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VOL.  VIII.        No.  8       PUBUSHED    MONTHLY   AT   VANCOUVER.    B.  C.         PRICE    15   CENTS 


'mjcsmnms 


AUGUST  1912 


TWO  THOUSAND  SQUARE  MILES  OF  COAL 

An  illustrated  article  dealing  with  the  vast  anthracite 
deposits  at  Ground  Hog  Mountain.  "The  greatest 
economic  discovery  yet  made  in  British   Columbia." 


VICTORIA  HARBORS 


A  story  by  Ernest  McGaffey  on  the  extensive  harbor 
works  now  in  hand  at  Victoria. 


PRINCE  RUPERT 

The  possibilities  of  the  coming  port  of  Northern  British 
Columbia. 

THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 

A  series  of  beautiful  pictures  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
along  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 


WE  ARE  MAKING  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  BETTER  KNOWN 


MAPLE   BAY 


Vancouver*  Island 


DUNCAN 

350  ACRES  with  half  a  mile  of  waterfrontage  on  Maple  Bay,  the  summer  resort 
of  Cowichan  Valley.  Seventy  acres  of  this  place  is  in  crop;  75  acres  in  pasture, 
which  can  be  brought  under  cultivation  with  little  expense;  the  balance  is  in  light 
timber.  There  is  abundance  of  water  in  the  driest  season.  The  soil  is  very  rich  and 
can  produce  an  exceptional  yield  of  potatoes,  grain  or  fruit.  There  is  a  stone  dwell- 
ing, also  barns  and  outhouses.  The  situation  is  ideal  for  a  home,  and  the  fishing  and 
shooting  cannot  be  surpassed  in  the  valley. 

Price — $45,000;  one-third  cash;  balance  1  and  2  years. 

200  ACRES  good  land,  unimproved,  close  in  to  Duncan,  at  $50  per  acre,  on 
terms. 

CHEMAINUS 


530  ACRES  of  Al  land;  90  acres  are 
cultivated  and  at  present  in  crop.  The 
soil  is  principally  a  rich,  red  loam  which 
averages  3  feet  deep,  but  there  is  one 
piece  of  70  acres  of  black  loam.  Alto- 
gether there  are  not  more  than  5  acres 
of  waste  land.  Of  the  440  acres  uncul- 
tivated about  300  have  been  logged  over 
and  make  splendid  pasture,  the  balance 
is  in  alder  with  light  clearing.  Plenty 
of  water  all  the  year.  Two  government 
roads  run  by  the  property,  which  is  half 


a  mile  from  Chemainus  town  and  station 
and  half  a  mile  from  the  sea.  There  is  a 
small  house,  and  barn,  24x80,  in  good 
repair.  Besides  stock  sold  in  the  Fall 
the  owner  wintered  25  head  of  cattle 
and  sold  30  tons  of  hay,  15  tons  of  pota- 
toes and  20  tons  of  roots.  This  place 
would  be  specially  suited  for  a  cattle 
ranch  or  would  subdivide  well. 

Price— $45,000;   cash,   $15,000;   balance 
arranged  on  easy  terms. 


WATERFRONTAGE 

50  ACRES  of  choice  waterfrontage  at  Chemainus,  partly  improved. 
Price— $7,500,  on  terms. 

Beaton  &^  Hemsworth 

Phone  Seymour  7221  329  Pender  Street  West  VANCOUVER,  B.  C- 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


FALLS     ON     SEYMOUR     RIVER 


Seymour  Arm,  B.C. 

On  the  North  Arm  of  ShuSwap  Lake   (British  Columbia) 

NO  IRRIGATION  REQUIRED.  Best  of  land,  ideal  climatic  conditions, 
and  unexcelled  surroundings  and  scenery;  valley  and  mountain,  miles  of  silver- 
sand  beach,  magnificent  waterfalls,  fishing   (river  and  lake),  hunting,  boating. 

We  own  miles  of  the  valley,  and  the  whole  of  the  waterfront. 

FIRST  SELECTION  of  TEN-ACRE  ORCHARDS,  ready  planted,  avail- 
able  in   July. 

We  are  prepared  to  sell  fruit  ranches  with  or  without  buildings;  also  have 
unimproved  properties  for  sale. 

If  desired,  we  will  care  for  orchards  unHl   purchasers   wish   possession. 

PRICES    AND    TERMS    ON    APPLICATION     TO 

Land   Department, 

Seymour  Arm  Fruit  Lands,  Limited 

413  GRANVILLE  STREET,  VANCOUVER,  B.C. 


When   writing   to   Advertistrs   please   mention   Britisli   Columbia   Magazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Farms       Farms       Farms 

20,000  Acres  For   Every   One  20,000  Acres 

LAND     IN    THE     GREAT    PEACE     RIVER    COUNTRY 
HAS    BEEN    PLACED    IN     RESERVE 


We  have   available   to   settlers   on  easiest   payments,   land   200 
.miles  south  of  Peace  River,  located  in  Nation  Lake  District.    Good 
soil.     Crops  can  be  grown  without  trouble. 


WRITE  US  OR   CALL   FOR   PARTICULARS 

Western  Canadian   Realty  Investment  Co. 

Limited 
200  Dominion  Trust  Building  VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


THE 

Westminster  Trust 

and  Safe  Deposit  Co.  Limited 

Acts  as  ag-ent  for  the  investment  of 
funds  for  clients  in  first  mortg-ages 
on  improved  real  estate  in  the 
Fraser  Valley   and   Coast   cities. 

Correspondence  solicited. 

The     oldest     British     Columbia 
Trust  Company. 

J.  J.  JONES,  Managing-  Director 
Head  Office:       New  Westminster,  B.C. 


All  eyes  are  now  rivelted 
on 

PORT  ALBERNI 


^¥^E  specialize  in  Port  Alberni 
^^  city  property  and  Port  Al- 
berni farm  lands.  Write  us  for 
information,   prices,   etc. 

Five-acre  farms  on  easy  terms 
of  payment,  within  two  miles  of 
the  fam.ous  fresh-water  harbor. 

The  Manitoba  Loan  and 
Investment  Co.  Limited 

309  Dominion  Trust  Bldg. 
VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


THE  EYES  of  the  whole  world  are  on  CENTRAL 
BRITISH  COLUMBIA,  without  doubt  the  richest 
undeveloped  country  on  the  continent.  No  man  can 
estimate  the  value  of  its  resources  in  farm  lands,  timber  and 
mines.  Projected  railv/ay  development  already  under  way  calls 
for  an  expenditure  of  at  least  one  hundred  million  dollars  in 
the  next  few  years,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  an  additional 
hundred  million  will  be  expended  in  developing  other  enter- 
prises. The  surest  way  to  share  in  this  great  distribution  of 
wealth  is  to  own  a  good  farm  along  the  line  of  the  GRAND 
Trunk    Pacific    Railway.    Write    for   full    particulars    to 

North  Coast  Land  Co.  Limited 

Paid-up  Capital  $1,500,000.00  Metropolitan  Building,  VANCOUVER,  B.C. 


Peace  River  Farm  Lands 

The  Peace  River  District  of  Western  Canada  now  holds  the  attention  of  the  whole  world. 

This  district  at  no  distant  date  will  be  the  home  of  a  million  prosperous  farmers. 

IT    IS    THE    GREATEST    AND    BEST    FARM    LAND    IN    CANADA. 

It  is  the  closest  farm  land  to  terminal  elevator  accommodation,  thus  having  the  shortest 
haul  for  its  grain. 

The  Government  of  Alberta  have  recently  guaranteed  the  bonds  for  the  construction  of 
three  lines  of  railway  into  the  Peace  River  country.     These   are  under  construction  now. 

We  have  for  sale  the  only  land  that  can  be  purchased  in  the  Peace  River  District. 

It  is  situated  on  the  boundary  line  between  Alberta  and  British  Columbia  and  immediately 
south  of  the  Dominion  Government  homestead  reserve.  It  adjoins  the  well-known  Grande 
Prairie   District,   where  hundreds  of   farmers   are   now   pouring   in. 

Price  of  our  land  is  $8  TO  $io  PER  ACRE,  and  we  only  have  12,000  acres  for  sale. 
Half  sections  or  full  sections  as   desired. 

This  land  in  a  couple  of  years  will  be  worth  $25  or  more  per  acre. 

YOU  want  this  land.  This  price  will  not  appear  again.  When  this  land  is  gone  there 
is  no  more. 

WRITE   US 

Thompson  &  Carper  Limited 

406-8   Bank  of  Ottawa  Building  VANCOUVER,    B.  C. 

References:  Bradstreet's,  also  Quebec  Bank 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


NOW  READY 


New  Illustrated  Edition 


Legends  of  Vancouver 

by  E.  PAULINE  JOHNSON,  (Tekahionwake) 

CLOTH  BOUND,  $L50 

THIS,  the  third  edition,  just  issued,  is  illustrated  with  eight  plates  of  local 
interest.     These  most  interesting  legends  were  told  by  Chief  Joe  Capilano 
to  Pauline  Johnson   from  time  to   time,  and  he   frequently  remarked  they 
had    never    been    revealed    to    any    other    English-speaking    person    save    herself. 
Beautifully  romantic  and  mythical ;  of  absorbing  interest  to  residents,  visitors,  and 
your  friends  abroad.     Secure  your  copies  today. 


EXCLUSIVE  SALE   BY 


THOMSON  STATIONERY  COMPANY    GASKELL  BOOK  &  STATIONERY  CO. 


Limited 
325  Hastings  Street 


Limited 
679-681   Granville  Street 


Reap  the  Harvest  But  Sow  the  Seed 

Now 


^TT^E  are  offering  for  sale  choice  residential  lots 
\  I  /  °"  niost  advantageous  terms,  with  condi- 
VIX  tions  for  securing  charming  home  surround- 
ings,   such   as   never   before    offered   in   Vancouver.' 

You  cannot  afford  to  pass  this  over  lightly  if 
you  want  a  choice  homesite  or  an  investment  that 
will  give  you  most  satisfactory  returns  in  the  near 
future. 

These  lots  are  in  the  Royal  Nurseries  Sub- 
division, being  the  easterly  portion  of  the  Royal 
Nurseries  Ltd.  property  at  Royal  on  Magee  Road, 
a  short  distance  from  Granville  Street  and  a  few 
minutes'  walk  from  Magee  Station,  on  the  B.  C. 
Electric    Railway. 

NO  WAITING  FOR  TRAM  CARS  OR 
GOOD  ROADS 

In  fifteen  minutes  you  can  reach  these  lots  from 
the  Post  Office,  Vancouver,  in  your  auto,  via 
Granville  Street  and  Magee  Road,  on  bitulithic 
pavement,  and  not  exceed  the  speed  limit,  or  you 
can  take  the  B.  C.  Electric  Railway  to  Magee 
Station. 


It  will  be  readily  seen  by  looking  at  the  index 
map   that   these   lots   are  well   situated. 

$150    WORTH    OF    NURSERY    STOCK    FREE 

The  Royal  Nurseries,  Limited,  will  give  free  of 
cost,  to  be  planted  by  the  purchaser  on  each  lot 
purchased,  $150  worth  of  shade  trees,  shrubbery, 
roses,  holly,  fruit  trees,  hedge  stock,  herbaceous 
plants,  etc.,  as  may  be  selected  from  their  stock, 
on  basis  of  their  regular  selling  prices. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  they  will  set  out  cut 
leaf  birch  along  each  boulevard  on  Mayfair  Street. 

These  lots  are  under  perfect  cultivation;  deeply 
ploughed;  free  from  roots  and  boulders;  now 
under  second  crop  and  in  Al  shape  to  plant  your 
nursery  stock.  This  provides  that  your  home  and 
your  neighbors'  homes  will  be  environed  in  a 
bower  of  beauty  at  once,  without  waiting  years 
for   results. 

Price    lists    will    be    mailed    free    on    application. 


Reap    the    harvest   by   sowing   the    seed   now. 


R.  D.  Rorison  &  Son  Limited 


Phones  Seymour  5556,  5557 
332  Drake  Street,  corner  Homer 


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BRITISH    COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Sizs  and  Pries : 
2  feet  6  in.  wide,     t    9  50 

ii!qo 


25  lbs. 

3  feet  wide,  30  lbs. 

3  feet  6  in.  wide, 

35  lbs. 

4  feet  wide,  40  lbs. 

4  feet  6  in.  wide, 

45  lbs. 

All  6  feet  3  inches  long 

Express  Charges  Prepaid 

In  two  parts,  50  cents  extra 

The  above  prices  apply 

to  No.  1  GRADE  ONLY 


12.50 
14.00 
15.00 


THE  PERFECT  MATTRESS 

is  the  one  you  never  feel — the  one  that  never  forces  itself  upon  your  mind — the  one  that 
lets  you  sleep  at  once  if  sleepy  and  lulls  you  into  dreamland  when  restless. 

HYGIENIC  PRINCIPLE— "RESTMORE"— SCIENTIFIC  WORKMANSHIP 

Used  and  recommended  in  leading  hospitals  as  giving  greater  comfort  than  any  other. 
WE  GUARANTEE  THE  "  RESTMORE" 

Try  one  for  thirty  nights  and  if  you  are  dissatisfied  in  any  particular  we  will  immedi- 
ately refund  your  money. 

Sold  by  reliable  dealers  everywhere.  If  your  dealer  does  not  carry  them,  drop  us  a 
postal  and  we  will  give  you  our  dealer's  name  or  ship  by  express  prepaid  immediately  on 
receipt  of  order.  MADE  AND  SOLD  BY 


THE  BARBER   MATTRESS   CO. 

46  DUFFERIN  STREET  EAST 


Limited 

VANCOUVER.  B.C* 


Burberry 
Slip-on    Coats 

A  LOOSE  -  SLEEVED,  full  - 
skirted,  easy  -  fitting  coat 
that  makes  for  absolute  free- 
dom, perfect  protection  and  un- 
exampled comfort.  We  have  a 
very  extensive  selection  of  Bur- 
berry Coats,  both  for  LADIES 
AND  GENTLEMEN,  in  mate- 
rials suitable  for  every  occasion. 

E.   CHAPMAN 

Burberry's  Agettt 
545  Granville  Street 
Vancouver    -    B.  C. 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


©UY  a  BIRKS  Watch  and  you  have 
behind  it  the  guarantee  of  the  largest 
jewellery  concern  in  the  world.  Our  ser- 
vice covers  all  Canada.  Every  watch  is 
sold  in  good  faith,  and  knowing  their 
quality  we  are  confident  they  will  satisfy 
those  who  buy  them.  Write  for  our  illus- 
trated catalogue — it  is  sent  free  to  any 
address  in  Canada. 


Henry  Birks  &  Sons,  Ltd. 

JEWELLERS,  SILVERSMITHS 

Geo.   E.   Trorey,   Man.    Dir. 
Vancouver,  B,  C. 


For  Information  About 

British  Columbia 


Correspond  with 


Vancouver  Trust 

Company  Limited 


We  can  supply  you  with  accurate  information  on  all  subjects  pertaining  to  this 
rich  virgin  province. 


MINERAL 
INDUSTRIES 


AGRICULTURAL         TIMBER 
INVESTMENTS  MORTGAGES 


FISHERIES 
SECURITIES 


Our  information  department  is  at  your  service  and  vfe  invite  your  enquiries. 
All  our  data  is  up-to-date  and  accurate. 


Vancouver  Trust  Company  Limited 


614  Pender  St.  West 


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THE  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 
MAGAZINE 


FRANK    BUFFINGTON  VROOMAN 
EDITOR 


Vol.  VIII 


CONTENTS  FOR  AUGUST,  1912 


No.   ^> 


Our  Pacific  Naval  Station 


Frontispiece 


Two  Thousand  Square   Miles  of   Coal 


Archibald  Collins,  F.G.S.  577 


Victoria    Harbors 


Ernest  McGaffey 


585 


The  Challenge  of  the  Mountains 


591 


Prince  Rupert 


601 


The  Smuggler's  Curse 


Alfred  Hustwick 


611 


Scenes  on  Vancouver  Island 


613 


In  the  Indian  Past 


O.   B.  Anderson 


619 


Editorial    Comment 


626 


World  Politics — The   Panama  Canal  and  Its   Relation  to   the 
British  Empire  -  -  - 


Dr.  V.  Cornish,  F.R.G.S.    631 


O,  SuBSCiiiPTioN  Terms — Canada  and  Great  Britain,  $1.50  per  year;  fifteen  cents  per  copy.  C  United  States  and  Foreign 
Countries,  ^.00  per  year;  twenty  cents  per  copy.  C  Change  of  Address — When  change  of  address  is  ordered,  both  the 
old  and  the  new  address  must  be  given,  and  notice  sent  three  weeks  before  the  change  is  desired.  C  If  the  magrazine  is  not 
received  ewery  month,  you  will  confer  a  favor  by  advising  Circulation  Manager. 

Published  once  a  month  in  Vancouver,  B.  C,  by  the  Man-to-Man  Company,  Limited 

President,  Elliott  S.  Rowe;  Vice-President,  Charles  McMillan 

Offices :  711  Seymour  Street  VANCOUVER,  B.  G. 


G.  The  Editor  will  always  be  pleased  to  consider  articles  and  photographs  dealing  with  British 
Columbia.  Stamps  must  be  enclosed  for  the  return  of  MSS.  and  photos  in  case  of  their  not  being 
ay  pt:i.      P>;tr/     will  not  be  paid  for.     Business  communications  must  be  addressed  to  the  Manage 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


STOCK  RANCHES  FOR  SALE 


We  make  a  specialty  of  handling  good  stock 
ranches,  and  have  them  with  from  1,000  up  to 
25,000  acres  of  Crown-granted  lands,  and  with 
from  100  up  to  2,500  head  of  stock  on  a  property 
as  going  concerns,  at  prices  that  will  insure  good 
interest  on  the  money  asked  for  them.  We  have 
nothing  at  a  valuation  of  less  than  $10,000  that 
we    would    care    to    recommend. 

Mining  started  in  British  Columbia  in  the  year 
1858,  when  the  discovery  of  gold  was  made  in 
the  Cariboo  country.  To  supply  the  miners  with 
beef,  cattle  were  brought  in  from  Oregon,  U.S.A. 
In  the  year  1860  cattle-raising  was  started  in  a 
small  way  on  the  Fraser  River  and  the  Chilcotin 
River,  where  it  proved  most  successful.  The 
industry  quickly  spread  up  and  down  the  valleys 
of  the  Thompson,  Nicola,  Similkameen  and 
Okanagan.  From  that  time  for  the  best  part  of 
twenty    years    the   cattlemen    practically    controlled 


the  interior,  or  central  part  of  the  province. 
During  that  time  320-acre  homesteads  grew  into 
holdings  of  from  1,000  up  to  100,000-acre  tracts 
of  the  choicest  lands  in  the  choicest  parts  of  the 
province.  Some  of  these  holdings  have  since 
changed  hands  and  been  turned  into  fruit  land, 
but  some  of  them  are  still  intact.  It  is  property 
of    this   class    that   we    are    handling. 

If  you  will  deal  with  us  direct  we  can  in  a 
great  many  cases  sell  you  large  blocks  of  this 
class  of  land,  fully  stocked  with  cattle  and  horses, 
as  going  concerns,  at  less  per  acre  than  you  are 
being  asked  by  speculators  to  pay  for  an  inferior 
grade    of    wild,    unimproved    land. 

In  some  cases  the  live  stock  and  improvements 
on  property  we  are  handling  represent  a  value 
of    fully    50    per   cent,    of    the   total    price    asked. 

If  you  want  more  information,  write  to  or 
call    on 


KOSTER  &  KERR 


205   Carter-Cotton   Building 


VANCOUVER,   B.C. 


YORKSHIRE  GUARANTEE  & 
SECURITIES  CORPORATION 

LIMITED 


Authorized    Capital, 
Subscribed  Capital, 


$2,SOO,000 
$1,327,450 


MORTGAGE   LOANS,   INSURANCE,  REAL 

ESTATE  AND  GENERAL  FINANCIAL 

AGENTS 

General  Agents  in  British  Columbia  for 

YORKSHIRE    INSURANCE    CO..    LIMITED 

of  York,  England 

Also  Agents  for 
HOME  INSURANCE  COMPANY  of  New  York 

R.  KERR  HOULGATE,  Manager 
440  Seymour  Street  Vancouver,  B.  C. 

PHONES  6188  and  6189 


DOMINION  TRUST 
COMPANY  LIMITED 

Head  Office  -  VANCOUVER,  B.C. 

BRANCHES :     Vancouver,    Victoria,    New  " 
Westminster,     Nanaimo,     Calgary,     Regina, 
Montreal;  London,  J5ng.  ;  Antwerp,  Belgium 

PAID-UP     CAPITAL     AND     SURPLUS 

$2,500,000 

Acts  in  all  trust  capacities.  Deals 
in  municipal  debentures.  Lends 
monej^  for  clients  on  first  mort- 
gages on  improved  real  estate, 
netting  the  investor  six  to  seven 
per  cent.  Acts  as  confidential 
agent  for  the  investment  of  funds. 

CORRESPONDENCE  SOLICITED 

W.  R.  ARNOLD, 

Managing   Director, 


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MOUNT    ASSINIBOINE,    WHICH    IS    NEARLY    I2,000    FEET    HIGH,    BEARS    A    STRONG    RESEMBLANCE    TO    THE; 

MATTERHORN 


575 


Our  Pacific  Naval  Station 


H.M.C.S,  "rainbow"  on  THE  DRY  DOCKS  AT  ESQUIMALT 


576 


B1^ITISH 

COLUMBIA 

MAGAZINE 


Vol.  VIII 


AUGUST,  1912 


No.  8 


Two  Tnousand  Square  Miles  of  Coal 

THE  GROUND  HOG  MOUNTAIN  DISCOVERIES 
By  Arckitald   Collins,  F.G.S. 


IN  the  annual  report  of  the  Minister 
of  Mines  of  British  Columbia  for  last 
year  it  is  shown  that  the  output  of 
mineral  products  by  this  province 
equalled  52.9  per  cent,  of  the  mineral  out- 
put of  all  the  other  provinces  combined. 
In  comparing  our  coal  and  coke  production 
with  that  of  the  rest  of  Canada  we  show 
a  total  value  of  $8,071,747.00,  against  the 
$18,439,128.00  of  the  other  provinces. 

Considering  the  greater  difficulties  of 
transportation  which  we  have  to  face  and 
the  greater  expense  of  production  on  this 
coast,  British  Columbia  well  maintains  her 
title  of  the  Mineral  Province. 

The  most  notable  addition  to  our  visible 
mineral  assets  during  the  past  two  years 
has  been  the  development  of  the  vast  coal 
beds  near  Stewart,  the  Ground  Hog  Moun- 
tain anthracite  fields 

This  deposit  was  discovered  in  1893  by 
Mr.  James  McEvoy,  B.Sc,  formerly  of 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  but  it  is 
only  during  the  past  two  years  that  the 
existence  has  been  proved  of  a  field  far 
greater  than  was  even  at  first  suspected. 
In  1903-4  Mr.  McEvoy  staked  sixteen 
square  miles,  and  statutory  assessment  work 
has  been  done  on  that  area  each  vear  since. 


Subsequent  stakings  and  discoveries  proved 
that  the  field  extended  over  an  area  70 
miles  long  and  30  miles  wide,  and  it  is 
estimated  that  this  area  of  over  2,100  square 
miles  does  not  mark  the  full  limits  of  the 
deposits. 

The  area  of  the  Pennsylvania  anthracite 
fields,  by  the  way,  is  480  square  miles,  with 
an  annual  output  of  nearly  84,000,000  tons. 
If,  therefore,  the  Ground  Hog  anthracite 
proves  of  a  high  quality,  it  does  not  need 
any  argument  to  demonstrate  the  possibili- 
ties of  Northern  British  Columbia  as  a 
coal  producer. 

A  new  coal  field  requires  time  for  de- 
velopment before  the  quality  of  the  coal 
can  be  finally  determined.  The  analyses 
that  have  been  made  up  to  the  present  are 
very  high  in  ash,  and  samples  from  different 
parts  vary  widely  in  ash  and  fixed  carbon. 
Practical  mining  men  know  that  such  dis- 
crepancies may  be  expected  at  the  present 
time  because  the  samples  are  none  of  them 
free  from  surface  impurities  and  excess  of 
earthv  matter.  The  analyses  from  the  main 
coal  body  will  be  awaited  with  interest  and 
all  the  indications  are  that  they  will  com- 
pare favorably  both  with  Welsh  and  Penn- 
sylvania anthracite. 

577 


WORKINGS    ON    A    SEAM     OF     ANTHRACITE     BY    THE     BRITISH     COLUMBIA     ANTHRACITE     COAL    SYNDICATE, 
CONDUCTED    UNDER    THE    MANAGEMENT    OF    MR.    R.    C.    CAMPBELL    JOHNSON 


Anthracite  is  the  most  highly  mineralized 
form  of  coal,  giving  off  little  or  no  smoke. 
It  is  very  difficult  to  ignite,  but  when  burn- 
ing gives  off  intense  heat.  This  class  of  coal 
contains  a  very  high  percentage  of  carbon, 
the  best  qualities  containing  from  90  to  95 
per  cent. 

Analyses  of  fifteen  samples  of  the  Ground 
Hog  anthracite  have  been  brought  to  the 
notice  of  the  vv^riter,  and  they  gave  an  aver- 
age of  71.73  per  cent,  of  carbon.  These 
samples  were  taken  from  twelve  different 
seams  and  ranged  from  56.53  per  cent,  to 
86.74  per  cent,  in  carbon. 

A  characteristic  sample  of  Welsh  anthra- 
cite gave  95.53  per  cent,  of  carbon  and  a 
Pennsylvania  sample  80.8  per  cent,  to  86.4 
per  cent,  of  carbon.  Our  readers  may  draw 
their  own  conclusions  from  these  figures. 
Remember,  the  samples  from  Ground  Hog 
Mountain  were  not  free  from  surface  im- 
purities or  excess  of  earthy  matter. 

Having  established  the  existence  of  this 
vast  coal  field,  the  matter  of  transportation 
must  be  considered.  At  the  present  time 
the  most  accessible  route  is  by  way  of 
Hazelton,  which  has  been  for  years  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  the  Skeena  River. 
From  Hazelton  the  trail  into  the  gold  field 
is  about  140  miles  long. 

The  map  which  we  publish  illustrates  the 
important  relation  which  the  port  of 
Stewart  bears  to  this  coal  field.     It  is  the 

578 


nearest  tidewater  port,  and  the  Stewart 
route  is  the  one  most  favorably  considered 
by  people  who  know  the  country.  The 
following  remarks  upon  the  Stewart  route 
by  Mr.  Fleet  Robinson,  Provincial  Min- 
eralogist, may  be  quoted : 

■'A  third  route,  and  the  shortest  to  tide- 
water, estimated  at  about  125  miles,  would 
leave  the  coal  fields  through  Courrier  Pass 
on  to  the  Naas,  which  river  would  be  fol- 
lowed down  for  about  seventy-five  miles, 
where  a  tributary  flowing  from  the  west 
would  be  followed  up  to  its  source,  which 
is  in  a  pass  on  the  divide  between  this  fork 
of  the  Naas  and  the  headwaters  of  Bear 
River,  the  stream  flowing  into  the  upper 
end  of  the  Portland  Canal  at  the  town  of 
Stewart. 

"At  the  Stewart  end  of  this  route  Sir 
D.  D.  Mann  has  already  constructed  a 
line  of  railroad  up  the  valley  of  the  Bear 
River  for  a  distance  of  about  fifteen  miles, 
and  has  constructed  a  pier  capable  of  re- 
ceiving ocean  vessels. 

"The  harbor  at  Stewart  presents  some 
difficulties  to  the  establishment  of  extensive 
dockage  facilities,  but  these  are  not  unsur- 
mountable ;  Portland  Canal  provides  a  good 
navigable  waterway,  but  its  inner  end,  at 
Stewart,  is  a  long  distance  from  the  ocean, 
about  seventy-five  miles,  and  these  facts 
somewhat  offset  the  advantage  of  the  shorter 
railroad  route." 


Two  Thousand  Square  Miles  of  Coal 


579 


MEZIADEN     LAKE,    WHICH     LIES     BETWEEN     STEWART 
AND   THE    GROUND   HOG    MOUNTAIN    COAL    FIELD 

The  land  for  miles  around  this  lake  has  been 
staked  for  agricultural  purposes.  There  are 
plenty  of  trout  here.  At  the  head  of  this  lake 
Sir  Donald  Mann  has  staked  a  very  large 
waterpower,  for  the  purpose,  it  is  believed,  of 
electrifying  his  road  from  Stewart  to  the  Lake 
Meziaden,  a  distance  of  thirty-five  miles.  This 
power  would  also  be  ample  for  supplying  the 
mining  operations  in  the  Bear  River  Valley. 


The  fact  that  some  time  must  necessarily 
elapse  before  the  development  of  the  coal 
field  reaches  a  point  when  the  output  must 
be  handled  allows  of  consideration  of  the 
best  route  for  railways  or  roads  to  take  into 
the  coal  basin.  Not  only  the  Canadian 
Northern  Railway  but  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Railway  is  laying  steel  in  the  north, 
and  the  people  of  Stewart  are  fully  alive  to 
their  responsibilities.  They  are  actively  en- 
gaged in  securing  the  construction  of  roads 
and  trails  into  the  Ground  Hog  district, 
and  are  also  seeing  that  the  harbor  at 
Stewart  is  made  ready  for  this  coming  trade. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  report 
of  a  meeting  of  the  Stewart  Citizens' 
Association : 

"The     following    resolution    was    then 

brought  in  by  P.  F.  Godenrath : 

That  at  a  public  meeting  of  the  Stewart  Citi- 
zens' Association  we  urge  upon  the  executive 
committee  to  use  every  effort  in  its  power  to 
secure  additional  financial  support  from  the 
provincial  government  to  guarantee  the  com- 
pletion of  the  proposed  Stewart-Ground  Hog 
trail  this  season.  The  said  trail  to  follow  the 
proposed  route  of  the  government  engineer, 
being  a  continuation  of  the  present  trail  from 
Meziadin  Lake  to  a  point  between  Cabins  Six 
and  Seven  on  the  Yukon  telegraph  trail. 

"The  mover  pointed  out  that  if  the  busi- 
ness interests  of  the  town  were  to  receive 


any  benefit  next  season  from  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Ground  Hog  coal  fields  it  was 
imperative  that  steps  should  be  taken  at 
once  to  secure  from  the  public  works  de- 
partment an  additional  appropriation  to 
carry  forward  the  pack  trail  now  nearing 
completion  to  Meziadin  Lake,  through  to 
a  point  on  the  government  telegraph  trail 
between  Cabins  Six  and  Seven.  He  pointed 
out  that  as  a  result  of  Engineer  Gillespie's 
survey  an  easy  grade  could  be  secured  and 
between  fifty-five  and  sixty  miles  would  tap 
the  telegraph  trail,  which  would  give  direct 
connection  with  the  different  trails  in  the 
Ground  Hog  coal  basin.  He  had  been 
assured  that  there  was  practically  no  rock 
work  after  leaving  Meziadin  Lake  and  that 
it  was  mainly  an  open  country  all  the  way. 
The  proposed  route  would  follow  up  the 
Hanna  River  a  distance  of  ten  miles,  then 
cross  to  Cottonwood  and  direct  east  to  a 
point  between  Cabins  Six  and  Seven.  Only 
one  bridge  of  any  length  was  needed,  and 
he  felt  satisfied  that  with  a  reasonably  large 
crew,  if  the  appropriation  was  secured  im- 
mediately, that  the  trail  could  be  built  to 
the  telegraph  line  before  winter.  In  this 
event  the  merchants  would  reap  a  big  share 
of  the  business  next  season.  If,  however, 
the  trail  was  not  built  this  year  there  could 
be  no  hope  of  any  business  until  late  next 
fall.  Once  the  trail  was  put  through  it  was 
up  to  the  merchants  and  packers  to  meet 
any  competition  with  Hazelton." 

The  following  are  reports  from  well- 
known  geologists  and  engineers.  They  are 
expert  and  unbiassed  opinions  on  the  largest 
coal  area  in  British  Columbia. 

In  a  preliminary  report  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Canada  issued  at  the  end  of  the 
3'ear,  G.  S.  Malloch,  of  the  staff  of  the 
Survey,  who  spent  the  summer  of  191 1  in 
the  Skeena  district,  stated  of  the  Ground 
Hog  Mountain  field: 

"The  coal  measures  as  far  as  known  have 
a  northwestward  extent  of  at  least  70  miles, 
and  a  width  at  the  southern  end  of  30  miles. 
The  sediments  have  a  thickness  of  upwards 
of  3,000  feet,  but  contain  coal  in  commer- 
cial quantities  near  the  top  and  bottom  only, 
though  there  are  a  few  thin  seams  in  the 
intermediate  beds.  The  upper  horizon  con- 
tains seven  seams,  with  thicknesses  varying 
from  2  ft.  6  in.,  and  so  far  as  is  known,  is 
limited  to  an  area  of  20  square  miles.  The 
lower  horizon  contains  at  least  three  seams 


locauty    map  groundhoc   m^   coal   held  b.c 
Projected   Railways    «>. hmiih 


4  ft.  to  6  ft.  thick,  and  extends  over  most 
of  the  area  occupied  by  the  coal  measures. 
The  coal  is  anthracite  in  character.  Some 
of  the  seams  are  high  in  ash,  but  from  one 
of  them  some  excellent  analyses  have  been 
obtained.  The  basin  is  faulted  considerably, 
and  there  are  numerous  local  flexures  asso- 
ciated with  the  faults.  The  development  of 
a  coal  field  of  this  character  near  the  Pacific 
Coast  would  be  of  great  importance  to 
British  Columbia." 

J.  E.  McEvoy,  formerly  of  the  stafiE  of 
the  Geological  Survey,  and  for  some  years 
geologist  to  the  Crow's  Nest  Pass  Coal 
Company,  Ltd.,  says,  in  his  report  dated 
November  2i,  191 1,  to  the  British  Colum- 
bia Anthracite  Syndicate,  of  Quebec:  "I 
have  no  doubt,  however,  that  a  large  market 
can  be  found  for  this  coal  at  good  prices. 

s«o 


The  domestic  market  will  be  the  most  im- 
portant at  first,  and,  in  this  connection,  as 
the  coal  is  practically  smokeless,  and  as  it 
will  not  make  dust  and  dirt  all  over  the 
house  in  the  way  the  soft  coals  of  the  West 
invariably  do,  it  will  be  self-advertising. 
.  .  .  The  writer  visited  the  property  three 
times  during  the  months  of  August  and 
September  this  year.  Prospecting  work  was 
going  on  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Camp- 
bell-Johnston, and  was  still  carried  on  for 
three  or  four  weeks  after  the  last  visit. 

"The  coal  seams  were  exposed  by  the 
removal  of  the  covering  of  clay  and  gravel, 
and  only  surface  coal  could  be  seen.  At  the 
time  of  the  last  visit,  slopes  had  been  started, 
but  they  were  only  down  three  or  four  feet, 
so  that  the  coal  was  still  very  dirty  with 
clay  introduced  by  surface  waters.   .   .   . 


Two  Thousand  Square  Miles  of  Coal 


581 


TYPICAL    AGRICULTURAL    LAND    NEAR    GROUND    HOG 

MOUNTAIN.     THOUSANDS    OF    ACRES    ARE 

ONLY  WAITING  FOR  THE   PLOUGH 


"The  coal  has  crystalline  fracture,  is  very 
bright  and  hard,  without  any  pronounced 
jointage  planes.  It  is  not  at  all  crushed  or 
slickensided,  and  as  a  consequence  it  will 
be  mined  in  strong,  hard  lumps,  and  will 
make  little  slack.  It  burns  very  well  in  a 
blacksmith  forge,  giving  an  intense  heat. 
So  great  is  the  heat,  in  fact,  that  if  a  steel 
implement  is  left  a  few  minutes  too  long 
in  the  fire  the  steel  will  be  melted.  The 
flame  is  almost  coloi-less  and  smokeless." 

G.  F.  Monckton,  of  Duncan,  Vancouver 
Island,  who  was  associated  with  Mr. 
Campbell- Johnston  last  summer  in  the 
carrying  out  of  development  work,  has  also 


made  a  report  on  the  holdings  of  the  B.  C. 
Anthracite  Syndicate.  He  says:  "The  strata 
present  a  regularity  which  is  rarely  found 
in  association  with  anthracite  beds  outside 
of  South  Wales  and  Pennsylvania.  On 
account  of  the  rise  in  the  strata  to  the  north- 
east, as  shown  in  the  sections,  it  will  be 
possible  to  work  an  area  on  this  property  of 
approximately  twelve  square  miles  without 
machinery  by  the  simple  expedient  of  driv- 
ing tunnels  into  a  mountain  a  little  above 
the  level  of  the  Skeena,  so  as  to  intersect 
the  Benoit  and  other  seams  immediately  be- 
low it  in  turn,  and  each  of  these  seams  can 
then  be  worked  to  the  rise  as  the  manage- 
ment may  desire.  This  would  mean  a  sav- 
ing in  capital  of  about  $6oo,cx)0  as  com- 
pared with  working  the  property  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Skeena  by  shafts,  and 
would  result  in  additional  economy  in  the 
actual  cost  of  mining." 

R.  Campbell-Johnston,  M.E.,  of  Van- 
couver, has  done  more  than  anyone  else  to 
draw  public  attention  to  the  prospective  im- 
portance of  the  Ground  Hog  Mountain 
coal  field,  and  while  the  existence  of  coal 
there  has  been  recognized  for  the  past  eight 
to  ten  years,  it  is  only  within  the  past  six 
months  that  the  extent  of  the  area  has  been 
realized.  Hitherto  the  knowledge  of  an- 
thracite coal  in  the  West  has  been  limited 


THIS    PHOTOGRAPH    SHOWS    THE    OPEN    CHARACTER    OF    THE    RICH    FARM    LAND    ALONG    THE    ROUTE    FROM 

STEWART    TO    THE    NEWLY    DISCOVERED    COAL    BEDS    AT    GROUND    HOG    MOUNTAIN. 

AS    MAY   BE   SEEN,  THERE   IS   VERY   LITTLE   CLEARING    NECESSARY 


A   VIEW   OF   THE   TOWN   OF  STEWART  TAKEN    IN   THE   WINTERTIME   FROM   THE    END   OF   THE   GOVERNMENT 
WHARF.     THIS   GIVES    AN    EXCELLENT    IDEA   OF   THE    HARBOR    AND    PROVES    THE    ABSENCE    OF    ICE 
DURING  THE  WINTER  MONTHS.    IT  ALSO  SHOWS  THE  LEVEL  CHARACTER  OF  THE  TOWNSITE 


to  the  Cascade  area  in  Alberta  and  the 
Palliser  area  in  British  Columbia,  covering 
forty  square  miles,  and  having  an  estimated 
content,  according  to  Dowling,  of  1,260,- 
000,000  tons  of  semi-anthracite,  anthracitic, 
and  anthracite  coals.  The  largest  coal  area 
in  British  Columbia  was  hitherto  stated  by 
Dowling  to  be  the  Nanaimo  field,  with 
350  square  miles  of  bituminous  coal,  esti- 
mated at  1,355,000,000  tons;  while  the 
most  productive  field,  though  of  smaller 
area,  has  been  stated  as  Elk  River,  with  230 
square  miles,  carrying  22,600,000,000  tons 
of  bituminous  coal.  Now  the  Ground  Hog 
Mountain  field  places  all  the  hitherto 
knowm  coal  areas  of  British  Columbia  in 
the  shade  with  an  area  six  times  greater 
than  the  Nanaimo  field,  hitherto  recognized 
as  the  largest  of  our  coal  areas.  The  dis- 
covery of  the  Ground  Hog  Mountain  field 
is  another  testimony  to  the  geological  work 
in  this  province  of  Dr.  Dawson.  In  look- 
ing over  a  paper  which  he  contributed  in 
1 88 1  to  a  British  geological  magazine,  we 
find  that  so  long  ago  as  that  he  suggested 
"the  probable  occurrence  of  valuable  coal 
seams  on  the  Skeena  River,"  but  the  extent 
of  the  discovery  outlined  in  this  article  must 
overshadow  his  most  sanguine  estimates. 

Referring  to  the  new  field  during  the  last 
session  of  the  Legislature,  Hon.  Richard 
McBride,   Minister  of   Mines,  said:  "And 

582 


it  would  seem  from  the  development  of  the 
past  year  as  though  we  had  only  touched 
the  margin  of  our  wonderful  coal  deposits. 
The  year's  developments  include  new  and 
great  coal  fields  in  East  Kootenay,  other 
new^  and  important  deposits  in  the  Simil- 
kameen,  and  last,  but  probably  the  greatest, 
is  the  determination  of  what  promises  to  be 
the  greatest  anthracite  or  semi-anthracite 
field  west  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  Skeena  River.  This  field  is 
only  partly  developed  as  yet,  and  if  but  a 
fraction  of  the  present  promise  is  fulfilled 
it  is  bound  to  have  a  wonderfully  stimu- 
lative effect  upon  the  future  of  the  pro- 
vince. The  coal  mines  of  Great  Britain 
gave  it  its  position  as  the  manufacturing 
centre  of  the  world,  and  our  coal  fields  will 
unquestionably  serve  as  a  strong  magnet  to 
draw  the  manufacturing  interests  of  the 
Pacific  to  our  shores.  Coal  is  a  breeder  of 
industries  and  its  value  to  the  country  does 
not  by  any  means  end  with  its  disposal  by 
the  mining  companies." 

The  engineers  who  have  examined  the 
field  have  recognized  the  importance  of  this 
question  of  transportation,  and  all  have 
given  it  their  attention.  Mr.  Malloch  and 
IVIr.  McEvoy  were  probably  in  a  position 
to  give  the  most  disinterested  opinion  of  the 
transportation  problem.  They  selected  the 
town  of  Stewart,  at  the  head  of  Portland 


Two  Thousand  Square  Miles  of  Coal 


583 


Canal,  as  the  best  ocean  outlet  for  this  field. 

Mr.  Malloch  said:  "In  order  to  obtain  a 
market  for  coal  from  this  field  many  miles 
of  railway  will  have  to  be  built.  The  most 
direct  route  to  the  sea  would  reach  it  at 
the  town  of  Stewart,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Portland  Canal." 

The  fact  that  Sir  Donald  Mann  has 
secured  control  of  over  500  square  miles 
of  coal  land  in  the  Ground  Hog  basin  is  a 
pledge  of  the  active  Interest  of  the  C.  N.  R. 
for  providing  railway  facilities  and  opening 
up  the  coal  field  as  soon  as  possible. 

In  order  to  prevent  any  misunderstand- 
ing concerning  the  present  railway  develop- 
ments at  Stewart,  I  may  point  out  that  the 
line  is  the  personal  property  of  Sir  Donald 
Mann,  and  not  of  the  Canadian  Northern 
Railway  Company. 

This  article  would  not  be  complete  with- 
out some  mention  of  the  character  of  the 
country  between  Stewart  and  the  Ground- 
hog coal  beds.  As  may  be  seen  from  the 
photographs,  which  illustrate  the  article, 
the    country    is   open    and    ready    for    the 


plough.  In  some  places  it  is  covered  with 
light  alder,  which  presents  no  difficulty  in 
clearing. 

This  country  is  known  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  areas  of  available  farm  land  in 
British  Columbia,  and  only  needs  transpor- 
tation to  open  it  up  for  settlement.  The 
combination  of  coal-mining  and  agriculture 
will  make  this  portion  of  the  province  one 
of  the  busiest  and  most  productive  areas  in 
the  future. 

At  the  present  time  the  weather  is  ideal 
for  making  a  trip  to  Stewart  by  the  excel- 
lent service  of  boats  run  by  the  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific.  This  trip  is  now  made  by 
a  large  number  of  tourists  from  Vancouver, 
Victoria  and  Seattle.  The  whole  journey 
from  Vancouver  to  Stewart  and  back  is 
about  1,500  miles,  and  takes  a  week.  The 
vessel  is  all  the  time  on  land-locked  waters, 
so  that  the  discomforts  which  often  accom- 
pany an  ocean  trip  are  absent.  The  scenery 
from  Prince  Rupert  to  Stewart,  up  the 
Portland  Canal,  is  unrivalled  on  this  coast. 


The  September  Number  of  the 

British  Columbia  Magazine 

will  contain  a  full  report  of  the  paper  entitled 


6i 


Imperial  Preference  for  British 

Investments'^ 


which  was  read  by  the  Editor,  F.  B.  VROOMAN,  B.Sc,  Ph.D.,  F.R.G.S., 
before  the  London  Chamber  of  Commerce,  on  July  30,  1912. 


"One  of  the  most  important  contributions  ever  made  to  the  increasing 
knowledge  about  Canada  amongst  British  Investors." 


Tne  Governor-General 


> 


H.   R.   H.  THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT   IN  THE   ROBES  OF   A   KNLGHT  OF  THE   GARTER 


npHE  Duke  is  soon  to  visit  British  Columbia,  where  he  will  find  a  warm  welcome  awaiting 
-■-  him.  He  has  associations  in  our  minds  which  bring  him  very  near  our  hearts.  He  is  a  son 
of  Queen  Victoria,  brother  of  King  Edward,  and  uncle  of  King  George.  In  1870  the  Duke  saw 
active  service  in  Canada  during  the  Red  River  Expedition  and  the  Fenian  Raid.  He  is 
Honorary  Colonel  of  the  Sixth  "Duke  of  Connaught's  Own  Rifles,"  Vancouver.  He  is  also  the 
Grand  Master  of  Freemasons  in  Great  Britain,  and  a  Mohawk  Indian  Chief.  He  is  sixty-two 
years  old. 
584 


V  ictoria  flarb 


aroors 


VICTORIA  harbors  may  properly 
be  comprised  under  the  category 
of  the  Outer  Harbor,  the  Inner 
Harbor  and  Esquimault  Harbor. 
While  the  latter  is  not  included  in  the 
municipality,  it  will  be  in  the  not  distant 
future,  and  is  certain  to  be  of  vast  import- 
ance in  the  harbor  question  as  affecting  the 
city  of  Victoria. 

Recent  official  statements  concerning 
Victoria's  harbors  emanating  from  the  De- 
partment of  Marine  and  Fisheries  suggest 
a  "fish  story"  of  ample  proportions.  These 
naive  errors  have  been  fathered  apparently 
on  the  principle  of  'where  ignorance  is 
bliss  'twere  folly  to  be  wise."  While  it 
may  not  always  be  hoped  that  government 
statistics  can  be  made  fairly  reliable,  it  may 
not  be  too  vain  a  desire  to  wish  that  here- 
after, at  least  as  to  the  harbors  of  Victoria, 
they  may  not  be  concocted  in  a  manner  so 
elaborately  inaccurate. 

Victoria  has  harbors,  and  is  having  tre- 
mendously important  improvements  added 
to  these  harbors.  Victoria  is  having  an 
additional  Outer  Harbor  constructed  on 
which  the  initial  outlay  will  be  close  to  one 
million  and  a  half  dollars.  This  will  pro- 
vide for  9,600  feet  of  berthing  for  ocean- 
going steamers,  and  will  be  of  the  latest 
and  finest  equipment  in  the  way  of  machin- 
ery, warehouses  and  docks.  It  is  being 
built  on  the  location  selected  by  the  Domin- 
ion Government's  expert,  Mr.  Louis  Coste, 
and  other  expert  engineers.  When  com- 
pleted, it  will  be  a  magnificent  ocean 
harbor,  with  a  straight,  clear  outlet  to  the 
Pacific. 

The  preliminary  expenditure  will  indi- 
cate the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking.  It 
will  cost  much  more  than  this  eventually 
to  give  Victoria  sufficient  shipping  facilities, 
but  this  sum  will  give  the  city,  in  addition 
to  its  present  Outer  Harbor,  a  spacious  and 
strictly  modern  harbor,  thoroughly  shelt- 
ered, and  affording  berthing  for  the  heavily 
increasing  ocean  traffic  which  is  coming  to 
her  wharves.  In  every  respect  this  harbor 
will  equal  the  finest  harbors  on  the  Coast, 
and   will     probably    measure    up     to     the 


necessities  of  the  Capital  City  until  her 
population  reaches  the  200,000  mark.  Four 
huge  concrete  piers,  with  adequate  ware- 
houses, will  be  built  out  into  the  Straits  of 
Juan  de  Fuca,  each  warehouse  equipped 
with  up-to-date  cargo-handling  facilities, 
and  a  railway  slip  constructed  to  enable 
car-ferries  to  load  and  disembark  their 
trains  at  the  wharves. 

A  stone  breakwater,  with  concrete  blocks 
topped  by  a  concrete  wall  2,500  feet  long, 
will  reach  west  into  the  straits  from  Ogden 
Point,  with  a  concrete  pier  1,100  feet  in 
length  on  the  inner  side.  Four  additional 
piers  of  800,  730,  700  and  500  feet  respect- 
ively will  be  constructed,  and  there  will  be 
room  for  thirty  of  the  largest  vessels  afloat 
when  the  docks  are  finished.  Seven  ware- 
houses in  all,  each  of  ample  proportions, 
and  all  strictly  modernized  as  to  freight- 
handling,  will  be  built,  and  a  grain  elevator 
is  another  addition  planned  for  the  direct 
handling  of  Western  Canadian  wheat. 
Railway  connection  with  the  present  rail- 
ways in  Victoria  and  those  now  building 
into  the  city  will  be  provided  for,  with  or 
without  bridge  connection  as  circumstances 
require. 

The  Outer  Harbor  contains  nearly  300 
acres  of  water,  varying  in  depth  from  thirty 
to  eighty  feet.  Vessels  lie  in  perfect  safety 
in  all  weathers  at  the  present  docks,  but 
the  breakwater  now  being  arranged  for 
will  not  only  shelter  the  additional  piers 
provided  for,  but  also  protect  the  entrance 
to  the  Inner  Harbor,  thereby  immensely 
benefitting  the  coasting  vessels  using  this 
harbor. 

There  are  thirty  vessels  at  present  which 
call  at  Victoria  in  the  transpacific  trade. 
Over  2,500  ships  berthed  at  the  Outer 
Harbor  in  191 1,  with  a  tonnage  of  over 
3,000,000  tons.  The  number  of  vessels  has 
doubled  in  the  past  three  years.  The 
amount  of  freight  and  passenger  traffic  has 
likewise  doubled  in  the  same  time.  With 
the  completion  of  this  Outer  Harbor  it 
will  not  only  be  the  finest  ocean  harbor  on 
the  North  Pacific  coast,  but  it  will  be  the 
most  accessible  to  deep  sea  water,  and  the 

585 


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a: 

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o 
o 

o 


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u 
oa 

o 

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a 

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0. 


586 


OUTER   HARBOR,   VICTORIA,   B.C. BLUE   FUNNEL    LINER    "TITAN"    AND   THREE-MASTED   SHIP    "SLIEVE    ROE" 


least  troubled  by  fogs  of  any  North  Pacific 
harbor.  Only  Esquimault  Harbor  can 
possibly  compete  with  it  for  safety,  com- 
parative immunity  from  fog,  and  nearness 
to  the  Pacific,  with  an  open  and  unimpeded 
run  to  ocean  channels, 

Victoria's  Inner  Harbor  has  a  long  and 
interesting  history.  Here  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  built  in  early  days,  and  from 
here  commerce  has  steadily  and  persistently 
been  built  up  until  today  considerably  over 
one  hundred  vessels  of  all  kinds  and  classes 
use  it  regularly;  while  through  the  ener- 
getic efforts  of  the  daily  press  of  Victoria, 
the  Victoria  Board  of  Trade,  the  influential 
and  active  Inner  Harbor  Association  and 
its  able  secretary,  Mr.  Thomas  C.  Sorby,  a 
steady  improvement  has  been  carried  on 
with  regard  to  its  facilities. 

The  improvements  for  this  Inner  Harbor 
provided  for  in  Mr.  Coste's  plan  include 
the  dredging  to  a  uniform  depth  of  twenty 
feet,  the  removal  of  certain  rock  obstruc- 
tions, and  other  changes  which  are  a  prime 
necessity  not  only  to  the  city  of  Victoria 
itself  but  to  the  Island  of  Vancouver,  the 
Province  of  British  Columbia,  to  the 
Dominion,    and    the    Empire. 

Mr.  Coste,  in  making  his  recommenda- 
tions to  the  government,  uses  the  following 
significant  language,  in  part,  in  his  report: 

"The  geographical  position  of  that  port 


(Victoria),  at  the  southeast  end  of  the 
Island  of  Vancouver,  almost  at  the  point 
of  junction  between  the  Strait  of  Georgia 
and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  gives  it  a 
commanding  advantage  over  any  other  port 
in  the  province  in  matter  of  trade  and 
commerce  with  the  ports  of  the  United 
States  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  nearest  Canadian  port  to  the 
Panama  Canal  is  bound  to  very  materially 
increase  its  tonnage  when  the  great  canal 
is  completed." 

This  is  the  testimony  of  a  disinterested 
and  expert  witness,  sent  to  Victoria  by  the 
Dominion  Government  to  determine  the 
question  of  harbor  improvements.  His 
language  could  not  be  more  definite,  posi- 
tive, or  illuminating. 

The  gist  of  it  is,  the  geographical 
position  of  Victoria  gives  it  a  com- 
manding advantage  over  any  other 
port  in  the  province — bound  to 
increase  its  tonnage  materially 
when  the  Panama  Canal  is  com- 
pleted. 

Nothing  in  the  way  of  human  develop- 
ment can  change  geographical  position. 
Nearness  to  the  Pacific,  absence  of  fogs  to 
a  very  great  extent,  and  straight  and  safe 
passage  to  the  sea  are  guaranteed  Victoria 
by  nature. 

587 


588 


OUTER    HARBOR,    VICTORIA,    B.C. — OCEAN    FREIGHTERS      AND    SCHOONERS    LOADING    WHALE    OIL 


It  is  these  advantages  which 
settle  positively  Victoria's  com- 
manding advantage  over  any  other 
port  in  the  province,  not  only  as 
to  traffic  with  the  United  States, 
as  Mr.  Coste  says,  but  as  to  all 
ports  and  all  countries. 

Esquimault  Harbor,  last  but  by  no 
means  least  in  Victoria's  list  of  harbors, 
has  been  said  by  engineers  to  be  the  second 
best  harbor  in  the  world,  the  harbor  at 
Sydney,  Australia,  being  placed  first. 
Probably  this  same  opinion  has  been  voiced 
by  other  experts  as  to  various  harbors.  At 
any  rate,  Esquimault  Harbor  is  a  really 
superb  harbor,  land-locked,  deep,  easy  and 
safe  access  to  and  from  the  Straits  of  Juan 
de  Fuca,  and  absolutely  certain  to  be  of 
the  greatest  possible  importance  both  from 
the  standpoint  of  commerce  and  from  that 
of  strategic  importance  in  the  event  of 
war.  It  contains  a  dry-dock  at  present 
which  provides  docking  for  vessels  need- 
ing repairing,  but  not  of  proportions  to 
float  the  largest  sea-going  ships ;  but  there 
is  no  doubt  that  dry-docks  will  presently 
be  erected  to  provide  for  any  vessels  afloat. 
It  has  ship-yards  which  are  even  now  turn- 
ing out  ships  of  large  size,  and  which  bid 
fair  in  time  to  build  the  largest  craft.     It 


is  the  site  of  the  former  naval  base,  and 
the  home  harbor  of  H.  M.  C.  S.  Rainbow, 
the  training  vessel  stationed  on  the  Pacific 
coast. 

Dry-docks  of  the  greatest  magnitude, 
and  ship-yards  capable  of  turning  out 
vessels  equal  to  those  of  the  Clyde  and 
Shannon  will  be  among  the  future  develop- 
ments of  this  great  harbor,  together  with 
manufacturing  enterprises  of  world-wide 
importance. 

Victoria  has  harbors,  and  a  harbor  policy. 
Its  harbors  have  been  herein  described,  al- 
though inadequately  and  briefly.  Its  harbor 
policy  is  one  of  steady  improvement  and 
perceptible  progress.  Its  claims  have  been 
recognized,  not  merely  by  word  of  mouth, 
but  by  appropriations.  Both  faith  and 
works  have  characterized  the  Dominion 
Government's  appreciation  of  the  Capital 
City's  needs.  The  Panama  Canal  will  add 
very  much  to  the  requirements  of  Victoria's 
harbors,  but  outside  and  apart  from  such 
additional  needs,  the  volume  of  traffic,  both 
ocean-going  and  coast-wise,  both  in  the 
matter  of  freight  and  passengers,  is  increas- 
ing year  by  j^ear  in  steady  proportions,  and 
makes  the  future  of  Victoria  as  a  port  of 
the  first  character  an  assured  and  provable 
fact. 

ERNEST  McGAFFEY 

589 


590 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


THE  GREAT  GLACIER,  GLACIER,  BRITISH  COLUMBIA.    IT  IS  THE  CENTRE  OF  A  GROUP  OF  GLACIERS  COVERING 

AN    AREA    OF    MORE    THAN    1 57    SQUARE    MILES.      LIKE    ALL    GREAT    GLACIERS    IN    THE 

NORTHERN   HEMISPHERE  IT  IS  GRADUALLY  RECEDING.     THE   ILLECILLEWAET 

GLACIER    GOES    BACK    35    FEET    EVERY    YEAR 


ONE  of  the  first  remarks  made  by 
travellers  arriving  at  the  coast  of 
British  Columbia  by  w^ay  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  through  the 
Rockies,  is  that  they  have  never  seen  such 
magnificent  scenery  before  in  their  lives. 
These  travellers  are  many  of  them  familiar 
with  all  the  famous  beauty  spots  in  the 
United  States  and  Europe.  Neither  the 
Alps  of  Switzerland  or  the  rugged  beauties 
of  Yellowstone  Park  can  equal  the  majesty 
and  superb  beauty  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  British  Columbia. 

By  the  courtesy  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  we  are  able  to  give  our  readers 
some  idea  of  the  great  scenic  treasure-house 


of  this  province  which  is  attracting  tourists 
from  all  parts  of  the  globe. 

A  well-known  American  lady  speaks  with 
enthusiasm  of  what  she  calls  the  Switzer- 
land of  the  American  continent.    She  says: 

"Europe  has  its  Switzerland,  famous 
throughout  the  world  for  the  splendor  and 
magnificence  of  its  mountain  scenery,  which 
has  lured  thousands  of  travellers  because  of 
its  variety  and  charm,  as  well  as  because  of 
its  accessibility.  Its  scenery  is  unchangingly 
beautiful,  and  the  Alpine  heights  retain  a 
ceaseless  fascination  for  the  mountaineer. 
Yet  we  turn  with  wonder  and  admiration 
to  our  own  Switzerland.  The  paradise  of 
our  continent  lies  among  the  rugged  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Canada.    For  miles  and  miles 


III 


591 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


LOOKOUT  POINT,  FROM  THE  CAVES  OF  NAKIMU.    THESE  GREAT  CAVES  ARE  SIX   MILES  FROM   GLACIER   AND 

ARE    ABOVE   THE   SNOW   LINE.     THEIR   WALLS   SPARKLE   WITH    QUARTZ    CRYSTALS.     THE   SCENERY 

FROM   THE  TRAIL   BY   WHICH   THE   CAVES    ARE   REACHED    IS   BEYOND   DESCRIPTION 


the  train  glides  at  their  base,  showing  new 
wonders  at  every  turn — the  wonderful  and 
fascinating  glaciers;  the  number  and  enor- 
mity of  the  majestic  ranges;  the  sharp 
precipices;  the  beautiful,  snowy  peaks;  the 
deep  green  forests;  the  lovely  clear  lakes 
and  peaceful  valleys.  The  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment has  set  aside  over  6,000  square 
miles  of  this  region  as  a  national  park,  and 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company  has 
built  a  number  of  hotels  and  chalets,  each 
rivaling  the  other  for  comfort,  service  and 
fine  location.  The  average  traveller,  how- 
ever, spends  too  little  time  in  this  attractive 
country,  as  a  rule  only  stopping  off  for  a 
day  or  so  between  trains;  while  a  stay  of 

592 


two  or  three  days  should  be  made  at  each 
of  the  resorts  in  order  to  fully  note  the  ever- 
varying  changes  of  light  and  shadow,  the 
glorious  sunsets,  and  the  rare  experience  of 
visiting  the  ice  caves  in  the  glaciers,  in 
midsummer." — Miss  lima  Schadee,  in  the 
Springfield  "Republican." 

The  New  York  "Tribune"  says:  "It  is 
not  generally  known  that  within  four  days' 
journey  of  New  York  City  there  are  wait- 
ing for  the  sight-seer  and  scientific  investi- 
gator some  of  the  grandest  and  most  im- 
pressive glacial  streams  in  the  world.  Noth- 
ing in  Switzerland  is  to  be  found  more 
beautiful  than  the  glaciers  of  the  Canadian 
Rockies  and  Selkirks,  and  one  of  the  chief 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


WHILE  THE   KOOTENAY  DISTRICT  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  HAS  NOT  THE  SCENIC  GRANDEUR  OF  THE   ROCKIES 

IT   HAS   ANOTHER   BEAUTY  OF   VALLEYS,   LAKES    AND   MOUNTAINS   WHICH    MAKES    IT   A   SPOT   OF 

VARIED  ATTRACTIVENESS.    THIS  CAVE  IS  ONE  OF  THE  SCENIC  FEATURES  OF  THE  DISTRICT 


attractions  of  the  trip  is  the  fact  that  one 
may  journey  there  and  back  in  civilized 
luxury,  and  while  enjoying  the  scenes,  at 
the  very  noses  of  the  wonderful  glaciers 
themselves,  be  comfortable  and  remain  in 
close  touch  with  the  world." 

The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  line, 
above  all  others,  merits  the  much-used  de- 
scription, "The  scenic  line  of  the  world." 
From  Calgary  to  Vancouver,  a  distance  of 
six  hundred  and  forty-two  miles,  the  beauty 
and  grandeur  of  the  scenery  is  continuous. 
That  "there  is  not  a  dull  or  uninteresting 
minute  all  the  way"  is  the  opinion  of  all 
who  have  made  the  journey. 


Unfortunately,  the  average  tourist  is  all 
too  prone  to  stop  over  only  between  trains 
and  thus  catch  but  a  hurried  glance  of  these 
glorious  peaks,  which  is  regrettable,  inas- 
much as  frequently  the  greater  beauty  is 
missed  entirely,  though  thousands  claim 
that  travelling  through  these  mountains 
without  leaving  the  train  has  been  the  most 
enjoyable  event  and  the  greatest  scenic  treat 
of  their  lives. 

In  the  mountain  ranges,  lakes  and  valleys 
of  this  district  are  not  only  the  scenic 
beauties  and  wonders  of  Switzerland  dupli- 
cated on  a  much  wider  and  grander  scale, 
but  there  is  added   a  diversity  of  climate 

593 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


MOUNT  STEPHEN,  ONE  OF  THE   MONARCHS  OF  THE  ROCKIES.     AT  ITS  FOOT  IS  FIELD,  A  CENTRAL  SPOT  FOR 

TOURISTS  WHO  WISH  TO  MAKE  EXCURSIONS  AMONGST  THE  SCENIC  SPLENDORS  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS. 

LORD   MOUNT  STEPHEN   TAKES  HIS   TITLE   FROM   THE   LOFTY   PEAK.     AT  GOLDEN,    NEAR 

FIELD,   THERE    IS   A    MODEL   SWISS   VILLAGE   WITH   CHARACTERISTIC    CHALETS 

IN   WHICH    LIVE   SWISS   GUIDES   SPECIALLY   BROUGHT    FROM    EUROPE 

TO    ASSIST   TOURISTS    IN    THE    ROCKY    MOUNTAINS 


noted  for  its  purity  of  air,  its  freedom  from 
malaria  and  an  almost  total  absence  of  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold. 

Frank  Yeigh  in  his  book,  "Through  the 
Heart  of  Canada,"  writes:  "The  transition 
from  the  rolling  sea  of  fertile  lands  to  the 
sea  of  mountains,  is  dramatic  in  the  ex- 
treme. From  the  foothills  of  the  Rockies 
at  Calgary  to  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser  Can- 

594 


yon  the  splendid  trains  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  RaiWay  curve  to  the  tune  the  rivers 
have  set,  along  the  circuitous  Bow,  along 
the  turbulent  Kicking  Horse,  along  and 
across  the  broad-breasted  Columbia,  along 
the  glacial  waters  of  the  Illecillewaet,  along 
the  blue-green  Thompson,  until  its  identity 
is  lost  in  the  yellow  Fraser." 

The  Rockies  are  visible  before  Calgary 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


THIS   IS   A  SCENE   NEAR  THE  GREAT  DIVIDE   IN   THE  ROCKIES.     IT  SHOWS   A   PARTY  OF   MOUNTAINEERS   AT 

LAKE    HECTOR 


is  reached.  Mightier  and  mightier  they 
appear  until  the  Gap,  which  is  the  eastern 
entrance  to  this  mountain  world,  is  reached. 
Here  the  track  takes  a  sharp  turn  and  on 
either  side  loom  skywards  the  glorious 
peaks,  and  the  passenger  realizes  that  he  has 
reached  Nature's  wonderland. 

Banff,  for  romantic  situation,  stands 
perhaps  unrivalled  in  America.  In  its  rock- 
ribbed  enclosure  it  is  comparatively  free 
from  the  high  winds  and   dust  storms  so 


common   in  some   other   resorts  at  certain 
seasons. 

Located  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Bow 
River,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Spray,  a 
wonderful  site  of  remarkably  beauty,  is  the 
Banff  Springs  Hotel  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Hotel  System.  The  refinement  of 
its  appointments,  and  the  completeness  of 
detail  marking  the  whole  establishment, 
makes  this  splendid  hotel  rank  among  the 
finest  hotels  to  be  found  anywhere. 

595 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


THE  BOW   RIVER   AND  BANFF  SPRINGS   HOTEL,  ON  THE  BORDERS   OF   BRITISH  COLUMBIA.     THE   IMMENSITY 
OF  THE  MOUNTAINS  DWARFS  THE  HOTEL,  AND  MAKES  IT  LOOK  LIKE  A  PALACE  IN   LILLIPUT 


CHATEAU 


596 


AT    LAKE    LOUISE,    THE    "LAKE    IN     THE    CLOUDS,"     NEAR    LAGGAN.      THIS     IS    ONE     OF    THE 
ACCOMMODATIONS   OF   THE   CANADIAN    PACIFIC    RAILWAY    FOR   THE   TOURIST   WHO 
SEEKS   REST    AMONGST   THE    BEAUTIFUL   ROCKIES 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


THE  CANADIAN  ALPINE  CLUB  MAKE  ANNUAL  CAMPS  IN  THE  ROCKIES,  AND  EVERY  YEAR  SOME  UNCLIMBED 
PEAK   FALLS   A   TROPHY  TO   THEIR    ENERGY   AND    ENTERPRISE 


LAKES    IN    THE    CLOUDS,    LAGGAN,    ALBERTA,    ON    THE    BORDERS    OF    BRITISH    COLUMBIA.     ONE    OF    THESE, 

MIRROR    LAKE,    HAS    NO    VISIBLE    OUTLET,    ITS    WATERS    ESCAPING    THROUGH    AN 

UNDERGROUND   CHANNEL   INTO   LAKE   LOUISE,    I,000   FEET   BELOW 


THE  CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


SWIMMING  IN  THE  WATERS  OF  THE  HOT  SPRINGS  IS  A   FAVORITE  AMUSEMENT  AT  BANFF 


GLACIER,  SHOWING  THE  VILLAGE,  THE  CANADIAN  PACIFIC  RAILWAY  STATION,  AND  IN  THE  DISTANCE  THE 

FAMOUS    GREAT    GLACIER    ITSELF 
598 


THE   CHALLENGE  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS 


THE  CANADIAN  PACIFIC  HOTEL,  BANFF.    THIS  IS  THE  HEADQUARTERS   FOR  MANY  DELIGHTFUL  TRIPS  INTO 
THE    ROCKIES,   AND   ONE    OF   THE    MOST    POPULAR    HOLIDAY    RESORTS    IN    CANADA 


.*S«v 


,^  ^  ^  ^,  ^ ^f  ^.  i 


INDIANS  HORSE-RACING  AT  BANFF.    THE  "NOBLE  REDMAN"  IS  HERE  SEEN  IN   SURROUNDINGS  WHICH  ARE 

MORE   REMINISCENT   OF   HIS   SAVAGE   DAYS  THAN   THE   RESERVATIONS    NEAR   THE   CITIES    AND 

TOWNS  THAT   HAVE   SPRUNG   UP   ALL   OVER    HIS    FORMER   HUNTING   GROUNDS 

599 


THE   CHALLENGE   OF  THE   MOUNTAINS 


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Prince  Rupert 


THE  PACIFIC  PORT  OF  THE  GRAND  TRUNK  PACIFIC  RAILWAY 


PRINCE  Rupert  is  the  new  city 
now  being  built  on  the  northern 
British  Columbia  Coast.  There 
have  been  acquired  in  the  interest 
of  the  railway  company  twenty-four 
thousand  acres  of  land  at  Prince  Rupert 
and  vicinity  for  the  purpose  of  the  town- 
site  and  the  development  of  the  port,  a 
one-quarter  interest  of  which  belongs  to 
the  province  of  British  Columbia,  which 
is  therefore  jointly  interested  with  the  rail- 
way company  in  the  development  of  this 
new  seaport. 

The  first  subdivision  of  the  townsite 
covers  an  area  of  about  two  thousand  acres. 

Prince  Rupert  is  situated  550  miles  north 
of  Vancouver  and  forty  miles  south  of  the 
Alaskan  Boundary.  .  It  is  in  the  same  lati- 
tude as  London,  and  has  a  climate  the 
mean  temperature  of  which  is  about  the 
same  as  that  of  the  metropolis  of  the  Brit- 
ish  Isles. 

The  selection  of  the  Pacific  Coast  ter- 
minus was  one  of  the  most  important  tasks 
with  which  the  builders  of  this  national 
highway  had  to,  do.  The  entire  north 
coast  was  searched,  and  every  harbor 
sounded  before  a  final  decision  was  made. 
The  very  satisfactory  result  is  that  the 
future  metropolis  of  the  north  coast  will 
look  out  upon  a  harbor  that  is  all  that  could 
be  hoped  for.  Although  practically  land- 
locked, it  has  a  mile-wide  channel,  and  is 
sufficient  in  size  to  shelter  all  the  ships 
that  are  likely  to  come  to  it,  great  as  are 
the  possibilities  of  this  new  port. 

Because  Prince  Rupert  is  at  the  end 
of  the  line,  and  the  nearest  port  to  Japan 
and  the  East;  because  it  is  on  the  shortest 
line  from  Liverpool  to  Yokohama,  the 
shortest  route  around  the  world,  it  is  bound 
to  lie  on  the  All  Red  Route.  The  city  was 
planned  in  advance  of  any  building,  and 
nothing  was  overlooked  which  would  add 
to  the  beauty  and  symmetry  of  this  city  to 
be. 

Under    the    usual    conditions    of    Crown 


Grants  one-quarter  of  all  the  land  reverts 
to  the  province,  as  also  one-quarter  of  the 
waterfront  after  the  townsite  has  been  laid 
out. 

Probably  never  before  has  there  been  so 
much  money  and  time  expended  in  the  plan- 
ning of  a  new  city  as  has  been  devoted  to 
the  preliminary  work  at  Prince  Rupert,  not 
only  by  the  railway  company,  but  by  the 
Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments  as 
well.  This  work  was  commenced  in  May, 
1906,  when  the  company's  stafif  of  engin- 
eers made  a  landing  and  clearing  for  the 
location  of  their  camp  preparatory  to  mak- 
ing the  preliminary  survey,  after  which 
time  the  work  of  surveying  and  clearing 
was  carried  on  continuously  until  a  com- 
plete topographical  survey  was  made  of  all 
lands  comprised  in  the  townsite  covering 
an  area  of  2,000  acres,  and  great  care  was 
taken  with  this  work  on  account  of  the 
important  bearing  it  would  have  upon  the 
final  laying  out  of  streets,  etc. 

The  Dominion  Government  Hydro- 
grahpic  Survey  has  made  a  complete  sur- 
vey of  Prince  Rupert  Harbor  and  ap- 
proaches, which  shows  that  the  entire  har- 
bor from  the  entrance  to  the  extreme  end 
of  the  upper  harbor,  a  distance  of  14 
miles,  is  entirely  free  from  rocks  or  ob- 
structions of  any  kind  and  of  a  sufficient 
depth  to  afford  good  anchorage. 

The  entrance  is  perfectly  straight,  2,000 
feet  in  width  at  the  narrowest  part  with 
a  minimum  depth  of  36  feet  at  low  tide, 
and  for  a  width  of  1,500  feet  the  minimum 
depth  is  60  feet.  The  British  Survey  Ship 
"Egeria,"  which  made  the  survey  of  the 
outer  approaches  to  the  harbor,  reported  a 
splendid  entrance  through  Brown's  Passage. 

Messrs.  Brett  &  Hall,  of  Boston,  Mass., 
were  secured  by  the  railway  company  to 
lay  out  the  townsite.  They  have  provided 
a  plan  which  is  eminently  satisfactory  and 
will  ensure  a  practical  development  while 
preserving  for  the  future  city  splendid  op- 
portunities  for  parks,   for    municipal    im- 

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602 


STEEL   ON   THE   DOCKS   AT   PRINCE   RUPERT   FOR  GRAND   TRUNK    PACIFIC   CONSTRUCTION 


provements,  and  for  architectural  embellish- 
ment. It  is  believed  by  many  who  have 
studied  this  plan  that  Prince  Rupert  will 
be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  on  the 
American  Continent. 

Two  hundred  thousand  dollars  were  ap- 
propriated by  the  Provincial  Government 
of  British  Columbia  for  preliminary  im- 
provements, which  amount  was  expended 
in  the  construction  of  plank  sidewalks  and 
roadways,  sewers  and  water  mains,  before 
the  of)ening  of  the  townsite,  so  that,  unlike 
most  new  towns,  ample  provision  was  made 
in  advance  for  the  sanitary  welfare  and 
comfort  of  a  population  of  at  least  ten 
thousand  people,  as  well  as  providing  other 
accommodations  which  would  be  required 
until  the  population  should  have  sufficiently 
increased  to  warrant  the  construction  of  ex- 
tensions of  these  facilities. 

Upon  the  completion  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Railway,  the  fishing  industry 
at  Prince  Rupert  and  vicinity,  which  is 
now  in  its  infancy,  will  be  one  of  the 
greatest  in  the  world,  and  will  furnish  em- 
ployment, not  only  to  the  railway  company 
and  its  employees,  but  to  hundreds  of  fisher- 
men and  laborers  who  must  necessarily 
establish  their  homes  at  Prince  Rupert.  At 
the  present  time,  a  large  company  is  arranc;- 
ing  to  engage  in  this  industry,  with  head- 
quarters at  Prince  Rupert. 


The  canned  salmon  industry  ranks 
among  the  leading  industries  of  this  coun- 
try, but,  in  the  last  few  years,  cold-storage 
plants  have  been  installed,  with  excellent 
results,  and,  by  the  time  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Railway  is  completed,  refrigerators 
will  hold  and  refrigerator  cars  will  carry 
and  deliver  this,  the  king  of  fish  foods, 
to  the  tables  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada  in  the  East  as  well  as 
the  West,  and,  in  fact,  the  markets  of  the 
world. 

A  license  has  been  granted  to  establish 
a  whaling  station  within  a  few  miles  of 
Prince  Rupert,  which  will  be  an  important 
industry  and  feeder  to  the  new  city,  as  it 
has  been  found  that  more  whales  abound 
and  have  been  taken  in  the  waters  of¥  the 
coast  of  British  Columbia,  during  the  time 
the  whaling  stations  have  been  in  operation, 
than  in  any  other  waters  of  the  world.  In 
fact,  during  the  winter  months,  whales 
abound  in  the  waters  of  Prince  Rupert  har- 
bor; these,  with  all  other  fish  industries, 
including  cod,  herring,  and  oolachan,  now 
only  in  their  infancy,  are  capable  of  im- 
mense growth  and  advancement  and  will 
be  a  great  factor,  not  only  in  the  building 
up  of  this  city,  but  as  a  source  of  lucrative 
employment  to  the  fishermen,  merchants, 
steamboat  owners,  laborers,  and  others  who 
will  purchase,  rent,  and  have  their  homes 


603 


VIEW   OF   PRINCE   RUPERT   FROM   OPPOSITE   SHORE 


604 


PRINCE   RUPERT   INN 


in  Prince  Rupert.  The  value  of  these  fish- 
eries lying  at  the  gateway  of  this,  one  of 
the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  cannot  be 
estimated. 

The  timber  industry  of  this  part  of  the 
country  is  also  in  its  infancy,  and,  within 
a  radius  of  one  hundred  miles,  much  good 
spruce,  hemlock,  and  cedar  are  to  be  found. 
At  the  present  time,  a  large  steam  saw-mill, 
costing  $200,cx)0,  located  at  Prince  Rupert, 
and  a  water-power  mill  some  few  miles 
distant,  are  supplying  the  local  markets  at 
most  reasonable  prices.  It  is  safe  to  say 
that  the  forests  within  this  radius  will  pro- 
duce timber  enough  to  supply  twenty-five 
mills  with  all  the  timber  they  can  cut  and 
market  for  the  next  twenty  years. 

Unless  one  is  conversant  with  the  de- 
velopment of  the  Pacific  Coast,  has  seen 
its  seaports  grow,  particularly  Victoria, 
Vancouver,  Tacoma,  Seattle,  Portland,  San 
Francisco,  and  Los  Angeles,  to  say  nothing 
of  some  of  the  smaller  ones,  such  as  Bel- 
lingham,  Everett,  Aberdeen,  Astoria,  San 
Pedro,  and  San  Diego,  and  has  watched 
the  commerce  and  shipping  expand  year  by 
year,  until  the  figures  of  each  of  the  larger 
ones  are  simply  astounding,  one  cannot 
fully  realize  the  possibilities  and  probabil- 
ities of  Prince  Rupert,  which  has  an  em- 


pire in  itself  tributary  to  it.  What  were 
Vancouver,  Seattle,  Tacoma,  Portland,  and 
Los  Angeles  fifteen  years  ago?  Some  of 
them  were  hardly  on  the  map.  Look  at 
them  today — each  a  splendid  example  of 
what  energy,  brains,  and  money  can  and 
will  do  in  the  Golden  West,  and  who  can 
predict  what  Prince  Rupert  will  be  in  the 
next  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  or  even  in 
five  or  ten  years? 

At  the  present  time,  nearly  every  line 
of  business  is  represented,  and  mention  can 
be  made  of  only  a  few  of  them.  A  whole- 
sale dry-goods  house  has  been  built  and 
doing  business  for  the  past  eighteen  months ; 
there  are  three  daily  and  weekly  news- 
papers— "The  Optimist,"  "The  Empire," 
and  "The  Journal."  There  are  a  number 
of  grocery  stores  and  several  carrying  stocks 
of  general  merchandise,  two  hardware,  two 
gents'  furnishings,  one  or  two  furniture, 
and  numerous  fruit  and  cigar  stores.  A 
Board  of  Trade  has  been  organized,  and 
branches  of  the  Canadian  Bank  of  Com- 
merce and  the  Union  Bank  of  Canada  have 
also  been  opened.  A  wholesale  and  retail 
meat  and  provision  store  has  been  doing 
business  for  over  a  year.  There  are  two 
good  hotels,  the  "Prince  Rupert  Inn"  and 
"Annex,"    which    belong    to    the    Grand 

60S 


6o6  British  Columbia  Magazine 

Trunk    Pacific    Railway    Company,    with  the  forest  products,  the  coal,  the  copper  and 

first-class   accommodations,    in   addition    to  iron  ore  of  Northern  British  Columbia  and 

which    there    are    numerous   other    hotels,  the  Yukon,  as  well  as  the  food  products 

lodging-houses,  and  restaurants.  of  the  Prairie  provinces,  and  the  fish  and 

The  Provincial  Government  is  making  fur  of  the  far  North — in  short,  all  the  ex- 
Prince  Rupert  its  headquarters  for  the  port  wealth  of  that  resourceful  region,  west- 
northern  part  of  the  province,  and  sub-  bound,  must  find  its  outlet  to  the  sea  at 
stantial    buildings    for    its    officers,    court  Prince  Rupert. 

house  and  jail  have  been  constructed.  The  Prince  Rupert  is  surrounded  by  a  coun- 

Dominion  Government  is  also  making  prep-  try  whose  natural  resources  are  more  rich 

arations  for  the  erection  of  permanent  and  and  varied  than  those  of  any  other  country 

substantial  Custom  House  and  Post  Office  known  to  the  present  generation.    And  her 

buildings   and   has   under   construction     at  sphere  is  ever  widening,  her  natural  trade 

the  present  time  a  Quarantine   Station  at  zone   is    daily    being   extended    north    and 

the  entrance  to   the  harbor  as  well   as  a  still  further  north. 

Wireless  Telegraph  Station.     A  large  and  It   is   but   a  little  over   half   a   century 

commodious  public  school  building  has  just  since  a  Congressional   Commission,   sitting 

been   completed  where  competent   teachers  in  Chicago,  declared  that  the  State  of  II- 

are  in  charge.  linois   marked   the   Northern   limit   of   the 

There  is  an  abundant  supply  of  fresh  profitable  wheat  growing  area  of  this  con- 
water  from  mountain  streams  and  lakes  tinent.  In  spite  of  this  the  little  pink 
having  a  sufficient  flow  for  a  population  bread-berry  spread  north  and  west  to  Min- 
of  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  people.  nesota,  the  Dakotas,  crawled  up  the  Red 

Prince   Rupert   is  also  on   the   route  of  River  of   the   North,   to    Portage    Plains, 

the  celebrated  "Sail  up  the  Sound"  which,  spread  over  Saskatchewan  to  Alberta  where 

for  wild  grandeur,  excels  almost  anything  the  miller  came  into  competition  with  the 

to  be  found   in  the  world  from  the  deck  flour  of  the  Peace  River,  and  where,  not 

of  a  seagoing  ship,  while  the  trains  of  the  having  heard  of  the  Chicago  Commission, 

Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  will  traverse  men  had  been   sowing  and   reaping  for   a 

some  of  the  finest  scenery  to  be  found  on  generation  or  more. 

the  American  Continent.  From  the  wooded  Every   traveler   and   explorer   who   goes 

lake-lands  of  Quebec  and  Ontario,   across  into   the   far   North   comes  out  with   new 

the  wide  and   fertile  fields  of   the  Prairie  stories  of  that  much  maligned  land  until 

provinces,  by  the  banks  of  the  mighty  rivers  their  song  of  praise  swells  into  a  sublime 

of  the  North,   through  Yellowhead    Pass,  chorus,   compelling  us   by   the    mere    pre- 

through  deep,  dark  canyons,  where  in  mid-  ponderance  of   evidence   to  listen   and    to 

summer,  from  beneath  the  north  windows  learn. 

of  a  west-bound  train,  will  come  the  sweet  Only  the  other  day,  before    the    Royal 

fragrance   of   wild    roses,   while    from    the  Geographical   Society  in   London,   Mr.  A. 

south  windows,  the  traveler  can  look  out  Harrison  told  some  startling  stories  of  the 

upon  a  glinting  glacier  whose  cold  shroud  Northwest.     He  had  been  in  search  of  an 

trails  to  the  margin  of  the  mountain  stream,  Arctic  continent  but  had  traveled  for  the 

along  the  banks  of  which   the  trains  will  most  part  through  a  land  of  green  fields 

travel  over  this  short  cut  across  Canada,  and  running  brooks.     The  fields  were  un- 

And  this  same  train  will  take  the  traveler  fenced   and   "far   flung"   to  be    sure,    but 

by  the  base  of  Mt.  Robson,  said  to  be  the  wherever  he  found  a  Hudson's  Bay  Post, 

highest  mountain  in  the  Dominion.  a  mission,  or  the  habitation  of  man,  there 

And  over  these  rails,  and  down  to  Prince  he  found  vegetables  "such  as  are  grown  in 
Rupert,  will  flow  the  commerce  of  all  that  one's  garden  at  home,"  wheat  and  barley, 
new  West,  bound  for  the  East  by  the  marsh  grass  on  the  moorlands,  and  bunch 
Western  way,  as  surely  as  the  waters  of  grass  on  the  plateaus.  He  found  much  val- 
the  Pacific  slope  flow  into  the  Pacific  uable  timber  and  endless  indications  of  coal 
Ocean ;  but  this  commercial  water-shed  will  and  oil.  He  suggests  a  railway  from  Ed- 
extend  hundreds  of  miles  further  east  than  monton  north  to  the  Athabasca,  another 
the  natural  water-shed  extends.  The  min-  from  Prince  Rupert  to  Fort  McMurray, 
eral  wealth  of  all  that  vast  mountain  region,  and  a  third  to  the  Peace  River,  which  would 


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6o8 


British  Columbia  Magazine 


open  a  waterway  600  miles  to  Great  Slave 
Lake, 

From  Fort  Providence  to  the  (Arctic) 
Red  River  (Lat.  67  deg.  26  min.,  long. 
134  deg.  4  min.),  a  distance  of  900  miles, 
Mr.  Harrison  found  the  navigation  ex- 
ceedingly simple  and  the  whole  stretch  of 
country  thus  irrigated,  he  found  "full  of 
vegetation."  "It  will,  in  my  opinion,"  he 
said,  "one  day  be  settled." 

Another  feature  in  favor  of  Prince 
Rupert  is  the  great  saving  of  time  affected 
by  the  northerly  route.  The  distance  from 
Liverpool  to  Yokohama  by  this  route  is 
10,031  miles,  as  against  10,829  miles  via 
New  York  and  San  Francisco.  Moreover, 
ships  sailing  from  Prince  Rupert  pass,  with 
a  few  strokes  from  the  landlocked  harbor 
to  the  high  seas  and  begin  their  journey 
across  the  Pacific  500  miles  nearer  the  East 
than  a  ship  would  be  sailing  at  the  same 
time  from  another  Pacific  port. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  advantage  in 
distance  which  will  be  realized  via  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  route,  it  has  been 
estimated  that  a  traveler  from  China,  Japan 
or  Alaska  may  board  a  passenger  train  on 
the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  at  Prince 
Rupert  and  be  in  Winnipeg  within  a  few 
hours  of  the  time  the  steamer  from  which 
he  disembarked  could  reach  Vancouver.  In 
addition  to  the  shorter  distance  across  the 
Pacific  Ocean  will  be  the  much  faster  time 
that  can  be  made  by  rail  over  the  practi- 
cally level  grades  of  four-tenths  of  one  per 
cent,  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  has  obtained 
through  the  mountains,  which  will  enable 
trains  to  be  moved  at  the  rate  of  two  miles 
for  every  one  mile  over  the  heavier  grades 
of  more  than  two  per  cent,  on  other  rail- 
ways. 

Because  it  has  been  held  back;  because 
settlers  were  not  suffered  to  rush  in  before 
there  was  need  of  settlement,  to  scuffle  and 
scramble   and   squat    in     picturesque    con- 


fusion. Prince  Rupert  is  building  up  rapidly. 
Unlike  an  oil-town  or  a  mining  camp,  its 
stability,  its  future  is,  by  reason  of  the 
railway,  and  the  richness  of  the  surround- 
ing country,  already  assured. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Coast  Steam- 
ship Company,  Limited,  placed  in  service 
in  June,  19 10,  between  Seattle,  Victoria. 
Vancouver  and  Prince  Rupert,  the  hand- 
some new  twin-screw  steamships  "Prince 
Rupert"  and  "Prince  George,"  which  were 
specially  constructed  for  this  service  and 
are  the  finest  and  most  luxurious  steam- 
ships in  the  North  Pacific  service,  con- 
taining all  the  latest  improvements  for  the 
comfort  of  passengers.  They  provide  a  bi- 
weekly service  between  Prince  Rupert  and 
Puget  Sound.  There  are  also  other  lines 
of  steamers  between  Prince  Rupert  and 
Vancouver  so  that  there  are  almost  daily 
sailings  between  these  ports. 

Prince  Rupert  has  many  advantages.  It 
has  a  mild  climate.  It  is  new  and  attrac- 
tive. It  is  to  be  a  model  city  in  every 
sense  of  the  word.  It  guards  what  is  said 
to  be  the  finest  natural  harbor  on  the  Coast, 
if  not  in  the  world.  It  is  the  terminal 
town  of  a  trans-continental  railway,  which 
bids  fair  to  surpass  anything  ever  attempted 
in  the  way  of  railway  construction  on  this 
continent,  crossing  from  ocean  to  ocean 
without  a  single  mile  of  mountain  grade, 
or  grade  that  can,  by  any  stretch  of  im- 
agination, be  considered  an  obstacle  to  the 
economical  operation  of  the  road. 

To  this  new  port  will  come  the  ships 
of  the  Seven  Seas.  Ships  of  the  east,  laden 
with  silk  and  rice,  will  soon  be  riding  at 
anchor  in  this  splendid  harbor,  to  sail  away 
laden  with  lumber;  ships  from  the  West 
with  the  wares  of  the  West;  ships  from 
the  shores  of  far-off  continents  trading 
through  the  new  and  picturesque  port  of 
Prince  Rupert. 


The  Man  Wko  ''Saws  Wood'  for  Canadj 


THE  HONORABLE  GEORGE  EULAS  FOSTER,  Minister  of  Trade  and 
Commerce  in  the  Borden  Cabinet,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  personalities 
in  the  Dominion.  In  the  first  place  he  is  without  doubt  the  orator  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  in  the  second  place  he  knows  just  when  to  orate  and  what  he 
is  orating  about.  Before  entering  upon  a  political  career  he  was  a  schoolmaster,  and 
there  are  those  who  say  that  he  still  suggests  the  pedagogue  by  his  manner,  and  mode 
of  speaking.  Since  1882,  Mr.  Foster  has  been  a  factor  to  be  reckoned  with  in  Cana- 
dian politics.  He  has  been  a  minister  in  several  administrations  since  he  took  office  as 
Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries  and  Minister  of  Finance  under  Sir  John  Macdonald. 
His  predecessor  in  the  office  of  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce  declared  it  a  sinecure, 
but  Mr.  Foster  has  already  demonstrated  that  it  is  an  important  department  of  the 
Dominion  Government. 

Better  trade  relations  with  the  Mother-country,  the  West  Indies,  Australia  and 
other  parts  of  the  Empire  have  become  live  issues  since  Mr.  Foster  took  the  matter  in 
hand,  and  no  Canadian,  no  matter  what  his  political  views  may  be,  can  begrudge  him 
the  right  to  be  considered  a  valuable  asset  to  this  country. 

Mr.  Foster,  unlike  most  successful  politicians  both  here  and  south  of  the  border, 
is  very  diffident  about  mixing  with  "the  boys"  in  moments  of  relaxation.  He  does  rot 
"play  when  he  is  out  of  school,"  and  he  has  been  known  to  express  regret  that  his 
temperament  has  created  for  him  a  reputation  for  "aloofness"  which  is  more  apparent 
than  real.  One  well-known  humorist,  at  least,  has  given  him  advice  on  the  point, 
"George,"  he  said,  "trim  your  whiskers  and  get  drunk  now  and  then." 

Taken  in  a  Pickwickian  sense  this  might  prove  the  very  solution  that  Mr.  Foster 
is  looking  for.  Mr.  Foster  will  £Oon  pass  through  this  Province  on  his  way  to 
Australia,  and  when  he  comes  it  is  hoped  that  he  will  spend  some  time  in  Vancouver,  so 
that  we  can  show  him  that  a  statesman  who  "saws  wood"  is  appreciated  by  all  good 
Canadians  in  the  West. 


f09 


Vancouver  Cadets  m  Australia 


WE  herewith  reproduce  photographs  of  Sydney,  the  capital  of  New  South  Wales,  showing 
the  waterfront  and  harbor  and  a  glimpse  of  the  famous  Botanical  Gardens  overlooking 
the  finest  harbor  in  the  world.  Sydney  had  a  population  of  over  630,000  in  1910.  New  South 
Wales  has  a  population  of  1,700,000,  and  an  area  of  310,372  square  miles.  The  area  of  British 
Columbia  is  395,000  square  miles,  with  a  total  population  not  much  more  than  half  that  of 
Sydney.  Every  man  and  woman  in  New  South  Wales  over  twenty-one  has  a  vote.  Ninety- 
seven  and  one-half  per  cent,  of  the  people  are  of  British  extraction.  The  climate  resembles 
that  of  Southern  France  and  Italy.  In  1909  the  industries  of  New  South  Wales  produced 
$294,780,000.  In  1910  her  overseas  trade  amounted  to  $276,037,220,  of  which  over  $160,000,000 
were  exports.  In  1910  Canada  bought  $384,330  worth  from  New  South  Wales  and  sent  her 
five  times  as  much.  New  South  Wales  was  first  settled  in  1788.  Gold  was  discovered  in 
1842.  The  Torrens  system  of  land  registration  is  in  force.  When  a  person  dies  intestate, 
owning  land,  it  is  divided  amongst  his  next  of  kin  instead  of  descending  to  his  heir.  Indigent 
persons  over  sixty-five  who  have  resided  in  the  state  for  twenty-five  years  continuously  receive 
a  state  pension  of  $2.50  a  week.  School  children  are  allowed  to  travel  free  by  rail  to  the 
nearest  school.  Sydney  has  four  large  graving  docks,  five  floating  docks  and  four  patent  slips. 
Twenty-four  million  passengers  were  carried  by  the  Sydney  harbor  ferries  in  1910. 


6;o 


The  Smuggler  s  Curse 

By  ALFRED   HUSTWICK 


Drawings  bp  Graham  Hffde 

Oh !  the  muse  and  the  booze  and  the  talk  flow  free, 
So  I'll  sing  you  a  song  of  the  bounding  sea. 

(Yo-ho!   for  the  bounding  sea.) 
I'll  sing  you  the  ballad  of  the  smuggler's  curse, 
With  a  dipsey  burden  in  every  verse. 

(Yo-ho!   for  the  smuggler's  curse.) 

Now   Marlinspike   Dave   was    a   smuggler   brave. 
And  he  was  the  skipper  of  the  "Ocean  Wave." 

(Yo-ho!    and   a   bucket  of   suds.) 
A  better  sailor  never  trod  poop 
Of   a   finer,   faster   or  stauncher   sloop. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a   bucket  of  suds.) 


Marlinspike  Dave,  with   an   angry   frown. 

On  the  poop  of  the  sloop  paced  up  and  down. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 
The  breeze  was   light  and  he  wished  for  a  gale, 
For   a  strange  ship  showed  on  the  weather   rail. 

(Yo-ho!    and    a   bucket  of   suds.) 

It  was  plain  to  him  that  the  sloop  was  chased. 
And  he  cursed  his  luck  as  the  poop  he  paced. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 
He  cursed  at  the  sky  and  the  bounding  sea. 
And  he  cursed  at  the  whole  ship's  company. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a   bucket  of  suds.) 

For   cursing   to   Dave   didn't   seem    a   vice, 

And    he    never    employed    the    same    words    twice. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 
He  strove  of  the  practice  an   art  to  make. 
And   he  cursed   things  chiefly  for  cursing's   sake. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 


611 


He  checked  for  a   second  his   angry  stride, 
And  he  kicked  the  ship's  cat  over  the  side. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 
He  cursed  at  the  mate  as  he  turned  again, 
And  he  cursed  each   link  in  the  anchor  chain. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 

He  cursed  at  the  rigging,  he  cursed  the  sails, 
He  cursed  at  the  decks  and  he  cursed  the  rails. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 
He  cursed    at   the   cutter   which   chased   him,    and 
He  cursed  at  his  cargo  of  contraband. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a   bucket  of   suds.) 

He   cursed   them   in    German   and   Japanese, 
In  Arabic,  English  and  Portuguese. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a   bucket  of   suds.) 
He  cursed  in  a  dozen  different  tongues, 
Till   his  breath  gave  out,   then  he  cursed   his   lungs. 

(Yo-ho!   and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 


S^^-*— v».<^ 


Oh!   faster  and  faster  his  curses  flew 

Till  the  atmosphere  turned  to  Prussian  blue 

(Yo-ho!   and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 
And    a   great,   thick   wall   of   profanity 
Rolled   out,    like   a   fog,  o'er   the   bounding   sea. 

(Yo-ho!   and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 

When  his  voice  was  gone,  in  the  alphabet 
Of  the  deaf  and   dumb  he  was   cursing  yet. 

(Yo-ho!   and   a   bucket  of  suds.) 
Till   a  mist  enveloped  the  other  ship 
And  the  "Ocean  Wave"  gave  her  the  slip. 

(Yo-ho!    and   a  bucket  of  suds.) 


612 


SCENES  ON  VANCOUVER  ISLAND 


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FIRST   RYE   CROP    IN    MAY VANCOUVER   ISLAND   FARMING 


SHEEP   ON    VANCOUVER    ISLAND    FARM 


613 


SCENES  ON  VANCOUVER  ISLAND 


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SOME     SPECIMENS     OF     VANCOUVER     ISLAND     FEATHERED     GAME — MONGOLIAN      RING-NECKED     PHEASANT 

WILLOW   GROUSE,   VALLEY   QUAIL 


617 


SCENES  ON  VANCOUVER  ISLAND 


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TYPES    OF    VICTORIA    RESIDENCES 


In  tne  Inaian  Past 

RAPIDLY    VANISHING    INDIAN    LORE 

By   O.    B.   Anderson 


Editor's  Note. — The  following  interesting  article  and  drawings  have  been  specially 
prepared  for  us  by  Mr.  O.  B.  Anderson.  For  two  years  Mr.  Anderson  lived  at  Port  Simpson 
as  a  missionary  among  the  Tsimpshean  Indians,  and  for  another  whole  year  was  engaged  in 
teaching.  During  this  time  he  made  a  careful  study  of  the  Indians  and  their  tribal  customs 
and  folklore.  He  made  very  exhaustive  notes  and  his  records  of  the  ancient  Indian  mysteries 
are  probably  the  most  extensive  and  complete  in  existence.  All  the  drawings  are  copies  of 
actual  designs  that  came  under  Mr.  Anderson's  personal  notice.  The  Indians  never  draw 
in  the  style  which  we  know  as  freehand.  They  use  the  old  bark  forms  and  elaborate  their 
designs  by  laying  these  forms  on  hide,  or  woven  material,  and  tracing  them  in  outline.  These 
forms  are  very  valuable  and  are  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation.  As  the  modern 
Indian  is  losing  his  old  characteristics  by  coming  into  contact  more  and  more  with  the  white 
man  it  is  probable  that  in  another  generation  very  few  of  them  will  possess  or  understand 
the   meaning  of  these  curious   relics   of  their   ancestors. 


IN  the  redman's  long  ago,  so  the  old 
shimotgets  (Tsimpshean  chiefs)  tell 
us,  Indian  life  was  ahm  ahm  (very 
good  indeed).  Deep  down  in  the 
bosom  of  the  unsophisticated  Indian  patri- 
arch, there  lives  this  unswerving  allegiance 
to  the  ancient  fetishism  of  his  fathers,  which 
no  sacrificial  missionary  effort  can  ever 
wholly  eradicate.  It  is  there  to  stay. 
Irresistibly  he  harks  back  to  the  clinging 
shadow  of  a  half-forgotten  or  unknown 
past. 

We  may  find  him  some  fine  day  squatting 
in  the  hot  sun  on  a  long  stretch  of  parched 
sea-beach  chanting  a  dolorous  monotone  to 
the  wash  of  the  ripples  which  break  gently 
at  his  feet.  His  head  is  bowed ;  his  aged 
frame  shaking.  He  is  moving  again  among 
his  tribesmen  as  one  of  the  bravest  chieftains 
out  of  a  thousand  long  gone  to  the  happy 
hunting  ground.  Utterly  lost  in  the  ro- 
mantic past,  he  lives  over  the  days  full  of 
fighting,  fishing,  painting,  wandering,  gro- 
tesque totem  carving — the  days  when  the 
glamor  of  alheid  (Indian  deviltry)  was 
potent;  when  shamens  (Indian  medicine- 
men) with  their  bone  and  wooden  rattles, 
shook  soundness  into  the  limbs  of  sick  men 
or  by  their  weird  incantations  sent  straying 
far  away  the  souls  of  bad  men.  In  fancy 
he  revels  again  in  the  solemn  orgies  of  the 
dog-eaters  and  the  human-eaters — dances 
again  in  the  red  fire-light  of  the  long  winter 
feasts  or  lies  on  the  green  sward  at  night- 
time under  the   dome  of    a    summer    skv 


listening  to  the  whisperings  of  Shimoiget  ga 
Lahaga  (God)  the  great  Spirit-Chief  of 
the  Above,  who  spoke  to  the  redmen  from 
the  stars,  from  the  trees  and  winds  and 
waters,  revealing  many  secrets. 

I  had  been  a  missionary  among  the 
Tsimpsheans  for  about  a  year,  when  one 
day  I  talked  long  with  Comx  Clah,  a  re- 
nowned old  Indian  chief,  about  the  tradi- 
tions, superstitions  and  fetish  practices  of 
his  early  tribesmen.  He  proved  to  be  full 
of  native  lore,  but  a  real  Indian  in  that  he 
was  unwilling  to  talk  about  it. 

I  asked  him  why  the  older  Tsimpsheans 
had  not  a  deeper  desire  to  forget  all  the  bad 
past  forever. 

"I  cannot  tell,"  he  answered  simply,  and 
then  added:  "Indian  man  not  live  like 
white  man  because  he  want  to,  but  only 
because  Indian  man  think  maybe  white 
man's  way  is  right." 

I  opened  my  sketch  book  and  showed  him 
drawings  that  I  had  made  of  totems  and 
war  canoes,  and  various  native  designs 
imitated  with  infinite  pains.  This  confi- 
dence pleased  him.  I  besought  him  then  to 
explain  to  me  the  meaning  of  some  of  the 
more  hideous  designs — to  tell  me  how  at 
first  such  figures  came  to  be  wrought  out 
on  wooden  surfaces  and  skins  or  woven 
into  mats  of  beaten  bark. 

His  face  lit  up.  He  leaned  thoughtfully 
upon  his  tall  walking  staff,  the  end  of 
which  was  buried   deeply  in   the  sand.    A 

619 


620 


British  Columbia  Magazine 


strange  gleam  kindled  in  the  dim  old  eyes. 
A  legend  was  forthcoming. 

"Long,  long  time  ago,"  he  began  softly, 
"maybe  long  before  any  white  man  in 
world — long  before  Tsimpshean  villages 
came — when  only  few  of  our  people  lived 
here  first  of  all,  a  great  young  chief — 
died—" 

His  voice  grew  stronger  and  clearer  as 
his  story  grew,   telling  me  how  the  spirit 
of  the  young  chief    appeared    one    night, 
rudely  awakening  the  widowed  squaw  out 
of   her   sleep.      The   spirit    bade    her    hie 
quickly  to  the  forest  and  gather  an  armful 
of  fresh  young  cedar  bark.    Out  of  this  she 
was  to  cut  certain  reniform,  spherical  and 
other  shapes  which  he  had  outlined  on  the 
wall  in  her  absence.     Then  the  spirit  took 
the  bark  forms,  about  forty  in  all,  bent  over 
them   and   placed   them   together   in   many 
ways   upon   a    large    deer    hide,   chanting 
softly  to   himself  all   the  while.     With   a 
brittle  piece  of   charcoal   he   quickly  made 
many  outlines  of  designs,  explaining  each 
to  his  widow,  by  his  weird  song.    When  the 
morning  dawned  he  vanished.     In  honor  of 
this  early  chief  it  has  ever  been  the  custom 
to    weave    such     designs     into     mats     and 
baskets,  to  paint  them  on  skins  and  canoes, 
and  to  carve  them  upon  totems  or  boxes. 
To  this  day,  though  the  arrangement  may 
vary  greatly,   no  other   forms  appear   in   a 
Tsimpshean    design   except   those  given   by 
that  wonderful  spirit. 

"That  young  chief  and  me,"  concluded 
the  old  Indian  pointing  to  himself  with 
high  pride,  "we  belong  to  same  clan — we 
telicums   (relatives)." 

As  he  ended  his  story  Comx  Clah  ambled 
off  to  a  canoe  shanty  standing  near  by.  He 
beckoned  me  to  follow.  From  a  cache  in 
the  low  roof  he  took  a  little  bundle  wrapped 
in  buckskin. 

"These  the  Indian  patterns"  he  said,  dis- 
playing the  contents  of  his  bundle  on  a 
patch  of  earthen  floor  flooded  with  sunlight. 
The  accompanying  illustrations  are  a  few 
reproductions  from  the  pages  of  the 
author's  sketch  book.  The  notes  in  con- 
nection do  not  do  them  justice.  In  some 
cases  very  incomplete  data  could  be  obtained 
and  in  every  case  a  good  deal  of  the  Indian 
romance  is  lacking  in  the  absence  of  the 
unique  personality  of  the  Indian  himself, 
who  by  his  attitude  and  expression  more 
than  supplies  what  may  be  lost  through  his 
broken  English.     Unfortunately  the  young 


Figure  i 

generation  who  may  have  mastered  English 
perfectly  are  most  ignorant  of  ancient  lore. 
Figure  i  represents  the  whale.   This  con- 
ventional design  has  been    found    on  food 
boxes,  variously  painted  and  carved  to  the 
taste  of  the  craftsman.    The  significance  of 
the  design  depends  largely  on  its  position 
m  the  entire  decoration  and  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  colors,  if  it  is  painted.    As  seen 
by  the  author  it  was  placed    at    the  very 
bottom  of  one  side  of  a  high  food  box,  with 
two   raven   eyes   above   the   hollow   of   the 
whale's  back.     The  main  lines  appeared  in 
black,   the  cross  hatching  and  spotting  in 
green,   and   the  arrows,   fins  and   spout   in 
red.    The  design  was  said  to  read  thus: 

"I  am  a  great  chief  of  the  whale  crest, 
and  this  is  my  food  box,  which  shall  always 
be  full.     So  full  will  it  be  that  should  a 
strong  whale   be  concealed   in   its   bottom, 
the  weight  of  the  food  always  resting  above 
hirn,  will  make  him  spew  out  all  that  is 
inside     (hence    the    arrows    in    the    open 
mouth).     I  fish  in  the  nighttime  and  sleep 
m  the  daytime  upon  green  grass.     Above 
are   the   criss-cross   branches    to   shade   me 
(indicated  by  the  cross  hatching).    Around 
me   good   spirits  are   hovering   in   kindness, 
and  I  paint  this  great  picture  for  the  spirits 
to  look  at  when  no  danger  is  near  me." 

Figure  2  is  a  conventional  design  used  in 
the   remote  past   to   decorate     root    woven 


Figure  2 


In  the  Indian  Past 


621 


hats,  dancing  gear  and  native  blankets. 
The  colors  again  appeared  in  red,  green 
and  black,  and  could  be  arranged  in  har- 
mony with  the  thought  that  was  to  be  ex- 
pressed. Red  standing  alone  would  suggest 
warmth  of  affection ;  if  rimmed  with  black, 
fiery  indignation.  Black  standing  by  itself 
suggested  night ;  if  dotted  with  red, 
trouble;  if  surrounded  by  green,  death  or 
decay.  Green  was  usually  the  symbol  of 
growth  or  enlargement,  when  not  in  con- 
tact with  any  other  color.  The  design  is 
said  to  have  been  suggested  by  a  cross- 
section  of  a  salmon  head,  the  wing-like 
appendages  being  a  combination  of  fins 
added  to  emphasize  the  significance  of  the 
head.  The  design  standing  out  in  plain 
black,  just  as  we  see  it  in  the  illustration, 
would  read :  "Everything  seems  like  night. 
Just  as  the  salmon    exist    in    silence  and 


Figure  3 

darkness,  but  yet  are  alive  (with  their 
mouths  open),  so  are  we  of  the  salmon 
clan.  We  cannot  see  our  way,  but  we  are 
not  asleep.  What  we  say  is  true  (hence 
the  wings),  but  it  will  not  always  be  so," 

Figure  3  represents  halibut  eyes.  Here 
we  see  the  fish  eye  design  shorn  of  the 
wing-like  appendages.  On  boxes  and  skins 
it  seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  an 
especially  good  figure,  but  on  native  mats 
less  desirable.  As  in  Figure  2,  the  mean- 
ing of  the  design  is  clear  only  when  we 
have  the  coloring  before  us  and  note  the 
position  of  the  eyes  in  the  entire  decoration. 
Figure  4  is  a  rough  drawing  of  a  native 
food  basket  such  as  the  North  Pacific  Coast 


Indians  used  long  before  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  were   on   the  ground   to   supply 
them  with  the  more  modern  metal  cooking 
utensils.    This  basket  took  the  place  of  our 
up-to-date  stew  kettle  and    was    used    in 
boiling  soups  and    in    the    preparation  of 
various  entrees.     It  was  fashioned  by  scoop- 
ing out  a  single  piece  of  wood.     It  might 
be  over  two  feet  long  by  more  than  a  foot 
and  a  half  wide.    As  it  could  not  be  placed 
over  the  fire  an  ingenious  means  was  em- 
ployed to  heat  the  contents.     Smooth  round 
stones  were  made  hot  in  the  embers  of  the 
family   fire,    and     dropped     by     twos    and 
threes  into  the  partially-filled  vessel.    Thus 
a  vigorous  bubbling  was  effected  and  at  the 
same  time  a  smoky  savour  was  infused  into 
the  food,   which  was  thought   most   desir- 
able in  these  particular  dishes.     The  figure 
on  the  front  of  the  basket  represents  the 
face  of  an  honored  chief.   The  zig- 
zag and   other  lines  on   the  sides 
were     intended     to     distract     evil 
spirits,  who  might  be  inclined  to 
poison   the   contents   by  casting   a 
malignant  spell  over  it.    The  holes 
in    the    handles    were    not    placed 
there  for  the  fingers  in  lifting  the 
basket,    as   might   readily   be   sup- 
posed, but  were  hollowed  out  for 
the    convenience    of    good    spirits, 
who  were  thought  to  be  desirous  of  perch- 
ing in  some  secluded  place  very  near,   to 
inhale  the  rich  aroma  rising  from  the  hot 
food. 


Figure  4 


Figure  5 

Figure  5  represents  another  type  of  food 
dish.  Like  the  first  it  was  wrought  from 
a  single  piece  of  wood.  Being  shallow  it 
was  used  more  particularly  to  warm  up 
foods  or  to  keep  them  hot  after  they  had 
been  prepared  by  heating  in  the  deeper 
dishes.  Sand  and  hot  stones  were  placed 
underneath  and  a  light  slab  of  bark  laid 
over  the  dish  to  serve  as  a  cover.  The  de- 
sign in  this  instance  is  again  of  somewhat 
uncertain  significance.  It  consists  of  a  pair 
of  "sleeping  eyes"  on  the  sides  and  one 
"half-sleeping  (drowsy)   eye"  on  the  ends. 


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British  Columbia  Magazine 


Since  there  is  only  one  time  when  a  live 
Indian  may  not  eat,  namely,  when  he  is 
asleep,  some  have  tried  to  make  the  design 
suggest  limited  rations.  Then  it  might 
read  to  those  around  the  board,  something 
like  this:  "Help  yourselves  very  sparingly, 
my  friends,  just  as  though  you  were  al- 
ready full  and  about  to  sleep."  If  this  were 
the  case  the  dish  could  only  be  used  at 
times  of  straitened  circumstances.  When 
we  remember,  however,  that  such  a  sug- 
gestion would  constitute  an  insult  never  to 
be  forgotten  by  an  Indian  we  are  ready  to 
put  the  more  likely  construction  upon  the 
design  and  read  it  as  the  greater  number 
do:  "Eat  my  good  friends  till  you  are  so 
full  that  you  cannot  help  sleeping." 


I iguie  6 

Figure  6  shows  a  long  boat-like 
food  dish  unadorned  in  any  way. 
It  was  used  especially  in  connec- 
tion with  dried  foods,  such  as 
dulse,  fish  eggs,  dried  salmon  and 
halibut  and  shell-fish.  When 
"pilot  bread"  was  introduced  into 
the  Indians'  diet  by  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  this  long  wooden 
dish  became  at  once  a  suitable 
receptacle. 

Figures  7  and  8  are  both  con- 
ventional     designs     again.        The 
former  represents  the  salmon  just  about  to 
spawn.     The  eye  over  the  cross-hatching  is 
that  of  the  raven;  the  eye  to  the  right  of 


%^^ 


Figure  8 


the  cross-hatching  is  that  of 
the  bear.  Figure  8  represents 
the  single  eye  of  the  beaver. 
Painted  on  boxes  or  skins  it 
signifies  an  aggressive  disposi- 
tion in  the  owner. 

Figure  9,  the  Indian  adze 
and  stone  mallet.  Here  are 
two  of  the  most  useful  im- 
plements in  a  native  tool-kit. 
The  forest  and  sea  beach 
supply  the  crude  raw  ma- 
terials. The  blade  of  the 
adze  is  formed  of  a  hard  flint- 
like  stone  of  a  grayish  green 


Figure  7 


Figure  9 

color.       Probably    many     weary     days    of 
searching  have   revealed   it   at   last   among 
the  unfrequented  crags  of  a  far-away  forest- 
fringed    shore   beyond    treacherous 
waters.       With     infinite    pains    it 
has     been     properly     shaped     and 
ground  to  an  edge,   then  fastened 
to     the     well-seasoned     hardwood 
■^^      crook     with      tough      root      fibres 
--'■^^        and      doubly-strong     native     spun 
marsh  twine.     The  Indiati  adze  is 


In  the  Indian's  Past 


623 


employed  in  the  finer  work  of  scooping  out  with  roots.  This  forms  a  scoop.  The 
canoes  and  large  food  boxes,  in  the  carving  bound  ends  are  then  brought  upward  and 
of  great  totems  to  do  honor  to  the  dead      fastened  to  a  stick  of  wood,  as  shown  in 


and  in  the  building  of  the  well-known  na 
tive  house.  The  handle  of  the  stone  mallet 
is  usually  carved  or  painted — sometimes 
both.  The  one  in  the  illustration  is  carved 
only.  As  the  head  of  the  wolf  is  represent- 
ed here,  we  know  that  this  mallet  is  of  the 
kind  that  might  serve  the  double  purpose 
of  a  hammer  for  building  or  a  weapon  in 
battle. 


the  illustration;  this  serves  as  a  handle. 
The  Indian  woman  gathers  the  bark  but 
the  man  executes  the  work  of  making. 


Figure  10 

Figure  10  is  a  drawing  of  a  native  hali- 
but hook.  The  two  pieces  of  wood  are 
bound  together  at  the  end  by  root  thongs. 
The  bone  spur  is  fastened  in  place  like- 
wise. The  carving  represents  the  raven 
with  closed  wings — a  symbol  of  cun- 
ning. Figures  carved  thus  on  the  great 
hooks  are  believed  to  aid  greatly  in  catching 
the  halibut. 

Figure  11.  Here  is  a  sketch  of  a  cedar 
bark  device  used  by  the  Indian  to  bail  water 
out  of  his  canoe.  It  is  made  by  gathering 
together  the  beaten  ends  of  a  strip  of  young 
cedar  bark  and  tying  them  firmly  together 


Figure  12  is  a  drawing  of  an  Indian 
cradle.  It  is  a  highly  decorated  type.  The 
great  face  at  the  high  end  is  the  moon  face. 
It  assists  the  child  that  may  repose  in  the 
cradle,  to  slumber  peacefully.    The  smaller 


Figure  ii 


Figure  13 

face  at  the  other  end  of  the  cradle  is  the 
wolf  face.  No  danger  can  befall  the  sleep- 
ing inmate  while  this  face  guards  so  faith- 
fully. The  side  decoration 
consists  of  various  eyes  and  a 
few  foot-marks  so  combined  as 
to  express  tender  wishes  and  a 
number  of  dates  of  births. 

Figure  13  is  another  conven- 
tional design.  It  is  made  up 
of  the  salmon  head  and  two 
wolf  heads  one  on  either  side. 
The  design  has  been  found  on 
food  boxes  and  long  narrow 
root  baskets,  and  is  said  to  tell 
a  weird  story  about  a  beautiful 
Indian  chieftainess  of  the  sal- 
mon clan,  who  married  a  brave 
chief  of  the  wolf  clan.     ThcT 


624 


British  Columbia  Magazine 


Figure  14 


had  been  living  happily  together  only 
a  short  time,  when  the  young  chief  was 
treacherously  murdered  by  his  own  brother, 
who  immediately  forced  a  marriage  with 
the  beautiful  widow.  Driven  to  despair  by 
ill-usage,  the  woman  threw  herself  into  the 
sea  one  stormy  night  and  was  never  heard 
of  again,  except  through  the  spirits. 

Figure  14  is  an  unusually  elaborate  de- 
sign composed  of  the  twin  figures  (hu-loi- 
mo  shimoigatze),  the  raven  face,  crab  legs 
and  various  other  vague  symbolism.  The 
twin  figures  are  properly  fit  adornment  for 
a  food  box,  since  the  only  significance  con- 
ceded to  them  is  that  of  a  double  invitation 
to  eat  (fill  oneself  full  of  food).  The  same 
figures,  however,  are  found  carved  at  the 
base  of  one  of  older  totems  in  the  southern 
borders  of  Alaska,  and  also  painted  in  bright 
colors  on  a  chief's  door,  in  a  village  on  the 
west  coast  of  Vancouver  Island.  The 
raven  face,  which  constitutes  the  upper 
central  portion  of  the  design,  signifies  that 
the  chief  in  possession  of  the  article  on 
which  the  design  was  found,  was  of  the 
raven  crest  and  very  rich  in  blankets,  copper 
and  green  stone.  The  little  heads  under 
the  fists  of  the  twin  figures  give  us  to 
understand  that  two  very  powerful  chiefs, 


possibly  of  the  eagle  clan,  have  been  com- 
pletely subdued  by  the  single  daring  of  the 
chief  of  the  raven  clan.  The  crab  eyes, 
bear  eyes,  copper  representations  and  other 
symbols  comprising  the  lower  middle  part 
of  the  design,  speak  volumes,  but  as  ex- 
plained before,  must  appear  in  colors  before 
their  meaning  is  at  all  clear.  The  colors 
used  would  be  red,  green,  black  and  blue, 
the  same  rule  holding  good  in  regard  to 
the  significance  of  arrangement  as  in 
Figure  2. 

Figure  15.  When  a  canoe  is  in  need  of 
repairs  or  put  by  for  any  other  reason,  a 
rude  roof  is  usually  constructed  over  it,  in 
some  such  way  as  shown  in  the  accompany- 
ing sketch.  Native  bark-woven  mats  are 
thrown  over  this  to  keep  the  rain  out.  But 
it  is  often  the  case  that  the  wind  blows 
away  the  bark  covering,  and  then  all  winter 
the  canoe  is  more  or  less  subject  to  the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  in  spite  of  the 
trouble  taken  at  first.  Owing  to  the  long 
graceful  prow  and  the  pointed  stern  of  the 
Indian  canoe  it  cannot  easily  be  overturned. 

Figures  16  and  17  picture  to  us  two 
hideous  wooden  dancing  masks.  The  form- 
er represents  the  bear,  the  latter  a  hybrid 
of  the  wolf  and  eagle.     They  were  both 


^\C=~ 


Figure  15 


In  the  Indian's  Past 


625 


Figure  16 


carved,  and  painted  to  produce  a  most 
gruesome  effect  by  a  young  native  crafts- 
man. The  follov/ing  is  the  story  told 
concerning  them :  A  long  time  ago  a  strong 
man  of  the  Hydah  tribe  was  taken  in  war 
and  made  a  slave  to  the  Tsimpshean  people. 
Always  he  wanted  to  go  hunting  but  he 
was  never  allowed  any  great  freedom,  lest 
he  might  escape  and  return  to  his  island 
home.  One  day,  however,  he  succeeded  in 
reaching  the  outskirts  of  the  village,  alone, 
and  a  friendly  bear  (who  previous 
to  this  time  had  been  a  blue-bottle 
fly)  crept  quietly  around  the  corner  of  a 
deserted  long-house  bordering  the  forest, 
and  spoke  thus  to  him: 

"Good  friend,  you  are  now  only 
a  slave.  Your  people  should  have 
come  over  long  ago  and  fought  for 
your  freedom.  You  are  really  one 
of  their  strong  men.  They  have 
not  done  so.  Therefore  they  must 
be  punished.  What  can  be  worse 
than  being  only  a  slave!  If  j'ou 
will  come  close  to  me  and  let  me 
squeeze  you  tight  with  my  great 
paws,  you  will  become  a  spirit. 
Then  you  can  appear  before  your 
forgetful  people  with  a  big  bear's 
face  and  wide-open  human  hands 
like  wings.  This  will  frighten  them 
in  their  feasts  and  in  their  dances. 
They  will  then  be  punished." 

The  slave,  willing  to  become  a 
spirit,  advanced.  But  before  the 
bear  had  time  to  take  hold  of  him, 
a  fierce  wolf  (who  had  been  hop- 
ping about  in  the  form  of  a  toad 


all  this  while)  made  his  appear- 
ance suddenly.  Down  from  a  tall 
tree  flew  a  great  eagle  and  perch- 
ed on  the  wolf's  back  with  out- 
spread wings.  "Let  us  eat  of  your 
body — we  are  hungry — O  let  us 
eat  of  your  body  when  the  spirit 
goes  out — we  are  so  hungry?" 
they  shouted  together,  so  loudly 
that  the  poor  slave  became  greatly 
alarmed  less  they  should  arouse 
the  men  of  the  village  and  he  be 
discovered.  He  nodded  his  assent  to 
the  wolf  and  the  eagle  just  as  the 
bear  embraced  him  and  his  spirit 
took  flight.  Therefore  he  found 
himself  in  command  of  the  addi- 
tional power  to  appear  before  his 
forgetful  people,  with  a  frightful 
face  half  eagle  and  half  wolf.  Not  only 
did  he  scare  his  own  people  by  such  appear- 
ances before  them,  but  also  the  Tsimp- 
sheans,  who  so  long  had  ill-used  him  as  a 
slave.  For  years  all  the  most  important 
Tsimpshean  feasts  and  dances  had  been 
broken  up  by  the  sudden  appearance  of 
these  two  ugly  faces.  A  happy  thought  at 
last  struck  one  of  the  young  men,  a  clever 
craftsm^an  of  his  people.  He  carefully  re- 
produced the  two  ugly  faces  of  the  appar- 
ition in  wood,  shaping  them  like  masks. 
These  he  hid  till  the  next  great  feast.  Then 
he  watched   for    the  Hydah    slave    spirit. 


Figure  17 


626 


British  Columbia  Magazine 


When  the  big  bear  face  appeared,  he  quickly  likeness  that  he   disappeared,   never    again 

put   on   the   bear   mask;    when   the   wolf-  to   return.     The   two    famous    masks  are 

eagle     face     presently     showed     itself     he  guarded    jealously   by   one     of     the    early 

masked  himself  with  the  second  mask.     So  missionaries,  who  counts  them   among  his 

terrified  was  the  spirit  at  his  own  hideous  m.ost  valuable  curios. 


Editorial  CjorriTnent 


THE  GOVERNOR-GENERAL 

THE  approaching  visit  of  the  Duke  of  Connaught  to  British 
Columbia  provides  us  with  an  opportunity  for  definitely  fixing 
in  our  minds  the  relationship  of  a  governor-general  to  the 
national  life  of  Canada.  A  governor-general  is  sure  to  be  welcomed 
and  honored  by  us  because  by  virtue  of  his  office  he  represents  what- 
ever of  national  dignity,  power  and  worth  Canada  possesses  as  a 
result  of  the  patriotism,  commonsense  and  rightmindedness  of  her 
citizens — no  more  and  no  less. 

In  acclaiming  him  we  are  indirectly  setting  the  seal  of  our 
approval  upon  those  of  our  fellow-citizens,  past  and  present,  who 
have  done  something  worth  while  for  this  country  as  a  whole.  The 
labors  of  the  Fathers  of  Confederation  (one  of  whom,  we  are  proud 
to  note,  is  spending  the  evening  of  his  days  in  this  province — the 
veteran  Sir  Charles  Tupper),  as  well  as  the  labors  of  such  men  as 
Laurier  and  Borden,  and  others  still  with  us,  find  expression  through 
the  office  of  the  governor-general.  When  our  cousins  in  New  York 
recently  honored  the  Duke  of  Connaught  they  were  paying  a  tribute 
to  the  Canada  which  public-spirited  citizens  have  built  up  and  made 
a  mighty  nation. 

It  is  inevitable  that  here  and  there  are  individuals  amongst  us 
whose  mental  development  has  been  arrested  and  warped  so  that 
they  cannot  grasp  this  fact.  They  could  not  be  patriotic  if  they 
tried.  Their  eyes  are  turned  inward  so  that  they  do  not  see  Canada, 
British  Columbia,  or  even  the  city  in  which  they  live.  They  see 
only  themselves.  These  are  the  men  who  rush  in  where  true 
Canadians  fear  to  tread,  and  they  humiliate  only  themselves  by 
proposing  '^resolutions"  that  public  funds  should  not  be  used  for 
entertaining  ''royalty."     Being  self-centred  they  do  not  realize  that 


Editorial  Comment 


627 


by  Withholding  honor  from  the  representative  of  their  country  they 
are  pubhshing  the  fact  that  they  themselves  have  never  done  any- 
thing for  their  country  worthy  of  honor.  These  men  supply  the 
inequalities  in  human  society,  where  they  loudly  claim  only  equality 
should  exist.  When  these  little  men  step  up  to  the  level  of  those 
who  have  by  their  patriotism  and  self-sacrifice  made  it  possible  for 
Canada  to  have  a  governor-general,  all  men  will  become  more 
nearly  equal. 

Instead  of  carrying  their  own  little  private  horizon  about  with 
them  they  should  learn  to  look  at  the  broad  horizon  of  national  life, 
the  hindmost  boundary  of  which  is  marked  by  the  heroic  labors  of 
the  Fathers  of  Confederation  and  those  who  preceded  them  in  the 
task  of  laying  the  foundations  of  Canada,  and  the  foremost  boundary 
of  which,  the  point  towards  which  the  eyes  of  all  true  Canadians 
are  turned,  is  illumined  by  the  rising  sun  of  a  glorious  future  of 
might,  majesty,  power  and  dominion. 

The  occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  governor-general — any  govern'or- 
general — provides  an  acid  test  which  these  thoughtless  citizens  apply 
to  themselves  in  the  same  reckless  way  that  the  untutored  savage 
slashes  his  body  with  a  knife  for  the  good  of  his  soul,  and  so  demon- 
strate to  us  that  they  are  not  pure  gold.  The  visit  of  the  Duke  of 
Connaught  should  remind  us  of  the  labors  of  those  who  made  Canada 
a  factor  amongst  the  nations,  and  a  growing  influence  for  the  good 
of  our  fellowmen  throughout  the  world. 

*         *         * 

EARL  GREY  ON  THE  LABOR  UNREST 

ARL  Grey's  recent  presidential  address  to  the  Labor  Co-part- 
nership Association  contains  much  material  of  much  more  than 
the  usual  speech-making  value.  It  is  a  matter  of  interest  to 
every  Canadian  when  Lord  Grey  has  anything  to  say  on  any  public 
question.  The  wisdom  and  generosity  of  his  public  service  in  Canada, 
the  warm  and  sympathetic  appreciation  he  has  shown  toward  us  and 
our  institutions  during  the  whole  period  of  his  public  service  here 
from  1904-1911,  to  say  nothing  of  his  larger  and  wider  experience  as 
an  Imperial  administrator,  make  it  a  matter  of  some  moment  when  he 
advances  an  opinion  on  the  subject  of  the  national  crisis. 

The  Daily  Mail  quotes  from  this  presidential  address  some  inter- 
esting selections.  The  first  thing  which  would  strike  a  disinterested 
observer  in  Lord  Grey's  attitude  toward  the  labor  problem  is  his  will- 
ingness to  face  the  facts  in  a  thoroughly  democratic  spirit  and  with  a 
broad  outlook  which  entitle  his  words  to  profound  consideration.  He 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  since  1900,  owing  to  the  results  of  better 
education,  the  average  standard  of  living  has  been  considerably 
raised,  and  that  while  wages  have  risen  only  3  per  cent.,  the  retail 
prices  of  food  have  risen  9.3  per  cent.  "Consequently,"  he  says,  "the 
manual  workers  find  themselves  in  straitened,  pinched,  and  most  dis- 


628  British  Columbia  Magazine 

tressing  circumstances The  problem  before  us  is  how  to 

organize  our  industry  on  lines  the  fairness  of  which  will  be  generally 
admitted.  Fair  play  is  the  keynote  of  our  British  character,  and  I 
am  satisfied  if  employers  and  employed  are  properly  approached,  that 
wherever  a  feeling  of  mutual  sympathetic  regard  exists  between  them 
they  will  both  be  prepared  to  consider  fairly,  and  to  meet  fully,  each 
other's  just  requirements.  This  is  the  belief  on  which  we  build  our 
hopes  of  the  future  greatness  of  this  country.  Remove  this  belief  and 
the  outlook  is  one  of  blackest  gloom." 

Lord  Grey  deplores  the  fact  that  labor  and  capital  in  the  in- 
dustries of  today  are  organized,  not  in  one,  but  in  opposing  camps, 
''with  the  object  not  so  much  of  promoting  the  common  well-being  of 
all  connected  with  industry  as  of  securing  whatever  advantage  can 
be  obtained  in  the  prosecution  of  their  common  industry  for  them- 
selves. The  members  of  each  camp  consequently  regard  each  other 
with  distrust  and  suspicion.  The  capitalist  is  inclined  to  give  the 
minimum  that  is  necessary  to  secure  the  labor  which  he  requires,  and 
the  worker  in  return  considers  that  all  that  should  be  required  from 
him  is  the  minimum  of  labor  which  will  save  him  from  dismissal. 

"Then  not  only  have  we  to  consider  the  limiting  effect  on  the 
efficiency  of  industry  caused  by  the  fact  that  capital  and  labor  are 
ranged,  not  in  one,  but  in  opposing  camps;  but  we  have  also  to  con- 
sider the  effect  on  the  attitude  of  the  men  towards  the  management 
caused  by  the  growing  tendency  of  the  small  business  to  be  swallowed 
up  by  the  large  combine.  In  such  cases,  the  old  feeling  of  mutual 
affection,  confidence,  and  esteem,  which  in  the  past  bound  together 
employer  and  employed,  has  been  destroyed,  and  it  must  be  obvious 
that  unless  we  can  adopt  methods  which  will  restore  in  a  new  and  per- 
haps in  a  more  satisfactory  manner  the  old  spirit,  the  efficiency  of 
industry  and  the  prosperity  of  the  nation  will  both  suffer." 

In  answer  to  the  question  of  what  is  to  be  done.  Lord  Grey 
presents  the  answer  of  co-partnership,  and  as  to  the  ideal  of  this  he 
says  it  is  a  system  under  which  worker  and  consumer  shall  share  with 
capitalists  in  the  profits  of  industry. 

''Under  our  present  system  the  whole  of  the  surplus  profits  go  to 
capital,  and  it  is  the  object  of  capital  to  give  the  worker  the  least  wage 
for  which  he  will  consent  to  work,  and  to  charge  the  consumer  the 
highest  price  he  can  be  persuaded  to  give;  conversely  it  is  the  object 
of  labor  to  give  as  little  as  possible  for  the  wage  received. 

"Now  that  is  a  system  which  cannot  possibly  satisfy  the  require- 
ments of  a  civilized  and  well-organized  society.  What  we  want  is 
a  system  which  will  safeguard  the  consumer,  and  also  provide  the 
worker  with  a  natural,  self-compelling  inducement  to  help  the  in- 
dustry with  which  he  is  connected.  That  system  is  provided  by  co- 
partnership. Co-partnership  insists  that  the  workers  have  a  right  to 
participate  in  the  net  profits  that  may  remain  after  capital  has  re- 
ceived its  fixed  reward.    In  a  co-partnership  business,  just  as  the  re- 


Editorial  Comment  629 

ward  of  labor  is  fixed  by  the  trade  union  rate  of  wages,  so  the  reward 
of  capital  is  fixed  by  the  amount  which  it  is  necessary  for  the  industry 
to  give.  That  amount  will  vary  correspondingly  with  the  security  of 
the  risk  attending  the  industry  in  question.  If  the  industry  is  a  safe 
one,  it  will  be  able  to  obtain  the  capital  required  by  giving  a  small 
interest;  if  the  industry  is  a  risky  one,  it  will  be  necessary  to  offer 
capital  better  terms. 

"Then  if  there  should  be  surplus  profits  available  for  division 
after  labor  has  received  its  fixed  rewards,  namely,  trade  union  rate 
of  wages,  and  after  capital  has  received  its  fixed  reward,  namely,  the 
rate  of  interest  agreed  upon  as  the  fair  remuneration  of  capital;  I  say, 
if,  after  these  two  initial  charges  have  been  met,  there  should  still  be 
left  surplus  profits  to  distribute,  that  instead  of  their  going  exclusively 
to  capital  they  should  be  distributed  betv/een  labor  and  capital  on 
some  principle  of  equity." 

Lord  Grey  proceeds  to  mention  a  number  of  cases  illustrating  the 
different  phases  of  the  co-partnership  idea  which  have  been  attended 
by  great  economic  success,  and  he  comments  upon  them  as  follows : 

"Now  in  these  cases  I  have  quoted,  and  I  could  refer  to  many 
others,  a  unity  of  interest  is  established  between  labor  and  capital, 
with  the  result  that  there  is  a  general  atmosphere  of  peace  and  of 
mutual  brotherhood  and  goodwill. 

"Capital  receives  the  advantage  of  greater  security.  Labor  is 
secured  the  highest  rate  of  wage  the  industry  can  afford. 

"Now  what  does  the  substitution  of  such  conditions  for  the  con- 
ditions generally  prevailing  today  in  England  mean  for  our  country? 
Who  shall  estimate  the  difference  between  the  value  of  willing  and 
unwilling  service?  The  Board  of  Trade  will  tell  you  that  a  man 
paid  by  piece-work  is  generally  from  30  to  50  per  cent,  more  effective 
than  a  man  paid  by  time. 

"If  the  co-partnership  principle,  whrch  is  better  than  piece-work, 
because  it  tends  to  produce  identity  of  interest  between  capital  and 
labor,  were  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  time-paid  workers  from  30 
to  50  per  cent.,  just  think  of  the  result,  and  yet  the  fact  that  co- 
partnership might  add  from  30  to  50  per  cent,  to  the  efficiency  of 
the  worker  is  urged  by  many  trade  unionists  as  a  reason  against  co- 
partnership. They  seem  to  fear  that  the  result  of  making  men  co- 
partners will  be  to  cause  them  to  give  25  per  cent,  better  labor  and  to 
receive  only  50  per  cent,  more  wage.  No  system  can  be  right  which 
is  based  on  the  assumption  that  self-interest  calls  for  a  man  to  give 
his  worst  instead  of  his  best.  When  I  compare  Canada  with  England 
I  am  struck  by  the  fact  that  whereas  Canada's  greatest  undeveloped 
asset  is  her  natural  resources,  England's  greatest  undeveloped  asset 
is  her  natural  resources,  England's  greatest  undeveloped  asset  is  man 
himself.  How  to  get  each  man  to  do  his  best  is  the  problem  before 
England  today.  It  is  because  co-partnership  harnesses  to  industry 
not  only  the  muscle  but  the  heart  and  the  intelligence  of  the  worker 


630  British  Columbia  Magazine 

that  we  are  justified  in  regarding  it  with  reverence  and  enthusiasm 
as  the  principle  of  the  future." 

The  frank  recognition  of  the  situation  and  the  keen  desire  for 
fair  play  for  everybody  concerned,  the  recognition  of  the  claims  of 
all,  and  the  reprobation  of  class  feeling  and  class  struggle  are  all  in- 
dications of  those  elements  of  mind  and  heart  (for  the  time  has  not 
come  that  both  these  elements  are  not  essential  in  Imperial  state- 
craft) which  show  Lord  Grey  as  a  statesman  of  the  first  quality  as 
well  as  the  first  magnitude. 

There  are  capitalists  in  the  British  Empire  and  their  parlia- 
mentary represe,ntatives  (generally  lawyers)  who  would  have  the 
Empire  run  as  to  its  politics  and  its  business  by  the  capitalist.  There 
are  laborites  who  also  have  their  representatives  in  Parliament  who 
would  have  the  Empire  controlled  by  the  workingman.  In  other 
words,  we  find  in  industry  the  same  narrow  partisanship  which  we 
find  in  politics,  and  we  estimate  the  outcome  in  a  legal  enactment 
which  may  be  considered  a  counting  of  noses  or  a  resultant  of  forces. 
The  attitude  of  the  real  statesman  in  anything  like  a  national  crisis, 
as  that  for  example  which  is  admittedly  the  cause  of  the  vast  national 
labor  unrest,  is  to  find  if  possible  some  broader  outlook  or  some 
broader  foundation  than  anything  which  can  be  oflfered  by  class 
trouble  for  the  solution  of  our  national  problems.  This  broader  out- 
look is  the  one  which  is  given  by  Lord  Grey.  In  it  he  upholds  the 
finest  traditions  of  the  British  aristocracy  in  its  treatment  of  the  work- 
ing classes  who  have  been  under  them,  in  marked  distinction  some 
times  and  not  to  the  advantage  of  the  industrial  classes. 

Earl  Grey  is  the  type  of  statesman  we  should  like  to  see  prime 
minister  of  Great  Britain.  He  is  a  friend  of  the  operatives  of  Great 
Britain. 


^/orld  Politics 

Tke  Panama  Canal  and  Its  Relation  to  tke 

Britisk  Empire 

By  VA.UGHAN  CORNISH,  D.Sc,  F.R.G.S.,  F.G.S. 


IN  1910,  when  I  paid  my  third  visit 
to  the  works  of  the  Panama  Canal,  I 
was  advised  by  the  engineers  to  be 
there  before  May  i,  19 12,  in  order 
to  see  the  last  of  the  excavations  before  the 
closing  of  the  spillway,  by  which  the  waters 
of  the  Chagres  River  have  hitherto  escaped 
to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Accordingly  I  sailed  on  March  27  last 
by  the  R.M.S.P.  Oruba  for  Colon,  and 
spent  from  April  15  to  May  7  upon  the 
works. 

Sailing  for  England  on  the  latter  date,  I 
only  arrived  at  Southampton  on  May  31, 
the  ship  having  been  accidentally  detained. 
Thus  I  have  had  little  time  before  the  last 
meeting  of  the  session  on  the  nth  inst.  for 
the  preparation  of  a  written  paper,  the 
voyage  itself  being  sacred  to  the  observation 
of  waves.  By  the  aid  of  lantern  slides,  pre- 
pared from  photographs  taken  by  myself 
last  month,  I  shall,  however,  be  able  to 
explain  viva  voce  the  latest  stage  of  the 
canal  works. 

The  plan  of  the  completed  canal  is  as 
follows:  First,  the  formation  of  a  sheltered 
basin  in  Limon  Bay  by  means  of  one,  and 
perhaps  two,  breakwaters.  That  from  the 
fortified  Toro  Point  on  the  west  is  nearing 
completion.  The  dredging  of  a  channel, 
with  a  depth  of  forty  feet  of  water  from 
that  depth  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the 
shore,  and  through  the  low  swampy  ground 
as  far  as  Gatun.  Here  is  a  double  flight  of 
three  locks,  and  abutting  on  their  walls  to 
the  west  an  immense  earthen  dam  which 
blocks  the  lower  valley  of  the  Chagres 
River.  Through  the  centre  of  this  great 
earthen  mound  is  the  concrete-lined  spill- 
way which  is  the  controlling  apparatus  of 
the  canal.  The  gates  of  this  spillway  were 
closed  during  my  visit  on  April  30,  and  the 
waters  of  the  Chagres  and  its  tributaries 
are  now  rising  behind  its  concrete  wall  and 


flooding  the  low-lying  country  at  the  back, 
which  will  ultimately  form  Lake  Gatun,  a 
sheet  of  water  which  will  cover  more  than 
164  square  miles.     The  final   level   of   its 
surface  will  be  -\-  87  feet,  that  is  to  say,  87 
feet  above  mean  tide.     I  shall  describe  later 
the  stages   by  which    this    level    will    be 
reached.     For  the  present  I  am  speaking  of 
the   finished  canal.     The  three  locks  will 
raise  vessels   to   this    maximum    height   of 
eighty-seven   feet   and    they    will    proceed 
under  their  own  steam  and  at  a  good  rate 
of  speed  across  the  broad  waters  of  the  lake 
for  about  twenty-two    miles    to  Gamboa. 
From  here  to  Pedro  Miguel,  a  distance  of 
of  about  eight  miles,  is  a    great    artificial 
canon,   the    celebrated    Culebra  Cut.     At 
Pedro  Miguel  a  single-flight  lock,  in  dupli- 
cate, lowers  the  ship  to  the  surface  of  the 
artificial  lake  of  Miraflores,  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  length,  and  finally  a  double 
flight  of  twin  locks  lowers  the  ship  to  the 
level  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  eight  miles 
through  low  swamps  and  out  to  sea  brings 
the  vessel   to   deep    water  in    the    Pacific 
beyond   the  new  port  of   Balboa,   situated 
west  of  Panama.     The  Naos  Island  dyke 
protects  this  part  of  the  canal  from  silting 
currents  and  connects  the   mainland  with 
fortified  islands.     The  total    length    from 
deep  water  in  the  Atlantic  to  deep  water  in 
the  Pacific  is  about  fifty  miles.    The  Cule- 
bra Cut  is  being  got  out  to  -f-  40  feet,  that 
is  to  say,  40  feet  above  mean  tide.     This 
gives  a  depth  of  forty-seven  feet  of  fresh 
water  when  the  lake  is  full  at  the  end  of  the 
wet  season,  and  it  is  intended  to  maintain  a 
minimum  depth  of  forty-one  feet  of  fresh 
water  in  the  cut  throughout  the  dry  season. 
The   usable   length   of   the   locks   is    1,000 
feet,  their  width  1 10  feet,  and  the  minimum 
bottom  width  of  the  Culebra  Cut  will  be 
300  feet  in  the  straight.   The  greater  width 

631 


632 


British  Columbia  Magazine 


at  the  curves  will  allow  even  large  ships 
to  turn  under  their  own  steam. 

So  much  for  the  canal  as  it  is  to  be. 
I  proceed  to  describe  its  present  condition 
and  the  steps  by  which  its  completion  will 
be  attained. 

At  Gamboa  the  river  Chagres  first 
crosses  the  line  of  the  canal.  There  is  at 
present  a  dyke  here,  the  summit  of  which 
is  at  +  79  f^^t.  The  waters  of  the  Chagres 
are  being  allowed  to  accumulate  at  the  back 
of  the  spillway  until  a  depth  of  fifty  feet 
is  reached,  which  will  flood  all  the  valley  as 
far  as  this  dyke  and  will  raise  the  water 
against  the  dyke  ten  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  bottom  of  the  Culebra  Cut,  which  it 
protects  from  flooding  by  the  Chagres 
River.  The  water  will  be  held  at  this  level 
until  the  end  of  the  dry  season,  19 13. 
Meanwhile  the  concrete  dam  of  the  spill- 
way will  be  built  up  to  -\-  69  feet,  and  the 
gates  fitted  above  so  that  the  surface  of  the 
water  can  rise  to  its  full  height.  As  soon 
as  the  lake  has  risen  to  -|-  79,  the  height 
of  the  dyke,  which  it  is  calculated  will  be 
the  case  by  August,  19 13,  the  dyke  will  be 
dynamited  and  the  water  let  into  the  cut. 

Let  us  now  see  what  has  to  be  done 
meanwhile  in  the  cut.  Both  ends  are  now 
down  to  the  final  depth  of  -\-  40  feet. 
There  is  at  the  bottom  a  long,  low  mound 
three  and  a  half  miles  long  and  twenty- 
seven  feet  high  in  the  middle,  which  still 
has  to  be  shaved  off;  and  the  full  width  at 
the  bottom  is  not  yet  excavated  for  some 
miles.  The  main  part  of  the  work,  how- 
ever, which  has  to  be  done  is  the  removal 
of  "top  weight"  from  the  sides  of  the  cut. 
This  is  the  crux  of  the  whole  matter. 
Originally  the  sides  of  the  cut  were  got  out 
as  for  a  bottom  width  of  200  feet,  but 
in  the  midst  of  the  operations  an  adminis- 
trative order  was  received  by  the  Isthmian 
Canal  Commission  instructing  them  to 
make  the  bottom  width  of  the  canal  300 
feet.  The  means  which  were  adopted  to 
meet  this  sudden  change  of  plan  were  not 
so  judicious  as  those  relating  to  other  prob- 
lems which  had  been  elaborated  with  due 
forethought  and  care.  The  commission 
endeavored  to  achieve  the  object  by  steep- 
ening the  sides  of  the  cut.  Since  then  the 
slopes  of  the  Culebra  Cut  have  been  in  a 
continual  state  of  disintegration  and  col- 
lapse. I  saw  the  whole  process  at  its  worst 
in  1910.  It  is  still  going  on,  but  with 
diminished  intensity.    The  most  disquieting 


feature  was,  and  to  a  diminished  extent 
still  is,  the  bulging  of  the  bottom  of  the 
canal  owing  to  the  weight  of  the  high  and 
steep  banks,  which  attain  in  one  place  an 
altitude  of  494  feet  above  canal  bottom. 
My  recent  visit  was  undertaken  largely  for 
the  purpose  of  forming  an  independent 
judgment  as  to  whether  the  difficulties  of 
these  peculiar  landslides,  for  which  I  pro- 
pose the  term  "isostatic  landslides,"  can  be 
overcome  by  the  date  officially  stated  for  the 
opening  of  the  canal.  The  whole  subject 
of  landslides,  isostatic  and  otherwise,  is 
complex  and  difficult;  and  although  of  the 
very  greatest  interest  I  feel  that  its  ade- 
quate treatment  would  be  out  of  place  in  a 
paper  for  this  institute,  it  being  purely  a 
matter  of  physical  science.  I  therefore  con- 
tent myself  here  with  the  following  state- 
ment, namely,  that  in  the  course  of  three 
weeks  on  the  spot  I  carefully  examined  and 
estimated  the  difficulties  of  completing  the 
Panama  Canal,  particularly  those  due  to 
the  phenomenon  for  which  I  propose  the 
name  of  isostatic  landslides  in  the  Culebra 
Cut.  I  also  studied  the  means  which  the 
commission  possesses  for  coping  with  these 
difficulties;  and,  having  had  nearly  six 
j^ears'  experience  of  the  progress  of  Panama, 
it  is  my  opinion  that  in  the  hands  of  the 
chief  engineer,  Col.  G.  W.  Goethals, 
U.S.A.,  the  difficulties  will  be  so  far  sur- 
mounted that  there  will  be  a  practicable 
waterway  for  ships  some  time  during  the 
autumn  of  1913. 

I  will  ask  the  reader  to  carry  his  mind 
back  for  a  moment  to  the  position  of  the 
dyke  at  Gamboa  at  the  northern  end  of  the 
cut,  in  order  to  follow  the  further  stages 
by  which  this  end  will  be  achieved.  The 
water  of  Lake  Gatun  having  risen,  as  I 
have  said,  to  -[-  79  by  August,  1913,  and 
the  dyke  having  been  dynamited,  the  cut 
will  be  filled  to  a  depth  of  thirty-nine  feet. 
Meanwhile  the  spillway  at  Miraflores  and 
the  Pedro  Miguel  dam  will  have  been  com- 
pleted. Dredgers  will  be  brought  from  the 
Pacific,  particularly  the  large  dredger  sent 
out  from  Scotland  via  Cape  Horn,  through 
the  Miraflores  and  Pedro  Miguel  locks  and 
will  finish  up  any  further  excavation  which 
is  required  in  the  Culebra  Cut.  As  soon 
as  the  water  is  in,  a  ship  will  be  passed 
through  as  experiment. 

I  draw  attention  to  the  circumstance 
that  the  confusion  as  to  the  dates  assigned 
for  the  opening  of  the  canal  is  largely  due 


World  Politics 


633 


to  the  fact  that  it  is  required  for  military 
as  well  as  commercial  purposes.  The  canal 
will  be  commercially  usable  before  it  is 
"finished";  for  it  is  a  military  canal  and 
will  not  be  "finished"  until  it  can  fulfil  the 
military  purposes  for  which  it  is  being  con- 
structed, which  are  the  continuous  and 
expeditious  transportation  of  the  whole  of 
the  United  States  fleet,  with  or  without  a 
number  of  large  transports.  For  this  the 
waterway  must  be  cleared  of,  and  safe 
from,  obstructions,  the  machinery  must  be 
tuned-up  to  concert  pitch,  and  the  operating 
staff  organized  and  trained  to  work  the 
whole  thing  with  clockwork-like  precision. 
The  canal  will  not  be  declared  "open"  until 
it  is  finished  in  the  military  sense,  hence  the 
confusing  discrepancy  of  dates.  The 
autumn  of  191 3  will  be  an  experimental 
stage,  scarcely  suitable  perhaps  for  pas- 
senger ships  which  cannot  brook  delay. 
1914  will  be  a  year  of  commercial  use,  dur- 
ing which  all  the  traffic  which  comes  along 
will  be  efficiently  handled,  though  perhaps 
at  times  somewhat  slowly.  From  January 
I >  191 5)  the  day  of  official  opening,  every- 
thing should  work  with  promptness  and 
precision. 

A  singular  piece  of  work  will  have  to  be 
done  when  the  level  of  the  waters  of  Lake 
Gatun  have  risen  to  +  80  feet.  Materials 
will  then  be  taken  in  vessels  far  away  into 
the  recesses  of  the  tropical  forest  on  the 
upper  waters  of  the  river  Trinidad.  Here 
there  is  a  low  saddle  in  the  hills,  Cano 
saddle,  the  crest  of  which  is  at  -f-  87  and  by 
which  the  waters  of  the  lake  might  escape 
to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Here  a  dyke  150 
feet  long  will  be  built  up  to  a  height  of 
+  105  feet,  which  is  the  height  finally 
decided  upon  for  the  summit  of  the  Gatun 
dam. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  for  me  to  re- 
peat here  the  story,  which  has  been  now  so 
often  told  both  by  others  and  myself,  of  the 
complete  stamping  out  of  yellow  fever  in 
Panama,  but  for  which  the  canal  would 
probably  not  have  been  made.  I  will,  how- 
ever, mention  somie  of  the  latest  researches 
which  have  been  carried  out  on  the  Isthmus 
in  regard  to  malarial  fever.  The  distance 
which  mosquitoes  fly  is  a  very  important 
feature  in  deciding  upon  means  of  preven- 
tion, and  one  very  difficult  to  estimate.  The 
sanitary  department,  having  hatched  the 
larvae  of  anopheles  alhamanus,  stained  the 
adults  and  let  them  fly.     It  was  found  that 


many  flew  1,000  yards  against  a  light 
breeze,  and  some  as  much  as  a  mile.  It  has 
been  found,  however,  that  where  breeding 
places  cannot  be  done  away  with  over  a 
sufficient  area  much  can  be  done  to  reduce 
the  malarial  rate  by  catching  quickly  the 
mosquitoes  which  enter  the  dwelling  house. 
The  im.portance  of  promptitude  arises  from 
the  fact  that  every  anapheles  mosquito  is 
harmless  when  she  first  comes  from  the 
forest.  To  facilitate  catching,  a  low  roof 
and  light-colored  walls  are  advisable.  The 
following  is  an  example  of  what  can  be 
done  in  this  way.  On  a  low  marshy  spot 
a  gang  of  colored  men  were  living  in  disused 
carriages  of  the  Panama  railroad.  They 
were  not  supplied  with  quinine.  A  hundred 
yards  horizontally  distant  from  them,  but 
on  the  summit  of  rising  ground,  in  care- 
fully screened  buildings,  was  a  camp  of 
United  States  marines,  who  were  daily 
dosed  with  quinine.  In  the  railroad  car- 
riages the  mosquitoes  were  collected  twice 
a  day;  in  the  screened  barracks  of  the 
marines  there  was  no  collection.  The 
malarial  rate  was  very  much  higher  among 
the  marines  than  among  the  men  living  in 
the  old  railroad  carriages.  Progress  is  also 
being  made  in  the  designing  of  mosquito 
traps. 

In  concluding  this  portion  of  my  paper  I 
must  express  the  great  delight  and  satis- 
faction with  which  I  have  revisited  the 
Panama  Canal  works  and  met  again  those 
able  and  devoted  men  under  whose  care  this 
great  work  will  undoubtedly  reach  a  suc- 
cessful conclusion.  It  is  unnecessary  foi 
me  again  to  testify  to  the  remarkable  quali^ 
ties  displayed  by  the  chairman  of  the  Isth- 
mian Canal  Commission,  my  friend  Colonal 
Goethals,  for  they  are  now  widely  recog- 
nized and  appreciated. 

The  Panama  Canal  is  owned  and  will 
be  operated  by  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  and  will  be  fortified  and 
garrisoned  by  them.  The  foreign  relations 
of  the  Republic  of  Panama,  in  which  the 
canal  is  situated,  are  undertaken  by  the 
United  States.  By  the  Hay-Pauncefote 
treaty  (1901)  with  Great  Britain,  the 
United  States  undertakes  that  the  canal 
shall  be  open  on  terms  of  entire  equality 
to  ships  of  all  nations,  whether  merchant 
vessels  or  ships  of  war,  during  times  of 
peace  and  during  hostilities. 

The  permanent  relation  of  the  Panama 
Canal  to  the  British  Empire  is  geographical, 


634 


British  Columbia  Magazine 


and  consists  in  the  reduction  of  sea  dis- 
tances which  it  effects.  These  I  proceed  to 
summarize.  I  shall  not  attempt  to  deduce 
the  consequences  which  may  be  expected, 
with  more  or  less  certainty,  to  follow  in  the 
future  as  effects  of  the  relation ;  but  I  an- 
ticipate that  this  is  the  line  which  will  be 
followed  in  a  discussion  which  can  hardly 
fail  to  be  of  considerable  interest. 

The  following  reductions  of  actual 
steaming  distances  are  mostly  based  upon 
the  figures  originally  published  on  the 
authority  of  the  United  States  Hydro- 
graphic  Bureau.  For  Vancouver,  and  all 
other  ports  north  of  Panama  on  the  West 
Coast  of  North  America,  a  reduction  of 
8,400  miles  to  New  York,  about  7,000 
miles  to  Montreal,  and  6,000  miles  to 
"Liverpool.  The  reduction  to  Nev/  Orleans 
is  even  greater  than  that  to  New  York. 
The  reduction  to  Antwerp  and  Hamburg 
is  nearly  the  same  as  to  Liverpool. 

For  ports  on  the  West  Coast  of  South 
America  the  reductions  of  distance  vary 
from  the  above  maximum  at  Panama  to 
zero  near  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
continent.  The  average  reduction  is  about 
5,000  miles  to  New  York  and  2,600  to 
Liverpool.  The  distance  from  Yokohama 
to  New  York  is  diminished  by  3,700  miles, 
the  reduction  to  Montreal  being  about 
1,000  miles  less.  Shanghai  is  brought  1,600 
miles  nearer  to  New  York,  The  distance 
from  Hong  Kong  to  New  York  is  not  re- 
duced, but  Manila  is  sixteen  miles  nearer 
by  Panama  than  by  Suez.  The  only  part 
of  Asia  which  is  brought  nearer  to  Europe 
is  part  of  the  Siberian  coast. 

Sydney  is  brought  3,800  miles  nearer  to 
New  York,  by  way  of  Tahiti  and  about 
2,500  miles  nearer  to  Montreal.  Omitting 
the  call  at  Tahiti  the  reductions  are  400 
miles  greater.  The  distance  from  Mel- 
bourne to  New  York  is  reduced  by  2,600 
miles  via  Tahiti,  and  from  Wellington, 
N.Z.,  by  2,500  miles.  The  distance  to 
Wellington  is  reduced  by  a  further  360 
miles  if  the  call  at  Tahiti  be  omitted. 
Yokohama,  Sydney  and  Melbourne,  at 
present  nearer  to  Liverpool  than  to  New 
York,  will,  after  next  year,  be  nearer  to 
New  York  than  to  Liverpool. 

Australia  is  peculiarly  placed  with  ref- 
erence to  the  routes  by  Suez  and  Panama 
respectively.  Both  will  serve  her  trade 
with  the  manufacturing  districts  of  Europe 
and  of  the  eastern  part  of  North  America. 


Thus,  for  Perth  and  Fremantle  the  Suez 
and  Panama  routes  are  about  equidistant  to 
New  York,  whilst  Adelaide  is  about  as  far 
from  Liverpool  via  Suez  as  it  is  from  New 
York  via  Panama.  East  of  Australia  runs 
a  north-and-south  line  in  which  all  points 
are  at  an  equal  distance  from  New  York, 
whether  the  Panama  or  Suez  route  be 
taken.  Japan,  Korea,  the  Philippines,  and 
New  Guinea,  as  well  as  most  of  Australia, 
are  in  the  zone  or  band  for  which  the  Suez 
and  Panama  routes  offer  rival  advantages. 
If  we  examine  these  distances  from  the 
point  of  view  of  a  trader  in  the  United 
Kingdom  we  shall  be  apt  to  note,  probably, 
that  although  there  is  an  absolute  ad- 
vantage for  him,  yet  there  is  relatively  a 
disadvantage  as  compared  with  the  trader 
in  the  United  States.  This  apparent  dis- 
advantage is,  at  all  events  for  the  present, 
discounted  by  the  fact  that  the  Americans 
do  not  carry  their  goods  to  foreign  coun- 
tries, but  leave  this  profitable  task  to  ships 
flying  other  flags,  of  which  ours  come  first. 
We  may  look  forward  with  confidence  to 
the  establishment  by  the  great  British  and 
European  steamship  companies  of  services 
from  European  waters  to  New  York  and 
San  Francisco  via  the  Panama  Canal,  and 
on  to  Asia,  connected,  I  presume,  with 
other  ships  of  the  same  companies  at  Hong 
Kong.  Thus  for  the  first  time  circum- 
navigation will  be  practicable  north  of  the 
equator.  The  British  West  Indies  are  no 
longer  at  the  entrance  to  a  cul  de  sac  but 
are  placed  on  a  highway  of  commerce.  All 
are  brought  near  to  British  Columbia. 
Jamaica  becomes  a  position  of  first-class 
strategic  importance  to  the  whole  Empire. 
Trinidad  is  on  a  new  line  of  communication 
from  the  North  Pacific  countries  to  the 
ports  of  Brazil  and  the  Argentine. 

Although  the  engineers  are  so  well  ad- 
vanced with  their  work  at  Panama,  Con- 
gress is  somewhat  late  in  fixing  the  tolls 
and  the  conditions  for  the  operation  of  the 
canal  when  made.  The  rate  of  one  dollar 
per  ton  net  register  has  been  so  invariably 
used  as  a  basis  of  calculation  by  the  experts 
that  it  is  generally  supposed  this  rate  will 
be  adopted;  still  nothing  can  be  certain 
until  Congress  has  said  the  last  word,  and, 
partly  for  this  reason,  it  is  likely  that  the 
amount  of  shipping  passing  through  the 
canal  at  the  time  of  its  first  opening  may 
not  be  very  great,  for  these  things  require 
time  and  preparation.    But  that  the  amount 


World  Politics 


635 


of  shipping  which  ultimately  will  make  use 
of  the  canal  v/ill  be  very  great  is,  I  think, 
certain.  The  growth  of  the  world's  trade 
has  gone  on  at  such  a  rapid  and  increasing 
rate  of  late  yeai'^  that  a  canal  which  serves 
half  the  world  is  sure  to  be  kept  busy,  and 
I  have  little  doubt  that  ultimately  this 
Canal,  although  built  primarily  for  a  mili- 
tary purpose,  will  bring  in  a  handsome  rev- 
enue to  the  American  Government.  As  a 
great  engineering  people  ourselves,  we  shall, 
I  trust,  extend  a  generous  appreciation  to 
the  magnificent  feat  which  the  Americans 
have  performed  at  Panama. 

As  friends  and  admirers  of  the  French 
nation  we  shall  not  forget  that  the  plan 
which  has  been  followed  for  a  high-level 


canal  is  substantially  that  which  was  so 
skilfully  drawn  up  by  the  French  engineers; 
nor  should  it  be  forgotten  that  when  they 
handed  over  the  work  to  the  Americans 
they  had  already  excavated  more  material 
than  the  whole  of  that  required  for  making 
the  Suez  Canal. 

As  a  sea-going  people  we  may  congratu- 
late ourselves  on  the  approaching  comple- 
tion of  a  work  which  gives  new  advantages 
to  sea  transportation;  and  as  rulers  of  a 
maritime  empire  we  must  look  with  satis- 
faction to  the  opening  of  a  waterway  which 
will  diminish  the  formidable  distances  by 
which  the  unsociable  sea  separates  the  shores 
of  our  constituent  countries. 


* 


* 


British  Goiumbia  and  the  Panama  CanaF 


SHOULD  be  very  glad  to  say  a  few  words  if  Mr.  Cornish  has 
not  said  all  I  wanted  to  say  about  the  relations  between  the 
British  Empire  and  this  ample  ditch.  We  are  in  danger  that 
its  real  significance  will  pass  by  us,  by  reason  of  that  curious  freak 
of  human  nature  that  makes  it  almost  impossible  for  any  person  to 
understand  the  full  meaning  of  what  is  going  on  in  his  immediate 
time  and  in  his  immediate  presence.  One  of  the  regrettable  limita- 
tions of  the  human  family  which  statesmen  must  reckon  with  is  the 
inability  of  most  men  and  women  correctly  to  gauge  the  value  of 
present  and  immediate  events.  They  are  likely  to  be  long-sighted 
or  short-sighted;  they  seldom  see  straight.  What  I  mean  is  that  it  is 
very  easy  to  overestimate  the  value  of  tomorrow's  game  of  golf,  and  it 
is  A^ery  easy  to  underestimate  the  importance  of  a  project  like  the 
Panama  Canal.  Carlyle  once  quoted  somebody  to  the  effect  that  men 
look  before  and  after;  and  he  added  the  observation  that  the  thing  he 
wondered  at  was  that  they  never  looked  round  about  them.  Some- 
times we  take  the  trouble  to  anticipate,  but  mostly  our  faces  are 
turned  towards  the  past,  and  it  is  good  for  us  to  ponder  the  homely 
philosophy  of  Adam  Bede,  "I  never  knowed  any  good  to  come  of 
a'watering  of  last  year's  crop." 

To  the  seeing  and  thinking,  several  new  and  vastly  important 
problems  are  presented  by  this  canal,  and  several  old  ones  are  thrust 
with  insistent  persuasion  upon  all  those  who  will  have  power  to 
give  serious  attention  to  serious  things. 

*Speech  made  by  Dr.  F.  B.  Vrooman  (Editor  of  the  British  Columbia  Magazine)  at  the 
Royal  Colonial  Institute,  London,  on  the  occasion  of  the  reading  of  Dr.  Vaughan  Cornish's 
paper  on  "The  Panama  Canal  and  Its  Relation  to  the  British  Empire."  (See  Page  631.) 
Lord  Brassey  was  chairman  on  this  occasion. 


636  British  Columbia  Magazine 

Speaking  generally,  the  Panama  Canal,  aside  from  its  political 
aspect,  bears  a  direct  relationship  to  every  natural  resource  of  the 
British  Empire  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  that  both  industrially 
and  commercially.  Just  what  that  relationship  is  today  does  not 
matter  so  much  as  what  it  will  be  when  these  vast  resources  shall 
have  been  discovered  and  developed,  principally,  so  far  as  this  argu- 
ment is  concerned,  in  Australasia  and  British  Columbia,  and  when 
the  new  trade  routes  have  been  opened  and  occupied  by  British 
shipping. 

We  are  also  indirectly  related,  commercially,  through  the 
New  Era  inaugurated  by  this  canal,  to  such  resources  of  the 
United  States  as  in  the  future  shall  be  exported,  and  for  which 
the  United  States  has  no  shipping  facilities.  In  other  words,  as  to 
both  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  United  States,  probably  nine- 
tenths  of  which  will  be  carried  in  foreign  bottoms ;  and  a  goodly 
share  of  that  is  open  to  the  competition  of  British  commerce.  All 
this  means  that  if  we  like  we  may  have  our  share  in  the  natural 
resources  of  our  own  Empire  on  the  Pacific,  and  a  lion's  share  of 
the  world's  commerce  on  the  Pacific,  provided  we  have  not  definitely 
abandoned  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  yellow  man. 

Briefly  stated,  the  relation  of  the  Panama  Canal  to  the  British 
Empire  is  the  relation  of  the  sea  to  supremacy,  of  ships  to  the  sea. 

Nothing  is  more  certain  than  that  if  we  hope  to  profit  by  this 
new  commercial  world  movement  now  beginning  we  must  have  an 
Imperial  navy  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  not  only  worthy  of  the  best 
traditions  of  the  British  race,  but  which  will  be  adequate  to  protect 
all  our  new  interests  on  that  ocean,  as  well  as  all  our  old  ones.  But 
how  are  we  facing  this  situation  in  this,  the  second  decade  of  the 
twentieth  century?  We  have  withdrawn  our  navy  and  left  our 
commercial  interests  to  flourish  by  courtesy  of  the  nation  which  is 
destined  to  be,  and  is  already,  our  keenest  rival  on  Western  waters. 
If  this  is  good  statesmanship  it  is  at  least  very  bad  business,  for 
Japan  has  set  out  for  the  mastery  of  the  Pacific,  and  she  has  assumed 
that  role  by  our  leave. 

Unless  the  Empire  is  ready  to  go  out  of  business  there  is  no 
sane  policy  which  may  stop  short  of  building  battleships — and  more 
of  them.  It  is  time  for  every  Briton  to  understand  that  we  are  not 
confronting  an  easy  situation.  There  are  no  possible  solutions  for 
our  problems  which  do  not  involve  expenditure  and  sacrifice.  We 
must  keep  on  building  ships  as  long  as  we  have  iron  to  use,  or  gold 
to  buy  it  with,  and  it  is  time  we  understood  that  all  the  British 
money  which  is  now  going  into  Japanese  warships  should  be  build- 
ing British  warships.  We  must  come  to  this  policy  or  lose  the 
game.  Indeed,  I  believe  that  we  are  approaching  once  more  a 
heroic  age  in  British  history  when  we  shall  be  called  upon  squarely 
to  face  again  the  "categorical  imperative"  involved  in  that  word 


World  Politics  637 

made  glorious  and  made    British    by    many  a  national    hero,  the 
simple,  plain,  homely  word  DUTY. 

But  instead  of  facing  the  inevitable  what  are  we  doing?  In- 
stead of  pursuing  the  policies  which  upheld  Nelson  and  Wellington 
we  are  adopting  a  policy  of  economy,  retrenchment  and  retreat.  We 
have  taken  to  farming  out  our  defences.  I  wonder  how  many  of  us 
appreciate  the  humiliation  of  our  position;  but  the  humiliation  of 
our  position  is  not  the  only  factor,  there  is  the  danger  of  it.  We  are 
drifting  along  in  our  lotus-eating  policy  toward  slow  Imperial 
suicide.  We  have  called  home  our  ships  from  the  seven  seas,  and  I 
remember  the  warning  of  Mr.  Garvin  a  few  weeks  ago  that  the 
calling  home  of  the  legions  heralded  the  downfall  of  Rome.  You 
have  withdrawn  your  fleet  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  left  the  de- 
fences of  British  Columbia  and  Australasia  to  the  fleet  of  Japan. 
You  are  withdrawing  your  fleet  from  the  Mediterranean  and  you 
are  keeping  your  corn  routes  open  by  courtesy  of  France.  The 
next  logical  step  in  this  un-British  programme  is  to  turn  over  to 
Russia  the  defence  of  the  Indian  Empire. 

This  monstrous  situation  is  raising  in  more  than  one  breast  the 
question  "Is  the  Empire  to  break  of  its  own  weight?  Are  we  no 
longer  equal  to  the  tasks  of  Imperial  defence?"  There  is  some- 
thing shameful  in  such  a  situation,  while  there  are  men  and  money 
available  in  the  Empire.  There  is  something  shameful  in  your 
putting  British  money  in  Japanese  warships,  if  you  have  not  enough 
money  to  put  into  British  warships  with  which  to  defend  the  Empire. 

We  need  once  more  an  Imperial  programme;  indeed,  we 
must  have  an  Imperial  programme  if  we  are  to  remain  an  Empire. 
Let  Canada  and  Australia  co-operate  with  Great  Britain  at  once 
in  the  construction  of  an  adequate  Pacific  navy  and  an  adequate 
Pacific  mercantile  marine  to  keep  pace  with  the  new  expansion  of 
trade  and  industry  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  to    be    opened    through 

Panama. 

This  Canal  promises  this  Empire— if  we  are  equal  to  the 
opportunity — an  extension  of  its  commerce  beyond  anything  known 
in  the  history  of  the  v/orld  before,  beyond  the  prosperity  of  those 
days  when  seventy  per  cent,  of  all  the  ships  which  sailed  the  sea 
flew  the  British  flag.  But  our  present  policies  of  Imperial  defence 
will  not  only  make  all  this  impossible,  but  will  render  us  unequal  to 
competing  even  as  a  second-rate  nation  in  the  new  birth  of  world 
trade,  in  the  New  Era  of  the  New  Pacific. 

This  canal  promises  this  Empire  an  opening  up  in  Australasia 
and  British  Columbia  of  harbors  and  cities  which  today  are  wild 
wooded  inlets  with  here  and  there  a  fishing  village  or  hunting  camp. 
But  if  these  harbors  are  to  be  defended  by  a  Japanese  fleet,  they 
will  become  Japanese  assets,  and  we  shall  live  to  see  the  fulfillment 
of  that  weird  and  doleful  prophecy  of  Dr.  Pearson  twenty  years 


638  British  Columbia  Magazine 

ago,  who  foresaw  the  gradual  widening  of  the  yellow  zone  around 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  until  white  supremacy  had  passed  away. 

It  is  only  too  easy  for  us  to  rest  on  our  laurels  and  to  assume 
that  is  confronting  the  British  Empire  at  the  present  moment  and 
every  moment,  and  which  we  must  not  forget,  and  dare  not  forget, 
that  because  we  always  have  been  secure  and  prosperous  that  we 
always  shall  be.  We  find  it  only  too  easy  religiously  to  observe  our 
holidays  and  enjoy  our  sport,  and  as  assiduously  to  ignore  the  fact 
is  the  problem  of  the  survival  of  the  British  Empire  itself.  It  is 
-  all  very  well  to  turn  proudly  to  our  history  and  conclude  from  the 
great  achievements  of  the  past  that  we  are  to  be  invincible  in  the 
future;  but  the  first  thing  required  of  every  Briton  just  now  is 
to  face  the  new  situation  of  a  new  world.  We  do  not  have  to  go 
back  to  Babylon  to  find  evidence  of  the  mutability  of  human  affairs. 
We  need  not  revert  to  the  Middle  Ages  to  find  that  national  suprem- 
acies do  not  last  forever.  Gladstone  and  Disraeli  had  won  their 
niches  amongst  the  immortals  before  the  creation  of  the  German 
empire  out  of  unorganized  populations  aggregating  twenty-five 
millions  of  people,  but  which  already  has  driven  the  British  people 
to  the  strait  of  abandoning  the  defences  of  the  Empire  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  defences  at  home.  Practically  within  two  decades  Japan 
has  had  its  meteoric  rise  among  the  racial  groups  of  men,  and  has 
forced  a  disturbing  factor  into  the  political  equilibrium  of  the 
world. 

Five  years  ago  there  was  no  government  on  earth  more  safely 
and  securely  entrenched  in  its  institutions,  its  finance,  its  autocratic 
ruler  than  that  of  Mexico.  The  man  who  for  half  a  century  has 
dictated  its  affairs  became  an  outcast  from  home,  a  fugitive  from 
his  native  land,  weltering  in  chaos.  Five  years  ago  no  human  being 
would  have  had  the  hardihood  to  predict  a  successful  revolution 
in  China;  but  this  world's  wonder  has  been  accomplished  and  the 
ancient  dynasty  has  been  overthrown.  One  revolution  may  follow 
another,  and  who  may  prophesy  what  will  be  the  outcome. 

Whatever  may  be  the  millenial  dreams  of  kindly  and  well- 
intentioned  sentimentalists  of  that  good  time  coming  when  every 
man  shall  love  his  neighbor  as  himself,  and  when  the  political 
arrangements  of  nations  shall  be  conducted  according  to  the  golden 
rule,  that  time  has  not  yet  come.  We  are  told  of  it  in  increasing 
armaments  and  in  new  national  ambition ;  in  wars  and  rumors  of 
war  and  preparations  for  war.  On  the  whole  nations  are  still  ruled 
by  force,  and  the  world  is  run  by  force.  If  this  is  true,  then  we 
must  be  that  force.  The  Panama  Canal  is  an  insistent  reminder 
that  our  supremacy  is  afloat,  and  that  now,  as  before,  and  as  it  ever 
shall  be,  "England's  fleet  is  her  all-in-all." 


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A  RADICAL  change,  or,  in  other 
words,  a  revolution,  is  certainly 
taking  place  in  the  Old  Country 
at  the  present  time,  and  during  the 
transition  period  the  feeling  of  uncer- 
tainty and  unrest  is  naturally  causing 
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homes  in  over-sea  lands,  preferably  under 
the  Old  Flag,  In  any  case,  Great  Britain 
•s  overcrowded,  or,  rather,  the  towns  and 
■''tips  are,  and  there  is  little  hope  for  im- 
provement within  a  decade ;  but  eventually 
affairs  in  the  United  Kingdom  will  be  put 
on  a  better  basis,  and  the  rejuvenated  na- 
tion will  fully  maintain  its  old  ground  in 
the  place  of  power,  for  the  benefit  of 
humanity  in  general  and  its  own  people  in 
particular. 

In  the  meantime  the  tide  of  emigration 
is  flowing  strongly,  and  Canada,  being  the 
nearest  of  Great  Britain's  daughters,  has, 
or    should    have,    the    advantage    over    the 


other  colonies.  Whether  it  is  good  policy 
to  rush  unduly  the  settlement  of  the 
Dominion  is  a  matter  that  can  be  discussed 
and  discussed,  and  only  posterity  will  prove 
the  correctness  or  otherwise  of  the  present 
system. 

Of  all  the  provinces,  the  climate  of 
British  Columbia  is  the  most  congenial, 
which  is  a  big  factor  in  the  matter  of 
settling  the  land ;  and,  undoubtedly,  British 
Columbia  is  the  Mecca  of  all  new-comers 
who  are  in  a  position  to  choose  for  them- 
selves. Other  provinces  may  have  to  as- 
sist settlement  for  their  lands,  but  British 
Columbia  has  no  need  to  assist  settlers,  as 
sufficient  come  of  their  own  accord ;  and 
usually  they  are  of  the  right  sort,  because 
they  know  the  expense  is  greater  to  reach 
British  Columbia  than  elsewhere. 

The  towns  and  cities  of  British  Columbia 
are  extending  rapidly,  and  much  is  being 
done  for  the  settlement  of  the  lands.  In 
the  general  order  of  things  the  wealth  of 
the  cities  should  reflect  the  prosperity  of 
the  country  proper,  but  such  is  not  the  case 
in  British  Columbia  today.  Here  we  have 
very  little  in  the  shape  of  real  industries  to 


Invest  Now  In  New  Westminster 

There  is  no  better  opportunity  in  Canada  than  New  Westminster  real 
estate.  We  have  the  best  listings  in  New  Westminster.  We  also  have 
FARMS   FOR   SALE  in  the  beautiful  Fraser   Valley. 


648  Columbia  Street 

Cable  Address  :  "  Sherrose  " 


SHERRIFF,  ROSE  &  CO. 

(Members  ot  Board  of  Trade) 

NEW    WESTMINSTER,  B.C. 


Codes:  ABC  5th  Edition,  Western  Union 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


support  our  cities,  which  are  thriving  on 
the  abnormal  prosperity  due  to  the  huge 
amounts  being  spent  on  railway  construc- 
tion for  the  opening  up  of  the  country. 
To  some,  that  would  appear  to  be  a  danger, 
but  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  whole  of 
the  prosperity  is  warranted  and  can  be 
maintained,  because  the  resources  of  British 
Columbia  are  unlimited,  and  as  the  country 
is  opened  up  the  tremendous  areas  of  avail- 
able land  will  not  long  remain  untouched, 
so  that  revenue  from  products  will  more 
than  equal  the  present  heavy  spending  on 
new  lines  when  railway  construction  begins 
to  fall  off. 

British  Columbia  today  is  riding  high  on 
the  wave  of  prosperity,  and  its  credit  stands 
second  to  none.  It  must,  however,  be 
borne  in  mind  that  this  country  is  only 
an  infant,  and  an  infant  whose  growth  is 
abnormal.  There  is  so  much  to  do  that  I 
am  sure  our  statesmen  must  often  feel  that 
their  best  efforts  are  all  too  little.  New 
towns  are  springing  up  on  all  sides,  and 
every  help  must  be  given  to  foster  the 
spirit  of  emulation.  Rivalry  is  healthy,  and 
each  step  in  reclaiming  wild  lands  and 
bringing  them  to  the  producing  stage  not 


only  means  advancement  for  that  particu- 
lar district  but  also  for  the  province  as  a 
whole. 

All  power  to  the  splendid  efforts  of  the 
government  toward  settling  the  land,  and 
to  those  who  are  instrumental  in  doing  the 
actual  work.  And  all  the  more  power  to 
such  efforts  when  the  aim -is  to  people  the 
lands  of  this  province  with  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  the  Old  Country,  members  of  our 
own  race.  We  can  be  proud  to  welcome 
them,  and  they  can  be  happy  through  the 
opportunities  that  British  Columbia  affords. 

At  one  time  I  used  to  picture  Canada  as 
a  huge  sheet  of  clean  blotting  paper,  and 
the  stream  of  newcomers  as  a  bottle  of  ink 
being  poured  over  the  blotter.  Today,  and 
each  day,  I  realise  that  Canada  is  still  the 
sheet  of  blotting  paper,  but  each  jear's  total 
of  new  settlers  represents  merely  a  scratch 
of  the  pen  on  the  blotter,  the  Dominion 
is  so  vast. 

And  Vancouver,  the  port  of  British 
Columbia,  will,  as  sure  as  the  sun  rises  and 
sets,  prove  in  time  to  be  the  New  York  of 
the  West — with  this  distinction  and  ad- 
vantage to  the  Britisher:  he  will  still  be 
living  under  his  own  flag. 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


The    \Vestern  Route 

CANADIANS  have  a  hazy  idea  of  the 
great  development  of  Pacific  trade 
to  be  expected  from  the  operation 
of  the  Panama  Canal.  •  But  few  realize  the 
great  effect  it  is  bound  to  have  upon  the 
transportation  of  Western  grain,  and,  con- 
sequently, upon  the  profits  reaped  by  Can- 
adian growers.  As  things  are  at  present, 
every  hundred  miles  further  west  that  the 
wheat  grower  is  located  means  a  reduction 
of  a  cent  or  so  in  his  net  returns.  It  is 
calculated  that  had  the  Panama  route  been 
in  operation  during  last  year's  shipping 
season.  Alberta  farmers  would  have  re- 
ceived at  least  $3,000,000  more  for  their 
crop.  Calgary  is  1,250  miles  from  Fort 
William  and  only  half  that  distance  from 
Vancouver.  From  Calgary  to  Montreal  is 
1,000  miles  more,  and  the  rate  is  $8.80  per 
ton,  or,  roughly,  40c  for  each  100  miles. 
At  the  same  rate  the  haul  from  Calgary  to 
Vancouver  would  be  $2.60  per  ton.  It  is 
claimed  that  one  ton  of  freight  can  be 
carried  by  water  1,000  miles  for  a  dollar. 
From  Alberta  by  the  eastern  route,  the 
present  rate  is  28c  in  summer,  or  35c  in 
winter,  and  it  is  calculated  that  with  the 
Panama  Canal  open  the  rate  would  be  only 
23c  all  the  year  round,  an  average  saving 
of  5c  in  summer  and  12c  in  winter.  From 
Saskatchewan  the  saving  would  not  be  so 
marked,  the  present  rate  of  24c  being  re- 
tained in  summer,  but  reduced  from  31c  to 
27c  in  winter,  while  from  Manitoba  prob- 
ably the  reduction  would  be  scarcely  any- 
thing. All  this  is  on  the  assumption  that 
eastern  freights  would  remain  as  they  are 
now,  whereas  it  is  altogether  probable  that 
a  general  reduction  would  be  deemed  ad- 
visable by  the  railroads  and  eastern  shipping 
agencies. 

Another  very  important  point  is  that 
there  would  be  no  dead  season.  Pacific 
ports  are  open  all  the  year  round  and  there 
would  be  no  necessity  for  the  present 
terriffic  haste  to  get  grain  away  before  the 
close  of  navigation.  In  this  connection, 
however,  there  is  one  doubt  which  comes  to 


our  minds.  Greatei  care  would  need  to  be 
taken  in  shipping  wheat  by  the  Panama 
route,  as  the  constant  heat  would  tend  to 
damage  the  grain  unless -properly  dried. 


PRINCE  RUPERT  PROPERTIES 

NEW  HAZELTON  PROPERTIES 

HARDY  BAY  PROPERTIES 

For  maps,  blueprints  and  full  information  re- 
garding the  above,  the  greatest  and  best  invest- 
ment opportunities  in   British  Columbia 

Ask  Uncle  Jerry 

203  Carter-Cotton  Building,  VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 

Twenty-two  branch  offices  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States. 

Address  Head  Office,  "Uncle  Jerry,"  203 
Carter-Cotton    Building,    Vancouver,    B.  C. 


GEORGE  LEEK,  618  3rd  Ave.,  PRINCE  RUPERT 


YOUR  MONEY  WILL  EARN  10  TO  15  PER  CENT. 

invested    in  safe  business  properties  in  SOUTH  VANCOUVER;  I  guarantee  that  your  money 
will  earn  at  least  10  per  cent.  WRITE  AT  ONCE  TO 


R.  J.  McLAUGHLAN 


4443  Main  Street,  South  Vancouver 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


NICHOLSON    IRRIGATED    FRUIT    LANDS 


THE  LAND 


THE   valley  of  Kettle  River,    tributary  of  the 
Columbia,   in  Southern   British   Columbia,   is 
already   famous   for   the   richness   and    high 
quality  of  its  standard   winter   apples. 

It  is  the  choicest  of  irrigated  fruit  land,  vol- 
canic ash  and  sandy  loam  soil  with  gravel  sub- 
soil, perfect  natural  drainage,  most  desirable 
altitude,  most  favorable  climate,  perpetual  wa- 
ter supply  and  irrigation  system  already  estab- 
lished,  free  to   the   owner. 

Grows  the  finest  of  fruits  right  at  the  home 
of  the  highest  priced  consumer,  within  ten  hours 
by  Canadian  Pacific  or  Great  Northern  Railways 
from    Pacific    Coast   seaport    cities.    " 


. 

p^  -iJ^^^R 

i     i 

British   Columbia 

Irrigated  Orchard 

Paradise 

In  Singularly  Favored 

Kettle  River  Valley 

THE  PRICE 

THE  beautiful  Nicholson  Estate  has  been  cut 
up  into  irrigated  orchard  tracts  of  various 
sizes,  all  irrigated  and  ready  for  cultiva- 
tion. We  are  now  able  to  offer  these  superb 
tracts  of  10  acres  each,  more  or  less,  at  from 
$175  to  $250  per  acre — the  cheapest  first-class 
irrigated  fruit  land  ever  offered  anywhere,  and 
$100    per   acre    cheaper   than    neighboring    lands. 

Terms,  one-fourth  cash,  balance  in  five  semi- 
annual payments.  We  also  arrange  for  expert 
cultivation   of  these   lands  at   estimated   cost. 

There  are  but  a  few  of  these  faultless  fruit 
farms  at  these  prices.  Write  at  once  for  full 
information,  detailed  price  list,  maps,  etc.  No 
one  may  hope   to  see   the   like  again. 


ARDELL  &  KIRCHNER,  Metropolitan  Building,  Vancouver,  B.  C. 


OMMERCIi^J 

Hat^dbookI 

EIOHTK    YKAR, 

I 


HEATON'S  AGENCY 

A  Financial  Clearing  House 


We  are  constantly  receiving  enquiries  from 
parties  in  Great  Britain  and  other  countries  who 
want  to  make  investments  in  Canada. 

We  are  in  close  personal  touch  with  the  best 
financial,  land  and  investment  firms  in  every 
province,  and  we  are  always  pleased  to  furnish 

introductions  to  bona  fide  investors.     An  introduction  from  this  Agency  will 

command  special  attention. 

THE  1912  EDITION  CONTAINS 
THE    LAST    CENSUS    RETURNS 

Heaton's  Annual  circulates  all  over  the  ivorld.  A  copy 
ivill  he  mailed  to  any  established  firm  for  examination  and 
purchase  or  return.    The  price  is  One  Dollar;  postage  12c. 


HEATON'S  AGENCY 


32  Church  St.,  Toronto,  Ont. 


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WHITE    ROCK    AND    BEACH 


Enjoy  the  Sea   Breeze 
at  Beautiful 

WHITE 
ROCK 


It  is  the  ideal  camping  and  summer  resort.  Only  sixty  minutes'  run  by  the  G.  N.  R. 
from  Vancouver,  it  possesses  advantages  not  to  be  found  at  any  other  resort  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  i.e.,  a  splendid,  clean,  firm,  sandy  beach,  rendering  bathing  safe  and  ideal ;  first-class 
train  service  (both  local  and  express  trains  stop  at  White  Rock)  ;  good  and  abundant 
drinking-water;  delightful  scenery;  post  office  with  daily  mail;  and  three  stores.  Choice 
lots  facing  the  sea  can  be  had  now.  Go  down  and  select  your  camp  site  for  this  summer's 
use.  The  railroad  fare  is  $1.35  return  for  the  week-end  from  Vancouver,  and  80  cents 
from  New  Westminster;  there  are  four  trains  each  way  daily.  If  you  purchase  this  month 
we  can  quote  you  special  prices  and  terms. 

PRICES  $3S0  to  $750 
$50  DOWN    AND  $50   EVERY  SIX   MONTHS 


WHITE,  SHILES  &  COMPANY 


TOWNSITE    AGENTS 


NEW    WESTMINSTER    AND    WHITE    ROCK 


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BRITISH    COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


W.  G.  WALKER  B.  G.  WALKER.  I.P.  OTWAY  WILKIE 


Walker  Bros.  &  Wilkie 

REAL   ESTATE   AND    INSURANCE   AGENTS 


Specialists  in  South  Vancouver,  Burnaby,  New 
Westminster     and     Fraser   Valley    Properties 


Rooms  5  and  6  Also  at 

B.C.    ELECTRIC   RAILWAY   OFFICES,  341    CAMBIE    STREET,    VANCOUVER 

NEW    WESTMINSTER  Phone  Seymour  5125 

Phone  No.  1105  ^°*^ 

EDMONDS,  BURNABY 

Phone  418  N.  Westr. 


LAKEVIE^V    GARDENS 

The   Choicest   and   Cheapest 

FRUIT   LANDS 

in  British  Columbia 

Situated  seventeen  miles  south  of  Kamloops  in  a  PROVEN  fruit-growing 

district. 

Enjoy  a  delightful  and  healthful  CLIMATE,  a  rich,  fertile  fruit  SOIL, 
an  abundance  of  pure  WATER,  excellent  TRANSPORTATION  FACILI- 
TIES, fine  ROADS,  good  MARKETS  at  high  prices,  and  are  suburban 
to  an  important  city. 

LAKEVIEW  GARDENS  are  CLEARED  and  READY  TO  PLANT,  and 
can  be  purchased  in  blocks  of  ten  acres  and  upwards,  on  EXCEPTIONALLY 
EASY  TERMS  at 


$125  to  $200 


PER   ACRE 
INCLUDING   WATER 


«p^^^     ja        ^r  T  A  TTJ'     sis    Hastings   Street  West 


Vancouver,  British  Columbia 


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BRITISH    COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Used  in  Canada  wherever  good  printing  is  done." 


THE 


Dominion  Printing  Ink 


AND 


Color  Co.  Limited 

MANUFACTURERS    OF 

PRINTING  AND  LITHO  INKS 
DRY  COLORS  AND  VARNISHES 

PRINTERS-USE  THE  BEST! 

We  make  a  specialty   of   Inks   for  y 

magazines  and  catalogue  work.     The  9 

Saturday  Sunset,  British  Columbia 
Magazine,  Commercial  Review^,  Retail 
Grocer,  and  many  other  high-class 
publications  are  printed  with  Inks 
made  by  us. 


J    .»-'•; 

"l 

% 

-J;-      . 

1  •'! 

-f     ■    r  -.-  b:  - 

J/  >■  *  « 

.-l-'-U 


128-130  Pear§  Avenue,  Toronto,  Canada 


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ti 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


POINT  GREY 


^  TO  the  man  in  search  of  a  home  under  ideal  conditions, 
in  a  truly  delightful  neighborhood,  Point  Grey  offers  well 
nigh  irresistible  inducements. 

^  AS  a  view  point  alone  it  stands  unique  in  the  City  of 
Vancouver.  The  blue  waters  of  the  Inlet,  the  vast  ex- 
panse of  the  Gulf,  the  snow-capped  mountain  range,  the 
dark  mass  of  Stanley  Park  and  the  crowded  buildings  of 
the  City,  are  spread  out  in  one  glorious,  unequalled  pan- 
orama. 

^  PURE  sea  air,  refreshing  breezes,  charming  walks,  con- 
genial society,  splendid  educational  facilities  and  ample 
provision  for  amusement,  all  within  easy  reach  of  the 
business  district  of  the  City,  are  at  the  command  of  the 
man  who  makes  his  home  at  Point  Grey. 


WE  own  or  control  a  million  dollars  worth  of  the  choicest 
view  lots,  carefully  bought  in  the  best  positions.  Prices 
are  low,  and  terms  easy.     Full  particulars  on  application. 


ALVO  von  ALVENSLEBEN 

UMITED 

744  Hastings  St.  W.  VANCOUVER 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA     MAGAZINE 


■^."^ 


^^r 


SUPREME 


L. 


in  tne 


th 


raveling 


or. 


xo  Travel  East  on 


vhe  Olympian 

IS    to   travel    amia    every    convenience    ana    luxury  or   the 
twentietK  century.      Unique   in  its  conception  and  sumptuous 
in  its  appointments,  *^^e  Olympian     represents  the  very  neigntn 
of  accomplisnment   in    railroad   equipment   ana   service.     Factors 
that  appeal  to  tne  critical  ana  discerning  passenger  are  the  distrib- 
ution of  "Olympian-grams,    giving  bulletins  of  tne  important  events 
of    tKe    day,    and    the     afternoon    serving    of    tea    in    the    lounge 
observation   car — whicn   occasion  is  presided   over  by   one   of   the 
lady  travelers.      Otber  features   are    tbe  scrupulous   train   clean- 
liness; made  possible  by  tbe  vacuum  cleaning  system;  tbe  advan- 
tage of  long  distance  telepbone  connection  at  stations;  tne  con- 
venience of  library,    writing   room,  barber   sbop,   batn  room, 
clotbes    pressing,     men  s    club    room    and    buffet;    and    tne 
cojnfort    of   bertbs  tbat  really  are  "longer,  nigncr  and 
wider     tban   on    any   otber   road. 
1  raveling  becomes  a  pleasure  on 
tbis  palatial  train  as  it  speeds 
Through         ^^       onward  over  "tbe  sbort- 
Train  daily         ^^       ^^^  route  to  tbe  East." 
to  Chicago  leaves 
Seattle  10:15  A.  M. 


Chicago,  ^Milwaul^ee 
&  T^uget  Sound  Ry. 


A.  W.  NASE 

Commercial  Agent 

V  ancouver,  B.  C. 


C.  A.  SOLLY 

Commercial  Agent 
Victoria,  B.  C. 


GEO.  W.  HIBBARD.  General  Passenger  Agent,  Seattle 
R.  M.  CALKINS.  Traffic  Manager 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


3  Days  on  the  Atlantic 

The  St.  Lawrence  River  Route 

No  more  magnificent  river  trip  can  be 
found  anywhere  else  in  the  world.  A  two- 
day  sail  down  the  mighty,  placid  river  on 
the  splendid  Roj/al  Mail   Steamships 

ROYAL  EDWARD 
ROYAL  GEORGE 

— two  days  of  unequalled  scenic  and  historic  interest 
— then  a  little  more  than  three  days  on  the  Atlantic 
to  Bristol  (Avonmouth).  Special  express  trains  whisk 
the    traveler    to    LONDQN    IN    TWO    HOURS. 

These  steamers  are  in  a  class  by  themselves  in 
Appointment,  Seaworthiness  and  beauty  of  Interior. 

The  Private  Suites  of  Apartments;  luxurious  Public 
Cabins  treated  after  historic  periods  in  decorative  art, 
are  unexcelled  by  anything  on  the  Atlantic. 

For  all  information  apply  to  steamship  agents,  or 
to  the  followins  general  agencies  of  the  Company: 
272  Main  Street,  Winnipeg,  Man. 
Canadian  Northern  Building,  Toronto,  Ont, 
226-30  St.  James  Street,   Montreal,   Que. 
120  Hollis  Street,   Halifax,   N.  S. 
250  Market  Street,   San   Francisco,   Gal. 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


UTILITY  BOARD 

THE   IDEAL    SUBSTITUTE   FOB    LATH 
AND   PLASTER 

It  is  waterproof,  rigid,  and  may  be  used 
on  the  walls,  panelled  or  papered,  with- 
out the  risk  of  splitt'ng  at  the  joints; 
and  being:  moderate  in  price  is  all  that 
can  be  desired  for  finishing  the  interior 
walls  and  ceilings  of  bungalow  or  man- 
sion. 

Samples   and   Prices   from   the   Agent 

Wm.  C.  Thomson  &  Co. 

319   Pender   Street   West 
Phone  Sey.  3394  VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


INVESTMENTS    IN    BRITISH    COLUMBIA 

OUR  BEST  BUY  THIS  MONTH 

425  FEET  WATERFRONTAGE  ON  ERASER  RIVER 

in  line  with  the  Government  Harbor  Plans  for  Greater  Vancouver 
We  invest  money  to  pay  7  per  cent,  on  Mortgages,  12  per  cent,  on  agreements  of  sale 

C.  L.  MERRITT  &  CO. 


410   Homer  Street 


Vancouver,  B.C. 


NORTH   VANCOUVER   INVESTMENTS 

QORTH   VANCOUVER,   opposite   Vancouver,   on   Burrard   Inlet,   is   the   Coming 
Great  City  of  British  Columbia. 

If  you  are  looking  for  real  estate  of  any  description  in  any  part  of  North  Vancouver 
SEE  US,  as  we  specialize  in  this  section. 


GEORGIA   REAL   ESTATE   CO. 

A.  D.  FROST  A.  M.  NICKERSON 


Phone  Seymour  6331 


517  Pender  Street  West,  VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


IMDE.PENPeNT 


West  Iaidies 
»iiiinT€R.  cfiuises- 

'N.16-FEB20-MAR.2r 


VIT'  E  are  building  a  nice  one  design  Motor 
^^  Boat.  It  is  a  beauty.  Hydroplanes  a 
specialty.     SEND  FOR  CATALOGUE. 

CAPITAL  BOAT  WORKS 

Bank  Street  -  .  .  OTTAWA 


NORTH  GERMAN  LLOYD 


TICKHS'  •>. 
-GOOD  FORv.i^--- 


OELRICHS&CO.Gen.Agents 

5   BROADWA-Y,  NEW  YORK 
h.CLAUSSENIUS&CO.,      CHICAGO 
AUOWAY  4 CHAMPION,    wiNNiPts 
J.CAPELLE.      SANrRANCiSCO 
[ENTRALHWIONAUBMIKTST  L0UI4 , 


SAN    FRANCISCO    FUR    CO. 

E.  A.  Roberts 
FASHIONABLE  FURRIERS 

Manufacturers  of  SEALSKIN  GARMENTS  AND 
FINE  FURS  A  SPECIALTY.  Repairing,  re-dye- 
injj  and  remodel'.ini?  at  lowest  prices.  All  work 
guaranteed  satisfactory.  Highest  prices  paid  for 
raw   furs. 

919  Granville  Street  Phone  Seymour  6141 

VANCOUVER.    B.  C. 


When  writing  to  Advertisers  please  mention  British  Columbia  Magazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA     MAGAZINF. 


The 

Player  Piano 

Has  Come 

To  Stay 


THE  above  statement  has  become  an  indisputable  fact. 
Recognizing  this  would  be  the  fact  long  ago,  we  secured 
the  agency  of  several  of  the  best  makes  of  Player-Pianos 
in  the  world,  and  are  in  a  position  to  furnish  our  patrons  with 
instruments  where  there  will  be  no  question  as  to  the  quality  of 
tone  and  durability  of  mechanism.  All  our  Player-Pianos  are 
equipped  with  latest  and  most  up-to-date  features,  in  fact  all  are 
guaranteed  to  be  perfect  in  every  detail.  Here  are  some  of  the 
manufacturers  for  whose  Pianos  and  Player-Pianos  we  hold 
exclusive  agencies:  Steinway,  Brinsmead,Nordheimer,  Auto- 
piano,  New  Scale  Williams,  Everson.  Prices  moderate.  Terms 
of  payment  exceptionally  easy. 

SEND  TO  US  FOR  CATALOGUES  AND  FULLER  INFORMATION 

M.  W.  WAITT  &  CO.  LIMITED 

558  Granville  Street  VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 

The  Oldest  Music  House  in  British   Columbia 


When   writing   to   Advertisers  please   mention   British  Columbia   Magazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Government  Proves  Purity 


Of  the  146  samples  examined  by  the  Dominion 
Government  of  Jams,  Jellies,  etc.,  ten  being  of  the 
E.  D.  Smith  Brand,  it  is  shown  by  the  Official  Report 
that  the  brand  which  was  far  in  the  lead  owing  to 
absolute  purity  is  the 

E.  D.  Smith 

JAMS,  JELLIES,  PRESERVES,  Etc. 

.  The  first  essential  in  their  production  is  purity,  and  you 
get  the  best  the  land  affords  today,  not  only  for  purity  as 
thus  proven,  but  for  their  soundness  of  whole  fruit,  the  use 
of  the  best  refined  sugar,  the  preservation  of  the  daintiest 
qualities  to  taste,  and  all  produced  with  the  minutest  care  to 
cleaniness  in  the  E.  D.  S.  Brand. 

The  "E.  D.  S."  Tomato  Catsup  and  Grape  Juice  are  un- 
equalled.  All  grocers.    Try  "E.  D.  S."  Jams,  etc.,  today 


E.  D.  SMITH 


WINONA,  ONT. 


THE  FRUIT 
MAGAZINE 

SCIENTIFIC)      .^,^     (CANADIAN 

FARMER^  ^"^^  IGITIZEN 


A  beautifully  illustrated,  high-class 
monthly  magazine,  for  the  agricul- 
turist, mechanic,  laborer,  professional 
maa.  manufacturer,  merchant,  and  the 
family  circle  in  the  town  or  country. 

$1.50  A  YEAR 
To  any  address  in  the  world 

STRONGEST  ADVERTISING   MEDIUM 
IN  CANADA 

FOR  SAMPLE  COPY,  RATE  CARD,  ETC.,  WRITE  TO 

The  Fruit  Magazine  Publishing  Go. 

Limited 

7-,.  Hastings  St.  W.  Vancouver,  B.C. 


Royal  Nurseries  & 
Floral  Go.  Limited 

Best   Equipped   Nurseries  in  British 
Columbia 

Call  at  our  Nurseries  and  see  our 
choice  Shrubs  of  good  growth,  in  splen- 
did  condition. 

See  our  Rose  stock,  now  in  bloom,  and 
make  your  selection  from  20,000  rose 
trees  of  more  than   100  varieties. 

Decorations  for  banquets,  weddinjjs, 
etc.,  at  shortest  notice. 

Cut    Flowers,   Wreaths.    Emblems. 

A  visit  to  Royal  on  B.  C.  Electric 
(Eburne   Line)    will   delight  you. 

Telephones  Seymour  1892  and  1893 
STORE 

786    GRANVILLE    STREET 

VANCOUVER,    B.C. 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


VANCOUVERo 


CANADA 


(( 


The  Liverpool  of  the  Pacific'* 


MILLIONS   OF   TINS   OF  SALMON   ARE   EXPORTED   ANNUALLY   FROM    BRITISH   COLUMBIA 


Civic  Growth 

For  the  month  of  July,  Vancouver  gave  ample 
evidence  of  a  steadily  increasing  development  in 
commercial  and  financial  activities.  Following  are 
the  month's  returns  compared  with  July  of  last 
year : 

1912  1911 

Customs $      810,184.00  $      519,451.00 

Land    Registry 24,493.62  20,280.02 

Buildings    2,074,012.00  1,108,378.00 

Clearings    53,840,212.00  43,239,102.00 

The  building  returns  for  the  seven  months  of 
1912  totalled  $10,206,732.00,  representing  1,370 
permits. 

In  the  Land  Registry  Office  during  June  and 
July  more  mortgages  were  released  than  ever  be- 
fore in  the  history  of  the  city. 


Manufacturers 


pay  no  taxes  on  their  buildings,  on  their  machin- 
ery, or  on  their  stock  in  Vancouver.  Two  power 
companies  supply  electric  heat,  light  and  power  at 
competitive  rates.  Water  and  rail  transportation 
facilities  assure  Vancouver  a  place  among  the 
great  commercial  centres   of  the  world. 

May  we  send  you  particulars  of  the  wonderful 
possibilities  of  Vancouver  and  British  Columbia? 
Write   Department   C. 


PROGRESS    CLUB 


P.O.  Box  1300 


VANCOUVER,  CANADA 


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Jl 


BRITISH    COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


"D  ^Uz:^—'!-    TT^T"*-*-*      /^1«*.1:r  MAHON    BLOCK,    GOVERNMENT    STREET 

JxOucrt    VVm.  L^iarK,        victoria  British  Columbia 

I  have  for  sale  some  first-class  properties  in  Central  British  Columbia, 
and  amongst  them  have  the  following: 

35,000  acres  Naas  River  7,000  acres   New  Hazelton 

4,840  acres  Babine   Lake  1,920   acres   New   Hazelton 

100,000  acres  Cariboo 

Reference  permitted  to  Editor  of  "B.  C.  Magazine" 


SWEDISH    PINE    NEEDLE    PLASTER    CURE 

V-^ET  us  prove  to  you  that  we  have  the  most  wonderful,  penetrating  and  effective 
^I_^  plaster  cure  ever  put  on  the  market  for  quick  relief  in  deep-seated,  old,  chronic 
ailments,  given  up  as  hopeless.  You  can  be  quickly  and  successfully  treated  in  your 
home  by  our  plaster  cure.  Pain  in  chest,  rheumatism,  lumbago,  kidney  trouble, 
and  all  aches  and  pains  due  to  any  muscular  or  spinal  derangements  are  not  only 
put  to  sleep,  but  are  drawn  right  out  of  the  system.  If  you  are  ailing  do  not  wait 
a  minute,  as  our  plaster  cure  has  double  effect  in  warm  weather,  while  the  pores 
are  open  to  dispel  the  poisonous  matters.  Our  plaster  cure  consists  of  three  plasters, 
by  mail,  $1.00.     Agents  wanted. 


SWEDISH    PINE    NEEDLE    PLASTER 


740  Temple  Court 


CO. 

MINNEAPOUS,  MINN. 


Cuts 


of  Maps,  Designs, 
Bird's-eye  Views, 
Subdivisions,  Car- 
toons, Tracings, 
ere,  for  Magazines, 
Newspapers,  Book- 
lets,  Catalogues, 
Street-car  Ads.,  Let- 
terheads, etc.,  are 
nrade  by  the 

Dominion 
Engraving  Co.  Ltd. 

Offkt  and  Works.  Top  Floor 

Empire  Building 

Hastings  Street  West 

Vancouver,  B.C. 

Phone  Seymour  1792 


i^^tfl, 


—^      Let  Me 
Help 
You 

to  get  rich  in  the  Fraser  Valley. 

I  have  the  swellest  selection  of  five-acre 
farms,  all  offered  on  easy  terms,  $200  cash, 
balance  in  five  years.  Prices  from  $150  to 
$375  per  acre.  Ask  me  how  you  can  make 
a  clear  $1,500  a  year  on  potatoes  or  small 
fruits.     Ask  me   noiu.     Just  sign   and   mail. 

W.  J.  KERR,  New  Westminster,  B.  C. 

Please  send  me  particulars  of  your  five- 
acre   farms. 

Name    

Address   

W.  J.  KERR,  LIMITED 

New  Westminster,  B.C. 


When  writing  to  Advertisers  please  mention  British  Columbia  M^^gazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


VICTORIA 

VANCOUVER     ISLAND,    BRITISH     COLUMBIA 

CANADA 


The  investor's  best  opportunity  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  home-seeker's  city  beyond  compare. 

The  seat  of  the  Canadian  navy  on  the  Pacific. 

The  centre  of  railway  activity  to  the  north,  east  and  west. 

The  Capital  City  of  British  Columbia,  and  its  greatest  pride. 

The  Sundown  City,  and  last  Western  Metropolis. 

A  city  of  law  and  order,  peace  and  prosperity. 

A  city  of  great  business  enterprise — one  hundred  million  dollars 
in  one  week's  bank  clearings. 

A  city  of  unexcelled  educational  facilities. 

A  city  of  unparalleled  beauty. 

The  business  man's  model  city  and  community. 

The  manufacturer's  goal  on  the  Pacific. 

The  outlet  to  the  Panama  Canal. 

The  ship  building  city  of  Western  Canada. 

The  city  with  a  present  and  a  future. 

The  residence  city  without  an  equal  anywhere. 

Best  climate  —  Best  living  —  Best  people 
No  extremes  of  heat  or  cold — Most  sunshine 
Least  fog — Annual  rainfall  25  to  28  inches 

Victoria  leads  the  procession  of  cities  in  North  America. 


DEPT.  44 

Vancouver  Island 

Development  League 

VICTORIA.  B.C..  CANADA 


Vancouver  Island  Development  League 

Victoria,  B.C.,  Canada,  Dept.  44 

Please  send  me.  free  of  charge.  Booklets,  etc. 

Name 


Address 


When  writing  to  Advertiser*  plea«e  mention   British  Columbia   Magazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Liquid  Sulphur  Cures 

Rheumatism,  Eczema,  Stomach  and  Kidney  Troubles—Skin  Diseases 


Why? 


Read  These  Facts 


Because  Liquid  Sulphur  is  the  greatest  known  blood  purifier  of  the  century.  Everyone  knows  that  sulphur 
is  good  for  the  entire  system.  Almost  everyone  has  taken  sulphur  in  some  form  or  another.  But  is  it 
known  to  you  that  sulphur  in  its  powdered  form  cannot  be  assimilated  into  the  blood  through  the  stomach? 
If  the  stomach  cannot  dissolve  sulphur,  how  can  the  blood  be  purified?  Liquid  Sulphur  is  already 
dissolved,  is  in  fact  ready  for  the  stomaich  to  distribute  through  the  system.  Liquid  Sulphur  goes  direct 
to  the  seat  of  the  trouble,  impure  blood,  attacks  and  drives  out  of  the  entire  system  all  germs  and 
impurities.      IT   REMOVES   THE   CAUSE   AND   PERMANENTLY    CURES. 

Do  J\.ot  Accent  a  Substitute 

Ask  your  druggist.     If  unable  to  supply,  send  us  50  cents  for  full  size  bottle. 


506  Smythe  Street 


CHACE  &-  JACKSON 


VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


MEN'S  VIM 

Is  Often  Doubled  by 
Wearing  an  O-P-C 

The  O-P-C  suspensory  is  made  to 
conserve  vitality. 

It  saves  a  waste  of  nerve  force  and 
adds  it  to  a  man's  capacity. 

It  makes  men  often  twice  the  men 
they  were. 

Athletes  wear  it.  Golfers  wear  it. 
Army  men  in  Europe  are  required  to 
wear  suspensories. 

But  the  man  who  needs  it  above  all 
is  the  man  who  works  with  his  brain. 


Write  for  our  book  on  the  O-P-C — the  scientific 
suspensory,  famous  for  twenty  years. 

Learn  how  this  simple  comfort  makes  one  tire- 
less and  alert — multiplies  one's  energy.  These  arc 
facts  which  every  man  should  know.     Write  now. 

All    Druggists    guarantee   you    satisfaction 
with    an    O-P-C.     Lisle,    7Sc— Silk,    $1.00 

Bauer  &  Black,  Chicago 

Makers  of  Surgical   Dressings,  etc. 


"We 

British  Columbia 
cTVlagazine 

has  the  best  Old  Country 
circulation  of  any  magazine 
in  Western  Canada.  It  is 
being  quoted  by  every  news- 
paper or  magazine  of  im- 
portance in  Great  Britain 
as  an  authority  on  all 
things  pertaining  to  British 
Columbia. 

It  is  the  BEST  ADVER- 
TISING MEDIUM  in  West- 
ern Canada. 


When  writing  to  Advertlsera  please  mention  British  Columbia  Magazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


\:^fa/vc  Y<Hi.  ap^SruxAt-? 


One  who  can  take  care  of  your  most  exacting 
requirements  ?  We  have  earned  an  enviable  repu- 
tation, especially  with  publishers,  for  the  way  we 
handle  BIG  work— week  after  week,  month  after 
month,  with  unfailing  regularity  and — mark  this 
— exactitude,  taste  and  skill. 

The  later  qualifications  are  mainly  responsible 
for  the  fact  that  we  are  entrusted  with  probably 
two  of  the  finest  periodicals  in  this  Province  in 
point  of  illustrations  and  make-up— the  British 
Columbia    Magazine    and    the    Saturday    Sunset. 


VANCOUVER 


/ii'/isSeymoarSt! 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Rates,  &1.00  ap 


*'Twel?e  Stories  of 
Solid  Comfort" 

Building,  concrete, 
steel  and  marble. 

Located,  most  fash- 
ionable shopping 
district. 

210  rooms,  135  baths. 

Library    and   bound 
magazines  in  read- 
ing rooms  for 
guests. 

Most  refined  hostelry 

in  Seattle. 
Absolutely  fireproof. 
English  Grill. 


■Hi  ■    ■    Hp^^  ^^   Trappers, Dealers,  in 

■  ■  ■  ■  *■  m^k  any  kind  of  Raw  Furs, 
^^  ■  ■  ■■  ^^*  cannot  afford  to  dis- 
V"  ■   I   BiK    ^^k  pose   of  their  collect- 

■  ■  ■  I  ■  I  ^  io°s  without  first 
I       ^^    I   I  ^^^  obtaining   our  prices 

sent  upon  request. 
Remittance  forwarded  day  goods  received, 
Express  and  mail  charges  on  all  shipments 
paid  by  us.  Canada's  Lnrtfest  Fur  Operator. 
Your  I 

Toronto 


■  corre«5pondence  solicited. 
JoHn    Hallam 


Seattle's  house  of  Comfort 


Canadian  visitors  to  Seattle  invari- 
ably make  this  hotel  their  head- 
quarters. It  is  centrally  situated 
in  the  heart  of  the  theatre  and 
shopping  section.  Modern  in 
every  particular  with  excellent 
cuisine  and  service.  Auto  'bus 
meets  all  trains  and  boats.  Wire 
for  reservation. 

J.  H.  Davis,  Proprietor 


Windsor  Hotel 

New  Westminster 

British  Columbia 

P.  O.  Bilodeau 

Proprietor 

Phone  188 

P.O.  Box  573 

Rates:        •       American 

Plan,  $1.50  to  $2.50 

European 

Plan,    75c  to  $1.50 

Drink  Habit   Cured  In  Three  Days  by   the 

NEAL 

NO  HYPODERMIC  INJECTIONS 

The  Neal  Internal  Treatment  cures  the  periodical,  persistent,  occasional  or  moderate  drinker,  and  the 
nervous  man  who  drinks  to  keep  from  becoming  more  nervous.  It  takes  away  all  inclination,  desire  or 
craving  for  drink  and   leaves  the  patient  a  new  man   so  far  as  the  effects  of  alcohol   are  concerned. 

Patients  may  arrive  at  any  hour  of  day  or  night,  have  meals  and  treatment  in  their  private  room, 
and  have  all  the  comforts  of  home  while  taking  treatment. 

Call  for  booklet  giving  full  information. 


1250  Broadway  West 


THE  NEAL   INSTITUTE 

Phone   Bayview   686 


VANCOUVER,  B.  C. 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


"/  noiv  enclose  cheque  for  $25.00  covering  clothes  shipped  by  Dominion  Express. 
IFas  pleased  'with  them.  Please  keep  measurements  on  file  and  supply  samples 
from  season  to  season." — R.  0:  Bennett,  Bank  of  Montreal,  Vancouver,  B.  C. 


ASK 

US 

TODAY 


Coleman's 
Clothes 

for  Men 
of  Taste 


You  will  be  rightly  advised  if  you  consult 
this  house  on  the  question  of  correct 
dress. 

It  is  no  mere  commonplace  to  say  that 
clothes  go  a  long  way  to  make  the  man. 
A  metropolitan  house  such  as  this  making 
up  clothes  for  those  who  insist  upon 
metropolitan  ideas  has  an  undoubted 
advantage  over  the  average  merchant 
tailor.  By  means  of  our  mail  order 
system  we  are  able  to  give  to  residents 
anywhere  the  advantage  of  this  special 
knowledge. 


for  our  new  style  book, 

our  self-measuring  chart, 

our  tape  measure,  samples  of  new  season  materials, 
with  prices  and  interesting  leaflet,  "AS  OTHERS 
SEE  US."  Mention  British  Columbia  Magazine. 


COLEMAN'S  LIMITED 

Canadians  Master  Tailors 
101  King  Street  West  -  Toronto,  Canada 

Capable  salesmen  wanted  in  unrepresented  districts 


When  writing  to  Advertisers  please  mention  British  Columbia    Magazine 


BRITISH    COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


FOR 

INFANTS, 
INVALIDS  AND 
THE  AGED. 


FOOD 


Wherever  there  is 
a  case  of  enfeebled 
digestion,  whether  from 
advancing  age,  illness, 
or  general  debility,  there 
is  a  case  for  Benger's 
Food. 


When  the  stomach  becomes  weakened,  the  digestion  of 
ordinary  food  becomes  only  partial,  and  at  times  is  painful,  little 
of  the  food  is  assimilated,  and  the  body  is  consequently  insufficiently 
nourished.  This  is  where  Benger  s  Food  helps.  It  contains  in  itself 
the  natural  digestive  principles,  and  is  quite  different  from  any  other 
food  obtainable.  All  doctors  know  and  approve  of  its  composition, 
and   prescribe  it  freely. 

The  British  Medical  Journal  says:  "  Bengefs  Food  has,  by  its  excellence,  established  a  reputation  of  its  own" 

Benger's  New  Booklet  deals  with  the  most  common  doubts  and  difficulties  which  mothers  have  to  encounter. 
It  is  sent  post  free  on  application  to  Benger's  Food,  Ltd.,  Otter  Works,  Manchester,  Eng. 


Benger's  Food  is  sold  in  tins  by  Druggists,  etc.,  everywhere. 


B41 


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BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


The  Beer 
Without  a  Peer 


The  Vancouver 
Breweries 
Limited 


What's  fhg  Time  ?       now  is  the  time  to  try 

Uolfe's 

Schkapps 

The  most  wholesome  spirit  obtainable,  and  the 
very  best  stimulant  for  general  use.  As  a  pick- 
me-up  tonic  and  digestive  WOLFE'S 
Schnapps  is  always  opportune.  Before  meals 
it  gives  a  zest  to  the  appetite  and  sets  the 
digestive  functions  into  healthy  activity ; 
exercises  an  entirely  beneficial  effect  upon  the 
liver,  kidneys,  and  other  organs. 

Invaluable  for  stomach  disorders,  WOLFE'S 
Schnapps  should  be  kept  in  every  house. 
A,?.nfs-  The  HOSE  &  BROOKS  CO.,  Ltd., 

5Q4,  Westminster  Avenue,  VANCOUVER,  B.C. 


Wher.   -writing   to  Advertisers  please  mention  British  Columbia  Magazine 


BRITISH     COLUMBIA    MAGAZINE 


Who  We  Are 
Where  We  Work,  and 
What  We  Are  Doing 

THE  name  of  this  Company  correctly  and  exactly  indicates  the  sphere 
and  scope  of  its  business.  It  was  organized  to  develop,  and  to  bring 
to  the  attention  of  people  of  large  or  small  capital,  the  investment 
opportunities  offered  by  the  Natural  Resources  of  British  Columbia. 

Agricultural  lands  in  large  or  small  tracts,  timber  limits,  waterpowers, 
mineral  claims,  townsites — these  and  kindred  properties  form  the  field  of 
our  operations. 

In  every  case  the  money  of  the  Investor  is  backed  and  secured  by 
physical  values,  rigorously  investigated,  authenticated  and  guaranteed 
by  us. 

This  is  the  Company  that  first  foresaw  the  future  of  FORT  GEORGE, 
and  that  made  the  name  of  British  Columbia's  future  city  a  household 
word  throughout  the  Continent. 

Hundreds  of  its  clients,  from  Vancouver  to  Maine  and  Mexico,  will 
testify  to  the  profit-making  character  of  the  investments  recommended  by 
the  Natural  Resources  Security  Company,  Limited. 

The  upbuilding  of  the  organization  of  the  Company  has  been  the  work 
of  years.  It  is  today  the  largest  and  most  efficient  of  its  kind  in  Canada, 
and  for  the  development  and  sale  of  investments  based  on  Natural 
Resources  is  rivalled  only  by  those  of  governments  and  the  great  railways. 

Central  British  Columbia  is  today  the  Land  of  Opportunity  for  men 
of  large  and  small  capital.  Railways  are  racing  into  this  rich  region. 
Settlement  is  pouring  in.  Cities  are  being  built.  The  foundations  of 
fortunes  are  being  laid. 

On  September  ist,  the  Head  Office  of  the  Company  will  move  from 
Vancouver  to  Fort  George — the  Railway  Centre  and  Natural  Trading  Place 
of  British  Columbia's  Inland  Empire. 

This  transfer  will  keep  us  in  even  closer  touch  with  development  and 
investment  opportunities,  and  enable  the  Company  to  servci  with  even 
greater  success,  the  clients  it  has  interested  in  the  district's  growth  and 
progress. 

The  Company's  organization  and  its  direct,  intimate  and  specialized 
knowledge  of  Central  British  Columbia  are  at  your  disposal,  A  letter 
requesting  information  regarding  investments  will  have  our  prompt  and 
careful  attention. 

Natural  Resources  Security  Co.  Limited 

G.  J.  HAMMOND,  President 
606-615  Bower  Building  After  September  ist, 

VANCOUVER,  B,  C.  FORT  GEORGE,  B.C. 

WhSn  wrltlngr  to  Advertisers  please  mention  British  Columbia   Magazine 


Prince  Rupert  Lots 


ACTING  under  instructions  from  the  Government  of 
British  Columbia,  I  will  hold  an  auction  sale  of  Prince 
Rupert  lots  on  Wednesday,  August  28th,  191 2.  The  sale  will 
be  held  at  Prince  Rupert,  and  will  commence  at  3  p.m.,  and 
will  be  completed  on  Thursday,  the  29th. 

The  lots  to  be  offered  will  be  in  Sections  i,  5,  6,  7  and  8, 
about  300  in  all,  and  the  list  comprises  some  of  the  choicest  lots 
in  the  townsite. 

Take  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  and  Union  Steamship 
Companies'  boats  August  24th,  or  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  boats 
August  26th.    Fare  each  way,  including  meals  and  berth,  $18.00. 

It  will  pay  you  to  attend  this  sale.  If  you  cannot  go  your- 
self send  a  representative. 


dJff 


FOR  FURTHER  INFORMATION  APPLY  TO 

C.  D.  RAND 

Head  Office:  VANCOUVER  Branch  Office:  Prince  Rupert 


FORT    GEORGE 

Will  Command  the  Trade  of  Central  British  Columbia 

and  the  Peace  River 

IN  PROOF  OF  THIS  ASSERTION,  NOTE  THE  FOLLOWING  FACTS: 

1.  Fort  George  will  be  the  focusing  point  of  every  railroad  built  into  Central 
British  Columbia. 

Eleven  railways  are  chartered  or  building  into  Central  British  Columbia. 
Every  one  of  them  goes  into  Fort  George. 

2.  Fort  George  is  the  centre  of  over  a  thousand  miles  of  navigable  waterways. 

From  Fort  George  to  Fraser  Lake.  120  miles;  from  Fort  George  to  Tete 
Jaune  Cache,  300  miles;  from  Fort  George  to  Soda  Creek,  165  miles;  boats 
are  today  in  operation  over  this  600  miles.  In  addition  there  is  the  Salmon 
River  and  the  Stuart  with  their  splendid  connected  lakes. 

3.  Fort  George  is  the  centre  of  a  region  of  enormous  and  varied  natural  wealth. 

Hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of  the  finest  mixed  farming  land;  gold, 
anthracite  and  bituminous  coal,  silver,  lead,  iron  and  zinc  are  among  its 
minerals,  and  there  are  thousands  of  acres  of  the  finest  timber. 

4.  Fort  George  has  not,  nor  can  it  have,  any  commercial  competition  within 
its  territory. 

Vancouver  is  450  miles  to  the  south,  Edmonton  320  miles  to  the  east,  and 
Prince  Rupert  460  miles  to  the  west.  Fort  George's  Tributary  Commercial 
Territory  is  twice  as  large  as  Great  Britain  and  almost  as  large  as  Germany. 

5.  Fort  George  is  the  natural  commercial  base  for  the  great  Peace  River  Country. 

The  products  of  this  rich  district,  which  has  40,000,000  acres  of  good  farm 
land,  will  come  through  Fort  George  down  to  Prince  Rupert  or  Vancouver. 
It  will  do  this  because  the  rail-haul  to  the  Pacific  is  less  than  half  that  to 
Fort  William  or  Port  Arthur.  Every  pound  of  freight  going  into  the 
Peace,  and  every  bushel  of  grain  or  head  of  stock  coming  out,  will  go 
through  Fort  George  and  build  up  the  future  city. 

W^e  were  the  pioneers  in  directing  public  attention  to  the  investment  oppor- 
tunities of  Fort  George  and  district.  Much  money  has  been  made  by  those 
who  made  investments  in  the  Fort  George  country.  Much  more  will  be  made 
in  the'  next  few  years.  Our  knowledge  and  experience  of  the  investment  oppor- 
tunities of  Central  British  Columbia  is  at  your  service.  Whether  you  are 
interested  in  townsites,  land  for  purchase,  timber  or  mineral  lands,  or  open- 
ings for  manufacturing  industries  or  business,  write  us. 

Natural  Resources  Security  Co.  Limited 

G.  J.  HAMMOND.  President 
Head  Office :  606-615  Bower  Building  After  September  1st 

VANCOUVER,  B.  C.  FORT  GEORGE,  B.  C.