making outfit
will be highly appreciated. / . i . '!
Monett, Mo.
It is not possible for one unfamiliar
with the local conditions or who has not
had experience with all the machines and
processes for making concrete blocks and
artificial stone to make a choice for a
particular business. The development of
machines is so rapid that It would require
all the time of a large block factory to
test them all upon a commercial scale.
There are some principles upon which the
choice of machines and the establishment
of an artificial stone business should be
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DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT.
1890
1894
District.
No. of
Works.
Product
Barrelli.
Per
Cent.
No. of
Works.
Product
Barrels.
Per
Cent.
New York .. .
4
5
2
65,000
201,000
22,000
19.4
60.0
6.5
4
7
4
117.275
485,829
8a,65S
14.7
Lehiffh Sc Northampton )
Co*8y Pa., and Warren \
Co.,ft.J,.. )
Ohio
Michigan •.
60.8
10.1
All other sections
5
16
47,600
14.1
9-
U5.500
14.4
Total
• 385,500
100.0
24
798,757
100.00
1898
1900
1902
District.
No.
of
Wa.
Product
Barrels.
Per
Ct.
No.
of
W's.
Product
Barrels.
Per
Ct.
5.5
72.6
6.3
7.8
7.8
No.
of
W's.
Product
Barrels.
Per
Ct.
New York. . . .
554,358
2.674.304
265,872
15.0
72.4
7.2
8
15
6
6
15
465,832
6,153,629
534,215
664.750
663,594
10
17
7
10
21
1,156.807
10,829,922
568,113
1,577,006
8,103,796
6.8
Lehigh A Northampton )
Co*s., Pa., and Warren •
CO..N. J )
Ohio
62.8
3.3
Michigan.
9.1
All other sections
197,750
5.4
18.0
Total
31
3,692,284
100.0
50
8.482,020
100.0
65
17,230,644
100.0
PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT BY STATES.
1901
1902
State.
No. of
Works.
Product
Barrels.
Value, not
Including
packages.
No. of
Works.
Product
Barrels.
Value, not
including
packages.
Alabama
1
1
1
4
3
IS
1
2
10
Arkansas . r
tl
California.
Colorado
Georgia
146.848
585.000
1513,968.
648.500
294,156
82,044
$431,910
105,016
Illinois
Indiana
4
2
1
10
528.925
218.402
581.818
240,242
767.781
536.706
830.050
1.577,006
977,541
628,244
Kansas
1,017.824
Michiiran..
1,025,718
1,128.290
2,134,396
Missouri
New Jersey
• 3
7
1
f3
1
.2
1
56
1,612.000
617,228
1,450,800
617,228
2,152,158
1,156,807
2,568.355
New YoriT.. .:..:::..........
1,521,553
North Dakota
Ohio
689.852
7,091,500
195,752"'
758.837
6,382.350
215,827 ■
7
15
1
2
1
♦1
568,113
8,770.454
685,571
Pennsylvania
10,180,432
Sonth Dakota.
Texas
165,500
234,050
Utah
Virginia... .
334.869
433.286
12.582..S60
Total
12,711,225
65
17,230,644
20,864,078
* Includes Utah.
t Includes Kansas.
8 Includes Virginia.
IT Includes South Dakota.
* Includes Alabama and Georgia.
t Includes Kansas and South Dakota.
§ Includes Uuh.
IMPORTS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1898, 1899, 1900,
1901, 1902 AND 1908, BY COUNTRIES.
Country.
■ 1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1906
United Kingdom
Barrels.
241,168
651.204
.i 17,294
.; 1,032.429
51,582
4,6:«
15.476
Barrels.
199,638
624.149
15,049
1,193,822
68.348
4,398
2,389
Barrels.
267.921
826.289
32,710
1,155.550
75.827
4,517
23,869
Barrels.
37,890
303,180
11,771
560,596
19,077
6,066
6,808
Barrels.
79,087
615.798
14,922
1,259,265
17,956
8,611
4,153
1,994,787
Barrels.
146,994
Belgium
France
Germany
Other European countries. . .
British North America
Other countries
787.576
14,866
1,377,414
27,415
4,420
9,264
Total -
. 2,013.818
2.108,388
2.386,683
939,380
2,317.960
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS
IN COURT
Hi|:lier Cottrts— Mechanics' Lien on Water Company— Dam v«. Navigations
Special Sprinlcling Tax— Paving Ordinance— Collecting on Invalid Con-
tract—Approval of Contracts by Council— Front Foot Rule.
Reeent DecisioM in the Higher Courts
on Matter of Interest to Mu-
nicipalities.
Prepared by Russell T. Byers LL. B.,
Indianapolis.
Acceptance of Work by City— Assess-
-ments— A property owner can not escape
payment of a public improvement, on the
grround that the contract has not been
complied with, after such improvement
has been accepted by the city. Baldrick
et al. vs. Gast et al. 79 S. W. Rep. (Ky.)
212.
Assessments — Apportionment— A rail-
>oad right of way Is liable to be as-
sessed for a street assessment. The city
was net liable for Interest under an In-
valid apportionment. Orth et al., vs.
Park & Co. .Park & Co., vs^ City of
Louisville. 79 S. W. Rep. (Ky.) 206.
Assessment for Improving One Side of
Street— Under the statute cenferring pow-
er upon the trustees of cities to do all
necessary work on streets and to assess
the cost against ibuttlng property, an
ordinance providing for the improvement
of one side of street ^nd assessing the
cost against the property abutting there-
on is void. Town of Central Covington vs.
Busse, Dressman vs. same. 80 S. W. Rep.
(Ky.) 210.
Definite Description of Character of
Improvement— A recommendation for a
"cement walk" is sufficient to support an
ordinance based thereon, providing for a
cinder-cement concrete, torpedo sand and
• limestone walk. Storrs et al. vs. City of
Chicago, 79 N. W. Rep. (111.) 347.
paid by the entire district, previously cre-
ated, according to area is not unconsti-
tutional, because depriving a person of
his property without due process of law.
A protest held not unqualified. The fact
that the description of only one-half of
the lot was included in the resolution
creating the assessment district, does
not prevent the assessment of the entire
lot. McMillan vs. City of Butte, 76 Pac.
Rep. (Mon.) 203.
Liability of Rear Lots for Street As-
sessment. — When the lot adjacent to the
improved street is only 50 feet deep, the
lien of the city and contractor attaches
to the real estate in the rear of said lot
to the distance of 150 feet from the street
improved and the owners of such real
estate may appear at the hearing on the
question of special benefits The li:.i at-
taches primarily to the lot adjacent to
the street and It must be sold to satisfy
such lien before the property to the roar
may be sold. Vories vs. Pilv.«;burg Plp.te
Glass Co., 79 N. E. Rep. (Ind.) 249.
Second Ordinance for Contracted Im-
provement Is Unreasonable— An ordinance
providing for the paving of Halsted-st.
and its intersections with ether streets
and repealing all inconsistent ordinances
is unreasonable and void when such prior
ordinances provided for the improvement
of the same intersections, and the con-
tract for one of them had already been
let. Chicago Union Traction Company vs.
City of Chicago. 70 N. E. Rep. (111.) 234.
Street Improvements, Invalid Assees-
ment— Reassessment- Where an original
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
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Street Paving— Assessments, Validity—
It Is necessary to Include In *he resolu-
tion providing for bringing <t street to
grade a description of the work neces-
sary. A failure to Include such descrip-
tion renders void any tax bills issued
against the abutting property -owners for
such iaaf^ovements. Failure to use the
kind of material required is held to void
tax bill. Kansas City ex rel. Nelll vs.
Askew. 79 S. W. Rep. (Mo.), 488.
No Power to Levy Tax for Bridge not
on Highway— Before a city can make a
contract which Involves taxation, it must
have the power t'^ levy and collect a tax
for that purpose. A city may levy a tax
only for corporate purposes. It has no
right to levy a tax to raise funds for th*^
purpose of building a bridge not on a
street or highway. Manning vsj City of-
Devil's Lake. 99 N. W. Rep. (N. D.)
51.
New Plan at Less Cost Not Subject to
Rehearing— Where the scheme of the im-
provement is changed, no further public
hearing is necessary when the report oi
the engineer shows the estimated cost
of the changed plan is less than the
cost of the original scheme. City oi
Chicago vs. W. D. Kerfoot & Co., 79 N.
E. Rep. (IU|) 349.
Improvements— Setting Aside Assess-
ment—Even though a petition for a
street improvement was not signed by
enough to give the council . juris-
diction to act In the premises,
where one has knowledge of the
improvement, which was actually
made, and made no objection to the In-
provenoent, equity will not set aside an
assessment for such Improvement, when
the benefit equals the assessment. Farr
vs. City of Detroit. 99 N. W. Rep. (Mich.)
19.
Contract Without Valid Petition Is
Void.— Where no petition was filed by
the owners of two-thirds of the fror
feet of property abutting upon a co«.
templated Improvement, the ordinance
providing for such Improvement Is void.
Any contract entered Into under such or-
dinance was unenforcettble. City of Cov-
ington vs. Brinckman. 79 S. W. Rep.
(Ky.) 324.
Streets Under Control of Legislature-
Streets, alleys and other highways are
under the control of the Legislature. Its
.power is limited only by the constitution.
City of Laporte vs. Elm & Co. 76 Pac.
Rep. (Kas.) 44S.
Benefit by Improvement— Taxing Dis-
tricts—The Legislature has power to cre-
ate special taxing districts and to assess
benefits for local improvements to prop-
erty therein, according to valuation, area
or frontage. Article 10 of the State Con-
stitution, relating to uniform taxation.
Is not applicable to the laying of 8i>ecial
assessments. The owner of property may
not contend that his property has not
been In fact benefitted to the amount of
the special assessment, where taxing dis-
tricts have been properly created and the
cost of the lmprovem?nt has been duly
apportioned. Meier vs. City of St. Louis,
79. S. W. Rep (Mo.) 956.
Work Must be Described. Time ot
Completion— A city of the fourth class
must describe the work necessary lo
bring the street to the established grade
in the resolution providing for the Im-
provement. If this be not done tax bills
issued against the abutting property for
such improvement are void. The council
may advertise for bids before the ordi-
nance has been passed, where the resolu-
tion is regular. Where time Is an es-
sential element in an improvement con-
tract the city council has no right to
waive a default of the contractor In that
regard. Smith vs. City of Westport, 79
S. W. Rep (Mo.) 725.
Dual Water Works— Ballot Is Illegal—
A ballot submitting to the voters of a
city of the first class a proposition to
issue bonds "to purchase, procure, pro-
vide, or contract for the construction of
water works" .is Illegal because dual,
hence void. City of Leavenworth vs
Wilson, 76 Pac. Rep. (Kans.), 400.
W^ter Company Subject to Mechan-
ics' Lien.
A decision rendered by Judge Leathers
of the Superior Court at Indianapolis,
Ind., holds that an attachment on a me-
chanic's lien can be enforced against cor-
poratiims of the quasi-public character of
the Indianapolis Water Company. The
Indiana mechanic's lien law gives labor-
ers and materialmen the right to attach
a lien on a system of water works. The
decision was handed down in the case of
Charles E. and Ora D. Shover against the
Sand Filtration Company, me Indianapo-
lis Water Company and others for Judg-
ment on a Hen held against the Sand Fil-
tration Company for $7,000. The plaintiffs
are the contractors who had charge of
the filtration company's work for the
water company when the new plant was
built. While the part of the water com-
pany In the suit was merely nominal, It
was necessary to decide the question con-
cerning its liability in a mechanic's lien
suit before the case could be heard. It
had been contended that the system of
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
the Indianapolis Water Company was of
such a public nature that a lien enforced
against it would work a hardship on the
public in the event of its being sold to
satisfy the lien. Judge Leathers overruled
a petition of the defendants to re-
move the case to the United States
Court on the ground that certain mem-
bers of the filtration company are resi-
dents of New Jersey. He held that the
records do not show that the corporation
includes non-residents.
Dam an Obstruction to Navigation.
The Supreme Court of the State of
V South Carolina refused the mandamus
asked for in the case of certain citizens
against the new water-works company,
at Charleston, S. C, asking that the
company maintain a waterway and keep
Ooose Creek open to navigation. Ooose
Creek is a navigable stream In Berkeley
county, across which the water-works
company placed a dam extending from
bank to bank, thereby closing it to all
vessels. Demands were made by relators
who are riparian owners of the lands on
each side of the creek for some distance
above the dam, upon the respondent to
remove so much of the dam as is essen-
tial to the navigation of the waters of
the creek.
Chief Justice Pope, in his decision says
that any remedy, is not theirs specially,
but that of the general public.
There is another view presented by the
respondent, that the failure of the re-
spondent to have a lock inserted in the
4am so as to allow full navigation of
the waters of Goose Creek, is but a tem-
porary condition. The respondents had a
lock inserted in their dam, but being de-
fectively constructed, although approved
by the United States Government, It
failed to give the public the advantage
which was expected from it, and a new
lock is being constructed as expeditiously
as the respondent can do so. So this case
does not fall within the rule to sovern
permanent obstructions, ^'ut on the con-
trary, belongs to that class of cases such
as obstructions in the highway, where
material is placed in said highway in or-
der to have a building erected alongside
of the highway.
prevent its improvement by paving, the
City Council must state in its resolution
calling for bids what kind of pavement
is to be laid. A contract at Bluffton, Ind.,
where the resolution called for bids on
asphalt, brick or macadam pavements
and the Council undertook to decide after
the bids were received what kind of pave-
ment should be laid, was held to be void,
so that the contractor- could be enjoined
from nroceeding under It-
Ordinance Must State Kind of Pave-
ment Proposed.
Louisville Must Levy Special Sprink-
ling Tax.
In an opinion handed down by Judge
Shackleford Miller, May 5. he sustained
the motion of James H. Button for an in-
junction against the city of Louisville to
prohibit the appropriation of 115,000 from
the general purpose fund of the last tax
levy, for street sprinkling during the
months of June. July and August. Judge
Miller held that if the General Council
be allowed to convert to any of the fif-
teen specified objects of special tax levy
any portion of the general purpose fund,
the entire object of the charter, which
requires that items of tax levy shall not
be converted to other objects, would be
defeated. This requirement, said Judge
Miller, is to guard agaist the arbitrary
appropriation of funds, and must be kept
unimpaired. Suit was filed by James
H. Button recently, to enjoin the pro*
posed use of 115.000 for sprinkling from
the general purpose fund, suing as a tax-
payer who had an interest in the uses
to which his taxes were put. He al-
leged that street sprinkling was Included
in the fifteen items for which the charter
provided that a special levy must be
made each year. This was not done, and
a measure was suggested in the lower
board of the General Council, providing
for an appropriation from the general
purpose fund. The measure was referred
back to the finance committee. This was
as far as the matter had gotten when
the motion was made before Judge Miller
by the attorney. The measure has since
passed the lower board.
In his opinion, Judge Miller says:
Under section 2981, Kentucky Statutes,
the sprinkling of streets is one of the
fifteen specified purposes for which the
defendant may levy a tax; and when lev-
ied for that purpose it can not be used
for any of the other purposes. Kentucky
HtfltiitAfl. 2980. The citv mav and has
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seems to me that the 'greneral purposes'
for which a levy may be made are those
purposes only which are of a public mu-
nicipal nature, and not of the specific pur-
poses for which a separate levy may be
made by the General Council. If the city
can, under the charter above quoted ap-
ply a part of the 'general purpose' fund
to any one of the other specific purposes,
then there Is no necessity of specifying
any particular purpose, but the whole
levy of $1.86 may be levied for 'general
purposes' and applied at the pleasure of
the General Council to any specified pur-
pose. It was precisely this practice that
the charter was Intended to guard
against. Demurrer to petition will be
overruled and motion for Injunction will
be sustained.
Duluth Property Owners Not Relieved
from Invalid Contract.
A decision was rendered by Judge Di-
bell May 3. at Duluth. Minn., holding that
the contract under which the Barber As-
phalt Paving Company paved Superlor-st.,
from Eighth to Sixteenth-aves. east, last
summer, was invalid, and that the action
of the City Council in allowing some of
the property owners to pay their assess-
ments In advance in order to raise the
sum necessary to let the contract was an
Irregular and illegal proceeding and that
the resolution of the Council was In the
nature of an amendment to the city char-
ter. The property owners petitioned for
an injunction asking that the city of
Duluth and the city ofilclals be restrained
from paying the Barber Asphalt Paving
Company the balance unpaid, but this is
denied by Judge Dibell, who holds that
the property owners should be denied
the relief asked for owing to their delay
In starting proceedings after they had
ample time to know that the city was
about to enter Into a contract with the
paving company; also the fact that dur-
ing the pendency of the Injunction action
they had Invoked a legal remedy through
the city's appeal.
Louisville Council Need Not Approve
Contracts.
The Court of Appeals handed down a
decision recently at Louisville, Ky.. In
the case of the board of public works
against the city of Louisville, holding
that contracts for original construction
of streets need not be approved by the
General Council, and sustaining the lower
eourt In Its decision. The board was di-
rected to allow the Selvage Construction
Company to proceed at once with the
work which was awarded. The total con-
tracts were about 127,000.
The Selvage Construction Company was
awarded contracts for the original con-
struction of a number of blocks of streets
with vitrified brick. The board of public
works approved the bond of the company
and then sent the contracts to the Gen-
eral Council for approval. It objected to
the bond furnished, on the ground that
the man making the bond was not a
resident of Louisville. The city attorney
held that In contracts for original con
structlon, the cost being paid by the
property-owners direct, the approval of
the General Council Is not necessary. A
friendly suit was Instituted for the pur-
pose of testing the question. The decision
settles the right and power of the Gen-
eral Council to refuse contracts for ori-
ginal street work because of any defect
In the contracts themselves or In the
Dond which Is given. It has been cus-
tomary for several years .to send all con*
tracts for all kinds of street work to the
General Council for approval, this being
considered necessary to make the con-
tracts legal. See the Southwestern Re-
ports, vol. 79, p. 1182, for the full de-
cision
Alabama Supreme Court on Front Foot
Rule.
Chief Justice McClellan of the Ala-
bama Supreme Court handed down a de-
cision, May 10, in the "Baby Bond" case
of Montgomery, Ala. The title of the
case Is the city council of Montgomery
vs. Ella Moore, appeal from Montgomery
city court. It arose from the provisions
of section 4 of an act to authorize the
city council to Issue bonds for paving and
otherwise Improving the streets and side-
walks, or either, of Montgomery. Sec-
tion 4 Is as follows:
That said City Council shall provide
and require, by proper ordinance, that
the cost of such paving, together with
the expense Incident to the issue of
such bonds, and the Interest thereon shall
be assessed against and collected from
the owners of the property abutting such
paving in such manner that one- twen-
tieth thereof shall be paid each year,
snch assessment to be prorated according
to the frontage of such property and
collected at the same time and In the
same manner as city taxes, and shall be
a Hen upon such property subordinate
only to the StaiC and city taxes.
The case mvolves the question whether
the foregoing provisions of section 4 of
the act are covered by the title of tae
act, that is, whether these prrivlslons
for the raising of funds with which to
pay the principal and Interest of the
bonds, which It is the purpose of the act
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
as expressed in its title to authorize the
city to issue, are germane, cognate and
complementary to the purpose so ex-
pressed. This inquiry must be determ-
ined affirmatively.
The other question rests on the pro-
vision for the assessment of the whole
cost of the paving against abutting prop-
erty, "prorated according to the frontage
of such property/' and is whether, in
view of State and Federal Constitutional
provisions as to compensation for prop-
erty taken for public uses and depriving
the citizen of property without due pro-
cess of law, it is within legislative com-
petency to thus impose the costs of
street paving and the like upon abutting
property without Judicial ascertainment
of the benefits accruing to such property
from such improvements, and apportion-
ament of the costs of the betterments ac-
cording to and not in excess of th^ actual
benefits Inuring from them to the sev-
eral abutting lots of land.
The court says:
The question has been thrashed over
in numerous decisions of the courts, and,
while the cases are not uniform upon it,
the better view and that supported by the
great weight of authortty is that it is a
matter of legislative expediency and for
legislative determination whether abut-
ting urban property will be benefited to
the extent of the costs of a given im-
provement of the street or sidewalks
along its front and therefore entirely
within legislative competency to impose
such cost, by way of special tax, upon
the property abutting the improved
street, apportioning the charge thereto
according to the distance the several par-
cels of land front upon the street. The
authorities supporting this view are nu-
merous and include, we believe, all text
writers on the subject: *'The major part
of the cost of a local work." says Judgd
Cooley. Is collected by general tax, while
a smaller portion Is levied upon the es-
tates specially benefitted.
"The major part is sometimes assessed
on estates benefited, while the general
public is taxed the smaller portion In con-
sideration of smaller participation In the
benefits.
*'The whole cost in other cases is levied
on lands In the Immediate vicinity of
the work.
"In a constitutional point of view,
either of these methods is admissible,
and one may sometimes be Just and an-
other at other times. In other cases it
may be deemed reasonable to make the
whole cost a general chaige, and levy
no special assessment whatever. The
question Is legrislative and. like all legis-
lative questions, may be decided errone-
ously; but it is reasonable to expect that.
specially benefited to bear the expense of
local improvements is a branch of the
taxing power, or included within it.
* * * Whether the expense of making
such improvements shall be paid out of
the general treasury or be assessed upon
the abutting property or other property
specially benefited, and. If in the latter
mode, whether the aBsessment shall be
upon all property found to be benefited,
or alone upon the abutters, according to
frontage or according to the area of their
lots, is according to the present weight of
authority considered to be a quMtlon of
legislative experiency."— 2 Dillon's Muni-
cipal Corporations, Sec. 752.
These formulations of the doctrine were
approved by the United States Supreme
Court in French vs. Barber Asp^t Pav-
ing Company, 181 U. S. 324, SIS, and they
are supported by that case and man^
others, some of which are cited on the
brief for appellant.
Judge Cooley states the sabie doctrine
in his work on Constitutional Limita-
tions, p 507: "It has been held equally
competent for the legrislature to make the
street the taxing district and assess the
expense of improvements upon the lots
in proportion to frontagre. Here also is
apportionment by a rule which anproxl-
mates to what is Just, but which, like
any. other rule that can be applied. Is
only an approximation to absolute equity.
But if in the opinion of the legislature
it is a proper rule to apply In a given
case, the court must enforce it."
Mr. Beach in his work on Public Cor-
porations, states the doctrine as follows:
"Section 1,072. It is well setUed that tM
power to make a public improvement on
the part of a municipal corporation and
to impose the burden of the same upon
the owners of property benefited there-
by is one which legislature may confer
upon such corporations as a part of the
taxing power belonging to the State.
This power of taxation and of apportion-
ing taxation are identical and insepara-
ble. Ta^es cannot be levied without ap-
portionment; and the power of apportion-
ment is therefore unlimited, unless it be
restrained as a i^rt of the power of taxa-
tion. There is not generally in our States
any restraint upon it. It is competent for
the legislature to apportion the tax gen-
erally upon all taxable persons within its
jurisdiction, or within a certain district
or local division; or it may apportion the
tax according to the benefit which each
taxpayer is supposed to receive from the
object on which the tax Is expended.
Whether or not one mode or the other is
the more equitable, the legislature is the
sole and exclusive Judge. It is wholly a
matter of legislative discretion which
method shall be adopted, and It is not at
all a matter for Judicial inquisition or re-
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MUNICIPAL MATTERS IN COURT.
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vital, as In ordinary cases of tazatiOD
under the constitution."
And agrain: "Section 1175. Where land
is to be talcen for a public use, the Leg-
islature is the exclusive Judge of the
amount of land and of the est^ite therein
which the public end to be subserved re-
quires to be taken. It is, therefore, com-
petent for the Legislature to authorize
a municipal corporation to condenln the
title in fee-simple of land for public
streets. But the title which the corpora-
tion acquires in such ccuse Is what may
be termed a "qualified or terminable fee"
for street purposes only, and which it
holds not as proprietor but as an agency
of the State in trust for the public for
street purposes, and which it can neither
sell nor devote to a private use. It was
urged in a case where the fee-simple in
land had been condemned for street pur-
poses that as assessments for benefits
could only be made for local Improve-
ments, and as it was only necessary to
take an easement In land for street pur-
poses, therefore, the taking the fee was
not for a local improvement; consequent-
ly, if taken, no assessments could be
levied to pay for it. To this the Supreme
Court of Minnesota said: 'The Legisla-
ture having authorized, as it might, the
condemnation of the fee for the purpose
of opening or widening a street, which is
a local improvement, payment for the
land taken in fee for that purpose is ffs
much a part of the cost of the improve-
ment as would have been payment for
an easement had that been the Interest
taken."
Judson on Taxation has a luminous
treatise on the subject. In line with the
texts we have quoted and fully sustain-
ing not only legislative competency to
assess the cost of street and other like
improvements against abutting property,
apportioning it by frontage., but the
practical expediency and general fairness,
and the conclusiveness of such assess-
ment. Section 355, et. seq. We quote one
or two passages: •'While a few States
still insist that the apportionment must
be made according to a determination of
special benefits In each case (that is in
respect to each parcel of property we
suppose) the trend of authority has been
overwhelmingly in support of the rule
that a legislative apportionment by fron-
tage or area is allowed. Thus it was
said by Judge Cooley In the Supreme
Court of Michigan in 1881: **We might
fill pages with the names of cases decided
In other States which have sustained
assessments for iniprovlng streets
though the apportionment of cost was
made on the same basis (according to
frontage) as the one before us. If any-
thing can be regarded as settled in munic-
ipal law in this country, the power of
the Legislature to permit jiuch assess-
ments and direct an apportionment of
the cost by frontage, should by this time
be considered as no longer open to con-
troversy. Writers on constitutional law,
on municipal law and on the law of tax-
ation have collected the c^es, and if the
question were new in this State we might
think it Important to refer to what they
say. But the question is not new; it was
settled for us thirty years ago. Sheley
vs. Detroit. 45 Mich., 431. Sec. 367."
This author further says: "The ap-
portionment of the cost of a public im-
provement by a definite rule, as by
frontage or area in the taxing district,
has been held necessarily to exclude
evidence of the want of special bene-
fits in the enforcement of assessments
upon the property as the legislative
determination in ordering the assess-
ment upon that basis presumptively in-
volves the finding that the property
is benefited to the extent of the assess-
ment. This conclusiveness of the leg-
islative decision in the formation of
taxing districts is said, therefore, to
rest upon the presumption that the
Legislature proceeds upon investiga-
tion and inquiry, and decides what the
public good requires; that It only
creates a taxing district and charges
the expense of a public Improvement
upon It when satisfied that the property
therein will be specially benefited by
the Improvement. The courts, in sus-
taining this doctrine of legislative con-
clusiveness, recognize that its real basis
is the impracticability of making any
satisfactory judicial apportionment of
the benefits from such improvements as
between the abutting property and the
general public. In the language of the
Supreme Court of North Dakota: *How
could the courts ever determine what
part should be paid out of the general
treasury and what part raised by local
assessment? What rule would govern
them In investigating such a question?
And what right have they to dictate
where the line shall be drawn?"
This court put itself in harmony with
the doctrine of the foregoing texts and
decisions in the case of Mayor and Al-
dermen of Birmingham vs. Klein, 89 Ala.,
561, decided in 1889; and has so remained,
if we leave out of view some wabbling
in dicta superinduced by what three of
the judges of the Supreme Court of the
United States yet believe was the effect
of that court's decision in the case of
Norwood vs. Baker, 172 U. S. 269.
In that case Mayor and Aldermen, etc.,
vs. Klein, this court sustained as a con-
stitutional and valid enactment a statute
which authorized the corporate authori-
ties of Birmingham to grade and pave
the sidewalks along the streets of the
city, and to assess the total cost thereof,
although It might be greatly In excess ot
the value of the benefits to abutting
property. It Is true that this cost was to
be assessed on this property "in pro-
portion to the amount of the benefit ac-
cruing to the" property owners; but this
only meant that there should be some
rule of apportionment of the whole
charge having reference to the benefit
received by the respective owners and
not that no owner should be charged in
excess of actual benefits received. The
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
provision would have been fully com-
plied with throuerh an apportionment ac-
oordinsT to frontage on the sidewalk ot
the respective abutting lots, and so the
act was construed in the opinion.
In the case of City Council of Mont-
gomery vs. Birdsong, 126 Ala., 632, it was
decided that the charter of Montgomery
giving power to the city to Impose cost
of street Improvement upon abutting
property provided for the assessment
against each parcel of land in proportion
to and not in excess of the actual benefit
accruing to each parcel. It was assumed
rather than decided that such rule of
assessment was essential to the validity
of the act, and this upon the notion that
such was the eftect of the decision in
Norwood vs. Baker, supra; and some-
thing was said in the course of the opin-
ion to the effect that the supposed hold-
ing in that case that such cost could not
be laid against abutting lots irrespective
of the actual benefit to each lot, appeared
to be "consonant with reason and author-
ity." This assumption and this dictum
were the product of what is now said by
the Supreme Court of the United States
to be a misconception of the Norwood-
Baker case: for it has since been de-
cided by that court that it is entirely
competent for the Legislature of a State
to lay the cost of street paving and the
like against abutting property, and to
apportion the charge according to the
frontage of each lot on the street, and it
was said that the decision in Norwood vs.
Baker should be confined to the particu*'
lar facts of the case, and that so consid-
ered, that case was not Inconsistent with
the general doctrine that the coat of
street improvements may be laid wholly
upon abutting property by frontage.
French & Barber Asphalt Paving Co..
181 U. S. 324. Nothing was decided in
the Birdsong case inconsistent with the
prevailing doctrine as to legislative com-
petency in this connection, and we feel
less constraint toward following the as-
sumption and dictum indulged in that
case for the reason that 'their indulgence
is referable to a natural misconception
of the Norwood-Baker case, if it were a
misconception, or, if not, then to a case
—Norwood V. Baker— which has since been
qualified so far as it originally bore upon
the Question now before us. The subse*
quent case of City Council of Montgom-
ery v. Poster. 133 Ala. 587, but followed
the Blr(^song case in the construction of
the charter of Montgomery, and nothing
is therein decided established general doc-
trine of legislative competency to enact
laws such as the statute involved in thlf
case. We are thoroughly satisfle<i of the
abstract soundness of that doctrine, and
we now reaffirm it. and hold that the
statute before us, authorizing the impo-
sition of the entire cost of certain
street or sidewalk paving upon abutting
property ''prorated according to the
frontage of such property," was a con-
stitutional and valid enactment.
The City Court in reaching the con-
trary conclusion was doubtless misled
by the Norwood-Baker case, and by what
this court said In the Birdsong case, be-
ing ourselves misled thereto by the Nor-
wood-Baker case. Its decree must be
reversed. The cause will be remanded.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE
Concrete Mine Shaft— English Artificial Stone— Tests of Concrete Block and
Brick— Price of Cement— Tests of Steel -Concrete Beams—
The Milford Concrete Standpipe.
Concrete for Lining Mine Shafts.
Many shafts in the coal regions of Penn-
sylvania are lined with concrete. One of
the largest of these is the Grassy Island
shaft of the Delaware & Hudson Com-
pany, near Olyphant. It will be nearly
800 feet deep and the concrete lining ex-
tAn<1a thrnnsrVi thA nnriAr nnft. fltrA.tA. and
The outside dimensions of the Grassy
Island shaft, as far down as concrete lin-
ing was to be used, were 58 by 20 feet, the
concrete being about 4 ft. thick.
The concrete used is made of five parti
of coarsely broken sandstone or grit, from
a nearby rock dump. The rock Is broken
bv a Blake crusher to about a 3-inch ring.
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CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
425
mixed by hand labor with the Portland
cement and sand, these havlngr been
previously mixed, also by hand labor, in a
mixing box. Especial care was taken to
mix the concrete pretty dry. that is,
simply moist, not wet. this being neces-
srry for the best results.
When mixed, the concrete was shoveled
down chutes so arranged as to deposit
the concrete near where it was needed.
This use of chutes has been criticized by
some engineers, who claim that concrete
should be either mixed on a temporary
platform in the shaft, and shoveled off
this platform into the space between the
rock and planking, or, if mixed on the
surface, should be lowered in buckets, be-
cause of the well-known tendency of rock
and mortar to separate when sliding
down a chute. However, in this case, the
contractors used chutes with an elbow
near the bottom, and by this elbow the
rock and mortar were still well mixed
when they fell on the platform. The ce-
ment was shoveled into the space be-
tween the rock wall and the planks, and
well tamped as fast as put ta, thorough
tamping being absolutely essential to a
tight and durable lining.
Before concreting began, the rock walls
of the shaft had been thoroughly cleaned
by a stream of water under a head of 100
feet or more. This removed all slime an 1
ooze, and also many loose pieces of rock.
To keep water from accumulating behind
the concrete, and, under pressure, eating
Ita way through while the concrete was
still green, making a leaky Job, pieces of
1-inch pipe were put in at intervals where
the flow is heaviest. When the concrete
had set, the pipes were plugged first with
waste soaked in tar, then with good ce-
ment mortar rammed in hard. As a re-
sult the lining does not show a leak.
In the temporary timbering for placing
the concrete the timbers at the corners
of the shaft were very heavy, 10 by 10-
inch. Intermediate timbering was lighter,
4 by 6-inch, while 2 by 12-inch planks were
used for the rest of the work. Owing to
the setting of the concrete, the timber-
ing in work like this is continually get-
ting out of place, and requires the scrlct-
est supervision. Hence, besides a good
foreman, a skillful and experienced car^
penter is needed to keep the alignment
exact.
An English Artificial Stone.
The following description of L. P.
Ford's process of making artificial stone
from sand and lime is taken from a paper
presented by him to the English Society
of Arts. After some account of the dif-
ficulties met with in discovering the prop-
er processes the paper proceeds as fol-
lows:
The great value of the industry lies in
the following points:—
(1) The stone itself is a production of
a true silicate of limestone— the old
Roman mortar which has stood so* many
centuries.
(2) It is not a concrete made with Port-
land cement, and Is absolutely homogen-
eous throughout and can, therefore, be cut
up and used like— nay better than— nat-
ural stone, which has layers, vents,
flaws, etc.
(3) It is better than natural stone, be-
cause few natural building stones now
used will resist the acids in the atmos-
phere, and this stone does.
(4) Silica sand exists pn over three-
fourths of the earth's surface, and is,
therefore, obtainable near building sites,
and thus an immense saving will ennue in
carriage alone.
(5) There are immense tracts of land
where no natural building stouo is ob-
tainable, and therefore, whero this is
the case, the chance of obtaining stone
by my process is a fact of immense im-
portance.
(6) In addition the stone may be pnv
duced at about 8d. per cubic foot, a
price at which natural stone cannot be
quarried.
(7) The carving qualities of the stone
are splendid.
(8) The crushing strength is three
times greater than Portland stone, or less,
if desired.
As is usual, and I may say essential,
for great success, my discovery Is? of the
simplest possible, so that any ordinary
mechanic with a fair amount of brains
can learn and carry out the process,
which is. shortly, this:—
We use nothing else but ordinary silica
sand (as most sands are) and common fat
lime. The purer the sand the purer and
better the stone will be, and, ordinarily,
we prefer not to have more than about
8 per cent of iron and 8 per cent of alumi-
na and no other foreign matter. But I may
say here that stone can be made by us out
of almost any sand and quarry refuse,
but it would not always be pure silicate
of limestone. In some places that would
not matter, but in large cities the purer
the stone the longer it will endure.
The sand we gr^nd and grade so as to
get several grades, and the lime is re-
duced to a very fine powder. The two
ingredients, in the proportion of about
92 percent of sand to about 8 percent of
lime, are mixed dry, and then run into
a cylindrical mold, made in a special way
and which is the key to the process. The
mold is closed and placed in a boiler,
from which the air is then exhausted,
and into which water is inmiediately aft-
erward allowed to enter and cover the
mold. The temperature is gradually
raised to about 150 degrees Fahr., and
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426
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERINQ.
kept up for eight hours, when the process
is complete. The boiler Is allowed to
cool, then opened and the mold removed.
When cool enough the mold is relieved of
its contents, which can at once be used.
I call the process absurdly simple, and
yet it has cost, if we reckon the thou-
sands each attempting Inventor has spent
since 1S32, here and abroad. £200.000, I sup-
pose. The process is a close Imitation 'of
nature's methods, for In the bowels of
the earth we And silica sand, alkalies
and a high temperature, with an enor-
mous superincumbent pressure.
In conclusion I will repeat a favorite
asertion of mine, already made—namely,
that when civilization creates artificial
conditions, simple natural things have
to be replaced by artificial products.
Price of Cement.
The last number of the Bulletin of the
Bureau of Labor, ^ves data regarding
prices of materials from which the fol-
lowing regarding cement are taken.
The lowest wholesale price quotations
in New Tork City for domestic Portland
cement since 1890 were from March to
May, 1902, and in October, 1903, and were
from $1.60 to $1.90 a barrel. The highest,
in April, 1900, were $2.20 to 12.35. The
lowest quotation for Rosendale cement
was sixty cents a barrel in November,
1696, and the highest $1.20 to $1.25 fn
April, 1892.
The prices of domestic cement each
year from 1890 to 1901 are* given in Muni-
cipal Engeering vol. xxiii, p 46. These ta-
bles may be extended by adding the av-
erage price per barrel of domestic Port-
land cement in New York in 1902, SL96,
and in 1903, 12.03. Rosendale cement av-
eraged 86.5 cents a barrel in 1902 and
89 cents in 1903.
The fluctuations in price of Portland
cement in 1903 are as follows :
January, 1903 $2,125 a barrel
February 2.075 a barrel
March 2.125 a barrel
April 2.150 a barrel
May 2.125 a barrel
June 2.200 a barrel
July 2.150 a barrel
August 2.000 a barrel
September 2.000 a barrel
October 1.750 a barrel
November 1.875 a barrel
December 1.775 a barrel
Average for Tear 2.029 a barrel
Strength of Hollow Concrete Blocks,
Cement and Sand Lime Bricks.
The accompanying table shows the re-
sult of tests of crushing end transverse
strengths made by Prof. A. Marston of
Iowa State College, on hollow concrete
blocks, bricks of cement and sand, and
Huennekes process sand-lime brick. T*«c
data were presented at the last meeting
of the Iowa Engineering Society, and the
following description of the methods of
making the tests is taken from Mr.
Marston's paper:
In general the procedure in transverse
tests was to support the concrete block
or brick near each end on rounded knife
edges with steel bearing blocks to pre-
vent cutting in of the knife edge and
to apply the load to a similar,
but adjustable knife edge and
block at the midway point on top. In the
crushing tests of large shapes the speci-
mens were bedded in plaster of Paris
and allowed to set four hours. In these
tests and in the transverse tests tne
blocks were placed in the machine in
the same position in which they would
stand in a wall. In the transverse tests
of brick the specimens were placed flat-
wise. The crushing tests of 2-in. cubes
were made between adjustable steel bear-
ing surfaces. In calculating the crushing
tests of the large shapes^^ the results
expressed in tons per square foot were
determined without allowing for the hol-
lows in the concrete blocks, while for
the results expressed in pounds per
square inch the hollows were deducted
in making the computations.
The detailed tests of concrete blocks
given in the table may be summarized
and average as follows:
Crushing strength.
S?
pa o ^ g « a c
Kind. isS"^ «S --
a X77 46.5* 1047
b 312 4S.1» 829
c , 177 42.5 UU
Average 222 48.7 996
In connection with this .summary, cau-
tion should be given, first, that the num-
ber of tests is not great enough for re-
liable av3rages, and, second, that the
blocks were of difCerent ages, and that
probably none of them were old enougt
to attain their full strength. In spite ot
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Iowa Brick and Tile Manufacturers* As-
sociation at the 1902 meeting, and with
the tests of Iowa comrcon brick which he
reported at the 1908 meetings.
Summary of Tests of Common Brick and
of Hollow Building Blocks.
Crushing Strength.
Transversa
Modulus of
Rupture, lbs.
per sq. in.
LATge shapes
Tons per
sq. ft.
2 inch
cubes, lbs.
per sq. incU
Average of four Mason
City hoUow blocks
64.8
• ••
Average of 6 varieties
of Common Brick.... 600
....
8870
Average of 8 Varieties
of Soft Brick 800
....
1850
It would appear ^rom the results of
these tests that thr crushing strength of
concrete hollow blocks is ample for the
loads which would be apt to be placed
upon them In ordinary buildings. The ma-
terial itself, as compared with brick, does
not appear to be s^ strong, as regards
either crushing or transverse pressures.
Cement brick behaved very much like
the material of concrete blocks in the
tests. The sand-lime brick tested was
considerably stronger, but did not teat
as good as common brick.
Tests of Steal Concrete Beams.
Two sets of experiments on concrete
beams reinforced with metal have re-
cently been made and reported to the
Western Society of Engineers by Prof.
BESULTS OF TESTS OF LIME-SAND AND CEMENT-SAND BRICKS
BLOCKS.
Ciyil Engineering Department, Iowa State College, January,
AND CONCRETE
1904.
Specimen.
<
Mo.
City.
I
Size.
Crushing Test.
Large Shapes.
2 in.
Cubes.
lbs. per
sq. In.
Transverse Test.
Total
Load.
lbs.
Modulus
of
Rupture
lbs. per
sq. m.
Cement Sand
Brick.
Concrete
Blocks.
1-8
1-8
1-6
1-8
1-4
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
Waterloo
Sac City
Sand Lime
Webster
City
4.06"xL26"
4.00"x2.25"
4.0B"x2.27"
4.00"x2.25"
4.06"x2.55"
4.13"x2.30'
10"x9"
x2'6)i"
10"x9"
x2'6"
10"x9"
x2'8"
10"x9"
x2'6"
8"x9"
xl' 3X"
10"x9"
xl' 8«"
8"x9"
xl' 4"
8"x9"
xl' 3X"
8"x9"
xl' 3X"
10"x9"
x2' 7X"
8"x9"
x2' 7X"
10"x9"
xl' 3X"
8"x9"
xl'3X"
8"x9"
xl' 3X"
10"x9"
xl' 4"
2%"x4"
45.8
♦48.8
41.0
45.0
85.8
♦48.0
880
28.5
570
♦48.0
939
♦48.0
981
48.7
40.5
841
822
950
778
660
727
590
570
1800
1084
974
1145
859
837
1417
967
800
815
1286
•1430
1270
1850
990
980
806
2097
980
710
790
650
5040
4060
8330
8060
4300
4600
1865
1580
8680
7440
378
871
401
800
847
287
426
828
260
235
196
158
106
160
HI
830
1600
685
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428
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERINQ.
W. K. Hatt of Purdue University and
Prof. M. A. Howe of Rose Polytechnic
Institute.
The beams used by Prof. Hatt wer»
mainly of 1-2^ concrete reinforced with
plain wrought Iron bars. Those used by
Prof. Howe were about the same com-
position, but corrugated Iron bans were
used Instead of plain ones, with a rein-
forcement of from .62 to .66 of one per
cent. Prdf. Hatt says: "In the writer's
tests of stone concrete beams reinforced
with wrought Iron whose elastic limit
was 36,000 pounds per square Inch, a two
per cent, reinforcement failed to develop
the compressive strength of the concrete."
The beams used by Prof. Howe were In
the proportions of 1 cement to 7 of sand
and stone and the corrugated bars usetf
showed an elastic limit of 60,000 pounds
and an ultimate strength of 100,000
pounds. They failed in compression or
shear, showing that the proportion of
steel reinforcement was suffldent for the
tension stresses. From the experiments
the maximum compression in the concrete
was computed by the common theory for
the load when failure began. It varied
from 1,760 to 8,100 pounds per square Inch
in the 16 beams for which It was com-
puted. At the same time the tension in
the steel was computed and varied from
62,200, In a beam 18 feet long which faUed
by shearing, to 76,600 in two beams 10 and
12 feet long respectively.
The Milford Concrete Standpipe.
Since the article on the concrete stand-
pipe at Milford, O., was published in vdl.
xxvi, p. 162, of Municipal Einglneerlng,
the standplpe has been successfully test-
ed, and It is now in regular service. There
is a slight filtration of water through the
concrete, so slight that it is scarcely no*
tlced on a sunny day, but on cloudy days
the outside of the structure shows con-
siderable dampness. The inside w*ll be
coated with a wash of neat oement with
the expectation that will effectually pre-
vent all leakage.
KQADS AND iTREETi
Preparing Asphalt for Repair Work— OU Roads— General Asphalt Co.— New
York Asphalt Specif Icatlons— Street Grade Ordinance.
Method of Preparing Asphalt for Re-
pair Work.
A party of city officials from Chicago,
consisting of F. W. Blockl, Commissioner
of Public Works; M. J. Doherty, Super-
intendent of Streets, and John Ericson,
City Engineer, visited Pittsburg, Pa., May
7 for the purpose of making a thorough
examination of a new plan of prepar-
ing asphalt for paving purposes, the pat-
ent of W. C. Thoma of the Wadsworth
Stone & Paving Company. The main ob-
ject that Mr. Thoma has in view is to
have each municipality own and control
its own asphsdt plant, thereby saving
considerable money during the course of
a year by doing its own patchwork on the
streets. By his process the asphalt is
cooked by steam, no fire being permitted
to get near it. It Is heated to a tempera-
ture of 280 to 800 degrees, and when it
goes down to a temperature of 220 de-
grees it can still be worked, and adheres
perfectly. One of the claims made for
the new invention is that there is abso-
lutely no waste in the product, as it can
be heated over and over again without
losing its life or elasticity.
Oil on Roads in District of Columbia*
The Commissioners of the Distrtot of
Columbia have authorized the purchase
of fifty barrels af asphaltlc oil and 160
barrels of Texas olL to be used on the
streets of Washington and the county
roads, in an experiment to determine the
advisability of using oil to lay the dust
on the streets and roads. The «um of
1400 will be expended in making the ex-
periment.
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ROADS AND STREETS.
429
The General Asphalt Company's An-
nual Report.
The first annual report of the reorgan-
ized asphalt trust, known as the General
Asphalt Company, was made May 17, by
President John M. Mack.
The total business for the year
amounted to $16,907,138, and the report
shows on its face a net profit of 1860,226.
The asphalt selling and the paving de-
partments showed profits of $1,617,052, to
which $147,881 is added as Income from
rents, interest, etc., and from which are
deducted $^.847 Interest and fixed
charges. $284,881 general expenses, $185,485
reserve for bad debts and some small
item to make the net profit named.
The amount of asphalt mined in 1903
was about one-third more than In 1902, be-
ing 204,340 tons, of which 181.076 tons were
Trinidad Lake and 28,264 tons were Ber-
mudez. The company refined 99,664 tons
pf asphalt, of which it sold 17,439 tons to
others than its own subsidiary companies.
The amount of paving done in 1908 was
about 50 per cent greater than that done
in 1902, aggregating 4,727,160 square yards.
The company has contracts for 1,022,688
square yards for execution in 1904.
The gross business of paving amounted
to $8,996,183, on which there was a net loss
of $106,761. The general contracting and
miscellaneous private work of the com-
pany aggregated $2,975,980, on which there
was a net profit of $81,241. The profiU on
asphalt refining and selling were $1,596,785.
In analyzing the figures of the report
the Philadelphia North American calls
attention to an item of "special ex-
penditure of $272,120.62 for improvement of
pavements in 1906" which seems to have
been paid out in maintaining pavements
under old guarantees. If this is deducted
from the net profit given above it makes
the real profits $588,105 for a period of IS
months ending April 80, 1904. It would
seem that this maintenance charge should
have been included in the operating ex-
penses, thus reducing the book statement
of net profits to the figure last given.
Another item which troubles the journal
referred to is one of $879,186 for '•promo-
tion" which it finds difficulty In reaching
by legitimate charges for agents,
solicitors and men working up petitions
for street improvements.
The same journal finds oorroboraxlon
of its former charges of misapplication
of funds of the old. trust in Venesuela In
the charges of President Castro of that
republic that upon his refusal to accept
an ofter of $500,000 for his infiuence the
trust expended large sums in sustaining
the Mates rebellion. His charges were
published in Venezuelan papers nearly
two months ago and it is now stated that
he is about to begin legal proceedings to
annul the concessions of the New York
and Bermudez Company under which the
asphalt is being taken from the Ber-
mudez asphalt lake.
The officers elected by the board of
directors of the General Asphalt Company
to serve for the fiscal year are: John
M. Mack, president; Gen. Avery D.
Andrews and A. W. Sewall, vice-presi-
dents; Clyde Brown, treasurer; J. L*.
Rake, general agent; H. R. Wardell, gen-
eral sales agent, and R. J. Wortendyke.
The General Asphalt Company has con-
solidated operations into about one half
dozen companies. The principal ones
are as follows: The New Trinidad Lake
Asphalt Company lessee of the principal
supplies of Trinidad asphalt on the Island
of Trinidad, British West Indies; The
New York and Bermudez Company, lessee
of the Bermudez asphalt deposit in Bast-
em Venezuela; The Barber Asphalt Pav-
*ing Company, laying pavements In the
clUes of the United States; The South
American Asphalt Paving Conipany, lay-
ing pavements in two or three South
American cities.
The appraised value of the combined
real estate Is $1,310,288 and plants. $1,746.-
582. The principal refinery is near New
York In New Jersey. The debts of the
underlying companies are:
Trinidad Company $1,749,395
Barber Company 889,100
N. Y. & B. Company 250,000
Total $2,888,425
The liquidation of the National Con-
tracting Company and a few others Is
continued as fast as circumstances per-
mit. The South American Company took
no new contracts and ran at a loss. It
Is probable that the debt of about $3,000,-
000, will have to be earned and paid before
any dividend can be declared on the
capitalization of about $30,000,000 par val-
ue, of preferred and common stock. The
preferred stock Is quoted now at about
80 and the common at 10; par being 100.
The principal competition is from West-
ern Venezuela, Mexico and California.
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430
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Changes in Asphalt Specifications fc^r
New York City.
One of our special correspondents in
New York City states that the Board ot
BSstimate and Apportionment of the city
of New York on May 20, after an investi-
gation of several weeks with the assist-
ance of its engineers and J. W. Howard
as Consultlnff Engineer and Asphalt Ex-
pert, decided that it w6uld raise the re-
quirements as to the quality of refined
asphalt, etc, hereafter permitted to be
used in Greater New York. This was
unanimously adopted by the Board, com*
I>osed of the Mayor, presidents of the five
boroughs (New York, Brooklyn, Queens.
Bronx and Richmond), the Comptroller
and President of the Board of Aldermen.
This is the highest legislaUve body ap-
propriating funds for use in New York.
It found that the cost of repairs of low
grade asphalt such as Trinidad, etc., con-
taining less than 56 per cent of bitumen
and containing matter affected by water,
had become so excessive that it was nec-
essary to exclude low grade asphalts and
require higher grades, as those from sev-
eral parts of Venezuela, Mexico and else-
where, of which there are ample supplies
to be had from the same company whicf!
furnished Trinidad asphalt and from
competing companies. This opens the
specifications to full competition while
raising the grade of asphalt required. The
requirement adopted by the Board is in
brief as follows:
The refined asphalt Shall be homogene^
eus and free from water, must not be af-
fected by the action of water, must not
contain less than 90 per cent of bitumen
soluble in carbon bisulphide and the bitU'
men shall itself be soluble to a degree ot
At least 68 per cent in petroleum naptha
of boiling point 40 to 60 centigrade. Some
minor changes were also made in the
specifications.
Form of Ordinance Establishing
Street Grades.
The City Council of Havre, Mont,
passed an ordinance establishing stre^
grades for the city which was prepared
by the City Engineer, C. W. Swearinger.
It will doubtless be of assistance to other
small cities in preparing similar ordi-
nances.
Section 1 fixes the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey behcb mark as the ofBcial bench
mark of the city, fully describes It and
gives its elevation.
Section 2 reads as follows:
Sec. 2. That the grades of streets and
avenues at the points designated is here-
by established as the official grades of
said streets and avenues. Said points
being the block corners, respectively, at
avenues and streets hereinafter named.
Curb grades at all points shall be at an
elevation determined by a fall of 2% per
cent from property line grade to top of
curb.
Sidewalk grades in business dlstricta
and in improved residence districts shall
be determined in the following manner*
viz: A rate of two and one-half per cent
(2^ per cent) inclination from establishes!
grade at property line to curb grade shall
determine the elevation and inclination of
all sidewalks.
FIRST AVENUE.
Block comers on the—
" South line of Main-st 2481.89
North line of First-st 2482.69
" South line of First-st i:482.eft
North line of Second-st .... 2483.Blf
South line of Second-st .... 248359
" North line of Third-st 2485.39
South line of Third-st 248S.8Sr
" North line of Fourth-st .... 2489.69
" South line of Fourth-st .... 2489.B9
Each avenue is taken in order and ele«
vations are prescribed in the same maQ,
ner for each street intersection.
Section 8 repeals conflicting ordinances
and section 4 fixes time of going into ef.
feet.
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WATER., LIGHT AND iE WERi
Cambridge Supply— Qas vs. Electric Ught^Qas Explosion In Conduit— Sew-
age Purification In Iowa— Tree Roots and Sewers.
Cambridge, Mass., Water Supply.
A report on the comparative cost of
water to the city should It decide to en-
ter the metropolitan water system, ani
of constructing the proposed pipe lines
from Fresh Pond to Hobbs and Stony
Brook basins, has been made to Mayor
Daly by Freeman C. CofOn of the water
board at Cambridge, Mass. Mr. CofQn
says that the water now being supplied
by the metropolitan system is being so
supplied as a temporary measure, and
except for the fact that Cambridge is
temporarily in a precarious condition, the
metropolitan water board has no author-
ity to supply the water, unless under the
condition of Its entrance into the metro-
poUtan water district. He figures the
cost by both plans, entrance into the
metropolitan district and the proposed
construction of pipe lines and finds that
the latter plan will mean a much smaUer
increase In the annual expenses of the
city.
»
Advantages of Modern Gas Lighting
Over Electricity.
Ldghtlng by coal gas consisted not
many years ago in a maximum of heat
and a minimum of light. Very litUe ef-
fect was secured from the calorific capac-
ity of the gas, and it was the boast of the
electric light men that gas, burned in the
gas engine to germinate power to drive a
dynamo, would produce, despjte the inter-
mediate losses, a greater amount of light
than could be obtained when the gas was
burned In the ordinary manner. But gas
lighting with modern methods is far
ahead of electricity in all save conven-
ience, and, under ordinary circumstances,
health. The matter of health is not in-
surmountable. The economy In one year
over electricity would pay for the ventila-
tion necessary to remove the products or
as electric light depends on steam power
for its prime mover. Gas engines will do
something to reduce cost, but there can
be very little doubt in the mind of any
engineer that the plant required for pro-
ducing the electric light is out of propor-
tion extravagant as compared with that
required for gas light.
Electricity lends itself to situations for
which gas is out of the question; but for
plain, straightforward lighting of rooms,
workshops and public buildings it ap-
pears very doubtful whether electricity
will continue to' hold first place in any
sense of the term. The machinery ot
electric light has become more^ compli-
cated instead of simpler as time has
moved on. Electric light engineers ap-
pear to have succumbed to this tendency
without an effort, and their undertakings
have been burdened with this load ot
complication as well as a load of dupli-
cate plant made necessary by the hand
to mouth methods which are still prac-
tically compulsory- in the absence of a
satisfactory system of electric storage.
• In coal consumption the incandescent
electric light probably demands three
times as much as modern gas lighting—
W. H. Booth, in Cassier's Magazine.
Gas Explosion in a Newark Conduit
A recent explosion of illuminating gas
in a conduit at the lower end of Sprlng-
field-ave., Newark, N. J., blew up a man-
hole and broke a large number of win-
dows. The report of the explosion was
heard for nearly a mile. It is thought
to have been caused by gas escaping
from a leaking main becoming Ignited by
electricity from a nearby conduit.
Sewage Purification in Iowa.
The City Engineering Department of
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
1898. Since that time It has continuously
purified an amount of sewage equal to
that of the averaere town of 2,000 popula-
tion. The effluent Is as clear, sparkling
and odorless as the purest spring water.
Chemical and bacterial tests show it to
be purer than some well water which is
used for drinking purposes.
The subject of sewage disposal is very
Important In Iowa, because the cities of
the State are now Just beginning to put
In sewers as extensively as they did
waterworks during the last two decades.
The college receives many requests for
Information, and the authorities of many
Iowa towns have visited the college plant.
Five bulletins have been printed relating
to sewage disposal in Iowa and can be
obtained on application to Prof. Mars-
ton.
The plant consists of a brick septic tank
and of two filters of sand and gravel
about four feet in depth. After passing
through the tank the sewage is dis-
charged on top of the filters. Tile drains
underneath the filters remove the puri-
fied effluent. The plant cost only $2,500
for construction. It costs about $250 an-
nually to maintain it. The filters last
Indefinitely, with some care in the way
of loosening up the surface with hoes or
Iron rakes. The plant Is successfully
operated In the winter as well as In the
summer. It purifies from 40,000 to 90,000
gallons of sewage per day. Experiments
in the purlfsring of creamery sewage are
now being begun on account of many re-
quests received from the creameries of
the State.
The Departments of Botany and Agri-
cultural Chemistry have co-operated with
the Civil Engineering Department in all
this woric
A similar plant has been designed for
Marion, !a., but thus far it has been
necessary to construct only the septic
tank as further purification in filter beds
has uot j'et proved necessary.
Preventing Tree Roots from Entering
Sewers.
Engineer C. E. Moore, who is putting
In a sewer system at Menlo Park, Cal.,
r^orts his method of construction
which will have the effect of preventing
tree roots from entering the sewers.
It is very diflicult to preserve perfectly
tight Joints, as any settlement is almost
sure to cause cracks In the cement, and
through these cracks the roots easily pen-
etrate. It is well known that salt will
kill tree roots, and -In constructing the
sewer a shovelful or two of salt is tamped
around each joint. Mr. Moore is confi-
dent that this will keep out the roots for
a good many years.
MUNICIPAL AND TECHNICAL
LITERATURE
New Publications— iluniclpal Reports.
New Publications.
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual meet-
ing of the American Society for Test-
ing Materials, held July 1-3, 1903. Ed-
gar Marburg, Secretary, Univ. of Penn-
sylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
This society is one of the valuable work-
ing societies of the engineering profession
and its volume of proceedings Is of the
utmost Interest. The society deserves the
fullest support from engtr.eers, and the
♦v.^^ ^^11
crippled slightly by the destruction of
some of the copy for it by fire, but this
affects only the cement department and
this but slightly.
Standard specifications for iron ana
steel for various purposes, cement and
preservative coatings are features of this
volume. There are also many papers on
details of processes and tests for steei
and Iron for many purposes. Road ma-
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436
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Fire Tests with Floors. Particulars of
tests with floors of karri wood. Publi-
cations of the British Fire Prevention
Committee, No. 79. London, 1 Waterloo
Place, Pall Mall.
This le-page book erlves the details of a
test of karri wood In a floor subjected to
a fire of two hours' duration, with tem-
perature grradually Increasing to 1,800 de-
grees F. The flre was under the floor,
which was supported on 10 by 10 Inch
beams of the same timber. The photo-
graphs show the flre resisting qualities
of the wood and the diagrams and tables
give full data of the test.
Papers, Discussions and Proceedings at
the Sixth Annual Convention of the
League of Michigan Municipalities, held
Jointly with the Michigan Political Sci-
ence Association, at Ann Arbor, Feb.
11 and 12, 1904. John A. Falrlee, Secre-
tary, Ann Arbor.
This volume contains a full report oi
the convention referred to and the pa-
pers presented. Some account of the
meeting was given In the March number
of Municipal Engineering and those ot
our readers who wish the full text of the
papers can probably secure copies of the
volume from the Secretary of the
League.
Civic Pride. William E. Clark, Editor, 116
Nassau-st.. New York City. $1 a year.
This Is the latest periodical devoted to
the general subject" of civic advance and
promises to be an appropriate medium
for the extension of the knowledge of
the work of such societies as the Ameri-
can League for Civic Improvement, the
American Park and Outdoor Art Associa-
tion, the National Municipal League and
the A.merlcan Institute of Social Service
and for the expression of Ideas of Indi-
viduals upon these and related subjects.
The page Is small. 5 by 8 Inches, the pa-
per good and the Illustrations excellent.
Chart Method of Reducing Polaris Ob-
servations. By Clark Brown, Assistant
Engineer, New York State Canals. Pa-
per IL Cloth $1.50. Published by the
author, Albany, N. Y.
This chart with the method on which
It Is based Is Intended to sunersede the
older methods of finding the meridian
with the ordinary engineer's transit It
Is not sufficiently accurate to be valuable
for reducing observations made with geo-
detic or astronomical instruments. Ob-
The author recommends using the north
point as the zero of azimuth, since It Is
now determined by observations of the
stars, especially Polaris, rather than the
sun, which was formerly used In the
standard methods.
The chart Is accompanied by directions
for making It applicable to any latitude
or longitude and for making the neces-
sary observations with the transit. Times
of culmination of Polaris occurring be-
tween 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. are given for
every day In the year 1901 to the nearest
minute. Diagram for correction for any
year up to 1921 Is given, also diagrams
showing difference between standard and
local time for any longituae and correc-
tion diagram for the period from the
time of observation to the time of the
nearest culmination.
The instructions are clear and simple
and the method Is convenient of applica-
tion and should be satisfactory within
the stated limits of its accuracy, i. c,
the probable error of an azimuth de-
termined by this method is less than the
probable error in the measurement of an
angle with an engineer's transit.
The Engineering Press Monthly Index-
Review. $2.50 a year. 20 Rue de la
Chancellerle, Brussels, Belgium.
This is the new name beginning with
April, the first of the second volume, of
the Index of the Technical Press. The
size of the page is neariy doubled,
the abstracts of articles are Improvea
in the way of facilitating reference and
the names of articles are arranged
under ten principal heads, mechanical,
steam, electrical, mining, civil, railway
and tramway, shipbuilding and naval en-
gineering, chemical industries, metal-
lurgy, statistics and Industrial economy.
The new feature is reviews of the
principal engineering question of the
month and more extended Illustrated
summaries of the most remarkable pa-
pers and articles.
Irrigation Engineering. By Herbert M.
Wilson, C. E. Fourth Edition, revised
and enlarged. 696 pp., 141 plates, 142 fig-
ures. Cloth, 14. John Wiley & Sons, New
York City.
This new edition of Mr. Wilson's stand-
ard work is called for because of the
large amount of work In designing and
constructing Irrigation works made nec-
essarv bv the liberal nrovlalon of funds
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MT. HOPE RESERVOIR, ROCHESTER, N. Y., WATER-WORKS.
Cut in. Bank for New Outlet Pipes, Coffer-Dam Partially Constructed.
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438
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
by the U. S. Geological Survey on pre-
cipitation, runoff and stream flow is given
its proper place.
All the questions which arise in connec-
tion with irrigation works receive as full
treatment as their relative importance
and ihe space available permit. They in-
clude in addition to those named above,
evaporation, absorption, seepage, alkali,
drainage, sedimentation, quantity of
water required, flow and measurement of
water in open channels, subsurface water
and sewage for irrigation, which are
treated in the first part.
The second part takes up the subject ot
canals and canal works, including align-
ment, slope, cross-section, headworks,
diversion weirs, scouring sluices, regula-
tors, escapes, falls, drainage works, dis-
tributaries, application of water and pipe
irrigation.
The third part, devoted to storage res-
ervoirs, has considerable new material on
account of the new works described and
the new investigations which have been
made. It treats of the location and ca-
pacity of reservoirs, earth, loose rock and
masonry dams, waterways, outlet sluices,
pumping, tools and maintenance.
While it cannot be said that the treat-
ment of many of the subjects is exhaust-
ive, the book is a valuable text-book and
gives a most excellent view of the prob-
lems which arise in irrigation work and
guidance for more detailed study. An
excellent feature is the bibliography of
the subject, which is divided into* sec-
tions corresponding to various chapters
in the book and inserted at the ends of
those chapters. The index covers thirty-
three pages and is fairly complete,
though not cross-referenced, and thus
occasionally requiring several trials to
find the entry for a subject. Thus the
lists of books must be found under the
heading, "Reference Works." They are
also given under .vorks of Reference,"
when a cross-reference would have saved
several lines and made room for cross-
entries under "Books," etc. A glance
through the indexing of the Ganges irri-
gation works indicates a lack of system.
4.V>n4> ^■.,^'mm,.*V%lw,^ ^*
hind time. The appendix on the electric
condition of the water pipe system, son
extracts from which will be found els.
where in this number of Municipal Ei
gineerlng, bears the date of Oct 1, 1903.
The ash collection of the city reliev<
the householder of all trouble. Mlxtui
with the ashes of paper and oth(
materials greatly increases the cost <
removal, which is paid for at H a loa^
without reference to weight. A charge f<
rubbish of 10 cents a barrel, with free r
moval of all clear ashes is proposed, bi
has given rise to much opposition.
Street repairs have cost $26,036. of whic
asphalt streets have taken |20,18i. Thei
were 426,073 square yards of pavement c
which repairs were made, making tl
average cost 4.72 cents a square yard f<
the year. This Is the heaviest cost r<
ported, the next being in 1897, the flri
year in which general repairs were mad
when the cost was 4.21 cents. There wei
about 25,000 square yards of pavement c
which guarantees had expired on whic
repairs were not made. Deducting tl:
area kept in repair by the street railwa
company, there remain 432,698 squai
yards of pavement to be kept in repair t
the city. The average cost per squai
yard on this area was 4.53 cents. A vie
of the Colvin-st. asphalt pavement wi
be found on another page.
Street cleaning cost $96,160. on forty-sl
streets. The average cost of all sweepln
and cleaning was $28.80 per thousan
square yards, or $462,69 per mile with a
average width of 28 feet. Asphalt street
cost $35.28 per thousand square yards fc
the season, or $676 per mile of stree
They were cleaned 128 times. Brie
streets cost $23.85 per thousand squai
yards, or $472 per mile, cleaned an averas
of 63 times during the season. Medin
block stone streets cost $58.69 per thoi
sand square yards, or $1,678 per mil<
cleaned 120 times. The Medina ston
streets are wider than others. If 27 fee
wide they would cost $829 a m\\\
Macadam streets cost $16 a thousan
square yards, or $318.70 a mile, 12 time
cleaninfiT durine the season.
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
439
and the water works were fully described
In papers which appeared in Municipal
Ensrineering In November. 1902. Elsewhere
in this number will be found photoerraphs
of the Rush storage reservoir ana of the
work on the new outlet pipes and screen
well for the Mt. Hope reservoir. One of
the smaller views shows the cut in the
bank for the new outlet pipes with the
coffer dam under construction. The other
small cut shows the detail of the bank
and the ch^acter of the puddle lining
disclosed by the cut. The reservoir to on
a sand hill and the puddle lining is
stepped into the original sand in the man-
ner shown.
Another view shbws the half-arch con-
crete bridge from the reservoir bank to
the top of the screen well.
Six inches of gravel was originally put.
on the clay puddle lining. When the res-
trvoir was emptied for the construction
mentioned many crawfish were found and
under each stone large enough to hide a
crawfish was found a hole. Many of
these holes went through the linlug, per-
mitting the water to leak into the sand
beneath. This leads to the recommenda-
tion that all stones over an Inch In diam-
eter be excluded from the gravel lining
or that it be replaced by continuous con-
crete, asphalt or brick.
We are indebted to City Engineer Fish-
er for the use of the illustrations.
Public Work in Chicago.
By C. B. Maugham,
ii.e municipal government of Chicago
has willingly surrendered Into the hands
i.f private citizens the task of cleaning
the streets of the central business dis-
trict of the city. Roused by the con-
• tir.ued failure of the proper authority
to keep the streets free of rubbish, and
realizing that the time-worn plea of "no
money" would be interposed as an ex-
cuse for further inaction, two -of the most
influential business men's clubs decided
to promote a movement to raise funds
by personal contributions of citizens to
engage the labor necessary to clean the
streets in question under the supervision
of committees of the organizations. The
Commercial and Merchants' Clubs readily
obtained the consent of the mayor and
council to carry out the task. The city
surrenders to the clubs' committees the
sum of $24,000 on hand appropriated for
cleaning the streets in the territory cov-
ered by the business men's project. The
clubs will raise 136.000. The clubs will
act as contractor for the city,securlng a
contract from the city council, after be-
ing duly incorporated, to make the ac-
tion legal.
The long tie-up of the building opera-
tions In Chicago due to the lockout of the
lime, stone, cement and concrete team-
sters has been ended at last and thou-
sands of carpenters, bricklayers, stone-
masons and other building mechanics
who were idle for many weeks have re-
sumed work. The loss to both workmen
and employers has been vast, and own-
ers and Investors In new buildings have
also suffered heavily.
The trouble was adjusted by the build- ^
Ing material men and manufacturers
yielding and making concessions to the
teamsters. Under the agreement made
the men are receiving now straight
eleven- hour a day work and an advance
of 60 cents a week, the schedule being as
follows: Single horse, $12.30; double.
$14.10; three-horse wagon, $17.10. Over-
time Is figured before 6 o'clock a. m. and
after 6 o'clock p. m. Nearly 26,000 men
were affected by the lockout
Despite the settlement the building in-
dustry In Chicago is crippled by the high
price of brick. In Chicago the price Is
from $7.60 to $8 a thousand, while in
nearby towns it is selling from $6.60 to $6
Small contractors prefer to be idle rather
than pay the high prices asked. There is
no check in building on a large scale in
the downtown business district as l^c
big contractois are apparently able to
pay the bigh cost of the brick.
Prices of other materials are satisfac-
tory for the most part to dealers and
promise to be considerably higher than
was the case last year.
Denuinda for cement are most encour-
aging, but dealers and manufacturers
for the most part are not looking for such
high prices as prevailed last year and a*'e
apparently contenting themselves with
the prospect that the price will remain in
the neighborhood of $1.60.
Under a ruling made by the corporation
counsel of Chicago the claim «. e Rob-
ert W. Hunt Company against lae city
for a share of the bonus given the Henry
R. Worthlngton Company for excellence
of the pumping engines furnished the c»ly
In 1897, Is Invalid. The corporation coun-
sel suggests a hearing before a judge.
The Hunt Company demands $900 for in-
specting the engines.
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OR.OANIZATIONJ
AND INDIVIDUALJ
American Park and Improvement 5oclety— National Municipal League—
Teclinical ileetings— Personal Notes.
The American Park and Improvement
Society.
The American Park and Outdoor Art
Association and the American League for
Civic Improvement propose to combine*
their efforts under the name of the
American Park and Improvement So-
ciety. They will hold a joint meeting in
the Minneapolis and St. Paul building at
the St. Louis exposition, June 9-11. 1904,
at which it is expected that the consoli-
dation will' be effected. A good program
of addresses and reports of special com-
ihittees is promised. Among those an-
nounced are papers on school gardens,
municipal art, park census, village Im-
provement, public advertising, railroad
improvement, local improvement, libraries
and museums, forest reservations, and
arts and crafts. Addresses will also be
made by Prof. Charles Zueblin, Clinton
Rogers Woodruff. Mrs. Charles F. Mills-
paugh, George Carroll Curtis and others.
The meeting is in the week preceding
"Civic Week" at the expoeltkm. Earle
Layman,. 605 Colonial Trust building. St
Louis, is the chairman of the local com-
mittee of arrangements.
Convention of the Natk>nal Municipal
League.
As noted in the May number of Munici-
pal Engineering, the convention of the
National Municipal League, which was
in session as it went to press, had an
exceptionally good program. A few
extracts from the papers presented are
here given to show the quality of the
work done and the value of connection
with the society.
The League was the guest of the City
city of Chicago by non-partisan and prac
tical methods.
Prof. F. H. H. Roberts of the Univer
slty of Denver gave an interesting history
of the development of home rule in Den
ver.
After one or two attempts upon th<
Legislature, in l^w. the Rush amendmem
to the State constitution, which guaran
teed home rule to Denver, with the re
strlctlon that every charter should pro
vide for initiative and referendum, limit
ed civil service and the granting of fran-
chises only on the approval of the people
was submitted to the people and ratifiec
by them Nov. 4, 1902. The amendment
was, by the Governor, declared to be ir
force Dec. 1. At once a case, entltlec
State vs. Sours, was taken into the Su-
preme Court attacking the constitution-
ality of the amendment. The majorltj
of the court sustained its constitution-
ality in a decision handed down Feb. 27
1903. The firfet charter convention wai
held and a charter providing for the in-
itiative and referendum, recall, municipa
ownership and civil service, thus carrying
out the full intent of the Rush amend-
ment, as adopted and submitted to the
people. The charter was rejected bj
them Sept. 22, 1903.
The second convention avoided what
was, in certain quarters, considered th€
dangerous requirements of the Rust
amendment. Twenty-five per centum ol
the qualified electors must sign a petition
before the initiative and referendum car
be exercised. While the amendment pro-
vides that franchises must be granted
after a vote of the qualifying taxpaying
electors, the charter allows the granting
of revocable 'licenses and permits' tc
occupy alleys, streets, etc. Civil service
was reduced to a minimum. At an elec-
tion held March 29, 1904, this charter waa
ratified by a vote of two to one. This
vote shows a change of opinion in Den-
ver upon questions of municipal reform,
yet this does not account for the large
majority in favor of the charter. TlM
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
Ul
and the majority hold it is subordinate
in matters that usually belong to the
county, since Denver is a county as well
as a city.
Dr. Ellis P. Oberholtxer gave a history
of the establishment of home rule for
cities in the States of Missouri (1875), Cali-
fornia (1879-1890), Washington (1889), Min-
nesota (1896), Oregon (1901), and Colorado
(1902). He sums up in the following para-
graph:
To recapitulate, the situation in these
six States is as follows: In all but one
of the States charters are framed by a
body called a board of freeholders; in
the other, Colorado, it is called a char-
ter convention. Whatever the name it
is in each instance a committee of citi-
xens of the municipal district to which
the new scheme of government will ap-
ply. This board is Composed of fifteen
members except in Missouri, where thir-
teen suffice, and in Colorado, where
twenty-one are considered to be neces-
sary. In all the States but Missouri the
body is elected by the people of the city
for the single and specific object '^f
drawing up a charter. The privilege is
restricted to cities containing a stated
number of inhabitants, except in Minne-
sota and Oregon, where all cities may
enjoy it equally. In California the lowest
limit is a population of 3,500 (earlier
10,000 and still earlier 100,000); in Wash-
ington, 20,000; in Missouri, 100,000,. and
in Colorado, 2,000. In all six States the
charters being . framed are to be sub-
mitted to the people for their approval,
a simple majority vote sufficing in St.
Louis and in California, Washington,
Colorado and Oregon. A four-sevenths
majority is necessary in Kansas CSty and
in Minnesota. In one State, California,
the charter, after it has been adopted by
the people, must be referred to the State
Legislature, although only for its "ap-
proval or rejection as a whole" and with-
out power of alteration or amendment in
details.
Dr. Oberholzer is not certain that home
rule is the best solution of the problems
of municipal control, as will be seen from
his closing words:
Where the effort has been made to con-
stitute the city "an empire within an em-
pire," with not too careful regard for its
continued obligations to the State, the
Legislature is as active in Its interfer-
ences as it ever was. The courts have
repeatedly declared that a city, although
organized under a charter of Its own
framing, must still submit to State con-
trol. While some difficulties are put In
the way of special legislation for cities
it is not made wholly impossible. The
reference of the bill to the locality to be
affected by it affords an opportunity for
public discussion, and should it really be
an unworthy measure It is reasonable to
think— at least this Is the underlying the-
ory—that it could not be so easily passed
a second time in the face of local disap-
proval.
At the moment the balance is on the
side of the freeholders* charter, but the
system, up to this time, has secured a
foothold only in the West, where institu-
tions are sometimes fleeting and tenden-
cies temporary. In the East where less
faith in democracy is expressed and rad-
ical measures are not so favorably re-
garded the suggestion that the city be
pitted against the State in unhappy com-
bat Is not enthusiastically received. To
the student of constitutional law home
rule through city-made charters appears
to be only one of several not too well
considered forms of protest against mu-
nicipal rascality. Until the cities which
frame their own charters can demonstrate
that their success in government is In
some important way greater than our
success in New York, Boston, Philadel-
phia and Chicago, the rest of the country
will be' skeptical of the worth of the sys-
tem. When all the arguments have end
ed and the discussion of forms, theories
and methods has run its course the fact
remains that that city will be the best
governed which is in the hands of the
most capable body of administration.
The discusion of the question oi muni-
cipal ownership by Prof. James Mavor of
the University of Toronto led him to the
following conclusion:
The total effect of the municipal monop-
olies is not disclosed by the municipal
accounts, even when these are kept in the
most perfect manner. Tiie effect of the
gas monopoly in retarding the adoption
of electric lighting both for public and
for private purposes, and the effect of the
quasl-monopoly of urban transportation
in arresting the development of cities,
cannot readily be reduced to statistics,
yet they are nevertheless of national im-
portance. Private enterprise, criticised
and Inspected by the public r.uthorlty,
and compelled by it to live up to its
obligations, appears to be of greater ben-
efit to society as a whole than a bureau-
cratic system in which the citizens are
compelled to become contributors to en-
terprises In which they hold ro real
share, no share, that Is, which 1^ trans-
ferable. The 'corporation' Is as u«uch a
servant of the public as is the City
Council, and for certain purposes it is
preferable as a servant, because the
limits of its obligations and its cost can
be more exactly defined.
The Good Roads Convention at St.
Louis.
The International Good Roads Con-
vention held at St. Louis May 16 to 21
W119 largely attended. A daily session
w.i 4 held three hours In length, leaving
pk.nty of time for the exposition.
I'rrs. W. H. H. Moore showed In his
address the loss of $2,700,000 in Missouri
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442
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
alone by work on roads, the effects of
whlcb disappeared almost as soon as the
work was done. He presented a bill pro-
viding for a State engineer and for State
aid In road building, based on the Ar-
kansas .law.
The United States government ofQcials,
Including Martin Dodge, Director of the
Office of Public Hoad Inquiries; James
Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, and J.
B. Lloyd, a Representative from Mis-
souri, advocated government aid for
road building, and the expansion of the
office of Public Road Inquiries that it
may be able to give still more thorough
and widely spread instruction upon road
building in the various sections of the
country.
Mr. A. W. Campbell, highway com-
missioner and engineer of Ontario, gave
a practical talk on the improvement of
earth roads, laying stress on the value
of orgranization and proper supervision
by expert road engineers.
The wheelmen and automobillsts had
their opportunity to emphasize the same
points. Senator Latimer presented the
advantages of the national aid bill, which
proposes an appropriation of $8,000,000 a
year for three years.
The "model street" was on exhibition
in the model city on the exposition
grounds, including two samples of stand-
ard stone road construction In New Jer-
sey.
♦
Technical Meetings.
The next congress of associations for
testing materials will be held at St.
Petersburg, Russia, in August The ef-
fect of sea water on cement construction
will be discussed, several engineers and
oxpeiiP taking a position averse to the
aao of Portland cement for sea walls or
for any work exposed to sea water. In
behalf of the cement manufacturers a
report in opposition to the view of the
engineers and experts will be presented,
and it is expected that the- report will
demonstrate beyond doubt that cement
construction does not suffer from sea
water exposure
The annual meeting of the American
Waterworks Association will be held at
St Louis, Mo., June 6 to 10. J. M. Dlven,
secretary, Elmira, N. Y.
A Joint meeting of the American Pari
and Outdoor Art Association and th<
American Leagrue for Civic Improvemen
will be held at St Louis June 9 to U
Charles Mulford Robinson, secretary
Rochester, N. Y.
The annual convention of the Canadiai
Electrical Association will be held a
Hamilton, Ont, June 15 to 17. C. H. Mor
timer, secretary, Toronto, Ont.
The annual meeting of the Americ«i.J
Society for Testing Materials will be hel<
at AtlanUc City, N. J.. June 16 to IS
Prof. E. Marburg, University of Penn
sylvanla, secretary, Philadelphia.
The International Engineering Congres
will be held at St Louis October 3 to t
under the auspices of the American So
clety of Civil Engineers Charles Warrei
Hunt, secretary, 220 W. Fifty-seventh-st
New York City.
The joint meeting of the American Sc
clety of Mechanical Engineers and lh<
Institution of Mechanical Engineers o
Great Britain is held in Chicaso, May S
to June 3. One session is levoiej largel;
tc the dioc ifiic^n of moth )ds of dost:'uc
iion of towa 'efuie.
The seventh annual meeting of thi
American Society for Testing Material
will be held at AtlanUc City, N. J., Jun
16, 17, 18. An elaborate program is ii
preparation.
The Municipal Engineers of the City o
New York now have headquarters a
Cambridge Court, 142 W. Forty-ninth-st
Manhattan, which are open from 8 a. m
to midnight every day. The meeting o
May 25 was held at the Chemists' Club
and Mr. Martin Gay presented a pape:
on the bridges over the Harlem River
which was illustrated with stereoptlcoi
views.
The National Electric Light Associatloi
met in Boston May 24 to 17. Among th<
papers presented were the following:
"The Sale of Electrical Energy," by W
F. White.
"A Hundred-Mile Transmission Line.'
by Robert Howes.
"The Mechanical Stoker and the Hu-
man Operator," by Edwin Yawger.
"Single-Phase Power Motors for Elec-
tric Lighting Stations," by W. A. Lay-
man.
"A Thtee-Wire, 500-Volt Lighting Sys-
tem," by Walter I. Barnes.
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ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS.
443
.There was also a valuable paper on
•*Underground Construction."
U. 8. Civil Service Examinations.
Examinations Will be held by the
United States Civil Service Commission
at the usual places on June 8 for civil
ensrineer in the Bureau of Forestry, Phil-
ippine service, at $2,400 a year.
Examinations will be held June 15 in
steam enfirlneerinfir. electrical ensrineering,
heating, refrigeration, gas and gasoline
engnes and hydraulics to fill vacancies in
the Indian service at salaries of $480 to
$1,000 a year.
»
Personal Notes.
F. L. Dormant has been appointed city
engineer at Houston* Tex.
H. G. Paddock has been reappointed
city engineer at Moline, 111.
H. A. Collar has been reappointed city
engineer at Lansing, Mich.
F. C. Tucker has been appointed city
engineer at Deadwood, S. D.
George F. Ash ton has been appointed
city engineer at Lynn, Mass.
G^eorge F. Ashton has been appointed
city engineer at Salem. Mass.
J. Walter Ackerman has been appointed
city engineer at Auburn, N. Y.
J. Ross Robertson has been reappointed
city engineer at Keokuk, la.
James P. Morrissey ha( been re-elected
city engineer at Dunkirk, N. T.
P. B. Carson has been appointed city
engineer at New Kensington, Pa.
Robert Dougherty has been re-elected
engineer at Middlesex County, N. J.
William R. Caldwell has been appointed
city engineer at Traverse City, Mich.
Hon. J. W. Deerlng, ex-Mayor of Port-
land, Me., died April 26, aged seventy
years.
T. L. Smith, Jr., Jun. M. Am. Soc. C. E.,
has been appointed city engineer at Eagle
Lake, Tex.
William Steyh has been elected city
engineer, succeeding Emmet A. Steece, at
Burlington, la.
George G. Townsend, Frostburg, Md.,
has been appointed road engineer of
Allegany County.
Frederick E. Williams has been ap-
pointed fire chief, to succeed Morris P.
Gardner at Montclalr, N. J.
Ernest W. Krueger has resigned his
position of superintendent of water de-
partment at Rock Island, 111.
Albert H. Fletcher has been appointed
superintendent of the Framlnghsun Water
Company, at South Framlngham, Mass.
John Flndley Wallace of Chicago has
been appointed chief engineer in charge
of construction of the Panama Canal.
Albert Bryton Storms, A. M., D. D..
will be installed as president of Iowa
State College of Agriculture and Me-
chanic Arts, on June 6.
Francis J. McNulty, president of the
City Coimcil at Wilmington, Del., was
elected assistant chief engineer of the
water department recently.
• Leonard Curshaw, city engineer of
Denver, Colo., from 1878 to 1880, and
former deputy U. S. Surveyor, died at
his home in that city April 22.
Conrad F. Stollmeyer, known as the
"Pitch Lake King," and the wealthiest
man in the Caribbeans, died at the Port
of Spain, Trinidad, recently, aged ninety-
one years.
Lewis M. Hastings has been appointed
city engineer at Cambridge, Mass., to
succeed James W. Pierce. Mr. Pierce suc-
ceeded Mr. Hastings in the same position
about a year ago.
Richard L. Humphrey has been ap-
pointed by the Association of Portland
Cement Manufacturers to take charge of
the testing laboratory In the cement exhi-
bition building at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition.
The Frederic Brown Company, New
Orleans, La., has been organized by
Frederic Brown to engage in all kinds of
engineering works. Offices have been
opened in the Hibernian Bank Building,
New Orleans, and branches will be estab«
lished in Mexico and the West Indies.
The proposed amendment to the appro-
priation bill for the District -of Colum-
bia prohibiting the inspector of asphalts
and cements from doing outside work
was changed so that he can do the work,
but without charge. It is probable that
the present incumbent, Mr. A. W. Dow.
cannot be long retained at the small
salary attaching to the office, and his de-
parture to a more lucrative Held will be
a distinct loss to the engineering depart-
ment of the District of Columbia.
Linch & Sproehnle Is the name of the
new firm of consulting and contracting
engineers at 916 Pennsylvania Building,
Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Linch has been
at the same location for some time and
Mr. Sproehnle is a new partner in the
business. The firm is now fully equipped
for handling any proposition which may
arise in power equipment, railroad work,
cement plants, graphite plants. The firm
has now on hand electrical and hydraulic
work in the installation of power plants
and electrical railways and also a large
sewage disposal plant.
MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS ELECTED.
Mayors and city officers have been
elected during May as ollows:
—Indiana—
Terre Haute— Edwin E. Bldaman,
mayor; Frank Buckingham, city comp-
troller, re-elected.
Crawfordsville— Ed Voris, mayor; Je.sse
Canine, city treasurer.
Shelby ville-^ohn W. Vannoy, mayor;
Geo. M. Robins, city treasurer, re-elect-
ed; Edward C. Newton, city clerk.
Hammond— Lawrence Becker, mayor.
Columbus— P. H. McCormick, mayor;
Geo. Worwald, city clerk.
Warsaw— A. C Wood, mayor
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444
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
South Bend— Edward J. Fogarty, mayor,
re-elected.
Anderson— John L. Forkner, mayor, re-
elected; Dr. A. W. Miller, Dr. J. A. Wal-
ser and William Luraey, councilmen:
Frank Sharp, city clerk.
Seymour— Georgre G. Graesalo, mayor;
Fred Everbach, city clerk; Thos. J. Clark,
treasurer.
East Chlcago-i-Mayor Hale re-elected;
J. J. Keenan, city clerk.
Noblesvllle-^ohn Dulin, mayor.
Lebanon— John M. Hoy, mayor.
Brazil— Roy Shattuck, mayor; A. S.
Decker, treasurer; Fred De Army, city
clerk.
Alexandria— James H. Edwards, mayor;
Horace Inlan, city clerk; James S. Wales,
treasurer.
Bluffton— John Mock, mayor.
Muncle— Charles Sherrltt, mayor.
Michigan City- John E.Schultz, mayor.
Valparaiso— William Spooner.
North Vernon— Harry C. Moloy, mayor;
Ralph W. Norrls, city clerk; Edward W.
Tech, treasurer.
Hartford Clty-^ames Lucas, mayor.
Rising Sun— Mayer Matson, re-elected.
Aurora — Louis Brernkamp, mayor;
Charles Webber, city clerk.
Oreenfleld— G. A. Carr, mayor, re-elect-
ed.
Delphi— deorge Ives; mayor; John W.
Fjiwcett. city clerk; Jamts W. Ramey,
treasurer.
Winchester— .... Focht, mayor.
Rlchniond— W. W. Zimmerman. re-
elected.
Frankfort-D. W. Paul, mayor.
Kokomo— Mayor Brouse, re-elected.
Rushville-Frank J. Hall, mayor; Har-
ry Lakin. city clerk; H. V. Stivey. treas-
urer
HunUngton— J. Fred France, mayor.
Connersville— Mayor Gray; J. S. Clouds,
city clerk, re-elected.
Linton— John W. Wolford, mayor.
Jeltersonvllle— Henry A. Burtt. mayor.
Greencastle— James McD. Hayes, niay-
or; George Black, city clerk: Walter Al-
len, treasurer.
Lafayette— George R. Dui;ijan, mayor;
Edward H. Andress, city clerks
Franklin— Dr. "j. N. Nixon, mayor, re-
elected; Arthur Owens, city clerk, and
Victor Bergan, treasurer, re-elected.
Wabash— Mayor Murphy; city clerk.
McLees. and treasurer. Brown.
Logansport — George McKee. mayor:
Fred Hermontree. city clerk; Fred Goer-
ger. treasurer.
Lawrenceburg— E. M. Lee. mayor.
Vincennes— G. E. Green, mayor; Thom-
as Robertson, city clerk; Thomas Esthen.
treasnirer.
Goshen— Alfred Lowrey. mayor
La porte— Lemuel Darrow, mayor; C. E.
Wolfe, city clerk; A. G. Freese. treas-
urer.
Marion— Field W. Swezey, mayor
Longootee— Will K. Penrod, mayor; J.
B. Love, treasurer.
Union City— C. S. Hardy, mayor; John
Butcher, treasurer; C. I. Williamson, citv
clerk.
Washington— Hale Clerk, mayor.
Rensselaer— James H. Ellis, mayor:
James H. Chapman, treasurer: Charles
Morlan, city clerk.
Tipton— Seneca Young, mayor, re-
elected.
New Albany— William V. Gorse, mayor;
Jacob Bost, treasurer; Eugene Brisby.
city clerk. .
Martinsville— Harvey Baker, mayor:
Charles Marley, city clerk; Frank R.
Babb. treasurer.
Bloomington— Claude Malotte. mayor;
William F. Browning, city clerk; Harry
A. Axtell, treasurer.
El wood— C. W. Smith mayor, re-electel:
W. A. Lewis, treasurer; Munford Maln^.
dty clerk.
Portland— C. H. Ayers» mayor; Horace
Antrim, city clerk; B'rank Smith, treas-
urer.
Huntington— J. Fred France, mayor; Jo-
seph Carrol, city clerk, and R. S. Mar-
tin, treas., re-elected.
Peru— William Odun, mayor.
Princeton— A. P. Twlneham, mayor.
Auburn— James McClellan, mayor; Ed
Little, city clerk; Geo. Schab, treas.
Veedersburg— A. M. Boce, mayor; I. J.
Walker, city clerk; D. H. Wallace, treas.
Covington— Oliver S. Jones, mayor: N.
Q. Harlew, treas.: Thos. McGeorge, city
clerk.
Dunkirk— John Alnes, mayor.
Montpelier— Eli Bryson, mayor.
Garrett— Mayor Thuman, re-elected.
Elkhart— Mayor Green, Treasurer Camp-
bell and City Clerk Anderson, re-elected.
Columbia City— Jas. R. Harrison, may-
or; Frank Hall, city clerk; Wm. Feastez,
treas.
Tell City— Theodore Klefer, mayor;
Frank HInkel, city clerk; J. Keller, trea?
MIshawaka—Melville W. Mix, mayor^
re-elected.
-Maryland-
Glen Echo— John A. Garrett, mayor;
councilmen, Wm. H. Roach, Jacob J-
Decker, Guy E. Jenkins, Thomas A.
Weaver and Chas. W. Greddes.
Takoma Park— John B. Kinnear, may-
or; councilmen, Lisle Morrison, B. M.
Douglas, J. H. Van Houten, J. B. Der-
rick, C. W. Scudder and E. H. Blodgett.
Hyattsville— Mayor Wells, Town Treas-
urer Richardson and Councilman Chas.
H. Long, re-elected.
Bladensburg— Fred Heller, re-elected,
and Marlon Duckett. Francis Gascb.
John Lepper, G. A. Dahler and John
Rohrbach. newly-elected members of the
Town Board of Commissioners.
Rockvllle — Hattersly W. Talbott, re-
elected A^ayor; Councilmen. Willis B.
Burdette, Lee Offutt, Robert C. War-
fleld and David J. Bready.
Kensington — Cornelius Eckhardt. re-
elected Mayor; Councilmen, A. W. Crom-
well and C. W. Hurdle.
—New Jersey—
Morrlstown— Charlton A. Reed, re-elect-
ed Mayor; Aldermen, Frank E. Lippman.
James F. Belby, Oliver K. Day, Walter T.
Lewis.
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MACHINERY AND TRADE
A Manageable Hose Nozzle.
Anyone who has ever witnessed the
operation of fighting a fire must have
been Impressed with the awful force of
the .water as It Issues from the nozzle of
the hose. The services of three or four
firemen are often required to ^old and di-
rect the stream, and it is a frequent oc-
currence, at that, for the nozzle to break
away from their grasp, and under the
Influence of the mighty force of water
being driven through its interior, be
hurled right and left, like a mighty ser-
pent on a rampage, seriously injuring
anyone who might be unfortunate enough
to get within its reach. The only way
which the rearing and tearing monster
can again be secured is by stopping the
pump, and much time is lost before this
can be done. A new nozzle which can be
handled as easily as a child is Just now
being brought to the attention of the fire
departments of the country. Its remark-
able behavior under the highest pressures
is attracting the wonder of the men who
thought the old nozzle, which has been
in use so long with all Its faults, was
about as near perfect as it was possible
to make it. A trial of the device was made
recently in New York, when one of the
nozzles was connected with' three streams,
each 2H Inches in diameter, with a pres-
sure at the pumps of 160 pounds. The
machine was bolted to a plank, and the
latter was nailed down with seven ten-
penny nails, and this was entirely suf-
ficient to hold the nozzle under all cir-
cumstances. ♦
One man could ea.slly direct the stream
to any desired point, and after it had
been placed as desired, the nozzle re-
mained unsupported without the least
variance under the pressure of the water.
The upper part of the device consists of
a nozzle much the same as is in use at
present except that it Is finished at the
base with a ball Joint. The ball end is
supported by a stand, which divides at
the top to receive and support the end of
the nozzle proper, and the stream being
divided enters the tube of the nozzle
from both sides, which comprises the es-
sential feature of the device. One would
naturally conclude that the eflflciency of
the stream would be impaired by its pas-
sage through the two channels, but at
the lower pressures there was no change
whatever as compared with the ordinary
nozzle, while at the higher pressures the
difference was very slight. There are
several types of the apparatus, and the
one tried in New York was the one de-
signed for the heaviest work. Those
which are made for handling a single
stream of ordinary dimensions are sup-
plied with a stand, which is meant to b©
merely placed on the ground without any
fastenings whatever. When it has been
thus located, It needs no further atten-
tion, except when It Is desired to make
a change in the direction of the stream
occasionally. The Glazier Nozzle and
Manufacturing Company of Indianapolis.
Ind., makes this valuable piece of fire
apparatus.
T*ic Seamans Brick Machine.
Mr. B. W. Seamans of Grand Rapids,
Mich., who has long been favorably
known In the invention ajid manufacture
of cement block machines and cement
curb, has recently devised a new ma-
chine for making cement brick upon the
same lines as his latest hollow block
machines. The machlpe is In fact a series
of ten molds formed in a long booc by
means of partitions, which are attached
to a plate and are readily withdrawn
when desired. It is operated in the same
way as the block machine, which has been
described In Municipal Engineering.
In setting up the machine the plate
holding the vertical steel plates forming
the division walls of the molds Is set on
a convenient solid support, or. If neces-
sary, on the ground. The frame of the
machine, having silts to fit the partitions.
Is next put on, slipping doMrn over the
partitions, and thus forming the mold
surfaces for the bottom and sides of the
brick. Two steel sides are then put in
place to form the ends of the molds.
These side plates are set in ingeniously
adjustable holding grooves, so that no
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
expert attention la required to set the
.machine up.
When thus put together the molds are
filled with the mixture of cement and
sand JOT gravel, which is comparatively
dry, and it is taihped as thoroughly and
carefully as desired, and the top is
smoothed off. A heavy plank a few inches
longer than the machine is then put on
top of the machine and the whole is
turned bottom up. The plate with the
partitions is withdrawn, the stripper plate
forcing it to come up vertically without
sideways motion to disturb the bricks,
and it is set in position for another lot of
brick. The machine frame is then lifted
and put in its place and lastly the sides
are taken off. The machine is then
ready for another set of brick and the
set already made is removed on the plank
and stacked for curing in a series of
ahelves, blocks on the ends of the planks
keeping them the proper distance apart
vertlcaJly, so that the blocks can be
sprinkled during the process of curing.
It is said that, with the materials mixed
at hand, two men can turn out ten brick
per minute. Any desired molding, bead-
ing, or forms or fractions of bricks can
be made by inserting blocks of the proper
forms in the molds. The standard forms
are shown in a photograph which appears
in Mr. Seaman's advertisement on an-
other page of this number of Municipal
Engineering.
Bricks of any desired size can be made
by ordering a machine with the proper
dimensions. The entire machine is of
steel and is heavy enough to supply all
the rigidity required, but at the same time
it is light enough to be easily handled by
two men.
The inventor recommends a mixture of
600 pounds of cement to 40 cubic feet of
sand and fine gravel for common brick;
800 pounds of cement to 40 cubic feet of
torpedo sand for fine face brick; and 1,000
pounds of cement to 40 cubic feet of fine
sand for pressed brick. The only extra
cost for ornamental and fancy brick* is in
the time necessary to insert the special
forms. These could be fastened to the
stripper plate in case large numbers of
such bricks were required, and this time
Mold Manufaqturlng Company of Sa^
City, la., is described as follows:
The outside mold is made In two part
and the inside mold or core is in thre(
pieces, both hinged with heavy meta
hinges and fastened with free worklni
metal pins; the inside core opens inward
ly and is removed In sections as sooi
as the tile Is made, by simply withdraw
ing the pins, which do not bind and ar
removed quickly and with ease. An
common laborer . can set up th
forms and make the tile, no skilled labo
being required if directions are followed
The outside mold must remain intac
from twelve to twenty-four hours, ac
cording to temperature, therefore twent:
to forty outside molds can be used ti
one inside core, which greatly reduce
the cost of molds, as a hopper and tarn]
must be furnished with every inside core
Sewer pipe, road culvert tile and we]
curbing, as well as drain tile, are a]
manufactured with the same molds. Th<
work is best conducted In a building wltl
a cement floor, but can be successful!;
carried on In the open air. When til
are made in the open air it is necessar:
to have bottom boards in order to hav(
a level surface. The tile can be remove<
from the board wh^n five days old an<
shipped when thirty days old. However
holding them for sixty days is advised
as their strength increases with age. Th
cement building block of today is one o
the important Industries of the century
The work with these molds is similar am
can be carried on at the -same time, un
der the same roof.
One barrel of cement will make twenty
four tile twelve inches in diameter am
two feet long, or ten tile eighteen Inchei
in diameter and two feet long, or eigb
tile twenty-two inches in diameter anc
two feet long. One man will make twen
ty tile eighteen inches in diameter in on<
day.
. ♦
A St. Louis Landmark.
St. Louis has a number of landmarki
which have become familiar to her dti-
zents and to the traveling public, and an-
other one has Just been added, which wiL
enable the traveling public coming into
♦ Via nit\r aK-Via** rkVAf* tVto ITlaHa T^fiAera AT
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
447
It is as visible at night as during- the
day, for It is an electric sign and catches
the eye immediately. It helps to show the
great strides which this company has
made since starting in business in 1857.
At that time the business was known as
Adolph Leschen, and was continued un-
til 1872, when it was changed to A.
Leschen & Son, at which time Mr. Henry
Leschen, who is now president of the
company, became a partner in the busi-
ness with his father. In 1886 it was
changed to A. Leschen & Sons Rope Com-
pany, under which name is operates at
the present time.
This company has Just completed the
erection of probably the largest and hand-
somest wire-rope factory in the country
on thirty-one acres of ground, which they
purchased something over a year ago, be-
In addition to this the Studebaker Com-
pany has also furnished complete sets of
harness for all styles of horse vehicles
that will be used on the grounds.
It should certainly be a matter ol no
little pride to the Studebaker people that
the quality, styl^ and general excellence
of their vehicles have resulted in the
exposition authorities placing their entire
order for vehicles and harness with this
well-known firm.
Visitors to the exposition grounds will
find the Studebaker very much In evl-
deilcc on the grounds, but they will also
find it worth while to look up the Stude-
baker exhibit Iti the Transportation
Building, east center. It is understood
that this will be the most extensive and
complete exhibit of vehicles seen at a
world's fair.
STUDEBAKER VEHICLES FOR ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION.
tween Hamilton and Hodiamont-aves., in
the northwestern part of town.
It was not very long ago that they com*
pleted an Aerial Wire Rope Tramway in
Wyoming between sixteen -and seventeen
miles in length on which almost seventy
miles of wire rope was used.
Vehicles at the Exposition.
The accompanying illustration shows a
train-load of vehicles shipped to the Gen-
eral Service Company, St. Louis. Mo
A New Automatic Cement Testing
Machine.
The Falkenau-Sinclair Machine Com-
pany of 113 N. Twenty-second-st., Phila-
delphia, Pa., is introducmg a new auto-
matic cement testing maoMne, patent for
which was recently issued. This machine
we illustrate in the accompanying cut,
and would briefly describe it as being of
the general type known as a "shot" ma-
chine. Machines of this type are based
on the original Michaells machine, and
bird shot is the medium used for applying
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'448
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
ance a fixed weight hanging at
the other end of the lever. The escape of
this shot permits a proportionate amount
of the Weight on the other end of the
lever to aat on the test specimen. It is
seen, therefore, that the essential work-
ing principle of the ol(P shot machine is
reversed.
The reservoir for the shot has hereto-
fore been placed in a vessel carried on
the frame of the machine, or an inde-
pendent frame, and is fitted with a gate
ceptacle after the specimen has broke
and is weighed with the shot whi
broke the specimen, and to this exte
the result of the test is falsifif
With a poor mechanism for closing t
gate, this false result is seriously aggr
vated. Again the shot falls through
certain space from the gate of the resc
. voir to the receptacle, and, being act
on by gfravlty through this distance,
acquires a certain momentum, which
not taken into account, but which h
AUTOMATIC CEMENT TESTING MACHINE.
to cut off the escaping stream of shot.
This gate is automatically closed at the
time the specimen breaks, or as near that
instant as the designer has been able to
make the mechanism operate. It is ob-
vious, however, that even if the designer
succeeded in closing the gate at the in-
stant the specimen broke, there woula
still be a stream of shot in the air ex-
more or less affected the breaking of t
specimen.
In the new machine the shot does '
apply the load directly, but indirect
that is to say, the shot escaping tn
one end of the beam permits the weig
which applies the load to act. This f^
ture obviates the two objections m^
tioned abov€. as the column of shot
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
449
of the beam has practically no momentum
at the time it passes the gate, and what
momentum there Is Is not transferred to ^
the test specimen. This escape of the
shot takes place very smoothly, and it is
hard to im.igiue that the load can be ap-
plied more rmcothly to the specimen than
is done in this case.
The arrangement shown In the machine
has another advantage In that the gate
on the reservoir is closed almost Instantly
when the specimen breaks. This is done
by means df the small arm extending over
the upper grip. This arm is really a trig-
ger device which holds back, the curved
arm shown to the left against a spring.
When the specimen breaks, the upper
grip Jumps a very small distance, about
1-64 inch, and In doing so the curved arm
is released and shoots forward, closing
the gate.
As shown in the cut, the Falkenau-Sln-
clair Machine Company proposes the use
of a spring balance for weighing the shot.
The marking on the dial of this balance
shows the pounds per square inch ap-
plied to the specimen. It follows, there-
fore, that when the specimen is broken,
the operator has merely to glance at
the scale, when the pointer will indicate
the result of the test. There is no han-
dling of weights and no calculation is nec-
essary. The test is complete, and the shot
can immediately be poured back Into the
reservoir, when the machine Is ready to
receive the next specimen. It is a well-
known fact that engineers are more or
less prejudiced against springs, and this
prejudice is In many cases well-founded.
The manufacturers contend, however,
that in this case' such a prejudice should
not exist, as the spring In the balance
can be tested dally, or even hourly, by
placing a known weight in the pan and
noting that the reading is correct. The
springs In this balance have been known
to last for years without perceptible va-
riation, but If at any time a slight ad-
justment is necessary, an adjusting nut
is provided so that this adjustment may
be made In a moment's time.
While the manufacturers recommend
the use of the spring balance on ac-
count of the great saving in time. It Is
well to call attention to the fact that any
method of weighing the shot can be
adopted, and If so desired, beam scales
will be substituted for the spring bal-
ance. Of course, in that case It will be
necessary for the operator to go through
a weighing operation after each test.
The machine Is designed for 1,000 lbs.
capacity, but a large machine Is now
under consideration. In designing the
machine an effort was made to make It
so rigid that no second hitch would be
necessary after once starting the test.
We mean by this that the grips, levers,
frame, etc.. are so abundantly stiff that
the travel of the weight through a mod-
erate arc Is sufficient to break any speci-
men up to the full capacity of the ma-
chine, and it is not necessary to pull
down the specimen by hand wheel In or-
der to complete the test. The builders
of this machine will be pleased to give
further Information to any engineers In-
terested, as they think they have a thor-
oughly reliable automatic testing ma-
chine.
♦- ^—
Bedell's Curb at the St. Louis Expo
sitlon.
The readers of Municipal Engineering
when they visit the Great World's Fair
should not fail to see Bedell's Concrete
Sewer Caps and Lock-Joint Curbstones
exhibited by the St. Louis Granitoid Curb-
stone Company north of the Liberal Arts
Building and east of the Wireless Tele-
graph Station. The company has made
an excellent start in its business
in St. Louis both with the sewer caps and
.curbing and seems to be giving the best
of satisfaction. For particulars address
J. E. Bedell. Patentee. 1909 Lafayette-
ave., St. Louis, Mo.
A Dump Wagon for Garbage.
The Day dump wagon, made by the
Columbia Wagon Company of Columbia,
Pa., is so designed that it makes a clean
dump and Is specially valuable for haul-
ing garbage and refuse on this account.
It is quite a saver of labor also, as only
one man Is needed to a wagon. The
wagon is made with 2 yards and 1.5 yards
capacity for regular stock and othier sizes
can be built to order. Elizabeth, N. J.,
uses five of the wagons for hauling all Its
garbage. W. C. Owens, Jr., the Brooklyn
contractor for removal of refuse, has
many of them In use.
Pratt's Cement Posts.
In a recent number of Municipal En-
gineering will be found a description of
Pratt's cement fence post, which prom-
ises to be a valuable business proposltior
for one who will take the trouble U
show Its strength and Its durable quali-
ties to the railroads, interurban and
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450
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
steam, and to the farmers, who are
greatly in need of a post which will not
rot or disintegrate and which will b
strong enough to perform Its duty. These
are the characteristics of well-made ce-
ment posts reinforced with steel. M'
Leverette A. Pratt, Bay City, Mich., an-
nounces that he is now ready to sel
county and State rights for the sale o
his post. Some drawings and photographs
showing its structure will be found on an
advertising page of this number of Muni-
cipal Engineering.
Finishing Tools for Cement Walks.
A personal inspection of the line of tools
made by F. H. Crafts of 97 Glendale
caused us to make some changes In i
causing a delay in sending copies \
. parties that have made inquires tor thcfl
As soon as they are ready they will I
forwarded to all requesting them. Oi
advertisement In Municipal Engtneertr
has brought a large number of inquirh
that have not been answered owing 1
the change in the company. Every oi
that has made an Inquiry will recel-^
an answer as soon as the office force ca
get to them. Hoping to receive an Ii
qulry from any one that Is Interested i
the use of concrete for building purpose
we remain your servants,
MICHIGAN IRON WORKS.
Per W. E. Brown, Supt.
OQ
Trade Publications.
The F. W. Braun Company of L#os Ai
geles. Cal.. issues a valuable little pan
phlet on annealing, hardening, tempe
ing and case-hardening, at the same tin
setting forth the advantages of Braun
portable forge and tempering furnace.
The United States Drying Englneerli
Company, 66 Beaver-"t., New York, sen<
a catalogue of dr>'ers, digesters ai
pre.<«ses as samples^ of the designs whi<
they make and the machinery which th<
<
Park, Rochester, N. Y., for flnlshing
artificial stone walks leads us to call
special attention to their excellence, both
In material and workmanship. Mr. Crafts
now has his tools on sale by good firms
in nearly every city In North America,
and they can be obtained directly from
him If not found at the nearest hard-
ware store. The accompanying illustra-
tions show a line roller and a Joint fin-
isher. Several styles of each can be ob-
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
451
rubber belt conveyor catalogue illustrates
sccUonal conveyors manufactured under
the Anderson patents by the Jeffrey Man-
ufacturing Company, Columbus, O.
Catalogue No. 62 of the Contractors'
Tool Company, 704 Arch-st., Philadelphia,
Pa., lis til cement workers' tools and sup-
plies.
A. D. Mackay & Co., 404 Chamber of
Commerce, Chicago. IlL, issues a cata-
logue of the Winget concrete building
block machine, which contains a list of
the many forms of plates» provided for
different designs of face and form of
blocks necessary to suit all conditions
and tastes. It also contains much valu«k-
ble information on the mixing of con-
crete, the operation of the machine and
the design and construction of special
forms.
The Hercules cement stone machine Is
illustrated in a catalogue issued by the
Century Cement Block Machine Company,
20 Canal-st.. Rochester, N. Y. It also
contains a list of the doors, cores, etc.,
shipped with each machine for mal<dng
various sizes and designs of blocks And
faces.
Catalogue 086 of the C. W. Hu^t Com-
pany, West New Brighton, N. Y., Is de-
voted to coal handling machinery.
Dragon Portland Cement is the subject
of an illustrated pamphlet issued by the
X^awrence Cement Company, 1 Broadway,
New York, which contains much valu-
able information on the manufacture,
testing and use of Portland cement and
of Dragon brand in particular.
Trade Notes.
ASPHALT.
Asphalt has been discovered on Table
Mountain, near Cape Town, South Africa.
It is estimated that the deposit contains
approximately 500,000 tons. An experi-
mental pavement has been laid on one of
the streets of Cape Town and is reported
as satisfactory.
The F. D. Cummer & Son Company,
Cleveland, O., has just closed a contract
with the McCarthy . Improvement Com-
pany of Davenport,' la., for one of its
Cummer portable railroad asphalt paving
plants, 1904 type, which will have a
capacity for turning out not less than
2,000 yards of 2-in. topping per day of 10
hours.
Hetherington & Berner, Indianapolis,
Ind., have closed a contract with the city
of Detroit, Mich., for an asphalt plant.
The Pan-American Company, 17 Bat-
tery-place, New York City, has been or-
ganized to acquire and develop the
asphalt deposits of the gulf coast of
Mexico, on the lands adjacent to the
Laguna de Temeahua, between Tuxpan
and Tampico. A. L. Barber, formerly of
the Barber Asphalt Company, is the chief
promoter of the new enterprise.
BRICK.
W. G. Wagenhals, general manager of
the Ohio River & Columbus Railway
Company, 93 Perin-st., Cincinnati, O.,
advises us that the company has an ex-
cellent market for building brick and
desires to communicate with any one In
the brick industry wiio would be Inter-
ested in putting in a plant at Ripley. A
large plant of this kind is now in exist-
ence across the river on the C. & O. R.
R. at Dover, whose output Is ten cars
per day. The same quality of clay is
found at Ripley and the company would
like to get some practical person or per-
sons Interested, and if necessary the di-
rectors of the company would take an
interest in the business.
CBMBNT.
The Lancaster Portland Cement Com-
pany, Lancaster, Pa., will erect a plant
for the manufacture of cement.
The Chanute Cement and Oil Company
was granted a charter in Maine recently,
capitalized at ^,000,000. The corporation
will include the Bronson Cement Co.'s
plant, at Bronson, Mich., which is
owned by parties at Akron, O. The larg-
est plant will be built at or near Chanute,
Kas., where the company owns 6,000 acres
of gas and oU leases and 400 acres of
shale, limestone and clay lands. The
combine expects to furnish a large por-
tion of the material for the construction
of the Panama canal. F. M. Atterholt of
Akron and capitalists from Akron, Michi-
gan, Minnesota and Missouri are inter-
ested in it.
The Carolina Portland Cement Com-
pany of Charleston, S. C, has established
an office in New Orleans at 808 Baronne-
st. The company also has a warehouse
on the river front and one in the city.
Joseph S. Hanahan, Jr., will act as tem-
porary manager.
The dealers in stone, lime, cement,
sand, crushed stone, rubble, gravel and
ot^er building and street materials, of
Chicago, have formed an association to
be known as the Association of Manu-
facturers and Dealers in Building Mate-
rtal.
The Ohio & Kentucky Cement Com-
pany has been organized and will manu-
facture cemeijt near Mentor, Ky., about
20 n^les east of Newport. A large plant
will be erected.
The large factories of the International
Portland Cement Company, under con-
struction near the city of Hull, Quebec,
are nearing completion.
A cement plant will be built at Neo-
desha, Kas., out at Little Bear Mount
■ Robert Nesch of Kansas City and Mr.
Cruikshank, vice-president of the Union
Cement Company of Ohio, are promoting
the company. The concern will be known
as the American Portland Company.
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452
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Work on the plant will probably begin
In June.
A new cement company, to be known as
the American Cement Company, is being
organized in Philadelphia.
The Selma Portland Cement Company
of Boston has purchased from J. F. Mll-
hous a tract of iPJid west of Orrvllle.
Dallas County. Ala , and will erect a ce-
ment plant at a cost of about $600,000. The
officers of the company, who are all of
Boston, are as follows: President, Frank
D. Sanborn; vice-president, Edward M.
Heustls; treasurer. Edwin L. Hoag; sec-
retary, Isaac C. Bunnell; attorney. Fran-
cis M. Carroll.
The Pennsylvania Portland Cement
Company has let contracts for erecting
a Portland cement plant at Newcastle.
Pa The officers of the company are:
President, E. 1. Phillips; vice-president.
E. N. Ohl; secretary and treasurer. Ed-
win F. Norrls; superintendent, H. E.
Brown.
A creditors' bill was filed In the Circuit
Court at Chicago, May 4, making charges
of fraud In the wrecking and reorganiza-
tion of the Marquette Cement Company,
operating a $500,000 plant at La Salle, 111.
The appointment of a temporary re-
ceiver for the Midland Portland Cement
Company pending the court's decision as
to the reorganization of the company
has been asked for at Indianapolis. Ac-
cording to the complaints tiled a receiver
was asked for to head off a combine oi
certain stockholders and outsiders who
new understanding that the new corpora-
tion assume all of the liabilities of the
old one, other than the claims of the
common stockholders, and that the Bed-
ford plant be completed and put on a
paying basis. A company had already
l)een organized and a written contract
for the disposal of the stock of the old
company to a new one was signed by B.
W. Shirk. F. M. Talbot, E. I. Fisher. V.
O. Fulk and A. L. Layman. These men
propose to organize a new company to be
composed of themselves and others, and
to buy the assets of the old company un-
are preparing to sell the company out to
a holding company for the purpose ot
freezing out the minority stockholders.
The defendants denied that ther« had
been any attempt on the part of the ma-
jority stockholders to deprive the plain-
tiffs or any others of their interests In the
corporation. As shown In the answer the
tansrible assets of the company . amount
and one about six miles west of Hancock
Md.
A committee of the American Assoeia
tlon of Cement Manufacturers visited St
Louis recently to complete arrangement;
for the cement exhibit at the Loulslan.
Purchase Exposition. The committee I
composed of John B. Lober of the Vul
canite Portland Cement Company, R. "^
Lesley of the American Cement Company
Philadelphia, Pa.; E. R. Ackerman of th
Lawrence Cement Company, Ne\
York: W. R. Warren of the Vlr
ginia Cement Company, Richmond
Va.: D. McCool of the Newaygo (Mich.
Portland Cement Company; C. F. Wad«
Omega Portland Cement Company; S. E
Newberry, Sandusky Portland Cemen
Company, and J. C. Robinson, St. I^oul
Portland Cement Company.
Mr. li J. Mensch of Chicago is buildini
a ten-story manufacturing building. 68 b;
335 feet in plan, for the Pugh power plan
in Cincinnati, O., which Is said to be th
largest concrete building ever attempted
and to have no wood or structural stec
In its construction, everything being o
reinforced concrete, and such trimming
as window sashes of sheet Iron. Th
basement walls, eighteen feet deep, ar
six Inches thick and the outside walls ar
four Inches thick, with reinforced cor
crete pilasters.
The American Portland Cement Com
pany of Kansas City, Mo., noted in th
third edition of the "Directory of Amerl
can Cement Industries" as about to In
corporate, has now an offlcia' existence
C. A. Brockett Is Interested In the com
pany.
CONCRETE BLOCKS.
W. C. Herman has purchased the ce
ment business formerly conducted by th
Sumption Sidewalk Company at 116 N
Market-st.. Wichita, Kas.
The Ohio Concrete Company, Cantor
O.. has been Incorporated by Alvln Hur
ford. J. N. McQueen,' Attel Pomeren<
Homer V. Brlggle and E. B. Hurford.
The St. Louis Hollow Concrete Blocl
Construction Company. St Louis. Mo.
has been mcofporated to manufactur
hollow concrete blocks by L. Frank Ot
tofy, E. E. Posey and R. J. Wlnsor.
A company has been formed at Ash
land. Wis., by Thomas Edwards and oth
ers to manufacture hollow bricks.
The Thief River Falls (Minn.) Ston
and Cement Company has been organize^
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MACHINERY AND TRADE.
463
gaged in the manufacture of concrete
buiUllnK l-locks.
Olson & Skoolheim, Wlllmar, Minn., will
manufacture cement blocks.
The manufacture of concrete blocks is
contemplated by Anton Evanstad and
George B. Finley at Lakota, N. D.
The Manhattan Paving Company, Fari-
bault, Minn., will manufacture hollow
concrete blocks and tile squares for side- .
walks.
J. J. Baskerville, Cando, N. D., will
manufacture concrete hollow blocks un-
der the Miracle patents.
The Indestructible Post Company, Chi-
cago, has been organized to manufacture
steel fence posts with cement founda-
tions. The officers of the company are
as follows: President, G. H Jones; vice-
presidents, Harry Burrell anrl H. E.
Speyer; secretary and treasuier, Chas.
Blackburn; general manager, H. E.
Speyer. The company will erect plants at
PennvlUe, Ind., and Texas.
Greorge and Will Pulton, cement block
manufacturers at Hartford City, Ind.,
may purchase another concrete block
machine.
A. T. Bramer & Sons, Monett, Mo., ad-
vises us that they are interested in the
question of comrete block machines, and
will purchase one in the near future for
manufacturing artificial stone.
The F. 'M. Ladd Company, building
construction and cut stone contractors.
New London, Conn., advises ur that they
desire the names of cement block machine
makers.
James Muir, 347 Bay-st., Springfield,
Mass., advises us that he is interested as
a possible purchaser of crushing and pul-
verizing machines.
Lake Erie Concrete Company, Paines*
ville, O., has recently organized a com-
pany to manufacture artificial stone
This plant is being equipped with Hercules
machines.
R. H. Brady is erecting a large armory
at Wilmington, N. C, of hollow cement
building blocks. The Hercules method Is
adopted.
Vance & Lawson of Springfield, 111., one
of the largest artificial stone manufactur-
ing firms in this country, have recently
contracted with the Century Cement Ma-
chine Company to install Hercules cement
stone machines in their plant.
The Hollodaysburg Manufacturing Com-
pany. Hollldaysburg, Pa., has ordered
more Hercules machines in order to sup-
ply the demand for hollow blocks.
F. H. Longley, Fairport, N. Y., is erect-
ing a large factory for the Cobb Preserv-
ing Company. Hollow cement building
blocks made by the Hercules method are
being used.
E. C. Mack. Alton. 111., has adopted the
Hercules method for making artificial
stone.
J. T. Garland, Deadwood, S. D., advises
us that he Is In the market for sidewalk
ard paving tools.
K. F. Graham, 43 Haskell-st., West-
brock, Me., writes us that he is in tne
market for machinery to handle anr^ mix
cement.
I-lomer Ventre, Opelousas. La., advises
that he clcvjts to pu.'chaae woodwo'.king
and brick r^achinery.
PURCHASE OP MATERIALS.
Homer Ventre, Opelousas, La. ad-
vises us that he is a possible purchaser
of lumber, cement and brick.
John Fraser. 420 Lake-st., Bellinghftm,
Wash , advises us that he is a pojs.ble
purchaser of cement, stone, brick, etc.
Charles E. Crowell, South Dennis,
Sfass.. is interested as a possible pur-
chaser of Rosendale and, Portland ce-
ment.
LIGHTING AND POWER.
The Penn Electric Equipment Company
Camden, N, J., has been incorporated by
B. L. Cater, O. C. Rawson and W. C
Rawson.
The Gas Oonsumers' Protective Ass'>-
ciation. New York City, has been incor-
porated by M. Fitzgerald, M. D. Fitz-
gerald and P. F. Riordan.
Newiy incorporated companie3* Con-
sumeis' Gas Company, RushvUK Ind.;
Lindsay Light Company, Chicago, 111.;
Welsbach Street Lighting Company, Lin-
coln, Neb.; People's Individual Gas Com-
pany, Washington. D. C.
MltCBLLANBOUS.
The Lake Superior Corporation. 245
Washlngrton-st., Jersey City, N. J., has
been incorporated by Charles E. Orvis,
Edward White and William F. Hobble to
lease, construct and operate canals, sell
water from the same and sell all kinds of
power.
Oscar Schneider and George Haun. .1r..
Winona, Minn., have formed a stone com-
pany.
The Union Trust Company has been ap-
pointed receiver for the Home Heating
and Lightmg Company at Indianapolis,
Ind. The operation of the plant will be
continued by the receiver.
The Armored Concrete Construction
Company, Baltimore, Md., has been in-
corporated by Isaac S. Filbert, Hugh Sis-
son, Henry B. Wilcox, Ferdinand Barre
and Alfred E. Mealy foi building bridges,
wharves, docks and other structures.
The Standard Drainage Company, Wln-
dom, Minn., has been incorporated to
engage in the construction of ditches,
drains and water courses by J. A. Ber-
nard, J. T. Johnson and J. K. Moen of
Windom and T. M. Stuart of Bri.ton;
S. D.
The Erie Steam Ballast Company, com-
posed of capitalists from Van Wert, ()..
have established a stone-crushing plant
east of Huntington, Ind., where a de-
posit of stone suitable for ballast has
been found near- the Western Lime Com-
pany's plant.
The Delphi Crushed Stone Company,
Delphi. Ind , has been incorporated by J.
B. Miller, F. W. Disbrow, Julius Stern
and Edward Bliven.
Julian Scholl & Co. of New York City
have purcnasod the plant of the DIamund
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Truck Company, at Kingrston, N. Y., and
will refit it at once for the manufacture
of road-making machinery.
The Toledo Reduction and Fertilizing
Company, Toledo, O., has been organized
and will be Incorporated with 1200,000
capital. The company represents a
merger of two competing garbage dis-
posal concerns. The officers are: Presi-
dent, M. I. Wilcox: vice-president, C. E.
B. Lamson; secretary-treasurer, Peter
Parker; general manager. Isaac Gerson.
A. Leschen & Sons Rope Company has
been compelled to seek larger quarters in
New York Cityand have taken the large
offices at 163 and 165 Washington-st.,
where they have Increased facilities
carrying a very much larger stock 1
in the past and opened their new
commodious offices on the momini
May 2. Their large new manufactu
plant with their main offices are loc
at St. Louis, Mo., with branch office
Chicago, Denver and San Franc
A. Leschen & Sons manufacture
.grrades and kinds of rope and are the
manufacturers of Hercules and Pa
Flattened Strand Wire Rope, and
furnish Aerial Wire Rope Tramway
fits of all kinds and likewise Incline
face and underground wire rope hau
outfits.
IMPROVEMENT AND
CONTRACTINO NEWi
RAVINQ.
Newcastle, Ind.— Suit was filed In Su-
perior Court at Indianapolis May IS to
determine the right of this town to as-
sess the cost of paving between the
tracks of the street railway. The suit
was filed by the Barber Asphalt Paving
Company against the Indlanap-^lls &
Eastern Railway Company and the town
of Newcastle. The assessment roll for
the paving of Main-st., |1,357.10, was
charged against the railway company for
the Improvement between Its rails. The
company refused to pay the asphalt com-
pany, holding that the town had no legal
right to assess It for the Improvement.
New Albany, Ind.— A bill of complaint
was filed in the United States Court at
Indianapolis May 4 by the Barber As-
phalt Paving Company of West Vlrglria
against this city In which an injunction
was asked by the company to prevent the
city from ordering vitrified brick paving
for VIncennes-st., and to compel the
railroad and traction companies in that
street to lower their tracks to permit
the paving of the street with asphalt.
The company's attorneys claim that the
Barber Asphalt Paving Company was
awarded contracts last summer for pav-
ing four streets. The work was to be
finished in November, but the time for
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Hazelton, Pa.— Paving is proposed
Wyoming-st.
Fremont. O.— Paving is contempl
W. State-st
Hope— N. D.— Cement walks are
templated for Steele-ave.
Sandy Hill, N. Y.— This city voted t
sue $15,000 bonds for paving.
Woonsocket, R. I.— The macadam
of School-st. is contemplated.
Cambridge, O.— An ordinance has
passed for paving N. Seventh-st.
Manchester, la.— Council will con:
pavrng for Franklln-st., June 6.
Lowell, Mass.— A petition for pa
Middle-st. is being circulated.
Lebanon, 111.— Contracts will be 1(
June for 2,000 ft. of paving.
Camden, N. J.— Asphalt paving is
sired for King and Chestnut-sts.
Oskaloosa, la.— A resolution has
passed to pave N. B-st. to A-ave'.
Oneida, N. Y.— ResolutlQns have
passed for building stone or con<
walks.
Stuttgart. Ark.— Contracts will b(
soon for 30,000 sq. ft. of concrete
walk.
Ft. Plain, N. Y.— Brick paving is
templated for one or more streets
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
455
Litchfield, ni.— Bids will be asked for
about 20 blocks of paving. Wm. Batea,
cy. ensr.
Wayneaboro, Pa.— The construction of
about 8-mis. of pikes is contemplated.
Sullivan, Ill.--Petitlons are beinfir cir-
culated asking for the paving of certain
streets.
Haverhllle, Mass.— An appropriation of
110,000 has been made for macadamizing
River-st.
Effingham, III.— Banker, Fourth, and
Jefferson-sts. will be paved with two
courses of brick.
Troy, N. T.— The construction of con-
crete sidewalks on a number of streets
is contemplated.
York, Me.— An appropriation of 15,000
has been voted for constructing new
roads and grading.
Luverne, Minn.— Council has authorized
the construction of a large amount of
cement sidewalks.
Oswego, N. Y.— The propert^- owhers rn
W. Third and W. Fourth-sts. have peti-
tioned for macadam paving.
Lagro, Ind,— Cement sidewalks are con-
templated for Main, Washington, Brady
and Clinton-sts.
Helena, Mont.— About 18,000 sq. yds. of
paving is contemplated this year. Chas.
W. Helmick, cy. engr.
Warren, O.— Asphalt block paving, with
stone curbing, is proposed for E. Market-
st. E. M. Mllligan. cy. engr.
Jacksonville, Fla.— Mayor Nolan has
approved ordinances for paving Main,
Ocean and Newman-sts. with brick.
St. Clalrsville, O.— The question of reav-
ing Main-st. is being considered, accord-
ing to press reports.
Meriden, Conn.— City engr. Clark has
been directed to prepare specifications for
macadamizing Handver-st.
Waverly, la.— A resolution has been
passed, according to press reports, for
paving 7 blocks of streets.
Cleveland, O.— Ordinances were ap-
proved. May 19, for paving a number of
streets with brick. Peter Witt, cy. elk.
Columbus, O.— An effort is being made
to have Long-st., from Grant-ave. to 20th-
st., resurfaced with block stone.
Hinsdale, 111.— Contracts will be let
about June 15 for macadam paving and
street drainage. Wm. Duncan, vll. elk.
Petoskey, Mich.— The property owners
on a large number of streets have peti-
tioned for cement walks. R. M. Minston,
mayor.
Rock Falls, 111.— Ordinances have been
passed for constructing about 3-mis. of
concrete sidewalks at a cost of $7,000.
Albany, N. T.— Ordinances are pending
providing for the paving of a number of
streets with macadam, brick and asphalt.
Jerseyville, 111.— Contracts will be let
about July 15 for paving 32 blocks of
»»«-<. ...(4.U V>%.f/tV
IT n aUr^faf
St., have petitioned for asphalt block
paving on gravel base.
San Francisco. Cal.— Basalt block pav-
ing on concrete is contemplated for Mis-
sion-st. from ESast-st. to Flfth-st.,' and
asphalt from Fifth to Ninth-sts.
Meadville, Pa.— The plans of the city
engineer for paving Chest nut-st. from
Market-st. to Diamond Park, have been
accepted. Mayor Reynolds.
Newark, O.— Brick paving on gravel
base, with sandstone and artificial stone
curb, is contemplated for Locust and
Granville-sts. and Woods-ave.
Monticello, III.— Contracts will be let in
July or August for paving Walten and
Manor-sts. with sidewalks and gutters.
Robt, Laurie, cy. engr.
Tacoma, Wash.- -Asphalt paving, the
construction of sidewalks and a masonry
retaining wall is contemplated for C-st.
Wm. Welch, comr. pub. wks.
Newark, N. J.— O finances have been
passed for paving Seymour and Peshlne-
aves. and Johnson, Hermon, Blgelow, and
New-sts. with granite, brick or mftcadam.
Ogden, Utah.— Ordinances have been
adopted for constructing concrete side-
walks on Washington-ave. from Twenty-
second to Twenty-slxth-sts. W. J. Crltch-
low, cy. recorder.
Columbus, O.— Resolutions have been
passed providing for the construction of
brick, stone, asphalt or cement sidewalks
on a number of streets. John T. Barr,
elk.
Rosedale. Kas.— The City Engineer has
been directed to prepare pipns for the
further paving of Kansas CIty-ave.,
which Is an extension of the Southwest-
boulevard.
Newport, Ky.— The property owners on
Sixth-st., between Washington-ave. and
Overton-st., have petitioned for brick
paving and cement curbing. Peter
Krebs, cy. elk.
Birmingham, Ala.— Remonstrances and
protests will be heard June 15 on ordi-
nances for paving sidewalks and macad-
amizing a number of streets. W. M.
Drennen, mayor.
Montgomery, Ala.— Ordinances were
adopted May 19 providing for the con-
struction of vitrified brick, Shilllnger or
hexagon block sidewalks. Thos. C Carr,
mayor.
Benton Harbor, Mich.— Plans and speci-
fications have been accepted and objec-
tions will be heard June 4 for paving
Napler-ave. with brick and Lake Shore-
drive with macadam.
Troy. N. Y.— Asphalt paving is contem-
plated for the Intersections of Hooslck-
st. and FIfth-ave., State and FIrst-sts.,
State and Second-sts., State and Thlrd-
sts. and State and Fourth-sts.
Springfield, Masa— The board of se-
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
and Conti-8ts. with asphalt. Paul Cap-
devielle, mayor.
Marshalltown, la.— Council adopted res-
olutions May 9 for pavlngr 2nd, 3rd, 4th
and 5th-sts. with asphalt.
Olens Falls, N. Y.— The taxpayers voted
to issue 116,000 bonds for completing the
paving work.
Green Bay, Wis.— Resolutions have been
passed for paving Main, Adams and
Cherry sts. with vitrified brick, Mather-
st. with macadam, and putting a top-
dressing of granite on Porlius, Jefferson
and Cherry-sts.
New Brunswick, N. J.—Asphalt paving
is desired on Albany-st
Milton. Pa.— Several blocks of vitrified
brick paving is contemplated
Knox vi lie, Tenn.— The question of is-
suing bonds for paving the streets will
be voted on.
Oelwcln, la.— Asphalt paving and btick
gutters is contemplated for the business
section.
Des Moines, la.— Asphalt paying Is
proposed for Walnut-st., between Des
Moines River and 14th-st.
Lyons, N. Y.— The village bd of trus-
tees has authorized Comr. Halstead to
macadamize Blmer-st.
Harrlshurg. Pa.— Ordinances have \:,een
introduced for paving Maclay, Fourth
and Relly-H^^^s. and Haehnlen-ave. and
Fahnstock alley.
Toledo, O.— The cy. engr. has been di-
rected to prepare legislation for paving
Columbia, Batavia, Winthrop, Machen,
Putnam and other streets.
Cincinnati, O.— Ordinances have been
pased for paving a number of streets
with vitrifies", brick, bowlders, macadam,
asphalt and granite blocks.
Danville, 111.— The bids received May 14
for paving Jackson, College, Ann and
Roblnson-sts. were rejecteu as too high
and new bids will be received.
St. Paul, Minn.- Estimates have been
submitted for paving E. Fifth-st., from
Broadway to Kittson, with sandstone,
and Sibley and Elghth-sts. with asphalt.
Auburn, N. Y.— The special com. has
recommended paving for North-st. and
Hamilton-ave. from South to Mary-sts.,
and B. Genesee-st. from Seward-ave. to
the city limits.
Dayton, O.— Resolutions were adopted
May 16 for paving certain streets with
hnnlflpra tyrar\{T\er nnd orrnvpHnflr Rtid for
until June 4 for Improving Page-st. fro«
Main to B. W. H. Linderud, cy. elk.
Huntingburg, Ind.— Sealed bids ai
asked until 4 p. m. June 6 for Improvln
certain streets. Aug. F. Becker, cy elk.
Danville, Pa.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 13 for constructing 4,550 f
of road. State Highway dept., Harrli
burg.
Lawrence, Kas.— Sealed bids are askei
until June 6, for grading, paving an
curbing Ohio-st. S. P. Moore, cy. elk.
VIcksburg, Miss.— Sealed bids are aske(
until June 6. for paving Washington-s
with vitrified brick. W. L. Trowbrldg
mayor.
Columbus, Ind.— Sealed bids are aske^
until June 6, for gravel roads. John Gan
chmn. CO. comrs.; Wm. A. Morris, o
audt.
Roanoke, Va.— Sealed bids are aske<
until June 12, for grading Day-ave., b<
tween Third-st. and Franklin road. J. I
WIngate, cy. engr.
Brownstown, Ind.— Bids are asked, ui
til June 7, for constructing al)Out 20 mll<
of gravel and macadamized roads. Ai
bury Manuel, co. audt.
Cleveland Heights. O.— Sealed bids ai
asked, until June 14, for paving with mai
adam, Bellfield and Grandview-ave. Wn
Phare, vil. elk.
Canonsburg, Pa.— Sealed bids are aske*
until June 6. for paving Belmont-av
with vitrified brick and 1.000 feet wit
macadam. W. C. Black, boro elk.
Greensburg, Ind.— Sealed Bids ai
asked, until June 6. for constructlr
gravel roads in Fusrit. Snnd creek at
Jackson twps. Frank E. Ryan. co. aud
Albany, N. Y.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 6 and 10 for constructing
number of improved highways. H. J
Van Alstyne. State engr. and surv.
Olathe. Kas.— Sealed bids are asked unt
June 14 for paving Kansas-ave. with vitr
fled brick and constructing cement curl
Ing. C. F. Garwood, cy. elk.
Louisville, Ky.— Sealed bids a-«i aske
until June 3 for paving Dumesnll-st., froi
Twenty-sixth to Amber-sts.. and Doup'a
ave.. from Dudley to Everett-aves., wit
asnhalt.
Cincinnati. O.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 7 for macadamizing Marshal
ave. and paving Watson -st. with vltrifle
brick. Geo. F. Holmes, elk. B. P. S.
"Washington. D. C— Sealed bids ai
asked until June 7 for constructing a sy!
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS
457
3 mis. long. John Gulre, dir.; Peter For-
man. engr., Manaplan.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Sealed bida are asked
until June 7 for repairing all asphalt
pavements out of guarantee and not be-
yond repair, for the fiscal year. Francis
G. Ward, comr. pub. wks.
Deadwood, S. D.— Sealed bids are asked
until 4 p. m., June 6, for 20,000 SQ. yds. of
brick paving and 8,000 Un. ft. of stone
curbing on Main, Lee and Deadwood-sts.
John Treber, chmn. com. impvts.
Indianapolis, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 8 for grading and graveling
certain streets and pavJ»*g sidewalks on
Noble and Newman-sts. vtrlt** cement. M.
A. Downing, chmn. B. P. W.
Petersburg, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 8 for grading, paving wltn
.stone, curbing and gutters, sub-drainage
and catch-basins on Maln-»t., from
Twelfth to Elghteenth-sts. Leslie Lamb,
prest. bd. town trustees.
Mt. Airy, O.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til June 13 for constructing cement side-
walks on Mt. Airy and North Bend roads
and Belmont-ave. Jos. Steele, cil. elk.; J.
A. Stewart, vll. engr., 813 Traction BIdg..
Cincinnati.
Highland. 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 4 for furnishing macadam,
sand, paving brtcks, extra hard crossing
bricks and cement; also for laying bricks
of sidewalks and crossings per 1,000 as
required during the year. Christian
Koch, chmn. st. and alley com.
Brooklyn. N. Y.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 8 for r'»paving a number of
streets with granite block on concrete
base, and asphalt. Also for furnishing
and delivering 388 cu. yds. of paving
gravel and 350,000 lbs. of paving pitch
Martin W. Littleton, prest. boro. •
Richmond, Ind.— Sealed bids^ are asked
until 4 p. m. June 6 for constructing Starr
brick or cement sidewalks on S. Nlnth-
st., from S. E to S. H, and S. F-st., from
S. Eighth to S. Nlnth-st.; constructing
cement curb and gutters and sidewalk
Intersections on S. Thirteen th-st., from
S. B to S. C-st. John F. Taggart. cy. dk.
Roanoke, Va.-BIds are asked. unUl
June 12, for grading Day-ave. J. H
WIngate, cy. engr.
Mitchell. S. D.— Bids are asked, until
June 6, for grading Burr-st. J. G. Mark-
ham, cy. audt.
Lima, O.— Bids are asked, until June 13.
for paving Jackson-st. with vitrified
brick or block. O. J. Rose, elk.
Canonsburg, Pa.— Bids are asked, un-
til June 6, for 2,200 sq. yds. of paving on
Belmont-ave. W. C. Black, boro. elk.
Bridgeport, Pa.— Sealed bids are asked,
until June 7, for paving DeKalb-st. with
vitrified brick. David Wilson, chmn. st.
and rd. com.
Toledo, O.— Bids are' asked, until June
20, for paving Flfth-st. with vitrified
brick, and for repaving Bighteenth-st.
Harry S. Jones, secy. B. P. S.
Cincinnati. O.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til June 21 for macadamising Madlson-
road from Woodburn to Observatory-
aves. George F. Holmes, clerk B. P. S.
Lafayette, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 13 for paving Grant-st., from
South to Scott, with brick, with cement
sidewalks. Charles F. Williams, city
clerk.
Reynoldsvllle, Pa.— Sealed bids are
asked until June 15 for grading, paving
and curbing Maln-st., from east side of
iron bridge to Seventh-st. L. J. McEn-
tire, clerk council.
Alliance. O.— Bids are asked until June
16 for 28.500 square yarda of macadam
paving, 1,346 feet brick street crossings
and 17.500 feet cement curb and gutter.
R. P. Lentz. secretary.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until June 11 for furnishing as-
phalt paving blocks, terra cotta sewer
pipe and branches, vitrified sewer Invert
blocks, rectangular repressed vitrified
sewer Invert bricks, Portland cement,
granite curbing, repressed vitrified pav-
ing blocks, red sewer brick and sand and
gravel. H. B. MacFarland, chairman
District Commissioners.
CONTBACTS AWABDBD.
Youngstown, O.— The contract for build-
ing artificial stone sidewalks was award-
ed to J. H. Chambers.
Tipton, Ind.— The contract for con-
structing a gravel road was awarded to
A. J. Lacey for $2,400 per mi.
Pana, 111.— The contract for paving 19
blocks of streets was awarded to John E.
Bretz at $1.76 a sq. yd.
Houghton, Mich.— The contract for brick
paving on Shelden-st. was awarded to
J. J. Byers & Co. for $28,314.
Rochester, N. Y.— The contract for pav-
ing the public market was awarded to
Dennison & Co. for $87,063.
Cleveland. O.— N. M. Flatten secured
the contract for one u half miles of
sidewalk on Loraln-st. for about $10,000.
Wilmington. N. C— The contract for
paving Fourth-st. with brick was award-
ed to Roger Moore at $1.71 a square yard.
|*eorla. 111.— The contract for paving
Reed-ave. with brick has been awarded
to Dunbar & McAllister for $10,705.
Marion, Ind.— L. C. LlUard was awarded
the contract May 19 for paving McClure-
sf. with brick at $8.46 a lineal foot.
Cooperstown. N. Y.— The contract for
25,000 square feet of cement walks was
awarded to E. A. Rotter of this city for
$3,000.
Shelbyville. 111.— The contract for eight
blocks of brick paving was awarded to
Morrlsey & Porter of Peoria for $17.-
709.58.
Champaign, 111.— John W. Stipes has
been awarded the contract for paving
Elm-st., from Universlty-ave. to Green-
st., with brick.
Ypsllantl. Mich.— The contract for con-
structing sidewalks was awarded May 20
to R. P. Baker of Port Huron for about
$16,000.
Atchison, Kas.— The contract for grad-
ing, paving and curbing Parallel-st. from
Seventh to Twelfth-sts. wa« awarded to
George Graves, for $26,966.28.
Columbus, O.— The contract for paving
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
E. Broad-st. from Woodland-ave. to Alum
Creek has been awarded to the Cleveland
Trinidad Pavingr Company.
Minneapolis, Minn.— The Republic Cre-
osoting: Company of this city was award-
ed the contract for creosoted wood block
paving at 11.71 a sq. yd.
Altoona, Pa.— The contract for .paving
Eleventb-st between Chestnut and Four-
teenth-ave. has been awarded to W. H.
Herr, at 11.20 a sq. yd. for biick.
Brainerd, Minn.— The contract for con-
structing cement sidewalks in East Braln-
erd was awarded to Carlson & Bowman,
at 80 cts. a sq. yd.
Buffalo, N. Y.— The German Rock Com-
pany was awarded the contract, May 12,
for paving Lutheran-st., from Broadway
to WJlliam-sts., with asphalt, for 13.820.
Ventnor, N. J.— The contract for pav-
ing Atlantic-ave., from Newport to Jack-
son-aves., with macadam, has been
awarded to R. J. Shenley of Newark.
New Orleans, La.— The C'cillan Asphalt
Pacing Company was awarded the con-
tract for repaying S. Rampart-st., from
• Canal-st. to Tulane-ave., with asphalt.
Augusta, Ga.— The Georgia Vitrified
Brick & Clay Company was awarded the
contract. May 13, to pave Broad-st. with
vitrified brick for $67,012.30.
New York City— The M. Baird Con-
tracting Company has been awarded the
contract for paving Broadway-st., from
Canal to Vesey-sts., with granite blocks,
for about $46,000.
Springfield, HI.— The contract for pav-
ing Seventh-st. with brick was awarded
to Nelch & Patterson at $1.48 a sq. yd.,
and for paving Sixth and Cass-sts., to
John B. Bretz.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Special.— The German
Rock Asphalt & Cement Company, 306 D.
S. Morgan Bldg.. has been awarded the
contract for paving Broadway, from Jef-
ferson to Herman, for $21,900.
Cleveland, O.— The Cleveland Trinidad
Paving Company was awarded the con-
tract for paving St Clair-st., from Beck-
er-ave. to the boulevard, with Medina
block stone, for $36,504.30.
St. Charles, Mo.— George L. Heckmann
has been awarded the contract for pav-
ing Second-st., from Clay to Clark, with
brick at $1,675 a square for paving and
48 cents a lineal foot for Bedford lime-
stone curbing.
Detroit. Mich.— The Republic Chemical
and Creosoting Company of Indianapolis,
Ind., has been awarded the contract for
repaying Fourth-st., from Michlgan-st.
to Grand River, with creosoted wood
blocks.
Asheville, N. C— Paving contracts were
awarded May 6 as follows: French Broad-
ave. and E. and W. College-sts., South-
em Paving and Construction Company;
Walnut. Lexingrton and Cumberland,
Warren Brothers' Company of Boston.
Wilmington, Del.— Contracts for n
terials and paving Fourth-st., betw<
Church and the Christiana River, hi
been awarded as follows: Stone, St<
art & Donohue; sand, John M. Solom<
Belgian block paving, Davis & Broth
Grand Rapids, Mich.— The contract
paving N. Unlon-st. with asphalt bloi
was awarded May 20 to Kloote & Vj
derveen for $14,389, and the contract
Improving Earldon-st. was awarded
the same company for $1,596.
Woonsocket, R. I.— Warren Bros. Cc
pany of Boston secured the contract
paving Cumberland-^t. with bitulit
pavement and Main-st. with granite.
W. Blakesley & Sons will pave parts
Main and Cumberland-sts. with briclL
Cincinnati. O.— Paving contracts hi
been awarded as follows: Central-a
brick, R. H. Fleming of Ludlow, $4,010
Sixth-st., R. H. Fleming, $3,360.34; m
adamizing Bodmann-ave.. between .
burn and Alvln-aves., T. L. and H.
Gleason. .
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Paving contrj
have been awarded as follows: Grad
and graveling S. Union-st, from Fult
St. to Wealthy-ave., J. B. Hoey,
$8,899; paving Pearl-alley, John H. Si
van, $1,258; grading and graveling G
den-st.. James Shejlock, 3,949.
St. Paul, Minn.- Paving contracts h
been awarded as follows: Repairing
phalt streets. Barber Asphalt Pa>
Company, $1.65 a sq. yd. for surfac
and $1 for concrete foundations; pa^
other streets, James Forrestal & Co.
cts. a sq. yd. for paving and $1.50
concrete.
Pittsburg, Pa.— Contracts for buih
about 22-mis. of country roads have I
awarded as follows: Booth & Fl
Freeport No. 2, $87,339; Troy Hill, $66
M. F. Howley & Co., Kittaning & Dor
ville, $107,287; Stoops Ferry and* Sho
town, $65,588.80; W. W. Kelly, Bostoi
Greenock. $35,910.
Mobile, Ala.— Paving contacts t
awarded May 14 as follows: Granite b
paving. Asphalt Paving Company
Georgia, $85,362.30; vitrified brick pav
W. M. Lasley, Chattanooga, $119,210;
phalt paving. Asphalt Paving Compan
Georgia, $62,772.80. The contract for w
en block paving was not awarded.
Belleville, 111.— (Special.) —Henry
Meeker, cy. engr., says that the
tract for paving Race-st. with brick
awarded to Hoeffken Bror of this <
as follows: Albion block, $1.67% a sq.
including grading, 4-1 n. natural cer
concrete and 2-in. sand cushion; Bed
limestone curbing, 48 cts. a lin. ft; t(
$18,273.09.
Kewanee, 111.— Bids were submitted :
20 for constructing 50,000 sq. yds. of
ment sidewalks as follows: P Am
& Co. of Chicago, walks, 13% cts. a
ft.; drives, 14 cts.; curb walls, 50
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
459
beams, 23 cts.; steps, 41 cts,; grading:, SV«
cents.
Utica, N. Y.— The contract for paving
several streets has been awarded to the
Interstate Paving Company.
Albany. N. Y.— Pavln^' contracts were
awarded May 20 as follows: Northern-
boulevard, between Elk and Sherman-sts.,
Mulberry Bros., $2,858.70; Sherman-st.
from Lexlngton-ave. to Perry-st., Den-
niston & Co. of Rochester, 115,374.20.
St. Louis, Mo.— Paving contracts were
warded May 21 as follows: Henkel &
Sullivan, Goodfellow-ave., $24,035.99; Car-
ter-ave., $6,963.75; Lee-ave., $6,899.44;
Prairie-ave., two sections, $5,956.10 and
$3,331.31. Heman Construction Company,
Von Versen-ave., $7,376.60. Gottlieb Eyer-
mann, Hebert-st., $7,319.60. Wm. R. Bush
& Co., Nebraska-ave., $13,069; Blalne-ave.,
$7,719.20. Fruln Colnon, Prairie-ave., $22,-
485.20.
SEWERS.
Syracuse, N. Y.— John Davin has aban-
doned the contract for constructing a
sewerage system for the village of Ska-
neateles, the cost of which is to be borne
by the village and the city of Syracuse.
The contract was for $22,000 and the con-
tractor has done about $10,000 worth ol
work and has been paid $7,000. The sys-
tem is 6^ miles in extent and the work
done covers about 2 miles.
Toledo, O.— City Solicitor Penman has
decided that the legislation for the con-
struction of the Columbus-st. sewer is In-
valid, and has recommended that all bids
for the work be rejected and a report of
the conditions made to the common coun-
cil so that It may begin over again legis-
lation for this piece of work. Bids for
the sewer were opened several months
ago, but Investigation shows that the or-
dinance was tampered with after It left
the solicitor's ofHce, making It Invalid.
The sewer would have cost about $90,000.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Cloverdale, Cal.— A sewerage system is
contemplated.
Lancaster, O.— A sewer on Broad-st. Is
contemplated.
Algona, la.— A sewer Is contemplated
for the south side.
Belvlew, Minn.— Surveys will be made
for a sewerage system.
Morris, Minn.— Council has been asked
to secure estimates for a sewer.
Comfrey, Minn.— Bids will be asked
soon for building a sewer.
Portland, Me.-^An ordinance has been
passed for building a sewer In PIckett-st.
Nappanee, 111.— A sewer will be built
this summer. Q. L. Reincohl, town oik.
Rome, N. Y.— Plans have been filed for
the extension of the sewerage system.
Belle Plalne, la.— The question of build-
ing sewers will be voted on June 14.
Wyandotte, Mich.— This city has voted
to Issue $100,000 bonds for a sewerage sys-
tem.
Healdsburg, Cal.— The bd. of trustees
will adopt the septic tank method of sew-
age disposal.
Hope, Ark.— Plans are being considered
for a sewerage system. G. A. Bridewell,
mem. com.
Havana, 111.— The construction of sew-
ers in Plum-st. and the East End is con-
templated.
Ithaca, N. Y.— The bd. of sewer comrs.
is considering the filter plan for sewage'
disposal.
- Waterloo, N. Y.— The question of build-
ing a sewerage system will probably be
submitted to vote.
Harrlsburg, Pa.— The mayor has signed
the ordinance for constructing sewers in
a number of streets.
Dundee, Minn.— A petition will be pre-
sented to council asking for the construc-
tion of a sewer.
Ridley Park, Pa.— The highway com.
has recommended the construction of a
sewerage system.
Greensboro, N. C— Plans for 2 septic
tanks, to cost $4,000 and $6,000, respective- •
ly, have been submitted.
Philadelphia, Pa.— The survey commit-
tee has appropriated $700,000 for the con-
struction of main sewers.
Quincy, Mass.— City coun. has passed an
ordinance for J50.000 for sewer exten-
slorts. Hamilton Flood, cy. engr.
Montlcello, 111.— The construction of two
sewers Is contemplated for this summer.
Robt. Laurie, cy. engr.
Great Falls, Mont.— Bids will be asked
at once for constructing 3,100-ft. of pipe
sewers. D. L. Ellis, cy. engr.
Butler, Pa.— An ordinance has been ap-
proved for constructing a sewer In Mon-
roe-st. R. S. Cornelius, prest. town coun^
Aberdeen, Miss.— The question of issu-
ing bonds for the construction of a sewer-
age system wll be voted on June 14.
Canastota, N. Y.— E. A. Fisher of
Rochester, will be engaged to confer with
regarding the construction of a sewerage
system.
Pontlac, Mich.— W. J. Fisher, cy. engr.,
has been directed to prepare plans and
maps for sewers for the eastern part of
this city.
Ballston Spa, N. Y.— The extension of
the main sewer for about 2-mIs. and tho
building of lateral sewers throughout the
town is contemplated.
Lestershire, N. Y.— The residents of
Maln-st. have asked the village trustee.s
to construct a trunk sewer In the business
section of town.
San Pedro, Cal.— A resolution of Inten-
tion to build sewers In blocks 56, 56, 74, 75
and 76 have passed first reading. Bd. cy.
trustees.
Butler, Ind.— New bids will probably be
received about June 10 for constructing a
combined sewerage system for the urban
and suburban districts.
Houston, Tex.— The question of Issuing
$650,000 bonds for the construction of a
sanitary and storm water sewerage sys-
tem will be voted on June 27.
West Hoboken, N. J.— The West Ho-
boken Council and the Weehawken twp.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
com. met May 12 as a joint board to con-
sider plans for the proposed joint relief
sewer. The estimated cost Is M9.:i75.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Special.— The property-
owners in South Buffalo have organized
for self-protection and in opposition to
the proposed $75,000 trunk sewer from
Buffalo River, through Bertha, Germania,
Tifft and Hopkins-sts. to Amber-st.
Sylcauga. Ala.— Special.— Pnis town
has made arrangements to issue $25,000
bonds for building a sewerage system and
water works plant, and has engaged P.
Byrne of Birmingham to make plans and
specifications and superintend the con-
struction of the work.
San Jose, Cal.— A sewerage system is
contemplated for the territory betweer
the Coyote and the King-road and the
McKee-road and Wllllam-st.
Chicago, 111.— Bids are to be opened in
June for constructing an additional in-
tercepting sewer from S'^venty-third t'
Eighty-seventh-sts., at a total cost of
about $1,000,000.
Columbus, O.— Julian Griggs, Cy. Engr..
has been directed to employ for the sew-
age disposal testing station, George A
Johnson of New York City, engineer in
charge; W. R. Copelai>d, New York Cityi
bacteriologist; A. E. Kimberly of Boston
chemist.
CONTRACTS TO BE LET.
Lawrence, Kas.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 5 for building a sewer. S. P.
Moore, city cleric.
Marion, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til 8 p. m.. June 7, for building sewers:
C. G. Bobbins, city clerk.
Highland, 111.— Bids are asked until
June 4 for sewer pipes. Christian Koch,
chairman street and alley committee.
West Point. Miss.— Bids are asked until
June 7 for building eight and a half miles
of pipe sewers. B. V. Rhodes, mayor.
Richmond. Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 6 for constructing sewers and
alleys. John P. Taggart, city clerk.
Bloomtleld. Mo.— A contract will be
let June 6 for constructing ditches in
drainage district No. 5. A. C. Spiker. en-
gineer.
Aberdeen, S. D.— Bids are asked until 8
p. m., June 13, for extending the Bewer
on Main-st., from Railroad to OaK. M.
Stroppe, cy. audt.
St. Liouis, Mo.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 3 for constructing sewers in
Quincy and Filmore-sts. Hiram Phillips,
prest. B. P. I.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until 12 m. June 4 for constructing
a portion of the sewage disposal system
outfall sewer. H. B. F. MacFarland,
chmn. dlst. comrs.
Orange, N. J.— Bids are asked until
June 6 for building 2,200 ft. of 12-in. vIM-
fled pipe, manholes, etc., in Sherman,
Dodd and Thomas-sts. F. T. Crane, cy.
engr.
Buffalo, N. Y. Sealed bids are asked
Ashtabula, O.— Sealed bids are as!
until June 11 for building 2,600 ft. of 8
sewer, 3,100 ft. 4-in. house connectioni
manholes, etc. A. J. Richardson, <
B. P. S.
Marshall, Mo.— Sealed bids are as]
until June 6 for constructing 14,915 ft.
6, 8, 10, 12 and 15-in. pipe »ewers,
"Miller" flush tanks, 30 manholes an
lamp holes. A. R. James, cy. elk.
Lorain, O.— Sealed bids are asked u
12 m. June 4 for building sewers and
purtenances in Chestnut, Dexter, "^
and Kent-sts. and W.^-Erie and L#a>:os!
aves. J. J. Mahoney, elk B. P. S.
Omaha, Neb.— Sealed bids are asked
til June 3 for constructing a section
the Saddle Creek sewer from Califori
St. to the septic tank and filter plj
Andrew Rosewater, chm. B. P. W.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
til June 7 for constructing a system
brick sewers having a total length
15 mis.; also for the construction o
pumping station building with bol
room; erection of four centrifugal pui
Ing engines with water tube boilers
all necessary appurtenances. A.
Lynch, prest. bd. local Impvts.
New Orleans, La.— Sealed bids are as
until July 7 for constructing 4.400 lin.
of reinforced concrete canal; laying '
ft. 30 and 36-In. vitrified clay pipe
placing one 36-ln. flushing valve; 4,500
reinforced concrete canal; laying 2,600
30 and 36-In. vitrified clay pipe and p
ing three 36-in. flushing valves; constn
Ing 22,600 ft. wood-lined canal. Sealed 1
win also be' received until July 7 for c
structing two pumping stations, conti
ing 41,000 ft. piling, 8,500 cu. yds. exca
tion, 3,500 cu. yds. concrete, supersti
tures of Ave pumping stations, etc. F
Shields, secy, sewerage and water bd.
Buffalo. N. Y.— Bids are asked u
June 3 for a sewer in Eighteenth
Francis G. Ward, Dir. pub. wks.
Westpoint, Miss.— Bids are asked u
June 7 for building 8%-mis. of sew
B. V. Rhodes, mayor.
Orange. N. J.— Bids are asked until J
6 for building sewers, with manholes,
F. T. Crane, cy, engr.
Tallahassee, Fla.— Bids are asked u
June 22 for constructing a sewerage s
tem. A. H. Williams, cy. elk.
Torrlngton, Conn.— Bids are asked u
June 7 for a sewer in Summer-st.. v
appurtenances. F. F. Fuessenich. com
Cincinnati. O.— Sealed bids are as
until June 7 for a sewer in 8th- st., fi
Carr-st. to Freeman-ave. Geo.
Holmes, elk. B. P. S.
Corry, Pa.— Bids are asked until J
6 for 10,106 ft. of sewers, with manhc
catch basins, concr-^tf-. Y-orancht.s.
N. R. Dickson, cy. engr.
Washington, D. C— Bids are asked
til June 18 for constructing a portfoi]
the low area trunk sewer. H. B.
MacFarland, chmn. Dist. Comrs.
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
461
Reading. Pa.— Bids are asked until
June 27 for repairs and additions neces-
sary to Increase the ca];>aclty of the sew-
age disposal plant at Wllmont. E. H.
Beard, cy. engr.
Fairvlew, Mich.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 8 for building a sewer in Jef-
ferson-ave., from the eastern city lim-
its to Cadieux road, and for a septic
tank, sewage pumping station, pumping
machinery and steam boilers. Walter E.
Jarvis. vil. elk.
CONTKACTH AWARDKD.
Altoona, Pa.— Sewer contracts have
been awarded to Isaac Bender, C. B.
Clark and W. W. Saupp. *■
Alton, 111.— The contract for building a
sewer in Rudge-st. was awarded to Aug. .
Manns for |3,152.G0.
Chickasha, I. T.— The contract for a
sewerage, system was awarded to Doyle
& Schwartz for $15,000.
Nashville. Tenn.— The contract for a
sewer in Belleville-st. was awarded to
J. T. Allen for |7,545.50.
Hartford, Conn.— Michael O'Neil was
awarded the contract for a sewer in
Woodland-st. and Harrison-place.
Syracuse, N. Y.— The contract for con-
structing a tunnel sewer was awarded
to Thomas Marnell for $74,970.40.
Moscow, Idaho— James Broad of Spo-
kane secured the contract for complet-
ing the trunk lines of sewerage for
$70,000.
Cedar Rapids, la.— The contract for a
storm sewer in Central Park was award-
ed to Wm. King & Co. fcr $9.40 per lin.
ft.
Scranton, Pa.— The contract for build-
ing section G of the 17th sewer district
wa« awarded to Engli & Co., at $4.50 per
lin. ft
Duluth, Minn.— Sewer contractb were
awarded May 16 as follows: i%h-ave.,
J. W. Preston, $4,624.50; lOth-ave., George
R. King, $5,976.50.
Pullman, Wash.— The contract for con-
structing a sewerage system in the busi-
ness section of this city was awarded
to J. B. Hicks, for $3,560.
Charleston, S. C— The contract for the
extension of the intercepting sewer at
the Navy Yard was awarded to the bi-
mons-Mayrant Co., for $5,242.
Westfleld, Mass.— The contract for con-
structing two sections of the storm sew-
er system was awarded to Seymour,
Clark, Hills & Co. of Springfield, for
$U.004.75.
Monterey, Mex.— The contract for the
construction of a water* works and sew-
erage system has been awarded to the
National Water- Works & Guarant-^e Co.
of Scranton, Pa., for $3,000,000.
Fitchburg, Mass.— The contract for
building a sewer in Daniels-st was
awarded to S. S. & H. N. Lawrenc* at
$6.31 a cu. yd. for cement concrete ma-
sonry and |il.31 for brick masonry.
Duluth, Minn.— Sewer contracts have
been awarded as follows: Grand-ave.,
J. D. O'Connel. $2,773.50; two alleys.
Thomas & McCoy, $1,436.05 and $1,782.06.
respectively; an alley, Pastoret fi^ Luns.
$2,470.50.
Buffalo, N. Y.— Special.— Bids were re-
ceived for constructing a 36-in. force
main in the Hamburg overflow sewer In
Hamburg- St.. as follows: Bardol &
Roberts. 400 D. S. Morgan Bldg., $26,800;
H. P. Burgard, 560 Walden-ave., $34,100;
Geo. W. Moore, 117 Elk-st., $34,948; Ihos.
McKeown, 27 Winspear-ave., $36,000; Jo-
seph F. Stabell Co.. 1127 Niagara-st,
$35,980.
Los Angeles, Cal.— Bids were received
May 16 for building the new
outfall sewer as follows. Miller
& Franklin, Buffalo, N. Y.— Sec-
tion 1. $82,600; section 2. $86,800; section I.
$99,400; section 5. $142,000; section 6. $6o,OCO.
Hansbrough & Herman, Los Angeles-
Section 3, $247,500. Atlantic, Gulf & Pa-
cific Company. San Francisco— Sewer
complete. $717,000. Williams & Belser,
San Francisco— Section 5, $144,989; section
6. $54,787. C. D. Vincent, Oakland— Section
1, 64.986; section 4, $93,983. Tyron-Brain
Company. Los Angeles— Section 2. $121,-
000. A. P. Pusish, Los Angeles— Section
2, $73,000. A. F. NIms, Philadelphia, Pa.
—Section 1, $59,506; section 2, $76,914. Los
Angeles Construction Company, Los An-
geles—Sewer complete, $698,000.
Pittsburg, Pa.— Sewer contracts were
awarded May 19 as follows: Alley, Thos.
Barrett of Wilmerding. $1,496; Stoakes-
ave., Ott Bros., city, $1,819.68.
Syracuse. N. Y.— The contract for build-
ing a tunnel sewer in the Fourth Ward
was awarded to Thos. Marnell, May 28.
for $75,000; Anna and other streets. $5,-
411.50, and Amherst-ave. and other streets.
$1,331.50, James Swift; Lexington-ave., C.
T. Hookaway, $1,084.
WATeR'WORKS.
Bucyrus, O.— M. J. Breese of Gallon
and C. W. Wiles of Delaware have been
appointed receivers for the Gallon Wa-
ter-Works Co., upon the application of
David S. Gray of Columbus.
CONTEMPLATED WORK.
Waukon, la.— Council voted to purchase
a new pump.
Niles. Mich.- The water mains on Lin-
coln-ave. will be extended.
Corning, la.— The extension of the water
system Is contemplated.
Farmington, N. H.— The extension of
the water supply is contemplated.
Waverly, la.— About six blocks of water
mains will be laid this summer.
Iowa Falls, la.— About $8,000 will be ex-
pended on waterworks improvements.
Renville, Minn.— The question of build-
ing waterworks is being discussed.
Watertown, N. Y.— The construction of
water mains on Court and Factory-sts.
is proposed.
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MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
Hardwick, Vt.— This vlUage voted to in-
crease the water supply. L. H. Warren,
vil. trustee.
Houghton, Mich.— Plans for Improvlnar
the water- works system are beings made
by F. W. Cappelen.
Ladysmlth, Wis.— This village will
vote June 4 on the question of extending
the water-works system.
Water vi lie, Mo.— Preliminary surveys
are being made for the proposed pipe line
from this city to China Lake.
Redding. Cal.— A new pumping plant
and reservoir will be installed for the
improvement of the water supply.
Lockport. N. Y.— Charles A. Hague,
hydraulic engineer of New York city,
recommends the Niagara River for a
water supply.
Whitman, Mass.— This town voted to
appropriate $20,000 for obtaining a water
supply from Brockton. J. C. Gilbert,
ohm. comrs.
Rockport, O.— An ordinance has been
passed to Issue $75,000 bonds for the con-
struction of watpr works. J. C. Seager,
mayor.
Massillon, O.— The question of issuing
$200,000 bonds for building and maintain-
ing a municipal water plant will be voted
on June 21.
Lawrence, Mass.— The International
Sewage Disposal Co. has submitted a
new proposition to the city for building
a filter for the water supply.
Alliance, O.— A resolution has been
adopted to issue bonds for enlarging and
Improving the water works system. Chas.
O. Silver, elk. coun.
Jackson, Miss.— Special.— Wm. Hemin-
gray, mayor, says this city will vote June
2 on the question of municipal owenrship
of all public utilities.
Brownfleld, Pa.— The Redstone Water
Co. contemplates the erection of dams,
reservoirs, pipe lines, etc., in Georges
twp.. to furnish South Union with water
Sylacauga, Ala.— Special.— This city has
engaged J. Byrne of Birmingham to
prepare plans and specifications and
superintend the construction of a water
works system.
The question of issuing water works
bonds has been favorably voted on as
follows: Kingman, Kas. ; De Queen, Ark.;
Montgomery, Ala.; Mora, Minn.; Stras-
burg, Va.; Franklin, Tenn,; Roland, la.
Punxsutawney, Pa. — The water com-
pany has decided to abandon the present
pumping station and to replace the small
reservoir south of Lindsey by one with a
capacity of 2.500,000 gallons.
superintend constmctloti of the wat
works. Charles E. Stevens, Clk.
The construction of water works sy
tems is contemplated at the followli
places: Bartlesvllle, I. T.; Hancoc
Minn.; Janesvllle, Minn.; Java, S. E
Kensington, Minn.; Jelllco, Tenr
Wheatland, Cal.; Troy, Idaho; Manito
Man.; Summerside, P. E. I.; Spart
Tenn.; Covington, La.; Oriskany Fall
N. Y.; Mt. Vernon, S. D.
Casey, 111.— A water works system
contemplated.
CONTRACTS TO BE LET.
Fargo, N. D.— Bids are asked until Jui
6 for a .six-inch main In Second-st. I
J. Gibson, city auditor.
Woodvllle. Miss.— Sealed bids are ask(
until June 7 for a water works systen
W. C. Miller, mayor.
Hillsboro, N. D.— Bids are asked unt
June 6 for the extension of the wat<
works system. Thomas Forde, city aud
tor.
Winona. Minn.— Bids are asked unt
June 6 for 140 tons of c. i. water pipe an
specials. G. P. Coleman, city engineer.
White Hall. 111.— Sealed bids are askc
until June 7 for laying a water main c
Grant-st. L. N. Sheardy, city clerk.
Atlantic City. N. J.— Sealed bids ai
asked until June 3 for constructing
pump well at the Absecon pumping stj
tion. Louis Kuehnle, chm. water comr
Milwaukee. Wis.— Sealed bids are ask<
until June 15 for furnishing and erectlt
a pumping engine at the North Poii
pumping station. Chas. J. Poetsch, chm;
B. P. W.
Canton, O.— Bids are asked until Jur
27 for furnishing and erecting a vertia
triple-expansion pumping engine, thn
boilers and three stokers or furnace
Louis B. Ohliger, Supt. W. W.
Hays. Kas.— Sealed bids are asked unt
June 8 for constructing a water pipe lln
Including settling basin, man-holes, etc
from Big Goose Canon to U. S. reservoi
Thos. Swobe, Q. M.
Cincinnati, O.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 10 for laying c. I. pipe, specU
castings and valves for the pump mali:
from the western pumping station, et<
Aug. Herrmann, prest. bd. trustees.
Erie, Pa.— Bids are asked until June ^
for furnishing and laying about 9994 fe<
of intake pipe, five feet five Inches gat
valves, timber intake crib, specials an
connections. Geo. C. Gensheimer, secj
w. w, comrs.
Hawkinsville, Ga.— Bids are asked unt
June 13 for constructing a brick pumpIOi
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IMPROVEMENT AND CONTRACTING NEWS.
463
system was awarded to O' Brian &
Rhoades of Denver for 135,000.
Brownsville. Tex.— A franchase for a
water and light plant has been grranted
to Judge James B. Wells.
Columbus. O.— The contract for con-
structing the Scioto dam was awarded to
James West water for $237,790.
Thomas. Ok.— A franchise for a water
works and electric light system has been
granted to J. C. Bomtreger.
New Freedom, Pa.— The contract for a
water works system for this place has
been awarded to W. G. Prlzt of Dover,
N. J.
Tishomingo. I. T.— A contract for in-
stalling a water works system has been
awarded to Taylor & Moore of Houston,
Tex., for $26,900.
Monterey. Mex.— The contract for a
water works and sewerage system has
been awarded to the National Water
Works and Guarantee Company of Scran-
ton, Pa., for $3,000,000.
Mancos, Oolo. — Special. — O'Brlan &
Rhoades of Denver have been awarded
the contract for constructing a gravity
water works system for $25,000. Universal
Iron win be used.
BRfOQBS.
Hinsdale, Mass.— This town voted to
build a stone arch bridge.
Providence, R. I.— Council has passed
an ordinance for Issuing $25,000 bonds for
bridges.
Lebanon, O.— Bids are asked until June
13 for building four bridges. S. A. Stll-
well, CO. audt.
Brlgham, Utah.— Bids are asked until
June 6 for completing Malad bridge. Jos.
Jensen, co. dk.
Petersburg, Ind.— Bids are asked until
June 8 for building two small bridges.
T. W. Basinger, co. audt.
Evansvllle, Ind.— Bids are asked until
June 7 for constructing a number of
bridges. Bd. co. comrs.
Traverse City, Mich.- This city voted
to Issue $9,000 bonds for building a steel
concrete bridge on W. Front-st.
Vincennes, Ind.— Sealed bids are asked
until June ^ for <!onstructlng fifteen small
bridges. J. D. Williams, Qp. audt.
Tillamook, Ore.— Bids are asked until
July 4 for building a new bridge across
Miami River. Homer Mason, co. elk.
Galesburg, 111.— Bids are asked until
June 6 for a bridge over Cedar Fork on
Henderson-st. Roy Hopcraft, cy. ck.
Portland, Ore.— Bids are asked until
June 24 for building a steel bridge on
Pront-st. Thos. C. Devlin, cy. audt.
Oakland, Cal.— Bids are asked until
June 6 for constructing a concrete bridge
across Crow Canyon. John P. Cook, elk.
Marion, Ind.— A petition ha& been pre-
sented to the street committee asking
that a bridge be built over Boots creek
at Seventh-st.
Versailles, Ind.— Sealed bids are askeO
until June 7 for constructing the abut-
ments for a wagon bridge across Plum
Creek. Nicholas Volz, chairman county
commissioners.
Atlanta, Ga.— Sealed bids are asked un-
til June 6 for building an abutment on the
east end of Edgewood-ave. R. M. Clav-
ton, cy. engr.
Port Republic, N. J.— Bids are asked
until June 8 for a steel draw bridge over
Nacott Creek. J. J. Albertson. Co. Kngr.,
Camden.
Goldendale, Wash.— Bids are asked un-
til July 8 for building a Howe truss bridge
across Wood Gulch creek. J. H. Smith,
CO. audt.
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.— Bids are asked
until June 7 for erecting steel super-
structures for 8 highway bridges. John E
Parsille, co. elk.
New Haven, Conn,— Bids are asked un-
til June 7 for constructing a Scherzer
rolling lift bridge on Klmberly-ave.'over
West River. C. W. Kelly, city engineer.
Eldorado. Kas.— Bids are ^ked until
June 8 for constructing a thirty-foot
stone arch bridge across Satchell Creek.
Chelsea Township. H. A. J. Copplns,
county clerk.
Springfield, O.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 8 for building substructures
and superstructures of bridges over Mad
River and Honey Creek. A. K. Hahn.
county auditor.
Bu Gyrus, O.— Bids, plans and specifica-
tions are asked until June 9 for con-
structing a bridge at St. Mary-st. over
Sandusky River. J. I. Smith, county
auditor.
Buffalo. N. Y.— Special.— The property
owners on Fulton-st. have protested
against the erection of foot bridges in
the vicinity of the Brie and Lake Shore
crossings.
Valparaiso, Ind.— Bids are asked until
June 6 for constructing a bridge in
Westchester Township on the highway
between Westchester and Jackson town-
ships. Stephen P. Corboy, county au-
ditor.
Chicago, 111.— Sealed bids are asked
until July 20 for raising the roadway of
the Brandon's bridge road crossing the
.Desplaines River. Zina R. Carter, prest.
bd. trustees.
Magnolia, N. J.— The board of freehold-
ers has authorized the preparation of
plans and specifications for a new steel
draw bridge at Port Republic. J. J. Al-
bertson. engr., Camden.
Ft. Hancock, N. J.— Bids are asked until
June 20 for building about 4,500 ft. of rail-
road trestle and constructing 1,000 ft. of
approaches at Sandy Hook. Lt, Glen F.
Jenks, Ord. dept.
Mankato, Minn.— Sealed bids are asked
until June 9 for building steel bridges as
follows: Over Cobb River, Decorla; over
Cambria Creek, Cambria twp.; Waton-
wan River, Ceresco twp. Edgar Weaver,
CO. audt.
Celina, O.— Sealed bids are asked until
June 9 for constructing the substructure
nnd superstructure for a steel bridge over
Wabash River on the State Line pike one-
half mi. east of Wabash. T. A. Wels,
CO. audt.
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464
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING.
SrmBBT UQIHTINQI.
ClintonvlIIe, Wis.— The enlargement of
the lighting plant is proposed.
Woodvflle, Miss.— Sealed bids Pre asked
until June 7 for erecting an electric light
plant. W. C. Miller, mayor.
Downlngton, Pa.— Bids are asked until
June 30 for lighting the streets for one,
three or five years. Isaac Y. Ash. chmn.
igt. com.
St Joseph, Mo.— This city proposes to
issue $75,000 bonds for the purpose of
erecting and equipping a modern electric
plane.
Montlcello, Wis.— The contract for In-
stalling an electric lighting system has
been awarded to Langstadt & Meyer of
Appleton, for $6,960.
Vancouver Barracks, Wash.— Bids are
asked until June 9 for constructing an
electric lighting system at this post. F.
G. Hodgson, C. Q. W. M.
Gilman. 111.— A twenty-year franchise
has been granted John Frith & Son for
fourteen arc lights and 180 Incandescent
lights for $2,340 per year.
Nashville, Ark.— The question of issu-
ing bonds for building a municipal elec-
tric and water plant will be voted on
June 2. E. E. Husspeth, E. W. Hutchin-
son, J. B. Hill, members com.
Albany. Ga.— The contract for tlje pur-
chase of 300 electrical horse power for
a term of 10 yrs. for use in running the
city's electric and water plants, will come
up for ratification June 9.
Washington, D. C— Sealed bids are
asked until June 7 for electric fittings and
materials and electric wires and cables
for U. S. buildings east of Rocky Moun-
tains. H. A. Taylor, acting secy, treas-
ury dept.
St. Paul. Minn.— Sealed bids are asked
until July 5 for electric light fixtures and
heat register faces for the new State cap-
itol building. Channlng Seabury, vice-
prest. bd. state capitol comrs.
Washington, D. C— Bids are asked until
June 3 for lighting the public streets,
avenues, alleys and roads In the District
of Columbia with naptha. Welsbach, etc
H. B. F. MacFarland. chm. Dist. Comrs.
Saratoga Springs, N. T.— Sealed bids are
asked until June 21 tor furnishing gas
or other Illuminating substances for street
lamps and public buildings, and for light-
ing, extinguishing, cleaning and keeping
street lamps in order. H. F. Thomas,
elk.
Auburn, N. T.— The contract for flusi
Ing the asphalt paved streets ha^ be€
awarded to Judson BC Kinley for |65
week.
Bridgeport, Conn.— The contract for dli
posing of garbage was awarded to Ge<
E. Wlnton of Plumb & Winton Compan:
McKeesport, Pa.— The contract for
new garbage plant has been awarded 1
the Morse-Boulger Company of New Yoi
City for $14,600.
St. Louis, Mo.— Owing to an error 1
the ordinance calling for bids for the dii
position of garbage the matter has bee
postponed and new bids will be askc
later.
Lansing, Mich.— A petition has bee
submitted to the council asking tbi
Ottawa-st. be sprinkled. A resolution h£
been adopted directing the superintendei
of public works to purchase a ne
sprinkler.
GIARBAQim OISROSAL, STRBBT
OLEANINQ AND SPRINKUNQ.
TOO UATEFOR OUASSIFIOATIO
Cloquet, Minn.— Bids are asked, unl
June 6. for grading Tenth and Eleventl
sts. J. F. Ryan. cy. rec.
Minneapolis, Minn.— Bids are asked, ui
til June 6, for graveling two roads. H. ]
Scott, CO. audt.
Aberdeen, S. D.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 13. for extending the sewerai
system. A. N. Aldrick, mayor.
Milwaukee, Wis— Sealed bids are aske
until June 6, for building cement sId'
walks. Chas. J. Poetsch. chmr. B. P. W.
Pine Bluff, Ark.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 6. for 33,500 sq. yds. of pavin
curbing and grading. T. Pearce. secy.
Trenton, N. J.— Bids are asked, unl
June 7. for paving LIberty-st. with brie
and Stuyvesant-ave. with macadam. I
B. Salter, cy. elk.
Cle\'eland, O.— Sealed bids are aske
until June 8, for asphalt paving on Cu
ler-st., from Euclld-ave. to Wllbur-st. "V
J. Sprlngborn, prest. B. P. S.
Ft. Bayard, If. M.— Sealed bids ai
asked, until June 13. for constructing
septic tank sewage purification plant i
this post. Capt. H. M. Powell, Q. M.
Oskaloosa. la.— Bids are asked unt
June 3 for 1,197 sq. yds. of brick pavim
670 ft. curbing on N. B-st.; also 5,300 f
curbing. S. H. Crosby, cy. elk.
New Brighton, N. Y.— Bids are aske
until June 10 for paving and repavln
Richmond Terrace with granite blocki
and Richmond and Castleton-aves. wit
asphalt. Geo. Cromwell, prest boro.
St. Louis, Mo.— Bids are asked unt
June 7 for paving Grand -a ve. with aa
phalt and Barton and Tenth-sts. wit
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EMPLOYMENT
^Sboold write to Munlelpal BngliiMrins.
fr«oan pot jou In the wajr of getting emidox*
ATTORNEY— EzperioDoed in preparing and pre-
senting bids on municipal improvements, secaring
franchises, examininK bond issnes and special as-
sessment scrip, and capable of adirisinff contractor
doing heavy work, from beginning to ena, is open for
engagement. Formerly public official. Familiar
with conditions in various parts of United States.
Refers to best known men of Chicago. Salary or
commission. Address M. T., Municipal Enqimebb-
nro Maqazimb.
WANTED— A position as superintendent or fore-
man of cement work. Have had many years* ez-
g>rience as cement worker, foreman ana contractor,
ave used many carloads of cement; can furnish
the best of references. Will go ipost anywhere
there is such work to be done and work for reasona-
ble pay. Address Qbo. W. Clabk, box 275, Wausau,
Wis.
ENGINEER— Age 82; graduate of eastern col-
lege; have held such positions as rodman, calcu-
lator, instrument man ; resident engineer in Massa-
chusetts* assistant engineer on masonry* topo-
graphical draftsman H. C. Frick Coke Co. Now in
Indianapolis. Will accept responsible position at
moderate salary. Address D., care of Municipal
Bnoinbbbino Maoazinb, Indianapolis.
POSITION WANTED— As inspector or foreman
on railroad or municipal work. Ten years* experi-
ence as contractors' foreman. Expert on concrete.
Permanent position rather than large salary de-
sired. Address J. H. W., care Municipal Engi-
neering Co.
WANTED— Asphalt pavement superintendents,
" • Give
yard and street foremen, roller engineers, etc,
name, address, experience. Address ^'Expskt,
care Municipal Enginebbing, Indianapolis, Ind.
POSITION WANTED-Gradute CivU Engineer
wishes position with city or county engineer; have
had experience in both city and county surveying
and draughting ; moderate salary ; location, within
twenty miles or Philadelphia preferred. Address
E 154, care Municipal Enginebbing Co.
ENGINEER— Open for engagement after June 1st-
Twenty years' experience in municipal improve,
ments, water-works, sewerage, drainage, as designer
and in direct charge of work. Well known in the
v^pmfooflinn and aati ffive both eastern and western
FOR SALE— City of Evansville offers for sale one
fire engine, one hang engine and 300 feet of hose*
J. H. PoTTBB, City Clerk Evansville, Wis.
FOR SALE— Civil engineer scholarship in Inters
national Correspondence Schools, with complete
set of books. Address R. G. Stobet, lock box 41,
Artesia, N. Mex.
FOR SALE OR LEASE— For term of years, large
sewer pipe factory. Can be utilized to manufacture
other clay products. Thirteen kilns, boilers, en-
gine, presses, etc., etc., in good order; centrally
located in heart of fire clay district. Immediate
possession given. The Lock Haven Clat Wobks,
Lock Haven, Clinton Co., Pa.
NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS.
Sealed bids will be received, at Indianapolis, In-
diana, until June 8, 1904, for grading and graveling
the first alley west of Hamilton avenue, from Mich-
igan street to first alley south ; North street, from
Highland avenue to Oriental street; Moore aTenue,
from Rural to Christian streets ; Weghorst street,
from East to Wright streets ; first alley east of Ala-
bama street, from 24th to 25th streets ; Raymond
street, from Shelby street to State avenue ; first al-
ley west of East street, from Raymond to Plymouth
streets. Bids will be received at the same time for
constructing cement sidewalks on portions of Nobl»
and Newman streets. Sealed bids are asked untit
June 1 for constructing a local sewer on Wabash
street, from Ulinois to Capitol avenue.
The Board of Public Works reserves the right to-
reject any or all bids. M. A. Downing,
Jacob Wobssneb,
David Wallace,
Board of Public Works.
INCREASES VALUES
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The MILLER and ADAMS
PATENTED 8IRHONIC APPARATUS
Of every description for operating
BACTERIAL SEWAGE FILTERS ::::::::::: septic tank systei
Also siphonic apparatus of every description for operating Intermittent
Flush Tanks for Flushing Street Sewers,
PACIFIC FLUSH TANK CO.
M U MUC SmEET, CMCAM
EadMi AfMior, ttO Utarty MtmI, Nmv Ywk O
FOR 8AI-e
BARRON-COLLIER
OOHPANY
THE UTICA SEWER PIPEandTERR
COHA WORKS
K
Street-Ligliting
Contractors
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P.
JA8. e. REYNOLDS, Ottawa, III.
w4w BrvMNIffly ■•«•■■■■■■■•■ NEW TUfflRa
If you want the Best
MARKED IMPROVEMENT IN THE
DIRECTORY OF AMERICAN
CEMENT INDUSTRIES
We are in reoeipt of the Directory of
American Cement Industries (third edition),
which, without anj question, shows marked
improyement oyer any previous issue and ifi
of great interest to any one engaged in the
manufocture or sale of cement.
HOUSTON BROTHERS CO.
J. J. Haas, Secretary
System of.«....Book-
Keeping for Water
Companies, write to
Mmiicipal Engineer-
ing Company; To osc
Books on Cement
it Saves and Pays^
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M^ M SvKfiJO} (onpaiy
MANUFACTURCRS OF
"PICK-UP" HIIIID STREET SWEEPERS
WRITE FOR BOOKLET
504 Virginia Avenue, S. B., Wasliington, D. C.
SI EES
[wrought stbbl]
roR
AND LAWNS. ALSO VASES,
ETC. WRITE FOR PRICES
TOLEDO WIRE & IRONWORKS
TOLEDO OHIO
SAND-BRICKS
Every " Umtbmk tr tM*S *' is the best place for a " MikywC" No need of clay, dryers or kllnii to pro-
duce a strong, sound, perfect "Past Mok" and at a lower cost than common clay bricks are usually
produced, out of sand and a small percentage of lime, in ten hours, in any weather, winter or summer.
"*n^"y"o7.*' H. HUENNEKES CO. (Incorporated) %t:%"or-
are erecHng and equipping factories of any capacity in any locality in the United States, Canada,
Mexico, Caba and South America under their patented process known as
''HUENNEKES SYSTEM"
bricks produced under this system and every brick perfect. Besides factories in operation there are
now being erected other factories under our system from Montreal, Canada, throughout the United
operation is to belieTe that our system is a thorough success and a big money-maker.
Write for illustrated pamphlet and particulars.
THE KELLS FOUNDRY CO.,
MANUFACTURERS OF SEWKR CASTINOS 1
ADRIAN, MICHIGAN
THIS SPACE
BELONGS TO
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THE AMERICAN WATER'-
W.O RK5 STANDARE
BOOKKEEPING .SYSTEM
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SAVE LABOR
SAVE EXPENSE
— tHat makes profits
For Water Works Companies the American Standard Water Works-
Bookkeeping System saves labor, which is a large item, and insures accuracy^
which is important.
If your bookkeeping isn't right everything is apt to go wrong.
It is the best bookkeeping system for water companies ever devised, and the-
books are the cheapest.
TK« folloiiriii^ a«« som* of tK« pt»rcK»s*jrs<
Salmon Cit^ Water Ck)., Salmon City» Ida.
Board of Water Commissioners, Newport, N. T.
Pontiao Water, Light and Power Co., Pontiac, HI.
Omaha Water Co., Omaha. Neb.
Water Department, Meredith, N. H.
Stockton Water Co., Stockton, Cal.
Stewart Hartshorn, Short Hills, N. J.
Weston Electric Light, Power and Water Co., Wes-
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CEMENT
ROOFING TILE
NO TYING. NO NAILS. NO PAINTIN
MANUFACTURED AND PATENT HELD BY THE
PERTH AMBOY CEMENT
STONE AND ROORNG TILE CO.
works: QIFFORD STREET ) DPRTM AMRAV N J
office: 188 MADISON AVENUE f r'C-" ■ " AiVIPUT, n.U.
MM THTnHy MP W
JHE CYCLOPEAN
BOnOM DUMPING
BUCKET doNfiRETE
WHEN tM GHIGMQC
Stop at tho
New
Norihem
fmlhm 41 lio#al€lnMifciii
8 floors. Fine new rooms. Meals a-la-Cart«
at all bonzf.
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44
99
Just as Easy
That's what they all say when they use our
I — Hollow Ooncrete — ■
j BuiLPiiia Block IhcHiiiE |
Best, Fastest, Simplest, Cheapest.
No carrying off blocks.
consequently no loss by breakage.
No expensive iron pallets.
No cogs, gears, springs or levers.
Work is low down, making filling and tamping easf .
Design may be changed instantly.
Anybody can operate it. Write for catalog.
PETTYJOHN BROS.
1310 North Ftnt St., Terra Haute, Ind.
BACK NUMBERS WAWTED
Owing to the recognised standing of
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING as the lead-
ing publication in its field, the demand for
complete files of the magaxine from libraries,
universities and private individuals has grown
to such an extent that the large surplus stock
held in reserve by the publishers is being
rapidly depleted.
We wish to purchase a sufficient supply
of those numbers upon which our stodc Is
low to complete as many volumes as possible.
Until further notice we will pay 250 each for
copies of the magasine of any of the follow-
ing dates:
69 No* 5«
6, No. 6^
8, No. 1,
6, No. 2,
6, No. 8,
Tol.
Tol.
Tol.
Tol.
ToL
ToL 7; No. 1.'
7ol. 8, No. 8,
7ol. 15, No. 8,
Tol. 16, No. 2.
Tol. 16, No. 5,
Tol. 17, No. I,
Tol. 17. No. 2,
Tol. 18, No. 1,
Tol. 18, No. 6,
Tol. 20, No. 1,
ToL 20, No. 4,
JiA. 20; No. 6,
Tol. 22, No. U
- Not. 1898
Dec 1898
- Jan. 1894
Feb. 1894
- Mar. 1894
Jolj 1894
Mar. 1895
Sept. 1898
Feb. 1899
May 1899
July 1899
Aug. 1899
Jan. 1900
June 1900
> Jan. 1901
April 1901
• lime 1901
Jan. 1902
Magasines siiould be rolled or tied in a
package and marked plainly with the address
given below, the name and address of sender
being placed upon the wrapper. Postage is t
three cents each. Address, ed by OOOQIC
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING CO^
'1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
3uildforthe Tuture
Fig. 3
THEY are constructed of concrete, having a
small wood core which is trussed with a No.
8 galvanized wire, this wire being looped to
receive each strand of
the wire fencing, making
a strong and handsome
post. They will not Rot,
Burn, Corrode or Lift
with the frost. A perfect
post for railroads, farms
and general purposes. Re-
quiring no large plant for
their manufacture, they can
be made to compete with
wood. Moulded in galvan-
ized iron flasks, on end. Filled with proper con-
crete composed of sand, gravel or broken stone
with cement. Mixed Wet and Poured so that all
interstices are filled, making a firm, non-porous
Use Tratfs
Hherlasting
Fence Posts
stone, having a smoothly finished surface. Hi
UP TO Dry, remaining in that position ui
perfectly cured for the market, thus avoiding
handling and reducing
labor and space for cur
to a minimum.
Fig. 1 shows the post ^
wire fencing attached.
Fig. 2 illustrates the p
with boards forming i
fence.
Fig. 3 shows the truss
core, a section and the co
pleted post.
These posts are protected by good, Hberal p
ents in the United States and Canada. St
rights are now for sale. First come first servi
For further information address the undersign(
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HOLLOW CEMENT
STONE MACHINE
CHICAGO ADJUSTABLE
llMlifaslurrt by THE CEMENT MACHINERY ft MANUFACTOmNS CO^ Burilimon, la.
Opficb— Northwest Comer Fourth and WmshlngtoQ Streets. WARSHOUSB-^Northw^st Comer Court and Front Streets.
iFactort— Northwest Comer Washington Street and Central Avenue. Long Distance Tblbpmonbs— 1394, 1 164.
We manufacture:
Chicago Adjustable Hollow Cement Stone Machine.
Burlington Rotary Adjustable Hollow Cement Stone Machine with car system combined.
Burlington Rotary Cement Fence Post Machine with car system combined.
Burlington Cement Sewef Pipe Moulds.
Chicago Adjustable Sidewalk Block Machines.
Cast Bottom Plates for any machine on the market.
Also Burlington Cement Brick Machine, cars and track for Cement^ Block and Brick Plants.
Also Patent Solution for making Cement Blocks and Brick impervious to water.
WB HAVE B9OIPPBD PLANTS AT THB rOLLOWINO POINTS WITH MACHINERY WITHIN THE PAST YEAR.
GET YOUR TOWN IN THIS LIST!
Wichita, Kan. Rusk. Okla. Portales, New Mex. Washington. Iowa Ft. Dodge. Iowa
Hutchinson. Kan. Monmouth. III. Ironton, Ohio Oskaloosa, Iowa Waterloo. Iowa
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"The L^ke Building and
Hollo^v Stone Patents"
HAVE RECENTLY BEEN ISSUED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL BUILDING STONE
JlWhen all other methods of manufacturing Stone have been tried and their
faults and failures noted, *'The Lake Building and Hollow Stone" will be in the
front ranks, dolus: a profitable and satlsfitctory Easiness.
■i
Because it is the best method of making building stone.
Because it makes stone in all forms and sfzes.
Because it does make perfect and handsome stone.
Because it makes stone that is in great demand.
Because it is cheaper than natural stone and better.
Because it is fire and water-proof and popular.
Because it is coming surely to be a leadlnif building material.
Because it is made of stone and cement and is everlasting.
Because it can be used nnder the water, under the earth or anywhere.
Because the better it is known, the more popular it becomes.
Because all builders and owners will want it when they have become acquainted
with its merits and cost. Territorial rights are for sale. Full information on
W request. All correspondence should be addressed to
MONTFORT'CH l¥EAVERt General Sales Aifento
45 Clinton Street. NeiPirarR* Ne^pir Jersex
70
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CEMENT or LIME
BRICK
HERE IT IS AT LAST!
Ten brick per minute any
mould ; be your own brick
maker. If interested
ADDRESS
^. W. SEAMANS
(•j^Afm RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
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WANTED
I
)
1 V
V
HOBMANDIN BLOCK MACHINE
OSN AlTBNTAL PANVL BLOCK
CHISEL FACED L BLOCK
An Opportunity to take the matter of HoUow Concrete
Building Block Machinery up with you. It is to your
interest if you expect to engage in this business to be
equipped with the NORMANDIN BUILDING BLOCK
MACHINES, because they are the latest, the best and
most durable machines on the market for this class of
work.
"HBRE certainly is no better time to get Into the HoUow
Concrete Block business than now.
H
UNDBBDS of Normandin Machine Plants have been
established. We are receiving re-orders for machines
from them every dajt proving to ns that our machines
are right.
" VBBY Hollow BnUding Block enthusiast wants the
B best machine, not the cheapest, but the best for all
ordinary building construction— WB HAVB THI8
KIND OF A MAGRINB..
N
BGKyriATB for machines now. Start a "Block Yard.'*
The business Is permanent and profitable, broadening
in extent evexy day.
ONLY secure tlie Normandin machines and devices for
the best
RBSUUrS In the wav of durability, economy, profit and
appearance of both machines and product.
MUCH investigation is necessary In selecting a Block
Machine. This is what we want. "Investigation" is
the watchword of our success. We manufacture the
Normandin and its devices exclusively. It's in de-
mand becaase it's popular with the trade.
AND when you are all through looking allow ns to take
the matter np with you.
NBATLY constructed and built on the lines of simplicity
f-"Simpllcity, the highest art of invention.*'
^BSIQNBD to save labob, material and EZFrnsB.
I N operation in all parts of the United States and Canada.
B VBB before until now has the demand for Normandin
machines been so great. We are running our factory
night and day to flu this demand.
N
OOK before you leap'* in selecting HoUow Concrete
■ Block machinery : also look up the companies manu-
facturing them. We are responsible and can do what
we agree to do.
I* ASILY operated, easily adjusted, no complicated mech-
B anism, ''ten machines In one."
i BCHITBCT8, contractors, builders, the leading rail-
\ roads and cement workers have adopted the Norman-
din machines. Thev are universally recognised as the
standard of them all.
hONT wait untD snow files again before waking up to
r the Hollow Concrete Block business. The product
from our machines Is in demand and always will be,
because our machine molds it right. It's not a anes-
tion of material, but machine, we have the machine.
^BND for full printed matter today.
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The Hercules Cement Stone Machine
and tho Wide Range of Work it Prodnoos
NO OTHER MACHINE MADE BUT THE HEBCULE8
CAN PRODUCE THIS VARISTT
A Complete Stone Plant in One Machine
It makes in addition to hollow and solid blocks, water table, win-
dow sills, window caps, door sills, door caps, coping, curbing., etc., up t
to FIVE FEET LONG BY TWENTY-FOUR INCHES WIDE. No
other machine can produce this wide range of work. - •
By the Hercules method you tamp directly upon the face of the'
design, thereby laretting a most perfect impression and allowing the
use of a composition 2 to 1 for facing, one inch thick and remainder
of block 5 to 1. By this method, you can use crushed stone or very
coarse gravel in your composition. The more crushed stone used, the
stronger the bloclc and the less cement required.
When you buy a cement block machine the saving of 'material is
an important factor. Let us send you our Catalogue A and full
information. Write us today.
The Century Cement Machine Co.
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Just Pour II
And the crater does the rest — compacts the ms
without tamping; compels the complete crystallization
the cement; makes 9|tone (not coYicrete) of the highc
possible quality at the lowest possible cost. THe ston
is of correct shape for economical laying.
a»'^i-:
i^f
R^esults: With the Dykema Mold you can mat
stone with which you can take contracts at lO pc
cent, under brick and make 4O per. cent, profii
THe only system MrKicK competes Mritl
brick. BOOKLET NO. I TELLS MOB
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THE STEVENS CAST STONE
THE MOST PERFECT MANUFACTURED STONE YET OBTAINED
PRODUCED WITHOUT TAMPINa OR PRESSURE
W« warn all parties against making stona as Shown by this out, as it is
broadiy prctactad by our patants.
Thia cut shows stone patented by Chas. W. Stevens in May, 1902, upon which
eight claims are allowed, three of which being as follows :
1. An artificial building stone comprising two outer walls spaced apart and con-
nected together by posts formed integrally therewith, substantially as described.
2. An artificial building stone comprising two opi)OBitely disposed walls spaced
apart and connected together, the space between said walls being uninclosed on
four sides, substantially as described.
3. An artificial building stone comprising outer parallel walls spaced apart and
connected together, the space there between being open on all sides not in-
closed by said outer ivatls^ substantially as described.
TKe Stevens Hollo-w BlocK MacKine is entirely different from
anything now on the market. Under one of our processes, in which the material
is pour^ into the mould, we withdraw the core instantly, which obviates all
danger of cracking or defacing the stone. Sixty of our cores -will pro-
duce as much stone as can be made with 1500 cores of another make being
advertised and which is an imitation of our methods.
Write for our new readiDg matter and flirnre on mak*
ing this splendid building material for your county.
QTCVEMQ AAQT QTnilC Rfl.
, Google
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Cong^ress has adijotirned, the Preside
tial Campaig^n has beg^tin^ the boom
btiilding^ with the Harmon S* Palmei
Hollow Concrete Blocks is on j0^
In this Magazine, After years oi
January, 1902, was perimenting, t
printed the ttrst ^^^kA^
x5 « rm. TT pended by hi
notice of TThe Har- Sonvince the fi
mon S. Pahner's tioal of the pi
System of Building cai use of H<
with Hollow Ck>n. S^^'roy^ente
Crete Blocks. The S^ to^ i m p r <
only one known in. ments, he pi
the world at that upon the marl
time; he being the perfect mac
J. . . capable of ma
poneer and origm- all kinds of bl
ator. needed for b
«> . . - . ings, elimina
Behold what all danger of ci
a smoke a little w^®° ^^^^
made.
Are kindleth !
See editorial con
in Maj; number c
. magazine.
Residence of Harmon S. Palmer. 1450 Binney Street. Washington, D. C.
Made of his patented blocks ; the columns of Steven's process
This machine was advertised and sold throughout the whole country. Its success
instantaneous ! Seeing this, infringers, imitators, copyists, who had purchased or usee
Harmon S. Palmer Block Machines, took it as a pattern, and afterwards reached oi
deceive the public by ofifering them for sale. In consequence there are now pending i
in the United States Courts and an interference case m the U. S. Patent Office. JSe
buying^ look up the facts. It will save you time, trouble and money afterwi
MACHINES AND TERRITORY FOR S aI
MT ANTED— We want the name of every party selling, buying or using any Hoi
Concrete Building Block MACHmss, as well as the location of every building ere
with Hollow Concrete Building Blocks without our license, and for first informi
we will pay a reward. "We Have six xears in wKicK to begin action.
It is not easy to do justice to this machine by a bare advertisement. If you are in d<
write to us and we will tell you how to get into the business on the ground floor.
HARMON S. PALMER
BUILDING BLOCK COMPANY
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-< PATENTED)
The odI^ practical Cement, Tile and Sewer Pipe Mould made. Any sized tile above 10 inches can be
made at a big profit ; can be sold for less than clay sewer pipe and is superior to any clay tile made.
Road, Well and Drain Tile as well as Sewer Pipe can be made with same mould, attachment furnished
for making Bell Top Sewer Pipe. One 18 inch core, $15*00. one outside mould, $14.00, hopper and tamp
$4.00. Twenty outside moulds can be used to 1 core and hopper ; core is removed as soon as tile is made.
Outside mould can be removed in five hours. Nothing to wear out, no complicated machinery. Send for
circulars giving full information.
CEMENTITILE AND TILE MOULD MANUFACTURINS CO., SAC CITY, IOWA.
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"INDURATION l)Y ABSORPTION
THE KEYNOTE TO
PERFECT STONE-MAKINC
No Oth«r Proo«ss Approaoh«s It In Any Partioular.
The simplicity of operation and perfection of results attained, places it at once
FAR AND. AWAY BEYOND reach of competition.
Send for illustrated catalogue explaining everything in detail. Write
to-day; it will only cost you two cents to find out all about it.
For nearly two hundred years inventors' have been trying to discover a
means to create a perfect bond between the atoms of the stone composition,
but not until now has this been accomplished.
We can not explain all about this great invention in a brief advertisement,
and therefore ask a careful reading of our literature, before you invest a cent
in any other process.
We have the absolute endorsement of every practical engineer who b-^s
investigated our methods, and the universal verdict is, '^TOtt have solved the
s problem*'' do not bb deceived but obtain the best. Address
THe Standard Stone Co* of Americi
140 NassAt» 9tvt
80a N. I^ib^rtjr StT—t
BAI«TIMOR£» M:
The Simpiicity Building Biocic Mactiini
For the manufacture of hollow or solid
concrete building blocks. Adjustable for
all sizes and shapes. Delivers the block
on its side, a saving of labor. Wood
pellets are used ; other machines use iron
pellets, a full set of which cost as much
or more than price asked for our complete
machine. CONSIDER WELL BEFORE
PURCHASING. Agents wanted in every
state.
THE STANDARD SAND ft MACHINE eOMPAN^
CLCVCLAND, OHIO
Manufacturers of Mixers, Screens. Bi
for equipping Building Block and '
ers. Conveyors, etc
" Plaster Plants.
THE SIMPLICITY
Ask for catalogue and prices.
CEMENT WORKERS-ATTENTION
Do you want the latest, up-to-date Moulds for the manufacture of a Standard Ceme
Block for building purposes? Any style of block, also moulds for Water Tables, Chimn
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^he Little Wonder
. Battjes Cement Stone
Machine is a winner.
No contractor can afford'
to be without this machine.
Capacity Great, Product
Perfect.
If you want to get in the
cement stone business in-
vestigate today.
Catalotft»* No* 3 tolls moro
Batties|Fuei;<a^Buildmg Material
Company ,|Grand Rapids, MicH.
$25.00
Buys one of our Combination Stone Outfits.
Produces Stone in three styles at lowest cost.
Rock faced, Tooled and Plain.
Blocks for corners, window weights and joists
Half blocks for breaking joints.
No cutting or "dutchman" needed.
SEND FOR BOOKLET "E" WHY PAY MORE?
TH£ CEMENT WORKING MACHINERY CO.
7*9 JolforooA AvoAt»o» Dot«^it» MicHitfaA.
SOMETHING NEW
Tktt Milw P^ffteUA fl^^iAHi Sktemflik HA^k MaaUha Ma^a
Will make blocUs any desired shape and thickness
Upto twenty-fou r inches square and four inches thick
Madtof AHIron andSlMlaiMlwIIILastaUMiiiit
8 ATI SIS-ACTION GUARANTEED
WRITE U8 P-OR FURTHER PARTICULARS
6. D. ROWEL_L ft SON. APPLETON. WIS.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
OUR PLAN
Makes it Possible fo
Every Builder to Mak
Patented June 9, 1903
MIRACLE'S
CONCRETE
BLOCKS
Economically and in quantities to suit his needs. Which of these outfits can you um
I. Hand Tamp Molds, a. Hand Power Press. 3. Complete Power BqoipmeB
WRITE US FOR FREE FACTS
and let us post you on the money-making opportunities that await vou— by our plai
MIRACLE'S (patented) CONCRETE BLOCKS are cheaper and better than brie
and cost but one-third as much to lay. Fire, frost and damp-proof. The only doub
air-spaced hollow block. Write
THE MIRAGU PRESSED STONE CO., '^'USSi'^ MUWEitPOLIS, MIM
SEAMANS'BUILDING BLOCK MACHINl
ALL THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR A
COMPLETE PLANT
for making foundation blocks, water tables, building blocks, with continuous air spa<
wall or not, as desired, half blocks to butt up against window and door jambs, fractl
blocks, window sills, window and door caps, blocks for gables at any pitch, angle bl
at any angle, for bay windows, etc., building veneers of any thickness, chimney flue
fact all blocks necessary for complete building of any kind can be made with Seam
Building Block Machines.
Can you do it with any other malce of machine?
Manufactured by E. W. SEAMANS, 97 Ottawa Street, Grand Rapids, MichI
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THE "IRON KING"
AUTOMATIC FRICTION ORIVE
CEMENT PACKER
STRONGEST, FASTEST AND MOST DURABLE
FOR BARRELS. MORE IN OPERATIONTHAN
ALL OTHER MAKES COMBINED.
THE "JEWEL"
IRON FRONT SACK PACKER
TliB S. Howes Company
" EUREKA** WORKS, SILVER CREEK, N. Y.
ESTABLISHED 1856
Mw Yoffc OfnOii 11 BffMdwfty, J« Ba PMiMin« CMmibo OiIIo§i tl IrsMft BMj«f B« Fa Ryif
IMPROVED
■^
MIXER roR
CEME
:nt
s
W. D. DUI
END FOR Circular B. 1
ININ6, - SyraouM^'LY. 1
STEEL CONSTRUCTION
CORRUGATED IRON
RIVETED PIPE
tmi "^o"* iiu.HnriMTiM«roMLmMY
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I
Kent Cement Pulverizev
FINISHEC
CEME
BE MILL
FEED
10
BBLS.
PER
HOUR
40
BBLS
PER
HOU
Q7%
100 MESH
Mr.W.J. BELL,8upt.
Newaygo Portland Ce
Co., Nawago, Mich.,
Says:
"4 KENT MILLS are d
by one 75 H. P. motor
982
20 MESH
$. B. NEWBERRY, Mc
iusky Portland Cemei
Syracuse, Indiana,
t:
KENT MILL is near
If to four Ball-Mills."
THE KENT MILL NEVER TAKES OVER 26 H. P.
Kent Mill Co./
70 BROADWA\
NEW YORK.
CEMENT MACHINERY
ROTARY KILNS.
DI[^PtRF,NT
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90%
WILL PASS A
lOtOOO SIEVE
We are now grinding all cement so that 90% will pass
through a 10,000 mesh sieve.
This increases its efficiency 25% or more.
You can accomplish, with out increased cost, more work
with a given quantity, as the finer the cement the
greater its sand-carrying capacity.
Louisville
Hydraulic Cement
Thus improved, meets the demand for a very finely
ground, reliable cement for brick, stone or concrete
construction.
Western Cement Co,
271 W. Main St., Louisville, Ky.
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( J , • I
Official TMts «f P«nlnsutar Portland Camant and
taatlmonlala of wall known Compatant Engl-
naara furniahad en application.
If
i
ii
TNAOK MAnK<
PENINSULAR PORTLAND CEMKNT CO
•KNcnALOrriOB. JACKSON. MICH.
Writa f6r lllualratad Rooklat.
The Kidberg Molding Pr(
For Making Cement Pipes
Pipes for sewers, water supply, irriga
plants, etc., made by the Kielberg P
are stronger, more waterproof and smooi
internally than any other yet known pi
They have exact dimensions and excel
joint fittings. The machinery is extensi
used in Europe, South Africa, Australia,
WRITK roil rURTHKII I N F O II M AT lO I
H. SCHEBYE, C.E.
548 Carolina Street, Pittsburg, FennsylYi
FRICTION CLUTCHES AND
SPEED CHANGES
FOR CEMENT PLANTS.
The Moore & White Co.,
PHILADELPHIA.
KOMINUTERS, BALL MILLS & TUBE MILL
IMODERH BRINDINa MACHINERY:
FORGED STEEL BALL
F. L SMIDTH ft COMPaNY, 39-41 CCRTLANDT ST., NEW YO
KRUPP
GRINDING MACHINERY
STEEL TIRES & WHEELS
SHAFTS & FORGINGS
THOiS. PROSSER & SON, nm»n^mKnmi;ttamjmuM^i
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mi MmDHK
Bioa nidiiiit
These and maDy other
designs can be made on
one and the same ma-
chine.
The *• Winget" is capaUe
of mora adjustmenfs and
adaptations than any
macnine ever devised.
A. D. MACKAY & CO.
Cbaiber of Cosierei
Chicago. ««"Ci^
WOBK8
Ooptoy,
MAIM OFFIOB:
Broadway,
New Tork
Cltj
!;?\*^ CEMENT MFg, 1^
PORTLAND CEMENT
HIQHC8T ORADI AMERICAN PORTU^ND.
COMMERCIAL ARD XLNT PORTLAND CEMENTS.
IMPROVEP ANCHOR. _
COMMERCIAL AND ANCHOR ROSENDALE CEMENTS.
•ALIS AOINTSi ^^
XK>lfiaBOIAZ. WOOD * OBMBNT CO., *?55T,.* '^?f""*
FuUer BIdv.. Mew Tork Oltsr. ^*^ ^^•SAIST «a—
Girard Bnlldine* Phfladelphla, Pa. Boton, Maaa.
OMEGA^
BnctComposltton. ITS PRODUCT IS SEASONED
Correct Chemical Analysis. Before ahipping and guaranteed to witb-
RiififliMl In Pnfftrv iCilfiA. stand satisfactory neat and sand tenail*
Bltmea in notary lUins. strains-cold and hot water tests; ehenft-
Qronnd in Ball and Tube Mills. ical and sieve tests. Weffrhid98peroeul»
line on sieve of 20,000 meshes.
THE 0ME6A PORTLAND CEMENT CO., jen..Yiii.. Michigan.
Cayuga Brand Portland Cement
Leading High Grade Portland Cement
in America. Write for Prices.
MANUFACTURED BY
MYUM UKE CEMENT CO, ITHACA, N. Y.
"MILWAUKEE HYDRAUUG CEMENT'
CAPACITY 5,000 BARRELS PER DAY. f^^ Uniformity of Grind and Ultl-
^■'■'^^^«'4nd^c'^.'^^^^^^^ ^^^^ S^'-^ne^h it is Unrivalled.
MILWAUKEE CEMENT CO., MILWAUKEE, WIS.
85 )
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MEAGHAM & WRIGHT COMPANY
SALES AGENTS
IMI
UTICA HYDRAULIC
CEMENT
AND DEALERS IN IMPORTED AND
AMERICAN PORTLAND CEMENT
920-921 GHAiBER OF COMiERCE BLDfl...CHIOAflO
THE OLD RELIABLE
OVKR 10,000,000 BARRKUS
OF "QIANT" PORTUND— "IMPROVED UNION"— "UNION"
CEMENT
:U8ED ON THE MOST IMPORTANT WORK IN THE UNITED STATES
AMERICAN CEMENT GOi 22 SoytH Fltteeiitli street, PWIadelplila. Pi.
AmimIa** 5 LMlwaTriiiUtCtMttSMrtliFlflNMIitlrMl.PMIaMplila.Pa.
AgtneitS. \ utiH^ iiMlai MattrW Ct., 1S-21 Park Itow, Ntw Ytrk; lOf Mik tirttt, Ittltn, MaM.
NEW JERSEY | ^ ^ UNEQUALEP
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ATLA5
Portland Cement
IS THE STANDARD
AMERICAN BRAND
Endorsed and used by all Civil and City Engineers
throughout the Country.
4
The U. 5. Qov't gives it the preference overall other brands.
Atlas Portland Cement Company,
30 Broad Street, New York
Send for Pamphlet
•
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£
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ALPHA PORTLAND
On the market for the
past ten years. One
brand only manufactured
<JPL>'
THE RECINMIZED STAMIAIIO
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' 1^1,1... 'l-i^-^
\ \
Power and lj<ig'hting'
! I Equipments i i
For all |>uri>0se<^ wh^^ts^ever
Cement Mills
And Inclustri^l plants of. . i v '
1 i
LincH (Si SproeKnle
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i^i^
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w.:.:
* f I
UNIVERSAL ;
PORTLAND
nxiNoif 6TecL COMPANY, fT fcT lyi |r |\J 1^
THE ROOKKRV ' CMIOAQO ^^ kn I V I im I H I
EDl$ON PPRTLANt* CEMENT
PERFECT HCflMPOSmOH
PHILADCLPHIA :
600 GIRAIID^nil«TlBLO%
NEW YORK' . ? '
1309 CMPIHC ■Ull.^ili
WPSR aorr GUARANTEED
^THROUGH aWM^H
^Y jp g* ^tfi MiM ens* SANA vL-c;
t ■ t ?■ ^-r-
II
IRON CUD" PbRtLANO CEMENT
paai
for
A
High-
Grade
Ameri-
cao
Port-
laDd
Cem0nt
MimufaetivMl ^ 6LENS PAUJ POimJMD efiNENT COMPnr,
GLENS FALLS. N. V.
BA^£N O/riOPA. Al FMA EAI in ttl. V. . «Mn ^ra Mew MM kiriAf vAMT
Ardfi-
? : ^ V
tUPOLFB B.
, -. ^
00,
lOHcejis !»■ 1 *.
CEMEHTfWirfG
INOtETEcSKHniCIK
neeil. IMNTK Bjkoo.
LARQCR COMTRAetS KXtQVTV
1n any jpAirr orTM u. s.
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