Narrative of the operations and recent discoveries within the pyramids, temples, tombs, and excavations, in Egypt and Nubia; and of a journey to the coast of the Red Sea, in search of the ancient Berenice, and of another to the oasis of Jupiter Ammon

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NARRATIVE

OPERATIONS AND RECENT DISCOVERIES

IN

EGYPT AND NUBIA.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, AVHITEFK1ARS*

- . ,

'iU-rm

NARRATIVE

OF THE

OPERATIONS AND RECENT DISCOVERIES

WITHIN THE

PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES, TOMBS, AND EXCAVATIONS,

IN

EGYPT AND NUBIA;

AND OF A

JOURNEY TO THE COAST OF THE RED SEA, IN SEARCH OF
THE ANCIENT BERENICE;

AND ANOTHER TO

THE OASIS OF JUPITER AMMON.

BY G. BELZONI.

LONDON :
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET.

1820.

f we Arts

J)T
60

PREFACE.

As I made my discoveries alone, I have been anxious to write
my book by myself, though in so doing, the reader will consider
me, and with great propriety, guilty of temerity ; but the public
will perhaps gain in the fidelity of my narrative, what it loses in
elegance. 1 am not an Englishman, but I prefer that my readers
should receive from myself, as well as I am able to describe them,
an account of my proceedings in Egypt, in Nubia, on the coast,
of the Red Sea, and in the Oasis ; rather than run the risk
of having my meaning misrepresented by another. If I am in-
telligible, it is all that I can expect. I shall state nothing but
the plain matters of fact, as they occurred to me in these
countries, in 1815-16-17-18 and 19. A description of the
means I took in making my researches, the difficulties I had to
encounter, and how I overcame them, will give a tolerably
correct idea of the manners and customs of the people I had to

vi PREFACE.

deal with. Perhaps I have spoken too much of the obstacles
thrown in my way, by the jealousy and intriguing spirit of my
adversaries, without considering that the public will care little
about my private quarrels, which to me, of course, appeared of
the greatest consequence on the spot, in these countries. But I
hope that a little indulgence may be allowed to my mortified feel-
ings, particularly when I reflect that it was through them that I
was compelled to leave Egypt before I had completed my plans.

I must apologise also for the few humble observations I have
ventured to give on some historical points ; but I had become so
familiar with the sight of temples, tombs, and pyramids, that I
could not help forming some speculation on their origin and
construction. The scholar and learned traveller will smile at
my presumption, but do they always agree themselves in their
opinions on matters of this sort, or even on those of much less
difficulty ? Much has been written on Egypt and Nubia by the
travellers of the last century, by Denon, and the French spavans,
whose general account of these countries has scarcely left any
thing unnoticed ; and by Mr. Hamilton, to the accuracy of the
latter of whom I can bear the most ample testimony. But
what can I say of the late Sheik Burckhardt, who was so well
acquainted with the language and manners of these people, that

PREFACE. Vll

none of them suspected him to be an European ? His account
of the tribes in these countries is so minutely correct, that little
or nothing' remains for observation in modern Egypt and Nubia.

I have, however, one more remark to make on myself, which
I am afraid the reader will think very vain : it is this, that no
traveller had ever such opportunities of studying the customs of
the natives as were afforded to me, for none had ever to deal
with them in so peculiar a manner. My constant occupation was
searching after antiquities, and this led me in the various trans-
actions I had with them, to observe the real character of the
Turks, Arabs, Nubians, Bedo weens, and Ababdy tribes. Thus I
was very differently circumstanced from a common traveller, who
goes merely to make his remarks on the country and its anti-
quities, instead of having to persuade these ignorant and super-
stitious people to undertake a hard task, in labours, with which
they were previously totally unacquainted.

My native place is the city of Padua: I am of a Roman
family, which had resided there for many years. The state and
troubles of Italy in 1800, which are too well known to require
any comment from me, compelled me to leave it, and from
that time I have visited different parts of Europe, and suffered

via PREFACE.

many vicissitudes. The greater part of my younger days I
passed in Rome, the former abode of my ancestors, where I
was preparing myself to become a monk ; but the sudden entry
of the French army into that city altered the course of my
education, and being destined to travel, I have been a wanderer
ever since. My family supplied me occasionally with remit-
tances ; but as they were not rich, I did not choose to be a
burthen to them, and contrived to live on my own industry,
and the little knowledge I had acquired in various branches.
I turned my chief attention to hydraulics, a science that I had
learned in Rome, which I found much to my advantage, and
which was ultimately the very cause of my going to Egypt. For
I had good information, that a hydraulic machine would be of
great service in that country, to irrigate the fields, which want
water only, to make them produce at any time of the year.
But I am rather anticipating. In 1 803 I arrived in England, soon
after which I married, and, after residing in it nine years, I
formed the resolution of going to the south of Europe. Taking
Mrs. Belzoni with me, I visited Portugal, Spain, and Malta,
from which latter place we embarked for Egypt, where we
remained from 1815 to 1819. Here I had the good fortune to
be the discoverer of many remains of antiquity of that primitive
nation. I succeeded in opening one of the two famous Pyra-

PREFACE. ix

mids of Ghizeh, as well as several of the tombs of the Kings
at Thebes. Among the latter, that which has been pronounced
bv one of the most distinguished scholars of the aire to be the
tomb of Psammuthis, is at this moment the principal, the most
perfect and splendid monument in that country. The celebrated
bust of young Memnon, which I brought from Thebes, is now
in the British Museum ; and the alabaster sarcophagus, found in
the tombs of the kings, is on its way to England.

Near the second cataract of the Nile, I opened the temple
of Ybsambul ; then made a journey to the coast of the Red Sea,
to the city of Berenice, and afterwards an excursion in the
western Elloah, or Oasis. I now embarked for Europe, and
after an absence of twenty years, returned to my native land,
and to the bosom of my family; from whence I proceeded to
England.

On my arrival in Europe, I found so many erroneous
accounts had been given to the public of my operations and
discoveries in Egypt, that it appeared to be my duty to publish
a plain statement of facts ; and should any one call its cor-
rectness in question, I hope they will do it openly, that I may
be able to prove the truth of my assertions.

CONTENTS.

FIRST JOURNEY.

Arrive at Alexandria, 1 .
Description of the plague, 2.
Departure for and arrival at Cairo, 3.
Visit the Pyramids — view from the top, 4.
Excursion to the Pyramid of Dajior — re-
turn to Cairo, 5.
Become acquainted with Mr. Burckhardt, 6.
Wounded by a Turk on horseback — ob-
servations on the Moors from Mecca
during my confinement, 7.
Presented to the Bashaw — rebellion of part

of his army, 8.
Danger in proceeding to Cairo— confined
to the house in consequence of the re-
volution— description of it, 11.
Commenced hydraulic operations, 12.
Soubra, chief residence of the Bashaw, 13.
His manner of living, 14.
He is electrified — description of Zulfur

Carcaja, governor of Soubra, 16.
His mode of curing diseases — marriage
ceremonies and festivals of the Arabs in
Soubra, 17.
Arabian play and farce, 19.
Shot at by a soldier, 20.
A young lady shot by a soldier, 21.
Complete the water machine, 22.
The English consul arrives in Cairo, 22.

Decision of the Bashaw on the hydraulic
machine— his frolic with it — the Irish
lad's thigh broke in consequence, 23.
Decided on ascending the Nile, 24.
Undertaking to remove the colossal bust,

and received instruction, 26.
Left Boolak for Thebes— saw Hermopolis

— arrived at Monfaluth, 29.
Siout, description of it, 31.
Saw Gow — a curious interview with the

Cacheffof Acmin, 32.
Arrival at and description of Dendera, 33.
Arrival at Kenneh — arrival at and descrip-
tion of Thebes, 37.
Begin operations for removing the bust of

young Memnon, 40.
First interview with the CachefF of Ele-
ments— his objection against the removal,
41.
Farther difficulties encountered, 42.
Begin the operation of removing it, 43.
Removed from its original place and put

upon a car, 44.
Removed out of the ruins of the Memno-
nium — delay in consequence of indis-
position— works resumed, 45.
The Fellahs prevented from working by
order of the CachefF, 46.

b 2

XI 1

CONTENTS.

Insolence and duplicity of the Caimakan,
47.

Account of a Turkish dinner in Ramadan
time, 48.

Obtain a firman and again proceed in the
works, 49.

Arrival of the great Colossus on the banks
of the Nile, 50.

First visit to a Mummy Cave, 51.

Preparations for departing to the first
Cataract of the Nile, 54.

Visit to Khalil Bey at Esne, 55.

Arrival at and description of the ruins of
Edfu, 56.

Distant view of Assouan — tradition relating
to an ancient King, 59-

Arrive at Assouan, or first Cataract, 60.

Description of the Aga of Assouan — de-
scription of the island of Elephantine, 61.

Difficulties in obtaining a boat to proceed to
the second Cataract, 63.

Set off for the isle of Philce, 65.

Continue the voyage — alarmed by the na-
tives, 66. Continuation of the voyage,
and arrival at El Kalabshe, 67.

Description of it, 68. Arrive at Garba
Dandour — proceed to Garba Merieh —
arrival at Garba Gyrshe, and description
of it, 71.

Arrival at and description of Dakke —
Greek inscription, 72.

Arrive at Meharraka, or Offelina — Greek
inscription — curious figures on an ancient
wall, 73.

Arrival at and description cf Seboua — ar-
rival at and account of Korosko, 74.

Arrival at Deir — interview with the Hassan
Cacheff, 75.

Leave Deir— arrive at Ibrim, 77.

Continuation of the voyage, and description
of the country, 78.

Arrive at and description of Faras, and
the temple of Ybsambul, 79.

Arrival at the village of Ybsambul — in-
terview with the Davoud Cacheff — de-
scription of the natives, 81 .

First introduce money into the country, 83.

Further description of the natives, 84.

Proceed towards the second Cataract, 85.

Arrive at Wady Haifa, 86.

Excursion by land on camels up the Ca-
taract— view of it — visit to the isle of
Mainarty, 87.

Frighten away the natives, 88.

Ascend the Nile against the eddies and
current — visit the Rock of Apsir, 89.

View of the Cataract from it — go on to the
island of Gulge, 90.

Foundation of a Greek church on the island
— return to Mainarty — leave it and de-
scend the Nile — arrive at Iskus, 91.

Interview with the Osseyn Cacheff, 92.

Leave Iskus — return to the village of
Ybsambul — description of a small temple
opposite it — endeavour to persuade the
natives to open the temple, 93.

Begin operations at the temple, 94.

Difficulties encountered from the natives,
95.

Embarrassment of the Cacheff in fixing the
price of a sheep, 97.

He drinks wine for the first time, 98.

The natives come to work in great numbers
— their ideas on the treasure to be found,
99.

Attempt to rob the boat, 100.

Causes for quitting the works at the temple,
and leave Ybsambul, 101.

CONTENTS.

xm

Hailed and received letters sent by a soldier
from Deraou, 102.

Proceed to Cardassy — return to the first
Cataract — take possession of a small obe-
lisk and various other blocks of stone in
the island of Philce, 103.

Return to Assouan — visit the granite
quarries in the mountains, 105.

Discover a Latin inscription on a column
in the quarry — the little knowledge they
have of diamonds, 106.

Prepare to depart, 107.

Observation on the manners of the Arabs,
108.

Leave Assouan and arrive at Luxor —
proceedings taken to obtain a boat to
convey the bust of Memnon to Alexan-
dria, 109-

Works recommenced in Carnak, 111.

Secure a boat — beginning of discoveries,
112.

Count de Forbin, 114.

Description of the place where I first dis-
covered the lion-headed statues, 115.

Further proceedings in Carnak, 116.

Meet Khalil Bey on the Nile, 117.

Conversazione with the Bey and his court,
118.

Account of a dinner with him, 119-

Description of the sepulchres in Gournou
and Medinet Aboo, 120.

First excursion in the valley of Beban el
Malook — first discover the tomb of a
king, 123.

Description of the mountains round the val-
ley— water descends from thedesert, 124.

Further difficulties in obtaining a boat,
125.

Curious incident by which the boat was ob-
tained, 126.

Trial respecting the boat, and decision in
favour of the author, 129.

Works recommenced in Gournou — embark
the colossal bust of Memnon, 131.

Preparations for departing to Cairo — Oph-
thalmia—leave Thebes for Cairo, 133.

Arrival in Cairo — leave Cairo for Alexan-
dria, 134.

Arrive in Rosetta — Bogase — and in Alex-
andria— landed and lodged the colossal
head in the Bashaw's magazine ready to
be embarked for England — farther pro-
posal to ascend the Nile, 135.

Return to Cairo — account of Captain Ca-
billia's operations at the Pyramids, 136.

SECOND JOURNEY.

Left Cairo for Thebes, 141.

Stopped at Tabeen and Boorumbol, 142.

Description of an Arabian dance — arrival
at Minieh, 143.

Arrival at Eshmounein, and sudden de-
parture for Luxor, 1 44.

A forced march to Thebes, 145.
Account of Bedoween horsemen and their

tents, 146.
Disagreeable consequences occasioned by

the interpreter omitting to send a letter

to the Defterdar Bey, 148.

XIV

CONTENTS.

Another interview with the Cacheff of Ele-
ments— miracles performed by a Santon,
150.
Further proceedings in Luxor, 151.
Description of the temple of Carnak, 152.
Further proceedings in Thebes, 154.
Description of the natives, and tombs of

Gournou, 155.
Observations on the mode of discovery of

the tombs, 158.
Further account of the natives — manner of
the Fellahs making their researches, 159.
Purchase two metal vases from a chief of

the Fellahs, 160.
Further operations and discovery of lion-
headed sphinxes in Carnak, 162.
Iron sickle discovered under one of the

sphinxes, 163.
Further knowledge acquired on the dis-
covery of tombs — Herodotus's descrip-
tion of mummies, 165.
Observations on the various classes and de-
scriptions of mummies, 167.
Of animal mummies, 168.
Of mummy priests, 170.
Mummies discovered in their original posi-
tion, 171-
Farther account of mummies, 1 72.
Their decorations — linen manufactures —

enamelling, gilding and other arts, 173.
Art of painting, 174.
Sculpture, 175.
Architecture, and knowledge of arches with

a key-stone, 176.
Sculpture, 179.

Uncover the foundation of a temple in the
waste of Gournou — curious manner in
discovering a tomb, 180.
Description of a night's lodging in the
tomb, 181.

Happiness of the natives of Gournou, 182.

Their preparations for a wedding, 183.

Proceedings in Carnak — discovery of a
colossal head — accumulate various ar-
ticles, 184.

Arrival of the Defterdar Bey at Gatnola,
and his orders — receive information from
the Sheik of Gournou, 185.

Present a letter from the Bashaw to the
Defterdar Bey, 186.

The Bey visits Thebes, 187.

He visits Medinet Aboo, 188.

His barbarous conduct towards the Sheik
of Gournou, 189.

He ascends the Nile, and returns to
Thebes, 191.

Interview with the Bey on his return from
Deraou, 192.

Arrival of two of the fathers of the Propa-
ganda at Thebes, 192.

Description of a whirlwind, 195.

Mirage, 196.

Locusts — deception of Defterdar Bey in
issuing a firman for men to work, 197.

Preparations for and departure to the island
of Philce — further account of its monu-
ments, 199-

Preparations for Ybsambul — arrival of

Captains Irby and Mangles, 202.
Celebration of the birth-day of his Majesty
George III. — leave Philce, and arrive at
Ybsambul, 203.
Proceed to the second Cataract — com-
bination of the natives and boatmen to
extort money, 204.
Return to Ybsambul — arrival of the Ca-
cheffs, Daoud and Khalil — displeasure
of Khalil — preparations for opening the
temple, 205.
Commence opening the temple, 206.

CONTENTS.

XV

Works stopped by the Ramadan — resolve

to work ourselves, 207.
Visits from strange Cacheffs, said to be from

Ibrim, 208.
Their conduct, 209.
Works continued — entry into the temple

— -description of the interior, 811.
Description of the exterior, 213.
Leave Ybsambul, 214.
Arrive at Tomas — return to Deir, 215.
Arrive at Almeida — return to Kalabshe —

opposition of the natives to our entering

the temple, 216.
Arrival at Hindau, 217.
Arrival at Debod, and return to Philoe —

descend the cataract to Assouan — visit.

the granite quarries and the Latin in-
scription, 218.
Departure from Assouan — pass Edfu —

landed at Elethias — description of it, 219.
Return to Luxor, 220.
Return to Erments to obtain a firman for

labourers to work at Gournou— the

Cacheff is displaced by the Bey, 221.
Commence searching for the kings' tombs,

Description of the valley of Beban el

Malook, 224.
Number and description of the tombs, 225.
Further discovery of tombs, 227.
Arrival of travellers, 228.
Their visit to a newly discovered tomb, 229-
Recommence operations, and point out the

spot where the great tomb is found, 230.
Further proceedings, 231.
Enter the tomb, 232.
Further entrance, and description of its

various apartments, 234.
Discovery of the sarcophagus of alabaster,

23G.

Description of the entrance into the tomb
of Psammuthis, 237.

Description of the various representations
in the tomb, and figures in sculpture on
the walls, 238.

Painting — method taken for procuring a
Jac simile of the tomb, 239.

Description of the various figures, 240.

Dr. Young's discovery of the name of the
tomb, 242.

Continuation of the description of the
figures, 243.

Mahomet Aga visits the tomb, 246.

Unfortunate fate of the stones prepared to
be taken from the isle of Philce, 248.

Arrival of a noble family and the consul at
Thebes — set off for and arrive at Boolak,
250.

Meet with Count de Forbin, 251.

Despatches arrive from India, 252.

Farther account of Count de Forbin, 253.

Transmit to Europe, by the Count, an ac-
count of his proceedings, 254.

Visit the Pyramids — reflection on the pos-
sibility of penetrating that of Ccphrenes,
and motive which induced the author to
undertake it, 255.

Difficulties encountered, 256.

Observations on the Pyramids, 257.

Mode of obtaining permission for the ope-
ration, 258.

Caution observed not to let the proceedings
be known, 259.

Begin the undertaking, 260.

Foundation ofalarge templediscovercd,261.

Tedious operations without any prospect
of success — first discovery of an entrance,
262.

Disappointment, and determination still to
persevere, 265.

XVI

CONTENTS.

Calculation by which the true entrance was
discovered, 266.

Again resume the work — Arrival of Che-
valier Frediani, 267.

Discovery of the blocks of granite belong-
ing to the true entrance —discovery of
the true entrance, 268.

Difficulties in entering — description of the
portcullis, 270.

Description of the interior — the sarcophagus
found in the great chamber, 271.

Arabic inscription observed on the wall of
the chamber — translation of it, 272.

Bones found in the sarcophagus — place from

whence the stones have been taken for

building the Pyramids, 275.
Accounts of the Pyramids, 276.
The supposed purpose for which they were

erected, 277.
Their dimensions, 278.
Opinion on there not being hieroglyphics

on the Pyramids, 279-
Their coating — on their being surrounded

by the Nile — operation on the third Py-
ramid, 280.
Preparations for a third journey to Thebes,

282.
Set off for Thebes, 28.3.

THIRD JOURNEY.

Visit the Deftcrdar Bey of Siout — his
amusements in military exercise and ob-
servations on fire-arms, 283.

Mode of trying capital crimes, 284.

The Bey's knowledge on architecture, 286.

Proceed towards Thebes — visit my old
friend Soliman, Cacheff of Erments, at
Tacta, 288.

Ecbpse of the sun — arrival and proceedings
at Thebes, 289.

Discover a fine colossal statue — opinion on

the right site of the temple of Memnon,

291.
Hints to travellers where to dig for anti-

quities, 292.
Take models of the tombs in wax, 294.
The author's motives for undertaking a

journey to the Red Sea, 295.
Preparations for departure, 296.

JOURNEY TO THE RED SEA.

Set sail — extraordinary inundation of the

Nile, 299.
Arrive at Esne, and visit Ibrahim Bey —

arrive at the island of Hovassce, 302.
Preparations for entering the desert, 303.
Set off for the desert towards the Red Sea

— arrive at the first well in the desert, 304.

Approach towards Wady el Meeah— its

temple, 305.
Continuation of journey, 307.
Observe several hills of granite, 30S
Description of the Ababdy tribes, 809-
Continuation of the journey — sight of the

Red Sea, 313.

CONTENTS.

xvn

Sight of the Zubara or Emerald Mountains

— description of the miners, 314.
And of the mines, 315.
Preparations for journey to Sakiet, 31 G.
Description of the road towards it — searches

for Sakiet in consequence of Mr. Caliud's

erroneous information, 317.
View the Red Sea from the top of a moun-
tain, 321.
Continue our journey towards the Red

Sea, 323.
Arrival at the Red Sea, 324.
Description of the coast, 325.'
Correctness of Mr. Bruce's account of that

coast — sulphur mines, 326.
Fishermen — their mode of fishing, 327.
Island of Gambe — its situation with the

Wady el Gemal, 328.
Sulphur mines— effects of the south-east

wind — arrive at Cape Golahen, or Lept

Estrama, 329.
Arrive at the ruins of an ancient town —

its situation, bay and harbour, 330.
Dimensions of the town, 331.

Farther account of the town and lands
round it — proved to be the Berenice de-
scribed by D'Anville, 332.

Its supposed ancient population, &c. 334.

Left Berenice on return to the Nile-
arrived at the first well, 335.

Arrive at Haboo Grey, station of the an-
cient caravan passing to and from Bere-
nice, Coptos, and Amusue! — a spring
of running water, 336.

Arrive at Sakiet— returned to the Red Sea
— observations on the coast, 337.

Return to Sakiet, 338.

Greek inscription found there, 339.

Arrive at Kafafeet, another caravan station
— arrive at Habookroog — description of
a desert, 341.

Arrive at Hamesh — arrive at Samout,
another caravan station — arrive at Dan-
gos, 344.

Returned to Wady el Meeah — return to
the Nile — interview with the Sheik of
the Ababdy, 345.

Voyage from Elethias to Gournou, 346.

ACCOUNT OF THE TAKING THE OBELISK FKOM THE ISLAND OF PHIL(E TO

ALEXANDRIA.

Arrival of various persons in Thebes, 347.

Account of their proceedings, 348.

Set off' for the first Cataract — arrive at

Elethias and Edfu, 351.
Account of Silsili, 352.
Arrive at Assouan, 353.
Proceedings of the agents of Mr. Drouetti

at Philce, 355.
Commencement of operations for removing

the obelisk — difficulties encountered, 356.

It falls into the Nile, 357.

Preparations for taking it out — description
of the operation, 358.

Again embarked — preparations for launch-
ing it down the Cataract — observations
on the various colours of the cut granite,
360.

Launch the obelisk, 361.

Arrive at Assouan, and voyage to Thebes,
363.

c

Will

CONTENTS.

Account of a stranger, 364.

Visit Carnak, 365.

Assaulted by a band of Arabs, led on by
two Piedmontese in Mr. Drouetti's em-
ploy, 366.

Preparations for returning to Europe, 370.

Reflections on the climate under the tropic
of Cancer on the Nile, 371.

Left Thebes — arrive at Benisouef, and met

with Mr. Pearce, the Abyssinian traveller,

373.
Difficulties and delay in embarking for

Europe, 375.
Form a resolution of making a journey

into the Oasis, 376.

JOURNEY TO THE OASIS OF AMMON.

Arrive at Benisouef — entrance into the
Faioum, 377.

Description of the first pyramid of bricks,
378.

Visit to the second pyramid of bricks — ar-
rive at Medinet el Faioum — set off for
the lake Mceris, 379.

Arrive at the lake — description of the fisher-
men and their boat — embark for the town
of Haron, 380.

Reflections on the shore, 381.

Visit to and description of the town and
temple of Haron, 382.

Surprised by a hya?na — further account of
the town, 383.

Opinion on the Labyrinth — re-embarked
for the north side of the lake, 384.

Visit and description of the ancient town
of Denay, the ancient Bacchus, 385.

Visit the island of El Hear, and return to
the east of the lake — make a tour in va-
rious places in the neighbourhood — re-
flection and opinion on the situation of
the Labyrinth, 387.

Account of Fedmin el Kunois, 3S9.

Arrive at the ruins of ancient Arsinoc,
390.

Description of it — preparations for a jour-
ney into the Oasis, 391.

Visit Khalil Bey at Benisouef, 393.

Obtain a guide for the desert, 394.

Residence at the Bedoweens' camp, 395.

Description of it, 396.

Set off for the desert — arrive at El Kharah
— continue the journey, 397.

Arrive at Rejcn el Cassar — proceed on, and
discover various tumuli, 398.

Opinion on them, 399.

Arrive at Bahar Bela Me, 401.

Arrive in sight of the Elloah — description
of it, 402.

Approach the village of Zaboo — introduc-
tion to the natives, 404.

Their reception, 405.

Excursion round the country in search of
antiquities, 408.

Curious mineral fountain — their worship —
mode of living, 410.

Information received respecting the village
of El Cassar, 411.

Interview with the great Sheiks of El Cassar,
412.

Quit Zaboo for El Cassar — prevented from
entering the village, 415,

CONTENTS.

XIX

Enter the village, 416.

Visit the ruins at El Cassar, 418.

Go to see the tombs, and the noted fountain

mentioned by Herodotus, 421.
Setoff for El Haix, 424.
Return to El Cassar, 429.
Return to Zaboo, 430.
Proceeding thei-e, 431.
Left the Oasis for Moele, 432.

Arrival at that place — description of it —
continuation of the journey towards the
Nile — arrival at Benisouef, 433.

Return to Cairo — leave Cairo — return to
Rosetta — proceeding and 'conclusion of
the action carried on against the two
Piedmontese in Mr. Drouetti's service,
434.

Return to Europe, 437.

ERRATA.

Page 24, line 21, for Memnion, read Memnonium.

62, line 1 , for El Shal, read El Shag.

102, line 32, for Todfa, rarc/Taffa.

103, line 20, for large, read small.

168, line 15, referrenee omitted to Plate 44.

— — 203, line 28, for opposite Deir, we found that the Cacheffs were not there hut at Tomas,
read we found that the Cacheffs were not there, but at Tomas opposite
Deir.

338, line 20, for six hours, read twelve.

- 389, line 29, Jar Fedmin el Hanaiser, read Fedmin el Kunois.

RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

IN

EGYPT, NUBIA, &c.

FIEST JOURNEY.

We sailed from Malta on the 19th of May, 1815, and arrived at
Alexandria on the 9th of June following ; Mrs. Belzoni, myself, and
James Curtain, a lad, whom I brought with me from Ireland, formed
our party. The principal cause of my going to Egypt was the pro-
ject of constructing hydraulic machines, to irrigate the fields, by a
system much easier and more economical than what is in use in that
country. On entering the harbour of Alexandria, the pilot informed
us, that the plague was in the town. To a European, who had never
been in that country, this was alarming intelligence. As I wished to
have some information concerning the state of the disease, we did
not land till the next day, when two European gentlemen came
alongside in a boat, and informed us, that it was rapidly diminishing.
We accordingly landed, but with much caution, as, in our way to
the French Occale, where we were to perform quarantine, we had
to pass through the town. Fortunately, St. John's day, which is
the 24th of June, was not far off; and on that day the plague is
supposed to cease. Some superstitious persons attribute this to the
power of the saint himself; but it is too well known, that extreme
heat checks the plague in the same manner as the cold season ;

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2 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and I observed myself, that when the heat of summer was not so
great as usual, the plague lasted longer ; while, on the other hand,
when the cold season lasted longer, the plague came later.

The necessity of putting ourselves into a voluntary prison ; the
caution we were obliged to take, not to touch any person, or suffer
any one to touch us ; the strict order to be observed in receiving
any thing that came from out of doors ; and the continual perfumes
with which we were regaled, to prevent the plague, as they say,
were extremely strange to a novice in the customs of the country.
We were confined to our apartment, and for three or four days no
one came near us. We were really sick, but I took the caution
not to let it be known ; for the plague is so dreadful a scourge, and
operates so powerfully on human fears and human prejudices, that,
during its prevalence, if a man be ill, he must be ill of the plague,
and if he die, he must have died of the plague : no inquiry is made,
no examination takes place. Accordingly, had the people of the
Occale come to the knowledge of our being indisposed, and par-
ticularly that we vomited, they would have concluded, though it
was merely the effect of a new climate, that we had caught the
pestilence in passing through the town ; and the whole Occale
would have been struck with terror, thinking the enemy was within
the gate.

The Occale is an enclosure of several houses, so disposed as to
form a square. There is no entrance to the area of the square but
by the great gate, leading to a common staircase, above which a gal-
lery takes you to every house. In plague time, the people of these
habitations must communicate with each other without touching :
no provision can enter without being passed through water, nor
must bread be touched whilst warm. The disease is so easily
caught, that a piece of thread blown by the wind is quite sufficient
to infect the whole country. Had it been known that we were ill,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 3

no one would have come near us, except the Arabs, who go in case of
sickness indiscriminately to every one ; and are thus likely to spread
the plague, by giving it to those who had it not. Many die the vic-
tims of neglect, merely because every disease is taken for the plague :
others are victims of a different kind, of the atrocious, interested
views of their relatives, who, profiting by their death, may take what
advantage they please, even by poison, as no investigation takes
place in any instance. " He died of the plague," is the general
cry, whatever may be the disease ; and as several hundreds perish
daily, they are all carried away without distinction.

After the 24th June, called the great St. John, the plague nearly
ceased ; and as my principal view was to reach Cairo, we lured a
boat, in company with Mr. Turner, an English gentleman, who was
going up the Nile. We sailed on the 1st of July, but, owing to
contrary winds, were brought back the same evening. The next
day we re-embarked, and were then obliged to land at Aboukir, in
consequence of high winds. We visited the place, where many a
brave fellow had fallen a sacrifice to the war, and to the glory of
his country. Human bones were scattered here and there.

Continuing our voyage the same day, we entered the mouth
of the Nile, and landed at Eosetta; four days more brought
us to Boolak, within a mile of Cairo. Though our eyes began
to be accustomed to the sight of the Arabs in Alexandria, the
bustling scene here was still more striking. The majestic ap-
pearance of Turkish soldiers in various costumes, without regu-
larity or discipline, Arabs of many tribes, boats, canjeas, camels,
horses, and asses, all in motion, presented a striking picture. I
landed, and went immediately to Cairo ; and as the holy fathers of
the convent of Terrasanta could not receive women within their
walls, we were accommodated in an old house in Boolak, belonging
to Mr. Baghos, to whom I was recommended. He was the principal

b 2

4 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

interpreter of Mahomed Ali, and director of all foreign affairs : a man
of great aeuteness of understanding, and so well disposed towards
strangers, particularly Europeans, that it was soon arranged, that on
such a day I was to be presented to his highness the Bashaw, to
make my proposal. The house we inhabited was so old and out
of repair, that I expected every moment it would fall on our heads;
all the windows were shut up with broken wooden rails ; the stair-
case was in so wretched a condition, that scarcely a step was left
entire ; the door was fastened simply by a pole placed against it,
having neither lock nor any thing else to secure the entrance.
There were many rooms in it, but the ceiling in all of them was in
a most threatening state. The whole furniture consisted of a
single mat in one of the best rooms, which we considered as our
drawing-room. We had mattresses and linen with us, otherwise
we must have adopted the Arab method of sleeping : as no chairs
are to be had in this country, we sat on the ground ; a box and a
trunk served as a table : fortunately, we had a few plates, as well
as knives and forks, which we had provided to use in the boat;
and James, our Irish lad, bought us a set of culinary utensils, of
pottery. Such were our accommodations.

Though my principal object was not antiquities at that time,
I could not restrain myself from going to see the wonder of the
world, the pyramids. I took an opportunity of going with Mr.
Turner, who obtained an escort of soldiers from the Bashaw, to
accompany us. We went there to sleep, that we might ascend
the first pyramid early enough in the morning, to see the rising
of the sun ; and accordingly we were on the top of it long
before the dawn of day. The scene here is majestic and
grand, far beyond description : a mist over the plains of Egypt
formed a veil, which ascended and vanished gradually as the
sun rose and unveiled to the view that beautiful land, once the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 5

site of Memphis. The distant view of the smaller pyramids on
the south marked the extension of that vast capital ; while the
solemn, endless spectacle of the desert on the west inspired us with
reverence for the all-powerful Creator. The fertile lands on the
north, with the serpentine course of the Nile, descending towards
the sea ; the rich appearance of Cairo, and its numerous minarets, at
the foot of the Mokatam mountain on the east ; the beautiful plain
which extends from the pyramids to that city; the Nile, which
flows magnificently through the centre of the sacred valley, and the
thick groves of palm trees under our eyes ; all together formed a
scene, of which very imperfect ideas can be given by the most
elaborate description. We descended to admire at some distance
the astonishing pile that stood before us, composed of such an
accumulation of enormous blocks of stones, that I was at a loss to
conjecture how they could be brought thither ; and presently we
entered the pyramid : but I must reserve for some other time the
more minute account of this wonderful work. We went round the
second pyramid, examined several of these mausoleums, and re-
turned to Cairo with the satisfaction of having seen a wonder,
which I had long desired, but never supposed I should have the
happiness to behold.

A few days after we made a party of Europeans, to go as far as
Sacara by water, and after visiting the pyramids of that place, the
party returned to Cairo, except Mr. Turner and myself, who went
to see the pyramids of Dajior. These are considerably smaller than
the large ones, I believe in the proportion of about one to six. One
of them is of a different form, as it has a curve in the angles, which
brings it to a perpendicular near the ground. This, and those at
Sacara, which appear like hanging galleries, differ from the generality
in point of shape ; but the two of Dajior are in better preservation
than any of the rest. I observed also near Sacara and Betracina,

6 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

which I believe to be the central part of Memphis, the remains of
other pyramids, which, by their dilapidated state, induced me to
suppose, that they are of an earlier date than any of the rest. At
this time I had no opportunity of visiting the pits of the embalmed
mummies, and birds ; but a Fellah brought us one of the earthen vases
that contained a bird, which I believed to be a hawk by the shape of
the bones. The vase was so perfect, that we laughed at the Arab for
his attempting to impose on us. Seeing that he could not sell his
piece of antiquity, and that he was laughed at besides, he broke
the vase before us, to show what connoisseurs we were of antiques.
We overshot the mark this time ; for the caution that had been
given us, never to credit what an Arab says, made us disbelieve the
truth. On our returning towards the Nile, we passed by the broken
pyramid of sun-baked bricks ; and it appeared to me, on examining
it afterwards, that it did not decay gradually, like the other pyra-
mids, but by large masses of the bricks separating at a time from
the rest.

On our arrival at the Nile it was quite night, and we had to
pass several villages to come to a place where we could embark for
old Cairo. Our road was through a cluster of palm trees, which
by moonlight had a most solemn effect. Some of the Arabs were
dancing to the usual tunes on the tambourines ; and, forgetting
perhaps the slavish condition in which they are held by the Turks,
were happy for a while. We took a small boat, and arrived in old
Cairo before day. Two days after I was to be presented to the Ba-
shaw on the subject of my hydraulic project ; and accordingly I went
to the house of Mr. Baghos, where I first became acquainted with the
late Mr. Burckhardt. Tins acquaintance was a fortunate circumstance
for me, as the various and important information I acquired from
him proved to be of the greatest service to me in that country, and
I shall ever remember it with the deepest gratitude. Going to the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 7

citadel with Mr. Baghos, we had to pass through several of the
principal streets, which are always crowded with people, and for
this reason a stranger supposes the capital to be very populous ; but
except these streets and the bazars, the rest of the town is quite
deserted, and a great number of falling houses and much rubbish
are to be seen every where. We were mounted on our asses, the
most convenient and only mode of travelling for Franks in that city.
We met a soldier on horseback, who, when he came near, gave me
such a blow with his staff upon my right leg, that I thought he had
cut it in two. The staves of the Turks, which are like shovels, cut
very sharp; and one of the corners, catching the calf of my leg, tore off
a piece of flesh in a triangular form, two inches broad, and pretty
deep. After this he swore two or three- oaths at me, and went on
as if nothing had happened. The blood ran out copiously ; and,
instead of seeing the Bashaw, I was taken to the convent of Tera-
santa, as the nearest Christian place I could go to. It is to be
remarked, that, at this time, there was a great discontent among the
soldiers against the Bashaw," for having given orders, that they
should learn the European military evolutions ; and, as I was in a
Frank's dress, I suppose the fellow paid me for what he had learned
of European fighting. From the convent I was taken home to my
house in Boolak, where I remained under cure for thirty days,
before I could stand on my legs.

During my confinement in this house, I had an opportunity of
observing at some distance the manners of the Arabs, who passed
under our window. Our house stood in a good situation, where we
could observe all the landing from the boats that came from Alex-
andria and Kosetta. All the goods which went or came passed our
residence ; and the caravans of the Moors from Mecca halted for
several days in this place. It was a strange sight for us, to observe
these people in their tents, living in separate families, while their
chief occupation was sitting on the ground, smoking, singing, and

8 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

saying prayers, which I observed lasted sometimes three or four
hours, besides the ceremonial prayers, repeated standing and kneel-
ing. I did not make any minute observations, for, as I have said, my
first occupation was with a different view ; nor did I expect at that
period, that I should ever have any thing to do with these people,
as a traveller.

When I recovered, I was presented to Mahomet Ali Bashaw,
who received me very civilly. Seeing that I walked lamely, and
being told the cause, he said, such accidents could not be avoided
where there were troops. I made an arrangement with him, and
undertook to erect a machine, which would raise as much water
with one ox, as the machines of the country with four. He was
much pleased with my proposal, as it would save the labour and
expense of many thousands of oxen in the country ; a matter of
importance, since these animals are scarcely of any other use than
working ; for, though they are in pretty good condition, they are
seldom killed for food, the Turks eating mutton, and the Arabs
buffalo's flesh, when they can afford it. The Bashaw was just
returned from Arabia, where he had conquered some of the Wa-
haby tribes, and delivered the holy cities of Mecca and Medina
from the Infidels. He himself conducted the war till lately, when
his son Ibrahim Bashaw conquered some of the great chiefs, who
were taken prisoners, and sent to Constantinople, where they were
executed. Notwithstanding this, I am of opinion, that Mecca will
be to the Turks, what Jerusalem is to the Christians ; for, unless a
strong army be kept there, the croisades of Mahomet Ali will have
no better effect, than that of our Godfrey of Bouillon.

During the time that I was engaged in preparing my hydraulic
machine, one morning I went on the road towards Cairo, and, to my
surprise, found a perfect silence, instead of the continual confusion
of noise and bustle of every description. The boatmen were getting
their boats ready, as if to set off immediately. No camels appeared

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 9

to carry water to Cairo ; no ass-drivers were seen ; no shops open ;
and no person in the streets. I could not conceive what was the
reason of this singularity, nor could I inquire of any one, as no per-
son was in the way ; but, being Friday, I concluded it might be
some particular holiday with the Mahommedans. I went on, and
still I met no one. The distance from Boolak to Cairo is about
a mile, through an open country ; and midway is a bridge, near
which I found a group of soldiers. I continued my walk without
noticing them ; one of them, however, levelled a gun at me, and all
the rest laughed at the idea of frightening a Frank.

I passed on till I entered Cairo. When I reached the Franks'
quarter, both gates were shut ; but through the small door I observed
a Frank, engaged like myself in the act of peeping, and who proved to
be Mr. Bocty, the Swedish consul-general, who was surprised to see
me. I could not imagine what all this meant. At first I concluded,
that a violent plague had broken out, and that every one kept his
house : but the Mahommedans do not seclude themselves on such
occasions ; so I was at a great loss what inference to draw. Mr. Bocty
anxiously inquired of me how I happened to be there, whence I came,
and what I had seen on the road ; and he Avas not a little surprised,
when I told him, that I came from Boolak, and did not see any
thing particular on the way. I had not been at the door long,
before we heard a great noise in some of the streets, and a volley
of musketry discharged. I was then hurried into the Franks'
quarter, and the gates were closely shut. I was soon informed,
that a revolution had broken out among the soldiers against the
Bashaw, and that some of the troops were in pursuit of him
to the citadel, whither he had retired for safety. Strange as it may
appear, it proved, that by our not communicating with any body
in Boolak, we knew nothing of what passed in the morning at
Cairo ; and it so happened, that at the very place where the

c

10 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

revolution had begun, which was the seraglio, in the Esbakie, no
one was visible when I passed; for after the Bashaw had retired
into the citadel, all the soldiers ran after him ; and as to the rest
of the people, no one came out of their houses. All the Franks in
their quarter were alarmed, and prepared for defence in case the
gates should be attacked. I went to the house of Mr. Baghos, as
I had business with him, and he was not a little surprised to see
me, knowing where I lived.

I Avas much concerned for Mrs. Belzoni, whom I had left at
home with only James and an Arab ; and though Mr. Baghos
endeavoured to persuade me to stop with them all night, I insisted
on returning almost immediately. I went off unperceived by
any one in the house ; but at the gates of the quarter I found
great difficulty in having the door opened ; and no sooner was
I out, than it was instantly closed after me. I took the same
road that I came, and had not gone far, when I met a body of
armed soldiers running towards the centre of the town. Advancing
further I heard several muskets discharged in a street near, and
many others at some distance ; indeed there was a continual firing
kept up. On my approaching the Esbakie, I saw several soldiers
running towards the seraglio, and others hastening towards me.
When they came up, one seized my bridle, while another took me
by the collar, and the rest were busied in rifling my pockets. I
had but a few dollars in my possession ; and my pocket-book con-
tained only letters and passports, of which I know not how they
have disposed : but what principally drew their attention was a
white topaz brooch, which I had in the frill of my shirt, and which
they took for a brilliant. I kept in good humour with them ; and
when I perceived their attention to the topaz, I began to move in
order to depart. I do not know whether I had reason to fear
they would call after me, suspecting that I marked them so as to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 1 1

recognize them again : but I proceeded, and nothing further hap-
pened to me on the road.

For several days we kept ourselves close in the house, as we were
advised by a friendly Turk, our neighbour, not to be seen. During
this time, the soldiers plundered the shops in Cairo, and the Bashaw
sent the Syrian horse against them, now known under the appellation
of Tartoor. These were the only troops faithful to him ; but being
mounted, they could not follow the Albanians, who were posted in
ploughed fields between Cairo and Boolak. One day the cavalry
advanced, and the Albanians retired towards Boolak. Our house was
so situated, that from the upper part of it we could see the firing of
the troops on one side, and on the other the confusion of the people,
who had taken to the boats, which were soon crowded with them, and
in the hurry many of the boats went adrift. It was expected, that
the troops would plunder the place, if they entered it : in such case,
I depended on the appearance and ruined state of our habitation,
which, I had reason to think, would rather deter the soldiers from
entering it, lest it should fall on their heads, than invite them to
plunder. Besides, we had no treasure with us, unless they had
taken our kitchen furniture of earthen pots, &c. There was a
universal cry among the people, and the troops advanced to the
very entrance of the town ; but, fortunately, they were prevented
from coming in by the cavalry, who, by making a circuit, had taken
post on the road. The confusion continued in this manner for
several days : at last, after having plundered and ravaged Cairo at
their pleasure, the troops retired to their camps, and in a few days
more matters were arranged again. I have reason to think, that
the Bashaw knew who the chief instigators of this insurrection
were, for we found that several persons shortly after died of sudden
deaths ; and, indeed, many of the Chiefs and Beys disappeared.
The discontented troops were all sent to encampments in various

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12 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

stations at a distance from Cairo, and part towards Mecca ; but the
European exercise, which was said to have been the cause of the
revolt of the troops, was wholly abandoned, and consigned to ob-
livion. Turks are averse to control of any sort, and particularly
to what is not the result of Mahommedan customs. I was never
more amused, than when I saw our military evolutions attempted by
men, whose large trowsers are peculiarly unsuited to our light
motions.

When all was quiet again, I recommenced my hydraulic pre-
parations. The place, where I was to erect my machine, was in
Soubra, at the garden of the Bashaw, on the Nile, three miles from
Cairo. We went to reside there, in a small house within the walls
of the governor's palace, which was closed at night by large gates,
something like the Occales in Alexandria. I had many provoking
difficulties to encounter, before I became acquainted with the
people of the place, as they supposed, that the introduction of
such machines into the country woidd throw many of them out
of work ; consequently I was not welcome among them ; and the
very persons who were to furnish me with what was necessary in
wood, iron, carpentry, &c. would be the first to suffer by it, if the
machine succeeded. It may, therefore, easily be imagined that I had
to contend with many obstacles, besides the prejudice against all
strangers, or innovations in the customs of the natives. As a proof
of this may be cited the hydraulic machine already in Soubra, sent as
a present from England to the Bashaw of Egypt, which is said to have
cost ten thousand pounds. It was neatly put up, though the en-
gineer, who was in charge of it, met with many difficulties before he
effected it. At last it was set to work ; but as it was imagined,
that an English machine would inundate the whole country in an
hour, the quantity of water raised was not adequate to their
expectation, and it has been left useless ever since. For my own

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 13

part, I have no doubt, that the machine might have been made
to draw up more water, if the person who constructed it could have
seen the place and situation in which it was to act. The failure
in this instance had given me an early surmise of what might be
mv own fate ; and I was not mistaken.

During my stay at Soubra I became aquainted with many
Turks, and in particular with the governor of the palace, as we
had our house within his Malls. The garden of the Bashaw was
under his care, and a guard was kept at the gates. The seraglio is
so situated, that the front looks over the hill : at the back of it
is the garden, which is under the care of Greeks, who in a few
years have brought it to great perfection. There are beautiful
alcoves, made in form of cupolas, entirely covered with plants ; and
the water machines, which are constantly at work, keep up a per-
petual verdure. There is a fountain in the European style, and
a great quantity of fruit, particularly grapes and peaches; but
they never grow to any size like ours, for many get rotten and
fall before they are ripe ; in consequence, the Turks eat them
green.

The Bashaw is in continual motion, being sometimes at his
citadel, and sometimes at his seraglio in the Esbakie ; but Soubra
is his principal residence. His chief amusement is in the evening
a little before sunset, when he quits Iris seraglio, and seats him-
self on the bank of the Nile, to fire at an earthen pot, with his
guards. If any of them hit it, he makes him a present, occasionally
of forty or fifty rubies. He is himself an excellent marksman ; for
I saw him fire at and hit a pot only fifteen inches high, set on the
ground on the opposite side of the Nile, though the river at Soubra
is considerably wider than the Thames at Westminster Bridge.
As soon as it is dark, he retires into the garden, and reposes
either in an alcove, or by the margin of a fountain, on an

14 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

European chair, with all his attendants round him. Here his
numerous buffoons keep him in continual high spirits and good
humour. By moonlight the scene was beautiful. I was admitted
into the garden whenever I wished, by which means I had an
opportunity of observing the domestic life of a man, who from
nothing rose to be viceroy of Egypt, and conqueror of the most
powerful tribes of Arabia.

From the number of lights I frequently saw through the
windows of the seraglio, I supposed the ladies were at such times
amusing themselves in some way or other. Dancing women are
often brought to divert them, and sometimes the famous Catalani
of Egypt was introduced. One of the buffoons of the Bashaw took
it into his head one day, for a frolic, to shave his beard ; which is no
trifle among the Turks ; for some of them, I really believe, would
sooner have their head cut off than their beard : he borrowed some
Franks' clothes of the Bashaw's apothecary, who was from Europe,
and, after dressing himself in our costume, presented himself to the
Bashaw as a European, who could not speak a single word either
of Turkish or Arabic, which is often the case. Being in the dark,
the Bashaw took him for what he represented himself to be, and sent
immediately for the interpreter, who put some questions to him in
Italian, which he did not answer : he was then questioned in
French, but no reply ; and next in the German and Spanish
languages, and still he was silent : at last, when he saw that they
were all deceived, the Bashaw not excepted, he burst out in plain
Turkish, the only language he was acquainted with, and his well
known voice told them who he was ; for such was the change of
his person, particularly by the cutting off his beard, that otherwise
they could scarcely have recognised him. The Bashaw was de-
lighted with the fellow ; and, to keep up the frolic, gave him an
order on the treasury for an enormous sum of money, and sent

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 15

him to the Kaciabay, to present himself as a Frank, to receive it.
The Kaciabay started at the immensity of the sum, as it was nearly
all that the treasury could furnish : but upon questioning this new
European, it was soon perceived who he was. In this attire he
went home to his women, who actually thrust him out of the door ;
and such was the disgrace of cutting off his beard, that even his
felloAv buffoons would not eat with him till it was grown again.

The Bashaw seems to be well aware of the benefits that may
be derived from his encouraging the arts of Europe m his country,
and had already reaped some of the fruits of it. The fabrication of
gunpowder, the refining of sugar, the making of fine indigo, and
the silk manufacture, are introduced, much to his advantage: he
is constantly inquiring after something new, and is delighted with
any thing strange to his imagination. Having heard of electricity,
he sent to England for two electric machines, one with a plate, the
other with a cylinder. The former was broken by the way; the
latter was dismounted. The physician of the Bashaw, an Arminian,
did not know, though it was so easy a matter, how to set it up.
Happening to be at the garden one evening, when they were
attempting it, and could not succeed, I was requested to put the
several pieces together ; and, having done so, I made one of the sol-
diers mount on the insulating stool, charged the machine, and gave
the Turk a good shock ; who, expecting no such thing, uttered a loud
cry, and jumped off, as much terrified as if he had seen the devil.
The Bashaw laughed at the man's jumping off, supposing his fright
to be a trick, and not the effect of the machine ; and when told, that
it was actually occasioned by the machine, he affirmed positively
that it could not be, for the soldier was at such a distance, that it
was impossible the small chain he held in his hand could have such
power. I then desired the interpreter to inform his Highness,
that if he would mount the stool himself, he would be convinced

16 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

of the fact. He hesitated for a wliile whether to believe me or not ;
however he mounted the stool. I charged well, put the chain into
his hand, and gave him a pretty smart shock. He jumped off, like
the soldier, on feeling the effect of the electricity ; but immediately
threw himself on the sofa in a fit of laughter, not being able to con-
ceive how the machine could have such power on the human body.

The governor of Soubra, Zulfur Carcaja, was a Mamelouk of about
sixty-five years of age, and an instance of the promotion of one of that
body of men, who for so many centuries ruled Egypt. His political
conduct towards the Bashaw procured him the place of governor of
a village, which contained the residence of the Bashaw himself, and a
vast tract of land, the cultivation of which was entirely under his
direction. He was a learned man among the Turks, and had a
considerable portion of knowledge in agriculture, which I suppose
to be the cause of his continuing to enjoy the Bashaw's favour.
He had travelled a great deal in the Ottoman dominions, and had
acquired much information ; which is uncommon for a Turk : but
the prejudices of his nation, and the superstitions of his religion,
notwithstanding all this, did not quit him an instant. At night I
used to go to his divan, or conversazione, to chat, drink coffee,
and smoke a pipe. We agreed in many points ; but on that of the
hydraulic machine I could make no impression upon him, as it was
against his interest to be convinced. He was one day taken very
ill ; and as there was no physician nearer than Cairo, he sent to know
whether we could not do something for him. As it was only a
violent cold, Mrs. Belzoni sent him a negus, which he liked so
well, that he continued the medicine for several days.

Some time after this, "Mrs. Belzoni had a pain in her side. One
evening, 1 went to his divan ; and as he always inquired after
the health of his physician, I informed him of the circumstance :
upon which he assured me, that it was nothing but what he would

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, kc. 17

find a remedy for immediately ; and he rose and went into an inner
room, from which with all imaginable pomp and devotion he brought
out a book. The Sheik of the mosque was present ; and, after turn-
ing over and over again the leaves of this book, they concluded on
what was to be done. Three pieces of paper were cut in a trian-
gular form, the size of a playing card, and the Sheik wrote on them
several words in Arabic. Of these pieces of paper, he told me, that
Mrs. Belzoni must fasten one to her forehead by a string, and one
to each ear. He then fetched a piece of the skin of a lamb, that
had been sacrificed during the feast of Bairam. The Sheik wrote on
tins also, and it was to be applied to the part affected. I thanked
him very much for his kindness, and brought away the amulets,
which we keep to this day, as a memorial of the Turkish method
of curing pains. It happened, that Mrs. Belzoni was somewhat
better a day or two after, and the old Turk exulted in having repaid
the obligation he had incurred, when cured by her of his cold.

The Arabs of Soubra exhibit as much festivity, when a marriage
of consequence takes place, as those of any of the villages in Egypt.
Fortunately, one happened while we were there ; and as the window
of our house overlooked the very spot where the festival Mas to be
celebrated, we had an opportunity of seeing the whole ceremony.
Early in the morning of the grand holiday, a high pole was planted
in the centre of the place, with a banner belonging to the village.
A large assembly of people gathered under it, and preparations were
made for an illumination with glass lamps, &c. The Arabs from
other villages came to the feast in procession, beating their tam-
bourines, and waving their flags. At some distance from the pole
they halted, and did not advance till a deputation was sent to
invite them to the feast. The elders of the village seated them-
selves around and under the pole, and the strangers at a little
distance. One of those standing near the pole, who had an un-

D

18 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

commonly good pipe, began to sing ; while the rest divided them-
selves into two parties, forming two circles, one within the other,
round the pole and facing each other. By each man putting his arms
over his neighbours' shoulders, each circle formed a continuous
chain. The outer circle stood still, while the people of the inner
circle kept dancing and bowing in an orderly manner to those in
the outer. Thus they continued three hours, and those who were
not in the circles made separate rings by themselves. Some of the
Hadgees, who were desirous of exhibiting their powers in ceremonial
devotion, went on positively for two hours, and some minutes,
bending their bodies nearly to the ground, and raising them up
again with such quickness, that it would be impossible for any
one, who was not accustomed to it, to undergo such exertion a
quarter of an hour. All the women were at a distance by them-
selves, and among them was the bride. When the dancing and
singing ended, they all sat down in large circles; and a great
quantity of boiled rice was brought to them in large wooden bowls,
beside a number of dishes of melokie and bamies*, and three or four
large sheep roasted, which were immediately torn to pieces and
devoured. For the drinking department they had a number of
boys, who were fully employed in fetching water in large bardacks
from the Nile ; but some of the party I knew had a sly corner, to
which to retire for a drop of horaky ; for it is in this private way
they drink it. At night, the pole and all the place around it was
illuminated. The people seated themselves in an orderly manner,
in the form of an amphitheatre, the women forming a part of the
circle, separate from the men. A band of tambourines and pipes
was continually playing ; and the entertainment began with dancing,
by two well-known and distinguished performers.

* Plants eaten in common by the Arabs ns greens.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 19

This particular mode of dancing, I believe, has never been
described, and all who see it properly must be excused from giving a
faithful picture of it. When the dancing was at an end, a sort of
play was performed, the intent of which was to exhibit life and man-
ners, as we do in our theatres. The subject represented an Hadgee,
who wants to go to Mecca, and applies to a camel-driver, to procure a
camel for him. The driver imposes on him, by not letting him see the
seller of the camel, and putting a higher price on it than is really
asked, giving so much less to the seller than he received from the
purchaser. A camel is produced at last, made up by two men covered
with a cloth, as if ready to depart for Mecca. The Hadgee mounts
on the camel, but finds it so bad, that he refuses to take it, and
demands his money back again. A scuffle takes place, when, by
chance, the seller of the camel appears, and finds that the camel in
question is not that which he sold to the driver for the Hadgee.
Thus it turns out, that the driver was not satisfied with imposing
both on the buyer and seller in the price, but had also kept the
good camel for himself, and produced a bad one to the Hadgee. In
consequence he receives a good drubbing, and runs off. — Simple as
this story appears, yet it was so interesting to the audience, that it
seemed as if nothing could please them better, as it taught them to
be on their guard against dealers in camels, &c. — This was the play ;
and the afterpiece represented a European traveller, who served as a
sort of clown. He is in the dress of a Frank ; and, on his travels,
comes to the house of an Arab, who, though poor, wishes to have
the appearance of being rich. Accordingly he gives orders to his
wife, to kill a sheep immediately. She pretends to obey; but
returns in a few minutes, saying, that the flock has strayed away,
and it would be the loss of too much time to fetch one. The host
then orders four fowls to be killed ; but these cannot be caught.
A third time, he sends his wife for pigeons ; but the pigeons are all

d2

20 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

out of their holes ; and at last the traveller is treated only with
sour milk and dhourra bread*, the only provision in the house.
Tliis finishes the play.

During my stay in Soubra, a circumstance took place, which I
shall remember as long as I live, and which showed me plainly the
country I was in, and the people I had to deal with. Some par-
ticular business calling me to Cairo, I was on my ass in one of
the narrow streets, where I met a loaded camel. The space that
remained between the camel and the wall was so little, that I could
scarcely pass; and at that moment I was met by a Binbashi, a subaltern
officer, at the head of his men. For the instant I was the only
obstacle that prevented his proceeding on the road ; and I could
neither retreat nor turn round, to give him room to pass. Seeing
it was a Frank who stopped his way, he gave me a violent blow on
my stomach. Not being accustomed to put up with such saluta-
tions, I returned the compliment with my whip across his naked
shoulders. Instantly he took his pistol out of his belt ; I jumped
off my ass ; he retired about two yards, pulled the trigger, fired at
my head, singed the hair near my right ear, and killed one of his
own soldiers, who, by this time, had come behind me. Finding
that he had missed his aim, he took out a second pistol ; but his
own soldiers assailed and disarmed him.

A great noise arose in the street, and, as it happened to be close
to the seraglio in the Esbakie, some of the guards ran up ; but on
seeing what the matter was, they interfered and stopped the Bin-
basi. I thought my company was not wanted, so I mounted my
charger, and rode off. I went to Mr. Baghos, and told him what
had happened. We repaired immediately to the citadel, saw the
Bashaw, and related the circumstance to him. He was much con-

* Dhurra is the common grain of Egypt.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 21

cerned, and wished to know where the soldier was, but observed,
that it was too late that evening to have him taken up. However, he
was apprehended the next day, and I never heard or knew any thing
more about him. Such a lesson on the subject was not lost upon
me ; and I took good care, in future, not to give the least oppor-
tunity of the kind to men of that description, who can murder an
European with as much indifference as they would kill an insect.

Some little time after this, another circumstance took place, which
I cannot omit relating. A charming young lady, about sixteen
years of age, daughter of the Chevalier Bocty, now consul-general
of Sweden, went out of her house, in company with her mother,
sister, and some other ladies, to go to a bath. They formed a
cavalcade on asses, as is the custom of the country ; and had not
proceeded far from their door, when they met a soldier, a monster
I should say, who took a pistol from his belt, and, with the greatest
coolness, fired and killed the young lady. She was one of the most
amiable creatures, both in her manners and person, that ever lived ;
and was most deservedly lamented by every one who knew her.
This is quite enough, surely, to invite young European ladies to
that country ! I must say, to the honour of Mahomed Ali, that
the monster was taken and executed : but what satisfaction could
this be to her afflicted parents ?

About this time Mr. Eankes arrived in this country, and pro-
ceeded almost immediately to Mount Sinai, and thence to Upper
Egypt ; but returned in three months, and went to Syria. Mr.
Eurckhardt had for a long time premeditated the removal of the
colossal head, or rather bust, known by the name of Young
Memnon, to England, and had often endeavoured to persuade the
Bashaw to send it as a present to the Prince Regent ; but as it
must have appeared to a Turk too trifling an article to send to so
great a personage, no steps were taken for this purpose. Mr.

22 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Burckhardt then proposed it to Mr. Bankes ; but the reason why
this gentleman did not take it away I am not acquainted with.

By this time the water machine was finished ; and we waited
the arrival of the Bashaw from Alexandria, to give his opinion on
the advantages which might be derived from introducing it into
the country. It was constructed on the principle of a crane with
a walking wheel, in which a single ox, by its own weight alone,
could effect as much as four oxen employed in the machines of the
country. I accomplished this undertaking, notwithstanding the
various species of intrigue and difficulty which were incessantly
thrown in my way. The Bashaw arrived at Cairo, but did not
come to Soubra till some time after.

At this period Mr. Salt, the consul-general from England, arrived
in that capital, having business to transact in Cairo. I had frequent
interviews with Mr. Burckhardt ; and, knowing the wish he had for
the removal of the colossal bust of Mcmnon, I repeatedly told him
that I would undertake its conveyance from Thebes to Alexandria,
so that it might be sent to England. On the arrival of Mr. Salt,
Mr. Burckhardt proposed it to him ; and shortly after having myself
occasion to see that gentleman, I repeated to him, before Mr. Burck-
hardt, that I should be happy to undertake the removal of the bust,
without the smallest view of interest, as it was to go to the British
Museum. The consul seemed inclined to comply, but was indecisive
for some time, saying he would think about it. A few days after this,
he avoided all communication, keeping himself in strict seclusion, as
the plague had begun to show itself in the streets of Cairo.

The Bashaw was now come to Soubra, accompanied with several
connoisseurs in hydraulics. The machine was set to work ; and,
although constructed with bad wood and bad iron, and erected by
Arabian carpenters and bricklayers, it was a question whether it did
not draw six or seven times as much water as the common machines.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 23

The Bashaw, after long consideration, gave his decision ; and declared,
that it drew up only four times as much. It is to be observed,
that the water produced by this machine was measured by com-
parison with the water procured by six of their own ; and that, at
the time of measuring, the Arabs urged their animals at such a
rate, that they could not have continued their exertion above
an hour; and for the moment they produced nearly double the
quantity of water, that was usually obtained. Notwithstanding all
this, the calculation of the Bashaw was to my satisfaction, as it
decided on the accomplishment of my undertaking. Still Ma-
hommed Ali perceived plainly the prejudice among the Arabs, and
some of the Turks, who were concerned in the cultivation of the
land ; for instead of four hundred people, and four hundred oxen,
they would have only to command one hundred of each, which
would make a considerable difference in their profits : but, as it
happened, an accident occurred, that put an end to all their fears.

The Bashaw took it into his head to have the oxen taken out of
the wheel, in order to see, by way of frolic, what effect the machine
would have by putting fifteen men into it. James, the Irish lad in
my service, entered along with them ; but no sooner had the wheel
turned once round, than they all jumped out, leaving the lad alone
in it. The wheel, of course, overbalanced by the weight of the
water, turned back with such velocity, that the catch was unable to
stop it. The lad was thrown out, and in the fall broke one of his
tliighs. I contrived to stop the wheel before it did farther injury,
which might have been fatal to him. The Turks have a belief, that,
when such accidents happen in the commencement of any new inven-
tion, it is a bad omen. In consequence of this, exclusive of the pre-
judice against the machine itself, the Bashaw had been persuaded to
abandon the affair. It had been stated to him, also, that it cost as
much as four of the usual machines in making, while nothing was

24 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

said of the advantages as to the oxen, that would be saved in the
working of it. The business ended in this manner ; and all that
was due to me from the Bashaw was consigned to oblivion, as well
as the stipulation I had made with him.

It was with considerable pain to my feelings, that I reflected on
the idea of leaving a country, which has ever been one of the
principal points of research among the learned. The fame of its
antiquity excited in me the desire of investigation ; but, under the
circumstances I have mentioned, my purse would not afford the
expenses of a journey to any great distance ; and having Mrs. Bel-
zoni with me, it required some deliberation, before I could decide,
whether I should proceed to the north or to the south. I had
been to visit the consul-general, but nothing more was said re-
specting the colossal head; so that the project of removing it
seemed to have been forgotten. After having taken all matters
into consideration, and made a proper calculation of the expenses,
I found, that in an economical way I could make a voyage as far as
Assouan and back again.

From the circumstances that follow, the reader will be able to
form a proper idea of the motives by which I was induced to
undertake the removal of the Memnion bust, which is now lodged
in the British Museum ; and for what purpose I made the re-
searches, and accumulated the various remains of antiquity, which
will find a place in this volume. There will be no occasion for me
to enter into such particulars as would call for the evidence of
others to the facts, as I am well assured, that a simple statement of
the case will make the reader perfectly acquainted with it.

It has been erroneously stated, that I was regularly employed
by Mr. Salt, the consul-general of his Britannic majesty in Egypt,
for the purpose of bringing the colossal bust from Thebes to
Alexandria. I positively deny that I was ever engaged by him

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 25

ill any shape whatever, either by words or writing ; as I have proofs
of the case being on the contrary. When I ascended the Nile, the
first and second time, I had no other idea in my mind, but that I
was making researches for antiquities, which were to be placed in
the British Museum ; and it is naturally to be supposed that I
would not have made these excursions, had I been previously aware,
that all I found was for the benefit of a gentleman, whom I never
had the pleasure to see before in my life. But what has displeased
me above all is, that while occupied in my researches, an advantage
has been taken, and a notion promulgated, the very reverse of the
real matter of fact ; and I am sorry I cannot be silent on the subject,
feeling it an indispensable duty to myself, as well as the public, to
bring the truth to light. I am happy, however, to state, that I suc-
ceeded in putting all the articles of my discovery on their way to
the British Museum, though not in the same manner in which I
thought they were to be entered in that place at first, as was the
case with the young Memnon head.

The indecision, whether I should go up or down the Nile, came
at last to a point. I know not what to call it, whether curiosity, or
that enthusiasm for antiquities, which I can trace from my younger
days while in Borne, that spurred me on to decide to ascend the
Nile.

Agreeably to the resolution I had taken, I hired a boat at a very
cheap rate, with four sailors, a boy, and the Beis, or captain. I made
provision for the voyage, and every thing was ready for our de-
parture. Any one may ascend the Nile without being interrupted;
but it is better to obtain a firman from the Bashaw, in case of the
want of protection from any of his Beys, Cacheffs, or Caimacans, in
Upper Egypt ; and Mahomet Ali was always ready to give a firman
to any one who asked for it. I communicated my intended de-
parture to Mr. Burckhardt, who, on hearing that nothing more was

!K) RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

said about taking away the colossal head, seemed to be quite
disappointed. Being a native of that part of Italy which had
lately come under the Austrian dominions, I might have applied to
the Austrian consul, to obtain a firman from the Bashaw : but as
I enjoyed the British protection, I applied to the British consul.
Going to his house for the purpose, I found Mr. Burckhardt there :
it seems he had persuaded the consul to avail himself of the oppor-
tunity of my ascending the Nile, by offering to pay half the expense.
Accordingly, when 1 informed the consul of my intended journey,
and that 1 came to request he would do me the favour to obtain a
firman for me from the Bashaw, he expressed his joy by exclaiming,
" This is a godsend indeed !" and I was then informed, that they
had made up their minds to have the colossus conveyed down the
Nile, and to offer it as a present to the British Museum, if I would
kindly undertake the removal of it. I replied that my capacity was
little, but that I would use all my efforts to succeed in the enterprise ;
adding that I should be happy at all times to increase the British
Museum with the product of my exertions. To which the British
consul answered, " And I shall be glad to do every thing in my power
to promote your wishes." This was all that passed on either side.
As I was unacquainted with the upper country, I received
instructions concerning the manner in which I was to proceed, to
obtain information, and to provide myself with implements for the
purpose in view. The instructions were as follow :

" Boolak, June 28, 1816.
" Mr. Belzoni is requested to prepare the necessary implements,
at Boolak, for the purpose of raising the head of the statue of the
younger Memnon, and carrying it down the Nile. He will proceed
as speedily as circumstances will allow to Siout, there to deliver his
letters, prepared for that effect, to Ibrahim Bashaw, or whoever

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 27

may be left in the charge of the government ; and he will, at that
place, consult with Doctor Scotto on the subject of his further pro-
ceedings. He will take care to engage a proper boat for bringing
down the head, and will request Mr. Scotto to provide him with a
soldier to go up with him, for the purpose of engaging the Fellahs
to work whenever he may require their assistance, as otherwise
they are not likely to attend to Mr. Eelzoni's orders ; and he should
on no account leave Siout without an interpreter.

" Having obtained the necessary permission to hire workmen,
&c, Mr. Belzoni will proceed direct to Thebes. He will find the
head referred to on the western side of the river, opposite to
Carnak, in the vicinity of a village called Gornou, lying on the
southern side of a ruined temple, called by the natives Kossar el
Dekaki. To the head is still attached a portion of the shoulders, so
that altogether it is of large dimensions, and will be recognized, —
1st, by the circumstance of its lying on its back with the face up-
permost— 2dly, by the face being quite perfect, and very beautiful
— 3dly, by its having, on one of its shoulders, a hole bored arti-
ficially, supposed to have been made by the French for separating
the fragment of the body — and 4thly, from its being a mixed
blackish and reddish granite, and covered with hieroglyphics on its
shoulders. It must not be mistaken for another, lying in that
neighbourhood, which is much mutilated.

" Mr. Belzoni will spare no expense or trouble in getting it as
speedily conveyed to the banks of the river as possible ; and he
will, if it be necessary, let it wait there till the river shall have
attained sufficient height, before he attempts to get it into the
boat. But, at the same time, he is requested not to attempt
removing it, on any account, if he should judge there would be any
serious risk of either injuring the head, of burying the face in the
sand, or of losing it in the Nile.

28 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

•• If, on arriving at the ground, too, he should perceive that his
means are inadequate, or that the difficulties of the undertaking,
from the nature of the ground, or other causes, are likely to prove
insurmountable, he will, at once, relinquish the enterprise, and not
enter into farther expense on that account.

" Mr. Belzoni will have the goodness to keep a separate account
of the expenses incurred in this undertaking, which, as well as his
other expenses, will gladly be reimbursed ; as, from the knowledge
of Mr. Belzoni's character, it is confidently believed they will be as
reasonable as circumstances will allow.

" The boat meant to carry the head should be hired for a suf-
ficient time to allow of its being carried directly down to Alex-
andria ; but, on the way, Mr. Belzoni will not fail to stop at Boolak
for further instructions.

" If Mr. Belzoni should ascertain the certainty of his being able
to accomplish his purpose, he is requested immediately to despatch
an express with the gratifying intelligence to Cairo.

" Henry Salt."

I beg leave to observe, that in the whole of these instructions,
though written in an assuming style, not a word is said about any
payment to myself, wliich would certainly have been the case, had
I been employed in the way that has been represented.

Every thing was ready in the boat for our departure from
Boolak. The whole of the implements for the operation consisted
of a few poles and ropes of palm leaves, no other implements being
to be procured in the place at that time. Seeing I undertook the
enterprise cheerfully, the consul did me the honour to request
something more, which was, to purchase whatever antiquities I
could on the road. I assented to his wishes ; and for this purpose

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 29

he supplied me with money, as well as for the removal of the
colossal head. On the 30th of June we left Boolak ; and as Mrs.
Belzoni determined to accompany me, we took with us the Irish
lad, and a Copt interpreter, who had been in the French army.

The first ruins we arrived at were those of Shak Abade, or the
ancient Antinoe ; for I omit the pyramids for the present. Not
to depreciate the works of Adrian, these ruins did not surprise
me at all. There are few columns standing ; many are fallen ;
and what are of granite were evidently taken from more ancient
edifices. I made a drawing of one of the standing columns,
merely to give an idea of the order, &c. (see Plate 32) ; and
we crossed the same day over to Ashmounain. Here is the first
Egyptian architecture that travellers meet with on the Nile above
the pyramids ; and I must say, that it has made a great impression
on my mind, though it is only a portico of two rows of columns.
The solitary place on which it stands, in the midst of the ruins of
Hermopolis, and the majestic appearance of the columns, of a form
so uncommon to a European, cannot fail to inspire veneration for
the people that erected such edifices. It appears to me, that these
ruins are of remoter date than those of Thebes ; which does not
agree with the opinion, that the temples in the Lower Thebais
were of later date than those of Upper Egypt. From what I have
seen of the tombs in these mountains, I am of opinion, that
Hermopolis was inhabited by some great people, as nothing can
give juster ideas of the condition of the Egyptians than the quality
of the tombs in which they were buried.

On the 5th, in the evening, we arrived at Manfalut, where we
met Ibrahim, Bashaw of Upper Egypt, son of Mahomet Ali, on his
way to Cairo. Having presented my letters, he politely requested,
that I would deliver them to the Defterdar, who was left in com-
mand in Siout. Along with him was Mr. Drouetti, the ex-consul-
general of the late government of France. He was on his return

SO RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

from Thebes, and had been in the habit of making a collection of
antiquities during the many years he resided in Egypt. He was
already informed, that I had undertaken to remove the colossal
bust, and he told me the Arabs would not work at Thebes, as he had
occasion to try them. He then made me a present of a granite
cover of a sarcophagus, which the Arabs had discovered in one of
the tombs. He said that he had employed several of them for
many days to take it out for himself, but they could not succeed ;
so that, if I could take it out, I was welcome to it. I thanked him
for his present, and proceeded on my voyage.

On the 6th, in the afternoon, we arrived in Siout. The Defterdar
Bey was not there, but was expected in two or three days. I waited
upon the physician of Ibrahim Bashaw, Mr. Scotto, to whom
I was referred for information respecting boats, carpenters, &c.
This person had never seen Mr. Salt, by whom I was recommended
to him. He behaved, however, very well to Mr. Bankes, as I have
reason to believe, when he passed that way, and he did also to
me ; but as to taking away the colossal bust, after gradually
introducing the matter, he made many difficulties : first, about
obtaining permission to have the necessary workmen ; then there
were no boats to be had ; and next, the bust was a mass of stone
not worth the carriage : at last, he plainly recommended to me not
to meddle in this business, for I should meet with many disagreeable
things, and have many obstacles to encounter. I saw that I could
obtain but little help from this quarter; so I procured all that
I wanted by means of my interpreter, and a few words of my own.
I provided myself with a Greek carpenter, who agreed to follow us
to Thebes ; and on the sixth day the Bey arrived. He received me
very politely. I presented the letter to him which Mr. Salt had
obtained from Mahomet Ali himself, and he furnished me with
orders to the Casheff of the province of Erments, to whom the
Fellahs of Thebes are subject.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 31

While waiting for the Bey I visited the tombs of Issus. There
are only two that are worth notice, and these are so decayed inside,
that there is scarcely any remains of figures or painting ; all the
rest are small holes for the lower class of people. Siout is the
capital of Sais, or Upper Egypt. There is a constant commerce
kept up by the caravans from Darfoor. Negroes, feathers, elephants'
teeth, and gum, are the principle articles brought to market. The
viceroy of Upper Egypt is always the first to select what he
pleases from the caravan ; for which he fixes his own price, and
pays what he likes. The rest is for the merchants, who dare not
buy any thing till the viceroy has made his choice.

This place is celebrated for the making of eunuchs. As soon as
the operation is performed the boys are buried in the ground, all
but the head and shoulders ; and many, who are not of strong
constitutions, die with the excruciating pain. It is calculated, that
the operation, during its performance or afterwards, proves fatal to
two out of three.

Besides the usual produce of the country, wheat, beans, flax,
and seeds, a great number of wax-candles are made ; and it is from
hence Cairo is supplied with this article. Ibrahim Bashaw has
latterly been the terror of the people. When an unfortunate
culprit was brought before him, after some few questions, he sent
him to the Cady*to be judged. This was the signal for taking
him to a particular cannon, to the mouth of which he was tied ;
and it was then fired off, loaded with a ball, so that the body was
scattered about in pieces at a considerable distance. In the case
of two Arabs, who had killed a soldier, not without provocation,
this Bashaw had them fastened to a pole, like two rabbits on a spit,
and roasted alive at a slow fire : yet this man is now heir to the
government of Egypt on the death of Mahomet AIL

* An Arab Sheik, who often decides trifling cases-

32 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

On our proceeding up towards Acmin, we saw the columns at
Gow ; which have since all fallen into the river, one excepted. I
observed there the largest monolite I have seen any where. It
was near twelve feet high, but of very rough workmanship. The
temple had been very extensive, but the work not of the best sort.

Next day, the 15th, we went to Acmin, to visit the fathers of
that convent. There is nothing interesting in the place, except
some stairs, the only remains of the ancient temple. One of the
fathers told me, that at some distance in the mountain there is a
small lake, which he had visited himself, entirely surrounded by
cassia trees. Among the rubbish in the town are found a few
trifling antiquities, but nothing of any consequence. The fathers
took me to see the Casheff, or governor of the place ; who, hearing
that I was in search of antiquities, said that he well knew there
were many in the town, for the Fellahs had often told him so. I
inquired of him where they were ? " Oh ! but you cannot have
them,"' he replied : " they are all enchanted by the devil ; and no
one can take them from where they are !" I told him, if he would
but tell me where they were, I would arrange the business in the
other quarter. " That is very well," said he ; " bvit no one here dares
to tell you, for fear the devil should do him a mischief." He then
informed me, that in the mountains, about six miles distant, there
was a large gold ring stuck into the rock, which no one could take
out : that some of his soldiers went with a cannon, and, after firing
several balls at it, were returning without success, when by chance
a man who was eating a cucumber threw a part of it at the ring,
which immediately fell to the ground ; so that it must have been
fixed by enchantment there, and nothing but the rind of a cu-
cumber could make it fall. This I received from the governor of a
province ! "What sort of a country must that be, which allows itself
to be ruled by a man of so elevated a mind !

On the 16th we passed before Manshia, and arrived at Georgia.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 33

There we procured some provision, and continued our voyage. It
was from this place I visited Arabat, the ancient Abydos, two years
after, as I shall take a proper opportunity of relating.

Near Cossar el Sajats there is a narrow passage of the Nile,
particularly at low water. The wind here was so strong, that we
made considerable way against the current, even without sails ; or,
in nautical language, " scudding under bare poles."

On the 18th, at night, we arrived at Dendera, where we saw a
phenomenon that I never before heard of. A meteor appeared
over our heads, and took its course towards the south ; but so
slowly, that, from the time of its setting off to that of its dispersion,
to the best of my reckoning, it was visible for about twenty seconds.
It first appeared of a blueish colour, then became white, and lastly
red ; leaving, apparently, many sparks on the way it had passed.

On the 19th, early in the morning, my curiosity was at a high
pitch, the noted temple of Tentyra being the only thought I had
in my head. Accordingly, we set off on asses, as usual, and
proceeded to the ruins. Little could be seen of the temple, till we
came near to it, as it is surrounded by high mounds of rubbish of
the old Tentyra. On our arriving before it, I was for some time at
a loss to know where I should begin my examination. The nu-
merous objects before me, all equally attractive, left me for a while
in a state of suspense and astonishment. The enormous masses of
stone employed in the edifice are so well disposed, that the eye
discovers the most just proportion every where. The majestic
appearance of its construction, the variety of its ornaments, and,
above all, the singularity of its preservation, had such an effect on
me, that I seated myself on the ground, and for a considerable time
was lost in admiration. It is the first Egyptian temple the tra-
veller sees on ascending the Nile, and it is certainly the most
magnificent. It has an advantage over most others, from the good

34 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

state of preservation it is in; and I should have no scruple in
saying, that it is of a much later date than any other. The supe-
riority of the workmanship gives us sufficient reason to suppose it
to be of the time of the first Ptolemy ; and it is not improbable,
that he, who laid the foundation of the Alexandrian library, insti-
tuted the philosophical society of the Museum, and studied to
render himself beloved by his people, might erect such an edifice,
to convince the Egyptians of his superiority of mind over the
ancient kings of Egypt, even in religious devotion.

This is the cabinet of the Egyptian arts, the product of study for
many centuries, and it was here that Denon thought himself in the
sanctuary of the arts and sciences. The front is adorned with a
beautiful cornice, and a frieze covered with figures and hieroglyphics,
over the centre of which the winged globe is predominant, and the
two sides are embellished with compartments of sacrifices and offer-
ings. The columns that form the portico are twenty-four in number,
divided into four rows, including those in the front. On entering
the gate the scene changes, and requires more minute observation.
The quadrangular form of the capitals first strikes the eye. At
each side of the square there is a colossal head of the goddess Isis
with cows' ears. There is not one of these heads but is much
mutilated, particularly those on the columns in the front of the
temple facing the outside : but notwithstanding this disadvantage,
and the flatness of their form, there is a simplicity in their coun-
tenance that approaches to a smile. The shafts of the columns
are covered with hieroglyphics and figures, which are in basso
relievo, as are all the figures in the front and lateral walls. The
front of the door- way, which is in a straight line with the entrance
and the sanctuary, is richly adorned with figures of smaller size
than the rest of the portico. The ceiling contains the zodiac, in-
closed by two long female figures, which extend from one side to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 35

the other of it, The walls are divided into several square com-
partments, each containing figures representing deities, and priests
in the act of offering or immolating victims. On all the walls,
columns, ceiling, or architraves, there is nowhere a space of two
feet, that is not covered with some figures of human beings, animals,
plants, emblems of agriculture, or of religious ceremony. Wherever
the eyes turn, wherever the attention is fixed, every thing inspires
respect and veneration, heightened by the solitary situation of this
temple, which adds to the attraction of these splendid recesses. The
inner apartments are much the same as the portico, all covered with
figures in basso relievo, to which the light enters through small holes
in the walls : the sanctuary itself is quite dark. In the corner of it I
found the door, which leads to the roof by a staircase, the walls of
which are also covered with figures in basso relievo. On the top of
the temple the Arabs had built a village, I suppose to be the more
elevated, and exposed to the air ; but it is all in ruins, as no one now
lives there. From the top I descended into some apartments on the
east side of the temple. There I saw the famous zodiac on the ceiling.
The circular form of this zodiac led me to suppose, in some measure,
that this temple was built at a later period than the rest, as nothing
like it is seen any where else. In the front of the edifice there is
a propylaeon, not inferior to the works in the temple ; and, though
partly fallen, it still shows its ancient grandeur. On the left, going
from the portico, there is a small temple surrounded by columns.
In the inside is a figure of Isis sitting with Orus in her lap, and
other female figures, each with a child in her arms, are observable.
The capitals of the columns are adorned with the figure of Typhon.
The gallery or portico, that surrounds the temple, is filled up with
rubbish to a great height, and walls of unburnt bricks have been
raised from one column to another. Farther on, in a right line
with the propyleeon, are the remains of an hypaethral temple, which

f 2

36 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

form a square of twelve columns, connected with each other by a
wall, except at the door-way, which fronts the propylaeon. The
eastern wall of the great temple is richly adorned with figures
in intaglio relevato : they are perfectly finished : the female
figures are about four feet high, disposed in different compart-
ments. Behind the temple is a small Egyptian building, quite
detached from the large edifice ; and from its construction I would
venture to say, that it was the habitation of the priests. At some
distance from the great temple are the foundations of another, not
so large as the first. The propylaeon is still standing in good pre-
servation. My principal object did not permit me to stay here any
longer ; but I do not know that I ever quitted a place with so much
regret and wish to remain.

When we again reached the Nile, the people of Dendera were
assembled in great numbers, waiting our return from the ruins. On
approaching them they surrounded my interpreter, and caught hold
of him, some by the arms, others by the garments, and insisted that
he should remain there, as he belonged to that village. The fact
was, at the time the French were there, a boy from that place went
alono- with them ; and, as our interpreter told them that he had been
in the French army, they concluded he must be the same person ;
nor could we persuade them to the contrary. I was not willing
to part with him, as I was but little acquainted with the Arabic lan-
o-uao-e ; but no reasoning with them would avail, and they were too

to to ' °

numerous for him to escape from them. At last, I told them to call
for the mother of the boy in question. To this they answered, that
she lived at six miles distance, and they woidd not take the trouble
to go and fetch her. Presently, however, they consented ; but they
would not release their supposed old friend from their hands, telling
him he had been long enough among christian dogs. Some brought
him milk and bread, others dates, others sugar-canes, &c. At length

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 37

the desired old woman arrived, accompanied with another son ; and,
on her coming up to my interpreter, he addressed her in such a
manner, that she soon acknowledged he did not belong to her.

We set off the same morning, and arrived in an hour at Kenneh.
This place is well known for its trade with India through Cosseir,
and as it is a halting-place for the Hadgees, is always well supplied
with provisions. The Aga has under his command five hundred
soldiers, to escort the caravan through the desert to Cosseir. The
Bashaw sends supplies of wheat to his troops in Arabia, beside the
usual trade in sugar and silk ; and they bring coffee from Mocha,
with cottons and Cashmire shawls of India manufacture. The
Hadgees here take a stock of provision sufficient to last them as
far as Mecca, and in the proper season the town is crowded with
them from all parts. The camels for the caravans are furnished by
the Ababdy, who make it a profitable business with the Hadgees.
The best vessels for cooling water are met with in this town.
The slaves that come from the upper country pay a duty of four
dollars for a boy, two for a woman, and one for a man.

We continued our voyage, and arrived at Gamola on the 21st
at night. On the 22d, we saw for the first time the ruins of great
Thebes, and landed at Luxor. Here I beg the reader to observe,
that but very imperfect ideas can be formed of the extensive ruins
of Thebes, even from the accounts of the most skilful and accurate
travellers. It is absolutely impossible to imagine the scene dis-
played, without seeing it. The most sublime ideas, that can be
formed from the most magnificent specimens of our present archi-
tecture, would give a very incorrect picture of these ruins ; for such
is the difference, not only in magnitude, but in form, proportion,
and construction, that even the pencil can convey but a faint idea
of the whole. It appeared to me like entering a city of giants, who,
after a long conflict, were all destroyed, leaving the ruins of their

38 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

various temples as the only proofs of their former existence. The
temple of Luxor presents to the traveller at once one of the
most splendid groups of Egyptian grandeur. The extensive pro-
pylaeon, with the two obelisks, and colossal statues in the front;
the thick groups of enormous columns ; the variety of apartments
and the sanctuary it contains ; the beautiful ornaments which
adorn every part of the walls and columns, described by Mr.
Hamilton ; cause in the astonished traveller an oblivion of all that
he has seen before. If his attention be attracted to the north side
of Thebes by the towering remains, that project a great height
above the wood of palm trees, he will gradually enter that forest-
like assemblage of ruins of temples, columns, obelisks, colossi,
sphynxes, portals, and an endless number of other astonishing
objects, that will convince him at once of the impossibility of a
description. On the west side of the Nile, still the traveller finds
himself among wonders. The temples of Gournou, Memnonium,
and Medinet Aboo, attest the extent of the great city on this
side. The unrivalled colossal figures in the plains of Thebes,
the number of tombs excavated in the rocks, those in the great
valley of the kings, with their paintings, sculptures, mummies,
sarcophagi, figures, &c. are all objects worthy of the admiration of
the traveller; who will not fail to wonder how a nation, which
was once so great as to erect these stupendous edifices, could so
far fall into oblivion, that even their language and writing are
totally unknown to us.

After having taken a cursory view of Luxor and Carnak, to which
my curiosity led me on my landing, I crossed the Nile to the west,
and proceeding straight to the Memnonium, I had to pass before
the two colossal figures in the plain. 1 need not say, that I was
struck with wonder. They are mutilated indeed, but their enormous
size strikes the mind with admiration. The next object that met my

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sc 39

view was the Memnonium. It stands elevated above the plain, which
is annually inundated by the Nile. The water reaches quite to the
propylaeon ; and, though this is considerably lower than the temple,
I beg leave to observe, that it may be considered as one of the
proofs, that the bed of the Nile has risen considerably higher since
the Memnonium was erected ; for it is not to be supposed that the
Egyptians built the propylaeon, which is the entrance to the temple,
so low as not to be able to enter it when the water was at its height.
There are other proofs of this opinion, which I shall have an oppor-
tunity of introducing in this volume. The groups of columns of
that temple, and the views of the numerous tombs excavated in the
high rock behind it, present a strange appearance to the eye. On
my approaching these ruins, I was surprised at the sight of the
great colossus of Memnon, or Sesostris, or Osymandias, or Phame-
noph, or perhaps some other king of Egypt; for such are the
various opinions of its origin, and so many names have been given
to it, that at last it has no name at all. I can but say, that it must
have been one of the most venerated statues of the Egyptians ; for
it would have required more labour to convey such a mass of
granite from Assouan to Thebes, than to transport the obelisk^
commonly known under the appellation of Pompey's Pillar, to
Alexandria.

As I entered these ruins, my first thought was to examine the
colossal bust I had to take away. I found it near the remains of its
body and chair, with its face upwards, and apparently smiling on me,
at the thought of being taken to England. I must say, that my
expectations were exceeded by its beauty, but not by its size. I
observed, that it must have been absolutely the same statue as is
mentioned by Norden, lying in his time with its face downwards,
which must have been the cause of its preservation. I will not
venture to assert who separated the bust from the rest of the body

40 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

by an explosion, or by whom the bust has been turned face upwards.
The place where it lay was nearly in a line with the side of the
main gateway into the temple ; and, as there is another colossal head
near it, there may have been one on each side of the doorway, as
they are to be seen at Luxor and Carnak.

All the implements brought from Cairo to the Memnonium con-
sisted of fourteen poles, eight of which were employed in making a
sort of car to lay the bust on, four ropes of palm leaves, and four
rollers, without tackle of any sort. I selected a place in the por-
ticoes ; and, as our boat was too far off to go to sleep in it every
night, I had all our things brought on shore, and made a dwelling
house of the Memnonium. A small hut was formed of stones, and
we were handsomely lodged. Mrs. Belzoni had by this time ac-
customed herself to travel, and was equally indifferent with myself
about accommodations. I examined the road by which I was to
take the bust to the Nile. As it appeared, that the season of the
inundation was advancing very fast, all the lands which extend from
the Memnonium to the water side would have been covered in one
month's time ; and the way at the foot of the mountain was very
uneven, and in some parts ran over ground to which the water
reached, so that, unless the bust was drawn over those places before
the inundation commenced, it would become impossible to effect it
after, till the next summer ; a delay which might have occasioned
even still more difficulties than I had to encounter at that time ;
for I have reason to assert, that an intrigue was going on to prevent
the removal of the head.

On the 24th of July, I went to the Cacheff of Erments to obtain
an order to the Caimakan of Gournou and Agalta, to procure for
me eighty Arabs, to assist in the removal of the young Memnon.
He received me with that invariable politeness which is peculiar to
the Turks, even when they do not mean in the slightest degree

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 41

to comply with your wishes, and which often deceives a traveller,
who only en passant takes coffee, smokes his pipe, and goes away.
It is not so these people can be known. This requires an oppor-
tunity of dealing with them, and in matters in which their interest
is concerned. There are exceptions among them, as there are
among the Christians of Europe ; and I often found myself de-
ceived where I least expected it. The smooth-faced protestations
of friendship and partiality for a person, whom they never saw
before, ,is so common among them, that at last it becomes a
matter of course ; and no reliance is placed on it, except by those
who are unacquainted with the customs of the country.

I presented the firman from the Defterdar at Siout. He received
it reverently, and promised to do every thing in his power to get
the Arabs to work ; but observed that, at the present season, they
were all occupied, and it would be better to wait till after the
inundation of the Nile. I remarked, that I had seen a great
many Arabs about the villages, who appeared perfectly idle, and
who would be glad to gain something by being employed. " You
are mistaken," he replied, " for they would sooner starve than un-
dertake a task so arduous as yours ; since, to remove that stone,
they must be helped by Mahomet, or they will never stir it the
thickness of a thumb. Now, at the rise of the Nile, the Arabs of
these banks are quite unoccupied, and that is the very time for
your purpose." The next objection was the Ramadan, which was
just beginning ; and the third, that he could not spare any Arabs,
as they must work in the fields for the Bashaw, whose work could
not be interrupted. I saw plainly, that I should have to encounter
many difficulties, but I was determined to persist ; and I told him,
I should collect men myself, accompanied by my Janizary ; and
that all the Arabs I might find idle and willing to come, I should
engage, according to the firman I had received. " To-morrow,"

o

42 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

he then replied, " I will send my brother to see if any men can be
got." I told him I relied on his word, and gave him to under-
stand, that, if he behaved in a manner conformably to the orders
of the Bashaw, he would receive a present accordingly ; and, leaving
my Janizary there, to conduct the men who might be procured for
me to the Memnonium the next morning, I withdrew.

The morning arrived, but no men appeared. I waited patiently
till nine o'clock, and then mounted a camel, and went again to
Erments. I gave my interpreter some powder, and about two
pounds of raw coffee, to be produced when I should ask for them.
I found the Cacheff occupied in giving directions to build a tomb for
a Mahometan saint ; but it was of no use to complain. I told him,
therefore, that I came to drink coffee with him, and smoke a pipe.
He was pleased, and we sat together on the divan. I pretended to
be quite unconcerned about the removal of the colossus ; and at a
proper time I presented the powder and the coffee to him, with winch
he was much gratified. I then repeated to him, that, if he would
obtain men for me, it would be much to his advantage ; and if not,
he would lose the chance of reward, and I should act accordingly.
He promised again that, on the next morning, I should have the
assistance I wanted, and gave me an order for the purpose. I
returned to Gournou on the same evening, and sent the tiscarry, or
order, to the Caimakan of the place, whose business it was to
attend to it. This man was an old acquaintance of a certain col-
lector of antiquities in Alexandria ; and, as he had immediate com-
mand over the Fellahs, gave me much trouble. He had collected
antiquities for this person for many years at Gournou, was married
and settled there, so that I was by no means welcome to him.
Agreeably to the order, he also promised, like his master, to furnish
me with men ; but again, on the 26th, not one appeared.

I then sent for him, and, with an air of indifference, he told me,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 43

that men could not be procured that day, but he would do what he
could on the morrow or next day : at the same time the Fellahs,
who were idle, would have been glad to be employed, as they came
by twenty at a time to see if permission were granted for them to
work. The Cacheff, too, instead of sending the assistance he had
promised from his part of the country, sent only a soldier, to
inquire whether I still wanted it ; and I replied, that, if he did not
supply me with some men the next morning, I should write to Cairo.
I knew, that writing to Cairo would have been to no purpose, for it
would take a month before I could receive an answer, and then it
would be too late, in consequence of the rising of the Nile. I tried
in vain to persuade those Arabs whom I saw unemployed to work ;
but, though they were desirous of earning money, they dared not
do so, without permission either from the Cacheff or the Caimakan.
To the Cacheff I now applied again, and at last, on the 27th, he
sent me a few men, but by no means sufficient for my purpose ; yet,
when others saw them at work, by permission, they were easily
persuaded to join the party. I arranged my men in a row, and
agreed to give them thirty paras a day, which is equal to fourpence
halfpenny English money, with which they were much pleased, as it
was more by one half than they were accustomed to receive for
their daily labour in the fields. The carpenter had made the car,
and the first operation was to endeavour to place the bust on it.
The Fellahs of Gournou, who were familiar with Caphany, as they
named the colossus, were persuaded, that it could never be moved
from the spot where it lay ; and when they saw it moved, they all
set up a shout. Though it was the effect of their own efforts, it was
the devil, they said, that did it ; and, as they saw me taking notes,
they concluded that it was done by means of a charm. The mode
I adopted to place it on the car was very simple, for work of
no other description could be executed by these people, as their

g 2

44 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

utmost sagacity reaches only to pulling a rope, or sitting on the
extremity of a lever as a counterpoise. By means of four levers I
raised the bust, so as to leave a vacancy under it, to introduce the
car ; and, after it was slowly lodged on this, I had the car raised in
the front, with the bust on it, so as to get one of the rollers under-
neath. I then had the same operation performed at the back, and
the colossus was ready to be pulled up. I caused it to be well
secured on the car, and the ropes so placed that the power might
be divided. I stationed men with levers at each side of the car,
to assist occasionally, if the colossus should be inclined to turn to
either side. In this manner I kept it safe from falling. Lastly, I
placed men in the front, distributing them equally at the four
ropes, while others were ready to change the rollers alternately.
Thus I succeeded in getting it removed the distance of several
yards from its original place.

According to my instructions, I sent an Arab to Cairo with the
intelligence, that the bust had begun its journey towards England.
From the great heat of the day I was unwell at night, having never
felt the sun so powerful before in my life. Being in the hottest
season, the air was inflamed ; and even at night the wind itself was
extremely hot. The place I had chosen in the Memnonium was
worse than any, as the whole mass of stones was so heated, that the
hands could not be kept on it. In the course of time these places
became familiar to me, as well as the climate ; for I observed, three
years after, that I was often on the same spot, and at the same
season, without feeling the least inconvenience, or being sensible of
the intense heat I had felt on my first arrival. When the Arabs
found that they received money for the removal of a stone, they
entertained the opinion, that it was filled with gold in the inside,
and that a thing of such value should not be permitted to be taken
away.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 45

On the 28th we recommenced the work. The Arabs came
pretty early, as they preferred to work in the morning, and rest in
the middle of the day from twelve to two. This day we removed
the bust out of the ruins of the Memnonium. To make room for
it to pass, we had to break the bases of two columns. It was
advanced about fifty yards out of the temple. In the evening I
was very poorly : I went to rest, but my stomach refused any
aliment. I began to be persuaded, that there is a great difference
between travelling in a boat, with all that is wanted in it, and at
leisure, and the undertaking of an operation, which required great
exertions in directing a body of men, who in point of skill are no
better than beasts, and to be exposed to the burning sun of that
country from morning till night.

On the next day, the 29th, I found it impossible to stand on
my legs, and postponed the work to the day following. I had all
our household-furniture, beds, kitchen-pottery, and provisions, put
on a camel, and returned to the boat, in hopes that the air might
be cool at night ; but I remained very ill the whole day, my stomach
refusing to take almost any thing.

On the 30th we continued the work, and the colossus advanced
a hundred and fifty yards towards the Nile. I was a little better
in the morning, but worse again in the evening.

On the 31st I was again a little better, but could not proceed,
as the road became so sandy, that the colossus sunk into the ground.
I was therefore under the necessity of taking a long turn of above
three hundred yards, to a new road. In the evening of this day
I was much better.

On the 1st of August we still improved in our success, as we
this day proceeded above three hundred yards. I was obliged to
keep several men employed in making the road before us, as we
went on with the head. The Irish lad that was with me I sent to

46 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Cairo, as he could not resist the climate; but what is singular,
Mrs. Belzoni enjoyed tolerable health all the time. She was con-
stantly among the women in the tombs ; for all the Fellahs of
Gournou make dwelling-houses where the Egyptians had burial-
places, as I shall have occasion to mention hereafter.

On the 2d the head advanced farther ; and I was in great hopes
of passing a part of the land, to which the inundation would extend,
previous to the water reaching that spot.

On the 3d we went on extremely well, and advanced nearly four
hundred yards. We had a bad road on the 4th , but still we
proceeded a good way. On the 5th we entered the land I was so
anxious to pass over, for fear the water should reach it and arrest
our course ; and I was happy to think, that the next day would
bring us out of danger. Accordingly, I went to the place early in
the morning, and, to my great surprise, found no one there except
the guards and the carpenter, who informed me, that the Caimakan
had o-iven orders to the Fellahs not to work for the Christian dogs
any longer. I sent for him, to know the reason of this new pro-
ceeding ; but he was gone to Luxor. It is to be observed, that the
spot where the head lay at this time was expected to be under
water in a few days ; and that by delay the risk would be incurred
of having it sunk in the earth, so that it could not have been taken
out till the following year, and then not without a great deal of
additional trouble, exclusive of the tricks that might be played in
the interval. Under these circumstances, it may be imagined I
was uneasy upon the subject, and anxious for despatch. I after-
wards learned, that the rogue of a Caimakan had suggested to the
Cacheff to take advantage of the situation, when the head was to
pass that spot, to put an end to our proceeding. I took the
Janizary with me, and crossed the water to Luxor. I there found
the Caimakan, who could give me no reason for his proceeding

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 47

but saucy answers ; and the more I attempted to bring him into
good humour by smooth words and promises, the more inso-
lent he became. My patience was great, and I was determined
that day to carry it to its utmost length : but there is a certain
point, which, if exceeded, these people do not understand ; and, in
a country where respect is paid only to the strongest, advantage
will always be taken of the weak : consequently, if a man carry his
policy beyond that point, they mistake him for a coward ; he is
despised, and will have the more difficulties to encounter.

This was the case on the present occasion : my patience was
mistaken ; and this man, after having said all that he could against
my nation, and those who protected me, was so much encouraged
by my forbearance, that he attempted to put his hands on me,
which I resisted. He then became more violent, and drew his
sword, though he had a brace of pistols in his belt. There was no
time to be lost ; and as I had received a good lesson at Cairo from
another Albanian like himself, I gave him no leisure to execute his
purpose. I instantly seized and disarmed him, placed my hands on
his stomach, and made him sensible of my superiority, at least in
point of strength, by keeping him firm in a corner of the room.
The pistols and sword, which I had thrown on the ground, were
taken up by my Janizary; and after giving the fellow a good
shaking, I took possession of them, and told him, that I should
send them to Cairo, to show the Bashaw in what manner his orders
were respected. He followed me towards the boat, and was no
sooner out of the crowd that had assembled, than he began to be
quite humble, and talk of matters as if nothing had happened.
He then told me, that the order he had given to the Fellahs not to
work he had received from the Cacheff himself, and it covdd not be
expected, that, being only a Caimakan, he could disobey his su-

48 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

perior. I did not stop one instant, but ordered the boat to take
me to Ermentes immediately.

The reader, perhaps, may think my narrative too minute ; but
I beg to observe, that it is in this way only the true character of
these people can be known. I remarked, that in almost every
thing he said to me nothing escaped him against my religion,
which is generally the first thing with a Mahometan ; but I found
afterwards, that the friend in Lower Egypt, with whom he had
trafficked in antiques, from whom he received money and presents,
and who influenced him on this occasion, was a Christian ; and
if he could have found the means to interrupt my proceedings
respecting the bust, he would greatly have obliged this friend.

I hastened to Erments, and arrived there before sunset. As
it was the time of Ramadan, the Cacheff had many of his principal
officers, and several Hadgees and Santons at dinner with him ; it
being the custom of these Turkish travellers, particularly at this
season, to live at great men's tables. There were about thirty in
all in the place. The dinner was prepared in a field before the
house, as no room within it would contain so many persons. An
old carpet, about twenty feet long and three wide, was spread on the
ground ; and where we should put plates, cakes were placed of fine
white bread, made expressly for the occasion. On my arrival they
were just going to begin, the hour of dining being always a little
after sunset during the festival of Ramadan, as they are then not
allowed to eat till the sun has wholly disappeared ; so that I could
introduce no business at that time. There is certainly something
in the ceremonial manners of the Turks, that is often peculiarly
provoking. At the very moment that they order your throat to be
cut, they will not fail to salute you, apparently, with the utmost
cordiality. The Cacheff received me very politely, and invited me

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 49

to dine with him. I dared not refuse, as it would have been the
greatest affront I could have offered him. Accordingly, we sat all
round the carpet, on the ground. The Turkish cookery does not
always suit a European palate ; but there are a few dishes, that are
equally agreeable with our own ; particularly mutton roasted on
a wooden pole, at a wood fire. They have a particular way. of
cooking it, putting it on the fire immediately after it is killed, and
before it has lost its natural warmth ; and in this way it has a
particular flavour, quite agreeable to the taste. The soldiers and
Hadgees tucked up their large sleeves, and with naked arms dipped
the fingers of their right hands into the various dishes. They
never employ the left hand in eating, nor do they eat much out of
one dish, but taste of all that are within their reach. They always
finish their dinner with pilau, and seldom drink while eating.
They wash immediately after, and pipes and coffee being served all
round, they begin to converse on their usual topics, horses, arms,
saddles, or dress.

At a proper time I expressed to the Cacheff the necessity of my
having an order for the Fellahs, to proceed with my operations the
next morning. He answered with indifference, that they must work
in the fields for the Bashaw, and that he could not spare one ; but
that, if I would wait till the next season, I might have as many as I
liked. I replied to this, that as I could obtain no men from him,
I would bring over some from Luxor, and he would thus lose the
merit of what he had done ; and as I had to return to Luxor that
night, I must take my leave. He observed, I had no reason to be
afraid, as I was armed with such a pair of fine English pistols. I
answered, they were very necessary in that country, but they were at
his service notwithstanding, if he would be pleased to accept of them;
though 1 had written to Cairo for a better pair for him, which would
soon arrive. At these words, he put his hands on my knees, and said,
"We shall be friends." He ordered the firman to be written out

H

50 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

immediately, and set his seal to it. I left him, returned to the
boat, and arrived at Gournou before daylight. On passing before
Luxor, we were in danger of being drowned. The pier, that pro-
tects these ruins from the force of the current, on the swelling
of the Nile is always under water ; and our boatman, not being
acquainted with its situation, ran the boat against it. The
current was very strong ; no power could resist it ; and the boat
heeled so much, that the water kept running over the gunwale. As
the rapidity in this spot is so great, that the most expert swimmer,
being once in the stream, has no chance of reaching the shore,
we appeared to have inevitable death before us, but Providence
ordered it otherwise. At that moment a fresh breeze arose, the
advantage of which was seized by the pilot, who hoisted the sail,
got the boat under proper management, crossed the current, and
escaped the danger.

Early on the morning of the 7th, I sent for the Sheik of the
Fellahs, and gave him the Cacheff's order. The men were ready
in an hour after, and we continued the operation. The bust
advanced this day considerably more than usual, owing to the men
having rested on the preceding day : and on the 8th I had the
pleasure of seeing it out of danger of being overtaken by the
water.

On the 9th, I was seized with such a giddiness in my head, that
I could not stand. The blood ran so copiously from my nose and
mouth, that I was unable to continue the operation : I therefore
postponed it to the next day.

On the 10th and 11th, we approached towards the river ; and on
the 12th, thank God, the young Memnon arrived on the bank of the
Nile. Besides their promised payment, I gave the Arabs a bakshis,
or present, of one piastre each, equal to sixpence English, with which
they were exceedingly pleased ; and they well deserved their reward,
after an exertion, to which no labour can be compared. The hard

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 51

task they had, to track such a weight, the heavy poles they were
obliged to carry to use as levers, and the continual replacing the
rollers, with the extreme heat and dust, were more than any
European could have withstood : but what is still more remarkable,
during all the days of this exertion, it being Kamadan, they never
ate or drank till after sunset. I am at a loss to conceive, how they
existed in the middle of the day, at a work to which they were
totally unaccustomed.

Next day, in the morning, according to my wish, some Arabs
came to conduct me to the cave, where the sarcophagus was which
Mr. Drouetti had attempted to take out, and had given to me as a
present, if I could get it. I was conducted into one of those holes,
that are scattered about the mountains of Gournou, so celebrated
for the quantities of mummies they contain. The Janizary remained
without, and I entered, with two Arabs and the interpreter.

Previous to our entering the cave, we took off the greater part
of our clothes, and, each having a candle, advanced through a
cavity in the rock, which extended a considerable length in the
mountain, sometimes pretty high, sometimes very narrow, and
without any regularity. In some passages we were obliged to
creep on the ground, like crocodiles. I perceived, that we were at
a great distance from the entrance, and the way was so intricate,
that I depended entirely on the two Arabs, to conduct us out
again. At length we arrived at a large space, into which many
other holes or cavities opened ; and after some consideration and
examination by the two Arabs, we entered one of these, which was
very narrow, and continued downward for a long way, through a
craggy passage, till we came where two other apertures led to the
interior in a horizontal direction. One of the Arabs then said
" This is the place." I could not conceive how so large a sarco-
phagus, as it had been described to me, could have been taken

h 2

52 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

through the aperture, which the Arab now pointed out. I had
no doubt, but these recesses were burial-places, as we continually
walked over skulls and other bones: but the sarcophagus could
never have entered this recess ; for it was so narrow, that on
my attempt to penetrate it, I could not pass. One of the Arabs,
however, succeeded, as did my interpreter ; and it was agreed, that
I and the other Arab should wait till they returned. They pro-
ceeded evidently to a great distance, for the light disappeared, and
only a murmuring sound from their voices could be distinguished
as they went on. After a few moments, I heard a loud noise, and
the interpreter distinctly crying, " O mon Dieu ! nion Dieu ! je suis
perdu!" After which, a profound silence ensued. I asked my
Arab, whether he had ever been in that place ? He replied,
" Never." I could not conceive what could have happened, and
thought the best plan was to return, to procure help from the other
Arabs. Accordingly, I told my man to show me the way out again ;
but, staring at me like an ideot, he said he did not know the road.
I called repeatedly to the interpreter, but received no answer ; I
watched a long time, but no one returned ; and my situation was no
very pleasant one. I naturally returned through the passages, by
which we had come ; and, after some time, I succeeded in reaching
the place, where, as I mentioned, were many other cavities. It was a
complete labyrinth, as all these places bore a great resemblance to
the one which we first entered. At last seeing one, which appeared
to be, the right, we proceeded through it a long way ; but by this
time our candles had diminished considerably ; and I feared, that,
if we did not get out soon, we should have to remain in the dark :
meantime it would have been dangerous to put one out, to save
the other, lest that which was left should, by some accident, be
extinguished. At this time we were considerably advanced towards
the outside, as we thought ; but to our sorrow we found the end

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 53

of that cavity, without any outlet. Convinced that we were mis-
taken in our conjecture, we quickly returned towards the place of
the various entries, which we strove to regain. But we were then
as perplexed as ever, and were both exhausted from the ascents and
descents, which we had been obliged to go over. The Arab seated
himself, but every moment of delay was dangerous. The only
expedient was, to put a mark at the place out of which we had just
come, and then examine the cavities in succession, by putting also
a mark at their entrance, so as to know where we had been. Un-
fortunately, our candles would not last through the whole : how-
ever, we began our operations.

On the second attempt, when passing before a small aperture,
I thought I heard the sound of something like the roaring of the
sea at a distance. In consequence I entered this cavity; and as
we advanced the noise increased, till I could distinctly hear a
number of voices all at one time. At last, thank God, we walked
out ; and, to my no small surprise, the first person I saw was my
interpreter. How he came to be there I could not conjecture.
He told me, that, in proceeding with the Arab along the passage
below, they came to a pit, wliich they did not see ; that the Arab
fell into it, and in falling put out both candles. It was then that
he cried out, " Mon Dieu ! je suis perdu !" as he thought he also
should have fallen into the pit ; but, on raising his head, he saw at
a great distance a glimpse of daylight, towards which he advanced,
and thus arrived at a small aperture. He then scraped away
some loose sand and stones, to widen the place where he came
out, and went to give the alarm to the Arabs, who were at the
other entrance. Being all concerned for the man who fell to the
bottom of the pit, it was their noise that I heard in the cave. The
place by which my interpreter got out was instantly widened ; and
in the confusion the Arabs did not regard letting me see that they

54 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

were acquainted with that entrance, and that it had lately been
shut up. I was not long in detecting their scheme. The Arabs
had intended to show me the sarcophagus, without letting me see
the way by which it might be taken out, and then to stipulate a
price for the secret. It was with this view they took me such a way
round about.

I found that the sarcophagus was not in reality a hundred yards
from the large entrance. The man was soon taken out of the well,
but so much hurt in one of his hips, that he went lame ever after.
Finding that the cover of the sarcophagus could be taken out, I set
several men at work to clear the passage ; but on the third day, on
my return from the king's tombs, I found that the Cacheff had
recommenced his old tricks. He came to Gournou from Erments ;
and, seeing the Arabs at work, he took them all to the latter place,
bound like thieves, and put them into prison. I could not imagine
the reason of all this, after the promises I had made him, and
the protestations on his part which he had made to me ; but, on

inquiry, I found that some agents of Mr. D had just arrived

from Alexandria and brought him presents. I do not know what
passed between them ; I only state the case as it appeared. On my
applying to him again, he said that the sarcophagus was sold to the
French consul, and no one else should have it. I feigned to be quite
unconcerned about the matter, as well as about the Arabs he had
put into prison ; for, if I had appeared anxious, he would have kept
them longer, as his motives were all mercenary. I told him I
should write to Cairo about the sarcophagus. In fact, I had to
write to Mr. Salt, to have a boat sent to convey the colossus down
the Nile, as none could be had at that season in Upper Egypt ; for
they were all engaged, and mostly for the Bashaw.

After having sent a courier to the consul about the boat, I thought
I could not employ my time better than in going up the Nile, as no

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 5.5

extra expense would be incurred. The boat which I had engaged
might go where I pleased ; and, by the time the answer from Cairo
arrived, I should be back again. I always had two guards kept at
the colossal bust day and night ; but when I found that I could
not get a boat to embark it without writing to Cairo, I formed an
inclosure of earth all round it ; and on the 18th we set off for Esne.
Our number was diminished in this voyage, as I had sent the Irish
lad to Cairo, and discharged the carpenter ; so that we remained
only with the Janizary and the interpreter. The next day we
reached Esne, and I landed just in time to see Khalil Bey on the
same evening, whom I knew some time before in Soubra. He was
appointed to the government of the upper provinces, from Esne to
Assouan ; and having married one of the Bashaw's sisters, he was
quite independent of the orders of the Deftardar Bey at Siout.
It was nearly night when I went to him. He was just returned
from an excursion into the country. I found him seated on a sofa
made of earth, covered with a fine carpet and satin cushions, sur-
rounded by a great number of his chiefs, Cacheffs, and San tons.
They had just finished their dinner ; and I could not have arrived
at a better time for conversation. He was much pleased to see me,
and offered to give me letters to all the people under his command.
Understanding that I might perhaps proceed as far as Ibrim, he
caused a letter to be written to Osseyn Cacheff, who was one of the
three princes residing in Nubia : and as Khalil Bey received a yearly
contribution from the Nubians, he had sent his soldiers thither;
so they were now on friendly terms. The moment the troops of
Egypt enter Nubia to receive the tribute, the princes march higher
up the Nile, and are never to be seen.

The usual conversation on horses, &c. was laid aside ; and, as I
was going to Nubia, the topics were the various personages I should
meet with in that country, and the risk I ran of being robbed by

56 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

them, &c. After smoking a few pipes, and drinking as many cups
of coffee, I left the Bey, and returned to the boat.

The next day I made a cursory inspection of the temple in that
town. It is much encumbered with rubbish, and only the portico
of it is now to be seen ; but the beautiful variety and fine shaped
capitals of the columns, as well as the zodiacal figures on the ceiling,
announce that it was one of the principal temples of Egypt. The
figures and hieroglyphics are somewhat larger than those of Ten-
tyra ; and it is a great pity that such beautiful edifices should be
inhabited by dirty Arabs and their cattle.

On the 20th we passed Elethias with a strong wind, and there-
fore did not stop till we arrived at Edfu. This temple may be
compared with that of Tentyra in point of preservation, and is
superior in magnitude. The propylason is the largest and most
perfect of any in Egypt : it is covered on all sides with colossal
figures of intaglio relevato, and contains several apartments in the
interior, which receive light by square apertures in the side. We
have here one of those curious subjects of inquiry, which, in my
opinion, have never yet been explained. These square holes, or
windows, viewed from the inside of the chambers, appear to have
been made for the purpose of giving light to these apartments,
or to hold some particular ornaments or emblems, placed in them
occasionally on festival days ; consequently, it might be concluded
that they were made at the same time with the building. Yet, on
the outside, these very windows come in contact with the colossal
figures which are sculptured on the walls ; and part of these
appear as if cut off where the windows have been made : so that,
from the appearance on the outside, it is to be inferred, that these
apertures were formed after the building was finished. For my
own part, I think they were cut long after that period, and made to
give light to the apartments, which were inhabited by people of

IX EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 57

a different religion from those who built the temple. The pronaos
is very wide, and is the only one to be seen in Egypt in such
perfection, though completely encumbered with Arab huts. The
portico is also magnificent ; but, unfortunately, above three-fourths
of it covered with rubbish. Through some holes in the upper part
of the sekos I entered the inner apartments ; but they were so
obstructed, that I could not proceed far. The Fellahs have built
part of their village on the top of it, as well as stables for cattle, &c.
The temple is surrounded by a high thick wall, which extends from
each side of the propylaeon, so as to inclose the whole building.
Not only the temple, but every part of the wall, is covered with
hieroglyphics and figures. On the side wall of the pronaos I
observed the figure of Harpocrates which is described bv Mr.
Hamilton, seated on a full-blown lotus, with his finger on his lips,
as in the minor temple at Tentyra ; and on the west side of the
wall is the figure of an unicorn. This is one of the few figures of
beasts I observed in Egypt. The elephant is to be seen only in
the entrance to the temple of Isis, in the island of Philoe : the
horse, as a hieroglyphic, is on the northern exterior wall at Medinet
Aboo ; and the camelopard is on the wall of the sekos of the
Memnonium, and on the back of the temple at Erments. On
looking at an edifice of such magnitude, workmanship, and an-
tiquity, inhabited by a half savage people, whose huts are stuck
against it, not unlike wasps' nests, and to contrast their filthy clothes
with these sacred images, that once were so highly venerated,
makes one strongly feel the difference between the ancient and
modern state of Egypt. The minor temple is but of small dimen-
sions. It had a portico in the front ; nothing of which is to be
seen but fragments of columns buried in the rubbish. Some say
this temple was dedicated to Apollo : but I do not know why there

58 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

is not as much reason to suppose that it was dedicated to Typhon,
as that the temple at Tentyra was dedicated to Isis. The square
capitals on the columns at Tentyra are adorned with heads of Isis ;
and this is one of the principal circumstances, that indicate the
deity to whom the temple was dedicated. In the temple at Edfu
the figure of Typhon is placed on the capitals in a similar manner ;
and though there are representations of the beneficent deeds of
nature on the walls, these may have been placed there by way of
contrast, to elucidate the destroying power of the cruel god. Farther
on to the south is part of a building, which no doubt was a second
propyheon, as it faces the one now standing. Farther still is a small
temple, almost unnoticed by travellers, which has an avenue of
sphinxes leading in a right line towards the great temple. The
sphinxes, several of which I cleared from the surrounding sand,
have a lion's body and female head as large as life. There are vast
heaps of ruins all round these temples, and many relics of antiquity
may be buried there.

On our passing by Djebel Cilcilly we did not stop, as we had a
fair wind ; and I deferred visiting that place till our return. On
the 22d we arrived at Ombos. The ruins that are now left give a
clear idea of what it has been. The columns of the portico form
one of the richest groups of architecture I have seen : the hiero-
glyphics are well executed, and some still retain their colours. On
the water-side are the remains of a smaller temple, part of which
is fallen into the Nile. The stones of this little temple are not
so large as most of the rest ; which proves, that the Egyptians
paid great attention to the proportion of masses, as one of the
principal points in the effect they were intended for. The aspect
of this little temple is somewhat graceful ; and some of the figures
retain part of their colours, though exposed to the open air. In

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 59

this temple the same state of decay was apparent as in various
others. The altar is fallen down, and may be seen when the
water is low. It is a piece of gray marble, without hieroglyphics.
Close to the water-side are some landing-places, with covered
staircases, leading up to the temple ; but these are quite filled
up with sand. We have reason to suppose this little temple to have
been dedicated to Isis, as there are the heads of that goddess on the
capitals of the two pillars, like those on the columns at Tentyra.

Before our arrival at Assouan, we landed on the western bank
of the Nile. Here the country has a more pleasing aspect than
any we had passed since the Chained Mountains. There are palm-
trees in great abundance, on each side of the river, and some cul-
tivated spots of ground, which extend from the Nile to the moun-
tains. The distant view of Assouan presents a very gratifying
aspect, perhaps increased by the barrenness of the preceding lands.
The old town of Assouan stands on a hill, which overhangs the
Nile. On its left is a forest of palm-trees, which hides the
modern town ; and on its right a distant view of the granite
mountain that forms the cataract. The island of Elephantine
seems to interfere with the barrenness of the western bank, and
fills the ground with picturesque groups of various trees ; and the
high rock on the left, with the remains of a Coptic convent nearly
on the summit of it, forms a view, to which travellers in Egypt are
not accustomed ; and this may be the cause of their describing it
with so much partiality. We landed at the foot of the hill on
the left of the Nile, and went to see the ruins of the convent,
where I observed many grottoes, which had served as chapels for the
Christian worship. The convent is formed of several small arched
cells, separate from each other ; and commands a very pleasing view
of the cataract, Assouan, and the lower part of the Nile. One of
the Arabian traditions relating to this place, I think worth notice.

i 2

CO RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

There is in this spot, say the Arabs, great treasure, left by an
ancient king of the country, previous to his departure for the
upper part of the Nile, on a war against the Ethiopians. He was
so avaricious, that he did not leave his family any thing to live on ;
and he was in close friendship with a magician, whom he appointed
to guard his treasure till his return. But no sooner was he gone,
than his relations attempted to take possession of the treasure :
the magician resisted, was killed in the defence of his charge,
and changed to an enormous serpent, which devoured all his
assailants. The king is not yet returned, but the serpent still
keeps watch over the treasure ; and once every night, at a par-
ticular position of the stars, he comes out of the caves, with a
powerful light on his head, which blinds all that attempt to look at
it. He is of an enormous size ; descends to the Nile, where he
drinks ; and then returns to his cave, to watch the treasure till the
king returns.

The 24th, on our arrival at Assouan, I made application to the
Aga for a boat to proceed to Nubia ; but, it being the last two days
of Ramadan, none could be had, for every body was feasting. I
went the same evening to the outer town of Assouan, and found
it more extensive than it appeared from an external view. It
stands on a granite rock, and its situation is extremely pleasant.
The higher part commands a view over the cataract, the Elephantine,
and the New Town. The granite quarries of the ancient Egyptians
are to be seen every where. From this spot we have a full view of
the cataract, which, when the water is high, scarcely deserves the
name ; for it consists merely of several rapids, where the river is
divided in its course by various granite islands scattered about, and
ascending gradually to the island of Philoe, distant from Assouan
about three hours' journey by water, but two only by land. When the
Nile is low, the cataract has a different appearance, as I shall have

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 61

to describe in my subsequent excursions. Above the New Town
are the remains of a small Egyptian temple, so buried in the
rubbish and stones, that it has escaped the notice of many
travellers.

On my return to the boat, I found the Aga and all his retinue
seated on a mat under a cluster of palm-trees close to the water.
The sun was then setting, and the shades of the western mountains
had reached across the Nile, and covered the town. It is at this
time the people recreate themselves in various scattered groups,
drinking coffee, smoking their pipes, and talking of camels, horses,
asses, dhourra, caravans, or boats. The Aga came on board, with
as many of his followers as the boat could hold. We treated them
indiscriminately with coffee, and a small portion of tobacco each.
As a present to the Aga, I sent to his house about a pound of tobacco,
some soap and raw coffee, which he gladly accepted. His manners
were pretty free ; and, from motives of self-interest, he proposed to
furnish us with a boat of his own. This I preferred, because I
supposed we should be the more respected by the people of Nubia,
whither we were going. He promised, that I should see the Reis
of the Nubian boat the same evening, but he did not appear.
Showy as the appearance of the Aga was, the inside of his house was
not in conformity with his dress, which by no means corresponded
with that of many persons in Cairo employed by the Turkish govern-
ment ; who dare not make the least show of riches, lest they should
incur the suspicion of having defrauded their master. This proves,
that the fear of the Turks has in a great measure lost its in-
fluence here. While remaining with our boat, Mrs. Belzoni took
an opportunity to visit his harem, or seraglio, which consisted of
two houses ; for the old Aga had separated the old wives from the
young, though he still visited them.

Next morning early I went to see the island of Elephantine,

62 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

named by the Arabs El-Shal. As I could get no boat from the
shore where we were, we went to the old town, and crossed in the
ferry-boat, which is made of branches of palm-trees, fastened
together with small cords, and covered on the outside with a mat
pitched all over. There were nine of us in this boat. Its length
was ten feet, its breadth five, and it might weigh about fifty
pounds. It cost, when new, twelve piastres, or six shillings.

On my arrival at the island, I went to see the temple, supposed
to be dedicated to the serpent Knuphis ; and, I may truly say,
the only antiquity in it worthy of mention. It consisted of one
chamber, with two doors facing each other, and a gallery of square
pillars all round. The walls are adorned with hieroglyphics, and
it has a staircase in the front. I could not see the pedestal with
Greek inscriptions, mentioned by Mr. Norden. There was a sub-
terraneous staircase leading from the temple to the river ; and, a
little above it, two lateral parts of a gateway, made of square blocks
of granite, sculptured with hieroglyphics. Several large pieces of
granite are lying about, apparently as if there had been a building
of some magnitude. Towards the centre of the island is a kind
of gallery, built of several square pillars of sandstone, full of
hieroglyphics. The rocks of blue granite, that project out of the
earth, serve as foundations. Not far from this temple, I saw a
statue of granite, I believe of Osiris, about double the size of life.
It is sitting on a chair, with some hieroglyphics on it, and its arms
crossing the breast : but it was so mutilated, that it did not appear
worth taking away.

I crossed the island, and on the west bank found it to contain
many trees of cassia and sycamore. The ground is well cultivated,
and altogether it is pleasant enough ; but it has not those beauties,
which have been ascribed to it by some travellers. In crossing the
river, I saw the rocks of granite, with the hieroglyphics and the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 63

Xilometer cut on them. I returned to our bark, and prepared for
our departure.

August 25, in the morning, I waited to see the Reis, whom the
Aga had promised to send to me the night before ; but no one came.
In the afternoon I went to the Aga, who repeated, that I should see
the Eeis in a few minutes. I waited patiently some time ; at length
the Aga himself came on board. After the usual ceremonies and
protestations, he gave me to understand, that we must make an
arrangement about the money to be paid for the boat. I told him,
that I should be very glad to see the Eeis himself on the business.
He answered, that if I agreed with him, it was the same thing. He
added, that the bark was ready : but he demanded so exorbitant a
sum, that I told him I never would pay it, and that I would contrive
to provide myself with a Eeis, who knew the cataract, and would
draw up our own bark. He seemed very much dissatisfied with
my answer, and said, that the Reis of the Shellal could agree with
no sailors but their own.

I went with my Janizary and the interpreter to the upper part
of the cataract at Morada, which is two hours distant. Two
soldiers of the Aga offered to accompany us, but I told them we
were not afraid, as we were well armed. They almost insisted on
going, but I would not permit them ; for I was aware, that they
wanted only to see what we were doing, and to interrupt my plans
if possible. When we arrived, we found the boat not ready, without
a mast, and the Reis not there. On inquiry we met with a man, who
undertook to pilot our bark up the first cataract, and as far as the
second, and back again, for twenty pataks, which are equal to forty-
five piastres, or four dollars and a half. As we were returning, the
Reis of the first boat came, and protested, that his boat would be
ready early next morning. I asked him about the price, but he said,
that this was left entirely to the Aga. I was now certain of the Aga's

64 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

tricks, and felt pleased, that I had a Eeis to pilot our own bark ; but I
found myself much mistaken. While I was absent on this expedition,
the Aga had threatened our Arab Reis, if he proceeded any farther
with his bark ; and he was glad to obey, for he thought I should leave
him and his bark to wait at Assouan till my return, and pay him his
monthly money during the whole time. I had scarcely arrived on
board, when the Aga came with great speed, attended by his whole
train of courtiers, in their rags and finery. They were all clad in
their gala attire, as this was their grand feast of the Eamadan.

I cannot describe the motley confused manner, in which this
great divan was decorated : one had a new tunic of their brown
cloth, and a ragged turban : another had a fine turban, and a ragged
tunic : a third, without turban or tunic, had a fine red woollen
shawl round his body ; the Aga himself was uncommonly dirty and
showy, being dressed in green and red, and without a shirt on his
back. He came on board with all his suite. I observed the Reis,
whom I had brought from Morada, advance to kiss the hand of the
Aga ; but he refused with an angry look, saying to him, " Do you
dare to hinder me from letting a boat." — I then told the Aga that,
if my taking a boat from any one but himself would cause a
disturbance, I would rather return back, as I was not anxious to see
a country, where there was nothing to interest me, and which would
occasion me such enormous expense. At this he became all at once
very mild ; and still more so when I told him, that I was determined
to return, and not go any farther, as my patience was worn out with
the number of obstacles thrown in my way. The result was, that he
offered me his boat at the price a Nubian would have paid ; and
with the positive condition, that it should be entirely at my disposal,
to stop where I pleased, go where I pleased, and take us to the
second cataract and back again ; that it mattered not how long I
should stay in a place, even a fortnight if I liked it ; that the Eeis

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 65

should be obliged to bring on board four other sailors besides
himself, supply them with provision, and give us all the assistance
and information in his power ; and for all this accommodation I was
to pay the sum of two hundred piastres, or twenty dollars, which
was less than I should have had to pay, if I had kept the former boat
from Cairo, as I incurred no extra expenses. The first demand of
the Aga was fifty thousand paras, equal to about a hundred and
twenty dollars. Our luggage was to be sent on board the next
morning on camels, and we ourselves set off in the evening.

Early in the morning the Aga came again to our boat, begging
for a bottle of vinegar, which I gave him, accompanied with a
trifling sum of money for his trouble, to induce him to take care of
the baggage we left behind till our return. He was well satisfied,
and promised to do all in Ins power to expedite our departure. The
boat I had from Cairo was to go back ; and I embraced the oppor-
tunity to write to the consul, informing him of my scheme of
ascending the Nile to the second cataract, during the interval re-
quired for the arrival of the boat from Thebes, winch was to convey
the colossal bust.

We arrived at Morada in the evening, and accommodated our-
selves in the boat as well as we could for the night.

In the morning of the 27th, long before the rising of the sun,
I stood at the stern, waiting the light to unveil that goodly sight,
the beautiful island of Philoe. My anxiety to see the ruins was
as great as my expectations ; but, when I beheld them, they sur-
passed every thing that imagination could anticipate. We crossed
the water, and three hours elapsed, which appeared to us as so
many minutes ; but, as I intended to inspect these ruins minutely
on our return, I only took a hasty view of the island. I observed
several blocks of stones, with hieroglyphics on them in great perfec-
tion, that might be taken away, and an obelisk of granite about twenty-
two feet in length, and two in breadth. I think this also might

66 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

easily be removed, as it lies in a good situation, and not far from the
water-side. On our return to the boat we set sail, and in about
three hours arrived at Debod : but I would not go to see the
temple there, as the wind was so favourable I did not like to lose
the advantage of it. This, therefore, I also deferred to my coming
back. We stopped near the shore above Sardeeb el farras.

28th. — We passed several ruins this day on the western bank of
the Nile, which I shall mention hereafter, and about noon we
stopped at a village on the eastern bank, I believe to take in pro-
vision for the crew. The Keis, the Janizary, and the sailors went
on shore ; Mrs. Belzoni, the interpreter, and myself, remained on
board. Some time after, a few natives came to our boat, and seemed
anxious to see what we had in it ; but as it was covered with
mats, they could not look into it so well as they wished. After
one of them had approached, and examined every thing with at-
tention, they all retired ; but a few minutes had scarcely elapsed,
when we saw several of them returning armed with spears and shields
of crocodile skins. As they came straight towards us, and were
joined by some others, their appearance was rather alarming, and I
thought it was time to be on our guard. Though we were well armed,
we were only three in the boat : accordingly I took a pistol in each
hand ; Mrs. Belzoni also seized one, and the interpreter another.
They approached us in their boats, as if with intention to come on
board. We asked them what they wanted ; but, as they had no
knowledge of the Arabic language, they did not understand us. I
made signs to them to keep off; but they appeared indifferent
to all we said or did. I then stepped forward, and with my right
hand prevented the first of them from entering the boat, while I
held the pistols in my left. He began to be rather rough in
his manner, but kept his eyes on the pistols, while the others behind
were urging him on. At last I pointed a pistol at him, making
signs, that, if he did not retire, I would shoot at him. On this lie

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 67

drew back, and remained with the rest for some time, apparently in
consultation. The Reis, the crew, and the Janizary, now came on
board. I told the Reis what had happened to us, and he talked to
the men in their own language ; but, at the same time, untied the
boat, and we went from the shore into the middle of the Nile. On
my expostulating with him upon the impropriety of leaving the
boat without any one who could speak the language of the country,
he said, that these people had a dispute with their neighbours,
which was the reason of their being armed ; and that they only
wanted our boat to go to another island, to fight with the inhabit-
ants, their adversaries. Whatever might have been their intention,
whether to attack us, or to fight others, neither would have been a
pleasant adventure to us.

Proceeding on our voyage, we passed TafFa, and entered the
rocks of granite above that place. Here the Nile seems as if a
passage had been cut for it through a chain of high mountains,
which rise nearly perpendicular on each side of the river, and open
gradually to the south, into another country. As we advanced for-
ward, the view extended more and more. On the right of the
Nile were several groups of palm-trees ; on the left, the distant
rums of Kalabshe ; and in the centre, the island of the same name,
which has a formidable appearance at a distance, owing to the ruins
of some Saracenic houses, which give it the resemblance of a
castle. We arrived at this island the same evening.

29th. This day we arrived at a village named El Kalabshe.
At the foot of a rock, and facing the river, stand the ruins of a
temple, which certainly must have been of later date than any
other in Nubia ; for it appeared to me to have been thrown down
by violence, as I did not see that decay in its materials, which I have
observed in other edifices; and what remained standing clearly
proved, that time had had nothing to do with the destruction of

k 2

68 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

it. On the water-side, before the temple, is a landing-place, which
leads straight to the propylason, as the gate of this does to the
portico. The propyla?on is in good preservation, but the portico
is quite destroyed. There are two columns, and one pedestal, on
each side of the door into the pronaos. They are joined by a wall
raised to nearly half their height, which proves the late period when
this temple was erected, as such a wall is clearly seen in all other
temples of later date ; and I would not hesitate to say, that Ten-
tyra, Philoe, Edfou, and this temple, were erected by the Ptolemies :
for though there is great similitude in all the Egyptian edifices, yet
there is a certain elegance in the forms of the more recent, that di-
stinguishes them from the older massy and enormous works ; whence
they appear to me to have been executed by Egyptians under the
direction of Greeks. The pronaos and the cella are detached from
the main wall all round ; the intermediate space forms a gallery,
so as to leave them isolated from the rest of the wall. The roof
has fallen down, except a small portion on the chamber behind the
adytum, in the wall of which there are several cells, merely large
enough to contain a single person in each. They must have been
either prisons for men, or places for the sacred animals. There are
groups of figures on the walls of the cella, which retain their colours
remarkably well ; better indeed than in any other temple in Egypt ;
which I think is another proof of its being of later date than many
others. As we entered this temple immediately on our landing,
there were none of the people at its door : but when we were
coming out, we found a great number of natives assembled at the
entrance of the propylason ; and as we attempted to pass through
it, they closed it entirely, and demanded money. They were all
armed with spears, shields, halberts, &c. I told them that I would
not be forced to part with money thus ; but if they would let us
pass, I would do what I thought proper. I did not allow them

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 69

time to reflect, but immediately walked forward, staring them in the
face, and no one touched us. When on the outside, I gave them a
bakshis, and told them, I was ready to give them a farther present,
if they would bring me some antiquities. This they did, and I
bought several tombstones with Greek inscriptions.

They took us to see a smaller temple, a quarter of a mile distant ;
and we passed a great deal of rubbish and stones, which indicate the
nuns of an ancient town, extending about a mile. Mr. Burckhardt
says, this seems to have been the town of Talmis. The quantity of
pottery in the ruins is all of Greek manufacture ; scarcely any thing
Egyptian is found among them : but if this be not sufficient evidence
that the town was built by the Greeks, I can produce an incontro-
vertible proof that the temple was a place of their worship. It was
only a few months previous to our arrival there, that one of the
natives, raising a stone among the ruins of the temple, saw a piece
of metal. He did not know what it was ; but as whatever is found
in the ruins the natives always suspect to be gold, he took this
to be so. Not being certain of it, however, he communicated his
discovery to others, who immediately claimed a share of it, and of
course a scuffle ensued. Some time after, the circumstance came to
the ears of Ibrahim Bashaw, or his soldiers at Assouan, who did not
fail to take possession of it, on their first tour to collect the Miri in
that country. The piece turned out to be a golden lamp of Grecian
form, with part of a chain attached to it. It was sent to Cairo, and
I believe money was made of it. This will prove two points ; one,
that the temple was used by the Greeks ; and the other, that it was
destroyed by violence ; for if the temple had fallen gradually by
decay, the lamp would not have been left there, to be buried under
the ruins. The small temple we saw cut out of the rock, I think,
is considerably older than this, and of a construction more conform-
able with the others of that country.

70 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

On the south of the large temple stands the village, which con-
sists of a few huts built of earth and of stones from the ruins. Near
the temple I observed an ancient wall, parallel with the front of
it, and having several divisions, apparently the habitations of the
priests. The country round has a pleasing aspect, owing to the
groups of palm-trees, and their contrast with the barren rocks every
where else ; but the cultivated grounds are very scanty. Behind the
mountain are valleys with some acacia trees, of which the natives
make charcoal : when the Nile is at its height, they make rafts of
the same wood; and the charcoal, put into sacks fabricated of palm
leaves, or of a kind of rush, is conveyed on them to Cairo for sale ;
dhourra, salt, and tobacco, being brought back in return.

We arrived on the same day at Garba Dandour, where are the
ruins of a small temple, consisting only of a pronaos and two chambers
in the front. There is a small portal, and a species of platform,
which extends from the propylaeon to the river, one hundred feet
long and fifty wide. This could not have been built as a landing-
place, as there are no marks of stairs any where. The inner apart-
ments have a few hieroglyphics, and two columns. The rocks here
are pretty close to the water, and for some miles without a spot of
cultivated land.

We proceeded on to Garba Merieh, and early the next morn-
ing landed at Gyrshe. This temple is partly hewn out of a rock,
which rises perpendicularly, facing the east, a quarter of a mile from
the river. In our way to it we crossed the ruins of a small ancient
town. I observed the fragments of four lions, probably sphinxes,
which stood before the temple ; and a mutilated statue, apparently
of a woman. The portico consists of five pilasters on each side of
the door, cut out of the rock, each of which has a striking figure
before it, I believe representing Hermes. In the front of the por-
tico are four columns, formed of several blocks of stone : the pronaos

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 71

is hewn out of the rock, and has three square pillars on each side,
in a line from the door to the entrance into the cella. In front of
each of these pillars stands a colossal figure, about eighteen feet
high, elevated four feet above the ground. We may here see how
the sculpture of primitive ages differs from that of the more modern
school. The figure of these colossi indicates that the artist meant
to represent men ; but this is all : their legs are mere shapeless
columns, and their bodies out of all proportion : their faces are as
bad as the artist could make them from the model of an Ethiopian :
they have the usual mitres on their heads ; and are adorned on the
lower part of their bodies with curious appendages, not unlike the
tobacco pouches used among the Highlanders ; though I hope no
one will suppose, that I mean to suggest a comparison between the
two nations. The place is blackened with smoke, I presume from
the fires made by the natives. Behind the pillars are several
niches cut in the rock, but all mutilated. In the cella are two
small chambers, one on each side, cut also in the rock ; and at the
end two lateral doors leading into smaller apartments, independent
of the adytum. In the wall at the end of this are four figures
seated, as large as life, and an altar before them, as I have seen in
other places, without hieroglyphics or any inscription. The floor is
in many places dug up, I suppose by the Barabra or other nations,
in search of treasure. The natives of this place are rather rough
in their manners, but were easily satisfied with a piece of soap, a
pipe of tobacco, and a few paras. Here we bought some gryadan,
a grain of the size of a small shot, which the Nubians use as coffee.
It is a good substitute where no coffee is to be had, and is much
cheaper. A little above this place is a dangerous passage of the
Nile, a chain of rocks running across the river, and making it very
alarming, when the waters are low ; but as they were now high, we
passed without danger. The country here still continues quite
barren.

72 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

In the afternoon of the next day we arrived at Dakke, (see plate
2 1 ). The mountains at this place stretch far from the Nile, and leave
a spacious plain, which no doubt has been formerly cultivated, but is
now covered with sand. A stratum of vegetable mould is visible,
three feet under the sand on the banks of the Nile. The temple
stands about a hundred yards from the river, and has a very elegant
appearance. There are no hieroglyphics on the outside wall, but
the interior is adorned with beautiful figures in basso relievo : it has
a pronaos, an adytum, and a cella. On the west side of the adytum
is a small staircase which leads to the top of the temple ; and on
the east a small chamber, with figures uncommonly well executed :
the walls of the cella are well covered with religious processions.
In the lower part I observed several figures, not unlike herma-
phrodites. From the cella a door in a fine with the first entrance
leads into an area, formed by a wall which surrounds the edifice,
except in front. On the east side of the exterior wall is a door,
which leads to a passage across the temple, that separates the pro-
naos from the adytum. The temple faces the north, and at the
distance of forty-eight feet is a propylaeon, with the gateway facing
the entrance to the pronaos. The isolated situation of this edifice
renders it still more gracefid to the eyes of the traveller, as it is
entirely free from any other building near it. On the propylaeon
are several Egyptian, Coptic, and Greek inscriptions, one of which
is as follows :

AOMI2IOCAPPIANOC

CTPATlCIielPHjITOTPAN,

OHAIKOKAIAOMITI

OTIOCMOTCTNT^nANrA

OIKftdlPOCsKTNHOA

OsONMerlCTONsPMH

KAAPIANOTK AICAPOC

TOTKTPIOTTTBIIH

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 73

We continued our voyage, and arrived in the afternoon at
Meharraka, or Offelina, where stand the ruins of a small Egyptian
temple, but evidently built by the Greeks. It consists of only a
single portico, forty-two feet long and twenty-five wide, with a row
of columns round the two sides and the back. On the right is a
winding staircase, the only one I recollect having seen in any temple
in Egypt or Nubia. The columns are fourteen in all. It has served
as a christian chapel, as is shown by many figures of the apostles
which remain perfect on the walls ; but on close examination I
observed clearly the Egyptian figures under the saints. The main
entrance is closed by an altar, no doubt built by the Copts or Greeks
after the christian epoch. The wall facing the south is fallen down,
but the stones still adhere to each other. On one of them I saw the
following inscription.

NHLL

VICIHROTNl cTTc
TI0)TOTKAIT0JNe/-CeBeC
TAT(DNFONeCJGNKAIF-AIOY

T W IKTOTAAeAoCTKN

AOITF^NAAGAOII

A few paces to the east stands part of another temple, on
which is the figure of Isis, dressed in the Greek costume, sitting
under a tree. Before her stands the figure of Orus, in the act of
offering to his mother. In a niche further to the east is the figure
of the Egyptian Isis ; and in another small niche above are a Greek
priest and priestess, and the Egyptian Priapus. A greater proof
than this I never saw of the religion of the Egyptian and Greek
nations united (see Plate 29). On the south of this temple is a
large pedestal of granite, formed by three steps, which appears to
have been erected for the purpose of supporting some large statue
or obelisk.

74 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

We proceeded with a fair wind to Wowobat ; and the next day,
the 31st of August, brought us to Seboua. On our landing, the first
thing that attracted my notice was a propylaeon, at a small distance
from the Nile ; in the middle of which interval are two standing figures
eleven feet high. These form the entrance to an avenue of sphinxes
with lions' bodies and men's heads, that leads to the propylaeon,
which is much decayed. There is the usual entrance or gateway
into the pronaos, at each side of which are five columns, with figures
in the front of each, not unlike those in the pronaos at Medinet
Aaboo. The wind has accumulated a great quantity of sand, which
has not only covered the court, but closed the entrance to the
adytum and the cella. From what I could discover, after a close
examination from the top part of this temple, it deserved to be
opened ; but as my principal views were bent on other objects, which
I thought of greater importance, we continued our voyage towards
Deir. The country here is very barren, and few habitations are to
be seen any where.

Next day we arrived at Korosko. A few miles above this place
the Nile turns towards the north-west, and as the wind blew mostly
from that quarter, we had it right against us, besides a very strong
current, for the Nile was nearly at its height. Though the day was
very hot, the night was exceedingly cold, considering the climate we
were in. At this place we found it very difficult to advance, for the
wind still continued strong ahead, and the sailors could not track
the boat by ropes on the shore, as the bank was covered with thorns
and acacia-trees, so that it took us two days to reach the territory of
Deir, where the river resumes its course again to the south. From
the trees I have mentioned we gathered a little gum-arabic ; and
the Reis of the boat caught some cameleons, which we intended to
keep alive. They feed on flies and boiled rice, and drink water ;
but they do not agree together in confinement, for they bit off the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 75

tails and legs of each other. If put into the water, they swell like
bladders, and swim faster than they can crawl. They generally live
on palm-trees, and descend in the evening to drink. We caught
about thirty, but they all gradually died. I saw a female full of
eggs, of the size of large peas, eighteen in number, all attached to
the matrix.

The 5th of September brought us to Deir, the great capital of

Lower Nubia. The town consists of several groups of houses, built of

earth intermixed with stones. They are in general not higher than

eight or ten feet, a few excepted, which are the habitations of

the Cacheffs of the country. The town is close to the water-side.

At the foot of the sloping and rocky hill is a small temple ; but I

could not venture to go to see it, as I observed we were closely

watched. I went immediately to Hassan Cacheff, who received me

with an air of suspicion, and wanted to know our business. I told

him, that we ascended the Nile merely to seek for antiquities, and

that we wished to proceed as far as the Shellal, or second cataract.

This he said was impossible, for the people in the upper country

were at war with each other. He then ordered his mat to be

brought to him, seated himself close before the door of his house,

and invited me to sit also. The first question he put to me was, if I

had any coffee. I replied we had a little on board for our own use,

but that he was welcome to half of it. He next asked for soap, and

I made the same reply. Then he inquired if we had any tobacco.

I told him we had but a few pipes, and we would smoke it together ;

with which he was exceedingly pleased. The next question was, if

I had any powder. To which I answered, that I had very little,

and could not spare any. At this he laughed, and put his hand on

my shoulder, saying, " You are English, and can make powder

wherever you go." I was glad that he thought so, and deemed it

prudent to leave him with this impression ; but I told him 1 did

76 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

not come there either to make powder or to waste any. By this
time my Janizary had brought me some tobacco from on board ; so
we began to smoke ; and coffee of gryadan was served ; but, not-
withstanding this, he said my sailors would not advance any farther,
for they were afraid to go into the upper country. I told him, that
if he gave me a letter to his brother Osseyn, we should be out of
any danger. I then showed him the letter of Callil Bey at Esne
to his brother : on which he observed, that this letter did not
mention where I was going. Perceiving that the affair was likely
to proceed very dilatorily, I frankly told him, if he meant to let me
pursue my journey, I would make him a very handsome present of a
fine looking-glass, some soap, and some coffee ; on the contrary, if I
were to return, he would lose all, and incur the displeasure of the
Bey of Esne besides. His reply was, " We will talk of this to-
morrow." So I returned to our boat without any positive answer.

Early in the morning I went to him again. When he asked
me for the looking-glass, I replied, that it was ready, if he gave me
the letter to his brother at Farras, which at last he did. Previous
to our departure from Cairo, I took occasion to obtain all the
information possible concerning the country of Nubia, from the
natives who came to that city with dates and charcoal ; and from
them I learned, that a looking-glass and a few Venetian beads would
be equal there to silver plate and pearls. Accordingly we took a
good stock with us, though I was not certain of entering Nubia.
The looking-glass I gave the Cacheff was twelve inches long and
ten broad, and was the largest the people there had ever seen.
It made a great impression on them. Many, who never came
down as far as Assouan, had not seen a looking-glass before, and it
astonished them greatly. The Cacheff was never tired of admiring
his bear-like face ; and all his attendants behind him strove to get
a peep at their own chocolate beauty, laughing, and much pleased

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 77

with it. The Cacheff gave it, not without Fear, to one of them, with
a strict charge to be careful not to break it. — On my way to our
boat I met a very old man, who knew Baram Cacheff, the tyrant of
Deir in the time of Norden. He said, that Baram died in his
bed, but all his descendants were slain by the Mamelukes ; and that
he was a boy when Baram died.

We left Deir about noon ; and a few hours brouglrt us to Hafee,
where the river flows from the south-west. The country all the
way from Deir to this place is tolerably productive of dhourra and
dates, and furnishes also a great deal of cotton, which is gathered,
and sent to Cairo. The sugar-cane is not cultivated here, which I
know not whether to attribute to the laziness of the natives, or to
the country being too hot for that plant ; but I am inclined to think
the former is the real cause.

Proceeding onward, we came to Ibrim. This place stands on a
high rock, nearly perpendicular, and forming the bank of the Nile.
The town is surrounded by a wall of sun-baked bricks. The houses
are all in a ruined state, having been uninhabited ever since the
Mamelukes made it their abode on their retreat to Danffola. Close
to the water-side are several chambers, not unlike sepulchres, hewn
out of the rock ; some of which have been painted, apparently by
the Greeks, and retain their colour remarkably well. The cul-
tivated land on the south side of the river in some parts extends not
more than two hundred yards in width ; but it is thickly set with
palm-trees, producing dates, which are esteemed the best in Egypt,
and in which the Nubians carry on a considerable trade. The
northern bank is quite barren, except a few date and acacia trees.

In my voyage from Ibrim to the second cataract I must entreat
the reader's indulgence. I noted down the names of all the vil-
lages we passed, as they were given to me ; and thus I lay them
before the public, as I am not aware, that they have been yet de-

78 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

scribed by any traveller. Messrs. Legh and Smelt, who were the first
to penetrate to any extent up this country by water, did not proceed
beyond Ibrira ; and Norden has given a correct account of all the
villages and districts he passed only as far as Deir. About a league
above Ibrim we came to the village of Vady Shubak on the east,
and Mosmos on the west. The country on the east continued to
be covered with dates as far as Bostan, but on the west it is quite a
desert. From Toske we saw several rocks in the plain toward the
east, which resembled so many pyramids of various sizes ; and I
should not wonder if these suggested to the Egyptians the first
idea of this form. Some of them appear to be about two hundred
feet high.

We went on shore at Ermyne, on the west of the river. The
banks here are covered with the thorny acacia, tamarisks, and palm-
trees, and some cultivated ground. Next day we saw the island of
Hogos. On tins island are the ruins of an ancient tower, which
must have commanded the whole Nile, as the river is not very
narrow here, and the island is exactly in the centre of it. The
blocks of stone are not so large as those in the temples in Egypt,
but they are well connected together. After this we reached For-
mundy, a district extending on both sides of the Nile as far as
Saregg. At Formundy the river turns to the north-east, for two
leagues only ; but we had as much trouble to pass this place as we
had at Korosko, the current and wind being both against us.

I cannot omit mentioning the hard labour the barbarian boat-
men had on tins occasion. They were continually in the water ; and,
though good swimmers, they had great trouble in wading against
the currant to pull the rope from under the trees, which cover the
banks of the Nile in such a manner, that it is impossible to track it
along on the shore. They are a people living very hardly, and eat
any thing in the world. They chew the rock salt, or natron, mixed

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 79

with tobacco, putting the mixture between the front teeth and the
lower lip. The natron is found in several parts of Egypt, and is
one of their articles of trade. The Laplanders are said to be very
filthy in their food, and I am sure these people are not unlike them
in that respect. When we killed a sheep, I had sometimes the
pleasure of seeing the entrails opened, pieces of which, dipped once
into the water, were eaten by them raw. The head and feet, with the
skin, wool, hoofs, and all, were put into a pot, which is never washed,
to be half-boiled, when they drank the broth, and devoured the rest.

We fastened our bark to the shore in the district of Formundy,
and I mounted a high rock, to have a view of the country round.
I found, on the west of the Nile, an extensive plain, with low,
isolated hills, in the form of sugar-loaves, covered with black, smooth
stones, something approaching to basalt. Some of the stones are
above five feet in length. The country is every where barren ;
there are only a few date-trees near the water.

Next morning we reached Faras, which we left on the east, and
went to see the temples of Ybsambul on the west. As we crossed
the Nile exactly opposite these temples, we had an opportunity of
examining and having full views of them at a distance (see Plate 42).
In the front of the minor temple are six colossal figures, which make
a better appearance at a distance than when near them. They are
thirty feet high, and are hewn out of the rock ; as is also the large
temple, which has one figure of an enormous size, with the head
and shoulders only projecting out of the sand ; and notwithstanding
the great distance, I could perceive, that it was beautifully executed.
On the upper part or frieze of the temple was a line of hieroglyphics,
which covered the whole front ; and above this, a range of figures in
a sitting posture, as large again as life. The sand from the north side,
accumulated by the wind on the rock above the temple, and which
had gradually descended towards its front, choked the entrance, and

80 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

buried two-thirds of it. On my approaching this temple, the hope I
had formed of opening its entrance vanished at once ; for the amazing
accumulation of sand was such, that it appeared an impossibility
ever to reach the door. We ascended a hill of sand at the upper
part of the temple, and there found the head of a hawk projecting
out of the sand only to its neck. From the situation of this figure,
I concluded it to be over the door. From the size of the head, the
figure must have been more than twenty feet high ; below the figure
there is generally a vacant space ; so that, with the cornice over the
door and the frieze, I calculated, that the doorway could not be less
than thirty-five feet below the surface of the sand ; and this distance
would have accorded in proportion with the front of the temple,
which is one hundred and seventeen feet wide. The sand ran
down in a slope from one side to the other, and to attempt to make
an aperture straight through it to the door would have been like
making a hole in the water. It was necessary, therefore, to remove
the sand in such a direction, that it might fall off from the front of
the door : but in doing this the sand from above would continue to
fall on the place whence that below was removed, and render it an
endless task. Besides, the natives were wild people, totally unac-
customed to such labour, and knew nothing of working for money :
indeed they were ignorant of money altogether. All these difficulties
seemed such insurmountable obstacles, that they almost deterred me
from the thought of proceeding : yet perseverance, stimulated by
hope, suggested to me such means, that at last, after much exertion
and two voyages thither, I had the satisfaction of entering the great
Temple of Ybsambul.

Having taken a proper measurement of the front of the temple,
and made a calculation, I found, that, if I could persuade the people
to work with persevering steadiness, I might succeed in the under-
taking. I did not examine the small temple that night, as I wished

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 81

early to reach the village of Ybsambul, and to see Osseyn Cacheff.
The rocks out of which the temple is hewn continue for about two
hundred yards southward, and then open into a flat country, where
are some good spots of cultivated land on the banks of the Nile,
abounding with palm-trees. We embarked, and soon landed at the
village. I perceived a group of people assembled under a grove of
trees, who, when I came near them, seemed to be somewhat sur-
prised at the sudden arrival of a stranger. Having desired to see
Osseyn Cacheff, for some time I received no answer ; but at last was
told, that he who sat there was Daoud Cacheff, his son. I saw a man
about fifty years of age, clad in a light blue gown, with a white rag
on his head as a turban, seated on a ragged mat, on the ground, a
long sword and a gun by his side, with about twenty men surrounding
him, who were well armed with swords, spears, and shields. A younger
brother, of much inferior rank and dignity, was among them, who
behaved very roughly towards me. Some had garments, others had
none, and they all together formed a ragged assembly, by no means of
most encouraging aspect. These people have no other employment,
than to gather the imposts of their master from the poorer sort of
natives. The Cacheff himself has nothing to do but to go from one
place to another to receive his revenue ; and in every place to which
he goes he has a house and a wife. He is absolute master to do
what he pleases : there is no law to restrain him ; and the life of a
man here is not considered of so much worth as that of a cat among
us. If he have not what he wants, he takes it wherever he can find
it : if refused, he uses force ; if resisted, the opponent is murdered :
and thus the Cacheff lives.

They are not easily led by promises, for there is so little faith
among them, that what is not obtained is considered as imaginary.
It was with such a race of people I had to deal ; and from whom I had
to obtain permission to penetrate into a place, and to carry on opera-

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82 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

lions, the thought of which appeared to them like that of a mad-
man. To persuade them to undertake work for money was still
worse, as their only mode of buying and selling is by bartering
dhourra for dates, or dates for salt. It will be recollected that
Messrs. Legh and Smelt did not think proper to go any higher than
Ibrim, as it was useless to penetrate into a country, where money
was of little or no use, wliich in fact was the case at that time at
Deir, and much more so above that place. Daoud Cacheff demanded
of me what business brought me there. I told him I had a letter
from the Cacheff, his uncle, directed to Osseyn Cacheff, his father ;
and that I came into the country in search of ancient stones. He
laughed, and said that a few months before he had seen another man,
who came from Cairo in search of treasure, and took away a great
deal of gold in his boat ; and that I came for the same purpose, not
to take stones : what had I to do with stones, if it were not that I
was able to procure gold from them ? I answered, the stones I
wished to take away were broken pieces belonging to the old
Pharaoh people ; and that by these pieces we were in hopes of
learning, whether our ancestors came from that country ; which
was the reason of my coming in search of ancient stones. I thought
this might serve as a good explanation of the motives by which I
was induced to open the temple. He then asked where I meant
to go in search of these stones. I told him the place in the
rock had a door, and by removing the sand we could enter, and
perhaps should find many stones there. Accordingly I proposed to
have the place opened ; and on a promise, that, if I succeeded, he
should receive a bakshis, he consented on his own part ; but still
his father remained to be persuaded, and then people to be procured,
who would work at such a place without fearing harm from the
devil. I told him, that those who worked would gain money.
" What money do you mean ? " said he, " money from Mahomet

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, && 83

Ali, Bashaw of Cairo ? what can we do with it ? we cannot buy
any thing here, or at Dongola." I said, the money may be
sent to Assouan, and there dhourra could be purchased with it.
" But," replied Daoud, " if we do so, they keep the money, and
send us no dhourra." I could scarcely believe, that they had so
little faith, or notion of commerce : but the fact is, that what pro-
duce they carry to Cairo, Siout, or Esne, they exchange for other
articles, which they send to the southern country of Nubia, and
never receive any money for it.

I produced a piastre, and showed it to some of the people, who
by this time had increased in number all round, seated themselves
in form of a crescent before us, and were staring me in the face,
observing all my motions. I went on endeavouring to persuade
them of the advantages they would derive from such money, if they
introduced it into their country. The Cacheff, however, seemed
convinced, that it would do no good ; for then, he observed, the
people who were not contented to stay in Nubia could sell their
cows and goats, and go and live in Egypt. I believe he was right in
this point ; but it was certainly impolitic in him to make such a
remark before his subjects. One of them took the piastre from my
hands, and, after looking at it for some time, asked me who would
give any thing for that small piece of metal. " Any one," I answered,
" will give you a measure of dhourra for it, quite enough for a man
to eat in three days." " That may be so in your country," replied
he ; " but here I am sure no one will give six grains of dhourra for
so small a bit of iron." I told him, if he went on board our boat,
and presented it to any one there, he would get for it dhourra
enough to suffice him for the time I had mentioned. Off he ran
like a deer, and in a few minutes returned with the dhourra folded
in a rag fastened to his waist.

I had previously instructed the Beis of our boat what he had

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84 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

to do, if any of the natives should come with money to fetch
dhourra ; and accordingly he gave him the measure so ordered for
a piastre. This experiment had a good effect, not only on the minds
of the people, but also on that of the Cacheff; though, barbarian-
like, he was not yet thoroughly satisfied. He observed, that a man
who laboured a whole day ought to have four times that measure for
his share ; therefore, if I would give them four piastres a day each, he
would persuade the people to work. At length, with much ado, I
made a bargain for two piastres a man. Daoud told me, that a
man who came there a few months before had left in his hands
three hundred piastres, to open that place for him ; but the people
would not undertake the business, as no one cared for such small
pieces of metal. On the traveller's return from Wady Haifa, he
expected to have found the place open ; but Daoud gave him his
pieces of metal back again, as he did not know what to do with
them. I found afterwards, that the person who had been there
was Mr. D., the ex-consul of France in Egypt ; and that in fact he
received his money back, as the people would not work for it.

The next and greatest difficulty was to persuade Osseyn CachefF
to let us proceed ; for without his consent nothing could be done.
He lived at Eshke, a day and half up the Nile. That night we
slept at Ybsambul, as I wished to strengthen the disposition of
the Cacheff in my favour. Accordingly I sent him a measure of
rice, about four pounds weight, three ounces of coffee, half a pound
of sugar, and a few leaves of a particular sort of tobacco, called
Tunny Djebel, from Syria, which the Barabra chew, and consider
it a great luxury.

In the evening we received on board some sour milk, and warm
thin cake of dhourra bread. This is baked on a flat stone, eighteen
inches square, raised from the ground by a small stone at each
corner, so as to admit a fire under it ; and when it is at a certain

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 85

degree of heat, the paste is laid on it, which being quite soft, or
nearly liquid, spreads in a sheet all over the stone, and in one
minute is firm enough to be turned, which is done with great
dexterity without breaking it. As soon as one is baked, another
is placed on the stone ; and they are pretty good if eaten while hot,
but when cold they are quite sour and disagreeable. They are
generally eaten with sour milk ; but if allowed to get cold they are
broken to pieces, put into a bowl, and boiled lentils poured on them.
This forms the general food of the country.

In the morning of the 11th, we passed near the ruined town of
Adda, in a pleasant situation, commanding a view of the Nile, and a
considerable part of the country. It contains a great number of
houses, built like those at Ibrim ; but the land on the east side is
covered with sand. The western bank of the Nile is fertile, abound-
ing with trees of various sorts, acacias, tamarisks, and many thorny
groups. Farther on we came to the district of Kosko, on both
sides of the Nile ; then to Enhana, or Oddenham, Garba, Zarras,
and, a little farther, to the island of the same name ; beyond which
was Antero on the south, and above it on the same side Diberet,
and the island so called. In almost all these parts we observed
the left side of the Nile quite barren, except at Zarras. On the
right it is pretty full of palm-trees, and some dhourra is seen. The
soil of tire islands, however, seems to be the most fertile.

We next reached Eshke, the residence of the Cacheff, and
certainly the best spot of land above Ibrim and Assouan. The trees
are very thick here, and a large tract of land is cultivated along the
Nile, producing a great deal of dhourra and cotton, which, being
cleaned and sent to Cairo, are exchanged for ready made lines, salt,
and tobacco. On our arrival we were told, that Osseyn Cacheff was
not now at Eshke, but would return in a few days, as he was only at a
small distance. As I did not like to go back to Ybsambul till I had

86 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

an interview with him, we advanced to the second cataract, situated
a little higher up. The Nile here turns to the south-west, the
lands as we advanced still continued to be well cultivated, and the
few huts, which were visible among the trees, were stronger and
better built than those of the Arabs of Egypt. We fastened our
boat to the shore, in the same district.

We set off early next morning, and with a good north wind
soon saw Aloanortis on the right, and above it on the left Debrous. A
little farther on was an island of the same name ; and higher up on
our left the district of Angosh or Sukoy. I had expected, judging
from the rocky nature of the country about the first cataract, to have
seen the mountain of the second at a great distance ; but to my
surprise we arrived at the very last district, without perceiving any
thing but a flat country before us. The territory of Wady Haifa
is the last on the Nile, on this side of the cataract. In the middle
of the river is an island called Givarty, after this another called
Mainarty, and beyond these two others, named Genesap and En-
nerty. These four are cultivated ; but there are others innume-
rable, which form the shellal or cataract, that are all barren. Some
present nothing to the eye but bare stones and sand ; others a few
sycamore trees and sunt ; but there are no palm-trees, except in
the four islands first mentioned.

About nine in the morning we made to the shore, as near as
possible to the last cultivated land on the left, which is Wady Haifa.
A few of the natives came to see us, whom I requested to bring some
asses, that we might ride to the cataract, a request they complied with
without any difficulty. Mrs. Belzoni and myself (the Janizary and
interpreter advancing before us) proceeded as far as the day would
permit us, so as to return in proper time to the bark at night. We
had many views of the cataract, and in different directions. I
mounted one of the rocks, to have a distant view of the deserts ;

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 87

and as far as I could see it is a flat country, except a few rocks that
project here and there, particularly at the river's side, but they are
of small dimensions. Towards the desert we saw several wild ante-
lopes, which kept at a great distance from us. As the Nile was
high, the current had not so great a fall, as when it is low ; but I
believe the cataract is not navigable at any time of the year. The
rock forming this cataract differs from that of the first, for here is
no granite, but a kind of black marble quite as hard. Some say it
is black granite, but I cannot consider it as such : the grain of it is
too coarse, and not so compact as that of granite.

We returned to the bark after sunset, and immediately crossed
to the island Mainarty, where we arrived at dusk. We saw fires
and people at a distance; but when we arrived we could not
find any one. Their huts were left with all they had, which con-
sisted only of dry dates, and a kind of paste made of the same, which
they kept in large vases of clay baked in the sun, and covered with
baskets made of palm-leaves. A baking-stove and a mat to sleep on
were the whole of their furniture. They had pots and leathern bags
to bring water from the Nile for their lands. Their settlement
consisted of four men and seven women, with two or three children.
They have no communication with the main land, except when the
water is low, for at any other time the current, being immediately
under the cataract, is so rapid, as to render it impossible to ford it ;
and boats never go to these islands, seldom passing farther than
Wady Haifa. They are poor but happy : knowing nothing of
the inticing luxuries of the world, and resting content with what
Providence supplies as the reward of their industry. There are
a few sheep and goats, which furnish them with milk all the year
round ; and the few spots of land they have are well cultivated,
producing a little dhourra, which forms their yearly stock of pro-
vision. The wool they spin into yarn ; wind the threads round

88 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

little stones, and thus suspend them to a long stick fixed in an
horizontal position between two trees, to form a warp; and by
passing another thread alternately between these fabricate a kind of
coarse cloth, with which they cover the lower part of their bodies.

I visited along with the Eeis the whole of the rock, which is about
an eighth of a mile in length, and half as much in breadth. It
was quite late when we found this poor but truly happy people.
They had lighted a fire to make their bread, and it was this fire
which directed us to that quarter. They were all hidden in a hole
under some ruins of an old castle, which stands on the south side
of the island ; and when we approached them, the women set up
a loud scream through fear. Our Eeis, who was a native of the
lower part of Nubia, could talk their language, and pacified them :
yet, notwithstanding this, we could not entice more than one man
out of the place. Their fear was owing to some depredations com-
mitted by the robbers of Wady Haifa a few years before, who, at
low water, forded over to the island, and did all the injury
that could be done to such people. We assured them, that we
were not like the robbers of Wady Haifa, but came only to get
some one to show us the way to the cataract. At this, they
were more afraid than ever ; and said, that it never appeared,
that boats passed higher than Wady Haifa, which is at the
beginning of the cataract ; it being impossible to proceed farther,
owing to the quantity of rocky islands. The Eeis himself op-
posed my wish to ascend higher, fearing more for his boat than
for our lives. At last it was concluded, that the Eeis should
leave his son on the island as a hostage for the two men, while
they came on board, to show us the way up. They knew their
way to these islands ; for at low water they frequent them, to
collect some of the earth, from which they extract a sort of salt-
petre, which they use in their food. I had reasons for not remaining

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 89

at night with the boat fastened to the main land, and consequently
preferred staying at the island.

Early in the morning of the 14th, we took on board the two
men of the island, to pilot us towards the cataract as far as the
boat could go, and then to show us the way we should proceed.
We went on with the same strong north wind; and as we had
plenty of water, advanced with our bark till we found ourselves
so tossed about by the different currents and eddies, as to prevent
our farther progress ; and at the same time were so situated, that
we could not return back, for fear of being driven against some of
the rocks, which abounded on each side. Thus we were confined to
one spot for about an hour. Sometimes we had a rapid start for a
hundred yards ; then all at once were stopped, and turned round,
in spite of all our efforts, and of the north wind, which blew very
hard. At last we were caught on a sudden in one of the eddies
of water, and driven against a rock concealed about two feet below
the surface. The shock was terrible ; and I must confess, having
Mrs. Belzoni on board, I felt no small degree of alarm, as I thought
the boat was split in two. For my own part, perhaps I might have
swam on shore; but Mrs. Belzoni was no small charge to me on
this occasion. However, as it pleased God, and to my astonishment,
there was no harm done. We succeeded in getting to the other side
of the river as quickly as possible, and when we arrived, forgot all the
danger we had just passed. We landed, and took our route on foot ;
Mrs. Belzoni, myself, the interpreter, the Janizary, the two men
from the island, and four boys belonging to the bark ; carrying
with us some provision and water. We proceeded, on the rocks,
and over a plain of sand and stones, till we arrived at the rock called
Apsir, which is the highest in the neighbourhood of the cataract,
and commands a complete view of the falls. The prospect from
this spot is magnificent. The several thousand islands you see, of

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90 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

various sizes and forms, with as many different falls of water,
running rapidly onward, while counter-currents return with equal
velocity, exhibit a diversified appearance, truly grand. The black-
ness of the stones, the green of the trees on the islands, intermixed
with the white froth of the water, form a fine picture, which can
scarcely be described or delineated.

Hence you see the four cultivated islands, which lie on the
south, or the most remote part of the cataract. They are named as
follows : Nuba, Gamnarty, Ducully, and Suckeyr : on the north
side are two others, called Dorge and Tabai. These islands are in-
habited by a race of people who may be looked on as living in the
most primitive state ; for no one ever goes to them, nor do they ever
quit their island. They are very few in number — in some of the
islands not more than five or six ; and they live on the produce of
the few spots of ground they find on them, which they continually
irrigate with the common machine named hade, consisting only of a
piece of sheepskin and two sticks, by which they draw up the water.
They have also a few sheep ; and fabricate a cloth from cotton pro-
duced in the islands, in the same manner as they make that of
wool.

On the left of the cataract the soil differs from that on the
right. It consists of soft whitish stones and sand. From this spot
it may be seen, that the course of the river is for a considerable
extent among the rocks ; and the summits of two high mountains
are to be seen at a great distance. This part is not frequented by
travellers ; for there is no mode of conveyance, and no inhabitants
on that side of the cataract. Boats never venture thither: when
the water is low, it is impossible ; and, when high, it would
require a very strong north wind, to stem the rapid current against
you.

We returned slowly to the bark, and took our course towards

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 91

the island we had left in the morning ; but unfortunately the wind,
being very strong, drove us to the island of Gulgc. The Eeis
wished to pass the whole night there ; but in the evening the wind
shifting a little, we returned to the island we were at before. But
again, notwithstanding the proof we had given of our harmless
intentions, the natives were not to be seen ; and even the two
men who had been with us in the boat no sooner landed than they
disappeared. The son of the Eeis, however, was preparing some food ;
and we were glad to have escaped the danger of so many eddies and
rocks.

I forgot to mention that on the island Gulge I perceived the
remains of an ancient wall, in the form of a church, and built of
sun-baked bricks. It was in the centre of the island, and consisted
of three divisions. — See Plate 32.

15th. — In the morning we would not leave the island without
seeing the inhabitants. The men soon appeared for their bakshis ;
and at last came the women, to see Mrs. Belzoni, who made them
presents of glass bead-necklaces, with which they were wonderfully
pleased : though, as it is their custom to take all, and give nothing,
they did not even return vis thanks for what they received ; but
took their presents, laughed, and ran away immediately.

We now descended the river with a strong north wind against
us ; and though some authors assert, that the Nile has no waves,
but runs quite smooth, I can assure the reader, that we were this
day tossed about as if by a gale at sea. The wind blowing fresh
against a strong current naturally caused this effect.

We arrived in the afternoon at the village of Iskus, and went
to see Osseyn Cacheff, who was returned, and to whom we had a
letter from his brother Mahomet at Deir. I had landed with my
interpreter and the Janizary, and entered a kind of house made in
the shape of an angle of a propylaeon. These houses would not stand

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92 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the weight of an upper apartment, if they were built perpendicularly ;
for the clay walls, of which they are made, would fall outward. The
CachefFs house was adorned with an old mat spread on the ground
as usual, a water jar, and a chain with two hooks made in a par-
ticular manner. This was that same Osseyn, who was one of the
two brothers that caused Mr. Burckhardt to return from Tinareh.
He was about sixty-eight years of age, five feet eleven inches high,
stout and robust, and able to support the charge he was born to
hold. He was surrounded by thirty men, all armed, some with
matchlock guns and long swords, and some with spears and shields
intead of guns. He was clothed in a long tunic down to his feet,
made of white woollen cloth, with a belt round lus waist, to which
his sword, flint, and steel were attached. Over his shoulder he had
a long shawl, made of the same stuff as the tunic, thrown partly over
lus head, so as to cover it from the sun. He had also a red turban,
and on his feet a pair of ragged shoes. Notwithstanding his dress,
there was an air of superiority about him, which distinguished him
at once above all the rest. It is worthy of observation, that even
among barbarians great respect is paid to superiors ; and those very
men, who would murder a fellow-creature in a difference about a
few pipes of tobacco, almost tremble at the frown of a single and
sometimes harmless old man. His inquiries concerning my business
were very minute ; but I soon brought the affair of the temple
forward, which did not a little surprise him. He said he knew the
entrance into the place very well ; that the round ball on the large
head was the door of the great Here, as he named it, and if re*
moved I could immediately enter. This round ball was no other
than the globe on the head of the hawk-headed Osiris, which stood
over the door, as I mentioned before. At first he stated to me the
great difficulty, if not impossibility of opening this place ; and at
last, when I had endeavoured to remove these obstacles, lie made

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 93

me promise, that, if I found the temple full of gold, I should give
him half. To this I agreed, on condition that if I found only
stones, they should be all my own property ; and he immediately
assented, for he said he wanted no stones. Upon this he gave me
a letter to his son at Ybsambul, and when I left him, and went on
board, I sent him some trifling presents, which he received with
pleasure, and sent us a lamb.

When I came to the bark I found it crowded with women, who
had learned from our crew, as we passed upwards, that there was a
woman on board ; and as soon as we arrived, on our return* they all
ran to the shore. Mrs. Belzoni, not supposing they would come in
such numbers, made a present of some glass beads to one of the
wives of the Cacheff. This was enough : they increased in crowds,
and we had to please them all.

Next morning we continued our voyage, and arrived very early
at Ybsambul. I went to see a small temple on the south side,
opposite the village ; but it is of no consecpience, only it may be
remarked as the last on the Nile on this side of the cataract. It
has served as a chapel to the Christian Greeks ; and the figures of
the Apostles remain nearly perfect painted on the wall and roof.
We crossed the river, and I went immediately to Daoud Cacheff.
Having presented the letter from his father, he sent for the men
who wrere intended to work. I found these people complete savages,
and entirely unacquainted with any kind of labour. They had
changed their minds since I was there last ; and, though I had the
authority of the Cacheff, they would not work. My persuasion was
of no avail ; first, because they were not inclined to such labour ;
secondly, they did not know the value of money, &c. At last I pre-
tended to give up my project, and go away. When the Cacheff saw
that I meant to go, and that he should lose many a good present, he
began to talk to them ; and at last, with much difficulty, reduced
the payment to one half of what they had demanded before. On

!)4 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

my agreeing to this, they immediately insisted, that I should employ
as many as they chose. It was in vain I told them, thirty were
more than sufficient for my purpose ; they would not hear of less
than a hundred. With this it was impossible for me to comply ; so
I rose, and took leave of the CachefF, ordering the Eeis to go on
board, and set off immediately. Tliis, however, was not satisfactory
to the parties ; they had still more to say, and at last it was con-
cluded, that I should take forty men, who were to be at the bark
before the sun rose next morning, as it was nearly two miles from
the village to the temple. I went on board heartily wishing I had
done with these people.

17th. — Early in the morning when I expected to see these wild

men, for such I must call them, I was greatly disappointed : the

sun was very high, and no one appeared. I then returned to the

Cacheff, to inquire whether the men meant to make a joke of the

business, or to work. Not being accustomed to be disturbed so early,

he rose very slowly, and sent a party of his soldiers to search for

the men, some of whom at last made their appearance, while others

pretended they could not come. Their excuse was, that they saw a

Bedoween in the desert, and they were all on the watch. The day

before they wanted to be employed to the number of a hundred, and

to-day they were unwilling to be employed at all. At length some

arrived by land, some by water, but very late, and we went at last to

the temple. I took it patiently, and began the work in such a

direction, that the sand should fall off from the centre of the front

of the temple, where naturally the door must be. They had a long

stick, with a cross piece of wood at the end, at each extremity of

which was a rope. One man drew the long stick back, and another

pulled it forward. This is the method they use in removing the

earth in their cultivated ground, and I found it very useful in clearing

away sand also. As it was the first day of our enterprise, they went

on better than I expected ; and all their thoughts and talk were on

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 95

the quantity of gold, pearls, and jewels, we should find in the place.
I did not discourage them in their supposition, as I considered it to
be the best stimulus they could have to proceed. At noon I gave
them some boiled lentils, and bread soup, with which they were
pretty well pleased. The Cacheff, who attended to the work himself,
partook of what I ate. At night I paid the men, and recommended
them to be there again early in the morning. The Cacheff and
part of his court came on board, and we returned to the village for
the night.

18th. — In the morning we went to the temple, and the Fellahs
came after us rather late, and we began the work again very slowly.
I had to use a great deal of persuasion this day; for the savages
were led to think, they had laboured too hard on the first day, so
that they were obstinate, and I had much ado to prevail on them to
continue. As they complained of being very much tired, I pro-
mised, that they should not work the next day, but be allowed to
rest themselves. We ended this day's work before sunset, and re-
turned to the village. Finding ourselves but ill supplied with pro-
vision in this place, I offered more than usual for a sheep, but to no
purpose : I was obliged to eat rice and water, and very little of that,
as we had not much on board. Our stock of butter was quite
finished, and milk was very scarce.

19th. — In the morning I went to see the Cacheff, to speak about
some palm wood. I found him quite changed in his behaviour,
starting a thousand difficulties ; in particular, that the Fellahs would
not come to work any more, as it was useless for them to fatigue
themselves for a little money ; adding, that it was impossible to get
any palm wood ; though at the same time we were surrounded by it.
I answered, that this was not our agreement ; and, as I kept my
word, and paid the Fellahs according to our first engagement, I
expected them to perform their part of the bargain. After much

96 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

debate, it Avas at last concluded, that I should see the Fellahs at
night, and try myself what could be done, for he could not serve
me. In short, I could make nothing of him ; but his interpreter
soon gave me to understand, that all this difficulty arose from my
not having made him any considerable present ; and the soldier
who was with me from Siout told me, that I ought not to omit
giving him a brace of pistols, or some other valuable thing. I
saw through the plot immediately; and I also knew that these
people never feel grateful for any thing after they receive it, but
think only of contriving new tricks to extort more, if possible ;
so that it is just the same whether you give or not. However,
I took a middle course, and told the interpreter, that I would
provide a good bakshis both for his master and himself, if they
would interest themselves in my favour. In the afternoon the
savages were all assembled, and I was sent for. The brother of the
Cacheff, whom I saw the first time we arrived at Ybsambul, was
there : his behaviour however was altered, and much for the better ;
so that he, who at first was rough, became smooth, and the smooth
became rough. I inquired about the wood, and was told, that
I must go to a place two leagues off, where I should find some ;
but this was said only to start new difficulties, as I knew there
was plenty in the village. With respect to the savages, I was in-
formed, that they wovdd not come to work so hard, unless I doubled
the numbers. It was in vain for me to tell them, that a man does
not work more when alone, than when accompanied by multitudes.
They were obstinate, and I could do nothing with them ; for had I
consented to employ a hundred, I should soon have been called on
to make it up two hundred. I promised to give bakshis to the brother
of the Cacheff, who began to talk to them in their own language ;
and to my astonishment all at once they agreed to come to the
number of forty only ; on condition, however, that I should give

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 97

them the sixth part of an ardep of corn to make bread with. The
Cacheff seemed displeased with the influence of his brother, and
rose and walked off. A barbarian from Deir, who was a stranger in
the island, and had come thither to cultivate a piece of ground, had
bought some wood to build a sakias, or water machine ; but as he
could not agree with the savages at Ybsambul, and was going away,
he proposed to sell his wood to me ; and I gladly availed myself of
the opportunity, and thus got over this difficulty.

20th. — Next day in the morning the people came slowly to work,
but upon the whole we went on very well, though I had much ado
to make them proceed in the right way. The Cacheff, with his
attendants, came to see how we were proceeding, and gave me
to understand, that he intended dining with me. I told him I
was very glad of his company, but had nothing except boiled
rice, unless he would order his people to kill a sheep for us,
which I would gladly pay for. They consulted about who could
afford to part with a sheep, and receive piastres in payment, and
at last the order was given to an old man, who had five, which
was a greater number than any body else. When the sheep
was brought to us, the difficulty was to fix the price of it. Being
the first ever sold for money in that place, to put a high price on it
would have increased the value of sheep in general, and consequently
would have been against the interest of the Cacheff; for when he
receives his revenue in these animals, he sets them at a very low
price, that he may have the more given him. To estimate it at a
low price would be worse, for it would be against them all in the
exchange of sheep for dhourra with the other villages. Finding
it a dangerous point to decide, it was at length resolved, that no
price at all should be put upon the sheep, but that the man should
make me a present of it, and I should give any thing I pleased in

o

98 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

return. To prevent any standard being established from what I
gave the man, I paid him in soap, tobacco, and salt.

At dinner the sheep was brought in pieces in two wooden bowls
and the Cacheff and his attendants seated themselves in a circle on
the sand near the temple. The extremities of their filthy hands
were soon washed in the liquor, and in a few seconds the whole was
devoured. Not being accustomed to this unceremonious sort of
feasting, I stood but a poor chance ; but in subsequent occurrences
of this kind I contrived to take my share without interfering with
their scramble. Soon after dinner coffee was brought up from the
boat, and I went on board to take my dinner with Mrs. Belzoni,
who had boiled rice and water for her fare, in preference to the
chieftain's mess of mutton. In a short time the Cacheff approached,
and signified Iris wish to speak to me in secret. We retired, and
Iris principal interpreters were called to us. The great secret was
this : on the night before, as he stood on the bank close to our boatj
he saw me drinking a coffee cup of red liquor that I poured out of
a bottle ; and having inquired what it was, was told it was nebet
(wine). Now he had heard that the wine of the English was much
better than what they made in their own country with dates ; he
wished, therefore, to have some to drink also, but in a secret way.
Fortunately I had a few bottles left from our stock in Cairo, which
we preserved for extraordinary occasions ; and I sent my interpreter
down to the boat to fetch one. When the wine was first poured out
into a cup and presented to the Cacheff, he sternly looked at the in-
terpreter, and told him to drink first. The interpreter, who was a
Copt, and had been in the French army for several years, did not
want much persuasion to make a libation to Bacchus ; so with a
smile he soon convinced the Cacheff of the purity of the contents of
the bottle, and the Cacheff did not hesitate to drink the next cup.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 99

At the first taste it did not appear to him so strong as he had sup-
posed; but at last he found it so good, that in three days my
scanty stock was nearly finished. I had much reason to repent
having taken a Janizary with me, for instead of assisting me in my
dealing with these people, he was the first to suggest to them what
they never would have thought of. It is not to be supposed that a
Mussulman will ever take the part of a Christian dog, against any
of his own religion, unless he is responsible for the life of the
stranger ; and then he does it for his own sake, and not from
any attachment to the European. The work went on very slowly
this day ; but altogether we had made a considerable advance in
the sand, towards the centre of the front of the temple.

21st. — Next morning, the people took it into their heads to
come in such numbers, that I could not employ them all, as the
work was directed only to one point. There was warm debating on
the subject ; but, as I would not spend one farthing more than I
had promised from the first, they agreed at last that the pay should
be divided amongst them all ; and thus, instead of forty men, I had
eighty for the same price, which was less than sixpence a day. The
anxiety to see the inside of the temple, and to plunder all that it
might contain, brought the two brothers on board very early in the
morning. They soon gave me to understand plainly, that all that
was there was their own property; and that the treasure should
be for themselves. Even the savages began to lay their account in
the division of the spoil. I assured them that I expected to find
nothing but stones, and wanted no treasure. They still persisted,
that, if I took away the stones, the treasure was in them ; and, if
I could make a drawing, or likeness of them, I could extract the
treasure from them also, without their perceiving it. Some pro-
posed, that, if there were any figure discovered, it should be broken
before I carried it away, to see the inside of it. Thus I plainly

o 2

100 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

perceived, that, on entering the temple, I should not be at liberty
either to take notes of what was in it, or to make any drawings,
much less to take away any statue, or any thing else that might be
found. We went on with our labour, however, and, as I made
a palisade with the palm wood I had bought, I had no need
of so many men, as they had only to clear the space between the
palisade and the temple.

In the course of the morning, two of the men left the work, and
went down the Nile to our boat. Finding Mrs. Belzoni on board,
with only a little girl from the village, they were rather impertinent
to her, and attempted to go on board in spite of all she could say to
them, intending to rob the boat. At last she presented a pistol to
them, on which they immediately retired, and ran up the hill. She
followed, but they mixed with a number of their fellow savages, and
it was impossible to find them out ; for they were all like so many
lumps of chocolate seated on the sand at work, and not to be
distinguished the one from the other. At night, when I paid the
men, the Cacheff 's brother said, the money must be counted all in
one heap, before it was divided among the people. My interpreter,
who was also my treasurer, accordingly counted the money on a
piece of a ragged shawl, which he had no sooner done, than the
CachefF's brother threw himself on it, and seized every piastre.
The men looked at each other, but no one dared to say a word
about it ; and he took it all away with him. I observed to him,
that his magic was much more sure in its operation than mine, for
obtaining money. But I was pleased to find they had begun to
know the worth of it so well.

I naturally expected, that no one would come to work the next
morning ; but in this I was mistaken. As much of the sand had
been taken away, the first palisade was insufficient. I made
another, therefore, directly before the place where I supposed the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 101

entrance of the temple to be, to prevent the sand from falling
against it. I now began to perceive clearly, that this work would
employ more time than I could spare in that country, and the period
I had meant to dedicate to it was already elapsed ; but this would
not have deterred me from proceeding, and no doubt I should have
accomplished my undertaking, had it not been for a material cause
which compelled me to quit the work for a time. This was the
want of that very article which, a few days before, was so despised
and unknown ; and now I absolutely could not proceed without it.
It was money, which, even here, had shown its usual power among
mankind, of exciting avarice, and of which those wild people soon
became very fond. I had some water brought up from the Nile,
and poured down close to the wall over the door. This stopped
the sand from running, till 1 had a hole made so deep, that I coidd
perceive it required a longer time than I coidd stay, and more
money than I could then afford. I had by tins time removed so
much sand, as to uncover twenty feet in the front of the temple.
The colossal statues above the door were completely exposed ; and
one of the great colossi sitting before the temple, on the north
side, which was buried in the sand, appeared with his face and
shoulders like his companion on the south. Having obtained a
promise from the Cacheff, that he would not let any one touch the
place till my return, which would be in a few months, I contented
myself with putting a mark where the sand was before I commenced
the operation ; and after taking a drawing of the exterior of the
temple, quitted it, with a firm resolution of returning to accomplish
its opening. We brought our boat to the village, and, after making
some trifling presents to the Cacheff, set off the same evening.

We descended the Kile rapidly, as the current was very strong,
winch was a fortunate circumstance for us, for we were almost with-
out provisions on board. Two hours after we left Ybsambul, a
Turkish soldier on a dromedary hailed us from the right bank of the

102 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Nile; but, without attending to him, we continued our voyage.
He turned back, and followed us a considerable way ; and when he
came to a place, where the current brought us near the shore, he
fired a pistol, as a signal to stop. We were greatly at a loss to
conjecture who he could be, as it was not to be supposed, that a
Turkish soldier would venture alone into this country. At length,
as we drew near the bank, he said he had letters for me from the
Bey of Esne. This was not true. He produced two letters in
Arabic, signed by two different persons not in existence, which
ordered me, in an insolent tone of command, to desist from any
Avork I might have begun in Nubia, and return to Cairo. The
reason why these letters were sent to me, by whom, and for what
purpose, is one of those mysteries which, for the present, must
remain unknown.

The soldier came on board, and sent the dromedary back by his
servant; for in that country every soldier has a servant, to take
care of his camel, horse, or asses, if he have any. Thus, when a
body of five thousand men marches against an enemy, there are
always at least six thousand people more to encumber it, and eat
up the provision : for not only every common soldier has a man,
but every officer has two or three ; and those of the higher rank, as
Beys, Cacheffs, &c. have ten or more.

As the current was so rapid, the next day, in the evening, we
arrived at Ibrim, and early on the day after at Deir. I went to see
the temple, but in a cursory way, reserving my observations to my
next visit. We took in some provision, set off immediately, arrived
in the evening at Nobat, and the next night stopped at El Ka-
labshe. Here we visited the temple a second time, but rather too
late for much inspection. Mrs. Belzoni went to see the women of
this place ; of whom an account, given by her, will be found in the
Appendix.

Next day we visited the two temples at Todfa, my humble ob-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, 8cc. 103

servations on which I shall give in my next voyage in Nubia.
Here a barbarian, armed with a spear and shield, called to me to
stop, which I did, as he said he had something to communicate.
He demanded my money in a resolute manner, and with a savage
look ; but when I made the interpreter inquire of him if he de-
manded the money per force, or as a voluntary bakshis, he laughed
and ran ofF.

Continuing our voyage, at Cardassy I saw the remains of some
very extensive buildings, and of some quarries, where a small
chapel is cut in the rock, containing many Greek inscriptions, which
I regretted I had not time to copy. We next came to Gamby,
where, on the east, is a small temple, but almost even with the
ground, and a few figures and hieroglyphics on the stones. This
temple, that of Deir, and the one opposite Ybsambul are all I have
seen on the eastern side of the Nile above the first cataract. We
came down to Deboude in the afternoon, and went to see the ruins
of that place.

Next day brought us to the Shellal, or first cataract. The
soldier of Derow, who brought the letters, set off immediately, and
I never saw him afterwards. I took particular notice of a large
obelisk which was lying before the propylaeon, and which, if brought
to England, might serve as a monument in some particular place, or as
an embellishment to the metropolis. I sent for the Aga of Assouan,
and a Keis who knew the channels in the Shellal, and in the mean-
time took a general view of these superb ruins. I observed in the
southern part of the island the remains of a small temple, quite in
ruins, with blocks of stone scattered here and there, and remarked,
that a part of the remaining wall contained the legs of several
figures in basso relievo finely finished. I examined the blocks that
had been thrown down from the wall, and found they contained
the remaining parts of the figures, which had formed a group of
seven in all. When the Aga and the lieis came, I made an agree-

104 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

ment with them to have the obelisk taken down the cataract ; but,
for want of a boat, it could not be effected that season. The
obelisk is twenty-two feet long, by two wide at the base ; so that it
required a pretty large boat to convey it. It was agreed, and per-
fectly understood, that I took possession of this obelisk in the name
of his Britannic Majesty's consul-general in Cairo ; and I gave four
dollars to the Aga, to pay a guard for it till my return.

I entreat the reader here to pause, and to recollect what caution
I took in securing this piece of antiquity ; as he will find, in the
course of this volume, that the obelisk in question has caused me
more trouble and persecution than any thing else I succeeded in
removing from Egypt. Indeed, it nearly cost me my life ; and for
such disinterested exertions I received, in return, the meanest
insults. Unfortunately such was my situation in Egypt, that some
of the very people I had to deal with, though I was acting for
the credit both of their country and of themselves, could not
restrain the impulse of jealousy, which they nourished in their
breasts, and which always operated to my disadvantage. In a
future work, that I intend to lay before the public, I shall unfold
these matters ; so that any one who has common feeling will
wonder how I could persist so long in my researches under such
circumstances.

The blocks of stone, which formed the compartment of fourteen
feet long and twelve wide, were twelve in number. When they were
put together on the ground, they were a beautiful group, consisting
of the great god Osiris seated on his chair, with an altar before him,
receiving offerings from priests and female figures ; the whole sur-
rounded by flowers and hieroglyphics. The blocks were three feet
six inches long, and three feet wide : but as they were two feet
three inches thick, they were too bulky to be embarked whole.
As they could be easily cut, being a calcareous gritstone, I made
an agreement for one hundred piastres, to have them cut to six

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 105

inches. I left the money in the hands of the Aga ; and it was
understood, that these stones were to be embarked by the first
opportunity of a boat, and sent down to Luxor. The Aga hinted,
that he should be happy to know what I meant to give him for
permission to take away the obelisk ; for though I was authorised
by the firman of the Bashaw to take what stones or statues I
pleased, yet these fellows think they have a right to demand some-
thing ; and if they cannot openly refuse, still they have it in their
power to throw such obstacles in the way, as to entirely defeat
your undertaking. It was agreed, that he should give orders
to the Sheik of the island, to guard the stones and the obelisk, so
that no one should injure them ; for which guard, as before stated,
he received four dollars ; and that on the removal of the obelisk he
should receive three hundred piastres, equal to thirty dollars.

Next day, the 27th of September, we came to Assouan by land ;
just one month from the day on which we first entered that place.
On our arrival, we were informed, that there were no boats to take
us to Esne ; and, in spite of all our haste, we were obliged to wait
till some came from the North. We therefore took another tour in
the island of Elephantine, and on the next morning I set off for the
granite mountain, about two hours and a half south-east of Assouan.
I took an Arab of Assouan with me as a guide, and walked about
the greater part of the day. I saw a great many granite quarries,
which plainly showed, that the ancients took the granite intended
for the temples, statues, and ornaments, from these places ; and in
one of these excavations I saw two large basins in the rough cut
out of the rock, one of which was ready to be taken away, as it was
nearly finished. It appeared to me, by what I could observe, that
the pieces of granite were procured by cutting a fine with a chisel,

about two inches deep, round the stone intended to be removed,

p

106 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and then by giving a great blow with some machine, which se-
parated the part like glass when cut with a diamond. In this basin
were pieces, which plainly showed the fact of this operation. On
my return towards the west, I was fortunate enough to find a
column lying on the ground, with a Latin inscription, as in the
annexed plate. It proves, that the Romans used to take granite
from these quarries, and, no doubt, chiefly for religious purposes,
like the Egyptians.

On my return to Assouan, no boat had arrived, and I became
impatient, for I wished to reach Thebes. We were seated under
a grove of palm-trees, eating our soup of rice and meat with
the Aga, when an Arab came to him, and whispered in his ear, as
if he had something of great importance to communicate. The
Aga rose, though his dinner was not finished, and went away
with the air of a man of great business. Half an hour after he
returned, accompanied by two other persons of distinction, and the
old man who came before. They all seated themselves round me,
and after introducing the affair with a degree of caution, I was asked,
whether I wished to purchase a large piece of diamond. I con-
sidered, that I was no diamond merchant ; but in a case like this,
I would have contrived to become a jeweller, and have procured
the money from Esne, if it had been to my advantage ; for, in the
times in which we live, jewels are no despicable articles, if they
can be obtained at a cheap rate. I told the Aga, that if the
article were good, I would purchase it, if we could agree ; but
it was necessary that I should see it. He said, the piece had
been found by one of the natives of that place ; and, as he was
not in want of money, it had been preserved in the family for many
years. This original proprietor being now dead, his successors
wished to dispose of it. I requested to see it ; so we retired some

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IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 107

distance out of the way of the people. The old man then with
great solemnity took a small wooden box from a pocket in his
leathern belt. In this was a paper, which he unfolded ; after that,
two or three others, till at last he opened the sanctum sanctorum.
I took its contents in my hands with no small degree of expectation :
but, alas ! how did I look, when I saw it was only part of the stopple
of a common glass cruet, of the size of a hazel-nut, with two or
three little gilt flowers on it ! All my hopes vanished ; and as the
others were anxiously observing my motions, they could not fail to
see disappointment so strongly marked in my countenance, as de-
cided their fate, and destroyed their great expectations of wealth
from this invaluable jewel. When I told them, that it was only a
piece of glass, the words affected their minds like the unhappy
tidings of some great misfortune : they walked off in solemn silence,
not without giving me an inquiring look, to learn whether I were
really in earnest. But I also shared their disappointment, and no
smile on my face could give them any hopes.

Another day passed, but no boat appeared. At last I thought of
bespeaking two camels, and proceeding to Esne by land, with Mrs.
Belzoni and the interpreter, and letting the Janizary remain there,
to follow by the first boat, and bring the implements we should leave
behind. But when the Aga saw, that I had taken this resolution, he
sent for a boat, which was hidden about a league distant, and there
were two or three more concealed in other places. I found, that all
this was done to keep us a few days in that place for the benefit of
the town, strangers being of course obliged to spend money while
they are there. After the boat was hired, at a great price, I found
it belonged to the Aga himself; and the Captain or Beis told us,
afterwards, that he ordered him to hide it, to compel me to give
what he liked for the hire of it.

Some travellers give us the notions they have formed of the

p 2

10S RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Arabs and Berberys ; but it is to be observed, that there is a very
great difference in the manner in which different persons travel ;
and the methods pursued in going through a country may afford
one more opportunities of seeing and judging than another.

A traveller who has all the accommodation possible, and nothing
to do with these people but in passing, can never judge of their
ideas, their system of conduct, and their rapacious manners ; for in
the little interval, and the limited business he has to transact with
them, they do not appear to be the people they really are. Some
travellers even receive civilities, with which they are mightily
pleased ; without having time to discover, that the very persons,
whom they suppose to be naturally civil, are so only to serve their
own interested views. They pass on, and in their journal of remarks
just say, that they were received civilly at such and such a place.
But let a traveller deal with them in any transaction, where their
interest is concerned, and where their execution of any undertaking
is required, he will soon find, that in every point they are the most
cheating people on earth. Their deception is extreme. A traveller
passing by a village stops his bark for an hour or two : what good
people he finds ! Some bring him a small basket of dates, others a
few eggs, another some bread and milk ; with wliich he is so pleased,
that he immediately gives them five or perhaps ten times more than
the worth of what he receives, without being aware, that it is
through such an expectation they bring him these things ; but
exclaims, that in Europe they do not treat a stranger so civilly. But
let him take the smallest of these presents without giving any thing
in return, or even no more than it is worth, they will not fail to
murmur at him. If he give only double the price, they have the
art of returning the money with scorn and contempt, in order to
shame him to give more : — and if he take the money returned, or
give them nothing from the beginning, he must not expect, that

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 109

they will let him go away without paying them for what they brought
him. All this is unknown to a traveller merely passing by; for
there is no one in this character, who would be so mean as to accept
any tiling, without returning double or treble its value. From these
trifles it may be presumed what they are in all their dealings : to
night one word for such a thing, to morrow another : their intrigues
are beyond description : they have the art of making one thing
appear like another so well, that it is very difficult to avoid falling
into their trap.

There are two extremes in travellers. One who is just arrived,
has never before been in the country, and of course has no know-
ledge of customs and things, cannot see one-fourth of what he
should see : the other is so thoroughly initiated into their customs
and manners, that those which shock at first sight, lose their effect
on him ; he almost forgets his own ways, and does not reckon any
thing he beholds extraordinary or worth attention, though perhaps
even of the greatest consequence.

At last, after settling all my affairs with the Aga, and satisfying
his demands of oil, vinegar, and some empty bottles, we left Assouan
in the morning of the 29th, and two days brought us to Esne, the
cm-rent being very strong. Khalil Bey was not there, and his Has-
nadar or treasurer did not know any thing about the orders, which
were sent to me in Nubia : but on seeing the Bey sometime after,
he said he never sent me any such. On the morning of the fourth
day we arrived at Luxor. I set off next morning in the same boat
to Gheneh, arrived there the next day, and went to see Mr. Sokiner,
a person whom I knew, and who served me much in tins business.
We went to the Cacheff, who could not give me a boat, in conse-
quence of a fresh order from Cairo to press all boats that passed ;
and I was therefore obliged to despatch a courier to Cairo, for an
order from the Consul to obtain one.

110 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

On the 7th, in the morning, we were preparing for our return
to Gournou, when the courier came, and said he had been bitten by
a dog, and could not proceed on the journey. I was not pleased at
this circumstance, as it tended to retard the embarkation of the
bust, and sent immediately to seek for another courier, but could
not find one. We lost the whole day in this manner, and I was
nearly despairing of success ; but, repairing the next morning to
the Cacheff, I begged him to give me an order to press a courier,
and he complied immediately, for he was of a very different cast
from the Cacheff of Erments. The courier received his despatch
about noon, and was to go and return from Cairo in sixteen days.
All was ready for his departure, and he was on the point of setting
off, when a large boat appeared, which brought Messrs. Jacque and
Caliad, two agents of the French consul, who were going to As-
souan. On inquiry I found that the boat was at liberty to be
engaged after it arrived at Assouan. Accordingly I bespoke it of
the Reis, before the Aga, who made him promise not to retract his
agreement. Fortunately, the courier had not yet set off, and there
was now no necessity of sending to Cairo, as I was assured of
having this boat.

On our arrival at Thebes, the boat happened to be fastened to
the bank, where the colossal head was. I will not waste my time
in describing the remarks made by the two French agents of Mr.
D., on seeing the head : suffice it to say, they positively declared, in
gpite of the evident mark it bore on its breast, that the French
army did not take it away, because they thought it not worth the
taking ! On hearing of my fortunate success in collecting several
valuable pieces of antiquity, their Dragoman, a renegado French-
man, observed to me, that, if I persevered in my researches, I
should have my throat cut, by order of two personages ; one was
the Cacheff of Erments, the other I shall not mention at present. 1

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. Ill

told him I was greatly obliged to him for his information, but did
not believe any one would make such an attempt. They went to
visit the soldiers, who lived in the tombs among the people at
Gournou, and assembled several Arabs of that place before the two
agents, who told them plainly in my presence, that, if they sold any
article of antiquity to the English party, they would have them well
beaten by the Cacheff of Erments, who commanded over them.
From this moment I perceived, that I should have much opposition
and many difficulties to encounter ; but as my stay there was to be
short, I did not regard them, and continued my business. Mrs.
Belzoni was lodged in the house of an Arab at Luxor.

The same day I went to Carnak, and set twenty men at work
on a spot of ground, that I chose according to a simple calculation
I made, of which I shall have to speak hereafter. I re-embarked for
Esne again, as I had to conclude the contract with the Reis of the
boat, and to pay a part of the money as earnest. The two French-
men were on board also. We proceeded during the whole night,
being favoured with a good strong wind, and arrived at Esne the
next day at noon.

I hope the reader will not think that I employ my pen in useless
accounts, or to make a display of the difficulties I encountered in
my operations, merely to enhance any merit on my part : on the
contrary, I can assure him, that I study by all means possible to be
brief, and not to insert the least thing but what is necessary to be
known. I went to the house where all the owners of the boats
were assembled, who at first were of one accord, that it was im-
possible to put the head on board the boat, alleging that it woidd
break it to pieces, if such a mass of stone were placed in it. They
then strove to persuade me to leave the stone, as they were disposed
to believe that there was no gold in it ; and, if I took it, and
found none after I had spent so much, I should lose all. Not-

112 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

withstanding their simplicity, when I persviaded them that no
accident would happen, and that I took all risks upon myself, they
did not fail to ask me an enormous sum for the hire of the boat.
I was in a dilemma, fearing, that, if I missed this boat, I might lose
the high water, which wovdd have obliged me to wait till next
year ; and in a country like this, changing from one day to another
its government and way of thinking, I did not know what might
happen. I therefore thought it best to secure myself from any
future extortion, and give an enormous hire for the boat. This
was tliree thousand piastres, equal to seventy-five pounds sterling,
from that place to Cairo.

After all this was settled, and half the money paid down, the
boat was to ascend the Nile as far as Assouan, to unload at that
place, and to return immediately. I sent my Janizary with some
presents to the Aga, and some trifles for Osseyn CachefF, to be
forwarded to him at Ybsambul, by the first opportunity from
Assouan to that place ; thinking by this trifle he would be con-
vinced, that I intended to return to that country to finish the
operation, and be induced to keep his promise, not to let any one
undertake the accomplishment of what I had begun. The Janizary
was likewise to take on board the twelve stones which I left there
to be cut, &c. When all this was arranged, I set off for Thebes at
night, and arrived there the next morning. On my arrival, I went
immediately to Carnak, to see what had been done the day before
by the twenty men.

Here, reader, was the beginning of those discoveries, which
have caused me so much trouble, not from the exertion and
arduous labour required in these researches, but in the atrocious
persecution they have drawn on me, from malice, jealousy, and
envy, to such a degree, that to this day, the very goddess Fortune,
who has been apparently so propitious to me, I had reason to call

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 113

barbarous and unkind. Notwithstanding which, I did not relin-
quish jny undertaking, till I reached the accomplishment of my
wishes. Let me add, I have further enterprises in view, which,
I hope, will convince my adversaries, that their persecution has
had no other effect on me, than that of strengthening me to per-
severance in my undertakings. Had I not determined to stand,
like a pyramid defying the wind, against all their numerous attacks,
which poured on me like a torrent, I should not have been able to
proceed, even from the commencement. On the other hand, I must
acknowledge, that at the moment when I was persecuted on one
side, I received marks of kindness and good wishes on the other ;
and fortunately, thank God, the well-disposed far outnumbered the
others, though few like to enter into, or interfere with matters
which do not concern themselves. Many travellers of various
nations, at the time of my researches, witnessed, that the greatest
difficulties I had to encounter were not in the discovery of an-
tiquities, which I consider the smallest part of my task, but in
controlling the complicated intrigues of my enemies and false
friends. I am more inclined to excuse Count Forbin, as the
erroneous and false accounts he gives are so confused and con-
tradictory to the facts, that he openly exposes himself to ridicule and
contempt, than to pardon some others, who should have been above
such paltry proceedings.

The works in Carnak were begun when I returned from Esne,
but nothing was found, and there was no likelihood of finding any
thing. The place whence the French had taken their lion-headed
statues, at the time of the invasion, is where a temple stood, sur-
rounded on three sides by a lake. It faces the avenue of the great
sphinx to the north, and not a single wall or column remains standing.
On the exterior side of the wall are several fragments of the above

114 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

statues, which were there before the French army invaded Egypt, but
they made some excavations on the east side of the temple, and
made discoveries, the fruits of which are now to be seen in the
British Museum, they having been captured at sea. The Count
de Forbin asserts, that after all these sphynxes had been discovered
they were covered up again by some French gentlemen who super-
intended the work. But the Count did not mention the names
of those persons, for he knew very well that no such thing ever
took place. The account he published of the statues, which he
acknowledges to have been found twenty feet below the surface,
and backed by a strong ancient wall, was taken from my own
letters, which I gave him myself in Cairo, of which I shall have
to speak hereafter, and which he promised to give to the world
as they were. Instead of tins, the only use he made of them was to
throw all the facts into confusion, and prevent the real truth from
coming before the public.

Now to more obvious facts. According to a calculation I had
made, I dug on the west side of the temple, where no one had ever
made any excavation before, nor did any traveller previous to me
take any thing thence but what was in sight. The earth, bricks,
and stones, were so strongly cemented together by time, particularly
on the surface, that it clearly proved the ground never to have been
touched from the earliest ages. In the course of a few days I dis-
covered about eighteen statues, six of which were perfect, and among
them a white statue as large as life, supposed to be of Jupiter
Amnion, which is now also in the British Museum.

1 here beg leave to make an observation which I hope will con-
vince the world of the false statement of Count de Forbin. The
French Consul, Monsieur Drouetti, who had been making researches
for fifteen years in that country, and who was naturally attached to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 115

the interest of France, had been to Thebes twice previous to my
arrival in Egypt. How was it, that, in the course of so long a period,
he never came to know from the natives, that such statues had been
found there by the French, and covered up again ? and how hap-
pened it, that the person who covered them up never mentioned it
to him, or to any one else, even after a general peace took place ?
We should suppose, that as soon as the seas were cleared of the
English cruizers, whose watchful eyes did not let even a water-rat
pass into France, there was no fear that these statues should have
been taken, and thus a second loss incurred: but independent of
all this, there was nothing to prevent Mr. Drouetti from bringing
them safe to Alexandria, as he did other antiquities, which were the
sole object of his ascending the Nile. I should not enter on this
subject, had it not been for the petty means which have been em-
ployed to depreciate every thing I have done, and which are a
compound of erroneous assertions, that I believe originated in the
volcanic brains of Count de Forbin himself.

The place where I found these statues must have been the in-
terior of the pronaos ; but there were many others in various places,
and it is difficult to determine their original stations. In another
temple in Gournou, which is yet unknown, and of which I shall speak
in this volume, I found several statues of the same sort, and by the
pedestals it appears they were within the place surrounded by the
columns. The same may have been the case in this temple. The
situation in which I found them was by no means their original place,
and it was clearly to be seen by their irregular positions, that they
had been brought thither in great hurry and confusion. Some brick
walls had been built, as if to hide them from the destructive hands
of an invader, and the white statue lay among the rest in an irre-
gular manner.

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116 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

During the time of this excavation I scrutinized the ruins of
Carnak, and perceived a great number of spots that deserve digging.
I saw the famous altar, with the six deities mentioned in the great
French work, and the colossal arm, both of which I formed the pro-
ject of removing even at that period. Fortunately on this side
of the water the difficulty of obtaining people to work was less
than I had found it on the other. The Cacheff was ready to
do all he could for me, and every thing went on very smoothly.
The only impediment here was that the Fellahs of Carnak would
insist upon coming to work in greater numbers than those of
Luxor ; for they said the others had no right to come to labour
on these grounds, and sometimes this dispute ended in blows.
These people were quite the reverse of those in Gournou, who,
having become opulent by the trade in antiquities, and tricking
travellers, were not so anxious to gain thirty paras a day. During
the same excavation I turned up a fine standing colossus without
a head, part of which projects above the ground, and which had not
been seen by any body. For my part I think it one of the most
finished pieces of Egyptian sculpture I ever saw.

It would be too tedious to the reader, to mention all the par-
ticulars that occurred during my researches. Unfortunately I was
without money to proceed, and had to go to Esne, to borrow some
from a Greek I happened to know in that place, who would supply
me with any sum ; but as I expected a remittance from the Consul,
I only took what was necessary to transport the lion-headed statues
from Carnak to Luxor, ready for embarkation. On my return to
Carnak, I found, that an order had come from the Cacheff of Gous to
the Caimakan of Luxor, not to let me take any thing away : this
being contrary to the order I had from Mahomet Ali Bashaw, I
set off for Gous immediately ; and finding, on my arrival, that the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 117

Cacheff was gone to Gheneh, I dii*ected my course to that place.
As the current was very strong, we went on pretty fast. About
midnight we saw two cangias coming up. I inquired what party
it was, and was told it was Calil Bey, my good friend, on his
return from Cairo. I was pleased at this circumstance, as I meant
to complain against the conduct of the Cacheff ; but, on approaching
the cangias, I found that the Cacheff was there also. Calil Bey was
well pleased to see me returned from Nubia, and was anxious to
inquire how they received me in that country. I told him, that
they obeyed his firman, and that I had done all I wished to do
in respect to the temple at Ybsambul ; but not being able to
finish my undertaking that year, I should return the next. He
desired to know, whether the two brothers, Mahomet and Osseyn
Cacheff, were friends again ; a question to which I was unable
to reply ; but I told him the country was perfectly quiet at that
time.

I returned to Gous with him, and the next morning took an
opportunity to inquire of the Cacheff the reason of his sending the
order to the Sheik not to let the English take away any thing that
was found. He said, he knew nothing about it ; although I had
seen the order myself. However, he was ready to give me any
order I pleased. No doubt this was in consequence of the Bey
being there, otherwise I should not have found him so easy to deal
with.

Calil Bey was an Albanian, who had married the sister of
Mahomet Ali, Bashaw of Egypt, and held the command of the
provinces in Upper Egypt from Esne to Assouan ; and for a Turk
was much attached to European travellers. He was continually
inquiring concerning things he did not know, and had a degree of

118 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

sound judgment ; a quality very scarce among Turks : but for all
this he was a complete slave to superstition, and to the belief of
magical powers. On our arrival at Gous, he took his seat in the
garden of the Cacheff, under an arbour of grape-vines, shaded all
round by plantain trees, which formed a very pleasing and cool
recess. A large mat was spread on the ground, and on this a fine
carpet, and cushions, as usual. The Cacheff was seated at his right,
and a Turkish Sheik on his left. Two Hadgees sat by the Cacheff,
and I was requested to take my seat near the Holy-man. Next to
me was a Turkish merchant, and after him a fool or Santon quite
naked. All the rest of the followers, soldiers, and attendants, stood
in a crescent before us. Pipes were brought in for the Bey, the
Cacheff, the Holy-man, and myself. Coffee was served all round to
the persons who were seated, and the conversation turned on the
harvest, that was to be the next season, according to the inundation
of that year. It was then the beginning of November. They were
wondering at the great quantity of corn the Bashaw was sending con-
tinually to be embarked at Alexandria, particularly at this season.
Some supposed, that the Europeans were about to make war against
the Porte, and that, previous to the declaration, they made provision
of corn, as without a supply from Egypt they would be unable to
feed their troops. Others observed, if this were the case, Mahomet
Ali would not send them corn, till he knew for what purpose it
was wanted. One said, he thought the corn was sent into Russia,
as he heard that the French had set all that country on fire ; and
he then inquired of me, whether it were not so. I told him, that I
did not know what the French did in that country ; but I knew
that the corn was sent into Europe, in consequence of a scarcity in
the harvest that year, through the whole of that quarter of the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 119

globe. The Bey agreed it must be so, and asked whether it would
be the same the next season. I told him I hoped not, for, in
general, after a scarcity came a plenty. Yes, says the Bey, but
the Bashaw will sell the corn at a high price for three or four
years to come, till your granaries are filled again. " But pray,"
added he, smiling, " have you a scarcity of stones also in Europe,
that you come here to fetch them away?" I answered, that we
had plenty of stones, but we thought those of Egypt were of a
better sort. " O ho ! " replied he, " it is because you find some
gold in them perhaps, thank God ! " This is the first instance of
my hearing the word " perhaps" employed ; for they are so positive
on this point, that they never make any doubt of it.

The dinner was brought in a large tray. It consisted, as usual,
of very poor rice soup, which, after eating three spoonsful, was
taken away, and a dish of roast mutton brought forward. No
sooner had we begun to eat of that, than a man came in with his
hand full of large green peppercorns, and let them fall on the tray,
which, being of metal, sounded like a drum-head. After him came
another, with half-a-dozen onions peeled, which he let fall in like
manner, and they rolled about the tray like billiard balls ; and a
third followed with peeled garlic, &c. After eating the mutton, a
dish of very small fried fish was served up. They were about
half-a-dozen, and we were eight of us, so that we could not eat too
much of this. It was soon removed, and a kind of tart was pro-
duced ; but neither the Bey, the Cacheff, the Sheik, nor myself,
could eat a single bit of it. The fruit consisted of a water
melon, which having demolished, they finished their repast by
washing their beards. It was rather too mean to set before
the Bey, as I have seen the Cacheff take a better for himself at
other times ; but it is a general system among these people, both
Turks and Arabs, always to make themselves appear poor in the

120 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

presence of their superiors. As the Cacheff had furnished me with
an order for the Caimakan of Luxor to let me carry away what
stones I pleased, I took my leave of the Bey and set off.

On my arrival at Carnak, the work to he done consisted only in
transporting the six sphinxes and the white statue to Luxor for
embarkation, a distance of nearly a mile, without a road. In many
parts the water had left a soft ground where the statues had to
pass ; and, as there was no mechanical power to assist, the Arabs
had enough to do to carry them to the place of destination. With
this all my labour at Carnak ended ; and while thus waiting for the
boat from Assouan, and the cash from Cairo, I paid a daily visit to
the tombs in Gournou. These sepulchres are excavated in all
directions in the rocks, but generally with the entrance facing
the east, as the chain of these mountains runs from north to
south. They are intermixed of all sizes ; and some of them
have porticoes hewn out of the rocks before the entrance ; but,
generally, they are within the outer door, which is mostly adorned
with well-finished figures and hieroglyphics, and generally the
watchful fox is represented at each side of the inner door leading
to the grotto. Some of them are very extensive, and run down
in various directions, something like winding stairs, having on
each side, at regular distances of a few paces, small chambers to
deposit the mummies. Some have deep shafts, or wells, with
excavations on each side of the shaft to receive the mummies ;
and at the bottom of the wells are passages leading to smaller
apartments, with endless winding recesses. It was here that I had
first leisure to examine and find the means of ascertaining where
the entrances were to many of the tombs, which had been hidden
for centuries from the eye of mankind.

The extensive ruins of Medinet Aboo are, in my humble

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 121

opinion, best worthy the attentive scrutiny of a traveller of any on
the west of Thebes. The descriptions given by Messrs. Hamilton
and Denon are sufficient to convey a correct idea of these edifices,
which contain propykea, temples, and dwelling-places. It seems
that here was the residence of some of the sovereigns of Egypt ;
for in no other edifices of ancient Egypt have I seen the remains
of habitations as they are in this place. There are two separate
temples, of which the first that meets the view going from the Mem-
nonium is of a less ancient date than the other. On the west side of
the portal are stones with hieroglyphics upside-down, evidently be-
longing to a former temple. The pronaos is surrounded by a portico
of pilasters, at each side of which are two chambers : one on the
right of the entrance has been used as a Christian chapel. The
cella contains various apartments, quite dark ; in one of which, on
the right side, is a monolite temple of red granite, without hiero-
glyphics. It is wider than the door, and must have been placed
there before the cella was erected. The hieroglyphics and figures
of this edifice differ from those of the other temple in proportion
as the two temples differ from each other. On the north side of
this little temple was a small lake, or rather a tank for water, which
is now filled up with earth and rubbish ; and there must have been
statues all round it, as I found part of one and fragments of others
in an excavation I made in that place. Perhaps it might have
been used for the same purposes as the small lakes near the temple
of Carnak, which may be supposed to have been the public baths
destined for the religious visitors to the temple. On the south
of these ruins is a building something like a square tower, with a
large gateway, which I opened and went through. It is nearly in
a line with the gates leading into the great temple. Above the
gateway is a chamber with two square windows, looking over it
at each side. There are also two doors opposite each other on the

R

s

122 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

sides. Above this chamber was another, with two windows like
those below ; but the fore part of the upper chamber is fallen in.
There are recesses at the sides of the windows, no doubt to place
the shutters. No hieroglyphics are to be seen within this building,
though on the outside it is every where covered with them. The
two lateral walls in front of this place form an avenue to the
gateway.

Further on, about two hundred yards to the west, stands the
great temple. There is a large propylseon, with the entrance into
the inner yard. The walls are covered with hieroglyphics, deeply
cut. The gateway, which is also adorned in like manner, leads
into a large yard, with a wall opposite to the propylaeon, and a
gateway into another yard. At each side of this yard is a portico.
On the right are seven pilasters, with colossal figures before them ;
and on the left eight columns, with capitals in the form of the lotus.
Both of these porticoes are also adorned with hieroglyphics, deeply
cut. The next yard has a gallery, or area, all round it, of pilasters
and columns. The walls are beautifully embellished with battles,
men on chariots, captives, and slaves ; together with which are
distinctly visible procession offerings, initiations, and sacrifices, so
well described by Mr. Denon. The excavation of these works shows,
that they are of a very ancient period. The hieroglyphics are uncom-
monly deep, more so than any I have seen in other buildings in Egypt.
In some parts the figures retain their colours pretty well, particu-
larly in the ceiling on the capitals of the columns. This edifice has
been used as a Christian church ; and the rude columns, employed
in a more modern building within this yard, show the wonderful
difference between the arts of the two ages. Further on, through
the last gate, was the entrance to the pronaos and cella : but now
these are buried under the earth, and several Saracenic buildings
have been raised on it. The exterior wall of these ruins is filled

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 123

with historical subjects, such as land and sea fights, lion hunting,
processions of captives, and various national emblems. Further to
the south of the town is a small temple, which now serves for the
shepherds to keep their cattle in at night. The whole town, in my
opinion, appears to have been rebuilt twice or three times suc-
cessively on the ruins of the former.

It was at this period, that I began to make some researches in
the valley adjacent to that of Beban el Malook. I had seen all the
tombs of the kings : as I did not go there, however, with any intention
of making researches,- my- curiosity must have been greater than that
of many who had been there before, as I went into every little recess
of these valleys. It was in the western valley that one of the French
savans discovered a large tomb, which he found open, but was quite
unknown before his time. I went to visit this tomb, and found it very
extensive, and in pretty good preservation. My curiosity did not
end here. I went farther on in the valley ; and in one of the most
remote spots saw a heap of stones, which appeared to me detached
from the mass. The vacancies between these stones were filled up
with sand and rubbish. I happened to have a stick with me, and
on thrusting it into the holes among the stones, I found it penetrate
very deep. I returned immediately to Gournou, and procured a few
men, to open these places. Unfortunately, both Mrs. Belzoni and
myself had been much afflicted for some time with the ophthalmia,
which was so severe on me at this time, that I could scarcely see
any thing before me.

I took the men into the same valley the next morning ; but in
consequence of my eyes being so bad, it was some time before
I could fmd the spot again. On removing a few stones, we per-
ceived, that the sand ran inwards ; and, in fact, we were so near
the entrance, that in less than two hours all the stones were taken
away. I had caused some candles to be brought, and I went in,

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124 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

followed by the Arabs. I cannot boast of having made a great
discovery in this tomb, though it contains several curious and
singular painted figures on the walls ; and from its extent, and
part of a sarcophagus remaining in the centre of a large cham-
ber, have reason to suppose, that it was the burial-place of some
person of distinction. The tomb consists of three chambers, two
corridors, and a staircase ; but the remote situation in which it
was found renders it remarkable : and I declare, that I owe this
discovery merely to fortune, not to any premeditated research,
as I went into these mountains only to examine the various
places, where the water descends from the desert into the valleys
after rain. It is singular to observe, that though rain falls very
seldom, perhaps not more than once or twice a year, yet such is
the effect of the climate and the sun on the spots where the water
passes, that they are as strongly marked, as if it were continually
running over them, and much harder than the rest of the masses.

The higher part of the mountain on the west of Thebes extends
in wide plains, which rise gradually towards the west ; and when
rain falls upon them, the water takes its course towards the Nile,
descending into the valleys of Egypt. There are very few places
in these mountains where water gathers in such quantities, as in
the valley of Beban el Malook, and its adjoining branch on the
west side. For some time the water forms a small torrent, that
carries every thing before it. Mr. Salt superintended the making
of a road from the tombs of the kings to the Nile, for the purpose
of transporting a large sarcophagus, and one of these falls of water
from the desert destroyed the whole road. For the present,
however, I shall leave this valley, as I shall have to speak of it in
another part of this volume, on my second journey to Thebes and
Nubia.

The time having elapsed, in which 1 expected to receive letters

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 125

from Cairo, I was rather uneasy, and resolved to return to Kenneh.
On my arrival at this place, 1 found the courier had just entered it.
He brought me letters from Mr. Salt, with an order for money on
the Seraf, or banker, of Kenneh. I quickly finished my business
there, and speeded to Luxor, where 1 was pleased to find the boat
returned from Assouan, to take the colossal bust on board : but I
was soon informed by the proprietor, that it was loaded with dates,
and that he was come himself from Esne, to return the money
I had paid as earnest ; for they could not think of taking that
large stone into the boat, as it would crush it to pieces. All my per-
suasions were useless ; and though I had a written agreement in
my hands, they signified to me, that it was of no use, they never
would take the stone on board. I had much to say to them, as
may be imagined in such a case ; for I was so circumstanced, that if
the present opportunity of transporting the bust were lost, the water
in the Nile would have become much too low, and the conveyance
could not have been effected till the next season. At the same
time I was informed by my Janizary, whom I sent to Assouan in
the same boat with the two agents of Mr. D., that it was owing to
them the owner would not take the stone on board : for they told
him he would lose his boat, and never receive any recompense for
it ; and that the agreement I made with them was good for nothing
when in Cairo. In fact, these gentlemen had so much the minds of
the crew, that they were resolved not to perform their contract.

The twelve stones I had left in the island of Pliilce, and which
were to have been conveyed in the same boat, in like manner could
not be embarked, as the Eeis said there were no small boats to
take them down the cataract : and I afterwards learned, that this
also was owing to the same influence. The unfortunate history of
these stones will not be read without exciting sentiments of de-
testation towards the parties concerned : they had been mutilated,

126 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and rendered useless, how, and by whom, I shall mention here-
after. My situation with regard to the boat was far from
pleasant, and I had no resource, but to take the owner to Esne
and lay the case before Khalil Bey, who by this time must have
arrived at that place : but even then I did not know how far he
would interfere in compelling these people to keep to their agree-
ment, as he had himself observed, that he thought the stone would
break the boat. This, however, was the only step I could take.

Fortune sometimes brings troubles on mankind merely that
they may taste the fickleness of her nature and uncertainty of the
favours she condescends to bestow on them. My vexation was
great, thinking all my efforts and exertion in bringing the bust
to the Nile were to no purpose, and that very probably it would
never reach England, as the underhand machinations against it
were so powerful. At that moment, however, a soldier arrived from
Erments, acquainting me that the Cacheff was returned from Cairo ;
and he gave me at the same time a letter from him, with a present
which he had sent of two small bottles of anchovies and two of
olives. Strange as it may appear, it will be seen that the effects
of a few salted little fish contributed the greatest share towards
the removal of the colossus, which I had so much at heart, and
which, in all probability, but for them, would not have been in the
British Museum to this day. The letter contained a very gratify-
ing invitation to a feast to be given by the Cacheff, and the present
was in token of a friendly disposition towards me. I was not a
little surprised at this change, but I soon discovered the reason.
The soldier acquainted me, that the Cacheff was in a terrible rage
with a certain correspondent and friend of his, a Frank, who for
some time had raised his expectation of having some valuable pre-
sents sent him ; but, instead of this, he received at last only a
few bottles of insignificant fish, which may be had in plenty from

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 127

the Nile, and a few olives, not worth a pipe of tobacco. I took
care, that this should not be told to the owner of the boats ; and, as
it was arranged that we should go to Esne for the decision of the
affair, I took them on board the little boat which I had hired, and
we set off for that place, leaving the large one at Luxor. Knowing
in what humour the Cacheff must be in from his disappointment, I
thought to strike while his mind was hot.

On our arrival before Erments I begged the two owners of the
boat to wait a little, as I had business with the Cacheff of the
village. It was already an hour after sunset, and the village is
about a mile from the Nile. I took my interpreter and Janizary
with me, and set off alertly to my anchovy and olive man. I found
him seated on a mat in the middle of a field, a stick fastened in the
around with a lantern attached to it, and all his attendants stand-
ing before him. On seeing me, he made a great parade of com-
pliments ; I suppose because he thought, that, as he was dis-
appointed of presents from one quarter, he would make the best
market he could by trying the other. Pipes and coffee were
brought as usual ; and an offer was made me, to send as many men
as I liked to have to work, that I might take away the great head
early the next morning, and the cover of the sarcophagus, or any
thing else I pleased. Had I requested him to let me take the two
large colossi of Thebes, Tommy and Dummy, as the Arabs call
them, he would have had no objection to my putting them on
board my little boat that night. I then introduced the affair of
the boat, produced the written agreement I had drawn up at Esne
with the two owners, and mentioned the money I had paid, which
amounted to half the sum of what they were eventually to receive.
He immediately said, I need not go to Esne for the decision, the
affair belonging to himself, as the boat was to be loaded on a bank
in his province. The two gentlemen from Esne were sent for, and

128 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

when they heard, that the cause was to be tried at Erments, they were
thunderstruck- They considered the boat lost to them, though I re-
peatedly told them, that I would be answerable for any damage that
might be incurred in the embarkation or landing ; but it was all to
no purpose. The Cacheff, however, insisted that they should keep
their agreement with me ; and still more to accommodate matters, as
they were at a loss what to do with the dates, offered them his canja,
which would contain as much as was necessary to be taken out of the
boat, as I did not wish to unload it entirely. Meanwhile, as he did
not like to appear too openly decided in my favour, he proposed that
in the morning the owners should be summoned, and the case brought
to a fair hearing. They then retired to pass the night on board.
In continuing his civilities and protestations of friendship, the
Cacheff came to an explanation of his former conduct, and, in par-
ticular, of the letter he sent to his brother respecting the sarcopha-
gus. It was written, he said, before he saw Mr. D. ; but now that
he found how things were, I might have the sarcophagus, or any
thing else ; that he would guard it for me as long as I desired ;
that no one else should have it ; and added a thousand other
obliging things.

So extraordinary a change led me to suppose, that Mr. Salt had
made him some handsome present when in Cairo ; but I was mis-
taken, for, a little after, asking him what he thought of the consul,
to my surprise he told me, that he did not see him. The consul
invited him, he said, to his house, and prepared a dinner for him ;
but that, on the day he was to go, news arrived of the death of
Tusoon Bashaw, the eldest son of Mahomet Ali ; and he was
ordered to come away immediately, which put an end to the plea-
sure of seeing the consul, for he loved him like his right eye. The
story was equally well invented, and well told ; and I saw plainly
he was so ashamed of his late conduct towards me, that he could

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 129

not face the consul. He caused dinner to be brought, and carried
his civilities to such a height, that I began to be alarmed, suspecting
him of some diabolical trick. On my thanking him for the bottles
of anchovies and olives, he said, they were the whole of the French
consul's present to him while he was in Cairo. I took the oppor-
tunity of observing, that it would have been well for him, if, while
he was there, he had called on the English consul. To which he
replied, that he had been told the consul had a fine brace of pistols
for him ; but that unfortunately it was out of his power to go to
see him. I answered, I had no doubt he would make him some
present when the stone should reach Cairo ; on which he im-
mediately rejoined, that there was nothing he would not do
either for him or for me ; but I must not think that what he did
was with any view of interest. I said, I was quite persuaded of the
contrary ; and should trouble him for an order to be given to the
people at Gournou to come to work. He protested he would
comply with all I wished ; but added, with a smile, " What will you
do, if the trial should go against you ?" I told him I should pro-
ceed to Esne, where the agreement was made in the presence of the
Sharif, and show that I was in the right. He laughed, put his hand
on my shoulder, and said, " You may sleep in peace, for to-morrow
I will myself see the boat unloaded of every date that is in it, and
you may re-load it at your pleasure." I answered, that I had no
doubt he would do what was just, and, taking leave, I returned on
board the little boat for the night.

13th. — In the morning I found him in his chamber of audience,
surrounded by several Arabs, Sheiks of the village. He made me
sit down on his right hand, and coffee and pipes were brought ; for
no judgment could be pronounced without these luxuries. He had
explained the cause to the gentlemen of the jury, who said, without
hearing the other side, that what he intended to do was perfectly

s

ISO RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

equitable, and they would have said the same whether I had been

right or wrong ; for these juries are not so deficient in politeness as

to contradict the judge. The other parties came, and he received

them politely, but with a frown on his brow, from which I have no

doubt they sufficiently augured their fate. However, not to keep

them in suspense, they were soon plainly told, that the bark, except

only eighty ardeps, an indulgence to winch I had agreed, must be

unloaded ; and he saw no other way of settling the business. He

then referred to the gentlemen of the jury, to know whether they

had any thing to say. To my astonishment they answered, that, as

the other parties made no defence, they of course acknowledged

themselves wrong; and, having nothing more to do, they all

instantly rose and walked off. The defendants then partook of

what was before them ; but I believe never made a worse breakfast

in their lives. They began to talk about where to find a boat,

though they were obliged of necessity to hire one of the Cacheff,

being fully aware of his design, which was to get the best part of

the money for himself. The contract was soon made, and they

paid him two-thirds of what they were to receive from me, which,

indeed, they were glad to do, lest he should scrutinise the business,

and, finding the freight to be double what was mentioned in the

bill of lading, they should thus lose still more. I then took leave

of the Cacheff, that I might hasten to Gournou, to settle what

business was to be done there. He had given me a tiscary for the

soldier to furnish me with what I wanted, gave orders to the

Fellahs to do all I desired, and take out the sarcophagus; and

on going on board, I found that he had sent me two sheep, a jar of

cheese, and some bread. We set off immediately. One of the

sheep died in the evening, the other next day, and the cheese was

full of vermin. We arrived at Luxor in the afternoon, and a few

hours after went to Gournou, and saw the Sheik el bellad of that

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 131

place. I sent my Janizary to the soldier, and it was concerted, that
the Fellahs I wanted should be ready for me in the morning.

Early on the 14th, I went again to Gournou to begin the work,
and was not a little surprised when I saw no Fellahs assembled.
By one whom I met, I was told, that they were afraid, being ordered
not to work for the English. I applied as before to the soldier,
who sent a man to collect the Fellahs; but it was too late: they
were all dispersed. Accordingly, I contented myself this day with
only having the apparatus, necessary to embark the head, conveyed
over from Luxor. The CachefF's boat from Erments arrived, and
that at Luxor came also to Gournou to unload.

15th. — The next day we collected, though not without trouble,
a hundred and thirty men ; and I begun to make a causeway, by
which to convey the head down to the river side ; for the bank was
more than fifteen feet above the level of the water, which had retired
at least a hundred feet from it.

Next morning a soldier came from the Cacheff, to say that I
was not to pay the Fellahs any thing, as they were ordered to work
for me for nothing as long as I required, and that he made me a
present of their labour. I thanked him, but desired the soldier to
tell him, at the same time, that it was not my custom to have the
labour of men for nothing, nor would the consul of England accept
of such a present. I this day finished the causeway down the
bank, and had the head brought to the edge of the slope, ready to
be embarked.

On the 17th of November, I succeeded in my attempt, and the
head of the younger Memnon was actually embarked. I cannot
help observing, that it was no easy undertaking to put a piece of
granite, of such bulk and weight, on board a boat, that, if it received
the weight on one side, would immediately upset ; and, what is
more, this was to be done without the smallest help of any me-

s 2

132 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

chanical contrivance, even a single tackle, and only with four poles
and ropes, as the water was about eighteen feet below the bank
where the head was to descend. The causeway I had made
gradually sloped to the edge of the water close to the boat, and
with the four poles I formed a bridge from the bank into the centre
of the boat, so that when the weight bore on the bridge, it pressed
only on the centre of the boat. The bridge rested partly on the
causeway, partly on the side of the boat, and partly on the centre of
it. On the opposite side of the boat I put some mats well filled
with straw. I necessarily stationed a few Arabs in the boat, and
some at each side, with a lever of palm- wood, as I had nothing else.
At the middle of the bridge I put a sack filled with sand, that, if
the colossus should run too fast into the boat, it might be stopped.
In the ground behind the colossus I had a piece of a palm-tree firmly
planted, round which a rope was twisted, and then fastened to its
car, to let it descend gradually. I set a lever at work on each
side, and at the same time that the men in the boat were pulling,
others were slackening the ropes, and others shifting the rollers as
the colossus advanced.

Thus it descended gradually from the main-land to the causeway,
when it sunk a good deal, as the causeway was made of fresh earth.
This, however, I did not regret, as it was better it should be so, than
that it should run too fast towards the water ; for I had to consider,
that, if this piece of antiquity should fall into the Nile, my return to
Europe would not be very welcome, particularly to the antiquaries ;
though I have reason to believe, that some among the great body of
its scientific men would rather have seen it sunk in the Nile, than
where it is now deposited. However, it went smoothly on board. The
Arabs, who were unanimously of opinion that it would go to the
bottom of the river, or crush the boat, were all attention, as if anxious
to know the result, as well as to learn how the operation was to be

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 133

performed ; and when the owner of the boat, who considered it as
consigned to perdition, witnessed my success, and saw the huge piece
of stone, as he called it, safely on board, he came and squeezed me
heartily by the hand. " Thank heaven !" I exclaimed, and I had reason
to be thankful ; for I will leave it to the judgment of any engineer,
whether it would not be easier to embark a mass ten times larger
on board a competent vessel, where all sorts of mechanical powers
can be procured, instead of being destitute, as I was, of every thing
necessary.

The boat then crossed the water to Luxor, for what was to be
taken in there, which was done in three days, and on the 21st we
left Thebes on our return to Cairo.

I had just finished my business, when I was again so affected with
ophthalmia, that for twelve days I kept myself shut up in the cabin of
the boat, so that I can give no account of this voyage, till we reached
Siout. I could then just peep at the light ; but it gave me great pain
whenever I attempted to open my eyes. At Siout I went to see the
Deftardar Bey, to return him thanks for the firman he had given
me when I ascended the Nile. I found him in his tent in the
middle of a field of high clover, which had nearly reached its growth,
and his horses were all out at grass. He was pleased to hear that
I had succeeded in my undertaking, and requested to be remembered
to the English Consul, to whom he sent a letter by me.

Next morning we set off for Cairo, and reached it on the 15th
of December, having been twenty-four days from Thebes. Thus I
had been five months and a half in continual activity and exertion ;
but I must not let pass the unjust observation made by the ever
veracious Count de Forbin, who asserted, that I employed six
months solely in taking the colossal bust on board the boat. It is
true, I was absent five months and a half from Cairo, and six months
had elapsed before I reached Alexandria ; but this time was not all

134 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

devoted to the removal of the bust, as I employed only eighteen days
in that operation, and but a single day in embarking it : the
greater part of the time was spent in more arduous researches ; and
the various pieces of antiquity which I brought down the Nile will
bear infallible testimony to my labour.

At Cairo I found that the consul was gone to Alexandria, but
had left with Mr. Beechey, his secretary, instructions and letters for
me. He requested, that every thing might be landed and lodged
in the consulate except the bust. I could not conceive the reason
of this distinction, as I thought that all the articles I collected were
to go to the British Museum. However, I made no inquiry into
the business, and every thing was deposited as desired. The first
hour of my arrival I had the pleasure of seeing my good and
much lamented friend, Burckhardt, whose death has been a great
loss to me. He was the most candid, disinterested, and sincere
being I have ever met with ; totally free from that invidious and
selfish disposition, which is so often to be found in travellers, who
wish to be alone in one quarter of the world, to relate their story
agreeably to the suggestions of their own imagination to the people
of another. But Burckhardt had none of that littleness of mind :
he was a true explorer, and a hardy one, without pride, or the am-
bition to be thought more than he was. He made no parade of his
knowledge, as his works plainly evince.

Having prepared for my departure for Alexandria, we left
Boolak on the 3d of January, 1817, and arrived in Raschid, or
Rosetta, on the 10th. There I had to land the colossus, and
embark it again on board a djerm ; but as I had now some tackle,
of which I was destitute before, and proper people to work, I found
it quite an easy operation. Besides, I took care to land it in a
situation, that was advantageous for embarking it again. Having
finished, I set off on board the same djerm, with the bust, and was

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 135

fortunate enough to reach Alexandria two hours after sunset of the
same day, which was the fourth after our arrival in Eosetta. That
very day, above two hundred djerms came out of the Nile, some of
which had been waiting for an opportunity of passing the bar
above eighty days. Mrs. Belzoni went by land, accompanied by
the Irish lad, and arrived the next day. I will not mention the
kind reception of the consul-general, and the under-consul, Mr.
Lee ; I was fortunate enough to become acquainted with a gentle-
man, Mr. Briggs, who received me into his house in the most
hospitable manner, and was as much concerned for the success of
my affairs as it was possible to be ; for he felt the pleasure of a
true Englishman, in seeing one of the most finished monuments of
Egyptian art ready to be embarked for his native country.

The next and final operation with respect to the bust, on my
part, was to land it, and have it conveyed in safety to the Bashaw's
magazine, there to await its embarkation for England. I had some
difficulty in landing it, as the pier was much higher than the djerm,
and the motion of the sea did not permit me to erect any bridge.
I was so fortunate as to procure the crew of a British transport,
which was there at the time; and with their help, with proper
tackle, and a hundred men besides, it was landed safely.

Having finished my operations, and whatever was necessary
respecting the head, I proposed to the consul, to make another trip
into Upper Egypt and Nubia, to open the temple at Ybsambul.
Nothing could be more pleasing to me, than to find, that my
proposal was accepted ; as I thought I might have an opportunity
of accomplishing the wishes I had formed, which, to a certain
extent, were with particular views ; though, as the consul has
proved, no interested motives governed my mind. The only sti-
pulation I made was, that, if I were successful, he should give me
an official letter of introduction to the Society of Antiquaries, when

186 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

I should return to England ; with which he promised to comply.
Thinking, however, I might be indulging hopes that would not
be realised, he cautioned me against any expectations from that
quarter. I told him, I was not rich ; but as I had no other view,
than to serve the nation at large, I intended to make certain pro-
posals to the members of that honourable society. On this he
again promised me the letter requested, and in a few days we
all set off for Cairo. There the worthy Burckhardt would insist,
that I should receive a present, half of which he obtained from
the consul, as an acknowledgment for my success with regard to
the colossus ; of the general expenses attending which he paid a
moiety.

It was at this period that Captain Cabillia had ventured into
the well of the first pyramid of Gaza. His enterprise was hazardous
and bold, and nothing but an enthusiasm for discovery could induce
a man to take such a step. The consul, with Mr. Briggs, Mr.
Beechey, and myself, went to see the operations that were going on.
Captain Cabillia's circumstances were much better than mine ; but
he had no superfluous wealth at command, to continue what he had
begun, winch required a supply beyond his means. Mr. Briggs
was the first who generously offered to furnish money for this pur-
pose ; and, after a consultation with Mr. Salt, they agreed to sup-
port the work to any extent that might be required. This gentle-
man not only encouraged the undertaking at the pyramid, but has
exerted his influence with Mahomed Ali for the general advantage
of the commerce of Europe, as I shall have occasion to mention
hereafter. The enterprise of Captain Cabillia is worthy the atten-
tion of every one interested in antiquities, as he has solved a
question, by which the learned world has been puzzled for many
centuries. The famous well, which has given rise to so much
conjecture, turns out to be a communication with a lower passage

IX EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 137

leading into an inferior chamber, discovered and opened by him-
self. He first descended the well to the depth of thirty-eight feet,
where his progress was stopped by four large stones. Three of
these being removed, there was space enough for a man to pass
through ; but the fourth he could not stir, though he had the help
of Mr. Kabitsch, a young man in the employment of ?\Ir. Baghos,
who bore a share of the expense with the captain. Twenty-one
feet below this place they found a grotto, seventeen feet long
and four high ; and seven feet below this, a platform, from which
the well descended two hundred feet lower. The captain went
down, and at the bottom found earth and sand : but from the
hollow sound under his feet, he judged, that the passage must
communicate with some other apartment below. He then set
some Arabs at work, to remove the sand : but the heat was so
great, and the candles so incapable of burning, for want of oxygen,
that they were compelled to desist. The captain then turned his
researches to another quarter, and began to enlarge the entrance
into the first passage of the pyramid. For this operation he was
well rewarded ; for by it he found, that the passage continued
downward ; and having employed several men, and taken out a
great deal of earth and rubbish, at last, after a long and arduous
toil, he came in contact with the bottom of the well, where he
found the baskets and rope which had been left there. The same
day that this occurred, was that on which we had agreed to visit
the pyramids, and I had the pleasure to be an eye-witness of the
arduous task of Captain Cabillia. Proceeding in his laborious
researches, he found, that the passage led into a chamber cut out
of the rock, under the centre of the pyramid.

Captain C. made several researches round the pyramids also, but
none exceeded his toil in uncovering the front of the great sphinx.
He found a small temple between the two paws, and a large tablet

138 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

of granite on its breast. The tablet is adorned with several figures
and hieroglyphics, and two representations of sphinxes are sculp-
tured on it. Before the entrance into the small temple was a lion.
placed as if to guard the approach. Farther on from this front of the
sphinx is a staircase of thirty-two steps, at the bottom of which is an
altar, with a Greek inscription, of the time of the Ptolemies. At each
side of the altar was a sphinx of calcareous stone, much mutilated.
From the base of the temple to the summit of the head is sixty-
five feet : the legs of the sphinx are fifty-seven feet long from the
breast to the extremity of the paws, which are eight feet high.
Forty-five feet from the first altar, he found another, with an
inscription, alluding to the emperor Septimus Severus ; and near to
the first step was a stone, with another Greek inscription, alluding to
Antoninus. Notwithstanding his own occupation about the sphinx,
Captain Cabillia employed other people to carry on other researches.
He opened some of the mausoleums which were choked up with
sand, and found several small chambers, with hieroglyphics and
figures, some of them pretty well executed, and in good pre-
servation. In one of the pits he found some mummies, in their
linen envelopes, and various fragments of Egyptian antiquity. He
also opened some of the smaller pyramids, and from the suggestion
of Mr. Briggs to follow a certain direction, he succeeded in finding
the entrance into one of them : but it appears, that it was so de-
cayed in the interior, he could advance only a feAv feet in it. No
doubt this led into some chamber, or apartment, containing, perhaps,
a sarcophagus, &c.

I was then merely a spectator of the works of Captain Cabillia.
The consul, Mr. Salt, proposed to me, to enter into the researches
in concert with the Captain ; but as I thought it would not be
right to attempt to share the credit of one, who had already exerted
himself to the utmost of his power, I declined. Besides, it would

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 13!)

have been a poor victory on my part to enter into the field after
the battle had been fought, and conquest gained by another. I
contented myself, therefore, with hoping for a better opportunity
to try my skill, independent of any one. Having got all things
ready for my departure, the consul proposed that I should take
Mr. Beechey with me up the Nile. Nothing could suit me better
than to have a companion in a young gentleman, with the prospect
of whose society, from what I had seen of him, I had much reason
to be pleased. I was fully satisfied that, after having weaned him-
self from those indulgences to which he was accustomed, he would
make a good traveller ; though it is not easy, to one who is not
accustomed to an arduous life, to pass on a sudden from the ac-
commodation of a comfortable house to that of a rough uneasy
boat, and much less to a life that is so irregular. However,
Mr. Beechey soon accustomed himself to the change, and in a
few months became quite indifferent to the many inconveniences
he had to undergo. As to Mrs. Belzoni, I left her at Cairo, in the
family of Mr. Cochini, the British chancellor; and when all was
ready, we took leave of the consul and Mr. Burckhardt. Alas !
I little thought it was the last time I should see my friend ; but
so it was ordained.

END OF THE FIRST JOURNEY.

T 2

RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

IN

EGYPT, NUBIA, &c

SECOND JOURNEY.

Having thus finished the account of my first journey up the
Nile, I shall proceed to the narrative of my second. We set off
from Boolak on the 20th of February, 1817. Mr. Beechey had
the stern of the boat well covered with mats, and close lined all
round, with a curtain to the door from which we had light, which
was occasionally shut up, to prevent the dust or wind from pene-
trating from any quarter ; beside, another cover over all, rendering
it entirely secure, not only from the wind and dust, but also from
the rain, if any should happen to fall. We had on board a Greek
servant, a Janizary from the Bashaw, and a cook ; all persons who
never saw any necessity for economy in the article of provision, and
who would make as much waste at Deir in Nubia as they would in
Cairo. The result was, our provision, which was to last six months,
began to fail at the end of one ; consequently, with all the caution
we took, we were obliged to live on what the country afforded.
Indeed, while we were at Thebes we had no reason to complain ;
for there is a good supply to be had of meat, fowls, and pigeons :
and, after the inundation, some greens, such as bamies, malokies,
beans, &c.

142 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Our Reis and crew were Barabras, engaged to go and stop where
we pleased. They were hired by the month, and had to find them-
selves in provisions. As to the Janizary from the Bashaw, we found
him of so little use (as he did scarcely any thing except treat the
Christian dogs with insolence), that we sent him back after a few
days trial.

Our departure from Boolak was attended with a contrary wind,
which very seldom happens in going up the Nile, as the north
winds prevail there at least nine months in the year. We passed
the island of Roda, old Cairo, and all the pyramids : but such was
the slowness of our progress, that in four days we only reached
Tabeen, a village on the eastern bank, opposite Dajior. We stopped
at this place pretty early, as the wind would not permit us to pro-
ceed ; and it happened to be a situation so elevated, that it com-
manded a distant view of Cairo, the pyramids of Ghizeh, Saccara, and
Dajior. 1 took this opportunity to make a sketch, which I humbly
present to the reader (See Plate 22). One day more brought us
near Lafachie, where we went to see a Bedoween camp. Hearing
we were only travellers in search of antiquities, the Bedoweens
were quite civil to us, as far as these people can be. Our business
was immediately known to them from our servants and the crew;
for no secrecy can be kept in that country, owing to these persons.
The Bedoweens told us, that at Boorumbol, the next village, there
was a statue half buried in the sand, which they had seen them-
selves. Next day we came to this village; and as we coidd not
proceed, owing to a calm, we landed, and went in quest of the said
statue. On our arrival we were shown a piece of rock, wluch had
not the form of any thing. The Fellahs told us it was once a
camel; that God turned it into a stone; and that the smaller
ones which lay round it were water-melons, with which it was

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 143

loaded, and which were metamorphosed into stones also. Perfectly
satisfied with the story, we returned to our bark.

In the evening we arrived at Meimond ; and, hearing the tam-
bourine, went to see an Arabic feast in the village (See Plate 30.)
We were introduced in front of the spectators. The performers
consisted of about thirty men, all in a row, clapping their hands in
concert, so as to form a kind of accompaniment to their song, which
consisted of three or four words ; and with one foot before the other
keeping a sort of perpetual motion, but without changing their
positions. Before the men were two women with daggers in their
hands, also in continual action, running toward the men and then
returning from them with an extraordinary motion, brandishing
their daggers, and waving their garments. In this they persevered
for such a length of time, that I wondered how they could support
the exertion. This is a sort of Eedoween dance, and is the most
decent of all that I ever saw in Egypt ; — but no sooner was it ended,
than, in order I suppose to please us, they immediately began
another, in the fashion of the country, which fully compensated for
the extraordinary modesty of the first : but we returned to our boat
more disgusted than pleased with it.

For three days we had a strong southerly wind, so that we ad-
vanced but a few miles, and did not arrive at Minieh till the 5th of
March. It was necessary for us to land there, to see Hamet Bey.
who has the command over all the boats on the river. He styles
himself admiral of the Nile, and thinks himself as great as any
British admiral on the sea. One day at a christian party in
Cairo, the discourse happened to fall upon Sir Sydney Smith ;
" Ah !" said Hamet Bey, " Sir Sydney is a very clever man, and
holds tbe same rank as myself." From this great commander
we had to obtain a protection for our Pieis, to secure him from

144 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

having his boat pressed while we employed it. We found him
sitting on a wooden bench, attended by two or three of his sailors.
He complied with our request, and gave a hint for a bottle of rum.
We sent him two, and he made a feast in high glee with them. We
went to the house of Doctor Valsomaky, who distils aqua vita, and
sells medicines wholesale and retail. Pie also collects antiquities
from the Fellahs round the country, and disposes of them to any
one, who chooses to buy them ; and it was in hope of purchasing some-
thing of this sort, that we visited him. There we saw two Copts
dressed like Franks, as they had been in France with the army.
They were employed by Mr. Drouetti, the ex-French consul in
Alexandria, who sent them up the Nile in search of antiquities.

As we did not wish to interfere with these men, we set off from
Minieh immediately, and on the evening of the next day arrived at
Eraramoun near Eshmounein. the ancient Hermopolis. where we
went to see Mr. Brine, an Englishman, who had introduced sugar-
baking into the country. After encountering many obstacles, he
had succeeded in purifying and refining the sugar to great per-
fection. His chief difficulties were to surmount the tricks played
off against him by the Arab sugar dealers in that country, and to
free the sugar from a particular smell occasioned by the soil, which,
though not disagreeable, might retard its introduction into Europe.
At his house Ave learned, that the two agents of Mr. Drouetti were
making a forced march to Thebes, of their motives for which I was
aware. They wished to arrive there before us, and purchase all
that had been accumulated by the Arabs in the preceding season ;
so that we should have had no chance of buying any thing on
our arrival. It was not on this account however I was uneasy, but
because the spot, where I had been digging and found the sphinxes
and statues, was so evidently pregnant with objects worthy the risk

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 145

of excavation, that I had no doubt, if they reached Thebes before
us, they would take possession of that ground, and we should have
no longer a right to explore it.

The mode of travelling on asses or horses is much more speedy
than the progress of our boat could be, so that we should certainly
have no chance of regaining my old spot of ground where I found
the statues. I was not long therefore in considering the matter,
and resolved to set off immediately, and by travelling day and night
was in hopes to reach the place before them. Accordingly a
horse and an ass were got ready, and taking with me the Greek
servant, I left Mr. Beechey to come up in the boat at his leisure.
By this time it was midnight, yet we set off immediately, and forced
marches brought us on the next evening to Manfalout. From this
place we hastened without delay, and arrived at Siout before day-
light. At sunrise we mounted again, and arrived at dark at Tahta.
Here we rested in the convent for four hours, started afresh by the
light of the moon, and arrived at Girgeh in the night. We resumed
our journey at one o'clock in the morning, reached Farshiout at noon,
and after a delay of four hours, in consequence of not finding beasts
immediately, arrived at night at a village three leagues above Bad-
joura. Here we rested two hours, set off by moonlight, and arrived
at Gheneh at three. Having dined, we proceeded onward, rested a
couple of hours at Benut at night, and arrived at Luxor the following
noon.

The whole of our journey occupied five days and half, during
which I slept eleven hours, and all the rest of the time we were
hastening on with asses, horses, or camels, as we could procure them
on the road. The principal places we passed in this journey were
Manfalout, Siout, Aboutij, Tahta, Menshieh, Girgeh, Farshiout, Bad-
joura, Gheneh, Copt, and Ghous. Any one who has been in the country
may fonn some idea of the hardships a person must undergo, tra-
il

146 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

veiling through a tract entirely destitute of the necessaries of life.
The fathers of the convents of Propaganda at Tahta, Girgeh, and
Farshiout, afforded great accommodation to me on this forced march.
They provided me with beasts and provisions for the road imme-
diately on my arrival, for which I felt myself deeply indebted to them.
The Arabs make every stranger welcome when they are at their meals ;
and I generally took advantage of the custom, whenever oppor-
tunity served ; but on this occasion it would have caused the loss of
that time I was so eager to gain. In places where there was no
convent I went to the house of the Sheik el balet, where travellers
of all sorts assemble at night. I was so fatigued and stiff, that any
place of rest was acceptable to me. The bare earth generally
afforded me a bed, and when I could procure a mat it was a luxury.
I was refreshed one night with a few pieces of sugar-cane, which,
after passing the torch where the juice has been extracted, becomes
pretty soft, and affords a tolerable bed. I was also regaled with
sugar-canes as a dessert after a repast of bread and onions. The
sugar-cane is pleasant at the first taste, but on pressing it to extract
the juice, it gives an acid that is not agreeable, and the flavour is
rather insipid. The people of the country eat of it continually,
and are very fond of it. It is sold in the markets as fruit when in
season.

On the road between Siout and Tahta I met a body of Be-
doween horsemen. I never had an opportunity of viewing these
people to more advantage than at this time ; and I must observe,
that I never saw a finer set of men in my life. The horses were
very strong, though not in full flesh. The riders were clothed only
with a kind of mantle, made of white woollen, of their own manu-
facturing, which covered the head, and part of the body. They
had very small saddles, contrary to the custom of this country;
were armed with guns, pistols, and swords ; and were going to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 147

Cairo to enter into the service of the Bashaw, who could find no
other expedient for suppressing this body of freebooters, than offer-
ing to give them good pay, horses, and arms, and to send them to
Mecca. Tins proposal has had its due effect ; for all the young men
have embraced it, and left the old men and women in the deserts.
In this manner the Bashaw entertains hopes of getting rid of the
greater part, if not all, of these people, who are detested in the coun-
try, and, in case of any insurrection, always avail themselves of it to
plunder. I passed through their camp, at the time of their con-
vention with the Bashaw, so that I escaped unmolested, and
perhaps unnoticed, as I was covered with a large burnoose of their
own fashion, and my beard was pretty long. Their tents consist of
four sticks set in the ground, about a yard in height, to which is
fastened one of their shawls as a cover, with another behind, so as
to form a kind of shelter from the sun, wind, or dew. They
generally pitch their camps near a fertile spot, but always at the
foot of the desert, so that in case of surprise they are soon in their
native country : like the crocodile, winch enjoys the land, but when
disturbed, or at the approach of any person, immediately plunges
into the river, as a place of safety. The women were all uncovered,
and the children entirely naked. They are very frugal in their
diet, and never drink any strong liquor. They are Arabs, but no
more like the Arabs of Egypt, than a freeman is like a slave.
The Egyptian Arabs are accustomed to obey, but will not do any
thing unless compelled by force. They are humbled, because they
are continually under the rod ; and indolent, because they have no
interest in any tiring. But the wild Arabs, on the contrary, are
constantly in motion, and labour to procure provision for their
beasts and themselves ; and being in perpetual war with each
other, their thoughts are incessantly employed in improving their
arts of defence, or in obtaining plunder.

u2

148 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

I must here mention a circumstance, which occasioned me so
many unpleasant events, and so much loss of time, and unnecessary
labour, that I would not undertake to go through the business again
for the discovery of another tomb of Apis. This was merely in con-
sequence of an interpreter's not choosing to take the trouble of
writing a few lines. It will be recollected, that, on my return from
Thebes to Cairo, I stopped at Siout ; and that the Defterdar Bey sent
a letter on board our boat for the consul. Previous to my return
into Upper Egypt, I urged to the consul the necessity of sending
some presents to the Bey, and in particular an answer to his letter
from Siout. The consul, naturally thinking that his interpreter,
who had been many years settled in the country, should know the
customs of it better than myself, consulted him ; and this man,
merely to save writing, told the consul there was no occasion for
it. Belying on him, my remonstrances were of no avail. The Bey,
whose pride was touched to the quick at not seeing any present, or
receiving any letter, was exasperated at every thing belonging to
our party. I do not mean to impute any neglect to the consul for
not sending a present to the Bey, as I know he intended to make
him one ; but the avaricious mind of the Defterdar did not place
any reliance on the future, particularly when he found no reply to
his letter, which he certainly had a right to expect. On the other
hand, our opponents took every advantage, and neglected no means
of attracting the good will of the Bey, sending him continually
something or other, so that he openly promoted their interest in
every respect. Such, with what follows, is the real state of
the case; and let the Count de Forbin invent some other story
to disguise the truth, if he can. On my arrival at Luxor, I found
the Defterdar Bey had just passed, and, after having inquired which
was the ground where I discovered the sphinxes, ordered it to be
excavated, and returned to Siout, leaving his physician, Doctor

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 149

Moroki, a Piedmontese, and countryman of Mr. Drouetti, to su-
perintend the work. I was not a little surprised, to see the advantage
which had heen taken of us by this intrigue ; and the Doctor, who
was in the plot, ashamed, I suppose, of his own mean conduct, told
me, that what he found was for the Bey, who had taken it into his
head to be an antiquary. Several Sphinxes had been uncovered,
and more were to be found, while I was obliged to be a mere spec-
tator of the operation, made on the very ground I first opened.
Yet the Count de Forbin had impudence enough to assert, that
they were discovered by a gentleman, and covered up again, with
other idle stories from his own school. Many sphinxes had been
found in the Doctor's excavation, but only four were worth taking
out. Having finished his operation, he left a guard to the sta-
tues, and returned to Siout, as he was ordered by his master ; but
previous to his departure he went to the west side of Thebes, and
forbade the Fellars with threats to sell any tiling to the English.
On finding that I had already purchased some articles, which I did
immediately on my arrival, he took such a spite against me, as he has
not forgotten to this day. The conclusion of all tins parade about the
Bey, the Doctor, the statues, and the excavation, was, that though
the statues were for the Bey, yet on the arrival of the agents of
Mr. Drouetti (as will be seen hereafter), they took possession of
them. Some time after the Doctor wrote me a letter, to inquire
whether it were really true, that the agents of Mr. Drouetti had
taken away the statues he had found in Carnak, and pretending to
be quite shocked at their proceeding. I plainly saw that the Doctor
did not wish to open my eyes, but, on the contrary, sent me the
letter to blind me entirely, and make me believe, that he had no
hand in the plot. But what could he say, when he as well as we
saw Mr. Drouetti himself come to Luxor, and with great coolness
take away these very statues or sphinxes, pretended to have been

150 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

found for the Defterdar ? I leave the farce to be explained by the
veracious Count de Forbin, who may invent some other puff to
cover a trick so openly executed.

During this time I was not idle. I set a few men to work on
both sides of Thebes, and went to Erments to present to the Cacheff
the letter I had from Cairo. On my arrival he received me with
much politeness ; and after the usual ceremonious protestation of
friendship, I took the first opportunity of presenting to him the
letter of the Bashaw. He was a little alarmed at first, and very
anxious to know the contents ; but was relieved when he heard, that
I had made no complaint against him, as his good behaviour just
before my departure retrieved in part the faults he had committed
before. I then reminded him of the behaviour of the Caimakan of
Gournou. He swore that he would punish him, and, if I pleased,
would turn him out of his place. I said I did not desire him to do
either on my account, but for the future wished to proceed in my
business undisturbed, and we concluded, that the next morning he
should come to Gournou, and settle the affair in a proper manner.

He afterwards introduced to me one of those wonderful saints,
who work miracles by dozens, catching scorpions, serpents, &c. This
fellow brought a serpent with no teeth, and the CachefF was much
alarmed when he put it into his lap. I took it, and opened its
mouth without uttering a word ; but the wonder-worker understood
me very well. We then went into a dark room to see a miracle.
He began with a long prayer, and after a few minutes stretched out
his hand in a corner of the room, and to the great astonishment of
the beholders produced a scorpion. I observed closely this wonder-
working saint, and saw clearly what was passing. The scorpion was
kept in the enormous large sleeve of his garment, and being pro-
duced in an instant, it appeared as if it came out of the wall. We
were now taken to see the apartments all through the house, and

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 151

he practised the same deception over again. In a particular lower
room the son of this Santon pretended to find a small serpent, but
not being so adroit as his father, he contented himself with protest-
ing that it had no teeth, which made me ask where serpents could be
found in this country without teeth. The CachefF, I perceived, was
a man who would swallow the grossest impositions. He told me
many stories truly ridiculous ; among the rest, he said that his caste
were subjects to a king in the mountains of Cassara, and had such
power, that if caught in a storm at sea, a calm was restored in a
minute ; and if a cannon ball made a hole in the ship, a Santon could
stop it ; that the Venetian zechins are made by the magic of these
Santons ; and that one of them being with the Sultan at Constan-
tinople, where the Persian Ambassador had been to announce war
against the Porte, he said, that they would conquer the Persians, and
that on his thrusting out his finger, the sovereign of Persia should
become blind.

I left Erments and went to Luxor ; and the next morning I met
the CachefF at Gournou, according to his promise. He gave orders,
to the Caimakan on every necessary subject ; not to threaten the
Fellahs, if they sold me any papyri, &c. and to furnish me with men
to excavate in whatever place I pleased. The works in Carnak
were going on, and I had begun to uncover one of the sitting
colossi before the second propylason, beyond the large avenue of
sphinxes leading into the great temple. I had it cleared all round,
and found it to be twenty-nine feet high from the bottom of the
chair ; it is of a white calcareous stone, and very hard. At the foot
of the chair I found a sitting statue seven feet lrigh. It represented
a female figure, perhaps of Isis. Its head-dress, of enormous size,
differed from that of the generality of the Egyptian statues, and
from its style appeared to be of a very remote age. The bust
was divided at the waist from the rest of the body and chair. I took

152 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

out the bust, and intended to take out the chair, as soon as the
boat arrived with the implements. Having then set the people to
work in another direction, where also I had hopes, I took the op-
portunity to examine at leisure the superb ruins of this edifice. In
a distant view of them nothing can be seen but the towering pro-
pylasa, high portals, and obelisks, which project above the various
groups of lofty palm-trees, and even at a distance announce mag-
nificence. On approaching the avenue of sphinxes, which leads to
the great temple, the visiter is inspired with devotion and piety :
their enormous size strikes him with wonder and respect to the
Gods, to whom they were dedicated. They represent lions with
heads of rams, the symbols of strength and innocence, the power
and purity of the Gods. Advancing farther in the avenue, there
stand before it towering propylaea, which lead to inner courts,
where immense colossi are seated at each side of the gate, as if
guarding the entrance to the holy ground. Still farther on was the
magnificent temple dedicated to the great God of the creation. It
was the first time that I entered it alone, without being interrupted
by the noise of the Arabs, who never leave the traveller an instant.
The sun was rising, and the long shades from the various groups of
columns extended over these ruins, intermixed with the rays of
light striking on these masses in various directions, formed such de-
lightful views all round as baffle description. Plate 24 will give a
general idea of these extensive ruins ; and the small sketch, Plate
SI, exhibits a small part of the interior of the great temple. I was
lost in contemplation of so many objects ; and being alone in such
a place, my mind was impressed with ideas of such solemnity, that
for some time I was unconscious whether I were on terrestrial ground,
or in some other planet.

I had seen the temple of Tentyra, and I still acknowledge, that
nothing can exceed that edifice in point of preservation, and in the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 153

beauty of its workmanship and sculpture ; but here I was lost
in a mass of colossal objects, every one of which was more than
sufficient of itself alone to attract my whole attention. How can 1
describe my sensations at that moment ! I seemed alone in the
midst of all that is most sacred in the world ; a forest of enormous
columns, adorned all round with beautiful figures, and various
ornaments, from the top to the bottom ; the graceful shape of the
lotus, which forms their capitals, and is so well proportioned to the
columns, that it gives to the view the most pleasing effect ; the
gates, the walls, the pedestals, and the architraves, also adorned
in every part with symbolical figures in basso relievo and intaglio,
representing battles, processions, triumphs, feasts, offerings, and
sacrifices, all relating no doubt to the ancient history of the country ;
the sanctuary, wholly formed of fine red granite, with the various
obelisks standing before it, proclaiming to the distant passenger,
" Here is the seat of holiness ;" the high portals, seen at a distance
from the openings to this vast labyrinth of edifices ; the various
groups of ruins of the other temples within sight ; these altogether
had such an effect upon my soul, as to separate me in imagination
from the rest of mortals, exalt me on high over all, and cause me
to forget entirely the trifles and follies of life. I was happy for
a whole day, which escaped like a flash of lightning; but the
obscurity of the night caused me to stumble over one large block of
stone, and to break my nose against another, which, dissolving the
enchantment, brought me to my senses again. It was quite late
when I returned to Luxor, to the hut of an Arab, who ceded to
me part of his chamber, and a mat, which afforded me an excel-
lent bed.

The change from those ruins to the Arab's hut was not less than
that from the elevated ideas the sight of them inspired, to the
thought of procuring my supper, if I could.

x

154 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

By this time the two agents of Mr. Drouetti had arrived. They
immediately set to work to take out the lower Sphinxes, which the
Doctor had discovered, and commenced their labours on a very
extensive scale. The Bey had left his orders with the Caimakan
and the Sheiks, and now scarcely a Fellah could be gotten for us.
Air. D.*s agents had employed them all, and my remonstrances
were to little purpose. From the moment these personages came
to Thebes, I had a continual series of disagreeable circumstances to
encounter, which I could not describe, were I to attempt it. Suffice
it to say, that the Bey, who had the command of the whole country,
made it a particular point, I have no doubt, to thwart our views ; and
consequently took care to express his wishes, as to each party, to the
Cacheffs and Caimakans, who could not avoid obeying their superior.
The petty advantage taken on this occasion soon showed me the
characters of the persons I had to deal with. I do not mean the
first two agents alone, who had arrived in Thebes, but those who
had given them instructions, and others who were sent after them,
consisting of European renegadoes, desperadoes, exiles, &c. People
of this sort, under no restraint in any thing they do, were sent to
obstruct my proceedings ; and met with every encouragement from
the Bey, and of course from his subalterns.

The first two agents, as I have said, begun their researches
extensively ; and, as I could get but a few men to employ on the
east side of the Nile, I determined to try what could be done on
the west, as I had the good-will of the Cacheffs there ; but unfor-
tunately the boat with Air. Beechey had not arrived, and I coidd
not proceed for want of money, having, from prudence, as I came
by land, taken but little with me. Accordingly, I left my inter-
preter, with instructions how to act with the few men I had
engaged, and set off in a small boat to meet him. In twenty-four

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 155

hours I arrived at Gheneh, as the wind happened to be in my
favour, and had the good fortune to find him at that place.

It took us three days to reach Thebes, when we moored our bark
at Luxor, and I recommenced my operations with what Fellahs I
could obtain. The work at Gournou was continued also ; and 1
must confess occupied a greater share of my attention than that at
Carnak. Could it but be accurately known, with what a wretched
set of people in these tribes travellers have to deal, their mean and
rapacious dispositions, and the various occurrences that render the
collection of antiquities difficult, whatever came from thence would
be the more prized, from the consideration of these circumstances.

The people of Gournou are superior to any other Arabs in
cunning and deceit, and the most independent of any in Egypt.
They boast of being the last that the French had been able to sub-
due, and when subdued, they compelled them to pay the men what-
ever was asked for their labour ; a fact which is corroborated by
Baron Denon himself. They never would submit to any one,
either the Mamelukes or the Bashaw. They have undergone the
most severe punishments, and been hunted like wild beasts, by
every successive government of Egypt. Their situations and
hiding-places were almost impregnable. Gournou is a tract of
rocks, about two miles in length, at the foot of the Libyan moun-
tains, on the west of Thebes, and was the burial-place of the great
city of a hundred gates. Every part of these rocks is cut out by
art, in the form of large and small chambers, each of which has its
separate entrance ; and, though they are very close to each other,
it is seldom that there is any interior communication from one to
another. I can truly say, it is impossible to give any description
sufficient to convey the smallest idea of those subterranean abodes,
and their inhabitants. There are no sepulchres in any part of the
world like them ; there are no excavations, or mines, that can be

x2

156 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

compared to these truly astonishing places ; and no exact de-
scription can be given of their interior, owing to the difficulty of
visiting these recesses. The inconveniency of entering into them
is such, that it is not every one who can support the exertion.

A traveller is generally satisfied when he has seen the large
hall, the gallery, the staircase, and as far as he can conveniently go :
besides, he is taken up with the strange works he observes cut in
various places, and painted on each side of the walls ; so that when
he comes to a narrow and difficult passage, or to have to descend to
the bottom of a well or cavity, he declines taking such trouble,
naturally supposing that he cannot see in these abysses any thing
so magnificent as what he sees above, and consequently deeming it
useless to proceed any farther. Of some of these tombs many per-
sons could not withstand the suffocating air, which often causes
fainting. A vast quantity of dust rises, so fine that it enters into
the throat and nostrils, and chokes the nose and mouth to such a
degree, that it requires great power of lungs to resist it and the strong
effluvia of the mummies. This is not all ; the entry or passage
where the bodies are is roughly cut in the rocks, and the falling of
the sand from the upper part or ceiling of the passage causes it to
be nearly filled up. In some places there is not more than a
vacancy of a foot left, which you must contrive to pass through in a
creeping posture like a snail, on pointed and keen stones, that cut
like glass. After getting through these passages, some of them
two or three hundred yards long, you generally find a more com-
modious place, perhaps high enough to sit. But what a place of
rest ! surrounded by bodies, by heaps of mummies in all directions ;
which, previous to my being accustomed to the sight, impressed me
with horror. The blackness of the wall, the faint light given by
the candles or torches for want of air, the different objects that
surrounded me, seeming to converse with each other, and the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 157

Arabs with the candles or torches in their hands, naked and co-
vered with dust, themselves resembling living mummies, absolutely
formed a scene that cannot be described. In such a situation
I found myself several times, and often returned exhausted and
fainting, till at last I became inured to it, and indifferent to what I
suffered, except from the dust, which never failed to choke my
throat and nose ; and though, fortunately, I am destitute of the
sense of smelling, I could taste that the mummies were rather un-
pleasant to swallow. After the exertion of entering into such a
place, through a passage of fifty, a hundred, three hundred, or per-
haps six hundred yards, nearly overcome, I sought a resting-place,
found one, and contrived to sit ; but when my weight bore on the
body of an Egyptian, it crushed it like a band-box. I naturally had
recourse to my hands to sustain my weight, but they found no bet-
ter support ; so that I sunk altogether among the broken mummies,
with a crash of bones, rags, and wooden cases, which raised such a
dust as kept me motionless for a quarter of an hour, waiting till it
subsided again. I could not remove from the place, however, with,
out increasing it, and every step I took I crushed a mummy in
some part or other. Once I was conducted from such a place to
another resembling it, through a passage of about twenty feet in
length, and no wider than that a body could be forced through. It
was choked with mummies, and I could not pass without putting
my face in contact with that of some decayed Egyptian ; but as the
passage inclined downwards, my own weight helped me on : how-
ever, I could not avoid being covered with bones, legs, arms, and
heads rolling from above. Thus I proceeded from one cave to an-
other, all full of mummies piled up in various ways, some standing,
some lying, and some on their heads. The purpose of my re-
searches was to rob the Egyptians of their papyri ; of which I

1 58 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

found a few hidden in their breasts, under their arms, in the space
above the knees, or on the legs, and covered by the numerous folds
of cloth, that envelop the mummy. The people of Gournou, who
make a trade of antiquities of this sort, are very jealous of strangers,
and keep them as secret as possible, deceiving travellers by pre-
tending, that they have arrived at the end of the pits, when they are
scarcely at the entrance. I could never prevail on them to conduct
me into these places till this my second voyage, when I succeeded in
obtaining admission into any cave where mummies were to be seen.
My permanent residence in Thebes was the cause of my suc-
cess. The Arabs saw that I paid particular attention to the situa-
tion of the entrance into the tombs, and that they could not avoid
being seen by me when they were at work digging in search of
a new tomb, though they are very cautious when any stranger is in
Gournou not to let it be known where they go to open the earth ;
and as travellers generally remain in that place a few days only,
they used to leave off digging during that time. If any traveller
be curious enough to ask to examine the interior of a tomb, they
are ready to show him one immediately, and conduct him to some
of the old tombs, where he sees nothing but the grottoes in which
mummies formerly had been deposited, or where there are but few,
and these already plundered ; so that he can form but a poor idea
of the real tombs, where the remains were originally placed.

The people of Gournou live in the entrance of such caves as have
already been opened, and, by making partitions with earthen walls,
they form habitations for themselves, as well as for their cows,
camels, buffaloes, sheep, goats, dogs, &c. I do not know whether it
is because they are so few in number, that the government takes so
little notice of what they do ; but it is certain, that they are the most
unruly people in Egypt. At various times many of them have been

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 159

destroyed, so that they are redviced from three thousand, the number
they formerly reckoned, to three hundred, which form the population
of the present day. They have no mosque, nor do they care for one ;
for though they have at their disposal a great quantity of all sorts
of bricks, which abound in every part of Gournou, from the sur-
rounding tombs, they have never built a single house. They are
forced to cultivate a small tract of land, extending from the rocks to
the Nile, about a mile in breadth, and two and a half in length ; and
even this is in part neglected ; for if left to their own will, they
would never take a spade in their hands, except when they go to
dig for mummies ; which they find to be a more profitable employ-
ment than agriculture. This is the fault of travellers, who are so
pleased the moment they are presented with any piece of antiquity,
that, without thinking of the injury resulting from the example to
their successors, they give a great deal more than the people really
expect. Hence it has arisen, that they now set such an enormous
price on antiquities, and in particular on papyri. Some of them
have accumulated a considerable sum of money, and are become
so indifferent, that they remain idle, unless whatever price they de-
mand be given them ; and it is to be observed, that it is a fixed point
in their minds, that the Franks would not be so liberal, unless the
articles were worth ten times as much as they pay for them.

The Fellahs of Gournou who dig for antiquities are sometimes
divided into parties, and have their chiefs over each ; so that what
is found by any of the party is sold, and the money divided among
them all. They are apparently very true to each other, and par-
ticularly in cheating strangers ; but when they can find a good
opportunity, they do not scruple to cheat each other also. One day
when I had to purchase some antiquities according to appointment,
and was going to the tomb of one of these companies, my guide told
me by the way, that he had some papyri to sell, which he had himself

160 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

found, previous to his entering into partnership with his associates ;
and it was agreed, that I was to repair to his house alone to see
them. However, I took Mr. Beechey with me, and we had great
difficulty to prevent those hy whom we were observed from following
us ; as it is the common custom among these people to enter each
other's houses as they please, and see and hear all that passes. In
spite of all his caution, they suspected that the old man had a con-
siderable hoard of papyri, and were persuaded that he wished them
not to know the large sum he was to receive for them. Accordingly
they did not fail to watch our coming out, so that they might see
what we purchased ; and when they saw we had nothing they were
all surprised and disappointed. One of the chiefs, who was a fa-
vourite with the English, approached the interpreter, to know what
had passed ; and when he heard that nothing had passed but words,
he said, the old man dared not sell any papyri without the con-
sent of the company, and that all they had to sell, and all he had,
must be brought to us conjointly. They had no idea how this
veteran had deceived them ; for other articles of consequence are so
very seldom found, that they did not suspect his having any thing
but papyri to dispose of. Age and experience, however, had
naturally rendered him a greater adept in the art of deceit. When
Mr. Beechey, myself, and the interpreter, entered his cave, his wife
walked out to watch if any one approached. The donkey-men,
who brought us, were at some distance from the cave, and not a
single being was near us. His dwelling was a grotto cut in the
rock like the rest, and black as any chimney. He made us sit down
on a straw mat, which is a luxurious thing in Gournou, and after a
little ceremony, put into my hands a brazen vessel, one of the finest
and most perfect pieces of Egyptian antiquity I have ever seen of
the kind. It was covered with hieroglyphic engravings, very finely
executed. It was about eighteen inches high and ten in diameter.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c.

1G1

The composition is extremely fine, and it sounds not unlike the Co-
rinthian brass. I was most agreeably surprised, and covdd scarcely
believe that I had such a treasure in my hands. I conceive it to be
a sacred vessel used by the Egyptians. It has a handle something
like our common baskets. We were examining it with astonishment,
when the old man took it from our hands, and presented us with
another exactly similar to it. The sight of a pair of antiques like
these, their admirable preservation, and the opportunity we had of
purchasing them, delighted us so much, that the bargain with the
old man was made in a few words. The great difficulty was to take
them to our boat, which the old man promised to do in the night,
after all were asleep. We returned to Luxor in high glee, from
the expectation of having in our possession two of the finest articles
of metallic composition, that ever were to be found in Egypt. At night
the old man did not come, which made me uneasy ; but he came in
the morning, and said, that he could not bring the vases with him,
as his companions Avere watching, but that he would not fail to
bring them at night, meanwhile he should be glad, he added, to
receive the money and the present we had promised ; and we paid him
without hesitation, that he might not retract his bargain. At night,
however, no old man ; nor the next day did he make his appearance.
I thought it necessary therefore to go to his habitation. I found
him at home, and he said, as before, he would not fail to come to
us at night. Night, however, again arrived without him ; but early
the next morning he brought the vessels to our boat. Some time
after, one of his companions inquired of me what the old man had
received for his antiques. We wondered how he came to know any
thing of the matter ; when he informed vis, the vessels belonged to the
company, and the pretence of secrecy was a scheme of the old man to
extract from us the present of a turbouse*,in which he had succeeded.

* A red cap, or bonnet.

162 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

After having described the tombs, the mummies, the rocks, and
the rogues of Gournou, it is time to cross the Nile, and return to
Carnak. Here we continued the work, as I mentioned before.
Our opponents had taken away the four sphinxes, which the
doctor had dug up, in the name of the Defterdar-bey, from the
ground I had opened the year before, but had found nothing
more, which is somewhat singular, considering the number of
men they had employed in their excavation. I now opened another
piece of ground, in a line parallel with the point of the temple,
and I was fortunate enough to find another line of sphinxes. From
the fragments there were probably twenty, but five only were in
good preservation. Among them was a sitting figure of a young
man nearly of the size of life, of gray granite ; but though the
face, hands, and arms, were in good condition, the chest and lower
parts were quite decayed, and the bust detached from the rest of
the body. In the same place I found two small sitting figures of
red granite, nearly two feet high, and a stone irregularly shaped,
but flat and smooth on the surfaces. It is divided by lines into
many little squares of half an inch, in each of which is a hieroglyphic,
but all different from each other. This piece in my opinion might
be of much service to Dr. Young in his undertaking of the disco-
very of the alphabet of the Egyptians, particularly in the advanced
state at which he has at present arrived. Two other articles were
found in this excavation, of which one is a tombstone, and the other
an iron sickle, that I think worthy the attention of the antiquary.
It is certain, that the burial-places of the Egyptians were on the west
side of the Nile, for not a single place is to be found on the eastern
side to indicate there having ever been a burial-ground there : yet
among these sphinxes was a tombstone similar to those which are
found in the tombs on the other side of the Nile, and probably, there-
fore, made to be taken to the tomb of some family on the west. But

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 163

the iron sickle to which I would call the attention, was found under
the feet of one of the sphinxes on its removal. I was present ;
one of the men took it up and gave it me. It was broken into
three pieces, and so decayed, that the rust had eaten even to
the centre. It was rather thicker than the sickles of the present
time, but exactly of the common shape and size of ours. It is now
in the possession of Mr. Salt. The question is, at what time were
these statues placed there ? They could not have been deposited
subsequently to the age of the Ptolemies ; for it appears, that since
the time of Cambyse;:, who destroyed the Gods of Egypt, the country
has never been invaded, so as to compel the people to conceal their
idols ; and it is evident, that these statues had been hidden in a
hurry, from the irregular and confused manner in which they lie.
Now, as the sickle was found under the statue above mentioned, I
think it a sufficient proof, that there was iron in the country long
before the invasion of the Persians, since the Egyptians had enough
to make instruments of agriculture with it. Sickles of the same
form are to be seen in many agricultural representations in the
tombs ; but it does not follow, that they were taken from sickles
of iron, like the one in question. I do not mean to decide this
point by my own suppositions : I lay the fact before the reader,
that he may form his own opinion upon it ; yet there are circum-
stances that would destroy the conjecture, that might be drawn
from this discovery. It is very singular, if the Egyptians had iron
in such abundance, as to make sickles, that they did not make in-
struments of war, and other articles for their common use, of the
same metal ; and if they had done so, it is strange, that none are to
be found among the various specimens of their manufacture.

I continued the work as fast as I could with the few men I had,
as I foresaw, that when the Defterdar came to the knowledge of my
success he would put a stop to our proceedings by some intrigue or

y 2

164 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

other. My daily employment kept me in continual motion. In
the morning I used to give my directions for the works at Carnak.
The Arabs generally come to work at the rising of the sun, and
leave off from noon till two or three o'clock. When I had many
employed, I divided them into parties, and set an overseer over
each, to see that they worked at the proper hours, and on the
allotted spots of ground, which I had previously marked out ; but
generally some of our people were obliged to be there, for no trust
is to be reposed in the Arabs, if they should find any small pieces
of antiquity. Before noon I used to cross the river and inspect the
works at Gournou. Having been there the year before, and had deal-
ings with these people, I was at home in every part of Thebes, knew
every Arab there, and they knew me as well. Mr. Beechey had
taken possession of the temple at Luxor, without requesting per-
mission from the Gods, and we made a dwelling-place of one of the
chambers : I believe it must have been the sekos. By the help of
some mats we procured a very tolerable accommodation, but could
not prevent the dust from coming on our beds, and clothes, to which
for my part I had long before become indifferent. We could not
sleep any longer in the boat ; for in consequence of the provision
we had on board, such quantities of large rats accompanied us all
the way to Luxor, that we had no peace day or night, and at last
they succeeded in fairly dislodging us. We thought to have been
a match for them, however, for we caused all the provision to be
taken out, and the boat to be sunk at Luxor, but as they were
good swimmers, they saved their lives, and hid themselves in the
holes of the pier ; and when the provision had been put on board
again, they all returned cheerfully, a few excepted, and were no
doubt grateful to us for having given them a fresh appetite and
a good bathing.

In Gournou, our researches continued among the mummies. The

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 165

Arabs had become quite unconcerned about the secret of the
tombs ; for they saw it was their interest to search, as they were
rewarded for what they found, and those who were duly paid were
indifferent whether we or their brethren found a tomb. The men
were divided into two classes. The most knowing were making
researches on their own account, employing eight or ten to assist
them. They indicated the ground where they hoped to find a
tomb, and sometimes were fortunate enough to hit on the entrance
of a mummy pit in the first attempt. At other times, after spending
two or three days, they often found only a pit filled with mummies of
the inferior class, which had nothing among them worthy of notice :
so that, even to the most skilful explorer, it was a mere chance what
he should find. On the other hand, in some of the tombs of the
better class they found very good specimens of antiquity, of all
sorts. I met with some difficulty at first in persuading these people
to work in search of tombs, and receive a regular daily payment ;
for they conceived it to be against their interest, supposing I might
obtain the antiquities at too cheap a rate : but when they saw, that
sometimes they received their pay regularly, and I had nothing for
it, they found it was rather in their favour, to secure twenty paras
(three pence) a day, than run the risk of having nothing for their
labour, which often happened to those who worked at adventure.

It was from these works that I became better acquainted with
the manner in which the Egyptians regulated their burial-places ;
and I plainly saw the various degrees and customs of the divers
classes, from the peasant to the king. The Egyptians had three
different methods of embalming their dead bodies, which, Herodotus
informs us, were according to the expense the persons who pre-
sented the dead bodies to the mummy-makers chose to incur.
This father of history thus expresses himself on the subject :
''Certain persons were appointed by the laws to the exercise of this

166 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

profession. When a dead body was brought to them, they ex-
hibited to the friends of the deceased different models, highly
finished in wood. The most perfect of these, they said, resembles
one, whom I do not tlunk it religious to name on such an occasion ;
the second was of less price, and inferior in point of execution ; the
other was still more mean. They then inquired after which model
the deceased should be represented. When the price was deter-
mined, the relations retired, and the embalmers proceeded in their
work. In the most perfect specimens of their art, they extracted
the brain through the nostrils, partly with a piece of crooked iron,
and partly by the infusion of drugs. They then, with an Ethiopian
stone, made an incision in the side, through which they drew out
the intestines. These they cleansed thoroughly, washing them
with palm-wine, and afterward covering them with pounded aro-
matics. They then filled the body with powder of pure myrrh,
cassia, and other spices, without frankincense. Having sown up
the body, it was covered with nitre for the space of seventy days,
which time they were not allowed to exceed. At the end of this
period, being first washed, it was closely wrapped in bandages of
cotton, dipped in a gum, which the Egyptians used as a glue. It
was then returned to the relations, who enclosed the body in a case
of wood, made to resemble a human figure, and placed it against
the wall in the repository of their dead. This was the most costly
mode of embalming.

" For those who wished to be at less expense, the following
method was adopted. They neither drew out the intestines, nor
made any incision in the dead body, but injected a liniment made
from the cedar. After taking proper means to secure the injected
oil within the body, it was covered with nitre for the time above
specified. On the last day they withdrew the liquid before intro-
duced, which brought with it all the intestines. The nitre dried

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 167

up and hardened the flesh, so that the corpse appeared little but
skin and bone. In this state the body was returned, and no further
care taken concerning it.

" There was a third mode of embalming, appropriated to the
poor. A particular kind of lotion was made to pass through the
body, which was afterward merely left in nitre for the above space
of seventy days, and then returned." Such is the account given us
by Herodotus.

Nothing can more plainly distinguish the various classes of
people, than the manner of their preservation : but there are many
other remarks, that may be made to the same effect. I shall de-
scribe how I have found the mummies of the principal class un-
touched, and hence we may judge how they were prepared and
deposited in their respective places. I am sorry that I am obliged
to contradict my old guide Herodotus ; for in this point, and many
others, he was not well informed by the Egyptians. In the first
place, speaking of the mummies in their cases, he mentions them
as erect : but it is somewhat singular, that in so many pits as I
have opened, I never saw a single mummy standing. On the con-
trary, I found them lying regularly, in horizontal rows, and some
were sunk into a cement, which must have been nearly fluid when
the cases were placed on it. The lower classes were not buried in
cases : they were dried up, as it appears, after the regular pre-
paration of the seventy days. Mummies of this sort were in the
proportion of about ten to one of the better class, as near as I could
calculate by the quantity I have seen of both ; and it appeared to
me, that, after the operation of the nitre, adopted by the mummy-
makers, these bodies may have been dried in the sun. Indeed, for
my own part, I am persuaded it was so ; as there is not the smallest
quantity of gum or any thing else to be found on them. The

168 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

linen in which they are folded is of a coarser sort, and less in
quantity ; they have no ornaments about them of any consequence,
and they are piled up in layers, so as to crowd several caves ex-
cavated for the purpose in a rude manner. In general, these tombs
are to be found in the lower grounds, at the foot of the mountains
of Gournou ; and some extend as far as the border to which the
inundation reaches. They are to be entered by a small aperture,
arched over, or by a shaft four or five feet square, at the bottom of
which are entrances into various chambers, all choked up with
mummies : and though there is scarcely any thing to be found on
them, many of these tombs have been rummaged, and left in the
most confused state.

I must not omit, that among these tombs we saw some which
contained the mummies of animals intermixed with human bodies.
There were bulls, cows, sheep, monkeys, foxes, bats, crocodiles, fishes,
and birds, in them : idols often occur ; and one tomb was filled
with nothing but cats, carefully folded in red and white linen, the
head covered by a mask representing the cat, and made of the same
linen. I have opened all these sorts of animals. Of the bull, the
calf, and the sheep, there is no part but the head which is covered
with linen, and the horns projecting out of the cloth ; the rest of
the body being represented by two pieces of wood, eighteen inches
wide and three feet long, in an horizontal direction, at the end of
which was another, placed perpendicularly, two feet high, to form
the breast of the animal. The calves and sheep are of the same
structure, and large in proportion to the bulls. The monkey is in
its full form, in a sitting posture. The fox is squeezed up by the
bandages, but in some measure the shape of the head is kept per-
fect. The crocodile is left in its own shape, and after being well
bound round with linen, the eyes and mouth are painted on this

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 169

covering. The birds are squeezed together, and lose their shape
except the ibis, winch is found like a fowl ready to be cooked, and
bound round with linen, like all the rest.

It is somewhat singular that such animals are not to be met with
in the tombs of the higher sort of people ; while few or no papyri are
to be found among the lower order, and if any occur they are only
small pieces stuck upon the breast with a little gum or asphaltum,
being probably all that the poor individual could afford to himself.
In those of the better classes other objects are found. I think they
ought to be divided into several classes, as I cannot confine myself
to three. I do not mean to impute error to Herodotus when he
speaks of the three modes of embalming ; but I will venture to
assert, that the high, middling, and poorer classes, all admit of farther
distinction. In the same pit where I found mummies in cases, I
found others without ; and in these, papyri are most likely to be
met with. I remarked, that the mummies in the cases have no
papyri ; at least, I never observed any : on the contrary, in those
without cases they are often obtained. It appears to me, that such
people as could afford it would have a case to be buried in, on
which the history of their lives was painted : and those who could
not afford a case, were contented to have their lives written on
papyri, rolled up, and placed above their knees. Even in the ap-
pearance of the cases there is a great difference : some are exceedingly
plain, others more ornamented, and some very richly adorned with
figures, well painted. The cases are generally made of Egyptian
sycamore : apparently, this was the most plentiful wood in the
country, as it is usually employed for the different utensils. All the
cases have a human face, male or female. Some of the large cases
contain others within them, either of wood or of plaster, painted. The
inner cases are sometimes fitted to the body of the mummy : others
are only covers to the body, in form of a man or woman, easily

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170 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

distinguishable by the beard and the breast, like that on the out-
side. Some of the mummies have garlands of flowers, and leaves
of the acacia, or sunt tree, over their heads and breasts. This
tree is often seen on the banks of the Nile, above Thebes, and
particularly in Nubia. The flower, when fresh, is yellow, and of a
very hard substance, appearing as if artificial. The leaves, also, are
very strong, and though dried and turned brown, they still retain
their firmness. In the inside of these mummies are found lumps
of asphaltum, sometimes so large as to weigh two pounds. The
entrails of these mummies are often found bound up in linen and
asphaltum. What does not incorporate with the fleshy part, remains
of the natural colour of the pitch ; but that which does incorporate
becomes brown, and evidently mixed with the grease of the body,
forming a mass, which on pressure crumbles into dust. The wooden
case is first covered with a layer or two of cement, not unlike plaster
of Paris ; and on this are sometimes cast figures in basso relievo, for
which they make niches cut in stone. The whole case is painted ;
the ground generally yellow, the figures and hieroglyphics blue,
green, red, and black. The last is very seldom used. The whole of
the painting is covered with a varnish, which preserves it very
effectually. Some of the colours, in my humble opinion, were ve-
getable, for they are evidently transparent ; besides, I conceive it was
easier for the Egyptians to produce vegetable colours than mineral
from the great difficulty of grinding the latter to such perfection.

The next sort of mummy that drew my attention, I believe I may
with reason conclude to have been appropriated to the priests. They
are folded in a manner totally different from the others, and so
carefully executed, as to show the great respect paid to those per-
sonages. The bandages are stripes of red and white linen inter-
mixed, covering the whole body, and forming a curious effect from
the two colours. The arms and legs are not enclosed in the same

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 171

envelope with the body, as in the common mode, but are bandaged
separately, even the ringers and toes being preserved distinct. They
have sandals of painted leather on their feet, and bracelets on their
arms and wrists. They are always found with the arms across the
breast, but not pressing it ; and though the body is bound with
such a quantity of linen, the shape of the person is carefully pre-
served in every limb. The cases in which mummies of this sort are
found are somewhat better executed, and I have seen one, that had
the eyes and eyebrows of enamel, beautifully executed in imitation
of nature. Among the various tombs, I discovered one of this
description in the valley adjacent to Beban el Malook on the west
of it, of which I shall have to speak hereafter.

I found eight mummies, all untouched since they had been de-
posited in their resting-place. The cases lay flat on the ground,
facing the east, in two equal rows, imbedded four inches deep
in mortar, which must have been soft when they were put into
it ; for when I had them removed the impression of them remained
perfect. The opening of them I shall describe, with that of the
tomb.

The tombs containing the better classes of people are of course
superior to the others. There are some more extensive than the
rest, having various apartments, adorned with figures representing
different actions of life. Funeral processions are generally predo-
minant. Agricultural processes, religious ceremonies, and more
ordinary occurrences, such as feasting, &c. are to be seen every
where. I shall not enter into a minute account of these paintings,
as they have been so often described, particularly by Mr. Hamilton,
whose perspicuous observations upon them give the best idea of
their various representation. It would be impossible to describe
the numerous little articles found in them, which are well adapted
to show the domestic habits of the ancient Egyptians. It is here
the smaller idols are occasionally found, either lying on the ground,

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172 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

or on the cases of the mummies. Vases are sometimes found con-
taining the embalmed entrails of the mummies. These are generally
made of baked clay, and painted over : their sizes differ from eight
inches to eighteen : their covers represent the head of some divinity,
bearing either the human form, or that of a monkey, fox, cat, or some
other animal. I met with a few of these vases of alabaster in the tombs
of the kings, but unfortunately they were broken. A great quantity
of pottery is found, and also wooden vessels in some of the tombs,
as if the deceased had resolved to have all he possessed deposited
along with him. The most singular among these things are the
ornaments, in particular the small works in clay and other com-
position. I have been fortunate enough to find many specimens of
their manufactures, among which is leaf gold, beaten nearly as thin as
ours. The gold appears to me extremely pure, and of a finer colour
than is generally seen in our own. It is somewhat singular that no
instruments of war are found in these places, when we consider what
a warlike nation the Egyptians were. What has become of their
weapons I cannot conjecture ; for in all my researches I found only
one arrow, two feet long. At one extremity it had a copper point
well fixed in it, and at the other a notch as usual to receive the
string of the bow: it had been evidently split by the string, and
glued together again.

Among other articles too numerous to be mentioned, the beetle,
or scarabreus, to all appearance a highly sacred animal, is found in
the tombs. There are various sorts ; some of basalt, verde antico,
or other stones, and some of baked clay. They are scarce, particu-
larly those with hieroglyphics on them, which no doubt contain
some particular prayers, or the commemoration of striking events
in the life of the deceased. It is supposed, that the Egyptians
hung the scarabseus to their necks when they went to war ; but of
this we have no clear proofs. I must mention a circumstance on
this subject, which perhaps will solve the doubt. The scarabeei are

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 173

of such a peculiar form, that, if they were among the ornaments
of the warriors, they would be easily distinguished. One solitary
instance of this kind I have observed. There is a sitting figure in
the tomb of Samethis, which I discovered in the valley below
Beban el Malook, that, by its splendid dress and ornaments, may
be intended to represent a king. It has a square plate of basalt
hung to its neck, with an obelisk in the centre, and a figure on each
side of it. I was extremely fortunate in meeting with one of these
plates, I believe the only one that ever was found of the kind. It
has the form of an Egyptian temple, and in the centre is an elevated
scarabaeus on a boat, guarded by two figures, one at each side ; and
on the reverse of the scarabteus is an inscription over a boat, on
which are two other figures, exactly like the former. The plate has
the holes by which it was hung to a chain or string. I found also
other scarabaei, with human heads, which I never saw before.

The Egyptians were certainly well acquainted with linen ma-
nufactures to a perfection equal to our own ; for, in many of their
figures, we observe their garments quite transparent ; and among
the folding of the mummies, I observed some cloth quite as fine as
our common muslin, very strong, and of an even texture. They
had the art of tanning leather, with which they made shoes as well
as we do, some of which I found of various shapes. They had also
the art of staining the leather with various colours, as we do Mo-
rocco, and actually knew the mode of embossing on it, for I found
leather with figures impressed on it, quite elevated. I think it
must have been done with a hot iron while the leather was damp.
They also fabricated a sort of coarse glass, with which they made
beads and other ornaments.

Beside enamelling, the art of gilding was in great perfection
among them, as I found several ornaments of the kind. They knew
how to cast copper as well as to form it into sheets, and had a

174 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

metallic composition not unlike our lead, rather softer, but of greater
tenacity. It is much like the lead which we see on paper in the tea-
chests from China, but much thicker. I found some pieces of it covered
on both sides with a thin coat of another metal, which might be
taken for silver, but I cannot believe it to be so. It certainly is a
proof of the scarcity of this metal in Egypt, where, in my opinion,
it was less common than gold ; for it is seldom found, whereas the
latter is quite common on the ornaments.

Carved works were very common, and in great perfection, par-
ticularly in the proportion of the figures ; and it is to be observed,
that though the Egyptians were unacquainted with anatomy, yet
in these, as well as in their statues of marble, they preserved that
sweet simplicity peculiar to themselves, which is always pleasing to
the beholder.

In one of the tombs of the kings I found two wooden figures,
nearly seven feet high, of very fine workmanship. They are in a
standing posture, with one arm extended, as if holding a torch.
They had many other carved works, hieroglyphics, ornaments, &c.

The art of varnishing, and baking the varnish on clay, was in
such perfection among them, that I doubt whether it could be
imitated at present. Articles of the best sort of this manufacture,
however, were rather scarce, as there are but few to be found ;
while, on the contrary, there are great quantities of the inferior
sorts. Indeed, the few good ones I met with were all in the great
tomb of Samethis, and these are of the most beautiful colour.

The art of painting was but simple among the Egyptians, as
thev had no knowledge of shadowing to elevate their figures ; but
^reat credit is due to them for their taste in disposing their
colours. There is great harmony even in the red and green,
which do not always agree with us, and which they knew how to
mingle so well, that it produced a very splendid effect, particularly

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 175

by candle-light. As I observed before, I am of opinion, that these
colours were from the vegetable kingdom, and think I can pro-
duce a pretty strong proof of the fact. The present natives of
Egypt, who manufacture indigo, make it up in cakes of the size of
a sea biscuit, in a very rough manner. Not knowing how to
extract the colour from the plant without mixing it with sand, the
cake glitters all over, the light being reflected from every particle.
Of this imperfection the ancient Egyptians could not get the
better ; for whenever there is blue in any of their paintings, which
is evidently indigo, the same sparkling sand is to be seen, as in the
modern cakes. Their drawings and sculpture are but simple, and
systematically done ; notwithstanding which, they knew how to
impart a certain vivacity to their posture, which animates their
figures. They knew little or nothing of perspective, and all that
was done was in profile. The wall or whatever other place was to be
ornamented was previously prepared, by grinding it very smooth.
The first lines were done in red by a scholar, or one not so expert
as the master, who examined the outlines, and corrected them in
black. Specimens of this are to be seen in the tomb of Samethis,
as I shall have to mention hereafter.

When the outlines were completed, the sculptor began his
work. He raised the figure by cutting away the stone all round it.
The angles are smoothly turned, and the ornaments on the figure
or garments are traced with a chisel which leaves a slight impres-
sion, and adorns the wholefigure. The last was the painter, who
finished the piece. They could not find any other colours than
red, blue, yellow, green, and black. The blue is divided into two
sorts, the dark and the light. With these colours they adorned
their temples, tombs, or whatever they wished to have painted.
As there is no colour among these that could imitate the living
human flesh, they adopted the red for this purpose. The ornaments

176 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

were decorated with the other colours ; and, though so few, I am
sure they are not all used in the same piece.

As to their architecture, I can only say it is in conformity with
their ideas. It is to he recollected, that they had a notion of re-
turning to life again, body and soul, after a period of three thousand
years : whence we may presume, that they intended to make their
edifices last so long, that they might see them again in good pre-
servation. As to arches, can we not prove, from the circumstance
of their having made them in a different form from ours, that they
could also have made them of a larger size, than we see to this very
day in Thebes ? Yes, I say, in Thebes there are Egyptian arches.
If any reader will observe Plate 44, he will see an Egyptian arch
which exists at Gournou, under the rocks that separate this place
from the valley Beban el Malook. The arch is made in a manner
entirely different from our own ; but if the Egyptians were inclined
to have arches, they might soon have constructed them in this
manner, and of considerable sizes, equal in proportion to the enor-
mous blocks which we see in their edifices. No, they did not want

arches they preferred having their temples crowded with columns,

which formed the finest embellishments of their edifices ; and I
assert, that the number of these columns is no detriment to the
beauty or magnificence of these sacred places. On the contrary,
without these columns, their architecture would not have appeared
to the Egyptians so substantiaDy firm, which was their principal
object. This, in my opinion, was their reason for not erecting
arches. But I shall endeavour farther to prove, that they knew
how to make an arch with the key-stone as well as we do. A
traveller may wander among the ruins of Thebes, and his attention
be so much taken by the magnificence of the great edifices, as to
overlook what is inferior, especially what is constructed of simple
bricks, baked in the sun. Besides, he has a preconceived notion,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 177

that the Egyptians were ignorant of the art of turning an arch ; so
that, if lie should see one, or even pass under an archway, he
would take it for granted, that it was the work of a later people.
I shall now describe the situation of several arches, which are to
be seen in Thebes; point out the purpose for which they were
evidently erected ; and leave the reader to conjecture whether
they were made by the Egyptians, or by any other people.

The mode of building enormously strong walls with unburnt
bricks is peculiar to the Egyptians. Of this I trust there can be
no doubt, from the many instances clearly before our eyes ; but if
it be questioned, I would inquire of any traveller, who has seen
Thebes, whether he thinks that the wall, winch surrounded the
avenue of sphinxes, or lion-headed statues, which I discovered at
Carnak, could have been made by any other people. There are
even some of these walls that enclose their sacred places : and if it
be objected, that some subsequent nation, who adored the same
gods, may have erected these walls to preserve the holy edifices,
■I can boldly say: No, this was not the fact; for the walls are so
connected with the Egyptian works, that it is plain they were con-
structed at the same time with them. But what is still more to
the point, at Gournou there are various and extensive tombs, ex-
cavated not in the rocks themselves, but in the plains at their foot,
twelve or fourteen feet below the surface, and extending a con-
siderable length under ground. The way to these tombs is gene-
rally by a staircase, winch led into a large square hall, cut in the
rock, in some instances ninety or a hundred feet long ; and opposite
the stairs is generally the entrance into the tomb. It is to be
observed, that these halls entered into the original plan of the
structure : there was nothing to protect or to enclose them on
any side but a wall, by which they were completely covered.
Without this, they would have been exposed to all the rubbish of

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178 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

other tombs, which might have fallen in. The necessity of building
these walls is evident ; and I have no doubt many travellers will
plainly see, that no other succeeding nation would have built these
enormous walls to preserve the tombs of the Egyptians. Now
over the stairs, which lead into the hall, there are some very high
and majestic arches, not only made of the same bricks, but con-
nected with the walls themsehes; consequently, made by the
Egyptians, and constructed with the same key-stones as our own
in the present day. There is also at Gournou a great number of
other buildings of sun-burnt bricks, of a later date, which I hope
will not be confounded with the others. Some of these are built
with a smaller sort of bricks ; others with bricks taken from the
Egyptian walls ; but their construction plainly shows the difference
of the people who erected them.

If we extend our observations on the Egyptian architecture, it
will appear, that the Egyptians undoubtedly have the merit of
invention, which I consider as the source of improvement, &c.
The Greeks may claim their having brought the art to great per-
fection ; but it is well known, that they took their principal hints
from the Egyptians.

The Egyptians were a primitive nation. They had to form every
thing without any model before them to imitate. Yet so fertile
was their inventive faculty, that to this day new orders of archi-
tecture might be extracted from their ruins. If we observe the
Egyptian capitals, do we not see a complication of orders in one
mass, which, if divided, would produce numerous hints for new ideas ?
If the lover of truth will but inspect the various representations of
the lotus on the capitals, he will plainly see, that not only the Doric
and the Corinthian orders have been extracted from them, but that
more might still be formed. There is reason also to believe, that
the Ionic order originated in Egypt. The capitals of the columns

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 179

of Tentyra, those in the small temple of Edfu, and, lastly, the others
in the small temple of Isis, in the island of Philce, sufficiently indicate
this. The name of the deity, to which the first and third of these
temples are dedicated, seems to strengthen this supposition. We
well know, that Isis is the Io of the Greeks, from whom the name
of Ionic was no doubt derived ; and it is very probable, that he Avho
introduced the order gave it that name, as having been taken from
the temple of the goddess.

The wonderful sculptures of the Egyptians are to be admired for
the boldness of their execution. Their enormous sizes rendered it
difficult for the artists to maintain their due proportions, which
were according to the height of the figure. For instance, if a statue
were erected of the size of life, the head was of the natural size ; if
the statue were thirty feet high, the head was larger in proportion
to the body ; and if fifty feet high, the magnitude of the head was far-
ther increased. Had it been otherwise in statues of so great height,
the distance from the eyes of the spectator would have so much dimi-
nished the size, that the head would have appeared too small in pro-
portion to the legs. The tedious work of the endless hieroglyphics
which are to be seen in every part of every edifice, the numberless
figures on the temples, tombs, obelisks, and walls, must have required
wonderful labour. They had only four sorts of stones in general use for
sculpture, the sandy, the calcareous, breccia, and granite. All except
the first are very hard, and what is most singular is, we do not know
with what tools they were cut out. We have ocular demonstration,
that the tools of the present day will not cut granite without great
difficulty, and I doubt whether we could give it that smoothness of
surface we see in Egypt. But I would observe it is not unreasonable
to suppose, that the granite and other stones were less hard at the
time of the Egyptians, than they are at present. On the calcareous
stone the figures have angles so sharp, that the best tempered chisel

a a 9,

180 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

of our time could not produce the like ; it is so hard that it breaks
more like glass than stone ; and the granite is almost impenetrable.

At the end of the above mentioned plain in Gournou, at the foot
of the rocks which divide that valley from Beban-el-Malook, the
excavation was going on at the end of an avenue where sphinxes
must have been. Here was found a causeway gradually rising to
some ruins, which being uncovered, proved to be a temple, with
columns doubly octangular, the only one of such form I saw in
Egypt. The temple is evidently ancient, but I dare not affirm it
to be Egyptian, though it has hieroglyphics, &c. on the walls ; for the
proportions of the plan, as far as I could see, and the order of the
columns, being totally different from any others of the Egyptians,
lead me to suppose this temple to be of a later date. Farther on,
just under the rocks, we discovered a granite door nine feet high
by five wide, and one and a half thick. It is covered with hie-
roglyphics and figures neatly cut, and on the top it has the winged
<dobe and a cornice. It had been painted, and was buried entirely
under ground.

While my men were at work, I was in the habit of searching
among these tombs, and entered all the places and holes I covdd
possibly squeeze myself into. In the large tombs I caused the side
wall or rock to be struck with the large sledge hammer, to discover
by the sound if any cavity were near. One day the hammer not
only gave a hollow sound, but made an aperture a foot and half
wide into another tomb. Having enlarged the hole sufficiently to
pass, we entered, and found several mummies, and a great quantity
of broken cases. The stones which had fallen from the roof were
as sharp as a razor, and as my shoes were not very strong, my feet
were cut in several places. These stones detach themselves from
the roof in flakes, which proves them to be much harder than when
first cut. In an inner apartment of this tomb is a square opening,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 181

into which we descended, and at the bottom found a small chamber
at each side of the shaft. In one was a granite sarcophagus with
its cover quite perfect, but so situated, that it would be an arduous
undertaking to draw it out. Among the mummies I found some
small papyri, and one extraordinarily large.

When I did not choose to pass the river in the night to our habita-
tion at the temple of Luxor, I took up my lodging in the entrance
of some of the tombs along with those troglodytes. Nothing could
be more amusing to me. Their dwelling is generally in the passages
between the first and second entrance into a tomb. The walls and
the roof are as black as any chimney. The inner door is closed up
with mud, except a small aperture sufficient for a man to crawl
through. Within this place the sheep are kept at night, and occa-
sionally accompany their masters in their vocal concert. Over the
doorway there are always some half-broken Egyptian figures, and the
two foxes, the usual guardians of burial-places. A small lamp, kept
alive by fat from the sheep, or rancid oil, is placed in a niche in the
wall, and a mat is spread on the ground; and this formed the grand
divan, wherever I was. There the people assembled round me,
their conversation turning wholly on antiquities. Such a one had
found such a thing, and another had discovered a tomb. Various
articles were brought to sell to me, and sometimes I had reason to
rejoice at having stayed there. I was sure of a supper of milk and
bread served in a wooden bowl ; but whenever they supposed I
should stay all night, they always killed a couple of fowls for me,
which were baked in a small oven heated with pieces of mummy
cases, and sometimes with the bones and rags of the mummies
themselves. It is no uncommon thing to sit down near fragments
of bones ; hands, feet, or sculls are often in the way ; for these people
are so accustomed to be among the mummies, that they think no
more of sitting on them, than on the skins of their dead calves. I

182 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

also became indifferent about them at last, and would have slept in
a mummy pit as readily as out of it.

Every human being can be happy if he likes, for happiness cer-
tainly depends on ourselves. If a man be satisfied with what he
has, he is happy ; but much more so when he thinks, that there is
nothing more to be got. It is somewhat singular to talk of hap-
piness among people who live in caves like brutes, or rather who
live in sepulchres among the corpses and rags of an ancient nation,
of which they know nothing. But this is trifling compared with
their slave-like state, subject to the caprice of a tyrannical power,
who leaves them no chance of receiving any remuneration for their
labour, and no prospect of any change except for the worse. But
custom reconciles all this. The labourer comes home in the evening,
seats himself near his cave, smokes his pipe with his companions,
and talks of the last inundation of the Nile, its products, and what
the ensuing season is likely to be. His old wife brings him the
usual bowl of lentils and bread moistened with water and salt, and
when she can add a little butter it is a feast. Knowing nothing
beyond this, he is happy. The young man's business is to accu-
mulate the amazing sum of a hundred piasters (two pounds and ten
shillings) to buy himself a wife, and to make a feast on the wedding
day. If he have any children, they want no clothing : he leaves
them to themselves till mother nature pleases to teach them to
work, to gain money enough to buy a shirt or some other rag to
cover themselves ; for while they are children, they are generally
naked or covered with rags. The parents are roguishly cunning,
and the children are schooled by their example, so that it be-
comes a matter of course to cheat strangers. Would any one
believe, that in such a state of life luxury and ambition exist ?
If any woman be destitute of jewels, she is poor, and looks with
envy on one more fortunate than herself, who perhaps has the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, fee. 183

worth of half-a-crown round her neck ; and she who has a few glass
beads, or some sort of coarse coral, a couple of silver brooches, or
rings at her arms and legs, is considered as truly rich and great.
Some of them are as complete coquettes, in their way, as any to be
seen in the capitals of Europe. I often noticed, that modesty was
most apparent among the ugliest. These do not care to let a
stranger see their faces ; as they have nothing to gain by it, they
deem it better to keep it covered : on the contrary, one who hopes
to excite admiration in the stranger, takes care that some accident
or other shall cause the veil, or cloth, or rag, covering her face, to
fall or turn aside. The artifice having succeeded, she pretends to
be quite anxious to cover herself again ; but she is satisfied the
stranger has had his peep, and she passes on, proud that he knows
her to be pretty.

When a young man wants to marry, he goes to the father of the
intended bride, and agrees with him what he is to pay for her.
This being settled, so much money is to be spent on the wedding-
day feast. To set up house-keeping nothing is requisite but two
or three earthen pots, a stone to grind meal, and a mat, which
is the bed. The spouse has a gown and jewels of her own ; and, if
the bridegroom present her with a pair of bracelets of silver, ivory,
or glass, she is happy and fortunate indeed. The house is ready,
without rent or taxes. No rain can pass through the roof; and
there is no door, for there is no want of one, as there is nothing to
lose. They make a kind of box of clay and straw, which, after two
or three days' exposure to the sun, becomes quite hard. It is
fixed on a stand, an aperture is left to put all their precious things
into it, and a piece of a mummy case forms the door. If the house
do not please them, they walk out and enter another, as there are
several hundreds at their command ; I might say several thousands,
but they are not all fit to receive inhabitants.

184 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

While I was thus occupied in my researches at Thebes, we
received news that the Defterdar was to come up the Nile again.
By this time I had arranged my operations, and they were going on
very well. At Carnak, one morning previous to my crossing the
Nile to Gournou, I set several men to work on a spot of ground at
the foot of a heap of earth, where part of a large colossus projected out.
Mr. Beechey, who sometimes visited the ruins, did me the favour to
superintend the work on that day ; and, on my return from Gournou,
I had the pleasure to find the discovery had been made of a colossal
head, larger than that I had sent to England. It was of red granite,
of beautiful workmanship, and uncommonly well preserved, except
one ear, and part of the chin, which had been knocked off along with
the beard. It is detached from the shoulder at the lower part of the
neck, and has the usual corn measure, or mitre, on its head. Though
of larger proportion than the young Memnon, it is not so bulky or
heavy, as it has no part of the shoulder attached to it. I had it
removed to Luxor, which employed eight days, though the distance
is little more than a mile.

I had by this time accumulated at Luxor articles enough to fill
another boat, as large as that of the preceding year. Besides this
head, which is ten feet from the neck to the top of the mitre, I
procured an arm belonging to the same colossus, which measures
also ten feet, and with the head, will give a just idea of the size of
the statue.

I brought also the famous altar, with the six divinities, in alto
relievo, which are the most finished works of any I have seen in
Egypt. It was thrown from its pedestal in a small temple in the
north-east angle of the wall inclosing the great temple of Carnak
The pedestal is still there, and is of a kind of whitish marble. I
had also four large statues with the lion-heads ; and the cover of
the sarcophagus, of wliich so much was said on my first visit. It cost

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 185

much trouble, as may be supposed, to remove a heavy piece of
granite from those abysses, through a place scarcely high enough to
allow a man to sit on the ground, up an uneven and craggy
ascent, by the assistance of people, strangers to every sort of order,
and who had to contend with the dust that rose under the feet,
and the excessive heat from the number of labourers. I had it
conveyed over the water to Luxor, ready to embark, and it was well
that I did so.

Fortune seemed to favour me so far this time ; for, no sooner
had I finished the operation, and made the above collection, than
an order came from the Defterdar Bey, who had arrived at Gamola,
three miles north of Thebes, to all the Cacheffs and Caimakans,
who commanded on both sides of Thebes, not to permit the English
party to accumulate any more antiquities, nor to allow the Arabs to
work or sell any thing more to them on any account.

I must inform my reader, that the two agents for the opposite
party had gone to Gamola on the arrival of the Bey, and requested
him to send this order, under the pretext, that they could not find
or buy a single article in consequence of the English, who laid their
hands on every thing. He did not want much persuasion to this ;
and immediately sent for the chiefs of Gournou, Luxor, and Carnak,
to whom he gave strict orders as above.

The Sheik of Gournou came to tell us of the order the Bey had
issued. The poor fellow, who was rather attached to us, was sorry
for his part, but said he must obey. It was too late to set off that
evening to see the Bey, so I waited till early the next morning.
On my arrival, I found the mighty potentate seated on his divan,
surrounded by his Cacheffs, and a number of other attendants. He
received me more coolly than on my former visit. He inquired
whether I had not yet made up my collection. I answered, that,

1! B

186 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

as long as I had his permission, I would still endeavour to find
something more.

I presented the letter from the Bashaw ; hut, if I had brought
him a present, it would have had a hetter effect. As he saw the
address previous to taking the letter into his hands, he dexterously
turned the discourse on other business ; and half an hour passed be-
fore I could bring the subject on again, which he still contrived to
divert. I was at a loss what to think of his behaviour, and began to
inquire, if there were any reasons why our works were stopped at
Carnak, and orders given at Gournou, that the English should
not purchase any thing, and on what account they were to be
distinguished from the opposite party. He looked at the letter a
second time ; and, with a smile, told the Cacheffs what the Bashaw
had written, but the letter was expressed in a manner as if the old
Bashaw were in his dotage and quite childish ; so that the Bey
might do as he pleased in the affair. He then put the letter aside,
and began to talk of other matters. I saw that he wanted an
excuse for his conduct towards us ; for he said he had been in-
formed that the Fellahs had complained of being so exceedingly ill-
treated by us, that we drew our swords every moment to cut off
their heads, and that we beat them continually. At this I rose from
my seat, and said I was surprised that a man of his good under-
standing could believe such reports, and condemn us without
proof ; that, if he would inquire into the matter, he would find it
to be all false ; and that it was his duty to do me justice. He
answered, that we had bought nearly every article of antiquity that
could be obtained in Gournou, while the other party could pur-
chase nothing, and therefore it was time to stop our proceedings.
I replied, what we had bought had been voluntarily sold us by the
Arabs, and begged him not to believe what he heard from our op-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, See. 187

pbnents, who played such tricks, that we could not be aware of them.
He continued to talk of other things, till at last I asked him what
he intended to do with respect to the order for Carnak : to which
he made no reply, but inquired whether Gournou were far off. On
being shown the place out of the window, six miles distant, he
ordered horses, and in a few minutes we set off for that place. We
arrived in two hours, and he went straight on to Memnonium;
where he inquired about these great " mosquees," as he named
them, and put several questions concerning the buildings and the
colossi that are there. He then proceeded to the two colossi, and
from them to Medinet, whither I followed him, as I was determined
to have the order he gave to the Sheiks recalled. I sought an
opportunity to speak to him tete-a-tete, and indeed I had many,
but all to no purpose ; for the moment I began to mention the
business he put some other question, so that my words were of
no effect. Still I was determined not to lose my patience, as I
saw this was what he wanted, and resolved not to leave him a
moment ; for it is the character of the Turks, that they must be
importuned into compliance with whatever is against their in-
clination. After a general survey of the ruins, he seated him-
self before the famous battle painted on the wall, and gave his
opinion respecting it; observing, it was impossible that the co-
louring could have been done at the time the figures were made,
as it was so fresh, and the stones were so much broken. I told
him, it was owing to the climate of the country that these things
were preserved ; but he persisted in his opinion, that it was
impossible it could be so. Then, quitting his station, he seated
himself under the archway of the first entrance, and called the
Sheik of Gournou, whom he knew to be our friend, and who
had received the order the night before. The poor Sheik, trem-

bb2

188 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

bling all over at this call, was asked how many men there were in
Gournou who dug the ground in search of mummies. The Sheik
answered six or seven. I saw the Bey did not know what to do to
gratify his spleen ; and, as he could not avoid retracting the order,
the poor Sheik was to suffer, and our party to be mortified. A
diabolical thought came into his head ; and he asked the Sheik if
he could find in Gournou a mummy that had not been opened.
The Sheik answered, that one might be found, if he gave him time
to search ; but the people who find them always open them in-
stantly. On this the Bey flew into a great rage, and insisted that one
should be found immediately ; and, if he did not find it, he would
give him the bastinado. The poor Sheik was ordered to dig di-
rectly under his feet, and take out a mummy ; but he answered,
that the mummies were in Gournou, and none were ever found in
the place where he stood : and it was well for him that one of the
attendants and a Cacheff confirmed what he said. The Bey then
sent him to Gournou, and told him to see that he found a mummy,
in its case and unopened ; and he allowed him an hour for doing it
The poor Sheik attempted to speak, but was tinned out by three or
four soldiers. A little after, the Bey began to ask some other
questions respecting the temple, particularly if we had taken any
drawings ; adding, that he could draw liimself, if he had paper and
pencils. I told him I had no doubt he might make some good
sketches from what was before him ; on which he asked me for a
pencil and some paper, which I gave him from my pocket-book,
and he made a sketch of the capital of one of the columns that are
before the gate. When finished, it was shown to all around with
great parade. He praised it liimself highly, and every one agreed,
that it was very fine indeed. He then gave it me, with an air
of self-conceit, saying, " There, see what I can do !" I took it, put

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, fee. 189

it into my pocket, and have preserved it, as it may give an idea of
the person by whom it was executed. We left Medinet Abou and
came to Gournou, and under a doum-tree saw the Sheik and some of
the Janizaries, with the mummy ready for his highness. Before he
drew near to ascertain, the Bey began to cry out that he was sure it
had been opened by one of the fellows who search for mummies ; and
it was in vain he was told otherwise, and that he had himself found it.
I did not imagine things would be carried to such an extreme. That
the case had been opened no one covdd suspect ; but the Bey wanted
a pretence to beat the poor Sheik for being our friend. Accordingly*
he ordered him to be immediately stretched on the ground ; and such
a scene ensued, that I heard from the Turks themselves expressions
both of displeasure and disgust. I perceived that all this was owing to
the intrigues of our opponents, who had told the Bey, that the Sheik
was our friend ; and as they brought him some trifling presents to
back their assertion, of course he listened to what they said. I did
not fail to intercede for the poor unfortunate wretch, who all this
time was under the stick, but it was useless ; and I was persuaded,
the more I entreated, the more beating he would receive. The in-
terpreter, not reflecting on what he did, ventured to intercede in
the name of Mr. Salt, the British consul ; at which the Bey
laughed. He then begged in the name of his father-in-law, the
Bashaw ; and the Bey made answer, that he was the sole com-
mander in all business there ; adding, to the man who was punish-
ing the Sheik, " Go on, go on, and hard."

By this time the poor fellow was like the mummy that lay by his
side, deprived of sense and feeling ; and with a little more beating
I have no doubt would have remained there for ever, and been
buried where he lay. I leave to the imagination of any friend of
humanity to what a height my blood rose, and what my feelings
must have been at that moment. I can assure the reader 1 did not

190 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

think I could have stood so long without openly declaring them ; but
I reflected, that my losing my patience would answer no good pur-
pose, and only expose me to insults from the Bey, for all he wanted
was an opportunity to justify him in acting as he liked towards us.
Reason, however, subdued not my rage, but it restrained the mere
action of my body, and I stood for a long time motionless. The
Bey was smiling, and I was afraid might discover the state of my
feelings, which would have increased his pleasure. At last he
told the man to stop, and the miserable Sheik was carried to his
cave as into his tomb ; and was, indeed, more fit for the tomb than
for a house. The Bey then caused the mummy to be opened, and
finding nothing, he exclaimed, if they did not bring him one that
was entire, he would throw the Sheik into the river. Observing
that I avoided speaking to him, for I was too much disgusted even
to continue near such a being, he called another Sheik, and ordered,
that henceforth whatever antiquities were found in Gournou should
be sold to our opponents. On my representing to him, that I now
felt myself under the necessity of writing to Cairo that very night,
he mounted his horse, called my interpreter, and bade him despatch
a man to Gamola, and he would send an order by him, to have the
men at work the next day. I told him, that I should send to Cairo
notwithstanding this apparent change in his sentiments ; as it was
incumbent on me to let the Bashaw know how his commands were
obeyed. I then went to see the Sheik, whom I found unable
to speak ; I did all I could for him ; but there was such fear
amongst the Arabs, that they dreaded having any thing to do with
us.

In the morning I was about to send the interpreter to Gamola,
when we saw the cangiar of the Bey passing before Luxor, and the
Cacheff of Gheneh just landing the man from Gamola, who brought
an order, that we might have twenty men to work for eight days.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 191

When I perceived that the Bey did not stop, I spoke to the Cacheff,
to use Ms influence, that the order might be enforced ; but he seemed
desirous of evading it, as he was aware it was merely a pretext on
the part of the Bey. He told us plainly, that our opponents had
calumniated vis to the Bey ; and protested, that if it had been in
his power, he would have befriended us. Accordingly I gave him
to understand, that it would be to his advantage to be friendly to
our party, as well as to the other, and that the Bey's enmity would
not last much longer, as it was simply owing to some business which
had prevented the Consul from coming, who intended to bring with
him presents both to the Bey and to himself, when all would be set
to rights again. At length my persuasions prevailed ; he ordered
the men to work ; and in a few days I collected all the pieces of
antiquity together on the quay of Luxor ; and caused a mud wall
to be made round them.

At this time the Fellahs of Gournou were all in great conster-
nation, in consequence of another order they had received from the
Bey, not to sell any thing either to us, or to the French ; and to get
three unopened mummies ready for him on his return, which would
be in a few days. This was a pretext they had no doubt for a
general bastinadoing, as it was expressly said, that the mummies
were to be procured by the men who worked for the English. The
poor Sheik, who still could scarcely move, began to fear that he
should receive another beating; and we had just finished some
works at Carnak and Luxor, when, on the 3d of May, in the morning,
our gentleman made his appearance at Luxor on his return from
Derou. On landing, he came to see our collection of antiques, which
certainly formed no inconsiderable group. He made a remark or
two, that the head was a very fine piece, &c. and then, like a being
bewildered, ran here and there among the ruins, to seek for an-
tiquities, without knowing where he went. As he appeared to be
a little more disposed to hearken to what we had to say to him.

192 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

we complained of our situation ; stating to him, that in con-
sequence of what he had done to the Sheik on the other side of
the water, the Fellahs would not work, and that, although we had
brought strong letters of recommendation from the Bashaw himself,
we were without protection, exposed to the insolence of our op-
ponents, and every one else, who thought they might act as they
pleased towards us with impunity. He inquired if any one had
done us any injury ; and we informed him, that our interpreter had
been beaten by the Fellahs of Carnak, and that the Caimakan, after it
had been proved, said he could do nothing to the assailants, as he was
afraid of incurring the displeasure of the Bey. He next asked, if I
were displeased because he had beaten the Sheik of Gournou. I
said, it was not pleasant to see any one beaten without cause,
for the Sheik had had no dealings with us, had not sold us a
single article of antiquity ; but he might treat his own people as
he liked, for we had no business to interfere either with his orders, or
with them, so long as they were not injurious to us. He then
wished to know what we wanted. We said, that we wanted to be
respected, and to be allowed to proceed in our researches. We did
not wish to be treated with more favour than our opponents ; but
we were desirous of an order to the people of Gournou, that we
might purchase antiquities as well as others ; and a farther order
for the Cacheffs of Assouan and Ibrim, as we intended to ascend the
Nile ; with which he complied, and set off.

On our return to Luxor I found two of the fathers of the Pro-
paganda whom I had met with on my first journey from Redamont
to Luxor, and who were come to see the antiquities. As they had
treated me with civility on my journey, I felt it my duty to return
the obligation. Accordingly I went with them to all the places I
knew, and in particular to the tombs of the kings, the Memnonium,
Medinet Abou, Carnak, Luxor, &c. To me it was in general a source
of pleasure to show these things to strangers, to hear their remarks,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 193

and to observe their astonishment and satisfaction, after coming so
far to view what cannot be seen any where else ; at the same time no
vexation can be greater to a lover of antiqutiy, when, which is often
the case, he witnesses indifference even to what is most striking.
These two holy fathers had been in the country for about ten years,
and their place of residence was only at the distance of three days'
journey from Thebes ; yet they had never thought of taking the
trouble of such a journey during all that time, and probably never
would have done it, had it not been for my persuasion when I first
saw them. Such neglect of antiquities would be not a little pro-
voking to the travellers who come from London, Paris, Vienna, and
Petersburgh, to see these magnificent ruins. On arriving at the
first tombs through the entrance, which is truly magnificent, the
holy fathers, who had as much taste for antiquity as the animals
that brought them, complained of being very much fatigued, though
they had been carried by two very good asses. My attention was
on the alert for the first bursts of their astonishment ; but how
I was disappointed ! They dismounted without taking any more
notice of these magnificent places, than of a common building,
or of the cloister of a convent. They sent immediately for the boy
who had the bottle of aquavita?, and drank a glass each. I thought
they meant to take it easily, and to examine every thing minutely,
but I was soon undeceived, for the only observation they made was
on the name of a friend they happened to know, which was scrawled
on one of these sacred walls in charcoal. They expressed their
wonder how he had come thither, when he had been there, and so
on ; and although they were surrounded by Egyptian antiquities,
hieroglyphics, figures, fine paintings, &c. all their occupation was to
inspect the numerous other scrawls on the stones, to see whether
any more of their friends had been there. On our arrival at the
great hall, they could not help observing the immense sarcophagus

c c

194 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

that lies there, and immediately inquired whether the body were
still in it. On advancing a little farther, and perceiving it had been
emptied, they concluded there was nothing worth seeing, as there
were none of the kings' bodies to be found. At my request they
cast their eyes on the painting, otherwise they would have walked
out without knowing whether it were a tomb or a cellar : in the
mean time a friend of theirs, who not being quite so anxious as the
fathers to see these antiquities, had seated himself near the entrance,
as he cared not about coming any farther, was calling to the holy
friars to make haste, and wondered why they would waste so much
time in examining such things. It may easily be imagined, that
I was not only disappointed in the taste of my companions, but
also provoked at their indifference ; and as I saw there was no
remedy, I hurried them out of the tomb as fast as I could, to show
them another more magnificent, in hopes to have better success.
Accordingly I took them to see the most remarkable of the tombs,
and that which is reckoned the best. This tomb is truly grand ;
it is distinguished from the others not only by its excellent state of
preservation, but because it contains eight small cells cut in the
rock, in the first passage on each side of it, in which are painted a
multitude of articles used by the ancient Egyptians, such as imple-
ments of war, domestic and ceremonial dresses, decorations, musical
instruments, and in short all that was conducive to utility, ornament,
or convenience, in their time, so as to give perfect ideas of their
mode of living, &c. The ground is white, and the colours are so
lively and striking, that we cannot fail to wonder at them. Farther
on you pass tlu-ough a long gallery, painted with the most beautiful
hieroglyphics, in as good perfection as the former ; and in the great
hall lies an enormous sarcophagus, of one single piece of granite,
measuring ten feet long, five wide, six high, and six inches thick,
covered with hieroglyphics inside and out. This is one of the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 195

largest sarcophagi remaining in perfection at this day. There
are other apartments communicating with the great hall, all of
which deserve the attention of the traveller, for in them he sees
various groups of figures and hieroglyphics indicating the manner of
living, agriculture, &c. of the ancient inhabitants of the country.

On our entering I informed the fathers that this was the finest
tomb, and that it contained paintings of the implements and other
things of the ancients, which are very interesting. They passed the
first corridor with the same apathy as the first tomb, holding a
candle into each of the cells as they passed, and peeping in with
their heads, but without entering. The only thing that struck
their attention were the hasps on a little box, somewhat like those
which contain large flasks for liquors. On coming out I took the
road over the mountain, which is a little troublesome, but in a
few minutes it brings you to the summit, and then descends to
Medinet Abou. Having no better success here, I returned with
them to Luxor.

A strong wind that arose this day leads me to mention some
particulars of the phenomena that often happen in Egypt. The
first I shall notice is the whirlwinds, which occur all the year round,
but especially at the time of the camseen wind, which begins in
April, and lasts fifty days. Hence the name of camseen, which in
Arabic signifies fifty. It generally blows from the south-west, and
lasts four, five, or six days without varying, so very strong, that
it raises the sands to a great height, forming a general cloud, so
thick that it is impossible to keep the eyes open, if not under cover.
It is troublesome even to the Arabs ; it forces the sand into the
houses through every cranny, and fills every thing with it. The
caravans cannot proceed in the deserts ; the boats cannot continue
their voyages ; and travellers are obliged to eat sand in spite of
their teeth. The whole is like a chaos. Often a quantity of sand

c c 2

196 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and small stones gradually ascends to a great height and forms a
column sixty or seventy feet in diameter, and so thick, that were it
steady on one spot, it would appear a solid mass. This not only
revolves within its own circumference, but runs in a circular direction
over a great space of ground, sometimes maintaining itself in motion
for half an hour, and where it falls it accumulates a small lull of sand.
God help the poor traveller who is caught under it !

The next phenomenon is the mirage, often described by tra-
vellers, who assert having been deceived by it, as at a distance it
appears to them like water. This is certainly the fact, and I must
confess, that I have been deceived myself, even after I was aware of
it. The perfect resemblance to water, and the strong desire for this
element, made me conclude, in spite of all my caution not to be
deceived, that it was really water I saw. It generally appears like
a still lake, so unmoved by the wind, that every thing above is to be
seen most distinctly reflected by it, which is the principal cause of
the deception. If the wind agitate any of the plants that rise above
the horizon of the mirage, the motion is seen perfectly, at a great
distance. If the traveller stand elevated much above the mirage,
the apparent water seems less united and less deep, for, as the eyes
look down upon it, there is not thickness enough in the vapour on
the surface of the ground to conceal the earth from the sight.
But, if the traveller be on a level with the horizon of the mirage,
he cannot see through it, so that it appears to him clear water.
By putting my head first to the ground, and then mounting a
camel, the height of which from the ground might have been about
ten feet at the most, I found a great difference in the appearance of
the mirage. On approaching it, it becomes thinner, and appears as
if agitated by the wind, like a field of ripe corn. It gradually
vanishes as the traveller approaches, and at last entirely disappears
when he is on the spot.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 197

The third phenomenon is the locusts. These animals I have
seen in such clouds, that twice the number in the same space
would form an opaque mass, which would wholly intercept the rays
of the sun, and cause complete darkness. They alight on fields of
corn, or other vegetables, and in a few minutes devour their whole
produce. The natives make a great noise to frighten them away,
but in vain; and, by way of retaliation, they catch and eat them
when fried, considering them a dainty repast. They are something
like the grasshopper in form, about two inches in length. They
are generally of a yellow or gold colour, but there are some red and
some green.

To return to our proceedings at Luxor. By this time our
opponents were preparing to depart for Cairo, at which we rejoiced,
as we thought we should remain quite alone. We had written to
Cairo, informing Mr. Salt, the consul, of all that passed with the
Bey ; but indeed, unless a person is present at such occurrences, he
can feel no interest in them, nor understand the disgust they excite.
I had written also to Mr. Burckhardt on the subject, and from
his answer I perceived, that the Bey's conduct excited in him no
surprise.

When at last we thought we should remain alone, and pursue
our researches in peace, I made preparations for recommencing our
work at Gournou. After having in some measure persuaded the
Sheiks and the people of the place, that they would not incur the
displeasure of the Bey, as I had an order from himself, which per-
mitted them to work for us, and sell us antiques, it was agreed,
that all the Sheiks should meet in the morning, and hear the order
read. Accordingly, we assembled in the grotto, that usually serves
as a public place for strangers, and a sort of exchange for buying
and selling antiques. A great number of the Fellahs also came to
hear the firman, which the great man had written with his own

19S RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

hand ; and in consequence of the example that had recently been
made of their Sheik, they were very attentive. The firman had
been kept by our interpreter well secured in his pocket, as the
most mighty order that had ever been given ; and he often boasted
of having it in his possession. At last it was produced, and put
into the hands of the only person among the Sheiks who could read
it. He first perused it to himself, that he might read it fluently to
the assembly ; but had not gone far, when he turned towards me a
look of astonishment : however, he proceeded to the end, and then
asked me whether he should read it aloud to the assembly ; and
upon my answering in the affirmative, read nearly as follows :

" It is the will and pleasure of Hamed, the Defterdar Bey and
present ruler of Upper Egypt, that no Sheiks, Fellahs, or other
persons, shall from this moment sell any article of antiquity to the
English party, or work for them ; on the contrary, it is hereby
ordered, that every thing that may be found shall be sold to the
party of Mr. Drouetti ; and whoever disobeys this order will incur
the displeasure of the Bey."

I need not inform the reader how I felt on hearing tins
mandate, the very reverse of what the Bey had given me reason to
expect. Were I sure of not returning to Egypt again, I would
explain farther how this happened, and what means had been em-
ployed to influence the Bey : but as I do not know what fate may
attend my future proceedings, I shall say nothing on the subject
till the proper season, when this and many other things, of which
the world has not the smallest idea, shall be explained, and the
various intrigues be exposed to light, that were darkly carried on
against me by more than one description of persons.

Under the circumstances I have stated, we deemed it of no
use to attempt a renewal of our labours, and contented ourselves
with writing to Cairo, and entering on our intended journey to the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 199

island of Philoe. I had suggested to Mr. Salt, that, if he could
send us a supply of money, we would proceed to open the temple
of Ybsambul ; a project that was deemed nearly imaginary, a
castle in the air, as no one supposed any temple really existed
there. After having secured all our collection in one spot, and
built a mud wall round it, and covered it with earth, we left an
Arabian Sheik to guard it, and, on the 23d of May, set off for
Assouan.

As we intended to examine every thing on our return, we
went straight on, seeing scarcely any thing except Edfu and
Ombos. At Assouan, we took a general view of Elephantine, and
the other islands, and proceeded to Philoe, as our station to await
the answer to the letters we had sent from Luxor to Mr. Salt. On
our way, we took a good view of the cataract. One of the principal
falls at tins season is about thirty feet in length, forming an angle
of fifteen degrees. Small boats and cangiars can be drawn up or
down at all times of the year.

The prospect of the island of Philoe and its ruins is truly mag-
nificent, particularly at some distance, though it is extremely
barren. It is surrounded by rocks of granite in all directions,
forming part of the main land, and part of other islands. The
style of the hieroglyphics proves, that the edifice on it is of the
last era of the Egyptian nation : in my opinion, of the time of the
Ptolemies. There are reasons enough to remove all doubts of
this, if any were entertained : in particular, the peripteral temple,
supposed to have been at the landing-place at the east of the
island, is evidently of the last school, and not half finished. The
work of the columns is in a much lighter style than the old
Egyptian, evincing, if that nation had continued its existence, it
would have improved gradually ; and in due course of time, by
amalgamating the Grecian elegance with the vast and lofty mag-

200 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

nificence of its own works of art, would have formed an architecture
of which we have no idea, but, no doubt, most sublime. There are
other proofs that this temple is a more modern structure, formed
of the materials of an older edifice. In one of the columns, op-
posite the gate in the portico which leads to the sanctuary, there is
in the centre a stone, sculptured with hieroglyphics inverted ; and
another stone of this kind is to be seen in the same column on
the west side, near the ground. The whole ruins consist of two
temples, nearly united together. The small temple, dedicated to
Isis, is within the peristyle of the larger, which was dedicated,
I believe, to the same goddess, to Serapis, and to the rest of the
gods. The building faces the south, with a large portal or pro-
pylaeon, flanked by two porticoes or colonnades, the capitals of the
pillars of which are different from each other. At the entrance of
the first portal lies the obelisk of granite, thrown down, as men-
tioned before, its pedestal having a Greek inscription on it, which
is a complaint of the priests, addressed to Ptolemy and Cleopatra,
against the soldiers and the government of the place, and proves that
the Egyptian priests had no influence in the government at that
period. The inscription was discovered by an English traveller,
Mr. Banks, who, not having time to dig it out, left it, and Mr.
Eeechey took a copy of it. Part of another obelisk and pedestal
are to be seen in the mud wall opposite. There are also two lions,
of granite, which were at the sides of the stairs formed by four
steps, that must have been in this situation, as I observed, that
the bases of the colonnades are lower than the bases of the
propyla?a.

After passing the first portal is the entrance to the pronaos ; on
the west of which is the small temple of Isis, surrounded by square
pillars, with the head of the goddess as the capital. The inner part
consists of three apartments : the portico, the cella, and the ady-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 201

turn. The hieroglyphics on it are nearly perfect, but almost co-
vered with mud, as it has served as a Greek chapel. On the east of
the pronaos is a gallery with several cells, no doubt for the use
of the priests ; and the north is the second portal, covered with
colossal figures like the first. On passing this we come to the por-
tico, which is reckoned the most perfect and beautiful part of this
building. The hieroglyphics are entire and highly painted, as are
the capitals of the columns, which are ten in number. The figures
on the wall of this portico are all divided into several groups, form-
ing compartments of five feet high ; those on the columns forming
the ornaments of this hall are highly beautiful. There are other
ruins on the west of the island, which formed the entrance into the
temple by the water-side ; and on the north-east are the remains
of three arches made by the Romans. Here must have been the
landing-place to the island. The middle arch has fallen down.
On the key-stones the words " sanctum, sanctum, sanctum," are
cut ; affording clear evidence, that this island served as a holy seat
not only to the Egyptians and Greeks, but also to the Romans.
There are palpable marks of the whole temple having been fitted
up for Christian worship. The walls are covered with mud, to
hide the hieroglyphics on them ; and some figures peculiar to the
Christian religion were painted on this ; but time uncovered the
hieroglyphics again, as the mud lost its hold in several places. At
the back of the temple, or on the north side of it, are the founda-
tions of a building that served for a Greek church, and was formed
of the stones from the ruins of the other buildings, as is obvious from
the hieroglyphics on them. I cannot avoid observing, that this
island is the most superb group of ruins I ever beheld together in
so small a space of ground. The whole island, which is not more
than a thousand feet in length, and less than five hundred in
breadth, is richly covered with ruins ; and being detached from the

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202 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

other barren islands which surround it at some distance, has a very
superb appearance. On the island to the west of Philce are the
remains of a small temple, which has also served for Christian pur-
poses. There are but few hieroglyphics to be seen, and the remains
of two sitting figures in granite much mutilated. On the south of
this temple is a burying-ground, so much like that of Gournou
that I was led to suppose it may have been the burying-place of the
inhabitants of Philoe, though there are other tombs in the mountains
on the east of the island.

During our stay in Philce I made a model in wax of the
portico of the great temple. The beautiful capitals and other
ornaments of the columns induced me to do this. It was the
month of May, and the heat was so great, that wax incorporated
with resin could scarcely be kept in a mass of sufficient solidity to
be reduced into form. The thermometer stood as high as 124°
of Fahrenheit ; but the mercury had risen to the top of the glass,
so that we could not judge what degree it would have reached
had the tube been longer.

An Arab now arrived from Cairo with a letter from Mr. Salt.
He had performed his journey in eighteen days, all by land. The
letter brought us a supply of money ; and, to my great satisfac-
tion, Mr. Salt complied with my wishes of opening the temple of
Ybsambul, which I had so often suggested to him ; and I must
give him much credit for risking the expense of such an under-
taking, the uncertainty of which would have deterred most people
from doing it, particularly as he himself entertained strong doubts
of the existence of a temple there ; for he said, in the same letter,
that he thought we should find no entrance, but that it would turn
out to be like some of the mausoleums round the pyramids.

A few days previous to this the two captains, Irby and Mangles,
had arrived in the island. They were going up the Nile, as far

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 203

as the second cataract, and as there was some difficulty in ob-
taining two boats, we made a joint party, and contented ourselves
with one only. We had to send our interpreter to Esne for
provision, nothing being to be had at Assouan. The fourth of
June arrived, and our jolly companions, Captains Irby and Mangles,
proposed to commemorate the birth-day of his Majesty George
III. Accordingly we took an old flag we had in the boat, and
planted it on the highest propylaeon in the island. At noon we
brought out all our fire-arms, and went through the regular salute
of twenty-one guns. Having only five, we had to load them
again immediately after being fired ; and from the heat of the fire
and that of the sun, the barrels soon became so hot, that we could
not touch them with our hands. At night we repeated our re-
joicings, and frightened all the natives round, who could not
imagine why we wasted so much powder without killing somebody.
However, it convinced them, I believe, that we were well pre-
pared in case it should be requisite to make our defence. The next
day Mrs. Belzoni arrived from Cairo, a voyage which she performed
accompanied only by the Irish lad, James. I could not contrive
to take her higher up the Nile with us, as we had only one boat ;
and therefore left her in the island till our return. The account of
her stay there will be given by herself.

On the 16th of June we left the island of Philce. Our company
consisted of Captains Irby and Mangles, Mr. Beechey, and myself;
two servants, and Mahomed, a soldier sent to us by Mr. Salt. On
our voyage up we had much trouble with our crew, who were five
men and three boys, all of one family.

On our arrival at Ybsambul, opposite Deir, we found that the
Cacheffs were not there, but at Tomas. We sent an express to inform
them, that we were to open the temple, and meanwhile we proceeded
to the second cataract. Previous to our arrival at Wady Haifa we

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204 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

followed the west side of the Nile, as far as we could go with the boat,
and then landed, and walked three or four miles to the Kock Upsir ;
for as I had seen such beautiful views there on my first voyage, when
the water was high, I wished to see how they appeared at this season
and to show them to my companions. I found them not so in-
teresting as the first time ; the islands did not appear so numerous ;
nor did the water form those foaming eddies, which so finely in-
terspersed the views with white and green. Notwithstanding this,
the whole was very grand, and I was gratified in seeing it again.

Having returned to our boat, we passed the night on the same
side of the river. The next morning we crossed the water, and
entered into an inlet of the Nile, where we moored our boat near
the village of Wady Haifa. The crew took it into their heads to
extort money from us by force, for which purpose they landed, and
said we might return by ourselves if we liked. They knew we could
not effect this without some difficulty, as the boat was surrounded
by sand banks. We had intended to proceed by land to see the
cataract on the east side, as I had done the year before, but under
the present circumstances we deemed it imprudent to leave the boat,
lest all we had in it should be plundered ; for the crew had collected
several of the natives, who were apparently disposed to aid them in
their undertakings. We would not give up to them, and they
protested that they would not come on board, unless we first gave
them some money. We then took the resolution to try what we
could do ourselves, but it was more in appearance than reality, for
we never could have got the boat out of that place. However,
the appearance of our attempt to strike the sail, which must be done
to fall down the river with the current, had the intended effect ; for
these fellows immediately sent one of the crew to a parley. We
told him, if they took the boat out into the middle of the river, we
would give them a bakshis, but not till then. This was agreed on,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 205

and at last, after losing the whole day in this business, we returned
toward Ybsambul. During this day the natives came to examine
every tiling we had on board ; but they perceived that we were
too well armed for them, and quite ready for defence in case of
necessity.

On our reaching Ybsambul we found that no answer had been
sent from Mosmos. We waited three days, and on the fourth a
messenger arrived on a camel. He said he came to see whether I
were the same person, from the English consul, who was there the
preceding year and wished to open the temple. On recognizing
me, he returned immediately.

Three days after the two Cacheffs appeared, and took up their
abode in small huts made of rushes, on a sandy bank of the river.
We waited on their highnesses, and were well received, as we were
much respected for what we might bring with us. We presented
Daoud Cacheff with a fine gun, powder and ball, a shawl some soap,
and some tobacco. Tins distinction unfortunately caused a jealousy
between the two brothers. Khalil considered himself his brother's
equal since the absence of his father. I was not aware of this, as the
first year he was merely an attendant on his brother Daoud. He was
in a terrible rage, and informed us, that he was as great a man as his
brother. We told him, that we would give him one of our guns ; but
our endeavours to appease him were all to no purpose. We passed
the whole day without knowing our fate. Daoud kindly insisted
that we should stop and dine with him ; but I declined it on account
of his brother's not being there, who had retired to his hut. He
went over to bring him to dinner, but in vain. I then went myself
to speak to him, and after much ado, I succeeded in making peace
with this great potentate. He took one of our guns, and some
powder and ball ; and it was concluded, that we should begin to
work in the morning with thirty men.

206 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

In the morning the men appeared rather late, but we recom-
menced the work at the temple with much enthusiasm and good
hopes. I perceived the necessity of drawing the sand from the
sides of the door, so that it might run off from the centre ; toward
which, on the contrary, if the sand were taken from the centre, that
from the sides would continually run. The enterprising Count de
Forbin, who never was within five hundred miles at least of the
place, judged that the sand might have been easily thrown into the
river. I wish he had been there once in his life, and then he might
have seen, whether it were such a trifle as he represents it. It was
a mass of sand accumulated by the winds for many centuries, and
to have had it removed, and thrown into the river, would have been
an undertaking, that all the people the adjacent country afforded
could not have effected in twelve months. I was contented to
make it my principal object to reach the door, as the most speedy
means of entering the temple.

This day I divided the men into two parties, and stationed one
on each side of the colossal figure that stood over the entrance.
They worked pretty well, but were so few that the little sand
they removed could scarcely be perceived. Seeing that it would
be a very tedious business that way, in the evening I made a
proposal to the Cacheff to pay three hundred piastres for opening
the temple, which was agreed to by the Cacheff and the working
men. They continued their labour for three days with much
ardour, for they supposed they could finish it in that time, as their
number was increased to eighty by order of the Cacheff; but on the
evening of the third day there was as little prospect of seeing the
door as on the first. They got tired at last, and under the pretext
that the Kamadan was to commence on the next day, they left us with
our temple, the sand, and the treasure, and contented themselves
with keeping the three hundred piastres, which were partly paid to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 207

them previously to their beginning, and partly on the third day.
During this time the Cacheffs dined with us. Our mess was in
company with them and all their followers. Our banquet consisted
of a small piece of mutton, the water in which it was stewed, some
bread, and a little butter or fat. No sooner was the dinner set on
the ground, than a scramble took place. Every one crowded round
the earthen bowl : the CachefF was the first to dip in his hand, and
immediately the rest followed his example. We four, the two
Captains Irby and Mangles, Mr. Beechy, and myself, contrived to
keep as close together as possible, that we might all eat out of the
same side of the dish, and by this means have some chance of a
cleaner meal. The CachefF seeing that we stood no chance against
his people, who at last plunged their hands into the dish from all
quarters, politely picked out the most fleshy parts from the bowl,
which he distinguished from the bones by a squeeze with his hand,
placed them on the sleeve of his gown, and then continued to
eat till the bowl was nearly emptied. When all had done eating,
he presented each of us with a piece of the fleshy parts he had
reserved as a compliment, which we gladly devoured, as there was
no other chance of our having a morsel to eat till the next
morning.

This day being the first of Ramadan, the Fellahs could not
work, but they could feast according to their holy law ; for, though
they know very little of religion, they keep their own festivals as
correctly and as regularly as an European. The next day again
nobody came near us, and the two Cacheffs Daoud and Khalil
went away.

From that time we took the resolution to work at the sand
ourselves. We were only six, but the crew offered their services,
and thus our party amounted to fourteen in all. Finding that one
of us did as much work as in the proportion of one to five of the

208 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Barabra, we were well satisfied, and resolved to continue. We rose
every morning at the dawn of day, and left off two hours and half
after sunrise. Our perseverance and independence drew some of
the peasants, to offer their services, which we accepted; but as
many of them were from the opposite side of the Nile, they could
not agree with those of Ybsambul, and there was a perpetual
warfare between them ; besides, from jealousy, they increased to
such a number, that we could not employ them all, which gave rise
to fresh disputes, so that we resolved to dismiss them all, and con-
tinue the work by ourselves. They still persisted in offering their
services to what number we pleased ; but we saw it would not
prevent their having quarrels and fighting every day, and we there-
fore refused their offer.

One day we observed a boat on the opposite side of the Nile
steering toward us, and as it approached we perceived, that it was
filled with well armed men. After the Cacheffs of Ybsambul left
us, there was a man of that village, who, in spite of their orders,
still remained with us, and occasionally helped us in the work. His
name was Musmar, which in English signifies nail. Mr. Nail was
a great man ; told us wonderful stories of his astonishing courage ;
gave us to understand, that, when the Bedoweens from the Desert
attacked the village of Ybsambul he was the first to resist them ;
and vaunted, that he was not afraid of any man in the world. We
were of course charmed at having such a gallant knight with us.
On the approach of the boat he seemed agitated, and was very
anxious to know who the people were. While they were at a
distance, he said no one dared come where he was. When they
were nearer, and he might see distinctly who they were, he could not
conceive what they wanted on this side of the water. As soon as
they had nearly reached the shore, still pretending he was unable to
guess who they could be, he would ascend the mountain to observe

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 209

them better. With this lie took to his heels, and ran off as fast as
he could scamper. The men landed, and ascended the hill of sand
where we were. We seized our arms, for this is the only way to be
respected by these gentry. They approached. — The first was an
elderly man, who had strong traits of resolution in his countenance.
He held out his hand, which I immediately shook according to the
custom of the country. They were the Cacheffs of Ibrim, father
and son. They seated themselves on the sand, and the others
stood.

They appeared in greater style than our sovereigns of Ybsambul,
and had more swords and fire-arms. We were pleased to find them
friends, particularly as we knew they were at war with Hassan
CachefF and his sons Daoud and Khalil. I perceived their disap-
pointment, for our attire did not bespeak riches. Besides, seeing
us at work like labourers, they concluded we were but poor people.
They told us they were afraid of Mahomed Ah, Bashaw of Egypt,
and presented us with two small and meager sheep. I was not
pleased at this, for I knew how the politeness of such gifts always
ends : we returned this civility by paying the servant who brought
the sheep twice as much as they were worth, and told the
Cacheffs, that we were sorry we had nothing to give them, as we
had exhausted every thing, but that we should recollect them
on our return to the country. They said, they did not come
thither to have any thing from us, and hoped on our return to Cairo
we would speak to the Bashaw in their favour. We answered, we
could not say any thing against them, as they never did us any
harm, or ever saw us before. Soon after they rose, and we gave
them the usual salute, but they said they were going to see the
small temple below. Our interpreter followed them, as the boat was
near that place ; and when they reached the temple they took him
aside, and told him, that they were the masters of the country ; if

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210 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the other Cacheffs killed one man, they killed two; they could
stop, or let us proceed on our works, as well as the other Cacheffs,
for they were more powerful ; adding, they knew we gave guns,
powder, shot, soap, and tobacco to the others — therefore they
expected we should do more for them, as they were superior, and
we might expect the consequences of refusing to comply with their
demands. At such proceedings I thought we were in as bad a
situation as ever respecting our works at the temple, for we had
nothing left to give these people. Accordingly we sent them an
answer, that we had nothing for them at present, but that they
might depend on our words, that we would bring them something
on our future visit to Nubia. They replied, we had no business to
come into the country without written orders directed to them, as
they were the true masters of it. We informed them we had a
firman from the Bashaw, and sent our interpreter with it to show
it them. They opened it, and looking at it said they could not
understand one word in it; besides it was not for them, and
therefore was good for nothing, and even if we had one, it would be
to no purpose, unless it was accompanied with presents of more
value than we had given to the other Cacheffs. While all this
was passing, the great potentates and their honourable followers
walked towards their boat, and hinted, that we must think on the
business while they were going to the village of Ybsambul.

We left off work at our usual time, and resumed our labour in
the afternoon, expecting that we should have some interruption
in our proceedings ; but on the next day to our astonishment we
heard, that the great men were off at night. We continued our
operations regularly, and in the course of a few days more we per-
ceived a rough projection from the wall, which indicated apparently
that the work was unfinished, and no door to be found there. At
this the hopes of some of our party began to fail ; nevertheless we

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 211

persevered in our exertions, and three days after we discovered a
broken cornice, the next day the torus, and of course the frize
under, which made us almost sure of finding the door the next day ;
accordingly I erected a palisade, to keep the sand up, and to my
utmost satisfaction saw the upper part of the door as the evening
approached. We dug away enough sand to be able to enter that
night, but supposing there might be some foul air in the cavity, we
deferred this till the next morning.

Early in the morning of the 1st of August we went to the
temple in high spirits, at the idea of entering a newly discovered
place. We endeavoured as much as we could to enlarge the
entrance ; but our crew did not accompany us as usual. On the
contrary, it appeared that they intended to hinder us as much as
lay in their power ; for when they saw, that we really had found the
door, they wished to deter us from availing ourselves of it : the
attempt however failed. They then pretended, that they could not
stop any longer with the boat in that place, and if we did not go
on board immediately, they would set off with her and leave us.
On our refusal they knelt on the ground, and threw sand over their
faces, saying, that they would not stop an instant. The fact was,
they had promised to the Cacheffs to play some trick to interrupt
our proceedings, in case we should come to the door. But even all
this would not do. We soon made the passage wider, and entered
the finest and most extensive excavation in Nubia, one that can
stand a competition with any in Egypt, except the tomb newly
discovered in Beban el Malook.

From what we could perceive at the first view, it was evidently
a very large place ; but our astonishment increased, when Ave found
it to be one of the most magnificent of temples, enriched with
beautiful intaglios, painting, colossal figures, &c. We entered at
first into a large pronaos, fifty-seven feet long and fifty-two wide,

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212 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

supported by two rows of square pillars, in a line from the front door
to the door of the sekos (See Plate 43). Each pillar has a figure, not
unlike those at Medinet Aboo, finely executed, and very little injured
by time. The tops of their turbans reach the ceiling, winch is about
thirty feet high : the pillars are five feet and a half square. Both
these and the walls are covered with beautiful hieroglyphics, the
style of which is somewhat superior, or at least bolder, than that of
any others in Egypt, not only in the workmanship, but also in the
subjects. They exhibit battles, storming of castles, triumphs over the
Ethiopians, sacrifices, &c. In some places is to be seen the same hero
as at Medinet Aboo, but in a different posture. Some of the columns
are much injured by the close and heated atmosphere, the temperature
of which was so hot, that the thermometer must have risen to above
a hundred and thirty degrees. The second hall is about twenty-
two feet high, thirty-seven wide, and twenty-five and a half long.
It contains four pillars about four feet square ; and the walls of tins
also are covered with fine hieroglyphics in pretty good preservation.
Beyond this is a shorter chamber, thirty-seven feet wide, in which
is the entrance into the sanctuary. At each end of this chamber is
a door, leading into smaller chambers in the same direction with
the sanctuary, each eight feet by seven. The sanctuary is twenty-
three feet and a half long, and twelve feet wide. It contains a
pedestal in the centre, and at the end four colossal sitting figures,
the heads of which are in good preservation, not having been
injured by violence. On the right side of this great hall, entering
into the temple, are two doors, at a short distance from each other,
winch lead into two long separate rooms, the first thirty-eight feet ten
inches in length, and eleven feet five inches wide ; the other forty-
. eight feet seven inches, by thirteen feet three. At the end of the
first are several unfinished hieroglyphics, of which some, though
merely sketched, give fine ideas of their manner of drawing. At

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 213

the lateral corners of the entrance into the second chamber from
the great hall is a door, each of which leads into a small chamber
twenty-two feet six inches long, and ten feet wide. Each of these
rooms has two doors leading into two other chambers, forty-three
feet in length, and ten feet eleven inches wide. There are two
benches in them, apparently to sit on. The most remarkable subjects
in this temple are, 1st, a group of captive Ethiopians, in the western
corner of the great hall : 2d, the hero killing a man with his spear,
another lying slain under his feet, on the same western Avail : 3d,
the storming of a castle, in the western corner from the front door.
The outside of this temple is magnificent. It is a hundred and
seventeen feet wide, and eighty-six feet high ; the height from the
top of the cornice to the top of the door being sixty-six feet six
inches, and the height of the door twenty feet. There are four
enormous sitting colossi, the largest in Egypt or Nubia, except the
great Sphinx at the pyramids, to which they approach in the pro-
portion of near two-thirds. From the shoulder to the elbow they
measure fifteen feet six inches ; the ears three feet six inches ; the
face seven feet ; the beard five feet six inches ; across the shoulders
twenty-five feet four inches ; their height is about fifty-one feet, not
including the caps, which are about fourteen feet. There are only
two of these colossi in sight, one is still buried under the sand, and
the other, which is near the door, is half fallen down, and buried also.
On the top of the door is a colossal figure of Osiris twenty feet
high, with two colossal hieroglyphic figures, one on each side,
looking towards it. On the top of the temple is a cornice with
hieroglyphics, a torus and frize under it. The cornice is six feet
wide, the frize is four feet. Above the cornice is a row of sitting
monkeys eight feet high, and six across the shoulders. They are
twenty-one in number. This temple was nearly two-thirds buried
under the sand, of which we removed thirty-one feet before we came

214 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

to the upper part of the door. It must have had a very fine landing-
place, which is now totally buried under the sand. It is the last
and largest temple excavated in the solid rock in Nubia or Egypt,
except the new tomb. It took twenty-two days to open it, beside
six days last year. We sometimes had eighty men at work, and
sometimes only our own personal exertions, the party consisting of
Mr. Beechey, Captains Irby and Mangles, myself, two servants, and
the crew, eleven in all, and three boys. It is situated under a rock
about a hundred feet above the Nile, facing the south-east by east,
and about one day and a half's journey from the second cataract in
Nubia, or Wady Haifa.

The heat was so great in the interior of the temple, that it scarcely
permitted us to take any drawings, as the perspiration from our
hands soon rendered the paper quite wet. Accordingly, we left this
operation to succeeding travellers, who may set about it with more
convenience than we could, as the place will become cooler. Our
stock of provision was so reduced, that the only food we had for the
last six days was dhourra, boiled in water without salt, of which we
had none left. The Cacheffs had given orders to the people not to
sell us any kind of food whatever, hoping that we might be driven
away by hunger. But there was an Abady, who lived in the village,
and as he was of a different tribe, he was not so much afraid of
disobeying the Cacheffs. He sometimes came at night, and brought
us milk ; but he was at last detected, and prevented from bringing
any more.

Great credit is due to Mr. Beechey, and the two Captains, for
their laborious exertions in assisting me in the above operation. I
must not omit to mention, that, in the temple, we found two lions
with hawks' heads, the body as large as life ; a small sitting figure,
and some copper work belonging to the doors.

We left Ybsambul on the 4th of August, and did not stop at

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 215

Ibrim, as we had seen it before. On passing Tomas, a village on
the western banks of the Nile, we were told, that Daoud Cacheff
was there. We found he was ready to receive us, and came him-
self on board, entreating vis to go on shore, which we did, though
not without hesitation, as he had not behaved well to us. He
wished us to stop all night, and attempted to be very civil. We
stated to him, that we had not been well treated by the people
of Ybsambul ; to which he replied, hastily, that he knew no-
thing of the matter. But how could he be ignorant of it, when
one of his men, who came to see us at work, and inquired whether
we atqst-one, was at that moment standing by his side, as well as
others, whom we recognized to have been of the party, and who
came there to raise a disturbance ? Perceiving we knew what he
had done to us, he attempted to make vis amends, presenting us
with a sheep and a basket of bread ; and on quitting the place, I
received a present from his wife for Mrs. Belzoni, of a milch goat, two
small baskets, and a carpet made of palm leaves. I gave in return
two pair of Turkish women's boots, and two small looking-glasses.

On our arrival at Deir, we met Khalil Cacheff, .who crossed the
Nile in a boat, and hailed vis, saying he would return to us very
soon. By this time it was quite dark, and we went to see the
temple immediately with candles, as we hoped to set off early in
the morning, and avoid meeting such a sincere friend. On our
return, we attempted to procure some provision, but it was too late
at night. Abovit ten o'clock, Khalil returned, but we were asleep.
Early in the morning we were told, that he had sent us some aqua
vitae and a lamb. We were sorry for this, as it retarded vis. Some
time after he came on board, accompanied by his party. We re-
turned him thanks for what we had received, but told him, that
we could not give him any thing in return, as we were destitute

216 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

ourselves, and that at Ybsambul we had lived on boiled dhourra
for several days, as the peasants had refused to sell us any thing to
eat. We knew very well that all this was done by his order, but
he pretended, like his brother, not to know any thing of it. We
did not think proper to say much, as we wished to be gone, and
leave these affectionate friends on peaceful terms. At last, after
examining our boat, and the strange figure we had found in the
temple, he with great sorrow quitted us, and we set off imme-
diately. It is to be remarked, that all his civility was out of
opposition to his brother Daoud, in hopes that we should bring
him something on our coming up again ; for it was plain to be seen,
that it was all forced politeness.

The temple at Deir is in a very ruinous state. I saw but one
or two figures entire : the fragments of the rest indicate, that it
was dedicated to Osiris. There was a portico, with sixteen pillars,
twelve of which are fallen down. It has a chamber, and a sanctuary,
with two small chambers, one on each side.

In about two hours we arrived at Almeida, the ruins of a small
temple on the north of the Nile. The river there takes its course
from north-west to south-east. It is a small temple, and has served
for a Greek chapel. The hieroglyphics are pretty well finished,
but nearly covered with plaster by the Greeks. There are other
apartments, of unburnt bricks, which served as a monastery to the
works. Toward evening we arrived at Seboua. The ruins of the
temple here I have described before.

Four days more brought us down to El Kalabshe. We landed,
to visit the temple ; but the Fellahs, seeing our boat at some
distance, gathered together at the entrance to the temple, deter-
mined that we should not go in, unless we first paid them for
leave. We were accordingly stopped, and money was demanded.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 217

We refused to comply, but promised, that, if they would let us in,
we would give them a bakshis afterward. As this did not satisfy
them, and they behaved in a very insolent manner, we were return-
ing to our boat, when our soldier said, that he would remember
them. On this their daggers were instantly drawn, and his gun
was seized. A scuffle took place, which gave us something to do
to rescue the gun from the one who had taken it from the soldier,
and was endeavouring to decamp with it. On our approaching
the boat, some of them, perceiving our indifference whether we
saw the temple or not, came to offer to let us enter, while others
were of a different opinion ; but, as we had seen the temple be-
fore, we did not think it worth our while to venture to force our
way into it. While all this was going on at the temple, others
attacked the boat ; but, as our people were armed with pistols and
guns, they retreated. One man entered the boat with a drawn
sword, but was turned out.

Having left El Kalabshe, we passed by Taffa, but could not
land there, as the narrow passage of the Nile did not permit us to
approach the shore. There are two small temples at Taffa, which
I had seen before. One consists of a single chamber, and two
columns, one of which is not finished. The other has some few
hieroglyphics in a good style : it serves as a stable for sheep and
cows. We arrived the same evening at Hindau, where we saw an
extensive wall, apparently made to enclose a vast building, or pro-
bably more than one. There are the remains of a portal on the
north side, and a great quantity of ruins within. Coming down,
we saw several quarries and ruins ; in one of which is a door cut in
the rock in the Egyptian style, and a number of Greek inscriptions,
written, I suppose, by some Greek workmen, and which I think serve
to prove that the Greeks procured stones from this place. We ob-
served the remains of a temple, of which six columns are standing,

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218 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

beautifully adorned with the lotus and other emblematic devices of
the Egyptians. Farther down there is another column standing

alone.

In a few hours we arrived at Debod. This temple has a portico
and a sekos, which leads into the cella, at each side of which is a
small chamber. In the portico also are two chambers, and a stair-
case leading to the top. There are a few hieroglyphics ; and in the
sekos are two monolite temples of granite. In the porch of the
building are three portals, one before another. The whole build-
ing is surrounded by a wall. On the water-side is a quay, with an
entrance toward the temple.

We arrived on the same day at the island of Philoe : Mrs. Eel-
zoni went to Assouan by land, and we resolved to pass the cataract
in the boat in which we came. The barbarians made objections and
took some advantage, but they will do any thing for money. Ac-
cordingly we set off from the island, and began to take our course
gradually among the rapids and rocks of the Shellal. As we advanced,
we expected every moment to arrive at the spot where the great fall
is ; but having passed over several rapids, one, in particular, a little
stronger, but not more extraordinary than are seen in other rivers, we
were agreeably surprised to find, that in less than an hour we were out
of all danger. I have seen the great cataract on the west side when
the water is low ; and its fall was then, in length, about six hundred
yards, forming an angle of thirty or thirty-five degrees, divided by
the interspersed rocks into various branches. On our arrival at
Assouan we prepared immediately for our departure ; but mean-
while we visited the island of Elephantine once more, and in the
evening went to see the column with the Latin inscription, which I
discovered in the mountain of Assouan. We had some difficulty
to find it again, as the guide conducted us by another road, dif-
ferent from that which I took the first time. Next day we left

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 219

that place ; and as the current of the Nile (it being now near its
height) was very strong, we reached Thebes in three days.

On our passage we visited Edfu once more ; and, farther down,
we landed at Elethias, and took a cursory view of its ruins and
grottoes. There is a high thick wall of unburnt bricks, which sur-
rounds the whole town. It is a square enclosure of six hundred
and seventy yards. We saw the ruins of three or four temples.
One appears to have been very extensive ; but only six columns
of the portico remain (See Plate 41), and part of the sekos of
another. This town was formerly much more extensive than it
is at present, as appears by its ruins. I observed part of the
walls of ancient buildings at some distance from the great wall
which surrounds the town. Among the ruins of the largest temple
I noticed part of a large sphinx of white marble, with the head of a
woman and body of a lion. There were also fragments of several
statues, and other ornaments of the temple, part of which are co-
vered by its own ruins. On the east of this temple was a small
lake, or rather tank, which perhaps was a public bath, as we may
likewise presume of those near the temple in Carnak ; but at pre-
sent there is no water in it. On the west of the town is another
building, of a later date, which extends from the great wall to the
river. There are many ruins of houses with arches, but the walls
are inferior in point of size. The remains of a pier or landing-
place are visible when the water is low ; and it appeared to me, that
there had been a causeway from the stair at the water-side to the
temple.

The country round the town is pretty flat, and extends above a
mile from the Nile to the mountains. It must have been all cul-
tivated and fertile, as the few spots that are now in cultivation are
very productive. Some excellent grapes are produced in this

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220 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

place ; and it is to be remarked, that, from the representations in
the grottoes or sepulchres in the mountains, the dressing of vines
appears to have formed one of the chief occupations of the people.
The sepulchres in these rocks are numerous, and several are much
on the same plan as those of Gournou. Some contain various agri-
cultural representations ; from which may be formed a more exact
idea of their manner of living than I have seen any where else.
The figures and colours are in pretty good preservation. I cannot
say, however, that they can boast of any great perfection in their
sculpture ; and it is evident that the dead deposited in those places
must have been husbandmen. I am of opinion that this town had
a communication with the Red Sea ; my reason for which I shall
state hereafter.

One mile to the north of the town is a small peripteral temple,
situated in the midst of an extensive plain, now covered with sand,
but which evidently was once cultivated. The rock in which the
tombs are cut forms a solitary hill, that commands the surrounding
country. From its summit I could see an extensive plain of sand,
extending north and south of the town nine or ten miles along the
banks of the Nile, and a mile and a half in breadth from the river
to the foot of the mountain. When the whole of this land was
cultivated, it must have produced provisions sufficient for a town of
considerable importance. Three miles to the north of Elethias the
rocks reach close to the Nile. There is a village named El Khab,
which includes the whole of the above-mentioned land, with the
ruins of Elethias.

On our arrival at Luxor we took up our former abode in the sekos
of the temple, and found ourselves at home again ; for Thebes was
now become quite familiar to me. We received letters from Mr.
Salt, by which we learned that he was purposing to ascend the Nile.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 221

The two Captains, Irby and Mangles, set off for Cairo, Mr. Beechey
began to take drawings of the different places, and I recommenced
my researches.

At Gournou I found two more agents of Mr. Drouetti busied in
digging the ground in all directions, and who had been tolerably
successful in their researches for mummies. These agents were of
a different cast from the two Copts who had been there before.
Both of them were Piedmontese. One a renegado who had deserted
from the French army when in Egypt, and entered the service of
the Bashaw ; the other had left Piedmont after the fall of the late
government. I did not like to begin my work in any place near
these people, and therefore gave up the idea of prosecuting my re-
searches in Gournou. It was fortunate for me I did so, and from
that time I made the valley of Beban el Malook the scene of my
researches, which is completely separated from Gournou by the chain
of mountains, that divides Thebes from the valley. I went to this
plain quite alone, and spent the whole day in making observations,
the result of which confirmed me in the opinion, that there was a
sufficient prospect to encourage me to commence my work.

It will be recollected, that, when we left Thebes for the island
of Philce, we could not obtain any labourers, in consequence of the
orders of the Bey. Supposing the same would be the case at this
time, I sought the Cacheff of Erments, to obtain an order to allow
the men to work. I found that the old Cacheff had fallen into
disgrace with the Defterdar Bey, and was displaced and gone ; con-
sequently I applied to the Cacheff of Ghous, who had become ruler
over the great city of a hundred gates. He was well aware, that to
allow us to engage men to work would not please the Defterdar Bey ;
but reflecting on the firman we had from the Bashaw himself, and the
barefaced distinction made in favour of the opposite party, who had
many men at work, he could not well refuse me a small number of

222 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Arabs. I accordingly obtained from him a firman to the Sheiks of
Gournou, to furnish me with twenty men, with whom I began my
operations in the valley above mentioned. Here I entered upon an
undertaking, that appeared rather presumptuous, when I recollected,
that many travellers had been there, and many had inquired as to
the possibility of discovering more tombs, than were already known,
even from the time of Herodotus and Strabo. The former speaks
of the tombs as being above forty in number. In the time of Strabo
not half so many were known to exist. Having found by experience,
that the reports of ancient authors are not always to be depended
upon, particularly when they speak from hearsay, I put them out
of the account, and proceeded entirely on my own judgment to
search for the tombs of the monarchs of Thebes.

I began in the valley to the westward of Beban el Malook, near
the same place where I discovered the tomb the year before. Here
I must acquaint my reader, that the only guide I had in these dis-
coveries was the knowledge I had acquired in the continued
researches for tombs I made in Gournou. In these I found, that
the Egyptians had a particular manner of forming the entrance into
their tombs, which gave me many leading ideas to the discovery of
them. Besides, the supposition that many of these tombs must have
been buried under the stones and rubbish, which continually fall
from the upper parts of the mountains, the great quantity of ma-
terials cut out of the tomb accumulated in considerable heaps in dif-
ferent parts of the valley, might give various suggestions of the spots
where the entrance to the tombs was to be found, as is justly ob-
served by Mr. Hamilton. But all these striking reasons it appears
were insufficient to lead any traveller to persevere in the attempt,
or to make the attempt at all ; and indeed it would have been the
same with me, had I not been acquainted with a more secure mode
of proceeding.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 223

After a long survey of the western valley, I could observe only one
spot, that presented the appearance of a tomb. Accordingly, I set
the men to work near a hundred yards from the tomb which I dis-
covered the year before ; and when they had got a little below the
surface, they came to some large stones, which had evidently been
put there by those who closed the tomb. Having removed these
stones, I perceived the rock had been cut on both sides, and found
a passage leading downwards. I could proceed no farther that
day, as the men were much fatigued, and we had more than four
miles to return to Thebes. The next day we resumed our labour,
and in a few hours came to a well-built Avail of stones of various
sizes. The following day I caused a large pole to be brought, and
by means of another small piece of palm-tree laid across the en-
trance, I made a machine not unlike a battering-ram. The walls
resisted the blows of the Arabs for some time, as they were not
Romans, nor had the pole the ram's head of bronze at its end ;
but they contrived to make a breach at last, and in the same way
the opening was enlarged. We immediately entered, and found
ourselves on a staircase, eight feet wide and ten feet high, at the
bottom of which were four mummies, in their cases, lying flat on
the ground, with their heads toward the outside. Farther on were
four more, lying in the same direction. The cases were all painted,
and one had a large covering thrown over it, exactly like the pall
upon the coffins of the present day.

I went through the operation of examining all these mummies
one by one. They were much alike in their foldings, except that
which had the painted linen over it. Among the others I found
one, that had new linen, apparently, put over the old rags ; which
proves, that the Egyptians took great care of their dead, even for
many years after their decease. That which was distinguished
from all the rest, I observed was dressed in finer linen, and more

224 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

neatly wrapped up. It had garlands of flowers and leaves, and on
the side over the heart I found a plate of the metal which I have
already described, soft like lead, covered with another metal, not
unlike silver leaf. It had the eyes of a cow, which so often repre-
sents Isis, engraved on it; and in the centre of the breast was
another plate, with the winged globe. Both plates were nearly six
inches long. On unfolding the linen, we still found it very fine,
which was not the case with the other mummies ; for, after three
or four foldings, it was generally of a coarser kind. At last we
came to the body, of which nothing was to be seen but the bones,
which had assumed a yellow tint. The case was in part painted ;
but the linen cloth covering it fell to pieces as soon as it was
touched, I believe owing to the paint that was on it, which con-
sisted of various devices and flowers. The cases were sunk four
inches into the cement I have already mentioned. Some of the
painting on the inside of the cases appeared quite fresh, as if
recently done ; and there was generally a coat of varnish, whether
laid on over the colours, or incorporated with them, I do not know.
For what purpose this tomb might have been intended, I cannot
pretend to say : perhaps it was originally designed for one of the
royal blood. It appeared by the entrance to have been commenced
on a scale similar to those of the kings ; though it seems to have
been finished for a more humble family.

The result of my researches gave me all the satisfaction I could
desire, of finding mummies in cases, in their original position : but
this was not the principal object I had in view; for, as I was near
the place where the kings of Egypt were buried, I thought I might
have a chance of discovering some of their relics.

The sacred valley, named Beban el Malook, begins at Gournou,
runs toward the south-west, and gradually turns due south. It
contains the celebrated tombs of the kings of Egypt, and divides

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 225

itself into two principal branches, one of which runs two miles
farther to the westward, making five miles from the Nile to the
extremity. The other, which contains most of the tombs, is separated
from Gournou only by a high chain of rocks, which can be crossed
from Thebes in less than an hour. The same rocks surround the
sacred ground, which can be visited only by a single natural
entrance, that is formed like a gateway, or by the craggy paths
across the mountains. The tombs are all cut out of the solid rock,
which is of hard calcareous stone, as white as it is possible for a
stone to be. The tombs in general consist of a long square passage,
which leads to a staircase, sometimes with a gallery at each side
of it, and other chambers. Advancing farther we come to wider
apartments, and other passages and stairs, and at last into a large
hall, where the great sarcophagus lay, containing the remains of the
kings. Some of these tombs are quite open, and others incumbered
with rubbish at the entrance. Nine or ten may be reckoned of a
superior class, and five or six of a lower order. Strabo may have
counted eighteen, as may be done to this day, including some of
an inferior class, which cannot be esteemed as tombs of the kings
of Egypt from any other circumstance, than that of having been
placed in this valley. For my part, I could distinguish only ten
or eleven that could be honoured with the name of the tombs of
kings, nor do I suppose when Strabo was told by the Egyptian
priests, that there were forty-seven tombs of the kings of Egypt,
they meant to say, these tombs were all in the place, now named
Beban el Malook. In confirmation of this I would observe, that
similar tombs, and perhaps even more magnificent ones, are to \ye
found out of this valley, which are open to this very day. I do
not mean the tombs in the western valley, that forms the other
branch of Beban el Malook ; but those in Gournou, which the tra-
veller seldom fails to see. There are various tombs at that place,

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226 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

which are worthy to be compared with those in Beban el Malook ;
and I will venture to say, that there is one in Gournou far superior
to any in that valley, being more extensive, and, from the fragments
that remain, apparently of greater magnificence. But the frequent
exposure to all sorts of injury from the various visitors, owing to
their being nearer to the Nile, has reduced the tombs at Gournou
to a state of the greatest dilapidation. From the besmoked and
defaced walls it is easy to see, that they have been frequently visited
and perhaps inhabited by herds of Arabs at a time, who retired to
these recesses to escape the violent hands of their pursuers. If we
add the tombs in the valley above mentioned to those of the supe-
rior class at Gournou, I will allow, that the Egyptian priests were
right in their reports ; otherwise I must say, it is my firm opinion,
that in the valley of Beban el Malook, there are no more than are
now known, in consequence of my late discoveries ; for, previously
to my quitting that place, I exerted all my humble abilities in en-
deavouring to find another tomb, but could not succeed ; and what
is a still greater proof, independent of my own researches, after I
quitted the place, Mr. Salt, the British consul, resided there four
months, and laboured in like manner in vain to find another. I
think therefore I may venture to assert, that the whole forty or
forty-seven tombs of the kings of Egypt could not be in this valley,
but some of them were in various other places.

One argument more I shall offer on this subject. If the tombs
of Gournou above mentioned, which are superior to those in the
valley of Beban el Malook in size, in variety of apartments, conse-
quently in number, and I will add, from what now remains to be
seen, in the excellence of the sculpture, were not for the kings of
Egypt, what other person in that country could aspire to such high
honours, and presume to have tombs superior to those of the kings?
If I may be permitted to give my humble opinion on the subject, I

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 227

should conclude, that the tombs in the valley of Beban el Malook
were erected subsequently to those in Goumou ; for I could scarcely
find a spot in the latter place adapted to the excavation of one of
the great tombs, and it may be supposed, that when all the best
spots for large tombs in Gournou had been occupied, the Egyptians
went over the rocks to seek another situation in which to deposit
their kings. Certain it is, that the tombs in the valley of Beban
el Malook are in far better condition than those in Gournou.

Under these circumstances, reflecting on the possibility of dis-
covering some of the tombs of the kings, I set the few men I had
to work.

On the Gth of October I began my excavation, and on the 9th
discovered the first tomb : the apparent arrangement of the entrance
indicated it to be a very large one ; but it proved to be only the
passage of one that was never finished. The Egyptians, however,
would not lose their labour, for they used it as a tomb notwith-
standing. Though it is not extensive, they plastered it very finely
with white, and painted some very fine figures on it in the most
finished style. This passage is ten feet five inches wide, and
seventy-five feet from the entrance to the part where we come to
evidently the unfinished work. From the appearance, as it stands,
it is plain, that they intended to proceed, and that some particular
event caused the work to be stopped. The painted figures on the
wall are so perfect, that they are the best adapted of any I ever saw
to give a correct and clear idea of the Egyptian taste. This tomb
lies south-east from the centre of the valley, and quite at the foot
of the large rocks, that overlook Gournou. As I had several parties
of Fellahs at work in different directions, I hoped to make farther
discoveries ; and indeed this first success gave me much encourage-
ment, as it assured me, that I was correct in my idea of dis-
covering the tombs. On the same day we perceived some marks of

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228 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

another tomb in an excavation, that had been begun three days
before, precisely in the same direction as the first tomb, and not a
hundred yards from it. In fact, I had the pleasure to see this
second tomb on the same day, the 9th. This is more extensive, but
entirely new, and without a single painting in it : it had been searched
by the ancients, as we perceived at the end of the first passage a
brick wall, which stopped the entrance, and had been forced through.
After passing this brick wall you descend a staircase, and proceed
through another corridor, at the end of which is the entrance to a
pretty large chamber, with a single pillar in the centre, and not
plastered in any part. At one corner of this chamber we found
two mummies on the ground quite naked, without cloth or case.
They were females, and their hair pretty long, and well preserved,
though it was easily separated from the head by pulling it a little.
At one side of this room is a small door, leading into a small chamber,
in which we found the fragments of several earthen vessels, and also
pieces of vases of alabaster, but so decayed that we could not join
one to another. On the top of the staircase we found an earthen
jar quite perfect, with a few hieroglyphics on it, and large enough
to contain two buckets of water. This tomb is a hundred feet from
the entrance to the end of the chamber, twenty feet deep, and
twenty-three wide. The smaller chamber is ten feet square : it
faces the east by south, and runs straight towards west by north.

Several days before we received news, that there were some En-
glish people coming up from Cairo, and we were anxiously expecting
them, as we knew by letter from that place, that they were three
English gentlemen. Early on the morning of the 10th they reached
Beban el Malook, accompanied by Mr. Beechey, who was at Luxor,
where they arrived the evening before. They were the first to
enter into the two discovered tombs, and observed, that the painted
figure in the first was the best to be seen in Egypt, in point

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 229

of preservation. We were just quitting the valley, to go over the
mountain to Medinet Abou, when I was informed, that there was
some other discovery in one of the excavations near the centre of
the valley. Thither we went immediately, and I perceived that
there was another tomb ; but as it could not be opened that day,
the travellers proposed to return the next morning. That night I
went over to Luxor also, where we arrived very late in the evening.
Early on the next morning, the 11th, we began the tour of
Thebes. We went to see the tombs in Gournou, and the little
temple in the valley behind the Menmonium. About twelve
o'clock word was brought me, that the tomb discovered the day
before was opened, so that we might enter it. On this we took the
road over the rocks immediately, and arrived in less than three
quarters of an hour. I found the tomb just opened, and entered to
see how far it was practicable to examine it. Having proceeded
through a passage thirty-two feet long, and eight feet wide, I de-
scended a staircase of twenty- eight feet, and reached a tolerably
large and well-painted room. I then made a signal from below to
the travellers, that they might descend, and they entered into the
tomb, which is seventeen feet long, and twenty-one wide. The
ceiling was in good preservation, but not in the best style. We
found a sarcophagus of granite, with two mummies in it, and in a
corner a statue standing erect, six feet six inches high, and beauti-
fully cut out of sycamore- wood : it is nearly perfect except the nose.
We found also a number of little images of wood, well carved, re-
presenting symbolical figures. Some had a lion's head, others a
fox's, others a monkey's. One had a land-tortoise instead of a
head. We found a calf with the head of a hippopotamus. At each
side of this chamber is a smaller one, eight feet wide, and seven feet
long ; and at the end of it is another chamber, ten feet long by
seven wide. In the chamber on our right hand we found another

230 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

statue like the first, but not perfect. No doubt they had been
placed one on each side of the sarcophagus, holding a lamp or some
offering in their hands, one hand being stretched out in the proper
posture for this, and the other hanging down. The sarcophagus was
covered with hieroglyphics merely painted, or outlined: it faces
south-east by east.

Next day, the 12th, the party could not proceed on their
voyage, the wind being foul. On the 13th I caused some spots of
ground to be dug at Gournou, and we succeeded in opening a
mummy-pit on that day, so that the party had the satisfaction of
seeing a pit just opened, and receiving clear ideas of the manner in
which the mummies are found, though all tombs are not alike. This
was a small one, and consisted of two rooms painted all over, but
not in the best style. It appeared to me that the tomb belonged
to some warrior, as there were a great number of men enrolling
themselves for soldiers, and another writing their names in a book.
There are also several other figures, &c. In the lower apartment we
saw the mummies lying here and there one on another, without any
regularity. To all appearance therefore this pit had been opened
by the Greeks, or some other people to plunder it.

The same day we visited another mummy-pit, which I had
opened six months before. The construction is somewhat similar
to what I have just described, a portico and a subterraneous cavity
where the mummies are. Here the paintings are beautiful, not
only for their preservation, but for the novelty of their figures. There
are two harps, one with nine strings, and the other with fourteen,
and several other strange representations : in particular, six dancing
girls, with fifes, tambourins, pipes of reeds, guitars, &c.

On the 16th I recommenced my excavations in the valley of
Beban el Malook, and pointed out the fortunate spot, which has
paid me for all the trouble I took in my researches. I may call

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 231

this a fortunate day, one of the best perhaps of my life ; I do not
mean to say, that fortune has made me rich, for I do not consider
all rich men fortunate ; but she has given me that satisfaction, that
extreme pleasure, which wealth cannot purchase ; the pleasure of
discovering what has been long sought in vain, and of presenting
the world with a new and perfect monument of Egyptian antiquity,
which can be recorded as superior to any other in point of grandeur,
style, and preservation, appearing as if just finished on the day we
entered it ; and what I found in it will show its great superiority
to all others. Not fifteen yards from the last tomb I described, T
caused the earth to be opened at the foot of a steep hill, and under
a torrent, which, when it rains, pours a great quantity of water over
the very spot I have caused to be dug. No one could imagine,
that the ancient Egyptians would make the entrance into such an
immense and superb excavation just under a torrent of water; but
I had strong reasons to suppose, that there was a tomb in that
place, from indications I had observed in my pursuit. The Fellahs
who were accustomed to dig wrere all of opinion, that there was
nothing in that spot, as the situation of this tomb differed from that
of any other. I continued the work however, and the next day, the
17th, in the evening, we perceived the part of the rock that was
cut, and formed the entrance. On the 18th, early in the morning,
the task was resumed, and about noon the workmen reached the
entrance, which wras eighteen feet below the surface of the ground.
The appearance indicated, that the tomb was of the first rate : but
still I did not expect to find such a one as it really proved to be. The
Fellahs advanced till they saw that it was probably a large tomb,
when they protested they covdd go no farther, the tomb was so
much choked up with large stones, which they could not get out of
the passage. I descended, examined the place, pointed out to them
where they might dig, and in an hour there was room enough for

232 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

me to enter through a passage that the earth had left under the
ceiling of the first corridor, which is thirty-six feet two inches long,
and eight feet eight inches wide, and, when cleared of the ruins, six
feet nine inches high. I perceived immediately hy the painting on
the ceiling, and by the hieroglyphics in basso relievo, which were to
be seen where the earth did not reach, that this was the entrance
into a large and magnificent tomb. At the end of this corridor
I came to a staircase twenty-three feet long, and of the same
breadth as the corridor. The door at the bottom is twelve feet
high. From the foot of the staircase I entered another corridor,
thirty-seven feet three inches long, and of the same width and
height as the other, each side sculptured with hieroglyphics in basso
relievo, and painted. The ceiling also is finely painted, and in pretty
good preservation (See Plate 2). The more I saw, the more I was
eager to see, such being the nature of man : but I was checked in my
anxiety at this time, for at the end of this passage I reached a large
pit, which intercepted my progress. This pit is thirty feet deep, and
fourteen feet by twelve feet three inches wide. The upper part of
the pit is adorned with figures, from the wall of the passage up to
the ceiling. The passages from the entrance all the way to this
pit have an inclination downward of an angle of eighteen degrees.
On the opposite side of the pit facing the entrance I perceived a
small aperture two feet wide and two feet six inches high, and at
the bottom of the wall a quantity of rubbish. A rope fastened to
a piece of wood, that was laid across the passage against the pro-
jections which form a kind of door, appears to have been used by
the ancients for descending into the pit ; and from the small
aperture on the opposite side hung another, which reached the
bottom, no doubt for the purpose of ascending. We could clearly
perceive, that the water which entered the passages from the torrents
of rain ran into this pit, and the wood and rope fastened to it

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 233

crumbled to dust on touching them. At the bottom of the pit
were several pieces of wood, placed against the side of it, so as to
assist the person who was to ascend by the rope into the aperture.
I saw the impossibility of proceeding at the moment. Mr. Beechey,
who that day came from Luxor, entered the tomb, but was also
disappointed.

The next day, the 19th, by means of a long beam we succeeded
in sending a man up into the aperture, and having contrived to
make a bridge of two beams, we crossed the pit. The little aper-
ture we found to be an opening forced through a wall, that had
entirely closed the entrance, which was as large as the corridor.
The Egyptians had closely shut it up, plastered the wall over, and
painted it like the rest of the sides of the pit, so that but for the
aperture, it would have been impossible to suppose, that there was
any farther proceeding ; and any one would conclude, that the
tomb ended with the pit. The rope in the inside of the wall did
not fall to dust, but remained pretty strong, the water not having
reached it at all ; and the wood to which it was attached was in
good preservation. It was owing to this method of keeping the
damp out of the inner parts of the tomb, that they are so well pre-
served. I observed some cavities at the bottom of the well, but found
nothing in them, nor any communication from the bottom to any
other place ; therefore we could not doubt their being made to
receive the waters from the rain, which happens occasionally in this
mountain. The valley is so much raised by the rubbish, which the
water carries down from the upper parts, that the entrance into
these tombs is become much lower than the torrents ; in consequence,
the water finds its way into the tombs, some of which are entirely
choked up with earth.

When we had passed through the little aperture, we found our-

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9JU RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

selves in a beautiful hall, twenty-seven feet six inches by twenty-
five feet ten inches, in which were four pillars three feet square. I
shall not give any description of the painting, till I have described
the whole of the chambers. At the end of this room, which I call
the entrance-hall, and opposite the aperture, is a large door, from
which three steps lead down into a chamber with two pillars. This
is twenty-eight feet two inches by twenty-five feet six inches. The
pillars are three feet ten inches square. I gave it the name of the
drawing-room ; for it is covered with figures, which, though only out-
lined, are so fine and perfect, that you would think they had been
drawn only the day before. Keturning into the entrance-hall, we
saw on the left of the aperture a large staircase, which descended
into a corridor. It is thirteen feet four inches long, seven and
a half wide, and has eighteen steps. At the bottom we entered
a beautiful corridor, thirty-six feet six inches by six feet eleven
inches. We perceived, that the paintings became more perfect as
we advanced farther into the interior. They retained their gloss,
or a kind of varnish over the colours, which had a beautiful effect.
The figures are painted on a white ground. At the end of this
corridor we descended ten steps, which I call the small stairs, into
another, seventeen feet two inches by ten feet five inches. From
this we entered a small chamber, twenty feet four inches by thirteen
feet eight inches, to which I gave the name of the Room of Beau-
ties ; for it is adorned with the most beautiful figures in basso
relievo, like all the rest, and painted. When standing in the centre
of this chamber, the traveller is surrounded by an assembly of
Egyptian gods and goddesses. Proceeding farther, we entered a
large hall, twenty-seven feet nine inches by twenty-six feet ten
inches. In this hall are two rows of square pillars, three on each
side of the entrance, forming a line with the corridors. At each

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 235

side of this hall is a small chamber : that on the right is ten feet
five inches by eight feet eight inches ; that on the left, ten feet
five inches by eight feet nine inches and a half. This hall I termed
the Hall of Pillars ; the little room on the right, Isis' Room, as in
it a large cow is painted, of which I shall give a description here-
after ; that on the left, the Room of Mysteries, from the mysterious
figures it exhibits. At the end of this hall we entered a large
saloon, with an arched roof or ceiling, which is separated from the
Hall of Pillars only by a step ; so that the two may be reckoned
one. The saloon is thirty-one feet ten inches by twenty-seven
feet. On the right of the saloon is a small chamber without any
thing in it, roughly cut, as if unfinished, and without painting : on
the left we entered a chamber with two square pillars, twenty-five
feet eight inches by twenty-two feet ten inches. This I called the
Sideboard Room, as it has a projection of three feet in form of a
sideboard all round, which was perhaps intended to contain the
articles necessary for the funeral ceremony. The pillars are three
feet four inches square, and the whole beautifully painted as the
rest. At the same end of the room, and facing the Hall of Pillar;-,
we entered by a large door into another chamber with four pillars,
one of which is fallen down. This chamber is forty -three feet four
inches by seventeen feet six inches ; the pillars three feet seven
inches square. It is covered with white plaster, where the rock did
not cut smoothly, but there is no painting on it. I named it the
Bull's, or Apis' Room, as we found the carcass of a bull in it, em-
balmed with asphaltum ; and also, scattered in various places, an.
immense quantity of small wooden figures of mummies six or eight
inches long, and covered with asphaltum to preserve them. There
were some other figures of fine earth baked, coloured blue, and
strongly varnished. On each side of the two little rooms were

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236 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

some wooden statues standing erect, four feet high, with a circular
hollow inside, as if to contain a roll of papyrus, which I have no
doubt they did. We found likewise fragments of other statues of
wood and of composition.

Eut the description of what we found in the centre of the saloon,
and which I have reserved till this place, merits the most particular
attention, not having its equal in the world, and being such as we
had no idea could exist. It is a sarcophagus of the finest oriental ala-
baster, nine feet five inches long, and three feet seven inches wide.
Its thickness is only two inches ; and it is transparent, when a light is
placed in the inside of it. It is minutely sculptured within and with-
out with several hundred figures, which do not exceed two inches
in height, and represent, as I suppose, the whole of the funeral
procession and ceremonies relating to the deceased, united with
several emblems, &c. I cannot give an adequate idea of this beautiful
and invaluable piece of antiquity, and can only say, that nothing
has been brought into Europe from Egypt that can be compared
with it. The cover was not there : it had been taken out, and
broken into several pieces, which we found in digging before
the first entrance. The sarcophagus was over a staircase in the
centre of the saloon, which communicated with a subterraneous
passage, leading downwards, three hundred feet in length. At
the end of this passage we found a great quantity of bats' dung,
which choked it up, so that we could go no farther without
digging. It was nearly filled up too by the falling in of the upper
part. One hundred feet from the entrance is a staircase in good
preservation ; but the rock below changes its substance, from a
beautiful solid calcareous stone, becoming a kind of black rotten
slate, which crumbles into dust only by touching. This sub-
terraneous passage proceeds in a south-west direction through

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 237

the mountain. I measured the distance from the entrance, and
also the rocks above, and found, that the passage reaches nearly
half way through the mountain to the upper part of the valley. I
have reason to suppose, that this passage was used to come into the
tomb by another entrance ; but this could not be after the death of
the person who was buried there, for at the bottom of the stairs
just under the sareophagus a wall was built, which entirely closed
the communication between the tomb and the subterraneous
passage. Some large blocks of stone were placed under the sar-
cophagus horizontally, level with the pavement of the saloon, that
no one might perceive any stairs or subterranean passage was there.
The door- way of the sideboard room had been walled up, and forced
open, as we found the stones with which it was shut, and the mortar
in the jambs. The staircase of the entrance-hall had been walled
up also at the bottom, and the space filled with rubbish, and the
floor covered with large blocks of stone, so as to deceive any one
who should force the fallen wall near the pit, and make him suppose,
that the tomb ended with the entrance-hall and the drawing-room.
I am inclined to believe, that whoever forced all these passages
must have had some spies with them, who were well acquainted
with the tomb throughout. The tomb faces the north-east, and
the direction of the whole runs straight south-west.

To give an accurate description of the various representations
within this tomb, would be a work above my capacity. I shall
therefore only endeavour to describe the most remarkable that are
to be seen in the various parts of it. From these the reader may
form some idea of this magnificent excavation.

The entrance into the tomb is at the foot of a high hill, with a
pretty steep ascent. The first thing the traveller comes to is a
staircase cut out of the rock, which descends to the tomb. The

238 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

entrance is by a door of the same height as the first passage. I
beg my kind reader to observe, that all the figures and hieroglyphics
of every description are sculptured in basso relievo, and painted over,
except in the outlined chamber, winch was only prepared for the
sculptor. This room gives the best ideas that have yet been dis-
covered of the original process of Egyptian sculpture. The wall was
previously made as smooth as possible, and where there were flaws in
the rocks, the vacuum was filled up with cement, which, when hard,
was cut along with the rest of the rock. Where a figure or any thing
else was required to be formed, after the wall was prepared, the
sculptor appears to have made his first sketches of what was intended
to be cut out. When the sketches were finished in red lines by the
first artist, another more skilful corrected the errors, if any, and
his lines were made in black, to be distinguished from those winch
were imperfect. When the figures were thus prepared, the scidptor
proceeded to cut out the stone all round the figure, which remained
in basso relievo, some to the height of half an inch, and some much
less, according to the size of the figure. For instance, if a figure
were as large as life, its elevation was generally half an inch ; if the
figure were not more than six inches in length, its projection would
not exceed the thickness of a dollar, or perhaps less. The angles
of the figures were all smoothly rounded, which makes them appear
less prominent than they really are. The parts of the stone that
were to be taken off all round the figure did not extend much farther,
as the wall is thickly covered with figures and hieroglyphics, and I
believe there is not a space on those walls more than a foot square
without some figure or hieroglyphic. The garments, and various
parts of the limbs, were marked by a narrow line, not deeper than
the thickness of a half-crown, but so exact, that it produced the
intended effect.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 239

When the figures were completed and made smooth by the
sculptor, they received a coat of whitewash all over. This white is
so beautiful and clear, that our best and whitest paper appeared
yellowish when compared with it. The painter came next, and
finished the figure. It would seem as if they were unacquainted
with any colour to imitate the naked parts, since red is adopted as
a standing colour for all that meant flesh. There are some ex-
ceptions indeed; for in certain instances, when they intended to
represent a fair lady, by way of distinguishing her complexion from
that of the men, they put on a yellow colour to represent her flesh ;
yet it cannot be supposed, that they did not know how to reduce
their red paints to a flesh colour, for on some occasions, where the
red flesh is supposed to be seen through a thin veil, the tints are
nearly of the natural colour, if we suppose the Egyptians to have
been of the same hue as their successors, the present Copts, some of
whom are nearly as fair as the Europeans. Their garments were
generally white, and their ornaments formed the most difficult part,
when the artists had to employ red in the distribution of the four
colours, in which they were very successful. When the figures were
finished, they appear to have laid on a coat of varnish ; though it
may be questioned, whether the varnish were thus applied, or in-
corporated with the colour. The fact is, that nowhere else except
in this tomb is the varnish to be observed, as no place in Egypt can
boast of such preservation, nor can the true customs of the Egyptians
be seen any where else with greater accuracy.

With the assistance of Mr. Kicci, I have made drawings of all
the figures, hieroglyphics, emblems, ornaments, &c. that are to be
seen in this tomb ; and by great perseverance I have taken im-
pressions of every thing in wax : to accomplish the work has been a
laborious task, that occupied me more than twelve months.

240 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

The drawings show the respective places of the figures, so
that if a building were erected exactly on the same plan, and of
the same size, the figures might be placed in their situations
precisely as in the original, and thus produce in Europe a tomb,
in every point equal to that in Thebes, which I hope to execute if
possible.

Immediately within the entrance into the first passage, on the
left hand, are two figures as large as life, one of which appears to be
the hero entering into the tomb. He is received by a deity with
a hawk's head, on which are the globe and serpent. Both figures
are surrounded by hieroglyphics ; and farther on, near the ground,
is a crocodile very neatly sculptured. The walls on both sides of
this passage are covered with hieroglyphics, which are separated by
lines from the top to the bottom, at the distance of five or six
inches from one another. Within these lines the hieroglyphics
form their sentences ; and it is plainly to be seen, that the Egyptians
read from the top to the bottom, and then recommenced at the top.
The ceiling of this first passage is painted with the figure of the
eagles, as in Plate 2. Beyond the first passage is a staircase with a
niche on each side, adorned with curious figures with human bodies
and the heads of various animals, &c. At each side of the door
at the bottom of the stairs is a female figure kneeling, with her
hands over a globe. Above each of these figures is the fox, which,
according to the Egyptian custom, is always placed to watch the
doors of sepulchres. On the front space over the door are the
names of the hero and his son, or his father, at each side of which
is a figure with its wings spread over the names to protect them, as
is seen in Plate 3. The names are distinguished by being inclosed
in two oval niches. In that of Nichao is a sitting figure, known to
be a male by the beard. He has on his head the usual corn measure.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 241

and the two feathers ; on his knees the sickle and the flail : over his
head is a crescent with the horns upward : above which is what is
presumed to be a faggot of various pieces of wood bound together,
and by its side a group twisted in a serpentine form. Behind the
figure are what are thought by some to be two knives, by others
feathers ; but as the feathers are of a different form, I for my part
think they are sacrificing knives, which may have served as emblems
of the priesthood, for we know, that the heroes or kings of Egypt
were initiated into the sacred rites of the gods. Below the figure is
a frame of two lines drawn parallel to each other, and connected by
similar fines, beneath which is the emblem of moving water.

In the next oval on the right is a sitting female figure with a
band round the head fastening a feather, and on her knees she holds
the keys of the Nile. Above the head is the globe, and beneath
the figure the form of a tower, as it is supposed to represent strength.
The faces of both figures are painted blue, which is the colour of
the face of the great God of the creation. On each of the oval
frames there is the globe and feathers, and beneath it two hiero-
glyphics not unlike two overflowing basins, as they are under the
two protecting figures at each side of the oval frame.

Next is the second passage, on the right hand side of which
are some funeral processions, apparently in the action of taking the
sarcophagus down into the tomb, the usual boat, which carries the
male and female figures upon it, and in the centre the boat with
the head of the ram drawn by a party of men.

The wall on the left is likewise covered with similar processions.
Among them is the scarabaeus, or beetle, elevated in the air, and
supported by two hawks, which hold the cords drawn by various
figures; and many other emblems and symbolical devices. The
figures on the wall of the well are nearly as large as life. They

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9A2 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

appear to represent several deities ; some receiving offerings from
peojjle of various classes.

Next is the first hall, which has four pillars in the centre, at
each side of which are two figures, generally a male and a female
deity. On the right hand side wall there are three tiers of figures
one above the other, which is the general system almost all over the
tomb. In the upper tier are a number of men pulling a chain
attached to a standing mummy, which is apparently unmoved by
their efforts. The two beneath consist of funeral processions, and
a row of mummies lying on frames horizontally on the ground. On
the left is a military and mysterious procession, consisting of a great
number of figures all looking toward a man who is much superior
to them in size, and faces them. At the end of this procession are
three different sorts of people, from other nations, evidently Jews,
Ethiopians, and Persians. Behind them are some Egyptians without
their ornaments, as if they were captives rescued and returning to
their country, followed by a hawk-headed figure, I suppose their
protecting deity. For this procession see Plates 6, 7, and 8.

I have the satisfaction of announcing to the reader, that, according
to Dr. Young's late discovery of a great number of hieroglyphics, he
found the names of Nichao and Psammethis his son, inserted in the
drawings I have taken of this tomb. It is the first time that hiero-
glyphics have been explained with such accuracy, which proves the
doctor's system beyond doubt to be the right key for reading this
unknown language ; and it is to be hoped, that he will succeed in
completing his arduous and difficult undertaking, as it would give
to the world the history of one of the most primitive nations, of
which we are now totally ignorant. Nichao conquered Jerusalem
and Babylon, and his son Psammethis made war against the
Ethiopians. What can be more clear than the above procession ?

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 243

The people of the three nations are distinctly seen. The Persians,
the Jews, and the Ethiopians, come in, followed by some captive
Egyptians, as if returning into their country, guarded by a protecting
deity. The reason why the Egyptians must be presumed to have
been captives is, their being divested of all the ornaments, which
served to decorate and distinguish them from one another. The
Jews are clearly distinguished by their physiognomy and com-
plexion, the Ethiopians by their colour and ornaments, and the
Persians by their well-known dress, as they are so often seen in the
battles with the Egyptians.

In the front of this hall, facing the entrance, is one of the finest
compositions that ever was made by the Egyptians, for nothing like
it can be seen in any part of Egypt. It consists of four figures as
large as life. The god Osiris sitting on his throne, receiving the
homages of a hero, who is introduced by a hawk-headed deity.
Behind the throne is a female figure as if in attendance on the
great god. The whole group is surrounded by hieroglyphics, and
inclosed in a frame richly adorned with symbolical figures. The
winged globe is above, with the wings spread over all, and a line of
serpents crowns the whole. The figures and paintings are in such
perfect preservation, that they give the most correct idea of their
ornaments and decorations (See Plate 19).

Straight forward is the entrance into another chamber with two
pillars. The wall of this place is outlined, ready for the sculptor to
cut out his figure. It is here that we may plainly see the manner,
in which the artist prepared the figure on the wall ready to be cut ;
and it is almost impossible to give a description of the various
figures, which adorn the walls and pillars of this chamber. There
are great varieties of symbolical figures of men, women, and animals,
apparently intending to represent the different exploits of the hero,
to whom the tomb was dedicated.

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244 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

On going out of tliis chamber into the first hall is a staircase,
which leads into a lower passage, the entrance into which is de-
corated with two figures, on each side, a male and a female, as large
as life. The female appears to represent Isis, having, as usual, the
horns and globe on her head. She seems ready to receive the hero,
who is about to enter the regions of immortality. The garments
of tins figure are so well preserved, that nothing which has yet
been brought before the public can give a more correct idea of
Egyptian customs. The figure of the hero is covered with a
veil, or transparent linen, folded over his shoulder, and covering his
whole body, which gives him a very graceful appearance. Isis is
apparently covered with a net, every mesh of which contains some
hieroglyphic, serving to embellish the dress of the goddess. The
necklace, bracelets, belt, and other ornaments, are so well arranged,
that they produce the most pleasing effect, particularly by the
artificial lights, all being intended to conduce to this purpose (See
Plate 18).

On the wall to the left, on entering this passage, is a sitting
figure of the size of life : it is the hero himself on his throne, having
the sceptre in his right hand, while the left is stretched over an
altar, on which are twenty divisions, as will be seen in Plate 1. A
plate in the form of an Egyptian temple is hung to his neck by a
strinff. It contains an obelisk and two deities — one on each side of
it. Plates of this kind have been much sought after, as they appear
to have been the decoration or breastplate of the kings of Egypt.
Few have been found, and I have seen only two, — one is in the
British Museum, and the other I was fortunate enough to procure
from an Arab, who discovered it in one of the tombj of the kings in
Beban el Malook. It is of black basalt, much larger and superior
in workmanship to the other, which proves, that they were of various
sizes, and more or less finished. It has the scarabceus or beetle in

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 245

alto relievo on a small boat with a deity on each side of it, and on
the reverse is the usual inscription. Over the head of this figure is
the eagle with extended wings, as if protecting the king. On the
upper part of each side of the walls of the passage is the history of
the hero divided into several small compartments nearly two feet
square, containing groups of figures eighteen inches high. The
hero is to be seen every where standing on a heap of corn, receiving
offerings from his soldiers or companions in war. Farther on is a
small staircase leading into a short passage, where the procession
still continues, and the sacrifice of a bull is to be seen, as in Plate
IS. The walls of both passages are covered with hieroglyphics in
separate divisions. From this short passage there is an entrance
into another much wider than the rest. The charming sight of this
place made us give it the name of the Eoom of Beauties. All the
figures are in such perfection, that the smallest part of their orna-
ments can be clearly distinguished. The sides of the doors are most
beautifully adorned with female deities, surrounded with hiero-
glyphics, and the lotus is to be seen both in bud and in full bloom,
with the serpent on a half globe over it (See Plate 17). Farther
on is the great hall with six pillars, containing on each side of it,
two figures as large as life. The walls are adorned with the pro-
cession and other symbolical figures. Over the door, in the inside,
is the figure of a female with extended wings, as in Plate 3. At
each side of this hall is a small cell ; that on the left containing
various mummies and other figures, and that on the right a cow
of half the natural size, with a number of figures under it, which
form a very curious group. The walls also are covered with hiero-
glyphics. In the large hall close to the door are a number of men
carrying a long slender pole, at each end of which is a cow's head,
and on the pole, two bulls, as in Plate 15. Still farther, the hall
opens into the large vaulted chamber. It would be impossible to

246 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

give any description of the numerous figures, which adorn the wall
of this place. It was here that the body of the king was depo-
sited, as I found in its centre the beautiful sarcophagus. This
is sculptured within and without with small figures in intaglio,
coloured with a dark blue, and, when a light is put into the inside
of it, it is quite transparent. The ceiling of the vault itself is
painted blue, with a procession of figures and other groups relating
to the zodiac.

The next is a chamber with a projection like a side-board. It
has two square pillars with two figures on every side, as represented
in Plates 4 and 5. The walls in every part of this chamber are also
beautifully adorned with symbolical figures, a specimen of which is
given in Plate 2, which represents a compartment over the door
within the chamber. It is useless to proceed any further in the
description of this heavenly place, as I can assure the reader he can
form but a very faint idea of it from the trifling account my pen is
able to give ; should I be so fortunate, however, as to succeed in
erecting an exact model of this tomb in Europe, the beholder will
acknowledge the impossibility of doing it justice in a description.

The Arabs made such reports of this discovery, that it came to
the ears of Hamed Aga of Kenneh ; and it was reported to him, that
great treasure was found in it. On hearing this, he immediately set
off with some of Iris soldiers to Thebes, generally a journey of two
days, but such was his speed in travelling, that he arrived in the
valley of Beban-el-Malook in thirty-six hours by land. Before his
arrival some Arabs brought us intelligence, that they saw from the
tops of the mountains a great many Turks on horseback entering
the valley, and coming toward us. I could not conceive who they
could be, as no Turks ever came near this place. Half an hour after
they gave us the signal of their approach, by firing several guns. I
thought an armed force was sent to storm the tombs and rocks, as

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 247

no other object could bring the Turks there ; at last, when this mighty
power reached us, I found it to be the well-known Hamed Aga of
Kenneh, for some time commander of the eastern side of Thebes, and
his followers. Accordingly I was at a loss to conceive what he wanted
there, as we were on the west, and under another ruler ; but I sup-
pose, in case of a treasure being discovered, the first that hears of it
seizes it as a matter of privilege. He smiled, and saluted me very
cordially ; indeed more so than usual, I presume for the sake of the
treasure I had discovered, of which he was in great expectation. I
caused as many fights to be brought as we could muster, and we
descended into the tomb. What was on the walls of this ex-
traordinary place did not attract his attention in the least ; all the
striking figures and lively paintings were lost on him ; his views
were directed to the treasure alone; and his numerous followers
were like hounds, searching in every hole and corner. Nothing,
however, being found to satisfy their master or themselves, after a
long and minute survey, the Aga at last ordered the soldiers to
retire, and said to me, " Pray where have you put the treasure ?"
" What treasure ?" " The treasure you found in this place." I
could not help smiling at his question, which confirmed him in his
supposition. I told him that we had found no treasure there. At
this he laughed, and still continued to entreat, that I would show it
him. " I have been told," he added, " by a person to whom I can
give credit, that you have found in this place a large golden cock,
filled with diamonds and pearls. I must see it. Where is it ?" I
could scarcely keep myself from laughing, while I assured him that
nothing of the kind had been found there. Seeming quite dis-
appointed, he seated himself before the sarcophagus, and I was
afraid he would take it into his head, that this was the treasure,
and break it to pieces, to see whether it contained any gold ; for
their notions of treasure are confined to gold and jewels. At last

248 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

he o-ave up the idea of the riches to be expected, and rose to go out
of the tomb. I asked him what he thought of the beautiful figures
painted all around. He just gave a glance at them, quite un-
concerned, and said, " This would be a good place for a harem, as
the women would have something to look at." At length, though
only half persuaded there was no treasure, he set off with an ap-
pearance of much vexation.

Every thing must come round, and be told in proper time. I
shall now introduce what happened previous to this period. It will
be recollected, on my first voyage up to Nubia I took possession, in
the island of Philce, of sixteen large blocks of stone, which formed a
fine group of various figures in basso relievo ; that I had them cut
thinner, to be taken more easily down the Nile ; and that the boat,
which was engaged to carry them, returned without them, as the
Reis did not intend to take the great head on board his boat. On
our arrival at the island, on my second voyage, we found these
stones had been mutilated, and written upon in the French lan-
guage, " operation manquee." The hand writing could not be
ascertained, as it was done with charcoal ; but we knew there had
been only three French agents there, Mr. Caliud, Mr. Jaques, and
the renegado Eosignana, all in the employ of Mr. Drouetti.
Ignorant which of the three to point out as the perpetrator of this
wanton and spiteful mischief, we contented ourselves with writing
to the consul at Cairo, and nothing more was said. Eut by this
time Mr. Jaques, who had parted from the others and was alone,
came to us, and, by way of exculpating himself, said that Caliud was
the man, who mutilated the figures with his little hammer, which
he always carried with liim to break stones. Mr. Caliud was now
in Cairo, and Mr. Beechey wrote to the consul an account of what
had passed. Mr. Caliud, afraid of being turned out of employment,
assured the consul, that he would prove his innocence in the face

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 249

of Mr. Jaques, when he arrived in Thebes. Sometime after Mr.
Caliud reached Thebes with a letter from the consul, stating the
promise he had made of clearing himself from the imputation of Mr.
Jaques concerning the breaking of the stones ; but instead of con-
fronting Mr. Jaques, who was there, he contented himself with
abusing the English consid for having spoken to him about the
business while in Cairo, and did not choose to meet Mr. Jaques
and us, or say whether the charge were true or false. After abusing
the consul, who was now five hundred miles distant from him, Mr.
Caliud meditated more mischief before liis departure. He became
the friend again of Mr. Jaques, who stated to the consul, that ail-
that had been written to him by Mr. Beechey concerning Mr.
Caliud was not true, and that he never told us any thing of the
kind. On the arrival of the consul at Thebes, Mr. Jaques was
questioned before us, whether he had not told us, that Caliud
mutilated the stones in the island of Philce. He again repeated to
the consul before us, that Caliud did break the stones : and being
questioned by the consul, why he afterwards wrote, that such was
not the case, said with the greatest sangfroid, that he merely con-
tradicted it at the request of Caliud. One broke the stones ; the
other first betrayed him, then retracted, and lastly confirmed it
again. These were the sort of honourable Monsieurs I had to
guard against.

Twenty days after the tomb was opened, we heard by the boats
which came up the Nile, that there were three maishes, or large
boats, coming up, with Englishmen on board ; and, a few days after,
Earl Belmore and family, Mr. Salt the consul, Captain Cory, Dr.
Eichardson, and the Eev. Mr. Holt, arrived at Thebes.

In passing Kenneh they went to see Hamed Aga, who told
them of the new discovery of the tomb. They were delighted when
they saw it ; and as his Lordship was anxious to find a tomb, I

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250 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

pointed out two likely spots of ground in the valley of Beban el
Malook, but they turned out to be two small mummy pits. This
proves, that small tombs were permitted to be dug out in that valley,
where it was supposed, that none but the tombs of the kings of
Egypt were to be found ; and agrees with my former opinion, that
it was not in this valley alone the tombs of the kings were excavated.
During his stay, his Lordship made many researches, and was pleased
to send down the Nile two of the lion-headed statues I discovered
in Carnak. Thus, with what was found and brought by the Arabs,
he accumulated a vast quantity of fragments, which, when in Europe,
will form a pretty extensive cabinet of antiquities.

The consul was so enraptured with the sight of the tomb, and, I
suppose, of the sarcophagus, that he also began making excavations
in the valley of Beban el Malook, in order to find some more of the
depositories of kings. He continued his research four months ; and
what he has found he will of course describe himself with more
minuteness than I could do. Lord Belmore and his family pro-
ceeded to Nubia a few days after ; and I prepared to descend the
Nile, as I had business in Cairo. Such however was the impression
made on me by that beautiful tomb, that I resolved to return to
Thebes, and form a complete model of it, of which I shall speak
hereafter. The three travellers were now come back from Nubia,
but they passed on without stopping.

Having embarked all that was found this season, I left Thebes
with another accumulation of antiquities, of which an account will
be found at the end of this volume. I shall not describe this
voyage, as I think it useless to repeat almost the same things over
again. We arrived at Boolak on the twenty-first of December,
after ten months absence. My business in Cairo detained me longer
than I wished, as I was anxious to return to Thebes, for the sole
purpose of taking models and impressions in wax of all the figures

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 251

and hieroglyphics in the newly discovered tomb, first called that of
Apis, but now of Psammethis. Finding I could not immediately
despatch my little business there, I sent up the boat, with the
intention of going myself by land. I had engaged Signor Kicci, a
young man from. Italy, who was very clever at drawing, and who
with a little practice became quite perfect in his imitations of the
hieroglyphics. He was to begin the drawings of the tomb on his
arrival at Thebes. Mrs. Belzoni resolved to visit the Holy Land,
and wait for me at Jerusalem, to which place I intended to go after
finishing my model of the tomb. My purse was now pretty well
exhausted ; for all my former stock of money was spent, and very
little remained of the present I received from Mr. Burckhardt and
the consul after my first voyage with the colossal head. Mrs. Bel-
zoni set out for Jerusalem, accompanied by James the Irish lad and
a Janizary, who went to meet a traveller in Syria, to escort him to
Egypt.

At this time the celebrated and veracious Count de Forbin
arrived at Cairo. I then lodged at the consulate ; and the Count
visited the house, to see the collection I had just brought down
with me, as well as what had been brought the year before. The
Count was not a little confounded at the sight of so many valuable
things ; and being Director of the French Museum, they could not
fail to be interesting to him. The colossal head, the altar with the
six deities, the colossal arm, and the various statues, particularly
attracted his attention.

I was then in possession of some statues, which I had brought
from Thebes on my own account, according to an understanding with
the consul. I intended to send them to my native town ; for which
purpose I had arranged for their embarkation at Alexandria. The
Count made a proposal to purchase them ; and being told they
were destined for Europe immediately, he urgently requested that

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252 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

I would dispose of them to him, saying he should be under great
obligations to me if I would comply with his request. I recollected
that I might find more, and accordingly consented to gratify him.
What he paid me for them was not one fourth of their value ; but
I was fully satisfied, as I never was a dealer in statues in my life.

At this time I received several journals from Europe ; and
found, to my great surprise, that all my former discoveries and
labours had been published in the names of other people, while
mine was not even mentioned. I must confess, I was weak enough
to be a little vexed at this ; for, after such exertions as I had made
in Upper Egypt, it was not pleasant to see the fruits and the credit
of them ascribed to others, who had no more to do with them
than the governor of Siberia, except as far as related to supplying
me with money. Thinking all was not right, and that people were
by some means misinformed, I drew up a statement of the facts.
I gave this account of my operations in Egypt to the Count de
Forbin in the shape of a letter, which he promised to have pub-
lished in France ; but it would have been better, if I had never en-
trusted it to him, as the use he made of it was quite the reverse of
what was intended. Every thing was again thrown into confusion
by the French journals, who confounded one thing with another?
so that the public knew but little of the truth from that quarter ;
and some others of the European journals, which copied and ex-
tracted from them, were also misled. I had despaired of correcting
these mis-statements ; but the many travellers who afterwards
visited that country, and were impartial spectators, wrote to Europe
an account of what they saw and heard ; and by these means the real
facts in time came out.

At this period Major Moore arrived in Cairo with despatches
from India ; and, as he could not set off on the same day for Alex-
andria for want of a cangiar, he went with me to visit the pyramids

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 253

inside and out. Wliile on the top of the first pyramid, I descanted
to him on the various opinions entertained concerning the second,
and what a pity it was, that, in an intelligent age like the present,
it had not been opened, so that the interior remained quite unknown.
On Major Moore's departure for England, he took with him the
account of my operations in Egypt, and some of the plans of the
newly discovered places, which he faithfully delivered to Lord
Aberdeen, president of the Society of Antiquaries, agreeably to my
request ; and this was one source by which the truth began to be
known.

The Count de Forbin made much inquiry about Upper Egypt,
and expressed his wish to see that country. I know not whether
it were my persuasions, or his own inclinations, but he took the
resolution to go up, though the whole of his journey, from his
departure to his return, occupied only one month. Having done
so, he gave an account of the country, the city of Thebes, its mo-
numents, tombs, temples, colossi, scaraba?i, Europeans, &c. But he
said his enterprising spirit of penetrating into Africa failed him,
when he saw European women walking about Luxor. A very
pretty excuse for a traveller ! At the time of Norden, European
women could not go about in Alexandria as they can now in
Thebes, yet Norden continued to make his way as far as Deir. If
the Count wanted to signalize himself as a traveller, he should not
have scorned to enter the extensive sandy ocean of Africa, merely
because he saw a European family walking freely at Luxor in
Egypt. If the Count look at the map of that unknown country,
he will find, that the civilization of Egypt will diminish very
little of the glory he seems to wish to acquire by penetrating into
Africa.

The Count mentions having found a colossal arm in Thebes ;
and that I, by advice of the British consul, had it taken away?
though it belonged to him. Such an arm never existed. But if

254 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the Count be ashamed to say, that he has been in Egypt without
finding a single piece of antiquity, and returned without bringing
any thing to France except the statues he obtained from me, I
think he might have been more candid, and have confessed, that
the attraction of a more easy life did not permit him to proceed
any farther into Africa. The Count abuses almost every one who
comes in his way, merely because he did not succeed in making any
thing of Egypt himself; but I should not have mentioned his name,
had he not impelled me to it by the falsehoods inserted against
me in his journal. One thing more I must observe respecting the
Count. On his return from Thebes I met him at Cairo, in the house
of the Austrian consul. I had begun the task of opening the
pyramids, and had already discovered the false passage. The Count
requested in a kind of sarcastic manner, when I had succeeded
in opening the pyramid, which no doubt he supposed would be
never, that I would send him the plan of it, as he was about
setting off for Alexandria the next day, and thence to France. I
thought the best retaliation I could make was to send him the de-
sired plan, and I did so, as soon as I opened the pyramid, which was
in a few days after his departure. Would any one believe, that the
noble Count, on his arrival in France, gave out, that he had succeeded
in penetrating the second pyramid of Ghizeh, and brought the plan
of it to Paris ? Whether this be the fact or no will appear from the
following paragraph, taken from a French paper now in my possession.
" On the 24th of April, Mr. Le Comte de Forbin, Director
General of the Royal Museum of France, landed at the lazaretto of
Marseilles. He came last from Alexandria, and his passage was
very stormy. He has visited Greece, Syria, and Upper Egypt. By
a happy chance, some days before his departure from Cairo, be
succeeded in penetrating into the second pyramid of Ghizeh. Mr.
Forbin brings the plan of that important discovery, as well as much
information on the labours of Mr. Drouetti, at Carnak, and on those

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 255

which Mr. Salt, the English consul, pursues with the greatest
success in the valley of Beban el Malook, and in the plain of Me-
dinet Aboo. The Museum of Paris is going to be enriched with
some of the spoils of Thebes, which Mr. Forbin has collected in his
travels." Was this written in ridicule of the Count de Forbin by
some person in France ? or is it an attempt to impose on the public
by a tissue of falsehoods ?

Having seen so many erroneous accounts in the journals of
Europe, I thought it my duty to inform the public of the real
facts. Before my departure for Thebes I visited the pyramids in
company with two other persons from Europe. On our arrival at
these monuments they went into the first pyramid, while I took a
turn round the second. I seated myself in the shade of one of
those stones on the east side, which form the part of the temple
that stood before the pyramid in that direction. My eyes were
fixed on that enormous mass, which for so many ages has baffled the
conjectures of ancient and modern writers. Herodotus himself was
deceived by the Egyptian priests, when told there were no chambers
in it. The sight of the wonderful work before me astonished me
as much, as the total obscurity in which we are of its origin, its in-
terior, and its construction. In an intelligent age like the present,
one of the greatest wonders of the world stood before us, without our
knowing even whether it had any cavity in the interior, or if it were
only one solid mass. The various attempts which have been made
by numerous travellers to find an entrance into this pyramid, and
particularly by the great body of French savans, were examples so
weighty, that it seemed little short of madness, to think of renewing
the enterprise. Indeed, the late researches made by Mr. Salt him-
self, and by Captain Cabilia, during four months, round these
pyramids, were apparently sufficient to deter any one. A short time
before this period the few Franks who resided in Egypt had some

256 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

idea of obtaining permission from Mahomed Ali, and by the help
of a subscription, which was to be made at the various Courts in
Europe to the amount of at least ^20,000, were to force their way
into the centre of this pyramid by explosions, or any other means
that could be suggested. Mr. Drouetti was to have had the super-
intendence of this work. Indeed it had created some difference
among themselves who was to have had the direction of the whole
concern. Was not this enough to show the difficulties I had to
encounter, and to make me laugh at myself, if any thought of such
an attempt should cross my mind? Besides, there was another
obstacle to overcome. I had to consider, that in consequence of
what I had the good fortune to do in Upper Egypt, and under the
circumstances above mentioned, it was not likely that I should
obtain permission to make such an attempt : for if it could be
supposed, that there was any possibility of penetrating into the
pyramid, the operation would certainly be given to people of higher
influence than myself.

With all these thoughts in my mind I arose, and by a natural
impulsion took my walk toward the south side of the pyramid. I
examined every part, and almost every stone. I continued to do so
on the west, — at last I came round to the north. Here the appearance
of things became to my eye somewhat different from that at any
of the other sides. The constant observations I made on the
approach to the tombs at Thebes perhaps enabled me to see what
other travellers did not : indeed, I think this ought to be considered
as a standing proof, that in many cases practice goes farther than
theory. Other travellers had been also in various places where I
had been, and came often to the same spot where I was, but
perhaps did not make the observations I did. I certainly must beg
leave to say, that I often observed travellers, who, confident of their
own knowledge, let slip opportunities of ascertaining whether they

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 257

were correct in their notions ; and if an observation was made to
them by any one, who had not the good fortune of having received
a classical education, they scorned to listen to it, or replied with a
smile, if not a laugh of disapprobation, without investigating whether
the observation were just or not. I had often the satisfaction of
seeing such travellers mortified by the proof of being wrong in their
conjecture. I do not mean to say, that a man, who has had a clas-
sical education, should think himself under a disadvantage in regard
to knowing such things, compared with him who has not ; but, that
a man, who thinks himself Avell informed on a subject, often does
not examine it with such precision as another, who is less confident
in himself.

I observed on the north side of the pyramid three marks, which
encouraged me to attempt searching there for the entrance into it.
Still it is to be remarked, that the principal signs I discovered there
were not deduced solely from the knowledge I had acquired among
the tombs of the Egyptians at Thebes ; for any traveller will ac-
knowledge, that the pyramids have little in common with the tombs,
either in their exterior appearance, or in any shape whatever: —
they are two different things, — one is formed by a vast accumula-
tion of large blocks of stones ; — the other is entirely hewed out of
the solid rock. My principal guide, I must own, was the cal-
culation I made from the first pyramid, and such was my assurance
on this point, that I then almost resolved to make the attempt. I
had been at the pyramids various times before, but never with any
intention of examining into the practicability of finding the entrance
into them, which was deemed almost impossible. The case was
now different, — I saw then what I had not seen before. — I observed,
that just under the centre of the face of the pyramid the accu-
mulation of materials, which had fallen from the coating of it, was
higher than the entrance could be expected to be, if compared with

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258 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the height of the entrance into the first pyramid, measuring from
the basis. I could not conceive how the discovery of the entrance
into the second pyramid could be considered as a matter to be
despaired of, when no one had ever seen the spot, where it must
naturally be presumed to exist, if there were any entrance at all. I
farther observed, that the materials winch had fallen exactly in the
centre of the front were not so compact as those on the sides ; and
hence concluded, that the stones on that spot, had been removed
after the falling of the coating. Consequently I perceived the pro-
bability of there being an entrance into the pyramid at that spot.
Encouraged by these observations, I rejoined my companions in the
first pyramid. We visited the great sphinx, and returned to Cairo
the same evening.

I resolved to make a closer examination the next day, which
I did accordingly, without communicating my intention to any one,
as it would have excited great inquiry among the Franks at Cairo,
and in all probability I should not have obtained permission to
proceed in my design. The next day's examination encouraged me
in the attempt. I was confident, that, if my purpose had been
known to certain persons, who had influence at the court of the
Bashaw, I should never succeed in obtaining permission. On the
following day therefore I crossed the Nile to Embabe, as the Cacheff
who commanded the province which includes the pyramids resided
there. I introduced myself to him, and acquainted him with my
intention to excavate the pyramids, if it met his approbation. His
answer was, as I expected, that I must apply to the Bashaw, or to
the Kakia Bey, for a firman, without which it was not in his power
to grant me permission to excavate at the harrans, or pyramids. I
asked him, whether he had any other objection, provided I obtained
the firman from the Bashaw ; he replied, " none whatever." I then
went to the citadel, and as the Bashaw was not in Cairo, I presented

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 259

myself to the Kakia Bey, who knew me from the time I was at
Soubra, and who, on my request for permission to excavate at the
pyramids, had no other objection, than that of not being certain,
whether round the harrans there were any ploughed grounds, on
which he could not grant permission to dig. He sent a message to
the above Cacheff at Embabe, who assured him, that round the
harrans there was no cultivated land, but that on the contrary it
was solid rock.

With such an assurance I obtained a firman to the Cacheff,
to furnish me with men to work at the pyramids. My undertaking
was of no small importance : it consisted of an attempt to pe-
netrate into one of the great pyramids of Egypt, one of the wonders
of the world. I was confident, that a failure in such an attempt
would have drawn on me the laughter of all the world for my pre-
sumption in undertaking such a task : but at the same time I con-
sidered, that I might be excused, since without attempting we
should never accomplish any thing. However, I thought it best
to keep my expedition as secret as possible ; and I communi-
cated it only to Mr. Walmas, a worthy Levantine merchant of
Cairo, and partner in the house of Briggs. It is not to be under-
stood, that I intended to conceal the attempt I wished to make on
the pyramids, for the effects of my work would plainly show them-
selves ; but being near the capital, where many Europeans resided,
I could not prevent myself from being interrupted during my opera-
tions ; and as I knew too well how far the influence and intrigues
of my opponents could be carried, I was not certain, that the per-
mission I had procured might not have been countermanded, so as
to put an end to all my proceedings. Accordingly having provided
myself with a small tent, and some provision, that I might not be
under the necessity of repairing to Cairo, I set off for the pyramids.

My sudden departure from Cairo was supposed to be an expe-

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260 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

ditioii to the mountain of Mokatam, for a few days, as I had given
out. At the pyramids I found the Arabs willing to work, and im-
mediately set about the operation.

My purse was but light, for very little remained of what I re-
ceived as a present from Mr. Burckhardt, and the consul; and
though it had been a little strengthened by the two statues I lately
disposed of to the Count de Forbin, who had paid me one third of the
money on account, my whole stock did not amount to two hundred
pounds, and if I did not succeed in penetrating the pyramid before
this was exhausted, I should have been at a stand, before the accom-
plishment of my undertaking, and perhaps prepared the way for
others stronger than myself in purse.

Two points principally excited my attention : the first was on
the north side of the pyramids, and the second on the east. There
is on the latter side part of a portico of the temple which stood
before the pyramid, and which has a causeway descending straight
towards the great sphinx. I thought, that by opening the ground
between the portico and the pyramid I should necessarily come to
the foundation of the temple, which in fact I did. I set eighty Arabs
to work, forty on the above spot, and forty in the centre of the north
side of the pyramid, where I observed the earth not so solid as on
the east and west. The Arabs were paid daily one piastre each,
which is sixpence English money. I had also several boys and
girls to carry away the earth, to whom I gave only twenty paras,
or three pence, a day. I contrived to gain their good will by trifles
I gave as presents, and by pointing out to them the advantage they
would gain, if we succeeded in penetrating into the pyramid, as
many visitors would come to see it, and they would get bakshis from
them. Nothing has so much influence on the mind of an Arab as
reasoning with him about his own interest, and showing him the right
way to benefit himself. Any thing else he seems not to understand.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 26 1

I must confess, at the same time, that I found this mode of proceed-
ing quite as efficacious in Europe.

The works on each side continued for several days without the
smallest appearance of any thing. On the north side of the pyramid,
the materials which were to be removed, consisting of what had
fallen from the coating, notwithstanding the appearance of having
been removed at a later period than the first, were so closely
cemented together, that the men could scarcely proceed. The
only instrument they had to work with was a kind of hatchet or
spade, which being rather thin, and only fit to cut the soft ground,
could not stand much work among stones and mortar, which latter
I suppose, as it fell from the pyramid, had been moistened by the
dew *, and gradually formed itself almost into one mass with the
stones.

On the east side of the pyramid, we found the lower part of a
large temple connected with the portico, and reaching within fifty
feet of the basis of the pyramid. Its exterior walls were formed of
enormous blocks of stone, as may now be seen. Some of the blocks
in the porticoes are twenty-four feet high. The interior part of this
temple was built with calcareous stones of various sizes, but many
finely cut at the angles, and is probably much older than the ex-
terior wall, which bears the appearance of as great antiquity as the
pyramids. In order to find the basis of the pyramid on this side,
and to ascertain whether there were any communication between
it and the temple, I had to cut through all the material there
accumulated, which rose above forty feet from the basis, and con-
sisted of large blocks of stone and mortar, from the coating, as on
the north side. At last we reached the basis, and 1 perceived a flat
pavement cut out of the solid rock. I caused all that was before me
to be cut in a right line from the basis of the pyramid to the temple?

* In spring and summer, very heavy dews fall at night.

262 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and traced the pavement quite to the back of it, so that there was
evidently a spacious pavement from the temple to the pyramid;
and I do not hesitate to declare my opinion, that the same pavement
goes all round the pyramid. It appeared to me, that the sphinx,
the temple, and the pyramid, were all three erected at the same
time, as they all appear to be in one line, and of equal antiquity.
On the north side the work advanced towards the basis ; a great
number of large stones had been removed, and a great part of the
face of the pyramid was uncovered, but still there was no appearance
of any entrance, or the smallest mark to indicate that there ever
had been one.

The Arabs had great confidence in the hopes I had excited

among them, that if any entrance into the pyramid were found, I

would give great bakshis, in addition to the advantage they would

derive from other strangers. But after many vain expectations, and

much hard labour in removing huge masses of stone, and cutting

the mortar, which was so hard that their hatchets were nearly all

broken, they began to flag in their prospect of finding any thing, and

I was about to become an object of ridicule for making the attempt

to penetrate a place, which appeared to them, as well as to more

civilized people, a mass of solid stone. However, as long as I paid

them they continued their work, though with much less zeal. My

hopes did not forsake me, in spite of all the difficulties I saw, and

the little appearance of making the discovery of an entrance into

the pyramid. Still I observed, as we went on with our work, that

the stones on that spot were not so consolidated as those on the sides

of them, and this circumstance made me determine to proceed, till I

should be persuaded that I was wrong in my conjecture. At last, on

the 18th of February, after sixteen days of fruitless labour, one of

the Arabian workmen perceived a small clunk between two stones

of the pyramid. At this he was greatly rejoiced, thinking we had

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, £cc. 263

found the entrance so eagerly sought for. I perceived the aperture
was small, but I thrust a long palm-stick into it upwards of two
yards. Encouraged by this circumstance, the Arabs resumed their
vigour on the work, and great hopes were entertained among them.
Thus it served my purpose, as the work now went on briskly. I
was aware, that the entrance to the pyramid could not be between
two stones in this manner ; but I was in hopes, that the aperture
would furnish some clew by which the right entrance would be dis-
covered. Proceeding farther, I perceived, that one of the stones,
apparently fixed in the pyramid, was in fact loose. I had it re-
moved the same day, and found an opening leading to the interior.
Tins sort of rough entrance was not more than three feet wide, and
was choked up with smaller stones and sand, which being removed,
it proved to be much wider within. A second and third day were
employed in clearing this place ; but the farther we advanced, the
more materials we found. On the fourth day I observed, that sand
and stones were falling from the upper part of this cavity, which
surprised me not a little. At last I found, that there was a passage
from the outside of the pyramid by a higher aperture, which ap-
parently was thought to have had no communication with any
cavity. When all the rubbish was taken out, and the place cleared,
I continued the work in the lower part beneath our feet ; and in
two days more we came to an opening inward. Having made it
wide enough, I took a candle in my hand, and, looking in, perceived
a spacious cavity, of which I could not form any conjecture. Having
caused the entrance to be cleared of the sand and stones, I found a
tolerably spacious place, bending its course towards the centre. It
is evidently a forced passage, executed by some powerful hand, and
appears intended to find a May to the centre of the pyramid.
Some of the stones, which are of an enormous size, are cut through,

264 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

some have been taken out, and others are on the point of falling from
their old places for want of support. Incredible must have been the
labour in making such a cavity, and it is evident, that it was continued
farther on towards the centre ; but the upper part had fallen in, and
filled up the cavity to such a degree, that it was impossible for us to
proceed any farther than a hundred feet. Half this distance from the
entrance is another cavity, which descends forty feet (See Plate 11),
in an irregular manner, but still turns towards the centre, which no
doubt was the point intended by the persons who made the ex-
cavation. To introduce many men to work in this place was dan-
gerous, for several of the stones above our heads were on the point
of falling ; some were suspended only by their corners, which stuck
between other stones, and with the least touch would have fallen,
and crushed any one that happened to be under them. I set a few
men to work, but was soon convinced of the impossibility of ad-
vancing any farther in that excavation. In one of the passages
below, one of the men narrowly escaped being crushed to pieces.
A large block of stone, no less than six feet long and four wide, fell
from the top, while the man was digging under it ; but fortunately
it rested on two other stones, one on each side of him, higher than
himself, as he was sitting at his work. The man was so incarcerated,
that we had some difficulty in getting him out ; yet, happily, he
received no other injury than a slight bruise on his back. The
falling of this stone moved many others in this passage : indeed, they
were so situated, that I thought it prudent to retreat out of the
pyramid, or we might have reason to repent when too late ; for the
danger was not only from what might fall upon us, but also from
what might fall in our way, close up the passage, and thus bury us alive.
My expectation in this passage was not great, as I perceived from
the beginning it could not be the true entrance into the pyramid,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 265

though I had strong hopes that it would lead to some clew for the
discovery of the real entrance ; but, alas ! it gave me none, and
I remained as ignorant of it as I was before I began.

Having spent so many days at the pyramids without being dis-
covered by any of the people at Cairo, I did not expect, that my
retreat could be concealed much longer, as there were constantly
Franks from Cairo making a Sunday's excursion to the pyramids, or
travellers, who, of course, made it a point to see these wonders on
their first arrival at the metropolis. In fact, the very day I was
to have quitted this work, I perceived, in the afternoon, some
people on the top of the first pyramid. I had no doubt they were
Europeans, as the Arabs or Turks never go up, unless to accom-
pany somebody, to gain money. They saw part of my men at
work at the second pyramid, and concluded that none but Eu-
ropeans could be conducting such an operation. They fired a pistol
as a signal, and I returned another. They then descended the
angle which led towards us ; and on their arrival proved to be
Monsieur L'Abbe de Forbin, who had accompanied his cousin, the
celebrated Count, into Egypt, but did not proceed higher. With
him were the father superior of the convent of Terra Santa, Mr.
Costa, an engineer, and Mr. Gaspard, vice-consul of France, by
whom I was introduced to the Abbe. They all entered into the
newly discovered passage ; but it gave the Abbe less pleasure
than a cup of coffee, which he honoured me by accepting in my
humble tent. Naturally, after such a visit, all the Franks in Cairo
knew what I was doing ; and not a day passed without my having
some visitors.

I was determined to proceed still farther with my researches,
the recent disappointment making me rather more obstinate than
I was before. 1 had given a day's rest to the Arabs, which 1 dedicated
to a closer inspection of the pyramid. It often happens, that a

M M

266 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

man is so much ingulfed in the pursuit of his views, as to be in
danger of losing himself, if he do not quickly find the means either
of an honourable retreat, or of attaining the accomplishment of his
intended purpose. Such was my case. The success of my discovery
of the false passage was considered as a failure. I cared little what
was thought of it, but I was provoked at having been deceived by
those marks, which led me to the forced passage, with the loss of so
much time and labour. However, I did not despair. I strictly
noticed the situation of the entrance into the first pyramid, and
plainly saw, that it was not in the centre of the pyramid. I observed
that the passage ran in a straight line from the outside of the
pyramid to the east side of the king's chamber ; and this chamber
being nearly in the centre of the pyramid, the entrance consequently
must be as far from the middle of the face as the distance from the
centre of the chamber to the east side of it.

Having made this clear and simple observation, I found, that, if
there were any chamber at all in the second pyramid, the entrance
or passage could not be on the spot where I had excavated, which
was in the centre, but calculating by the passage in the first pyramid,
the entrance into the second would be near thirty feet to the east.

Satisfied with this calculation, I repaired to the second pyramid
to examine the mass of rubbish. There I was not a little astonished
when I perceived the same marks, which I had seen on the other
spot in the centre, about thirty feet distant from where I stood.
This gave me no little delight, and hope returned to cherish my
pyramidical brains. I observed in this spot also, that the stones
and mortar were not so compact as on the east side, which mark had
given me so much encouragement to proceed in the first attempt ;
but what increased my hopes was an observation I made on the
exterior of the front where the forced passage is. 1 observed the
stones had been removed several feet from the surface of the pyra-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 267

mid, which I ascertained by drawing a line with the coating above
to the basis below, and found the concavity was inclined to be
deeper towards the spot where I intended to make my new at-
tempt. Any traveller, who shall hereafter visit the pyramids, may
plainly perceive this concavity above the true entrance. Such has
been the effect of two different hints ; first my old guide from
Thebes, I mean the spots where the stony matter is not so compact
as the surrounding mass ; and, secondly, the concavity of the pyra-
mid over the place where the entrance might have been expected
to be found, according to the distance of the entrance into the first
pyramid from its centre.

I immediately summoned the Arabs to work the next day.
They were pleased at my recommencing the task, not in hopes of
finding the entrance into the pyramid, but for the continuation of
the pay they of course were to receive. As to expectation that the
entrance might be found, they had none ; and I often heard them
utter, in a low voice, the word " magnoon" in plain English, mad-
man. I pointed out to the Arabs the spot where they had to dig,
and such was my measurement, that I was right within two feet, in
a straight direction, as to the entrance into the first passage, as will
be seen from Plates 9 and 10 ; and I have the pleasure of reckoning
this day as fortunate, being that on which I discovered the entrance
into the great tomb of Psammethis at Thebes. The Arabs began
their work, and the rubbish proved to be as hard as that of the first
excavation, with this addition, that we found larger blocks of stone
in our way, which had belonged to the pyramid, besides the falling
of the coating. The stones increased in size as we went on.

A few days after the visit of the Abbe de Forbin I was surprised
by the appearance of another European traveller. It was the
Chevalier Frediani, who, on his return from the second cataract of
the Nile, came to visit the great pyramids. I had known him at

mm2

268 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Thebes on his ascending the Nile, and was much pleased to see him,
as I thought he might be an impartial spectator of the event of my
operations, which in fact he was. He greatly approved of my under-
taking, but after being two days with me was ready to take his de-
parture. I suppose he had as much expectation, that I should open
the pyramid, as the Arabs who named me the magneton. It hap-
pened, that on the very day he was to set off* for Cairo, I perceived
in the excavation a large block of granite, inclining downward at
the same angle as the passage into the first pyramid, and pointing
towards the centre. I requested the Chevalier to stay till the
morrow, thinking perhaps he might have the pleasure of being one
of the first who saw the entrance into the pyramid. He consented,
and I was pleased to have a countryman of my own to be a wit-
ness of what passed on this important occasion. The discovery
of the first granite stone occurred on the 28th of February, and on
the 1 st of March we uncovered three large blocks of granite, two
on each side, and one on the top, all in an inclined direction towards
the centre. My expectation and hope increased, as to all appear-
ance, this must prove to be the object of my search. I was not
mistaken, for on the next day, the 2d of March, at noon, we came
at last to the right entrance into the pyramid. The Arabs, whose
expectation had also increased at the appearance of the three
stones, were delighted at having found something new to show to
the visitors, and get bakshis from them. Having cleared the front
of the three stones, the entrance proved to be a passage four feet
high, three feet six inches wide, formed of large blocks of granite,
which descended towards the centre for a hundred and four feet
five inches at an angle of twenty-six degrees. Nearly all tins passage
was filled up with large stones, which had fallen from the upper
part, and as the passage is inclined downwards, they slid on till
some larger than the rest stopped the way.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 269

I had much ado to have all the stones drawn out of the passage,
■which was rilled up to the entrance of the chamber. It took the
remainder of this day and part of the next to clear it, and at last
we reached a portcullis. At first sight it appeared to be a fixed
block of stone, which stared me in the face, and said ne plus ultra,
putting an end to all my projects as I thought ; for it made a close
joint with the groove at each side, and on the top it seemed as firm
as those which formed the passage itself. On a close inspection
however I perceived, that, at the bottom, it was raised about eight
inches from the lower part of the groove, which is cut beneath to
receive it; and I found, by this circumstance, that the large block
before me was no more than a portcullis of granite, one foot three
inches thick.

Having observed a small aperture at the upper part of the
portcullis, I thrust a long piece of barley straw into it, and it entered
upwards of three feet, which convinced me, that there was a
vacuum ready to receive the portcullis. The raising of it was a
work of no small consideration. The passage is only four feet high,
and three feet six inches wide. When two men are in it abreast of
each other they cannot move, and it required several men to raise a
piece of granite not less than six feet high, five feet wide, and one
foot three inches thick. The levers could not be very long, other-
wise there was not space in the four feet height to work with them ;
and if they were short, I could not employ men enough to raise the
portculbs. The only method to be taken was, to raise it a little at
a time ; and by putting some stones in the grooves on each side, to
support the portcullis while changing the fulcrum of the levers, it
was raised high enough for a man to pass. An Arab then entered
with a candle, and returned saying, that the place within was very
fine. I continued to raise the portcullis, and at last made the
entrance large enough to squeeze myself in ; and after thirty days

270 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

exertion I had the pleasure of finding myself in the way to the central
chamber of one of the two great pyramids of Egypt, which have long
been the admiration of beholders. The Chevalier Frediani folbwed
me, and after passing under the portcullis we entered a passage not
higher or wider than the first. It is twenty-two feet seven inches long,
and the works including the portcullis occupy six feet eleven inches
in all. Where the granite work finishes at the end of this passage,
there is a perpendicular shaft of fifteen feet, and at each side of the
passage, an excavation in the solid rock, one of which, on the right
as you enter, runs thirty feet in an upward direction, approaching
the end of the lower part of the forced passage, as will be seen in
Plates 9 and 10. Before us we had a long passage running in a
horizontal direction toward the centre. We descended the shaft by
means of a rope. At the bottom of it I perceived another passage
running downward at the same angle of 26° as that above, and
toward the north. As my first object was the centre of the
pyramid, I advanced that way, and ascended an inclined passage,
which brought me to a horizontal one, that led toward the centre.
1 observed, that after we entered within the portcullis, the passages
were all cut out of the solid rock. The passage leading toward the
centre is five feet eleven inches high, and three feet six inches
wide.

As we advanced farther on we found the sides of this passage
covered with arborizations of nitre ; some projecting in ropes, some
not unlike the skin of a white lamb, and others so long as to
resemble an endive-leaf. I reached the door at the centre of a
large chamber. (See Plate 12.) I walked slowly two or three paces,
and then stood still to contemplate the place were I was. What-
ever it might be, I certainly considered myself in the centre of that
pyramid, which from time immemorial had been the subject of the
obscure conjectures of many hundred travellers, both ancient and

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 271

modern. My torch, formed of a few wax candles, gave but a faint
light ; I could, however, clearly distinguish the principal objects.
I naturally turned my eyes to the west end of the chamber, looking
for the sarcophagus, which I strongly expected to see in the same
situation as that in the first pyramid ; but I was disappointed when
I saw nothing there. The chamber has a painted ceiling; and
many of the stones had been removed from their places, evidently
by some one in search of treasure. On my advancing toward the
west end, I was agreeably surprised to find, that there was a sarco-
phagus buried on a level with the floor.

By this time the Chevalier Frediani had entered also ; and we
took a general survey of the chamber, which I found to be forty-six
feet three inches long, sixteen feet three inches wide, and twenty-
three feet six inches high. It is cut out of the solid rock from the
floor to the roof, which is composed of large blocks of calcareous
stone, meeting in the centre, and forming a roof of the same slope
as the pyramid itself. The sarcophagus is eight feet long, three
feet six inches wide, and two feet three inches deep in the inside.
It is surrounded by large blocks of granite, apparently to prevent
its removal, which could not be effected without great labour.
The lid had been broken at the side, so that the sarcophagus was
half open. It is of the finest granite ; but, like the other in the
first pyramid, there is not one hieroglyphic on it.

Looking at the inside, I perceived a great quantity of earth and
stones, but did not observe the bones among the rubbish till the
next day, as my attention was principally bent in search of some
inscription that would throw light on the subject of this pyramid.
We examined every part of the walls, and observed many scrawls
executed with charcoal, but in unknown characters, and nearly
imperceptible. They rubbed off into dust at the slightest touch ;

9,19, RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and on the wall at the west end of the chamber I perceived an in-
scription in Arabic, as follows :

and the various interpretations given of it compel me to explain
some points, which will perhaps lead to a satisfactory explanation.
It appears to me, that all the difficulty lies in the last letters of the
inscription, which are supposed to be obscure. This indeed is the
fact ; but I must say, that these letters were so blotted on the
wall, that they were scarcely visible. The transcriber was a Copt>
whom I had brought from Cairo for the purpose, as I would not
trust to my own pen ; and not being satisfied of his protestations
of accuracy, though it was copied under ray own eyes, I invited
many other persons, who were considered as the best skilled in the
Arabic language of any in Cairo, and requested them to compare
the copy with the original on the wall. They found it perfectly
correct, except the concluding word, which indeed appeared obscure ;
but if it be considered how much that word resembles the right one,
we shall find a correct sense, and the whole inscription made out.

Translation of the Inscription by Mr. Salame.

" The Master Mohammed Ahmed, lapicide, has opened them ;
and the Master Othman attended this (opening) ; and the King
Alij Mohammed at first (from the beginning) to the closing up." *

* The Arabic to which I gave the meaning of these last words, " to the closi?ig up,"

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 273

I must add, that the circumstance of the pyramid having been
again closed up agrees with what I have said of my finding it so.

On several parts of the wall the nitre had formed many beautiful
arborizations like those in the passage, but much larger and stronger.
Some were six inches long, resembling in shape a large endive leaf,
as I mentioned before. Under one of the blocks that had been
removed, I found something like the thick part of a hatchet, but so
rusty, that it had lost its shape. At the north and south sides are
two holes, which run in an horizontal direction, like those that are
seen in the first pyramid, but higher up.

Returning out of this chamber we reached the passage below.
At the bottom of the perpendicular shaft were so many stones as
nearly to choke up its entrance, and after removing these we found
the passage running to the north, at the same inclination as above,
an angle of 26°, as is to be seen in Plate 10. This passage is
forty-eight feet six inches in length, when it joins an horizontal
passage of fifty-five feet still running north. Half-way up this
passage on the right is a recess eleven feet long and six feet deep.
On the left, opposite to it, is another passage, running twenty-two
feet with a descent of 26° towards the west. Before we proceeded
any farther toward the north, we descended this passage, and entered
a chamber thirty-two feet long, nine feet nine inches wide, and
eight feet six inches high. This chamber contains many small blocks
of stone, some not more than two feet in length. It has a pointed
roof like that before mentioned, though it is cut out of the solid

is not spelled correctly in the paper I saw, a fault which I attribute to the transcriber
from the stone. It ought to be •■v\* \) 9 instead of ^-,\-\\X) 3 t the latter word

not being to be found in the Arabic language.

The words between the parentheses in the translation are not in the original.

A. S.
N N

274. RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

rock ; for it is to be understood, as I before observed, that, after
we entered through the portcullis, all the passages, and the large
chamber, as high as the roof, are cut out of the solid rock of cal-
careous stone. On the walls and roof of this chamber are several
unknown inscriptions, as there are in the upper chamber. They
are perhaps Coptic. Keascending into the horizontal passage, at the
end of it we found grooves for a portcullis like the former ; but the
stone of granite which served for this purpose had been taken down,
and is to be seen under the rubbish and stones near the place.
Passing the portcullis we entered into a passage, which ascended in
a direction parallel with that above, as in Plate 10. This passage
runs up forty-seven feet six inches. Here we found a large block
of stone, placed there from the upper part ; and by calculation I
found, that this passage ran out of the pyramid at its basis, as, from
the upper part of this square block, I could perceive other stones,
which filled up the passage to the entrance, so that this pyramid has
two entrances to it. Half-way up the horizontal passage, which
leads into the large chamber, is some mason's work ; but I believe it
to be only the filling up of a natural cavity in the rock.

Having made all my observations, we came out of the pyramid
with no small degree of satisfaction ; and I was highly gratified with
the result of my labour, of very little more than a month, the
expense of which did not amount in all to =£150, though I had
accomplished a task, which was supposed would have required several
thousands.

The Chevalier Frediani went to Cairo the same day, and the
news of the opening of the pyramid soon brought the Franks to
visit its interior. As I had no fear that the Arabian women would
break the pyramid, I left the entrance open (jiro bono publico); and in
that place where the perpendicular descent, just inside the portcullis,
is, I made a stone step for the accommodation of visitors, leaving
half of the passage to enter into the lower chamber.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 275

A young man of the name of Pieri, employed in the counting-
house of Briggs and Walmas in Cairo, came the next day to visit
the pyramid, and, having rummaged the rubbish inside of the sar-
cophagus, found a piece of bone, which we supposed to belong to a
human skeleton. On searching farther, we found several pieces,
which, having been sent to London, proved to be the bones of a bull.
Some consequential persons, however, who would not scruple to
sacrifice a point in history, rather than lose a bon mot, thought
themselves mighty clever in baptizing the said bones those of a cow,
merely to raise a joke. So much for their taste for antiquity. It
has been stated also, that it might be supposed these large sar-
cophagi were made to contain the bones of bulls, as the sarcophagus
which we found in the tombs of the kings at Thebes was of enormous
size, and more fit for a bull than a human body. I cannot agree
in this opinion, however, for if the person who made the observation
had an opportunity of seeing and examining the cases and sarcophagi
in which the Egyptians were buried, he would find, that the better
classes of people had cases within cases, some nearly double the
size requisite to contain one person ; and it is natural therefore to
suppose, that the kings of Egypt had more cases than one or two,
consequently the sarcophagus, which was the outer case, must have
l>een much larger than the rest, to contain them all.

Outside of the pyramid I observed the rock surrounding it on
the north and west sides to be on a level with the upper part of
the chamber ; and, as the rock is evidently cut all round, it appeared
to me, that the stones taken from it must have been applied to the
erection of the pyramid. Accordingly I am of opinion, that the
stones which seem to form these enormous edifices were not all
taken from the east side of the Nile, as is supposed and mentioned
by ancient writers. I cannot conceive why the Egyptians should
be thought so simple, as to fetch stones at seven or eight miles

n n 2

276 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

distance, and across the Nile, when they could have them from
much nearer points ; indeed from the very spot where the pyramids
stand. It is evident, that stones of an enormous size have been cut
out of the very rocks around the pyramids ; and for what purpose
were these stones extracted? It might as well be asserted, that they
were cut to build old Babylon of Egypt, or to fill up the vacancies
in the quarries of the Mokattam. If any traveller will go within
less than half a mile of the pyramids, particularly on the east and
south sides, he may see many places, where the rock has been for-
merly quarried to a great length ; and he will find that there is
stone enough to build many other pyramids if required. It is true,
that Herodotus says, the stones to erect the pyramids were brought
from quarries on the other side of the Nile; but I firmly believe he
was misinformed on this subject, unless what he asserts is to be
understood of the granite alone. And as to the causeways in
front of the pyramids, said to have been made to convey the
stones for the erection of these masses, I believe they were in-
tended for the accommodation of visitors, particularly at the time
of high Nile ; for if they were only to convey stones, the labour of
making them must have been nearly equal to the erection of the
pyramids.

So much has been already said about the pyramids, that very little
is left to observe respecting them. Their great appearance of an-
tiquity certainly leads us to suppose, that they must have been con-
structed at an earlier period than any other edifices to be seen in
Egypt. It is somewhat singular, that Homer does not mention them ;
but this is no proof, that they did not exist in his time ; on the con-
trary, it may be supposed they were so generally known, that he
thought it useless to speak of them. It appears, that in the time of
Herodotus as little was known of the second pyramid as before the
late opening, with this exception, that in his time the second pyramid

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 277

was nearly in the state in which it was left when closed by the
builders, who must have covered the entrance with the coating, so
that it might not be perceived. But at the time I was fortunate
enough to find my way into it, the entrance was concealed by the
rubbish of the coating, which must have been nearly perfect at the
time of Herodotus : notwithstanding this we were as much in the
dark in this present age, as he was in his. We know, however, now,
that it has been opened by some of the rulers or chiefs of Egypt ;
a fact that affords no small satisfaction to the inquirer on the subject
of these monuments. Some persons, who would rather let this cir-
cumstance remain in obscurity, regretted, that I should have found
the inscription on the wall, which proved it to have been opened
at so late a period, as very little more than a thousand years ago ;
but I beg them to recollect, that the present opening has not only
made known this very interesting circumstance, but has thrown
much light on the manner in which these enormous masses were
erected? as well as explained the occasion of them.

The circumstance of having chambers and a sarcophagus (which
undoubtedly contained the remains of some great personage), so
uniform with those in the other pyramid, I think leaves very little
question, but that they were erected as sepulchres ; and I really
wonder, that any doubt has ever existed, considering what could
be learned from the first pyramid, which has been so long open.
This contains a spacious chamber with a sarcophagus ; the passages
are of such dimensions as to admit nothing larger than the sar-
cophagus ; they had been closely shut up by large blocks of granite
from within, evidently to prevent the removal of that relic. Ancient
authors are pretty well agreed in asserting, that these monuments
were erected to contain the remains of two brothers, Cheops and
Cephren, kings of Egypt. They are surrounded by other smaller
pyramids intermixed with mausoleums on burial-grounds. Many
mummy-pits have been continually found there ; yet with all these

278 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

proofs, it lias been asserted, that they were erected for many other
purposes than the true one, and nearly as absurd as that they served
for granaries.

Some consider them as built for astronomical purposes, but there
is nothing in their construction to favour this supposition. Others
maintain, that they were meant for the performance of holy cere-
monies by the Egyptian priests. Any thing in short for the sake of
contradiction, or to have something new to say, finds its advocate.
If the ancient authors had advanced, that they were erected for
treasuries, the moderns would have agreed perhaps more in con-
formity with the truth, that they were made for sepulchres ; and
they would not have failed to see plainly those circumstances, which
clearly prove the facts, and which are not noticed as they ought
to be. I will agree with others thus far, that the Egyptians, in
erecting these enormous masses, did not fail to make their sides due
north and south, and consequently, as they are square, due east and
west. Their inclination too is such as to give light to the north
side at the time of the solstice. But even all this does not prove
in the least, that they were erected for astronomical purposes ; though
it is to be observed, that the Egyptians connected astronomy with
their religious ceremonies, as we found various zodiacs, not only
among the temples, but in their tombs also.

By the measurement I took of the second pyramid I found it to
be as follows.

Feet.

The basis 684

Apotome or central line down the front, from

the top to the basis 568

Perpendicular 456

Coating from the top to the place where it

ends 140

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 279

The circumstance of not finding hieroglyphics in or out of it makes
it appear, that they were erected before this mode of writing was
invented ; for, strange as it may seem, not a single hieroglyphic is
found in all these enormous masses. Yet I must beg leave to remark
a circumstance, which perhaps will lead to the conjecture, that it
might not have been the custom of the Egyptians in that part of the
country, who might perhaps be even of a different religion from their
countrymen, to put hieroglyphics on their monuments; for there
are many mausoleums round the pyramids, and some of them very
extensive, without an hieroglyphic to be seen within or without them ;
and I observed, that those which contain chambers with hiero-
glyphics are evidently of a later date than the former. All this
would seem to prove, that till a certain period subsequent to the
building of the pyramids hieroglyphics were not known. But what
can be said when I assure the reader, that in one of these mauso-
leums, which stands on the west of the first pyramid, and which is
so decayed that it has fallen in, and is in a very ruinous state, I saw
and made others observe some hieroglyphics and figures reversed in
one of the blocks, which formed that mausoleum ; and the hiero-
glyphics so preserved within, as if they were to be hidden from the
view ? It certainly must be concluded, that this stone had been
employed in a building, which was adorned with hieroglyphics,
and consequently proves, that they were known previous to the
erection of these mausoleums, though they were without any of
these ornaments or inscriptions. This being the case, it may be
supposed, that the people, who built the pyramids, were of the same
way of thinking as those, who built the mausoleums ; consequently
nothing can be inferred respecting the age of the pyramids from the
circumstance of their not having any hieroglyphics.

It has been supposed, that the first pyramid, or that of Cheops,

280 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

was not coated. I must agree in this opinion, for there is not the
slightest mark remaining of any coating. As to the coating of the
second pyramid, I had an opportunity of investigating this subject
in the excavation I made on the east side of it, where I found the
lower part as rough as any of the upper, below the remaining
coating, which confirms the account of Herodotus in this respect,
who says, that the coating was begun from above ; and I believe
myself that it never was quite finished to the basis, for if it had, I
should have met with some below, as the accumulation of rubbish
over the basis would have kept the stones in their places, or at least
enough of them to show there was a coating, as was the case in
the third pyramid, of which I shall have to speak presently.

It is supposed, that the inundation of the Nile surrounded the
pyramids, so that they remained like islands. I cannot say that it
was not so, for the situation of the pyramids is like an island of
rocks, separated from those on the west only by a valley of sand,
which might naturally have been accumulated by the wind in the
course of so many centuries. I think we cannot have a stronger
proof of this than the sphinx itself, the basis of which is so much
below the present surface, that if all the sand around the pyra-
mids were on a level with it, I have no doubt the Nile must
have run round them, which probably was the case in the early
ages.

Having thus finished my operation on the second pyramid, I
felt a great inclination to have a cursory view of the third. I
observed, that some one had made an attempt to penetrate it by
excavations on the east side. I commenced my labours on the
north side, and, after removing a great quantity of materials, found
a considerable accumulation of enormous blocks of granite, which
had evidently formed the coating. — Proceeding yet lower, as I

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 281

cleared away the rubbish I found, that part of the coating still re-
mained in its place down to the bases. The removal of these blocks
would evidently have brought me to the entrance into the pyramid,
but it required more money and time than I could spare.

By this time the consul, who was at Thebes, hearing of the
opening of the pyramid, wrote to me, that he was coming down the
Nile ; and at the same time Lord Belmore and family arrived at
Cairo. It is somewhat singular, and I mention it with much satis-
faction, that his Lordship arrived at Thebes one month after my
discovery of the celebrated tomb of Psammethis, and was the first
British traveller who entered it. On his return from Nubia, he
arrived at Cairo a little more than a month after my opening the
second pyramid, and was the first British traveller who entered this
also. His Lordship and family had been at Thebes for some time,
and had accumulated no small collection of antiquities ; indeed, I
esteem it the largest ever made by any occasional traveller. Dr.
Richardson had taken the opportunity of observing the ruins of
ancient Thebes at leisure ; and I believe, by his minute remarks,
he must have made himself well acquainted with many interesting
points not yet explained, and I have no doub this account will be
highly interesting.

The Earl and family set off for Jerusalem by way of the Desert ;
and I prepared for my departure for Thebes, my old residence,
which I knew better than any other place in Egypt. A few days
after, the consul arrived, and, in half an hour after him, Colonel
Fitzclarence, with despatches from India for England. The consul,
Mr. Salt, would have been kind enough to have paid all the ex-
penses I had incurred in opening the pyramid ; but this I positively
refused, as I thought it would not be fair and right that he should
pay for what he had nothing to do with.

I had the pleasure of accompanying the Colonel in a visit to the

o o

282 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS, &c.

pyramid, as described by himself in his account of his journey from
India to England through Egypt. He had suffered many hardships
on his journey, but did not appear fatigued in the least. His short
stay in Cairo did not permit me to write a full account of my
labours ; but at night I made a hasty sketch as well as I could, and
addressed it to the Antiquarian Society of London, which he was
kind enough to take to England for me. Mr. Salt, the consul, took
the same opportunity of sending an official account of my operations
in Egypt and Nubia to the ministers in England, I suppose because
he had no opportunity of sending any correct account before that
time.

My next and principal object was to make a small collection on
my own account, and to take drawings of the tomb of Psammethis,
with impressions in wax of all the figures, emblems, and hiero-
glyphics, the whole of which are in basso relievo; noting the
colours exactly as in the originals, so as to enable me to erect a fac-
simile in any part of Europe. This project deserved my serious
consideration, not only in calculating the time that it would require
to complete it, but the expense I must incur. However, though
I was only in Cairo, I did not want means of finding supplies for
what I intended to execute, and in a few days all was ready for my
departure on my third voyage up the Nile ; when, having arranged
my affairs with the consul, I set off for my old habitation anion o-
the tombs of Thebes.

END OF THE SECOND JOURNEY.

RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

IN

EGYPT, NUBIA, &c.

THIRD JOURNEY.

In the narrative of this my third journey to Thebes, I shall not
detain the reader with an account of my stopping here or setting off
there, as it would be no more than a repetition of what has been said
before ; but shall remark only the principal things worthy of notice.
I made an extraordinary quick voyage from Cairo to Melawi, wluch
place we reached in two days and a half, though it occupied
eighteen days in our second voyage. I stopped two days at Mr.
Brine's, the sugar-baker, as it was a calm, and in two days more
arrived at Siout. The next morning I went to see the Bey, that
worthy fellow and dear friend to the English. He was about a
mile out of town, exercising his soldiers and young Mamelukes in
gunnery and horsemanship. The cannon exercise was with balls
against the rocks ; and, I must say, there were better marksmen than
I expected to find among soldiers without discipline. He fired
himself at the same mark with two balls in one barrel of an English
gun, of which some one in Cairo had made him a present He liked it
extremely ; and observed, " These guns may become offensive to
their makers some day or other." I told him, if ever such a period

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284 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

should arrive, the English would still be superior in their weapons,
as by that time they would have invented some guns of another
construction, much superior to the most effective of the present
day, as they are continually studying something new. I saw he
was not pleased with my answer ; but I said it, and would have said
it again. After the cannon exercise, they began to fire at an
earthen pot placed on a kind of pedestal of about six feet high.
They commence their course at two hundred feet from it; ride
towards it at full gallop ; at the distance of fifty feet drop the bridle,
take their gun, and fire at the pot while at full speed. The horse
is so accustomed to this, that, before he reaches the stand on which
the pot is, he wheels to the right, to make room for the next in the
course. It is a very difficult matter to hit a small pot about a foot
high, while the horse is running with all speed. In about two
hundred shots I saw only six pots broken : the favourite Mameluke
of the Bey, a lad of twelve years old, broke three. He had the
best horse belonging to the Bey, and went as near the pot as the
length of a gun and a half. Two other Mamelukes broke one each
at a good distance, and one was broken by the Bey himself, for
which he received of course great praise from all his subjects. The
gold and silver on the riders gave them quite a theatrical ap-
pearance. When the exercise was ended, the Bey seated himself
under a tree, and was very curious to know the particulars of my
opening the pyramid, as he had heard of it, and desired to see a
plan. As I was to visit him in the afternoon, I promised he should
then see one.

At four o'clock I went to his palace. He was sitting on a very
high armed chair, a fashion not common among Turks ; though he
did not sit like an European, but in the Turkish manner, with his
legs up. Here I had an opportunity of being present at a trial

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, kc. 285

upon life or death. The case was tliis : a soldier belonging to the
Bey had been found dead upon the road near the village of Acmin,
with his throat cut, and several marks of violence upon his body.
He was on his return from Mecca, where he had been on a
pilgrimage. His camel was found dead near the door of a peasant,
and it was supposed that he had a great deal of money about him.
He was seen in the house of the peasant, near which the camel was
found, in company with seven other men, among whom was a
Bedoween. The soldiers of the village, who took the prisoners
into custody, asserted, that the prisoners had assisted the Eedoween
in making his escape ; and the Sheik of the same village affirmed,
that one of them said he knew where to find him at any time.
Several witnesses were examined, but no one gave any evidence
that could bring the facts home to the supposed culprits.

One point, however, was very much against one of them, and this
was, his countenance did not please the Bey ; for no sooner did the
Bey set his eyes on the poor fellow, than he exclaimed, " O ho ! the
case is evident ! I see plainly who is the murderer ; look at that
man ; can there be any doubt but it was he who committed the
crime ? So own at once that you did it, for denial will be useless ; I
see it in your face !" I must confess, I never saw more appearance
of the assassin in a countenance in my life ; but God forbid, that
our courts of justice should adopt such a method of proceeding, and
condemn people merely because the expression of their features is
against them. Several witnesses came forward to prove, that the
peasant, in whose house the soldier was, could have had nothing to
do with it, as he was not in the town at the time. I have reason to
believe, that witnesses in that country are rather more exact in their
depositions than those of Europe, for they do not get off so easily
as in our country. To make them impartial they generally get so

286 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

severe a bastinado on the soles of their feet, that all the flesh is off
to the bones, and they are unable to walk for a long time after. A
thousand blows is reckoned a moderate number for a witness to
receive. The business ended this day with beating and sending to
prison again. I heard afterwards, however, that several of those
supposed to be concerned in the murder had their heads cut off;
but for this I have no further authority than my own interpreter.

After the trial the Bey sent to me, as if he were desirous of
some conversation. I took the interpreter with me, as the Bey
will speak no language but the Turkish, and seated myself on
the bench near his chair. He began to talk again about the
pyramids, and wondered we could not tell when they were built.
He wished to be made acquainted with things, but in such a manner
that his ignorance might not be perceived, asking questions as if he
were already informed of what he was most anxious to learn. I
showed him the plan of the second pyramid. He understood it
immediately, as he said, taking a general view of it without in-
quiring into a single circumstance. As I knew he passed for an
architect among the Turks, I took a pair of compasses, and showed
him the scale of English feet, by which the plan was made. The
word scale was mistaken for the Italian scala, and he asked me
where a person mounted with that scale ; and the interpreter, who
was as curious as himself, asked nearly the same question. 1 could
not help smiling, and turned the discourse to the forced passage, on
which he rightly observed, that they who made it must have been in
search of gold, or else they would not have given themselves so much
trouble, with some similar remarks. I quitted him that evening,
as it was rather late, being half an hour after sunset, and went to
him to take my leave the next morning. I had a firman for him to
renew, and to my surprise he did it without hesitation. He seemed

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 287

to be pleased when he was told, that I was going to make a col-
lection for myself, for which reason, as he said, he had given me the
firman with full power to dig wherever I pleased, right and left of
the Xile. I answered, that I felt much obliged to him, but that I
hoped he would consider what I did for myself would be still for
the English party. Pie made no reply to this, but I could easily
see, that he felt a kind of displeasure at my returning to search as
connected with the English. I wish Mr. Salt had been there incog,
as he would have seen the difference of this man when behind his
back, from what it had been before his face. He introduced the little
story of the pipe made by Caliud, and sold as an antique to Mr. Salt ;
laughed much, and wondered how a person so full of knowledge could
suffer himself to be so easily deceived by a Frenchman. I told him,
that any one might well be deceived, as we bought many things from
the peasants, good and bad together in lots, without even looking to
see what they were, till they were brought home ; consequently this
pipe might have been bought in that manner. He asked me many
curious questions, and among them, whether I should shave my
beard when I returned to Europe, supposing my answer would
be, that I should not do any such thing; for my beard appeared
the finest of all that were before him at that moment, even superior
to his own, I told him, to his astonishment, that no sooner
should I reach the shore of my dear Europe, than I should rid myself
of it as a great burden. He saw he had got himself into a scrape, by
exposing the sanctity of the beard, to be despised before so many
of his bearded countrymen, by asking such questions of a Christian ;
and thinking to mend the matter, as some of the French told him
that in France many wear their beards, he said he knew that in
France many people wore them, but did not know whether it was
so in England. I replied, that neither in France, England, nor

288 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

in any part of Europe, except by a few of the Russians, were beards
ever worn. This sort of disrespect for beards did not appear to
meet the approbation of the assembly, and he was glad to turn the
discourse upon horses, &c.

Having received my firman, I left Siout the same day, and on
the next arrived at Tacta. This I recollected was the residence of
my old acquaintance Soliman Cacheffof Erments, who played me so
many tricks ; but as in the latter part of his command in that province
he became our friend, at least in appearance, I thought proper to
pay him a friendly visit, as, according to the way of thinking of
the Turks, an injury is not easily forgotten, and sometimes revenge
is taken, when the offender is in disgrace or in misfortune. I do
not know whether this man were pleased at seeing me in his hut,
as perhaps he might be mortified at the supposition, that I must
recollect his prejudice, and the trouble he had given me : certain
however it is, that he received me with all the marks of cordiality,
that can be expected from a Turk. He gave me to understand,
that as the deficiency found in his account with the Bashaw was
nearly made good out of his monthly pay, his employ would be
soon ended, when he should be a free man, and could go where he
pleased ; and if the Bashaw did not come to good terms with him,
he would go to a place above Ibrim. Knowing he meant to Don-
gola, to the Mamelukes, 1 told him, that his highness the Bashaw
was a worthy man, and if some friends of his in Cairo were to speak
to him, all would end well. He said he expected, that the French
consul would have done something for him, from his friendly pro-
fessions, but he was disappointed ; and added many other things,
but all of trivial importance. At a moment when we remained
alone however, even without the interpreter, he told me, in the
Arabic language, that he should be under great obligations to our

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 289

consul, if he would speak to the Bashaw in his favour ; and that he
might be assured he would gladly come to an understanding with
him, as he had made great improvements in the lands, from winch
the Bashaw derived considerable advantages ; but above all, as his
debt was paid with the khasna or treasury. I promised I would do
all I could for him ; and sometime after I wrote all the particulars
to Mr. Salt, acquainting him, that, if he could succeed in getting
this man restored to his situation at Erments, he might depend
on having a good friend in the commander of Thebes. I could
scarcely get away from him ; he sent his horses and soldiers to
accompany me to the water-side ; and on board our cangiar I found
the customary provision of bread, a sheep, &c.

Proceeding on my voyage, the next day at about a league before
we reached Acmin, on the 5th of May, 1818, at eight o'clock in the
morning, I saw the finest eclipse I ever beheld. The moon at its
full passed completely before the sun. The eclipse lasted about
three-quarters of an hour. I saw the full moon in the centre of the
sun, which formed a disc or ring ; the moon appeared to me in the
proportion of about half the size of the sun.

On the 10th of May I arrived at Thebes, and immediately pro-
ceeded to take the drawings of the tombs and impressions, as I
stated before.

In the arrangement I had made with Mr. Salt previously to my
re-ascending the Nile this time, it was agreed, that I should make
researches on my own account : but on my arrival at Thebes I
found, that all the grounds on each side of the Nile were taken,
partly by Mr. Drouetti's agents, and partly by Mr. Salt himself,
who marked the grounds before his return to Cairo this last time.
Seeing that there was no chance of making any researches on my
own account, without incurring the risk of some difference either

p p

290 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

with the French party or the English, I retired to my tomb, and
devoted my whole time to taking models of it.

It is somewhat singular, and by no means pleasing to my recol-
lection, that at this time I was at Thebes on my own account, and
at my own expense, yet with less chance of finding any thing, than
a perfect stranger who had never been in that country. A stranger
might come, fix on a spot of ground, and take his chance, whether
good or ill. My case was different ; for if I pointed out any spot
in any place whatever, one of the parties, I mean the agents
of Mr. Drouetti or those of Mr. Salt, would consider it as valuable
ground, and protest that it was taken by them long before. I verily
believe, if I had pointed out one of the sandbanks or the solid rocks,
they would have said they just intended to have broken into it the
next day : being however in the midst of Thebes, a place which was
become to me quite familiar, and accustomed as I had been to con-
tinual researches, 1 could scarcely keep myself from doing something.
I had already tried on an exhausted ground, known to have been
originally opened by me, so that no one could say it was taken by
them ; but I soon perceived, that it was a hopeless attempt to
proceed on spots which I considered as exhausted.

Between the Memnonium and Medinet Aboo, it is well known
there are several fragments of enormous statues ; particularly behind
the two colossi. I had long before marked tins ground, and Mr.
Drouetti first opened near these fragments ; but finding nothing
except broken pieces of lion-headed statues, he quitted it. Some-
time after Mr. Salt began to excavate in tins ground while I was in
Cairo, and found it to be the site of an extensive temple. There
are pedestals of many columns of very large diameter and in great
numbers. I counted about thirty, but it appears they are not half
uncovered, and among them Mr. Salt found several colossal frag-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 291

ments of breccia and calcareous stone, but all so mutilated, that
none were worth taking away. He proceeded in his work for a
long time, but left the spot at last, I believe, as unworthy of farther
labour. On mentioning my wish to proceed in my researches in the
same place to Mr. Beechey, he informed me, that it was reserved for
the consul, as it had been dug before on his account and under his
own inspection. But such was my hope of discovering something
of importance, that I determined to proceed, whether for my ad-
vantage or that of the consul.

I accordingly commenced my operations, and having observed,
that the part where the sekos and cella must be was not touched,
I set the men to work there. It was perhaps fortune that would
have it so ; but the fact is, that on the very second day of my
researches we came to a large statue, which proved to be the finest
of the kind I had yet found. It is a sitting figure of a man, in all
points resembling the great colossus of Memnon. On the side of
its chair are the same hieroglyphics, which are to be seen on the
chair of the Memnon. It is nearly ten feet high, and of the most
beautiful Egyptian workmanship. The stone is gray granite, and
has the peculiarity of having particles in it of a colour not unlike
that of the substance generally known by the name of Dutch metal.
This and a lion-headed statue are the only ones of the kind I ever
saw. Part of its chin and beard have been knocked off, but all the
rest is quite perfect. In the same ground I found several lion-
headed statues, like those I found in Carnak, some sitting and some
standing.

I know not what to say about this temple, as I do not pretend
to give an absolute decision on any subject ; but as every one may
have an opinion of his own, I shall venture to make a few remarks,
or rather put some questions. Why may not this be deemed the
great temple of Memnon, with as much, or perhaps more reason,

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292 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

than what is now named the Memnonium ? It is to be observed,
that the name was given to those ruins on the supposition that the
great colossal statue now lying on the ground within the space
included was that of Memnon ; but now, when every one agrees
that the statue of Memnon cannot be any other than that which is
to the north of the two in the plain between Medinet Aboo and
the Memnonium, I tliink that the temple, which stood in a direct
line with these colossi, might with more probability be named the
Memnonium. That the northernmost statue of the two in the
plain of Gournou was that from winch the sound proceeded I
believe is beyond doubt, from the combination of numerous circum-
stances, but in particular from the testimony of the many visitors,
who have verified it by their inscriptions on its leg. If the said
statue were intended to represent the Great Memnon, I think the
temple with which it was connected was the Memnonium. The
magnificence of this edifice has never been described, because it
never was seen or known to exist. Between the two colossal
statues and the portico of the temple is an enormous colossus,
thrown down and buried, all but the back of its chair, which
is broken in two about the middle. I cannot conceive how
this colossus escaped the notice of travellers. It was one of my
principal objects to uncover it, but I never had an opportunity.
I have no doubt some interesting points may be solved, and
perhaps pieces of antiquity may be found in it ; and I hope this
opinion of mine will induce some of the travellers or other antiqua-
ries in Egypt to excavate the interesting spot round the colossus.
Among the columns of the portico were found a great many frag-
ments of colossal statues of granite, breccia, and calcareous stones ;
and from the great number of fragments of smaller dimensions, and
of standing and sitting lion-headed statues, I can boldly state, that
these ruins appear to me to have belonged to the most magnificent

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 293

temple of any on the west side of Thebes. It is my humble
opinion, that the entrance into this temple was guarded by the two
colossi, one of which is supposed to have represented the Great
Memnon ; and that on advancing farther there were other colossal
statues in inner courts, the fragments of winch are still to be seen,
as I have just mentioned, in a line with the temple and the two
colossi. In the front of the portico are other colossi, of smaller
size, which appear as if adorning the entrance into it. The whole
combined induces me to think, that an extensive temple stood on
this ground. To explore it would require an excavation of no
small extent ; but I believe it well worth attention, and I am per-
suaded it would not prove a disadvantageous speculation to the
adventurer. The base of the above columns stood much hic-her
than the bases of the two colossi, consequently there must be an
ascent from the colossi lo the temple. If we take as an example
the temple called the Memnonium, we shall find the same to be
the case, and that the ascent into the temple was by steps. On my
removing the colossal statue from the ruins last mentioned, I found
that the pavement of the place where it lay was much lower than
the interior of the temple ; whence we may conclude that the
former temple was erected on the same principle ; and if it were
so, the front of this temple is not uncovered; and I do not
hesitate to say, that some interesting pieces of antiquity might be
found there, beside perhaps giving farther elucidation of the real
seat of Memnon. It is also to be observed, that the regular
inundation of the Nile over that very ground has raised the soil to
such a height, that it discourages a traveller from making re-
searches ; but without perseverance nothing can be effected. My
occupation at the tomb did not permit me to advance farther in
these researches, and I quitted them with the intention of re-

294 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

commencing, when I should have had an interview with Mr. Salt ;
for, as he had marked all this ground to be kept for his own
excavation, I did not wish to encroach on his Thebean territory.

The works at the tomb went on uncommonly well. By this
time I had taken many impressions of the principal figures in basso
relievo to my entire satisfaction. The wax alone I found would
not stand, as the climate did not permit it ; but with wax, resin,
and fine dust, I made an excellent composition. The greatest
difficulty was to take the impression of the figure without injuring
the colours of it. The figures as large as life I found to be in all
a hundred and eighty-two : those of a smaller size, from one to
three feet, I did not count, but they cannot be less than eight
hundred. The hieroglyphics in this tomb are nearly five hundred,
of which I took a faithful copy, with their colours ; but they are of
four different sizes, from one to six inches ; so that I have been
obliged to take one of each size, which makes nearly two thousand
in all. Some wax I procured in the small towns of the country,
but in such small quantities, that I was obliged to send down the
Nile to Kenneh, Farshiout, and Girgeh.

At the latter end of June we had a visit from Mr. Briggs,
on his return from India. He brought with him from that
country the pine-apple and the mango, some of which he had
planted in the garden of the Aga at Kenneh, and some he tried to
cultivate at Thebes. The mango at Kenneh I believe turned out
very well ; but those winch were planted in Thebes died, I imagine
from want of care, as we had no gardener.

By this time I had ceased all sort of researches. As I could not
dig on the grounds I wished, I contented myself with collecting
what the peasants of Gournou used to bring to me ; and I must say,
that in consequence of having so many acquaintances among these

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 295

mummy plunderers, I have been able to make a little collection of
ray own, in which I can boast of having a few good articles, par-
ticularly in manuscript, &c.

During this time, I attempted to make an excavation among the
ruins of the temple at Erments, but I was soon convinced it would
be to no purpose, and withdrew. This temple is very interesting,
for it differs from almost every other in its plan and construction.
The drawing, Plate 37, is as correct a representation as I could
take of it. On the back of this temple is the figure of the camelopard,
which is of such very rare occurrence among the hieroglyphics, that
this, and that which I mentioned in the sekos of the Memnonium,
are the only instances I can point out in Egypt.

MOTIVE OF MY JOURNEY TO THE RED SEA.

Some time prior to this, the Bashaw of Egypt was informed by
two Copts, who landed on the coast of the Pied Sea from Arabia, that
they had seen some sulphur mines in the mountains near that shore,
several days journey above Cosseir. On the report of these two men,
the Bashaw sent an order to the Cacheff of Esne to enter the desert
in search of those mines. He set off with an escort of soldiers, and
sixty camels to load with sulphur, but on their arrival, they found
only several pieces scattered about here and there, and having
collected them all, they were not sufficient to load twenty camels.
Among the soldiers of that escort was one of the Mameluke re-
negadoes, who stated, that he saw several mines and temples on the
road to the coast of the Red Sea.

This little success did not discourage Mahomed Ali, who was
always ready to persevere in any enterprise. He was advised to
send some Europeans to examine these places, and see whether it
were worth while to proceed in the discovery of sulphur. Mr.

296 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Drouetti recommended to the Bashaw Mr. Caliud, a silversmith,
who had been employed by him some time in the collection of
antiquities. Mr. Caliud set off for that place, accompanied by an
escort of soldiers and miners from Syria, and found the mines as
steril as they had been described ; but on his return he did not fail
to visit the emerald mountains, according to the instructions he
received from Mr. Drouetti, who evidently had seen the work of
Bruce, where he mentions having visited these mines. On his
arrival at the place, Mr. Caliud found several caves or mines, which
had been evidently left by the ancients, and probably had never
been touched by any one since. From the exterior of some of them
he collected several pieces of the matrix of the emeralds ; and when
these were produced to the Bashaw, they were deemed sufficient to
prove, that there were mines in the country, and to persuade Ma-
homed Ali to pursue his researches. Mr. Caliud in his pursuit
of mines in this country happened to reach Sakial-Minor, situated
in a valley, a few miles from the mountain of Zabara, and about
twenty-five from the sea (See Plate 35).

It is a valley surrounded by high rocks. On each side of
the rocks, at some little distance, are the remains of a few very
small houses, built of rough stones, and all except one or two
without mortar. The rocks of this place resemble an amphi-
theatre in form, not more than two hundred and fifty yards in
length. The upper part of the rocks contains several mines of
the ancients, and at one side there is a small chapel cut out
of the rock, thirty feet deep, and less than twenty wide (See
Plate 33, Nos. 6 and 7). The houses in all, as we counted them on
our visiting that place, are eighty-seven, one only of which can be
considered as the residence of a person distinguished from the rest.
T do not know how it happened, but it appears, that the enthusiasm
with which Monsieur Caliud gave the account of this place, seemed

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 297

to impress on the minds of the antiquaries in Egypt the notion that
it must have been the ancient Berenice, especially when he reported
it to have eight hundred houses and several temples, and seemed to
him in appearance like the ruins of Pompeia, &c. He asserted also,
that it was near the coast, and that the communication with the sea
was quite easy. At the same time he produced a Greek inscription,
which we also found on the top of a niche : we copied it with the
greatest care, and it will be inserted hereafter. Tliis was quite
enough. The ancient Berenice had at last been visited, and it was
known where it was. Indeed, in a few points it did not quite agree
with the situation described by the ancients ; but these obstacles
were soon removed, for I saw a modern geographer, a man of classical
education, and a great traveller, take the pen in his hand, and, in
order to make the newly discovered Berenice fall on the spot where
it ought to be, and accord with the description of the ancient
geographer, scratch out a large cape that incumbered him, being
on the south of the supposed Berenice, and with the same coolness
as if it had been a piece at draughts or chess, place it on the north ;
affirming that the bay was erroneously laid down by the ancient
geographers, who made the chart of the Red Sea.

In the description of the mines Mr. Caliud was pretty correct,
but it would have been more to his credit, if he had contented
himself with an exact account of the new Berenice, as it was named.
In consequence of all these reports Mahomed Ali engaged a Ma-
homedan Aga, a Syrian miner, and, with two hundred men, set
off accompanied by Mr. Caliud, to show him where he found the
ancient mines. Some time after, Mr. Caliud, finding that the
mines would not be so productive as it was expected, quitted the
place and returned to Egypt, leaving the Syrian miner to look out
for the emeralds.

From the time of these reports I conceived the idea of making

298 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

an excursion into these deserts on a visit to the new Berenice, and
only waited the opportunity of a proper time, to execute my intended
journey.

It happened, that near the end of September, one of the miners,
who was sent from the mountains to the Nile for provision, had to
come down from Edfu to Esne, and was returning to the desert,
when he fell sick. Hearing from some of the Arabs, that a christian
physician was at Beban el Malook, he came to beg the doctor would
prescribe something to cure him. Of course I had good and clear
information of all I wished from this man, who promised to show
me the way through the desert, if I wished to go. I made up my
mind at once, and set about preparing for my departure. Having
communicated my intention to Mr. Beechey, he resolved to go also,
and as the doctor would have been useful in drawing, I proposed
that he should accompany vis.

At this time we had a large boat loaded with antiquities of
various kinds, among which I embarked the fine colossal statue I
had discovered in the ruins of the temple, which I should name the
Memnonium. The boat being ready, a servant of Mr. Drouetti
requested Mr. Beechey to be permitted to take his passage on board
to Cairo, which was of course granted. The boat set off. By the
information I received from the miner, it appeared to me clear, that
the place could not agree with the description given of its situation
by Herodotus and Pliny ; and that the direction of the road Mon-
sieur Caliud had taken could not bring him so far south, as the
town of Berenice was marked by the geographer D'Anville, who I
had reason to believe was correct, having found him so on other
occasions. At last, two days after the boat set off for Cairo, we
hired a smaller one from Luxor, to take us up to Edfu, where we
were to enter the desert. We embarked near the temple of Gour-
nou, as the water reached quite to that place.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, fee. 299

Accordingly we set sail on the 16th of September, 1818. Our
company consisted of Mr. Beechey, the doctor, and myself, two
Greek servants, the miner, and two boys from Gournou, whom we
hired to take care of our luggage in the desert.

It so happened, that we were to witness one of the greatest
calamities that have occurred in Egypt in the recollection of any
one living. The Nile rose this season three feet and a half above
the highest mark left by the former inundation, with uncommon
rapidity, and carried off several villages and some hundreds of their
inhabitants.

I never saw any picture that could give a more correct idea of
a deluge than the valley of the Nile in this season. The Arabs had
expected an extraordinary inundation this year, in consequence of
the scarcity of water the preceding season ; but they did not ap-
prehend it would rise to such a height. They generally erect fences
of earth and reeds around their villages, to keep the water from
their houses ; but the force of this inundation baffled all their
efforts. Their cottages, being built of earth, could not stand one
instant against the current, and no sooner did the water reach them,
than it levelled them with the ground. The rapid stream carried
off all that was before it; men, women, children, cattle, corn, every
thing was washed away in an instant, and left the place where the
village stood without any thing to indicate that there had ever been
a house on the spot. It is not the case, as is generally supposed,
that all the villages of Egypt are raised so high above the general
level of the ground, that the water cannot reach them ; on the con-
trary, most of those in Upper Egypt are little if any thing higher
than the rest of the ground, and the only way they have to keep off
the water on the rise of the Nile, is by artificial fences made of
earth and reeds. It appeared to me to be in the midst of a vast lake
containing various islands and magnificent edifices. On our right we

Q Q 2

300 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

had the high rocks and the temples of Gournou, the Memnonium, the
extensive buildings of Medinet Aboo, and the two colossal statues,
which arose out of the water like the lighthouses on some of the
coasts of Europe. On our left we had the vast ruins of Carnak and
Luxor ; to the east of which, at a distance of eight miles, ran the
Mokattam chain of mountains, forming the boundaries of this vast
lake as it appeared from our boat.

The first village we came to was Agalta, whither we went not
merely to see the place but to desire the Caimakan to send a soldier
to guard the tombs, in addition to the Arabs, and some of our
people, whom we had left there. I thought this necessary, not-
withstanding the strong door I had caused to be made at its
entrance. He appeared immediately on our approaching the village,
and greatly lamented his situation, as he expected to be washed
away by the Nile. There was no boat in the village ; and should
the water break down their weak fences, the only chance of escape
was by climbing the palm-trees, till Providence sent some one to their
relief. All the boats were employed in carrying away the corn from
villages that were in danger. Both in Upper and Lower Egypt the
men, women, and children are left to be the last assisted, as their
lives are not so valuable as corn, which brings money to the Bashaw.
As this village was then four feet below the water, the poor Fellahs
were on the watch day and night round their fences. They em-
ployed their skin machines or bags to throw the water out again
which rose from under the ground ; but if their fences should be
broken down all was lost. We offered to take the Caimakan with
us in our boat, but he could not quit the place which he was ordered
to guard. When we left this village there was but little wind, so
we did not proceed much farther, and in the evening made fast our
boat to some high ground between Agalta and Erments.

On the 17th we saw several villages in great danger of being de-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 301

stroyed. The rapid stream had carried away the fences, and their
unfortunate inhabitants Avere obliged to escape to higher grounds,
where it was possible, with what they could save from the water. The
distress of these people was great. Some of them had only a few feet
of land, and the water was to rise twelve days more, and after that
to remain twelve days at its height, according to the usual term of
the inundation. Fortunate was he who could reach a high ground.
Some crossed the water on pieces of wood, some on buffaloes or
cows, and others with reeds tied up in large bundles. The small
spots of high ground, that stood above the water, formed so many
sanctuaries for these poor refugees, and were crowded with people
and beasts (See Plate 2G). The scanty stock of provision they could
save was the only subsistence they could expect. In some parts the
water had left scarcely any dry ground, and no relief could be hoped
till four and twenty days had elapsed. The Cacheffs and Caima-
kans of the country did all they could to assist the villages with
their little boats, but they were so small in proportion to what was
wanted, that they could not relieve the greater part of the unfor-
tunate people. It was distressing to behold these poor wretches in
such a situation. To approacli them in our little boat would have
been dangerous both to them and to us, for so many would enter it at
once, that the boat would sink, and we along with them, to increase
the number. On our arrival at Erments, where fortunately the
land is very high, we found many of the neighbouring people col-
lected. We landed immediately, and employed our boat to fetch
the people from an opposite village. The Caimakan set off himself
with another boat, and in the course of an hour he returned with
several men and boys. He sent the boats again, and they returned
loaded with men, corn, and cattle. The third trip brought still
more corn, buffaloes, sheep, goats, asses, and dogs. I remarked,

302 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

that there were no women in that village ; but we were soon
convinced of the regard paid to the fair sex in that country. The
fourth voyage was employed in fetching over the women, as the
last and most insignificant of their property, whose loss would
have been less regretted than that of the cattle. I hope this
circumstance will convince the European fair sex of our superiority
over the Turks and Arabs, at least in point of due respect to them.
These people say, that women have no souls ; and indeed, by
the brutal manner in which they are treated, we cannot expect
such poor creatures to have any.

On the 18th we arrived in Esne. Khalil Bey was gone to Cairo,
to take the command of the province of Benesouef ; and Ibrahim
Bey was now governor of Esne. He received us with uncommon
civility, and furnished us with a firman to the Cacheff who com-
manded the province of Edfu. On our return on board we found
some bread, greens, and a sheep, sent by the Bey, for which we
returned a fine English gun and some powder. At our desire, he
sent us a soldier, to accompany us wherever we went, but he gave
strict orders that we should not take any of the emeralds from the
mines ; for, though he was the most civilized Turk I ever knew, he
could not help supposing, that we did not go into these deserts
merely to see the mountains and the sand. He imagined, that, if
we came where the mines were, we should naturally help ourselves
to emeralds, which he thought would be worthy our notice. We
set off on the next day, and arrived at the island of Hovasee before
Edfu.

It was rather late in the evening ; and on our approach to the
fences which surrounded the village to, keep off the water, we
alarmed the Fellahs so much, that they all came to the spot where
we were, made us proceed up to a place where there was no danger

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Stc 303

of injuring the fence, and kept strict watch over us all night. They
were certainly right ; for if our boat had struck against the fence,
it would have inevitably made a breach, and, of course, inundated
the village and the rest of the land.

On the 21st, in the morning, we all went to the Cacheff, who
did what he coidd to procure us every thing necessary. He sent
for the Sheik of the tribe that inhabited the deserts we had to pass.
His name was Abada ; and he was a hostage for the security of the
people that worked at the mines near the Red Sea. We made our
arrangements about the camels and drivers, and found the terms
very reasonable ; for we paid only one piastre a day for every camel,
and twenty paras for every man ; out of which they were to pro-
vide food both for themselves and their beasts. It was agreed, that
we should keep the camels as long as we pleased, and go wherever
we thought proper. We crossed part of the island with the boat, as
there were four feet water above the banks, and went on shore on
the east side of the main land. On our arrival we met with
Mohammed Aga, the chief of the miners, who had just arrived from
the emerald mountains, and was repairing to Esne. He seemed to be
much concerned at our going thither, and would fain have per-
suaded us to wait till he returned, that he might accompany us,
as no one could go to the place without him. We told him not to
be alarmed, for we were not in search of precious stones, but of
antiquities. This did not appear to satisfy him, and he said he
would soon be back again. We remained the rest of the day,
waiting while the drivers prepared bread for their journey.

In the morning of the 22d there was no appearance of de-
parture. I had observed a sudden change in the Sheik since
he saw the chief miner, and began to suppose, that his influence
still prevailed on the Sheik to detain us at least as much as he
could. The miner himself had proposed, that we should wait at

304 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the ruins of a temple, about two days on our journey, till his
return ; to which proposal of course we did not agree. I saw
clearly he was not a little alarmed at our going, for fear we should
make some discovery among the minerals ; and all our assertions to
the contrary had little effect. We insisted on setting off that day,
and we did so the same evening.

Our party was increased by the soldier from Esne, four camel-
drivers, and a Sheik to guide us, making in all twelve men. We
had sixteen camels, six of which were laden with provisions, water,
culinary utensils, &c. We halted at the foot of a hill three hours
distance.

In the morning of the 23d we set off very early, and arrived at
the first well in three hours. Here the camel-drivers informed us,
that we could not advance till Sheik Ibrahim joined us, as he had
to bring us more food for the camels. We had been waiting the
whole day with impatience, but without seeing any body. The
valley we entered afforded a good level road, till we came to the
foot of the mountain, about fifteen miles from the Nile. We were
seated under a dry sunt tree, at a little distance from a small well.
Hot winds, that raised the sand, blew the whole day. Several of the
Ababde came to water their cattle at the well, but kept at a distance
from us. They live scattered about in the rocks and little valleys
among the mountains, but occasionally assemble together in a few
minutes. To pass this place without a good understanding with
their Sheik for security would be imprudent and dangerous. Find-
ing that the guide did not arrive in the evening, we sent one of the
drivers to the Sheik, requesting him to send the man immediately,
otherwise, if he were not with us at sunrise, we should return,
and complain to the Cacheff.

At length, on the next morning, the 24th, he appeared, and we
set off pretty early. The valley we now entered afforded a very level

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c.

305

and good road. There are in it several sunt and sycamore trees,
and in various places the thorny plant called basillah, represented
in Plate 36. This is the plant on winch the camels feed. It is of
a green colour at a certain season of the year, I believe in the
spring ; but it soon becomes dry, and, of course, of a straw colour.
It bears a small fruit of the size of a pea, but hollow inside. The
stalk is of a similar substance with that of rushes, and it never
grows liigher than three feet. As we advanced, the valley became
narrow, and the trees thicker in some places ; but they gradually
diminished, and at last we entirely lost them. On the right of the
valley as we went up I observed the remains of a settlement, which
I considered as a station for the ancient caravans from the Nile to
Berenice, of which we afterwards found many others on the road,
placed at proper distances for the caravans to halt at night. At some
of them it is evident there were wells of good water, but they are
now quite filled up. Advancing farther, the mountains approach
till the valley becomes little else than a wide road ; and after pass-
ing a narrow and high defile we entered an open plain. Here the
mountains on the right run towards the south, and after a long
circuit return to form a valley with those on the left. At the
entrance of this valley stands a lrigh rock, on the left of which is
a small Egyptian temple. To this we now directed our course,
and arrived at it six hours after setting off from the well in the
morning.

On our approaching it we were not a little pleased at the sight.
It is of small magnitude, as will be seen in Plate 20. The plan of
it is given in Plate 33, No. 3. The portico, which is built project-
ing from the rock, has four columns, two in front and two in the
centre. It is adorned with Egyptian figures in intaglio relievato,
and some retain their colour pretty well. They are as large as life,
and not of the worst execution. In the sekos, which is cut out of

R R

306 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the rock, are four pilasters. At the end of it are three small
chambers ; and there are two others, one at each side, in the
corners of the lateral walls, on which are to be seen figures and
hieroglyphics in a pretty good style. On one of the columns we
observed a Greek inscription, which I did not copy, as Mr. Beechey
took the trouble himself*. I made the drawing of the exterior
view of the temple stone by stone. The two front columns are
joined to the sides of the portico by a wall nearly two thirds of
their height. Near the temple are the remains of an enclosure,
which no doubt was a station for the caravans ; but it is totally
different from any other that we met with on that road as far as
Berenice. It consists of a wall, the form and extent of which
may be seen in Plate 33, No. 4. It was built by the Greeks,
is twelve feet high, and contained several houses within it for the
accommodation of travellers. In the centre was a well, which
is now filled up with sand. All round the well there is a platform
or gallery, raised six feet high, on which a guard of soldiers might
walk all round. On the upper part of the wall are holes for
discharging arrows, similar to those we see formed in our ancient
buildings for the same purpose. The sides of the gateways are
built of calcareous stones, and the wall is of bricks. By this time
I was convinced, that this must have been a road to some place of
consequence, as it was obvious, that there was a frequent passage of
caravans this way. The place is named Wady el Meeah. The
fort, I think, must have been built by some of the Ptolemies, to
protect the caravans, at the time when the trade with India, by the
way of Berenice and the Bed Sea, flourished.

At three o'clock in the morning of the 25th, we continued our

* The inscription taken by Mr. Beechey cannot be inserted, as, when that gentle-
man returned to London, he unfortunately doubted whether he had copied it cor-
rectly enough to be published.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 307

journey. No vegetation of any sort was to be seen any where.
Sometimes we passed over wide and level plains, and sometimes
crossed rugged hills, till two hours before sunset, when we entered
the valley called Beezak by the Arabs. This valley runs from south
to north, and has several sunt trees scattered about in it, and the
usual thorn. Here we halted for the night, and while our cook
prepared our supper, Mr. Beechey and I went to see a granite rock
at some distance, as the Ababde had informed us, that there was a
magical stone there. We entered the valley toward the north, and
observed, that it must have been an ancient road, as the usual marks
of camels' feet were clearly impressed on the ground. There is
seldom any sand on these roads ; on the contrary they are covered
with small pebbles, and where the passage of camels was frequent,
they formed a strong impression, which is to be seen to this day,
and may be traced to great length through those valleys till they
reach the sandy country. When we arrived at the rock, we found
it to be of fine granite in very large masses. On one side of it are
several figures cut on the stone, which cannot be taken for any other
than imitations of the Egyptian. They are meanly scrawled, without
shape or form, but, united with the circumstance of the camels' paths,
they are sufficient to indicate, that the valley was a high road, which,
by the direction it takes, must have been that from Coptos to
Berenice, so well described by D'Anville. At this place Mr. Eicci,
the doctor, was attacked with a violent disorder, and it was decided,
that he should return the next morning, as it would increase if he
advanced farther in the desert.

On the 26th, in the morning, our caravan was divided into three
different detachments. We sent the luggage and provision on the
way toward the east, which we intended to take ; the doctor returned
toward the Nile on the west ; Mr. Beechey and myself went in a
south-east direction, to see something that the Ababde mentioned,

rr2

308 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

though we could not make out what they meant. We entered a
sandy valley with rocks on each side nearly perpendicular, of white
and calcareous grit-stone, with some veins of white marble in-
termixed. After some hours' march we reached a place named
Samount ; here we found the remains of an ancient settlement or
station, winch appears, by its situation, to have been on the road
from Berenice to Coptos.

It has several pieces of walls, which are the only remains, and
evidently a well in the centre (See Plate 33, No. 5). The walls are
built of rough stones without mortar.

We took the road to the east through several beautiful and
romantic valleys, if so they may be called. The soil was sandy and
stony, but there are thorny plants to feed cattle, and so many sunt
trees, as to form a complete forest in some parts. The rocks on
each side are of divers colours, exhibiting the most beautiful and
solitary scenes. One who wishes to retire from the world might
find a charming retreat in these wilds, were it not for the want of
water and all that is necessary to the subsistence of human life,
beside the intense heat of the sun, which on calm days is so
great in these valleys, as to be almost insupportable. Advancing
onward, in three hours we reached a summit, whence we saw
at some distance what appeared to be the walls of a large and
extensive town, surrounded by high rocks, as if by a fortifica-
tion. On our approach we saw it was an extensive sandy plain,
with several granite eminences. The rocks rose at some dis-
tance from each other, and appeared like so many little islands.
If the sand had been water, I could not have distinguished this spot
from the centre of the cataract, I mean from above Syene to the
island of Philce. This place seemed to me as if I were passing the
cataract, with the difference only, that I had a camel instead of a
boat, and the granite appeared to be of a finer quality than that of

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 309

the cataract, approaching to porphyry. If the ancients did not make
any use of it, it was no doubt in consequence of the difficulty of
conveying it to the Nile.

From this place we travelled to the left toward the valley where
it was intended we should halt. Our caravan had reached the place an
hour before us, though we proceeded very fast on our march. Here
we found two wells, one of salt water, and the other quite putrid
and brackish. There are few waters in the world better than that
of the Nile ; and now to have to drink the worst was such a change
in one day, that we could not help feeling the consequences of it.
Mr. Beechey was taken very ill, from drinking at the first well, and
we had great apprehension of the next, which was worse. We had
provision for a month, but our fresh meat was gone, and it was with
difficulty we could procure a very lean goat. The tribe of this
country are all Ababde, and extend from the confines of Suez to the
tribe of Bisharein, on the coast of the Red Sea, below the latitude of
23°. The manners of this race show them to be lovers of freedom : they
prefer living among these solitary rocks and deserts, where they eat
nothing but dhourra and drink water, before submission to the com-
mand of any government on earth. It is a great feast among them
when they take the resolution of killing a lean goat, but they eat it
without fearing, that any rapacious hands should take it from them.
A man of this stamp, accustomed to liberty and independence, would
naturally find himself as in a prison, if under the control of even the
best of governments. Their greatest care is for their camels, which
are their support. They breed them up to a certain growth, and then
send them to be exchanged for dhourra, which constitutes their
food. The camels, as well as other animals, live upon the common
thorn plant, which is the most abundant to be found in the country.
Some of the most industrious of the Ababde cut wood, and make
charcoal with it, which they send to the Nile on camels, and barter it

310 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

for dhourra, tallow, and tent cloth. Few, however, undergo such
a labour, for they like to live at their ease. A pipe of tobacco is a
luxury, and a piece of a fat ram quite raw a great dainty. They are all
nearly naked, badly made, and of small stature. They have fine eyes,
in particular the women, as far as we could see of those that came
to the wells. The married women are covered, the rest uncovered.
Their head-dresses are very curious. Some are proud of having
hair long enough to reach below their ears, and there formed into
curls which are so entangled, that it would be impossible to pass a
comb through them, therefore the women never use such an instru-
ment. When they kill a sheep that has any fat, which is very
seldom, they grease their heads all over, and leave the fat in small
pieces to be melted by the sun, which makes them appear as if they
had powder on their heads ; and this lasts for several days, till the
sun melts the whole, and produces an exquisite odour for those who
have a good nose. As their hair is very crispy, their heads remain
dressed for a long time ; and that they may not derange their coiffure
when their heads itch, they have a piece of wood something like a
packing needle, with which they scratch themselves with great ease
without disordering their head-dress, of winch they are very proud.
Their complexions are naturally of a dark chocolate ; their hair quite
black ; their teeth fine and white, protuberant, and very large.

The spot where the well at which we halted is situated is an am-
pin theatre of rocks, with trees in the centre. In the winter all the
scattered Ababde in the mountains assemble together here, and if any
marriage takes place, it is at this time. It is always performed with
due ceremony. The lover first sends a camel to the father of the girl.
If this be accepted, he applies personally to herself, in the presence
of one man as a witness. If she consent, the day of marriage is ap-
pointed, before winch the lover does not see his bride for seven days.
On the eighth, she is presented to lum in the tent of her father. This

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 311

day is celebrated by killing some of their lean sheep, and by camel
races. The next day the happy couple retire to the tent of the
bridegroom. If the man become tired of his wife, he sends her back
with the same camel which he sent to her father, as this is her own
from the time of the marriage. The mother of the bride must not
speak a word to the bridegroom as long as she lives ; a regulation
intended to prevent her from making mischief between the young
couple ; and which might perhaps be adopted with advantage in
some countries of Europe.

It was now three years since they had had any rain, whence there
was a scarcity of thorns ; which was the cause, as they said, that
their sheep were so meagre. To make some arrangements for our
proceeding, and to purchase some sheep, we were obliged to stop
all this day at the well. Having contrived to boil a quantity of
the water, it became a little sweeter, and we were told, that the
water of the next well was not so good as this. The Nile water
we brought with us became bad two days after. We had put it
into skins called hudry.

Before taking leave of this place, I shall give some farther account
of the manners and customs of the people. When a child is born,
the next day the father kills a sheep, and gives the child a name.
^V^len they are sick, they say India kerim, and lie down till they
are better, or till they die. I saw old men that did not know or
could not tell their age, as they keep no account of such things ;
but by appearance they must have been ninety years old. When
any one dies, they dig a hole in the ground, and put the corpse into
it, and very often on the spotwhere the person died, and then
remove their tents a little farther on. They never intermarry with
any but their own people. A girl had been refused in marriage to
a Turkish CachefF, though she was as poor as any of her tribe. The
Cacheff attempted to use force, and the consequence was, that they

312 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

assembled to the number of above three hundred, and he prudently
retired, leaving his intended bride to be married to her cousin.
They have shown, that they are sensible of their wild manner of
living, but continue in it for the sake of liberty ; for they wrote to
the Bey at Esne, that they were content to live in that wild state,
as all their forefathers had done, to remain free from tyranny and
despotism ; and that they would be quiet, if they were left so ; but
on the contrary, they would sooner perish than lose their liberty.

Some of these wild people, as they are called, came to the well

in the course of the day, and as they saw us quiet and peaceful, they

ventured, at the persuasion of our drivers, to approach us. A few

of them had been as far as the Nile to purchase dhourra, and these

were accounted men of knowledge, but the greater part had never

quitted their mountains. One of them seeing a piece of lemon-peel

lying on the ground, wondered what it was ; and another, who had

been to the Nile, to show his great knowledge of things, took it up,

and ate it with an air of self-sufficiency. We gave them a piece of

loaf-sugar, and when they had eaten it, they declared, that our valley

must be better than their own, as it produces such good and sweet

bread. When they buy dhourra they generally get it ground with

the usual hand millstone in the village where they buy it, and carry

the flour into the desert. Their bread is baked under the ashes,

and is in the form of a large cake, without leaven or salt. Their

great enemies were the tribe of El Mahasa and Banousy, which

dwell from between Suez to the interior of Arabia and the confines of

Syria. With these tribes they had had many battles, but it appeared,

that neither one or the other advanced beyond their old possessions.

They had also been at variance with the Bishareines on the south,

but were now at peace with them all.

Their arms are chiefly spears, and swords or sabres of very old
fashion, narrow at the hilt and broad at the point. They have very

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 313

few firearms, and those they have are with matchlocks. Their con-
stant hard way of life made them accustomed to eat raw meat, and
to suffer the inconveniences of a desert with the greatest indif-
ference. I have seen them for near four and twenty hours without
drinking, and walking the whole day and night in the hottest season.
They are not so religious as the Arabs of the Nile. I scarcely ever
saw them saying their prayers. By the great caution I observed
in our guide as we advanced in the desert, I perceived it was
necessary, that he should acquaint them of the protection we had
from their Sheik, by whose permission we ventured among them
thus alone and without any escort. It appeared to me, that they
were much exasperated toward the soldiers, who had lately been
sent into their mountains in search of emeralds ; and had it not
been for the danger of their Sheik, whose property and life were in
the hands of the Turks, they would soon have turned these people
out of the mountains, particularly as the miners were a set of
desperate fellows, who behaved very ill, often assailed their tents,
committed depredations, and insulted their women, of which the
Ababdes complained very much.

On the 28th, early in the morning, we set off, and passed through
many rocky valleys. The road was not quite so level as before, but
good enough for any horse to trot along. There was nothing in-
teresting, except large plains of sand, and high mountains before us.
We arrived in the evening at a spot named Gerf.

On the 29th we traversed several pleasing valleys. The moun-
tains that surrounded them were all of hard stones, and beautifully
variegated with different coloured marble.

About two in the afternoon we saw the Ked Sea at a great
distance, and having entered a range of mountains, stopped at a
place called Owell, or place of the dragon.

On the 30th we set off early, bent our course to the south-

s s

314 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

south-west, and passed through several valleys, towards a very high
mountain called Zubara, a name given to it in consequence of
the emeralds which have been found there. At the foot of this
mountain about fifty men were encamped, and at work in the
old mines of the ancients, in hopes of finding some of the precious
stones : but it appeared, that their predecessors had searched pretty
well before they quitted their works. These unfortunate wretches
received a supply of provision from the Nile, but sometimes it did
not arrive in due time, and great famine of course prevailed among
them. There were two small wells, not more than half a day's
journey distant, and one of them had a tolerably good quantity of
water. Their work had commenced about six months before, but
had been attended with no success. The mines or excavations of
the ancients were all choked up with the rubbish of the upper part
that had fallen in, and the labour to remove this rubbish was great,
for the holes were very small, scarcely capable of containing the body
of a man, crawling like a cameleon. They were all thoroughly tired
of their situation, and cursed the being who had caused them to be
sacrificed in these deserts, destitute of all the common necessaries of
life. They rose several times against their leaders, and in one instance
two of them were killed. On the day we were there one of the poor
wretches nearly fell a victim to the avaricious caprice of their power-
ful employer. As he was penetrating into one of the holes, part
of the roof fell down upon him, and not only cut off his retreat, but
nearly killed him on the spot. He was fortunately taken out alive,
but it did not give much encouragement to the rest. We contrived
to acquire all the information we could about our expedition, and
received very favourable accounts of it, with some additional hopes
respecting the old town in question, which, according to these people,
was only six hours distant south from us, and at six hours more there
was a fountain of water. The sea was only six hours distant from the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 315

town, of which we hoped to have a fine view before night. We
went to see the entrance into the mines. They were something
like the common tombs at Gonrnou cut in the rock ; but I observed,
that the cavities were made so as to follow the veins of mica and
marble, and had been carried to a great distance into the bowels of
the mountain, till they found the emeralds.

There are a great number of mines all over this mountain ; and
the rubbish taken out of them, which is scattered about, gives an
idea of the amazing works of the ancients.

The excavations are not carried on in any regular direction.
Sometimes they are in an inclined plane of various angles, at other
times they are perpendicular, or horizontal, as the mica runs. I was
told by the miners, that, as they advanced towards the centre, and
at great distances from the entrance, the two strata of marble, which
inclose the mica, approach each other, till at last they join, and there
is the most chance of finding the emeralds. Where the rocks form
separate hills, I observed, that the veins of marble and the mica
take their course towards the centre, and, by the distance they run
inward from their entrance, it appears to me, that the j)lace where
the emeralds are found must be pretty near the centre of the lull ;
I mean under the highest point of that elevation, which distin-
guishes one lull from another. I was not fortunate enough to see
any emeralds, as these people had not met with any in all their
researches. Indeed their leader showed us some few specimens of a
very inferior kind, and what was found till that period was only the
matrix. He was determined, however, to persevere ; and I heard
some months after, that he had succeeded in finding some, but in
small quantity. I believe too they are of a secondary quality, by
what I have seen of them. The people who live there are in a
dreadful situation. The nearest habitation is on the Nile, which
cannot be reached in less than seven days by a caravan. They

s s 2

316 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

depend entirely on the supply of provision sent them from Esne,
which is sometimes very scanty, though only bread, rice, and lentils :
and according to their account it happens very often, that their sup-
ply is delayed merely by the negligence of the purveyors, who are
directed to furnish them with it. Besides, they have another source
of apprehension. They consider, and with good reason, that the
Ababde are not pleased to see them in the deserts ; and much less
since some of the miners behaved very brutally to them, surprising
them in their tents, and insulting their women, as before stated ;
and they were alarmed for the consequences.

Their great fear was, that the Ababde would assail the caravan
of provision on its way from the Nile : for as they had no stock with
them, before another supply could arrive, which would require at
least fourteen days, they would all perish with hunger. These
considerations rendered the people imwilling to work, and the
operations were going on very slowly when we were there.

Having procured an old man from among the natives to guide
us to the ruins of the anticipated Berenice, we sought all the
information we could from the people, and some of the miners who
had been at the very place when Monsieur Caliud was there.
Their account of it indeed was not in conformity with that of Mon-
sieur Caliud ; but we considered, that these people went only in
search of mines, and little regarded the beauties of ancient archi-
tecture, or the magnificence of edifices, which according to our
expectations must be stupendous at least.

We prepared for our departure on the next morning, the 1st of
October ; and when we had gone about half a mile Ave perceived,
that we were without our guides. Both he who had brought us
from the Nile, and the old man who was to conduct us all over the
country, to see the town and other places, were missing. We were
consequently obliged to return in search of them, and found them

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 317

hidden behind a rock, conversing secretly with each other. They
professed to have been in search of a sheep, which was stolen in the
night, and we had nothing else to live upon ; but as they said they
could not find it, we set off for the so much desired ancient city of
Berenice.

Our road was now among the high rocks, and in very narrow
valleys, but in which there were a great number of trees. Some-
times the mountains diverged into wide circles one or two miles
wide. In such places the wood is abundant, and it is from these
that the miners get the timber for their use. The most common
plants among them are the sunt and the usual thorn. On the
ground among the sandy spots I observed the coloquintida and
other shrubs. Our direction was toward the south-west, and gra-
dually to the west, till Ave reached the south side of the mountain
of Zubara, which is the highest of the emerald mountains. Here
we were led by the old man in various directions through wild
and craggy places for seven hours. He told us, the place we
wanted to see was near, but we had a high pass to go over the
mountain named Arraie. We continued our journey and ascended
a kind of gully, at the side of which was something like an ancient
road or rather path. On the summit of the mountain above we
observed a large wall, so situated, that it appeared to look over the
path on both sides of the mountain. When we reached the top of
the road, our camels were exhausted ; some of them had fallen on
the way, and were unloaded to enable them to ascend, and the
strongest camels had to return to fetch the loads of the others.
I never saw the camels suffer so much on any occasion as on this.
A steep and craggy road over a mountain is no more adapted to
a camel, than the deep sand of the desert to a horse.

From this summit we began to look out for the desired Berenice,
but alas ! in vain. Our imagination was so raised by the account of

318 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Monsieur Caliud, that I, for my part, expected to distinguish the
town by the lofty columns and architecture of some magnificent
edifice, or the remains of some high tower, which was to serve me as
a guide to the spot, to which I intended to run on the first view of
it. Mr. Beechey was not less anxious than myself, and in equal
expectation of grandeur. We had made our arrangements how to
proceed when we arrived. We considered, that, as our provision
was scanty, we could stop there but a few days, and we had
already distributed our time accordingly. He was to take drawings
of all the beautiful edifices, monuments, figures, paintings, if any,
sculptures, statues, columns, &c. I was to run all over the vast
ruins like a pointer, as fast as I could, to observe where any thing
was to be found or discovered, to take measures of all the beautiful
monuments, and plans of every stone in that great city. Such was
our imagination ; now to the fact. From the summit where we now
were, I expected to have a distant view not only of the sea, but of
a wide plain, as it was natural to suppose that a town like Pompeii
could not have been built among these savage mountains without
one foot of cultivated land about it. The non-appearance of any
wide space I attributed to the situation where we were, and pre-
sumed, that we should be agreeably surprised on turning some of
the rocks before us ; so that my expectation was not diminished in
the least. On our descent the old man told us, that we should soon
see the ballet. He had already said, that, previous to our reaching
the town we should see some grottoes in the mountains, which,
according to our Quixotic imagination, we concluded were the
tombs of the inhabitants of that vast city. We advanced insensibly,
I continually keeping my eyes on the points of some rocks which
stood before me, with the expectation, that on turning the next
angle, I should have the glorious sight ; and indeed the scattered and
ruined walls of some ancient enclosures announced to us, that we

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 319

should soon see some habitation. I observed a square hole in the
rock, which had evidently been cut by some of the miners in form of
a chapel, as before mentioned (See Plate S3, No. 7).

I now began to congratulate myself that we had nearly arrived,
and while I was thus thinking, all at once the old man, who was at
the head serving us as a guide, made a sign to halt. The drivers gave
the signal to the camels, and the camels, who were already exhausted
by passing over the mountains, did not wait for its repetition, but
with all the baggage were quickly crouched on the ground, before I
could perceive the reason why. I told the drivers, that we did not
intend to stop there, but would advance farther into the town where
the houses were to be seen ; when to our no small astonishment
we were told by the old man, that this was the place where the
other Christian was before. I must confess, that my stupidity
would not allow me at once to conjecture, that the report of
Monsieur Caliud could be so exaggerated, as to lead us to suppose
we should find another Pompeii instead of the place at which we
had just arrived ; and reproached the old man for his stopping there,
and not advancing to the town, which, according to his own account,
could not be far off. He again protested, that this was the place, and
that there was no other with houses in any part of these deserts or
mountains. I was still deeper in perplexity, and continued to urge
him to take us farther. As to Mr. Beechey, he was in the same pre-
dicament as myself. Resolved not to submit to what I thought the
imposition of the old man any longer, as it now wanted four hours to
sunset, I mounted my camel again, which would much rather have
remained where he was than have gone in search of old Berenice. I
set off immediately ; Mr. Beechey did the same, and consequently
all the rest of the caravan followed at a distance. We entered a long
valley, which ran toward the south, and filled with the hopes of

320 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

seeing the said Berenice on turning every corner of the valley in
succession, we went on incessantly for four hours, till it was nearly
dark, without perceiving the smallest appearance of any habitation.
At last we reached another valley, more spacious, and covered with
the trees which the Ababde call egley, and other plants. The valley
runs from south-east to north-west, and having lost all hopes of
finding Berenice that night, we halted to rest under a beautiful rock
on a clean bed of sand, instead of sleeping among the magnificent
temples of the great city. By this time we were without water,
and though in the proximity of a great town, according to Monsieur
Caliud, no water could be had at less than fifteen miles distance.
The camels, though more than tired, were obliged to set off imme-
diately to the spring, not only to drink themselves, but to fetch water
for us, as we were much in want.

Many were the conjectures we made on the cause, that could
induce the old man not to show us the place described by Monsieur
Caliud. I sometimes fancied that our drivers had received instruc-
tions from the leader of the miners, when we met him at the Nile,
that we might not see any of the mines in or near the town of
Berenice ; but on the other hand we could not believe that the
drivers would all with one consent deceive us, merely to oblige a
man who had no influence over them. Thus we did not know what
to think. Our provision at this time began to make us cautious.
We had biscuit for twenty days yet ; but the loss of the sheep in the
mountain made it worse. Our little stock of water also was quite
putrid. Still we were easily satisfied, so that we did but reach the
desired emporium of the commerce formerly carried on by the nations
of Europe with India ; but alas ! this much sought for town vanished,
or rather never appeared, like the desired island of the squire of
the astonishing champion of La Mancha. We contented ourselves

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 321

with biscuit, and a piece of mutton killed three days before, which
by the by gave me reason to congratulate myself on not possessing
the sense of smell.

Early in the morning of the 2d, we perceived a high mountain
on the south-east of the valley, about four or five miles distant.
The valley we were told was named Wady el Gimall. It was quite
full of that beautiful tree the egley, and as we had to wait the return
of the camels, I thought we might ascend the mountain to have a
view of the country, or of the remains of Berenice. Accordingly
we set off, and on our way observed several flocks of antelopes, from
which we were in hopes to obtain a repast for our empty stomachs,
but with all our caution we never could get near enough to shoot at
them. They were pretty fat, and we were extremely hungry, but for
all this we were not able to approach them. The valley continued
very beautiful, adorned with several groves of suvaroe and debbo
trees, in addition to a profusion of the egley. The rocks on each side
afforded many pleasing recesses to admit the traveller to rest and
solitude. Perhaps no one had been in this valley for many centuries,
and very likely no one will pass through it for many more to come.
On our reaching the summit of the mountain, we took a view all
round us. We had the map of the coast of the Red Sea by D'Anville,
and a small perspective glass. The peak on which we stood com-
manded a prospect of many miles all around ; but no place was to
be seen, where the city could have stood. All that we saw was the
summits of other lower mountains, and at last we began to be per-
suaded, that no such town existed, and that Monsieur Caliud had
seen the great city only in his own imagination. It was rather
provoking, to have taken such a journey in consequence of such a
fabricated description ; and I hope this circumstance will serve as a
warning to travellers, to take care to what reports they listen, and
from whom they receive their information. From the accounts of

T T

322 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

persons who arc so given to exaggeration you cannot venture on
a journey without running the risk of being led astray and dis-
appointed, as we were in our search after the said town with its
eight hundred houses, and much like Pompeii.

Having observed all the adjacent country and the mountains
near us, I took a distant view where the opening between the
mountains permitted, and observed, that the valley from which we
ascended the mountain continued its course toward the east ; and
it appeared by the gullies, that the water of the rainy seasons dis-
charged itself in that direction. On the south-east I saw some high
mountains, which we were told by the old man, who had followed us
all the way, were near the sea. Taking a minute view in that
direction, on the north-east from the place where we stood, I per-
ceived the motion of the water under the sun at a great distance,
and we concluded, that the valley must conduct us to the sea-coast.
Accordingly we made up our minds to pursue that course ; and, as
we had been disappointed in seeing the extensive ruins of Berenice,
we proposed to ourselves to try whether we could reach the spot
Where DAnville lays down the Berenice Trogloditica. We there-
fore descended the mountain, and returned to the place where we
had passed the preceding night, to wait the return of the camels
with a fresh supply of water ; of which we had so little by this time,
that a single zemzabie (a leathern bag containing nearly three quarts)
only remained. Our thirst was great, and we felt in some degree
the dreadful calamity of being in a desert without water. Hunger is
painful to endure, but thirst is by far more intolerable. We often hear
to what extremities a man can be reduced by hunger, because water
is always at hand ; but, if this element were to be deficient, we should
see still more dreadful effects. At last, tluee hours after, the camels
appeared in sight at the head of the valley on the west, and we rejoiced
much at their arrival. The poor drivers were excessively fatigued ;

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 323

but we had no time to lose in debates. When we told them, that
we intended to go farther on to the south, they were all in consterna-
tion, and we had much ado to persuade them to agree to it. Indeed,
it was not without promises and threats that we prevailed on them.
At length we set off toward the sea in a north-east direction.

After travelling six hours we arrived in a valley, the rocks on
each side of which were nearly perpendicular. They were com-
posed of calcareous stone, intermixed with strata of white marble,
as well as of red granite. During this time we proceeded without
knowing in the least where our journey would end, our only hope
arising from the sight I had of the sea in the morning. At sunset
we came to a place where there was an opening in the mountains
not unlike a breach. It is called by the Ababde Sharm el Gemaal
(the rent of the camels), and appears as if the rocks had been
separated by art ; for each side is so perpendicular, that it might be
supposed to have been cut for the purpose of making a way through
it. After we had passed this, we entered a more spacious valley.
The hills were small ; and the sandy banks made us expect to reach
the sea every moment. We went on till a late hour, and at last
halted on a spot where we thought the sand would afford us a
pretty comfortable bed. Fortunate for me that it was so ; for
the camel was so weary, that no sooner did we reach the sand,
than, supposing I intended to go still farther, he completely
threw me off his back, left me there, saddle and all, and, without
delay, set out to feed among the thorns. Mr. Beechey and myself,
anxious for the result of our journey, and in hopes of seeing the
sea, which we thought not far off; walked to the summit of one of
the small hills ; but, on reaching it, we could scarcely perceive any
distant object, as it was nearly dark. I was fully convinced of the
non-existence of the imaginary Berenice, and felt the necessity
of being on friendly terms with our guides, who I found were

t x 2

324 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

pretty correct in the information they had given to us. But no one
could have supposed that a man, who found only a few desolate
ruins of the miserable residence of poor miners, could fabricate a
report, that he had discovered the city of Berenice, the emporium
of the commerce between India, Africa, and Europe.

Early on the next day we resumed our journey. The valley
still continued in the same direction, but to my amazement the
hills, instead of diminishing, increased in size, which made us fearful,
that we were yet far from the sea. At length, about noon, the valley
opened all at once, and at the distance of five miles we saw the
Arabian gulf. The sight of an open horizon, after the contracted
view of a long and narrow valley, was much welcomed by us. On our
reaching the shore, we plunged into the sea like the crocodiles into
the Nile, and found, that a bath after a long journey was very
refreshing ; we had no time to lose, as our biscuit, as we calculated,
would last only seventeen days, and not an hour longer.

Directly opposite us we saw the island of Jambo. It appeared
at first sight only a sand bank ; but on narrower inspection we per-
ceived, that it had some high rocks on the south side. It was
pretty high in the centre, and gradually sloped toward the north.
The Ababde call it Gasira el Gimal, I suppose because it is just
before the valley of this name. All the shore, as far as we could
see, was composed of a mass of petrifactions of various kinds. I do
not know whether I give the right name to this sort of composition,
but it is a mixture of sea-weeds, madrepores, corals, roots and shells
of many sorts, all formed into a solid mass like a rock, which extends
from the bank of sand that forms the boundary of the tide, and
runs into the sea for a great length. In some places there are beds
of sand, but there is not a spot any where for a boat to land without
the risk of being staved against the rock. We now resolved without
loss of time to take the road toward the south along the coast, as

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 325

far as till we might suppose we had passed the spot, where our maps
place the ruins of Berenice, which, according to D'Anville, who is
considered as best skilled in ancient geography, is immediately
after the Cape Lepte extrema, a little beyond the 24th degree of
latitude. We communicated our intention to our drivers, who were
thunderstruck with fear on hearing such a project. They positively
refused to accompany us any farther, and though we were very
urgent with them, it was all to little purpose. They remonstrated,
that we ran a great risk ; our stock of biscuit was very scanty,
there was no water to be found on that road, and we might meet
the Bisharein, whose country we proposed to approach. But
being determined to proceed in our design, we took that method,
which persuades every one to act even against his own will : we
told them, that we meant to go whether they would or not ; and
that, as we were superior in number, we would compel them. They
soon saw, that it was in vain to resist ; and at length it was con-
cluded, that the camels should go with two drivers to the nearest
spring, to take as much water as they could ; that on their return we
should set off to proceed as far as El Galahen, to which place we
made them understand we must go ; and thence take the road
across to the well of running water. On a calculation we found, that
with great economy in using the water we could do very well.

Accordingly on the 4th the camels set off for the well, and we
had to wait two days till their return. During this interval Mr.
Beechey and myself made an excursion along the coast toward the
north, to examine a small bay, which we observed in the chart. We
went along the sea-shore, and on our arrival at the spot where the
bay ought to have been, we found that it did not exist. The coast
was every where the same with respect to the petrifactions, and the
plain, which extends from the mountains to the sea, was covered in
many places with woods of sycamore and ciall trees ; which confirms

326 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the account of Bruce, for undoubtedly this must have been the place
where he landed, when he went to visit the emerald mines. The
distance, in a right line, from the mines to the sea, is about twenty-
five miles, and it may be thirty or thirty-two by the two valleys,
which are the only passable roads. I do not see any reason why
Mr. Bruce's assertion of having visited these mountains should be
doubted. Neither the distance he had to walk from the sea, nor
the danger of falling a victim to the rapacity of the natives, are any
arguments against it ; for we have instances enough to prove, that
he was capable of overcoming greater difficulties than these ; and I
will venture to assert, that the only reason why such doubts coidd
have been started, as well as many others respecting his work, was
the spirit of contradiction excited by the illiberality of travellers, and
those who were no travellers ; the former, because they have not
power to resist jealousy, which, in spite of all their efforts to conceal
it, shows itself through the veil of their pretended liberality and
impartiality ; and the latter, because they are unable to control
their bad propensity to dispute, and condemn every thing that they
have no knowledge of.

In some rocks that lay at the foot of the mountains facing the
sea, we saw several mines of sulphur, but I doubt whether their
produce would be advantageous, owing to their situation. They
are near the sea, but the conveyance by land to the Nile would
prevent any benefit from the speculation. Being persuaded, that
no vessel could be loaded on that coast, we returned to the place
where we had left our caravan : hunger was not, I believe, visible on
our faces, for we contrived to make some repasts out of some shell-
fish, which abound in great quantities along the coast, and I
cherished the idea, that as long as I could find some of them I
should not perish. The large periwinkles are excellent, and, when
young, are very tender and delicious, particularly to a hungry man.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 327

We had some of them which weighed half a pound, and part of the
tail quite delicate, though the white, or upper part, is rather tough.
On our return we found that the guide had met with an
acquaintance of his who lived by catching fish, not far from where
we were. His only habitation consisted of a tent four feet high
and five feet wide; and his wife, a daughter, and a young man,
her husband, formed the whole family. We contrived to persuade
the old man to go out and fish, and, though he was living in those
deserts, he knew the worth of money, for he said that there were
people among them who went yearly on the Nile and purchased
dhourra, which they carried on camels all round those deserts, and
sold it to the inhabitants, for which they took in exchange either
camels or money ; consequently we easily persuaded the old fisher
to go out and catch fish for us ; in fact, he set off to sea, accom-
panied by his son-in-law. Their mode of fishing is somewhat strange ;
they throw in the water a part of the trunk of the doomt tree,
perhaps ten or twelve feet long, at each end of which is a piece of
wood attached in an horizontal direction, so as to prevent the tree
from turning round ; at one of the ends a small pole is stuck up-
right to serve as a mast, on the top of which there is a piece of
wood horizontally fastened as that below. A woollen shawl thrown
over it, and fastened at each end, and to the piece of wood ho-
rizontally fixed below, forms a kind of sail, and the two fishermen
mount on the large trunk as on horseback, and by way of cord,
attached to the middle of the sail, take the wind more or less as
is required. But it is only when the wind blows either from north
or south that such a contrivance can serve ; for if it blows from the
east they cannot set off their boat from the shore, or if it blows
from the west it will blow them too far out at sea. When the fisher-
men are thus at some distance from the shore, I do not know by
what means the rest of the operation is executed ; but from what I
could see they darted their long thin spear at the fish when they

328 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

happened to see any, and by these means they procured their
subsistence. On their return they brought us four fish, each of about
six pounds weight, and one foot six inches long ; they were of a
strong blue silvered colour; their fins, head, and tail red; and their
teeth, which are only four, are quite flat and out of their mouths.
They had very large scales, and their form not unlike the benne of
the Nile. I am certain the Egyptians must have had a knowledge
of this fish, as it is so clearly seen in their hieroglyphics, and in the
new tomb of Psamethis I saw some painted exactly as they are in
reality. They are exceedingly good, have very few bones, and very
large galls.

On the 5th, in the morning, I ascended a high mountain to view
the coast as far as I could, and I saw that it ran straight towards
the south-east. The spot which we occupied is marked No. 16
on the map, to which I cannot give a better name than the
mouth of Wady el Gemal, as it is precisely opposite the entrance
into the valley of that name. I observed also that the southern
point of the island of Gambe was in a right line with the rising sun
at sea, and myself. It will be seen on the map, supposing the
place I stood upon to be on the top of the mountain nearest to the
above No. 16. By the help of a small compass, we contrived to take
the direction of the northern coast as far as we had been the day
before ; our maps being so small, we did not find them so correct as
we wished. Early on the 6th, the camels returned with a load of
fresh water, and it was well they did so, for our thirst was in-
creased, not only from the scarcity of water, but by the shell-fish
which we had found and eaten abundantly ; an inconvenience which
the fishermen had not to contend with, being accustomed to the
bitter water of a well not so far off. We now divided our ca-
ravan into two parties ; we sent all the luggage, culinary utensils, the
soldier, my Greek servant, and the best part of the camels, to a
spring of running water in the mountains of Amusue, there to wait

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 329

till our return. For ourselves, we took with us as much water as we
could, and formed a party, consisting of Mr. Beechey and myself,
a Greek servant, four drivers, and the two Arabian boys we had
brought from Gournou, with five camels in all.

We set off in the forenoon, and went along the coast till we
arrived at El Whady Abghsoon, near the mines of El Kebrite, or
sulphur, and on the south-west were the mountains of Hamata. I
observed the coast all the way, and took its direction. On our road
we met some fishermen, like the former ones. When they saw us
at a distance, they left their tents and marched off towards the
mountains ; all our signs to them to stop were to no purpose. We
arrived at their tents, and found some excellent fish just roasted,
which, no doubt, these people had made ready for their supper. We
partook of their meal, and left some money in payment, on the
top of a water jar, and continued our journey. For two days we had
been troubled with the winds from the east, blowing strong and re-
sembling the siroccos of Italy, so that all our nerves were relaxed.
During this time, every thing we touched felt as if it had just been
taken out of the water, and at night there was an excessive heat, and
the atmosphere quite covered with clouds, which I had not seen
for three years and a half: fortunately it changed after two days, and
the north wind dissipated all. Had it lasted longer we could not
have proceeded on our journey. At night we stopped at a well of
bitter water. On the 7th, we set off early to see the mines of El
Kebrite, or sulphur, as they were not out of our road. They never
wrere productive ; but what little they may have afforded, it appeared
that the ancients had carried entirely away, so that they left them
exhausted like those of the emeralds. Towards the evening we
saw the island of Suarif, and we arrived at night at the Cape el
Golahen. It was here that we began to feel short allowance of
water. We calculated, and found that without great care we

u u

330 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

should be without it ; therefore, our thirst was not satisfied. The
8th, early in the morning, we set off and continued our road to the
south. Two hours after, we saw the sea at a distance, and went over
a very extensive plain. At about noon we approached the sea, very
thirsty, and regaled ourselves with a little water; and at one o'clock
we arrived on the shore. We did not expect to arrive at any ruins,
for, as yet, it did not agree exactly with the situation laid down by
D'Anville ; but, to our agreeable surprise, we found ourselves all at
once on one of those moles of ruins which show the spot of ancient
towns, so often seen in Egypt. We entered, and at once we saw
the regular situations of the houses ; the main streets, their con-
struction, and in the centre, a small Egyptian temple, nearly covered
by the sand, as well as the insides of the houses ; and our wonder
increased on examining the materials with winch the houses were
built. We could see nothing but coral, roots, madrepore, and several
petrifactions of sea- weeds, &c.

The temple is built of a kind of soft, calcareous, and sandy stone,
but decayed much by the air of the sea. The situation of this town
is delightful (See Plate 34). The open sea before it is on the east,
and from the southern coast to the point of the cape is like an am-
phitheatre of mountains, except an opening on the north-west plain,
where we came from. The Cape el Galahen extends its point nearly
opposite the town on the east, and forms a shelter for large ships
from the north and north-west winds. Right opposite the town there
is a very fine harbour entirely made by nature ; its entrance is on the
north, it is guarded on the east by a neck of incrusted rock, on the
south by the land, and on the west by the town ; the north side, as I
said before, being covered by the range of mountains which forms the
cape, protects the harbour also. Its entrance has been deep enough
for small vessels, such as the ancients had at those times, but no doubt
was deeper. It has at present a bar of sand across, so that nothing

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. S31

could enter at low water ; but a passage could be easily cut, and the
harbour rendered useful. We concluded this to be the Berenice
described by Pliny and Herodotus, laid down by D'Anville, and it
nearly agreed with the situation where it is marked on the map ; but
in order to ascertain with more accuracy, we resolved to venture by
going half a day higher towards the south, and then we should be
certain that we shoidd pass the spot where D'Anville has put down the
said Berenice. I measured the town, which is in breadth, from north
to south, 1G00 feet, and in length, from east to west, 2000 feet. I
took the plan of the temple, winch seems to be in construction
according to the Egyptian style, and we imagined that the Greeks
had taken their plans from this ancient people, as they had done
in many other things (See Plate 32). It is one hundred and two
feet long, and forty-three feet wide ; it contains four chambers, two
on each side of the sekos and cella, and two in the great hall in the
front. Our difficulty now was about the water; it became very
scarce, and we could not, positively, stay there the whole of the next
day. The Ababdes nearly lost their patience with our researches, for
they had not a drop of water for themselves ; we could not spare any
of ours, and the nearest well was supposed to be a day's journey dis-
tant. They had drank but little the day before. Notwithstanding
all tins, we were determined not to leave any thing undone as far
as we could. We promised them that we would set off on the next
day at twelve o'clock, and fortunately being moonlight, we em-
ployed part of the night to scrutinize the place.

It was now three days since we had eaten any thing but dry
biscuit and water, except the fish we found at the fishermen's hut.
We were contented ourselves with eating biscuit ; but our thirst
increased, and our hudry diminished. We persuaded the Sheik
Ibrahim, our guide, to go with us towards the south on the next

u u 2

332 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

morning, and leave the rest of the people at the town, He agreed
with reluctance, and said, that he feared his camels and people could
not start without water. However, on the morning of the 9th, before
the sun rose, we set the little Mussa to digging. He was one of the
Arab boys we brought with us from Gournou. I made him dig in the
temple. He had no spade ; but with a shell or caquille he worked very
well, as it was only soft sand. We set off along the beach, and made
straight towards the southern point before us. We passed the
fore part of the day in calculating that the spot where D'Anville
marked the town could not be farther south. We saw nothing
before us but an extensive plain to the foot of the mountain that
formed the cape on the south. We had glasses, and could see all
the ground, but no sort of elevation, or any other indication tha*
could give a supposition of any remains of habitations.

We returned to the town, and found that the boy had ex-
cavated about four feet of sand close to the north-east corner of the
cella ; and, to our surprise, we saw that the temple was Egyptian.
The part of the wall which was discovered was adorned with
Egyptian sculpture in basso relievo, and well executed. We could
see three figures, two feet three inches high, of which I took
drawings as well as I could (See Plate 33, No. 1), The remaining
part of the wall was covered with hieroglyphics, &c. I observed the
upper part of the door which leads into the inner chamber; and in
the same sandy hole the boy found part of an Egyptian tablet covered
with hieroglyphics and figures (See Plate 16.) It is of a kind of
reddish pudding-stone or breccia, not belonging to the rocks near
that place. We took it away, as a memorandum of having seen an
Egyptian temple on the coast of the Red Sea ; a circumstance that,
as yet, no antiquarian has had any idea of. The plain that sur-
rounds this town is very extensive: the nearest point to the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 333

mountains which form the crescent is about five miles on the west
of it. On the north, the mountain is about twelve miles distant,
and on the south fifteen. All the plain is inclined to vegetation,
such as a sandy soil can produce ; but, in particular, the lower part
of it towards the sea is perpetually moist, and would produce, if
cultivated, pasture for camels, sheep, and other animals. This
moisture is naturally produced by the damp of the sea, which is
very strong when it happens. The upper part of the plain is not
so damp, and, I believe, would be perhaps more productive of
dry plants. I do not know whether grain for bread could be
brought to any perfection, as the soil is of a sandy nature, with
but a small portion of clay, impregnated with salt incrustations.
It is full of small plants of sunt and suvaroes. This last plant I
observed along the coast, growing close to the salt water, and
generally out of the rocks, some quite under water, particularly at
high tides. It is a small tree, generally no higher than eight feet :
its leaves are of a substance like the laurel. Its form will be seen
in Plate 36. This makes very good firewood ; and, with the sunt-
tree, I have no doubt that the town was well provided with that
article. Water is the commodity of most importance in such a spot,
for though there are three wells, they are so bitter, that the human
palate cannot taste it without increasing the thirst. Camels and other
beasts can drink it very well. As to good water, it is supposed that
such a town could not be without a great supply of it. I observed,
that the nearest mountain is only five miles distant. There must
have been some wells in those rocks, which are now either choked up
or are unknown. What I can assert is, that, at only one day's jour-
ney, there is a well of tolerably good water ; and, at one and a half,
an excellent spring runs out of the rocks of granite : and as the
ancients had such facilities in transporting any thing from a great

334 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

distance by camels, so this town may have been supplied with
water at one day's journey distance. But I am inclined to think,
that they had it from the nearest mountains ; as, by their situation,
they must afford wells, &c. As to greens and other necessaries,
they might easily have been supplied by the soil, or from the Nile,
as Cassara is at this very day. At a small distance from the city
I saw several groups of ruins. It appears that they were houses
situated out of the town in different directions.

The calculation I made about the houses and population com-
pels me to observe, that the houses were not so extensive as they
are built at this day. It was the custom of those people to live
close to each other. I observed that the largest houses were about
forty feet in length, and twenty in breadth ; some were smaller ;
but I made the calculation at the rate of twenty by forty, and I
found that the square of 2000 by 1600 feet would contain 4000
houses ; but, as there were spaces of ground without buildings, which
may be reckoned half of the town, I counted them to be only
2000, that I might not be mistaken for another Caliud. Those
people had no need of great sheds to put coaches, chariots, or any such
luxurious lumber. Their cattle and camels lay always in the open
air, as they still do in all these countries : nor had they extensive
manufactories. The only massy buildings for their commerce could
be but a few store-houses, nor could the narrow lanes, which were
in use in those times, occupy much of the ground. I calculated that,
with the houses out of town, which are scattered about in groups
here and there, the population of that port must have exceeded
10,000 inhabitants; a town which even to this day would be
reckoned of consequence, if situated on that coast, as a port for com-
merce with India. I observed also some of the tombs dug in the
nearest lower rocks, of a kind of soft or calcareous stone, which are

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 335

the only ones on the plain near the town on the western side. We
left the spot before the evening of the same day, in consequence
of the want of water ; and, as our camel-drivers had nearly lost
their patience, we gave them half a pint each, and continued our
road towards the mountain on the north-west, with the firm inten-
tion of returning prepared to scrutinize the whole of those ruins.

At about twelve miles from the sea we entered a vale, on the
north-west of the town, in the mountain which forms the crescent
round it.

We continued the best part of the night by moonlight, and
fortunately arrived at the well at Aharatret at midnight, a moun-
tainous place, where the water was good enough to drink. We
were agreeably surprised to find the well, but much more so when
we saw a few sheep around it. There never was a more welcome
sight. We thought we might have something to refresh us. We
proposed to purchase one, and eat it as soon as it could be half
cooked. We approached, but the guardian of the flock beat a
forced march into the mountain, and drove the intended repast
away from us. We began to think we would not continue to be
deprived of what we could purchase, and sent some of our drivers
to follow the flock, which they heartily did, as they were not less
hungry than ourselves. The fugitives were pursued and stopped.
We reached the flock, and found that its guardians were two
beautiful damsels of the deserts. The chocolate nymphs were
surprised at the fountain by their pursuers, and took refuge on
the mountains ; but, with some few good words from their coun-
trymen, they were soon persuaded to return, and trust themselves
near us. We were gallant with them, for the sake of devouring
some of their lambs. They became gradually more familiar, and
scrupled not to let us see their chocolate faces by the moonlight ;
but the sheep prevailed above all, and took our chief attention.

336 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Those poor girls had no other way to show themselves but at the
well ; that is the only place they have a chance to see or be seen.
At last we purchased the sheep, and devoured it; the nymphs
watered their flocks, filled their skins, and set off at daylight. On
this road we observed camels' paths, and pieces of broken pottery,
which indicated this to have been a principal way to the town ; and
half way between this well and Haboo Grey, we met with a station
like the one which we saw before on the road to Coptos. I in-
quired and found that this valley communicated with the same I
have mentioned ; which gave us reason to believe, that the great road
from Coptos to Berenice was directed to this place, which agreed
with the opinion and maps of D'Anville.

Early in the morning of the 10th we set off again toward the
mountain Zabara, with the intention to examine Sakiet Minor, as
we had not well seen it before.

The valley we were in continued to the north-west, and we
followed the sea. At about one o'clock we arrived at Khefeiri, a
well of excellent water. Here we rested the remaining part of the
afternoon, and succeeded in procuring another sheep, but no better
than the first. The entrails were the best part of it ; and on all
the rest it may have had about one pound of pure flesh. No sheep
has more in this country, unless of an extraordinary size.

We set off on the 1 1 th, and passed through a valley surrounded
by granite rocks. In the afternoon we arrived at a running spring,
rising out of a granite chasm — a singular thing in this country, as
no such abundance of water is to be found any where. It affords
water enough to make a jet of about one inch diameter, and the water
is excellent. This place is called Amusue, and is only at one day's
journey from Sakiet. Here we found the rest of the caravan, which
we had sent from the sea-side, waiting for us.

On the morning of the 12th we sent our Greek interpreter to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 337

Zabara, requesting Mahomet Aga, the leader of the miners, to send
us two of those Greeks who saw the Frenchman measure the place
in the mountains, or the ancient town ; and we arranged to meet
them at Sakiet, on the next night.

The spot where we were this day formed a cataract, which
descended from an upper valley, connected with others still higher,
and so on to the tops of the mountains.

On the 13th, we rested at this place all day, as we were all tired ;
and on the 14th we set off for Sakiet. On our arrival there, we
heard from my servant, that Mahomet Aga was not returned from
the Nile to the mines. We might have waited for him at the first
temple long enough.

By this time we were pretty well convinced that no other place
was to be seen ; but, to satisfy ourselves, we set off on the 15th, for
the coast again, through the valley from Sakiet to the sea, on the
same road Mr. Caliud passed. I took all the directions possible
with compasses and calculations. We arrived at the sea in the
evening, a journey much longer than Caliud had said, as he reported
it was only three hours' walk, but we found it required nine, and that
by the best mode of travelling in these deserts. We had left part
of our water skins at Sakiet, on purpose to facilitate our march.
We arrived about a mile on the north of the valley Ell Gimal, the
spot which we had visited before.

The 16th. — We occupied ourselves with a long examination of
this coast, and were convinced that there could be no landing on
that shore. It happens that D'Anville's map is not correct on this
point, for it marks a bay here, which, according to him, would form
a fine harbour ; but, on the conti-ary, there is not such a bay, and
the coast is one continued rocky shore, so that a small vessel could
not approach, nor is there any shelter for ships against any wind, or
any appearance of a road leading to the inland places. The road we

x x

338 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

passed from Sakiet is the very way which Caliud took to the sea-
side, if a road it can be called. It is a vale which leads to the sea
from the pass in the mountains ; but it has not the least appearance
of having been a road at any time. The inconvenience for camels
to pass over this mountain, when loaded, would make the transport
impracticable ; besides, if they had to build a town for commercial
purposes, they would never have built it on this spot. It is one
day's journey from the nearest point of the mountains towards the
east to the sea, situated among craggy rocks, in a dry and sterile
valley.

On the 17th, we returned to Sakiet. I can but conclude of this
spot, that it could never have been a place of commerce, or the
habitation of any sort of commercial people ; but I really believe
that these few scattered houses may have been built for miners, who
worked in the mountains in search of emeralds in the adjacent
places, and that here was their chief residence. We arrived at
this place late at night, and found that the man we left there to
guard our water was gone. He had taken the skins with him, and
did not leave us a drop of water. Fortunately the well was at only
six hours' journey distance from us, so we sent the camels to water,
and likewise to bring some to us.

The following are the Greek inscriptions, which Dr. Young has
translated for me, and which I copied from a niche in the rocks.
If the antiquarians, by these inscriptions, can make out that the
above place is one of the Berenices, still it is certain that the Greeks
did not build a great town under that name.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 339

Perhaps we should read,

\ ~ \ >

A. tvv ro7g rixnotc xat Toig o~uv illoi

spyu^oaevoig

xui 7roifi<rua-i xct) pupTvpovfi. ruga, tu §sZ.
xat ■za.poc Tr; xvp'ictY'tndi ty\ "^svtrxsirri.

Jj. Op,oici)$ tpia.'hrjv unvpav A /3' .ravra tccivtu.
ix tov ip,uv yj>ri-

fAuruv, sv^ccpitrTtio'ix.g to Iupccti xat tZ Mh'si, 5^.
tov Xtzxxov > q K.og Ylciuvi xci.

2«£«5r . . Mvlet . . to itgo-
v ZTor/jcra.

L . . . to . . vpctXiog xcc) tov To . . $
. . codtqvov 'Msy/e}p xY'

D. . . . pov'tov sv^apiiTT^trag to . . .

xat Ttj I (Tioi xcc) to AttoXXovi \jro7g eye-]
vecotg §eo7g ttuo-i ivor/iira, ito ispov.

E. ••. Bspsvzixqg xa) to Zo^iov xcc) opv^ccg
gtvpccTog ccxo §zy.zXtov xcc) \ix tov Wiuv ypn-\
pctTW oui&tjxe' eV ccyct&o.

F. TlaxvfiiirTig ttjj . .

UsToo-igig . . . sVo . . . " <&uccti" x&

Upot]Tt;g
Trig Info
Tog Ila . . xW .

x x 2

340 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

The translation will be nearly thus :

A. [The homage of] ... . with my sons, and those who have laboured with me,
and have done this, and have testified to the god . . and to our lady Isis of Senscis.

B. ... Likewise a phial untouched by fire of two pounds weight : all these things
at my own expense: having presented to Sarapis and to Mneuis four drachms: the
cistern half a drachm. The eighth year of Caesar ; the 21 of Payni.

To Sarapis . . to Mneuis ? I have made the temple.

C. Under Aurelius and Trajan? . . .
Of Herodian ? Mechir 27th.

D. [Of Semp]ronius : doing honour to . . and to Isis, and to Apollo, and to all the
other gods enshrined with them, I have made the temple.

E. . . Of Berenice, and the sculptured animal; and having dug [the channel] of the
river from the foundation; and [at his own ex]pense has dedicated them: with good
fortune.

F. Pacybistis the . . •

Petosiris . . made . . Phaophi 29th.
Proetes the son of Isidei's. Pa[yni] 29th.

Here is no water nearer than one day's journey, either for man
or beast, nor soil for any verdure: the spot is sheltered from the winds,
so that it receives the full power of the sun in all points. Besides
all the circumstances before mentioned, the small niche where this
inscription was found is situated on the road to Berenice ; and I
cannot persuade myself that such a place as this can be one of those
of that name. On the 18th, we searched for some hours all the
neighbouring mountains, and found several mines at about half
an hour's walk distant, in the valley that leads to the pass towards
Zabora, and three others near this place.

The 19th. Early in the morning we took our course to the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 341

south, and at about two P. M. we reached the point where the road
takes its course to the west. In this spot we found one of the
stations, as before mentioned; it is called Kafafeet. We continued
till the evening, and arrived at Habookady, near a mountain in
form of a bell, in the valley of Wady cl Gimal : we saw abundance
of the trees egfey, and the plant like rushes, called murk.

The 20th, early, we set off, and passed through a wide plain. As
we left the mountain, and arrived at Habookroog, a place that
appears to be at the entrance of the chain of mountains that leads
to the Nile, our camels were so tired they could hardly crawl : we
had lost three on the road, and one we expected would not last long.
It is difficult to form a correct idea of a desert without having been
in one ; it is an endless plain of sand and stones, sometimes inter-
mixed with mountains of all sizes and heights, without roads or
shelter, without any sort of produce for food. The few scattered
trees and shrubs of thorns, that only appear when the rainy season
leaves some moisture, barely serve to feed wild animals, and a
few birds. Every thing is left to nature ; the wandering inhabitants
do not care to cultivate even these few plants, and when there is
no more of them in one place, they go to another. When the
trees become old, and lose their vegetation in such climates as these,
the sun, which constantly beams upon them, burns and reduces
them to ashes. I have seen many of them entirely burnt. The
other smaller plants have no sooner risen out of the earth than
they are dried up, and all take the colour of straw, with the exception
of the plant harack; this falls off before it is dry. Speaking in
general of a desert, there are few springs of water, some of them at
the distance of four, six, and eight days' journey from one another,
and not all of sweet water ; on the contrary, it is generally salt or
bitter, so that if the thirsty traveller drinks of it, it increases his
thirst, and he suffers more than before; but when the dreadful

;J42 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

calamity happens that the next well, which is so anxiously sought
for, is found dry, the misery of such a situation cannot be well
described. The camels, which afford the only means of escape, are
ho thirsty that they cannot proceed to another well ; and if the
travellers kill them to extract the little liquid which remains in
their stomachs, they themselves cannot advance any farther. The
situation must be dreadful, and admits of no resource. I must not
omit what I have been told happens in such cases.

Many perish victims of the most horrible thirst. It is then that
the value of a cup of water is really felt. He that has a zenzabiu of
it is the richest of all. In such a case there is no distinction ; if
the master has none, the servant will not give it to him, for very few
are the instances where a man will voluntarily lose his life to save
that of another, particularly in a caravan in the desert, where people
are strangers to each other. What a situation for a man, though a
rich one, perhaps the owner of all the caravans ! He is dying for a
cup of water — no one gives it to him — he offers all he possesses —
no one hears him — they are all dying — though by walking a few
hours farther they might be saved, — the camels are lying down, and
cannot be made to rise — no one has strength to walk — only he that
has a glass of that precious liquor lives to walk a mile farther, and
perhaps dies too. If the voyages on seas are dangerous, so are
those in the deserts : at sea, the provisions very often fail ; in the
desert it is worse : at sea, storms are met with ; in the desert there
cannot be a greater storm than to find a dry well : at sea, one meets
with pirates — we escape — we surrender — we die ; in the desert they
rob the traveller of all his property and water ; they let him live
perhaps — but what a life ! to die the most barbarous and agonising
death. In short, to be thirsty in a desert, without water, exposed
to the burning sun, without shelter, and no hopes of finding either,
is the most terrible situation that a man can be placed in ; and, I

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 343

believe, one of the greatest sufferings that a human being can sus-
tain : the eyes grow inflamed, the tongue and lips swell : a hollow
sound is heard in the ears, which brings on deafness, and the brains
appear to grow thick and inflamed : — all these feelings arise from the
want of a little water. In the midst of all this misery, the de-
ceitful morasses appear before the traveller at no great distance,
something like a lake or river of clear fresh water. The deception
of this phenomenon is well known, as I mentioned before ; but it
does not fail to invite the longing traveller towards that element,
and to put him in remembrance of the happiness of being on such
a spot. If perchance a traveller is not undeceived, he hastens his
pace to reach it sooner ; the more he advances towards it, the more
it goes from him, till at last it vanishes entirely, and the deluded
passenger often asks where is the water he saw at no great distance :
he can scarcely believe that he was so deceived ; he protests that he
saw the waves running before the wind, and the reflection of the
high rocks in the water.

If, unfortunately, any one falls sick on the road, there is no
alternative; he must endure the fatigue of travelling on a camel, which
is troublesome even to healthy people, or he must be left behind on
the sand, without any assistance, and remain so till a slow death come
to relieve him. What horror ! What a brutal proceeding to an un-
fortunate sick man ! No one remains with him, not even his old and
faithful servant ; no one will stay and die with him ; all pity his
fate, but no one will be his companion. Why not stop the whole
caravan till he is better, or do what they can for the best till he
dies ? No, this delay cannot be ; it will put all indanger of perishing
of thirst if they do not reach the next well in such a time ; besides,
they are all different parties generally of merchants or travellers,
who will not only refuse to put themselves in danger, but will not
even wait a few hours to save the life of an individual, whether
they know him or not.

344 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

In contrast to the evil, there is the luxury of the desert, and also
its sport, which is generally at the well ; there one enjoys all the
delight of drinking as much water as one likes, which tastes not
unlike cordials or other precious liquors, with the others in that
situation. The beasts, mixed with birds, drink together close to
the well. There is a kind of basin made of clay which is filled
up by the drivers, from the well, where the thirsty animals all drink
together, camels, sheep, dogs, donkeys, and birds, as it is the only
time they can partake of that liquid ; for if it is not drawn up
from the well, they cannot reach it. I only saw four species of birds,
viz. the vulture, crow, wild pigeon, and partridge ; of this last we
eat some, and found them exceedingly good : the crows are the most
numerous ; they tease the camels by picking their wounds, if they
have any. The other and most pleasing diversion is the beautiful
damsels who come as shepherdesses to water their flocks, who, after
being assured that there is no danger in approaching strangers,
become more sociable. On such occasions, our observing their
gestures afforded us great amusement : but, our water skins filled,
and the camels loaded, we were obliged to quit these dear spots, with
the hope of meeting another like it in a few days, and so on till we
reached the blessed Nile ; but the journey was pleasant enough
this day, as we had a well only within a few hours. We set off at
two in the morning of the 20th, and, before noon, reached the well
at Hamesh, containing very good water. Here we lost another
camel ; he could not go any farther. We set off again in the
afternoon, and arrived at a place at the foot of a mountain of
granite. Early on the 21st, we set off again, and soon entered the
ravine of granite rocks, that reminded us of the cataract which we
saw on our passing before. After this, we arrived at the station
of Samout, which we also saw before at the same time. We arrived
at night at Dangos, where the mountains are not very high,
and of calcareous stone. From the cataract, and nearly down to

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 345

this place, we found the track of an old road, which continued in
the direction of south-east and north-west, and I have very little
doubt but that it is the same we saw at Bezack on our passing before,
and which takes its course in a right line from Coptos to Berenice.
On the 22d, we continued our route at one in the morning, and
arrived at Wady el Medah at sunset. We took a measurement of
the fort, which I mentioned before ; and, early on the 23d, pro-
ceeded, and arrived at the first well : the water of this place tasted
to us very bad on our going up, but it appeared pretty good on our
return. In the night we arrived at the Nile, and our having been
long deprived of good water made us sensible of the superiority of
that of the river over the wells we had been accustomed to.

Certainly, 1 am of opinion that there are few waters, if any, in
Europe that can be compared with that of the Nile. It answers
all purposes ; it has the freshness of spring, and the softness of
river water ; it is excellent to drink, and serves all other purposes.
Plate 38 is a topographical map which I made of the above journey,
as correct as I could.

We went on board our little boat the same night. On the
24th, the Sheik of the Ababdy came to us, and we presented him
with a gun, and some powder and balls. We complained of the
badness of the camels with which he had provided us ; he assured
us that no one of the Ababdy had ever undertaken such a journey
as we had, and that the camels were not accustomed to such forced
marches. We gave a gun, a shawl, and money, to our guide, who
behaved uncommonly well. We talked of repeating our journey,
and they assured us, that if we returned they would furnish us
with camels that would take us any where we pleased, and as long-
as we would stay. We sent a pair of pocket pistols to the Cacheff
in the island, thanking him for his goodness and attention.

The place we now reached on the Nile was a few miles north of

Y Y

346 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

that where we had entered in the desert opposite Elfou, and a little
south of Eleithias. The road which I observed all along the valley
undoubtedly was a communication between that town and Berenice,
and on the east to the emerald mines. It is not to be wondered at
that the town of Eleithias must have been of some consequence,
as there is all the probability of commerce having been carried on
there : there is still a landing-place, which evidently proves the
loading and unloading of boats for that purpose ; and I am of opinion
that this place must have been more frequented by the caravans from
the sea than Coptos, as it is a somewhat shorter journey to the
Nile.

We set off for Esne. On our way down it was pleasing to see the
difference of the country : all the lands that were under water before
were now not only dried up, but were already sown ; the muddy
villages carried off by the rapid current were all rebuilt ; the fences
opened ; the Fellahs at work in the fields, and all wore a different
aspect. It was only fifteen days since the water had retired, and in
that period it decreased more than eight feet, It is not so every
year : when the Nile increases slowly, it decreases also in the same
manner ; this is in consequence of the abundance or scarcity of
rain which falls during the rainy season in Abyssinia.

The natives rather prefer the rapid rising of the Nile, for it
covers more space of land, so that it be not too much, as was the
case this year ; and if the water remain eight days over it, it does
as much good as if it continued twenty. By this time the drowned
people were forgotten, and the only calamity remaining was the
scarcity of provisions among the Fellahs. The Nile had taken away
their stock, and the Cacheffs were only busied in procuring grain
for seed. In all such cases the poor labourer is the last thought of.

We arrived at Esne on the morning of the 25th, and visited
the Bey, who received us very politely : he inquired about the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 347

mines, and was very anxious to know the result. We told him
that nothing could be known on the subject till they were cleared
of all the materials with which they were choked up. We made
him a present of a fine English gun : he was much pleased, and
offered to give us all his assistance in any thing that he could.
We set off, and arrived at Gournou on the same night, after forty
days' absence, which I hope were not uselessly employed.

ACCOUNT OF THE TAKING THE OBELISK FROM THE ISLAND
OF PHILCE TO ALEXANDRIA.

Having made arrangements for accomplishing the models of the
tombs, I set off for Esne, with the intention of inquiring into the
possibility of obtaining camels to go to the Great Oasis, which lies
due west from that place. When I had obtained all the information
I desired, I returned to Thebes to prepare for another sally into the
western desert. On my arrival in Gournou, I found the consul, Mr.
Salt, Mr. Bankes, and Baron Sack, had arrived from Cairo. Having
convinced Mr. Salt of the impossibility of making a collection on
my own account, according to our understanding, in consequence of
his having taken possession of the grounds in Thebes, he proposed
a new arrangement to be made between us, which was, that I might
be at liberty to dig on either side of Thebes, on any ground I
thought proper, taking for my exertion a certain share of what might
be found in the intended researches. Having agreed to this propo-
sition, I had to recommence my operations. I was fully satisfied with
the above arrangement, as I supposed that I should have an oppor-
tunity of making a collection of antiques out of the share which
would be allotted to me. About this time Mr. Drouetti arrived in
Thebes, and, by the medium of Mr. Bankes, made an offer to pur-

y y 2

348 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

chase the celebrated sarcophagus of alabaster, but his offer was not
accepted*. At this period Mr. Bankes solicited me to ascend the
Nile as far as the island of Philoe, to remove the obelisk I had
taken possession of before in the name of the British consul. The
consul then informed me, that he had ceded the said obelisk to Mr.
Bankes, who intended to send it to England on his own account.
I gladly accepted the undertaking, as I was pleased to have the
opportunity of seeing another piece of antiquity on its way to
England, and of obliging a gentleman for whom I had great regard.
Two days previous to our departure, the consul and myself crossed
the Nile to Carnak, to point out the various spots of ground which
had been previously taken by himself. On our landing at Luxor
we met Mr. Drouetti, who offered to accompany us to Carnak, to
be witness of the various spots of ground which were to be allotted
to me for excavation. On the way, Mr. Drouetti told us a pleasant
story of a man who was dressed like myself, and who was hidden
among the ruins of the temple ; whom he, Mr. Drouetti, had great

* One evening that the whole party were assembled, Mr. Drouetti happened to be
there. The consul and he had some few words about a circumstance which I cannot
avoid mentioning. It will be recollected that, previous to our departure for the Red Sea,
a man from the opposite party desired to have a passage on board of our boat to Cairo,
which was granted. At Girgeh, six days' sail below Thebes, this unfortunate man was
drowned, by falling overboard, as was stated by all the crew, and some of our people
who were on board when the boat arrived at Cairo. The report was made to the consul,
Mr. Salt, of the accident ; and, though Mr. Drouetti was there at the time, he did not
signify that any investigation should take place on this affair. Now that Mr. Drouetti was
in Thebes, and the consul also, Mr. Drouetti complained much that he did not take into
consideration the death of that man. The consul replied, that he never heard of any
occasion to investigate the matter : to which Mr. Drouetti replied, that he ought to have
done it. The consul then told him, that, as the man was in Mr. Drouetti's employ, he
was surprised that he did not make an application while in Cairo. Mr. D. said, that he
did not for delicacy's sake ; which answer was received with general laughter. Nothing
was left undone by our opponents to slander out insinuations.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 349

reasons to believe was a person who wished to do him some injury ;
and that he had already acquainted the Caimakan of that place
of the circumstance. I begged him to tell me what reason that man
could have for assuming my appearance. He said, that it was done
to deceive him, and if he (the impostor) had done any thing bad,
it was to make the people believe that it was myself who had done
it. The consul laughed at the story, and observed that I could
not be so easily imitated. The conclusion of all this was, that,
if I had happened to go among the ruins, which it was my constant
practice to do, and some one had sent a ball at me, they could have
said after, that they mistook me for the person who had assumed my
appearance in dress and figure. I informed Mr. Drouetti that I
hoped he would tell his European people to inquire before they
should fire at the supposed person representing me, whether it
was the real or the sham Eelzoni, as it would not be quite so
pleasant or satisfactory to me if the mistake had been found out
after. He replied, that that person was sent away from Thebes, and
would not return again. We went all over the ruins, and marked
out the various spots of land which had been taken by us previous
to Mr. Drouetti's agent's arrival in Thebes ; so all was well under-
stood, and all was so arranged that it was hoped that no further
differences should arise from any party. Now, my reader, read it
and judge.

It is not agreeable to my wishes to insert in this volume these
matters, which perhaps may cause a supposition of my inclination
to expose ; but such is the case that I cannot avoid mentioning it,
as I have done many others ; for if I was to conceal from the
public what happened at that period, an advantage might be
taken, and matters brought before them in any light but that of
truth.

After having now gone over the various places where I had to

350 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

excavate, Mr. Drouetti, with all the complaisance possible, invited
the consul and myself into his habitation among the ruins of
Carnak. We were regaled with sherbet and lemonade, and
talked of our late journey to Berenice. The discourse turned
on our next expedition to the Isle of Philce ; when I hap-
pened to say, that, as I had to take the obelisk from that island
down the cataract, I feared it was too late in the season, as the
water would not serve at the cataract to float and launch down a
boat adequate to support such a weight. On hearing this, Mr.
Drouetti said, that those rogues at the Shellal, meaning at Assouan,
had deceived him ; that they promised many times to bring down
the said obelisk for him, but that they only promised to do it, to
extort money from him. I then informed Mr. Drouetti that those
people knew they could not take away that obelisk ; as, since my
first voyage up the Nile, I took possession of it in consequence of
a firman which the consul, Mr. Salt, who was there present, had
obtained from the Bashaw. The consul informed Mr. Drouetti
that he had ceded the said obelisk to Mr. Bankes, who intended to
have it removed to England. On hearing this, Mr. Drouetti
said, that he was not aware we had taken possession of it, and
inquired if any money was spent in that affair on our side ;
and having been answered that we paid money to keep a guard
over the obelisk, and that it was well understood with the Aga
of Assouan that we were again to carry it away on the first
opportunity, he replied, that those people had deceived him, to
exact money from his agents, &c. ; but notwithstanding all this, as
the obelisk was intended for Mr. Bankes, he would not say a word
about it, and voluntarily ceded it to him. This was not in com-
pliment to our consul, who was present. I thought this was an-
other present, made to Mr. Bankes like the cover of the sarcophagus
made to me, which was so far buried among the rocks of Gournou,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 351

that all their efforts could not prevail to take it out. Mr. Drouetti
inquired when we should set off, and the consul told him on the
day after to-morrow.

Accordingly, on the 16th of November, we left Thebes for the

first cataract of the Nile. The party was numerous — Mr. Bankes,

Mr. Salt, Baron Sack, a Prussian traveller and a celebrated naturalist,

Mr. Beechey, Mr. Linon, a draftsman, Doctor Ilicci, and myself : a

large boat was taken for the consul, a cangiar for Mr. Bankes, a small

boat for the Baron, and a canoe for the sheep, goats, fowls, geese,

ducks, pigeons, turkeys, and donkeys, which occasionally joined the

chorus with the rest of the tribes, and accompanied the fleet with a

perpetual concert. As to provisions, we were pretty well supplied,

I believe ; for, as their boats came lately from Cairo, they brought

full stores : yet it was arduous travelling, living in that manner,

destitute of every commodity of life ; for even at table we had not

ice to cool ourselves after the hot repast, which was concluded with

fruits, and only two sorts of wine. In short, our lives were a burthen

to us from the fatigue and dangerous mode of travelling. We were

not like travellers who live on the best of every thing they can get,

and write at home the hard life they undergo. O, no ! O, no ! we

would scorn to travel in such an effeminate manner. To be sure,

some travellers will say, Why should I starve myself, while I am in

a plentiful country ? O ! then, but you should not make the world

believe you are starving, while you live like Sir John Falstaff.

On our passing Eleithias, we stopped there part of a day, and
nearly the whole of the next. As I have nothing to add to the
description of that place, I shall not enter into any further de-
scription of it.

On the 21st, we visited Edfu, and took a minute survey of
these truly magnificent ruins, which are so covered with a profusion
of objects, that if a traveller was to repeat his visits every day of

352 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

his life, lie might still find something new to be observed. This
place was at that time under the researches of Mr. Drouetti's
agents ; one of whom, we understood, had received a despatch from
Ins master, by an extra courier, and had immediately set off for
the island of Philoe.

We continued our voyage, and before we arrived at Silsili, or

the Chain of Mountains, we met a small boat, in which was Mr.

Lebulo, the said agent and countryman of Mr. Drouetti, a Pied-

montese : he was hailed, but would not stop to speak. We

stopped at this place at night, and early in the morning we were

all scattered about these quarries, not in search of partridges, but

in search of sepulchres, ancient stones, Greek inscriptions, sphinxes,

or any sort of Egyptian wonder. Indeed, I must say, that this

place deserves more of the attention of the scientific traveller than

has hitherto been bestowed upon it. There are several interesting

burial-places among the quarries of the rocks ; and it is evident,

that the famous sphinxes with the ram's head, which are to be seen

in Carnak, have been taken from this spot, as one of the same

kind is to be seen cut out in the rough, and partly removed from the

rocks to the Nile, and another, like it, is nearly cut out of the

quarry. As to the old story, that these two mountains were

chained, I can but say, that I have my objection as to the fact of

it ; for if the ancients wanted to prevent the passing of boats, it

may be supposed that Assouan was a more suitable place for that

purpose, as the passage from the island of Elephantine to the rocks

of old Assouan is much narrower than that of the Silsili mountains,

and the cataract itself would form as good a barrier as any that

could be constructed on the Nile. There is a stone on the west

side of the said mountain, which is supposed to be that to winch

the chain was attached ; but, for my part, I could not see any marks

where this chain was fixed, nor does the stone seem to have been

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, See, 353

suited to such purposes ; and I am rather inclined to think, that the
name of the Chained Mountains is derived from the position of the
mountain itself: it runs in a chain from east to west, and stretches
over the Nile at each side, so that it forms the narrowest passage
in that river, from the cataract to the sea; from which circum-
stance it is possible that the ancients had given it that name, for I
do not believe that their commerce was so flourishing as to oblige
them to put an iron chain across the Nile, to stop the boats at
night, at a time when iron was reckoned a most valuable article,
and was employed for better purposes.

We reached Ombos on the next day ; and as the party had to
stop there one day longer, I was anxious to reach Assouan, as
I expected no good from the early journey of Lebulo, the agent of
Mr. Drouetti. Accordingly, I set off for that place in a cangiar,
which had come to meet us, to take the consul up to Nubia.
I took with me a young Scotchman, who had been brought into
Egypt at the time of the last English invasion of that country : he
was taken prisoner, and some years after entered into the service
of the Bashaw of Egypt, and assumed the name of Osman. He
became acquainted with Sheik Burekhardt ; and, in consequence of
his honesty and attachment to him, the Sheik rewarded him in his
will. He was the only and the last person who closed the eyes of
that lamented traveller, and I had much conversation with him on
the subject.

On my arrival at Assouan, I found that the said Lebulo had
suggested to the Aga of Assouan, and to the natives of the island
of Philce, not to let the English party, who were coming up, carry
away the obelisk. The Aga remonstrated with him, that the obelisk
had been taken possession of by me three years before, and a guard
had been paid for it on that account. In consequence of this re-
fusal, Mr. Lebulo proceeded to the island of Philce ; and having

z z

354 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

heard from all the natives that I had taken possession so long
before, he adopted the method of a trick to seduce those simple
people : he pretended he could read the hieroglyphics on the
obelisk, and said it was written, that the obelisk belonged to Mr.
Drouetti's ancestors ; consequently he had a right to it. The people
believed him, and he gave them some trifling presents, and brought
them to the Cady, or justice, to hear their testimony that the
obelisk was the property of Mr. Drouetti. The Cady received a
present, and wrote a sort of certificate, on the evidence of these
people. Having done all this, Mr. Lebulo wrote a note, which he
left with one of the Sheiks in the island to give it to us when we
arrived, and set off immediately, as he thought his face could not
be impudent enough to meet us.

On my arrival at Assouan, I heard of the difficulties this agent
had thrown in our way ; but I remonstrated with the Aga, that
he must recollect that it was well understood, that I took pos-
session of that obelisk ever since my first voyage, and that the
money I paid for a guard was given to him by the medium of one
of the Bashaw's Janizaries, who was ready to testify the case, and
that he, the Aga himself, made a contract to receive three hundred
piastres (thirty dollars) on the removal of the obelisk. He acknow-
ledged all this, and said, that the other party woidd have taken the
obelisk away several times, but they could not succeed ; and that
lately they tried again, but the water of the cataract was too
low, so that they could not effect the passage through for this
season. This last observation concerned me more than all the
rest of his discourse ; for it was entirely on the possibility of ef-
fecting the passage down the cataract this year that depended the
success of exporting the obelisk. Next day the party arrived at
Assouan, and I went to the island of Philce to take a view of the
bank where I was to embark the obelisk, and have it conveyed

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 355

to the cataract where it was to be launched. On my arrival there,
an old Sheik immediately presented to me the following note :

" Le charge d'affaire de Mr. Drouetti prie Messieurs les
Voyageurs Europeens de respecter le porteur du present billet
gardant 1' obelisque, qui est dans 1' ile de Philoe, appartenant a
Mr. Drouetti.

" Lebulo."

" Philoe, le 22 Sepbre. 1818."

The people of the island then informed me of the means which
Mr. Lebulo had taken to persuade them to testify that the obelisk
belonged to his party. By the date of the note I perceived that
this was done only eight days before ; and as we had been fifteen
days on our voyage from Thebes to Assouan, they had time to do
all this underhand work at their leisure.

On my return to Assouan I acquainted the consul and Mr.
Bankes of what passed, and suggested to them, that the only mode
of proceeding was to have an interview with the Aga himself, and
from him to hear who was the first to take possession of the obelisk.
Accordingly the Aga was requested to come on board, and, in the pre-
sence of the consul, he declared, that I was the first person of all who
took possession of the obelisk. Accordingly I set the men to work.
I procured a boat for that purpose, which by chance was in Assouan.
The greatest difficulty was to persuade the Beis, or captain of the
shallal, to undertake to launch the boat down the cataract with
the obelisk on board. The water was very low at that time ; and
what was more against the undertaking of the operation was, that
the opposite party had applied to him two months before, when
the water was much higher, and he refused on the score that it

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.356 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

was not high enough. However, the promise of a good present,
and half of the money in his hands, mollified the captain, and he
promised that he would accomplish the undertaking. To the Aga
I made a present of a gold watch, worth one hundred and fifty
piastres (fifteen dollars), in the name of Mr. Bankes ; the Sheiks of
the Moraida, and other places round, were to be gained to our
side, that they might provide men to work. This was done, of
course, by way of giving a trifle more than to the rest of the labourers,
and promising more if they behaved well. I had some little diffi-
culty to procure a few sticks, or small poles, at Assouan, as there is
no wood in those places except what they procure from Cairo,
merely to repair their boats. I had also some difficulty at first in
removing the said obelisk from its original station ; but once put
on its way, it soon came to the water-side. The pedestal was
rather more troublesome ; owing to its square form, it was almost
buried under the rubbish ; and as we had no tackle whatsoever,
and very little wood, it retarded the work one or two days longer.
At this time the Aga of Assouan came to the island, and pre-
sented a letter he had received from Mr. Drouetti himself sealed
with his own seal, which the Aga knew well, ordering the Aga not
to permit any one to take away the obelisk. The letter was
translated by the Scotch Osman, from whom we had no doubt of
the correctness of its contents. The consul begged the Aga to
send back his compliments to Mr. Drouetti, and to tell him that
we were going to remove the obelisk. At this time, Mr. Baley,
Mr. Godfrey, and two other gentlemen, arrived in the island, from
their tour through Greece, &c.

Our party prepared for their voyage to the second cataract.
The obelisk was now ready to be embarked, when the following
accident happened, which was entirely owing to my own neglect, by

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 357

trusting a single manoeuvre to some who speak more than they can
execute. I had left the care to others of making a sort of temporary
pier of large blocks of stones, while I had to go to examine a certain
passage in the cataract where the boat was to be taken up empty, and
launched down when loaded. On my return, the pier appeared
quite strong enough to bear at least forty times the weight it had
to support ; but, alas ! when the obelisk came gradually on from
the sloping bank, and all the weight rested on it, the pier, with the
obelisk, and some of the men, took a slow movement, and majes-
tically descended into the river, wishing us better success. I was
not three yards off when this happened, and for some minutes, I
must confess, I remained as stiff as a post. The first thing that
came into my head, was the loss of such a piece of antiquity; the
second was, the exultation of our opponents, after so much question-
ing to what party it belonged ; and, lastly, the blame of all the anti-
quarian republic in the world. It happens very often, that after a
vase slips through the hands and breaks on the ground, it is by a
natural impulse that one turns himself to look at the pieces ; so
did I : I fixed my eyes on the place where the pier set off by
itself into the Nile, and observed that the stones which were to
serve as a foundation on a sloping bank had been only laid on the
surface of it, so that naturally the weight of the obelisk must have
carried it, or rather pressed down into the Nile. The obelisk was
still peeping a little out of the water : the labourers were of various
humours ; some were sorry, not for the obelisk, which was no loss
to them, but for the loss of what they might have gained in future
operations in passing it down the cataract, and others were laughing,
I suppose, at seeing the evident disappointment expressed on my
countenance ; some went one way, some another, and I remained
alone, seated on the bank, to contemplate the little part which pro-

358 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

jected out of the water, and the eddies made by the current on
that spot in consequence of the obelisk below. The effects of
surprise did not last long ; I began to reflect, and saw the possibility
of taking the obelisk up again. Unfortunately I had not a single
machine to help the undertaking, and even our ropes, which were of
palm leaves, were broken and half rotten, and scarcely any wood
at all suited to employ to that purpose. The obelisk is one single
piece of granite of twenty-two feet in length, and two in breadth
at the basis. It is not smaller in height than that in St. George's
fields, but of a stone of a much heavier quality. I had, however,
in my favour the people, who are excellent watermen, and who could
stay in the water the whole day without the least difficulty.

Having made up my mind to have the obelisk taken up, I found
that the loss would be only two or three days work. Accordingly
I ordered the men to come the next morning, and sent to As-
souan that evening to fetch some ropes if possible. Mr. Bankes
was not there when this happened, as he had crossed the Nile that
afternoon ; but the labourers who returned home after the obelisk
had fallen in the water, informed him of what had happened. I
believe he was not less displeased than myself when I saw the
accident, and on his arrival he said, that such things would happen
sometimes ; but I saw he was not in a careful humour himself, so I
informed him that the obelisk was not lost, and that in two or three
days it would be on board. The two next days were employed in
this operation, which was done as follows :

I caused a great quantity of stones to be brought to the water-
side. I then desired several men to enter the water, and to make
a heap of stones on the side of the obelisk opposite to the shore,
and to form a solid bed for the levers to rest upon. I accord-
ingly placed the levers under the obelisk, one at the basis, and

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, fee. 359

the other near the leaning point, so that by the pressure of the

levers, the obelisk must turn round upon its axis : the men could

not put down the lever under water as they do on shore, but by

seating themselves on the extremity of the levers, the pressure of

their own weight produced the effect. Two ropes were passed

under the obelisk : that end which was from under it was fastened to

some date-trees, which happened to be on the bank, and to the ends

which came from above I put as many men to pull as I thought

were sufficient. At the side where the levers were I put some

good divers, who were ready to put large stones under the obelisk

when it rose, so that it might not return back to its former situation.

Having set the men at the rope to pull, and those of the divers to

mount on the extremities of the levers, the obelisk rose on the

side opposite the bank ; and when the levers were to be removed, the

obelisk was propped by stones under it. It was risen so that its own

weight caused it to move round at each turn of it, when we gained

nearly the space of its own breadth, and so on till it came quite on

dry ground, which was effected in less than two days; the party

then set off for the second cataract. Previous to the taking on board

the obelisk, I thought it better to export from the island the pedestal

of it, as I could not use the boat for both. I embarked and took it

at the Marada, in a good situation, that it might be easily embarked.

At this moment, an agent of Mr. Drouetti came to Assouan, and

put the whole town in an uproar. He brought the Aga to the

island of Philce, to speak to me, and to persuade me for my best

advantage to leave the obelisk there. I asked the Aga what he had

to say on this affair ; that if he thought proper I should leave the

obelisk where it was, ready for embarkation, for Mr. Drouetti.

The Aga seeing me smile, replied that he had nothing to say on

the subject ; that Mr. Drouetti had written to the Defterdar Bey

at Siout, and that the Defterdar Bey had written to him, the Aga,

360 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

not to meddle with either party. The agent abused the Aga, but
to no purpose, as all his proceedings would not interrupt my
work. He then attempted to convince the Sheiks that they
might stop the men from working, offering to pay them for their
loss of time without any trouble. Such offers, made even to the
labourers, were rejected by them with disgust. I continued my
operation, and put the obelisk on board, by means of a bridge of
palm-trees, thrown from across the boat to the land under the
obelisk, which was now turned on the bridge, and entered on
board : when in the centre of the boat, I removed the trees from
under it ; and no sooner was this done than we set off with the
obelisk for the Marada, to have it ready to be launched down the
cataract on the next morning.

The Eeis of the Shalal, or cataract, continued firm on my side,
and I continued to keep him so. He had half of the money. He
now came to receive the other half previous to his undertaking. I
did not think it prudent to disappoint him in his expectation, so I
paid him the other half, which was twenty-five dollars, on condition
that he would make a promise, before two of my people, to maintain
his word ; and, on the contrary, if he failed, that I should appeal to
Mahomet Ah, the Bashaw at Cairo. He was satisfied ; and, having
made the arrangement for the number of men who were to be
employed the next day, he set off on his business. On the same
evening I took a walk among the granite rocks of the cataract,
where we had to pass. The next day an object of attention came
in my way, which I often thought to speak of. There are many of
these rocks with hieroglyphics and figures cut on them, which
evidently were done only by scholars, who, perhaps, were practising
the science of sculpture on those masses. The observation I made
was, that a calculation of ages might be made by the various colours
which the rocks have taken from their original, and from the time

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 361

it has been cut ; for instance, we have to suppose that, when
nature first formed the mass of granite, it was as white as it may
be seen now when newly cut. We next must fix on an epoch for
the time when the hieroglyphics on those rocks were engraved, and
by that we may calculate the degree of the three colours, which are
in view ; for instance, the part which has never been touched is dark
brown ; that which has been cut, supposed about three thousand
years ago, is light brown ; and some sculptured in later ages is still
lighter. That which has been cut only one hour before may be
supposed to be as it was on the day of its creation as above : so, by
the proportion of the various colours on the rocks, a calculation of
the age may be formed, and by that means we may found the age
of the creation.

I beg my readers to pardon my thus speculating on a point
which, in my humble capacity, can afford but little instruction ;
however, as the idea struck me, I lay it before the public.

Next morning all was ready for the dangerous operation of
passing the cataract with the obelisk. I have mentioned before that
this is the greatest fall, or rather descent, of water in the cataract.
When the inundation is half high in the Nile, it is a column of water
of about three hundred yards in length, which falls in an angle
of twenty and twenty-five degrees among rocks and stones, which
project out in various directions. The boat was brought to the
margin of the cascade ; a strong rope, or rather a small cable, was
attached to a large tree, the end of which was passed through the
beams of the boat, so as to be slackened or stopped at pleasure.
In the boat there were only five men ; and on the rocks, on each
side of the cascade, a number of others in various places, with ropes
attached to the boat, so as to put it either on one side or the
other, as it required, to prevent its running against the stones ; for
if it should be touched in the smallest degree, with such a weight on
board, and in such a rapid stream, the boat could not escape being

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dashed to pieces. The cable, which I borrowed from a merchant-
boat in Assouan, was pretty strong, but not sufficient to stop the
boat in its course, in case it should be in danger of running against
a rock. It was only sufficient to check its course down ; nor could
the boat have been stopped in such a situation, for in that case the
water would run over the boat, and sink it instantly. Under these
circumstances, all depended on the dexterity of the men who were
posted in various parts to pull or slacken according as necessity
required. I did not fail to use all the persuasion possible, and
promises of bakshis, to the wild people, as they are called, but who
on this occasion were as steady as so many pilots. The Eeis, of
whom I had hired the boat, was almost out of his senses, thinking
it would be certainly lost. The poor fellow had engaged his vessel
merely because it happened that his trade failed ; and he was in
Assouan for some time without hope of getting a cargo, and had
incurred debts, which confined him there, and he would have been
glad of any freight to get out ; but when he saw the danger his boat
was in, he cried like a child, and begged I would relinquish my pro-
ject, and return his boat safe to him. But when he saw the vessel
on the point of being launched, he threw himself with his face to
the ground, and did not rise till all was out of danger. Having seen
that all was ready, I gave the signal to slacken the cable. It was
one of the greatest sights I have seen. The boat took a course
which may be reckoned at the rate of twelve miles an hour.
Accordingly, the men on land slackened the rope ; and at the
distance of one hundred yards the boat came in contact with an
eddy, which, beating against a rock, returned towards the vessel,
and that helped much to stop its course. The men on the side
pulled the boat out of the direction of that rock, and it continued
its course, gradually diminishing its rate, till it reached the bottom
of the cataract ; and I was not a little pleased to see it out of
danger. The labourers altogether seemed pleased at the good

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 363

success of the attempt, even independently, I believe, of the
interest they might derive from it ; and it is not very often that
such feelings enter the bosoms of these people. The Reis of the
boat came to me with joy expressed in Ins countenance, as may
easily be imagined.

Having set all to rights to pass the other parts of the cataract,
I went on board, and we continued the course of the current. We
had only two or three places of little danger to pass ; but, thank
God, we arrived safe at Assouan on the same day. I beg it to be
observed, that this is not the passage where small boats are taken
up or down the cataract ; for there are other smaller columns of
water, which are deep enough to float small boats, but not such as
that one with the obelisk.

Immediately after my arrival there, I prepared to depart for
Thebes, and having satisfied the Aga according to our promise, I
departed. Previous to my arrival there, I quitted the boat, as
the wind was against us, and went by land. I took up my old
residence at the tombs, in Beban el Malook. There I found Mrs.
Belzoni, who had returned from Jerusalem, as I had written to
her that I could not go into Syria. It was then Christmas, and
we passed the solemnity of that blessed day in the solitude of
those recesses, undisturbed by the folly of mankind ; and only a
few inoffensive Arabs, who guarded the new tombs, were there *,
but it was not to last long so. I must now enter into new contests
with evil beings ; and in spite of all the study I made to avoid
bringing before the public the foul deeds of malice, I find that I
cannot avoid inserting them in this volume. The following circum-
stances have induced me to quit Egypt ; and any one who will
kindly read and attend to the catastrophe, will agree with me in
saying, that it was high time to do so. It happened at this period
that a certain person, whose name, for compassion's sake, I do not
wish to mention, but who was neither English nor French, came into

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364 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Upper Egypt, not to see antiquities, but to purchase some if he
could. He came from one of the capitals of Europe, and was to
return. He offered to do any tiling for me in Europe if I wished ;
he was on friendly terms, and I believe sincere, till the diabolical
spirit of interest got into his breast, and then he suffered himself
to be led by it. As I happened to know him before, I took the
opportunity of his return to that very place where I was in want
of a person to transact some business for me. The business was,
that, as he was on his return to Europe, he would take four of the
sphinxes, or lion-headed statues, which were allotted me for my
share, to the very metropolis where he was going, and there make
an offer, as a present, to a certain high personage in my name,
which he undertook to do with great pleasure ; and it was so
arranged that I should give him an order on the British consul in
Alexandria, to receive the aforesaid statues, which were lodged in
the charge of the British agent in Rosetta. It happened that, at
the same time, this man became acquainted with the people of our
opposite party, and, as he must come in in the following account,
I shall call him the "stranger."

On the eve of Christmas, the boat with the obelisk on board
arrived, and stopped at Luxor, waiting for a few small articles to be
loaded, and then to proceed to Rosetta.

It will be recollected that, previous to our last departure for the
cataract, I entered into an arrangement with Mr. Salt, settling where
I was to excavate on several spots among the ruins of Carnak. On St.
Stephen's day I passed the Nile to that place, with the intention of
examining the spots of ground which were allotted to our party,
according to the arrangement made by Messrs. Salt and Drouetti.
At Luxor I was mounted on a very high donkey, the only mode of
travelling short journeys in those countries, as horses are scarce,
and it is too inconvenient to mount a camel for a small distance.
I was followed by my Greek servant and two Arabian drivers. I was

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 365

unarmed ; my servant had two pistols as usual. Our opponents, with
their commander, Mr. Drouetti, were lodged in some mud houses
among the ruins of Carnak. The boat with the obelisk which I had
just brought down and put up at Luxor, was rather too close under
their noses, as they expressed themselves ; and it irritated them to
such a degree, that they premeditated the mode of revenge by, as
they said, only abusing and insulting Belzoni ; but this could not
have been done without some danger of retaliation, and perhaps with
interest equivalent to the merit of the operation. The only way
this was to be done was by taking the advantage of a pretext, and by
raising some differences against me in some way or other ; the plan was
well laid. The first piece of ground I had to examine among these
ruins, was occupied by the labourers of Mr. Drouetti ; consequently,
it was expected that I should take notice of it, that some altercation
would ensue, and then would be the time to satiate their revenge.
Previous to my arrival at the above ground, I was warned by an
Arab not to go where the other Europeans were ; but I took no
notice of what he said, as sometimes those people make much out
of nothing. I continued my route till I arrived on the above
ground, and the first thing I saw was a number of men working
on a spot too well known to be of our lot according to the ar-
rangement. I then perceived what these gentlemen wanted; so I
took no notice, and actually passed on without stopping to look at
them. None of the Europeans were there, and my servant observing
to me, that that ground was of our share, I told him not to meddle
himself about it, and we passed on. The above working ground
was close to the small lakes, and these gentlemen were living in the
window of the great propylaeon, which is at least a good quarter of a
mile distant from the above ground. We passed quietly before
them, and continued on our way straight to the north side of the
ruins as far as their extremity, another quarter of a mile from where

366 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

they were. I remained some time there in examining some grounds,
and on my return towards the great propylaeon where we had to
pass on our return to Luxor, we met an Arab running towards us,
crying, from having received a severe beating from our opponents,
merely because he served, and was faithful to us, as far as an Arab
can be. This would have been another motive to create some
altercation, but it had no effect ; I took no notice of it, and was going
on straight to Luxor. I was at about three hundred yards from the
great propylaeon, when I saw a group of people running towards us ;
they were about thirty Arabs, headed by two Europeans, agents
of Mr. Drouetti. On their approaching, Mr. Lebulo was first, and
the renegado Rossignano second, both Piedmontese, and country-
men of Mr. Drouetti. Lebulo began his address to me, by asking,
what business I had to take away an obelisk that did not belong to
me ; and that I had done so many things of this kind to him, that
I should not do any more. Meanwhile he seized the bridle of my
donkey with one hand, and with the other he laid hold of my waist-
coat, and stopped me from proceeding any farther : he had also a
large stick hung to his wrist by a string. By this time my servant
was assailed by a number of Arabs, two of whom were constantly in
the service of Mr. Drouetti. At the same moment, the renegado
Rossignano reached within four yards of me, and with all the rage
of a ruffian, levelled a double-barrelled gun at my breast, loading
me with all the imprecations that a villain could invent ; by this
time my servant was disarmed, and overpowered by numbers, and
in spite of his efforts, took his pistols from his belt. The two gallant
knights before me, I mean Lebulo and Rossignano, escorted by the
two other Arabian servants of Mr. Drouetti, both armed with pistols,
and many others armed with sticks, continued their clamorous
imprecations against me, and the brave Rossignano still keeping
the gun pointed at my breast, said, that it was time that I should

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, be. 367

pay for all I had done to them. The courageous Lebulo said, with
all the emphasis of an enraged man, that he was to have one-third
of the profit derived from the selling of that obelisk, when in
Europe, according to a promise from Mr. Drouetti, had I not stolen
it from the island of Philoe. My situation was not pleasant, sur-
rounded by a band of ruffians like those, and I have no doubt that
if I had attempted to dismount, the cowards would have despatched
me on the ground, and said that they did it in defence of their
lives, as I had been the aggressor. I thought the best way was to
keep on my donkey, and look at the villains with contempt. Lebulo
said, that another of their party had been drowned at Girgeh, on
board of the English boat, and that they had no redress for it,
meaning, I suppose, the poor man that fell overboard at Girgeh on
his passage to Cairo. I told Lebulo to let me proceed on my way,
and that if I had done any thing wrong, I should be ready to account
for it ; but all was to no purpose. Their rage had blinded them out
of their senses.

While this was going on, I observed another band of Arabs
running towards us. When they came nearer, I saw Mr. Drouetti
himself among them, and close to him a servant of his, armed with
pistols. On his arrival before me, Mr. Drouetti demanded, in a tone
not inferior to that of his disciples, what reason or authority I had to
stop his people from working. I told him that I knew nothing of
what he meant, and that I found myself extremely ill used by his
own people, and that he must answer for their conduct. In an
authoritative tone he desired I should dismount, which I refused to
do. At this moment a pistol was fired behind me, but I could not
tell by whom. I was determined to bear much, sooner than come
to blows with such people, who did not blush to assail me all in
a mass ; but when I heard the pistol fired behind my back, I
thought it was high time to sell my life as dear as I could. I dis-

368 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

mounted, but then the kind Mr. Drouetti assured me that I was not
in danger while he was there ; and Mr. Lebulo, who had before acted
the part of a ruffian, now contrived to play that of a neutral gentle-
man. By this time many other Arabs of the village of Carnak had
reached this place, and seeing me thus surrounded, would any one
suppose it! for the honour of Christendom and civilization, those wild
Arabs, as we call them, were disgusted at the conduct of Europeans,
and interfered in my behalf. They surrounded the renegado
Rossignano, whose conduct they thought most outrageous and base,
not for an European, but even for the worst of Arabs. What ideas
must have been formed in the minds of those people of the civili-
zation of Europe, by the conduct of such villains ! I was now
informed that an European stranger was in the place of residence
of Mr. Drouetti. I sent an Arab to beg he would come where we
were, as I thought I might have a witness to what might afterwards
take place, though the affray was almost over. Mr. Drouetti, who was
now very mild, said, that he never had given any order to his people
to work on any grounds belonging to vis ; that I should have made
application to him, and he would have put them right , but that I
should not stop the people from their work. I repeated that I
did not know what he meant, and that all tliis was a combination of
traps put together by his agents. He said that an Arab came to his
lodging, and informed him that I ordered the people away from their
work. I persisted that the Arab should be brought before me, but
he was not to be found ; he was called every where, but did not
answer. One of the two Arabs from Gournou, who followed me
as a driver, recognised the said Arab, who all this time was close
to Mr. Drouetti, who had called to him in vain, and who, though
he had seen him a few minutes before, did not recognise him again.
Being before me, I stared in the man's face, and ordered him to
repeat what he had said of me to Mr. Drouetti. He replied, that he

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 369

did not say to Mr. Drouetti that I stopped the men from working,
but that my servant did, though I was totally confident of the con-
trary, as he was not two yards from me when we passed that way.
It was useless for me to contest that point, as I saw it was brought
forward merely to cover the true cause for which they attacked me,
which was shown by their first words to me about the obelisk. I
insisted that Mr. Drouetti should come where the men were at
work, that I might point out to him that his people were the
aggressors, by encroaching on our lot of ground, of which he was
forcibly convinced. As we went on, the assailant Rossignano con-
tinued at a distance behind me. The stranger arrived where I was,
and proved to be the person alluded to before, by whom I had to
send the four statues to Europe. On his arrival, I informed him
of what had passed ; but Mr. Drouetti told him that we had only
had a few words, and that was all. The stranger observed to him,
that he saw those people take up arms, while he was in their
house or habitation, and run out, and remembered Mr. Drouetti
himself said, he must run after them, for fear they should do
some mischief, and that they did wrong to act so. To which
Mr. Drouetti replied, that he could not help what these people
did ; to which observation the stranger replied, that he should not
keep them in his service. Mr. Drouetti made a long lamentation
on the taking away the obelisk. I reminded him that he must
have known it was taken possession of long before any of his agents
reached the island of Philoe ; and that he did wrong to send his
agents to that place to prevent my taking it, after he knew we had
set off for that purpose. He said, this was owing to Mr. Rankes
not calling on him previous to his departure for that place, and
conversing with him on the subject. The fact is, that Mr. Bankes
did not think proper to put himself under an unnecessary obligation

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370 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

to Mr. Drouetti. I then informed Mr. Drouetti, that I had re-
sisted many and various sorts of attacks by Ms agents, but I did
not expect they would come to such a pitch, and that it was
high time for me to quit the country ; so I returned to Beban el
Malook, and immediately commenced my preparations to depart for
Europe, as I could not live any longer in a country where I had
become the object of revenge, of a set of people who could take the
basest means to accomplish their purpose ; and notwithstanding the
advantages I might have derived in the continuation of my re-
searches, the conditions of which with the consul were now more ad-
vantageous to me than any I had hitherto obtained, I was so totally
disgusted, that I took the above resolution accordingly.

I had written the particulars of what had happened, to the consul,
adding, that by the time he received my letter I should be on my
way to Alexandria, as I was determined to proceed to Europe by
the first opportunity. As to any redress, I did not ask for it, as I
could not expect to have any in that country ; and as the boat with
the obelisk was not set off I availed myself of the opportunity of
descending the Nile in it.

Having finished all the models, drawings, &c. of the tomb, and
put on board all that I had accumulated on my own account, I
began the operation of taking the sarcophagus out of the tombs. I
must lament the unfortunate fate of some of the figures within this
place. It will be recollected, as I mentioned before, that the entrance
into the tombs was situated under a small torrent of water, which,
when it happens to rain, runs over into the valley. I was then
making a canal to turn the course of the water, that it might not
run into the tomb in case of rain ; but, on the arrival of the consul,
all was put an end to. The consequence was, that while I was absent
up the Nile it happened to rain ; the water, finding the entrance

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 371

open, ran into the tomb, and though not much, was enough to
occasion some damage to some of the figures. The dryness of the
calcareous stone, which is more like lime itself than raw stone,
absorbed the dampness, and consequently cracked in many places,
particularly in the angles of the pillars on the doorways, &c. ; and in
one of the rooms there was a piece of stone detached, containing the
upper part of three figures ; and in another chamber, was a figure,
which fortunately fell without much injury ; though broken in three
pieces, I saved it from farther destruction. I was not a little
vexed to see such a thing happen. The damage done at that time
was inconsiderable in a place of such an extent ; but I fear, that
in the course of a few years it will become much worse; and I
am persuaded, that the damp in the rainy days has caused as much
damage in the tombs as has been occasioned in any other way. It
is worthy of observation, that the atmosphere must be much changed
since the time of Herodotus, when he mentions a circumstance of
some rain having fallen in Thebes as an extraordinary case or a
phenomenon, for at present it rains in Thebes every year. I do
not mean to say that it rains in a manner similar to what we
are accustomed to in Europe, but enough to say it does rain ;
for instance, two or three days in the winter, and in these two
or three days perhaps only half an hour at a time. It appears
also, that at moments the water drops are pretty large, and wet
the traveller, who, not being prepared, feels it strange to be thus
served ; but the great body of water, as I mentioned before, comes
from the desert, through the valleys into the Nile. It is curious
also to remark, the great difference in the climates only in the
short distance of bttle more than two hundred miles to the south
of Thebes, where it very seldom rains ; indeed, some years pass
without any, and it is owing to this circumstance, with the com-

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372 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

bination of this place being under the tropic of Cancer, that it
may be calculated to be the driest and hottest spot on earth : I
mean that track of land which extends from the first to the second
cataract of the Nile, named Lower Nubia. It includes the tropic
of Cancer, consequently these countries receive greater heat from the
sun than any other on this side of the equinoctial line, as it passes
vertically over it twice in the course of a few days, at the time of
the solstice. Tliis circumstance, united with the phenomenon that
it never rains, for it never can be said to do so, unless a few drops,
perhaps, in the course of five years, or more, can be reckoned as rain,
cause the rocks to be so perpetually hot, that the heat rises in
higher degrees than any other part on earth. It will be recol-
lected, as I mentioned before, that in the beginning of June, in
the island of Philce, we had the thermometer at 124° of Fahren-
heit in the shade ; but it is to be observed, that the thermometer
did not show us to what degree the heat arose, as it only marked
124°, consequently the mercury might mount higher if the glass
had permitted. But now to our departure from Thebes.

Having put all things in readiness, and all the models of the
tombs being embarked, 1 took out the celebrated sarcophagus, which
gave me something to do (in consequence of its being so very
slender and thin), lest it might break at the smallest touch of any
thing : however, it was safely got out of the tomb and put in a strong
case. The valley it had to pass to reach the Nile is rather uneven
for more than two miles, and one mile of good soft sand and small
pebbles. I had it conveyed on rollers all the way, and safely put
on board. By this time Mr. Wright and Mr. Fisher arrived in
Thebes, on their return from Nubia. I had the pleasure to walk
over the remains of old Thebes with these gentlemen, and I must
confess, that I felt no small degree of sorrow to quit a place which

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 373

was become so familiar to me, and where, in no other part of the
world, I could find so many objects of inquiry so congenial to my
inclination. I must say, that I felt more in leaving Thebes, than
any other place in my life. It was on the 27th of January, 1819,
when we left these truly magnificent ruins, and we arrived in Cairo
on the 18th of February.

After passing Benisouef we saw a small boat, and, by its ap-
pearance, concluded there must be some Europeans in it. They
called to us, as they, too, saw we were Europeans. We went to
shore : it was Mr. Fuller, who ascended the Nile, — a gentleman of
most excellent good manners, and whom I had the pleasure to know
after in Cairo. He was accompanied by a person who ascended the
Nile to distribute the Arabic Bibles for the society. It was pity
that he was not well informed of some particular places in Egypt,
and in the province of Faioum, where many christian Copts are
residing, and would have been happy to have had a Bible amongst
them. In the above boat I saw a person of a strange appearance,
which caused my inquiring who he was. I was agreeably surprised
when I found him to be Mr. Pearce, who resided in Abyssinia for
several years, and was left there by Lord Valentia, now the Earl of
Mountnorris. Our acquaintance was soon made, but I was sorry I
should have met him on such an occasion, as we could be together
but so short a time. To the inquiries I wished to make of him
concerning those countries, he answered in a manner that con-
vinced me he was an enterprising man, much accustomed to fatigue :
the life and hardships he underwent in Abyssinia would be most
interesting to the public. At Cairo we only stopped a few days, and
continued our voyage to Rosetta : there we landed the various pieces
of antiquity, the obelisk, the sarcophagus found in one of the king's
tombs, and the cover of another sarcophagus, which is the best piece

374 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

I accumulated on my own account. It had been thrown from its sar-
cophagus when it was forced open, and being reversed it remained
buried by the stones, and unnoticed by any visitor. I cleared off all
the stones, and on examination of the under part, found that it was a
fine figure, larger than life, in alto relievo, and, except the foot, all the
rest was quite perfect. On turning the stone, I found that, besides the
said figure, which is in the centre of the cover, there are two others
at each side in basso relievo, and, also, excepting the feet, are quite
perfect: its preservation is owing to its being reversed. Having re-
imbarked all those articles again on board of a djerm, we came to
Alexandria with a firm intention to set off with the first opportunity ;
for though I felt much regret in quitting the very country in which
I wished to remain undisturbed a little longer, yet under the cir-
cumstances of such a persecution I could not help hastening my
departure. But the time was not yet arrived. At Alexandria I found
letters from the consul and from Mr. Bankes, in answer to mine from
Baban el Malook. The letters had been sent by an Arab as far as
Cairo, and from thence to Alexandria. The consul advised me to stop
till I could receive a certain answer from England, and to have redress
of the outrageous behaviour of those gentry : this was the last thing
that I could wish for, for I knew enough of the country to know
how that affair would end ; I knew the influence of their master, who
I was certain woidd do all in his power to prevent any justice being
done, so I did not find my inclination to remain, particularly as it
happened to be the time of the plague ; but Mr. Lee, the vice-
consul in Alexandria, acquainted me that he had already made a de-
position of the deeds in Thebes, and presented to the French consul,
Mr. Eousell. I was glad to see that my cause had been taken up,
but I was in very little hopes to have any redress, as no such a thing
ever happened in those countries, in particular against such people.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 375

Mr. Drouetti, who was by this time in Alexandria, took to himself
the defence of his agents, and made a protest against Mr. Salt, the
British consul, who, he said, was his accuser ; and it was agreed that
the matter should be left alone till Mr. Salt's return from Upper
Egypt, so my departure was postponed till that period. At tins time
I had the pleasure of becoming more acquainted with Mr. Briggs,
a gentleman who was on the eve of setting off for Europe : he was
the person who suggested to the Bashaw of Egypt to cut the canal
from Foua to Alexandria, to facilitate the exportation of the products
of the country on board of the European vessels in the harbour?
which sometimes were obliged to wait six months for their cargoes,
owing to the difficulty of passing the bogazo, or bar, that crosses
the mouth of the river, and often kept the djerms loaded for three
months without effecting the passage. This cut is forty miles in
length, and cost above three hundred thousand pounds to finish
it ; but it is a great accommodation in the exportation, and of course
useful to the commerce of Egypt in general.

Before this time the stranger, to whom I have before alluded, had
arrived in Alexandria, and was quite changed in his conduct as a
witness : he had already signed his name to a deposition written by
Lebulo himself, which of course was not against the party ; and when
he was called to give evidence, had forgotten that he saw those people
take up arms and run towards the spot where I was : whatever points
or words I could clearly put in remembrance, and repeat to him, he
had forgotten all, and did not scruple to say, before the consul, Mr.
Lee, that if I had been the first to apply to him, or to make my own
deposition, he would have signed his name for me as he did for the
other people. Now having proved him contradictory to his deposition,
he came into the office of the consul, and, with the greatest indiffer-
ence, actually made a deposition to contradict what he had asserted in

37 C RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

favour of the assailants. He had stated previously, that he was
present at the dispute or altercation, as the gentlemen of our
opponents' party would have it called ; but he now said, that he
only heard by Mr. Drouetti and his agents that an altercation of
words had taken place. Such were the preparations for this defence ;
and now to end the affair with the stranger. No sooner did he com-
municate to my opponents the intention I had to make an offer of
the four statues above mentioned, as a present to a certain court of
Europe, than they immediately entered into a league with each other,
and every thing was carried on in great secresy. Some statues of
their own were put on board a vessel for Europe, and a collection
of antiquities was made up to be offered for sale to the above court,
and this was to be done previous to my offer being made ; and when
I thought my statues were to be embarked, and conveyed to Europe
to be presented as above, I found that the stranger had set off with
what he had procured from my opponents, leaving me and my statues
to learn how to know him better.

I do not mean to blame any one for endeavouring to do any
thing to their advantage, so that it is done in an honourable manner;
but I cannot help observing, that whatever speculation he could
have made, with what he has brought into Europe for our opponents,
was obtained by a very wrong proceeding.

Seeing that some time would elapse before the consul returned,
I did not know how to employ myself in the interval : I thought
of making some researches in Lower Egypt, but I doubted not
I should encounter some difficulty there also, as the fountain
head of our opponents was not far off; but idle I could not stay.
For a long time I had a wish to make a small excursion into the
western desert. I had observed that the temple of Jupiter Ammon
had been an object of search for a long time, and by more than one

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 377

traveller, but that the true spot where it existed had not been fixed.
I considered that the Faioum was a province as yet little explored,
and that I might make an excursion in it perhaps undisturbed, and
from thence proceed to the western desert. I should have no difficulty
in obtaining a firman, but as I could not have it without letting
every one know where I was going, I preferred to go without, as I
hoped to make my way in some manner or other. An English
merchant, who resided in Alexandria, lent me a small house in
Rosetta, near the British agency, where I left Mrs. Belzoni. Accord-
ingly I took a small boat, and set off for the Faioum.

JOURNEY TO THE OASIS OF AMMON.

I left Rosetta on the 20th, and arrived at Benisouef on the
29th of April, 1819. I took with me a Sicilian servant, whom I
hired in Alexandria, as my Irish lad had taken the opportunity of
returning to England from Jerusalem with Mr. Legh. I took with
me, also, a Moorish Hadge, who was on his return from Mecca, and
begged to be taken on board our boat at Gene. I thought, as he was
a Hadge, or pilgrim, his company would be of some service to me ;
and he proved very useful. At Benisouef we procured some donkeys
to take us and a little provision as far as the lake Mceris.

On the 29th we set off, and directed our course through a vast
plain of cultivated land, of corn and other products of the country.
This plain is all under water at the time of the inundation, except-
ing the scattered villages, which stand elevated, and appear like so
many islands during that time. About fifteen miles from the Nile?
the chain of mountains on the west are but low. They open and
form a valley into the Faioum ; and it was at this entrance that we
arrived on the first night of our journey. The Bahr Yousef passes

3 c

378 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

into the centre of tins valley, and enters, in various serpentine
directions, into the Faioum. We took our station under some date-
trees near the water, about two miles from the first pyramid. Here,
after a slight repast, I went to sleep on my usual bed, a mattress,
thin enough to serve as a saddle when folded up, but, when laid on
a mat or on the ground, affording as good a bed as any traveller ought
to expect. The Sicilian servant, the Moorish Hadge, and the
donkey-drivers, kept watch in their turn ; and I arranged so, that
this system should be observed during the whole of our journey.

On the 30th, we set off before sunrise, and soon arrived at the
pyramid. It is composed of sun-burnt bricks, and stands on a high
ground at the foot of the hill on the northern side of the valley.
Its basis is covered round with sand and stones, out of which it rises
sixty feet, but its original height must have been above seventy, as
the top has been thrown down. The basis above the sand is eighty
feet. I observed several large blocks of stone intermixed with brick-
work, so disposed as to support and strengthen the whole of the
mass. The bricks are twelve, fourteen, and sixteen inches long,
and five or six inches wide. I ascended the pyramid, and from the
top could see the whole valley, and the entrance into the Faioum.
On the west, at only two hours' walk distance, I could see the other
pyramid, situated on a lower ground ; consequently it appeared less
high. Further to the west, I saw Medinet El Faioum, which stands
on the ruins of ancient Arsinoe, and has a respectable appearance
at a distance. From this pyramid I descended towards the canal
again, and crossed a strong bridge on the west side of the valley.
We then continued along the foot of these hills, till we reached the
other pyramid. We forded the river on donkeys to come to the
west, and pass over another branch of the same river, which was
nearly dried up at that season. We entered a place 600 feet
square, surrounded by high earthen dikes, apparently to protect

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 379

the above ground from the inundation of the canal. This spot
had no doubt been the seat of some ancient town, of which nothing
remained but a few blocks of stone, and the appearance of some
brick-work. We advanced towards the pyramid, and, after passing a
small canal, which had been cut by some of the late rulers of Egypt,
came to the foot of the pyramid. I found that the basis of it is
only thirty feet above the level of the water of the canal, and nearly
of the same size as the first. It is surrounded by smaller tombs ;
and, on the south side, there are the remains of an Egyptian temple,
which must have been most magnificent. Of this there are to
be seen only some fragments, of the colours of granite, and I must
observe that it is the only column of that stone I had seen any
where ; and that, in all the temples known in the valley of the
Nile, there are none that can boast of such grandeur. There are
several tombs, quite in the Egyptian style, cut under ground. We
quitted this place, and arrived at Medinet El Faioum on the same
evening. The whole country is very fertile, and interspersed with
plantations of fruit-trees and roses. This place is celebrated for
making rose-water, which is sold in Cairo, and all over Egypt, for
the use of the great people, who continually keep their divans and
other places sprinkled with it, and present it also to any stranger who
visits them. On our approaching the town, I agreed to call at the
house of HusufF Bey, the governor of the province of Faioum, but
found he was gone to Cairo. However, on application to his Kakia
Bey, I obtained a firman and a guide, which was all I wanted, and
was also accommodated with a lodging in one of the rooms of the
house.

On the morning of the 31st, a soldier was given to me as a
guide to the Lake Mceris. I set off the same day by the road leading
to the northward, and passed the extensive ruins of Arsinoe,
which I reserved for inspection till my return, as I intended to

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380 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

come back by tbe same route. The country continued very fine
and well cultivated. At noon we arrived at El Cassar, the ruins
of an ancient temple, and site of a town, where nothing remained
but part of the walls. The temple was not very extensive, as may
be seen by what is left of the foundation ; and two parts of the wall,
the only remains of which are composed of large blocks of stone,
without hieroglyphics. At night we arrived at Senures, a village
situated about 10 miles from Lake Mceris.

On the morning of the 1st of May, we proceeded on our jour-
ney, and, after passing several groves of palm trees and other plant-
ations as before, the view opened all at once on a wild country,
which gradually sloped to the edge of the lake. The water ex_
tended from north-east to south-west, and the mountains oppo-
site formed an awful and sterile appearance. At noon we reached
the lake, but could observe no trace of any living being. The
guide conducted us along the shore, till we arrived at a small ha-
bitation, or rather a fisherman's hut, situated near the place where
the canal, or Bahar Yousef, discharges into the lake, where only
a small rotten boat was seen.

The hut was inhabited by a few fishermen and a soldier, who
formerly received the duties on the fish they caught ; but now, the
fishermen have only a share of the fish they catch, and the
remainder is sold at Medinet el Faioum, of which the Bashaw
receives the profit. Our guide bespoke a boat, which was sent for
at some distance up the canal, and when it arrived I never saw
any thing that could be better compared to old Baris*, or boat of
Charon : it was entirely out of shape. The outer shell or hulk
was composed of rough pieces of wood scarcely joined, and fastened
by four other pieces, wrapped together by four more across,

* The boat in which the Egyptians carried their dead to the grave.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 381

which formed the deck : no tar, no pitch either inside or out, and
the only preventive against the water coming in was a kind of
weed moistened, which had settled in the joints of the wood.
Having made an agreement with the owner of the hoat, who might
have been named Old Charon himself, we put on board some pro-
visions, and made towards the west, where the famous Labyrinth is
supposed to have been situated. The water of the lake was good
enough to drink, but a little saltish : it was only this year that it
could be tasted at all, owing to the extraordinary overflow of the
Nile, which surmounted all the high lands, and, in addition to the
Bahr Yousef, came in such torrents into the lake, that it raised the
water twelve feet higher than ever it had been remembered by the
oldest fisherman among them. We advanced with old Baris, or
Charon's boat, towards the west, and at sunset saw the shore quite
deserted, and nothing to look at but the lake and the mountains
on the north side of it. Old Charon, the pilot, lighted a fire, while
the other went to fish with a net, and soon returned with a supper
of fish.

The land we were now in had anciently been cultivated, as
there appeared many stumps of palm and other trees, nearly petri-
fied. I also observed the vine in great plenty. The scene here was
beautiful — the silence of the night, the beams of the radiant moon
shining on the still water of the lake, the solitude of the place, the
sight of our boat, the group of fishermen, the temple, which bears the
name of Old Charon, a little way off, put me in mind of the Lake
Acheron, the boat Baris, and the old ferryman of the Styx. I per-
ceived this was the very spot where the poets originated the fable of
the passage of the souls over the river of Oblivion. Nothing could be
more pleasing to my imagination than being so near the Elysium,
perhaps on the very Elysium itself. I thought that the plants,
which appeared nearly petrified, have been the very ones when the
souls were enjoying the happiness of their purity. I was thus

382 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

strolling along the banks of the lake in solitary musing, not unlike
one of these wandering souls waiting its turn to cross the Styx,
while my old Charon with his semi-demons were preparing supper.
I wish that I had been a poet, that I might sing in verse the
beautiful ideas and sensations I felt on that occasion. I thought
that night one of the happiest in my life, and myself out of the
reach of evil mortals. Happy in the Elysian Fields, I feared not
the malice and treacherous arts of envy, jealousy, spite, revenge,
nor the thousand other snares of man. I nearly forgot I was
living : and I suppose, that had I continued in my ecstacy, I should
have verified that these waters had the power of oblivion.

On the 2d, before sunrise, we entered the old Baris, and steered
towards the west till we arrived near the end of the lake, which,
according to these fishermen, extended further this year than ever
they remembered it, in consequence of the above extraordinary
inundation. Wre landed here, and I took two of the boatmen and
set off for the temple, named Cassar el Haron, about three miles
from the lake, standing in the midst of the ruins of a town, of
which there is still a track of the wall to be seen, and the founda-
tions of several houses and other small temples. There are frag-
ments of columns, and blocks of stone of a middling size. The
temple is in pretty good preservation, excepting in the upper part :
it is of a singular construction, and differs somewhat from the
Egyptian ; but I believe it has been altered, or rather rebuilt, and
divided into various small apartments, as may be seen in the plan,
Plate No. 32. There are no hieroglyphics either inside or out, and
only two figures on the wall of the western side of the upper apart-
ments, one of which I took for Osiris, and the other for Jupiter
Amnion. In the front of this temple there is a semicircular pilaster
at each side of the door, and two pilasters attached to the wall ;
but the exterior workmanship is evidently of a later date than the
temple. Part of the town is covered with sand. On the east side

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 383

of it there is something like a gateway, in an octangular form, and
at a little distance there is a Greek chapel, elevated on a platform,
with cellars under it.

After having taken a proper view of the temple and of the
town, I went to see the small Greek chapel, accompanied by the
two boatmen ; and as there was no appearance of any danger, I
left my gun and pistols in the temple, but had nearly suffered for
my temerity ; for just as I was mounting the few steps that lead
to the platform of the small chapel, a large hyena rushed from the
apartments beneath the chapel, and had I not been on the first
step it could not have avoided attacking me, as there was no other
way by which it could come out. The animal stopped three or four
yards from me, and then turned round as if determined to attack me ;
but it appeared on second thoughts to have relinquished its intent,
and after having shown me its pretty teeth, gave a hideous roar, and
set off galloping as fast as it could. At the moment I regretted I
had no arms with me, but was happy to see it gone. I attributed
its flight to the noise made by the two boatmen, who being near me
thought the hyena would swallow them alive.

This little chapel was evidently built in a later age than the rest
of those works of which but very little now remain. On the west
of the temple there are parts of other gates connected with the
wall. I observed several pieces of marble and white granite. The
granite has given me reason to think that there must have been
some building of considerable importance in this town, for they
must have had more trouble to convey it hence than to any other
place in Egypt, in consequence of the distance. But whatever
remains of beauty might be seen in this town, it does not ap-
pear that this was the place of the famous Labyrinth, nor any
thing like it; for, according to Herodotus, Pliny, &c. there is
not the smallest appearance which can warrant the supposition

384 RESEARCHES AND OPERxVTIONS

that any such edifice was there. The Labyrinth was a building of
3,000 chambers, one half above and one half below. The con-
struction of such an immense edifice, and the enormous quantity
of materials which must have been accumulated, would have yet
left specimens enough to have seen where it had been erected,
but not the smallest trace of any such thing is any where to be
seen. The town was about a mile in circumference, with the
temple in its centre, so that I could not see how the Labyrinth
could be placed in this situation. I accordingly left the place, and
on my return towards the lake passed a tract of land which had
once been cultivated, and saw a great many stumps of plants almost
burnt. On my arrival at the lake a high wind, arose from the
south-west, which swelled the lake very much, drifted the sand in
the air, and drove our boat on shore. At the above place we
gathered plenty of wood, made a fire, and passed the night under
shelter of a mat hung over two sticks planted in the ground.

Before morning of the 3d the wind ceased, and the lake soon
became smooth. We re-embarked, and shaped our course towards
the north side, coastwise the whole day. At the foot of the moun-
tain, which bounds the lake on that side, I perceived nothing
worthy of remark. There are a few spots near the water's edge
where great quantities of weeds grow from under the water ; and
great quantities of game are always found among these plants. The
pelican is as common on this lake as it is on the Nile. There are
many wild ducks and a kind of large snipe. Towards evening we
arrived at the shore opposite to where we embarked, and the boat-
men made up their minds to cross the lake the next morning, and
take us back to our former place of embarkation ; but as I
recollected, that in some of the descriptions of that lake I had
seen a town marked not far from the spot where we then were,
on the morning of the 4th, instead of going on board, I took my

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 385

route towards the mountains. The soldier and the boatmen ran after
me, to persuade me there was nothing to be seen there ; but I told
them I must ascend the mountains to see the lake and the whole
country round. One of them happened to say unguardedly that there
was nothing to be seen except a few houses in ruins, and a high
wall. That was enough for me ; and having secured the man by
promises and threats, I insisted that he should show me the above
place. I accordingly set off with my whole crew, and had scarcely
reached the summit of the lower range of the mountains, when I
perceived the ruins of a town not far distant. On my arrival, I found
it to be a Greek town, (vide Plate 23.) and it cannot be any other than
the city of Bacchus, which I have observed in some of the maps of
ancient authors. There are a great number of houses, half tumbled
down, and a high wall of sun-burnt bricks, which incloses the ruins
of a temple. The houses are not united, nor built in any regularity
as streets, but only divided by narrow lanes, not more than three
or four feet wide, and all built of sun-burnt bricks. There is a
causeway, or road, made of large stones, winch runs through the
town to the temple, which faces the south. In the centre of the
city I observed several houses, or rather cellars, underground, as
they appeared from their tops, which were covered with strong
pieces of wood, over which there were some cane, and then above
that a layer of bricks, on a level with the surface, so that one
might walk over without perceiving that he was treading on the
top of a house. As the fishermen had brought their hatchets,
I caused two or three of these houses to be uncovered. After
removing the layer of bricks, we found a layer of clay, then a layer
of canes, which were nearly burnt, and lastly, under the canes some
rafters of wood, forming the ceiling. The wood was in good
preservation, and of a hard quality. The inside of the hut, or cellar,
was filled up with rubbish ; but they had evidently been habitations,

3d

386 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

as we saw a fire-place in every one of them. They were not more
than ten or twelve feet square, and the communication to each
house was by a narrow lane, not more than three feet wide,
which was also covered. I cannot conceive the reason why these
people lived in such places. Certain it is that they did not live
there to he out of the heat ; on the contrary, they must have had
all the force of the sun shining upon them, without the slightest
chance of a breath of wind. The houses above ground were con-
structed in a manner somewhat different from any I had seen
before. There were few which had a second floor, and those which
were higher than the rest were very narrow, so that they were
more like the form of towers than common houses ; but now there
is scarcely one to be seen entire. As to the temple, it is fallen,
but appears to have been pretty extensive. The blocks of stone
are of the largest size, some eight and nine feet long. The ruins
are in such confusion, that it is impossible to form an idea of its
plan or foundation. I am almost certain, by what I could see, that
the falling of this temple was caused by violence, as it appears to
me that it never could have been so dilapidated by the slow hand
of time. Among these blocks I saw the fragments of statues, of
breccia and other stones of Grecian sculpture, but no granite ;
and I observed the fragment of one winch appeared to me not
unlike part of an Apollo. There were also fragments of lions of
grey stone, not belonging to these mountains. The town, from
what I could see, might have consisted of 500 houses, the largest
of which was not more than forty feet square. The area of the
wall which surrounds the temple is 150 feet square, thirty feet
high, and eight feet thick. On the north side of this town is a
valley, which appears to have been once cultivated, but at present is
covered with sand. On inquiry, I found this town was known to the
Arabs of the lake under the name of Denav. We returned to the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 387

boat and crossed to the island of El Hear, which is entirely barren,
and no trace of any habitation any where to be seen. We then
crossed the lake to the east, and saw several fragments of pillars
and ruins nearly under water, and arrived in the evening at the
same shore where we embarked. I took up my station for the
night to the eastward of the small hut, and made an excellent
supper of fresh fish and a piece of pelican. The soldier who lived
there happened to kill one of these birds, which was devoured by
the fishermen as soon as it was boiled: its flesh is not unlike
mutton in substance and appearance, but it tasted much like game,
and was upon the whole very tender, and pleasant to the palate. It
must have weighed at least forty pounds ; the fat was rancid, and as
yellow as saffron.

On the morning of the 5th, I took the road on the west side of
the lake, and saw the site of another town, named El Haman, oi*
which nothing now remains but scattered pieces of brick and part
of a bath. This place is situated full forty feet above the lake,
and the ground all round was covered with small shells, such as
cockles, small conchilies, and others not unlike periwinkles. We
returned afterwards on the east on the same day, and passed several
ancient villages, built of sun-burnt bricks. At a place named Terza
I observed several blocks of white stone and red granite, which
evidently must have been taken from edifices of greater magnitude
than what had ever stood there. Eeflecting on the description of
Pliny of the situation of the Labyrinth, which he says was on the
west side of the Lake Mceris, I made diligent researches on that
subject in particular, on the ground where I then stood. I coidd
not see the smallest appearance of an edifice, either on the ground,
or any appearance from under it ; but I observed all through that
part of the country a great number of stones and columns of
beautiful colours, of white marble and of granite. I saw the above

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388 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

pieces of antiquity scattered about for the space of several miles,
some on the road, and some in the houses of the Arabs, and others
put to various uses in the erection of huts, &c. I have no doubt»
that by tracing the source of these materials, the seat of the Laby-
rinth could be discovered, which must be most magnificent even in
its ruined state ; but I fear it is rather too late for such researches,
for the cause of its disappearing might be, that it was not an edifice
of great height, the lower apartments being under ground. It may
have been buried by the earth which is yearly brought there
by the water of the Nile ; or it is not impossible that the Laby-
rinth stood in such a situation as to be covered entirely by the
water, as we may see other remains of antiquities on the east side
of the lake, which are nearly all under water. It is certain,
that the yearly discharge of the Nile into the lake brings with it a
great quantity of earth or clay, and leaves it there, consequently
the lake must have risen from its original bed and spread so much
over the land, as to induce one to suppose that the said lake was
made for a reservoir to retain the water at high Nile, and to make
a kind of second inundation : it is evident that it is made by nature
and not by art; but that it might have served as a reservoir for
the above purpose, does not appear to me to be at all impossible.
This second inundation could not extend out of the Faioum ; the
water might be retained in the lake at the time of high Nile, by
a bar across the canal, at the entrance into the lake ; and at low
water it might be let out : but the canal must be stopped at the
entrance into the Faioum on the east, otherwise the water would
again return into the Nile by the said Bahr Yousef, consequently a
second inundation could not take place in any other part but the
Faioum, which being surrounded by mountains on the north, and
high grounds on the other side, would form a lake of itself.

We continued our journey, in a direction parallel with the lake,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 389

through several villages, woods of palm and other fruit-trees, and
well cultivated lands, and at sunset arrived at Fedmin el Kunois,
which means the Place of Churches : it stands on a high mound
of earth and rubbish, and has evidently been rebuilt on other ruins.
It is divided into two parts by a small canal from the Bahr Yousef.
One side of the town is inhabited by Christian Copts, and the
other by Mahomedans ; and though the two religions officiated
almost in sight of each other, they never interfered on each other's
rights. The poor Copts were destitute of the principal means of
educating their children ; and the only reference they had to the
rites of the Christian religion was an old book of manuscripts,
copied from the Bible : but even this was kept as the only relic
they had. If, by chance, I had had an Arabic Bible or Testament,
I might indeed have become a great man among them ; and I
wonder that the Missionaries of the Bible Society, who lately
visited Egypt, omitted this place, being a noted Christian town ;
but I suppose the magnificent works of old Pharaoh made them
forget Moses, his followers, and all those who wish to know any
thing about him. But I must do justice to truth. A young
man, of the name of Burckhardt, cousin to my good friend the
celebrated traveller of that name, came, unprotected, into Egypt
for the purpose of distributing Bibles, consequently was persecuted,
and obliged to fly in great haste. He went into Syria, but with
over fatigue, or perhaps from the effects of the climate, he was
unable to proceed higher than Aleppo, where he died ; and, I am
sorry to say, that others who succeeded him, and went up the
Nile with protection and all their leisure, made their journey to
very little purpose.

The tradition of the town of Fedmin el Hanaiser is, that in
ancient times there were on that spot three hundred churches,
which were allowed to fall in ruins by the old inhabitants of the

390 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

place, and that when the Mahomedans succeeded to the country,
they built the present town on these very three hundred churches ;
for which reason the town is named Fidmin of the Churches. The
story is somewhat strange, and may afford grounds for a modern tra-
veller to place the Egyptian Labyrinth in this spot ; for, by con-
ceiving that the three hundred churches were the three hundred
cellars of the Labyrinth, as mentioned by Herodotus, or by sup-
posing that the father of history meant to say three hundred
instead of three thousand, the above churches could have been
nothing less than the old Egyptian Labyrinth itself. All this
might pass off well enough among the wanderers ; but, unfor-
tunately, there is proof to the contrary, which will do away with
any such supposition. The above branch of the Bahr Yousef passes
through the town, cut not above two centuries ago ; and none of
the said churches appeared in the progress of the excavation
through the town, which must have been the case had it been built
on the said three hundred churches. However, I must conclude,
that, notwithstanding the little probability there is of the Labyrinth
being in this place, I cannot help repeating my observation, that it
must have been at no great distance from the lake, as the great
quantity of materials which is scattered about the country has
evidently belonged to some extensive and splendid building.

We left Fidmin on the 6th ; and, after traversing a most beau-
tiful country, arrived at night at Medinet el Faioum.

On the morning of the 7th I went to see the ruins of the
ancient Arsinoe. It had been a very large city ; but nothing of it
remained, except high mounds of all sorts of rubbish. The chief
materials appear to have been burnt bricks. There were many
stone edifices, and a great quantity of wrought granite. In the
present town of Medinet I observed several fragments of granite
columns, and other pieces of sculpture, of a most magnificent taste-

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &p. 391

It is certainly strange that granite columns are only to be seen in
this place and near the pyramids, six miles distant. Among the
ruins at Arsinoe I also observed various fragments of statues of
granite, well executed, but much mutilated ; and it is my opinion,
that this town has been destroyed by violence and fire. Among
the rubbish there are pieces of stones and glass, which have
evidently been nearly melted by fire. It is clearly seen, that the
new town of Medinet is built out of the old materials of Arsinoe,
as the fragments are to be met with in every part of the town.
The large blocks of stone have been diminished in their sides, but
enough is left to show the purposes for which they originally served.
About the centre of these ruins I made an excavation in an ancient
reservoir, which I found to be as deep as the bottom of the Bahr
Yousef, and which was no doubt filled at the time of the inundation
for the accommodation of the town. There are other similar wells
in these ruins, which proves that tins was the only mode they had
of keeping water near them, as the river is at some distance from
the town. Among these mounds I found several specimens of glass
of Grecian manufacture and Egyptian workmanship ; and it appears
to me, that this town must have been one of the first note in
Egypt.

Having seen all I wished in that place, I visited the obelisk,
which is too well known to require any more said about it. I then
prepared for my journey into the oasis on the west. Accordingly
I went to see Hussuff Bey, who by this time had returned from
Cairo. He was a native of Circassia, and bought at the usual
market as a slave, by the Bashaw of Egypt, who, after many years'
servitude, made him Bey, or governor, of the finest province of
that country. He was uncommonly civiL and eager to know any
thing with which he was unacquainted ; but, on my application for

392 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

a Bedoween guide to conduct me through the desert, he said that the
Bedoweens were all encamped in that part of the province which was
subject to Khalil Bey at Benisoeuf. I was happy to hear that my
old friend Khalil Bey was the person to whom I had to make my
request, and immediately inquired where the Bedoweens were
encamped, and on being told that they were about ten miles
distant, on the morning of the 10th, I set off, and reached the
camp before noon ; but none of these people could inform me about
the oasis on the west. They all pointed towards the south,
indicating that the oasis were in that direction. I saw that they
meant the oasis of Siout and Maloni, which are known by the
name of the Great Oasis. At last, after much ado, an old man
told me that there was an Eloah on the west of the Lake Mceris,
the very place I wished to go to, but that none of the Bedoweens
would go there. I inquired if any of them knew the road ; he said
that he knew a Sheik of theirs, who lived in a camp at eight miles
distant, who had a daughter married to one of the Sheiks of the
Eloah. I was not a little pleased with this discovery, and flattered
myself that I would be able to persuade the said Sheik to accom-
pany me thither. We remained all night at the camp, and, on
the morning of the 12th, set off for the ]STile again. We passed
through several plantations of fruit trees, and a great quantity of
roses, with which, as I mentioned before, they make the rose-
water. The cotton-plant is quite abundant ; and figs are in such
plenty, that they dry them in the sun, and send them to Cairo.
It was quite night before we arrived at the banks of the Nile ;
and, as no business could be done that evening, I caused my
saddle to be prepared for my bed, and went to sleep. I do not
know to what cause it is to be attributed, but I certainly slept
more soundly on the banks of the Nile, or on the sands of the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c 393

desert, than I ever did in any other place, and particularly under
a roof.

Early in the morning of the 13th I was awoke by the Moorish
Hadge, who told me, with an air of surprise, that a strange person was
coming towards us : he mistook him by fear, and supposed that
some thief was at hand. I took up my arms, but was soon un-
deceived when I saw an European, who turned out to be the
Reverend Mr. Slowman, a gentleman sixty-two years of age, who
for a walk had alighted from his canjiar, and, in spite of his years,
followed the tracks of celebrated travellers, but who did not boast
to his friends in England of his arduous task, and consequently did not
pass for a courageous and gallant adventurer. This old reverend
divine had the courage to go through all the lands in Syria,
which travellers fancy wonderful difficult. He never had an in-
terpreter, nor did he know a single word of Arabic. He encountered
and overcame every difficulty. He suffered much, but never com-
plained, except of the ill treatment he received from other travellers,
who were ashamed that a venerable old man of sixty-two should
silently follow all their steps, and think nothing of what he had
undergone, nor did he care Avhether any one ever knew any thing
about his journey. He was then on his way to the second cataract ;
and some time afterwards I had the pleasure of seeing him, safe and
well, on his return from that place. He was laughed at, and even ill-
treated, by some person who deserves to be mentioned, and who
wished to be alone in travelling ; but, as I said before, I will not now
enter into the particulars of the proceedings of some travellers in
Egypt, as I mean to explain the whole facts in another volume. The
Rev. Mr. Slowman proceeded on his journey, and I went to see my
good old friend Ivhalil Bey of Esne, who was now commander of the
province of Benesouef. It happened to be after dinner when I called.
He was much pleased to see me, and glad he had it in his power to

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394 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

serve me. Having informed him that I wished to penetrate into
the western Oasis, he immediately sent, agreeably to my request,
for the Sheik of the Bedoweens. He inquired after many things, and
in particular about the sulphur and emerald mines, as he thought
them extremely interesting to the treasury of the Bashaw. I re-
mained with him the rest of the evening, and promised to see him
again the next day, when I should see the Sheik of the Bedoweens.

I went accordingly on the 14th, but the Sheik did not arrive,
and I spent the whole day in the laborious task of idleness. As the
Bey entered his harem after a certain hour, I went to the coffee-
house in the bazar of the town, the only place of amusement,
and in such cases one cannot help wishing for something to
occupy the time. These places are only frequented by the Turkish
soldiers, for though a cup of coffee is only five paras, little more
than a halfpenny, yet it is more than an Arab can afford to pay,
as his general pay for a day's labour is only twenty paras, three-
pence, so that it is very seldom an Arab is to be seen in these
spendthrift places. It is somewhat singular to observe, that while
these soldiers are drinking their coffee, they assume the same airs
and consequence as their Beys. A beenbashe, who is only in rank
with a serjeant, issues to the corporal the order he received from the
Cacheff, in the same tone as it was delivered to him ; the corporal
does so to the soldier, who occasionally passes it to an Arab in the
same manner.

On the 15th the Sheik arrived, and protested he was unable
to show me the road to the place I wished to visit. The Bey in-
sisted that he should find some one in his camp who knew the way,
which he of course promised to do. It was agreed that I should
meet the Sheik at a village at the foot of the desert where I was to
meet Sheik Grumar, who would conduct me to the Oasis. I pro-
posed to the Sheik that I should have a firman from the Bey for

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 395

the Sheiks of the Oasis, but he said it was unnecessary, and made
me understand that it was better to go without one, as I should be
accompanied by a man sent from the Bey.

Accordingly, on the morning of the lGth, we set off for the
appointed village, named Sedmin el Djabel, at the foot of the desert,
where the Bedoweens were encamped. I need not describe the
ground we went over, as it is pretty much like the rest of the Faioum.
On my arrival I went to see the Cacheffof the village, where I also
found the Sheik of the Bedoweens, and Sheik Grumar, waiting for us.
I had some little difficulty in persuading them to take only six
camels, as they feared we should not be able to carry enough of
water ; but the great difficulty was, that Sheik Grumar, who was
to accompany us, was afraid of ill consequences by taking us to the
Oasis, as he assured me that no European had yet been there, and
that even very few of the Bedoweens themselves travel to these places
at all, excepting when they go to purchase rice and dates ; but having
surmounted all these little difficulties, it was arranged that we should
wait three days at the camp, for the purpose of making provision
for our journey, &c.

The camp of the Bedoweens was situated at the foot of the range
of low mountains which form the skirt of the desert (See Plate
25). The chief had a large tent, higher than the rest, and was as
great as a king among his own people. I took up my residence
directly before his tent, and my Moorish Hadge, with two shawls,
contrived to make a tent for me. The mode of living of these people
has been so often described, that I conceive every one to be
acquainted with it ; but as there may be some peculiarity in one
tribe more than in another, I shall insert what I have seen in that
of Sheik Grumar. He was a tall stout man, six feet three inches
high, with a countenance that bespoke a resolute mind, and great
eagerness after gain. He preserved an air of superiority over his

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396 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

subalterns, and what he ordered was instantly done without any
hesitation. He had two wives, who agreed pretty well with each
other, and an old black slave, by whom he had two fine children,
and who in consequence had as much power as the other two, who
were only somewhat fairer than herself. Their chief occupation
was arindinff corn and making butter. Their hand-mill was rather
of a larger size than what is used by the Arabs of Egypt, which
proves their superior strength. The flour is put into boiling water,
and by stirring it with a stick they make a large pudding. It is
then turned out upon a straw plate, when a hole is made in the
top and filled with butter. This is their chief repast, which is
called asceed. These people are now happier than they were a
few years ago, as Mahomed Ali has given them liberty to rent
lands on the borders of the desert. They do not trouble themselves
about plowing the ground, for they find it more profitable to breed
camels. Their greatest trouble is to break the straw to feed
them when there is no pasture, and this is done by a machine
of five or six irons, passing over the straw on the ground. Their
horses are not in very good condition, but they are very strong.
They often remove their camps into better situations, but always far
from any habitation, at least a large village or town. The women
are covered with a thick woollen cloth made on the Barbary coast,
and sold in Cairo and other towns in Egypt. The men have
generally a linen gown and a large woollen shawl, which covers the
whole person from head to foot. They generally have a great many
fleas, I believe owing to the quantity of thick cloth they wear,
and even their tents are so infested, that it is impossible to approach
them without being molested. During the time I was there, I never
slept a moment. The first day of our arrival, the people were rather
shy in entering into conversation with us, but when once they did
begin, they were continually inquiring of many things concerning our

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 397

country, and asking for trifling articles of little value. At last, after
having provided bread for our journey, and provisions for the camels,
we set off on the 19th, and entered the desert in a western direction,
along the south side of the Faioum, and after two hours march, we
passed near the ruins of an ancient village ; and in another hour and
a half we reached a place called Raweje Toton, the seat of a very ex-
tensive ancient town. I saw a great many blocks of calcareous stone
with hieroglyphics and Egyptian figures very finely executed, and
some pedestals of columns. The chief materials were burnt bricks ;
but I observed several pieces of granite, and from their extent, I have
no doubt that this must have been a very large town. In another
hour after this, we came to the ruins of another village, named
Talet el Hagar. It is somewhat singular that this village is crowded
with pedestals of columns, which evidently have been taken from
the large town, and converted into millstones for grinding corn.
At sunset we reached a place called El Kharak, a land quite
detached from Faioum, and which is watered by a branch of the
canal or Bahr Yousef. This place has a village of that name, with
several pieces of well cultivated ground around it, which produce
dlpurra and clover in the proper season. The few people who live
there are mostly of the labouring class, who rent the place from the
Bey of the Faioum. Here we took in provision for the camels, and
filled the skins with fresh water.

On the 20th, we advanced towards the west : here the face
of the earth is entirely changed. We soon found ourselves among
low rocks, sandy hills, and barren valleys. At a few miles distant
from our last place, I observed the upper part of a very thick
wall, evidently as if it had surrounded a large town, but en-
tirely buried under the sand. I should have taken it for a wall
inclosing some cultivated spots of land, had I not observed in the
interior of it the upper part of other buildings, and very thick

398 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

walls of sun-burnt bricks. On the exterior of the wall I perceived a
great quantity of stumps of trees, and vines, nearly burnt to ashes,
and which crumbled into dust as soon as touched. This place is
named the same as the one we left in the morning, El Kharak.

We continued the remaining part of the forenoon through
several valleys of rocks and banks of sand ; and towards evening we
arrived at a spot parallel with the eastern extremity of the lake
Mceris. We passed the night at the bottom of a sand-bank, and
at four o'clock on the morning of the 21st continued our route.
The valley we were now in opened wider ; and, in a few hours, we
came in sight of a high rock at a great distance from us. We
continued nearly the whole day in the said valley, among rocks and
sand ; and, towards evening, arrived at Eejen el Cassar, a place
once populated, where there were several good spots of ground,
which had been once cultivated, but now was nearly all covered up
with sand. It is surrounded by high rocks, and its extent might
have been about three miles square. There is a great abundance
of sunt and date trees, which bear no fruit. Under the sand there
is water to be found in great abundance ; for, by only thrusting
down a stick, the water springs up. There are the remains of the
foundation of a small Egyptian temple, which has served as a
burial-place to people of later ages. We passed the night very
happily under the palm-trees ; but, unfortunately, the water of this
place was rather saltish, otherwise it might invite a hermit to pass
his days out of the busy world.

On the 22d we continued our route toward the west, and had
to pass over a very high bank of sand to leave Eejen el Cassar and
reach a valley, in which we continued travelling in that direction till
we came to an open plain, and a fine horizon before us. I observed at
a distance a spacious plain of sand and stones, with several heaps
above the rest. On our approach I found that they were tumuli,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 399

nearly in the form of a parallelogram, from twenty to thirty feet
long. There were, I believe, nearly thirty, and some of them I
calculated were large enough to contain a hundred corpses; and
consequently, altogether, form a good number. I must beg leave
to make one observation on these tumuli, which, perhaps, will give
some idea to the learned, as I hope my humble opinion will meet
the approbation of some of them. It will be recollected, that Cam-
byses, after having conquered Egypt, sent part of his army to the
conquest of the Ammonii in the deserts of Lybia, which was
betrayed by their guides, Avho were Egyptians, and left to perish in
the desert, and nothing more was heard of them. It is the general
opinion, that the Ammonii were in the western direction of the
Nile ; and it is well known that Alexander employed only nine
days on his visit to that place from Alexandria. Consequently, it
is pretty clear that the Ammonii were not in the southern Oasis,
as it is supposed, merely because it is stated by Herodotus, that
Cambyses sent his army into that place from Thebes ; but, by all
other accounts, it appears that they could not have been so far from
the sea. And it is more probable that the army was sent from
Memphis, and not from Thebes, which agrees with many other
points in history ; for instance, not only in the distance, but also in
the description of the western Oasis and its temple. I am now
laying before my readers my own ideas, which I formed in con-
sequence of what I had seen, and of the little calculation I could
make from ancient history on the subject. Recollecting that the
said army of Cambyses had been lost in these deserts, I have no
hesitation in supposing, that the above tumuli were made to cover
the unfortunate wretches who perished, no doubt, from thirst.
The direction from Memphis to these Elloah, either of Siwah
or El Cassar, is westward. The situation where these people are
stated to have perished is the desert of Lybia : the tumuli are
situated between Memphis and the Elloah in the desert of Lybia,

400 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

where there is no index to direct the stranger on his way, if he is left
by his guide ; nor even a stone or a shadow to shelter him from the sun.

A learned man wrote to me, that these people could not be
Persians, merely because it was not their custom or religion to cover
the dead bodies, but to leave them to the birds of prey ; con-
sequently, these could not be the army of Cambyses. But let
this learned man recollect, that, independently of the points he
has mentioned, these people could not have been buried by their
countrymen at all ; for it is natural to suppose that they did not
know where they were, otherwise there would be reason to believe
that we should know something more of what became of them than
the dry account given by Herodotus, that they were left to perish
in these deserts. It is, therefore, more reasonable to suppose that
the remains of these wretches were accumulated by some other
nation, perhaps by the Ammonii themselves, though they protested
they knew nothing of them, and that the army never reached their
country. At any rate, I should be happy to know who these people
were, and by what cause they came there, if they are not the above
people from the army of Cambyses.

The calculation of the number could not have been made with
accuracy, in consequence of the different sizes of the tombs; besides, if
these corpses were collected only when skeletons, they would of course
occupy much less space than when in flesh ; but, notwithstanding
all this uncertainty, I have no hesitation in asserting that, in those
tumuli I saw, there could have been buried 3000 people. Be-
sides, from the information I received from the Bedoweens, I found
that this was not the place where there were the greatest number,
and that, at a little distance, there were a great many of the same,
to which I could not persuade the Bedoweens to take me, as they
were afraid that our supply of water would fall short,

On the 23d, we continued our journey to the west, over a plain,
covered with pebbles of brown and black colours, and so flat that, in

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 401

a few hours, we found an horizon all round, not unlike the sea. We
continued so the whole day.

On the 24th we went on, and towards the evening reached
Bahar Bela Me, where we saw high rocks on the west. This place
is singular, and deserves the attention of the geographer, as it is a
dry river, and has all the appearance of water having been in it :
the bank and bottom are quite full of stones and sand. There are
several islands in the centre ; but the most remarkable circumstance
is, that, at a certain height upon the bank, there is a mark, evidently
as if the water had reached so high ; the colour of the materials
above that mark is also much lighter than those below. And what
would almost determine that there has been water there, is, that
the island has the same mark, and on the same level with that on
the banks of the said dry river. I am a little at a loss to know how
the course of this river is so little knoAvn, as I only found it marked
near the Lakes Natron, taking a direction of north-west and south-
east, which does not agree with its course here, which is from north
to south ; yet it has the same name, and runs north and south as
far as I could see from the summit of a high rock on the west side
of it. The Arabs assured me that it ran a great way in both
directions, and that it is the same which passes near the Lakes
Natron. If this is the case, it must pass right before the extremity
of the Lake Mceris, at two or three days' journey distance, in a
western direction. This is the place where several petrified stumps
of trees are found, and many pebbles, with moving or quick water
inside. I saw about half a dozen of a flinty substance, without
veins of any sort.

On the morning of the 25th, we continued westward, and passed
several isolated rocks and sand-banks. At noon we saw a high hill
at a distance, and soon after the guide pointed out the Rocks of
Elloah : in a few minutes after this we saw two crows, which ap-

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peared to have come to meet us, — a sure sign that water is not far
off; for though these birds can travel both cheap and expeditious,
they generally keep near the water in those deserts. In the after-
noon we reached the brink of the Elloah, named El Cassar, a
valley surrounded by high rocks, which form a spacious plain of
twelve or fourteen miles long, and about six in breadth. There is
only a small portion of the valley cultivated on the opposite side
which we reached, and it can only be distinguished by the woods
of palm-trees which cover it. The rest of the valley is wholly
covered with tracts of sand, but it is evidently seen that it has
once been cultivated every where. Many tracts of land are of a
clayey substance, which could be brought into use even now.
There are several small hills scattered about, some with a natural
spring on the top, and covered with rushes and small plants.
We advanced towards a forest of date-trees, and before evening we
reached within a mile of a village, named Zaboo, all of us exceedingly
thirsty : here we observed some cultivation, several beds of rice,
and some sunt-trees, &c. Before the camels arrived they scented the
water at some distance ; and as they had not drank since they
left Rejan, they set off at full gallop, and did not stop till they
reached a rivulet, which was quite sweet, although the soil was
almost impregnated with salt. I observed here a great many wild
birds, particularly wild ducks, in greater abundance than any other.
At this place we alighted for a moment, to allow our camels to
drink ; and I observed a certain uneasiness in the manner of Sheik
Grumar, our guide, that I could not account for. He had often
hinted to me whether I wished to pass for a Mahomedan or Christian,
but I always told him I could see no reason for disguising myself.
I went some distance from the camels to drink too ; and after
having watered our camels, we were about to proceed slowly towards
the village ; but no sooner were we mounted than we heard a voice

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &e. 403

hallooing at us, and at the same time a man rushed out of one of
the bushes with a gun, and put himself in an attitude as if to fire
upon us. His appearance was not very terrifying, nor did his
garments bespeak him to be a person of any consequence in that
land. He was not above four feet high, of a chocolate colour,
most wretchedly ill made, and covered with a black woollen cloth.
Sheik Grumar immediately dismounted, and advanced towards the
man, speaking to him in a kind of Arabic dialect, which I found to
be the dialect of the place. The man soon recognised him, and
they approached each other in a friendly manner, wliich gave me
hopes that all would go on well at that place. The man was anxious
to learn who we were, when our guide at once told him that we were
people in search of old stones, and that one of us was a Hadge, just
returning from Mecca. This last assertion appeared to satisfy the
man ; but he replied, that no one ever came there to seek for old
stones ; and that he did not know what the Sheiks of Zaboo, the
village, would think of our coming there, and that he was going to
shoot me when I was drinking. Meanwhile we advanced towards
the village, and our guide contrived to persuade him that we were
harmless Franks, meaning me and my Sicilian servant. He did
not know of what tribe the Franks were, but said that their Cady,
who had been once in Cairo, must know them. All this was told
us in Arabic by ovir guide, who continually kept inquiring about
the health of such and such a Sheik, and, above all, of the Sheik
Hebrims, his son-in-law. The man began to walk before us, and
on our approaching the village, he ran off as fast as he could into
the wood of palm-trees. We advanced, and entered a lane among
these plants ; and as we penetrated farther, we entered a most
beautiful place, full of dates, intermixed with other trees, some in
blossom, and others in fruit: there were apricots, figs, almonds,
plums, and some grapes. The apricots were in greater abundance

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than the rest, and the figs were very fine. The soil was covered
with verdure of grass and rice, and the whole formed a most
pleasing recess, particularly after the barren scenes of the desert.

On our approaching a wide place the guide halted, and desired
us to wait till he returned : he walked on, and I observed him go
into a kind of habitation at some distance. Accordingly we waited
there some time ; but in about half an hour I thought it rather
strange that he did not return. I inquired of the drivers where
our guide had gone ; they told me they did not know. At last, I
became tired of waiting, and set off with my gun towards the place
where I saw the guide enter; but before I reached the place I
heard the voices of men, women, and children ; and when I came
nearer, I saw a wall inclosing a great many houses, and immediately
within the gates there was a yard, in which were assembled all the
chiefs of the village and many others, sitting on the ground, de-
bating whether or not we should be admitted, and my guide very
busy in persuading them that we were but harmless people, and
only come there to look after old stones. On my arrival at the
gate their whole attention was turned upon me, and a perfect
silence ensued. I walked straight forward, when they all rose and
stared at me ; but from their countenances I saw they did not
know what to say. I went in among them and inquired who
was their Sheik, when my guide told me that three or four elders
and a young man were the Sheiks of the place. I saluted them
freely, and shook hands, which they do not unlike the English
manner. I wished them prosperity. I saw by their manner on
this occasion that they were divided in opinion. Some received
me with good humour, and others retired murmuring something I
could not learn at the moment. They inquired what I wanted.
I told them I was a stranger, merely come to visit that place, as I
expected to find some stones belonging to the holy mosque of my

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 405

ancestors, and hoped we should be friends. At the same time, I
sent my guide to fetch the camels, and on their arrival ordered
coffee to be made. I had a good mat and a new carpet, which made
a fine appearance. I spread them by the side of a wall, sat down,
and invited the Sheiks to come and sit near me ; at the same time,
I asked if I could procure a sheep at a cheap rate. Some of them
cheerfully seated themselves on my mat, but others kept at a distance,
frowning upon me, which I pretended not to see. The son-in-law
of my guide approached, and said he would sell me a sheep for a
dollar, which I accepted, on condition that he would boil two large
basins of rice in its broth. I knew that rice was very cheap there,
and took that method, to let them suppose I had not plenty of
money, but at the same time that I wished to make a feast with
them. By tins time, my Sicilian servant and the Hadge had made a
large pot of coffee, and become quite free with some of them. In
serving round the coffee, I gave the preference of the first cups to the
Sheiks, and the sight of such a treat brought the other rusty fellows
to sit down also and share the same dainty, as they could not resist the
attraction of a cup of coffee, a luxury which they perhaps taste only
once a year, on the first day of the arrival of the caravan of Bedo weens,
who come there for the purpose of carrying dates to Cairo or
Alexandria. By this means the wildest became more mild, and
seeing my indifference whether they were friends or not, thought
it would be more to their advantage to become social. By this time
the rest of the village had assembled, cows, camels, sheep, donkeys,
men, women, and children, all staring in a semicircle as if I had
come from the moon. Some of them had seen Turks and other
tribes of Arabs, but none had ever seen a Frank or a Christian before.
I produced a little good tobacco, and having presented each of the
Sheiks with a pipe, we commenced smoking, and talked of what I
could see the next day. They told me I could see nothing there,
but must go to the next EUoah, four days' journey north-west, where

406 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

I would see something I was in search of. No doubt they meant
Siwah, which is also reckoned to be one of the Oasis of the Ammonii.
There is a temple there, visited by Messrs. Brown, Horneman, and
De Buden. My guide told them several stories during this time,
wonderful indeed, but one in particular, that he and some of his
companions had gone far to the south, and met with a tribe quite
different from us, who walked like dogs, and that the women fought
against the other tribes. These tribes, said my guide, are so far off,
that their bellad, or village, is very near the skies, and that if I had
time to walk to the top of a high hill, I might touch it with my
own hands. The ideas of these people are, that the sky and the
earth meet at the horizon.

While all this was going on, the other Sheiks held a consultation
among themselves, and appeared much concerned about my ex-
pressing an intention of visiting the country all round, to see if I
could meet with some old stones. At this time three men brought
some large wooden bowls filled with rice, and having put one down
to me, they set the rest before the other people. They all sat
round theirs, and I remained with my large portion by myself. I
immediately told them that unless all the Sheiks ate with me I
would not taste it, at which they were all much pleased, and came
to mess with me ; even the most rough among them came and
dipped in the same bowl. Soon after a man came and threw a
basket on the ground, which raised such a dust, that it covered our
rice like sugar on cream. As I could not conjecture, I was anxious
to know what was in the basket, when one of the Sheiks opposite
thrust his hand in and took out a piece of boiled mutton. I had
seen dinner served up in many ways, but I never saw boiled mutton
eaten out of a basket thrown on the ground in that manner. The
pieces were distributed and devoured. We became more intimate
after dinner, as I found that an empty stomach makes a man angry as
well as hungry; but the fact is, that strangers in these countries, after

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 407

having eaten together, lay aside all enmity, and sometimes become
friends. There is treachery, it is true; but after a person has eaten
with a stranger in public, he must at least play the part of a friend.
We had some more coffee and pipes, and I again hinted about going
to see the grounds the next morning, and the son-in-law of my
guide promised to conduct me any where I chose. Our conversation
was in bad Arabic as far as they liked to converse with me, but
amongst themselves they talked in another language, in use in
Siwah. It being rather dark by this time, a wax candle was righted,
which astonished them much, and was handed all round for every one
to see it. I should not have mentioned this circumstance, had it
not appeared almost incredible that these people, living only at the
distance of a few days' journey from the Nile, should never have
seen a candle. Coffee being ended, one of the Sheiks rose, when
the rest followed, and, without saying a single word, walked off with
the candle, leaving me in the dark, with my carpet and saddle to
sleep on. The camel drivers had brought all our provisions, &c.
quite close to us, and continued the old plan of keeping watch all
night, of two hours each.

On the 26th, before sunrise, some of the natives came thither
to see us, and for all my civilities to them on the preceding evening,
they were quite rude in the morning. As the sun rose, the Sheiks
came and held a consultation, whether I was to be permitted to see
the ruins, or whether I was to be sent to the other village over the
mountain. I was already informed, that on the west of the Elloah
there are other and greater villages than this, and that there were
several ruins among them ; but as I had made an acquaintance here,
I wished to see every thing before I proceeded elsewhere. Ac-
cordingly, when the Shieks were all in council, I went and told them
I had not come there as their enemy, but their friend, and that I
wished to be informed of their objection against my going to see the

408 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

country. They replied, that they knew I wanted treasure, and not
stones, and that a man would not cross the desert to procure stones
in the Elloah, &c. In short, all I could do was to no purpose ; they
were persuaded that I wanted to go there for treasure, which is their
constant story. I then adopted the ancient mode of persuading
them to the contrary. I told them that if I found any gold I would
give it to them, to which they all agreed, and said it was done,
meaning that they should have the treasure. At last, off we set
towards the east, and after passing through a thick wood of palm-
trees, &c. as on the day before, we came to an open ground, the soil
of which is in some places so covered with fine salt, that it appeared
like snow. And what is more singular, there are several rivulets
which run over that salt plain, and form a sediment of their own
which does not incorporate in any way with the salt, and keeps quite
sweet; and on advancing farther, we came to a place where there
had evidently been an ancient town. A little farther there were
several holes, not unlike the tombs of Egypt. On my approaching
these cavities, I entered one, to the great astonishment of the
natives, who never in their life ventured to penetrate any of them,
as they supposed the devil was in them. I found it to be a tomb
cut out of the rock, in the same manner as those in Egypt, and
running downwards in various directions. On my coming out
again, I underwent a minute scrutiny by the Sheiks, in order to
discover if I had any treasure. It was well I had no money of my
own, as they would have said that I found it there ; and it is some-
what singular that their chief notion of coin is the Spanish dollar. The
reason is, because the few Bedoweens who go there to buy dates
and rice bring some of that money to pay for them, besides several
articles for barter ; and it sometimes happens that the caravan from
Mecca to Fezan or Tripoli passes through the Oasis, and purchases
rice, which is paid for in dollars. We advanced farther, and at

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 409

last I was taken to see the ruins of an old edifice made only of sun-
burnt bricks, and which perhaps might have served for a Christian
church, but no signs of any thing now remained, and I only judged
so from its form, which is somewhat inclined to that mode of
building. We then took the route towards the village again, but
in another direction. We passed over several pieces of ground
which might have been cultivated, and I believe the only reason
why it was not was merely because the inhabitants had enough
for what they wished to cultivate. Their lands are watered
from the running springs. On our way I was taken to see what
they named the devil's habitation, made by himself in one night
for his own use ; it was a low rock, at one side of which there
were several tombs, also in the Egyptian style ; but as their
entrance was somewhat different from the other, it bore the above
title, and the natives never ventured near them. On my ap-
proaching the place, they all kept at a great distance, and even
the Moorish Hadge, who had seen the tombs near the pyramid
in the Faioum, began to be alarmed on their report that the
devil was in these places. I took my Sicilian servant and a
lighted candle, and entered a chasm in the rock, which in the
interior led into various small apartments, and little chambers cut
out as sepulchres in the Egyptian manner, but without any hiero-
glyphics. In an inner apartment we found several sarcophagi of
burnt clay, in the form of a man, and generally of the usual size to
contain one : they are two inches thick, and baked very strong ; the
lids are quite flat, and have a head of a man, woman, or animal, just
above the head of the mummy. The sarcophagus being rather too
heavy for a camel to carry through the desert, I took with me some
of the men's heads on the lids, and one of a ram. They are most
roughly made. On our coming out, we found the Sheiks and
others in doubt, whether we could return from the habitation of

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410 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

Pluto; but, notwithstanding this, they did not give up the
supposition that we searched for money. We returned to the
village, and after a slight repast, went to see a fountain of water?
or rather a running spring. It is a rivulet of curious water, and
very convenient for the people; for by putting their woollen
cloth, if white, into it, for twenty-four hours, it is taken out as black
as any dyer could make it. This is a great accommodation to the
women and children, who are nearly all covered with gowns of that
colour. The Sheiks and people of respectability are in white. They
are of the Mahomedan religion, but very poor followers of it. In
the village there was a young man who had been in Egypt, and
had learned a little spelling, and was an oracle among them ;
and all his references were made to a few sheets of paper, with
copies of texts of the Alcoran. What a precious article would an
Arabic Bible have been in this place ! Their mode of living was
very simple ; rice, of which they have great abundance, was their
chief food ; but it is of so inferior a sort, that they have but very little
traffic in it, and what they have is only among a few Bedoweens
who go there yearly to purchase dates, winch are very fine. They
have a few camels and donkeys, several cows, buffaloes, goats, and
sheep, and altogether have no reason to complain. They could
be happy in this Elysium, indeed, for this place has more to deserve
that name than any other, as it is separated from the rest of man-
kind; but they are mortal, and they must have their evils. The
greatest enemies they have are their own neighbours at the other
village, named El Cassar, on the other side of a high rock, separated
from them three hours' journey, and Siwah four days. They are con-
tinually in dispute, and often attack each other's party, and sometimes
for very trifling causes. In the afternoon, I was taken to see another
piece of antiquity not far from the town, and passed over some high
hills of sand, and arrived at a wide plain which extended to the foot of

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 411

the rock which divided the two villages. In the midst of this plain
there is a small hill on which there were the ruins of a small temple,
built of large bricks of sand-stone not unlike the Egyptian, but not
one single hieroglyphic was to be seen on it. It has several scrawls
in Greek letters, but so defaced that I could only trace one or two
in different places. Eound the temple there have been houses
built of burnt brick. By this time the village of El Cassar were
informed that a stranger had arrived in Zaboo, in search of treasure,
which was to be found in the ruins under the village, and that he
had ventured into the devil's house without fear. They were all in
an uproar, and swore that he should never enter their village, or even
come near it. A man who lived halfway between the two villages, and
occasionally reported what passed or was said from one to another,
came to me while I was looking at the said temple, and said there
was a very large temple in the other village, named El Cassar, and
that there were holes under ground, directly under the village, where
great treasure was to be found, but that the people had sworn that
I should not enter the village at all. I inquired of him the names of
the principal people, the great Sheik and the Cady, and having taken
down their names, I asked him if he would take a message to them
from me: at first he hesitated, but on promising that I would
not tell them that he informed me about the treasure, he agreed to
go to the village early next morning. The message was, my salutes
to the great Sheik Salem, and to the Cady, or justice, Sheik Ibrahim,
and to tell them that I came into the Elloah to visit them ; that I
was not a soldier, and that if they would appoint a place where I
could meet them the next morning, I should be glad to see them
any where they pleased. I returned to the village, and the man
to his habitation. The evening was passed much in the same way
as the preceding one, and the great talk was on the risk I had run
in entering the devil's house without finding any money or gold in

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412 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

it. The Sheiks were laughing at each other, at the thought of their
having approached near enough the place.

On the morning of the 27th, I was taken to see the seat of an
old town in the south. The Sheiks were sure, that if I knew how
to look I should find the treasure there ; but all ray endeavours to
persuade them I was not in search of treasure were of no avail.
We arrived at this place, which is not more than a mile and a half
distant. There are several heaps of rubbish, and tombs cut out in
the same manner as the rest, some of which were choked up with
rubbish. I proposed to dig and open one of them, and they did
not dislike my idea, as we might find some jewels in it ; but after
a faint trial they got tired, and left the tombs with the supposed
treasure. We returned towards the village, but before we reached
it, we were informed that the Great Sheik and the Cady of the
other village were coming towards Zaboo. We hastened to meet
them, but I observed that some of our Sheiks were not pleased
with the intelligence. On our arrival at the village, we met the
party coming towards us. The first was a good-natured looking
man on horseback, dressed in linen cloth, striped blue, red turban,
pistols, and a gun. I was informed he was the Great Sheik of
the Eiloah. The next was a complete rough looking fellow as
ever I saw, dressed in green cloth and turban, pistols and gun.
He was the Cady and Shiek, which means justice of peace and
Sheik of the church. He was more conspicuous than the rest in
his attire, with a turban of a Cashmere shawl, which he had procured
when in Cairo. After these two personages came about twenty
horsemen and as many foot, all well armed with pistols, guns, and
swords. My guide by this time had drawn near me, and informed
me that these two personages were the chief commanders of the
Eiloah. When Sheik Salem reached the walls which surround the
village, he halted, dismounted, and looked round to see whom he

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 413

knew. The Cady did the same ; and the other people on horse and
foot surrounded them. A few mats were brought and laid on the
ground, under the little shade of a wall, ten feet high. The chiefs
seated themselves there, and invited some of their attendants to sit
with them. Meanwhile I observed the principal Sheiks of Zaboo
had retired to another spot by themselves. I kept at some distance,
till I saw they were all accommodated, and then went to them.
After the usual salute of salame was over, I was requested to sit down
between the two chiefs. I do not know what figure I cut in that
place, but I certainly knew this, that to judge from appearance, the
party round me, except the Sheik Salem, was not favourably inclined
towards me. I then began to enter into conversation with the
two great men, who Avere anxious to know my business in the
Elloah, but did not like to be the first to inquire. At last, the Cady
said plainly to me in Arabic, " Where are you going, and for what
are you come here ?" I replied, that I was a wandering traveller in
search of old stones ; that I only came there to see if any old
buildings could be seen, that could give me any idea of the religion
and writing of my ancestors, which was now lost. It appeared that
tin's man had the same impression as Daud Cacheff in Nubia, for
he made me the same answer, but rather more roughly. " You came
here in search of treasure," said he, " and not for stones. What
have you to do with stones ?" I replied, that I wanted no treasure,
but only to look at the stones ; that I did not want to take them
away unless it was agreeable to him; and, as a proof of my sincerity, I
promised to give them whatever treasure I found. My proposal
made the Cady consider, and the Sheik Salem said, that if I found
any treasure, the Bashaw of Egypt would make war against them,
and take it away. His reflection was very just, but I told him there
was no danger of their running any risk in my finding money, for I had
no thought of the kind. " But,"' said the Cady, " for what purpose then

414 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

do you come into this country ?" I again explained to them about
the stones, and that I came only to look, if they would allow me,
and if they did not, that I did not care ; that to-morrow I should
return to the Nile again, since they threw so many difficulties in
the way of a stranger, who wished only to see a few stones. My
apparent indifference had its desired effect, and the two Sheiks
began to relax in their austerity. By this time some of my good
coffee and tobacco came in, when we all smoked and drank. The
Cady kept a secret conversation with some of the horsemen by his
side, and one of them suddenly rose, and swore by Mahomet, that
the stranger should never enter their village, for if he did, they should
all fall sick and die. This was done at the instigation of the Cady,
perhaps to see what impression it would make on me. I replied
again, that if my going into the village was the cause of dispute, I
would return, sooner than have the bad will of any of them. The
Sheik Salem then said, that his people were afraid I would bring
some evil disorder into the village. I then observed, that if I had
the power of doing so, 1 certainly had not done it to the people of
Zaboo, who were all well, although I had been there three days.
There was much to do and say on this subject for about two hours.
At last it was concluded that I should enter the village in the
evening, but only on condition that I was not to write a single
word ; to touch or take any thing away ; and that I should keep
at a great distance from the ruins. I agreed to all these points;
and as I had ordered a sheep to be killed, fortunately dinner was
brought in. The armed men were fed by the Sheiks of the village
Zaboo, and we were left to eat by ourselves. The Sheiks of Zaboo
seeing that I would become friendly with the others, were more
free with me than before ; however, on my inviting them to eat,
they refused, but at the request of the Cady they came, and we all
ate out of the same dish, or wooden bowl, except Sheik Salem, avIio

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 415

ate with none. I asked him several times to say what was the
reason, but he refused, and smiled at me. I soon perceived that
these people were not on friendly terms, and that he, as chief Sheik,
could not eat with the people of Zaboo, for if he did, it would have
made a general peace among them ; but as I was perhaps not sure in
my conjecture, I could not interfere in such an affair, which would
have been dangerous in my case. No sooner had the rest finished
their dinner, than a portion, reserved for that purpose, was brought to
the Sheik himself. I was then invited to eat with him, which I
contrived to do, as my first repast was not so abundant but that I
could take another. After dinner and coffee, they all set off. Some
time after we prepared to follow them, and the Sheiks of Zaboo made
me promise that I would come there on my return. Three hours
before sunset we set off, and passed over the sandy banks on the
west of the village, crossed the plain, and ascended the rocks
which separate the two villages. From the summits I had a fine
view of the site of the Elloah, and on the side of El Cassar the
country was most pleasant. A forest of palm-trees surrounded the
village, and stretching over a wide circuit, which included a great sj)ace
of cultivated lands. Farther on before us, there was the range of
rocks which surrounds the Elloah, and opens to the west, forming an
entrance into a valley which runs in that direction. We descended
the rock, and gradually advanced towards the village, and on our
approaching, we found the place we had to pass crowded with
people ; they knew the stranger was coming there to seek for
treasure, and they were not pleased with our intrusion. It was
well for me that I had had an interview with their Sheik and Cady,
who had previously assured them that they would take care we
should do no harm to them. The first we met came right before
us, stopped the first camel, and would not let us proceed any
farther; consequently we stopped where we were, at a quarter of a

416 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

mile from the village, but he thought we had advanced far enough.
I told my guide to speak to them, and to send one to the Sheik or
to the Cady ; but it was almost night, and there we remained. The
people kept watch all night that we did not advance any farther.

Early in the morning of the 28th many of them came to look at
us, but kept at a great distance. We wished to send some one to
the Sheik, but no one would hear us. The guide told them, that
the camels could not stay without provisions, consequently that
they would die. The people replied, that we might die too as soon
as we liked. All the forenoon was passed in this manner. The
place we were in was a dry spot, without shelter from the sun, and
no water near us ; nor had we brought any provisions with us, as we
did not expect such a reception. My guide and camel-drivers were
determined to return to Zaboo as soon as the sun was declining,
and I could not prevent them. Near this place I observed a
quarry, from which large blocks of stone had been taken, which
assured me that some building of the same must be in the village,
or not far off. At last, towards evening, the Cady came to vis, and
said, that we could not enter on the night before, because the people
were not consulted, and did not agree that we should enter till
that moment — a difficulty which I afterwards learned was entirely
owing to the Cady himself; for though the people were not pleased
at our going into the village, they did not make more objection on
the first night than the second.

At length, we marched slowly toward the village, and before we
entered we dismounted. We passed under a gateway, which led
into a spacious place. This was their market, the place where
camels and other cattle were sold ; in the midst of which we took
up our abode. The principal difficulty was to obtain food for
the camels, which they absolutely refused at first ; but, on con-
sideration that a Mahomedan would be at the loss of his beasts,

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 417

they gave them some rice-straw. We made a fire, and prepared
our utensils for coffee. The baggage was all put close to us, and
we seated ourselves round it. The fragrant smell of the enticing
coffee made these wild people stretch out their noses. By the time
it was made, some of them came near us in soft conversation. I
drank my coffee, and so did my guide. The people drew nearer
still, till I could ask them if they wished to take any ; to which
they replied with a hearty affirmative. The sight of drinking
coffee by these people drew many others nearer and round us. We
began our conversation, and, after some time, the Cady appeared, and
caused a large mat to be spread on the ground near me ; and, to
my great surprise, two large bowls of rice were brought before us.
This was in return for what I had given to them on the morning
before. After this, coffee was given again, and the great Sheik
himself came to partake of it. I might with reason exclaim on the
virtue of a cup of coffee. We talked of every thing but the subject
of seeing the ruins. At last, as the night grew dark and late, the
Sheik invited me to enter his house to pass the night. I would
rather have remained where I was, but I could not venture to
refuse him. I went, and, having laid my saddle on the ground, I
thought I could sleep. The house of the Sheik was as usual
made of mud ; a few beams, of palm-tree, laid across, formed the
roof; on the top of which was thrown a great quantity of straw,
with old mats over. It rains in this place sometimes, but not
much. When we were alone, the Sheik told me, that all he could
do for me he would ; but that the Cady's father, being a mer-
chant of dates, had received many dollars from the Bedoweens, who
came there to market once a year, and that it was supposed that he
hid them in the ruins ; consequently he was alarmed, thinking that I
would take them from under the ground by my magic. I assured the
Sheik that I was not a magician, and that T did not care for treasure.

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418 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

At last the old Sheik went to sleep, and so did I ; but I hope my
reader will not do the same.

On the morning of the 29th a great consultation took place,
and the great difficulty was to persuade the father of the Cady to
let me walk to the ruins. The debates were great ; but at last it
was concluded that he himself should accompany me, and no one else;
that I should go no farther than where he led me ; and that I
should not write any thing down, or take any thing away. All the
above conditions were of course agreed to, as I considered, that, if
there should be much to see, I could not avoid observing it, and
could put it in my memorandum-book at night ; or, if any thing of
consequence to examine, that I would find the means to see it
again after my first visit. We set off with the old miser, and he
took me through a lane where the houses were built upon the
ruins of some great edifice. The blocks of stone project in several
parts, and into the very path in the lane : but this was all seen in
passing. At last, we descended on one side of the village, which is
situated on an eminence, no doubt formed by the ruins. We went
round part of the village, and on the north side of it I saw the
remains of a Greek temple, consisting of a high wall with two
lateral sides, and an arch in the centre. It is so situated, that it
must have been built on the ruins of another of larger dimensions.
This is not more than sixty feet in breadth, and, of course, it must
have been long in proportion. The people were in crowds behind
us, but kept at some distance ; and it appeared to me that the
influence of the old man was great. At about one hundred and
fifty feet he stopped me from going any farther, and I could not
persuade him that the distance was too great for me to be able
to distinguish any thing. On the top of the wall there were many
people looking outside at what I was going to do.

As I thought I might see some inscription on the wall, I took from

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 419

my pocket a small telescope, which, when opened, was not more than
two feet long. Having put it in a direction to the upper part of the
wall, all the people that were there retired in great precipitation,
and the others near us were on the point of doing the same. The
old man stared at me and at the telescope, and wished to know
what I was about. I thought it best to please the old man by
letting him have a peep. He was shy at first, but he took it ; and,
after a long examination, I had some trouble to make him put it to
his eyes. At last he caught the focus of the glasses, and was much
astonished that the stones of the wall should come so near to him.
He thought this was not fair, as I promised not to do any thing
magical. I explained to him that it was not magic, but what the
Europeans could make everyday. I took a long observation on that
wall, but could not discover any inscription, except four letters on
the lateral wall on the east, and above the cornice, which are
exactly as follow : E • P • H • S •

We reascended the ruins, and entered through a house into the
interior of the temple ; but there I could see nothing but the inner
part of the above wall, which must have been the sanctuary. We
returned to the house by the same road, and all I had observed was
apparently to me the vast ruins of a great edifice, covered with the
mud cottages which formed the village, and that the standing
part of a temple was built by later nations, and that the materials
of the former temple have been employed to erect the latter,
but the stones had been diminished in size. The rest of the
evening was passed in the house of the Sheik, to persuade him and
the others of my honourable views, as by this first trial they must have
found that I did no harm to any one. The telescope remained
fixed in the mind of the old man ; and he told the rest, that
though I did not trespass farther than he permitted me to go, yet
I had the mode to draw the wall of the Cassar, or ruin, near me, so

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420 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

that it was the same as if I had gone near. But all this was said in
a pleasant manner by the old man, so that all the rest laughed.

At this time two negroes who lived in the Elloah brought in two
pomkins of a liquor which they extract from the palm-tree, by cutting
all the branches of it ; they make a hole in the top of the tree, into
which they thrust a pipe, attached to which is a pomkin flask ; the
liquor runs up the trees, and is discharged into the flask through
the pipe. It is not unlike ale, but the natives cannot drink much of
it without getting tipsy. I drank some, and ordered the blacks to
bring more.

By this time the principal people of the village had arrived,
and in consequence of my not having taken any treasure from the
temple, they began to persuade themselves that I was not in search
of gold. But, notwithstanding all this, the idea that a man should
travel so many miles only to come to see the stones of that place
could not enter into their heads. The telescope was what drew
their attention at present, and it was handed from one to another ;
but unfortunately, after the first no one could see any thing ; he
protested that a branch of a date tree, which was at some distance,
came so close to him that it touched his nose. All the rest were
willing to see this wonder, but he unwarily had put the telescope
off its focus, consequently the others could not see. When I pvit the
focus right again, the first that could see exclaimed, that he was close
to the tree. His pleasure of sight did not last long, for no sooner did
he say that he saw something, than the glass was taken from him, and
put out of its focus again. This created us sport for more than two
hours, and I received my telescope back again without injury, which
was more than I expected. They were so pleased with it and
with their knowledge, that I proposed to take a tour round the
village on the outside of it, and they all agreed to accompany me
any where I pleased to go. I was on my legs immediately, and off

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 421

we all set out of the village, with at least half of the people of it
after me ; for when the people saw that I had not brought any disorder
among them, they became more free with us. I inquired from some of
them, who seemed to be disposed to tell me any thing, if there were
any places under ground any where : they seemed surprised how I
should know of any places of the kind, and told me that there were
many round the village. I took my course towards them ; and on
my arrival, I perceived several tombs cut out of the rock, like the
others at Zaboo, and much in the same manner as the Egyptians.
I entered with candle-light. I found three or four chambers, in
each of which were several sarcophagi of burnt clay with the
mummies inside, their folding not so rich or so fine, the linen of a
coarse sort, and the corpses without asphaltum, consequently not
so well preserved. They are in great quantity in each tomb. Many
of the sarcophagi are still in good preservation, but I could not
take any away, as it wovdd have been too great a burthen for a
camel.

After a long tour over these tombs, we returned towards the
village. My next point was the well of warm and cold water which
I heard talked of by my guide. Had I inquired for this fountain,
I should have found perhaps some difficulty to be taken there ; so I
expressed a wish for bathing, and the said fountain was pointed to
me. I returned to the house of the Sheik, and after all the crowd
had dispersed, which must have been about three hundred people, I
waited for an opportunity to set off unperceived, not to have such a
crowd about me. I took my Sicilian servant, and the Hadge, who
by this time had been to see the fountain, as he was more at liberty
to go unnoticed than I was. I found it to be a well, eight
feet square, and above sixty deep. When I first put my hands into
this water I felt it warm : it was then after sunset : it springs from

422 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

the bottom of the well, and overflows in a rivulet, which runs to
irrigate some cultivated lands. This well is situated near the ruins,
in the centre of a beautiful wood of palms and other trees. The
water is blackish, but perhaps this is owing to the soil of the earth ;
it passes from the bottom to the top of the well. The next visit was
to be made at midnight, to observe the difference of the temperature
of the water. On our return to the Sheik's house, I found there
the Sheiks of the village of Zaboo, who came to see me, as they said,
but I rather think that these people were inclined to become friends
again with those of El Cassar. Some rice was brought to us as usual,
but no mutton. I observed that the great Sheik of Zaboo did not eat
with the rest, as the other did on his visit to his village, and a portion
had been brought to him as the other had also for himself. He
invited me to eat, and of course I could not refuse, so I partook with
him. Rice and fried eggs was the supper for him. Though it was
rather late, they all set off to return to Zaboo again, and we went to
rest for a while, but not to sleep, as I waited till midnight to visit the
fountain. They all went to sleep, and I contrived by the light of a
small lamp to write my little journal, of what passed on that day.
At midnight, I took my servant and the Hadge, and went to the
fountain. On our way we passed by several people, who sleep always
about the lane which leads to the outer part of the village, and
reached the fountain. We had to go over a wall to get at the place,
as the door was closed at this time, but we soon overcame that
difficulty. I found the water apparently much warmer than I had
left it in the evening, and indeed I regretted I had broken my
thermometer. We returned safely to the house, and went to sleep.
Early in the morning, before the sun, we went to the fountain
again, on pretext of bathing. I found the water as I left it at
midnight, or rather less warm, but not so much as in the evening.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 423

For instance, if we were to suppose the water to have been at 60°
in the evening, it might be at 100° at midnight, and in the morning
at about 80° ; but when I returned at noon, it appeared quite cold,
and it might be calculated in proportion to the other at 40°.
These are, to my little observations, the various degrees of tem-
perature which appeared in the water of that fountain, but I am
well convinced, that it must have been the effect of the various
degrees of heat in the atmosphere, and that water being so kept in
a well of sixty feet deep by eight sqviare, has not time to cool, so that
it being constantly in one temperature, and that the effect of the
apparent change, is caused by the change of the atmosphere itself,
particularly as the water has proved to be pure, and free from any
saline incorporation, as I had the analysis made since my arrival in
London. But whatever may have been the causes of this apparent
change of temperature, it does not signify, for the principal point is
to prove the existence of the fountain itself, according to the
description found in Herodotus, in Melpomene, where he says that
there is a fountain near the temple of Jupiter Amnion, whose water
changes its temperature, being cold at noon and midnight, and warm
in the morning and evening. This does not altogether agree with
my finding the water warm at midnight, but we have to recollect that
Herodotus was only told of this phenomenon, for he never was himself
in the deserts of Lybia, and that if the fountain was only apparently
changed in its temperature, owing to the heat of the atmosphere, we
have to consider that the simplicity of these people did not let
them observe the true reason of the above change ; but they naturally
supposed it was the water that made this alteration. It is enough
for me to remind my reader, that it is said that such a fountain
was described to be near the temple of Jupiter Amnion, and that in
the combination with other descriptions concerning the distance

424 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

and situation of these ruins, we have reason to suppose that this
may be the seat of Jupiter Amnion's temple ; for my part, I shall
leave others to conjecture, whether it is or it is not ; in my simple
opinion, I think that, with all this combination, we ought to con-
sider that Siwah, which is another Elloah of the Ammonii, has as
much right to be supposed the seat of the above temple of Jupiter
Amnion ; though, unfortunately, it is the opinion of many of the
first literati, that it is not according to the description given by the
travellers who have been there, particularly Mr. Horneman and Mr.
Brown, who positively affirm, that the temple they saw in Siwah was
not that of Jupiter Amnion. Still I beg to observe, that the Elloah
of Siwah agrees with the account, in point of distance, as well as
the Elloah el Cassar ; and as it forms an angle with that place and
Alexandria, and is at the same distance of nine days' journey from
that port, I think that one place has as much claim as the other ; the
only objection I have against Siwah is, that the ruins in that place
are surrounded by water, of which we have no account from the
ancient authors, yet it might have formed a lake since that time ;
but what I will give as my firm opinion is, that no other places but
these two Elloahs are meant by the old authors as the residence
of the Ammonii, consequently the seat of its temple can but be
within them, or not far off. Having seen all I could in this place,
I made a proposal to pass to the other Elloah of Siwah ; but for all
my offers, promises, and entreaties, I could not persuade my guide,
Grumar, to take me there : I then proposed to go to the Elloah
el Haix, three days in a south-west direction, and found some little
difficulty, but I overcame it by a small present to the Sheik and
the Cady ; and on the 31st, we set off through the valley on the
west side of the Elloah. AVe continued our route south-west
the whole day, and nothing of consequence to be described, as I

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 425

saw only a few rocks, elevated above those which formed the valley.
We went a good day's march, as the camels were fresh again ; and
the next day, the 1st of June, towards the evening, we saw another
Elloah at a great distance. On the 2d we arrived there ; it was a
long tract of land, forming a crescent of more than twenty miles,
from one point to the other. There are several good spots of
ground to cultivate, and various springs of good water. The side
where we entered was at one point of the crescent ; there we
found a few trees, some spots of ground with rice, a tomb of a
Mahomedan saint, and no one to be seen any where. We ad-
vanced in search of water, and soon found it close to a large syca-
more tree, which afforded a fine shelter from the sun ; close to the
tree we found a hut, made of four mats attached together ; inside
of it we saw a bowl of fresh milk, and in a bag attached to the hut
we found some dates. One of the drivers was sent in search of the
inhabitants of this hut, and it was some time before he could find
one ; at last a miserable-looking wretch was brought there, who was so
frightened at the sight of strangers, that notwithstanding the good
treatment he met from us, he could not get the better of it. He
was a good-natured sort of being, living far from the wicked world,
as I thought, and I almost envied him ; but mankind are the wildest
of all animals, particularly against each other. We took the usual
accide, which we ate with the milk, and made the man partake with
us : we gave him some dhourra and flour, and some grains of burnt
coffee, which he tasted with delight. After eating he set off, and
soon returned with another man, with an appearance even worse than
his own : a sort of short ugly-looking fellow, turned up nose, long
teeth out of his mouth, and uncommon thick lips ; his eyes standing-
out of his forehead, and his hair resembling the serpents of Medusa.
He was very sulky with us; and for all we tried to be friendly
with him, he could not reconcile himself to us. I could not

3 i

42G RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

conceive what was the reason why this man was so totally different
from the other ; the fact was this, — that my guide happened to be
recognised by him to be one of the assailants of part of his tribe
at a place near the southern Elloah, and that he escaped from
them by chance. All this was told by the good-natured man to
my Hadge, in Arabic, who repeated it to me. I told it to the
guide, and he immediately recognised the man. The guide then
went up to him and talked in friendly terms, but he could not put
him into good humour. I caused the Hadge to inquire how
many people there were in the Elloah ; he said a great many, but
would not tell the number : probably, I thought, they were but
few, only they wished to frighten us away. Notwithstanding all
this, I thought it would be proper to keep a strict guard at
night ; but we soon found that we were not to sleep there. The
ugly man disappeared half an hour before we perceived it, and by
this time it was quite dark : we perceived great uneasiness in our
guide, but he did not wish to show it either to us or to the other
men of the place. Some time after the other man, on pretence of
fetching water, set off, so that we remained by ourselves. Our guide
was still more uneasy : at last I insisted to know what was the
matter ; he then told us plainly that he expected we should be at-
tacked by a party on that night, and that lie feared they would l>e
too strong for us ; he thought the best expedient was to load our
camels, and set off as soon as we could. I thought there was no
time to be lost ; but notwithstanding I did not like to be frightened
away merely on supposition : we concluded that we should load
the camels, and change our position, till we saw what might
happen. It was well that we did so, for soon after we perceived a
number of men from various parts. Our camels were sent off with
the luggage, and I remained not far from the place where we were
before with the guide. Though it was pretty dark, we could see

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 427

enough of their actions and of their disappointment at not finding
us there : they were in greater numbers than we could have opposed.
We made a forced march, or rather a hasty retreat, and with the same
pace we kept on the whole night, till we reached the opposite
point of this Elloah : here we were extremely tired ; the camels
could not stir any further without resting: at last, after a few hours,
we entered this place in the morning of the 3d, which we found
better cultivated than the other side of the crescent. It was
owing to the necessity of wanting water that we came there to
refresh our camels, otherwise we should not have passed that way,
as it was not in our road back to the great Elloah. Here I found
more verdure, and several trees of small sweet apples, which are also
found in Egypt: there are dates, plants, and vegetation for the
camels. At some distance I saw a high wall, which drew my atten-
tion. On my arrival there I found the site of a small ancient
town, built of burnt bricks : the baths are the only buildings which
remain in good preservation. They are cemented within with the
same material which was in use by the Greeks and Komans for
that purpose : it is a kind of reddish cement, made of ground bricks
mixed with lime. The walls of the houses are to be seen ; and
close to the town stands the high wall which drew me there. It
evidently enclosed an edifice, of which a very little portion now
remains ; no doubt the materials have been taken to erect other
buildings, as at no great distance from this I saw another wall, and
on my approaching it I found it to be a Greek Christian church,
in a good state of preservation. The inside is built in the form of
a cross, and has various divisions at each side ; at the end there is
the usual chapel, and two places for the lateral altars, which form
the sides of the cross. It is about fifty feet long and twenty wide :
the materials are of burnt and unburn t bricks. At some distance from
this I came to another building, very massive ; it was a square wall,

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428 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

without entrance. I contrived to ascend to the top of it, and
found that it must have been a Copt convent. There were several
cells separated from each other, and a very deep well of water in the
centre, so that the inhabitants of the place were independent of the
necessity of coming out to seek that element.

Having fed the camels, we advanced farther into this part of the
Elloah, as we had to cross it to come on our road again. At some
distance we saw a man, who no sooner perceived us than he set
off like an antelope. Our guide ran after and succeeded in reach-
ing him within the distance of a gun shot ; he then hailed him,
and he stopped ; for when a man is within the reach of a gun, if he
do not obey, he may expect a ball will reach him. Our guide then
turned back, and the man followed him. When he came suffi-
ciently near to allow me to speak to him, I found that he was
nearly out of breath with fear. As it is time that I should state the
reason why this man, as well as he, of the other part of this Elloah,
were so frightened, I must inform my reader that my guide was
no less than one of the Sheiks of these Bedoween tribes, who make
their incursions into these places at a time when the rice or barley
are up, and take away all they find ; rob the poor inhabitants of the
fruits of their labour, and often leave them to starve in the lone
desert ; and if any resistance is made, their lives are often the
forfeit of this attempt to protect their property. Grumar was well
known by all the people of the Elloah, but no one communicated
this to me ; but the M oorish Pladge came to the knowledge of it
by other people, and he of course communicated it to me ; and if
we had staid a little longer in the place where we were the night
before, we should have paid the forfeit for what Grumar had done
before to these people. This was the reason why he would not
take us to Siwah, for he was too well known there ; and if we had
gone to that place with such a man, we should have become the

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, kc. 429

victims of revenge. We requested the poor man to show us some
water, which he took us to in a few moments. We halted a while
to refresh our camels, and make our accide, or flour pudding. We
took our station under a large sunt tree, and set the camels to finish
their repast. The country here forms a circle, with a running
rividet in the centre. The water is very sweet, and the land pro-
duces good rice and barley. The inhabitants are only six in number,
four men and two women : they live entirely on the product of
their own labour and water. It is not to be wondered at that they
were afraid of my guide, as they knew his past tricks, when he
visited them with all his tribe. Of these people we only saw two ;
the rest were absent far off at work, and would not return till
night. We left this place, and arrived at a day's distance from our
first Elloah, or El Cassar ; and on the 4th, in the evening, we
reached that spot again. It appeared that our Hadge had lost his
purse on the road, with three or four dollars in it. He thought he
could find it if he could procure a donkey to go back a few miles,
but no one was willing to lend him one ; and having informed
themselves where he thought he might have lost it, they set off
themselves and found the purse, which they of course claimed as
their own.

We passed the forenoon of the 5th in the village : I inquired if
any of them had any articles to dispose of, and told them that I would
give them money in return : nothing was brought to me of any con-
sequence, only a broken Grecian vase of bronze, about eight inches
high, of a very curious shape ; and a small cherub of Greek work,
not more than three inches high. During the morning I was taken
on one side by the Cady, who was uncommonly polite to me all this
time, for which attention I could not account : he told me in a few
words, that himself, the Sheik Salem, and his father, had made up
their minds to offer me to remain there with them ; that I should
become a Mahomedan, and that a great feast would be made on

430 RESEARCHES AND OPERATION'S

my account on the day of the festival of that ceremony ; that I should
partake of part of their lands, and if I knew how to introduce
some new produce, it would be all to my own advantage ; and lastly,
that I might choose four wives from among their own daughters, and
that I should be happy there without going about so much after
stones. I had not a little difficulty to get myself out of this scrape :
I left the Cady with hopes that I would return soon, and then,
perhaps, my mind might be more inclined to stop there and marry ;
but, for the present, I could not leave all the rest of my affairs at
Cairo, which I left unsettled. My Sicilian servant was attacked
also at the same time, but he got off in a more speedy way than
myself: he told and promised them, that as soon as he had accom-
panied me to Cairo, he would return immediately, and stay there
with them all the rest of his life.

At last, we set off in the afternoon for the village of Zaboo, and
left all good friends at the village of El Cassar. To Sheik Salem I
made a present of a string of very ordinary sort of corals, which he
took with great pleasure, some pieces of soap, and a portion of
coffee ; to the Cady I gave equally the same. On our coming out
of the village, the people saluted us very cordially, and said they
expected us soon back again to stay with them. This day we began
our journey very merrily, but it ended very badly. We ascended the
rock we had to pass to come at the village of Zaboo, and on our
descending, my camel slipt his foot on one side, and rolled down the
rock the height of about twenty feet, taking me, of course, along
with him. I did not get off so easily this time as I did when I
fell on the sand in Wady el Gemal, for here they were all hard
stones ; fortunately, however, no other harm was done, as it appeared
at the time, but a few bruises and a blow on my side. I was
put on a donkey belonging to a man who followed us from the
other village, and I was brought so to Zaboo, to the house of Sheik
Ibrahim, the son-in-law of our guide. My saddle was my bed, as

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, &c. 431

usual. Fortunately we had a few drops of brandy in our stock, and
my bruises were rubbed with it, but my side did not permit me to stir
without great pain. On our entering into the house, I saw a great
number of people assembled, eating rice out of their usual bowls.
I was accommodated in the passage which leads from the street door
to the yard behind the house. My mattress, or saddle, occupied
half of the space from one wall to the other, and in all there was
not two feet left, for the men, women, children, cows, buffaloes,
donkeys, sheep, goats, and dogs, to pass there. The passage was
constantly crowded with people, who occasionally trod on my
feet, or gave me a kick on the head. But this was not the worst of
the thing ; it happened often, that while the cows, buffaloes, or
donkeys passed, I had reason to fear the consequence of my being
thus situated. There was another thing which was not the least of
all the rest. The feast of rice eating was kept in consequence of the
death of a man related to Sheik Ibrahim, the landlord of the house
where I was, and he was taken to be buried just before we arrived.
No sooner was the eating ended, than the most tremendous noise
issued from the outer doors ; it was the widow of the deceased, who
returned home, accompanied with all the rest of the matrons of the
village, all in great uproar ; they had all to pass by my side into
the yard, where the house of the deceased was, and every half hour
they had to repeat this lamentation all through the street before
the house, so that the place where I lay was a continual passage.
The pain in my side was not diminished, and the skin became rather
black : I tried to move, but I could not.

On the morning of the 6th, I had many visits of the Sheiks.
They all congratulated with me that I did not break my neck, for it
might have been so by the fall I had. I spent the rest of the day in
taking notes. Towards the evening of the second day, I was with
the Moorish Hadge and my Sicilian servant, who were my physicians.

432 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

I felt my side was somewhat better, and I was in hopes to be able to
bear the motion of the camel on the next day. After sunset, the
widow who had buried her husband on the day before came and
seated herself near to me, sobbing, I supposed, for the loss of her
husband. My Sicilian servant tried to persuade her to bear the loss
patiently ; but she continued sobbing : at last she said, that none but
me could restore her to happiness, and that she hoped that I would
not refuse her the favour. I could not understand what the woman
meant, and she sobbed again, while the Moorish Hadge was talking
to quiet her, but in vain. She still continued there, and said, that none
but me could cure her of all her trouble. At last I asked what
she wanted of me. She said, that she saw me writing magic, and
begged I would write two pieces of paper — one to get another hus-
band, as soon as possible, and the other to make use of for the same
purpose if he should die. We endeavoured to persuade her that I
was not in possession of magic ; but she would not be convinced,
and went away much displeased with my harsh proceeding against
her. I could not help reflecting, that if I had the art of procuring
husbands to widows, I could have obtained employment enough in
Europe, without travelling in strange lands for such a purpose.

On the 7th, I tried to mount the camel, but my side would not
permit me. At last, on the 8th, in the afternoon, we set off. 1 felt
much pain the two first days, but it appeared diminishing after. The
above two days, the 8th and 9th, brought us to the flat desert of the
horizon; and another day, the 10th, to the tumulus; the 11th to
Eajan. There we were without water, and we had to drink some,
from that place, which was very salt ; we, however, filled the hudris,
and on the 12th, took the road towards the south-east by east, as I
wanted to go to see a place named El Moele. We passed a great quan-
tity of sand-banks this day, and slept on the summit of one of them.

On the 15th, after noon, we reached El Moele, hoping to find

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 433

fresh Mater, but, alas ! we were disappointed. The drivers made the
accide with salt water, and we eat it. In this place I found the
ruins of a small ancient village, and the remains of a very large
Christian church and convent. Some of the paintings on the wall
are very finely preserved, particularly the figures of the twelve
apostles on the top of a niche, over an altar ; the gold is still
to be seen in several parts, and their faces are well preserved.
This place is situated at the end of a long tract of land, which had
been cultivated in former times, but it is now left for want of water.
It extends more than ten miles from west to east towards the Nile.
We went on as soon as we had refreshed ourselves with salt pudding
and salt water ; for as we were disappointed there, our next resource
was the Nile, or at least some of its canals. We travelled till mid-
night, and arrived within twelve miles of that river. We suffered
much from thirst this night : though we were so near the water, my
mouth had formed a crust of salt within it, so that I could scarcely
articulate a word, and for several hours I felt what it was to be
truly thirsty. We were almost all in great distress. At last one
of the drivers told us to stop, for there was sweet water near
us. At the sound of these words, we were all agreeably surprised ;
but I could not conceive where the water could be, as we were in a
flat plain, covered with small pebbles and stones. He had kept a
small skin of water concealed in a sack all the way from the Elloah,
as he said he expected this would happen. I do not know that in
all my life I have tasted any thing more sweet and pleasant than
that water, though it had been closed up in a skin for several days.
At last, on the morning of the 14th, before the sun, we arrived in
the valley of the Nile, at the Bahar Yousef: on the evening of the
same day we reached Sedmin, the place where I engaged my guide ;
and on the 15th, we returned to Eenesoeuf, where I embarked for
Cairo.

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434 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

The blow I received from the fall in the Elloah did not get
better ; it continued to pain me much, and the part became black,
and swelled. I found the consul, Mr. Salt, had returned from Upper
Egypt. The plague was very violent in Cairo at that time ; but
as I had business to transact with the consul, I went at night to
the consulate, and having arranged my affairs with him, I returned
to Eosetta, where I arrived on the 23d, in hopes to end the business
of the attack in Carnak, as soon as I could, and set off for Europe.
But I was totally mistaken, for the intrigue displayed in this affair
is almost beyond the possibility of explaining. Mr. Drouetti, in
defence of the two assailants, Lebulo and Bosignano, his compatriots,
and in his service, said that Mr. Salt was the accuser ; that in the
account I sent to Mr. Salt I had declared that I did not seek for
redress : and, in fact, I did not, as I was well aware of the intrigues
which would have been displayed by my adversary ; but as the affair
had been brought forward, I made a formal declaration against the two
assailants, Lebulo and Rosignano. Mr. Drouetti, availing himself
of the influence he had with the new consul, Mr. Russel, made up a
tissue of stories of his own fabrication, saying, that I went under his
window to stop the people from working ; and that it was a mere
dispute, and not a premeditated attack. Mr. Russel wished to
have this affair thrown aside, and that nothing more should be said ;
but we insisted it should be brought forward, and upon having the
two assailants brought down from Thebes to Alexandria. Mr.
Drouetti continued to put himself forward, saying, he was accused
by Mr. Salt ; but a declaration made by me, that my deposition was
against the two assailants, put it out of his power to have any farther
ground to prevent our proceeding against his agents, on the pretext
that he was accused also.

By this time, the hurt I received from the fall in the Elloah
turned out to be troublesome, and had confined me near a month

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sec. 485

to my bed in Rosetta. It happened that Mr. Eussel, the French
consul, was to return to France, and Mr. Tednar Divan, the vice-
consul, succeeded him provisionally. This good sort of honest
gentleman, a great honour to his country as a justice of peace, had
been in Egypt for many years ; he was one who cut a conspicuous
figure in the days of the Revolution : he never was higher than
Cairo, and had a great wish to go up to Thebes. He never had a
better opportunity offered to him than the present, as he was to be
judge in the above cause. He answered to our consuls, that if I
wished to proceed, I must deposit immediately 1200 dollars, as a
security to defray the expenses which would be incurred in the
examination of this affair ; that he must go up to Thebes accompanied
with Lowjars, clerks, stewards, witnesses, beats, barges, canjars, &c.
and all this at my expense, while I might only hope for redress. I
was more than tired, and as I knew the people we had to deal with,
and to what point they could carry their intrigues, 1 had no hopes
of redress.

Be assured, my gentle reader, that in this simple sketch of this
affair, you can but form a very small idea of what passed, for I
cannot at present enter too far into the explanation of it. I shall
only state how it ended.

The two assailants, Lebulo and the renegado Eosignano, Pied-
montese, were obliged to come to Alexandria, to take their trials ;
and when they arrived, were so sure of getting off in some way or
other, that they not only confirmed my deposition, but boasted of
what they had done. Now to the conclusion. Their protector,
Mr. Drouetti, knew very well how he should get out when the affair
came to the extremity. I demanded an interview with him before
the consul, and a number of other people, to have an explanation
of the various wrongs he had done to me ; but all to no purpose.
I insisted, and at last it was arranged by Mr. Drouetti, that an

3k2

436 RESEARCHES AND OPERATIONS

interview should take place with only the British vice-consul, the
French consul, him, and myself. This was not what I wanted ; as
I thought I might have the chance to expose his conduct publicly ;
but he took care not to consent that a public meeting should ever
take place. Unfortunately, on my first landing in that country, I
became under an obligation to him and another person, particularly
by having had an apartment in his occaley for three weeks, during
the time of the plague ; and through the said obligation it was
supposed and expected I should sacrifice my principles, which
has been another cause of so much hatred against me. When I
requested him to explain before the two consuls what cause I had
given him to induce him to evince such animosity against me, I
believe he was not on his guard at that moment ; for the first word
he expressed related to my wrong proceeding in taking the obelisk
from the island of Philce. I could scarcely believe that a man, who
held a situation once as a consul, should forget himself, and show an
open inveteracy against an individual, merely because he was for-
tunate in his undertakings. I must acknowledge, that it must have
been provoking to a man like Drouetti, who did not search antiquity
from the love of these relics, but merely for interest, and whose
views were directed chiefly to the British and French Museums, to
see a stranger accumulate in three years a greater and far superior
collection than he had done in fifteen ; and, as in consequence of
this, his hopes on the British Museum were lost, he could not
restrain his passion. The conclusion of all this affair was, that
after a nine months' struggle to bring the two assailants to a trial,
the French consul put an end to it in a few words, by only saying,
that the two persons accused were not French subjects, but Pied-
montese ; and that if we wanted redress, we must go to Turin for
it. Thus I received redress for that shameful outrage ; but I was
not surprised, as I fully expected it would end in such a manner.

IN EGYPT, NUBIA, Sic. 437

J should not intrude such a narrative on the patience of my
reader were it not that, even at Paris, 1 found the persecution of
Mr. Drouetti had not ceased. On my arrival in that capital, I
found his son-in-law busied with the public prints, who, only on
the assurance of his assertion, and the prejudice already excited
against me, lor serving another nation, put before the public what-
ever he could persuade the censors to pass, and what he could
not, he publicly asserted in a most atrocious manner. I had sent
an answer to these publications to be inserted in the journals of
Paris, but such were the intrigues carried on, that my reply was
intercepted, and sent to Mr. Drouetti, in Alexandria ; consequently
it never reached the hands of the editors. At last, having put an
end to all my affairs in Egypt, in the middle of September, 1819, we
embarked, thank God ! for Europe : not that I disliked the country
I was in, for, on the contrary, I have reason to be grateful ; nor do
I complain of the Turks or Arabs in general, but of some Europeans
who are in that country, whose conduct and mode of thinking are a
disgrace to human nature.

After an absence of twenty years I returned into the bosom of
my family, from whence I departed for England ; and having been
persuaded to put before the world the narrative of my researches
and operations in these countries, I hope the English reader will
pardon me for the many errors I have committed in this volume,
particularly in the English phrases.

MRS. BELZOM S TRIFLING ACCOUNT,

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT

OF THE

WOMEN OF EGYPT, NUBIA, AND SYRIA.

Having heard so much of Turks and Arabs. I took the opportunity,
while in Egypt, to observe the manners of the women in that country.
During my stay in Soubra, I had many occasions to remark them ; but
as it was my lot to ascend the Nile, I contrived to see the various modes
of living among these half wild people. The first place we staid at for
any length of time was Old Thebes ; but I shall pass this, as I mean to
speak of it hereafter.

On our arrival at Assouan I went to visit the women of the Aga of
that place. I was met at the door by himself, his wife, his sister, her
husband, two young children, three old women, uglier than Macbeth's
witches, and an old negro slave. I entered into a small yard, and a deal
chair was brought me. The Aga went out, and the women then stood
round me, while the husband of the Aga's sister made coffee, and pre-
pared a pipe, which he presented me, not allowing the women to toucli
it. He durst not trust them with any thing, as he knew of their monkeyish
tricks whenever he turned his back. He seemed to pride himself much
on his great knowledge of the world, by correcting the rough curiosity of
the women when they attempted to examine my dress too rudely.

3 L

442 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

I made a sign I wished them to sit down, and in particular that the
wife should take coffee with me : but he treated them very harshly, made
me understand that coffee would be too good for them, and said water
was good enough ; at the same time he held the coffee-pot, pressing me
to drink more : on my refusing, he locked it up in a small room, that the
women might not drink it. By this time I had been so much among the
women in Egypt, and compelled to smoke, that I could easily finish my
half pipe. After having smoked for some time, I laid it down ; one of
the women took it up, and began to smoke : on seeing such a horrid pro-
fanation, the man took it from her with violence, and was going to beat
her, which I naturally prevented : he filled it again, and offered it to me ;
but as I did not wish to smoke any more, he went and carefully locked
it up, making me understand when I wanted it, it was at my service.

I must confess I felt hurt to see the distinction he made, but after-
wards I saw the necessity of so doing. I could not help reflecting on the
inconsistency I often met with from these men : they treat women with
the greatest contempt, and yet they always behaved to me not only with
respect, but even with humility; so that their roughness seems not di-
rected towards women in general ; and I have often heard them remark
to me, that if they treated these women as I was treated, they would be-
come quite unruly.

A short time afterwards the Aga came in, and inquiring if they
had served me with coffee and a pipe, he went to his treasury and
brought out some dirty bruised grapes, as a great treat, which he pre-
sented me, the poor women looking with wistful eyes towards the basket :
in the impulse of the moment I took it and offered them to his wife, and
then to the rest, who all refused ; and though they did not dare to take
any themselves, yet they pressed me to eat, and seemed astonished when
on account of their dirt I only took a small bunch. I kept the grapes in
my hands for some time before I could muster resolution to eat them. I
began at last, one by one, trying to wipe them in an handkerchief without
their perceiving it ; but I was mistaken, for their eyes were fixed upon
me very closely : an old woman saw what I was doing, and ran and fetched
me a burdock of water. I did not ask for water at first, as, not knowing
the customs of these people, I was afraid to do any thing to offend them.

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 443

I now gave my little present of beads and a looking-glass, which con-
tained a drawer : the beads pleased them, and the glass, being the largest
they had ever seen, and made to stand by itself, was to them a matter of
astonishment. To describe the tricks the women played with it, tearing
it from each other, and setting it in any way but the right, would be
thought a caricature. I at first attempted to show them the right way to
use it, but there is no other method with those women than letting them
have their own way ; and I believe it is pretty well so in more civilized
countries, or I am much mistaken. When the wife perceived they had
got the glass out of its frame, she put it in a little room, and locked it
up with the beads : they then began their examination of my dress, as
the man was not there, which I had reason to be sorry enough for. I was
then in European clothes.

The first thing was my hat and hair ; my neckerchief of black silk,
which they coveted much; next the buttons of my coat: nothing could
persuade them but money was hid in them. I opened one, to con-
vince them of the contrary: this seemingly did not satisfy them, for,
judging by their own tricks, they thought it was one put there purposely
to deceive. I verily believe, if the man had not now come in, they would
have been very troublesome.' However I learnt sufficient in this my first
visit to guide me in future, and to put on a greater degree of consequence
with other women I might have to deal with ; for by showing myself
free with them, on account of my ignorance of their character, they
would take advantage of it. On the man coming in, they began to pre-
pare to cook the dinner for the Aga, which consisted of a dish of bamia
boiled in mutton broth, poured over bread, with a little mutton, and some
minced meat, mixed up with rice into balls: what other ingredients might
be mixed shall by me be nameless ; the cleanliness of this preparation I
I have not eloquence to describe : the horror I felt at the idea that I
should be obliged to eat of it, was more than my English stomach could
reconcile at that moment. They brought me all the dishes before they
took them out to the Aga and Mr. B., who was to dine with him ; the
first was the bamia, which I refused, but I took a piece of the boiled
mutton, as being the cleanest, with some bread : that would not do : the
wife took some of the minced meat and rice in her hands, and insisted
on my eating it, making me understand it was the best. At last all was

3l2

444 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

carried to the Aga. I was then served with the customary coffee and pipe.
The house, or rather stable, consisted of four walls, which had the sky for
its ceiling, inclosing two small rooms ; one in which the Aga used to keep
his treasure locked, such as coffee, coffee-cups, tobacco, &c. ; the other
was the wife's, and contained all their great wardrobe, besides bread,
onions, flour, dhourra, oil, and many other things of the kind. The furni-
ture consisted of water jars, sieves to clean the corn and sift the flour, a
few earthen pots to cook in, some wooden bowls to eat out of, an oven,
and some burdocks for cooling water, a small coffee-pot, and old mats to
lie on. I took my leave, giving the children and women a small present
of money, promising to call and see them on my return.

Next morning another wife of the Aga sent me word she would be
glad to see me. I felt little inclination to go, but not wishing to make
any distinction between them, I went, and found, to my surprise, a very
pretty young woman : she lived next door to the other, who got upon the
walls to see what was passing between us. She had no coffee to give me,
but instead presented me with some dates and dhourra in grain. She
seemed much afraid of the other wife. Though pretty in my eyes, she was
not thought so by her own people ; the other, though old, was considered
the greatest beauty in Assouan, on account of her being so extremely fat.
Their hair was plaited after the Nubian custom, adorned with a few gold
ornaments, with plenty of stinking raw fat, and a certain bark of a tree
heat in powder to make it black besides, giving a horrid perfume, which
they consider as a great improvement to their charms : it is not the same
powder they use in blacking the eyebrows and eyelids. I made her a pre-
sent of some beads, which she tried to hide, and I wished her farewell.

On our arrival at Ybsambul I did not go on shore. The wife of
Davoud Cacheff having heard there was a Frank woman on board, sent a
young negro girl on purpose to see what kind of animal I was : she was
rather shy to come near me at first, but the men telling her if she came
into the boat the sette would give her a bakshis, she came with re-
luctance. I gave her some beads, which instantly got the better of her
fears, and she observed every thing on board minutely. Having kept her
eyes fixed upon a half-pint basin, she jumped up and ran away ; she returned
in a few minutes, bringing me some dhourra bread and dates, telling me
her mistress hoped I would not refuse to send her that beautiful basin,

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 445

pointing to it : it was curious to see the anxiety the girl showed, for fear
I should not give it to her : she made me understand her mistress had
taken all the beads I had given her. I gave her some more, with the
wonderful basin and a plate like it. The joy the poor thing felt on re-
ceiving it was such, that in her hurry to get out of the boat she had nearly
broke them.

On our return from the Shallal we stopped at the village Eshke to
transact some business with Hosseyn CachefF. I remained on board while
Mr. B. went to visit him ; during which time the women of the village with
their children came running towards the boat ; but some men belonging
to the Cacheff would not let them approach, and those who pressed
forward they beat, and at the others flung stones : on my seeing this I
made a sign to the women to approach, and seemed in a great passion
with the men for beating them : those that could come near me kissed
my hand, and seemed much gratified at my preventing the men from
beating them ; they were much pleased at the whiteness of my skin and
the colour of my hair. To those that had but few ornaments I gave
beads for themselves and children. What pleased me most was, they did
not show any disposition to covetousness, or express any desire that
I should give them any thing ; they seemed perfectly content that I
allowed them to see me, and imitated the action that I made to the
men not to beat them. Those I gave beads to went away; I did not
expect to see them again : they shortly after returned, bringing me some
dhourra bread and dates, finer than I had ever seen before or since. I
naturally concluded it was a demand for another bakshis. According
to the custom of the Arab women, on my giving them some beads, they
took out what I had before given them, and kissing my hands, begged
me to accept their presents, which I did ; they then sent for more dates.
I made them understand I gave them the beads only as remembrances of
me, and not for the sake of getting any thing in return. On seeing Mr. B.
and some of the CachefF's men at a distance, they set up a great shout,
and made me understand they must go. I was very sorry to part so soon
with those women : their manners were much more friendly than I have
ever met with : they watched the boat at a distance till we left the shore.

On our return to Ybsambul I went to visit Davoud Cacheff's wife :
she had been previously informed of my intended visit, and accordingly

{3

446 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

put herself and palace in order : by the look of the building outside, I
certainly expected to have found something better inside; but it was much
the same as that of Assouan. On entering, I found her sitting on black
goats' skins sewed together ; I perceived this was considered a mark of
grandeur that was not used in common: she got up, and after saluting
me took the said skin and placed it for me to sit on, and sat on the earth
herself. I would, with much pleasure, have dispensed with the skin. She
was dressed in a blue cotton gown of Lower Egypt, which is considered
a very grand dress in Nubia. The coffee that was brought me was some
we had given them on passing, as they can seldom have any : they use
kerkadan, a small grain, the produce of the country, of which I have a
few. Her young child was lying on a skin naked : it was twenty days
old : but she scarcely took any notice of it. I gave her some different
kinds of beads ; she was surprised I did not wear any myself. I informed
her as well as I could that I was dressed as a man ; she then spoke softly
to the little girl, the slave before mentioned, who came and sat down by
me, and some other old hags she had sent for : the girl first untied my
neckerchief, examined my coat, and showed as much curiosity about the
buttons as my friends at Assouan; their remarks on my corsets, which
I still wore, were extremely sensible. I made them understand they
belonged to the female part of my dress, not knowing the custom that
is come up since I left Europe : they kept crying tayib, tayib, (good) at
every thing I showed them. The Nubian women in general I found
more kind and civil, and did not show that invidious jealousy and covet-
ousness the Arab women possess. After satisfying their curiosity about
my clothes, she ordered the women, whom she had sent for on purpose, to
dance, thinking to amuse me ; but unfortunately I did not appreciate this
mark of respect they thought they were paying me. Some time after I
got up and bade her farewell, though she wished me to stay longer.

During my stay there a young woman came on board, begging me to
give her some beads, showing me at the same time she had but very few,
among which I saw she had two or three antique beads of cornelian,
with a drop, which she exchanged with me for other beads, and went
away very highly pleased. I was well content with my exchange, and
was determined to go among the women at every place we might stop at.
On our arrival at the isle of Philce, I, according to custom, left Mr. B. and

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 447

went in search of the women. The first I met was a pretty young female
with a child on her shoulder, who saluted me in a very friendly way, and
offered to show me about the place : in a few moments after we were
joined by an old woman and her daughter, a very pretty girl ; she did not
seem pleased with the notice I took of the other young woman, to whose
child I had given some beads ; but I have reason to think they did not
know I was a woman, for they had not seen any of the people of our
boat, and as they had seen some Europeans some months before in the
same kind of dress, it is possible they were mistaken. Seeing the other
had got beads, she demanded some in a rough manner ; however I gave
her the same quantity I had given the other : she asked, in an importunate
manner, for more, and made as if she would return those I had given
her if I did not : on seeing this I took them from her, and gave them
with some more to the first young woman. She got in a passion, and
attempted to take them from her, which I prevented ; she then begged
me more civilly to give her some, but I would not give her any then,
and made her understand I would not be compelled. After this we went
to see the different temples ; we were joined by other women belonging
to the island. After seeing all the buildings, we came to a very small
temple, wherein this same lady lived : it was closed by a door, but she
offered to show it to me. She took me by the hand very kindly, and
seemed to have forgot the little dispute about the beads, and was unlock-
ing the door, when my good friend with the child gave me a squeeze on
the right arm, which was next to her, and made me a sign not to go in: I
concluded she had heard the other express some bad intention against
me. I refused to go in. I could not conceive why the other did not
wish me to enter : she seemed pleased I took the hint, and immediately
showed me back to where Mr. B. wras. I gave her and another good-
natured old woman a small bakshis, and I passed the remainder of the
day at the Morada, in exchanging beads with the women. Were I to
mark down every thing that I saw, or that happened to me, it would be
thought, perhaps, too trivial.

On our return to Assouan we had to procure a boat to take us to
Luxor. The Aga wished me to go and stop with his beautiful fat wife
till we got a boat, which I positively refused, preferring rather to rest
under the palm-trees than run the risk of being more disagreeably accom-

448 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

modated. After fixing on a spot, we had all our luggage which we had
brought with us, and likewise all that which we had left with the Aga,
particularly a large mat, which I was happy to be in possession of: I had
it immediately spread on the ground, one part for our mattresses, and the
other part to eat off. I was flattering myself we should be very comforta-
ble, and get a little rest from much fatigue, after being screwed up in
a small boat for a month. After all was prepared for the night's
lodging, the Aga made his appearance, followed by a servant, bringing
a tray with a number of dishes, which he said he had prepared for us and
himself. I am certain it was the first time the Aga in his life had dipped
in the same dish, sour sour, together with a woman. After our feast
was over he wished us good night. We tried to sleep, but to no purpose;
we were much tormented, as we supposed, by ants from the trees.

The next morning early we went on board a little boat, scarcely large
enough to hold us ; there was no other, and we were in a great hurry to
reach Tebes. The large mat I mentioned before, I had spread over the
boat, covered with other small ones, to shade us from the sun : but woe
unto us ! the wicked Aga had, during our absence, used the mat all the
time we were in Nubia, and on our return had it rolled up as we left it,
and the very thing we had been guarding so perseveringly against befel
us. What with being attacked with an intermitting fever, without medicine
or tea, and not being able to lay my mattress straight, besides the dreadful
situation the miserable mat had involved us in, made our condition very
unpleasant indeed.

We at last reached Luxor. Still there was no rest for the soles of
our feet. There was no boat to take the great colossal head on board ;
and, notwithstanding this poor accommodation, we were obliged to set off
for Gheneh. We had no sooner arrived there than we were obliged to
return, as there was a large boat pressed for the use of the bashaw,
wherein some Franks had taken their passage as far as Assouan, which
boat was promised to Mr. B. for the head. We tied our little boat to the
large one. We had come down well enough with the stream with our
miserable bark; but on going against it we had not set off twenty minutes
when the Arabs began to cry out most dreadfully : in a moment we found
the boat half full of water. Fortunately the large boat, perceiving our
danger, ran to land immediately, and we went on board of it.

MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 449

The next morning we arrived at the wished-for haven. Mr. B. had
but just time to put me in a house, where he was informed there was a
room on the top for me ; he was then obliged to sail to Esne, to secure
the boat.

This was the first time I had ever been left alone with the Arabs
without an interpreter or an European, with about twenty Arab words
in my mouth. What they denominated a room, consisted of four walls
open to the sky, full of dates put to dry in the sun, an oven in one corner,
a water jar, and a fire-place of three bricks for a pot to stand on, without
a chimney ; and this place not to myself, as it was the apartment of the
women. I never in my life felt so isolated and miserable, in a violent
fever, exposed to the burning sun ; besides the torment to have all the
women of the village coming out of curiosity to see me. At last I
began seriously to think of inclosing one corner this place for myself: it
fortunately happened to be market day ; I sent to buy some mats, and
with the help of the women (I was going to say), who did more harm
than good, I made me a comfortable little room, inclosed and covered
over : I had all my things taken in. Beside the pleasure to be by myself,
I had the additional luxury of two ounces of tea, which I had received
from Cairo by return of a courier. I felt more content at that moment
than I now should in the first palace in Europe. The inmates of the
other part were an old woman, four daughters, and a daughter-in-law,
the wife of the master of the house. During this time I observed a
woman bringing some meat : they made me understand it was for me ;
but on account of the fever I then laboured under, I did not mean to
eat any: I made me some tea, and retired to my apartment, where I could
see every thing that passed, and from whence I saw the daughter-in-law
with the meat between her teeth, one hand holding it out, and the other
with a bad knife, cutting or rather tearing it up till she made it small
enough to her mind. I considered it very lucky I was not hungry or
inclined to eat: when done, the poor woman brought it, and begged me to
eat : I told her as well as I could, that after taking the tea I could not
take any thing else. I pressed her to eat, which she did, no doubt to let
me see there was not anything in it to hurt me ; I broke some bread with
her and eat a little, to let her see I did not object to eat with her. I had
just began to enjoy a little repose, when I had an attack of ophthalmia.

3 M

450 MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

During the first ten days a virulent humour discharged from my eyes: I
had not any tiling to apply to them: I could not hear the light. I used to
filter the water to wash them. Whenever the women saw me wash them
with water they would all set up a cry, telling me it was very bad, and
that it was my washing them every morning that had made them so. In
Nubia they had the same idea.

During this time Mr. B. had to go several times backwards and
forwards to Esne and Gheneh, which he could not avoid. I must do
justice to the Arab women, Mahometans as well as Christians, for their
kind treatment of me ; there was not a day I was not visited by the
women of Luxor, Carnak, and other villages near : the Christian women,
in particular, used to burn certain herbs in a small earthen pot, repeating
prayers, and making the sign of the cross over it; the Mahometan
women waiting with great anxiety to get possession of the blessed ashes
that might be left, thinking as those were done for a Christian it would
have its full virtue, which, if done for them, would not have the same
effect : for example, the last time I was at Luxor, and on the point of
leaving it, I showed to some of the men by putting scorpions in oil they
would have a remedy against the bite ; I believe oil alone would be as
efficacious. They looked at me and shook their heads, and said I had
some other secret which I put into it. When I went in my little room,
the second year I was there, scarcely a night passed I was not called up
by people who had been bit ; it was useless my sending out the oil to
them, for unless I did it myself they took it in their heads it would have
no effect. I make these remarks only to show the incredulity of the
Arabs ; the most simple things are by them kept as great secrets, which
makes them pass for wise and learned men. Most villages have one of
those great men of knowledge ; therefore if a traveller is kind enough to
tell them any thing to be serviceable, they will not believe but he keeps
the great secret back, as they are accustomed to from the example of their
own wise men.

To return to my eyes ; they were determined not to be cured so
easily: blest with the comforters of Job, the women told me in twenty
days perhaps I might get better ; but if not in that time, it would go on for
forty days, and finished by crying malash (no matter). Instead of being
better at the end of twenty days, I became totally blind. I cannot describe

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 451

the agony I felt on the occasion : I thought I had lost my sight for ever.
My situation was not an enviable one ; the women still crying malash.
The last stage of the disorder was truly dreadful; the eyelids lost their
power, I could not lift them up : this was another blow. The women
boiled garlic in water to steam my eyes over : it is possible it might
have done some good, though I did not feel the effect immediately. I
found their experience in this matter perfectly correct; the eyelids began
to gain strength, and by degrees, at the end of forty days, I could see a
little.

By this time Mr. B. had got the colossal head on board, when he was
attacked with the same disorder. I have not the presumption to give a
fixed opinion on what it proceeds from, I only remark how I came by it.
I had been the night before standing sidewise by a hole, that served
for a window, in the wall of my apartment ; I felt at the time a
draught of wind to my eyes, but took no notice of it. The same way
Mr. B. got his ; he received a blast of wind. It is in general sup-
posed it proceeds from the great heat or sands, which the air is at
times full of; it may be so ; I speak from my own experience only. At
this time we had been in Egypt and Nubia eighteen months, ten of
which we resided at Subra, a short distance from Cairo, in front of the
Nile, exposed to all winds. We had no glass windows, therefore if the
hot winds affected the eyes, I think we should have not have escaped all
this time, annoyed and exposed as we had been in Egypt and Nubia;
at Soubra, in the time of the camseens, our shutters were not sufficient
to keep the sands out. Eor hours the air has been full of hot sands, so
as to render it troublesome to breathe, and obliged us to keep our eyes
shut. During this time I expected every day we should be affected with
this disorder; but nothing happened, except feeling my eyes a little
uneasy in consequence of the hot winds. I used to wash them, which
gave me instant relief. I found my sight much clearer at that period
than I had it in Europe. The great perspiration, in my simple opinion,
helps to clear the sight, provided it does not go into the eyes.

After getting well of this attack, I made it a rule to wash my eyes
daily with water mixed with aqua vita;, which strengthened them much :
if ever I found them inclined to a relapse, I made the wash stronger, and
kept washing them several times in the day: it never failed to cure them ;
though I have never had my eyes so strong as they were before.

3m2

452 MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

On my second arrival at Philoc, on June the 5th, 1817, I found Mr.
B. and some countrymen of mine preparing to depart for Ybsambul.
Mr. B. felt very anxious to finish opening the temple, which he had
began on our first visit the year before, when there was not one European
with us. My wishes were to go also, but as we could not afford to incur
the expenses of a boat expressly for that occasion, I was obliged to re-
main at the isle, to my great mortification, and left that country without
seeing the inside of that interesting temple, which had occasioned us so
much anxiety the preceding year. I still live in hopes. I cannot pass
this over without dwelling a little on the partiality of some of my country-
men, who on their visiting Ybsambul, some time afterwards, gave the merit
to others, and not to the right person ; such is liberality and love of truth
at the present day. Truth must be sacrificed by some travellers, because
they are absolutely afraid of speaking, for fear of gaining the ill will of
some of their colleagues.

I was informed by some one who was there, that the boatman, as
well as the servants of Mr. Salt, who accompanied Mr. Beechey, had as
much merit in assisting in the concern as the other gentlemen, but they
were not English. Had I been there, I should have helped to remove
the sand as well as them, as far as my strength would have allowed me on
such an occasion, and claimed as much merit.

During Mr. B.'s absence, I took up my residence on the top of the
temple of Osiris in that island, and with the help of some mud walls, I
had inclosed two comfortable rooms. It was rumoured about there were
thieves on the island opposite, though I rather think it was a trick to see
what effect it might have on me. I thought it proper to guard even
against those Barabras that had been engaged by Mr. B. to guard me.
I had a servant with me at this time who had been with us some years :
we kept the fire-arms always ready, and made our guards see we were not
afraid, and that they might inform their friends we had plenty of powder
and ammunition for their reception. It is well known that the people
fear you when they know you do not fear them. They knew there was
a deal of luggage left with me, and saw some silver spoons and forks which
were brought up for the use of Mr. Beechey ; and the servant used to
let the Arabs and Nubians see and clean them. These people, when
they see trunks or boxes belonging to Europeans, judge they are full of
gold and silver, particularly after having seen such unnecessary things as

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 453

spoons and forks of that metal. I was visited every day by the women
inhabiting the different villages on the other side of the Nile ; they used
to cross on a ramouse, bringing sometimes one or two beads of cornelian
antiques, or a little barley, some eggs and onions, getting in exchange glass
beads or small looking-glasses. My old acquaintance from the first year
came to see me, particularly the friendly Zara, with the good old woman,
who hailed me affectionately, and continued so to the last. The old woman
was the merriest and best natured simple creature I ever met with : she
would not have disgraced England itself; she used to make many sensible
remarks upon our customs. Her husband and two fine lads were killed
in a battle with another tribe, mentioned by our much esteemed friend
Burckhardt, page the 6th, account of Philce. One day, on seeing some of
our coarse cloth, she, in a very humble tone, asked me, if I had got an old
piece of the same kind to put on her head, as she had not got any thing, she
should be very happy. I told her I would look if I possessed such a thing,
for I made it a rule, from dear bought experience, never to give any thing
on the moment it was asked for : on the next day I gave her a piece. I
cannot describe the joy she expressed on receiving this present ; but after
examining it some time, she said it was too clean, and would spoil her
head, and she must make it dirty before she could use it. The reason
she gave was, that being clean it would draw all the grease out of her
hair, and particularly as all kind of fat, butter or oil, was very scarce and
hard to be got : besides the beauty the glitter of the fat gives, it preserves
the head against the burning heat of the sun. She wanted to go with me
to my bellad, meaning my village or country (they knew of no other town
besides Stambul or Mesr), telling me she would wear Franks clothes, or
any thing I would give her, showing me by pantomime she would wash
my feet and clothes, make my bread, cook for me, and any thing else I
might want ; the only stipulation she made was, that I must give her
wheat bread, and not dhourra. If she could have spoken Arabic I
should have taken her : they certainly have not the prejudice of the Arab
women.

One day some of my people brought twelve fowls ; a native told
me to look at them, for they were not fit to eat, as they were full of
vermin, and the skins sore, desiring me not to tell who told me. On find-
ing what he said was true, I desired to know who they were brought

454 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

from ; but that was a secret none dared to tell me. All that I could find
out was, that ten had been bought from a woman from the opposite
island, and two from the she devil, as they style her, inhabiting the small
temple, whom I had affronted on my first visit the year before : the women
begged me not to have any thing to do with her, calling her a fright, and
many other names ; but as I had a reason to suppose the whole was brought
from her, I was determined not to let such an imposition pass, as I had longer
to stay in the island than they knew of. The women I could perceive did
not give me the above advice in earnest, as she had made them all tremble
at her. I made a boy, a native of the place, and who had been with us on
our first voyage, pick out the two fowls and carry them back, and desire
her to give me two better, or send the money back : the women laughed,
and said I should never get one or the other; which made me more
determined. The next day I went myself with the boy and an old man :
the boy told me to take my pistols, or she might do something bad to
me ; I took them, and put them under my coat, not on account of her, but it
was well for those who were with me to know I had such a thing. When
she saw me coming she called her mother, thinking to frighten me ; the
other woman stood at a respectable distance, not daring to approach. I
made the old man demand better fowls or money ; the old woman abused
me much, with her daughter ; I thought it then time to speak in a com-
manding tone. I went up to them, and insisted they should speak no more.
The mother, on seeing I was not to be frightened, began to cry out dread-
fully, and beat herself, and fling dirt over her head, and exclaim they were
lost. I left them, threatening vengeance against them if they did not
send me the money or fowls. Seeing she could not succeed in mastering
me, the next morning she sent me word she wished to be in peace with
me, and that she would send me two better fowls. I sent her wrord she
must bring them herself. She came with her mother with two better
fowls, kissed my hands, and begged me not to think any more of it. I
told her it was not the fowls or money I wanted, but that I would not
let any one impose on me : I then made her a present of the two
fowls she had brought, and gave her some beads. I then called in my
friendly Zara, and gave her the other ten fowls : she had never been so
rich in her life. She said the only food herself, her husband, and two
children, had daily, was a small bowl of dhourra, boiled in the morning,

MBS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 455

with a little bread of that grain, and the same at night. She said she
could clean the fowls by washing them in salt-water. Peace was once
more restored in the island, to the no small gratification of the rest of the
women, to see I had conquered the great devil. She used to beat their
children whenever she could catch them, because she had none herself.

One thing I must observe, which I did not think to mention, till on
reading in page 146 of Burckhardt's account of Nubia, of the dreadful
death the Nubians give their wives. When the women used to recount
me many particulars concerning this woman, I expressed my astonish-
ment, as she used them so ill at times, that they did not tell her husband :
the Arab women would have done so, besides exaggerating the facts.
The answer a young Barabra gave me was this, that if they did, the
husband would cut her to pieces and fling her in the Nile ; besides, the
husbands of the other women would beat them for so doing. My idea
on the subject is, that it is not so much from humanity as from the dread
of the consequences of such quarrels between the different tribes, that
these women have learnt to be prudent.

The trifling anecdote of the fowls is, indeed, too insignificant to have
been recounted ; but as a countryman of mine has already made himself
very liberal on this subject, whose merit lies in low buffoonery, carica-
turing, and imitating, like a monkey, every one he has ever been in company
with, no matter whether friends or foes, particularly against unprotected
females and old men, without much regard to common decorum or delicacy,
I take the present occasion of noticing his behaviour. I, indeed, pity, and
feel contempt for men who daily amuse themselves by slandering any
one whom their wanton malice may dislike : was my soul as illiberal as
that of some of those kind of gentlemen, I have sufficient scope to return
the compliment with interest. I shall say with the Arab Ma-lash, every
thing will find its own level.

Mr. B. having returned from Ybsambul, we departed a few days after-
wards for Luxor. On my return to that place I went to my old habita-
tion, which they had inclosed with brick walls. Unfortunately the hus-
band had taken another wife during my absence, and had built up an
apartment for her, attached to the walls of our house, whose top was
covered with mats. The first wife was first cousin to her husband, and
his sister was married to her brother : on account of this double tie, she

456 MRS. BELZONrS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

took those advantages that are not allowed to women in general. There
was a continual disturbance every day ; and when her husband used to
threaten to send her home, her brother sent him word, if he sent back his
wife, he would do the same by him. The old mother-in-law, who was
her aunt, of course sided privately with her niece, not on account of any
love for her, but to prevent her own daughter from being sent home :
unfortunately all her hopes rested upon me. The Christians in the village
had made much mischief, and had put her up to resist the other wife j
and upon my arrival, she thought I would head the concern, and used to
tell her husband when the cette arrived, meaning me, that she would not
allow him to keep his new wife : as she knew I was her friend, and as the
Christian women imprudently meddled with Mahometan customs, she
thought I should do the same. All I could or would do was to give her
good advice, and point out to her she was acting wrong, and contrary to
her laws ; and according to these laws, a man may take four wives if he
can support them, which her husband could, therefore he might marry
two more : and if he did not send her home, as she had no children, at
least as good as none, as she only had a female child of four years old, he
might make her the last, and treat her as a slave. Though it is the
custom from time immemorial to marry four wives, yet they hate each
other most cordially. The sly, Avicked tricks they play, and the hatred
that grows up between the different children, continually employ their
thoughts. The husband seldom knows of the tricks they play among
themselves : they are obliged to show a good humour before him ; that
is, if he is a husband who knows how to govern his family properly. I
had felt much friendship for this woman, on account of the attention I
received from her the first year, when my eyes were bad, and out of
kindness to her did not see the new wife, but tried all I could to make
peace between them ; and often when all the women of the village went
out to any feast, and she was locked in, on account of quarrelling with
her, I used to intercede with her husband that she might go out with his
mother and sisters : when she got permission, she lamented and said she
had got no money like the rest of the women: I would then give her
some. When I tried to reconcile her to her situation, she would say,
But your men have got but one wife. I told her our laws and religion
did not permit them to have more.

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 457

It was customary with me every evening to ride to Carnak : I was
certain on coming home to see the house in the greatest confusion.
She had a great party in her favour, particularly all the Christian
Avomen, not out of iove or friendship, but because the other wife was
a native of Carnak. The people of Carnak and Luxor are never
friendly. The sisters, who had instigated their brother originally to
take another wife because of her arrogance to them, enjoyed the mor-
tification she now suffered. One evening on coming home I found
the yard full of people, and flinging stones, bricks, and any thing they
could catch hold of, into the apartment of the new wife. On my en-
tering they were in hopes I should interfere. She never would persuade
herself but I would join her in so laudable a concern ; but when she was
convinced I would not head her party, as I told her the English never
interfered with the laws or customs of others, she got outrageous against
me in her heart, and did me all the petty tricks an Arab woman is capable
of 5 such as coming up at night softly and spoiling the jar of water which
was always prepared at night to clear for the next day, and then making a
noise to prevent my sleeping. One night we saw her set fire to the mats
that covered the house of the other wife. One morning I am certain she
put something into the water she used to prepare for my breakfast, for I
was seized with a violent sickness : I took some medicine, though it left me
very weak for some days. At that moment I did not suspect her, but I soon
had reason to observe the change in her conduct. About a fortnight after-
wards I was served the same. After this time I took care she should
not do any thing more for me, and we soon after went to reside at Beban el
Malook, in the entrance of one of the tombs of the kings. When I men-
tioned the subject to Scotch Osman, he said he was certain she had given
me something to injure my health, as he said they were full of those
tricks to each other. Shortly after, we left this place, and departed for
Cairo.

When we arrived there, I found it impossible to remain in
that place ; and go again to Thebes I would not. I persuaded Mr.
B. to let me visit the Holy Land. It was that idea only that had
brought me first into Egypt ; and as I knew circumstances might pre-
vent him from his intended visit to that place, and that I should be
obliged likewise to depart without seeing it, I took this opportunity.

3a

458 MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

I accordingly left Cairo on the 5th of January, 1818, and arrived at
Damietta on the 10th, where I was detained two months, through the
negligence of our agent. One month I staid in his house, in the
apartments of his mother, waiting with the utmost anxiety to hear if
there was water enough to take the ships out of the Bogos, when, one
day being on the top of the house, I saw a ship go out. It was vexatious
to see myself detained there when other ships could go out. My passage
had been taken on board of a ship the day after I had arrived there, with
the promise of being the first to set off. I had then waited a month.
I insisted on going on board, which I did that night; and, with the
continual hopes of daily going, I was detained another month. At last
we departed, and arrived in Jaffa on the 9th of March ; and left there
on the 11th for Rama, where we slept, and arrived in Jerusalem on the
12th of March. I shall never forget the effect the first sight of the
walls of that memorable place had on me. I arrived just in time to
witness the Catholic ceremony that took place the three last days of
Passion week, inside of the building that covers the holy sepulchre. My
much esteemed and respected countryman, Maundrell, has given so exact
and minute an account, that I feel myself incapable of giving a better.

On the first of May I went to the Jordan. A Christian merchant of
Jerusalem, a relation of our consul at Jaffa, provided me a mule and a
driver he could depend upon, to accompany me. I set off some time
before the governor who goes to protect the pilgrims : they were all on
the sides of the road, waiting for the signal of departure, on my arrival at
the boundaries, where none dare go beyond. A black man who was put as
guard there, on seeing me ride on, galloped furiously up to me, gave my
poor mule a blow, and desired me to stop. On his trying to take hold of
the mule, I aimed a blow at him with a corbatch, which he avoided, bran-
dishing his sword at me. The mule then stopped, and I slipt off, being
determined to be as obstinate. I dared him to touch me, and walked on,
leaving both mule and driver behind, who was much frightened at my
insisting to go on. When outside of the boundaries I looked back, and,
to my surprise, saw the man driving the mule after me.

My wish was to arrive in the valley of Jericho before the great
concourse of pilgrims. As I had no one but myself to depend upon, I
wished to procure a spot where I could be out of the crowd; and, without

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 459

putting myself under obligation to any one, I just arrived in time to take
possession of two bushes. I made the man cover them over with Arab
shawls to shade me from the sun, and remained there till our departure
for the Jordan. During the afternoon, an European traveller we had
known in Egypt, in his strolling about encountered me, and politely
offered to render me any services he could in that place ; but in those
journeys I made it an invariable rule to be independent of every one,
that it might not be said, if it had not been for me or for us, she could not
have gone on ; and indeed as it was, I could not escape petty hints from
a countryman of mine, who, " for his part, had no notion of people being
so romantic as to travel about, who had no fortune to support it."

The European traveller whom I mentioned before informed the
English party where I was, some of whom kindly condescended to visit
me, and invited me to their tent, which I justly refused ; and though the
only European woman there, I was better where I was than expose myself
to receive some polite insults, which some of the party were so well
versed in towards women. Yet it is true I felt a little cowardly as the
night drew on.

The gentleman who had engaged my servant, who wanted to return to
England, was good enough to permit him to come and guard me till we
should depart. I felt a little fear, though I took care no one should know it,
particularly when the pilgrims were made to enter the camp, which I did
not, as I had nowhere to go to. It is true I might have joined some Syrian
women ; but the next day I should have had no peace, for they would have
spread it about among the pilgrims I was a woman. As I had now some
one that could answer the guards as they passed, I had nothing more to
fear ; for I never could have got the poor driver that was with me to have
courage enough to answer them. Some time before daylight I mounted
my mule, as all the pilgrims were in motion. We all set off. I find it
impossible to describe the scene. Camels, horses, mules, donkeys, mixed
in confusion together ; women and children, screaming and crying, hung
at the sides of the camels in baskets. I was in danger of being knocked
off" my mule by their coming in contact with me. All my man did was
to drive my mule, no matter for what was on it, sometimes in profound
darkness, at other moments the glare from the fire-pots showed me the
confusion of the scene, the negro guards flying about to keep us together.

3 n 2

460 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

We arrived at the Jordan by break of day. The principal part of the
pilgrims were Greeks. They all took with them a new gown, in which
they bathe in the Jordan : they immediately after fold it up, wet as it is ;
and on their return to the valley of Jericho, they open and dry it : when
arrived at Jerusalem, they take some wax candles that were lighted at
the holy fire that descended from Heaven into the Holy Sepulchre on a
feast-day of theirs, and make the sign of the cross on the said gown with
the wicks of the above candles : this gown is to be kept till they die, and in it
they are to be buried. Hell has no power over those who are thus attired.
After resting some time on our return to the valley, we once more
set off for Jerusalem, where we arrived late at night, all fatigued enough.
A noble family then at Jerusalem, from whom I received much polite-
ness, hearing I meant to go to Nazareth some time before I quitted the
Holy Land, as they were going there, kindly invited me to join theiv
party ; which opportunity I gladly embraced. Being a good many in
number, they took the most interesting roads mentioned in Scripture,
and which road is not always safe for two or three to pass. We left Je-
rusalem on the Sth of May, 1818, and arrived at Nazareth on the 14th,
where I remained.

It was my intention to have remained there some time, but the
Christian Arabs employed in the convent had reported in the village I
was some great person in disguise. Accordingly, I never could go out
without being followed by a concourse of women and children. Having
seen every thing that was interesting in that place, I left them eight days
after. The superior engaged a Christian Mokaro to go with me. I left
Nazareth on Friday, 22nd of May, in the evening, with the intention of
travelling all night, on account of the heat, and particularly as I was
alone, to avoid meeting any Arab tribes. By the time the sun was hid
we arrived at some long black tents belonging to the shepherds of the
Bashaw of Acre : they, according to the custom of the world, judging
me wrongly by my dress, took me into the tent of the men ; that of the
women joined this, but none dared to make their appearance. I was
presented with coffee and fresh milk from the goats. They killed a kid.
We eat with a friendly hospitality together, unknown in Europe. I am
entirely indebted to the great cowardice of my Mokaro for keeping the
secret of my being a woman. He begged of me to remain there till

MRS. BELZONTS TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 461

twelve o'clock, as being a safer hour to depart. Having consented, I put
my portmanteau under my head, and covering myself up in my burnoose,
I composed myself to sleep ; but the fleas, to welcome my arrival, were
determined I should not. Unfortunately for me, they did not prevent my
Mokaro from sleeping. Having awoke him, I desired him to prepare for
departure, which he positively refused ; alleging, by way of excuse, that
on our passing the different tents, though the people might be asleep, the
dogs were not, and would fly out upon us, and a great many more lies.
Finding I could not prevail, patience was my only remedy: with much
persuasion, an hour before daybreak on the 23d, we departed. I never
suffered in Egypt or Nubia such a dreadful unwholesome heat as on this
day.

I could enter into many particulars ; such as, at daybreak meeting
with a camp of Arabs in their tents, all busily employed in preparing
cheese, sour-milk, and gista, or clouted cream ; women churning butter
in the skins of goats, hung up in the middle of three poles, which they
kept shaking. Going on, we met with a number of wild-looking Arabs ;
which not only frightened my poor Mokaro, but would have frightened
Munchausen himself, had he been there ; and I must confess, I did not
feel very courageous myself. We arrived, in the evening, at the most
wretched, miserable Turkish village I had ever met with. I would not
go to the Shiek, which is customary, as I knew my Mokaro would
have told him who I was. We went to an enclosed yard belonging to
some poor miserable creatures, the most wretched in Egypt ; where, a
princess, compared to the people of this village, I fixed upon a spot, and
was in hopes of resting a little after the miserable night and day I had
passed. During the time I was eating some bread and cucumber, the
only thing I could obtain, a number of men, women, and children came,
and said I was passing that road to avoid paying the tribute that
Christians are liable to. I had left my firman at Jerusalem, and I began
to consider what to do, as the Europeans are exempted from paying. I
was determined not to give any thing. On my desiring my Mokaro
to tell the people to go away, that they had no right to demand any thing
from me, instead of telling them so, he begged me to give the people
something, or, he said, it would be bad for us. This made me nearly
lose patience, and I saw into the trick. Having hinted them myself to go

■4G2 MRS. BELZONrS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

away, but still resisting, and being importunate, I got up in a threaten-
ing manner, and began to open my portmanteau. The Mokaro not
knowing but that I might have pistols in it, began to tell them to
disperse. I complained unjustly of the few fleas I had the preceding
night at the shepherds' tent ; for the horrid torture I suffered this night
no words can express : they must have been in thousands. The very
inmates, accustomed as they were to them, were far from sleeping sound,
scratching and rubbing in a most miserable way, and at times getting up
and shaking themselves, and walking about, but seemingly unconscious
of what made them so miserable. Some time back I might have got
a premium in Spain from the Holy Inquisition for such an invaluable
addition of cruel torture.

We left this village of fleas on the 24th, two hours before day. The
country we passed this day was finely cultivated, and the best I have seen
since I left Europe. We saw immense quantities of Indian figs.

We arrived at the convent of Rama at one. I went to bed imme-
diatelv, being too much fatigued to eat ; not so much from the journey,
as that was trifling, but from the dreadful nights I had passed. I rested
in this quiet, peaceful retreat till the 27th. Its situation is beautiful:
from the top there is a fine view of the country for miles. We departed
for Jersualem on Wednesday, where I went to remain till Mr. B. should
come for me, which was his original intention. During this time I tried
all means I possibly could to enter the temple of Solomon, but to no
purpose, though often promised.

When the Turks want to repair any buildings, they send to Acre and
other places for the poor Christian Arabs, who do all the labourers' work,
though they allow no Christian to enter into the temple. Inconsistent as
they are, they are glad enough to have them to repair or build their sacred
places; and when finished, purify it from their contamination. Such
was the case when I arrived at Jerusalem : the temples were undergoing
a repair. The Christians employed in this work were nearly all Catholics.
They were, of course, lodged in a quarter appropriated by the convent
for pilgrims and Europeans ; in which quarter I was, as women are not
allowed to enter the convent. As I daily mixed among those people, it
struck me, that by their means I might get into the temple. Some one
put it into my head, after the men had given up all hopes of assisting me

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 468

to enter, that it might be possible, if the men could procure permission
for their wives to enter, as they had been allowed to go in when they first
began to repair the temple, that by dressing myself like one of them, I
might enter with them. It was a good plan ; but the temple was nearly
finished, and the Turks did not care to oblige them. They did not, however,
tell me they could not get permission ; but, on the contrary, said they
had procured it, and I should go in with their women. According to the
time appointed, they brought me the clothes. Being dressed, and my
face comfortably smothered up in July, my feet cramped into boots
with high heels, that were not large enough for me, but like the glass
slipper, I would have suffered any thing rather than not go, off we
went. I cannot describe the sensations I felt between hope and fear.
After going down hill for some time, creeping like snails, as it is not the
custom to walk fast, beside the misery I endured, from my toes being
cut by being flung forwards by the high heels, we arrived at Mount Sion,
where stands the Moska where our Blessed Saviour eat his last supper
with his disciples, and where the tomb of David and Solomon is. As I
had seen it on the outside on my first arrival, I knew I could enter at
any time for a dollar. The women began to whisper among themselves,
and called their husbands out, I thought for the purpose of accompanying
us to the temple ; but no one can imagine the cruel disappointment,
when they told me this was the temple. Judging me like their own
women, they thought they could pass this off as the Temple, and get the
bakshis from me. I instantly saw their intention, when too late. What
with the disappointment, and the imposition they had put upon me, and
the state of my feet, and the shame I felt at having been deceived
by those women, I refused to enter, and began to scold them for the trick
they wanted to play me. Seeing I knew this place was not the temple,
they seemed for a few moments quite stupefied ; at last they began to
excuse themselves, saying they had just heard they could not get per-
mission for their wives to enter : but I was not in a humour to listen to
those stories. They, thinking to pacify me, told me the Ramadan would
begin in a few days, and that it would be easy enough to get me in then.
I had lost all confidence, and was quite indifferent to all they could say.
After venting my passion a little, I went into the Moska. I returned
properly mortified, and shut myself up in my room, and would not let

4()4 MRS. BELZONrS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

any of the women come nigh me. They sent me all the excuses possible,
with a thousand promises. After this I Avent to Bethlehem and to St.
Giovanni, and to the desert where he preached, and to the valley where
David killed Goliah. After my return, I began to prepare to depart for
that sink of vice and wickedness, Grand Cairo, as I had received letters
from Mr. B. that there was no chance of his being able to visit Syria,
at least for some months. During my preparation for my voyage, the
drogueman of Mr. Bankes arrived in Jerusalem to fetch the doctor of the
convent, as he was ill in Jaffa. This man had been some time in Nubia
with Mr. Belzoni. I took this opportunity, as I did not dare to trust the
interpreter of the convent, to get this man to go to the head scrivan
of the temple, telling him what I would give him if he could succeed in
getting me in. The drogueman returned, telling me the man would give
me an answer in the evening : it was only a trial, for I had no hopes.
The drogueman told me the scrivan said, if I had been a man he could get
me in. Of course, when he heard that, he thought of his master, who
he knew wished much to enter two years before. A few days after this,
having all my things ready, and my mules engaged, I took a little boy
of nine years old, son of the porter, well known by travellers, and told
him to show me the way to the door that leads into the grounds where
the temple was. Leaving the boy at the gate, I walked slowly on. I had
got half way towards the steps, when I saw a Turk at a distance ; but
being dressed as one, he took no notice of me. I had got black shoes
on, which I had blacked for the Passion Week, to enter the Holy Se-
pulchre, and which I was determined to wear all the time in the Holy
Land, and which I have now. The weeds prevented my shoes from
being seen, otherwise I should have been known for a Christian. I at
last got to the steps on the north, that lead up to the platform where
the Holy of Holies stands. During the time I took to consider whether
I should venture to go on, I found myself on the top. Here I had to
consider again ; but imperceptibly I walked on, and passed the door
on the east, and came to that on the south, which has an inscription
over it, and which looks towards steps opposite to those I came up. I
passed and went towards that on the west, and then to the northern, and
passed again the one on the east, and came again to the southern door,
which I went up to, and looked in, and saw some pillars of marble or

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 465

granite in the inside. I left it again with the intention of reconnoitring
a little, to see if any Turks were in the way. I had got to the western
door the second time, when I observed a man following me, but did not
dare to look at him. He said to me, in Italian, when passing, " Follow
me," and went on, as if not noticing me. I was surprised; but, on
looking, I found it to be a Christian, with whose wife I was intimate, who
lived in the same quarter, and who often said, if he had not been afraid
of the other Christians, he would have taken me in. Unfortunately, the
Christians are very treacherous, and betray each other to the Turks ;
which makes those people dislike and despise the Christians so much.

I naturally concluded he woidd take me into this same building ; but as I
could not speak to him, I followed in silence. We went down the southern
steps, and passed a fountain of water which comes from Solomon's pools
at Bethlehem. This water both Turks and Christians prize much ; and
during the time they were working there, each man was allowed to bring
home a large pitcher every night for his own use ; and the women used
to give me some every day as a great treat. Having passed some cedar
trees, we came to the great mosque, according to Ali Bey Ell Aksa, a
large building. In the words of Ali Bey, page 215, no Mussulman
governor dare permit an infidel to pass in the territory of Mecca, or into
the temple of Jerusalem. A permission of this kind would be looked
upon as a horrid sacrilege : it would not be respected by the people, and
the infidel would become the victim of his imprudent boldness. This
edifice forms the south-east corner of the city of Jerusalem, and oc-
cupies the site on which formerly stood the temple of Solomon.

When we consider the permission which Dr. Richardson had to enter,
it may be observed there is some inconsistency in the above account of
Ali Bey : but no, the Doctor had rendered the Capodi Verde a service in
his medical capacity, which he knew not how to return in a manner suf-
ficiently to gratify him, and to show the high estimation and gratitude he
held the service he had received from him, but by granting him permission
to enter the Holy Sanctuary : a permission the Emperor himself has not
power to grant. It is true, he may give a firman to that effect; but when
arrived in Jerusalem, and on their presenting it, they are told they do
not refuse them to enter according to the firman, but it does not say any
thing about coming out : therefore that he is welcome to go in if he likes,

3o

466 MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

but remember, if he wishes to come out, he must embrace their religion,
or suffer death in all its horrors, by being burnt alive. Such is the informa-
tion I received in Jerusalem, and I have no reason to doubt the truth
of it.

On entering it, the man took off his shoes, and put them under his
arms. I slipt mine off; but, in the hurry on entering this building,
I left them at the door, and went after the man. This place is full
of large columns and pillars, some of granite, with different capitals,
in the rude Turkish style, which I could scarcely look at, after what I
had seen in Egypt. We entered a recess, wherein was a large window :
there I found a Christian at work. He was well known, as he had his
nose cut off by the Bashaw of Acre, a little time after the French were
there. He told me this was the spot where St. Simon and St. Anne
had taken our Saviour in their arms and prophesied. There are some
small marble and granite pillars in this place. On walking to the end
of this building, where are windows which look over Siloe, they showed
me a place in the wall where, as they say, originally stood a door which
our Saviour used to go out of; and on the spot was a stone on which
they say is the impression of our Saviour's foot. Close by there is a
small staircase to ascend, similar to our pulpits, where the priests, I
suppose, preach or pray with the people. The men took me into two
other little rooms, one on the right and the other on the left, which were
undergoing a repair, and full of rubbish of stones and mortar. They told
me they were holy on account of our Saviour : for what, I could not
understand. I do not attempt to give an account of this place. I un-
derstood but very few words of Arabic, and Italian very imperfectly; and
if I had, it would here have availed me nothing, for those men knew it not :
that is to say, they had, when boys, and serving at mass, picked up a
mixture of Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. Therefore I saw without
understanding, and had not the advantage of having every thing pointed
out to me. Having seen all in that place, I expected to return the same
way I came. The man, observing I had not my shoes, asked me what I
had done with them : I recollected I had left them at the door on entering.
On attempting to go after them, he stopped me, and said he would go
for them himself. I remained in the recess before mentioned. He
returned without my shoes. He said a Turk had seen them, and taken

MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 467

them as a witness against him that he had let a Christian enter. He
seemed much frightened. Whether all this was true I know not. He gave
me a pair of red shoes. I was now more vexed at the loss of my precious
shoes than alarmed at the consequences, and told him positively, that he
must get them, promising to give him a bakshis when he brought them
to me ; which he did the day after. He then took me out at a little
door, thinking he was going to show me something more, when I found
myself outside the building, in a wild kind of a place ; and though I kept
asking where we were going, he made no answer, making a sign not to
speak ; but, to my sorrow, I soon found out where I was, seeing we were near
the Armenian convent. I had left the poor boy at the door, who knew not
what had become of me. About a quarter of an hour after my return, he
came into our quarter, crying and beating himself, saying that I was lost ;
that after he had waited some time at the door, he went in and ran all over
the place to seek for me, but could not find me. This day turned out to
be a day of strife ; for, on my return, the carpenters, scrivans, and their
wives, were quarrelling amongst themselves, because I had been in with-
out them, and had lost the promised bakshis ; each reproaching the other
with having taken me in slily. The Padre Curato, a Spaniard, had been
informed of the confusion in our quarter, though I had shut myself up
very quietly in my room, without taking notice of the quarrelling in
the yard below ; indeed, I did not know it concerned me. On his
coming into my room, the first word he said was, Is it true, Signora, you
have been in the temple ? I understood the poor father was alarmed for
fear the Turks should come to be informed of it, and should come upon
the convent for a sum of money, which they are accustomed to do very
often, upon one frivolous pretext or other. I answered him I had been
in a building, where I was informed our Saviour was presented, and had
seen a stone with the impression of our Saviour's feet on it, which I had
the satisfaction of kneeling down to kiss. He had evidently come into
the room to scold me ; but the pious father, on knowing what a good
Christian I was, could not find in his heart to proceed, only saying, " Che
corragio," and telling me that the oldest friar there had never dared
to go into the street that leads to the temple, which I sincerely believe.
In the evening, the Christian women of this quarter having satisfied
themselves that no one had taken me into the Temple, came to my room,

3 o 2

468 MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

and sitting down around me, exclaimed every now and then, lifting up
their hands, that it was God saved me. And when I expressed my
sorrow that I did not go into the Holy of Holies on the platform,
when I was on it, they would exclaim, in crossing themselves, that
it was Christ and the Virgin Mary that protected me from going in,
otherwise I must have been burnt, and a great many more things. But,
however, I thought it prudent to leave Jerusalem the day but one after
for Jaffa. On arriving at the house of our Levantine agent, I found Mr.
Bankes, who was beginning to recover from a fever. I was obliged to
wait some days before I could procure a passage for Damietta. During
this time I understood from the Drogueman of Mr. B. that he was buying
an Albanian dress for him, with the plea of going to Rama for few days
on account of ill health, and to pass on quick to Jerusalem, and proceed
straight into the temple. It was a good plan, and nothing more easy ;
for as Mahomet passed for an Albanian, he could pass Mr. B. off as his
countryman, who could not speak any other language but his own, as it
is not expected an Albanian should know either Arabic or Turkish ; and
having practised from his Drogueman the ceremony of the prayers, there
was little doubt of his succeeding.

The domestic comfort of the Christian women I had the opportunity of
mixing with in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth, was much greater,
and they were much more respected by their husbands, than any I had
seen since I left England ; for the state of the Christian women and
natives of Egypt is not better than the Mahometans. During a few
months' residence in the Holy Land, particularly in Jerusalem, I used to
go among them every day. In their houses they were particularly neat and
clean ; though they had neither chairs nor tables, yet, according to their
customs, they were very proud to furnish their little place, such as having
mattresses with good coverings, and quilts of printed cotton, which are
things of some consideration in Syria, besides a handsome set of coffee-cups,
and pictures on the walls : they are fond of ornaments in their houses,
but every thing for use and comfort. The women in the quarters were
the wives of the carpenters and scrivans employed in the temples, so that
I used to see all their customs. They used to wash their clothes on
Friday or Saturday, and mend and fold them up with the greatest neat-
ness, and clean up all the house for the Sunday, which they passed in the

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 469

most comfortable and amicable way : they had only to prepare their little
dinner : husband and wife, father and mother, and children, always eat
together, and sometimes invite a few friends to dine with them on a
Sunday, or go and take a walk. The best part of the women I knew
were very pretty, and some would even in England have been accounted
beautiful. I knew one young married woman: according to my idea of
female beauty she was very fair, without that sickly fairness which is so
often seen in the East : I have seen no face to please me so much in any
place I have been in since ; something so extremely expressive in her coun-
tenance ; large, full, light blue eyes, with an engaging simplicity seldom to
be met with in those countries. In general their eyes are black, and, when
expressive of modesty, are very pleasing ; but then there are some that
disgust you by too bold or forward a look, or extreme stupidity. I visited
a family belonging to a Christian merchant — I do not mean merchants like
ours ; but however he was very well off: his house had every domestic com-
fort, and was provided even with what are considered luxuries, and would,
in England, be thought so too. I took a lady, then in Jerusalem, to see
this family. In Bethlehem the Turks are absolutely afraid of the Christians.
I one day went to see the wife and family of the Drogueman. A poor
Mahometan woman came in : I was astonished to see her humility. The
Christian woman treated her like a slave. The Christians had massacred
a great number of Turks about fifty years ago, and this woman was one
belonging to some that had been murdered. By what I saw, the Christian
women in those places are much superior to any others, both in regard
to their household concerns, and the consideration they are treated with.
In Egypt the Christians seldom eat with their wives.

The English agent had engaged a cabin for me on board a Turkish
ship, and as it was not to go till the next day, he invited me to go and
see a garden of his : we had scarcely arrived there, when some one
came running after us, saying the ship was going to sail immediately :
through this mistake I had not bought any provisions for the voyage.
Fortunately for me there happened to be in Jaffa two Italians who had
been on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, one a worker in tin, and the other
had served his time to the wax business in all its branches; a thing much
wanted in Egypt. They wished to go to Alexandria straight forward,
but not being able to procure an immediate passage, and having heard Mr.

470 MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

13. was an Italian, they consented to go to Cairo with me ; and though it
is a short passage of two or three days, yet sometimes it is much longer.
Had it not been for these two men, I believe I never should have reached
Cairo alive, being continually troubled with bilious fever.

A Portuguese servant of Mr. Bankes, who was left in Jaffa, exerted
himself with the other two men in sending my luggage to the water side,
and in procuring what little provision they could get at that late hour
in the evening. We went down to the water side, with the intent of
going on board. On arriving at the port-gate, I was informed the go-
vernor was sitting in it, but that he would go in a few minutes. After wait-
ing a good half hour, I asked the consul what I was made to wait for in
that manner: he told me there was no other door to go out at, but that one
where the governor was sitting, and that no one could go out of it till he
left it. If they were all slaves to the Turks, I told them, I was not. As
I knew none of these courageous gentlemen durst speak a word to the
Turks, I began to complain in bad Italian, and still worse Arabic, of
my being kept a prisoner by the Turks in Jaffa. A respectable Turk,
formerly belonging to the Barbary coast, and who had been to England,
that is Gibraltar, which they denominate so, spoke Italian very well :
he said the governor would be gone in a short time, and begged me to
have patience. I told him, in broken Arabic, the English were not slaves
to the Turks, loud enough for the governor to hear me.

I certainly did not think my words would have any effect. This
man went to the governor, and he immediately left the place. I was
glad at his going. The English agent, a Levantine, thought proper
to say the governor wanted to see me, having heard I was a woman.
This is not true, and if it was so, I am indebted to him for telling
the governor that I was a woman. It is the custom, when any English
arrive there, for him to accompany them to the governor, and, to
support his high notions of dignity, he thinks they cannot be too liberal
in their presents, and cries up the greatness of the riches of my lord
English ; but understanding I was not a rich person, though as liberal
in making remuneration in return for civilities or things received as
others, no doubt had reported I was a person of no consequence, which
the governor hearing, he thought, though he dare not show his conse-
quence to Englishmen, he could display it to me : at any rate, if such was

MRS. BELZONFS TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 471

his idea, the words I used in the hearing of him and his people must have
made him feel very little. We went on board the ship, which was under
weigh. What was my distress on finding the cabin, which had been en-
gaged for me for a hundred and thirty piastres, full of melons, and the
deck full of Albanian soldiers, which alarmed me, on account of what I
had seen in Egypt of them ; and though taken ill immediately on getting
on board, I insisted on being sent on shore to complain to the consul.
The boat was still alongside us : the moment I insisted on going, and re-
quested that my luggage should be put in the boat, they ordered it slily
off, and all I could say was useless. The two poor men who were with
me, and who knew very little of the customs of the Turks, and nothing of
the language, begged me, for the love of the Virgin, not to say any thing
to them, for we were in their power. Though extremely sick, I desired
them not to show these people they were at all alarmed. I was still on
deck : it was quite dark, and we were in great confusion, as is customary
in Turkish ships, which have no regulation or compass but the stars, and
pride themselves on being wiser than the Europeans. I insisted on having
my cabin cleaned out, according to contract. After a great deal of
talking, and trying every means they could to prevent the melons being
taken out, as it was late, it was at last concluded a part should then
be taken out, and the rest the next morning : my luggage was taken
down, and I was accommodated as well as could be expected. The
wind altered, and after three days of contrary weather we were obliged
to put into Cyprus, where we stopped three days. We once more set sail
for Damietta, and were much delayed by calms. At last, after thirteen
days from the time we left Jaffa, we arrived in that port. I never suffered
on the ocean what I suffered in this insignificant voyage. I must now
once more mention with gratitude the respectable and decent conduct,
added to the assistance these men rendered me, for I was ill the whole
time I was on board. It is in these moments we see the soul of mankind,
and sorry enough I was I could not show a greater liberality towards them
than my limited purse would allow me. I should not have thought any
sum too much for the assistance they had given me.

On arriving at Damietta I found, in the short space of six months, the
mother of the consul and his sister, with whom I had lived a month in much
friendship, both dead ; the mother was only forty, and the sister twenty-

472 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

eight, and left, I believe, a fond husband to deplore her loss, with four
fine boys. I cannot help observing and thinking with the Arab, that, indeed,
God was with me ; for during the time I was in that house, a younger
brother of the consul, about nine years old, came home one day in a high
fever ; the mother told me of it ; I presented her with a little tea, which
she made for him, and he perspired : the next day he was better, and my
going on board the ship, vexed at being detained in Damietta so long,
was what saved me ; for although the boy got better, yet the disease
lingered about him, and a few days after my departure he was seized
with a violent malignant fever, which the mother caught from him. Her
daughter caught it likewise, and both died. I could not put it in their
heads to refrain from eating many things which I told them were bad ;
the only answer I received was, What can I do ? I like it, and God is
good. The women, shut up as they are, employ themselves in eating
every trash they can get hold of to get fat ; therefore it is no wonder they
are ahvays ill. Had I staid, I probably should have had the same fate,
by catching the fever from them.

After resting five days at the house of a female relation of the consul's,
we departed for Cairo, where I expected to have met Mr. B. I remained
there two months, during which time Abdalla, the Wahabee chief, was
brought in a prisoner by the Turks, to be sent to Constantinople to be
beheaded. Having inquired the day he was to enter Cairo, I took a
Mameluke who had run away from Dongola, and staid some time with
Mr. B. at Ybsambul : he was now in Cairo, and I took the opportunity of
having his escort about the town. We set off by break of day, and having
rode in and out of that city till we were tired, each Arab giving us a
different account of the road the chief was to enter, we at last heard he
was arrived, and was gone up to the citadel : on our arriving there we
found he was not yet come, but was expected. We went to a coffee-shop
that commanded a full view of the gate, and after having waited about
an hour, drinking coffee and smoking, we at last found out he was at
the house of the Kakia Bay, where all the Turks were going to see him. I
now gave up all hopes. We set off, however, once more in search of him,
but on arriving at the Kakia Bey's house I stopped on seeing a number
of Turks, and felt my courage give way, as they are very different to the
Arabs, and was a little shy about entering. At last I asked the Mameluke

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 473

what answer he would give in case any one should question him about
who I was. He said that he would tell them I was an English Turk. I was
dressed as a Mameluke, so I mustered all the consequence and courage
I could assume, though, indeed, I felt a little unpleasant, fearing the Turks
should recognise me to be a woman : let it not be mistaken — they would
not molest me, but their curiosity would be excited.

I went through a large yard, and entered a little room where Abdallah
the chief was seated, seemingly much fatigued : I understood he had been
ill on the road. The Pashaw sent his carriage for him some part of the
road, but they took care to put heavy irons on him. I judged him to be
about twenty-eight or thirty, of a very expressive and interesting counte-
nance ; perhaps his situation made it appear more so to me : he spoke to no
one. He had a brother with a vulgar Fellah countenance, talking with
every one of the Turks, particularly those belonging to the church : he
wanted to make them believe, though his brother had fought against
them, he never had. After we had staid some time looking at him, they
ordered all out, to make room for others. I passed out with more courage
than I entered, and much pleased at having gratified my curiosity so
easily.

After waiting two months in Cairo, and understanding it might be
some time before Mr. B. could return, I determined on a third voyage
to Thebes, taking the Mameluke before mentioned. I went to Boolak,
and engaged a canja with two small cabins; one held my luggage, and the
other my mattress, for which I paid 125 piastres. I left Cairo on November
27th, and arrived at Ackmim on the 11th December, at night. A heavy
rain, accompanied with thunder and lightning, commenced an hour after
sunset, and continued the whole of the night: it poured in torrents. My
mattress and coverings were wet through, and were so for some days ; and
though the rain had ceased, yet it came pouring from the mountains
through the lands into the Nile on each side for several days after. I
arrived at Luxor on the 16th, and was informed Mr. B. was gone to the
Isle of Philce : I crossed the Nile, and took up my residence at Beban el
Malook*. The men left to guard the tomb in Mr. B.'s absence informed

* I shall here take occasion to mention a little anecdote, which will give an idea how far
revenge is carried by these people. Having no one to attend on me but men, I took for that

3p

474 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

me of the heavy rain they had experienced on the night I mentioned, and,
in spite of all their efforts, they could not prevent the water entering the
tomb ; it had carried in a great deal of mud, and, on account of the great
heat, and the steam arising from the damp, made some of the walls crack,
and some pieces had fallen. On hearing this I went into the tomb, and
the only thing we could do was to order a number of boys to take the
damp earth away, for while any damp remained the walls would still go
on cracking. Mr. B. arrived two days before Christmas, and on St.
Stephen's day he crossed to Carnak to review the various spots of earth
he had to excavate, when an attempt was made to assassinate him. I had
then a violent bilious fever, which, added to this fright, flung me into the
yellow jaundice. Having sent a man to procure me some medicine from
a doctor at Ackmeim, he returned after five days with about half an
ounce of cream of tartar, and two teaspoonsful of rhubarb. Fortunately
for me, two English gentlemen happened to arrive, on their return from
Nubia for Cairo, and gave me some calomel, which was of great service
to me, and which I remember with much gratitude.

We then bade adieu to Thebes, and embarked for Cairo. On our
going down, the Mameluke informed me there was a large boat with four
Turkish ladies, who had just returned from a pilgrimage to Mecca, and
were now on their way to Constantinople. They had stopped two nights
where we did: they had heard there was an Englishwoman in our boat, and
expressed a wish to see me. When we halted for the night, I sent our
Mameluke to them to say I should be happy to visit them. The man that
was sent to accompany them came with the Mameluke to fetch me. On
our going on board, he knocked at the door, and told them in Turkish that
I was there. The door was opened enough to permit me to enter : it

purpose a young girl, the sister-in-law of the woman at Luxor who was so spiteful on ray
refusing to head her party against her husband's second wife, and whom I suspected to have
on that account given me something to injure my health. I was very partial to this young
girl, and some few days after my arrival, talking to her about her sister-in-law, I told her I
knew what she had done to me. I saw the girl seemed frightened. The day after, she told me
she wanted to go and see her mother, but she did not come back. I expressed my surprise on
the occasion, when a Christian told me, that after what I had told her, the girl was afraid to
stay with me, for fear I should revenge myself on her for what her sister-in-law had done to
me, as they were accustomed to do among themselves.

MRS. BELZONrS TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 475

was a maish, with two large rooms in it. On entering, I found the ladies
sitting on fine cushions that were placed round the room. They received
me with much politeness. Two female servants sat in front of the
middle door to observe what was passing, and to be ready to hand the
coffee, sherbet, and oranges ; and though they knew not one word
of Arabic, and myself not one word of Turkish, yet women are never
at a loss to talk. My Mameluke stood on the outside of the door to tell
me, in Arabic mixed with a few words of Italian, what the ladies said : by
which means we contrived to keep up a conversation for some time.
They began to tell me of the holy journey they had taken, and the
fatigue they had undergone. They then began to inquire where I had
been, as the Mameluke had informed their men that I was a Hadge,
and that I had been on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They said how
happy I was to have been there, as this place is considered by the Turks
as a holy city, on account of its being one of the stairs to Mecca, as
well as containing the tombs of Suleiman and Daoud. They expressed
much admiration and surprise when I told them I had been to see their
tombs. They were much surprised how the English should know any
thing about David, and Solomon, and Jacob, and Joseph, as they belong
to the Turks. I told them they belonged equally to us, and began to
mention pretty well various names in the Old Testament, such as Adam
and Eve, Cain and Abel, Abraham and Isaac, and Sarah, telling them
that was my name, Moses and Aaron, and all I could think of at the
moment ; telling them Christ descended from David. They were the
first to ask me about the Virgin Mary and our Saviour, and seemed
much gratified. The Turks have a great respect for the Virgin Mary,
and likewise for our Saviour. Those places are holy to them, but not
the tomb of our Saviour. They laugh at our kneeling in the tomb, as
they say Christ was a spirit, and as such could not have been crucified,
and that a man in his form and figure was crucified in his stead. I do
not wish to be thought presumptuous enough to attempt to contradict or
to know better than any one else, for my knowledge is very limited ; but,
according to Ali Bey's account of the Turks, our Saviour left his likeness
to Judas, who was crucified in his stead. How could that be ? for in the
27th chapter of St. Matthew, verse 5th, he went and hung himself. The

3p 2

476 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

ladies lifted up their eyes and hands in wonder, and began asking me if
I could read ; and, as I knew all those belonging to them, how it was I did
not know Mahomet. I told them he was a great man.

The only way to gain these people is by giving into their prejudices
a little, if we wish to gain any advantage ; for from my small expe-
rience, there is not an easier people than the Turks to be converted to
Christianity; and though I may be condemned for my opinion, there is no
religion would suit them so well as the protestant church of England,
on account of its simplicity ; for they cannot bear any kind of figure or
images. And though I am much against forcing our religion on any one,
yet, as they have began to translate the blessed Scriptures in every
language, I would to God our Prayer Book was translated, and joined to
the Old and New Testament : it is not forcing it on any one, and those
that would like to read it might or not, as they pleased. I mean those
translated into the eastern languages.

They asked me if I had ever been at Stambul, or Constantinople.
I told them I had not, but that I hoped I should. They began to praise
it, telling me it was the finest place in the world, and said they hoped
they should see me there.

All this time they had been anxious to know if I had any jewels on
my head under my turban : to gain this information, they took off the
kerchiefs of their head-dresses to show me theirs. I observed a great
delicacy in their manners towards me, fearing to offend. I was not
astonished at the sight of the pearls and diamonds, but that they should
make a journey to Mecca and return without being robbed: though it is
true Mahomet Ali had troops there at this time, the road is sometimes
dangerous. I had now seen their jewels, which was a good way of asking
me to show mine. It was useless for me to observe I had none, but I
knew I could gratify their curiosity equally well. All the women are
extremely fond of long hair, and for some reason or other they seldom
attain it, and my hair was a little longer than they were accustomed to
see. I told them, as I was obliged to travel in the dress of a Turk, I
could not carry any thing belonging to women. They seemed to think it
was perfectly right, and asked me if our women in England wore pearls,
and diamonds, and ear-rings, and bracelets, and many other questions.

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 477

I took off my turban, and showed them my hair : they got up and felt it,
to be certain it was my own, and had a long conversation among them-
selves about it.

Among the four ladies were a mother and daughter. The daughter
had been married some years, and had no children, which occasioned
her journey to the holy shrine of Mecca. They showed me many relics
they had brought from thence. They told me their husbands were
scrivans to the sultan, and that on their arrival in Cairo they should go
to the house of the Khalil Bey till they proceeded to Alexandria ; and
hoped we should see each other every night if we should stop in the same
place, if not in Cairo. We parted very friendly, hoping to meet again ;
and certainly if I ever should go to Constantinople, I shall remind them
of their invitation. I sent them in some pieces of fine soap from Jeru-
salem, with which they were highly pleased. On arriving at Cairo I was
too much occupied in preparing to leave that place for Alexandria, and
could not visit them. The Mameluke saw them there, and they sent me
a message, to say they were likewise going to Alexandria in a day or two,
and hoped to meet me in that place.

On arriving at Rosetta I remained there for some time, therefore I
lost the opportunity of meeting those ladies again. On Mr. B.'s making
up his mind to go into Lybia, he settled me comfortably in a house in
Rosetta, which belonged to an English merchant of Alexandria, who was
kind enough to lend it to him : and having laid in those provisions that
would have been dangerous for me to buy, as the plague was now be-
ginning to show its horrid face, and engaged a man to call every day, to
buy meat, bread, vegetables, &c. he departed for Lybia.

My prison companions were antelopes, sheep, goats, and fowls. I had
collected a great number of cameleons, but I never could, in five months'
trial, get them to live longer than two. The Arabs in Lower Egypt in
catching them jump upon them, or fling stones, or strike them with sticks,
which hurts them much. The Nubians lie down gently on the ground,
and when they come down from the date-trees, they catch hold of the
tail, and fix a string to it, therefore the body does not get injured.

I do not presume to give a description of the cameleon any farther
than what observation I could make, having had those animals for several
months with me. In the first place, they are very inveterate towards

478 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

their own kind, and must not be shut up together, for they bite each
others' tails and legs off. There are three species of cameleons, whose
colours are peculiar to themselves : for instance, the commonest sort are
those which are generally green, that is to say, the body all green, and
when content, beautifully marked on each side regularly on the green
with black and yellow, not in a confused manner, but as if drawn. This
kind is in great plenty, and never have any other colour except a light
green when they sleep, and when ill, a very pale yellow. Out of near forty
I had the first year when in Nubia, I had but one, and that a very small
one of the second sort, which had red marks. One cameleon lived with
me eight months, and most of that time I had it fixed to the button of my
coat : it used to rest on my shoulder or on my head. I have observed,
when I have kept it shut up in a room for some time, that on bringing
it out in the air it would begin drawing the air in, and on putting it on
some marjoram it has had a wonderful effect on it immediately : its
colour became most brilliant. I believe it will puzzle a good many to say
what cause it proceeds from. If they did not change when shut up in a
house, but only on taking them in a garden, it might be supposed the
change of the colours was in consequence of the smell of the plants ; but
when in a house, if it is watched, it will change every ten minutes : some
moments a plain green, at others all its beautiful colours will come out,
and when in a passion it becomes of a deep black, and will swell itself up
like a balloon, and, from being one of the most beautiful animals, it becomes
one of the most ugly. It is true they are extremely fond of the fresh
air, and on taking them to a window when there is nothing to be seen, it
is easy to observe the pleasure they certainly take in it : they begin to
gulp down the air, and their colour becomes brighter. I think it proceeds
in a great degree from the temper they are in : a little thing will put
them in a bad humour : if in crossing a table, for instance, you stop them,
and attempt to turn them another road, they will not stir, and are extremely
obstinate : on opening the mouth at them it will set them in a passion :
they begin to arm themselves by swelling and turning black, and will
sometimes hiss a little, but not much. The third I brought from Jeru-
salem was the most singular of all the cameleons I ever had : its temper,
if it can be so called, was extremely sagacious and cunning. This one was
not of the order of the green kind, but a disagreeable drab, and it never

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 479

once varied in its colour in two months. On my arrival in Cairo I used
to let it crawl about the room, on the furniture. Sometimes it would
get down, if it could, and hide itself away from me, but in a place where
it could see me; and sometimes, on my leaving the room and on entering
it, would draw itself so thin as to make itself nearly on a level with what-
ever it might be on, so that I might not see it. It had often deceived me
so. One day having missed it for some time, I concluded it was hid about
the room ; after looking for it in vain, I thought it had got out of the
room and made its escape : in the course of the evening, after the candle
was lighted, I went to a basket that had got an handle across it : I saw
my cameleon, but its colour entirely changed, and different to any I ever
had seen before : the whole body, head and tail, a brown with black spots,
and beautiful deep orange-coloured spots round the black. I certainly
was much gratified: on being disturbed, its colours vanished, unlike the
others ; but after this I used to observe it the first thing in the morn-
ing, when it would have the same colours. Some time after, it made its
escape out of my room, and I suppose got into a garden close by. I was
much vexed, and would have given twenty dollars to have recovered it
again, though it only cost me threepence, knowing I could not get another
like it; for afterwards being in Rosetta, I had between fifty and sixty ; but
all those were green, yellow, and black ; and the Arabs in catching them
had bruised them so much, that after a month or six weeks they died. It
is an animal extremely hard to die. I had prepared two cages with separate
divisions, with the intention of bringing them to England ; but though I
desired the Arabs that used to get them for me to catch them by the tail, they
used to hurt them much with their hands; and if once the body is squeezed,
it will never live longer than two months. When they used to sleep at
night, it was easy to see where they had been bruised ; for being of a very
light colour when sleeping, the part that had been bruised, either on the
body or the head, which was bone, was extremely black, though when green
it would not show itself so clear. Their chief food was flies : the fly does not
die immediately on being swallowed, for upon taking the cameleon up in my
hands it was easy to feel the fly buzzing, chiefly on account of the air they
draw in their inside : they swell much, and particularly when they want to
fling themselves off a great height, by filling themselves up like a balloon :
on falling, they get no hurt, except on the mouth, which they bruise a

480 MRS. BELZONLS TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

little, as that comes first to the ground. Sometimes they will not drink
for three or four days, and when they begin they are about half an hour
drinking. I have held a glass in one hand while the carneleon rested its
two fore paws on the edge of it, the two hind ones resting on my other
hand. It stood upright while drinking, holding its head up like a fowl.
By flinging its tongue out of its mouth the length of its body, and
instantaneously catching the fly, it would go back like a spring. They
will drink mutton broth : how I came to know this was one day having
a plate of broth and rice on the table where it was : it went to the plate
and got half into it, and began drinking, and trying to take up some of the
rice, by pushing it with its mouth towards the side of the plate, which
kept it from moving, and in a very awkward way talcing it in its mouth.

When in Italy, a gentleman, a professor of natural history, had two
sent him from the coast of Barbary, but they did not live long; he
dissected them, and his idea on the change of colour is, that he found
they had four skins extremely fine, which occasioned the different colours.
He means to publish his opinion soon. It may be so, but of this I am
positively certain, whatever it may proceed from, they have their different
colours peculiar, distinct, and independent of each other and of them-
selves. I could make many more remarks, but wanting capacity to ex-
plain them, I thus finish my little description of these animals.

Having occasion to change the man who used to buy my provision,
another was recommended to me, who was a Jew. I thought if I could
procure some Bibles from the British consul at Alexandria, through the
means of this man, I might distribute some, by promising him a profit :
it is well known those people will not refuse money if they possibly can
help it. I wrote to Alexandria for some, and as I was entirely ignorant
in what manner the society wished them to be disposed of, I requested
Mr. Lee to inform me of it. The answer was, that " as to the money,
it was of the least consequence," leaving it to me. I ordered the
Jew to go to all the Christians, and inform them what books I had
got. The plague was at this time raging abroad : it was no easy task
to find a way to dispose of the Bibles without risk of catching the
infection, as paper is susceptible. The first Christian who came for
one desired to see it : it is a matter of much consideration when a man
comes to the determination of spending so large a sum as thirty piastres,

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 481

three dollars. I sat on the top of the stairs : he ascended some steps,
and stood near enough to read while I turned over the leaves: he
bought it after much wrangling, and making little of it, in hopes to get
it cheaper, as is customary in those parts when buying or selling. I re-
commended to this young man to let his friends know where there were
more to be had ; but so much for Christians' love among themselves,
instead of doing so, the pride of being the only one to be in possession of
so fine a book would have frustrated my plan, if it had not been for the
Jew, to whom I had promised, on selling all, to give a bakshis. The next
who came was the scrivan, or overseer of the linen fabric, who took
five. I was much satisfied at my success ; this was six out of eight.
The same day this man took his own Bible to the gate of the governor's
house, where the governor was then sitting, as is the custom there, and
seeing him read this fine book, desired to know what it was about, and
asked to see it. He told him to read some of it ; and I suppose he read
those parts in the Old Testament he knew the Turks were acquainted with.
He inquired where he had got it: the man telling him from some English
in Rosetta, he sent to Signor Lcnzza, our agent there, desiring him to get
one for him, sending the thirty piastres for it. The other I had left I sold
to another Copt. Had it concerned any other cause, I should not have
had patience to have passed over the disagreeable affronts one is subject
to in selling things to those people, who naturally think you sell them from
interested views. The very last person I sold to affronted me grossly;
but on such an occasion I was indifferent to it. They all informed me that
some friends of theirs had bought them for two dollars in Alexandria ;
but, as I saw they were anxious to possess them, in spite of all their chat-
tering, I was obliged to keep to my first demand of thirty piastres. Being
English, I made it a rule to show the Arabs with whom I had any dealings
that we had but one word ; and when they know people to be particular
on that point, they have more respect and confidence in any future dealing
with them.

Having sold all the books, I sent to Mr. Lee for more, informing him
what I had disposed of them for, when he sent me the following answer :
" The cost of the Bibles is from forty-five to fifty piastres ; but as the
principal point is the circulation of them, they can be distributed for

3q

482 MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT.

thirty, if more cannot be procured : there are some people who can afford
to give more than others." Now I will appeal to those who really know
the Arabs or Copts, whether such a thing can take place in that country,
as to make one pay more than another. Why not have given me this
information in the first letter, when I requested it ? I own I was at that
moment vexed. To tell an Arab Christian that Europeans distribute
those books out of humanity and brotherly love, that they may have the
word of God, and that we give them for less than they cost, out of christian
love, is a point very difficult to make them comprehend ; and let any
one preach such a doctrine to an Arab richer than another, that, on
account of our selling the books to the poor Arabs for less than they
cost, they must for that reason pay more, it would be preaching to the
wind, and would possibly prevent, in a great measure, the distribution of
the Bibles, as these people would think we wished to impose upon them.
If indeed we could establish schools upon the same principle as in India,
where the morals are attended to, then we might reap the benefit of the
translation of the blessed Scriptures. But the state of the native Christians
in Egypt is unfortunately very immoral, and I see no chance of their
being much better while under the Turks, as bad examples are the worst
of evils.

Mr. Lee sent me more Bibles ; but as I was confident I could not get
more than thirty piastres, as they had never been sold for so much before,
my enthusiasm began to give way. I sold only two more, which I had
promised : the rest I returned.

The oshour plant, mentioned by Norden, and lastly by Sheik Ibrahim,
on our first voyage to Nubia, in August, 1816, was then in full bearing.
On examination, it struck me the silky texture in the inside, by being
properly cultivated, might be rendered serviceable. The fruit is of dif-
ferent sizes : I have seen some as large as an ostrich egg or more ; the
outside rind is full of a thick milky juice ; the pod that contains the silk
is in the centre, and detached from the outside rind by fibrous strings,
which are puffed up and hollow over it. By cutting a branch off, the juice
runs out in great quantities. It has never been cultivated. By the little
experiment I have been able to make, I am certain it will spin well. I
have some of the silk and some of the inside pods. I felt much interested
in this plant, and particularly so, as the Mameluke I have mentioned

MRS. BELZONI'S TRIFLING ACCOUNT. 483

before, seeing me very anxious about it, told me, that in Dongola they
made all their ropes from the branches of this plant, and were much
stronger than those made from the palm or date tree ; and, by his de-
scription, it was prepared in the same manner we do hemp. This plant
is to be met with in Syria, in the Lower and Upper Egypt, and Nubia j
and very possibly in Greece. I think it would thrive well in Malta, as
it does not seem to require good earth : I have observed it grow near
mountains and in sandy soils, where it is supplied with plenty of fresh
water. Though I have not been in the Ionian Islands, I have reason to
think it would do well there. It produces in its wild state much more
than the cotton plant. The juice is of an astringent quality. I think
the plant should not be gathered before it is perfectly dry, as it must
give a greater strength to the silk. It requires some process after being
taken out of the pod, as the least air disturbs it, and it gets into
the eyes.

THE END.

LONDON:

7MKTZD BV THOMAS DAVISON, WHIT1FRURS-

BOUND TO PLEASE

'MM'

uunu i u runsc

k JULY. 67