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GETNEALOGY COLLECTION
NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING,
NAMES:
AND THEIR MEANING
A BOOK FOR THE CURIOUS
EV
LEOPOLD WAGNER
THIRD AND REVISED EDITION.
T. FISHER UN WIN
TATERNOSTER SQUARE
MDCCCXCIII
1208946
INTRODUCTION.
'X T OT the least difficult matter in connection
I ^Vl ^^^^ ^^^^ present work has been the choice
JL 1 of a title. The one finally determined
ipon is far from satisfactory, because it scarcely
suggests the scope of the subject treated. True
enough, the single word Nomenclature offered
itself as a suitable title ; but this is really a
French word, derived, of course, from the Latin, and
although it has been admitted into our vocabulary
simply owing to the lack of an English equivalent,
its use is properly restricted to the classification of
technical terms in relation to a particular branch
of science. In a scientific sense, then, the word
Nomenclature finds a ready acceptance ; but for the
classification of the names of persons, of places, and
of things, it is altogether too pedantic. A young
friend of the author the other day, on being in-
formed, in answer to his inquirj^, that this work
would probably be entitled " The Curiosities of
Nomenclature," promptly asked whether it might
not be as well to explain, first of all, what the word
Nomenclature meant. Now, the author does not
believe for one moment that any intelligent person
6 Introduction.
who took up this volume would be at a loss to judge
of its contents from the title, that is, supposing the
word Nomenclature appeared on the page ; never-
theless, his young friend's suggestion reminded him^
that a book intended not for the scientific and
learned, but for general reference, should bear a.
title easily comprehended by all classes of the com-
munity. The title originally chosen has, therefore,
been rejected in favour of one less pretentious and
more matter-of-fact : if it is not sufficiently expres-
sive, the fault must be attributed to the poverty of
the English language.
Of all the " Ologies," Philology, or the science of
language, is the most seductive ; and that branch of
it known as Etymology, which traces the derivation
and combination of the words of a language from'
its primary roots, possesses an interest — one might
almost say a fascination — for all, when once the
attention has been arrested by it. This fact is
proved by the popularity of Archbishop Trench's
published lectures on " The Study of Words," which
have now reached a nineteenth edition. But it is-
not to an examination of the dictionary words of the
English language that the present volume is devoted.
Bearing in mind that several excellent works already
exist on this subject, the author has occupied
himself in the following pages exclusively with the
etymology, and significance of Names — of personal
names, comprising Surnames, Sobriquets, Pseu-
donyms, Nicknames, Class Names, and Professional
Designations; of names of places, including the
Introduction. 7
Countries of the World, with the principal
Seas, Islands, Gulfs, Straits, &c., the United
States of North America, the Counties of England
and Wales, and particularly the Districts, Streets,
Squares, Churches, and Public Buildings of London ;
of the names of Religious Sects and Political Fac-
tions ; of the names of Inns and Taverns ; in addition
to the names of an infinite number of objects with
which everyone is familiar, but whose actual signifi-
cance is comprehended only by a few.
As to the utility of such a work, a brief glance into
these pages may convince the reader that the subject
of Names is fraught with much popular interest.
Take the names of London streets. How many
among the thousands who follow their daily occupa-
tions within sight of the gilt cross of St. Paul's,
ever reflect that the name of each street they fre-
quent and pass by the way, points to the origin of
the street itself; and that, were they to cultivate a
practical acquaintance with those names, their know-
ledge of English History and Sociology might be
considerably enlarged, with a result that they would
be brought to ask themselves at length how they
could have been possessed of *' souls so dead " as
never to have entered upon such a profitable field
of inquiry before ? Whitefriars, Blackfriars, and
Austin Friars, carry us back in imagination to the
days of yore ; the friars have long returned to the
dust, but the localities they inhabited are still iden-
tified with their existence by the names they bear.
Yet these are possibly the only thoroughfares in the
8 Introduction.
City — with the exception of such as have derived
their names from a neighbouring church, public
building, or private mansion — concerning which the
average Londoner can express himself with any
degree of certainty : if he venture a guess at the
rest, it is safe to assert that he will be open to
correction. The like observation applies to public
buildings.
If the question were asked, for example, why
the well-known Ships' Registry Offices over the
Royal Exchange are universally referred to as
" Lloyd's," ninety-nine out of every hundred City
men would avail themselves of the very plausible
suggestion that the system of Marine Insurance was
first established, either there or elsewhere, by some
person named Lloyd. True, a certain Edward Lloyd
had a remote connection with the enterprise ; but he
was a coffee-house keeper, who probably knew no
more about ships and their tonnage than " Jona-
than," another noted London coffee-house keeper,
after whom the Stock Exchange was formerly desig-
nated, knew about ** bulls" and " bears." Again, it
is not every one who could account, off hand, for
such familiar names as Scotland Yard, Bedlam,
Doctors' Commons, the Charterhouse, the churches
of St. Mary-Axe, St. Clement-Danes, St. Hallow's-
Barking, or St. Catherine Cree. A few barristers
would, doubtless, be in a position to inform us
wherefore our seminaries for the study of the law
were originally styled " Inns of Court " ; but the
ordinary inquirer, left to his own resources, might
Introduction. g
find the problem somewhat difficult to solve. Surely
they were not at one time inns ? and if so, whence
came the designation Inns of Court ? Did the Court
liunkeys patronize them, perhaps? Or, more likely,
did the sovereign, attended by the Court, take a fancy
to sleeping beneath the roof of each for once in a way,
after the manner of Queen Elizabeth ? And, speak-
ing about inns, every Londoner is, of course, aware
of the one-time existence of " La Belle Sauvage " on
the north side of Ludgate Hill, albeit the origin of
this sign has generally been ascribed to Pocahontas,
of Virginia, who accompanied her husband, John
Rolfe, back to England in the year 1616, and, as
tradition has it, put up at this famous old coaching-
house. Moreover, Messrs. Cassell and Co., whose pre-
mises occupy the site, and are approached from La
Belle Sauvage Yard, have profited by the popular
misconception to the extent of adopting the figure of
a female partly clad in skins as their trade-mark.
Then, again, who has not heard of "The Tabard"?
and whence did that derive its sign? Among other
celebrated inns still preserved to us, we have
"Jack Straw's Castle" on Hampstead Heath. But
who was Jack Straw ? and had he ever a castle
thereabouts ? As will be shown in these pages, the
answer to these questions is associated with a very
stirring moment in English History.
A great deal of the early history of England can
be gleaned from the names of the counties into
which this country is divided. The terms Shire
and County are so far sjmonymous in that they
10 Introduction.
indicate a portion of land distinguished by a par-
ticular name ; yet, etymologically considered, they
are widely different. Although every shire is a
county, it is not every county to whose individual
name the word *' shire" may be added. The latter is
essentially Anglo-Saxon, denoting a division of land
possessed by an earl, and wherever it occurs it points
conclusively to the Saxon occupation of England.
Certainly, we do not speak of Essex-shire, Middle-
sex-shire, or Sussex-shire, because the Saxon terri-
tories referred to, as well as their relative positions,
are fully indicated in the names themselves. Neither
are we accustomed to allude to Surrey-shire, for the
reason that the word Surrey expressed the Anglo-
Saxon for the land south of the rey, or river,
comprising, as it did, that large tract of land de-
scribed as Wessex, or the land of the West Saxons,
now divided into six southern shires. The fact is,
Wessex was the great kingdom of the Saxons in this
country, whereas Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex were
but petty kingdoms. Consequently, in the kingdom
of Wessex it was that earldoms were first created,
and lands appertaining thereto were literally scired,
or sheared off. On the other hand, it would be
ridiculous in the extreme, quite apart from the
unfamiliarity of such an expression, to speak of
Kent-shire, because there is nothing in the name
that invests it with a Saxon interest. The same re-
mark is applicable to Cornwall. It is only from habit,
too, or because the name lends itself to the euphony,
that Devon is denominated a shire ; for not only
Introduction. rr
is this a Celtic name, but the Saxons scarcely
penetrated into, and certainly never occupied any
considerable portion of, the county. The England
of the Saxons, therefore, is to be distinguished
wherever the word " shire " appears as part of the
name of a county.
If the foregoing paragraph be deemed interesting
to the general inquirer, a careful digest of the
chapter on " The Countries of the World " should
prove most instructive. With a few exceptions only^
the names of the different countries of the Old World
afford us an indication of their original inhabitants,
or the rude tribes that overran them. In regard to
the New World, such names of countries as are not
of native origin invariably point to the nationality
of the navigators who discovered them or of the
adventurers who explored and colonized them.
The maritime enterprise of the Spanish and Portu-
guese is in nothing so evident as in the territories^
named in accordance with their respective languages
in South and Central America, to say nothing of
the islands discovered by them in the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans. And, as a set-off against the
shameful treatment by the Spaniards of Christopher
Columbus, it must not be forgotten that the whole
of the North American territory now embraced in the
United States was originally designated Columbia in
his honour, which name has been preserved in the
Western portion of the continent known as British
Columbia. A few Spanish names still linger
in North America, notably California, Labrador,.
12 Introctudion,
Florida, Nevada, Oregon, and Colorado. But the
Spaniards were rovers rather than settlers ; where-
fore they contented themselves with maintaining
their national reputation as successful navigators by
giving names to the countries they discovered, and
establishing a lucrative trading monopoly in that
portion of the Caribbean Sea which formerly bore
the name of the Spanish Main.
On the contrary, the English and French have
distinguished themselves always, and all the world
over, as colonists ; so that, saving those States of
North America which have received the native
names of the great lakes and rivers, we can discover
exactly which were colonized by the one nation and
which by the other. Moreover, the English and
French have generally exercised the common trait of
honouring the mother country by naming a new
colony or a newly-discovered island after the
reigning monarch or a distinguished countryman.
A similar trait in the Dutch character presents
itself in the repetition of the names of the native
places of their navigators and colonists; while the
Spaniards and Portuguese have displayed a tendency
for naming an island discovered or a river explored
by them in a manner commemorative of the day
that witnessed the event. At the same time, it
would not be wise to conjecture, merely from the
name, that Columbus discovered the island of
Trinidad on the Feast of the Holy Trinity, because
he did nothing of the kind. Therefore, it behoves the
curious inquirer to make himself acquainted with
Introduciion. 13
the circumstances under which our geographical
names have arisen, so as to avoid falHng into error.
As well might he maintain, without the requisite
knowledge, that the Canary Islands owed their
designation to the birds that have so long been
exported thence; for although such a conclusion were
extremely plausible, he would still be at a loss to-
know how the canaries came by their name in the
first place.
A like difficulty is liable to be encountered relative
to the Sandwich Islands. A particularly smart boy
might, indeed, be expected to inform us, as the
outcome of a hastily-formed opinion, that the Sand-
wich Islands were so called because a shipwrecked
crew who once found a refuge thereon continued ta
support themselves until such time as they were
rescued by a passing vessel upon sandwiches. The
bare idea may be laughed at ; but it is no more
preposterous than that the Canary Islands received
their name from the birds that are found there ia
such plenty. The question at issue furnishes an
example as to how a name may be perpetuated in
different ways. Thus, Captain Cook named the
Sandwich Islands in compliment to John Montague,
fourth Earl of Sandwich and First Lord of the
Admiralty, who took his title from Sandwich, or, as
the etymology of this place implies, the " sand
town," one of the ancient Cinque Ports in Kent..
An inveterate gamester was this Lord Sandwich ; so-
much so that he would sit at the gaming-table for
thirty hours and more at a stretch, never desisting;
14 Introduction.
from the game to partake of a meal, but from time
to time ordering the waiter to bring him some slices
of meat placed between two slices of thin bread,
from which circumstance this convenient form of
refreshment received the name of Sandwiches.
Mention of sandwiches reminds us that very few
tradesmen possess the remotest idea of the signifi-
cance of the names of the various commodities in
which they deal. Ask a purveyor of ham and beef
to explain the origin ot the word Sandwich, and he
will be quite unable to furnish an answer. Put a
similar question to a Tobacconist, and it will be
found that he has never interested himself to the
extent of inquiring what the word Tobacco means, not
to speak of the names of the different kinds of to-
bacco. A Haberdasher, again, would be sorely
perplexed to account for his individual trade-name ;
so would a Milliner, so would a Grocer, so would a
Tailor ; and so would almost every one who passes
for an intelligent citizen, yet whose reflections have
never been directed toward those trifling concerns
which, as one might be led to suppose, are most
immediately interesting to him. And so we might
:go on multiplying examples until this Introduction
reached an altogether inordinate length, with no
other object than to arouse the reader's interest in
the pages that follow. But the necessity for a more
extended Introduction does not arise. The scope
■oi this work will be sufliciently indicated by the
Analytical Table of Contents ; but even there a very
large number of names incidentally referred to in
Introduction. 15
the text have not been included. The Index may be
somewhat more to the purpose, inasmuch as every
item set forth therein will be found not merely
alluded to but discussed in the book; and to the
book itself the reader is now referred.
L. W.
London.
CONTENTS.
7 HE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.
Asia, Africa, Europe, America ; Palestine, Asia Minor ;
Persia, Arabia, India, Hindustan, Turkestan, Af-
ghanistan, Beloochistan, Kurdestan ; China, Siberia,
Russia, Circassia, Crimea, Finland, Sweden, Norway ;
Britain, England, Scotland, Caledonia, Ireland, The
Emerald Isle, Cambria, Wales ; Saxony, Gaul, France,
Normandy, Brittany ; Germany, Holland, Belgium,
Denmark, Jutland, Prussia, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland,
Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Moldavia, Moravia, Bul-
garia, Roumania, Turkey, Ottoman Empire, Greece ;
Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal; Algiers,
Morocco, Barbary, Sahara, Soudan, Egypt, Sene-
gambia, Gold Coast, Guinea, Zanzibar, Zululand, Trans-
vaal, Natal, Orange Free States, Cape Colony, Cape of
Good Hope ; Cape Plorn, Patagonia, Chili, Argentine
Republic, Brazil, Bolivia, Uraguay, Paraguay, Peru,
Pernambuco, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela ; Panama,
Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mosquito Coast,
Yutacan, Guatemala, Mexico, California, British
Columbia ; Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec,
Labrador, Greenland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Florida ; Virginia, Maryland, Baltimore, Pennsyl-
vania, Georgia, Carolina, Louisiana, Maine, New
Orleans, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
Michigan, Indiana, Alabama, Nebraska, Ohio, Massa-
2
i8
Contents.
PAGE
chusetts, Wisconsin, Kansas, Tennessee, Kentucky,
Mississippi, Missouri, Minnesota, Arkansas, Illinois,
Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Colorado, Nevada, Con-
necticut, Iowa, Astoria, Delaware ; Lake Superior,
Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Niagara, Lake
Michigan, Lake Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake, Great
Salt Lake ; The Arctic Ocean, Antarctic Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Medi-
terranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea; German
Ocean, Indian Ocean, Irish Sea; White Sea, Black
Sea, Red Sea, Green Sea, Yellow Sea, Dead Sea,
Caspian Sea, Sea of Marmora ; The Gulf Stream, The
Horse Latitudes, The Spanish Main; Hudson's Bay,
James' Bay, Barrow's Strait, All Saints' Bay, Gulf
of St. Lawrence, Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait,
Botany Bay; St. George's Channel, The Skagerrack,
Zuyder Zee ; Bay of Biscay ; Strait of Gibraltar, The
Bosphorus, The Dardanelles ; Australia, New Holland,
New Zealand, Tasmania, Van Dieman's Land, Society
xslands, Friendly Islands, Christmas Island, Sandwich
Islands, Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands ; Papua,
Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Japan, Formosa, Ceylon,
Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Madagascar ; Tierra del
Fuego, Island of Desolation, Hanover Island, Ade-
laide Island, Juan Fernandez, Ladrone Islands, Pit-
cairn's Island, Easter Island, Vancouver Island,
Queen Charlotte Island, Prince of Wales Island,'
Aleutian Islands; Barrow Island, Baring Island,
Parry Island, Baffin Land, Banks Land, Newfoundland,
Rhode Island, Long Island, Bermuda Islands, San
Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Barbadoes, Dominica,
Porto Rico, Trinidad, Tobago Island, St. Kitt's Is-
land; Ascension Island, St, Helena, Tristan d'Acunha,
Madeira, Majorca, Minorca, Balearic Islands, Corsica,
Sardinia, Capri, Sicily, Malta, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes;
Belleisle, Jersey, Isle of Wight, Gothland, Heligoland,'
Anglesea, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkney Isles, Shet-
land Isles, Iceland, Spitzbcrgen, Nova Zembia . . 35
Contents. 19
THE MONTHS AND DA YS OF THE WEEK.
PAGE
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, December ; Sunday,
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday . . ... 59
CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS.
Theism, Deism, Atheism, Pantheism, Agnosticism, Secu-
larism, Utilitarianism, Materialism, Rationalism ;
Monotheism, Mosaism, Judaism, Paganism, Poly-
theism ; Zoroastrians, Brahmins, Buddhists, Mahom-
medans, Mussulmans, Islam ; Christians, Pharisees,
Nazarenes, Gnostics, Aquarians, Arians, Luciferians,
Donatists, Macedonians, Apollinarians ; Catholics ;
Greek Church, Roman Catholic Church, Church of
England, Gallican Church, LutheranChurch ; Protes-
tants, Calvinists, Huguenots, Wycliffites, Gospellers,
Lollards, Albigenses, Waldenses, Camisards, Hussites,
Bedlamites, Moravians ; Adamites, Libertines, Jan-
senists, Jesuists, Gabrielites, Labadists, Socinians,
Arminians, New Christians, Old Catholics ; Scotists,
Thomists, Sabbatarians, Fifth Monarchy Men,
Muggletonians ; Seekers, Quakers, Shakers, Mormons,
Peculiar People, Faith Healers, Irvingites, Humani-
tarians, Sacramentarians, Plymouth Brethren, Per-
fectionists, Hopkinsians ; Scottish Covenanters,
Presbyterians, Cameronians, Macmillanites, Mori-
sonians. Free Church of Scotland ; Puritans, Non-
conformists, Conformists, Dissenters, Sectarians,
Independents, Congregationalists, Unitarians, Trini-
tarians, Baptists, Anabaptists, Methodists, VVesleyan
Methodists, Primitive Methodists ; High Church, Low
Church, Broad Church, Latitudinarism, Ritualists,
Puseyites, Tractarians . . • , 61
Contents.
TA VERN SIGNS.
The Green Man, The Green Man and Still, The Red
Lion, The Bear and Ragged Staff, The Boar's Head,
The Black Bull, The Talbot, The Chequers ; The
White Rose, The Red Rose, The Star ; The White
Swan, The White Swan and Antelope, The White
Hart, The Sun, The Three Suns, The White Lion,
The Eagle, The Blue Boar, The Red Dragon, The
Greyhound, The Rose, The Thistle, The Shamrock ;
The Crown, The Rose and Crown, The Crown and
Sceptre, The Crown and Anchor ; The Earl of March ;
The Hare and Hounds, The Tally Ho ! The Fox in
the Hole ; The Angel, The Salutation, The Three
Kings, The Cross Keys, The Mitre ; The Turk's Head,
The Saracen's Head, The Golden Cross, The Half
Moon ; The Swan, The Pheasant, The Peacock ; The
St. George, The George and Dragon, The Green
Dragon, The George, The King's Arms, The Queen's
Arms, The Freemasons' Arms, The Coachmakers'
Arms, The Saddlers' Arms, The Carpenters' Arms ;
The Garter, The Star and Garter ; The Leg and
Star, The Cat and Fiddle, The Bag o' Nails,
The Goat and Compass, The Iron Devil, The Bull
and Mouth, The Bull and Gate, The Lion and Key,
The Catherine Wheel, The Plume and Feathers,
The Bully Ruffian, The Blue Pig, The Pig
and Whistle ; The Coach and Horses, The Pack
Horse ; The Bear, The Dog and Duck, The Bowling
Green ; The Grapes, The Castle, The Globe, The
Spread Eagle, The Yorkshire Stingo ; The Bell, The
Barley-mow, The Old Hat, The Ram and Teazle,
The Bricklayers' Arms, The Cricketers' Arms, The
Black Jack ; The Royal Oak, The Boscobel, The
Palmerston, The Marquis of Granby, The Portobello
Arms, The Nelson, The Wellington, The Trafalgar,
The Waterloo, The Ship, The King's Head, The
Queen's Head, The Victoria, The Prince Albert, The
Prince of Wales' Feathers 77
Contents. 2i
ROYAL SURNAMES.
Alfred the Great, Edward the Martyr, Ethelred the Un-
ready, Edmund Ironsides, Edgar Atheling, Harold
Harefoot, Edward the Confessor; William the Con-
queror, William Rufus, Henry Beauclerc, Richard
Coeur de Lion, William the Lion, John Lackland,
Edward Longshanks, Edward the Black Prince, John
of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke ; Bluff King Hal,
Defender of the Faith, The White Queen, Bloody
Mary, Good Queen Bess ; The Lord Protector, The
Merry Monarch, The Sailor King ; Plantagenet,
Tudor, Stuart ; Charlemagne, The She-Wolf of France,
Pedro the Cruel, Ivan the Terrible, Frederick Barba-
rossa, Ferdinand Bomba, Egalite Philippe . . ,87
NATIONAL NICKNAMES.
Brother Jonathan, Uncle Sam, Yankee ; John Bull, Mrs.
Grundy, The British Matron ; Tommy Atkins ; Pat,
Sandie, Taffy ; John Chinaman, Pigtails, Pale Faces,
Redskins ; Nigger, Sambo, Mulatto . . 93
BIRDS.
Cuckoo, Pewit, Curlew, Chickadee, Whip-poor-will ;
Trumpeter, Nightingale, Night-jar, Mocking-bird,
Humming - bird. Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Greenlet,
Jay, Bluebird, Blackbird, Starling, Flamingo, Oriole,
Lyre-bird ; Red-poll, Secretary-bird ; Birds of Para-
dise, Love-birds ; Kingfisher ; Lapwing ; Wagtail,
Scissors-bird, Hang-bird, Weaver-bird, Tailor-bird ;
Widow-bird, Martin, Muscovy Duck ; Swift, Pas-
senger-pigeon ; Skylark, Chaffinch, Diver, Sandpiper,
Chimney-swallow ; Horn-bill, Boat-bill, Spoon-loill,
Duck-bill, Cross-bill ; Pouter-pigeon, Ring-dove,
Wryneck, Woodcock, Woodpecker; Guinea-fowl,
Brahma-fowl, Bantam, Barb, Turkey, Baltimore-
bird, Canary, Petrel 96
22 Contents.
RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
PAGE
Monastery, Convent, Abbey, Priory ; Monk, Nun, Friar ;
Dominicans or Black Friars, Franciscans or Grey
Friars ; Carmelites or White Friars, Augustines or
Austin Friars, Trinitarians or Crutched Friars ;
Observant Friars, Conventional Friars ; Capuchin
Friars, Cordeliers ; Benedictines, Carthusians, Cis-
tercians, Cluniacs, Bernardines, Basilians, Trappists ;
Jesuists, Servites, Passionists, Redemptorists - . loo
PAPER AND PRINTING.
Paper, Parchment; Hand-paper, Pot-paper, Post-paper,
Crown-paper, Foolscap ; Nepaul-paper, India-paper,
Cap-paper, Elephant, Cartridge-paper, Bristol-board ;
Folio, Quarto, Octavo, Duodecimo ; Printer's Devil ;
Hansard, Blue Book, Yellow Book ; Book, Leaf,
Volume, Library ; Pamphlet, Brochure, Chart, Map,
Atlas, Cartoon, Broadside, Poster, Stationery . .104
POLITICAL NICKNAMES.
Whigs, Tories, Liberals, Conservatives, Radicals
Socialists, Levellers, Democrats ; Royalists, Parlia-
mentarians, Cavaliers, Roundheads; Orangemen
Jacobites, Peep-o'-day Boys, White Boys, Fenians.
Irish Invincibles, Ribbonmen, Emergency Men
Separists, Nationalists, Parnellites, Boycotters; Sans
culottes. Red Republicans, The Mountain, The Plain
Girondists; The Hats, The Caps, Nihilists, Carbo
nari. Black Cloaks, Lazzari, Guelphs, Ghibellines
Federals, Republicans, Democrats, Confedei'ates, Corn
feds, Yanks or Yankees, Copperheads, Know-nothings.
Tammany Ring, Mugwumps; Chartists, Jingoes, Pro
tectionists 109
Contents. 23
FL01VE/?S.
Forget-me-not, Mignonette, Carnation, Geranium, Crane's- *'*^^
bill ; Pansy, Camellia, Dahlia, Fuchsia, Victoria
Regia, Adonis, Hyacinth, Aspasia, Orchid, Sweet-
brier, Lilac, Lavender ; Dog^-rose, Damask-rose,
Cabbage-rose, Christmas-rose, Primrose ; Mayflower,
Hawthorn, Gilly-flower, Tiger-flower, Daffodil, Holly-
hock, Noon-tide, Noon-flower, Convolvulus, Daisy,
Buttercup, Cowslip; Sun-flower, Heliotrope, Goldy-
locks, Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Rhododendron ;
Passion-flower, Stock 117
TJIE BIBLE.
Bible, Scriptures; Septuagint, Latin Vulgate, Douay Bible,
Rheims Bible ; King James's Bible, The Bishops' Bible,
Cranmer's Bible, The Great Bible, Mazarin Bible,
Pearl Bible, Geneva Bible, Breeches Bible, Vinegar
Bible, Beer Bible, Treacle Bible, Whig Bible, Wicked
Bible, Bug Bible ; "He" Bible, "She" Bible; Virginia
Bible ; Pentateuch ; Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Num-
bers, Deuteronomy ; Apocrypha, Apocalypse . . 122
IVIJVES.
Burgundy, Champagne, Pontac, Moselle, Johannisberg,
Florence, Falernian, Montepulciano, Malaga, Sherry,
Port, Cyprus, Malmsey, Madeira, Canary ; Tokay,
Claret, Tent Wine ; Sillery, Pommery, Moet and
Chandon ; Hippocras, Badminton, Negus, Sack; Dry
Wine, Crusted Port, Three-Men Wine . . .127
LITERARY SOBRIQUETS.
Gildas the Wise, Venerable Bede, Century White, Monk
Lewis, Rainy-Day Smith ; Silver-Tongued Sylvester,
The Water Poet, The Ettrick Shepherd, The Bideford
Postman, The Mad Poet, The Quaker Poet, The
Banker Poet, Anacreon Moore, Orion Home, The
24 Contents.
Farthing Poet ; The Wizard of the North, The
Addison of the North, The Minstrel of the Border,
The Corn Law Rhymer
THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND JVALES.
Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham,
York ; Lancashire, Cheshire, Leicestershire, Worces-
tershire, Gloucestershire ; Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Essex, Sussex, Middlesex ; Surrey, Kent, Hampshire,
Dorset, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Wiltshire, Berk-
shire, Buckingham ; Oxford, Hertford, Hereford,
Stafford, Bedford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northamp-
ton, Rutland, Warwick, Nottingham, Derby, Shrop-
shire, Monmouth ; Anglesea, Glamorgan, Brecknock,
Radnor, Montgomery, Denbigh, Flint, Carnarvon,
Carmarthen, Merioneth, Cardigan, Pembroke . .133
CARRIAGES.
Phaeton, Victoria, Clarence, Brougham, Stanhope, Sociable,
Landau, Tilbury ; Dog-Cart, Buggy, Gig, Sulky,
Noddy, Jaunting Car, Break ; Stage-Coach, Omnibus;
Hackney-Coach, Coach, Cab, Cabriolet, Hansom Cab ;
Hearse, Pantechnico>n 138
DANCES.
Terpsichorean Art ; Morris Dance, Saraband, Gavotte,
Quadrille, Lancers, Polka, Schottische, Mazourka,
Redovva, Waltz ; Country Dance, Roger de Coverley,
Minuet, Tarantella; Cinderella Dance, Bali, Ballet,
Coryphee, Phyrric Dance ; Hornpipe, Reel, Jig,
Breakdown . . .142
PIGMENTS AND DYES.
Umber, Sienna, Gamboge, Krems White, Prussian Blue,
Saunders Blue, Chinese Yellow, Frankfort Black,
Contents. 25
PAGE
Hamburg Lake ; Ultramarine ; Mazarine, Pompa-
dour, Cardinal, Carnation, Carmine, Pink, Purple,
Scarlet, Crimson ; Cassius, Magenta, Vandyke Brown,
Sepia, Sap Green, Emerald Green, Lamp Black,
Ivory Black, Isabel 146
LONDON DISTRICTS AND SUBURBS.
London, Thames ; Westminster, Belgravia, Pimlico,
Knightsbridge, Mayfair, Soho, Bloomsbury, Smith-
field, Clerkenwell, Spa Fields, Bunhill Fields, Moor-
fields, Finsbury; Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Goodman's
Fields, Shadwell, RatclifFe Highway, Stepney, Spital-
fields, Bethnal Green, Hoxton, De Beauvoir Town,
Copenhagen Fields, Haggerstone, Hackney, Dalston,
Stoke Newington, Southgate, Kingsland, Abney Park,
Green Lanes, Edmonton, Ball's Pond, Mildmay Park,
Muswell Hill, Wood Green, Hornsey, Canonbury,
Highbury, HoUoway, Barnsbury, Islington ; King's
Cross, St. Pancras, Agar Town, Somers Town,
Camden Town, Kentish Town, Primrose Hill, High-
gate, Hampstead, Frognal, Bishop's Wood, Hendon ;
Gospel Oak, Chalk Farm, St. John's Wood, Kilburn,
Maida Vale, Marylebone, Tyburn ; Bayswater, Pad-
dington, Westbourne Park, Notting Hill, Shepherd's
Bush ; Acton, Gunnersbury, Kew, Brentford, Isle-
worth, Staines, Kingston, Shepperton, Twickenham,
Richmond, Sheen ; Chiswick, Hammersmith, Ken-
sington, Brompton, Chelsea, Battersea, Walham
Green, Parsons Green, Fulham, Putney, Wimbledon ;
Wandsworth, Lambeth, Vauxhall ; Southwark, Ber-
mondsey, Horsleydown, Walworth, The Borough ;
Rotherhithe, Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Isle
of Dogs, New Cross ; Lewisham, Blackheath, Eltham;
Catford, Beckenham, Sydenham, Forest Hill, Nor-
wood, Dulwich, Honor Oak, Nunhead, Peckham,
Brixton, Camberwell, Stockwell, Kennington, Newing-
ton, St. George's Fields 149
26 Contents.
BATTLES.
The Tearless Victory, The Thundering Legion, The
Hallelujah Victory ; The Battle of the Standard, The
Battle of the Herrings ; The Battle of Spurs ; The
Battle of the Spurs of Gold ; The Battle of the
Giants, The Battle of All the Nations . . . .163
NOTABLE DA YS AND FESTIVALS.
New Year's Day ; Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmas,
Candlemas Day ; Lady Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas,
Christmas Day ; Innocents' Day, Epiphany, Twelfth
Night, Distaff's Day, Rock Day, Plough Monday,
Handsel Monday, Boxing Day ; Lent, Shrove Tues-
day, Ash Wednesday, Passion Sunday, Passion Week,
Palm Sunday, Maunday-Thursday, Good Friday,
Long Friday, Holy Saturday ; Easter, Passover, Low
Sunday, Sexagesima Sunday, Quinquagesima Sunday,
Quadragesima Sunday ; Pentecost, Trinity Sunday,
Corpus Christi, Rogation Sunday, Rogation Days,
Ember Days ; Ascension Day, The Assumption, Holy
Cross Day, All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day, AUhal-
lowes' Day ; Allhallowe'en, Cracknut Night ; St.
Valentine's Day, St. Swithin's Day, St. David's Day,
Comb's Mass ; Primrose Day, Royal Oak Day, Guy
Fawkes' Day ; Arbor Day ; Forefathers' Day, Inde-
pendence Day, Evacuation Day ; Mothering Sunday ;
Grouse Day, Partridge Day, Sprat Day ; Red Letter
Day, Holiday 165
TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND LACE.
Damask, Muslin, Nankeen, Calico, Cashmere, Dimity,
Valance, Holland, Cambric, Shalloon, Tarlatan,
Worsted, Cobourg, Angola, Frieze ; Cotton, Silk, Bro-
cade, Damassin, Sarsanet, Mohair, Moire-Antique,
Chintz, Taffety, Linen, Lawn, Pompadour ; Swans-
down, Moleskin, Merino, Alpaca ; Kersey, Ging-
Contents. 27
PAGE
ham, Blankets ; Plush, Velvet, Velveteen, Fustian,
Grogram, Corduroy ; Pina-cloth, Grass-cloth, T-cloth,
Broadcloth, Twill, Tweed, Plaid, Check ; Embroidery,
Tapestry, Bayeaux Tapestry, Gobelin Tapestry, Arras ;
Lace, Valenciennes, Colbertine, Point-lace, Pillow-
lace ; Tulle 176
LITERARY I-SEUDONYMS.
Voltaire, Barry Cornwall, Yendys, Nimrod, Zadkiel ;
Knickerbocker, Elia, Boz, Ouida, George Sand ;
Artemus Ward, Mark Twain ; F. M. Allen . . 181
COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS.
Portrait, Photograph, Miniature, Profile, Silhouette;
Talbotype, Daguerreotype, Ferriertype ; Carte-de-
Visite, Vignette, Cabinet, Kit-Kat, Kit-Kat Canvas . 184
LONDON INNS AND GARDENS.
The Tabard Inn, " La Belle Sauvage," The Swan with
Two Necks, The Elephant and Castle, The Horse
Shoe, The Blue Posts, The Black Posts, The Three
Chairmen, The Running Footman ; The Mother
Red Cap, The Mother Shipton, The Adelaide, The
York and Anlaby, Jack Straw's Castle, The Spaniards,
The Whittington Stone, The Thirteen Cantons, The
North Pole, The South Australian, The World's End,
The Fulham Bridge, The Devil, The Three Nuns, The
White Conduit Tavern, The Belvedere, The Clown
Tavern, Hummuns's ; Sadler's Wells, Highbury Barn,
Vauxhall Gardens, Ranelagh Gardens, Cremorne
Gardens « 187
SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES.
The Mother of Believers, Fair Helen, Fair Rosamond, The
Fair Maid of Kent, The Holy Maid of Kent; Black
28 Contents.
PAGE
Agnes, Fair Maiden Lilliard, The Maid of Orleans,
The Maid of Saragossa ; The Lady Freemason, The
The Swedish Nightingale, The Jersey Lily ; The
Weeping Philosopher, The Laughing Philosopher,
The Subtle Doctor, The Angelic Doctor, St. Paul of
the Cross ; Robin Hood, Little John, Will Scarlet,
Friar Tuck ; Sixteen-string Jack, Spring-heel Jack ;
Gentleman Jack, Gentleman Smith, Admirable Cfich-
ton, Fighting Fitzgerald, Romeo Coates, Beau Field-
ing, Beau Brummell, Beau Nash, The King of Bath ;
The Factory King, The Railway King, The Paper
King, The Nitrate King ; The Man of Ross, The
People's Friend, The Musical Small-Coal Man, Tom
Folio ; The Infant Roscius ; Single-Speech Hamilton,
Starvation Dundas, Orange Peel, The Heaven-Sent
Minister, Finality John; Dizzy, The Grand Old Man,
Bookstall Smith; The Dancing Chancellor, Praise-
God Barebones ; Sinner-Saved Huntingdon, Orator
Henley ; Memory Woodfall, Memory-Corner Thomp-
son ; Dirty Dick ; Capability Brown, George Ranger,
The Jubilee Plunger ; Long Peter, Magdalen Smith,
Claude Lorraine, Tintoretto, II Furioso; The Scottish
Hogarth, The Liverpool Landseer ; The Liberator ;
The Pathfinder ; Yankee Jonathan . . . .194
TBE INNS OF COURT.
Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Furnival's Inn, Clifford's Inn ;
Serjeants' Inn ; Barnard's Inn, Staple Inn, Clement's
Inn, Dane's Inn, New Inn, Thavie's Inn ; Benchers . 208
RACES.
Goodwood, Ascot, Epsom, Derby, Oaks, Doncaster St.
Leger ; Hurdle Race, Steeplechase ; Sweepstake . 210
LONDON CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS.
Westminster Abbey, The Temple, Savoy Chapel, St.
Clement-Danes, St. Mary-le-Bow, St. Mary-Axe, St.
Contents. 29
PAGE
Catherine Cree, St. Catherine Coleman, St. Margaret
Pattens, St. Sepulchre, St. Bride's, St. Andrew Under-
shaft, Allhallowes, Barking; St. Olave's, The White
Tower, Bloody Tower, Beauchamp Tower, Traitors'
Gate ; Newgate, St. John's Gate, Temple Bar, London
Bridge, Billingsgate, The Mint, The Trinity House ;
Crosby Hall, Memorial Hall, The Guildhall, Doctors'
Commons, St. Martin's-le-Grand ; The Charter-
house, Christ's Hospital, Bartholomew's Hospital,
Guy's Hospital, Bedlam, The Magdalen Hospital ;
St. James's Palace, Buckingham Palace, Marlborough
House, Somerset Plouse, Whitehall, The Horse
Guards, Dover House, York House ; Devonshire
House, Apsley House, Chandos House, The Albany,
Burlington House, Soane Museum ; Painted Hall,
Vanburgh Castle, Rye House ; Bruce Castle,
Lincoln House, Sandford House, Cromwell House,
Ireton House, Lauderdale House, The Clock
House, Rosslyn House, Erskine House ; Strawberry
Hill ; Orleans House, Essex House, Bristol House,
Craven Cottage, Munster House, Peterborough House,
Holland House; The Albert Hall, Crystal Palace, Alex-
andra Palace, Olympia, Egyptian Hall, St. George's
Hall, St. James's Hall, Willis's Rooms, Almack's
Assembly Rooms, Exeter Hall, Madame Tussaud's ;
Scotland Yard, Lord's Cricket Ground, Tattersall's ;
Lloyd's Rooms ; Capel Court, The Royal Exchange,
The Stock Exchange, Bankers' Clearing House, Rail-
way Clearing House 212
CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES.
Spinster, Widow, Grass Widow, Chaperon, Duenna,
Dowager ; Blue Stocking, Abigail, Grisette, Colleen ;
Milliner, Haberdasher, Grocer, Greengrocer, Boniface,
Ostler; Cordwainer, Tailor, Tallyman, Uncle, Barber,
Barber-Surgeon; Arcadian, Mentor, Usher, Bachelor;
Beefeaters, Police, Bobbies, Peelers, Bow Street
30 Contents.
TAGB
Runners ; Mohawks, Scourers ; Garrotters, Sandbag-
gers ; Fop, Dandy, Macaroni, Masher ; Gipsies, Bohe-
mians ; Teetotalers, Rechabites, Good Templars ; Jack
Tar, Longshoreman, Navvy, Jehu, Jerrybuilder,
Journeyman ; Dun, Man of Straw, Costermonger,
Pedlar, Hawker, Cheap Jack, Quack, Merry Andrew,
Juggler, Stump Orator; Blackguard, Scullion, Scullery
Maid; Blackleg ; Plunger, Bookmaker, Welsher;
Burglar, Jack Ketch ; Cockney ; Greenhorn, Nincom-
poop, Lunatic, Dutchman, Humbug .... 228
MALT LIQUORS.
Ale, Beer, Small Beer ; Twopenny, Half-and-Half, Entire,
Porter, Stout, Yorkshire Stingo, X Ale ; Mum, Lager-
bier, Bock-bier 241
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES.
Diamond ; The Kohinoor, Mattan, Orloff, Shah, Star of
the South, Sauci, Regent, Pitt, Pigott, Dudley, Twin
Diamonds ; Turquoise, Topaz, Agate, Amethyst, Opal,
Emerald, Garnet, Ruby, Pearl ; Carat . . . 244
NAVAL AND MILITARY SOBRIQUETS.
Manlius-Torquatus, Charles Martel, Robert the Devil,
The Hammer and Scourge of England ; Black
Douglas, Bell the Cat, The King Maker, Hotspur,
The Mad Cavalier ; Ironsides, The Almighty Nose ;
The Bloody Butcher, Corporal John, The Little
Corporal ; The Iron Duke, Marshal Forward, The
Iron Chancellor, Helmuth the Taciturn; Stonewall
Jackson, Old Hickory ; Foul-Weather Jack, Old Grog,
The Silver Captain 246
MONEY.
Money, Sterling Money; Guinea, Sovereign, Crown, Florin,
Shilling, Penny, Halfpenny, Farthing ; Ducat, Noble,
Contents. 31
PAGE
Rose-Noble, George-Noble ; Angel, Thistle-Crown,
Jacobus, Carollus, Dolphin, Louis d'or, Napoleon ;
Franc, Dollar, Joachims-Thaler, Thaler, Kreuzer;
Wood's Halfpence, Greenbacks, Bluebacks, Abraham
Newlands ; Bullion, Stock, Tally, Consols, Sinking
Fund, Tontine ; Budget 252
6F/AVTS.
Rum, Whisky, Brandy, Gin ; Hollands, Cognac, Nantes,
Old Tom ; Punch, Toddy, Grog ; Mountain Dew,
Glenlivet, LL Whisky . . . , . 257
LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.
Fleet Street, Salisbury Court, Whitefriars Street, Black-
friars Road, Ludgate Hill, Old Bailey, Friar Street,
Sermon Lane, Paul's Chain, Old Change, Paternoster
Row, Ave Maria Lane, Creed Lane, Amen Corner,
Warwick Lane, Ivy Lane ; Cheapside, Bread
Street, Friday Street, Milk Street; Gutter Lane,
Foster i.ane, Ironmonger Lane, Wood Street, Law-
rence Lane, Gresham Street, Lad Lane, Aldermanbury,
King Street, Basinghall Street, Coleman Street, Old
Jewry, Poultry, Bucklersbury, King William Street,
Queen Victoria Street ; Cannon Street, Budge Row,
Watling Street, Walbrook, College Hill, Oueenhithe,
Dowgate, Steelyard ; Gracechurch Street, Fenchurch
Street, Eastcheap, Mincing Lane, Mark Lane, Rood
Lane, Seething Lane, Billiter Street, Minories, Crutched
Friars, Aldgate; Leadenhall Street, St. Mary-Axe,
Throgmorton Street, Nicholas Lane, Lolhbury, Thread-
needle Street, Cornhill, Birchin Lane, Change Alley ;
Lombard Street ; Austin Friars, Old Broad Street,
Bishopsgate Street, St. Helen's, Devonshire Square,
Artillery Lane, Houndsditch, Bevis Marks, Petticoat
Lane, Wormwood Street, Camomile Street, London
Wall, Barbican, Beech Lane, Great Winchester Street,
Moorgate Street, Cripplegate, Whitecross Street, Red-
32 Contents.
cross Street, Playhouse Yard, Jewin Street, Aldersgate
Street, Bridgewater Square, Bartholomew Close, Cloth
Fair, Little Britain, Duke Street, Newgate Street,
Bath Street, King Edward Street, Giltspur Street,
Knightrider Street, Pie Corner, Farringdon Road,
Saffron Hill, Ely Place, Hatton Garden, Holborn,
Holborn Bars, Leather Lane, Fetter Lane, Brooke
Street, Greville Street, Gray's Inn Road, Furnival
Street, Dyer's Buildings, Cursitor Street, Chancery
Lane ; Southampton Buildings, Verulam Buildings ;
Lincoln's Inn Fields, Great Queen Street, Long
Acre; Drury Lane, Denzil Street, Holies Street,
Clare Market, White Hart Street, Catherine Street,
Portugal Street, Serle Street, Wych Street, Holywell
Street, Strand ; Essex Street, Milford Lane, Arundel
Street, Norfolk Street, Surrey Street, Howard Street,
Savoy Street, Wellington Street, Bow Street, Covent
Garden, York Street, King Street, Henrietta Street,
Tavistock Street, Bedford Street, Southampton Street,
Bedfordbury, Maiden Lane, Chandos Street, Exeter
Street, Burleigh Street, Cecil Street, Salisbury Street,
Adelphi Terrace, Adam Street, John Street, Robert
street, James Street ; George Street, Duke Street,
Buckingham Street, Villiers Street ; Charing Cross,
Craven Street, Northumberland Avenue; Trafalgar
Square, St. Martin's Lane, King William Street,
Seven Dials, Cranbourne Street, Leicester Square,
Coventry Street, Windmill Street, Haymarket, Jermyn
Street, Arundel Street, Orange Street, Panton Street,
Suffolk Street ; Spring Gardens, Pall Mall, King
Street, St. James's Square, Bury Street ; Green Park,
Hyde Park, Rotten Row, Albert Gate, Marble Arch,
Rutland Gate, Cumberland Gate, Grosvenor Gate,
Stanhope Gate, Park Lane, Portugal Street, Chape!
Street, Chesterfield Street, Grosvenor Square, Hamil-
ton Place ; Piccadilly ; Curzon Street, Charles Street,
Queen Street, Shepherd's Market, Play Hill, Farm
Street, Berkeley Square, Stratton Street, Bruton Street,
Contents. 33
Mount Street, Clarges Street, Half Moon Street,
Arlington Street, Bennett Street, Dover Street, Albe-
marle Street, Bond Street, Clifford Street, Burlington
Street, Cork Street, Savile Row, Vigo Street, Sackville
Street, Ayr Street, Swallow Street, Vine Street;
Regent Street; Conduit Street, Maddox Street,
Brook Street, Mill Street, George Street, Hanover
Square, Davies Street ; Argyll Street, Great Marl-
borough Street, Blenheim Street, Wardour Street,
Nassau Street, Golden Square, Shaftesbury Avenue ;
Old Compton Street, New Compton Street, Dean
Street, Gerrard Street, Macclesfield Street, Greek
Street, Carlisle Street ; Hanway Street, Rathbone
Place, Newman Street, Goodge Street, Castle Street,
Wells Street, Berners Street, Foley Street, Charlotte
Street, Great Titchfield Street, Grafton Street, Fitzroy
Square, Euston Square, Southampton Street, Tot-
tenham Court Road ; Oxford Street, Harley Street,
Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square, Holies Street,
Henrietta Street, Bentinck Street, Margaret Street,
Duchess Street, Portland Place, Welbeck Street,
Wimpole Street, Stratford Place, Langham Place,
Mansfield Street, Vere Street, Manchester Square,
Spanish Place, Chandos Street, Hinde Street, Audley
Street, Old Quebec Street, Seymour Street, Montague
Square, Berkeley Square, Portman Square, Biyan-
stone Square, Blandford Square, Dorset Square, Baker
Street, Harewood Square, Lisson Grove, Ossulton
Square ; Regent's Park, Albany Street, Osnaburg
Street, Munster Square, Park Street, Brecknock Road,
Great College Street, Oakley Square, Ampthill Square,
Harrington Square, Mornington Crescent, Granby
Street, Skinner Street ; Pancras Road, Battle Bridge
Road, York Road, Caledonian Road, Liverpool Street,
Sidmouth Street, Burton Crescent, Judd Street, Great
Coram Street, Lamb's Conduit Street, Harpur Street,
Bedford Row, Southampton Row, Russell Square,
Tavistock Square, Gordon Square, Torrington Square,
34 Contents.
PAGE
Montague Street, Brunswick Square, Mecklenburgh
Square ;Thurlow Place, Great Ormond Street, Blooms-
bury Square ; Queen's Square, Red Lion Square,
Kingsgate Street, Theobald's Road ; Coldbath Square,
Ray Street, Rosoman Street, Berkeley Street,
Hockley-in-the-Hole ; Myddleton Square, Penton-
ville Road; St. John Street Road, City Road, Shep-
herdess Walk, Curtain Road, Holywell Lane ; Nichols
Square, Sutton Place, Queen Elizabeth's Walk, Fleet-
wood Road; Seven Sisters Road, Archway Road,
Flask Walk ; Judges' Walk; Fleet Road, Dale Road,
Barrow Hill Place, Abbey Road ; Desborough Place,
Church Street, Nottingham Place, Paddington Street;
Craven Hill Gardens ; Southwick Crescent, Orme
Square, Ladbroke Grove, Norland Square, Kensington
Gore, Ennismore Place, Cromwell Road, Gloucester
Road ; Campden Hill, Warwick Road, Holland Road,
Earl's Court Road, Addison Road ; Cromwell Place,
King's Road, Cheyne Walk, Justice Walk, Marl-
borough Road, Keppel Street, Cadogan Square,
Sloane Street, Hans Place, Danvers Street ; Grosvenor
Place, Eccleston Square, Belgrave Square, Ebury
Square, Chester Square, Eaton Square, Lupus Street,
St. George's Square, Lowndes Square, Chesham Street ;
Vauxhall Bridge Road, Victoria Street ; Birdcage
Walk, Storey's Gate, Queen Anne's Gate, Delahay
Street, Rochester Row, Bridge Street, Cannon Street,
King Street, Princes Street, Parker Street, Great
George Street, Abingdon Street, Holywell Street,
Barton Street, Cowley Street, Marsham Street, Earl
Street, Romney Street, Pye Street, Great Peter Street,
Vine Street, Orchard Street, Tothill Street, Horse-
ferry Road ; Newington Butts, Great Suffolk Street,
Mint Street, Old Kent Road, Grange Road, Spa Road,
Russell Street, Tooley Street, Jamaica Road, Cherry
Gardens Pier, Evelyn Street 259
1208945
THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.
THE oldest of the four great divisions of the
world received its modern designation Asia
from the Sanskrit t/s/ms, signifying "land
of the dawn." Africa traces its origin to the
Phoenician afer, a black man, and the Sanskrit aCy the
earth, a country. Europe owes its name to the
Greek euvm^ broad, and op, to see, or ops^ the face, in
allusion to " the broad face of the earth." America
honours the memory of Amerigo Vespucci, the
Florentine navigator, who landed on the New Conti-
nent south of the Equator, the year after Columbus
discovered the northern mainland in 1498. The
name of America first appeared in a work published
by Waldsemuller at St. Die, in Lorraine, in the year
1507. It is worthy of note that when Columbus
landed in America he imagined he had set foot on
part of that vast territory east of the Ganges
vaguely known as India; therefore he gave the
name of Indians to the aborigines. This also
accounts for the islands in the Caribbean Sea
being styled the West Indies.
The cradle of the human race bears the name of
Palestine, or in Hebrew Palestma, meaning " the
land of strangers," agreeably to the native word
36 Names : and their Meaning.
palash, to wander. Palestine is usually denominated
the Holy Land, because it was the scene of the
birth, life, and death of the Redeemer. Asia
Minor is, of course, Lesser Asia.
For the title of Persia we are indebted to the
Greeks, who gave the name of Persis to the region
(of which the capital was Persipolis) originally over-
run by a wild branch of the Ayrian race called the
Parsa, meaning, in the native tongue, " the Tigers "
[see Parsees]. The suffix ia, wherever it occurs in
a geographical sense, expresses the Celtic for land
or territory. Hence, Persia signifies the territory of
the Parsa or Parsees ; Arabia, the country of the
Arabs, " men of the desert " ; Abyssinia, that of the
Abassins, or '* mixed races " ; Kaffraria, that of the
Kaffirs, or "unbelievers"; and Ethiopia, the "land
of the blacks," according to the two Greek words
aithein, to burn, and ops, the face. India denotes
the country traversed by the Indus, or rather the
Hindu, which name is a Persicized form of the
Sanskrit Sindhn, " a great river," rendered Hindus in
the Greek. Synonymous with the Celtic suffix just
discussed is the Persian stan : consequently Hindu-
stan signifies the territory traversed by the river
Hindu, and peopled by the Hindoos ; Turkestan,
the country of the Turks; Afghanistan, that of
the Afghans ; Beloochistan, that of the Belooches ;
and Kurdestan, properly Koordistan, that of the
Koords. The term China is a western corruption
of Tsina, so called in honour of Tsin, the founder
of the great dynasty which commenced in the third
Th& Countries of the World. ^y
century B.C., when a knowledge of this country was
first conveyed to the Western nations. It was this
Tsin who built the Great Wall of China (or Tsin) to
keep out the Barbarians. The Chinese Empire bears
the description of the Celestial Empire because its
early rulers were all celestial deities. Siberia is a
term indicative of Siber, the residence of Kutsheen
Khan, the celebrated Tartar prince, recognized as
the ancient capital of the Tartars, the ruins of
which may still be seen. Here again the Celtic
suffix ia has reference to the surrounding territory.
Russia constituted the country of the Russ, a
tribe who overran it at a very early period. The
Russian Empire was founded by Ruric, or Rourik, a
Scandinavian chief whose death took place in the
year a.d., 879. Circassia denotes the country of the
Tcherkes, a Tartar tribe who settled in the neigh-
bourhood of the river Terek. The Crimea received
its name from a small town established in the penin-
sula by the Kimri, or Cymri, and known to the Greeks
as Kimmerikon. Finland is properly Fenland, " the
land of marshes." Sweden is a modern term made
up of the Latin Siiedia, signifying the land of the
Suevi, a warlike tribe of the Goths, and the Anglo-
Saxon den, testifying to its occupation by the Danes.
Norway shows the result of a gradual modification
of the Anglo-Saxon Norea, and the original Nordoe,
being the Scandinavian for " north island." It is
easy to understand in this connection how the old
Norsemen, deterred by the intense cold of the Arctic
Sea, took it for granted that the great northern
38 Names : and their Meaning.
peninsula was surrounded by water, without actually
determining the fact. The native name of this
country in modern times is Nordrike, i.e., the north
kingdom.
Britain was known to the Phoenicians as Barat-
Anac, or ** the land of tin," as far back as the year
1037 B.C. Some five hundred years afterwards the
Island was alluded to by the Romans under the
name of Britannia, which subsequently became
shortened into Britain. England was originally
Engaland, the land of the Engles, or Angles, who
came over from Sleswick, a province of Jutland.
Prior to the year 258, which witnessed its invasion
by the Scoti, a tribe who inhabited the northern
portions of the country now known as Ireland,
Scotland bore the name of Caledonia, literally the
hilly country of the Gaels, or Gaels. The word Gael,
or Gael, is a corruption of Gadhel, signifying in the
native tongue *' a hidden rover " ; while Scot, derived
from the native scuite, means practically the same
thing, i.e., a wanderer. The Galedonians were the
inhabitants of the Highlands, the termination dun
expressing the Geltic for a hill, fort, stronghold ; the
Scots were the invaders from Scotia, who appro-
priated the Hebrides and the Western Islands ;
whereas the Lowlanders were the Picts, so called
from their description by the Roma.ns, pi cii, painted
men. These Picts were eventually subdued by the
Galedonians and Britons from their respective sides.
The Gaelic designation of what is now Ireland was
lerne, indicative of the " western isle." Ireland is
The Countries of the World. 39
commonly styled The Emerald Isle owing to its
fresh verdure.
Wales was originally Cambria, so called on ac-
count of the Cymri, or Kimri, who peopled it. The
modern title of "Wales was given to this province
by the Anglo-Saxons, because they regarded it, in
common with Cornwall, as the land of foreigners.
Traces of the Wahl or Welsh still present them-
selves in such names as Wallachia, Walcheren,
Walloon, Wallingford, Welshpool, &c. Thus we see
that the prenomen Wahl, subject to slight modifi-
cations in the spelling, denotes any foreign settle-
ment from the Saxon point of view. The Saxons,
by the way, whose original settlement is determined
by the little kingdom of Saxony, derived their name
from the seax, or short crooked knife with which they
armed themselves.
France was known to the Greeks as Gallatia, and
to the Romans as Gallia, afterwards modified into
Gaul, because it was the territory of the Celtiae, or
Celts. The modern settlers of the country were the
Franks, so called from the franca, a kind of javelin
which they carried, who in the fifth century in-
habited the German province of Franconia, and,
travelling westwards, gradually accomplished the
conquest of Gaul. France, therefore, signifies the
country of the Franks, or, as the Germans call it,
Frankreich, i.e., the Kingdom of the Franks. All
the western nations were styled Franks by the
Turks and Orientals, and anything brought to them
from the west invariably merited a prenomen de-
40 Names : and their Meaning.
scriptive of its origin, as, for example, frankincense,
by which was meant incense brought from the
country of the Franks. Normandy indicates the
coast settlement of the Northmen, or Danes ; while
Brittany comprised the land appropriated by the
kings of Britain.
Germany was in ancient times known asTronges,
or the country of the Tungri, a Latin word signi-
fying *' speakers " ; but the Romans afterwards gave
it the name of Germanus, which was a Latinized
Celtic term meaning " neighbours," originally
bestowed by the Gauls upon the warlike people
beyond the Rhine. Holland is the modern accepta-
tion of Ollanf, the Danish for ** marshy ground " ;
whereas Belgium denotes the land of the Belgise.
The fact that the term Netherlands is expressive of
the low countries need scarcely detain us. Denmark
is properly Denmark, i.e., the territory comprised
within the marc, or boundary established by Dan, the
Scandinavian chieftain. Jutland means the land
of the Jutes, a family of the Goths who settled in
this portion of Denmark. Prussia is a corruption
of Borussia, the country of the Borussi ; and
Bohemia, the country of the Boii, just as Hungary
was originally inhabited by the Huns, a warlike
Asiatic family, who expelled the Goths from this
territory in the )'ear 376. These Huns were first
heard of in China in the third century B.C. under the
name of Hiong-nu, meaning " giants." Poland
is an inversion of Land-Pole, the Slavonic for "men
of the plains," who first overran this territory.
The Countries of the World. 41
Servia was styled by the Romans Suedia, the
district peopled by the Suevi before they were driven
northwards to their final settlement in the territory
now called Sweden. Montenegro literally indicates
"black mountain." Bosnia is the country traversed
by the river Bosna; Moldavia, that traversed by
the Moldau ; and Moravia, that traversed by the
Morava. Bulgaria is a modern corruption of Vol-
garia, meaning the country peopled by the Volsci ;
while Roumania was anciently a Roman province.
Turkey is more correctly written Turkia, the country
of the Turks. This country also bears the style of
the Ottoman Empire, in honour of Othman I.,
who assumed the government of the empire about
the year 1300. Greece is the modern form of the
Latin Grcccia, from the Greek Graikoi, a name
originally bestowed upon the inhabitants of Hellas.
Austria is our mode of describing the Oesterreich,
literally the Eastern Empire, in contradistinction
to the Western Empire founded by Charlemagne.
Italy was so called after Italus, one of the early
kings of that country. Switzerland is an Anglicized
form of the native Schweitz, the name of the three
forest cantons whose people asserted their inde-
pendence of Austria, afterwards applied to the whole
country. Spain expresses the English of Hispania, a
designation founded upon the Punic span, a rabbit,
owing to the number of wild rabbits found in this
peninsula by the Carthaginians. The ancient name
of the country was Iberia, so styled from the Iberi,
a tribe who settled in the vicinity of the river Ebro
43 Names : and their Meaning.
Portugal was the Porttis Cale, literally " the port
Cale " of the Romans, the ancient name of the city
of Oporto.
Algiers is a modified spelling of the Arabic
Al JezaiVy meaning "the peninsula." Tunis was
anciently known as Tunentum, the land of the
Tunes ; Morocco signifies the territory of the
Moors; and Barbary; that of the Berbers. The
term Sahara is Arabic for "desert"; while the
Soudan denotes, according to the Arabic Belad-ez-
Suden, the " district of the blacks." Egypt ex-
presses the Hebrew for ** the land of oppression,"
alluding to the bondage of the Israelites. Sene-
gambia was originally so named owing to its
situation between the Senegal and Gambia rivers.
The Gold Coast is that portion of Guinea on the
West Coast of Africa where gold is found. Guinea
is a native West African term meaning " abounding
in gold." In Zanzibar, properly written Zanguebar,
we have an inversion of the Arabic Ber-ez-Zing, the
** coast of the negroes." Zululand is the country
of the Zulus. By the Transvaal is meant the
territory beyond the river Vaal ; just as in Europe
the Hungarians call a portion of their country
Transylvania, from its situation " beyond the
wood." Natal received its name from Vasco di
Gama because he discovered it on the Feast of the
Nativity. The settlements of the Dutch Boers in
South Africa are designated the Orange Free
States from the circumstance that their original
settlers were emigrants from the Principality of
The Countries of the World. 43
Orange, in Holland. Cape Colony is the British
colony in South Africa, so called after the Dutch
settlement at Cape Town, which dates from the year
1652. The Cape of Good Hope, discovered by
Bartholomew de Diaz in 1487, was so named {Caho
de Bon Esperance) by John II., King of Portugal,
who, finding that Diaz had reached the extremity of
Africa, regarded it as a favourable augury for future
maritime enterprises.
The most southern point of South America was
called Cape Hoorn (or, according to the English,
Cape Horn) by Schonten, who first rounded it in
1616, after Hoorn, his native place in North Holland.
Patagonia was so styled by Magellan in accordance
with the Spanish word patagon, meaning a large,
clumsy foot. It was from the fact of seeing the
impressions of the large shoes (not, as he imagined,
the feet) of the aborigines that he at once concluded
the country must be inhabited by giants. Chili
is a Peruvian word denoting the " land of snow."
Argentina, now the Argentine Republic, owes
its name to the silvery reflection of its rivers.
Brazil is a Portuguese term derived from braza, " a
live coal," relative to the red dye-wood with which
the country abounds. Bolivia perpetuates the
memory of General Simon Bolivar, "the Liberator
of Peru." Uraguay and Paraguay are both names
of rivers ; the former meaning " the golden water,"
and the latter " the river of waters," referring to its
numerous tributaries. Peru likewise received its
name from its principal river, the Rio Paro, upon
44 Names : and their Meaning.
which stands the ancient city of Paruru. The Bra-
zilian term Para, however modified, is at all times
suggestive of a river. Pernambuco means " the
mouth of hell," in allusion to the violent surf
always distinguished at the mouth of its chief river.
Ecuador is Spanish for Equator, so called by virtue
of its geographical position. Columbia was named
in honour of Christopher Columbus. Venezuela
expresses the Spanish for " Little Venice," which
designation was given to this country owing to the
discovery of some Indian villages built upon piles
after the manner of the *' Silent City " on the Adriatic
Sea.
The term Panama is Caribbean, indicative of the
mud fish that abound in the waters on both sides of
the isthmus. Costa Rica is literal Spanish for
" rich coast " ; while Honduras signifies, in the same
tongue, " deep water." The name of Nicaragua
was first given by Gil Gonzales de Arila in 1521 to
the great lake situated in the region now called
after it, in consequence of his friendly reception
by the Cacique, a Haytian term for a chief, whose
own name was Nicaro, of a tribe of West Indians,
with whom he fell in on the borders of the lake
referred to. The Mosquito Coast owes its name to
the troublesome insects (Spanish mosca, from the
Latin miisca, a fly) which infest this neighbourhood.
Yutacan is a compound Indian word meaning
"What do you say?" which was the only answer
the Spaniards could obtain from the natives to their
inquiries concerning a description of the country.
The Countries of the World. 45
Guatemala is a European rendering of the Mexican
quahtemali, signifying "a decayed log of wood"; so
called by the Mexican Indians who accompanied
Alvarado into this region, because they found an old
worm-eaten tree near the ancient palace of the
Kings, or Kachiquel, which was thought to be the
centre of the country.
Mexico denotes the place or seat of Mexitli, the
Aztec God of War. The name of California,
derived from the two Spanish words, Caliente For-
nalla, i.e., "hot furnace," was given by Cortez in
the year 1535 to the peninsula now known as Old or
Lower California, of which he was the discoverer, on
account of its hot climate. British Columbia is
the only portion of North America that retains the
name of the discoverer of the New World; but
originally the whole of the territory now comprised
in the United States bore the designation of Co-
lumbia in honour of Christopher Columbus. The
term Canada is Indian, indicative of a " collection
of huts"; Manitoba traces its origin from Manitou,
the Indian appellation of " The Great Spirit."
Ontario comes from the native Onontac, " the
village on the mountain," and chief seat of the
Onondagas ; while Gtuebec is an Algonquin term
signifying *' take care of the rock." Labrador was
originally denominated Tierra Labrador, the Spanish
for " cultivated land," as distinguished from the
non-fertile though moss-covered Greenland. New
Brunswick, colonized in 1785, received its name in
compliment to the House of Brunswick. Nova
46 Names : and their Meaning.
Scotia, otherwise New Scotland, was so called by
Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman who obtained a
grant of this colony from James I. in 1621. Florida
was named by Ponce de Leon in accordance with
the day of its discovery, to wit, Easter Sunday,
which in the Spanish language is styled Pascua
Florida.
The first British settlement in North America was
claimed by Sir Walter Raleigh on the 13th of July,
1584, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and called
Virginia in her honour. Maryland was so de-
nominated by Lord Baltimore (who gave the name
of Baltimore to a neighbouring State), in honour of
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles L Pennsylvania
denotes the colony founded " in the wood " by William
Penn, the son of Admiral Penn, in 168 1. This is
usually alluded to as the Keystone State, from its
relative position to the other States. Georgia was
named after George II., in whose reign this state
was colonized ; and Carolina (North and South)
after Carolus II., the Latanized style of Charles II.,
by whom this state was granted to eight of his
favourites. Louisiana was so called by M. de la
Sale in the year 1682, in honour of Louis XIV. of
France ; while Maine and New Orleans received
the names of existing French provinces. The title
of New Hampshire was given to the state granted
to him in 1629 by John Mason, in compliment to his
native county in England ; New Jersey compli-
mented the scene of action whereon Sir George
Carterat distinguished himself in the defence of
The Countries of the World. 47
Jersey Island against the Parliamentary forces in
1664 ; and New York (State) was denominated in
honour of James, Duke of York, afterwards James
II. [For Michigan see the great lake of the same
name.] Indiana derived its name from the great
number of Indians found here. Alabama in the
native tongue, signifies " Here we rest" ; Nebraska
means "water valley"; Ohio is "beautiful";
Massachusetts, "about the great hills"; Wis-
consin, "wild rushing channel"; Kansas, "smoky
water"; Tennessee, "river of the great bend";
Kentucky, " at the head of a river" ; Mississippi,
" great and long river " ; Missouri, " muddy river " ;
and Minnesota, " white water." Arkansas conveys
the same meaning as Kansas, with the addition of the
French prefix arc, a bow. Illinois is a compound of
the Indian ilium, men, and the French suffix oix, a
tribe. Oregon received its name from the Spanish
oregano, wild majoram, which grows in abundance
on this portion of the Pacific shore. Texas means
" the place of protection," in reference to the fact
that a colony of French refugees were afforded
protection here by General Lallemont in 1817;
Vermont is, more correctly, Verd Mont, so called
in testimony to the verdure-clad mountains which
traverse this state ; Colorado expresses the Spanish
for " coloured, " alluding to its coloured ranges ;
while Nevada is Spanish for " snowy," indica-
tive of the character of its mountain ridges, the
Sierra Nevada. Connecticut presents itself in
the native Indian form Quinnitukut, meaning "the
48 Names : and their Meaning.
country of the long river " ; Iowa is a French
corruption of a Sioux term, signifying " drowsy," or
" the sleepy ones," applied to the Pahoja, or Gray-
snow tribe ; Astoria was founded by John Jacob
Astor, of New York, as a fur-trading station in the
year 181 1 ; and Delaware received its name from
Thomas West, Lord de La Warre, Governor of
Virginia, who visited the bay in 1610, and died on
board his vessel at its mouth.
Lake Superior denotes the uppermost and chief
of the five great lakes of North America. Lake
Erie is the Lake of the " Wild Cat," the name given
to a fierce tribe of Indians exterminated by the
Iroquois. Lake Huron owes its name to the
French word hire, a head of hair; in reference to
the Wyandots, whom the French settlers designated
Hurons owing to their profusion of hair. Lake
Ontario bears the denomination of the Canadian
territory already discussed. Niagara, or rather, to
give it its full name, Oni-azv-garah, expresses the
West Indian for ** the thunder of waters." Lake
Michigan signifies in the native tongue " a weir for
fish"; and Lake Winnipeg, "lake of the turbid
water." The Great Bear Lake is indebted for its
name to its northern situation [see Arctic Ocean] ;
and the Great Salt Lake, to the saline character
of its waters.
Having disposed of the different countries, let us
now consider the nomenclature of the principal seas
and islands.
The Arctic Ocean received its name pursuant to
Th& Countries of the Wor^d. 49
the Greek arktos, a bear, on account of the northern
constellations of the Great and Little Bear. The
Antarctic Ocean denotes the ocean anti, against,
or opposite to, the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic
Ocean, known to the Greeks by the name of Allan-
iikos pelagos, was originally so called from the Isle of
Atlantes, which both Plato and Homer imagined to
be situated beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. The
Pacific Ocean was so named by Magellan, owing to
its calm and pacific character, in striking contrast to
his tempestuous passage through the Straits of Magel-
lan, from which he emerged November 27, 1520. The
Caribbean Sea washes the territory of the Caribbs,
whose name means ** cruel men." The Mediter-
ranean Sea expresses the Latin (medius, middle,
and terra, earth) for the sea between two continents,
viz., Europe and Africa. The Adriatic Sea indicates
the Sea of Adrian or Hadrian. The Baltic Sea
denotes, in accordance with the Swedish ball, a strait,
a sea full of belts, or straits. The North Sea, the
German Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Irish
Sea, are names indicative of the positions of these
respective seas. The White Sea is so called from
its proximity to sterile regions of snow and ice ; the
Black Sea, because it abounds with black rocks ;
the Red Sea, on account of the red soil which
forms its bottom ; the Green Sea, owing to a
strip of green always discernible along the Arabian
shore ; the Yellow Sea, from the immense quan-
tity of alluvial soil continually poured into it
by the Yang-tse-Kiang river; and the Dead Sea,
4
50
because no fish of any kind has ever been found in
its waters. The Caspian Sea preserves the name of
the Caspii, a tribe who originally formed a settlement
on its shores. The Sea of Marmora owes its designa-
tion to a small island at its western extremity which
has long been famous for its marble (Latin marmor)
quarries. The Gulf Stream is a warm current of
water that issues from the mouth of the Amazon,
immediately under the Equator, and after traversing
the coast of South America, the Caribbean Sea, the
Gulf of Mexico, and the coast of the United States,
makes its way across the Atlantic directly for the
British Isles, raising the temperature of the water
through which it passes. The Horse Latitudes,
situated between the trade winds and the westerly
winds of higher latitudes, and distinguished for
tedious calms, received this name because it was in
this portion of the Atlantic the old navigators often
threw overboard the horses which they had under-
taken to transport to the West Indies. The southern
banks of the West India Islands, and the water ex-
tending for some distance into the Caribbean Sea,
were formerly known as the Spanish Main, from
the fact that the Spaniards confined their buccaneer-
ing enterprises to this locality.
Hudson's Bay and Hudson's Strait were named
aftertheirre-discoveryby Captain Henry Hudson while
searching for the north-west passage in 1610. Prior
to this date the Bay and the Strait had not been
navigated since their original discovery by Cabot in
1512. James' Bay honours the memory of James
The Countries of the World. 51
I., in whose reign it was completely explored. Quite
a number of straits, gulfs, and bays bear the names
of their respective navigators ; therefore these need
not detain us here. An exception exists in the case
of Barrow's Strait, which was so called by Captain
Penny in compliment to John Barrow, the son of
Sir John Barrow the traveller and statesman, in
1850. All Saints' Bay was discovered by Vespucci
on the Feast of All Saints in the year 1503. The
Gulf of St. Lawrence was first explored, and the
navigation of the long river of the same name com-
menced, on the Feast of St. Lawrence, 1500. The
Gulf of Carpentaria preserves the memory of a
Dutch captain named Carpenter who discovered it
in 1606. Torres Strait received the name of the
Spanish navigator, L. V. de Torres, to whom its dis-
covery was due, in the year 1606. Botany Bay was
so called by Captain Cook from the great variety of
plants which he found growing on its shores when
exploring it in the year 1770. The St. George's
Channel was named after the patron saint of Eng-
land. The Skagerrack denotes the "crooked
strait between the Skagen" (so called from the Gothic
skaga, a promontory), which forms the northern ex-
tremity of Jutland and Norway. Zuyder Zee
expresses the Dutch for the " south sea," in relation
to the North Sea or German Ocean. The Bay of
Biscay takes its name from the Basque or Basquan,
i.e., mountainous provinces, whose shores are
washed by its waters. The Strait of Gibraltar
honours the reputation of Ben Zeyad Tarik, a Moor-
52 Names : and tJieir Meaning.
ish general who effected the invasion of Spain in the
year 712 by obtaining possession of the apparently
impregnable rock which has ever since borne the
name, in consequence, oijebel al tarik, the Mountain
of Tarik. The Bosphorus is a Greek term com-
posed of bous, an ox, and poms, a ford, alluding to the
legend that when lo was transformed into a cow
she forded this strait. The Dardanelles derive
their name from the ancient city of Dardanus,
founded by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam, where
the castle now stands on the Asiatic side.
By the term Australia is meant "the South,"
and by Australasia " Southern Asia," agreeably to
the Latin australis, southern. Previous to its settle-
ment by the British, Australia was known as New
Holland owing to its discovery by the Dutch in the
year 1606. The existing name of New Zealand
likewise bears testimony to the deep-rooted affection
of the Dutch navigators, and indeed of the Dutch
people generally, for their native countr}' — the word
Zeeland, denoting sea-land, being significant of the
low countries. Tasmania was originally known as
Van Dieman's Land, the name bestowed upon it
by Abel Jansen Tasman, who discovered it in 1642,
in compliment to the daughter of the Dutch governor
of Batavia. The change of title was effected in 1853.
The Society Islands received their name from
Captain Cook in honour of the Royal Society ; the
Friendly Islands, on account of the friendly dis-
position of the natives ; and Christmas Island,
because he set foot upon it on Christmas Day, 1777.
The Countries of the World. 53
The naming of the Sandwich Islands by Cook
conveyed a graceful compliment to Lord Sandwich,
First Lord of the Admiralty. The Philippine
Islands, discovered by Magellan in 1521, were
named after Philip IL of Spain ; and the Caroline
Islands discovered by Lopez de Villalobos in 1543,
after Charles V., Emperor of Germany and first King
of Spain.
Papua is a Portuguese term for "frizzled," in
allusion to the enormous frizzled heads of hair worn
by the natives ; Java is a native Malay word signi-
fying " the land of nutmegs ; " Sumatra, a corrup-
tion of Trimatara, means " the happy land " ; while
Borneo comes from the Sanskrit bhurni, "land."
Japan is a European modification, brought about
through the Portuguese Gepuen, of the native Niphon,
confounded of ni, sun, fire, and pojt, land, literally
sun-land, or '* land of the rising sun," and signifying
** the fountain of light." Formosa is Portuguese
for ''beautiful"; whereas Ceylon, rendered in the
Portuguese tongue Selen, is but part of the original
Sanskrit Sinhala-dwipa, "the Island of Lions." The
Mauritius, when colonized by the Dutch, received
the name of Maurice, Prince of Orange ; and the
Isle of Bourbon, when settled by the French, that
of the Bourbon family. Madagascar is properly
Malagasy, the Island of the Malagese, because the
natives belong to the Malay race.
Tierra del FuegO expresses the Spanish for ''land
of fire." The Island of Desolation was so desig-
nated by Captain Cook owing to the absence of all
54 Names : and their Meaning.
signs of life. Hanover Island honours the House
of Hanover; and Adelaide Island, the queen of
William IV. ; while Juan Fernandez (also known
as Selkirk's Island, after Alexander Selkirk, its
solitary inhabitant from September, 1704, to Feb-
ruary, 1707), perpetuates the name of its discoverer
in the year 1567. The Ladrone Islands merited
this designation from the circumstance that when
Magellan touched upon one of the lesser isles of the
group in 1520 the natives stole some of his goods ;
whereupon he called the Islands the Ladrones, which
is the Spanish for thieves. Pitcairn's Island was
discovered by Pitcairn in 1768. Easter Island was
so denominated by Jacob Roggevin in consequence
of his visit to its fertile shores on Easter Sunday,
1722 ; the island having previously been discovered
by Captain Davis in 1686. Vancouver Island
preserves the memory of Captain Vancouver, a mid-
shipman under Captain Cook, who discovered it in
1792, while cruising about in search of a river on the
west coast of North America. The Aleutian Islands
expresses the Russian for " bald rocks." Q,ueen
Charlotte Island was named in compliment to the
queen of George HI.; and Prince ofWales Island,
after the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV.
Barrow Island, discovered by Captain Penny in
1850, received the name of John Barrow, son of Sir
John Barrow, the eminent statesman ; while Baring
Island, also discovered by Penny in the course of
the same voyage, received the name of Sir Francis
Baring, First Lord of the Admiralty. The Parry
The Countries of the World. 55
Islands and Baffin Land indicate the names of
the famous Arctic navigators to whom their discovery
v^^as due. Banks Land was so called in compliment
to Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent naturalist and
President of the Royal Society.
Newfoundland is the only territory discovered
by Cabot which has been allowed to retain its
original name. Bhode Island, a corruption of the
Danish rood, red, signifies Red Island, in allusion to
its reddish appearance ; whereas Long Island has
reference to its long and narrow conformation. The
Bermuda Islands were discovered by Juan Ber-
mudez in 1522. San Salvador means " Holy
Saviour." This was the first land sighted by
Columbus (October 11, 1492) ; he therefore gave it
this name, as a token of thanksgiving. Jamaica is
a corruption of Xaymaco, a native West Indian name
signifying "the country abounding in springs." Cuba
and Hayti are also native names, the latter meaning
*' mountainous country." The Island of Barbadoes
derived its name from the Latin barba, a beard, in
allusion to the beard-like streamers of moss always
hanging from the branches of the trees. Dominica
is indicative of the day of its discovery by Columbus,
namely, Sunday, November 2, 1493 ; and Porto
Rico is likewise Spanish for " rich port." When
Columbus first sighted the Isle of Trinidad he
discerned three mountain peaks rising from the sea,
thus conveying the impression of three distinct
islands ; but on approaching nearer he discovered
that they formed one piece of land only ; wherefore
56 Names : and their Meaning.
he gave the island the name of the Trinity, of which
it was so eminently an emblem. But perhaps the
most interesting of the West Indies in connection
with the subject we are now discussing is Tobago
Island, so called by Columbus from its fancied re-
semblance to the Tobaco, or inhaling tube of the
aborigines, whence the word Tobacco has been
derived. St. Kitt's Island is an abbreviation of
St. Christopher's Island, so called by Columbus in
1493 after his patron saint.
Ascension Island was discovered by the Portu-
guese on Ascension Day, 1501 ; and the Isle
of St. Helena on the Feast of St. Helena, 1502.
Tristan d'Acunha received the name of the Portu-
guese navigator who discovered it in 165 1. The
Canary Islands were originally so called on ac-
count of the numerous dogs, as well as of their un-
usual size(Latin canis, a dog), bred here. Madeira
is a Portuguese term signifying timber ; the in-
ference being that this island was formerly covered
by an immense forest. Majorca and Minorca,
literally in accordance with the Latin major and
minor, the Greater and Lesser Island, are de-
nominated also the Balearic Islands from the
Greek ballein, to throw, because their inhabitants
were anciently noted slingers. Corsica is a Phoeni-
cian word denoting " the wooded island " ; Sardinia
expresses the "land of the Sardonion," a Greek
term for a plant indigenous to this island; Capri
signifies the " island of goats," agreeably to the
Latin caper, a he-goat ; Sicily received its name from
The Countries of the World. 57
the Siciili, a tribe who settled upon it in early times ;
Malta was anciently Melita, " the place of refuge " ;
Candia comes from the Arabic KhandcB, " the island
of trenches " ; and Cyprus from the Greek Kupros,
the name of a herb with which the island abounded ;
while Rhodes indicates an " island of roses," in
conformity with the Greek rhodon, a rose.
Belleisle is French for " beautiful island " ;
Jersey was originally Czar's-ey, meaning ** Caesar's
Island," so called by the Romans in honour of
Julius Csesar; the Isle of Wight denoted in the
long, long ago the Island of the Wyts, or Jutes; just
as Gothland indicated a settlement of the Goths.
Heligoland expresses the Danish for " holy island
settlement." Anglesea is really a corruption of
Anglesey, signifying, in accordance with the suffix ey,
the Isle of the Angles [see Chelsea]. The Isle of
Man is the modern designation of Mona Island,
by which was meant, agreeably to the Celtic mcen,
a stone "rocky island." The Hebrides were
anciently referred to by Ptolemy as the Ebudce, and
by Pliny as the Hebudes, denoting the " Western
Isles " ; the Orkney Isles expresses the Gaelic for
the ** Isles of Whales," alluding to their situation;
and the Shetland Isles, the Norse for the " Viking
Island," conformably with their native prenomen
Hyalti, a Viking. The term Viking, by the way,
meaning a pirate, was derived from the Vik, or creek,
in which he lay concealed. The name of Iceland
needs no comment, further than that, perhaps, the
north and west coasts of the island are frequently
58 Names : and their Meaning.
blockaded with ice, which has drifted before the wind
from Greenland. Spitzbergen is literal Dutch for
" sharp-pointed mountains," referring to the granite
peaks of the mountains, which are so characteristic
of this group of islands; while Nova Zembla pre-
sents a strange mixture of the Latin and Slavonic,
literally ** new land."
THE MONTHS, AND DAYS OF THE
WEEK.
THE titles of the months are modernized forms
of those in use among the Romans, namely : —
January, in honour of Janus, a deity who
presided over the beginning of everything; February,
from the Latin word fehni, to purify, because the
purification of women took place in this month ;
March, after Mars, the God of War; April, from
aperio, to open, this being the month in which the
buds shoot forth ; May, after Maia, the mother of
Mercury, to whom sacrifices were offered on the first
day of this month ; June, from Juno, the queen
goddess ; July, the name given to this month by
Marc Antony in honour of Julius Cassar, who was
born in it ; August, named by Augustus Csesar after
himself, because in this month he celebrated three
distinct triumphs, reduced Egypt to subjection, and
put an end to the civil wars; while September,
October, November, and December literally ex-
press the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months of
the old Roman Calendar, counted from March, which
commenced the year previous to the addition of
January and February by Numa in the year 713 B.C.
The Egyptian astronomers were the first to dis-
6o Nantes : and their Meaning.
tinguish the days by names, when, as might have
been expected, they called them after the Sun, the
Moon, and the five planets, viz., Mars, Mercury,
Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Of these the two first
and the last survive, but for the rest the names of as
many gods of the Scandinavian mythology have been
substituted. Nowadays, then, we have the following:
— Sunday, originally signifying the day upon which
the sun was worshipped ; Monday, the day of the
moon ; Tuesday, devoted to Tiw, the God of War ;
Wednesday, set apart for the worship of Odin, or
Wodin, the God of Magic and the Inventor of the
Arts ; Thursday, the day of Thor, the son of Odin
(or Wodin), and the God of Thunder; Friday, allotted
to Frigga, the wife of Odin, and the Goddess of
Marriage ; and Saturday, the day of Saturn, one of
the planets of the solar system.
CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINA-
TIONS.
THEISM and Deism both express a belief in
God ; the former term being derived from
the Greek Theos, God, and the latter from
the Latin, Dens, God. The Theist, however,
admits the Theocracy or Government of God
(Greek Theos, God, and kratcin, to govern) ; the
Deist, on the contrary, maintains that God in the
beginning implanted in all His works certain im-
mutable laws, comprehended by mankind under the
name of the " Laws of Nature," which act of them-
selves, and are no longer subject to the supervision
of the Creator. Pantheism (from the Greek ^^w,
all, everything, and Theos, God) is the religion which
rejects a belief in a personal God, but recognizes Him
in all the processes, and works, and glories, and
beauties of Nature, and animated creation. Briefly,
the Pantheist holds the doctrine that " God is
everything, and everything is God." The word
Atheism comes from the Greek Theos, God, and the
prefix a, without. An Atheist, therefore, practically
answers to the description given by David in the
opening line of Psalm xiv., " The fool hath said in his
heart, There is no God." Agnosticism is also
62 Names : and their Meaning.
Greek, in accordance with the prefix a, without,
and gnouii, to know. An Agnostic is one whose belief
is confined to that which he knows and sees, and
who rejects everything at all beyond his under-
standing. Secularism, derived from the Latin
seculum, an age, a generation, is the term given to
the principles advocated by Messrs. Holyoake in
1846, which professed an entire independence of
religion, except so far as it pertains to this life. The
Secularist aims at promoting the happiness of the
community during the present life. His religion is
that of this world, without troubling himself about
possibilities concerning a life hereafter. Such views
are closely allied to those set forth by John Stuart
Mill (born 1806, died 1873) under the name of
Utilitarianism, by which was meant, " the happi-
ness of the greatest number." This term was based
upon the Latin utilitas, usefulness. Spiritualism
expresses a belief in the soul's immortality, as
opposed to the doctrine of Materialism, which con-
tends that the soul, or thinking part of man, is the
result of some peculiar organization of matter in
the body, with which it must necessarily die.
Rationalism constitutes the doctrine which accepts
the test of Reason and Experience in the pursuit of
knowledge, particularly in regard to religious truth,
rejecting the gift of Faith, Revelation, and every-
thing connected with the supernatural or miraculous.
This was the religion (!) of the French Revolu-
tionists, who set up an actress to be publicly
honoured as the " Goddess of Reason " in the
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 63
Cathedral of Notre Dame on the loth of November,
1793-
The earliest form of religion on the face of the earth
was Monotheism, so called from the Greek monos,
alone, only, and Theos, God; therefore signifying
a belief in, and the worship of, one Only God. The
word Religion is derived from the Latin relignrc,
to bind. Hence, Religion implies obedience, sub-
mission, and an acknowledgment of certain orthodox
doctrines regarding our duty to a Supreme Power.
Mosaism, otherwise Judaism, denotes the religion
of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. But
even during that favoured period when God mani-
fested Himself in various ways to the children of
Israel, Idolatry prevailed. Let us consider what
this word Idolatry really means. Idol is a con-
traction of the Greek eidolon, the diminutive of eidos,
a figure, an image, or that which is seen, derived from
the verb eidein, to see ; while Idolater is made up of
the two Greek words, eidolon, and latres, one who
pays homage, a worshipper. An Idolater, therefore,
is a worshipper of images, or that which he sees.
The Israelites, who prostrated themselves before the
Golden Calf, were strictly Idolaters ; so were the
Egyptians, who worshipped the sun, the moon, the ox,
the dog, the cat, the ibis, and the ichneumon ; but the
Greeks and Romans were scarcely Idolaters, because
the mythological deities they worshipped were
unseen — as unseen as is the True God Himself.
Neither were they Pagans, which term, from the
hsiiin pagamis, a countr;yman, a peasant, based upon
64 Names : and their Meaning.
pagtis, a country, a district, has nothing whatever to
do with religion. The Greeks and Romans were,
in fact, Polytheists, and their religion was Poly-
theism, signifying, in accordance with the Greek
polus, many, and Theos, God, a belief in more gods
than one. The more general description of the
religion of the ancients is comprised in the term
Mythology, written in the Greek miitJwIogia, from
muthos, a fable, and logos, a discourse.
Alluding to the Fire Worshippers of the East,
who fall prostrate in adoration of the sun, it should
be noted that these do not actually worship the sun,
but God, whom they believe to reside in it. This
Sun or Fire Worship, the religion of the Parsees,
otherwise denominated Zoroastrianism, was in-
troduced into Persia by Zoroaster about five hun-
dred years before the Christian era. In short,
the Parsees are the descendants of those who, in
Persia, adhered to the Zoroastrian religion after
the Moslem or Mahommedan conquest of their
country, whence they were at length driven by
Moslem persecution to migrate to India. The
Brahmins are the priests or higher caste of the
Hindoos, who, like the Burmese, the inhabitants
of the adjacent country, Burmah, claim to be
descended from Brahma, the supreme deity of the
Hindoo religion. The Buddhists are the followers
of Buddha, a Hindoo sage who founded the doctrine
of Buddhism in the sixth century B.C. Mahom-
medanism is the religion founded by Mahom-
med, or Mahomet (born 571, died 632). The term
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 65
Koran, or more properly^/ Koran, "The Koran,"
which constitutes the Bible of the Mahommedans,
is Arabic for a " Reading," a " thing to be read."
The native name of the Mahommedan religion is
Islam, resignation and obedience to God, founded
upon the verb aslama, to bend, to submit, to sur-
render. The Mahommedans of Turkey and Persia
usually bear the style of Mussulmans, a corruption
and the plural of the Arabic muslim, rendered into
English as Moslem, and meaning a true believer, or
one who holds the faith of Islam.
Our reference to Mahommedanism having carried
us some six hundred years beyond the foundation of
Christianity by Christ, we must of necessity
retrace our steps. Reverting to the Jewish people
contemporary with Jesus Christ and His disciples,
a certain portion of these styled themselves
Pharisees because they affected a greater degree
of holiness than their neighbours. The name was
derived from the Hebrew word pharash, separated.
The Nazarenes, so called after "Jesus of Nazareth,"
were a sect of semi-converted Jews, who, while
believing Christ to be the long-promised Messiah,
and that His nature was Divine as well as human,
nevertheless continued the rites and ceremonies
peculiar to Judaism. The Gnostics, otherwise
the ** Knowers," pursuant to the Greek gnomi, to
know, were those who tried to accommodate the
Scriptures to the speculations of Plato, Pythagoras,
and other ancient philosophers ; having done which
to their own satisfaction they refused all further
5
66 Names: and their Meaning.
knowledge on the subject. The Aquarians (Latin
aqua, water) insisted upon the use of water in the
place of wine in the Communion. The AriailS
were the followers of Arius, a presbyter in the
Church of Alexandria, universally regarded as the
first heretic. Soon after his death (in 336), which
was ignominious in the extreme, the Arians re-
nounced their errors, and were readmitted into the
Church ; but this gave offence to another section of
the Christians under Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari,
styling themselves the Luciferians, who refused
all communication with the reconverted heretics.
The Donatists were the followers of Donatus,
Bishop of Numidia; the Macedonians, of Mace-
donius. Patriarch of Constantinople; the ApoUi-
narians, of Apollinarius, Bishop of Laodicea and
Greek Christian philosopher. These various sects
arose in the fourth century of the Church.
The term Catholic, derived from the Greek
Katholos, compounded out of Kata, throughout, and
olos, whole, signifies One, Universal. During the
first nine centuries of Christianity the Catholic
Church was indeed universal ; but at that epoch
it became necessary to distinguish between the
Eastern or Greek Church, and the Western or
Church of Rome, by adding the word " Roman "
to the original Church founded by St. Peter and
perpetuated by his successors the Popes. The
Greek Church, which constitutes the orthodox
religion of Greece, Moldavia, and Russia, differs
principally from the Roman Catholic in regard to
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 6y
the Papal supremacy, and the doctrine of Holy
Ghost proceeding from the Father and the Son.
The employment of the full title of Roman
Catholic Church is at all times necessary in
England when alluding to Christian doctrine in
order to avoid probable confusion with the Estab-
lished Church of this country which retains in its
Creed the designation of " The Holy Catholic
Church." This is because at the Reformation the
Church of England, then styled the Anglican
Church, professed to be the Catholic Church
governed by the reigning monarch instead of the
Pope of Rome.
The Galilean Church is the so-called Church of
France or Gaul, the ancient name of the country.
Pere Hyacinth, its founder, whose church was
opened in Paris February 7, 1870, originally sepa-
rated from the Church of Rome owing to his dis-
approval of the enforced celibacy of the clergy. The
Lutheran Church of Germany took its name from
Martin Luther (born 1483, died 1546), the monk
who became the pioneer of Protestantism. In the
year 1529 the Emperor Charles V. summoned a
Diet at Spiers for the avowed object of enlisting the
aid of the German Princes against the Turks, but
really to devise some means of tranquillizing the
disturbances which had grown out of Luther's
opposition to the Church of Rome, and restoring
the national religion. Against a decree drawn up
at this Diet six princes and the deputies of thirteen
imperial towns offered a vehement protest, and ever
68 Names : and their Meaning.
afterwards the Lutherans were in consequence
styled Protestants. The first Standard of Faith,
according to the doctrines of Luther, is known as
The Augsburg Confession, because it was pre-
sented by Luther and Melancthon to Charles V.,
during the sitting of the Imperial Diet at Augsburg
in the year 1530.
The Calvinists were the followers of John Calvin
(born 1509, died 1604), the zealous reformer of
Switzerland. In due time these also styled them-
selves Protestants. From Switzerland Protestantism
spread into France through the energy of a Genevese
Calvinist named Hugh or Hugue, after whom the
French Protestants adopted the name of Hugue-
nots.
But Luther and Calvin were by no means the
earliest of the reformers.
In England the Wycliffites, or followers of John
Wycliffe (born 1324, died 1387), became known as
Gospellers, after their leader had completed the
translation of the Bible in 1377. Eventually they
adopted the title of Lollards, in imitation of a sect
of German reformers headed by Walter Lollard,
a dissolute priest, who turned theologian and was
publicly burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. In
France the precursors of the Huguenots were the
Albigenses of Languedoc, so called because their
capital was Albi, and its people were called the
Albigeois, early in the twelfth century; and in 1170,
the Waldenses, inhabiting the wooded districts of
Valdois and Piedmont. The latter received their
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 69
designation in accordance with the German walden,
forests. The Camisards, or wearers of the Camise,
a peasant's smock, to conceal their armour, com-
prised a body of Protestant insurgents who took
up arms in the district of the Cevennes after the
revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV.,
October 22, 1685. As these always conducted their
attacks upon the soldiery under cover of the dark-
ness the term " Camisard " in military parlance
soon came to imply a night attack. The Protestants
of Bohemia were styled Hussites, after John Huss
(born 1373, burned 1415) ; they were also known as
Bethlemites from the Church of Bethlehem in
Prague, in which Huss used to hurl forth his
denunciations against the Church of Rome. The
Moravians, otherwise The United Brethren,
who were driven by persecutions from Moravia and
Bohemia in the last century, claimed to be descen-
dants of the original Hussites.
Having now traced the rise of Protestantism
generally, let us at once dispose of the various sects
and denominations before confining ourselves to the
Established Church and its offshoots.
The Adamites were the fanatical followers of one
Picard, in Bohemia, self-styled " Adam, Son of God,"
who, about the year 1400, proposed to reduce man-
kind to a state of primitive innocence and enjoyment.
No clothes were worn, wives were held in common,
and many other violations of Nature were committed
ere they finally disappeared from the face of the earth.
A similar sect were the Libertines, in Holland,
70 Names: and their Meaning.
These contended that nothing could be regarded as
sinful in a community where each was at full liberty
to act up to his natural dictates and passions. The
Jansenists favoured the doctrines of Jansenius,
Bishop of Ypres, in France (born 1585, died 1638).
For a long period these maintained an open warfare
with the Jesuists, properly, soldiers of the " Society
of Jesus "[s55 Religious Orders], until they were
finally put down by Pope Clement in 1705. The
Gabrielites were a sect of Anabaptists of Germany
in the sixteenth century, named after Gabriel
Scherling, their founder. The Labadists were a
sect of Protestant ascetics of the seventeenth
century who conformed to the rules laid down by
Jean Labadie, of Bourg, in Germany. The So-
cinians, a sect corresponding to the modern
Unitarians, owed their existence to Laelius Socinus,
an Italian theologian in 1546. The anti-Calvinists
of Holland were styled Arminians, after the
Latinized name (Jacobus Arminius) of their leader,
James Harmensen (born 1560, died 1609). The
New Christians comprised a number of Portuguese
Jews in the fifteenth century, who, although they
consented to be baptized under compulsion, still
practised the Mosaic rites and ceremonies in secret.
The Old Catholics of Germany are the followers of
the late Dr. Bollinger, of Munich (born 1799, died
1890), who refused to accept the dogma of the
infallability of the Pope promulgated July 18, 1870.
In our own country the Scotists were those who
adopted the opinions of John Duns Scotus (born
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 71
1272, died 1308), concerning the doctrines of the Im-
maculate Conception, in opposition to the Thomists,
or followers of St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, ^i^^
1274), who denied that the Virgin was conceived
without sin. The Sabbatarians, known also as the
Seventh Day Baptists, founded by Brabourne, a
clergyman who, about the year 1628, maintained that
the seventh day was the real Sabbath as ordained
at the beginning. The Fifth Monarchy Men,
who came into existence during the reign of Charles
I., believed in the early coming of Jesus Christ to
re-establish the four great monarchies of the ancient
world, viz., the Assyrian, Persian, Macedonian, and
Roman, contemporaneously with the fifth, the Mil-
lennium. The Muggletonians were the followers
of one Ludovic Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who
set himself up as a prophet in 1651. The Society
of Friends originally styled themselves Seekers,
because they sought the truth after the manner
of Nicodemus, the Jewish ruler, as narrated in St.
John iii. 1-21. They were first designated Q,uakers
by Justice Bennet of Derby, in 1650, in consequence
of George Fox, the founder, having admonished him
and all present to quake on hearing the Word of
the Lord. The Seekers came into existence in 1646.
The White Quakers, who seceded from the
main body about 1840, are distinguished by their
white clothing. The original sect of the Shakers,
first heard of in the time of Charles I., received its
name from the convulsive movements indulged in
by its members as part of their peculiar forra of
72 Names : and their Meaning,
worship. The modern sect sprang from a body of
expelled Quakers, headed by James Wardley, in
1747. They emigrated to America in May, 1772,
and formed a permanent settlement near Albany,
New York, two years afterwards. The Mormons
derived their designation from " The Book of
Mormon," claimed to be a lost portion of the Bible
written by the angel Mormon, the last of the Hebrew
line of prophets, and found inscribed in Egyptian
characters upon plates of gold by Joseph Smith, the
founder of the sect, in the year 1827. This work
was really written by the Rev. Solomon Spalding,
who died in 1816. Joseph Smith died in 1844. The
Peculiar People are so styled because they believe
in the efficacy of prayer on the part of their elders,
and the anointing with oil in the name of the Lord
for the cure of sickness as set forth in James v. 14.
This sect was first heard of in London in 1838.
The Faith Healers, or those who uphold the
doctrine of Healing by Faith, lately sprung up in
our midst, may be regarded as an offshoot of the
Peculiar People. The Irvingites are the followers
of Edward Irving, a Scottish divine (born 1792, died
1834), who maintained that Christ was liable to
commit sin in common with the rest of mankind.
The Humanitarians incline to the same belief.
The Sacramentarians are those who deny the
Real Presence in the Holy Eucharist: the Calvinists
were originally known by this title. The Plymouth
Brethren first appeared at Plymouth about the
year 1830 ; they so style themselves because they
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 73
confess Christ as a fraternal community and do not
recognize any order of priesthood. The Perfec-
tionists of North America are so called owing to
their rejection of civil laws, on the plea that the
guidance of the Holy Spirit suffices for all earthly
as well as spiritual affairs. Another body of co-
religionists peculiar to North America are the
Hopkinsians, named after Samuel Hopkins, of
Connecticut, their founder. The doctrines which
they hold are mainly Calvinistic.
The Scottish Covenanters were those who
subscribed to a solemn league or covenant to stand
by each other in opposition to the religious and
political measures of Charles I. This occurred in
1638. In less than ten years afterwards the
Covenanters, having increased in numbers and power,
assumed the entire direction of their own ecclesias-
tical affairs and styled themselves Presbyterians,
a term derived from the Greek presbuteros, an elder,
because they contended that the government of the
Church as set forth in the New Testament was by
presbyters, equal in office, power, and order. The
national Church of Scotland, therefore, when at
length it was recognized by the English Parliament,
bore the title of the Scottish Presbyterian
Church. It was, however, not long before dis-
sensions became rife. The strictest body of the
Presbyterians adopted the style of Cameronians,
after the name of their leader, Archibald Cameron,
who was executed in 1688 on account of his
religious opinions ; while an equally numerous
74 Names : and their Meanin
'6*
body, headed by John Macmillan, became known as
Macmillanites, and also as The Reformed
Presbytery. A much later sect was that founded
in 1841 by James Morison, under the designation
of the Morisonians. But the most alarming split
in the Presbyterian Church took place May 18, 1843,
when Dr. Chalmers, with a large following, estab-
lished a separate community, entitled The Free
Church of Scotland.
The Puritans of England were to the Established
Church what the Pharisees were to the Jews. And
not only did these Puritans profess a greater purity
of doctrine, of morals, and of living, than their
neighbours, but they embraced the earliest oppor-
tunity of separating themselves from the Church of
England altogether. They were, in fact, the first of
the Dissenters. On August 24, 1662, which date
witnessed the secession of nearly two thousand
ministers from the Church of England through their
non-compliance with the " Act of Uniformity," the
Puritans joined forces with the latter, and the
combined body assumed the name of Noncon-
formists. The Protestants were, consequently,
divided into two great parties — the Conformists, or
those who conformed to the requirements laid down
in the "Act of Conformity," and the Nonconfor-
mists. The latter have in more recent times borne
the name of Dissenters, because they dissent from
the Established Church. The Sectarians are
Dissenters who attach themselves to one or other of
the numerous sects and denominations which exist
Creeds, Sects, and Denominations. 75
outside the Church of England. The Congrega-
tionalists and the Independents are one and the
same. They maintain that each congregation is an
independent religious community entitled to exercise
the right of appointing its own ministers and
managing its own affairs. These tenets were first
publicly advanced by Robert Brown, a violent op-
ponent of the Established Church, in Rutlandshire,
as early as the year 1585. The Unitarians are the
modern Socinians already alluded to. They are
opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity ; and, conse-
quently, to the Trinitarians. The Baptists not
only reject infant baptism, but hold that the adult
subject should be baptized after the manner in which
Christ was baptized by St. John. On this account
the original Baptists, who arose about 1521, received
the name of Anabaptists, because, having been
already baptized during infancy, they of necessity
went through the ceremony a second time on
arriving at full age. The prefix ana is Greek,
signifying twice. The followers of John Wesley (born
1703, died 1791) and his brother, Charles Wesley
(born 1708, died 1788), were styled Methodists,
owing to the methodical strictness of their lives and
religious exercises. They were also denominated
Wesleyans, or Wesleyan Methodists, in contra-
distinction to the Primitive Methodists, or
Ranters, who separated from the original sect
under Hugh Bourne, in 1810, and retained the style
of open-air preaching peculiar to John Wesley in
his early itinerant days.
76 Names : and their Meaning.
The terms " High Church" and " Low Church"
first came into prominence during the reign of
Queen Anne. Nowadays, as then, that section is
styled High Church which regards the Church of
England as the only ark of salvation, while the
less apprehensive and more moderate section is
called Low Church. Those who take a still more
liberal and comprehensive view of orthodox doc-
trine belong to what is known as the Broad
Church, which is but another name for Latitu-
dinarianism, as originally professed by a number
of divines opposed alike to the Puritans and the
High Church party in the time of Charles I. On
the other hand, the Ritualists comprise the extreme
High Church party who are anxious to return to
the ritual of public worship in vogue during the
reign of Edward VI. Prior to 1866, in which year
the term arose, these High Churchmen bore the
name of Puseyites, because they agreed with the
views set forth by Dr. Pusey in his celebrated
** Tracts for the Times," published at Oxford
between 1833 and 1841. Those scholars who
assisted Dr. Pusey in the composition of these
Oxford Tracts, as they were called, as well as the
public at large who believed in their teaching, were
styled Tractarians; while the great Roman Catholic
revival that took place in the Church of England at
this period universally bore, and still bears, the name
of the Oxford Movement.
TAVERN SIGNS.
HOTEL is a French term, derived from hostil,
a lordly house, a palace. The designation
Public House, signifying a house of public
resort for refreshment and conviviality, is a modern
substitute for Tavern, derived from the Latin
taberna, a hut, a wooden booth ; frequently also for
Inn, or rather, as originally written, Inne, which
expressed the Anglo-Saxon for a mansion. And
here we may at once observe that by far the
majority of our mediaeval inns and Hostelries
[see Hotel] grew out of the mansions of the
nobility during the prolonged absence of their
owners. At such times the privilege of utilizing
the mansion for his own profit naturally fell to the
family's jnost trustworthy dependent, viz., the head
gamekeeper, whose green costume gave existence to
the sign of The Green Man, when, after quitting
the family's service, he set up an inn on his own
account either in connection with his own cottage or
abutting on the public highway. Nevertheless, this
sign had nothing in common with that of the The
Green Man and Still, expressive of a herbalist
bringing his herbs to a distillery, and which was
doubtless the sign of a herbalist turned innkeeper.
yS Names : and their Meaning.
As the family arms always occupied a prominent
position on the front of the mansion these soon
became known far and wide, though scarcely in
accordance with their full heraldic significance.
Briefly, the most conspicuous object in them sufBced
to impress itself upon the minds of travellers as the
distinguishing sign of the establishment ; so that,
instead of speaking of lions gules and lions azure, &c.,
they simplified matters by referring to red and blue
lions, &c. Such was the origin, then, of The Red
Lion, The Blue Lion, and many another familiar
sign of this character. Moreover, as a variation of
the same device entered into the arms of different
families, it happened that the most conspicuous
object in them became popular in different parts of
the country at the same time. Another fruitful
source of the rapid multiplication of a particular
sign throughout the same county, and even upon the
same estate, was the fact that as often as a retired
dependent of a nobleman's family turned innkeeper,
he was pretty certain to name his establishment in
accordance with the popular description of the
original inn or mansion. If it chanced, however,
that that sign had already been appropriated by
another innkeeper in the immediate vicinity, the
full cognizance of the ground landlord was adopted.
Thus, in the Midland Counties there is no sign so
common as The Bear and Bagged Staff, which
was the cognizance of the Earl of Warwick, the
King Maker. Similarly, The Boar's Head was
the cognizance of the Gordons ; The Black Bull,
Tavern Signs. 79
that of the House of Clare ; and The Talbot, that
of the House of Shrewsbury. Another oft-to-be-met-
with sign is The Chequers, which comprised the
arms of the Earls of Fitzwarren who, in the time of
the Plantagenets, held the right of granting the
vintners their licences. Later in our history the
same cognizance was adopted by the Stuarts. As
every one is aware, The Red Rose was the recog-
nized badge of the Lancastrians, and The White
Hose that of the Yorkists. It may be assumed
that these two signs were naturally more popular
throughout the country at large during the Wars
of the Roses than at any subsequent period.
During that turbulent period of English history,
too, the devices of the several adherents of the rival
houses were not unfrequently chosen in commemo-
ration of a particular event ; as, for example, after
the Battle of Barnet, when The Star, the badge of
the Earl of Oxford who decided the fate of that day,
sprang up as an inn-sign in all directions, except, of
course, upon Yorkist ground.
Where the innkeeper was not bound by any ties
of gratitude or regard to the ground landlord he
evinced his loyalty to the reigning monarch by
adopting a portion of the royal arms. As examples
of this class : — The White Swan was the badge of
Edward HL and of Henry IV. ; The White Swan
and Antelope, of Henry V. ; The White Hart,
and The Sun, both of Richard II. ; The White
Lion, of Edward IV. as Earl of March, and The
Three Suns, of Edward IV. as King of England ;
8o Names : and their Meaning.
The Eagle, of Queen Mary ; The Blue Boar, of
Richard III.; The Red Dragon, that of Henry
VII., chosen for his standard after the Battle of
Bosworth Field, and The Greyhound, his original
badge as King. The Rose is the symbol of England,
just as The Thistle stands for Scotland, The
Shamrock for Ireland, and The Leek for Wales.
A very general expression of loyalty, again, was
conveyed in the sign of The Crown, which, by the
way, was shrewdly complimentary to the reigning
house without offering offence to the partisans of a
rival claimant to the throne. The Rose and
Crown had reference originally to the union of the
red and white roses in the House of Tudor by the
marriage of Henry VII. with Elizabeth, the daughter
of Edward IV., in the year i486 ; The Crown and
Sceptre must have originated in the mind of one
who had been witness to the elaborate ceremonial
peculiar to a coronation ; while the The Crown
and Anchor signified the reliance which was placed
in the exalted person that wore the crown.
If, on the other hand, our mediaeval innkeeper
chose to flatter the ground landlord without actually
adopting his cognizance, he invariably named his
establishment after his lordship's family title, e.g.,
The Earl of March, in compliment to the Duke
of Richmond, or else set up some such sign as The
Hare and Hounds, The Tally Ho! The Fox
in the Hole, &c., in allusion to the sporting tastes
of his patron. At times he even went so far as to
enter into the religious enthusiasm of the latter by
Tavern Signs. 8i
exhibiting a preference for The Angel or The
Salutation, both referring to the Annunciation of
the Virgin ; The Three Kings, meaning the Magi
who presented themselves to the Infant at Beth-
lehem ; or The Cross Keys, the symbol of St.
Peter, and the badge of the Archbishop of York.
The sign of The Mitre was generally adopted by
an innkeeper whose establishment stood in the
vicinity of a cathedral ; consequently, this particular
sign abounds in cities, but is rarely to be met with
in the rural districts.
During the period of the Holy Wars, if the
innkeeper did not content himself with the sign of
The Turk's Head or The Saracen's Head, that
of The Golden Gross, which was the ensign carried
by the Crusaders, was usually chosen. The modern
sign of The Half-Moon originated in the crescent,
the ensign of the Infidel. The signs of The Swan,
The Pheasant, and The Peacock arose in the
days of knight-errantry, when every knight selected
one of these birds as an emblem of chivalry, and
exerted a pride in the association. For example,
one of the principal characters in the " Niebelungen
Lied " is called " The Knight of the Swan." Then,
again, many innkeepers assumed a sign in honour of
the patron saint of England, or in commemoration
of his combat with the dragon, viz., The St. George,
The St. George and Dragon, The George and
Dragon, The Green Dragon, &c. The George,
a common sign enough in our own day — it would be
difficult to name a town that has not its "George"
6
82 Names : and their Meaning.
in the High Street — was originally connected with
the dragon too ; but at the commencement of the
Hanoverian succession the heraldic device was
painted out altogether, and the words The George
were put up in its place. The like observation
applies to all such signs as The King's Arms,
The dueen's Arms, The Freemasons' Arms,
The Coachmakers' Arms, The Saddlers' Arms,
The Carpenters' Arms, &c., nowadays identified
by name only, instead of their distinctive badge or
crest. We must not omit to mention also that,
since the especial function of tavern and other signs
was to call attention to the character of an estab-
lishment in days when the people were unable
to read, and when, therefore, the display of the
owner's name or of the name of the house
would have been useless, the misapprehension
of the painted device was of common occurrence.
Hence the corruption of many signs from their
original meaning".
Perhaps the most glaring instance of this kind
originated in the sign of The Garter, or the insignia
of the Order of the Garter represented in its proper
position on a leg (whence we have the intelligible
sign of The Star and Garter) ; yet the vulgar
mind quite failed to grasp the idea, with a result
that a house exhibiting this sign was invariably
referred to as The Leg and Star. Corruptions
of a different character are of later date, when the
name of the house instead of the device began to
make its appearance on an innkeeper's signboard.
Tavern Signs. 83
Chief among these are :— The Cat and Fiddle, a
perversion of " Caton le Fidele," in honour of Caton,
the faithful Governor of Calais ; The Bag o' Nails,
of " The Bacchanals," in reference to Pan and the
Satyrs ; The Goat and Compasses, of the Puritan
motto "God encompass us"; The Iron Devil, of
"The Hirondelle," or swallow; The Bull and
Mouth, and The Bull and Gate, of "The
Boulogne Mouth" and "The Boulogne Gate," in
compliment to Henry VIII., who effected the siege
of Boulogne and its harbour in 1544 ; The Lion and
Key, of " The Lion on the Quay," meaning a house
bearing the sign of The Lion, and situated by the
water-side, in order to distinguish it from other
Lions in the same port ; The Cat and Wheel, of
" The Catherine Wheel," the instrument of St.
Catherine's martyrdom ; The Plume and Feathers,
of "The Plume of Feathers," in allusion to the
Prince of Wales; The Bully Ruffian, of "The
Bellerophon," the vessel on board of which Napoleon
surrendered his sword to Captain Maitland after his
defeat at Waterloo; and The Blue Pig, a mere
modification of "The Blue Boar." The Pig and
Whistle is a very old sign, the term whistle being a
corruption of " wassail," and pig, the Old English for
a bowl or cup. Surely there could be no more
fitting sign for a tavern than that which suggested
the drinking of healths !
The original character of many of our country
inns is at once indicated by their signs. Thus,
The Coach and Horses was clearly, before the
84 Names : and their Meaning.
introduction ol railways, a coaching establishment ;
while The Pack Horse announced the fact that
pack-horses were let out on hire. Again, The Bear
— subject to sundry modifications, such as The
Brown Bear, The Black Bear, The Grizzly-
Bear — informed the frequenters of such resorts that
bear-baiting might be witnessed on the premises ;
exactly as, nearer to our own day, The Dog and
Duck called attention to the popular diversion of
duck-hunting by spaniels in a pond. The Skittles
and The Bowling Green indicated a more rational
kind of sport. Once more, The Grapes conveyed
the intelligence that a vinery existed in connection
with the establishment; whereas The Castle, which
constitutes the arms of Spain, The Globe, the arms
of the King of Portugal, and The Spread Eagle,
the arms of Germany, told that the wines of those
respective countries were to be had there. In the
north of England the sign of The Yorkshire Stingo
is very common, the allusion being to an old beer
of particular strength and sharpness for which the
county of York has won considerable celebrity.
Among other familiar country inn and tavern signs
may be mentioned The Bell, referring to the silver
bell that formed the prize at races previous to the
Restoration ; The Barley Mow, denoting the
premises where the barley was housed, moioe being
the Saxon term for " a heap " ; and The Old Hat,
which in the olden time may have been the shop of
a hatter rejoicing in the sign of " The Hat," and sub-
sequently converted into a place of refreshment.
Tavern Signs. 85
Another distinctly tradesmanlike sign is The Ram
and Teazle, which was originally chosen in com-
pliment to the Clothiers' Company ; the lamb with
the golden fleece being emblematical of wool, and
the teazle, a tool used for raising the nap of the
wool when woven into cloth. The Bricklayers'
Arms merely indicate a house of call for brick-
layers; while The Cricketers' Arms derives its
title from a neighbouring cricket-ground. The sig-
nificance of The Tankard, The Bottle, and similar
signs, need not detain us. We may, however, state
that The Black Jack refers to a leathern pitcher
for holding beer, which took its name from the
defensive breastplate of strong leather formerly
worn by horsemen, and known as a Jacque, whence
the term Jacket has been derived.
Signs that betray a political bias, such as The
Royal Oak, The Boscohel, The Jacobite, The
Hanover, &c., are altogether too numerous to
mention. In the early part of the present century,
too, the names of political leaders were largely drawn
upon as an attraction for tavern signs, as were those
also of distinguished naval and military com-
manders, and of the battles won by them. The
Canning, The Palmerston, The Nelson, The
Wellington, The Marquis of Granby, The
Portobello Arms, The Trafalgar, The Water-
loo, and a host of others of the like character, are
everywhere to be encountered ; while the old sign
of The Ship carries us back to the days of Elizabeth,
when the circumnavigation of the globe by Sir
86 Names: and their Meaning,
Francis Drake was regarded as an exploit that
could scarcely be too highly honoured.
Before concluding, let us add a few words of com-
ment upon the signal loyalty of the English people
in the times we live in ; for whereas our forefathers
were for the most part content to express their
loyalty to the throne by the choice of such vague
tavern signs as The King's Head, or The Queen's
Head, we of the nineteenth century are not nearly
so half-hearted. Not only are The Victoria, The
Prince Albert, The Prince of Wales, and The
Prince of Wales' Feathers honoured on every
hand in the course of a day's perambulation, but
The Duke of Edinburgh, The Duke of Cam-
bridge, The Duke of Connaught, and other
members of the Royal Family, are similarly memo-
rialized. Perhaps in the future, when the Prince
of Wales shall occupy the British Throne, his
descendants may also in their turn form the subject
of many a tavern sign in our midst.
ROYAL SURNAMES.
ALFRED THE GREAT (reigned 871 to 901)
fully merited his surname because he ex-
pelled the Danes, established a navy, founded
schools, and effected the restoration of law and
order during one of the most critical periods of
early British history. Taking the remainder of
the Saxon monarchs in chronological order, we
have : — Edward the Martyr (975 to 978),
treacherously murdered at Corfe Castle ; Ethelred
the Unready (978 to 1016), who, lacking rede, or
council, fled to Normandy to escape the conse-
quences of a threatened invasion by the Danes ;
Edmund Ironsides (reigned 1016), whose habitual
precaution of wearing a complete suit of mail
availed him nothing against the fatality of assassi-
nation ; Edgar Atheling (born 1017, died 1120),
otherwise "Edgar of Royal Descent"; Harold
Harefoot (1035 to 1039), swift of foot as a hare ;
and Edward the Confessor (1042 to 1066), so
called on account of his holy life. The distinction
between a Confessor and a Martyr in the early
days of Christianity was simply this : both made an
open confession of their faith, and expressed their
readiness to die for it ; the former, however, was
88 Names : and their Meaning.
never called upon to do so, whereas the latter
actually suffered martyrdom.
William I. (reigned 1066 to 1087), was styled
The Conqueror because he defeated the Saxons at
the Battle of Hastings, and founded the Norman
Dynasty in England. William II. (1087 to iioo),
received the name of E-ufus from his florid com-
plexion; ruftcs being Latin for ruddy. Henry I.
(iioo to 1135), was surnamed Beauclerc, or good
clerk, in recognition of his scholarly attainments.
Richard I. (1189 to 1199), styled Coeur de Leon,
otherwise " The Lion Hearted," is traditionally said
to have torn the living heart out of the mouth of a
lion to whose fury he was exposed by the Duke of
Austria for having killed his son in battle. This
extraordinary exploit surpasses the bounds of reason;
still there is no doubt that he performed prodigies of
valour during the Wars of the Crusades. Another
British monarch who rejoiced in a surname of the
leonine order was William the Lion, King of the
Scots (1165 to 1214), so called because he chose a
red lion rampant for his crest. It is from this king
that the lions distinguished in the Royal Arms of
Scotland trace their origin.
King John (reigned 1199 to 1216) received the
surname of Lackland on account of his improvi-
dence, which at the time of the death of his father
(Henry II.) left him entirely without provision.
Edward I. (1272 to 1307) was styled Longshanks
from his spindle legs. The eldest son of Edward
III., known as The Black Prince (born 1330, died
Royal Surnames. 89
1376), was not exclusively addicted to the wearing
of black armour, as he is usually represented in
waxwork shows and picture toy-books ; consequently
he did not derive his surname from such an associa-
tion ; but, as the historian Froissart informs us, " he
received his name by terror of his arms." Seeing
that at the age of sixteen he won his knightly spurs
at Crecy, and ten years later took the French king
prisoner at Poictiers and brought him in triumph to
London, the military renown of this young warrior
must have been sufficient to command respect from
his enemies. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
(born 1340, died 1399), took his title from the town
of Ghent, in Flanders, where he was born. In like
manner his son, Henry IV. (1399 to 1413), was styled
Bolingbroke, after his native place.
Henry VIII, (reigned 1509 to 1547) was surnamed
Bluff King Hal on account of his bluff manners ;
he also received the title of Defender of the Faith
from Pope Leo X., in recognition of the tract he
published against the heresy of Martin Luther. Mary,
Queen of Scots (born 1542, died 1587), was known
as The White Q,ueen because she adopted white
mourning for her husband. Lord Darnley. Our own
Queen Mary (1547 to 1558) has been handed down
to posterity under the opprobrious title of Bloody
Mary, in consequence of the wholesale burnings of
the Protestants under her reign. The religious perse-
cutions of her time admit of no denial, yet they were
fully equalled by those brought to light during the
reign of her successor, Elizabeth, while they fell
go Names : and their Meanuig.
infinitely short of those characterized by the reign
of Henry VIII. In one sense Elizabeth (155S to
1603) was appropriately styled Good Queen Bess,
inasmuch as she exercised due regard to the interests
of the realm and the welfare of her people. Her
enemies she speedily removed, but she was just as
ready to bestow honours and rewards upon her
nation's worthies. Oliver Cromwell was called The
Lord Protector (bom 1599, died 1658) because he
protected the interests of the Commonwealth. The
reason why Charles II. (1660 to 1685) was dubbed
The Merry Monarch must be sought in the licen-
tiousness of the times in which he lived. Much
nearer to our own day, William IV. (1830 to 1837)
was distinguished by the title of The Sailor King,
from the circumstance of his having entered the navy
as a midshipman and worked his way upwards until
he attained the rank of Lord High Admiral.
The family name of Plantagenet, derived from
the Latin planta, a plant, and genista, broom, was
originally assumed by Fulke Martel, Earl of Anjou,
the great grandfather of Henry II., in commemora-
tion of the incident, while on his pilgrimage to the
Holy Sepulchre, of having offered himself to be
scourged with the stems of the broom plant by his
two attendants as an atonement for the murder of
the Earl of Brittany. The Tudor Dynasty was
founded by Owen Tudor, a Welsh soldier stationed
at Windsor, who contracted a secret marriage with
Catherine, the widowed queen of Henry V. The
first of the long line of the Stuart sovereigns
Royal Surnames. 91
(Scottish and English) was Walter, the Lord High
Steward of Scotland, whose wife was the daughter
of King Robert the Bruce. As this Walter was the
sixth member of his family that had held the post of
Lord High Steward, he was popularly said to belong
to the Stewards, until in course of time this word
became corrupted into Stuarts, and was adopted as a
family name.
Charles L, Emperor of Germany (born 742, died
814), was surnamed Charlemagne, otherwise
Charles the Great. The She-Wolf of France
was Isabella (born 1290, died 1357), daughter of
Philip IV. of France, and queen of Edward II. of
England, whom she, in concert with the Earl of
Mortimer, her paramour, murdered by thrusting a
red-hot iron into his bowels. Pedro the Cruel,
King of Castille and Leon in 1350, merited his sur-
name owing to his cruel treatment of his two
brothers, whom he murdered, and his queen, whom
he poisoned. Ivan II., Czar of Russia (reigned
1533 to 1584), was styled The Terrible on account
of the cruelties he inflicted upon all who offended his
autocracy. Frederick L, of Germany (reigned 1152
to 1190), was surnamed Barbarossa from his red
beard, barba being Latin for beard; while for his
bombardment of Messina in 1848 Ferdinand, King
of Naples, was nicknamed Bomba. Philippe, Due
d'Orleans, the father of Louis Philippe, King of
France, assumed the name of Egalit6 when he
joined the Republican party in 1789. Of a truth,
if " Equality " was what this not unworthy
92 Names ; and their Meaning.
Prince aspired to, he enjoyed it to the full, for
he lost his head under the guillotine in common
with more than twenty thousand of his fellow-
citizens.
NATIONAL NICKNAMES,
BROTHER JONATHAN, the popular nick-
name of the United States, arose out of the
person of Jonathan Trumbull, the Governor
of Connecticut, whom General Washington never
failed to consult in cases of emergency. " We must
refer the matter to Brother Jonathan ! " he was
wont to exclaim when no other officer could offer
any practical suggestion to aid him out of a diffi-
culty ; and true enough, " Brother Jonathan" proved
himself in every instance equal to the confidence
reposed in him. Another stock nickname for the
United States is Uncle Sam. This originated from
a vulgar misconception of the initial letters '* U. S."
(United States) for those of the well-known sobri-
quet of an official whose business it was to mark
them on all Government property. The numerous
acquaintances of this person understood that the
goods so marked had passed through the hands of
" Uncle Sam," and the joke becoming public it spread
far and wide, until in the end it was considered far
too good to be allowed to drop. The term Yankee
finds its origin in the native attempt to pronounce
the word " English," but approaching no nearer
to the sound than Yengees, the name bestowed upon
94
Names : and their Meanmg.
the English colonists by the Indians of Massachu-
setts, and afterwards given to the New Englanders
by the British soldiers during the American War.
The nickname of the typical Englishman, John
Bull, was derived from Dr. Arbuthnot's satire of
this title published in 1721. There was also a real
person of the name of John Bull, well known as the
composer of " God Save the King " ; but he died
just a hundred years before Dr. Arbuthnot's per-
formance was heard of. Of a still later date is the
national English nickname, Mrs. Grundy, which
arose out of the passage, " What will Mrs. Grundy
say ? " from Thomas Morton's drama, " Speed the
Plough," produced in 1798. The proverbial prudish-
ness of the English people in matters affecting art,
could scarcely be better expressed than under the
style of The British Matron. The British soldier
is popularly referred to under the general designa-
tion of Tommy Atkins, because " Thomas Atkins"
was a fictitious name that figured in the soldiers'
monthly statement of accounts.
The Irish as a nation are invariably alluded to as
Pat or Paddy, being short for Patrick, their most
common Christian name, selected in honour of St.
Padhrig, or Patrick (born 373, died 466) ; the Scots
as Sandie or Sawney, a contraction of Alexander,
their most popular Christian name ; and the Welsh
as Taffy, a corruption of Davy, and short for David,
the name of their Archbishop and Saint (born 490,
died 554).
The national nickname of the Chinese is John
National Nicknames. 95
Chinaman, in imitation ot our own characteristic
" John Bull." Even now a Chinaman addresses
every Englishman he meets as " John," which is his
idea of our most popular name. Hence, British
sailors in the Chinese waters from the iirst returned
the compliment, so to speak, by alluding to each
Celestial with whom they came in contact as "John
Chinaman."
The Chinese are also called Pigtails, on account
of their Tartar tonsure and braided queue. By the
Indians of North America Europeans are styled
Pale Faces ; while the Europeans designate the
Indians Red Skins, both terms having reference to
the complexion. The word Nigger is a corruption
of Negro, derived from nigcr, the Latin for black.
The reason why a negro generally bears the name of
Sambo is because Zanibo is the native term used to
designate the offspring of a black person and a
mulatto. The word Mulatto is Spanish, derived
from the Latin miilus, a mule, and signifying a mixed
breed, A Mulatto may be either the offspring of a
negress by a white man, or of a white woman by a
negro.
BIRDS.
THE following owe their names to their charac-
teristic note :— the Cuck-00, the Pee-wit,
the Cur-lew, the Chick-a-dee, and the
Whip-poor-will. The Trumpeter of South
America is so called on account of its loud, clear,
and trumpet-like cry. The word Nightingale is a
modern form of the Anglo-Saxon nihtegale, indica-
tive of a bird that sings by night, agreeably to its
component parts, niht, night, and gale, a songster.
The Night- Jar bears its name because the sound it
emits resembles the whirring of a spinning-wheel.
The Mocking-bird possesses the power of imitating
the notes of other birds ; while the Humming-bird
is remarkable for the humming sound that proceeds
from its wings as it speeds through the air.
Several birds are named after the colour or some
other characteristic of their plumage. Among these
we have the Greenfinch and the Goldfinch, the
term Finch from the Anglo-Saxon fine, denoting
a small singing bird ; the Greenlet expressing
a tiny green bird peculiar to South America ;
the Jay, a corruption of gai, its French name,
alluding to its gay or showy appearance ; the
Blue-bird, common in the United States, the
Birds.
97
upper half of which is bkie ; the Blackbird, so
called from its sable aspect ; the Starling, owing to
the specks at the extremities of its feathers ; the
Flamingo, of South America and Africa, from its
flaming colour ; the Oriole, an Australian bird of
golden-yellow plumage, agreeably to the Latin
aureolus, golden ; and the Lyre-bird, also a native
of Australia, so denominated on account of the six-
teen feathers of the tail which when folded form in
appearance a perfect lyre. The British song-bird
known as the Red-poll receives its name from the
tuft of red feathers upon its head; whereas the South
African Secretary-bird is so called because a tuft
of feathers on each side of its head are supposed to
resemble quill pens stuck behind the ear. The South
American Birds of Paradise are indeed a beautiful
species, all the colours of the rainbow being repre-
sented in their plumage ; and the same may be said
of the Love-birds, so designated from the extra-
ordinary affection which they exhibit towards one
another. The Kingfisher is regarded as the king
of fisher-birds, or those that dive for fish as their
prey, by reason of his gay plumage.
The Lapwing derives its name from the loud
flapping noise made by its wings during flight ; the
Wagtail, from the incessant wagging of its tail ; and
the Scissors-tail— found only in South America —
from the peculiar nature of its tail, which, like a pair
of scissors, opens and shuts in the course of its rapid
passage through the air and so entraps the flies upon
which it preys. The Hangbird is so called from its
g8 Names: and their Meaning.
habit of suspending its nest from the limb of a tree ;
the Weaver-bird, from the wonderful intertwining
of twigs and grass displayed in the construction of
its nest ; and the Tailor-bird, from the skill it dis-
plays in constructing its nest by stitching together
the leaves of plants.
Among corruptions of the names of birds it will be
sufficient to mention the Widow-bird, properly the
Whydaw-hird, after the territory in Africa of which
it is a native ; the Martin, from the Latin mtmis-
ienco, or wall-swallow, shortened into murten, and
mispronounced marten; and the MuscOVy Duck,
which, so far from claiming a Muscovite origin, is
merely a musk duck, a species somewhat larger than
our common duck.
The Swift derives its name from its rapid flight ;
the Passenger-pigeon, from its migratory habits ;
the Skylark, from mounting to the sky and singing
as it flies; and the Chaffinch, from its preference for
chaff above every other kind of food. The Diver is
remarkable for its habit of diving ; the Sandpiper
inhabits the sea-beach ; and the Chimney- swallow
builds his nest in an ordinary house chimney. The
Horn bill, the Boat-bill, the Spoon-bill, and the
Duck-bill are respectively so named on account of
the resemblance of their bills to the articles, and in
the last-mentioned case to the bird, indicated ; while
the Cross-bill has its mandibles crossed in opposite
directions. The Pouter-pigeon is so called from
the pouting, or bulging out, of its breast ; the Ring-
dove, from the white ring around its neck ; and the
Birds. 99
Wryneck, from the curious manner in which it
turns its neck over its shoulder when surprised.
The Woodcock is found in the underwood of a
forest, while the Woodpecker pecks holes in the
bark of trees in search for insects.
Chief among the birds which derive their names
from the countries to which they originally belonged
are the Guinea-fowl, brought from Guinea, West
Africa; the Brahma -fowl, from the neighbourhood
of the Brahmapootra River in India ; the Bantam,
from Bantam in Java ; the Barb, from Barbary, and
the Turkey, which, although an American bird, was
long believed to have been imported from European
Turkey, Another native of North America received
its name of the Baltimore -bird from the fact that
its colours corresponded with those which occurred
in the arms of Lord Baltimore, the Governor of
Maryland, in which State it principally abounds.
The Canary was first brought from the Canary
Islands in 1500. The Petrel, a sea-bird usually
associated with storms, expresses the Anglicized
form of the Italian petrillo, a diminitive of Peter, in
allusion to St. Peter walking on the sea, and the
frequent appearance of this bird standing as it were
on the surface of the water.
RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
STRICTLY speaking, the members of the various
Religious Orders, in this country at least, are
not Monks, but Friars. Only those who live
completely isolated from the rest of mankind, as
did St. Anthony, are entitled to the former desig-
nation, which, in common with the term Monastery,
comes from the Greek inonos, alone. Consequently,
a Religious House is incorrectly described as a
Monastery unless each individual within its walls
occupies a separate cell, both by night and by day,
and never suffers himself to have the least commu-
nion with his neighbour. Failing compliance with
such a rule, the term Convent, derived from the
Latin con, together, and venire, to come, is more
fittingly applicable. This designation, however, is
now borne by an institution reserved for a commu-
nity of Nuns, so called from the Italian nonna, a
grandmother, because they originally comprised only
very aged women ; albeit it was formerly the custom
to speak of Monasteries and Convents without dis-
crimination. An Abbey always indicated a Religious
House in connection with a Church, as, for example,
Westminster Abbey, the abode of the community
attached to the West Minster, presided over by
Religious Of den. loi
an Abbot, so styled in accordance with the Syriac
and Latin abba, a father, or, in the case of a female
community, by an Abbess ; whereas a Priory
denoted a lesser or branch establishment placed at
some distance from the Abbey, and controlled by a
Prior (or Prioress), signifying one who had a prior
claim over the rest to the office of Abbot (or Abbess)
in the original community.
A Friar, on the other hand, is — conformably to
the Latin fratre and the French frere, a brother —
what the term implies, viz., one of a brotherhood.
In olden times there existed four distinct and power-
ful Orders of Friars. These were the Dominicans,
founded by St. Dominic to preach away the Albi-
gensian heresies, also known as the Black Friars,
on account of their black habits, and in France as
the Jacobins, because their first convent was
situated in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris; the Fran-
ciscans, or Grey Friars, named after St. Francis
d'Assissi; the Carmelites, or White Friars of
Mount Carmel ; and the Augustines, or Austin
Friars, whose origin is ascribed to St. Augustin
or Austin, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, who
died in 605. Eventually a fifth Order, styled the
Trinitarians, or Friars of the Holy Trinity, other-
wise the Crutched Friars, so called from the cross
(Latin cruciati, crossed) embroidered on their habit,
came into existence.
Referring to the Franciscans, those who con-
formed to the austere rules laid down by their
founder were denominated Observant Friars, while
102 Names : and their Meaning.
those who, as time wore on, began to live in convents
and coveted lands, chapels, and books, received the
name of Conventional Friars. Out of the Fran-
ciscans there have sprung two lesser Orders, so to
speak, chiefly distinguished by a slight change in
the details appertaining to the habit worn by them.
These are the Capuchins, so called from the capnce,
or pointed cowl, that they wear, and the Cordeliers,
from the knotted cord which encircles their waist in
place of a girdle. In effect, however, these two
offshoots of the Franciscans are the same, and
subject to the like rules, as the parent institution.
Having disposed of the Friars, let us now turn to
the Monks properly so called. Originally the sole
existing order of monks was that of the Bene-
dictines as established by St. Benedict, who intro-
duced the monastic system into Western Europe in
the year 529. No less than twelve large Monas-
teries were raised by him before he died ; but not-
withstanding the austere rules which obtained among
the Benedictines, these were yet considered too lax
by some individual members of the Order, with the
result that first one and then another " Reformed
Order" sprang into existence, the latest being in
each case distinguished for a still more rigorous
rule than that of its immediate predecessor. Thus,
we now have the Carthusians, our English desig-
nation for the monks of La Chartreuse near Gre-
noble, by whom the celebrated liqueur known as
Chartreuse is prepared ; the Cistercians, or monks
of Citeau ; and the Cluniacs, or monks of Cluny,
Religious Orders. 103
respectively named after the vicinity of their original
monastery in France ; while the Bernardines re-
ceived their title from St. Bernard, who founded the
famous Hospice of Mont St. Bernand in the year
962. From the Carthusians, also, there have sprung
the Basilians founded by St. Basil, and from the
Cistercians, the Trappists, or monks of La Trappe,
originally established in the French district so deno-
minated.
Foremost among the Religious Orders not com-
prised in any of the brotherhoods cited above are
the Jesuists, properly styled **The Society of Jesus,"
an organization founded upon a military basis by St.
Ignatius Loyola in 1534, which extends its influence
all over the globe. Next in point of importance
come the Servites, otherwise " The Religious Ser-
vants of the Holy Virgin," established by seven
Florentine merchants in 1283 ; the Passionists, a
community of priests solemnly agreed to preach
"Jesus Christ and Him crucified," founded by Paul
Francis, better known as St. Paul of the Cross, in
1737 ; and the Redemptorists, or preachers of the
Redemption, also styled the Liguorians, after St.
Francis Liguori, who originated this Order in 1732.
Each of these, except, of course, the lay members
of the Jesuists, are professedly Monks ; and yet these
are not really Monks, but Friars, because they live
in community, and at times mingle freely with the
people. In short, they are Missionary Friars.
PAPER AND PRINTING.
THE word Paper comes from the Latin papy-
rus, and Greek papyros, the designation of an
Egyptian plant from whose reeds the earliest
kind of writing material was obtained. Parchment
is an Anglicized form of the French parchemin,
from the Greek pergamenos, named after the ancient
city of Pergamos, in Asia Minor, where the skins of
goats were first prepared for writing upon at a time
when Ptolemy prohibited the exportation of the
papyrus from Egypt.
Hand-paper was originally so called from its
watermark, which was that of a hand ; Pot-Paper,
of a pot ; Post-paper, of a post-horn ; Crown-paper,
of a crown ; and Foolscap, of a fool's head with the
cap and bells. India-paper formerly came from
the Far East, whereas Nepaul-paper is made in
the district of Nepaul, Northern India. Cap-paper
is so designated because, prior to being used by
grocers for wrapping up sugar and other commo-
dities sold by weight, it is folded into a cap-like
form. Among papers of a sliffer kind, that are
chiefly intended for drawing upon, we have Ele-
phant, so called from its large size (28 inches by
23), Cartridge-paper, originally manufactured for
Paper and Printing. 105
soldiers' cartridges, and Bristol-board, formerly
made only at Bristol.
By the term Folio, derived from the hdiim folium,
a leaf, is meant a sheet of paper folded but once,
thus making two leaves or four pages ; a Quarto
(written 4to), is a sheet folded into quarters or four
leaves, making eight pages ; an Octavo (8vo), so
styled in accordance with the Latin oda, eight, one
folded into eight leaves or sixteen pages ; a Duo-
decimo (i2mo), the Latin for "two and ten," one
making twelve leaves or twenty-four pages, and so
forth.
When Caxton set up the first printing press in
this country, in the year 1476, there were many
among the vulgar who regarded it as an invention
of the devil ; and the clergy, no doubt, fostered this
idea, foreseeing that in the event of the Bible being
distributed to the masses by this means, the way
would be thrown open to the production of spurious
editions of Sacred Writ, and the perversion of reli-
gious doctrine, which up to that period had been free
to all who chose to attend daily instruction in the
monasteries. Hence, printing was popularly de-
scribed as " The Black Art," while the boys who
took the sheets off the press, from the fact of gene-
rally smearing their faces with ink, came to be
known as Imps or Devils. This will explain why a
printer's errand-boy still bears the nickname of a
Printer's Devil.
Our Parliamentary Records, Debates, Reports of
Meetings, and Accounts, have received the name of
1 06 Names : and their Meaning.
Hansards because they are printed by the large
printing firm estabhshed by Luke Hansard in 1752 ;
whereas a Blue Book is so called on account of
its stiff cover of blue paper. The French Govern-
ment reports are styled Yellow Books for a similar
reason. The term Book comes from the Danish
bog, a beech-tree, which abounds in Denmark and
whose wood is much used for engraving-blocks.
The Leaf of a book is in allusion to the ancient
custom of writing on the bark of trees ; while
Volume is derived from the Latin volvo, I roll,
relative to the Egyption papyri, each one of which
when rolled up formed a document or volume com-
plete in itself. A storehouse for books is styled a
Library, in accordance with the Latin librariuni, a
book-case, derived in the first instance from liber, a
book.
A Pamphlet owes its description to Pamphila, a
Greek lady who left behind her a kind of common-
place book containing notes, epitomes, and anec-
dotes. The French equivalent for a pamphlet is a
Brochure, so called from the verb brocher, to stitch,
because such a book consists only of a few pages
stitched together. The word Chart comes from the
Latin charta, a leaf of paper ; a chart, therefore, is
not printed on canvas like a map, but on a single
sheet of paper. Map traces its origin from mappa,
a Punic word which signified a signal-cloth, also a
napkin, because in ancient times military and other
landmarks were sketched upon a cloth in the absence
of parchment and paper. Nowadays, a book of maps
Paper and Printing. 107
designed for school use is called an Atlas, after
the fabled King of Mauritania of this name,
who was believed by the ancients to support the
world on his shoulders. The figure of Atlas with
the globe first appeared as a frontispiece to
" Mercator's Projections," published about the year
1560.
A Cartoon, as we understand the term, is a repre-
sentation of political significance, usually coloured
and printed on stiff paper. To some extent this
kind of publication owes its origin to the celebrated
' Cartoons " of Raffaelle, now in the South Ken-
sington Museum, so called because they were drawn
upon cartone, the Italian for pasteboard. A Broad-
side consists of a large sheet of paper having the
matter printed straight across, instead of in columns,
so as to admit of being read at one broad view. The
reverse side of the sheet is left blank. A Poster
bears its name from the fact that formerly the side-
walks of London streets, instead of being paved as
as now, were distinguished from the centre, or sedan-
chair and riding way, by a series of posts ; and upon
these theatrical and other announcements were
posted. In France, the theatre bills are exhibited
upon the lamp-posts on the Boulevards in a similar
manner. In conclusion, the distinction between Book-
sellers and Stationers was originally this : the
former were itinerant sellers of books, like hawkers,
and pedlars, whereas the latter had stalls at the
corners of streets or in open market ; and as the
stationarii, or stationary booksellers, were enabled to
io8 Names : and their Meaning.
display a more varied stock than the itinerants who
carried books only, such articles as writing-paper,
pens, ink, and other materials in course of time re-
ceived the name of Stationery.
POLITICAL NICKNAMES.
THE utmost difficulty exists in reconciling the
various opinions expressed by different authors
concerning the origin of the terms Whig and
Tory. And yet, if we but consider the reasons why
these nicknames were first bestowed upon the two
great political factions of this country during the
reign of Charles II., we may possibly attain a
much-desired end. In the year 1648 {temp Charles
I.) there occurred a rising, or sally, of the peasantry
inhabiting the south-western districts of Scotland
against the Royalists. This was known as the
Whigamore Raid, the term whigamore being
applied to the teamsters and ploughmen of those
parts because they used the twin-syllabic cry of
" Whi-gam ! " to drive their horses. When,
therefore, in the early days of the Restoration, the
ultra-Protestant party opposed certain measures of
the Government, the Catholics reproached them
with favouring the fanatical opinions of the Scottish
Covenanters and Whigamores, and styled them
Whigs. In return the Protestants bestowed upon
their opponents the nickname of Tories, the
familiar designation of a band of Irish out-
laws who sought refuge in the bog districts of
no Names
Ireland. The word Tory, or rather Toree, is Irish,
signifying a robber. From that time down to the
present Toryism has been considered to denote a
steadfast adherence to constitutional principles and
the maintenance of royalty and the peerage, as
opposed to the progressive and more liberal views
appertaining to "Whiggism, which advocates con-
stitutional reform and a moderate extension of
democratical powers. The word Liberal was first
employed by Lord Byron and his friends as the
title of a periodical intended to set forth the political
aims of the advanced Whig party in 1828. The
term Conservative (derived from the Latin con,
together, and scrvare, to keep, to preserve) first
appeared in an article in The Quarterly Review,
January, 1830, and was permanently adopted by
the Tory party on the passing of the Reform Bill
two years afterwards. The still more advanced
section of the Whig party which came into pro-
minence in 18 16 were styled Radicals, or Kadieal
Reformers, from their desire to institute a thorough
reformation in the national policy. In our own day
the Radicals and the Democrats may be set down
as one and the same party ; while the Socialists
eminently carry out the principles of the primitive
Radicals of the time of Charles I., who styled
themselves Levellers because they strove to reduce
society to a common level The word Democrat is
derived from the Greek demos, people, and kratein, to
govern ; therefore denoting one who upholds the
principle of government b}' the people themselves,
Political Nicknames. iii
and diametrically opposed to an Aristocracy (Greek,
aristos, best, and kratein, to govern), or government
by the bravest and best. These terms w^ere first
brought into notice by the French Revolutionists
of 1790.
Adverting to the protracted struggle between the
Royalists under Charles I. and the Parliamen-
tarians under the Cromwellian Parliament, no two
nicknames could have been more suggestive of their
origin than those respectively of the Cavaliers and
the Roundheads. The latter arose out of the
Puritan fashion of cropping the hair close round
the head, the former from the cavalier manner in
which a number of gentlemen offered themselves as
a permanent escort to the King after he had been
subjected to insult in December, 1641. The word
Cavalier is synonymous with the French chevalier,
a mounted knight, from cheval, a horse, derived from
the Latin caballns, and the Greek kaballes, an inferior
horse.
The Protestants in Ireland received the name of
Orangemen owing to their adherence to William
III., Prince of Orange, while the Roman Catholics
were styled Jacobites from their adhesion to James
II., Jacobus being the Latin form of the King's
name. The Peep o' Day Boys were so called
because they broke into the houses of the people at
dawn of day in quest of arms ; and the White Boys,
from the white smocks they wore over their clothing.
The depredations of both these insurgents were
finally put an end to by the Insurrection Acts, passed
112 Names: and their Meaning.
in 1786-7. The secret brotherhood of the Fenians,
organized for the overthrow of the English rule in
Ireland, derived its name from Fiona Mac Cumhal,
better known as Fingal, after whom Fingal's Cave
is designated. The correct interpretation of the
Gaelic word Fenian is " a hunter." Another secret
society of quite recent origin is that of the Irish
Invincibles, established, as was publicly stated by
Carey the Informer, for the " making of history by
killing tyrants." Their title is due to the boast
that they defy extermination. The Ribbonmen
take their name from the distinctive badge which
they wear. Emergency Men are the more active
members of the Irish Defence Association. The Sepa-
rists and the Parnellites are one and the same,
sworn to support the measures of Mr. Parnell and
the Irish National Party in promoting Home Rule
for Ireland. The now familiar word Boycotting,
in connection with Irish affairs, arose out of the
troubles experienced by Captain Boycott, of Lough
Mask Farm, near Ballinrobe, County Mayo, the
land agent of Lord Erne. His house was besieged,
his labourers were threatened, his crops remained
ungathered, and tradesmen refused to supply him
with goods. This occurred on the nth and 12th
of November, 1880, after which the military was
despatched to his aid, and a ** Boycott Fund "
subscribed for his benefit. The expression "to
boycott " a man practically means to place him
beyond the pale of civilization.
The lowest order of the French Revolutionists
Political Nicknames. 113
were denominated Sansculottes, literally, " without
breeches," because they rejected those very service-
able articles of attire as being emblematical of the
aristocracy. The same term was also applied to the
Republican leaders as a reproach for the negligence
of their dress ; but after a time they themselves
adopted the title with pride. The Red Republicans
were so called for a two-fold reason. In the first
place, they did not hesitate to steep their hands in
human blood to accomplish their political aims ;
and, secondly, they wore the red cap, symbolical of
Liberty from the days of the Romans downwards.
The two antagonistic parties of the Revolution were
styled The Mountain and The Plain for the
reason that the former sat upon the most elevated
benches in the Hall of Assembly, while the latter
occupied the ground floor. The Plain was for the
most part composed of the Girondists, or deputies
from the Department of the Gironde.
The Hats and the Caps were the two great
pohtical factions in Sweden, so called on account
of the French chapeaux worn by the partisans of the
French interest on the one side, and the Russian
caps worn by the partisans of the Russian interest
on the other. Apropos of Russia, the word Nihilist
(derived from the Latin nihil, nothing), originally
denoted a social rather than a political party
opposed to the tyranny of custom. Its significance
is well expressed by Turgeneff, who first introduced
it in his novel " Fathers and Sons," published in
1862 : — " A Nihilist is a man who bows before no
114 Names : and their Meaning.
authority, who accepts no principle without examina-
tion, no matter what credit the principle has." At
the present day a Nihilist is a revolutionary Socialist
of the most pronounced degree.
The Italian Carbonari, being the plural of
carbonaro, a coal-man, a charcoal-burner, who first
came into notice in 1820, assumed their designation
from the fact of their meetings being originally held in
the huts of the charcoal-burners, and because they
held charcoal to be the symbol of purification. The
Black Cloaks were the upper classes of Naples,
distinguished by the colour and quality of their
cloaks from the Lazzari, or beggars. Regarded as
a political party, the Neapolitan Black Cloaks no
longer exist ; but the Lazzaroni, so called from the
Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves for their
refuge, are still to be met with in all quarters of the
city. Then, again, we must not omit mention of
the Guelphs and the Ghibelliiies, names of two
powerful families whose rival partisanship of the
Papal and the Imperial supremacy in Italy threat-
ened the peace of Europe during the long period
embraced between the years 1250 and 1500.
The word Federal comes from the Latin fcediis, a
league or compact. A federal form of government
is one under which a number of States, while retain-
ing their individual institutions and autonomy, unite
together for purposes of defence and for a larger
national existence, delegating to a representative
national government certain specified powers. The
most noteworthy examples in history of this form
Political Nicknames. 115
of government are the Achaean League, the Swiss
Republic, and the United States of America. In the
early history of the United States the term "Federal"
was applied to that one of the two great political
parties which was supposed to be more particularly
in sympathy with English standards and to favour
an English alliance, and which desired a strong
central government. Their opponents, who pre-
ferred a French alliance, and who opposed a strong
central government, were then termed " Repub-
licans."
About 1830 the *' Federals " became Whigs, and
in 1856 they assumed the name of Republicans
(from res piiblica, the State), the States-rights party
having in the meantime taken the name of " Demo-
crats " (from demos, the people). During the civil
war of 1861-1865 the Northerners were all termed
" FederaFs " (or by their opponents *' Yankees " or
" Yanks "), while the Southerners had taken the
name of Confederates, because their Constitution
instituted a weaker central government and favoured
the independent action of the several States.
The Southerners were also given the nickname of
" Corn-feds," in allusion to the chief article of their
diet. The term Yankee above alluded to dates
back to the seventeenth century, and is a modifica-
tion of the name " Yengees," an attempt by the
Massachusetts Indians to pronounce the name
" English."
By the residents of the Northern States, the term
is limited to the inhabitants of the six States of New
ii6 Names: and their Meaning.
England. During the civil war of 1861-1865, the
members of a political faction in the North received
the name of Copperheads, because they were re-
garded as secret foes to the national cause. The
allusion was to the poisonous copperhead serpent,
which gives no warning of its approach. The
Know-nothings were a secret political party in
the United States (1848-1860), whose chief aim was
the checking of foreign immigration and the political
influence of foreigners by the repeal of the Naturaliza-
tion Laws, and the reserving of public appointments
for native-born Americans. The answer given by
its members to all questions about the party organi-
zation was, *' I don't know."
The Tammany "Ring was the name used to
designate an organization among certain officials
and their backers in the city of New York in 1870-
1871, who succeeded for a time in enriching them-
selves at the expense of the city. The ring was
overthrown in 1871, and its leaders imprisoned or
banished. The name of the ring arose from Tam-
many Hall, the headquarters of a society originally
founded (in 1805) for benevolent purposes, but which
had become a political power, and which is again
(1892) controlling the government of New York.
The term Mugwump first came into political use
in 1884. It was then applied to voters who had
been " Republicans," but who, on various grounds,
preferred the Democratic candidate Cleveland to the
Republican Blaine, and who succeeded in electing
the former. It has since been given generally to
Political Nicknames. 1^7
citizens, who, while actively interested in politics,
refuse to be bound closely by party ties, cons.;^dering
causes such a>s free trade, civil service reform, h onest
money, &c., as more important than party labei'l:^ ^^
party success. The name " Mugwump " is said to bt.'
derived from an Indian word signifying " wise chief."
The Chartists constituted an enormous body of
the people of this country who, soon after the
passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, loudly clamoured
for " The People's Charter," of which the six
principal points were these : — Universal Suffrage,
Vote by Ballot, Annual Parliaments, Payment of
the Members, Abolition of the Property Qualification,
and the Equalization of Electorial Rights. William
Lovett, the author of this document, died in August,
1877. The English war party, who sided with the
Turks in the Russo-Turkish struggle of 1878 received
the nickname of Jingoes, or The Jingo Party,
from the chorus of Macdermott's famous music-hall
song, commencing —
"We don't want to fight, but, by Jingo^ if we do !"
" Jingo " is a corruption of Jainko, the Basque term
for God. Hence the expression, " By Jingo ! " is
properly a direct appeal to the Deity. A Pro-
tectionist is one who advocates the protection of
home-produce and manufactures against foreign
competition by the imposition of import duties.
FLOWERS,
The name ot Forget-me-not originated in the
following legend : — A German knight and his lady
were walking on the bank of the Danube, when
the fair one saw a beautiful tuft of Myosotis palustris
growing in the water, and expressed a wish to have
it. With chivalrous alacrity the knight at once
plunged into the river and gathered his prize ; but
before he could regain the steep and slippery bank,
encumbered as he was by his heav}^ armour, he
was drawn by the treacherous eddy into a deep pool.
Finding he could not save himself, he threw the
flowers ashore to his mistress as he sank, and
uttered with his last breath the words " Vergess
mein nicht! " ("Forget-me-not ! ") Hence this flower
has come to be universally regarded as the emblem
of fidelity.
Mignonette, the diminutive oiMignon,i\\Q French
for " darling," is so called on account of its delicate
fragrance. The Carnation owes its name to the
Latin caro, flesh, in relation to its colour. Gera-
nium comes from the Greek and Latin geranos, a
crane; this genus of plants having a beak-like torus,
or receptacle. It is also known as Crane's-bill for
the same reason. Pansy is an Anglicized form of
Flowers. 119
the French pensee, *' thoughts," this being the senti-
ment expressed by the flower.
The Camellia was named after G. J. Camelli,
the German botanist and missionary (died 1690), by
whom it was introduced into Europe from the East ;
the Dahlia, after Andrew Dahl, the Swedish botanist,
who discovered it in Mexico in 1784; and the Fuchsia,
after Leonard Fuchs, who brought it from Mexico
about the year 1542. The Victoria Regia was so
called because it was introduced into this country
from British Guiana soon after the accession of
Queen Victoria. The Adonis is said to have
sprung out of the blood of Adonis, the beautiful
youth who was gored to death by a boar ; and the
Hyacinth is supposed to have originated in a
similar manner after Hyacinth had fallen a victim
to the jealousy of Zephyr. The Aspasia bears the
name of Aspasia of Miletus, the mistress of Pericles.
The term Orchid comes from the Greek orchis, a
testicle, all plants of this family being distinguished
by double testicles. The Sweetbriar is literally a
*' fragrant thorn " ; the Lilac betrays its Eastern
origin in the Turkish leilak, and Persian lilaj ; while
the term Lavender is derived from the Latin lavere,
to wash, because the essential oil obtained from this
shrub enters into the composition of a favourite
scent.
The Dog-rose was so called by the Greeks from
the belief that the root of this particular rose-tree
was efficacious in curing the bite of a mad dog.
The Damask-rose was brought to England from
120 Names : and their Meaning.
Damascus by Dr. Linacre in 1540. The Cabbage-
rose is thick and compact like a cabbage. The
Christmas -rose makes its appearance about Christ-
mas-time. The word Primrose, agreeably to the
Latin prima rosa, signifies the first rose, or flower, of
spring.
The Mayflower, otherwise the Hawthorn, the
Anglo-Saxon for " hedge-thorn," appears in flower
in the month of May, while Gilly-flower is merely
a corruption of "July flower." The Tiger-flower
is streaked like a tiger. Daffodil is a corruption of
" d'Asphodele," the French name of this flower.
Hollyhock is not " Holy Oak," but the Anglo-
Saxon Jwli-hoc, or marsh mallow. The Noontide,
or Noon-flower, closes its petals at noon ; the
Convolvulus, so called from the Latin con, together,
and volvere, to roll, does the like at sunset, in common
with the ordinary field Daisy, which owes its name,
a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon doeges-eaye, literally
" the day's eye," to this circumstance. The Butter-
cup was originally so designated in accordance with
an old-established idea that the yellow hue of butter
was attributable to the fact of these flowers being
eaten by cattle. However, as the buttercups are
invariably avoided by the cattle, the proverbial
wisdom of our forefathers must for once in a way
be discredited. Cowslip is a corruption of " cows'
leek."
The very common supposition that the Sunflower
inclines towards the sun is entirely erroneous, as has
been proved by observation. This flower merely
Flowers. 121
takes its name from its form and colour. On the
other hand, if its etymology be correct, the Helio-
trope does actually turn towards the sun, the word
helios being Greek for sun, and tropos, to turn. The
Goldylocks is so called on account of its tufts of
yellow flowers ; whereas the Marigold, which bears
yellow flowers, was named in honour of Queen
Mary. Both these, with the Sunflower, belong to
the Chrysanthemum (Greek chmsos, gold, and
anthemos, flower) family. The word Rhododen-
dron, we may add, comes from the Greek rJwdon,
rose, and dendron, tree.
The Passion-flower symbolizes in its tints
and several parts the various attributes of Christ's
Passion, as follows : — The white tint, purity ; the
blue tint, heaven ; the leaf, the spear ; the five
anthers, the five wounds ; the tendrils, the whips
and cords ; the column of the ovary, the pillar of the
cross ; the stamens, the hammers ; the three styles,
the nails ; the fleshy thorns within the flowers, the
crown of thorns ; the calyx, the nimbus, or glory.
In addition to the foregoing the passion-flower
remains open for three days, and this is supposed
to correspond with the three years' ministry of the
Redeemer.
Lastly, the flower known as the Stock received
its name from the fact that it was principally sold
in the old Stocks Market displaced by the building
of the present Mansion House in the year 1737 ; the
market itself having derived its title from a pair of
stocks that stood there.
THE BIBLE.
IN the estimation of many millions of human
beings the Bible is very properly regarded as
the "Book of Books." And a Book of Books
it truly is ; not only The Book above all others, but
comprising a number of distinct works from the
pens of various Inspired Writers according to the
Old Law and the New. For this reason precisely
the earliest Saxon version of the Sacred Volume was
called the Bible in accordance with the Greek and
Latin word biblia, the plural of biblion, a book,
derived from biblos, the inner bark of the papyrus,
which was the first kind of writing material known.
" Bible," therefore, is a collective term for the Scrip-
tures, which designation comes from the Latin
scriptura, a writing, based upon the verb scribere,
to write. Here, again, note the correct use of the
plural.
The original translation of the Hebrew Testament
into Greek, about the year 260 B.C., bore the title of
the Septuagint because it employed the labours of
seventy, or rather of seventy-two, translators. More
than six hundred years afterwards, viz., in the Year
of Our Lord 405, when St. Jerome (born 346, died
420) rendered the whole of the Scriptures — to be
The Bible. 123
sure the New Testament had not an existence
at the time of the Greek translation — into the Latin
tongue, his performance was styled the Vtdgatus,
or Vulgate, from vulgare, to make known to
the vitlgus, the multitude. This Latin Vulgate
constitues the Bible of the Roman Catholics
as authorized by the Council of Trent in the
year 1546. It was first printed for the use
of the Christian world generally in 1462. The
English translation of the Old Testament portion
of the Vulgate bears the title of the Douay Bible
because it was first printed and published at the
English College at Douay, in France, in 1609. The
New Testament portion, known as the Rheims
Bible, was issued at Rheims twenty-seven years
earlier, viz., in 1582.
The Authorized Version of the Bible appointed
to be read in the Church of England is called King
James's Bible, after James I., who ordered it to
be prepared, and in whose reign (in the year 1611)
it was first given to the people. The Bishops'
Bible, published in parts between 1568 and 1572,
derived its name from the seven bishops that
assisted Archbishop Parker with his revision of
Cranmer's Bible, otherwise The Great Bible, so
called because Archbishop Cranmer's version of the
text, published in 1539, was of large size, specially
printed for the purpose of being displayed and read
by the people in the churches. To the 1540 edition
of this version Cranmer prefixed a lengthy Intro-
duction. One of the earliest Latin Bibles, printed
124 Names: and their Meaning.
by Gutenberg between the years 1450 and 1455,
and, indeed, one of the earliest perfect printed
books from separate types, is known as the Mazarin
Bible, from a copy being discovered in Cardinal
Mazarin's library. The Pearl Bible was so called
because it was printed in pearl type by Field in
1653. The Geneva Bible, printed at Geneva in
1560, also bears the singular title of the Breeches
Bible, owing to the substitution of the word
"breeches" for "aprons" in Genesis iii. 7. Simi-
larly, the Vinegar Bible is indebted for its title
to the misprinting of the word "vineyard" in the
running headline to Liike xx. at the Clarendon Press
in 1717 ; the Beer Bible, to the substitution of the
words "the beer" for "strong drink" in the
twenty -fourth chapter of Isaiah, ninth verse; the
Treacle Bible, to the rendering of the passage,
"Is there no balm in Gilead ? " into "There is no
more triacle at Gilaad" {Jeremiah viii. 22); the Whig
Bible, to the misprinting of the word " peace-
makers," so that the sentence reads, " Blessed are
the placemakers " ; the Wicked Bible, from the
omission of a word in Exodus xx. 14, which caused
the verse to read, "Thou shalt commit adultery";
and the Bug Bible, printed by John Daye in 155 1,
from the peculiar rendering of the fifth verse in
Psalm xci., which reads, " So thou shalt not need
to be afraid for any bugs by night, nor for the arrow
that flieth by day." The first edition of the Author-
ized Version is called the " He " Bible, because it
contains a misprint in Ruth iii. 15, the passage read-
The Bible. 125
ing, "And he went into the city." A subsequent
issue published in the same year, in which the
mistake is rectified, is known as the " She" Bible.
The Virginia Bible is a rare version of the Scrip-
tures translated into the native language of the
North American Indians of Virginia. The first
edition of this Bible was printed in 1661-3, copies
of which are said to be worth ;^200.
The first five books of the Old Testament written
by Moses bear the collective title of the Pentateuch
on account of the two Greek words penta, five, and
teuchos, an implement, a tool, alluding to the Books
being the direct instrument of communication be-
tween God and His people. The titles ot these five
Books themselves are as follows : — Genesis, which
expresses the Greek for origin or production, describes
the history of the world from its beginning ; Exodus,
derived from ex, out, and odus, a way, narrates the
departure of the Israelites out of Egypt ; Leviticus
sets forth the regulations affecting the priests and
Levites; Numbers contains the census of the
Israelites; and Deuteronomy, from the Greek
deutcros, second, and nomos, law, comprises the
second giving of the Law by Moses.
The designation Apocrypha, signifying hidden or
spurious, is applied to those Books whose authenticity
as Inspired Writings is not admitted ; in other
words, to those portions of the Scriptures which,
inasmuch as they do not establish any doctrine, are
not held to be canonical, yet are such as, in the
words of the Prayer Book, "the Church doth read
126 Names : and their Meaning.
for example of life and instruction of manners." On
the other hand, the Apocalypse, signifying disclo-
sure, is synonymous with the " Book of Revelation,"
and specifically applies to the concluding Book of
the Bible.
WINES.
WITH one or two exceptions only, the
different kinds of wines owe their names
to the places where they are produced.
Thus, Burgundy and Champagne respectively
come from the French provinces, Pontac from the
town, and Moselle from the vineyards extensively
cultivated on the banks of the river, so designated.
Rhenish wines are popular all over Europe; yet
none are probably more celebrated than the Jo-
hannisberg, produced at the Castle of Johannisberg
(literally, John's Rock), near Wiesbaden, and Hock,
produced at Hockheim. Among Italian wines,
Florence comes from the historic " City of
Flowers," whereas Falernian, celebrated by Mar-
tial, Horace, and other Latin authors, was made from
grapes grown in the district around the ancient city
of Falernum. A justly celebrated Tuscan wine is the
Montepulciano, produced at the old city so denomi-
nated. As its name implies, Malaga is imported
from Malaga, in Spain; Sherry is our English
rendering of the place-name Xeres, near Cadiz ;
while Port constitutes the native wine of Oporto,
the capital of Portugal. Of Mediterranean wines,
Cyprus, brought from the now British island of
128 Names : and their Meaning.
that name, and Malmsey, an English corruption of
Malvasia, so termed after the district in the island
of Candia, where it is produced, are the chief.
Madeira and Canary are imported from the islands
so called, situated on the great ocean highway to the
Cape of Good Hope. An excellent wine greatly
sought after on the Continent, though somewhat
unknown in this country, is Tokay, produced from
white grapes cultivated in the district of Tokay,
Upper Hungary. Claret owes its designation to
the French clair, clear, because it is a clarified wine;
whereas Tent "Wine is a mere corruption of the
Spanish vino Unto, signifying a white wine coloured.
The sparkling champagne known as Sillery popu-
larizes the name of the Marquis de Sillery, the
proprietor of the vineyards where this particular
species is produced; just as Pommery is destined
to perpetuate the memory of Madame Pommery,
mother to the Duchess de Polignac, and sole
proprietress of the vineyards and subterranean
Pommery vaults near Rheims. Moet and Chandon
similarly denotes the champagne brewed by the
well-known French firm trading under the style of
" Moet et Chandon."
Among concoctions of the vinous order we have
Hippocras, so called because it is said to have
been first made according to the recipe of Hippo-
crates, the Father of Medicine ; Badminton,
originally prepared at Badminton, the seat of the
Duke of Beaufort ; and Negus, named after Colonel
Francis Negus, who invented it. Formerly, our
Wines. - 129
countrymen set great store by Sack, which was
simply the designation of a dry wine, derived from
the French word sec, dry. Wine is said to be a Dry
Wine when it is neither sweet nor sparkling. It
cannot be sweet because, the fermentation being
complete, the sugar contained in it is fully decom-
posed ; moreover, it is dry because the carbonic acid
has escaped. For the like reason, a certain evidence
that port wine has completed the process of fermen-
tation is the collection of tartar in the interior of the
bottle, forming a crust ; hence the term Crusted
Port. A very bad wine of whatever kind usually
bears the name of Three Men Wine, owing to
the idea that it requires one man to hold the drinker,
and another to pour it down his throat, while the
third is the unfortunate individual himself. The
derivation of the term Wine is the Anglo-Saxon vin
from the Latin vinuni, allied to vinea, a vine.
LITERARY SOBRIQUETS,
GILDAS, the earliest chronicler of British
history (born 511, died 570), was surnamed
The Wise on account of his learning,
which must have excited the wonder of the semi-
barbarian inhabitants of these islands in the sixth
century. Later, the Saxon historian Beda, incorrectly
called Bede (born 673, died 735), was surnamed The
Venerable because he was also an ecclesiastic. Ap-
proaching more modern times, we meet with John
White, a Nonconformist lawyer, who, in consequence
of being the author of a work entitled " The First
Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, made and
admitted into Benefices by the Prelates, &c.," merited
the popular description of Century White. Still
nearer our own day, Matthew Gregory Lewis (born
1775, died 1818) became the recipient of the name of
Monk Lewis, after the publication of his famous
novel, " The Monk " ; just as John Thomas Smith,
the antiquary (born 1766, died 1833), was indebted
to his chatty, albeit valuable work, " A Book for
a Rainy Day," for his sobriquet of Rainy-Day
Smith.
Turning to the poets, John Sylvester, the trans-
lator of Du Barta's " Divine Weeks and Works "
Literary Sobriquets, 131
(born 1563, died 1613), is popularly referred to as
Silver-tongued Sylvester on account of the
sweet melody of his verse. John Taylor, the
Water Poet (born 1580, died 1654), was a Thames
waterman; James Hogg, The Ettrick Shepherd
(born 1772, died 1835), followed the employment of
a shepherd in the forest of Ettrick, Selkirkshire ; and
Edward Capern, The Bideford Postman (born
1819), was for several years a letter-carrier in the
little town of Bideford, Devonshire. Nathaniel Lee
(born 1655, died i6gi) received the name of The
Mad Poet from the fact of his four years' confine-
ment in a mad-house. The Quaker Poet was
Bernard Barton, the friend of Charles Lamb (born
1784, died 1849) } while Samuel Rogers, The
Banker Poet (born 1763, died 1855), divided his
time pleasantly between the counting-house and
the study. Thomas Moore (born 1779, died 1852)
merited the style of Anacreon Moore by his
translations from the Greek poet Anacreon, and the
circumstance that his own original verses were con-
structed upon the same classic model. Richard
Home, the poet and critic (born 1802, died 1884),
was known as Orion Horne, and also as The
Farthing Poet, on account of his principal work
" Orion," published at one farthing, as a satire on
the poverty of the book-buying public.
Sir Walter Scott (born 1771, died 1832) was
surnamed The Wizard of the North owing to
the magic influence which he exerted over all
classes of the people, and the widespread fascination
132 Names: and their Meaning.
of his novels ; while Henry Mackenzie, the author
of "The Man of Feeling" (born 1745, died 1831),
enjoyed the signal honour of being designated
The Addison of the North, owing to the purity
and excellence of his style. No more flattering
recognition of the genius of William Wordsworth
(born 1770, died 1850) could ever have been desired
than the title of The Minstrel of the Border,
bestowed upon him by Sir Walter Scott. The Corn
Law Rhymer was Ebenezer Elliott (born 1781,
died 1849) who, by the dedication of his numerous
versified philippics to the opponents of Free Trade,
indirectly, if not directly, prepared the way for the
repeal of the obnoxious Corn Laws in the year 1846.
Reference to the word " Philippics " carries us back
in imagination to Demosthenes, who directed one of
his most famous orations against Philip, King of
Macedon ; hence, any indignant invective or vehe-
ment denunciation is characteristically styled a
Philippic.
THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND
AND WALES.
NORTHUMBERLAND originally denoted
the land north of the Humber; Cumber-
land, the land occupied by the Cymri ; and
Westmoreland, the land of the Westmorings, or
people of the Western moors. Durham is a
corruption of Dunholm, signifying a hill-fort on an
island in the river ; dim being Celtic for a hill, or fort
on a hill, and holm the Scandinavian for an island.
The Shire, or County, of York, in common with the
majority of the Midland and Welsh counties, is
named after its chief town ; or rather, in this case,
the ancient city described in documents as Eurewic,
but pronounced Yorric, from its position on the river
Eure, now known as the Ouse.
Lancashire indicates the Shire of Lancaster,
the caester, or camp-town, on the Lune. This
Anglo-Saxon word Caester, derived from the Latin
castra, a camp, fortress, appears also in the names
of Cheshire, a contraction of Caestcrshire, the Shire
of Chester, the town built on the site of the old
Roman castra, or camp; in Leicestershire, the
Shire of the camp-town on the river Leire, now
called the Soar ; in Worcestershire, the Shire of
134 Names : and their Meaning.
Hwic-ware-shire, or fortress-town, of the Huiccii ;
and in Gloucestershire, the Shire of the camp-
town in which Gloi, a son of the Emperor Claudius,
was born during the Roman occupation of Britain.
Lincoln is a contraction of the Latin Lindttm-
colonia, signifying the colony formed by the Romans
on the Llyn-dun, literally " the fortified hill by the
pool," originally occupied and so called " by the
ancient Britons [see London]. The names Norfolk
and Suffolk respectively indicate those portions of
the eastern coast settled by the Angles, who sepa-
rated into two distinct tribes, viz., the north folk and
the south folk. Essex is a contraction of East-
seaxe, denoting the territory occupied by the East
Saxons ; Sussex, of Suth-seaxe, or South Saxons ;
and Middlesex, of Middle-seaxe, or the inhabitants
of the district between Essex and Wessex, the
land of the West Saxons, which, under the Hep-
tarchy, extended to the westward as far as
Devon. Surrey is a modification of the Anglo-
Saxon Snth-rey, south of the river, i.e., the
Thames. Kent was formerly Cantium, indicating
the land bestowed upon Canute, one of the com-
panions of Brute, an early King of Britain, who,
according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, settled in
England and eventually founded the Danish
dynasty.
Hampshire, also written Hants, expresses the
Shire of Hantone, or HavAunc, now known as
Southampton, the south town on the river Ant,
or Southampton Water. Dorset was originally
The Counties of England and Wales. 135
Dwrset, a compound of the Celtic dwr, water, and
the Anglo-Saxon set, a settlement, alluding to the
early settlement of this district by a tribe of Britons
who styled themselves Die^r-^n^s, or "water-dwellers."
Somerset is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon Suth-
morset, literally "the south-moor-settlement." Devon
is a modified form of Dwfnient, the Celtic for " the
deep valleys." An earlier name for this portion of
Britain was Damnonia, the territory of the Dam-
nonii, a Celtic tribe. Cornwall denotes the territory
of the "foreigners in the horn," agreeably to the Latin
cornu, a horn, referring to its numerous promontories,
and its inhabitants the Wahl, the Saxon term for
" foreigners." Like Wales, this portion of our island
was never invaded by the Anglo-Saxons ; consequently
its people, the Cymri, a branch of the Celts, were
left in undisturbed possession [see Wales]. The
Duchy of Cornwall is still included in the Principality
of Wales. Wiltshire only partly expresses the
Shire of Wilton, a contraction of Willy-town, or
the town on the river Willy. Berkshire is a
modern spelling of the Anglo-Saxon Bearoc-scire,
" forest shire," in allusion to the forest districts of
Bagshot and Windsor; while Buckingham was
originally described as Boccenhani, the Anglo-Saxon
for " beech-tree-home," this county being especially
noted for its beeches.
Oxford derived its name from the Ox-ford over the
Isis; Hertford, from the ford crossed by harts;
Hereford, from the army ford ; and Stafford, from
the ford crossed by means of staves or stilts.
136 Names : and their Meaning.
Bedford is a contraction of Bedican ford, the
Anglo-Saxon for " the protected ford." Cambridge
owes its name to the University town by the bridge
over the Cam, or crooked river [see Camberwell].
Huntingdon was anciently a great deer forest, and
therefore much resorted to for hunting. North-
ampton is a corruption of North-avon-town, alluding
to its position north of the river Neu, in olden times
known as the Avon. Rutland expresses the Anglo-
Saxon for " red land/' referring to the colour of its
soil. Warwick is the modern description of the
Anglo-Saxon Waer-wic, signifying the garrison, or
war town. Nottingham is a corruption of Snot-
ingaham, " the place of caves," so called on account
of the soft sandstone which so greatly facilitated the
formation of caverns during the early history of our
country ; as e.g., " Mortimer's hole," and the subter-
ranean passage that led thereto from Nottingham
Castle in the reign of Edward III. Derby is a
contraction of the Saxon Deer-by, or ** wild-beast
village," doubtless so designated from its frequent
invasion by strange animals from the mountainous
district of "The Peak" in search of prey. Shrop-
shire denotes the Shire of Scrobbesburgh, the Anglo-
Saxon for " shrub-town," modified by the Normans
into Sloppesbnrie (from which the present town of
Salop derived its name), and corrupted in modern
times into Shrewsbury. Monmouth indicates
the county that includes the mouth of the Mon,
originally described as the Mynwy, " the border
river."
The Counties of England and Wales. 137
Anglesea, properly Anglesey [see Chelsea, &c.],
is one of the three counties of Wales whose names
are not essentially Welsh. Thus, Glamorgan
signifies the Gwlad-M organ, or territory of Morgan,
a chieftain who lived in the tenth century ;
Brecknock is the hill of Brecon, or Brychan, a
Welsh prince ; Radnor is a modern spelling of
Rhiadnwr-Gwy, meaning " the Cataract of the
Wye " ; Montgomery refers to the fortress built
on the inont, or height, by Roger de Montgomerie,
in 1093 ; Denbigh was originally Dinbach, the Celtic
and Cymric for " a little fort " ; Flint was so called
from the quantity of quartz found in this county ;
Carnarvon owes its origin to Ccer-yu-ar-Fonj the
ccBVy or fortress, on the arfon, or water; Carmarthen
denotes the fortress erected by Merlin ; Merioneth
was named after Merion, an early British saint ;
Cardigan indicates the territory of Ceredig, a Welsh
chieftain ; while Pembroke signifies the pen, or
head of the broc, the Celtic and Cymric for a district,
so called because this promontory was virtually the
Land's End.
CARRIAGES,
THE Phaeton owes its designation to the
mythological personage of that name who
received permission to drive the sun-car of
Helios, his father, for one day, with the result that,
being overthrown, he nearly set the world on fire.
The Victoria was introduced in the year that
witnessed the coronation of Her Majesty Queen
Victoria. The Clarence was the favourite con-
veyance of the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William
IV. The Brougham, invented in 1839, received its
name from Lord Brougham, who was the first to
permanently adopt it ; and the same may be said of
the Stanhope, so called in compliment to Lord
Stanhope. The Sociable is an appropriate name
enough for an open carriage of which the facing
seats afford opportunity for pleasant conversation.
The Landau was first made at Landau in Germany;
whereas the Tilbury perpetuates the name of a
celebrated London sportsman who introduced this
particular species of carriage during the early part
of the present century.
The small, light, one-horse vehicle known as a
Dog-cart is so called because such a one was
originally constructed for sportsmen to drive their
Carriages. 139
pointers and setters (which they kept in a box under
the seat) to the scene of the sport. The term Buggy
is a corruption of Bourgeois, a French name indicating
a vehicle intended for the middle classes so denomi-
nated ; while Gig is a contraction of the Italian giga,
a romp, and the French gigite, a lively dance, a jig,
in allusion to its jumping and rocking motion. The
like derivation applies to the long, light ship's wherry
which passes under the same name. The term
Sulky, as applied to a light two-wheeled convey-
ance, owed its origin to the fact that, when it
was introduced, people hazarded the opinion that
none but sulky, morose, and selfish people would ride
in such a carriage, because it had only accommodation
for one person. The Noddy, peculiar to Dublin,
derives its title from the jolting motion which keeps
its riders continually nodding; and the Jaunting
Car, from the jaunts and country outings for which,
on the other side of the Irish Sea, these vehicles are
largely employed. The English Break bears its
name because it partakes of the character of the
four-wheel vehicle used by horse-breakers; indeed,
it differs from the latter only in the addition of the
upper portion containing the seats.
Stage-coaches were originally so called on account
of the different stages at which they stopped to
change horses and refresh the passengers. 'Bus is
short for Omnibus, a Latin word signifying " for
all." The step at the back of an omnibus is
facetiously styled the Monkey-board, in conse-
quence of the capers usually executed thereon by
140 Names : and their Meaning.
the conductor. The board on either side of the
roof of the vehicle, upon which theatrical and other
advertisements are exhibited is known as the Knife-
board, from its fancied resemblance to that article
of domestic utility. So far from having derived its
name from one of the northern suburbs of London, a
Hackney-coach is simply an English rendering of
coche-a-haquence, the literal French for a coach drawn
by a hired horse. The word Coach (French, coche,
the diminutive of the Italian concJmla, a shell) really
means a shell-like contrivance upon wheels. Cab is a
contraction of the Cabriolet, from cabriole, a goat's
leap, in allusion to its lightness and springiness, first
introduced in Paris, This vehicle, after undergoing
sundry changes and improvements, was patented in
the year 1883 as the "Safety Cab" by Joseph
Aloysius Hansom, from which circumstance it has
in more recent times come to be generally designated
the Hansom Cab.
The term Hearse traces its origin through the
German hirsch from the Gothic hersa, a sepulchral
mound. At a later date it implied a temporary
monument, but nowadays it denotes the funeral car.
The word Funeral, by the way, is a contraction of
the La.tin ftmeralis, signifying a torchlight procession,
from funis, a torch, because interments among the
Romans always took place by night. Pantech-
nicon is a Greek word, composed of pan, all,
and techne, art, indicative of the place where every
kind of industrial art was exhibited or exposed for
sale. In modern days the term has come to be
Carriages. 141
exclusively applied to a vehicle constructed for the
removal of household furniture. Lastly, the cloth
that covers the box-seat of a carriage of any kind
is called the Hammer-cloth, because in the old
coaching days it concealed the box which contained
a hammer, nails, and other implements useful for
repairs in the event of a breakdown on the journey.
DANCES.
DANCING is styled the Terpsichorean Art
in honour of Terpsichore, the daughter of
Jupiter and Mnemosyne, whom the ancients
regarded as its inventress. The Morris Dance, from
which our "Jack in the Green" and his fellow May-
day revellers trace their origin, was the military
dance of the Moors, or Moriscoes, introduced into
this country by John of Gaunt on his return from
Spain in the reign of Edward III. Five men and a
boy took part in it, and from the fact of the boy
wearing an ill-fitting helmet called a morione, he
received the name of " Mad Morion," which was
subsequently corrupted into Maid Marian. The
Saraband was invented by Zarabanda, a famous
dancer of Seville in the sixteenth century. The
Gavotte arose among the Gavots, a people who
inhabited the department of the Upper Alps and the
province of Dauphiny, in France. Quadrille is the
literal French for ** a little square," so called from
the position taken up by the dancers; while the
Lancers derived their name from a company of
Lancers who originally improvised this variation of
the Quadrille for their own amusement while seated
in their saddles. The Polka, of Polish origin, is so
Dances.
143
designated on account of the Bohemian word pidka,
a half, in allusion to the half step occurring in it ;
the Schottische is a variation of the Polka; the
Mazourka is the national dance of Poland — all of
which, with the addition of the Redowa, are native
terms. The Waltz is a contraction of the German
Waltzer, derived from the verb waltzen, to roll, to
revolve, alluding to the revolutions made by the
pairs of dancers placed vis-a-vis. The Country
Dance, so far from being a peasants' dance, is
nothing more than a corruption of the French
contre-danse, signifying that the parties place them-
selves opposite to each other during the dance.
Strictly speaking, the Contre-danse and the Quad-
rille are one and the same. The Roger de
Coverley derived its name from the great-grand-
father of Roger de Coverley, or rather, to be
precise, of Roger of Cowley, near Oxford, who
invented it. The Minuet (Latin mimitus, small)
is so called wholly on account of the short steps
peculiar to this dance. The Tarantella was in-
vented in Italy out of the supposition that the pro-
fuse perspiration which it induced was a certain cure
for the poisonous bite of the Tarantula Spider,
named after the city of Taranto, where its baneful
presence was first manifested. Cinderella Dances
are those which terminate before midnight, in allu-
sion to Cinderella of nursery renown.
The origin of the word Ball, in its application to
a dancing-party, is somewhat singular. Centuries
ago there was in vogue on the Continent a three.
144 Names : and their Meaning.
fold game, in which the players danced to the sound
of their own voices while they threw to one another
a ball. In all probability this arose out of the
curious ** Ball-Play in Church" by the Neapolitans
during the Saturnalia, or " Feast of Fools," corres-
ponding to our Easter-tide. There is even now a
statute in existence which regulated the size and
character of the ball to be used on such occasions.
In opening the ceremony, the Dean took the ball in
his left hand, and commenced an antiphon, which
the organ took up ; whereupon he tossed the ball to
first one and then another of the choir-boys, as they
joined hands, sang, and danced around him. When,
therefore, the three-fold game alluded to above
divided and its three sets of dancers became
independent of each other, the dance itself took
the name of the article that was, as if by common
consent, discarded — to wit, the ball; and the song
was styled the Ballafa, or, according to the modern
English, a Ballad indicative of a dancing-song;
while the verb ballare, to dance, gave existence to
the French Ballet, signifying a dance tune. Apropos
of the Ballet, the term Coryphee, as applied to a
ballet-dancer, traces its origin from the Greek
coryphceus, the designation of one who danced to
the lute in the theatres of the ancients. En passant,
the famous war dance of the Greeks, executed in
very quick. time and known as the Phyrric Dance,
was so denominated after Pyrrichos, a celebrated
Dorian flautist.
The Hornpipe is an inversion of pib-gorn, the
Dances. 145
name of the old Welsh instrument consisting of a
pib, or pipe, with a gorn, or horn, at each end, to
which this dance was originally stepped ; the Reel
has reference to the whirling evolutions performed
by the dancer, as of winding cotton on a reel ;
whereas the Jig comes from the French gigue, a
lively dance, and gige, a stringed instrument, the
usual accompaniment to this rough and-ready style
of pedal exhilaration. The term Breakdown is an
Americanism, denoting the last boisterous dance
before the breaking tip of a dancing-party towards
early morning. Appropriately enough, such a dance
invariably constitutes the final item of a negro-
minstrel entertainment.
|o
PIGMENTS AND DYES,
THE word Pigment is a contraction of the
Latin pigmentum, based upon the verb pin-
gere, to paint. Dye traces its origin to the
Anglo-Saxon deag, a colour, remotely derived from
the Latin tingere, to stain. Several of the pigments
most generally used owe their names to the places
whence they are, or were originally, brought. As
examples : Umber was first obtained in the district
of Umbria, in Italy, and Sienna, properly called
Terra di Sienna, or Sienna Earth, from Sienna ;
Gamboge comes from Cambodia, formerly known
as Gambogia, in Siam ; Indigo, from Indicus, the
ancient description of India; and Krems White,
from the city of Krems, in Austria, where it is
exclusively manufactured. Prussian Red, Bruns-
wick Green, Brunswick Black, Frankfort
Black, Hamburg Lake, Venetian Red, and
Chinese Yellow, speak for themselves. Prussian
Blue, also called Berlin Blue, was first made by
a native colourman of Berlin in the year 1710;
whereas Saunders Blue is merely a corruption
of cendres-bleus, the French for blue ashes, this
pigment being obtained from calcined bluestone.
Another name for the latter is Ultramarine,
Pigments and Dyes. 147
because it was originally brought from ultra, beyond,
and marinus, the sea.
The deep blue known as Mazarine was named
after Cardinal Mazarin, the Prime Minister of France
(born 1602, died 1661), in whose time it was first pre-
pared; while the puce colour known as Pompadour
received its designation from Madame le Pompadour,
the mistress of Louis XV. (born 1721, died 1764), who
popularized it. Cardinal is so called because it
expresses the exact shade of the red habit worn by
the cardinals of the Church ; the term Carmine
owes its origin to the Italian carminio, purple ; while
Carnation denotes a flesh tint, in accordance with
the Latin caro, flesh. The colour which results
from the combination of a vivid red with more or
less white is styled Pink, owing to its resemblance
to the flower so designated.
The origin of the word Purple must be sought in
connection with the circumstance in which this dye,
or colour, was discovered. It appears that one day
a favourite dog belonging to Hercules of Tyre
chanced to eat a species of fish known to the
ancients as the purpura ; and upon returning to his
master, the latter found the lips of the animal tinged
with the colour that was shortly afterwards imitated
and denominated purple. The term Scarlet is a
modification of sakarlaf, the Persian description of a
bright red colour; while Crimson traces its exist-
ence through the Old English crimosyn to garmaz,
the Arabic term for the cochineal insect, from whose
dried body, found upon a species of cactus, this vivicj
148 Names : and their Meaning.
dye-stuff is obtained. The beautiful purple obtained
from chloride of gold bears the name of Cassius
after its inventor.
Magenta was named in commemoration of the
Battle of Magenta, fought in 1859 ; and Vandyke
Brown, from its having been so frequently used by
Vandyk (born 1599, died 1641) that it forms a
characteristic colour in all his portraits. Sepia is
the Greek designation of the cuttle-fish, and the
pigment so called is obtained from the dark juice
secreted by the glands of the Indian species of this
fish. Sap-Green is prepared from the juice of the
ripe berries of the buckthorn ; whereas Emerald
Green denotes the particular shade of green that
characterizes the emerald. Lamp Black is so
called because it was originally obtained from the
burning of resinous matter over a lamp. Ivory
Black is a pigment formerly obtained from charred
ivory, but nowadays from bones. The origin of
Isabel, a dull brownish-yellow, with a mixture of
red and grey, is as follows : — When the Duke of
Austria was besieging Ostend in 1601, Isabella, his
wife, the daughter of Philip 11. of Spain, vowed that
she would not change her linen until the town had
been taken. Unfortunately for her personal comfort,
the town held out for two years, at the end of which
period her linen assumed the characteristic hue that
was afterwards imitated by the ingenious colour-
man who sought to honour her by perpetuating the
incident.
LONDON DISTRICTS AND
SUBURBS.
AT that remote period when the first rude huts
were established on the banks of the Thames,
the surrounding scene could have presented
nothing more inviting to the eye than an extensive
marsh or morass. That such was undoubtedly the
case the existing names of Fenchurch Street and
FiNSBURY, furnish ample evidence. The former
marks the site of an ancient church situated among
the fens, while the latter is an easy corruption of
Fensbury, the Anglo-Saxon designation for " a town
among the fens." Therefore it was not surprising that
the barbaric Britons, who founded what we now call
London, should have given the name of Llyn-dun
[see Lincoln] to their colony beside the Thames.
Apropos of the Thames, the name of our noble river
is merely a slight contraction of the Latin Thamesis,
signifying ** the broad Isis." Isis is the Celtic for
water.
Westminster was denominated after the Abbey
[see Westminster Abbey]. Belgravia is the name
given to the fashionable district of which Belgrave
Square is the common centre. Pimlico owed its
designation to an attempt on the part of the tavern-
150 Names: and their Meaning.
keepers of this neighbourhood to rival the celebrated
nut-brown ales of one Ben Pimlico, who kept a
pleasure-garden near Hoxton, the road to which
was known as Pimlico Walk (still in existence),
and the garden itself, first as " Pimlico's," and sub-
sequently as " Pimlico." The name of Knights-
bridge carries us back to the time when two knights,
on their way to receive a blessing from the Bishop
of London at Fulham, engaged in a deadly combat
on the bridge that spanned the Westbourne, exactly
on the spot where Albert Gate now stands. Prior
to this incident the bridge had borne the name of
Fulham Bridge. Mayfair occupies the site of an
annual six days' fair held in May, originally at the
instance of Edward I., for the benefit of the leper
hospital of St. James the Less, Bishop of Jerusalem,
now St, James's Palace. The district of Soho was
known by its present name as long ago as the six-
teenth century; ''So ho T^ being the cry of the
huntsmen when calling off their harriers in the days
when the whole of London west of Drury Lane
was open country. Bloomsbury is a corruption of
" Lomesbury Village," of which the Manor House
stood on the site of Bloomsbury Square. Smith-
field is a modern perversion of " Smoothfield," an
extensive tract of meadow land where horses were
sold and tournaments were held as far back as the
twelfth century. The first recorded English horse-
race was witnessed in Smoothfield in the year 1154.
Clerkenwell derived its name from an ancient well
(now marked by an iron pump let into the wall at
London Districts and Suburbs. 151
the south-east end of Ray Street) beside which
the parish clerks performed their Miracle Plays.
Spa Fields, now built over, owed their designation
to a medicinal well, or Spa, discovered in 1206, and
subsequently known as " The London Spa." The
proper description of BunhiU Fields is Bonhill, i.e.,
" good hill " Fields, so styled because the victims of
the Great Plague were buried here in 1665. Moor-
fields was formerly a bleak moor skirting the
northern portion of the marshy land known as
Fensbury, now Finsbury, already referred to.
Shoreditch did not receive its name from Jane
Shore, neither is the word a corruption of " Sewer
Ditch," as some writers have suggested. This dis-
trict really comprised the manor of Sir John Soerditch,
a wealthy London citizen and a valiant knight who
fought by the side of Edward the Black Prince at
Crecy and Poictiers. Whitechapel was designated
after the While Chapel of St. Mary, built in 1673.
Goodman's Fields perpetuated the name of the
owner of the land now known as the Minories, upon
which a Priory of the Nuns of St. Clare was after-
wards built. Shadwell is a corruption of St. Chad's
Well, discovered in this neighbourhood in ancient
times. The once-notorious Ratcliflfe Highway
derived its name from the Manor of Ratcliffe, be-
longing to the adjoining parish of Stepney. The
title has now been changed to St. George's Street.
Stepney was anciently described as Stebenhithe,
signifying that it contained a wharf or haven belong-
ing to one Steben or Steven. Spitalfields marks
1^2 Names: and their Meanings.
the site of the ancient Priory of St. Mary of the
Spittle, dissolved in 1534. The French refugees
established the silk manufacture here in 1685.
Bethnal Green recalls the existence of the old
family of the Bathons, whose history is first recorded
in connection with their property situated in this
neighbourhood during the reign of Edward I.
Hoxton is a corruption of Hogsdon, meaning hog's
town. In proof of this statement we may add that
Hog Lane still exists in the vicinity. De Beauvoir
Town preserves the family name of the De Beau-
voirs, whose original ancestor, Richard de Beauvoir,
of Guernsey, resided here in princely style. Copen-
hagen Fields were so called after a tea-house
opened by a Dane, about the time when the King of
Denmark paid a visit to James I. Haggerstone is
a corruption of " Hergotestan," the literal Saxon
for " Our God's Town." Hackney was originally
described as Hackoneye, signifying an ey, or portion
of well-watered pasture land, appropriated by a
Danish chief named Hacon [see Chelsea, &c.].
Dalston is properly Dalcston, or Vale-town.
This was a quiet suburban village situated in a
valley during the days when the northern districts
of the Metropolis were more or less wooded — as
witness Stoke Newington, or the new town in the
meadow by the wood. The word Stoke comes from
the Anglo-Saxon stoc, a wood or stockade ; ton is the
Old English for town, and ing the Anglo-Saxon
for a meadow, also a family settlement. Southgate
is expressive of the southern entrance to the en-
London Districts and Suburbs. 153
closure, anciently known as Enfield Chase ; and
Kingsland the royal domain adjacent to it.
Abney Park owes its name to Abney House,
recently converted into a Conservative Club, but
originally the residence of Sir Thomas Abney
(born 1639, died 1722), Lord Mayor and a dis-
tinguished Nonconformist, knighted by William III.
Dr. Isaac Watts died at Abney House in 1748.
Green Lanes indicates the rural character of this
neighbourhood in bygone times. Edmonton is
properly Eduwnd's-town. The name of Ball's Pond
is all that remains to remind us of the one-time
existence of " The Salutation " house of call which
had a pond for dog and duck sports, kept by John
Ball. Mildmay Park is so called after Mildmay
House, the family seat of Sir Henry Mildmay, who
came into possession of the estate by his marriage
with the daughter of William Halliday, an Alderman
of the City in the time of Charles I. Muswell
Hill is a slight corruption of Miistwell Hill, derived
from the Latin miistiis, new, fresh ; because on
this hill there was anciently discovered a well of
clear, fresh water by the friars of St. John's Priory,
Clerkenwell, who had a dairy hereabouts. That
portion of the hill which has been cut through for the
construction of the line of railway to Enfield, Barnet,
and the north, bears the name of The Hog's Back,
in allusion to its shape. The name of Wood Green
is self-explanatory. Hornsey is a corruption of
" Harringe," or meadow of hares. Canonbury
received its title from the residence of the Prior of
154 Names : and their Meaning.
the Canons of St. Bartholomew, built in this neigh-
bourhood soon after the Conquest. Bury is Saxon
for a town or enclosed habitation, equivalent to the
Celtic don, and Old English ton. In days of old,
Highbury contained a Priory of the Knights of St.
John of Jerusalem, built in 1271. The establishment
was called Higli-bnry, because it stood upon higher
ground than their previous residence which had borne
the name of Tolentone, or lower town. HoUoway
reminds us that this was once a miry hollow between
Highgate and Islington. Barnsbury is a corruption
of Berners-b7iry, originally a manor belonging to Lady
Juliana Berners, Abbess of St. Albans. Islington
has always been a favourite suburb in modern
times, and even our mediaeval ancestors must have
been delighted with its situation, lying high and
dry beyond the fens and the sloughy neighbourhood
of the "old bourne." Its name signifies "the
settlement of the Islings."
King's Cross derived its name from a wretched
statue of George IV., set up in honour of his
accession in 1820, and demolished to make way for
the London terminus of the Great Northern Rail-
way in 1842. The parish of St. Pancras is so
called after the church dedicated to the boy-saint
who was martyred by Diocletian in the early days
of Christianity. Agar Town, now entirely swept
away by modern improvements, was designated after
William Agar, a miserly lawyer who acquired the
lease of the land for building purposes in 1840.
Somers Town is the property of Lord Somers, and
London Districts and Suhnrhs, 155
Camden Town, of the Earl of Camden. Kentish
Town was formerly written " Kestestown " ; but
even that was a corruption of " Kantelowes Town,"
erected upon the Manor of Kantelowes. The modern
spelling of this family name is Cantlowes. Primrose
Hill is still a pleasant eminence whereon primroses
grow, despite the encroachments of bricks and
mortar all around. Highgate is a title expressive
of the elevated situation of the village that sprang
up around the toll-gate established on the common
highway from Barnet to Gray's Inn Road about
the year 1400. Holly Village, Highgate, was so
called by its foundress, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts-
Bartlett, after her residence, Holly Lodge, hard by.
Hampstead signifies a farmhouse or homestead.
The word is Saxon : ham, a home, and stede, a place.
In its wider sense, ham denotes a town. The
western slope of Hampstead bears the name of
Frognal, after Frognal Priory, an ambitious edifice
built here by Memory-Corner Thompson (born 1757,
died 1843), in imitation of Horace Walpole's toy
village on Strawberry Hill. Bishop's "Wood,
Hampstead, comprised the private estate of the
Bishop of London, at the time when that ecclesias-
tic resided at Highgate. Gospel Oak received
its designation from the oak that marked the
boundaries of Hampstead and St. Pancras, and
under which, in accordance with an ancient custom,
the Gospel was read once a year. John Whitfield
is said to have preached under this oak. Chalk
Farm is a corruption of " Chalcot Farm," a
156 Names : and their Meaning.
picturesque farmhouse in whose vicinity duels were
usually fought during the century gone by. St.
John's Wood was anciently a thickly wooded
district sheltering an " Abbey of the Holy Virgins
of St. John the Baptist." Kilburn owes its name
to the Kil, the Celtic word for a cell, occupied by
** one Godwyne, a holy hermit," beside the bourne, or
brook. Maida Vale was so called in commemora-
tion of the Battle of Maida, in which the English
defeated the .French, July 4, 1806. Marylebone
does not signify *' Mary the Good," as the majority of
Londoners imagine, but " St. Mary of the Bourne,"
alluding to the church of St. Mary within sight of
the bourne that ran from the hermit's cell at Kil-
bonrne down to Tyburn, or rather Twa-burne ; so
called because two different bournes, or streams,
met in the neighbourhood where the Marble Arch
now stands.
The name of Bayswater has undergone consider-
able change from the original. Not so very long
ago the whole of this district was known as Bays-
water Fields ; during the last century it bore the
name of " Bear's Watering," and previously that of
Baynard's Watering. By the last was meant the
land dotted with pools held from the Manor of
Westminster, by Ralph Baynard, the favourite of
William the Conqueror, who resided at Baynard's
Castle, at Blackfriars, on the north bank of the
Thames. These pools, together with the Tyburn
were converted into what is now styled the Ser-
pentine, owing to its form, in 1733. Paddington,
London Districts and Suburbs. 157
originally written Padynton, was the settlement or
town of the Psedings, a branch of the family who
originally established themselves at, and gave their
name to, Padcndene, in Surrey. Westbourne Park
derived its name from the west bourne, or stream,
that wended its way from the hermit's cell at
" Kilbourne," in the direction of the " Baynard's
Watering," and thence, after passing under Fulham
(or Knights') Bridge, emptied itself into the Thames.
Netting Hill is a corruption of Knolton Barn {Hill),
a manor held by the De Veres, and subsequently by
Robert Fenroper, an Alderman of the City, in the
reign of Henry VIII. The name of Shepherd's
Bush once more puts us in mind of the pastoral
character of the environs of London in the days gone
by. Acton is an Anglo-Saxon name for " Oak
town," signifying the town built in the vicinity of the
large Oak Forest. Gunnersbury denotes the town,
or enclosed habitation, named after Gunylda, the
niece of King Canute, who resided here during the
Danish occupation of England. Kew was anciently
described in documents as Kay-hoo, meaning a quay
situated on a hoo, or hoe, the Scandinavian for a spit
of land. Brentford signifies the ford over the
Brent, a tributary of the Thames that takes its rise
near Hendon. Isleworth means a manor beside
the water. The first portion of the word comes from
the Celtic, Isis, water ; the second is Anglo-Saxon
for a manor. Staines owes its name to the boundary
stone (Saxon stane, a stone) by the river, which dis-
plays the words " God preserve the City of London."
158 Names : and their Meaning.
The date of this stone is 1280. Kingston was
designated after the King's stone, now preserved
within railings near the Town Hall, upon which the
Saxon monarchs sat to be anointed. Shepperton
is Old English for Shepherd's Town, or the abode of
shepherds. The name of Twickenham denotes a
hamlet situated between two tributaries of the
Thames. Richmond was anciently known as
Sheen, a Saxon term for " resplendent," in allusion
to the palace erected by Edward I. When Henry
Vn. rebuilt the palace, after its destruction by fire
in 1479, he changed the name of the village to
Richmond, in perpetuation of his title of Earl of
Richmond prior to ascending the throne. This
king died here in 1509.
Chiswick is a corruption of " Cheoselwick,"
derived from the Anglo-Saxon ceosel, sand, gravel,
and the Teutonic wick, a reach, from the root
waes, a moist meadow. Hammersmith was ori-
ginally Ha^nmersnieide, a Saxon village distinguished
for the number of its smithies. The forename,
Hammer, is Scandinavian for a village or small town.
Kensington derived its name, or rather that of
Kynsington, the Saxon for King's meadow, with the
Old English suffix ton, a town, from a royal residence
erected here in very early times. Brompton was
so called from the broom-trees that grew in the
neighbourhood of this healthy ton or town. Chelsea
is described in old documents as " Chevelsey,'
meaning shingle island. The first portion of the
word claims the same etymology as Chiswick, viz.,
London Districts and Suburbs. 159
ceosel, sand, gravel ; while the suffix ey, or ea, is also
Anglo-Saxon, derived from oe, the Scandinavian for
running water. These terminals always indicate
water, and not unfrequently an island, properly so
called ; as, for exam.ple, Anglesey, the Isle of the
Angles. In the case of Hackney the terminal is
expressive of a well-watered pasture, as has already
been seen ; whereas in the cases of Chelsea and
Battersea the allusion is not merely to their
proximity to the Thames, but to their partial isola-
tion in ancient times from the adjacent land on
account of the creeks and inlets of the river.
Battersea, we may here remark, is described in
Domesday Book as " the Manor of Patricesy " ; but
even this early name was a corruption of Petersey,
or St. Peter's-ey, because it had belonged to the
Abbey of St. Peter's, Westminster, from time out of
mind. To return : Walham Green denotes a
settlement of foreigners ; wal, being a modification of
wahl, the Celtic for foreign, and ham, the Old English
for a home. Fulham was formerly written " Fullen-
hame," the Anglo-Saxon for a habitation of water-
fowl. Parson's Green received its name from the
parsonage in connection with Fulham Church that
stood here previous to 1740. Percy Cross, Fulham,
is a corruption of " Parson's Cross," referring to a
cross on the roof of the parsonage on Parson's
Green. Putney was originally " Puttaney," the
Saxon for Putta's Isle ; whereas Wimbledon was
Wibbandun, a Celtic term signifying the dun, or
hill-fort, belonging to one Wibba. The name of
i6o Names: and their Meaning.
Wandsworth denotes a manor watered by the
Wandle. Lambeth is a corruption of "Loamhithe,"
the Anglo-Saxon for haven of the loamy soil.
Vauxhall is described in a document dated 1283
as the Manor of Faukeshall. As, however, this
manor was originally held by Fulke de Breante soon
after the Conquest, it is highly probable that the
designation was more correctly Fulke's Hall, after-
wards corrupted into Faukeshall. The present
spelling of the name may be traced back to the year
1615, when the Hall, or Manor House, was occupied
by Jane Vaux.
Southwark is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon
" Suthwerk," and the Danish Sydrike, literally the
south fortification. During the Danish occupation
of England this was a very strong position.
Bermondsey was anciently written Beorimmdsey,
signifying that the ey, or strip of land intersected by
creeks [see Chelsea, &c.], belonged to Beormund,
a prominent Anglo-Saxon lord. Horselydown is
properly Horsadown, so called because this district
was originally a down used for grazing horses.
Walworth was named in honour of Sir William
Walworth, Lord Mayor in 1380, who resided here.
The Borough recalls the fact that the inhabitants
of London south of the Thames were Burghers, and,
therefore, entitled to the rights and privileges of
Corporation.
Rotherhithe is Saxon for red haven, alluding to
the colour of the soil. The name of Deptford
indicates the deep ford over the Ravensbourne,
London Districts and Suburbs, i6i
which is now spanned by a bridge. Greenwich
means the green town, or, more precisely, the
verdant settlement beside the wick, or reach of the
river [see Chiswick] ; whereas Woolwich was
originally Hylwich, i.e., hill town. The Isle of
Dogs is a corruption of " Isle of Ducks," so described
in ancient documents on account of the number of
wild-fowl always to be found there. New Cross
derived its name from " The Golden Cross," a
famous old coaching-house, rebuilt and renamed
** The New Cross." Lewisham is properly Leawre-
ham, or meadow-home. Blackheath is a corruption
of Bleakheath. Eltham was formerly written ** Eald-
ham," the Anglo-Saxon for the old home or dwelling,
referring to the palace occupied by the English
kings down to the time of James I. Catford is a
contraction of Cattleford, signifying a shallow portion
of the Ravensbourne easily forded by cattle. [The
University town on the Isis received its present
name of Oxford for a similar reason.] Beckenham
denotes a home beside the beck or brook. Here
again the Ravensbourne comes into notice. Syden-
ham means the home or habitation in the south,
The names of Forest Hill, Norwood, a contraction
of Northwood, and Westwood remind us that the
whole of this district was formerly a large tract of
wooded land. Dulwich is a corruption of Dale-
wich, the town in the dale. Honor Oak owes its
designation to the boundary oak, under whose
umbrageous shade Queen Elizabeth is said to have
dined. Nunhead derived its name from "The
II
i62 Names: and their Meaning,
Nuns' Head," a place of holiday resort for
Londoners, dating back more than two hundred
years. Peckham was originally Beckham, a
home distinguished for its becks or brooks.
Brixton is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon
"Brigestan," the bridge of stone. Cambei'well
derived its name from a miraculous well discovered
close by the parish church dedicated to St. Giles,
the patron of cripples. Cam is Celtic for crooked.
In this instance the word applies to the cripples,
or rather to their patron saint. [On the other hand,
the University town of Cambridge was so called
from the bridge over the Cam, a river distinguished
for its winding course.] Stockwell is in allusion to
the well found in the stoc, or wooded place, in Anglo-
Saxon times. Kennington means a settlement in
the King's meadow. One of the palaces of Henry
Vni. stood here. Newington denotes the new
town in the meadow. Finally, the name of St.
George's Fields was derived from the neighbouring
church of St. George the Martyr.
BATTLES.
THE Tearless Victory was the name given
by Plutarch to the victory won by Archi-
madus, King of Sparta, over the Argives and
Arcadians in the year 367 B.C. without the loss of a
single Spartan soldier. The Thundering Legion
is the historical designation given to the Roman
legion that overthrew the Alemanni in the year
179 A.D., during a thunderstorm, which was supposed
to have been sent in answer to the prayers offered up
by the Christians. Not only did the storm strike
terror into the minds of their enemies, but it also
enabled the Romans to relieve their long-protracted
thirst. The Hallelujah Victory received its name
from the battle-cry of the newly-baptized Bretons,
who were led to the attack by Germanus, Bishop of
Auxerre, in the year 429.
The Battle of the Standard, fought between the
English and the Scots at Northallerton, August 29,
1138, was so called because the standard of the former
consisted of a tall crucifix borne upon a wagon. From
the crucifix itself there was suspended the Consecrated
Host enclosed in a pyx, while floating beneath were
the bannerets of SS. Peter, Wilfrid, and John of
Beverley. The Battle of the Herrings (Feb-
164 Names: and their Meaning.
ruary 12, 1429) obtained its title from the defeat
suffered by the Due de Bourbon when attempting to
intercept a convoy of salted herrings on their way
to the English besieging Orleans. The Battle of
Spurs is the more familiar designation of the Battle
of Guinnegate, in which Henry VIII. defeated the
Due de Longueville (August 16, 1513), because the
French were said to have used their spurs more
than their swords. This event, however, must not
be confounded with The Battle of the Spurs of
Gold, which took place between the French and
the Flemish at Courtray, in Belgium, July 11, 1302.
In this engagement the French were completely
routed, and the spurs of upwards of eight thousand
of the vanquished knights were left upon the field.
These were collected and preserved as trophies of
war in the Church of Notre Dame de Courtray.
The Battle of Marignano (September 13, 1515)
also bears the name of The Battle of the Giants,
owing to the defeat by Francis I., King of France, of
1,200 Swiss Guards, the allies of the Milanese. The
Battle of Leipsic (October 16-18, 18 13) is known
as The Battle of All the Nations, because, in
addition to signalizing the overthrow of Napoleon
and the deliverance of Germany, it was the champion
battle of the nations of Europe.
NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS.
THAT New Year's Day is the first day of
the recurring year goes without saying.
Previous to 1752, when the year commenced
on the 25th of March, its four recognized quarters
were Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmastide, and
Candlemastide ; at the present time they are Lady
Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, and Christmas. Let
us at once consider the meaning of these terms.
Whitsuntide is the season ushered in by Whit
Sunday, a corruption of White Sunday, because,
during the primitive ages of the Church, all newly-
baptized persons were required to attend Mass in
white garments on this day. As every one knows,
Whit Sunday commemorates the descent of the Holy
Spirit upon the Apostles in the form of fiery tongues.
It is highly probable, therefore, that the true mean-
ing of Whit, or White, Sunday remains to be sought
in connection with the wisdom symbolized by these
fiery tongues. After all, the original spelling of this
festival-name may have been Witan Sunday, the
Anglo-Saxon for Wisdom Sunday ; just as the earliest
English parliaments were styled Witanagemotes,
or " meetings of the wise men." But to proceed.
Iiamm^StidQ literally signified the season of First
i66 Names: and their Meaning.
Fruits ; since on Lammas Day, a term compounded
out of the Anglo-Saxon hiaf, a loaf, and mcesse, a
feast, (Aug. ist), it was formerly the custom to offer
' bread made of new wheat in the churches. Martin-
mas Day (Nov. 4th), latterly corrupted into Martle-
mas Day, denotes the Feast of St. Martin, Bishop
of Tours in the fourth century. Candlemas Day,
or the Feast of the Purification (Feb. 2nd),
which commemorates the presentation of the Infant
in the Temple in accordance with the Jewish Law
instituted 1490 B.C., because the early Christians
walked in procession to Mass with lighted candles in
their hands on this day. This religious observance
was introduced by Pope Gelasius in the fifth century,
as a literal bearing out of the words spoken by Holy
Simeon when he took the child Jesus in his arms :
' Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace,
according to Thy word ; For mine eyes have seen Thy
salvation, which Thou hast prepared before the face
of all people : A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the
glory of Thy people Israel " {Luke ii. 29-32). It is
still the practice in the Roman Catholic Church to
make offerings of candles for the use of the altar on
this day. Lady Day (Mar. 25th) is but another
name for the Feast of the Annunciation, or the
day upon which "the angel of the Lord appeared unto
Mary," and announced that she was to become the
Mother of the Son of God. Midsummer Day (June
24th) expresses the midday of the year; while Michael-
mas Day (Sept. 2gth) is the Feast of St. Michael,
the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Church. As
Notable Days and Festivals. 167
the latter feast falls upon the first day of autumn,
the hiring of labourers and domestics in the rural
districts takes place at this time. Christmas
Day is, to put it literally, the Feast Day of Christ,
being the anniversary of the Nativity of the Blessed
Redeemer.
Innocents' Day, formerly known as Childermas
Day (Dec. 28th), commemorates the Massacre of
the Innocents by Herod. Twelfth Day (Jan. 6th),
signifying the twelfth day after Christmas Day, bears
the ecclesiastical name of the Epiphany, from the
Greek Epiphaneia, a showing or appearance, because
on this day the Infant manifested Himself to the
Three Wise Men from the East who came to adore
Him. In olden times the Feast of the Epiphany
was kept with great solemnity in the churches during
the day, followed by a festival of a more social
character in the evening, thus accounting for the
old-fashioned appellation of Twelfth Night. The
7th of January was formerly called Distaff's Day,
because the Christmas festivities having come
to an end with Twelfth Night, the women were
expected to return to their distaffs and other regular
occupations on this day. Another name for the
same occasion was Rock Day, rock being the Anglo-
Saxon term for a distaff. Similarly, the first Monday
after the Epiphany bore the designation of Plough
Monday, on account of the men returning to the
plough and the ordinary labours of the field on this
day. Handsel Monday, the first Monday in the
New Year, was so called by the Anglo-Saxong
1 68 Names : and their Meaning.
because then it was that handsels, or presents, were
bestowed upon domestics and children. To the
best of our knowledge the custom no longer
exists in any portion of this country; or perhaps
it may be more correct to say that its obser-
vance has been universally transferred to Boxing
Day (Dec. 26th), originally so styled from the
opening of the various alms-boxes in the churches,
and the distribution of their contents, which bore
the name of a Christmas Dole, to the poor by the
clergy on this day. Moreover, since heads of families
usually gave their children and domestics small sums
of money to drop into the boxes for the latter purpose
on Christmas morning, we here trace the origin of
the term Christmas Box, which nowadays applies
to a present received by servants and others during
the Christmas season.
The word Lent is a contraction of the Old English
lenten, and the Anglo-Saxon lencten, the spring, both
derived from lencgan, to lengthen, because the long
fast of the Christian Church occurs when the days
begin to lengthen. Shrove Tuesday, also known
as Pancake Tuesday, derived its name from the
shriving or confessing imposed upon the faithful on
this day. The custom of eating pancakes originated
from the fact that this species of food afforded a stay
to the appetite during the long hours of waiting in
church to be shrived. The distribution of ashes on
Ash Wednesday commemorates the passage in
the third chapter of Genesis, where the Lord curses
Adam in these words : " In the sweat of thy face
Notable Days and Festivals. i6g
thou shalt eat bread till thou return to the ground ;
for dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return."
Passion Sunday, which precedes Palm Sunday, is
devoted to a general commemoration of the subject
of Christ's Passion. Palm Sunday owes its name
to the distribution of palms in the Roman Catholic
Church, in allusion to the palms borne by the
populace who accompanied the Redeemer into
Jerusalem shortly before His betrayal by Judas. The
week following Palm Sunday is called Passion
Week, and also Holy "Week, because it contains
the days upon which the incidents of Christ's Passion
are particularly commemorated. Maunday Thurs-
day is the first, not at all on account of the maimd,
the Saxon term for an alms-basket, formerly pre-
sented to the poor by the Lord (or rather by the
Lady, "the loaf-giver") of the Manor, but from the
ancient ceremony of washing the feet of poor persons,
in imitation of Christ at the Last Supper, when He
said, "Mandatum novum do vobis," &c., the French
for Mandatum being MaiuidS. The ecclesiastical de-
signation of this day is Holy Thursday, in com-
memoration of the Agony and Bloody Sweat of the
Saviour in the Garden of Gethsemane. Good Friday,
the anniversary of the Crucifixion, was originally
known as "God's Friday." The Anglo-Saxons usually
called this day Long Friday, in consequence of the
length of the Church service. Holy Saturday is
the day upon which the Church commemorates the
Burial of Christ.
The word Easter bears in itself no Christian
significance whatever, having been derived frpm
170 Names : and their Meaning.
Eoster, the goddess of light, or spring, in whose
honour a festival was anciently held in the month
of April. The Jewish festival corresponding to our
Easter is called the Passover, in commemoration
of the Destroying Angel having passed over the
houses of the Israelites whose door-posts were
marked with the blood of a lamb killed the previous
night in accordance with the Divine command, when
He smote the firstborn of the Egyptians in the year
1491 B.C. Returning to the Christian Church, the
Sunday after Easter is called Low Sunday, because
it stands at the bottom of the Lenten Calendar;
being the last day upon which Roman Catholics may
fulfil their Easter obligation of receiving the Holy
Communion. Sexagesima Sunday, Q,uinqua-
gesima Sunday, and Q,uadragesima Sunday
are situated in the Calendar respectively sixty, fifty,
and forty days before Easter ; the terms expressing
the Latin for those round numbers.
The Feast of Whitsuntide, which we have already
discussed, also bears the name of Pentecost, from
the Greek pentckoste, the fiftieth day, in commemora-
tion of the gift of the Law to the Israelites fifty days
after their deliverance out of Egypt. Trinity
Sunday, so called from the Latin trinitas, three,
is the Festival of the Holy Trinity, i.e., the unity
of the three persons, the Father, the Son, and the
Holy Ghost, under one Godhead. Corpus Christl
expresses the Latin for the Body of Christ, especially
alluding to the Last Supper. As the Church con-
sidered it out of keeping with the solemnity peculiar
Notable Days and Festivals. 171
to Holy Week, the celebration of this High Festival
has been transferred to the Thursday after Trinity
Sunday. The Sunday preceding Ascension Day is
called Rogation Sunday because it ushers in the
three Rogation Days, or days of preparation, con-
formably to the Latin rogare, to beseech, for the
Feast of the Ascension. We may conveniently add
here that Ember Bays are those days of especial
fasting and prayers that occur in each of the four
seasons of the year, viz., the Wednesday, Thursday,
and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, and the
corresponding three days after the Feast of Whit-
suntide, the 14th of September, and the 13th of
December. The weeks in which these days occur
are styled Ember Weeks ; the allusion to embers
(Anglo-Saxon, cimyrie, hot ashes) being commemora-
tive of the ancient custom of doing penance by the
wearing of sackcloth and ashes.
On Ascension Day the Church celebrates the
Ascension of our Saviour ; while the Feast of the
Assumption similarly reminds Roman Catholics of
the consummation of the Virgin's mission upon earth
by being assumed into Heaven. Holy Cross Day,
Holy Rood Day, and the Feast of the Exalta-
tion of the Cross are one and the same, the term
Rood being Old English, derived from the Anglo-
Saxon rod, for cross. This festival, which occurs on
the 14th of September, celebrates the restoration of
the Holy Cross of Calvary to Jerusalem in the year
628. All Saints' Day (Nov. ist), is the day dedi-
C9.ted to those whose sanctification during life merited
172 Names : and their Meaning.
their canonization by the Church after death ; while
All Souls' Day (Nov. 2nd) is the day set apart for
special prayers, having for their object the liberation
of the suffering souls in Purgatory. The older desig-
nation of the first-named was AUhallowes Day, in
accordance with the Anglo-Saxon word haligan, holy.
Allhallowe'en denoted the evening before, generally
attended with sundry amusements in the social circle ;
conspicuous among which was the cracking of nuts
in large quantities in the fire, whence it received the
name of pracknut Night.
St. Valentine's Day (Feb. 14th) is sacred to the
memory of Bishop Valentine, a Christian martyr
beheaded at Rome on this day in the year 278. The
custom among young people of sending poetical
souvenirs to their sweethearts on the birthday of St.
Valentine originated from the old notion that birds
commenced to couple on this day : hence, a sweet-
heart chosen on the 14th of February anciently bore
the name of a Valentine. Nowadays, alas! the
paper Valentines are all that remain to remind us
of the fact. St. Swithin's Day (July 15th) per-
petuates the memory of St. Swithin, the preceptor of
King Ethelwulf and Bishop of Winchester, who
died July 2, 862. The vulgar belief that if it rains
on this day it will continue to rain for forty successive
days is attributed to the tradition that when, despite
the saint's dying request to be buried in the church-
yard, the clergy took steps to disinter his body in
order to remove it within the cathedral, a heavy
downpour of rain necessitated a postponement of
Notable Days and Festivals. 173
their efforts on thirty-nine successive days, where-
upon, after the fortieth attempt, they determined to
allow the saint to remain where he lay. St. David's
Day (Mar. ist) commemorates the victory won by
the Welsh over the Saxons on the birthday of their
Archbishop (born 490, died 554), in the year 540. It
was in consequence of the Archbishop having ordered
them on this occasion to place a leek in their caps, so
as to distinguish one another from the invaders, that
the Welsh afterwards adopted the leek as their
national emblem in his honour. Comb's Mass,
which in the north of Scotland, and Caithness more
particularly, takes the place of our Whitsuntide, is
the colloquial term for the Feast of St. Columba,
Abbot of lona (born 521, died 597).
Primrose Day (April 19th) is the anniversary of
the death of Lord Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881).
The abundant display of primroses on this day, par-
ticularly on the part of the members of the Primrose
League, established in 1884 in his honour, originated
in the Queen's primrose wreath sent to the funeral of
the great statesman, thus inscribed — ** His favourite
flower." The custom of displaying a sprig of oak on
Koyal Oak Day (May 29th) perpetuates the manner
in which the Royalists welcomed the return to Eng-
land of Charles IL on his birthday, May 29, 1651,
in allusion to his concealment in the oak at Boscobel,
after the Battle of Worcester, on the 3rd of Septem-
ber previous. Guy Fawkes' Day keeps alive the
incident of the Gunpowder Plot, by the timely dis-
covery of which, November 5, 1605, the wholesale
174 Names : and their Meaning.
destruction of King James's Parliament was averted.
The name of the chief conspirator was not Guy, but
Guido Fawkes; his execution took place January 13,
1606.
Arbor Day is an expression scarcely understood
in this country, except, perhaps, at Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, where the Transatlantic ceremony of planting
trees, shrubs, and flowers within the school precincts,
was publicly performed for the first time by the Mayor,
June II, 1888. This annual observance prevails not
only throughout the United States and Canada, but
also in certain portions of British Columbia, where
the trees have to be coaxed into growing. Fore-
fathers' Day (Dec. 20th) is kept as a high holiday
in New England, commemorative of the landing of
the Pilgrim Fathers at New Plymouth in the year
1620. Independence Day (July 4th), perpetuates
the memory of the American Declaration of Inde-
pendence, 1776; and Evacuation Day (Nov. 25th),
the date of the evacuation of New York City by the
British army, at the conclusion of the American
War of Independence, 1783.
The Sunday in Mid-Lent when the Pope blesses
the Golden Rose, and children and domestics out at
service visit their mothers to feast upon Mothering
Cakes, really owes its name of Mothering Sunday
to the ancient custom of making offerings to " Mother
Church " on the afternoon of this day. St. Grouse's
Day is a popular nickname given to the 12th of
August (Grouse Day), when grouse shooting
commences ; and St. Partridge's Day, to the
Notable Days and Festivals. 175
ist of September (Partridge Day), which
opens the season for partridge shooting; while
Sprat Day (Nov. 9th) is the first day for selhng
sprats in London. The expression Red Letter
Day, signifying a past event generally referred to
with pleasure, found its origin in the old almanacks,
where the Festivals and Saints' Days were printed
in red ink and the rest in black. This arrangement
still obtains in Roman Catholic countries.
Holiday is a corruption of Holy Day, or a day
originally set apart by the Roman Catholic Church
for the celebration of some feast in commemoration
of an important event, or in honour of a par-
ticular saint. The word Almanac, also written
Almanack, is derived from the Arabic al manah,
to count ; whereas Calendar is a contraction of the
Latin calendarium, an account-book.
TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND
LACE.
SEVERAL of our textile fabrics are indebted for
their names to the places where they were
first manufactured. As examples: Damask
Linens and Silks originally came from Damascus ;
Muslin from Moosul, in Mesopotamia ; Nankeen
from Nankin, in China ; Calico from Calicut, on
the Malabar Coast; Cashmere from the valley of
Cashmere, in India ; Dimity from Damietta, in
Egypt ; Valence from Valencia, in Spain ; and
Holland from the Netherlands. Cambric was
first made at Cambray; Shalloon at Chalons; and
Tarlatan at Tarare : each of these towns being
situated in France. Worsted formerly comprised
the staple industry of a town of that name in
Norfolk ; Cobourg is brought from Cobourg, in
Germany ; while Angola comes from the Por-
tuguese territory so called on the West Coast of
Africa. The coarse woollen cloth known as Frieze
was originally imported from Friesland.
The name of Cotton is a modification of the
Arabic qoion ; Silk is derived from the Latin
sericus, soft; and Satin from the Italian seta, a
species of silk distinguished for its gloss and close
Textiles, Embroideries, and Lace, 177
texture. Variegated silk or other stuff bears the
name of Brocade in accordance with the Italian
verb broccare, to prick, to stitch, to figure ; Damas-
sin is a damask cloth interwoven with flowers, or
silver, or gold ; Sarsanet is a fine silk, originally
made by the Saracens ; Mohair is properly Moor-
hair, or the hair of the Angola goat introduced into
Spain by the Moors ; whereas Moire Antique is
the French description of a watered silk worked up
in the manner of that worn in the olden time.
Chintz is a Persian word signifying spotted or
stained ; TaflFety, or TaflFeta, is a modification of
the Persian tdftah, derived from taftan, to spin; Linen
is an Anglo-Saxon rendering of the Latin linum,
flax ; and Lawn is simply fine linen bleached upon
a lawn instead of the customary drying-ground.
Pompadour received its name from Madame le
Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV. of France
(born 1721, died 1764), who was the first to introduce
it.
Swansdown is, of course, made from the down
of swans ; Moleskin is not the skin of the mole,
but a strong cotton fabric or fustain having a smooth
surface like the mole-skin ; Merino is manufactured
from the wool of the Merino sheep ; and Alpaca
from that of the alpaca, a species of llama found in
Peru. Kersey is a corruption of Jersey, indicative
of the place where this favourite woollen material
was first produced. The dyed cotton stuff known
as Gingham, out of which umbrellas were formerly
made — hence the slang term for those articles— is
13
178 Names : and their Meaning.
so called after the native Javanese name pronounced
ginggang. We may also conveniently add here that
Blankets received their designation from Thomas
Blanket, who first made them at Bristol as long ago
as the year 1340.
The name of Velvet traces its origin from the
Latin villus, shaggy hair ; and Plush from pilus, a
hair. Velveteen is a cotton velvet or a cloth in
imitation of velvet. Fustian, derived from the
Spanish fiistan, is a generic term for the twilled
cotton stuffs of which velvet, corduroy, &c., are the
chief. Grogram is a corruption of the French
gros-grain, meaning coarse-grained ; whereas Cordu-
roy is properly Cord du roy, King's Cord, so called
because, owing to its ribbed or corded surface, it
was at one time considered superior to any other
kind of cloth intended for masculine wear. Pina-
cloth, a material much used for ladies' dresses,
is manufactured from the fibres of the pine-apple
leaf; just as Grass-cloth is extensively worked up
into light jackets for Indian wear from the Grass
Cloth plant which abounds in China, Assam, and
Sumatra. T-cloth comprises a special kind of
cloth expressly manufactured in this country for
exportation to India, and distinguished by a T
marked upon it ; while Broadcloth simply bears
its name on account of its unusual width. The
name of Twill is a modification of the German
Zwillich, signifying trellis-work, and founded upon
iwillen, to separate in two, since this cloth presents
the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs upon its
Textiles, Embroideries, and Lace. 179
surface. Tweed is a cloth made in the neighbour-
hood of the river Tweed ; but it did not always bear
this name. The cloth is really twill, and the altered
designation arose out of the word being blotted in an
invoice sent to James Locke, of London, who, con-
ceiving it to look like " Tweed," suggested that it
might as well stand for the name of the cloth as
any other. Plaid owes its name to the Gaelic
peallaid, a sheepskin out of which the over-
garments of the Highlanders were originally made.
Check is but another name for Plaid, meaning
checkered, i.e., marked with variegated or crossed
lines ; as, for example, a draught-board, of which the
counters are, on account of their cross movements,
called Checkers or Chequers.
The word Embroidery is a modern substantive
evolved out of the old verb " Embordering," by
which was meant the adornment of any material
with a border. Tapestry is derived, through the
French tapisserie, from the Latin tapes, a carpet.
The celebrated Bayeaux Tapestry, supposed to
have been the work of Matilda, queen of William
the Conqueror, and her maidens, took its name from
the Norman town where it was discovered in 1728.
Gobelin Tapestry preserves the memory of the
Brothers Gobelin, the great French dyers (flourished
1470) whose house in Paris was acquired in 1662
by Louis XIV. for the production of tapestry and
other works of ornamental design suitable for the
adornment of palaces under the direction of M.
Colbert. The more ancient name for Tapestry was
i8o Names : and their Meaning.
that of Arras, in allusion to the town situated in
the French Netherlands whence it chiefly came.
Having regard to Lace, it will suffice to observe
that Lisle, Chantilly, Brussells, Honiton, &c.,
severally identify the Lace with the local centres
where its manufacture is principally carried on ;
that Valenciennes is made at Valenciennes, in
France ; and that Colbertine derives its name from
M. Colbert, the superintendent of the French Royal
Lace Factories established by Louis XIV. in the
seventeenth century. Lace is styled Point-lace
^'hen it is worked with the point of a needle ; and
Pillow-lace when produced by twisted threads
around a series of pins arranged on a cushion.
The latter, which has so greatly superseded the
more costly point-lace, is said to have been the
invention of Barbara Uttmann, of St. Annaberg, in
the year 1561. The word Lace itself comes from
the Latin laques, a noose or snare. Tulle, a species
of network or lace, is indebted for its designation
to the French town of that name where it was first
made.
LITERARY PSEUDONYMS.
SO far from being chosen at random these are
frequently the result of much premeditation.
Voltaire (born 1694, died 1778), whose proper
name was Arovet, composed out of this and the
initials L. I. {l& jeune) the anagram by which all his
writings are identified. Again, Barry Cornwall is
an imperfect anagram founded upon Bryan Waller
Procter (born 1790, died 1874), the poet's real
name; whereas Yendys, the signature of Sydney
Dobell (born 1824, died 1874), was merely the
Christian name reversed. To cite an instance of
another class : Charles James Apperley, of Denbigh-
shire, author of " The Chase, the Turf, and the
Road," and a regular contributor to The Quarterly
Review could scarcely have hit upon a more fitting
pseudonym than that of Nimrod, who "was a
mighty hunter before the Lord," alluded to in
Genesis x. 9. Such a choice will be the better
understood, perhaps, when it is mentioned that out
of regard for the sporting tastes of his esteemed
contributor, Mr. Pittman, the proprietor of the
Quarterly kept a stud of hunters for his especial
use. Equally appropriate was the pseudonym
Zadkiel, denoting the angel of the planet Jupiter,
i82 Names : and their Meaning.
adopted by Lieutenant Richard James Morrison,
author of "The Prophetic Almanack," which still
survives as an annual publication.
Washington Irving selected the noni de plume of
Knickerbocker for his " History of New York," in
allusion to the wide breeches worn by the original
settlers of that city. The true account of how
Charles Lamb (born 1775, died 1834) adopted the
name of Elia for his "Essays" is as follows: —
His first contribution to the " London Magazine "
being a description of the Old South Sea House, in
which he had spent several months of his noviciate
as a clerk, he at the very moment of appending his
signature, bethought himself of a gay, light-hearted
foreigner who used to flutter about there ; and, as a
mere matter of whim, he wrote down the name of
that individual instead of his own. Boz, the early
nom, de plume of Charles Dickens (born 1812, died
1870), arose out of the nickname of Moses conferred
by him upon a younger pet brother in honour of
Moses Primrose in the " Vicar of Wakefield." The
other children of the family, however, found it
impossible to utter a nearer pronunciation to the
name than ** Bozes," which presently became
shortened in ** Boz " ; and the latter hit the fancy
of our young author sufficiently to lead him to its
adoption at that period of his literary career when
he lacked the confidence to appear before the world
under his own name. Out of an analogous incident
sprang Ouida, the pseudonym of one of the most
widely-read lady novelists of the present day. Her
Literary Pseudonyms. 183
actual name is Louise de la Ramee (bom in 1840) ;
but remarking the infantile conversion of Louise
into ** Ouida," she was struck by the novelty of such
a nom de plume, and immediately adopted it.
Another lady novelist of probably higher attain-
ments assumed the name of George Sand (born
1804, died 1876) as the outcome of her attachment
to a young student named Jules Sand, or rather
Sandeau, with whom she collaborated in the pro-
duction of ** Rose et Blanche," her first novel. The
real name of this lady was Mdlle. Dupin, afterwards
changed by marriage to Madame Dudevant.
It may be deemed interesting to learn also that
Artemus Ward was an actual name borne by an
eccentric showman with whom Charles Farrar
Browne, the American humorist (born 1834, died
1867) often came into personal contact ; and,
further, that Samuel Langhorne Clemens (born in
1835) owes his singular pseudonym to the fact of
having been employed in early life as a pilot on one
of the Mississippi River steamboats. The nautical
phrase for taking soundings, Mark Twain, or, in
other words, *' mark two fathoms," suggested the
name under which the works of the latter have
become widely popular on both sides of the Atlantic.
Finally, not every one is aware that F. M. Allen,
the pseudonym of Mr. Edmund Downey, author of
"The Voyage of the Ark," "Through Green Glasses,"
and some other books of Irish humour, was his wife's
maiden name.
COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS.
A PORTRAIT, so called from the Latin pvo-
trahere, to draw forth, is produced by the
individual skill of an artist; whereas a
Photograph, conformably to the two Greek words
photos, light, and graphcin, to write, is obtained by
the action of sunlight upon a chemically prepared
surface, such as silver, zinc, copper, glass, or paper.
The earliest examples of portraiture were styled
Miniatures because they originated from the head
of the Virgin or of some well-known saint in-
troduced into the initial letters of illuminated rubies
by the Miniatori, a number of monks noted for
their skill in painting with minium, or red lead.
The reason why the portraits of monarchs are
represented on coins and medals in Profile dates
back to Antigonus, one of the generals of Alexander
the Great, who, having lost one eye, ordered his
likeness to be drawn from a side view. This
occurred in the year 330 B.C. The term is a
corruption, by way of the French profil, of the
Latin perfiluui, compounded out of per, through, b}',
and jiluni, a line, a thread. A profile cut out of
Counterfeit Presentments. 185
black paper bears the name of a Silhouette in
honour of Etienne de Silhouette, the French Comp-
troller of Finance under Louis XV. (born 1709,
died 1767), who was the first to have his features
outlined in this manner.
The earlier descriptions of photographs were
respectively styled Talbotypes, Daguerreotypes,
and Ferriertypes, after the names of their in-
ventors. The smaller-sized photographs at present
in use were originally described as Cartes-de-Visite
from the practice of the Due de Parma, who, while
staying at Nice in the year 1857, had his photograph
produced on the back of his visiting cards. The
designation Vignette, which expresses the French
diminutive of vine or tendril, owes its origin to the
vine-leaves or branches that properly surround the
photographs produced in this style. A photograph of
the larger size is called a Cabinet because it forms
a picture suited to the walls of a cabinet or very
small room. A three-quarter-length photograph or
portrait is styled among artists a Kit-Kat, in
allusion to the portraits of the original members
of the " Kit-Kat Club," which were painted by Sir
Godfrey Kneller for Jacob Tonson, the secretary, to
suit the dimensions of the room in which the Club
was latterly held at his villa at Barn Elms.
Similarly, a canvas measuring 28 inches by 36
inches is styled a Kit-Kat Canvas because this
was the uniform size of the famous ** Kit-Kat Club
portraits." We may as well add here that the
Kit-Kat Club derived its name from Christopher
1 86 Names: and their Meaning.
Kat, a pastrycook of King Street, Westminster, in
whose house the thirty noblemen and gentlemen
who formed themselves into a Club for the purpose
of promoting the Protestant Succession in the year
1703 held their first meetings.
LONDON INNS AND GARDENS.
IN our article on Tavern Signs we confined our-
selves to a general survey of the subject ; we
now purpose to consider the significance of a
few Inn Signs that are, or were once, peculiar to
London. Commencing with the celebrated Tabard,
in Southwark, so dear to the memory of Chaucer
and his Canterbury Pilgrims, that sign was derived
from the rich tunic or mantle of the same name
worn by military nobles over their armour and
emblazoned with heraldic devices. The Tabard
still forms part of the costume of the heralds. La
Belle Sauvage, on Ludgate Hill, was, as is evident
from a legal document dated the thirty-first year of
the reign of Henry VI., known both as "Savage's
Inn" and "The Bell and the Hoop." The latter
was the actual sign, representing a bell within a
hoop, of the Inn which was kept by Isabelle
Savage ; and the combination of these two names
resulted in the punning title of "La Belle Sauvage.''
The Swan with Two Necks, in Lad Lane, was
a corruption of " The Swan with Two Nicks." As
most Londoners are aware, it has long been the
custom of the Vintners' Company, in their annual
" swan-upping" expeditions on the Thames, to mark
1 88 Names: and their Meaning.
their swans with a couple of nicks or notches in the
bill, so as to distinguish them from the royal swans,
whose nicks are five in number, viz., two lengthways
and three across on the bill. That this character-
istic mark of the Vintners' Company should have
been chosen for a London Inn Sign is scarcely
extraordinary.
The sign of The Elephant and Castle, on the
south side of the river, was adopted from the crest
of the Cutlers' Company, into whose trade ivory,
and consequently elephants' tusks, enters very con-
siderably. With regard to the " Castle," this was
in mediaeval times inseparable from the idea of an
elephant, owing to the part which these huge
animals anciently took in the Punic wars. Another
" Elephant and Castle " exists in the parish of
St. Pancras, near King's Cross; but this sign
originated from the discovery, in 1714, of the
skeleton of an elephant in the neighbourhood of
Battle Bridge. A flint-headed spear lay beside the
remains, and from this it is reasonable to conjecture
that the animal must have been killed by the Britons
who were led by Queen Boadicea against the Romans
in the year 61 a.d.
The Horse Shoe, Tottenham Court Road, came
into existence as a sign from the large horse-shoes
nailed up at the entrance of Messrs. Meux's brewery
adjoining. The shoes are also conspicuous on the
trappings of the dray-horses belonging to that
establishment ; in short, they comprise the trade-
mark of the firm. The Blue Posts, at the corner
London Inns and Gardens. 189
of Hanway Street, nearly opposite the " Horse
Shoe," arose out of the fancy of an old innkeeper
to distinguish his hostelry from all others by causing
the chain-posts abutting on the road to be painted
blue instead of white, which eccentricity fully served
the purpose of a sign. There is another " Blue
Posts " in Cork Street, Piccadilly, and yet another
in Southampton Buildings, Holborn ; but the first-
named is the oldest of the three, and therefore the
original. The Black Posts, Bond Street, may
also be regarded as a modified imitation of the
example set by the original " Blue Posts." The
Three Chairmen, at the foot of Hay Hill, Berkeley
Square, and The Running Footman, in Hayes'
Mews, close by, were so denominated from being
the resort of gentlemen's servants in the days when
Sedan Chairs (these chairs were first made at
Sedan, in France, which accounts for their name,
exactly as Bath Chairs were originally introduced
at Bath during the last century, when fashionable
invalids flocked to the West of England to drink the
Bath and Cheltenham waters) and Running Foot-
men preceded the use of private carriages by the
wealthy.
The Mother Red Cap, Camden Town, per-
petuates the memory of a notorious poisoner known
as " Mother Damnable, the Consort of the Devil,"
who lived at Hungerford Stairs during the period of
the Commonwealth. The Mother Shipton, Haver-
stock Hill, was built at the time when the prophecies
of Mrs. Evan Preece, of Glamorganshire, South
I go Names : and their Meaning.
Wales, were in everybody's mouth. This old woman
was said to have had a son by the devil, whereupon,
in return for the sacrifice of her honour, she was
accorded the gift of prophecy. When we state that
she correctly predicted the deaths of Lord Percy,
Wolsey, and other historical personages, the ex-
istence of Mother Shipton in this country must be
regarded as a time-honoured if not exactly as a
well-founded institution. The Adelaide, Haver-
stock Hill, was named in honour of the consort of
William IV., and The York and Albany after the
title of Frederick, the second son of George III.
Jack Straw's Castle, Highbury, as also the
celebrated hostelry of the same name on Hampstead
Heath, was so called after Jack Straw, one of the
leaders in Wat Tyler's insurrection, who pulled
down the Priory of the Knights of St. John of
Jerusalem at the former place, and whose habi-
tation was a hole formed out of the hill-side on the
site of the present Inn at the latter place. The
Spaniards, Highgate, was originally the private
residence of the Spanish Ambassador to James I.
The Whittington Stone, Highgate Hill, took its
sign from the stone upon which the world-famous
Dick Whittington sat down to rest the while he
listened to the bells of Bow Church pleasantly
chiming across the open fields. The stone is still
to be seen on the edge of the pavement exactly
opposite the public-house.
The sign of The Thirteen Cantons, King Street,
Golden Square, was adopted in compliment to the
London Inns and Gardens. 191
thirteen Protestant cantons of Switzerland, and to
the numerous natives of that country who at one
time took up their residence in the parish of Soho.
During the last decade or two the Swiss population
has given way in a large degree to French immi-
grants. The North Pole, Wardour Street, dates
back to the time when our national interest in Arctic
discovery was at its height ; exactly in the same
manner as The South Australian, Hans Place,
Chelsea, was established in the year that first wit-
nessed the colonization of Southern Australia.
The World's End, in the King's Road, Chelsea,
a favourite house of entertainment during the Resto-
ration period, received its name on account of its
distance from town. The Fulham Bridge, at
Knightsbridge, recalls the original name of the
structure which crossed the Westbourne in this
neighbourhood {See Knightsbridge). The Devil,
Fleet Street, received its name from its situation,
nearly opposite the Church of St. Dunstan, and
the traditional account of that saint having seized
the Evil One by the nose with a pair of hot
pincers. The Three Nuns, Aldgate, well serves
the purpose of reminding us of the existence
of an ancient priory inhabited by the nuns of
St. Clare in this neighbourhood (see Minories).
The White Conduit Tavern, Islington, occupies
the site of the famous old White Conduit House,
a popular place of resort previous to its demolition in
1849. This was the Conduit which had served the
Carthusian Friars with water from ancient times.
192 Names : and their Meaning.
The prenomen " white " applied to the house and was
derived from the appearance of its exterior. The
Belvedere, Pentonville Hill, originally contained a
small structure on the roof known by this name for
sitting under and enjoying the prospect across the
fields. The term Belvidere is Italian, signifying
" a fine prospect," and is equally applicable to a
summer arbour and the flat roof of a house. The
Clown Tavern, St. John Street Road, Clerkenwell,
owes its sign to the fact that it was formerly kept by
a clown engaged at Sadler's Wells Theatre, in its
immediate vicinity. The well-known Hmnmuns's
Hotel, generally alluded to as Hunununs's, Covent
Garden, derived this title from its erection on the
site of a Humnmns, the Arabic name for a sweating
bath, kept by a Mr. Small some time during the
seventeenth century.
Reference to the above Inns and Taverns peculiar
to London compels us almost to say a few words
concerning those popular places of outdoor resort
of which we have all read and heard so much.
Sadler's Wells marks the position of an ancient
holy well whose waters were famous for working
extraordinary cures. In the year 1683, after having
been stopped up since the Reformation, a Mr. Sadler,
while digging for gravel in his garden, discovered
this well, and thereafter it bore his name. In order
to profit by the re-established fame of this well,
Sadler converted his residence into a house of enter-
tainment under the title of " Sadler's Musick
House." Here were provided tight-rope dancing.
London Inns and Gay dens. 193
conjuring, tumbling, and a variety of other diver-
sions, always accompanied by music. Sixty years
later, probably after the death of Mr. Sadler, the
property passed into the hands of Mr. Rosoman,
who turned it into a theatre, but retained the name
of the old proprietor. The present theatre was
built by Mrs. Bateman in 1879. Highbury Barn,
first a small ale and cake house, and afterwards a
place of public entertainment, including a theatre,
was so called from its occupying the site of a barn-
like structure originally belonging to the ancient
Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem,
and left standing after the incursion of Jack Straw
and his rebellious companions [see ante, Jack
Straw's Castle]. Vauxhall Gardens derived
their title from the Hall, or Manor-house, of Jane
Vaux, which they displaced [see Vauxhall] ;
Ranelagh Gardens occupied the site of Ranela^h
House, the seat of an Irish nobleman of that title;
while Cremorne Gardens were named after Thomas
Dawson, Lord Cremorne, whose town house and
grounds they covered. Whatever may have been
the moral character of these places, their removal
has had the effect of effacing one phase of Metro-
politan amusement entirely ; but it has also been
instrumental in introducing another — namely, the
Music-Halls. The first London music-hall was
" The Canterbury," Westminster Bridge Road,
which grew out of The Canterbury Arms,
displaying the arms of the city of Canterbury in
the year 1848.
^3 .
SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES.
THE list of historical personages whose sobri-
quets and nicknames are even better known
than their proper names is very large ; we
must, therefore, content ourselves with a random
selection of the principal.
Commencing with the ladies : Ayesha (born 6io,
died 677), the second and favourite wife of Mahomet,
was called The Mother of Believers because the
prophet styled himself ** The Father of Believers."
Fair Helen was the wife of Menelaos, King of
Sparta, by whose guest, Paris, the Trojan prince,
she was carried off. This incident was the imme-
diate cause of the famous siege of Troy which
lasted ten years. Fair Rosamond (died 1154)
was the mistress of Henry II., who kept her in a
secluded bower that could be approached only by a
labyrinth or maze in the neighbourhood of the royal
palace at Woodstock. One day, however, the queen
artfully discovered her way thereto by means of a
silken thread attached to the garment of the faith-
less husband, after which she soon procured the
removal of her rival by poison. Joan, the wife of
Edward the Black Prince, was styled The Fair
Maid of Kent (died 1385) on account of her beauty
Sobriquets and Nicknames. 195
and being the only daughter of the Earl of Kent.
The Holy Maid of Kent was Elizabeth Barton, a
religious enthusiast, hanged at Tyburn in 1534. A
brave, if not a beautiful, woman of historic renown
was the Countess of Dunbar and March, who, in
the year 1337, completely defied the attempt of the
Earl of Salisbury to capture Dunbar Castle during
a siege of nineteen weeks, at the end of which the
latter was forced to retire with ignominy. This
warlike heroine is generally alluded to under the
name of Black Agnes, in consequence of her
swarthy complexion. A less fortunate Scottish
heroine who fell at the Battle of Ancrum Moor
beside her English adversary, General Evers, whom
she had killed, was Fair Maiden Lilliard. She
was buried on the site of the conflict ; and her
epitaph, as follows, is known to every man, woman,
and child in that part of the country : —
*' Fair Maiden Lilliard lies under this stene,
Little was her stature, but great was her fame ;
Upon the English loons she laid many thumps,
And when her legs were cutted off, she fought upon her
stumps."
The spot where she fell still bears the name of
" Lilliard's Edge." Then, of course, we have the
celebrated Joan of Arc, The Maid of Orleans
(born 1412, burnt at the stake 1431), who placed
herself at the head of the attacking party and
effected the capture of the city of Orleans from the
English. Neither must we omit a passing allusion
ig6 Names : and their Meaning.
to Augustine Zaragossa, better known as The Maid
of SaragOSSa, owing to the signal heroism which
she displayed during the siege of her native city in
1808-9. The Honourable Elizabeth St. Leger, the
niece of Colonel Anthony St. Leger, who founded
the Stakes named after him in connection with Don-
caster races, is known to posterity as The Lady
Freemason, because on one occasion she over-
heard the proceedings of an assembly of Freemasons,
and, being discovered, was, as the only way of
meeting an unprecedented difficulty, duly elected a
member of the craft and initiated into its peculiar
rites and ceremonies. Madame Jenny Lind Gold-
schmidt (born 1821, died 1887) was styled The
Swedish Nightingale on account of her vocal
genius and her birth in the city of Stockholm. The
now popular society actress, Mrs. Langtry, bears the
somewhat punning though highly complimentary
sobriquet of The Jersey Lily, because she was
born in Jersey and her Christian name is Lillie.
Heraclitus of Ephesus (flourished 500 B.C.) was
known as The Weeping Philosopher, because he
spent the latter years of his life in grieving over the
folly of men ; on the other hand, Democritus of
Abdera (born 460 B.C., died 357 B.C.) merited the
surname of The Laughing Philosopher, because
he jeered at the feeble powers of man, whose every act
was in the hands of fate. Duns Scotus, the Scottish
schoolman (born 1272, died 1308), was styled The
Subtle Doctor by reason of his learning; while
St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died 1274) was
Sobriquets and Nicknames. 197
denominated The Angelic Doctor because he be-
longed to the priesthood. St. Paul of the Cross
is the name by which Paul Francis (born 1694, died
1775), founder of the religious Order of the Pas-
sionists, is best known.
The famous English outlaw who flourished be-
tween the years 1180 and 1247, and whose real name
was Robert Fitz-ooth, Earl of Huntingdon, adopted
the style of Robin Hood, in deference to the
example set by the people of Nottinghamshire, who,
while dropping the Fitz, corrupted the Robert into
Robin and the 00th into Hood. Little John was
properly called John Little, but being a great, stal-
wart fellow, the outlaw chief took a fancy to invert
his name for the sake of the contrast. We can
quite understand " the merry men of Sherwood
Forest " cultivating an objection to hard-sounding
words ; therefore it could not have been long before
William Scathelocke, another prominent member of
Robin Hood's band, found his name reduced to the
more euphonious form of Will Scarlet. Friar
Tuck was so called because his habit was tucked in
around the waist by a girdle.
Sixteen-string Jack was the name popularly
bestowed upon Jack Rann, a notorious highwayman
hanged in 1791, owing to the sixteen tags he wore on
his breeches, eight at each knee. Another notorious
representative of the great family of Jacks, good,
bad, and otherwise, was the Marquis of Waterford,
commonly known as Spring-heel Jack, from his
habit of frightening people by springing upon them
igS Names : and their Meaning.
out of obscure corners after nightfall during the
early part of the present century. Gentleman
Jack and Gentleman Smith were the titles re-
spectively borne by John Bannister and William
Smith, both actors of the century gone by. The
former was noted for his straightforward dealings
with his fellow-men in private life, the latter for his
gentlemanly deportment on the stage.
Who has not heard of Admirable Crichton?
This extraordinary Scottish prodigy, James Crichton
(born 1560, died 1583), is said to have given such
early proofs of his learning that the degree of Master
of Arts was conferred upon him at the age of four-
teen. In addition to his classical knowledge, he was
a poet, a musician, a sculptor, an artist, an actor, a
brilliant conversationalist, a good horseman, and an
excellent fencer. Surely the possessor of such
varied accomplishments deserved a better fate than
that which befell him in the very prime of his life !
He was stabbed by a band of masked desperadoes led
by his own pupil, Vincenzo Gonzaga, the son of the
Duke of Mantua. A genius of a totally different stamp
was George Robert Fitzgerald, better known, owing
to his duelling proclivities, as Fighting Fitzgerald.
This individual was one of the most infamous
characters of the last century. No enemy ever
escaped him with life ; being a sure shot and an
expert swordsman, his intense love of gambling and
duelling, united to a haughty and overbearing dis-
position, habitually prompted him to shed the blood
of his fellow-men without the least compunction.
Sobriquets and Nicknames. igg
A celebrated leader of fashion during the early
part of this century was Robert Coates, popularly
styled Romeo Coates in consequence of his fond-
ness for playing the part of Romeo at amateur
theatricals. Among other past notabilities of fashion
we may mention Beau Fielding, Beau Brummell,
and Beau Nash, severally so styled from the
foppishness of their attire. The last-named (born
1674, died 1761) was a notorious diner-out, and for
some time Master of the Ceremonies at the fashion-
able Assembly Rooms at Bath, where he provided a
series of entertainments the like of which had never
been known. On this account he was surnamed
King of Bath. Alas ! though literally the "monarch
of all he surveyed " during the brief period of his
popularity, when at length Death claimed him for
his own he was as poor as the meanest of King
George's subjects.
But Richard "Beau" Nash was not the only British
subject who has rejoiced in the erstwhile title of King.
As examples : Richard Oastler, of Bradford (born
1789, died 1861), merited the style of The Factory
King, in recognition of his success in promoting the
" Ten Hours' Bill " ; George Hudson, of Yorkshire
(born 1800, died 1871), chairman of the Midland
Railway Company, was denominated The Railway
King, because in one day he cleared the large sum
of £100,000 by fortunate railway speculations ; John
Law, the projector of the Mississippi Scheme (born
1671, died 1729), bore the name of The Paper
King, than which, by the way, nothing could have
200 Names: and their Meaning.
been more appropriate. The huge fortunes antici-
pated by the subscribers to this wholesale fraud
appeared promising enough upon paper, or, to put it
more precisely, in the prospectus ; but hard cash
there was none, saving such as passed into the pockets
of the wily promoter. In our own decade we have
The Nitrate King, the sobriquet of Colonel J. T.
North, of Eltham, consequent upon his successful
speculations in the commodity with which his name
has become associated.
John Kyrle, of Ross, Herefordshire (born 1637,
died 1754), well known for his artistic tastes and acts
of benevolence, was styled by Pope The Man of
Ross, because he was constantly effecting improve-
ments for the public good in the neighbourhood of
his estate. Another local philanthropist was Dr.
William Gordon, of Hull (born 1801, died 1849),
whose surname, The People's Friend, so well
merited during life, literally followed him to the
grave, where it appears chiselled on his tombstone.
Perhaps the greatest benefactor of the human race
with whom we have become practically acquainted
in modern times, was Father Mathew (born 1790,
died 1856), universally styled The Apostle of
Temperance, beside whom, judging from results,
all our latter-day temperance advocates sink into
insignificance. He was also made the recipient of
the sobriquet The Sinner's Friend, on account of
the special interest he took in the fallen and the
outcast ; even the most degraded always met with a
welcome at his hands.
Sobriquets and Nicknames. 201
The Musical Small-coal Man was the popular
designation of Thomas Britton (born 1650, died
1714), a vendor of small coals, which he carried in a
sack over his shoulder and cried in the streets, who
on Thursday evenings gave a series of high-class
instrumental concerts in the room over his shed in
Clerkenwell, assisted by the best talent he could
procure, that attracted all fashionable London. This
gifted person was actually frightened to death by the
freak of a ventriloquist. Thomas Rawlinson, the
bibliopolist (born 1681, died 1725), was appro-
priately enough styled Tom Folio. The Infant
Koscius (born 1791, died 1874) was William Henry
Betty, a histrionic prodigy named after the greatest
actor of antiquity. His debut took place at Belfast,
August 19, 1803; and three months later he appeared
at Covent Garden (then under the management of
the elder Macready) for twelve nights at a salary of
fifty guineas a night and a clear benefit. During
this brief season the public excitement was so great
that the military had to be called out every night to
preserve order. His last appearance as a boy-actor
occurred at Bath in the year 1808.
William Gerard Hamilton, the Irish Chancellor
of the Exchequer (born 1729, died 1756), has been
handed down to posterity under the name of
Single-speech Hamilton, because he delivered but
one speech in the House, and that was such a mar-
vellous outburst of rhetoric that it electrified all who
heard it. This memorable incident took place
November 13, 1755. Henry Dundas, afterwards
2oa Names : and their Meaning.
Lord Melville (born 1740, died 1811), merited the
sobriquet of Starvation Dundas in consequence of
his repeated use of the word "starvation" in the
course of a debate on American affairs in the year
1775. Sir Robert Peel (born 1750, died 1830),
during the time he was Chief Secretary for Ireland
(1812 to 1816), was popularly denominated Orange
Peel, on account of his strong anti-Catholic spirit
[see Orangemen]. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham
(born 1708, died 1778), was styled The Heaven-
sent Minister because the most splendid triumphs
of British arms were achieved during his administra-
tion. John Russell, afterwards created Earl Russell
(born 1792, died 1878), received the nickname of
Finality John from the fact of his maintaining that
the Reform Bill of 1832 was a finality. The late
Earl of Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881) owed
his popular name of Dizzy to his own habit of
setting forth his early novels during the lifetime of
his father under the authorship of " D'Israeli the
Younger." In course of time this became shortened
into " Dizzy," and it clung to him ever afterwards. .;
Mr. W. E. Gladstone (born 1809) first received
the nickname of The Grand Old Man on the
occasion of the unseating in the House of Commons
of Mr. Charles Bradlaugh (June 1880), through his
refusal to take the oath after his election as member
for Northampton. At this time Mr. Bradlaugh
found a strong champion in Mr. Labouchere ; and
the nickname arose out of the latter's conversation
in the tea-room of the House "I told some friends,"
Sobriquets and Nicknames. 203
said Mr. Labouchere, referring to the incident of
Mr. Bradlaugh's expulsion, ** that before I left Mr.
Gladstone came to me, and that grand old man,
with tears in his eyes, took me by the hands and
said, ' Mr. Labouchere, bring me Mr. Bradlaugh
back again.' "
Mr. William Henry Smith, M.P., the present
First Lord of the Treasury (born 1825), is popularly
known by the name of Bookstall Smith because
he originated the idea of railway bookstalls, and
founded the now widely-popular firm of " W. H.
Smith and Sons."
Sir Christopher Hatton (born 1540, died 1591)
was styled The Dancing Chancellor because he
first attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth by his
graceful dancing at one of the Court masques. In
recognition of this accomplishment he was created a
Knight of the Garter and subsequently made Chan-
cellor of England. Praise-God Barebones, or,
rather, Barebon, who died in 1680, was a leather-seller
and the leader of the celebrated " Barebones Parlia-
ment." It was a common custom among the Puritans
to nickname people in accordance with their habits
and peculiarities ; consequently this individual must
have been addicted to praising God in the hearing
of his neighbours. William Huntingdon, the preacher
and theologian (born 1744, died 1813), called himself
Sinner-saved Huntingdon for reasons doubtless
best known to himself. Orator Henley, otherwise
John Henley (born 1692, died 1756), was an English
divine who in 1726 delivered a course of lectures on
204 Names : and their Meaning.
theological subjects on Sundays, and on secular
subjects on Wednesdays, in a kind of " oratory " or
chapel in Newport Market, which attracted large
congregations.
Memory Woodfall was the sobriquet of William
Woodfall (born 1745, died 1803), brother to the
reputed author of the famous " Letters of Junius."
This person's memory was so perfect that he was
able, after listening to a Parliamentary debate, to
report it the next morning word for word without the
assistance of any notes whatever. Of another kind
was the memory possessed by John Thompson, the
son of a greengrocer in the parish of St. Giles,
popularly known as Memory-corner Thompson
(born 1757, died 1843) on account of his astounding
local knowledge. Within twenty-four hours, and at
two sittings, he drew entirely from memory a correct
plan of the parish of St. James's. This plan con-
tained all the squares, streets, lanes, courts, passages,
markets, churches, chapels, houses, stables, and
angles of houses, in addition to a number of minor
objects, such as walls, trees, &c., and including an
exact plan of Carlton House and St. James's Palace.
He also, on another occasion, made a correct plan of
St. Andrew's parish, and offered to do the same with
the parishes of St. Giles, St. Paul's, Covent Garden,
and St. Clement-Danes. If a particular house in
any given street were named, he would tell at once
what trade was carried on in it, the appearance
and position of the shop, and its contents. In
going through a large hotel completely furnished,
Sobriquets and Nicknames. 205
he was able to retain a recollection of everything he
saw, and afterwards make an inventory of the whole.
But, perhaps more wonderful than all, he could,
after having read a newspaper overnight, repeat any
desired portion of its contents verbatim the next
morning. Nowadays such a one would be exhibited
at the Royal Aquarium as a natural curiosity.
Another well-known London character was Dirty
Dick, otherwise Nathaniel Bentley, the miser, who
never washed himself. This extraordinary individual
died in the odour of dirt in the year 1809, leaving an
ample fortune to console his heirs for his loss (?).
The house which he inhabited in Bishopsgate Street
Without has now been converted into a modern wine
and spirit establishment, under the style of The
D.D. Cellars. Laurence Brown, the English land-
scape gardener (born I7i5,died 1783) was nicknamed
Capability Brown owing to his habitual use of
the word capability. At the present day the Duke
of Cambridge (born 1819) is usually denominated
George Ranger in allusion to his appointment as
Ranger of the Royal Parks. Ernest Benzon, author
of " How I Lost ;^250,ooo in Two Years," rejoiced
in the title of The Jubilee Plunger because he
entered upon his gambling career in 1887, the Jubilee
year of Queen Victoria [see Plunger].
A few of the more celebrated painters may now
detain us. Peter Aartsen, the Flemish painter (born
1507, died 1573), bore the name of Long Peter on
account of his extraordinary height ; while Gaspar
Smitz, the Dutch portrait painter (died 1689), was
2o6 Names : and their Meaning.
styled Magdalen Smith because his pictures com-
prised mostly ** Magdalens." The real name of the
French landscape painter, Claude Lorraine (born
1600, died 1682), was Claude Gelee of Lorraine;
that of Paolo Veronese, or Paul Veronese (born
1528, died 1588), was Paolo Cagliari, his birth having
taken place in Verona ; and that of Jacopa da
Bassano, called II Bassano (born 1510, died 1592),
was Jacopa da Ponte, whose native place was
Bassano, in the Venetian State. Pietro Vanucci
(born 1446, died 1524), though recognizing Citta
della Pieve as his birthplace, was all his life esta-
blished in the neighbouring city of Perugia, where he
claimed the right of citizenship ; hence the origin of
his more common name II Perugino. Francesco
Rossi (born 1510, died 1563), adopted the name of
Del Salviati, in honour of his patron, Cardinal
Salviati, who was his own age exactly, and, strangely
enough, died in the same year as himself. Giuseppe
Ribera (born 1588, died 1656), was popularly sur-
named Lo Spagnoletto ("the Little Spaniard"), from
the shortness of his stature and his birth at Xativa,
in Spain ; while Tommaso Guidi (born 1402, died
1428), merited his better-known name of Masaccio,
owing to the slovenliness of his habits, the direct con-
sequence of an all-absorbing attention to his studies.
Jacopo Robusti (born 1512, died 1594) received his
now far more popular name of Tintoretto because
his father followed the occupation of a tintore, or dyer.
During his lifetime, this celebrated Italian painter
merited the additional sobriquet of II Furioso owing
Sobriquets and Nicknames. 207
to the rapidity with which he produced his work.
Quintin Matsys (born 1466, died 1530), whose
masterpiece, " The Taking Down from the Cross,"
has achieved a world-wide reputation, is equally
known to fame by the name of The Smith of Ant-
werp, owing to the circumstance of having followed
for a time, and with great distinction, his father's
occupation of a blacksmith. His attachment to the
pretty daughter of a painter, however, caused him
eventually to forsake the anvil for the palette.
Nearer home the historical portrait painter, David
Allan (born 1744, died 1796) was surnamed The
Scottish Hogarth in compliment to his excellence ;
and William Huggins (born 182 1, died 1884), The
Liverpool Landseer, in favourable comparison with
the celebrated English animal painter of that name.
Simon Bolivar, the South American hero (born
1783, died 1830), justly merited the dignified title of
The Liberator; while General John Charles Fre-
mont (born 1813, died 1890) won the surname of
The Pathfinder after his fourth successful exploring
expedition across the Rocky Mountains in 1842.
Lastly, Jonathan Hastings, a farmer of Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S., was styled Yankee Jonathan
in consequence of his addiction to the word Yankee
in the place of " excellent." Thus he would say,
" A Yankee good horse," '* A Yankee good cider,"
&c. This individual, however, must not be con-
founded with " Brother Jonathan," the nickname of
the typical American, to which reference is made
in another portion of this work.
THE INNS OF COURT,
AS by reference to our article on Tavern Signs
it will be seen how the word Inn originally
denoted a private mansion, it will sufBce to
state here that the various colleges of the law
students in London are styled Inns because the
chief of them were at one time the residences of the
nobility whose family names they still bear. Thus,
Lincoln's Inn was the town mansion of the Earls
of Lincoln, Gray's Inn, of the Earls Gray, Furni-
val's Inn, of the Lords Furnival, and Clifford's
Inn, of the Lords Clifford. The two first-named,
together with the Inner and Middle Temple, are the
principal Inns of Court, so called because the
earliest seminaries for the study of the law were
established in one of the courts of the King's palace.
The Inns of lesser import are : — Serjeants' Inn,
originally the establishment of the "Freres Serjens,"
or Serving Brothers to the Knights Templars who
occupied The Temple close by ; Barnard's Inn-
sold and abolished in 1881 — named after its ancient
owner ; Staple Inn, formerly the Hall of the
Merchants of the Staple, ix., wool; Clement's Inn
and Dane's Inn, so designated from their proximity
to the Church of St. Clement-Danes ; and New
The Inns of Court. 2og
Inn, the latest of all the Inns erected in the early
part of the last century. Thavie's Inn no longer
exists, but the title still adheres to a range of
modern buildings erected upon its site. No person
of the name of Thavie ever owned or occupied the
original premises ; nevertheless, when the Inn was
established as an appendage to Lincoln's Inn, about
the middle of the fourteenth century, the Benchers
unanimously agreed to perpetuate the memory of
one John Thavie, an armourer who, dying in the
year 1348, bequeathed a number of houses in
Holborn, representing considerable rentals, to the
neighbouring church of St. Andrew, and named it
" Thavie's Inn " accordingly.
The senior members of the Inns of Court are
styled Benchers by reason of the benches on which
they formerly sat.
14
RACES.
GOODWOOD RACES are held once a year in
Goodwood Park, the property of the Duke
of Richmond; Ascot Races, on Ascot
Heath, in Berkshire, and Epsom Races, on Epsom
Downs, near London. The Derby Stakes, at
Epsom, were named after Edward Smith Stanley,
twelfth Earl of Derby, who founded them in 1780, the
year after he established the Oaks Stakes ; so called
from an inn known as ** Lamberts' Oaks," originally
erected by the Hunters' Club and rented by a
family named Lambert upon land which subsequently
passed into the possession of the Derby family. The
St. Leger Stakes, otherwise the Doncaster St.
Leger, annually run for at Doncaster, were esta-
blished by Colonel Anthony St. Leger in 1776.
A Hurdle Race is one in which hurdles are
placed at different points along the course. A
Steeplechase is confined to thoroughbred hunters
whose riders are bound to make for the winning-post
straight across the country, guided by flags displayed
on the highest points along the line, and to clear
whatever ditches, fences, walls, or other obstacles
that may lie in their course. The term originated
from the incident of an unsuccessful hunting-party
Races. ^il
agreeing to race to the village church, of which the
steeple was just in sight ; and he who touched the
building first with his whip was to be declared the
winner. A Scratched Horse is one whose name
has been struck out of the final list of runners in a
particular race. A Sweepstake is a term used to
denote the whole amount staked by different persons
upon one race, and cleared literally " at one sweep "
by the fortunate individual who has backed the
LONDON CHURCHES AND
BUILDINGS.
IN all probability the name of Westminster
Abbey would never have come into existence
had it not been necessary to distinguish the
Abbey Church lying to the west of St. Paul's (founded
by Ethelbert in 6io) from another Abbey Church
that stood upon the rising ground now known as
Tower Hill. Consequently, the one was described
as the West Minster, the other the East Minster ; and
when, in course of time, the latter was swept away,
the western edifice not only retained the description
of *' The West Minster," but gave its name also to
the district around. The earliest mention of West
Minster occurs in a Saxon charter dated 785.
The Temple comprised the chief seat in this
country of the Knights Templars after their return
from the Holy Land. The Savoy Chapel is a
modern edifice built by the Queen to replace the
original, destroyed by fire July, 7, 1864, which
formed the only remaining portion of the old Savoy
Palace erected by Peter of Savoy, the uncle of
Eleanor, queen of Henry III., in 1249, on land
granted to him by that monarch.
The Church of St. Clement-Danes owes its
London Churches and Buildings. 213
compound title to the fact of being dedicated to St.
Clement, and of Harold, a Danish king, together
with several other Danes lying buried within its
walls. The Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheap-
side, otherwise Bow Church, was so denominated
because it was the first church ever built upon bows
or arches. The Church of St. Mary Woolnoth,
at the corner of Lombard Street and King William
Street, is supposed to be a corruption of St. Mary
Woolnough, so called by way of distinction from a
neighbouring church of " St. Mary of the Wool,"
that stood beside the beam or wool-staple. The
Church of St. Mary-Axe, now vanished, received
this name from its situation opposite to a shop
that displayed an axe for its sign. The Church of
St. Catherine Cree, Leadenhall Street, is properly
St. Catherine and Trinity, being originally a chapel
dedicated to St. Catherine in the churchyard of the
priory church of Holy Trinity, afterwards merged into
the parishes of Christ Church, St. Mary Magdalen,
and St. Michael. The Church of St. Catherine
Coleman, Fenchurch Street, dedicated to St.
Catherine, is so designated because it was built in
a large garden belonging to a person named Cole-
man. The Church of St. Margaret Pattens,
Rood Lane, did not receive its denomination
from the patten-makers who congregated in this
neighbourhood, but because its roof was formerly
decorated with gilt spots or patines ; a patine being
the name of a small circular dish of gold used to
CQver the chalice at the altar. Lovers of Shake-
214 Names : and their Meaning.
speare may recollect the passage in the Merchant of
Venice where Lorenzo, referring to the stars, says : —
" Sit, Jessica : Look how the floor of heaven
Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold ;
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubins ;
Such harmony is in immortal souls,
But whilst this muddy vesture of decay
Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it."
The original Church of St. Sepulchre, founded
during the time of the Crusades, was so denominated
in honour of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. The
name of St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street, is a con-
traction of St. Bridget's Church. The Church of St.
Andrew Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, dedicated
to St. Andrew, was originally so called because its
steeple was of lesser altitude than the tall shaft
or maypole which stood opposite the south door.
Hence, the church was literally " under the shaft."
The parish of St. Mary-Axe is now united to that
of St. Andrew Undershaft. The Church of St.
Helen's, Bishopsgate, was built and dedicated to
St. Helena, the mother of Constantine, in 1180, just
thirty years before William Fitzwilliam, a rich gold-
smith, founded in connection therewith a priory of
Benedictine nuns, dedicated to the Holy Cross and
St. Helena. The neighbouring Church of St,
Ethelburga was so named in honour of the
daughter of King Ethelbert. The Church of All-
London Churches and Buildings. 215
hallowes Barking, at the bottom of Mark Lane,
derived the second portion of its title from the fact
that it belonged to the ancient abbey and convent
at Barking, in Essex. St. Olave's Church, Tooley
Street, is properly described as St. Olaf S Church,
being dedicated to Olaf, a Norwegian prince of great
renown, who came over to this country at the
invitation of the King Ethelred, and rendered good
service in expelling the Danes.
The central portion of the Tower of London, sup-
posed to have been built by Julius Csesar, is known
as the White Tower on account of the white
stone employed in its construction. In the Bloody
Tower the Infant Princes were murdered by order
of their uncle, Richard III.; and in the Beauchamp
Tower, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick,
was imprisoned by Richard II. for leading the con-
spiracy of the Barons for the removal of Sir Simon
de Barley, the young King's favourite. At the ac-
cession of Henry IV. the Earl obtained his liberty.
Traitors' Gate denotes the river gate by which all
State prisoners convicted of high treason were
admitted into the Tower. Newgate Prison de-
rived its name from its original situation next to the
newest of the five principal gates of the City. The
prison is first mentioned in history under date 1207.
The present gloomy edifice was built in 1782. The
open space betvv'een the prison and the Old Bailey
was formerly known as the Press Yard, because
here it was that prisoners who refused to plead upon
trial were barbarously pressed to death. The Old
2i6 Names: and their Meaning.
Bailey Sessions House received its name from the
street in which it stands [see Old Bailey in the
article "London Streets and Squares."] The
old Marshalsea Prison, Southwark, abolished and
pulled down in 1842, was so called because it con-
tained the Court of the Knight-Marshal, whose duty it
was to settle disputes occurring between the members
of the Royal Household. This office now belongs to
the Steward of the Royal Household. Bridewell was
a corruption of " St. Bridget's Well," discovered in
the grounds attached to an ancient hospital, after-
wards converted into a house of correction for
females. An iron pump let into the wall of the
churchyard at the upper end of Bride Lane indicates
the exact spot where the dames of old were wont to
drink the virtuous waters. The Fleet Prison took
its name from the river, now a com.mon sewer, near
which it stood. The northern boundary of the prison
is now defined by Fleet Lane, which runs from
Farringdon Street to the Old Bailey.
St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, is the sole remain-
ing portion of the priory of St. John of Jerusalem,
the seat in this country of the Knights Hospitallers,
instituted by Godfrey de Boulogne. The Gate now
forms the headquarters of the St. John's Ambulance
Association. Temple Bar was not one of the City
fortifications, but the ordinary gateway of the Temple.
It was popularly known as The City Golgotha,
owing to the spiked heads of traitors exposed thereon
■ — Golgotha being Hebrew for " the place of skulls."
The Bar was taken down in 1878. London Bridge
London Churches and Bnildings. 217
— that is to say, the original structure — was the first
bridge over the Thames. The present structure was
thrown open August i, 1831. Billingsgate traces its
origin to Belin, one of the early kings of Britain, who
built a gate on the site of the present market and gave
it his name. St. Katherine's Docks received their
title from an ancient hospital dedicated to St.
Katherine, swept away by their construction in the
year 1828. The Mint is so called in accordance
with the Anglo-Saxon mynef, coin [see Money].
The Trinity House, the seat of the Trinity Cor-
poration, which controls the pilotage of the Thames
and the various lighthouses, buoys, harbour-dues,
&c., around our coast, owed its foundation to Sir
Thomas Spert, Comptroller of the Navy of Henry
VIII., and commander of the Harry Grace de Dieu,
originally situated at Deptford ; it was incorporated
in 1529 under the style of " The Master-Wardens
and Assistants of the Guild, or Fraternity, or
Brotherhood, of the most glorious and undivisible
Trinity, and St. Clement, in the parish of Deptford,
Stroud, in the County of Kent." The present
edifice was built in 1795. Crosby Hall, Bishops-
gate, at one time a palace, but now converted into
a restaurant, was built by Sir John Crosby about
the middle of the fifteenth century. The Con-
gregational Memorial Hall, Farringdon Road,
which occupies part of the site of the old Fleet
Prison, was built in 1872 to memorate the ejection
of more than two thousand Church of England
ministers from their charges, August 2-j., 1662,
2i8 Names : and their Meaning.
consequent upon their refusal to subscribe to the
'* Act of Uniformity " [see Nonconformists].
The Guildhall is the hall of the City guilds;
the word Guild being derived from the Anglo-
Saxon gildan, to pay, alluding to the fee paid for
membership. Doctors' Commons, originally esta-
blished as a college for the Professors of Canon
and Civil Law, received its name from the rule
which required the Doctors to dine at a common
table. That sombre-looking structure, the College
of Arms, otherwise Heralds' College, is the office
where the records of the genealogical descent of all
our noble families are preserved, and where searches
for coats-of-arms may be instituted. The Cor-
poration of the College dates back to the year
1484. The General Post Office is officially de-
nominated St. Martin's-le-Grand because it oc-
cupies the site of a collegiate church and sanctuar}^
of that name founded by Within, King of Kent in
750, and chartered by William the Conqueror in
1068.
The Charterhouse, originally a monastery of the
Carthusians, is a corruption of La Chartreuse, the
name of the district in France where this religious
Order first came into existence. Christ's Hospital,
also known as the Blue Coat School, from the
colour of the coats worn by the boys, retains the
ancient designation of a church and school belonging
to the Grey Friars. It is only in modern times, by
the way, that the term Hospital has come to be ex-
clusively applied in this country to a refuge for the
London Churdics and Buildings. 219
sick. Properly understood, a hospital denotes a
house intended for the reception and accommodation
of travellers ; the source of the word being the Latin
hospitalis, pertaining to a guest, based upon hospes, a
stranger, a guest, and from which we derive the
word Hospitality. The great Bernardine monas-
tery on the summit of the Alps, devoted to the good
work of rescuing snow-bound travellers, is appro-
priately denominated a Hospice, which answers to
our Hospital. St. Bartholomew's Hospital was
founded by Rahare, a monk attached to the neigh-
bouring Priory of St. Bartholomew in 1123 ; whereas
Guy's Hospital arose out of the bequest of
5^238,292, by the will of Thomas Guy, a benevolent
bookseller of Lombard Street, who died in 1722.
Bedlam is a contraction of Bethlehem Hospital, a
lazar-house named after the Hospital of St. Mary at
Bethlehem, and converted into a lunatic asylum in
1815. This was the common designation in ancient
times for a refuge for the poor, the word Bethlehem
expressing the Hebrew for *' a house of bread " ; but
in more modern times the synonym Lazar-house
was substituted in allusion to Lazarus, who picked
up the crumbs under the table of Dives. A refuge
for fallen women has always borne the name of a
Magdalen Hospital in honour of Mary Magdalen.
St. James's Palace marks the site of an ancient
leper hospital dedicated to St. James the Less,
Bishop of Jerusalem. The present edifice was built
by Henry VI IL in 1530. Buckingham Palace
displaced old Buckingham House, the town mansion
220 Names : and their Meaning.
of John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, in the year
1825. The total cost to the nation of this " desirable
residence " was ^1,000,000. Marlborough House
was originally the town residence of John, Duke of
Marlborough, erected by Sir Christopher Wren in
1709. Somerset House reverted to the Crown by
the attainder of its owner, Edward Seymour, Duke
of Somerset, the Lord Protector of Edward VI.,
executed January 22, 1552. Whitehall received
its name from the fresh appearance of its exterior as
contrasted with the ancient buildings on the opposite
side of the way. The present fabric, viz.. The
Banquetting Hall, is merely a vestige of the
palace originally set apart by Cardinal Wolsey for
the London See of York : whence he gave it the name
of " York House." The Horse Guards is so called
because a troop of Horse Guards are regularly
quartered here. Dover House was named after its
owner, the Hon. George Agar Ellis, afterwards
created Lord Dover ; and York House, after the
Duke of York and Albany who bought it in 1789.
Devonshire House, Piccadilly, is the town residence
of the Duke of Devonshire. Apsley House, Hyde
Park Corner, well known as the residence of the Duke
of Wellington, received its name from Henry Apsley,
Lord Chancellor, afterwards created Lord Bathurst,
who built it in 1784. Chandos House, Cavendish
Square, was the residence of James Brydges, " the
Princely Duke of Chandos." The Albany, Picca-
dilly, perpetuates the memory of the Duke of York
and Albany, who acquired it from Lord Melbourne
London Churches mid Buildings. 221
in exchange for his older residence, York House, in
Whitehall. Burlington House, the home of the
Royal Academy of Arts and quite a number of
learned societies, was built by Sir John Denham, the
poet and judge, in 1718, and refronted by the
celebrated amateur architect, Richard Boyle, Earl of
Burlington and Cork, in 1731. This palatial edifice
was purchased by the State in 1854. The Soane
Museum, Lincoln's Inn Fields, was the private
collection of Sir John Soane, the architect and
antiquary, who died in 1837. The Rolls Chapel,
Chancery Lane, bears this name because it was
annexed by patent to the office of the Master of the
Rolls of Chancery after the banishment of the Jews
from England in the year 1290. The history of
the chapel dates from 1283, when Henry IIL
founded it for the reception of the Jewish rabbis
converted to Christianity.
The Painted Hall, Greenwich Hospital, owes its
name to its magnificently decorated ceiling. Van-
burgh Castle, Blackheath, was built in the cas-
tellated style by Sir John Vanburgh, in 1717. Rye
House, famous for being the scene of the conspiracy
to assassinate Charles II., which was discovered
June 12, 1683, is so called from the rye on which
it stands ; Rye being an Old English term for a
common, derived from ree, a watercourse : hence
Peckham Rye.
Bruce Castle, Tottenham, has a history all its
own. The present structure dates back to the latter
part of the seventeenth century; but the original
222 Names : and their Meaning.
building was erected by Earl Waltheof, whose
marriage with Judith, the niece of William the
Conqueror, brought him portions of the earldoms
of Northumberland and Huntingdon. Their only
daughter, Maud, on becoming the wife of David I.,
King of Scotland, placed him in possession of the
Huntingdon estates, and, as appended to that
property, the manor of Tottenham, in Middlesex.
Ultimately these possessions descended to Robert
Bruce, the brother of William HI., King of Scot-
land. The contention between Robert Bruce and
John Baliol for the Scottish throne being decided
in favour of the latter, the former retired to Eng-
land, and settling on his grandfather's estate
at Tottenham, repaired the castle to which he
gave the name of " The Castle Bruce." Lincoln
House, Enfield, was the residence of the second and
third Earls of Lincoln in the seventeenth century.
Sandford House, Stoke Newington, is interesting
as having been the residence of Thomas Day, the
author of " Sandford and Merton " (born 1748, died
1789). Cromwell House, Highgate, now a Con-
valescent Hospital for sick children, was occupied
for some time by Oliver Cromwell, who built Ireton
House, close by, for Henry Ireton, his son-in-law,
in 1630 ; while Lauderdale House, lately a Con-
valescent Home in connection with St. Bartholo-
mew's Hospital, was the residence of the Earls
of Lauderdale during the seventeenth century.
Waterlow Park, in this neighbourhood — in fact,
comprising among other valuable property the
London Churches and Buildings. :223
grounds appertaining to Lauderdale House — was
generously presented to the London public by Sir
Sydney Waterlow, in November, 1890. The
Clock House, Hampstead, originally displayed a
clock in place of the present sun-dial. Rosslyn
House, Hampstead, which gives the name to
Rosslyn Hill Park, was erected by Alexander
Wedderburn, first Earl of Rosslyn and Lord
Chancellor of England, in 1795. Erskine House,
Hampstead, adjoining " The Spaniards," was the
residence of Lord Erskine, Lord Chancellor of
England, who died here in 1823.
Strawberry Hill, the celebrated palace of curiosi-
ties built by Horace Walpole in 1750, received its
name from the rising ground upon which it stood.
The building was sold by public auction, and pur-
chased by Baron H. de Stein, in July, 1883.
Orleans House, Twickenham, now a club, was
named after Louis Philippe of France, who resided
in it when he was simply Due d'Orleans. Essex
House, Putney, was one of the many residences of
Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, the favourite of
Queen Elizabeth. Bristol House, Putney, was,
until recently, the property of the Bristol family.
Craven Cottage, Fulham, was built by the Countess
of Craven, afterwards created Margravine of Anspach.
Munster House, Fulham, derived its title from its
one-time resident, Melesina Schulenberg, created
Duchess of Munster in 1716. Peterborough
House, Parson's Green, was formerly the mansion
of the Mordaunts, Earls of Peterborough. Sussex
224 Names : and their Meaning.
House, Hammersmith, was the favourite residence
of the late Duke of Sussex. Holland House,
Kensington, owes its name to Henry Rich, Earl of
Holland, by whose father-in-law, Sir William Cope,
it was built in 1607. Here Charles James Fox, the
eminent orator and statesman (born 1749, died 1806),
passed many of his earlier years ; here also Joseph
Addison, the poet and essayist, died in the year 1719.
The Albert Hall, Albert Memorial, Albert
Bridge, and Albert Palace, each preserve the
memory of the Prince Consort, whose death took
place in 1861. The Crystal Palace, opened by the
Queen, June 10, 1854, derived its title from its glass
structure, which, when the sun shines upon it,
glistens like crystal. The Alexandra Palace was
named after the Princess of Wales, who was to have
opened the original building, May 24, 1873 ; but, for
some unexplained reason, she did not perform that
ceremony. Olympia, opened December, 1886, is
an appropriate designation for a huge edifice emi-
nently adapted for every variety of popular amuse-
ment. The allusion is to Olympia, in Greece, where
the celebrated " Olympian Games " were anciently
held every fourth year. The Polytechnic Insti-
tution, Regent Street (now the Y. M. C. A.), was
designated in strict conformity with its set purpose
as an educational establishment, viz., from the two
Greek words polus, many, and techne, an art. St.
George's Hall was originally, when opened in
1867, St. George's Opera House, so styled because
situated in the fashionable parish of St. George's,
London Churches and Buildings. 225
Hanover Square. The Egyptian Hall, built in
1812, is a particularly well - chosen title ; at
least, it appears so at the present day, since the
regular performances of those modern magicians,
Messrs. Maskelyne and Cooke, have long ago
become one of the institutions, if not actually one
of the sights, of the Metropolis. St. James's
Hall was named after the parish church just
opposite. Willis's Rooms, so called after their late
proprietor, were originally opened by a Scotsman
named Almack, under the style of Almack's As-
sembly Rooms, February 12, 1765. Exeter Hall
was built in the year 1830 in the grounds of Exeter
House, which also gave the name to Exeter
'Change, erected in 1680 and pulled down in 1829
[see Exeter Street] . The world-famous waxworks
exhibition known as Madame Tussaud's retains
the name of its foundress (born 1760, died 1850) who
first set up her figures at the old Lyceum Theatre
in 1802, and after undergoing a variety of mis-
fortunes settled down permanently in Baker Street
in the year 1833.
Scotland Yard, the headquarters of the Metro-
politan Police, received its name from an ancient
palace erected on this spot for the accommodation
of the Scottish kings in the days when they were
annually required to pay homage to the Crown of
England at Westminster. The first monarch so ac-
commodated was Kenneth H. (died 854) ; the last
was Margaret, Queen of Scots, the sister of Henry
yni. Lord's Cricket Ground, familiarly styled
15
226 Names : and their Meaning.
Lord's, owes its existence to Thomas Lord, who
established, upon land of his own, first on the site of
Dorset Square in 1780, and subsequently on its
present site, the only cricketing ground where
genteel players could meet to enjoy this game with-
out fear of rubbing shoulders with the City ap-
prentices. Previous to his enterprise the formation
of a private Cricket Club had never been thought of.
Tattersall's, the well-known rendezvous for the sale
of horses, was opened by Richard Tattersall near
Hyde Park Corner in 1766, and removed to Knights-
bridge April 10, 1865.
Lloyd's Rooms, better known as Lloyd's, de-
rived this title from Edward Lloyd, a coffee-house
keeper in Abchurch Lane, whose premises became
the regular resort of merchants and others interested
in shipping. The original location of a s;^ecial office
for the transaction of mercantile business over the
Royal Exchange took place in 1775 ; but the name
of the genial coffee-house keeper was by common
consent transferred with it. On the destruction by
fire of the first Royal Exchange, in 1838, " Lloyd's "
was temporarily removed until the completion of
the present building in 1844.
The entrance to the privileged precincts of the
Stock Exchange is called Capel Court, because it
marks the residence of Sir William Capel, Lord
Mayor of London in the year 1504. The term Ex-
change owes its origin to the French echanger, to
trade, to barter. The object of the original Royal
Exchange, founded by Sir Thomas Gresharn in
London Churches and Buildings. 227
1506 and opened by Queen Elizabeth amid sundry
public rejoicings over the event (which accounts for
the prenomen " Royal "), January 31, 1571, was to
provide a convenient place where the merchants,
bankers, and brokers of the City could meet through-
out the day for the transaction of business. The
Stock Exchange is the great money mart of the
world [see Stock in the article " Money "].
The Bankers' Clearing House, in Lombard
Street, is the establishment where all cheques,
drafts, and bills drawn upon the various bankers
are sorted, distributed, and balanced up. The
Railway Clearing House, adjoining Euston
Railway Station, is a similar establishment devoted
to the adjustment of the value represented by the
tickets issued by the different Railway Companies.
In conclusion, the title of Mansion House, though
somewhat suggestive of tautology, may be accepted
as denoting the house of all other houses, since it is
the official residence of the Lord Mayor.
CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES.
AN unmarried female originally received the
designation of Spinster from her employ-
ment at the distaff or spindle. According to
the practical notions of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers,
a female was not considered fit to enter the married
state until she had made for herself a complete set of
body, bed, and table-linen. Hence the significance of
the term Wife, derived from the Anglo-Saxon wif, by
virtue of the verb wyfan, to weave. The designation
Widow is an Indo-European importation, derived
from the Sanskrit vid-hava, without husband. Grass
Widow, denoting a woman temporarily separated
from her husband, is a corruption of " Grace Widow "
— in other words, a widow by grace, or courtesy. The
word Chaperon is French, derived from the chapeau,
or cap, worn by the duennas of Spain. Buenna,
signifying a guardian, is Spanish, founded upon the
Latin domina, a mistress. The title of Dowager,
which distinguishes a widow left with a jointure from
the wife of her late husband's heir, comes from the
French douairiere, built upon the verb douaire, to
Class Names and Nicknames. 229
dower. The name of Blue Stocking arose from
the colour of the stockings worn by the members of
the lady clubs in England during the days of Bos-
well. Gentlemen were not excluded from these
assemblies, but the wearing of blue stockings was a
si7ie qua non of admittance. The last surviving member
of the original Blue Stocking Club, founded by Mrs.
Montague in 1780, died in 1840. The earliest Blue
Stocking assembly came into existence at Venice,
under the title of Delia Calza in the year 1400. A
lady's-maid is familiarly styled an Abigail, in allu-
sion to the handmaid who introduced herself to
David (i Samuel xxv. 23). This class-name came
into particular prominence during the early part of the
eighteenth century, in compliment to Abigail Hill, the
maiden name of Mrs. Mashem, the waiting-woman
of Queen Anne. A Parisian shop or work-girl is
known as a Grisette on account of the grey cloth
of which her dress is made. In olden times all
inferior classes in France were expected to be clad
in gris, i.e., grey. CoUeen is the native Irish for
girl ; and CoUeen Bawn for a blonde girl. How
little the latter expression is understood by actresses
is shown by the way in which some of them essay to
impersonate (?) the heroine of Dion Boucicault's
well-known drama whilst wearing their own dark
hair or a dark wig. Truly, a little knowledge is a
useful thing !
As nowadays comprehended, a Milliner is one who
retails hats, feathers, bonnets, ribbons, and similar
appurtenances to female costume. The name is really
230 Names : and their Meaning.
a corruption of Milaner, alluding to the city of Milan,
which at one time set the fashion to the north of
Europe in all matters of taste and elegance.
Haberdasher is a modern form of the Old English
word Hapertaser, or a retailer of hapertas cloth, the
width of which was settled by Magna Charta.
Grocer is a contraction and modified spelling of
Engrosser, the denomination of a tradesman who,
in the Middle Ages, claimed a monopoly for the
supply of provisions. A vendor of vegetables is ap-
propriately called a Greengrocer. An innkeeper
is facetiously styled a Boniface in honour of a
devout and hospitable man whom St. Augustine
caused to be canonized, and who subsequently
became the patron saint of Germany. Shakespeare,
Dante, Bacon, and Lamb never tired of referring to
Boniface. Ostler is a corruption of the French
hostelier, an innkeeper; hence we sometimes speak
of an inn as a Hostelry. The term Carpenter,
from the Latin carpentum, a. waggon, originally
denoted a mechanic who constructed the wooden
body of a vehicle of any kind, as distinguished from
the Wheelwright ; but in process of time the same
term came to be applied to artificers in timber
generally. The provincial name for such a one is
a Joiner, literally a joiner of wooden building
materials. In some districts of England a shoe-
maker still bears the name of Cordwainer.
Formerly all shoemakers were styled Cordwainers,
because they were workers in Cordwain, a corrup-
tion of Cordovan, which was the name of a
Class Names and Nicknames. 231
particular kind of leather brought from Cordova.
The designation Tailor is an Anglicized form of
the French Tailleur, derived from the verb tailler,
to cut. [For Tallyman see Tally, in the article
" Money."] A Pawnbroker is familiarly called
Uncle, in perpetuation of an ancient pun on the
Latin word uncus, a hook. For, whereas in modern
times the spout is employed as a means of commu-
nication between the pawnshop and the store-rooms
overhead, the Roman pawnbrokers used a large
hook ; and accordingly, the expression " Gone to
the uncus,'' was equivalent to our slang phrase ** Up
the spout." A Barber derives his class-title from
the Latin barba, a beard. Rude and semi-civilized
tribes were anciently called Barbarians, because
they belonged to no order of society. Between the
fourteenth and sixteenth centuries the hairdressers
of this country combined the practice of surgery,
and were accordingly styled Barber-Surgeons.
The surviving '* Barber's Pole " attests this fact.
The separation of the two professions took place
in 1540.
A shepherd or an ideal farmer bears the poetical
description of an Arcadian, in allusion to the
Arcadians, who were a pastoral people. A friendly
adviser is designated a Mentor, in memory of the
wise and faithful counsellor of Telemachus so named.
The word Usher signifies a doorkeeper, agreeably
to the Old French huisher, a door. Bachelor comes
from the Welsh bach, small, young. This name
originally meant one inexperienced in anything.
232 Names : and their Meaning.
The title of Bachelor of Arts denotes a degree
next below that of Master of Arts.
Beefeaters is a vulgar perversion of Buffetiers, as
the Yeoman of the Guard were styled during the
reign of Henry VIII., on account of their attendance
upon the King's Buffet, or side-table. The word
Buffet is French, derived from the Spanish hifia, a
wineskin. The civic guardians of law and order are
denominated Police in accordance with the Greek
polis, the city. For many years after the establish-
ment of the Police through the measures of Sir
Robert Peel (in Ireland, as the national constabulary
in 1814; in London as a regular force in 1829), all
Policemen were nicknamed Bobbies and Peelers,
in allusion to their founder. Bow Street Runners
were the original London detective force ; so called
because their headquarters was Bow Street, whence
they were despatched to any part of the country in
quest of the perpetrator of a particular crime. The
predecessors of the Police were a set of decrepit old
watchmen whose regular habit was to fall asleep in
their boxes with their lanthorns beside them. These
were derisively nicknamed Old Charlies ; while
their natural enemies, who loved nothing so much as
to turn their boxes upon them, to molest defenceless
females, mutilate males, and in many other ways to
terrorize the peaceable inhabitants of the Metropolis,
styled themselves first of all Scourers, and at a
later date Mohocks, after the North American
Indian tribe of that name. During the years 1859
Class Names and Nicknames. :233
streets of London in the persons of The Garrotters,
so called from the Garrotte, the instrument with
which condemned malefactors are strangled in Spain.
The punishment of the " cat o' nine tails " for
" Garrotting," which came into operation July 13,
1861, gradually put an end to the practice. The
latest terror of the streets which, unhappily, abounds
in American cities, are the Sandbaggers, so called
because they stun their victims with an ordinary
sand-bag, such as is used to keep the draught from
penetrating between a pair of window-sashes ; after
which robbery becomes an easy matter.
Pleasanter it is to turn from the birds of night to
the fops and dandies by day. The word Fop comes
from the German foppen, to make a fool of ; and
Dandy from the French dandiuy a ninny. Between
these two poor specimens of humanity there is no
perceptible difference. The Macaronies of the last
century derived their designation from the fashionable
" Macaroni Clubs " to which they belonged. The
modern class-title of Masher finds its origin in the
Romany or gipsy word mdsha, signifying " to fasci-
nate the eye." En passant, the term Gipsy is a
corruption of Egyptian, so called because the
original family or tribe of low caste Hindoos ex-
pelled by Timour about the year 1399 eventually
travelled into Europe by way of Egypt. The Gipsies
were also in former times known as Bohemians,
from the district in which they first attracted popular
attention before they scattered themselves over
Western Europe. Hence, any individual whose
234 Names
habits are unconventual, and to a certain extent
nomadic, is staled a Bohemian. The name of
The Upper Ten applied to the aristocracy, is
short for "The Upper Ten Thousand," a term ori-
ginally applied by N. P. Willis, the American poet
(born 1807, died 1867), to the fashionables of New
York who, at the time he introduced it, numbered
about ten thousand. A distinctly latter-day expres-
sion conveying much the same signification is The
Four Hundred, by which we are left to conclude
that the " select " society of New York must have
undergone a considerable weeding-out during the
last twenty years.
The temperance terms Teetotal and Teetotaler
originated in the stuttering exhortation of one
Richard Turner, an artizan of Preston, who, while
addressing a meeting of abstainers in September,
1833, observed that " Nothing but t-t-t-total absti-
nence will do ! " Several bodies of total abstainers
from alcoholic beverages in England and America
style themselves Rechabites, after the descendants
of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who lived in tents and
foreswore wine. Others rejoice in the name of
Good Templars, after the Templars of old. The
Good Templar Movement cannot be accurately
described as a crusade against drink ; but the
League of the Cross, established by the Roman
Catholics for the total suppression of drunkenness,
is, in title and in fact, one of the most powerful
crusades ever distinguished in modern times.
A sailor is called a Jack Tar because he puts on
Class Names and Nicknames. 235
tarpaulin "overalls" in "dirty weather," Long-
shoreman is a corruption of alongsJiorenian, i.e., a
wharfinger, &c. Navvy is a contraction of Navi-
gator, which name was first given to the labourers
employed in the construction of canals for inland
navigation. A cabman is popularly styled a Jehu
in allusion to one of the kings of Israel noted for
his furious driving. A Jerry Builder is so called
after one Jeremiah, a London builder who amassed
a fortune by putting up houses with inferior materials
in order to sell them at a large profit. A Journey-
man is properly one who hires himself out to work
by the day, agreeably to the first portion of the word
Jour, the French for day. A debt-collector is known
as a Dun, and his persistence is styled " Dunning,"
in memory of Joe Dun, a famous bailiff of Lincoln,
who was so successful in the discharge of his duties
that it became quite customary when an individual
refused to pay his debts to exclaim, " Why don't you
Dvm him for it ? " which was tantamount to saying,
" Why don't you send Dim to arrest him ? " Whilst
on the subject of law, we may here add that the ex-
pression A Man of Straw, employed to denote a
person without capital or means, originated in the
days when a certain class of men, chiefly ruined
tradesmen, found it a profitable occupation to hire
themselves out as witnesses in the law courts. The
recognized mark of these persons was a wisp of straw
protruding from their shoes ; and as often as a lawyer
stood in need of a convenient witness to prove his case,
he knew by the presence of " a pair of straw shoes "
236 Names: and their Meaning.
in court that the owner of the said shoes would
recollect and swear to any incident in consideration
of a fee.
Costermonger is a corruption of Costardmonger,
a seller of the famous costard apple introduced into
this country by the Dutch in 1736. Both these terms
are used by Shakespeare ; nevertheless, they bore a
totally different signification in his time. The word
Monger comes from the Anglo-Saxon inongere, one
who trades. An itinerant salesman in the olden
time was styled a Pedlar, in accordance with the
Latin pedes, the feet, because he travelled on foot ;
whereas Hawker comes from the German hoken, to
carry on the back, to retail. Hawkers and Pedlars
were first licensed in England in 1698. An itinerant
salesman of another kind is known as a Cheap Jack
on account of the word " cheap " which is Saxon for
market, derived from ceapan, to buy. A travelling
medicine-vendor originally received the nickname of
duack-doctor, or Q,uack, from Quacksalber, the
German term for quicksilver, because, differing from
the regular practitioners, he resorted to mercury and
other dangerous ingredients. At times a Quack, or
any other individual gifted with humorous colloquial
powers, is dubbed a Merry Andrew, in allusion to
Andrew Borde, a physician of the time of Henry
Vni., noted for his facetious manners and sayings.
Juggler is a corruption of jongleur, the French
designation of one of the companions of the trouba-
dours, whose business it was to supplement the
lyrical accomplishments of the latter with feats of
Class Names and Nicknames. 237
sleight-of-hand and other tricks for the amusement
of the company. A Stump Orator is properly one
who delivers a speech from the stump of a tree ,* the
literal meaning of a Stump Speech being thus
explained.
The now approbrious name of Blackguard was
formerly given to the scullions or dirty dependants of
the English Court who washed out the saucepans,
carried coals up to the kitchens, and performed other
menial duties. As the ** Guards of Honour" in the
Royal Household were distinguished by their fine
appearance, so these kitchen-men were equally dis-
tinguished by their grimy appearance ; consequently
the latter were styled " Black Guards." The origin
of the word ScuUion was the Norman-French
escnlle, a porringer or dish. The place where the
dishes are cleansed is still called a Scullery, while
the domestic who performs such work bears the
name of Scullery Maid. A rascal or sharper is
designated a Blackleg", because such a one was
generally to be found among the lower orders of
turf and sporting men at the time these were espe-
cially characterized by the wearing of black top-
boots. A Plunger is one who bets heavily either on
the turf or at the gaming-table, without considera-
tion for the risks he incurs. A Bookmaker is so
called because he arranges his book, i.e., his bets, in
such a manner that his losses and gains upon each
day's racing must balance themselves. The Book-
maker who absconds after a race in order to avoid
paying those who have entered bets with him and
238 Names : and their Meaning.
won is styled a Welsher, in allusion to the thieving
propensities of a certain race of people, as set forth
in the old song, which begins, " Taffy was a Welsh-
man, Taffy was a thief," &c. The word Burglar
is made up of the Old English burgh, a borough,
derived from the German burg, a fortified place, and
the French lair, a thief; the allusion being that such
a one breaks into a private dwelling for purposes of
theft. Down to a comparatively recent date the
common hangman in this country bore the nick-
name of Jack Ketch, really a corruption of Richard
Jacquett, to whom the manor of Tyburn, where our
malefactors were executed prior to the year 1783,
belonged.
A native of London is popularly styled a
Cockney, pursuant to the Old English cockeney,
an effeminate person, or rather one who has been
rendered effeminate by the luxuries of the table ;
this term tracing its origin directly from the Latin
verb coquere, to cook, whence we have the Italian
cuchina, the French cuisine, the German kilche, and
the English kitchen. A popular satiric poem of
the thirteenth century, entitled " The Land of
Cockaygne," — i.e., Kitchen Land, draws a picture
of an imaginary Fool's Paradise, where there is
nothing but eating and drinking, where care, trouble,
and toil find no place — a desirable country for those
monks of the Church who delight in the pleasures
of the table rather than the observance of their
spiritual exercises. After this performance the term
Cockaigne or Cockaygne gradually came to be
Class Names and Nicknames. 239
applied to our capital city, where cockenies, or kitchen-
servants, abounded, and where the luxury of good
living was supposed to attain its highest development.
A raw youth, or a countryman new to the ways
of the world, is dubbed a Greenhorn, in reference
to the undeveloped horns of a young ox ; the word
"Green" being derived from the Anglo-Saxon grene,
that which is in process of growing. Nincompoop
is a corruption of the Latin phrase non compos
[mentis] , not in sound mind. A person of defective
mind is called a Lunatic, from the Latin huia, the
moon, in accordance with the Roman idea that the
mind was affected by the changes of the moon. A
person addicted to making foolish mistakes is styled
a Dutchman, in allusion to the dull comprehensions
supposed to be possessed by the inhabitants of the
Low Countries. The term first came into use as an
epithet of derision during the wars with Holland.
A Humbug is one whose representations, though
sounding plausible enough, are not to be relied
upon. The origin of this word is as follows : In
olden times there resided in the neighbourhood of
the Mearns, in Scotland, a gentleman of landed
property whose name was Hume, and whose estate
was known as " The Bogue." Owing to the great
falsehoods which this "Hume of the Bogne" was
in the habit of relating about himself, his family,
and everything connected with his affairs, it became
customary, as often as the people of that district
heard anything at all remarkable or absurd to ex-
claim, "That is a Hume of the Bogue." The word
240 Names : and their Meaning.
spelt in its present form first appeared on the title-
page of "The Universal Jester: a choice collection
of bonmots and humbugs," published by Fernando
Killigrew about the year 1736. The assurance that
Humbug is of such old date can scarcely tend to our
satisfaction.
MALT LIQUORS.
AT the present day the terms Ale and Beer
are used somewhat confusedly. The former,
derived from the Gaelic and Irish 61, drink,
is the real name of our national beverage, which, to
judge from its intoxicating effects, must, in the days
of our forefathers, have been a very strong drink
indeed. The latter, on the other hand, is essentially
a Saxon word, from the same root as harm, signify-
ing "fermented drink," and used to denominate the
lighter kinds of fermented liquors generally, as well
as other drinks obtained from the roots or leaves of
plants, such as Ginger-beer, Spruce-beer, &c. We
still speak of Old Ales; whereas Small Beer
indicates a liquor of very poor quality.
In former times the only varieties of malt liquor
in this country were Ale and Beer, the one strong,
the other comparatively weak. To these a third,
popularly described as Twopenny, was eventually
added. However, it was rare that any one of these
three was demanded singly; it being the custom,
particularly in London, for the working-classes to
call either for Half-and-Half or Three Thirds,
meaning a tankard filled with equal portions of ale
i6
242 Names: and their Meaning,
and beer, or of ale, beer, and twopenny. This
custom remained in vogue until the year 1730,
when it occurred to Mr, Harwood, a brewer of East
London, to prepare a liquor analogous to the mix-
ture of ale, beer, and twopenny ; and thus save the
time of the tavern-keepers, who were compelled to
serve each customer from three different casks.
Almost immediately, therefore, he introduced the
malt liquor known as Entire, because it was drawn
entire from one cask. It was first retailed at the
sign of ** The Blue Last," in Curtain Road, Shore-
ditch, where it soon came to be in active demand
by the City porters, who made this house their
regular resort, whereupon the enterprising publican
adroitly called it Porter. The word ** Entire " still
appears upon the facia-boards of numerous taverns
throughout the Metropolis; but who thinks of call-
ing for Entire at the present day ? By the term
Stout is implied a malt liquor of the stoutest
quality, i.e., having the most body in it.
Stingo expresses an old beer of particular sharp-
ness, in allusion to its stinging properties ; while
Yorkshire Stingo is, of course, peculiar to the
county of York. Originally the single X displayed
on beer-barrels denoted that the liquor had paid a
ten shillings' duty. The additional X's are merely
brewers' trade-marks, indicating various degrees of
strength over and above that of the single X ale.
Concerning German beers, we need only allude to
Mum, or Mumm, which is peculiar to Brunswick,
and named after Christoph Mumme, who first
Malt Liquors. 243
brewed it in 1492 ; Lager-Bier, so called because it
is kept in a lager or cellar ; and Bock-bier, a liquor
which causes the inconsiderate tippler to caper about
like a bock, or goat.
DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS
STONES.
THE word Diamond is a corruption of, and
synonymous with, Adamant, derived from
the Greek adamas, untamable, infrangible,
not to be subdued, in accordance with the prefix a,
without, and damns, to tame, to subdue. As every
one must be aware, the diamond is capable of resist-
ing fire.
The great diamonds of the world are the following : —
The Kohinoor, or " Mountain of Light," weighing
io6 carats, came into the possession of Queen
Victoria on the annexation of the Punjaub in 1849 ;
the Mattan (367 carats) belongs to the Rajah of
Mattan ; the Orloff (194 carats) preserves the family
name of Catherine II. of Russia, who purchased it
in 1775 ; the Shah (86 carats), presented by Chosroes
I., Shah of Persia, who died in the year 579, to the
Czar of Russia ; the Star of the South (254 carats),
discovered in Brazil by a poor negress in 1853 ; the
Sauci (106 carats), originally the property of a
French gentleman of this name, and bought by the
Russian Czar for half a million roubles in 1835 '> the
Regent, also known as the Pitt (137 carats), first
Diamonds and Precious Stones. 245
acquired by Mr. Pitt, the grandfather of the Earl
of Chatham, and subsequently sold to the Due
d'Orleans, Regent of France, for £"135,000 ; the
Pigott (82^ carats), brought from India by Lord
Figott sometime previous to 1818, when it came into
the possession of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge ; the
Dudley (442- carats), found at the Cape by a black
shepherd in 1868, and, after various changes of
ovi^nership, bought by the Earl of Dudley for
;^3o,ooo ; and the Twin Diamonds, both found in
the bed of the river Vaal at the Cape in 1872.
With regard to precious stones : — the Turquois
derived its name from Turkey, where it was first
found ; the Topaz, from Topazos, an island in the
Red Sea; and the Agate, from the Greek Achates, a
river in Sicily, in the bed of which it was anciently
discovered. The term Amethyst comes from the
Greek amethustos, a precious stone, and Opal, through
the Latin opalus, from the Sanskrit opula, a precious
stone. Emerald traces its origin through the
French emera^ide to the Latin and Greek omaragdus ;
Garnet, through the French grenat, from the Latin
granatus ; and Ruby, from the Latin ruber, red.
Pearl is an Anglo-Saxon word derived from the
Latin pirula, a diminutive of pear.
We may conveniently add that the weight of
precious stones, as well as that of gold, is regulated
by Carats, because formerly carat seeds, or the seed
of the Abyssinian coral flower were employed for
this purpose.
NAVAL AND MILITARY
SOBRIQUETS.
THE Roman Manlius (appointed Consul in the
year 224 B.C.) received the name of Tor-
quatus from the incident of having torn the
golden torque or collar from the neck of his adversary
in the field. Charles, the son of Pepin d'Heristal,
was surnamed Martel in recognition of his victory
over the Saracens, who attempted the invasion of
France in the year 732. According to the chronicler,
" he knocked down the foe and crushed them between
his axe, as a martel or hammer crushes what it
strikes." Robert, Duke of Normandy, the father of
William the Conqueror (died 1035), bore the name
of Robert le Diable, or Robert the Devil, on
account of his courageous cruelty in war. The
Scottish outlaw. Sir William Wallace (born 1270, be-
headed 1305), was styled The Hammer and Scourge
of England by reason of his patriotism. William
Douglas, Lord of Nithsdale (died 1390), was known
as Black Douglas because his frame was tall,
strong, and well-built, while his hair was dark and
his complexion swarthy. Archibald Douglas, Earl
of Angus (died 15 14), merited the sobriquet of Bell
Naval and Military Sobriquets. 247
the Cat for having put to death the upstart favourites
of James III., and so prevented the creation of
nobles out of architects and masons whom the king
particularly patronized. At a meeting convened in
the Church of Lauder by the Scottish nobles for the
purpose of taking measures to obtain the removal
of these persons, Lord Gray had put the question,
"But who will bell the cat?" "That will I!"
answered Douglas on the instant ; and he kept his
word, for in the very presence of the king he slew
the obnoxious minions with his own hand.
Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick (born 1420, died
1471), was surnamed The King Maker for the
reason that while he espoused the cause of the
Yorkists, Edward IV. succeeded in his efforts to gain
the English Crown ; and when, subsequently, he
transferred his influence to the Lancastrians, Henry
VI. was restored and the usurper deposed, Harry
Percy (born 1364, died 1403) was styled Hotspur,
and Prince Rupert (born i6ig, died 1682) The Mad
Cavalier because they found it impossible to
restrain their rash courage in time of war. The
soldiers of Cromwell, after the Battle of Marston
Moor, received the popular name of Ironsides on
account of their armour and their iron resolution.
The sobriquet of The Almighty Nose was bestowed
upon Oliver Cromwell (born 1599, died 1658), in
allusion to his nasal enormity. Strange, indeed,
that he who had attained to the highest position in
the land by the sheer force of arms should have been
so continually taunted with the length and colour of
248 Names : and their Meaning.
his nose ! Yet so it was. Nevertheless, there have
been others whose peace of mind was daily threatened
by popular malice in this selfsame respect. Even
the great Roman poet Ovid suffered a lifelong
martyrdom, and became the recipient of the sobriquet
of Naso, owing to the possession of an unusually
large nose ; just as in modern times Wilson, the
painter, and Cervetto, the violincellist of Drury Lane
Theatre, never succeeded in putting their heads out
of their own doors without being greeted with shouts
of " Nosey! " from the mob.
The Duke of Cumberland (born 1721, died 1765)
rightly deserved the opprobrious surname of The
Bloody Butcher on account of his merciless
slaughter of the vanquished adherents of the Young
Pretender after the Battle of Culloden. The soldiers
of the Duke of Marlborough (born 1650, died 1722)
familiarly styled their leader Corporal John because
he had risen from the rank of Corporal ; while
General Bonaparte, afterwards Emperor of the
French (born 1769, died 1821), bore the name of
The Little Corporal, in allusion to his original
rank, his low stature, youthful appearance, and
extraordinary courage. As most readers are aware,
Wellington (born 1769, died 1852) earned the name
of The Iron Duke by his iron will and resolution ;
and Blucher (born 1742, died 1819) that of Marshal
Forward, by his dash and readiness to attack the
enemy in the campaign which terminated in the
Battle of Waterloo. Prince Bismarck, the late
Chancellor of the German Empire (born 1815) owed
Naval and Military Sobriquets. 249
his surname of The Iron Chancellor to his extra-
ordinary vigour and indomitable will. Helmuth,
Count von Moltke, Field-Marshal of the German
armies (born 1800, died 1891), was popularly surnamed
Helmuth the Taciturn, because though a master
of half a dozen languages, he was never known to
betray himself in one of them. The sobriquet
of Stonewall Jackson, possessed by Thomas
Jonathan Jackson, the Confederate General in the
American War of 1861 to 1865, originated with
General Lee, who, after rallying his troops at the
Battle of Bull Run, exclaimed, " There is Jackson,
standing like a stone wall ! " A less complimentary
sobriquet bestowed upon General Andrew Jackson,
President of the United States (born 1767, died
1845), by his own soldiers, was that of Old
Hickory, in allusion to his tough, unyielding dis-
position. The circumstance is thus commented
upon by Parton, the author of Jackson's Life, : —
" The name of Old Hickory was not an instantaneous
inspiration, but a growth. First of all, the remark
was made by some soldier, who was struck with his
commander's pedestrian powers, that the General
was tough. Next, it was observed that he was as
tough as hickory. Then he was called Hickory.
Lastly, the affectionate adjective * old ' was pre-
fixed, and the General thenceforth rejoiced in the
completed nickname, usually the first-won honour
of a great commander."
Of naval sobriquets we shall mention only three.
Commodore John Byron, the circumnavigator (born
250 Names: and their Meaning.
1723, died 1786), was popularly known as Foul
Weather Jack because, it was said, he never
enjoyed a fine passage throughout the whole of his
experience. Admiral Edward Vernon (born 1684,
died 1757), to whom reference is made in our article
on "Spirits," was called Old Grog, because he wore
a "Grogram" coat in "dirty weather" [see Grogram].
Admiral Sir Henry Digby received his well-known
sobriquet of The Silver Captain under the follow-
ing interesting circumstances : — On the October 14,
1799, when commanding the frigate Alcmene, on a
cruise off the Spanish coast, he shaped his course
for Cape St. Vincent, and was running to the south-
ward, in the latitude of Cape Finisterre. Twice
during the night he rang his bell to summon the
officer on the watch, and asked him if any person
had been in the cabin. " No, sir ; nobody," was the
answer. ** Very odd," rejoined Sir Henry. "Every
time I dropped asleep I heard somebody shouting in
my ear, * Digby ! Digby ! go to the northward ;
Digby! Digby! go to the northward! ' I shall cer-
tainly do so. Take another reef in your topsails,
haul your wind, tack every hour till daybreak, and
then call me." These orders were strictly carried
out, and the frigate was tacked at four, at five, at six,
and at seven o'clock. She had just come round for
the last time when the man at the masthead called
out, " Large ship on the weather-bow, sir ! " On
nearing her a musket was discharged to bring her to.
She was quickly boarded, when she proved to be a
Spanish vessel laden with dollars, in addition to a
Naval and Military Sobriquets. 251
large cargo of cochineal and spices. By this
capture therefore, the fortunate dreamer secured, as
his (Captain's) share of the prize-money, the sum of
^£"40,730 i8s. ; the lieutenants each £5,091 7s. 3d. ;
the warrant officers each £2,468 los. g|^d. ; the mid-
shipmen each £791 17s. o^d. ; and the seamen and
marines each £182 14s. gl^d. The captured treasure
was said to have been so weighty that sixty-three
artillery tumbrils had to be requisitioned for the pur-
pose of transporting it from the vessel to Plymouth
Citadel.
MONEY,
THE word Money owes its existence to
Moneta, one of the surnames of Juno, in
who se temple the first coinage of the Romans
took place. Mint claims the same etymology, being
a contraction of the Latin moneta, brought about
through the Anglo-Saxon mynet. By Sterling
Money is meant the standard coin of Great Britain,
and for this reason : — During the reign of King John
the merchants of the Hansa Towns, of which the
inhabitants were commonly described as Esterlings,
because they resided in the eastern portions of
Germany, having long been noted for the purity of
their coinage, the king invited a number of them
over to this country for the purpose of reforming
and perfecting our coinage. The invitation was
accepted ; and ever afterwards good English money
received the name of Esterling or sterling money.
A Guinea was an English gold piece first struck
in 1663 out of gold brought from the coast of Guinea,
West Africa. Its value has been subject to fluctua-
tions at different periods. Thus, in 1663 it was
worth 20s. ; in 1695, 30s.; in 1717, 21s.; in 1810,
22s. 6d. ; and in 1816, 26s. The coinage of guineas
Money. 253
was discontinued July i, 18 17. A Sovereign is so
called because when originally coined, during the
reign of Henry VI 1 1., it bore a representation of
that sovereign in his royal robes. A Crown-piece
when first introduced displayed a crown on its reverse
side. The Florin took its name from Florence, in
which city it was struck as long ago as the thirteenth
century. Its reverse side has always borne a repre-
sentation of a lily, emblematical of "The City of
Flowers." The term Shilling traces its origin in the
Anglo-Saxon sailing, the Icelandic skillinge, and the
Gothic skilliggs, in each case denoting the twentieth
part of a pound, as at present. A Penny, so called
from the Anglo-Saxon penig, and Danish pennig
(whence the modern German Pfennig has been
derived), originally denoted a copper coin of full
value ; a Halfpenny, the half of a penny ; and a
Farthing, a corruption of the Old English fourthling^
denotes a penny divided into four parts. We must
not omit to mention that in olden times only penny-
pieces were struck ; and these were deeply indented
in the form of a cross — exactly, in fact, after the
manner of our Good Friday buns ; so that when half-
pennies or farthings were required the pennies could
be broken into two or four portions without
difficulty.
Among coins other than those now current in this
country we may mention the Ducat, or Duke's
Money, specially struck for circulation in the Duchy
of Apulia in the year 1140, and which bore this
beautiful inscription : " Sit tibi Christi, datus, quern
254 Names : and their Meaning.
tu regis, iste ducatus " (" May this duchy which
You rule be devoted to You, O Christ ") ; and the
Noble, so called on account of the superiority of its
gold. During the reign of Henry III. this gold piece
found its way into England under the name of Rose-
Noble, owing to the impression of a rose on its
reverse side ; but in the reign of Henry VIH.,
simultaneous with the substitution of the figure of
St. George, it was designated a George-Noble.
The value of this coin at both periods was six-and-
eightpence. The current value of an Angel, so
styled from the angel on its reverse side, was, when
introduced in the reign of Henry VI., six-and-eight-
pence ; but at the accession of Elizabeth it had
increased to ten shillings.
The Thistle-crown of James VI. of Scotland
(James I. of England), value four shillings, was so
called because it had a rose on one side and a thistle
on the other; both surmounted by a crown. The
Scottish sovereign of this period was styled a
Jacobus, the Latinized form of the King's name.
After the union of the two countries it became, of
course, current in England also ; but in the two suc-
ceeding reigns it was denominated a Carolus, the
Latin for the name of Charles. A French gold
coin long current in Scotland was the Dolphin,
which derived its name from the fact of its intro-
duction by Charles V., who was also Dauphin of
Vienne. The French Louis d'or (a louis of gold)
was first struck in the reign of Louis XIII. ;
this was superseded by the Napoleon, during the
Money. 255
consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Franc
originally denoted the silver coin of the Franks.
The term Dollar is a British modification of the
German Thaler, an abbreviation of Joachim's-
Thaler ; by which was implied a piece of money
struck out of the silver discovered in the Thai, or
Valley, of St. Joachim, France, about the year 1518.
The silver drawn from this valley being of superior
quality, it was coined into ounce pieces, which
received the name of Joachims-Thalers ; but all
other ounce pieces subsequently struck from silver
obtained elsewhere were simply called Thalers.
The Kreuzer, now superseded, owed its name to the
cross on its reverse side.
Wood's Halfpence was the designation of an
inferior copper coinage circulated in Ireland by a
certain William Wood, under a patent granted to
him by George I. The withdrawal of the patent
was eventually procured owing to the denunciations
of Dean Swift in the mysterious "Drapier's Letters."
The legal tender notes of the United States are
commonly styled Greenbacks, from the colour of
the device imprinted on the back of them. Bank of
England notes formerly bore the name of Abraham
Newlands from the signature of the chief cashier.
By the term Bullion, remotely derived from the
Low Latin bulla, a seal, and, more directly, from the
Old French bullione, the Mint, is meant the stock of
the precious metals formed into bars and stored in the
strong rooms of the Bank of England in readiness for
coinage. Money vested in Government securities is
256 Names : and their Meaning.
known as Stock, or Government Stock, in allusion
to the origin of the term, viz., the Anglo-Saxon
stocc, a trunk, a stick ; because prior to the year 1782,
when the practice was abolished, the official acknow-
ledgment of money received on behalf of the Govern-
ment was written on both sides of a broad piece of
wood, which was then cut in two ; and the one por-
tion, called the Stock, was delivered to the person
lending the money, the Counterstock being retained
at the Tally Office. The instrument of reckoning
in this manner was styled the Tally, in accordance
with the French verb tailler, to cut ; while the cor-
respondence of the Stock and Counterstock, or, in
other words, the two portions of the Tally, furnished
the origin of the modern phrase ** to tally," as well
as the designation Tallyman, or a trader who lets
out goods, principally clothing, on the system of pay-
ment by weekly instalments. The word Consols is
a contraction of " Consolidated Annuities," or the
funded portion of the National Debt. The fund
which provides for the annual reduction of the latter
is styled the Sinking Fund. The French State
Loans known as Tontines perpetuate the name of
Lawrence Tonti, a Neapolitan protege of Cardinal
Mazarine, who projected the scheme in 1653. The
annual statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer
of the finances of this country is called the Budget,
agreeably to the French hoiigetta, a little bag ; because
formerly the various documents were presented to
Parliament in a leathern bag.
SPIRITS.
RUM is a native West Indian term for a spirit
distilled from cane-juice ; Whisky is an
English rendering of the Irish TJisque-
baugh, derived from the two Gaelic words iiisge,
water, and beatha, life ; Brandy is a corruption of
the Old English brandwine, literally burnt wine;
while Gin is short for Geneva, where this spirit was
first distilled. Hollands is the popular English
name for Dutch gin. Cognac, a French brandy of
the best quality, owes its designation to the town
of which it forms the staple industry ; and Nantes
to the port where it is shipped. Old Tom was
named after Tom Chamberlain, the senior partner
in Messrs. Hodges' well-known distillery.
The term Punch traces its origin to the Hindoo
pautsch, signifying five, because this favourite con-
coction originally consisted of five ingredients, viz.,
arrack, sugar, tea, lemons, and water; whereas
Toddy is a western corruption of taudi, the native
Hindoo name for palm-juice. The word Grog
perpetuates the memory of " Old Grog," the nick-
name of Admiral Edward Vernon, who first ordered
his sailors to dilute their rum with water [see Old
Grog].
t7
258 Na]iies : and their Meaning.
Scotch whisky is usually styled Mountain Dew,
from the fact that in former times it was often dis-
tilled in the mountains in order to escape the watch-
fulness of the excise officers. The superior Scotch
whisky known as Glenlivet derives its name from
the district in which it is distilled. The popular
LL Whisky originated under the following cir-
cumstances : When the Duke of Richmond was
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, he one day, in the year
1807, sent to various Dublin distilleries for samples
of their best whisky ; and preferring that furnished
by Messrs. Kinahan, his Grace ordered a large vat
in which this particular quality of the spirit was
kept to be reserved for his own use. Accordingly, the
letters " LL," signifying Lord Lieutenant, were
painted on the vat ; and ever since Messrs. Kina-
han's whisky of the same quality has borne the
name of " LL Whisky."
LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.
FLEET STREET received its name from the
Fleet, once a swift-flowing stream, now
converted into a sewer. Mitre Court,
Falcon Court, and Red Lion Court were desig-
nated after old taverns respectively bearing these
signs. Bolt Court was so called from the " Bolt-
in-Tun," an ancient coaching-house, transformed
into a railway goods receiving office standing on the
opposite side of the way. Johnson's Court did
not receive its title from Dr. Johnson, who lived in
it for some time, but from the owner of the property.
Wine Office Court originally contained an office
where wine licences were issued. Shoe Lane re-
ceived this designation from the traditional account
that when the Devil ran away with Lady Hatton
[see, Hatton Garden] he dropped one of her shoes
in Shoe Lane and her cloak in Cloak Lane,
near Cannon Street. St. Bride Street and Bride
Lane owe their names to the Church of St.
Bride close by. Salisbury Court occupies the
site of an ancient palace of the Bishops of Salis-
bury. Dorset Street and Dorset Buildings
carry us back in fancy to the Dorset Gardens
26o Names : and their Meaning.
Theatre, erected in the grounds attached to the
residence of the Earl of Dorset in the early days of
the Restoration. Whitefriars Street marks the
western boundary of the monastery of the Car-
melites, or White Friars, built in 1245. The whole
district of Whitefriars formerly comprised a Sanc-
tuary infested by debtors and lawbreakers ; on which
account it bore the name of Alsatia, in allusion to
the French province of Alsace, long notorious for its
intestine strife and political disaffection. Bridge
Street is a modem thoroughfare leading to Black-
friars Bridge and Blackfriars Road, so called
from the monastery of the Dominicans or Black
Friars established on the site of Printing House
Square and the Times office, about the year 1276.
Water Lane was originally a narrow lane winding
down to the Thames.
Ludgate Hill derived its name from the old
Lud Gate, built by King Lud in the year 66 B.C. on
the spot where the London, Chatham, and Dover
Railway now crosses this busy thoroughfare. The
gate was removed in 1760. La Belle Sauvage
Yard was formerly the coachyard of the celebrated
Inn of this name. The Old Bailey is a corruption
of Bail Hill, which contained the residence and court
of the Bail, or Bailiff, from very early times. The
Broadway was doubtless considered a fine thorough-
fare in the days when London streets generally
were so narrow that opposite neighbours could shake
hands out of their top-story windows. Friar
Street was designated after the Black Friars'
London Streets and Squares, 261
Monastery. Sermon Lane is a corruption of
" Shere-moniers' Lane," in which stood the ofBce of
the money-shearers or clippers at the time when
the Mint was in this neighbourhood. Paul's
Chain owed its name to a chain formerly drawn
across its northern extremity the while service was
held in St. Paul's. Old Change was originally
known as " The King's Exchange" on account of the
building where the bullion was stored convenient to
the Money-shearers' Office and the Mint. Pater-
noster Row received its name from the stationers
who sold religious texts, prayer-books, and rosary
beads, formerly called Paternosters in this street.
Ave Maria Lane, Creed Lane, and Amen Corner,
being of later date, their designation to complete
the religious metaphor was perhaps natural. War-
wick Lane stands on the site of a magnificent
palace owned by the Beauchamps, Earls of War-
wick. Ivy Lane contained the ivy-clad houses of
the prebendaries attached to St. Paul's Cathedral.
In Panyer Alley may be seen a curious stone let
into the wall of the middle house on the east side,
upon which are chiselled the rude figure of a boy
seated on a pannier or basket, and a distich remind-
ing the pedestrian that this is the highest ground in
the City. The alley was a standing-place for bakers
with their panniers at the time when a corn market
was held at the western extremity of Cheapside.
Cheapside properly denotes that side of the Cheap
where the rich goldsmiths had their shops. The
term cheap is Saxon for a market, derived from ceapan.
262 Names : and their Meaning.
to buy. The Old English spelling of the name of
this locality was Chepe. Ironmonger Lane was
the regular habitation of the artificers in iron in the
reign of Edward I. ; Bread Street of the bakers ;
and Friday Street of the fishmongers who supplied
the fast-day markets. Milk Street was the ancient
milk market. Gutter Lane is a corruption of
" Guthurun Lane," so called after a wealthy Danish
burgher. Foster Lane contains the Church of St.
Vedast (otherwise St. Foster), Bishop of Arras in
the French province of Artois, in the time of Clovis.
Wood Street was anciently inhabited by turners
and makers of wooden cups and dishes and mea-
sures. Lawrence Lane received its name from
the Church of St. Lawrence in Gresham Street,
which perpetuates the memory of Sir Thomas
Gresham, merchant and founder of the Royal
Exchange (born 15 19, died 1579), because Gresham
College, established by him in his own mansion,
on the site of the present Gresham House, Old
Broad Street, was removed here in 1843. Lad Lane,
now absorbed in Gresham Street, was a corrup-
tion of " Our Lady Lane," so called from a
statue of the Virgin. Aldermanbury was so
called from the original Guildhall that stood on its
east side. The approach to the present Guildhall
received the name of King Street in honour of
Henry IV., in whose reign the edifice was opened.
In Basinghall Street stood the mansion of
Solomon Basing, Lord Mayor in 12 16. Coleman
Street preserves the memory of the first builder
London Streets and Squares. 263
upon the land. The Old Jewry was the privileged
quarter of the Jews, whose first synagogue was
erected here in 1262. The Poultry comprised the
shops of the scorchers and stuffers, who afterwards
settled down in the Stocks Market (so called from
the old stocks for public offenders that stood there),
displaced by the building of the Mansion House in
1739. Bucklersbury was originally the property
of a wealthy grocer named Buckle who owned
a manor-house here ; the Anglo-Saxon word bury
being applicable either to a town or to an inhabited
enclosure. King William Street was named soon
after William IV. opened the present London
Bridge, on August i, 1831. Queen Victoria
Street was cut through in the reign of her present
Majesty.
Cannon Street is a corruption of Candlewick
Street, colloquially styled " Can'lwick Street," from
the candlemakers who congregated in it. Budge
Row received its name from the sellers of budge,
or lambskin-fur, which at one time was greatly used
as an ornamentation to their attire by scholars and
civic dignitaries. London Stone marked the centre
of the City during its occupation by the Romans in
the year 15 B.C. "Watling Street is a mispronuncia-
tion of "Vitellina strata," meaning the street of
Vitellius, who at the time it was constructed occupied
the Imperial throne. This was the great highway of
the Romans, running from Dover, through Canterbury
and London, direct to Cardigan in Wales. Walbrook,
formerly written ** Wall-brook," reminds us of the
264 Names : and their Meaning.
pleasant stream of clear water that once ran along
the west side of this street and emptied itself into
the Thames. Crooked Lane was so called from its
winding character. Swan Alley, in Upper Thames
Street, derived its title from an ancient mansion of
the Beauchamps whose crest was a swan. Boss
Alley calls attention to the fact that the executors
of Sir Richard Whittington erected a boss, or con-
duit, hereabouts in the long, long ago. College
Hill is all that remains to remind us of the College
of St. Spirit and St. Mary founded on its site by the
same generous Lord Ma3'or and benefactor of the
public. Fye Foot Lane is properly "five-foot
lane," the actual width of this thoroughfare at one
end ; while Duck's Foot Lane is a corruption of
"Duke's Foot Lane," signifying the private path
leading from the manor-house of the Dukes of
Suffolk in what is now Suffolk Lane down to the
water-side. Q,ueenhitlie was so called because the
tolls collected at this hithe, or wharf, were claimed
as pin-money by Eleanor, queen of Henry II.
Dowgate is a modern spelling of " Dwrgate " {dwr
being Celtic for water), where, in the absence of
bridges, the Romans had a ferry across the river
to the continuation of Watling Street towards
Dover. The Steelyard was the place where the
King's beam, or Steel yard, for weighing merchandise
was set up. Foreigners who landed goods here
were, between the thirteenth and fifteenth cen-
turies, known as The Steelyard Merchants.
Gracechurch Street, formerly corrupted into
London Streets and Squares. 265
*' Gracious Street," received its name from an old
church standing in a grass marlvet hereabouts.
Fenchurch Street recalls the church in the fens,
or marshy land, on the north bank of the Thames.
Eastcheap was the eastern cheap or market, as dis-
tinguished from Chepe or Cheapside. Mincing Lane
is a corruption of " Mynchen Lane," denoting the
tenements held by the minichery, a Saxon name for
a nunnery, of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Street.
Mark Lane was originally styled " Mart Lane,"
from a fair held here from the earliest times.
Blind Chapel Court, situated at the north-east
corner of Mark Lane, carries the imagination
back to " Blanch Appleton," the documentary
description of a white stone manor belonging to a
knight named Appleton, in the reign of Richard II.
In Hood Lane stood an ancient rood, or cross,
representing the dying Saviour. Seething Lane
is a corruption of Sidon Lane ; and Billiter Street
of Belzetti Street, commemorating the names of
the original owners of, and builders upon, the land.
The Minories marks the site of the Priory of the
MiNORESSES, or Nuns of St. Clare (the Order
founded in Italy by St. Clare in 1212) ; corresponding
to the Minims, or Lesser Friars, founded by St.
Francis de Paula in 1453. Crutched Friars was
the Priory of the Crutched, or Crossed, Friars of
the Holy Trinity [see Religious Orders]. Aldgate
received its name from the Aid Gate, the oldest of
the City gates, taken down in 1760. Aldgate Pump,
which stood beside the gate, still remains. George
266 Names : and their Meaning.
Yard was formerly the inn yard of " The George."
Duke's Place preserves the memory of Thomas
Howard, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded in 1572, who
had inherited the property of the Crutched Friars
by marriage.
Leadenhall Street derived its title from the
Leadenhall Market, a corruption of " Leather
Hall," the leather-sellers' market of olden times. St.
Mary-Axe owes its name to the Church of St. Mary-
Axe which stood in it [see the article " London
Churches and Buildings "]• Throgmorton
Street and Nicholas Lane were both named after
Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, a wealthy London
banker, and the head of an ancient Warwick-
shire family, said to have been poisoned by Robert
Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 1571. Thread-
needle Street is a corruption of " Three-Needle-
Street," so called from the arms of the Needle
Makers' Company. Bartholomew Lane was de-
signated after the Church of St. Bartholomew, at
the back of the Royal Exchange. Lothbury
was originally " Lattenbury," inhabited by the
workers in latten, a fine kind of brass or bronze, which
formed an important industry in the Middle Ages.
Cornhill was the ancient corn market. St.
Michael's Alley, where the first English coffee-
house was opened, took its name from the neigh-
bouring church. Finch Lane is properly ** Finke
Lane," in honour of Sir Robert Finke, who built the
Church of St. Bennet Finke, pulled down to enlarge
Gresham's Royal Exchange. Change Alley, a
London Streets and Squares. 267
contraction of *' Exchange Alley," was in the year
1720 the busy centre of the South Sea Bubble.
Birchin Lane is a corruption of " Birchover Lane,"
named after the builder.
Lombard Stireet constituted the colony of the
Jews of Lombardy sent over to England by Pope
Gregory IX. for the purpose of advancing money
to those who were unable to pay the taxes so
rigorously demanded throughout the country in
1229. Austin Friars contained the Priory of the
Austin, or Augustin Friars. Bishopsgate Street
was designated after the strong gate built by the
good Bishop Erkenwald, son of Offa, King of the
Saxons ; and repaired by Bishop William in the
reign of William I. Great St. Helen's comprises
the ground anciently held by the Nuns of the Order
of St. Helen. Devonshire Square, in this neigh-
bourhood, marks the situation of the mansion of
William Cavendish, second Earl of Devonshire, who
died under its roof in 1628. Artillery Lane stands
upon the old practising ground of the Tower
Gunners prior to the seventeenth century. Hounds-
ditch was the old ditch beyond the city wall,
anciently considered by the inhabitants to be the
proper depository for dead dogs. Bevis Marks is
a corruption of " Bury's Marks," where stood the
mansion and grounds of the Abbots of Bury.
Petticoat Lane, also known as Rag Fair, is the
central old clothes mart of the Jewish inhabitants of
the metropolis. Wormwood Street and Camo-
mile Street were so called on account of the herbs
268 Names : and their Meaning.
found growing among the Roman stones. London
Wall defines the ancient boundary of Roman
London. Barbican, a continuation of the old
Roman Wall, is an English form of the Saxon
burgh kennin, or postern tower. Here it was that
the Romans placed sentinels by night and day to
give notice of conflagrations in the City or of dangers
from outside quarters. In Great Winchester Street
stood the original Winchester House, built by
the first Marquis of Winchester. Old Broad Street
was in Elizabeth's reign the most fashionable
thoroughfare in London, containing the mansions of
the wealthiest city merchants. Moorgate Street
was so called from the gate that divided the City from
the moor, comprising the borough of Finsbury.
Beech Lane was designated after Nicholas de la
Beech, Lieutenant of the Tower during the reign
of Edward III. Cripplegate is the narrow
thoroughfare anciently graced (or disgraced) by a
stone gate which received its name from the beggars
and cripples who congregated around it. This
affection for the old gate on the part of the cripples
may be explained by the circumstance that the
neighbouring church was dedicated to St. Giles, the
patron of cripples. Whitecross Street and Red
Cross Street were respectively denominated from a
white and a red cross of stone, which defined the
boundaries of the land belonging to the Knights
Templars and the Knights Hospitallers. Play-
house Yard reminds us that the old " Fortune
Theatre " stood here. Jewin Street was for
London Streets and Squares. 269
centuries the only burying-ground permitted to the
Jews of London. Aldersgate Street took its name
from the old City gate, distinguished for several
alder-trees that grew beside it. In Bridgewater
Square stood the mansion, destroyed by fire in
1687, of the Egertons, Earls of Bridgewater. Bar-
tholomew Close marks the situation of the cloisters
of St. Bartholomew's Priory, of which the church
still remains. Cloth Fair comprised the ancient
rendezvous of the Flemish and Italian merchants
for the annual sale of cloths. This was the real
Fair, to which " Bartholomew Fair " was merely an
adjunct designed for the amusement of the populace
who came from all accessible parts of the country.
Duke Street and Little Britain were so called
because in olden times the Dukes of Brittany
resided here. Newgate Street received its name
from the latest of the City gates, which also lent its
title to the gloomy prison hard by. Bath Street
contained one of the Turkish Bagnios, or Baths,
introduced in London as early as the year 1679.
King Edward Street serves to remind us that the
neighbouring Grammar School known as Christ's
Hospital was established by Edward VI. Giltspur
Street, formerly styled Knightrider Street, was
so called from the Knights, distinguished by their
gilt spurs, who passed through it on their way to
the tournaments in Smithfield. Pie Corner, where
the great Fire of London ceased its ravages in 1666,
derived its name from an eating-house that rejoiced
in the sign of " The Magpie." Farringdon Street
270 Names : and their Meaning.
and Farringdon Boad perpetuate the memory of
William Farrindon, citizen and goldsmith, who pur-
chased the Aldermanry of the Ward still known by
his name for twenty marks in 1279, ^.nd became
Sheriff two years later. Saffron HiU owes its
designation to the rich crops of saffron that grew on
its site at the time when it formed the eastern por-
tion of the grounds attached to Ely House, the
London residence of the Bishops of Ely, which
stood on the spot now marked by Ely Place, and
bounded on the west by Hatton Garden ; so called
because, when the property became demised to the
Crown, it was presented by Queen Elizabeth to Sir
Christopher Hatton, who literally danced himself
into Her Majesty's favour. Snow Hill was formerly
described as ** Snore Hill," from the fact that the
stage-coach passengers intended for " The Saracen's
Head " were generally fast asleep when they arrived
at their destination.
Holborn is a contraction of " The Hollow Bourne,"
indicative of a stream in a hollow. In Domesday
Book the name appears as " Holebourne." Hol-
born Bars marks the City boundary on its western
side. Leather Lane was the recognized colony of
the leather-sellers. Fetter Lane is a perversion of
" Fewtor's Lane " — in other words, a lane infested
by vagabonds in the days when it led to some pleasure
gardens. The term was derived from the Norman-
French faitour, signifying an evil-doer. Brooke
Street (in which Chatterton, the boy-poet, ended his
life by poison), and Greville Street preserve the
London Streets and Squares. 271
name of Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, Councillor to
James I., whose house stood in the latter thorough-
fare. Gray's Inn Road forms the eastern boundary
of Gray's Inn. Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn,
facing Gray's Inn Road, received this title in honour
of Lord Bacon, who was created Baron Verulam and
Viscount St. Albans. Furnival Street, on the east
side of Holborn Bars, owes its name to Furnival's
Inn, which it faces. Until quite recently this street
was de-signated Castle Street, from the old " Castle
Inn," whose site it covers. The name of Dyers'
Buildings memorializes the one-time existence of
some almshouse erected hereabouts by the Dyers'
Company. Cursitor Street received its title from
the Cursitors' Office founded in this vicinity by the
father of the great Lord Bacon. The Cursitors were
those who issued writs in the name of the Court of
Chancery. The word cursitor is a corruption of
chorister. Anciently all the officers of the Court of
Chancery were divines ; and the Lord High Chan-
cellor himself was the Ecclesiastical Keeper of the
King's Conscience. Chancery Lane is a corruption
of " Chancellor's Lane," originally containing the
court and official residence of the Lord High Chan-
cellor. Southampton Buildings occupy the site
of Southampton House, which witnessed the death
of Thomas, the last Earl of Southampton, Lord
Treasurer of Charles II. Those sorry tenements,
Chichester Rents supply the place of the old town
mansion of the Bishops of Chichester. Lincoln's
Inn Fields are situated on the east side of the Inn,
272 Names : and their Meaning.
or mansion, of Henry de Lacey, Earl of Lincoln, in
the fourteenth century [see Inns of Court]. Sar-
dinia Street takes its name from the Sardinian
Chapel, the oldest Roman Catholic chapel in
London, dating back to the year 1648, and originally
the residence of the Sardinian ambassador. Great
Turnstile and Little Turnstile are pleasant-
sounding names, eminently suggestive of the rural
character of this neighbourhood in bygone days.
The turnstiles were set up to prevent sheep and
cattle from straying out of Lincoln's Inn Fields into
the public highway. Great Queen Street was so
called in compliment to Queen Elizabeth, in whose
reign it was first formed into a footway for pedes-
trians plodding westwards from Lincoln's Inn to-
wards the narrow path, anciently designated, as the
modern street still is, Long Acre. The word Acre,
derived from the Greek agros, Latin ager, and Anglo-
Saxon acer, means a ploughed or sown field.
Drury Lane derived its name from Drury House,
the town residence of Sir William Drury, K.G., one
of our most able commanders in quelling the wars
with Ireland. The house was situated where the
Olympic Theatre now stands. Denzil Street and
Holies Street were so designated by Gilbert, Earl
of Clare, whose house occupied the site of Clare
Market, in memory of his uncle Denzil, Lord
Holies, one of the five members of the House of
Commons whose persons Charles I. made an in-
effectual attempt to seize. Hart Street and White
Hart Street both owe their titles to " The White
London Streets and Squares. 273
Hart " Inn, demolished in the time of George I.
Catherine Street, Strand, and Portugal Street,
Lincoln's Inn Fields, were designated in honour of
Catherine of Braganza, queen of Charles II. Serle
Street received its name from Henry Serle, a
bencher of Lincoln's Inn, who left considerable
property in the parish of St. Clement-Danes when
he died in 1690. Wych Street was known in early
times as Aldwyche, denoting the road leading directly
from the Strand and the church just mentioned to
the " Old town," now known as Broad Street, St.
Giles's parish. Holywell Street took its title from
the Holy Well discovered on the eastern side of St.
Clement-Danes.
The Strand literally means the strand of the
Thames. At one time Somerset House and a few
other princely mansions only occupied its southern
side. Thanet Place, a secluded ctd de sac com-
prising ten houses, opposite the Law Courts, was
named after the Earl of Thanet, to whom, previous
to 1780, the property belonged. Palsgrave Place
was so called in compliment to the Palsgrave
Frederick, King of Bohemia, who married the
Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., in 1612.
Devereaux Court received its title from Essex
House, which also gave its name to Essex Street,
the residence of Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex,
the Parliamentary General. Milford Lane was in
olden times characterized by a rustic mill ; and the
lane itself led down to a ford across the river.
Arundel Street, Norfolk Street, Surrey Street,
iS
274 Names : and their Meaning.
and Howard Street, stand upon the site of the
town house and grounds of the Howards, Dukes of
Norfolk, and Earls of Arundel and Surrey. Savoy
Street leads to the Chapel Royal, the only remain-
ing portion of the ancient Savoy Palace [see Savoy
Chapel]. Wellington Street, constructed in
1829-30, was named to complete the compliment
partially bestowed upon the Duke of Wellington by
the designation of Waterloo Bridge, opened June
18, 1817, or two years after the famous victory.
Bow Street was so called on account of its bent
shape when it was first laid out to connect the
Strand with Oxford Street in 1637. Covent Gar-
den is a corruption of Convent Garden, or the
garden belonging to St. Paul's Convent. York
Street and James Street were both named in
honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II.
King Street, constructed in his reign, was desig-
nated after Charles I., and Henrietta Street after
his queen, Henrietta Maria. In Tavistock Street,
Russell Street, Bedford Street, and Southamp-
ton Street, we trace some of the family titles of one
of the ancestors of the present ground landlord,
viz., Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton,
Marquis of Tavistock, Duke of Bedford, whose
daughter is known in history as the celebrated
Rachel, the wife of Lord William Russell, the
patriot, beheaded in 1683. Southampton House, in
which Lady Russell was born, stood in the street
named after it. Bedfordbury originally denoted
the enclosed property of the Bedford family.
London Streets and Squares. 275
Maiden Lane was so styled on account of a statue
of the Virgin that stood at the corner of this
thoroughfare at the time when it skirted the south
wall of the Convent Garden. Chandos Street
received its name from James Bridges, Lord
Chandos, the ancestor of the " Princely Duke of
Chandos." Exeter Street marks the situation of
Exeter House and its grounds, the property of a
lineal descendant of the great Lord Burleigh, after
whom Burleigh Street was designated. Cecil
Street and Salisbury Street, on the opposite side
of the Strand, remind us that here stood Salisbury
House, the residence of Robert Cecil, first Earl of
Salisbury, one of the sons of Lord Burleigh just
alluded to.
Adelphi is the Greek word for brothers; This
collective title was chosen for the pleasantly situated
little district which comprises Adelphi Terrace,
Adam Street, John Street, Robert Street, and
James Street, the work of the brothers Adam,
after whose Christian names three of the streets were
designated. Similarly, George Street, ViUiers
Street, Duke Street, and Buckingham Street
preserve the memory of George Villiers, second
Duke of Buckingham, of whose mansion the old
gate built by Inigo Jones may still be seen.
Charing Cross is a perversion of *' Chere Reine
Cross," so named from the memorial cross erected
upon the spot where the body of Eleanor, the dear
queen of Edward I., was last set down while on its
way to Westminster Abbey. The present cross is
276 Names: and their Meaning.
merely a model of the original demolished by the
Puritans in 1647. Craven Street is the property
of Lord Craven. Northumberland Street and
Northumberland Avenue owe their names to
Northumberland House, the town mansion of the
Dukes of Northumberland, taken down in 1874.
Trafalgar Square received its title from the
Nelson Column, set up in 1843, two years before the
Square itself was completed. St. Martin's Lane
was named after the parish church of St. Martin's-
in-the-Fields. King "William Street was built
upon in the reign of William IV. The name of
Seven Dials arose from a column set up at the
diverging point of seven streets, and displaying as
many clock faces. Its object was to mark the limits
of St. Giles's and St. Martin's parishes. Cran-
bourne Street marks the course of a long, narrow
bourne, or stream, that formerly ran from Tyburn
by way of Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and
across Leicester Fields into Long Acre, and thence
emptied itself into the Thames at the bottom of
Milford Lane. The first portion of the name was in
allusion to the long, slender neck and legs of the
crane. Leicester Square (formerly demomin-
ated Leicester Fields) derived its name from
Leicester House, the noble mansion built on its
east side by Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, in
1636. On the site of Coventry Street stood the
mansion of Henry Coventr}', Secretary of State in
the reign of Charles II. Great Windmill Street
reminds us of the old windmill that stood hereabouts
London Streets and Squares. 277
a couple of centuries ago. It was not until January,
1831, that the hay market, properly so called, was
removed from the spacious thoroughfare still known
as the Haymarket. Jermyn Street was named
after Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, whose resi-
dence, St. Alban's House, stood on its north side.
In Arundel Street we have one of the family
titles of the ground landlord. Lord Arundel of
Wardour. Orange Street was designated in
honour of the Prince of Orange, afterwards William
III. Panton Street perpetuates the memory of
Colonel Thomas Panton, a notorious gamester,
whose daughter married into the Arundel family.
Suffolk Street marks the situation of the old town
mansion of the Earl of Suffolk.
Spring Gardens, during the days of the Stuarts,
contained an ingenious contrivance by which any
person stepping upon a hidden spring was suddenly
immersed in a shower of water. Pall Mall is a
modern spelling of paille inaille, the title of a French
game at ball, somewhat similar to our croquet, first
played in this thoroughfare — then open to St.
James's Park — about the year 1621. Carlton
House Terrace stands on the site of Carlton
House, the palace of Frederick, Prince of Wales,
the father of George III. King Street, St.
James's Street, and St. James's Square were
designated in honour of James I. Bury Street is
properly "Berry Street," after the name of its builder.
The Green Park deserves its title on account of
its verdure, so refreshing to the eye. Hyde Park
278 Names: and their Meaning.
anciently comprised the manor of Hyde held by the
Abbots of St. Peter's, Westminster, but claimed by the
Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. Hyde
Park Corner defines the position of the old toll-
gate at the western extremity of London. Rotten
Row is a corruption of route du roi, the French for
" route of the King," to the historic royal residence
at Kensington. Albert Gate, Queen's Gate, and
Prince's Gate are of modern date, named in honour
of the royal personages indicated. The Marble
Arch is an imposing structure of white marble
originally erected in front of Buckingham Palace in
1830, and removed to its present position in 1851.
Rutland Gate was designated after the mansion of
the Dukes of Rutland hard by. Cumberland Gate
and Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, were both
named after the Duke of Cumberland, brother to
George III. Grosvenor Gate, Grosvenor Street,
and Grosvenor Square preserve the memory of Sir
Richard Grosvenor, Grand Cup-bearer to George II.,
who died in 1732. The ancestral line of the Gros-
venors may be traced back to Le Gros Veneur, " the
chief hunter," to the Dukes of Normandy prior to
the Conquest. Stanhope Gate, Great Stanhope
Street, and Chesterfield Street received their
names from Chesterfield House, the residence oi
Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, of epistolary
fame. Park Lane was formerly a narrow lane
skirting the east side of the Park. Portugal
Street was named in honour of the queen of
Charles II. Chapel Street owes its designation to
London Streets and Squares. 279
its proximity to Grosvenor Chapel. Hamilton
Place perpetuates the name of Colonel James
Hamilton, Ranger of Hyde Park, and boon com-
panion of Charles H.
That fine thoroughfare known as Piccadilly was
designated after " Piccadilla Hall," its most westerly
building during the reign of Elizabeth, and utilized
as a depot for the sale of the then fashionable Picca-
dilly Lace, so called on account of its little spear-
like points, Piccadilly being the diminutive of pica, a
pike, a spear. In the succeeding reign of James I.,
the high ruff worn by males was styled a piccadilly,
though the lace had disappeared from its edge.
Curzon Street was named after George Augustus
Curzon, third Viscount Howe, the ground landlord.
Charles Street and Clueen Street were first built
upon in the reign of Charles XL, in honour of whom
and his queen they were designated. Shepherd
Street, Shepherd's Market, and Market Street
faithfully preserve the memory of the owner of the
land upon which the ancient " May Fair" was held.
Hay Hill, Hill Street, and Farm Street mark
the situation of an old farm that stood upon the
lands of John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, an able
officer in the army of Charles I., whose titles are
perpetuated in John Street, Berkeley Square,
Berkeley Street, and Stratton Street; while
Bruton Street refers to the family seat of the
Berkeleys, situated at Bruton, Somersetshire.
Mount Street marks the site of one of the western
forts or bastions hastily formed by the Parlia-
■zSo Names : and their Meaning.
mentarians in 1643 to resist an expected attack
upon the Metropolis from this side by the Royalists.
Clarges Street derived its name from the residence
of Sir Walter Clarges built in 1717, and afterwards
occupied by the Venetian Ambassador. In Half-
Moon Street stood an old tavern bearing the sign
of "The Half- Moon." Arlington Street and
Bennett Street were named after Henry Bennett,
Earl of Arlington, whose town house was situated
on the site of the former thoroughfare. Dover
Street was so called in memory of Henry Jermyn,
Lord Dover, who died in it in 1782. Albemarle
Street contained the residence of Christopher Monk,
second Duke of Albemarle, acquired from the Earls
of Clarendon. Old Bond Street, of which New
Bond street is a modern continuation, received its
name from the Bond family, now extinct. The land
upon which it stands was the property of Sir Thomas
Bond, Comptroller of the Household of Henrietta
Maria, queen of Charles I. Clifford Street pre-
serves the memory of Elizabeth Clifford, who
became the wife of Richard Boyle, Earl of Burling-
ton (died 1753), after whom Old Burlington Street,
and subsequently, New Burlington Street were de-
signated. In Cork Street resided Lord Cork, one
of the four brothers of the Boyle family advanced to
the peerage at the same time. Savile Row was
named after Dorothy Savile, who became Countess
of Burlington and Cork, and inherited the property.
Vigo Street commemorates the capture of Vigo, in
Spain, by the British on several occasions in the
London Streets and Squares. 281
course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The street dates back to the year 1720. SackviUe
Street, built in 1679, serves its purpose as per-
petuating the memory of the witty Charles Sack-
viUe, Earl of Dorset, whose friends were unwilling
that his fame should be allowed to die. Air Street,
Piccadilly Circus, was at the time of its erection
in the year 1659 one of the most westerly, and
consequently, open streets of the town. Swallow
Street is a corruption of " Slough Street," at one
time a miry thoroughfare much infested by footpads.
Vine Street recalls the ancient vineyard belonging
to the Abbey at Westminster, situated here.
Regent Street was named by John Nash, the
architect, after his royal patron, the Prince Regent.
It was commenced in 1813. Conduit Street re-
ceived its name from the conduit or spring-head set
up in the meadow formerly known as " Conduit
Mead," now swallowed up by Old Bond Street.
Maddox Street was built by one Maddox in 1720.
Brook Street reminds us of the pleasant stream
that wound its way from Tyburn down to Leicester
Fields, where it was designated the Cranbourne, and
ultimately spent itself in the Thames. Mill Street
affords us an additional memory of the rurality of
London in bygone times, George Street (also
St. George*s Church), Hanover Street, and
Hanover Square were designations in honour of
the Hanoverian succession in the person of George
I. Davies Street, connecting Berkeley Square
with Oxford Street, received its name in compliment
283 Names : and their Meaning.
to Miss Mary Davies, the heiress of Ebury Manor,
Belgravia, who carried that estate by her marriage
into the possession of the Grosvenors.
Crossing Regent Street, Argyll Street marks the
situation of the old town mansion of the Dukes
of Argyll. Marlborough Street, Great Marl-
borough Street, and Blenheim Street were so
called in honour of the Duke of Marlborough, the
victor of Blenheim. Wardour Street is in allusion
to the family seat of the ground landlord, Lord
Arundel of Wardour. Uassau Street was named
in compliment to the royal House of Nassau, from
which the Prince of Orange claimed his descent.
Golden Square is a corruption of Gelding Square,
derived from an adjacent inn sign, " The Gelding."
Shaftesbury Avenue is a modern thoroughfare
named after Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh Earl of
Shaftesbury, who performed the opening ceremony
but a short time before his death, which occurred in
1885. Windmill Street furnishes another plea-
sant reminder of green pastures and rural delights.
Old Compton Street was built in the reign of
Charles II. by Sir Francis Compton. New Comp-
ton Street and Dean Street derived their names
from Bishop Compton, Dean of the Chapel Royal,
Savoy, who originally possessed the living of St.
Anne's, Soho. Gerrard Street and Macclesfield
Street perpetuate the memory of Gerard, Earl of
Macclesfield, the owner of the site at the time when
buildings were first put up hereabouts in 1697.
Greek Street was so called from the Greek mer-
London Streets and Squares. 283
chants who colonized this neighbourhood, and for
vdiose spiritual benefit a Greek church was erected
hard by. Carlisle Street was designated after the
Howards, Earls of Carlisle, a branch of the ducal
house of Norfolk, whose family mansion stood on
the east side of what is now Soho Square about the
middle of the last century.
Hanway Street, situated on the north side of
Oxford Street, received its name from Jonas Hanway,
who was the first to carry an umbrella through the
London streets. This occurred in the year 1750.
Rathbone Place, a somewhat exclusive thorough-
fare, supporting its own police, was built by a Cap-
tain Rathbone in 1718. Newman Street and
Goodge Street retain the names of their speculative
builders. Castle Street took its title from an inn
sign at the corner of Oxford Market. Wells Street
is properly " Well Street," so called after Well in
Yorkshire, the seat of the Strangeways family, from
whom Lady Berners, the original ground landlady
of Berners Street, descended. In Foley Street
stood Foley House, the town- mansion of Lord Foley.
Charlotte Street received its name in honour of
the queen of George IH. Eolsover Street, Great
Titchfield Street, Titchfield Street, Grafton
Street, Cleveland Street, Fitzroy Square,
Euston Square, Euston Road, and Southamp-
ton Street, are all designated after family names of
the Fitzroys, Dukes of Grafton, Earls and Lords of
Southampton, the ground landlords. Euston is the
seat of the Earl of Euston, son of the Duke of
284 Nantes: and their Meaning.
Grafton and Marquis of Titchfield, situated at
Thetford, in the county of Norfolk; while Bolsover
is the Derbyshire seat of the Graftons. Tottenham
Court Road anciently comprised the manor of
Totten, or Totham, held by William de Tottenhall
in the reign of Henry III. In Elizabeth's time the
manor was described as "Tottenham Court." The
lease fell into the possession of Charles Fitzroy,
second Duke of Grafton, by right of his mother,
Lady Isabella Bennett, who inherited it.
Oxford Street, formerly styled Oxford Road,
Oxford Market, Mortimer Street, Harley Street,
Edward Street, and "Wigmore Street, derived
their names from Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford
and Mortimer, created Baron Harley of Wigmore
Castle in Herefordshire in 1717, the owner of the
estate. Cavendish Square, Old Cavendish
Street, New Cavendish Street, Holies Street,
and Henrietta Street, preserve the memory of
Henrietta Cavendish, wife of the second Lord
Harley, and only daughter and heiress of John
Holies, the last Duke of Newcastle, who by her
marriage carried all this property into the family of
the Harleys. Her daughter, Lady Margaret Caven-
dish, became in her turn the wife of William Ben-
tinck, second Duke of Portland ; in honour of which
connection there have been designated the various
thoroughfares known as Bentinck Street, Mar-
garet street, Duke Street, Duchess Street,
Portland Place, and Great Portland Street.
Welbeck Street was nrmed after Welbeck Abbey,
London Streets and Squares. 285
in Northamptonshire, the seat of the Portland
family; while Clipstone Street and Carburton
Street were respectively designated after villages,
the one in Nottinghamshire, the other in Northamp-
tonshire, included in the ducal estate. Wimpole
Street repeats the name of the seat of the Harleys
situated on the borders of Herefordshire and Cam-
bridgeshire, and purchased by Lord Chancellor
Hardwicke in the last century. Stratford Place
was built in 1775 by Edward Stratford, second Lord
Aldborough, on ground leased from the Corporation
of London for the purpose. The erection of Q,ueen
Anne Street dates from the reign indicated by its
name. Mansfield Street is all that is left to
remind us of the town residence of the Earl of
Mansfield. Langham Place and Langham Street
were named after Sir James Langham, whose
mansion and grounds occupied the site of the latter.
Vere Street recalls the existence of the De Veres,
who for centuries held the Earldom of Oxford pre-
vious to the Harleys. Duke Street, Manchester
Street, and Manchester Square, comprise the
property of the Duke of Manchester. Spanish
Place was originally so called from the residence of
the Spanish Ambassador during the last century.
Chandos Street derived its name from the mansion
built by James Bridges, Duke of Chandos. Hinde
Street perpetuates the memory of James Hinde,
a speculative builder and one of the lessees of
Marylebone Park more than a hundred years ago.
North Audley Street and South Audley Street
286 Names : and their Meaning.
point to the existence of Hugh Audley, a barrister
of the Middle Temple and owner of a landed estate
hereabouts worth a million of money ; which, at his
death, in 1662, fell to Sir William Davies, Lord Mayor
of London, the father of Miss Mary Davies already
alluded to in connection with Davies Street and
Ebury Manor, Belgravia.
Old Q,uebec Street commemorates the capture
of Quebec by General Wolfe in 1759, about which
period this street was first built upon. Seymour
Place and Upper Seymour Street were designated
after the Seymours, from whom the Portmans are
descended. Montague Street and Montague
Square were so called in compliment to Mrs.
Montague of Blue Stocking fame, who, on becoming
a widow, took up her residence in Portman Square
close by. Orchard Street was designated in allu-
sion to Orchard-Portman, one of the seats of the
Portmans, in Somersetshire. Portman Square,
Portman Street, Berkeley Place, Upper
Berkeley Street, Lower Berkeley Street,
Bryanstone Square, Bryanstone Street, Wynd-
ham Place, Wyndham Street, Blandford
Square, Blandford Street, Dorset Square, and
Dorset Street, all have reference to the titles and
estate of the sole landlord of this neighbourhood,
viz., Edward Berkeley Portman, Viscount Portman
of Bryanstone, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, many
years M.P. for Dorset, and some time M.P. for
Marylebone. Baker Street received its name in
compliment to Sir Edward Baker of Ranston, a
London Streets and Squares. 287
valued neighbour of the Portmans in Dorsetshire.
Harewood Square and Harewood Street mark
the position of the town mansion of the Earls of
Harewood. Lisson Grove stands on part of the
land formerly known as Lideston Green, reall}^ a cor-
ruption of Ossidton Green. Ossulton is the name of a
Hundred mentioned in Domesday Book, and pre-
served in Ossulton Square, close at hand, and also
in Ossulton Street, Euston Road.
Regent's Park was named in honour of the
Prince Regent, for whom it was originally intended
to build a palace on the ground now utilized as the
Botanic Gardens. Albany Street and Osnaburgh
Street perpetuate the memory of Frederick, second
son of George HI., nominally styled Prince-Bishop
of Osnaburgh in Hanover, and created Duke of
York and Albany, and Earl of Ulster. Cumber-
land Market, whither the hay-market was removed
from what still bears the description of the Hay-
market in 1831, received its name in honour of
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, one of the
sons of George HI., who subsequently became King
of Hanover. Munster Square was so called in
compliment to the eldest son of William IV., created
Earl of Munster. Park Street is the direct approach
from High Street, Camden Town, to the Regent's
Park. Brecknock Road, Brecknock Crescent,
Bayham Street, Pratt Street, Jeffreys Street,
Henry Street, Charles Street, Frederick Street,
Edward Street, William Street, and Robert
Street, repeat the titles, family and christian names
2S8 Names : and their Meaning.
occurring in the family of the Earl of Brecknock,
Marquis of Camden, the owner of the estate, who died
in 1840. Great College Street, College Place,
and College street, are situated within a stone's
throw of the Royal Veterinary College. Oakley
Square owes its title to Oakley House, near Bed-
ford ; and Ampthill Square to Ampthill Park, in
Bedfordshire, the names of two seats of the Bed-
fords ; while Harrington Square was denominated
after the Earl of Harrington, one of whose daughters
became the wife of the seventh Duke of Bedford.
Mornington Crescent and Mornington Place
were named in honour of the Earl of Mornington,
Governor-General of India, the brother of the Duke
of Wellington ; and Granby Street after John
Manners, the popular Marquis of Granby. Eden
Street covers the site of the old " Adam and Eve "
Tea Gardens. Skinner Street, Somers Town, was
built, and is still owned by, the Skinners' Company.
Pancras Road received its name from the parish
church of St. Pancras. Battle Bridge Eoad marks
the spot where the Romans defeated the Iceni,
under Queen Boadicea, in the year 61. York
B>oad owes its designation to the fact that the Great
Northern Railway was originally styled " The
London and York Railway." Caledonian E.oad,
which extends northwards to Caledonian Market,
was so called after the Royal Caledonian Asylum,
founded for Scottish orphans in 1831. Liverpool
Street and Sidmouth Street recall the names of
two popular Lords of the Ministry, at the accession
London Streets and Squares. 289
of George IV. Burton Crescent memorializes its
builder. Judd Street comprises the property be-
queathed by Sir Andrew Judd, Lord Mayor in 1551,
to the endowment of a school at Tunbridge, Kent,
his native place. Great Coram Street affords us a
pleasant reminder that the Foundling Hospital owes
its existence to the benevolence of Captain Thomas
Coram in the year 1739. Lamb's Conduit Street
preserves the name of William Lamb, a clothworker
to whose enterprise " a faire conduit and standard,"
constructed in 1577, was due. Harpur Street
received its title in honour of Sir William Harpur,
Lord Mayor in 1562, whose property hereabouts,
together with that now known as Bedford Row,
High Holborn, was devoted at his death to the
foundation of a school and other charitable purposes
at Bedford, his native place.
Southampton Row and Southampton Street,
Great Russell Street, Russell Square, Bedford
Square, Tavistock Square, and Tavistock Place,
were named after Thomas Wriothlesley, Earl of
Southampton, Marquis of Tavistock, and Duke of
Bedford, father of Rachel, who became the wife of
Lord William Russell, the patriot, already alluded to
in connection with Southampton Street, Strand.
Gordon Square perpetuates the memory of Lady
Georgina Gordon, daughter of Alexander, fourth
Duke of Gordon, and wife of John, sixth Duke of
Bedford, who had had for his first wife a daughter
of the noble house of Torrington, memorialized by
Torrington Square. Montague Street and Mon-
19
290 Names : and their Meaning.
tague Place occupy two sides of the site of Old
Montague House, the nucleus of the British
Museum. Brunswick Square and Mecklen-
burgh Square were built and designated at the
time when it was considered the correct thing to
honour the Hanoverian succession in every possible
way. Thurlow Place was named in compliment
to Lord Chancellor Thurlow, whose house was
situated in Great Ormond Street, so called after
the British general and duke of that title. Powis
Place covers the ground formerly occupied by Powis
House, the town mansion of William Herbert,
Marquis of Powis, whose father was outlawed by
James I. Bloomsbury Square is properly '* Lomes-
bury Square," marking the site of the manor-house
described in olden times as " Lomesbury Village."
Hart Street received its name from " The White
Hart " Inn ; and Red Lion Square and Red Lion
Street, from "The Red Lion," both hostelries of
some importance in the coaching days. Q,ueen's
Square was designated in honour of Queen Anne, in
whose reign it was laid out. Kingsgate Street
was so styled because the King used it on his way
to Newmarket ; while Theobalds Road led to
Theobalds, in Herefordshire, the favourite hunting
seat of James I.
Coldbath Square, Clerkenwell, marks the situa-
tion of the celebrated Cold Bath, fed by a spring dis-
covered by Mr. Baynes in 1697. The surrounding
district before it was built over formerly bore the
name of Coldbath Fields. Vinegar Yard is a
London Streets and Squares. 2gi
corruption of the vineyard anciently belonging to
the Priory of the Knights of St. John. Ray Street
preserves the memory of Miss Ray, the mistress of
Lord Sandwich, shot by her lover Hackman. Boso-
man Street was designated after the enterprising
Mr. Rosoman, who converted Sadler's Musick House
into a theatre in 1765. Aylesbury Street in olden
times skirted the wall of the garden attached to the
town mansion of the Earls of Aylesbury. Berkeley
Street derived its name from Berkeley House, the
residence of Sir Maurice Berkeley, standard-bearer
to Henry VHL, Edward VI., and Elizabeth. Albe-
marle Street was built during the period that wit-
nessed the popularity of General Monk, Duke of
Albemarle. In bygone times the whole of Clerken-
well received the opprobrious title of Hockley-in-
the-Hole, the name of a place in Bedfordshire
noted far and wide for its impassable and sloughy
character. Hockley is an Anglo-Saxon term, de-
noting a muddy field. Myddleton Square and
Myddleton Street perpetuate the memory of Sir
Hugh Myddleton, the founder of the New River
Waterworks, opened September 16, 1613. Penton-
ville Bead owes its title to the ville, or rural man-
sion, occupied by Henry Penton, Esq., Lord of the
Admiralty and M.P. for Winchester, on the spot
where Penton Street now stands. Mr. Penton died
in 1812. St. John Street Boad took its name from
the Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem,
of which St. John's Gate is an interesting relic.
Windmill Street marks the site of three large
^92 Names : and their Meaning.
windmills erected in Finsbury Fields, on the mound
formed by a thousand cartloads of human bones
deposited there from the Charnel House, St. Paul's,
by order of the Lord Protector Somerset, in 1549.
City Koad was the regular highway from the City
to the " Angel " at Islington, and thence to the north
of England, via Highbury and Highgate. Shep-
herdess Walk was originally a pleasant path
leading through the open fields direct from Finsbury
to St. Mary's parish church, Islington. Golden
Lane, St. Luke's, received its name from the num-
ber of goldsmiths who formerly made this neighbour-
hood their residence. In Curtain Koad, Shore-
ditch, stood the Curtain Theatre, opened in 1571,
so called because it was the first playhouse to make
use of a drop-curtain. Ben Jonson's " Every Man
in his Humour" was produced here in 1596. By
Norton Folgate is meant " the northern Falgate,"
the latter word being the old English description of
a four-barred gate. The Falgate is a common
inn sign in the rural districts. Holywell Lane,
near Shoreditch Church, was so called on account
of a miraculous well discovered here in ancient times.
In Nichols Square, Haggerstone, lived John
Nichols, the antiquary ; and in Sutton Place,
Hackney, Thomas Sutton, the founder of the
Charterhouse. Queen Elizabeth's "Walk, Stoke
Newington, marks the position of a house and
grounds occupied by the Earl of Leicester, and often
visited by Her Majesty. Fleetwood Road covers
the site of Fleetwood House, the residence of Charles
London Streets and Squares. 293
Fleetwood, the Parliamentary general, and Deputy-
Governor of Ireland.
Seven Sisters' Road, Holloway, received its
name from seven trees, said to have been planted
by seven sisters, near Tottenham, six of which grew
erect ; but the seventh presented a deformed appear-
ance, because the sister who had planted it was a
cripple. Archway Road, Highgate, is spanned by
the wonderful high arch completed in 1813. Flask
Walk, Hampstead, derived its name from " The
Flask," a picturesque old inn close by. Judges'
Walk, known also as King's Bench Avenue,
was originally so called from a colony of judges and
gownsmen of the City, who sought refuge here in
tents during the Great Plague in 1665. Fleet
Road, Haverstock Hill, affords us a pleasing re-
membrance of that little river, the Fleet, meandering
through the fields in this neighbourhood, and even-
tually behind the older houses, on its way towards
Battle Bridge, the City, and the Thames. Dale
Road preserves the memory of Canon Dale, poet,
and vicar of St. Pancras. Barrow Road and
Barrow Hill Place commemorate the site of a
battle between the Britons and Romans, and the
sepulchre of the slain. The spot was formerly de-
fined by a farmhouse that stood upon the actual
barrow known as " Barrow Hill." Abbey Road, St.
John's Wood, points to the existence of the ancient
Abbey of the Holy Virgins of St. John the Baptist
[see St. John's Wood). Desborough Place,
Harrow Road, received its name from Desborough
294
Names: and their Meaning
House, the site of which it adjoins, and where lived
John Dessborough (or Desbrowe), the brother-in-law
of Oliver Cromwell. Church Street, Paddington,
was so called from the parish church of St. Mary,
situated on the open space still known as Padding-
ton Green. Nottingham Place was designated
after the county in which the chief landed estates of
the Duke of Portland are situated; and Weymouth
Street, in compliment to Lord Weymouth, son-in-
law of the same nobleman. Paddington Street
was formerly a narrow lane leading northwards into
Paddington Fields.
Craven Hill Gardens and Craven Road, Bays-
water, occupy the site of the mansion and grounds
of the Lords Craven previous to the year 1700, when
they migrated to Craven House, Drury Lane.
Southwick Crescent and Southwick Place
received their names from Southwick Park, the seat
of the Thistlewayte family, formerly the joint lessees
of Paddington Manor. Orme Square perpetuates
the memory of Mr. Orme, a print-seller, of Bond
Street, who bought the ground and commenced the
building of the Square in question. Ladbroke
Grove and Ladbroke Square likewise bear the
name of the Ladbroke family, who built upon the
land leased to them for the purpose. Norland
Square, Notting Hill, covers the site of Norland
House, a small, wooded estate, owned by one of the
Drummonds, the bankers, of Charing Cross, in the
reign of William IV. Kensington Gore took its
name from Gore House, the residence of the
London Streets and Squares. 295
Countess of Blessington, long the central literary
and social attraction in the Metropolis. In Ennis-
more Place, the second title of the Earl of Lis-
towel, the ground landlord, is repeated. On part of
the site of Cromwell Road stood the house and
grounds owned by Richard Cromwell, the son of
Oliver Cromwell. Gloucester Road derived its
title from Oxford Lodge, the residence of the late
Duchess of Gloucester, in the immediate vicinity.
Campden Hill defines the estate belonging to
Campden House, still standing in Campden Square,
and originally occupied by Sir Baptist Hicks, who
built Hicks' Hall, Clerkenwell, in 161 2, afterwards
created Viscount Campden. "Warwick Road,
Warwick Gardens, Holland Road, and Earl's
Court Road are spacious modern thoroughfares,
designated after the Earls of Warwick, the original
owners of the estate known as Earl's Court, now in
the possession of the Holland family. Addison Road
reminds us that Joseph Addison, the poet, essayist,
and dramatist, married the Dowager Countess of
Warwick, and died in Holland House.
Cromwell Place, Putney, stands upon the site
of Mr. Champion's house, the lodging of General
Ireton, Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law, in 1646.
King's Road, Chelsea, was named in honour of
Charles II., who caused it to be made passable,
chiefly for the benefit of the frequenters of " The
World's End," then a popular house of entertain-
ment. Cheyne Row and Cheyne Walk per-
petuate the memory of Lord Cheyne, who held th^
296 Names : and their Meaning.
Manor of Chelsea inthe seventeenth century. Justice
Walk formerly contained the residence of a magis-
trate. Marlborough Square and Marlborough
E>oad derived their names from a neighbouring
tavern displaying the sign of " The Duke of Marl-
borough " ; and Keppel Street, from " The Admiral
Keppel," situated at the corner of Fulham Road.
Cadogan Street and Cadogan Square remind us
that the manor of Chelsea came into the possession
of the first Earl of Cadogan by right of his marriage
with the heiress of Sir Hans Sloane, after whom
Sloane Square, Sloane Street, and Hans Place
were named. Danvers Street was so called after
Sir John Danvers, who introduced the Italian style of
horticulture into England during the reign of Eliza-
beth. The street covers the site of Danvers House
in which he lived.
Grosvenor Place and Grosvenor Street re-
ceived their names from Sir Thomas Grosvenor, the
ancestor of the Duke of Westminster, the ground
landlord of the district collectively known as Bel-
gravia ; Eccleston Street and Eccleston Square
from Eccleston, in Cheshire, the county in which
the landed property of the Grosvenors chiefly lies ;
and Belgrave Square and Belgrave Street from
the Viscountcy of Belgravia, the second title of the
Duke of Westminster before he was raised to his
superior titles. Ebury Street and Ebury Square
mark the site of Ebury or Eabury Farm, an ancient
manor inherited by Miss Mary Davies, already
referred to when speaking of Davies Street, Oxfor4
London Streets and Squares. 297
Street, and carried into the family of the Grosvenors
by her marriage. Chester Square reproduces the
name of the city near which Eaton Hall, which
gives its title to Eaton Square, the principal seat
of the Duke of Westminster, is situated. Lupus
Street perpetuates a favourite christian name in
the Grosvenor family, retained in honour of Henry
Lupus, created Earl of Chester soon after the Con-
quest. St. George's Square was designated after
the adjacent church dedicated to St. George.
Lowndes Street, Lowndes Square, and Chesham
Street, Pimlico, are indebted for their title to
Lowndes of the Bury, near Chesham, Buckingham-
shire, the ground landlord, a descendant of William
Lowndes, secretary to the Treasury during the reign
of Queen Anne.
Vauxhall Bridge Eoad forms a connecting link
between Vauxhall Bridge and Victoria Street, a
gloomy modern thoroughfare named in honour of
our present sovereign. Birdcage Walk comprised
the place where the aviary of Charles H. was per-
manently located, under the superintendence of
Master Edward Storey, the royal keeper, whose
house covered the spot now styled Storey's Gate
in his memory. Q,ueen Anne's Gate derived its
name from Queen Anne's Square, in whose reign
this characteristic enclosure was built. York
Street was designated in honour of Frederick, Duke
of York, son of George HL, who lived in it for a
short time. Delahay Street compliments a family
of this name long resident in St. Margaret's parish.
298 Names : and their Meaning.
Rochester Row was denominated after the
Bishopric of Rochester, anciently combined with
the Deanery of Westminster, but separated in the
reign of George III. New Bridge Street leads to
the handsome bridge over the Thames, opened May
24, 1862. Cannon Row is properly " Canon Row,"
formerly the residence of the Canons of St. Stephen's
Chapel. King Street received its title because it
was the direct road between the Court and the
Abbey. Princes Street, a modern thoroughfare,
occupying the site of Old Westminster Mews, was
so called on account of its proximity to King Street.
Parker Street perpetuates the memory of Arch-
bishop Parker, one of the principal benefactors of
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. This street
was formerly known as Bennet Street, the old name
of the College. Great George Street covers the
ground originally occupied by the stable-yard of
" The George and the Dragon," a well-known
coaching house in bygone days. The name of Broad
Sanctuary, Westminster, reminds us of the protec-
tion which in olden times was afforded to criminals
of all degrees so long as they remained beneath the
shadow of a monastery or cathedral. Abingdon
Street contained the mansion of the Earls of Abing-
don. Holywell Street owes its title to the name of
an estate of the Grosvenors in Flintshire, whose town
residence was displaced by the formation of this
street. Barton Street and Cowley Street were
both built by Barton Booth, the actor; to the former
he gave his christian name, to the latter the name
London Streets and Squares. 299
of his favourite poet. Marsham Street, Earl
Street, and Romney Street comprise the property
of Charles Marsham, Earl of Romney; while Old
Pye Street and New Pye Street commemorate
the existence of Sir Robert Pye, who lived in the
more modern portion of this neighbourhood known
as The New "Way. Great Peter Street recalls
the fact that the Abbey of Westminster was dedi-
cated to St. Peter. Vine Street marks the situation
of the vineyard, and Orchard Street the orchard,
anciently possessed by the Abbots. Tothill Street
received its name from Tothill Fields, comprising
the old manor of Tothill, a corruption of Toothill,
or beacon hill ; toot being derived from the Welsh
imt, a rising. Horseferry Road needs no comment.
Millbank derived its name from an old mansion
belonging to the Grosvenor family, that stood on the
site of an old mill which alone graced this portion of
the Thames bank.
On the site of Carlisle Lane, Lambeth, stood
Carlisle House, the residence of the Bishops of
Rochester from the thirteenth century downwards.
Marlborough Road, Peckham, covers the ground
plot of a Marlborough House, the residence of John
Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. Hanover Street
was named in compliment to the accession of George
I. Basing Yard, at the rear of Hanover Street,
occupies the site of Basing House, well known
during the Restoration. Rye Lane leads to the
Rye, or Common. Friern Place and Friern Road
define the locality of Friern Manor ; while Lordship
300 Names : and their Meaning.
Lane owes its designation to the lordship of the
manor. Effra E>oad, Camberwell, marks the course
of the little river Effra, now hidden, like the Fleet,
from public view. Newington Butts denotes the
archery grounds, formerly situated in the new town
in the meadow. Holland Street, Southwark, pre-
serves the name, at least in part, of an old manor,
described as " Holland's Leaguer." Great Suflfolk
Street recalls the existence of Suffolk House, the
residence of George Brandon, Duke of Suffolk ;
Winchester Yard, of Winchester House, the habi-
tation of the Bishops of Winchester ; and Sumner
Street, of Dr. Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, one
of the last occupants of the house just referred to.
Mill Lane reminds us of an old windmill that stood
here in less prosaic times ; and Mint Street, of the
Mint established by Henry VIII. in Suffolk House,
when that property became demised to the Crown.
Stony Street and Stones End received their
names from the stony nature of the ground ; the
former having been the Roman continuation of
Watling Street, south of the Thames, in a direct
line to Dover. Bear Garden, situated at the
corner of Sumner Street, marks the exact position
of the old Paris Garden, a bear-baiting establish-
ment, opened by Robert de Paris in the time of
Richard I. Bankside, or the south strand of the
Thames, is historically interesting on account of its
theatrical associations.
Old Kent Road, which branches off at " The
Bricklayers' Arms" into Great Dover Street and
Kent Street, forms the great Kentish highway into
London Streets and Squares. 301
London. Thomas Street perpetuates the christian
name of the philanthropic founder of Guy's Hospital
hard by. Grange Road and Grange Walk occupy
the site of an old mansion known as " The Grange."
Spa Road derived its name from a spa, or mineral
well, discovered here in the long, long ago. Russell
Street preserves the memory of Richard Russell,
who, dying here in 1784, left the whole of his
estate to neighbouring charities. In Tooley Street
lived the three tailors who, according to tradition,
presented a petition to the House of Commons that
began with the words, " We, the people of England,
&c." During the Commonwealth this street
figured in documents as St. Tulie Street, but it is
properly designated St. Olaff Street, after the neigh-
bouring church dedicated to St. Olaff or Olave, the
Scandinavian hero-prince. Blue Anchor Road
and Blue Anchor Lane received their names from
"The Blue Anchor," an old tavern that stood in the
latter thoroughfare ; while Jamaica Road recalls
a similar establishment, formerly situated on the
site of Cherry Gardens, a popular place of resort
in bygone times, known as " The Jamaica," after
the West Indian Island whence rum was shipped
and disembarked on the exact spot where the penny
steamboats now land and take up their passengers at
Cherry Gardens Pier. Lastly, Evelyn Street,
Deptford, was designated in honour of the present
head of the Evelyn family, descendants of John
Evelyn, the diarist, viz., William J. Evelyn, of
Wotton, who built the adjacent Church of St. Luke,
in the year 1872.
INDEX,
Abbess, loi
Abbey, loo
Abbey Road, N.W., 293
Abbot, loi
Abigail, 229
Abingdon Street, S.W., 298
Abney House, 153
Abney Park, 153
Abraham Newlands, 255
Abyssinia, 36
Acre, 272
Acton, 157
Adamant, 244
Adamites, 69
Adam Street, W.C, 275
Addison of the North, The, 132
Addison Road, W., 295
Adelaide, The, 190
Adelaide Island, 54
Adelphi, 275
Adelphi Terrace, W.C, 275
Admirable Crichton, 198
Adonis, 119
Afghanistan, 36
Africa, 35
Agar Town, 154
Agate, 245
Agnostic, 62
Air Street, W., 281
Alabama, 47
Albany, The, 220
Albany Street, N.W., 2S7
Albemarle Street, W., 280
Albemarle Street, E.G., 291
Albert Bridge, 224
Albert Gate, S.W., 278
Albert Hall, 224
Albert Memorial, 224
Albert Palace, 224
Albigenses, 68
Aldermanbury, E.G., 262
Aldersgate Street, E.G., 269
Aldgate, E., 265
Ale, 241
Aleutian Islands, 54
Alexandra Palace, 224
Alfred the Great, 87
Algiers, 42
Allhallows Barking, Church of,
214
Allhallowes Day, 172
Alihallowe'en, 172
All Saints' Bay, 51
All Saints' Day, 171
All Souls' Day, 172
All the Nations, Battle of, 164
Almanac, 175
Almack's Assembly Rooms, 225
Almighty Nose, The, 247
Alpaca, 177
Alsatia, 260
Amen Gorner, E.G., 261
America, 35
American Indians, 35
Amethyst, 245
Ampthill Square, N.W., 2S8
Anabaptist, 75
Anacreon Moore, 131
Angel, 254
Angel, The, 81
Angelic Doctor, The, 197
Anglesea, 57, 137
Anglican Ghurch, 67
Angola, 176
Annunciation, Feast of the, 166
304
Index.
Antarctic Ocean, 49
Apocalypse, 126
Apocrypha, 125
Apollinarians, 66
Apostle of Temperance, The, 200
April, 59
Apsley House, 220
Aquarians, 66
Arabia, 36
Arbor Day, 174
Arcadian, 231
Archway Road, N., 293
Arctic Ocean, 48
Argentina, 43
Argyll Street, W., 2S2
Arians, 66
Aristocracy, iii
Arkansas, 47
Arlington Street, Vv'., 280
Arminians, 70
Arras, 180
Artemus Ward, 183
Artillery Lane, E.G., 267
Arundel Street, W.C, 273
Arundel Street, S.W., 277
Ascension Day, 171
Ascension Island, 56
Ascot Races, 210
Ash Wednesday, 168
Asia, 35
Asia Minor, 36
Assumption, Feast of the, 171
Aspasia, 119
Astoria, 48
Atheist, 61
Atlantic Ocean, 49
Atlas, 107
Audley Street, North, W., 285
Audley Street, South, W., 285
Augsburg Confession, The, 68
August, 57
Augustin Friars, loi
Austin Friars, E.G., 267
Australasia, 52
Australia, 52
Austria, 41
Authorized Version, The, 123
Ave Maria Lane, E.G., 261
Aylesbury Street, E.G., 291
B.
Bacchanals, The, 8;^
Bachelor, 231
Bachelor of Arts, 232
Badminton, 128
Baffin Land, 55
Bag o' Nails, The, 83
Baker Street, W. , 2S6
Balearic Islands, 56
Ball, 143
Ballad, 144
Ballet, 144
Hall's Pond, 153
Baltic Sea, 49
Baltimore, 46
Baltimore-bird, 99
Banker Poet, The, 131
Bankers' Clearing House, 227
Bankside, S.E., 300
Banks Land, 55
Banquetting Hall, Whitehall, 220
Bantam, 99
Baptists, 75
Barb, 99
Barbadoes, 55
Barbarians, 231
Barbarossa, 9 1
Barbaiy, 42
Barber, 231
Barber-Surgeons, 231
Barbican, E.G., 268
Baring Island, 54
Barley Mow, The, 84
Barnard's Inn, 20S
Barnsbury, 154
Barrow Hill Place, N.W., 293
Barrow Island, 54
Barrow Road, N.W., 293
Barrow's Strait, 51
Bartholomew Glose, E.G., 269
Bartholomew Fair, 269
Bartholomew Lane, E.G., 266
Barry Cornwall, 181
Barton Street, S.W., 298
Basilians, 103
Basinghall Street, E.G., 262
Basing Yard, S.E., 299
Bassano, II, 206
Index.
305
Bath chair, 189
Bath Street, E.G., 269
Battle Bridge Road, N.W., 2S8
Battle of all the Nations, 164
Battle of Spurs, 164
Battle of the Giants, 164
Battle of the Herrings, 163
Battle of the Spurs of Gold, 164
Battle of the Standard, 163
Battersea, 159
Bayeaux Tai^estry, 179
Bayham Street, N.W., 2S7
Baynard's Castle, 156
Bay of Biscay, 51
Bayswater, 156
Bayswater Fields, 156
Bear, The, 84
Bear and Ragged Staff, The, 78
Bear Garden, S.E., 300
Beau Brummell, 199
Beauchamp Tower, 215
Beauclerc, 88
Beau Fielding, 199
Beau Nash, 199
Beckenham, 161
Bedfordbury, W.C., 274
Bedford Row, W.C., 2S9
Bedfordshire, 136
Bedford Square, W.C., 2S9
Bedford Street, W.C., 274
Bedlam, 219
Beech Lane, E.G., 268
Beefeaters, 232
Beer, 241
Beer Bible, 124
Belgium, 40
Belgrave Square, S.W., 296
Belgrave Street, S.W., 296
Belgravia, 149
Bell, The, 84
Belleisle, 57
Bell the Cat, 246
Beloochistan, 36
Belvedere, The, 193
Benchers, 209
Benedictines, 102
Bennett Street, W., 280
Bentinck Street, W., 284
Berkeley Place, W., 286
Berkeley Square, W., 279
Berkeley Street, W., 279
Berkeley Street, E.G., 291
Berkshire, 135
Berlin Blue, 146
Bermondsey, 160
Bermuda Islands, 55
Bernardines, 103
Berners Street, W., 2S3
Bethlehem, 219
Bethlehem Hospital, 219
Bethlemites, 69
Bethnal Green, 152
Bcvis Marks, E.G., 267
Bible, 122
Bideford Postman, The, 131
Billingsgate, 217
Billiter Street, E.G., 265
Birchin Lane, E.G., 267
Birdcage Walk, S.W., 297
Birds of Paradise, 97
Bishops' Bible, 123
Bishopsgate Street, E.G., 267
Bishop's Wood, 155
Black Agnes, 195
Black Bear, The, 84
Blackbird, 97
Black Bull, The, 78
Black Cloaks, 114
Black Douglas, 246
Black Friars, loi
Blackfriars Bridge, 260
Blackfriars Road, S.E., 260
Blackguard, 237
Blackheath, 161
Black Jack, The, 85
Blackleg, 237
Black Posts, The, 189
Black Prince, Edward the, 88
Black Sea, 49
Blandford Square, N.W., 2S6
Blandford Street, N.W., 286
Blankets, 178
Blenheim Street, W. , 282
Blind Chapel Court, E.G., 265
Bloody Butcher, The, 248
Bloody Mary, 89
Bloody Tower, 215
Bloomsbury, 150
3o6
Index.
Bloomsljury Square, W.C, ago
Blue Anchor Lane, S. E., 301
Blue Anchor Road, S.E., 301
Blue-bird, 96
Blue Boar, The, 80
Blue Book, 106
Blue Coat School, 218
Blue Lion, The, 78
Blue Pig, The, 83
Blue Posts, The, 189
Blue Stocking, 229
Blue Stocking Club, 229
Bluff King Hal, 89
Boar's Head, The, 78
Boat-bill, 98
Bobbies, 232
Bock-bier, 243
Bohemia, 40
Bohemians, 233
Bolingbroke, 89
Bolivia, 43
Bolsover Street, W., 283
Bolt Court, E.C., 259
Bomba, 91
Bond Street, W., 280
Boniface, 230
Book, 106
Bookmaker, 237
Book of Deuteronomy, 125
Book of Exodus, 125
Book of Genesis, 125
Book of Leviticus, 125
Book of Numbers, 125
Bookseller, 107
Bookstall Smith, 203
Borneo, 53
Borough, 160
Boscobel, The, 85
Bosnia, 41
Bosphorus, 52
Boss Alley, E.C., 264
Botany Bay, 51
Bottle, The, 85
Bourbon Island, 53
Bow Church, 213
Bowling Green, The, 84
Bow Street, W.C, 274
Bow Street Runners, 232
Boxing Day, 168
Boycotters, 112
Boz, 182
Brahma-fowl, 99
Brahmins, 64
Brandy, 257
I'razil, 43
Bread Street, E.G., 262
Break, 139
Breakdown, 145
Brecknock, 137
Brecknock Crescent, N.W., 287
Brecknock Road, N.W., 287
Breeches Bible, 124
Brentford, 157
Bricklayers' Arms, The, 85
Bride Lane, E.G., 259
Bridewell, 216
Bridge Street, E.G., 260
Bridge Street, S.W., 29S
Bridgewater Square, E.G., 269
Bristol-board, 105
Bristol House, 223
Britain, 38
Britannia, 38
British Columbia, 45
l>ritish Matron, The, 94
Brittany, 40
Brixton, 162
Broad Church, 76
Broadcloth, 178
Broad Sanctuary, S.W., 298
Broadside, 107
Broad Street, E.G., 268
Broadway, E.G., 260
Brocade^ 177
Brocliure, 106
Brook Street, W., 281
Brooke Street, W.C, 270
Brother Jonathan, 93
Brougham, 138
Bruce Castle,' 221
Brunswick Black, 146
Brunswick Green, 146
Brunswick Square, W.C, 290
Brussels Lace, 180
Bruton Street, W. , 279
Bryanstone Square, W., 2S6
Index.
307
Bryanstone Street, W. , 286
Buckingham Palace, 219
Buckinghamshire, 135
Buckingham Street, W.C., 275
Bucklersbury, E.G., 263
Budge Row, E.G., 263
Budget, 256
Buddhists, 64
Buffet, 232
Bug Bible, 124
Buggy, 139
Bulgaria, 41
Bull and Gate, The, 85
Bull and Mouth, The, "83
Bullion, 255
Bully Ruffian, The, S3
Bunhill Fields, 151
Burglar, 238
Burgundy, 127
Burleigh Street, W.G., 275
Burlington House, 221
Burlington Street, W., 280
Burmah, 64
Burton Grescent, W.G., 2S9
Bury Street, S.W., 277
Buttercup, 120
" By Jingo ! " ri6
C.
Cab, 140
Gabbage-rose, 120
Cabinet Portrait, 185
Cabriolet, 140
Cadogan Square, S.W., 296
Cadogan, Street, S.W., 296
Gaels, 38
Caledonia, 38
Caledonian Market, 288
Caledonian Road, N., 288
Calendar, 175
Calico, 176
California, 45
Calvinists, 68
Gam, 136, 162
Camberwell, 162
Cambria, 39
Cambric, 176
Cambridge, 162
Cambridgeshire, 136
Camden Town, 155
Camellia, 119
Cameronians, 73
Camisards, 69
Camomile Street, E.G., 267
Campden Hill, W., 295
Campden Square, W., 295
Canada, 45
Canary, 99
Canary Islands, 56
Canary Wine, 128
Candia, 57
Candlemas Day, 166
Candlewick Street, E.G., 263
Canning, The, 85
Gannon Row, S.W., 298
Gannon Street, E.G., 263
Ganonbury, 153
Canterbury Arms, The, 193
Canterbury Music Hall, 193
Capability Brown, 205
Gape Colony, 43
Gape Horn, 43
Gapel Court, 226
Cape of Good Hope, 43
Cap-paper, 104
Capri, 56
Gaps, The, 113
Capuchin Friars, 102
Carat, 245
Carbonari, 1 14
Carburton Street, W., 2S5
Cardigan, 137
Cardinal, 147
Caribbean Sea, 49
Carlisle Lane, S.E., 298
Carlisle Street, W., 283
Carlton House Terrace, S.W., 277
Carmarthen, 137
Carmelites, loi
Carmine, 147
Carnarvon, 137
Carnation, 118, 147
Carolina, 46
Caroline Islands, 53
Carolus, 254
Carpentaria, Gitlf of, 51
Carpenter, 230
Carpenters' Arms, The, 82
3o8
Index.
Carte-de-Visite, 185
Carthusians, 102
Cartoon, 107
Cartridge-paper, 104
Cashmere, 176
Caspian Sea, 50
Cassius, 148
Castle, The, 84
Castle Street, W., 283
Castle Street, W.C, 271
Cat and Fiddle, The, 83
Cat and Wheel, The, 83
Cat ford, 161
Catherine Street, W.C, 273
Catherine Wheel, The, 83
Catholics, 66
Cavaliers, III
Cavendish Square, W., 284
Cavendish Street, W., 284
Cecil Street, W.C, 275
Celestial Empire, 37
Century White, 130
Ceylon, 53
Chaffinch, 98
Chalk Farm, 155
Champagne, 127
Chancery Lane, E.G., 271
Chandos House, 220
Chandos Street, W., 285
Chandos Street, W.C, 275
Change Alley, EC, 266
Chantilly Lace, 180
Chapel Street, W., 278
Chaperon, 228
Charing Cross, 275
Charlemagne, 91
Charles Martel, 246
Charles Street, W., 279
Charles Street, N.W., 2S7
Charlotte Street, W., 2S3
Chart, 106
Charterhouse, 218
Chartists, 117
Chartreuse, 102
Cheap Jack, 236
Cheapside, 261
Check, 179
Checkers, 179
Chelsea, 158
Chepe, 262
Chequers, The, 179
Cherry Gardens, S.E., 301
Cherry Gardens Pier, 301
Chesham Street, S.W., 297
Cheshire, 133
Chester, 133
Chesterfield House, 278
Chesterfield Street, W., 278
Chester Square, S.W., 297
Chevalier, in
Cheyne Row, S.W., 295
Cheyne Walk, S.W^, 295
Chicadee, 96
Chichester Rents, 271
Childermas Day, 167
Chili, 43
Chimney-swallow, 98
China, 36
Chinese Yellow, 146
Chintz, 177
C his wick, 158
Christians, 65
Christmas Box, 168
Christmas Day, 167
Christmas Dole, 168
Christmas Island, 52
Christmas-rose, 120
Christ's Hospital, 21S
Chrysanthemum, 121
Church of England, 67
Church Street, N.W., 294
Cinderella Dance, 143
Circassia, 37
Cistercians, 102
City Golgotha, The, 216
City Road, N., 292
Clare Market, W.C, 272
Clarence, 138
Claret, 128
Clarges Street, W., 280
Claude Lorraine, 206
Clearing House, 227
Clement's Inn, 208
Clerkenwell, 150
Cleveland Street, W., 2S3
Clifford's Inn, 208
Clifford Street, W., 2S0
Clipstone Street, W., 285
Index.
309
Cloak Lane, E.G., 259
Clock House, The, 223
Cloth Fair, E.C., 269
Clown Tavern, The, 192
Cluniacs, 102
Coach, 140
Coach and Horses, The, 83
Coachmakers' Arms, The, 82
Cobourg, 176
Cockney, 238
Cceur de Leon, 88
Cognac, 257
Colbertine, 180
Coldbath Fields, 290
Coldbath Square, E.C., 290
Coleman Street, E.C., 262
Colleen, 229
Colleen Bawn, 229
College Hill, E.G., 264
College of Arms, 218
College Place, N.W., 288
College Street, N.W., 288
Colony, Cape, 43
Colorado, 47
Columbia, 44, 45
Comb's Mass, 173
Compton Street, W., 282
Conduit Street, W., 281
Confederalists, 114
Confessor, 87
Conformists, 74
Congregationalists, 75
Congregational Memorial Hall, 217
Connecticut, 47
Consols, 256
Conqueror, The, 88
Conservative, no
Convent, 100
Conventional Friars, 102
Convolvulus, 120
Copenhagen Fields, 152
Copperheads, 1 16
Cordeliers, 102
Corduroy, 178
Cordovan, 230
Cord wain, 230
Cordwainer, 230
Cork Street, W., 2S0
Cornhill, 266
Corn -feds, 115
Corn Law Rhymer, The, 132
Cornwall, 135
Corporal John, 248
Corpus Christi, Feast of, 170
Corsica, 56
Coryphee, 144
Costa Rica, 44
Costermonger, 236
Country Dance, 143
Covenanters, Scottish, 73
Covent Garden, 274
Coventry Street, W., 276
Cowley Street, S.W., 298
Cowslip, 120
Cracknut Night, 172
Granbourne Street, W., 276
Crane's-bill, 118
Cranmer's Bible, 123
Craven Cottage, 223
Craven Hill Gardens, W., 295
Craven Road, W., 295
Craven Street, W.C, 276
Creed Lane, E.G., 261
Gremorne Gardens, 193
Cricketers' Arms, The, 85
Crimea, 37
Crimson, 147
Cripplegate, E.G., 268
Cromwell House, 222
Cromwell Place, S.W., 295
Cromwell Road, W., 295
Crooked Lane, E.G., 264
Crosby Hall, 217
Gross-bill, 98
Gross Keys, The, 81
Crown, The, 80
Crown and Anchor, The, 80
Grown and Sceptre, The, 80
Crown-paper, I04
Crown-piece, 253
Gruel, The, 91
Crusted Port, 129
Grutched Friars, loi
Grutched Friars, E.G.; 265
Crystal Palace, 224
Cuba, 55
310
Index,
Cuckoo, 96
Cumberland, 133
Cumberland Gate, W., 278
Cumberland Market, N.W., 287
Curlew, 96
Cursitor, 271
Cursitor Street, E.C., 271
Curtain Road, E.C., 292
Curzon Street, W., 279
Cyprus, 57, 127
Daffodil, 120
Daguerreotype, 185
Dahlia, 119
Daisy, 1 20
Dale Road, N.W., 293
Dalston, 152
Damask, 176
Damask-rose, 119
Damassin, 177
Dancing Chancellor, The, 203
Dandy, 233
Dane's Inn, 208
Danvers Street, S.W., 296
Dardanelles, 52
Davies Street, W., 281
"D.D. Cellars," Tiie, 205
Dead Sea, 49
Dean Street, W., 282
De Beauvoir Town, 152
December, 59
Defender of the Faith, 89
Deist, 61
Delahay Street, S.W., 297
Delaware, 48
Del Salviati, 206
Democrats, no
Denbigh, 137
Denmark, 40
Denzil Street, W.C, 272
Deptford, 160
Derby Races, 210
Derbyshire, 1 36
Desborough Place, W., 293
Desolation Island, 53
Deuteronomy, Book of, 125
Devereaux Court, W.C, 273
Devil, The, 191
Devonshire, 135
Devonshire House, 220
Devonshire Square, E.C., 267
Diamond, 244
Dimity, 176
Dirty Dick, 205
Dissenters, 74
Distaff's Day, 167
Diver, 98
Dizzy, 202
Doctors' Commons, 218
Dog and Duck, The, 84
Dog-cart, 138
Dog-rose, 119
Dollar, 255
Dolphin, 254
Dominica Island, 55
Dominicans, loi
Donatists, 66
Doncaster St. Leger, 210
Dorset Buildings, E.C., 259
Dorset Gardens Theatre, 259
Dorsetshire, 134
Dorset Square, N.W., 286
Dorset Street, E.C., 259
Dorset Street, N.W., 286
Douay Bible, 123
Douglas, Bell the Cat, 246
Dover House, 220
Dover Street, \V., 280
Dowager, 228
Dowgate, E.C., 264
Drury Lane, W.C, 272
Dry Wine, 129
Ducat, 253
Duchess Street, W., 284
Duck-bill, oS
Duck's Foot Lane, E.C., 264
Dudley Diamond, 245
Duenna, 228
Duke of Cambridge, The, 86
Duke of Connaught, The, 86
Duke of Edinburgh, The, 86
Duke's Place, E.G., 266
Duke Street, W., 278, 284, 285
Duke Street, E.G., 269
Duke Street, W.C., 275
Dulwich, 161
Dun, 235
Index.
3"
Duodecimo, 1 10
Durham, 133
Dutchman, 239
Dye, 146
Dyers' Buildings, E.G., 271
Eagle, The, 80
Earl of March, The, 80
Earl Street, S.W., 299
Earls' Court Road, W., 295
Earls' Court, 295
Eastcheap, E.G., 265
Easter, 169
Easter Island, 54
Eaton Square, S.W., 297
Ebury Square, S.W., 296
Ebury Street, S.W., 296
Eccleston Square, S.W., 296
Eccleston Street, S.W., 296
Ecuador, 44
Eden Street, N.W., 288
Edgar Atheling, 87
Edmonton, 153
Edmund Ironsides, 87
Edward Longshanks, 88
Edward Street, W., 284
Edward Street, N.W., 287
Edward the Black Prince, 88
Edward the Confessor, 87
Edward the Martyr, 87
Effra Road, S.E., 300
Egalite Philippe, 91
Egypt, 42
Egyptian Hall, 225
Elephant-paper, 104
Elephant and Castle, The, 188
Elia, 182
Eltham, 161
Ely Place, E.G., 270
Ember Days, 171
Ember Weeks, 171
Embroidery, 179
Emerald, 245
Emerald Green, 148
Emerald Isle, The, 39
Emergency Men, 112
England, 38
Engrosser, 230
Entire, 242
Ennismore Place, S.W., 295
Epiphany, Feast of the, 167
Epsom Races, 210
Erie, Lake, 48
Erskine House, 223
Essex, 134
Essex House, 223
Essex Street, W.C., 273
Ethelred the Unready, 87
Ethiopia, 36
Ettrick Shepherd, The, 131
Europe, 35
Euston Road, N.W., 283
Euston Square, W.G., 283
Evacuation Day, 174
Evelyn Street, S.E., 301
Exaltation of the Cross, Feast of,
171
Exchange, 226
Exeter 'Change, 225
Exeter Hall, 225
Exeter Street, W.C, 275
Exodus, Book of, 125
F.
Factory King, The, 199
Faith Healers, 72
Fair Helen, 194
Fair Maiden Lilliard, 195
Fair Maid of Kent, 194
Fair Rosamond, 194
Falcon Court, E.G., 259
Falernian Wine, 127
F'algate, The, 292
Farm Street, W., 279
I'arringdon Road, E.G., 270
F'arringdon Street, E.G., 269
Farthing, 253
I'\irthing Poet, The, 131
Father of Believers, The, 194
February, 59
Federals, 114
Fenchurch Street, E.G., 149, 265
Fenians, 1 12
Ferdinand Bomba, 91
Ferriertype, 185
312
Index.
Fetter Lane, E.G., 270
Fifth Monarchy Men, 71
Fighting Fitzgerald, 198
Finality John, 202
Finch, 96
Finch Lane, E.G., 266
Fingal's Gave, 112
Finland, 37
Finsbury, 149
Fire Worshippers, 64
Fitzroy Square, W. , 2S3
Flamingo, 97
Flask Walk, N.W., 293
Fleet Laiiie, E.G., 216
Fleet Prison, 216
Fleet River, 259
Fleet Road, N.W., 293
Fleet Street, E.G., 259
Fleetwood Road, N., 292
Flint, 137
Florence, 253
Florence Wine, 127
Florida, 46
Florin, 253
F. M. Allen, 182
Foley Street, W.,283
Folio, 105
Foolscap, 104
Fop, 233
Forest Hill, 161
Forefathers' Day, 174
Forget-me-not, 118
Formosa, 53
Foster Lane, E.G., 262
Foul-Weather Jack, 250
Four Hundred, The, 2^a
Fox in the Hole, The.'So
Franc, 255
France, 39
Franciscans, loi
Franconia, 39
Frankfort Black, 146
Frankincense, 40
Franks, 39
Frederick Barbarossa, 91
Frederick Street, N.W., 2S7
Free Ghurch of Scotland, 74
Freemasons' Arms, The, 82
Friar, loi
Friar Street, E.G., 260
Friar Tuck, 197
Friday, 60
Friday Street, E.G., 262
Friendly Islands, 52
Friern Place, S.E., 299
Friern Road, S.E., 299
Frieze, 176
Frognal, 155
Fuchsia, 119
Fulham, 159
Fulham Bridge, The, 191
Funeral, 140
Furnival's Inn, 208
Furnival Street, E.G., 271
Fustian, 178
Fye Foot Lane, E. G., 264
Gabrielites, 70
Gaels, 38
Gallican Ghurch, 67
Gamboge, 146
Garnet, 245
Garrotters, 233
Garter, The, 82
Gaul, 39
Gavotte, 142
Geneva Bible, 124
Genesis, Book of, 125
Gentleman Jack, 198
Gentleman Smith, 198
George, The, 81
George and Dragon, The, 81
George-Noble, 254
George Ranger, 205
George Sand, 183
George Street, W. , 281
George Street, W.G., 275
George Yard, E.G., 265
Georgia, 46
Geranium, 118
German Ocean, 49
Germany, 40
Gerrard Street, W., 2S2
Ghiliellines, 114
Giants, Battle of the, 164
Gibraltar, Straits of, 51
Index.
313
Gig, 139
Gildas the Wise, 130
Gillyflower, 120
Giltspur Street, E.G., 269
Gin, 257
Gingham, 177
Gipsies, 233
Girondists, 113
Glamorgan, 137
Glenlivet Whisky, 258
Gloucester Road, W., 295
Gloucestershire, 134
Globe, The, 84
Gnostics, 65
Goat and Compasses, The, 83
Gobelin Tapestry, 179
Gold Coast, 42
Golden Cross, The, Si
Golden Lane, E.G., 292
Golden Square, W., 282
Goldfinch, 96
Goldy locks, 121
Golgotha, 216
Good Friday, 169
Goodge Street, W., 2S3
Good Hope, Cape of, 43
Goodman's Fields, 151
Good Queen Bess, 90
Good Templars, 234
Goodwood Races, 210
Gordon Square, W.C, 2S9
Gospellers, 68
Gospel Oak, 155
Gothland, 57
Government Stock, 256
Gracechurch Street, E.G., 264
Grafton Street, W. , 283
Granby Street, N.W\, 288
Grand Old Man, The, 202
Grange Road, S.E., 301
Grange Walk, S.E., 301
Grapes, The, 84
Grass-cloth, 178
Grass Widow, 228
Gray's Inn, 208
Gray's Inn Road, W.C, 271
Great Bear Lake, 48
Great Bible, 123
Great College Street, N.W., 28S
Great Coram Street, W.C, 2S9
Great Dover Street, S.E., 300
Great George Street, S.W., 298
Great Marlborough Street, W., 282
Great Ormond Street, W.C, 290
Great Peter Street, S.W., 299
Great Portland Street, W., 284
Great Queen Street, W.C, 272
Great Russell Street, W.C, 289
Great St. Helen's, E.G., 267
Great Salt Lake, 48
Great Stanhope Street, W,, 278
Great Suffolk Street, S.E., 300
Great Titchfield Street, W., 283
Great Turnstile, W.C, 272
Great Winchester Street, E.G., 269
Great Windmill Street, W., 276
Greece, 41
Greek Church, 66
Greek Street, W., 282
Green, 239
Greenbacks, 255
Green Dragon, The, 81
Greenfinch, 96
Greengrocer, 230
Cheennorn, 239
Greenland, 45
Green Lanes, 153
Greenlet, 96
Green Man, The, 77
Green Man and Still, The, 77
Green Park, 277
Green Sea, 49
Greenwich, 161
Gresham College, 262
Gresham House, 262
Gresham Street, E.G., 262
Greville Street, E.G., 270
Grey Friars, loi
Greyhound, The, 80
Grisette, 229
Grizzly Bear, The, 84
Grocer, 230
Grog, 257
Grogram, 178
Grosvenor Gate, W., 278
Grosvenor Place, S.W., 296
Grosvenor Square, W., 278
Grosvenor Street, W., 27S
314 Index.
Grosvenor Street, S.W., 296
Grouse Day, 174
Guild, 218
Guildhall, 218
Guelphs, 114
Guinea, 42
Guinea-fowl, 99
Guinea-piece, 252
Gulf of Carpentaria, 51
Gulf of St. Lawrence, 51
Gulf Stream, 50
Gunnersbury, 157
Gutter Lane, E.G., 262
Guy Fawkes Day, 173
Guy's Hospital, 219
H.
Haberdasher, 230
Hackney, 152
Hackney-coach, 140
Haggerstone, 152
Half-and-Half, 241
Half-Moon, The, 81
Half-Moon Street, W., 280
Halfpenny, 253
Hallelujah Victory, The, 163
Hamburg Lake, 146
Hamilton Place, W., 279
Hammer and Scourge of England,
246
Hammer-cloth, 141
Hammersmith, 158
Hampshire, 134
Hampstead, 155
Hand-paper, 104
Handsel Monday, 167
Hangbird, 97
Hanover, The, 85
Hanover Island, 54
Hanover Square, W., 281
Hanover Street, W., 281
Hanover Street, S.E., 299
Hansards, 106
Hansom Cab, 140
Hans Place, S.W., 296
Hants, 134
Hanway Street, W. , 2S3
Hare and Hounds, The, So
Harefoot, 87
Harewood Square, N.W., 287
Harewood Street, N.W., 287
Harley Street, W., 284
Harold Harefoot, 87
Harpur Street, W.C, 289
Harrington Square, N.W., 288
Hart Street, W.C, 272, 290
Hats, The, 113
Hatton Garden, W.C, 270
Hawker, 236
Hawthorn, 120
Hay Hill, W., 279
Haymarket, S.W., 277
Hayti, 55
Hearse, 140
Heaven-sent Minister, The, 20a
"He" Bible, 124
Hebrides, 57
Heligoland, 57
Heliotrope, 121
lielmuth the Taciturn, 249
Henrietta Street, W., 284
Henrietta Street, W.C, 274
Henry Beauclerc, 88
Henry Bolingbroke, 89
Henry Street, N.W., 287
Heralds' College, 218
Hereford, 135
Herrings, Battle of the, 163
Hertfordshire, 135
Hickory, 249
Hicks' Hall, 295
Highbury, 154
Highbury Barn, 193
High Church, 76
Ilighgate, 155
Hill Street, W., 279
Hinde Street, W., 285
Hindustan, 36
Hippocras, 128
Hispania, 41
Hock, 127
Hockley, 291
Hockley-in-the-Hole, 291
Hog Lane, N., 152
Hog's-back, N., 153
Holborn, 270
Holborn Bars, 270
Index.
315
Holiday, 175
Holland, 40
Holland-cloth, 176
Holland House, 224
Holland Road, W., 295
Holland Street, S.E., 300
Hollands, 257
Holies Street. W., 284
Holies Street, W.C, 272
Hollo way, 154
Hollyhock, 120
Holly Village, 155
Holy Cross Day, 171
Holy Land, 36
Holy Maid of Kent, 195
Holy Rood Day, 171
Holy Saturday, 169
Holy Thursday, 169
Holy Week, 169
Holywell Lane, E.C., 292
Holywell Street, S.W., 298
Holywell Street, W.C, 273
Honduras, 44
Honiton Lace, 180
Honor Oak, 161
Hopkinsians, 73
Horn, Cape, 43
Horn-bill, 98
Hornpipe, 144
Horseferry Road, S.W., 299
Hornsey, 153
Horse Guards, 220
Horse Latitudes, 50
Horse Shoe, The, 188
Horselydown, 160
Hospice, 219
Hospital, 218
Hospitality, 219
Hostelry, 77, 230
Hotel, 77
Hotspur, 247
Houndsditch, E.C., 267
Howard Street, W.C, 274
Hoxton, 152
Hudson's Bay, 50
Hudson's Strait, 50
Huguenots, 68
Humanitarians, 72
Humbug, 239
Humming-bird, 96
Hummuns' Hotel, 192
Hungary, 40
Huns, 40
Huntingdonshire, 136
liurdle Race, 210
Huron, Lake, 48
Hurons, 48
Hussites, 69
Hyacinth, 119
Hyde Park, 277
Hyde Park Corner, 278
Iberia, 41
Iceland, 57
Idol, 63
Idolater, 63
II Bassano, 206
II Furioso, 206
Illinois, 47
H Perugino, 206
Independence Day, 174
Independents, 75
India, 36
Indiana, 47
Indian Ocean, 49
Indians, American, 35
India-paper, 104
Indigo, 146
Indus, 36
Infant Roscius, The, 201
Inn, 77, 208
Innocents' Day, 167
Inns of Court, 208
Iowa, 48
Ireland, 38
Ireton House, 222
Irish Invincibles, 1 12
Irish Sea, 49
Iron Chancellor, The, 249
Iron Devil, The, 83
Iron Duke, The, 248
Ironmonger Lane, E.G., 262
Ironsides, 247
Irvingites, 72
Isabel, 148
Isis, 149
3i6
Index.
Islam, 65
Island of Desolation, 53
Isle of Bourbon, 53
Isle of Dogs, 161
Isle of Man, 57
Isle of St. Helena, 56
Isle of Trinidad, 55
Isle of Wight, 57
Isleworth, 157
Islington, 154
Italy, 41
Ivan the Terrible, 91
Ivory Black, 148
Ivy Lane, E.G., 261
J.
Jacket, 85
Jack Ketch, 238
Jack Straw's Castle, 190
Jack Tar, 234
Jacobins, loi
Jacobite, The, 85
Jacobites, ill
Jacobus, 254
"Jamaica, 55
Jamaica Road, S.E., 301
James' Bay, 50
James' Street, W.C, 274, 275
Jansenists, 70
January, 59
lapan, 53
Jaunting Car, 138
Java, 53
Jay, 96
Jeffreys Street, N.W., 2S7
jehu, 235
Jermyn Street, W., 277
Jerry Builder, 235
Jersey, 257
Jersey Lily, The, 196
Jesuits, 70, 103
Tewin Street, E.C., 286
jig, 145
Jingo, 117
Jingoes, 1 17
Jingo Party, 1 17
Joachim's Thaler, 255
Johannisberg, 127
John Bull, 94
John Chinaman, 94
John Lackland, 88
John of Gaunt, 89
Johnson's Court, E.G., 259
John Street, W., 279
John Street, W.C., 275
Joiner, 230
Journeyman, 235
Juan Fernandez, 54
Jubilee Plunger, The, 205
Judaism, 63
Judd Street, W.C., 289
Judges' Walk, N.W., 293
Juggler, 237
June, 59
July, 59
Justice Walk, S.W., 296
Jutland, 40
K.
Kaffraria, 36
Kansas, 47
Kennington, 162
Kensington, 158
Kensington Gore, S.W., 294
Kent, 134
Kentish Town, 155
Kent Street, S.E., 300
Kentucky, 47
Keppell Street, S.W., 296
Kersey, 177
Kew, 157
Keystone State, The, 46
Kilburn, 156
King Edward Street, E.G., 269
Kingfisher, 97
King James's Bible, 123
King Maker, The, 247
King of Bath, The, 199
King's Arms, The, 82
King's Bench Avenue, N.W., 293
Kmg's Cross, 154
Kingsgate Street, W.C., 290
King's Head, The, 86
Kingsland, 153
King's Road, S.W., 295
Kingston, 158
King Street, S.W., 277, 298
Index.
317
King Street, W.C., 274
King Street, E.G., 262
King William Street, W.C, 276
King William Street, E.G., 263
Kit-Kat Ganvas, 185
Kit-Kat Club, 185
Kit-Kat Portrait, 185
Knickerbocker, 182
Knife-board, 140
Knight of the Swan, The, 81
Knightrider Street, E.G., 269
Knightsbridge, 150
Know-Nothings, 116
Kohinoor Diamond, 244
Koordistan, 36
Koran, 65
Krems White, 146
Kreutzcr, 255
Kurdestan, 36
Labadists, 70
La Belle Sauvage Inn, 187
La Belle Sauvage Yard, E.G., 260
Labrador, 45
Lace, 180
Lackland, 88
Ladbroke Grove, W., 294
Ladbroke Square, W., 294
Lad Lane, E.G., 262
Ladrone Islands, 54
Lady Day, 166
Lady Freemason, The, 196
Lager-bier, 243
Lake Erie, 48
Lake Huron, 48
Lake Michigan, 48
Lake Ontario, 48
Lake Superior, 48
Lake Winnipeg, 48
Lambeth, 160
Lamb's Gonduit Street, W.G., 289
Lammas Day, 166
Lammastide, 165
Lamp Black, 14S
Lancashire, 133
Lancaster, 133
Lancers, 142
Landau, 138
Langham Place, W., 285
Langham Street, W., 285
Lapwing, 97
Latin Vulgate, 123
Latitudinarianism, 76
Lauderdale House, 222
Laughing Philosopher, The, 196
Lavender, 119
Lawn, 177
Lawrence Lane, E.G., 262
Lazar-house, 219
Lazzari, 114
Lazzaroni, 1 14
Leadenhall Market, 266
Leadenhall Street, E.G., 266
Leaf, 106
League of the Gross, 234
Leather Lane, E.G., 270
Leek, The, 80
Leg and Star, The, 82
Leicester Fields, 276
Leicestershire, 133
Leicester Square, W., 276
Lent, 168
Levellers, no
Leviticus, Book of, 125
Lewisham, i6l
Liberal, no
Liberator, The, 207
Libertines, 69
Library, 106
Liguorians, 103
Lilac, 119
Lilliard's Edge, 195
Lincoln, 134
Lincoln House, 222
Lincoln's Inn, 208
Lincoln's Inn P'ields, 271
Linen, 177
Lion, The, 78
Lion and Key, The, 83
Lisle Lace, iSo
Lisson Grove, N.W., 287
Little Britain, E.G., 269
Little Gorporal, The, 248
Little John, 197
Little Turnstile, W.G., 272
Liverpool Landseer, The, 207
Liverpool Street, W.G., 288
3i8
Lloyd's Rooms, 226
LL. Whisky, 258
Lollards, 68
Lombard Street, E.G., 267
London, 149
London Bridge, 216
London Stone, 263
London Wall, E.G., 268
Long Acre, W.G., 272
Long Friday, 169
Long Island, 55
Long Peter, 205
Longshanks, 88
Longshoreman, 235
Lord Protector, The, 90
Lord's Cricket Ground, 225
Lordship Lane, S.E., 299
Lo Spagnoletto, 206
Lothbury, E.G., 267
Louis d'or, 254
Louisiana, 46
Love Birds, 97
Low Ghurch, 76
Lower Berkeley Street, W., 286
Lowndes Square, S.W., 297
Lowndes Street, S.W., 297
Low Sunday, 170
Luciferians, 66
Ludgate Hill, E.G., 260
Lunatic, 239
Lupus Street, S.W., 297
Lutheran Ghurch, 67
Lutherans, 68
Lyre-bird, 97
M.
Macaronies, 233
Macedonians, 66
Macclesfield Street, W., 282
Macmillanites, 74
Madagascar, 53
Madame Tussaud's, 225
Mad Gavalier, The, 247
Madeira, 56
Madeira Wine, 128
Maddox Street, W., 281
Mad Poet, The, 131
Magdalen Hospital, 219
Magdalen Smith, 206
Index.
Magenta, 148
Mahommedans, 64
Maida Vale, 156
Maiden Lane, W.G., 275
Maid Marian, 142
Maid of Orleans, 195
Maid of Saragossa, 196
Maine, 46
Majorca, 56
Malaga, 127
Malmsey, 128
Malta, 57
Malvasia, 128
Manchester Square, W., 285
Manchester Street, W., 285
Manitoba, 45
Manlius Torquatus, 246
Man of Ross, The, 200
Man of Straw, 235
Manstield Street, W., 285
Mansion House, The, 227
Map, 106
Marble Arch, 278
March, 59
Margaret Street, W., 284
Marigold, 121
Market Street, W., 279
Mark Lane, E.G., 265
Mark Twain, 183
Marlborough House, 220
Marlborough Road, S.W., 296
Marlborough Road, S.E., 299
Marlborough Square, S.W., 296
Marlborough Street, W., 282
Marmora, Sea of, 50
Marquis of Granby, The, 85
Marshal Forward, 248
Marshalsea Prison, 216
Marsham Street, S.W., 299
Martel, 246
Martin, 98
Martinmas Day, 166
Martlemas Day, 166
Martyr, 87
Maryland, 47
Marylebone, 156
Masaccio, 206
Masher, 233
Massachusetts, 47
Index.
319
Master of Arts, 232
Materialism, 62
Mattan Diamond, 244
Maunday Thursday, 169
Mauritius, 53
May 59
Mayfair, 150
Mayflower, 120
Mazarin Bible, 124
Mazarine, 147
Maz.ourka, 143
Mecklenburg Square, W.C., 290
Mediterranean Sea, 49
Memorial Hall, Congregational, 217
Memory-Corner Thompson, 204
Memory Wood fall, 204
Mentor, 231
Merino, 177
Merioneth, 137
Merry Andrew, 236
Merry Monarch, The, 90
Methodists, 75
Mexico, 45
Michaelmas Day, 166
Michigan, 47
Michigan, Lake, 48
Middlesex, 134
Midsummer Day, 166
Mignonette, 118
Mildmay House, 153
Mildmay Park, 153
MilfordLane, W.C, 273
Milk Street, E.G., 262
Millbank, 299
Milliner, 229
Mill Lane, S.E., 300
Mill Street, W., 281
Mincing Lane, E.C., 265
Minims, 265
Miniatori, 184
Miniature, 184
Minnesota, 47
Minorca, 56
Minoresses, 265
Minories, 265
Minstrel of the Border, The, 132
Mint, The, 217, 252
Mint Street, S.E., 300
Minuet, 143
Missionary Friars, 103
Mississippi, 47
Missouri, 47
Mitre, The, 81
Mitre Court, E.G., 259
Mocking-bird, 96
Moet and Chandon, 128
Mohair, 177
Mohocks, 232
Moire Antique, 177
Moldavia, 41
Moleskin, 177
Mona Island, 57
Monastery, 100
Monday, 60
Money, 252
Monger, 236
Monk, 100
Monkey-board, 139
Monk Lewis, 130
Monmouthshire, 136
Monotheism, 63
Montague Place, W.C, 289
Montague Square, W., 2S6
Montague Street, \\\, 286
Montague Street, W.C, 289
Montelpulciano, 127
Montenegro, 41
Montgomery, 137
Moorfields, 151
Moorgate Street, E.G., 268
Moravia, 41
Moravians, 69
Morisonians, 74
Mormons, 72
Mornington Crescent, N.W., 288
Mornington Place, N.W.,288
Morocco, 42
Morris Dance, 142
Mortimer Street, W., 284
Mosaism, 62
Moselle, 127
Moslem, 65
Mosquito, 44
Mosquito Coast, 44
Mothering Cakes, 174
Mothering Sunday, 174
Mother of Believers, The, 194
Mother Red Cap, The, 189
320
Index.
Mother Shipton, The, 189
Mountain, The, 113
Mountain Dew, 258
Mount Street, W., 279
Mrs. Grundy, 94
Muggletonians, 71
Mugwump 116
Mulatto, 95
Mumm, 242
Munster House, 223
Munster Square, N.W., 2S7
Muscovy Duck, 98
Musical Small-coal Man, The, zi
Muslin, 176
Mussulmans, 65
Muswell Hill, 153
Myddleton Square, E.G., 291
Myddleton Street, E.G., 291
Mythologists, 64
Mytholog)', 64 ^
Nankeen, 176
Nantes, 257
Napoleon, 254
Naso, 248
Nassau Street, W., 282
Natal, 42
Navvy, 235
Nazarenes, 65
Nebraska, 47
Negro, 95
Negus, 128
Nelson, The, 85
Nepaul-paper, 104
Netherlands, 40
Nevada, 47
New Bond Street, W., 280
New Bridge Street, E.G., 260
New Bridge Street, S.W., 298
New Brunswick, 45
New Burlington Street, W., 280
New Gavendish Street, W., 284
New Ghristians, 70
New Gompton Street, W., 282
New Gross, 161
Newfoundland, 55
Newgate Prison, 215
Newgate Street, E.G., 269
New Hampshire, 46
New Holland, 52
Newington, 162
Newington Butts, S.E., 300
New Inn, 208
New Jersey, 46
Newman Street,. W., 283
New Orleans, 46
New Pye Street, S.W., 299
New Way, S.W., 299
New Year's Day, 165
New York, 47
New Zealand, 52
Niagara, 48
Nicaragua, 44
Nicholas Lane, E.G., 266
Nichols Square, N., 292
Nigger, 95
Nightingale, 96
Night-jar, 96
Nihilists, 1 13
Nimrod, 181
Nincompoop, 239
Niphon, 53
Nitrate King, The, 200
Noble, 254
Noddy, 139
Nonconformists, 74
Noon-flower, 120
Noon-tide, 120
Norfolk, 134
Norfolk Street, W.G., 273
Norland Square, W., 294
Normandy, 40
Northamptonshire, 136
North Audley Street, W., 285
North Pole, The, 191
Northumberland, 133
Northumberland Avenue, W.G., 276
Northumberland Street, W.G., 276
North Sea, 49
Norton Folgate, 292
Norway, 37
Norwood, 161
Nosey, 248
Nottingliamshire, 136
Nottingham Place, W., 294
Netting Hill, 157
Nova Scotia, 45
Nova Zembla, 58
Index.
321
November, 59
Numbers, Book of, 125
Nun, 100
Nunhead, 161
Nuns of St. Clare, 265
O.
Oakley Square, N.W., 288
Oaks Races, 210
Observant Friars, loi
Octavo, 105
October, 59
Ohio, 47
Old Ale, 241
Old Bailey, The, 215
Old Bailey, E.G., 260
Old Bond Street, W., 280
Old Broad Street, E.G., 268
Old Burlington Street, W., 280
Old Catholics, 70
Old Cavendish Street, W., 284
Old Change, E.G., 261
Old Charlies, 232
Old Compton Street, W., 282
Old Grog, 250
Old Hat, The, 84
Old Hickory, 249
Old Jewry, E.G., 263
Old Kent Road, S.E., 300
Old Marshalsea Prison, 216
Old Pye Street, S.W., 299
Old Quebec Street, W., 286
Old Tom, 257
Olympia, 224
Omnibus, 139
Ontario, 45
Ontario, Lake, 48
Opal, 245
Orange Free States, 42
Orangemen, in
Orange Peel, 202
Orange Street, W,, 277
Orator Henley, 203
Orchard Street, W., 286
Orchard Street, S.W., 299
Orchid, 119
Oregon, 47
Oriole, 97
Orion House, 131
Orleans House, 223
Orkney Islands, 57
Orloff Diamond, 244
Orme Square, W,, 294
Osnaburg Street, N.W., 287
Ossulton Square, N.W., 287
Ossulton Street, N.W., 287
Ostler, 230
Ottoman Empire, 41
Ouida, 182
Ovidius Naso, 248
Oxford, 161
Oxford Market, W., 284
Oxford Movement, 76
Oxfordshire, 135
Oxford Street, W., 284
Oxford Tracts, 76
Pacific Ocean, 49
Pack Horse, The, 84
Paddy, 94
Paddington, 156
Paddington Green, W., 294
Paddington Street, W., 294
Pagan, 63
Painted Hall, Greenwich, 221
Pale Faces, 95
Palestine, 35
Pall Mall, S.W., 277
Palmerston, The, 85
Palm Sunday, 169
Palsgrave Place, W.G., 273
Pamphlet, 106
Panama, 44
Pancake Tuesday. 168
Pancras Road, N.W., 288
Pansy, 118
Pantechnicon, 140
Pantheist, 61
Panton Street, W., 277
Panyer Alley, E.G. 261
Paper, 104
Paper King, The, 199
Papua, 53
Para, 44
Paraguay, 43
Parchment, 104
Paris Garden, S.E., 300
21
323
Index.
Parker Street, S.W., 298
Parnellites, 112
Park Lane, W., 278
Park Street, N.W., 287
Parry Islands, 54
Parliamentarians, ill
Parsees, 64
Parson's Green, 159
Partridge Day, 175
Passenger-pigeon, 98
Passion-flower, 121
Passionists, 103
Passion Sunday, 169
Passion Week, 169
Passover, 170
Pat, 94
Patagonia, 43
Paternoster Row, E.G., 261
Pathfinder, The, 207
Paul's Chain, E.G., 261
Paul Veronese, 206
Peacock, The, 81
Pearl, 245
Pearl Bible, 124
Peckham, 162
Peckham Rye, 221
Pecuhar People, 72
Pedlar, 236
Pedro the Gruel, 91
Peelers, 232
Peep o' Day Boys, ill
Peewit, 96
Pembroke, 137
Pennsylvania, 46
Penny, 253
Pentateuch, 125
Pentecost, 170
Penton Street, W.C., 291
Pentonville Road, N., 291
People's Friend, The, 200
Percy Gross, 159
Perfectionists, 73
Pernambuco, 44
Persia, 36
Peru, 43
Perugino, II, 206
Peterborough House, 223
Peter Street, Great, S.W., 299
Petrel, 99
Petticoat Lane, E.G., 267
Phaeton, 138
Pharisees, 65
Pheasant, The, 81
Pfennig, 253
Philippic, 132
Philippe Egalite, 91
Philippine Islands, 53
Photograph, 184
Phyrric Dance, 144
Piccadilly, W., 279
Piccadilly Lace, 279
Picts, 38
Pie Gorner, E.G., 269
Pig and Whistle, The, 83
Pigment, 146
Pigott Diamond, 245
Pigtails, 95
Pillow Lace, 180
Pimlico, 149
Pimlico Walk, N., 149
Pina-cloth, 178
Pink, 147
Pitcairn's Island, 54
Pitt Diamond, 244
Plaid, 179
Plain, The, 113
Plantagenet, 90
Playhouse Yard, E.G., 268
Plough Monday, 167
Plume and Feathers, The, 85
Plunger, 237
Plush, 178
Plymouth Brethren, 72
Point Lace, 180
Poland, 40
Police, 232
Polka, 142
Polytechnic Institution, 224
Polytheists, 64
Pommery, 128
Pompadour, 147, 177
Pontac, 127
Port, 127
Porter, 242
Portland Place, W., 284
Portland Street, Great, W., 284
Portman Square, W., 2S6
Portman Street, W., 2S6
Index.
323
Portobello Arms, The, 85
Porto Rico, 55
Portrait, 1S4
Portugal, 42
Portugal Street, W., 278
Portugal Street, W.C, 273
Poster, 106
Post-paper, 104
Pot-paper, 104
Poultry, E.G., 263
Pouter-pigeon, 98
Powis Place, W.C, 290
Praise-God Barbones, 203
Pratt Street, N.W., 287
Presbyterians, 73
Press Yard, Newgate, 215
Primitive Methodists, 75
Primrose, 120
Primrose Day, 173
Primrose Hill, 155
Prince Albert, The, 86
Prince of Wales, The, 86
Prince of Wales' Feathers, The, 86
Prince of Wales' Island, 54
Prince's Gate, S.W., 278
Princes Street, S.W,, 298
Printer's Devil, 105
Printing House Square, E.G., 260
Prior, loi
Prioress, loi
Priory, loi
Profile, 184
Protectionist, 117
Protestantism, 67
Protestants, 68
Prussian Blue, 146
Prussian Red, 146
Public-house, 76
Punch, 257
Purification, Feast of the, 166
Puritans, 74
Puseyites, 76
Putney, 159
Pye Street, S.W., 299
Quack, 236
Quack Doctor, 236
Quadragesima Sunday, 170
Quadrille 142
Quaker Poet, The, 131
Quakers, 71
Quarto, 105
Quatemala, 45
Quebec, 45
Quebec Street, Old, W., 286
Queen Anne's Gate, S.W., 297
Queen Anne's Square, S.W., 297
Queen Anne Street, W., 285
Queen Charlotte Island, 54
Queen Elizabeth's Walk, N., 292
Queenhithe, E.G., 264
Queen's Arms, The, 82
Queen's Head, The, 86
Queen's Gate, S.W., 278
Queen's Square, W.G., 290
Queen Street, W., 279
Queen Victoria Street, E.G., 263
Quinquagesima Sunday, 170
Radical Reformers, 1 10
Radicals, iio
Radnor, 137
Rag Fair, 267
Railway Clearing House, 227
Railway King, The, 199
Rainy-Day Smith, 130
Ram and Teazle, The, 85
Ranelagh Gardens, 193
Ranters, 75
Ratclifte Highway, 151
Rathbone Place, W., 283
Rationalism, 62
Ray Street, E.G., 291
Rechabites, 234
Red Cross Street, E.G., 268
Red Dragon, The, 80
Redemptorists, 103
Red Letter Day, 175
Red Lion, The, 78
Red Lion Court, E.G., 259
Red Lion Square, W.C, 290
Red Lion Street, W.C, 290
Redowa, 143
Red-poll, 97
Red Repulilicans, 113 ,115
Red Rose, The, 79
324
Index.
Red Sea, 49
Red Skins, 95
Reel, 14s
Reformed Presbytery, 74
Regent Diamond, 244
Regent's Park, 287
Regent Street, W., 281
Religion, 63
Rheims Bible, 123
Rhode Island, 55
Rhodes, 57
Rhododendron, 121
Ribbonmen, 112
Richard Coeur de Leon, 88
Richmond, 158
Ring-dove, 98
Ritualists, 76
Robert le Diable, 246
Robert Street, N.W.^zS;
Robert Street, W.C, 275
Robert the Devil, 246
Robin Hood, 197
Rock Day, 167
Rochester Row, S.W., 298
Rogation Days, 171
Rogation Sunday, 171
Roger de Coverley, 143
Rolls Chapel, 221
Roman Catholic Church, 67
Romeo Coates, 199
Romney Street, S.W., 299
Rood Lane, E.G., 265
Rose, The, 80
Rose and Crown, The, 80
Rose-Noble, 254
Rosoman Street, E.C., 291
Rosslyn Hill Park, 223
Rosslyn House, 223
Rotherhithe, 160
Rotten Row, 278
Roumania, 41
Roundheads, ill
Royal Exchange, 226
Royalists, III
Royal Oak, The, 85
Royal Oak Day, 173
Ruby, 245
Rufus, 88
Rum, 257
Running Footman, The, 189
Russell Square, W.C, 289
Russell Street, W.C, 274
Russell Street, S.E., 301
Russia, 37
Rutland, 136
Rutland Gate, W.,278
Rye, 221
Rye House, 221
Rye Lane, S.E., 299
Sabbatarians, 71
Sack, 129
Sackville Street, W., 281
Sacramentarians, 72
Saddlers" Arms, The, 82
Sadler's Wells, 192
Saffron Hill, E.G., 270
Sahara, 42
Sailor King, The, 90
St. Andrew Undershaft, Church of,
214
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 219
St. Bride's Church, 214
St. Bride Street, E.G., 259
St. Catherine Coleman, Church of,
213
St. Catherine Cree, Church of, 213
St. Clement-Danes, Church of, 212
St. David's Day, 173
St. Ethelburga's Church, 214
St. George, The, 81
St. George and Dragon, The, 81
St. George's Channel, 51
St. George's Church, W., 281
St. George's Fields, S.E., 162
St. George's Hall, 224
St. George's Square, S.W., 297
St. Grouse's Day, 174
St. Helena, Isle of, 56
St. Helen's, Great, E.G., 267
St. Helen's Church, 214
St. James's Hall, 224
St. James's Palace, 219
St. James's Square, S.W., 277
St. James's Street, S.W., 277
St. John's Gate, 216, 291
St. John Street Road, E.G., 291
Index.
325
St. John's Wood, 156
St. Katherine's Docks, 217
St. Kitt's Island, 56
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 51
St. Lawrence, River, 51
St. Leger Stakes, 210
St. Margaret Pattens, Church of, 213
St. Martin's Lane, W.C, 276
St. Martin's-le-Grand, 218
St. Mary-Axe, E.G., 266
St. Mary- Axe, Ghurch of, 213
St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, 213
St. Mary Woolnoth, Ghurch of, 213
St. Michael's Alley, E.G., 266
St. Olave's Church, 215
St. Pancras, 154
St. Partridge's Day, 174
St. Paul of the Cross, 197
St. Sepulchre's Church, 214
St. Swithin's Day, 172
St. Valentine's Day, 172
Sahsbury Court, E.G., 259
Salisbury Street, W.G., 275
Salop, 136
Salt Lake, Great, 48
Salutation, The, 81
Salviati, Del, 206
Sambo, 95
Sandbaggers, 233
Sandford House, 222
Sandpiper, 98
Sandwich, 13
Sandwiches, 14
Sandwich Islands, 53
San Salvador, 55
Sandy, 94
Sansculottes, 113
Sap Green, 148
Saraband, 142
Saracen's Head, The, 81
Sardinia, 56
Sardinia Street, W.G., 272
Sardinian Chapel, 272
Sarsanet, 177
Satin, 176
Saturday, 60
Sauci Diamond, 244
Saunders Blue, 146
Savile Row, W. , 280
Savoy Chapel, 212
Savoy Palace, 212
Savoy Street, W.C., 274
Sawney, 94
Saxons, 39
Saxony, 39
Scarlet, 147
Schottische, 143
Scissors-tail, 97
Scotia, 38
Scotists, 70
Scotland, 38
Scotland Yard, 225
[ Scots, 38
Scottish Covenanters, 73
Scottish Hogarth, The, 207
Scottish Presbyterians, 73
Scratched Horse, 2H
Scourers, 232
Scriptures, 122
Scullery, 237
Scullery Maid, 237
Scullion, 237
Sea of Marmora, 50
Secretary-bird, 97
Sectarians, 74
Secularist, 62
Sedan chair, 1 89
Seekers, 71
Seething Lane, E.G., 265
Selkirk's Island, 54
Senegambia, 42
Separists, 112
Sepia, 148
September, 59
Septuagint, 122
Serjeant's Inn, 208
Serle Street, W.C, 273
Sermon Lane, E.G., 261
Serpentine, 156
Servia, 40
Servites, 103
Seven Dials, 276
Seven Sisters' Road, N. , 293
Seventh-Day Baptists, 71
Sexagesima Sunday, 170
Seymour Place, W., 286
Shad well, 151
Shaftesbury Avenue, W.C, 2S3
326
Index.
Shah Diamond, 244
Shakers, 71
Shalloon, 176
Shamrock, The, 80
" She" Bible, 125
Sheen, 158
Shepherdess Walk, N., 292
Shepherd's Bush, 157
Shepherd's Market, W., 279
Shepherd Street, W., 279
Shepperton, 158
Sherry, 127
Shetland Isles, 57
She-Wolf of France, The, 91
Shilling, 253
Ship, The, 85
Shire, 10
Shoe Lane, E.G., 259
Shoreditch, 151
•Shrove Tuesday, 168
Shropshire, 136
Shrewsbury, 136
Siberia, 37
Sicily, 56
Sidmouth Street, W.C, 288
Sienna, 146
Silhouette, 185
Silk, 176
Sillery, 128
Silver Captain, The, 250
Silver-tongued Sylvester, 131
Sinking Fund, 256
Sinner-saved Huntingdon, 203
Sinner's Friend, The, 200
Single-Speech Hamilton, 201
Sixteen-string Jack, 197
Skagerrack, 51
Skinner Street, N.W., 288
Skittles, The, 84
Skylark, 98
Sloane Square, S.W., 296
Sloane Street, S.W., 296
Small Beer, 241
Smithfield, 150
Smith of Antwerp, The, 207
Snow Hill, E.G., 270
Soane Museum, 221
Sociable, 138
Socialists, lio
Society Islands, 52
Society of Friends, 71
Society of Jesus, 70
Socinians, 70, 75
Soho, 150
Somersetshire, 135
Somerset House, 220
Somers Town, 1 54
Soudan, 42
Southampton, 134
Southampton Buildings, W.C., 271
Southampton Row, W.C., 289
Southampton Street, W.G., 274,
2S9
Southampton Street, W., 283
South Audley Street, W., 285
South Australian, The, 191
Southgate, 152
Southwark, 160
Southwick Grescent, W., 294
Southwick Place, W., 294
Sovereign, 253
Spain, 41
Spa Fields, 151
Spagnoletto, Lo, 206
Spaniards, The, 190
Spanish Main, 50
Spanish Place, W., 285
Spa Road, S.E., 301
Spinster, 228
Spiritualism, 62
Spitalfields, 151
Spitzbergen, 58
Spoon-bill, 98
Sprat Day, 175
Spread Eagle, The, 84
Spring Gardens, S.W., 277
Spring-Heel Jack, 197
Spurs, Battle of, 164
Spurs of Gold, Battle of, 164
Staffordshire, 135
Stage-coach, 139
Staines, 157
Standard, Battle of the, 163
Stanhope, 138
Stanhope Gate, W., 278
Staple Inn, 208
Index.
327
Star, The, 79
Star and Garter, The, 82
Starling, 97
Star of the South Diamond, 244
Starvation Dundas, 202
Stationer, 107
Stationery, 108
Steeplechase, 210
Steelyard, 264
Steelyard Mercliants, 264
Stepney, 151
Sterling Money, 252
Stingo, 242
Stock, 121
Stock, Government, 256
Stock Exchange, 227
Stocks Market, 121, 263
Stockwell, 162
Stoke Newington, 152
Stones End, S.E., 300
Stonewall Jackson, 249
Stony Street, S.E., 300
Storey's Gate, S.W., 297
Stout, 242
Strait of Gibraltar, 51
Strand, W.C., 273
Stratford Place, W., 285
Stratton Street, W., 279
Strawberry Hill, 223
Stuart, 90
Stump Orator, 237
Stump Speech, 237
Subtle Doctor, The, 196
Suffolk, 134
Suffolk Lane, E.G., 264
Suffolk Street, S.W., 277
Sulky, 139
Sumatra, 53
Sumner Street, S.E., 300
Sun, The, 79
Sunday, 60
Sunflower, 120
Superior, Lake, 48
Sussex, 134
Sussex House, 223
Surrey, 10, 134
Surrey Street, W.C., 273
Sutton Place, N., 292
Swallow Street, W., 281
Swan Alley, E.G., 264
Swan, The, 81
Swan with Two Necks, The, 1S7
Swedish Nightingale, 196
Sweepstake, 211,
Sweetbriar, liS
Switzerland, 41
Sydenham, 161
T.
Tabard, The, 187
Taffeta, 177
Taffety, 177
Taffy, 94
Tailor, 231
Tailor-bird, 98
Talbot, The, 79
Talbotype, 185 ■'
Tally, 256
Tally Ho ! The, 80
Tallyman, 256
Tammany Ring, 116
Tankard, The, 85
Tapestry, 179
Tarantella, 143
Tarantula Spider, 143
Tarlatan, 176
Tasmania, 52
Tattersall's, 226
Tavern, 76
Tavistock Place, W.C., 289
Tavistock Square, W.C., 289
Tavistock Street, W.C., 274
Taylor, the Water Poet, 131
T-cloth, 178
Tearless Victory, The, 163
Teetotaler, 234
Temple, The, 208, 212
Temple Bar, 216
Tennessee, 47
Tent Wine, 128
Terpsichorean Art, 142
Texas, 47
Thaler, 255
Thanet Place, W.C., 273
Thames, i. 9
Thavie's Inn, 209
Theist, 61
Theobald's Road, W.C., 290
328
Index.
Theocracy, 6 1
Thomas Street, S.E., 301
Thomists, 71
Thirteen Cantons, The, 190
Thistle, The, 80
Thistle-crown, 254
Threadneedle Street, E.G., 266
Three Chairmen, The, 189
Three Kings, The, 81
Three Men Wine, 129
Three Nuns, The, 191
Three Suns, The, 79
Three-thirds, 241
Throgmorton Street, E.G., 266
Thundering Legion, The, 163
Thurlow Place, W.C, 290
Thursday, 60
Tierra del Fuego, 53
Tiger-flower, 120
Tilbury, 1 38
Tintoretto, 206
Titchfield Street, W., 283
Titchfield Street, Great, W., 283
Tobacco, 56
Tobago Island, 56
Toddy, 257
Tokay, 128
Tom Folio, 201
Tommy Atkins, 94
Tontine, 256
Tooley Street, S.E., 301
Topaz, 24s
Torquatus Manlius, 246
Torres Strait, 51
Torrington Square, W.C, 289
Tory, 109
Tothill Fields, 299
Tolhill Street, S.W., 299
Tottenham Court Road, W.C, 2S4
Tractarians, 76
Trafalgar, The, 85
Trafalgar Square, W.Cr 276
Traitors' Gate, 215
Transvaal, 42
Transylvania, 42
Trappists, 103
Treacle Bible, 126
Trinidad Island, 55
Trinitarians, 75, loi
Trinity House, 216
Trinity Sunday, 170
Tristan d'Acunha, 56
Trumpeter-bird, 96
Tudor, 90
Tuesday, 60
Tulle, 180
Tunis, 42
Turkey, 41, 99
Turkestan, 36
Turquois, 245
Tweed, 179
Twelfth Day, 167
Twelfth Night, 167
Twickenham, 158
Twill, 178
Twin Diamonds, 245
Twopenny, 241
Tyburn, 156
U.
Uisquebaugh, 257
Ultramarine, 146
Umber, I46
" Uncle," 231
Uncle Sam, 93
Unitarians, 70, 75
United Brethren, 69
Unready, The, 87
Upper Berkeley Street, W., 286
Upper Seymour Street, W., 286
Upper Ten, The, 234
Uraguay, 43
Usher, 231
Utilitarianism, 62
Valence, 1 76
Valenciennes, 1 80
Valentine, 172
Valentine's Day, 172
Vanburgh Castle, 22I
Vancouver Island, 54
Van Dieman's Land, 52
Vandyke Brown, 148
Vauxhall, 160
Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W., 297
Vauxhall Gardens, 193
Index.
329
Velvet, 178
Velveteen, 178
Venerable Bede, 130
Venetian Red, 146
Venezuela, 44
Vere Street, W., 285
Vermont, 47
Verulam Buildings, 271
Victoria, 138
Victoria, The, 86
Victoria Regia, 119
Victoria Street, S.W., 297
Vignette, 185
Vigo Street, W., 281
Viking, 57
Villiers Street, W.C, 275
Vinegar Bible, 124
Vinegar Yard, E.G., 290
Vine Street, W., 281
Vine Street, S.W., 299
Virginia, 46
Virginia Bible, 12$
Voltaire, 18 1
Volume, 106
W.
Wagtail, 97
Walbrook, E.G., 263
Walcheren, 39
Waldenses, 68
Wales, 39
Walham Green, 159
Wallachia, 39
Walloon, 39
Waltz, 143
Walworth, 160
Wandsworth, 160
Wardour Street, W., 282
Wars of the Roses, 79
Warwick, 136
Warwick Gardens, W., 295
Warwick Lane, E.G., 261
Warwick Road, W., 295
Warwick, the King Maker, 247
Water Lane, E.G., 260
Waterloo, The, 85
Waterloo Bridge, 274
Waterlow Park, 222
Water Poet, The, 131
Watling Street, E.G., 263
Weaver-bird, 98
Wednesday, 60
Weeping Philosopher, The, 196
Welbeck Street, W., 284
Wellington, The, 85
Wellington Street, W.G., 274
Wells Street, W., 283
Welsher, 238
Wesleyan Methodists, 75
Wcsleyans, 75
Wessex, 10, 134
Westbourne Park, 157
West Indies, 35
Westminster, 192, 212
Westminster Abbey, loi, 212
I Westmoreland, 133
West wood, 161
Weymouth Street, W., 294
Wheelwright, 230
Whig, 109
Whigamore Raid, 109
Whig Bible, 124
Whip.poor-Will, 96
Whisky, 257
White Boys, 1 1 1
Whitechapel, 151
White Gonduit House, 191
\\'hite Gonduit Tavern, 192
Whitecross Street, E.G., 268
White Friars, loi
Whitefriars Street, E.G., 260
Whitehall, 220
White Hart, The, 79
White Hart Street, W.G., 272
White Lion, The, 79
White Quakers, 71
White Queen, The, 89
White Sea, 49
White Sunday, 165
White Swan, The, 79
White Swan and Antelope, The, 9
White Tower, 215
Whit Sunday, 165
Whitsuntide, 165
Whittington Stone, The, 190
Wicked Bible, 124
Widow, 228
330
Index.
Widow-bird, 98
Wife, 228
Wigmore Street, W., 284
William Rufus, 88
William Street, N.W., 287
William the Conqueror, 88
William the Lion, 88
Willis's Rooms, 225
Will Scarlet, 197
Wilton, 135
Wiltshire, 135
Wimbledon, 159
Wimpole Street, W., 285
Winchester House, 268
Winchester Yard, S.E., 300
Windmill Street, W., 282
Windmill Street, E.G., 291
Wine, 129
Wine Office Court, E.G., 259
Winnipeg, Lake, 48
Wisconsin, 47
Witanagemotes, 165
Wizard of the North, The, 13 1
Woodcock, 99
Wood Green, 153
Woodpecker, 99
Wood's Halfpence, 255
Wood Street, E.G., 262
Woolwich, 161
Worcestershire, 133
World's End, The, 191
Wormwood Street, E.G., 267
Worsted, 176
Wryneck, 99
Wych Street, W.G., 273
Wyndham Place, W., 286
Wyndham Street, W., 286
X Ale, 242
XX Ale, 242
X.
Yank, 115
Yankee, 93, 115
Yankee Jonathan, 207
Yellow Book, 106
Yellow Sea, 49
Yendys, 181
York, 133
York and Albany, Thi.
York House, 220
York Road, N., 288
Yorkshire, 133
Yorkshire Stingo, 242
Yorkshire Stingo, The, 84
York Street, S.W., 297
York Street, W.G., 274
Yutacan, 44
Z.
Zadkiel, 181
Zanzibar, 42
Zealand, New, 52
Zceland, 52
Zoroastrianism, 64
Zululand, 42
Zuyder Zee, 51
90
UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM I'KESS, CHILWOKTH AND LONDON.
Catalogue of Select Books in Belles Lettres^
History^ Biography^ Theology^ Travel^
Miscellaneous^ and Books for Children.
P
ablo de Se'govie. ^L^r/-^^-,g=s°;
by Daniel Vierge. With an Introduction on Vierge and
his Art by Joseph Pennell, and a Critical Essay on Quevedo
and his Writings by W. E. Watts. Limited Edition only.
Three Guineas nett. [1892.
A French Ambassador at the Court of
Charles II. (Le Comte de Cominges, 1662- 1665). With
many Portraits. By J. J. Jusserand. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt.
[1892.
Jules Bastien Lepage and his Art. by^ANoi^'
Theuriet. With which is included Bastien Lepage as
Artist, by George Clausen, A.R.W.S. ; An Essay on Modern
Realism in Painting, by Walter Sickert, N.E.A.C. ; and
a Study of Marie BashkirtsefF, by Mathilde Blind.
Illustrated by Reproductions of Bastien Lepage's Works.
Royal 8vo., cloth, gilt tops, lOs. 6d.
The Women of the French Salons.
A Series of Articles on the French Salons of the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries. By Amelia G. Mason.
Profusely Illus-trated. Foolscap folio, cloth, 25s.
These papers treat of the literary, political, and social influence of the women in
France, during the two centuries following the foundation of the salons ; including
pen-portraits of many noted leaders of famous coteries, and giving numerous
glimpses of the Society of this brilUant period.
Tlip Rpcil Tciniin Studies of Contemporary Japanese
XllC rs^Cdl Jctpdll. Manners^ Morals, Administrations,
and Politics. By Henry Norman. Illustrated with about 50
Photographs taken by the Author. Crown 8vo., cloth, los. 6d.
Extract from Preface. — These essays constitute an altempt, /au/e de mieux,
to place before the readers of the countries whence Japan is deriving her incentives
and her ideas, an account of some of the chief aspects and institutions of Japanese
life as it really is to-day.
The Stream of Pleasure, a Narrative of a journey
on the Thames from
Oxford to London. By Joseph and Elizabeth Robins
Pennell. Profusely Illustrated by Joseph Pennell. Small
Crown 4to., cloth, 7s. 6d.
"Mrs. Pennell is bright and amusing. Mr. Pennell's sketches of river-side bits
and nooks are charming ; and a useful practical chapter has been written by Mr.
J. G. Legge. The book is an artistic treat." — Scotsman.
Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling.
Illustrated by numerous Incantations, Specimens of Medical
Magic, Anecdotes and Tales, by Charles Godfrey Leland
(" Hans Breitmann "). Illustrations by the Author. Small
4to., cloth, 1 6s. Limited Edition of 150 Copies, price
j^i us. 6d. nett.
" The student of folk-lore will welcome it as one of the most valuable additions
recently made to the literature of popular beliefs. " — Scotsman,
Esther Pentreath, the Miller's Daughter;
A Cornish Romance. By J. H. Pearcb, Author of
"Bernice," &c. 6s.
Mr. Leonard Courtney, M.P., in the Nineteenth Century for May, says it is
" an idyll that captivates us by its tenderness, its grace, and its beauty. ... In
truth, the special distinction of ' Esther Pentreath ' may be said to lie in the poetic
gift of its author."
Main - travelled Roads. ?^^ . Mississippi -Vaiiey
Stones. By Hamlin
Garland. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
" Main-travelled Roads " depicts the hard life of the average American Farmer
and the farm hands. The author has lived the life he tells of, and he may be called
a true realist in his art.
The English Novel in the Time of
Shakespeare. By J. J. Jusserand, Author of "English
Wayfaring Life." Translated by Elizabeth Lee, Revised and
Enlarged by the Author. Illustrated. Demy 8 vo., cloth, 21 ».
•*M. Jusserand's fascinating volume." — Quarterly Review.
English Wayfaring Life in the Middle
Ages (XlVth Century). By J. J. Jusserand. Translated
from the French by Lucy A. Toulmin Smith. Illustrated.
Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
" This is an extremely fascinating book, and it is surprising that several years
should have elapsed before it was brought out in an English dress. However, we
have lost nothing by waiting." — Times.
OrpJimQ ^y Olive Schreiner, Author of "The Story of
iyiCdillb. an African Farm." With Portrait. Third Edition.
Fcap. 8vo., buckram, gilt, 6s.
•' They can be compared only with the painted allegories of Mr. Watts ....
The book is like nothing else in English. Probably it will have no successors as it
has had no forerunners." — Athenceum,
Gottfried Keller: t^f^""'"^! °^ m '^'^"\ '^T"
lated, with a Memoir, by Kate
Freiligrath Kroeker, Translator of " Brentano's Fairy
Tales." With Portrait. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s.
"The English reader could not have a more representative collection of Keller's
admirable stories." — Saturday Review.
The Trials of a Country Parson : ^^^^^^
Papers by Rev. A. Jessopp, D.D., Author of "Arcady,"
"The Coming of the Friars," &c. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
"Sparkles with fresh and unforced humour, and abounds in genial common-
sense." — Scotsman.
The Cominp; of the Friars, ^f other Medieval
O ' Sketches. By the Rev.
Augustus Jessopp, D.D,, Author of " Arcady : For Better,
For Worse," &c. Third Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
" Always interesting and frequently fascinating." — St. James's Gazette.
ArraHv • For Better, For Worse. By Augustus Jessopp, D.D.,
r\.lUcluy . Amhor of " One Generation of a Norfolk House."
Portrait. Popular Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
" A volume which is, to our minds, one of the most delightful ever published in
English. ' ' — Spectator.
Robert Browning : Personal Notes.
Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo., parchment, 4s. 6d.
" Every lover of Browning will wish to possess this exquisitely-printed and as
exquisitely-bound little volume." — Yorkshire Daily Post.
CWA r^Vif^l^PH ^ Summer-Day's Stroll. By Dr. Benjamin
WIU V^llCl&Cd. g^^j^ Martin. Illustrated by Joseph
Pennell. Third and Cheaper Edition. Square imperial
i6mo., cloth, 3s. 6d.
"Dr. Martin has produced an interesting account of old Chelsea, and he has
been well seconded by his coadjutor." — AthencEum.
Plinlinrion • S^u^^'^^ of the Antique and the Mediaeval in the
1 * Renaissance. By Vernon Lee. Cheap Edition,
in one volume. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
" It is the fruit, as every page testifies, of singularly wide reading and indepen-
dent thought, and the style combines with much picturesqueness a certain largeness
of volume, that reminds us more of our earher writers than those of our own time."
Contemporary Review,
Studies of the Eighteenth Century in
Italy. By Vernon Lee. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
"These studies show a wide range of knowledge of the subject, precise investi-
gation, abundant power of illustration, and hearty enthusiasm. . . . The style
of writing is cultivated, neatly adjusted, and markedly clever." — Saturday Review,
Relraro • Being Essays on Sundry ^sthetical Questions. By
. Ygg^fjoi^ Lee_ Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s.
TnVPnilijl • ^ Second Series of Essays on Sundry ./Esthetical
jUVCllllld.. Questions. By Vernon Lee. Two vols. Small
crown 8vo., cloth, 12s.
" To discuss it properly would require more space than a single number of 'The
Academy' could afford." — Academy.
Ba.ld.win • ^''^^°g"^^ on views and Aspirations. By Vernon
Lee. Demy 8vo., cloth, 12s.
" The dialogues are written with ... an intellectual courage which shrinks
from no logical conclusion." — Scotsman.
Ottilie * "^^ Eighteenth Century Idyl. By Vernon Lee.
• Square 8vo., cloth extra, 3s. 6d.
•'A graceful little sketch. , . . Drawn with full insight into the period
described." — Spectator.
Introductory Studies in Greek Art.
Delivered in the British Museum by Jane E. Harrison.
With Illustrations. Second Edition. Square imperial
i6mo., 7s. 6d.
"The best work of its kind in English."— Oxford MagaztKe.
npUg "Flpef • ^^® River, Prison, and Marriages. By John
AsHTON, Author of " Social Life in chc Reign
of Queen Anne," &c. With 70 Drawings by the Author
from Original Pictures. Second and Cheaper Edition,
cloth, 7s. 6d.
Romances of Chivalry : J"^'^. ^.f, i""^"^^^^ »"
J Fac-simile by John isHTON.
Forty-six Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown
8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.
"The result (of the reproduction of the wood blocks) is as creditable to his
artistic, as the text is to his Uterary, ahiVny."— Guardian.
The Dawn of the Nineteenth Century in
England : A Social Sketch of the Times. By John Ashton.
Cheaper Edition, in one vol. Illustrated. Large crown
8vo., IDS. 6d.
"The book is one continued source of pleasure and interest, and opens up a
wide field for speculation and comment, and many of us will look upon it as an
important contribution to contemporary history, not easily available to others than
close students." — Antiquary.
npUp nTpmnle • ^^'^''^'^ Poems and Private Ejaculations.
1 * By Mr. George Herbert. New and
Fourth Edition, with Introductory Essay by J. Henry
Shorthouse. Small crown, sheep, 5s.
»4 fac-simile reprint of the Original Edition o/" 1633.
" This charming reprint has a fresh value added to it by the Introductory Essay
of the Author of 'John Inglesant.' " — Academy.
Songs, Ballads, and A Garden Play.
By A. Mary F. Robinson, Author of" An Italian Garden."
With Frontispiece of Diirer's " Melancholia." Small crown
8vo., half bound, vellum, 5s.
" The romantic ballads have grace, movement, passion and strength. "—Spectator.
"Marked by sweetness of melody and truth of colour." — Academy.
The Lazy Mm,xx± \\2:^-^^^\^:X^,
Popular Edition, Frontispiece by E. A. Abbey. Fcap.
8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d.
" One of the lightest and brightest writers of vers de soc[6\.6."—St.7ames'sGazeite,