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NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE INVESTIGATING
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGEATION
HOUSE OF EEPEESENTATIVES
SEVENTY-SEVENTH CONGEESS
SECOND SESSION
PURSDANT TO
H. Res. 113
A RESOLUTION TO INQUIRE FURTHER INTO THE INTERSTATE
MIGRATION OF CITIZENS, EMPHASIZING THE PRESENT
AND POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
MIGRATION CAUSED BY THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE PROGRAM
PART 25
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
JANUARY 13, 14, 15, 1942
TESTIMONY REUTING TO THE MAINTENANCE OF
CIVILIAN MORALE
;■■?
Printed for the use of the Select Committee Investigating
National Defense Migration
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE INVESTIGATING
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
HOUSE OF EEPEESENTATIVES
SEVENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
PURSUANT TO
H. Res. 113
'a resolution to inquire further into the interstate
migration of citizens, emphasizing the present
and potential consequences of the
migration caused by the national
defense program
PART 25
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
JANUARY 13, 14, 15, 1942
TESTIMONY RELATING TO THE MAINTENANCE OF
CIVILIAN MORALE
Priuted for the use of the Select Committee Investigatiug
National Defense Migration
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
60396 WASHINGTON : 1942
SELECT COMMITTEE INVESTIGATING NATIONAL DEFENSE
MIGRATION
JOHN H. TOLAN, California, Chairman
JOHN J. SPARKMAN, Alabama j"^ J ' f / 'cARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska
T A TT'DTTMr'TT" T? A'DMriTT^ TIi;»i^;o '}
LAURENCE F. ARNOLD, Illinois ['
Robert K. Lamb, Staff Director
1
CONTENTS
Page
Lis't of witnesses v
List of authors vii
Tuesday, January 13, 1942, morning session 9639
Testimony of John Russell Young ^ 9639, 9642
Statement bv John Russell Young 9639
Testimony of Col. Lemuel Bolles 9649
Testimony of Dr. George C. Ruhland 9656,9665
Statement by Dr. George C. Ruhland 9656
Testimony of Dr. Frank W. Ballou 9673, 9686^
Statement by A. W. Heinmiller 9673
Testimony of Conrad Van Hyning 9690
Statement by Conrad Van Hyning 9690
Statement by John Ihlder 9704
Testimony of John Ihlder 9707
Statement of Lawrence E. Williams 9711
Testimony of Lawrence E. Williams 9713
Statement by Mrs. Helen Duey Hoffman 9714
Testimony of Mrs. Helen Duey Hoffman 9733
Wednesday, January 14, 1942, morning session 9741
Testimony of Hon. Fiorello H. LaGuardia 9741
Testimony of Dean James M. Landis 9761
Testimony of Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt 9766
Testimony of Paul V. McNutt 9774, 97S»
Statement by Paul V. McNutt 9774
Thursday, January 15, 1942, morning session 9795
Testimony of panel of State welfare directors 9795, 9812
Statement by Fred K. Hoehler 9796
Statement by Leo M. Lyons 9799
Statement by Miss Loula Dunn 9802
Statement by Benjamin Glassberg 980S
Testimony of panel of public health experts 9833-9874
Testimony of Dr. Reginald R. Atwater 9833, 9834
Testimony of Dr. Martha M. Eliot. 9833, 9836, 9847
Statement by Dr. Martha M. Eliot 9836
Statement by Miss Katharine F. Lenroot ._ 9841, 9843
Testimony of Miss Alma C, Haupt, R. N 9833, 9852, 985S
Statement bv Miss Alma C, Haupt, R. N 9852
Testimony of Dr. George H. Ramsey 9833,9853
Testimony of Dr. James G. Townsend 9833, 9860
Testimony of Dr. Huntington Williams 9833, 9863, 9865, 9873
Statement by Sir Wilson Jameson, M. D 9866
Testimony of Hon. Malcolm MacDonald 9874
Introduction of exhibits 9883
1. Housing Supply and Demand in Washington, D. C, by C. F.
Palmer 9885
2. Housing Program to Meet the Needs of National Defense for the
District Metropolitan Area, by Washington Chapter F. A. E. C.
and T 9888.
3. Civil Service Apportionment and Civilian Employment in Execu-
tive Branch of Government in the District of Columbia, by the
United States Civil Service Commission 98911
4. Child-Care Facilities and the Woman Defense Worker, by the
United Federal Workers of America 9898)
in
IV CONTENTS
Introduction of exhibits — Continued.
5 to 32, inclusive. Statements by associations and organizations, as to
their activities in the war effort: Page
o. American Association of University Women 9898
6. American Bar Association 9901
7. American Dietetic Association 9903
8. American Federation of Labor 9904
9. American Friend Service Committee 9906
10. American Home Economics Association 9908
11. American Medical Association 9909
12. American Planning and Civic Association ■ 9910
13. Child Welfare League of America, Inc 9913
14. Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America 9914
15. International and National Red Cross 9915
1 fi. Kivvanis International 9928
17. Knights of Columbus 9928
18. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 9932
19. National Association of Housing Officials 9933
20. National Congress of Parents and Teachers 9934
21. National Consumers League 9936
22. National Council of Jewish Women 9936
23. National Education Association 9937
24. National Federation of Business and Professional Women's
Chibs, Inc 9937
25. National Federation of Settlements, Inc 9939
26. National Jewish Welfare Board 9940
27. National Lawyers' Guild 9942
28. National Social Work Council 9944
29. National Women's Trade Union League of America 9950
30. United Automobile Workers of America 9951
31. Young Men's Christian Associations 9952
32. Young Women's Christian Associations 9953
33. Settlement and Social Welfare in New York State, by Glenn E.
Jackson , 9955
34. Hef'lth of the American Farmer and Farm Worker, by Dr. R. C.
Williams 9961
LIST OF WITNESSES
Washington Hearings, January 13, 14, 15, 1942
Atwater, Dr. Reginald M., executive secretary, American Public Health Page
Association, New York, N. Y 9833, 9834
Ballou, Dr. Frank W., Superintendent of Schools, District of Columbia,
Washington, D. C 9673,9686
Bolles, Col. Lemuel, Director of Civilian Defense, District of Columbia,
Washington, D. C 9649
Dunn, Miss Loula, commissioner of public welfare, State of Alabama,
Montgomery, Ala 9795
Eliot, Dr. Martha M., Associate Chief, Children's Bureau, Department of
Labor, Washington, D. C 9833,9836,9847
Glassberg, Benjamin, superintendent of public assistance, Milwaukee,
Wis 9795
Goudy, Elmer R., administrator, public welfare commission, State of
Oregon, Salem, Oreg 9795
Haupt, Miss Alma, R. N., executive secretary, subcommittee on nursing,
health and medical committee. Office of Defense, Health, and Welfare
Services, Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C 9833. 9852, 9858
Hodson, William, commissioner, department of welfare, New York,
N. Y 9795
Hoehler,.Fred K., director, American Public Welfare Association, Chicago,
111 . 9795
Hoffman, Mrs. Helen Duey, secretary, Washington Housing Association,
Washington, D. C 9733
Ihlder, John, executive officer, Auey Dwelling Authority, Washington,
D. C 9707
LaGuardia, Hon. Fiorella H., mayor. New York, N. Y., and director,
Office of Civilian Defense, Washington, D. C 9741
Landis, Dean James M., executive, Office of Civilian Defense, Washington,
D. C 9761
Lyons, Leo M., commissioner, Chicago Relief Administration, Chicago,
111 9795
McNutt, Hon. Paul V., director, Office of Defense Health and Welfare
Services and Federal Security Administrator 9774, 9789
Ramsey, Dr. George H., commissioner of health, Westchester County,
White Plains, N. Y 9833, 9853
Roosevelt, Mrs. Franklin D., assistant director. Office of Civilian Defense,
Washington, D. C 9766
Ruhland, Dr. George C, health officer, District of Columbia, Washington,
D. C . 9656,9665
Russell, Howard L., secretary, department of public assistance. State of
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pa 9795
Townsend, Dr. James G., medical director, Industrial Hygiene Division,
National Institute of Health, Washington D. C 9833, 9860
Van Hyning, Conrad, director of public welfare, District of Columbia,
Washington, D. C 9690,9695
Williams, Dr. Huntington, commissioner, city department of health,
Baltimore, Md 9833, 9863, 9865, 9873
Williams, Lawrence E., chairman, housing committee. District of Colum-
bia, Civilian Defense Council, Washington, D. C 9713
Young, John Russell, commissioner, District of Columbia, Washington,
D. C 9639, 9642
V
LIST OF AUTHORS
Of Prepared Statements and Exhibits
Page
Barnes, Roswell P., associate general secretary, Federal Council of the
Churches of Christ in America, New York, N. Y 9914
Cary, C. Reed, chairman, publicity committee, American Friends Service
Committee, Philadelphia, Pa 9906
Christman, Elizabeth, secretary-treasurer, National Women's Trade
Union League of America, Washington, D. C 9950
Davis, Norman H., chairman, International and National Red Cross,
Washington, D. C 9915
Donley, Charles S., president, Kiwanis International, Chicago, 111 9928
Dunn, Miss Loula, commissioner of public welfare, State of Alabama,
Montgomery, Ala . 9802
Eliot, Dr. Martha M., associate chief, Children's Bureau, Department of
Labor, Washington, D. C 9836
Franklin, Esther Cole, American Association of University Women,
Washington, D. C i 9898
Givens, Willard, executive secretary. National Education Association of
the United States, Washington, D. C 9937
Glassberg, Benjamin, superintendent of public assistance, Milwaukee,
Wis 9808
Goldman, Maurice L., president, National Council of Jewish Women,
New York, N. Y 9936
Gove, Gladys F., director, vocational service, National Federation of
Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Inc., New York, N. Y 9938
Green, William, president, American Federation of Labor, Washington,
DC J 9904
Haupt, Miss Alma C, R. N., executive secretary, subcommittee on nurs-
ing, health and medical committee, Office of Health and Welfare Serv-
ices, Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C . 9852
Heinmiller, A. W., assistant superintendent of schools, District of Colum-
bia, Washington, D. C 9673
Hobart, Mrs. Warwick, general secretary. National Consumers League,
New York, N. Y 9936
Hoehler, Fred K., director, American Public Welfare Association, Chicago,
111 9796
Hoffman, Mrs. Helen Duey, secretary, Washington Housing Association,
Washington, D. C 9714
Holbrook, David H., secretary. National Social Work Council, New York,
N. Y 9944
Hopkirk, Howard W., executive director. Child Welfare League of America,
Inc., New York, N. Y 9913
Ihlder, John, executive officer of the Alley Dwelling Authority for the
District of Columbia, Washington, D. C - 9704
Jackson, Glenn E., director of public assistance, New York State Depart-
ment of Social Welfare, Albany, N. Y 9955
James, Harlean, executive secretary, American Planning and Civic Asso-
ciation, Washington, D. C 9910
Kletzer, Mrs. William, president, National Congress of Parents and
Teachers, Chicago, 111 9934
Knight, Harry S., secretary, American Bar Association, Chicago, 111 9901
Lenroot, Katharine F., Chief, Children's Bureau, Department of Labor,
Washington D. C 9841,9843
Lyons, Leo M., commissioner, Chicago Relief Administration, Chicago, 111. 9799
McNutt, Hon. Paul V., Director, Office of Defense Health, and Federal
Security Administrator 9774
Vin CONTENTS
Page
Miller, l-ldward R., secretary, summer work camps program, American
P'riends Service Committee, Philadelphia, Pa 9907
Palmer, C. F., Coordinator, Dix ision of Defense Housing Coordination,
Office for Emergency Management, Washington, D. C 9885
Peek, Lillie M., secretary, National Federation of Settlements, Inc., New
York, N. Y ■- 9939
Popper, Martin, national executive secretary, National Lawyers Guild,
Washington, D. C 9942
Ross, Nelda, president, American Dietetic Association, Chicago, 111 9903
Ruhland, Dr. George C, health officer. District of Columbia, Washington,
D. C 9656
Sawver, Thomas, chairman, legislative committee. United Automobile
Workers of America, local 76, Oakland, Calif 9951
Smith, Myra A., executive, department of data and trends. Young Women's
Christian Associations, New York, N. Y* 9953
Sproul, J. Edward, program executive. Young Men's Christian Associations
of the United States, New York, N. Y 9952
United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C 9891
Van Horn, Edna, executive secretary, American Home Economics Associa-
tion, Washington, D. C . 9908
Van Hvning, Conrad, director of public welfare for the District of Co-
lumbia, Washington, D. C 9690,9704
Washington Chapter, Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists, and
Technicians, Washington, D. C 9888
Weil, Frank L., president. National Jewish Welfare Board, New York,
N. Y 9940
West, Olin, M. D., secretary and general manager, American Medical
Association, Chicago, 111 9909
White, Walter, secretary, National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People, New York, N. Y 9932
Williams, Lawrence E., chairman, housing committee, District of Columbia
Civilian Defense Council, Washington, D. C 9711
Williams, Dr. R. C, chief medical officer. Farm Security Administration,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C 9961
Women's Auxiliary Defense Committee, United Federal Workers of Amer-
ica, Washington, D. C 9898
Woodbury, Coleman, director, National Association of Housing Officials,
Chicago, 111 9933
Young, John Russell, commissioner. District of Columbia, Washington,
D. C 9639
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
TUESDAY, JANUARY 13, 1942
morning session
House of Representatives,
Select Committee Investigating
National Defense Migration,
Washington, D. C.
The committee met, pursuant to call, at 10:00 a. m. in room 1301,
New House Office Building, Washington, D. C, Hon. John H. Tolan
(chairman) presiding.
Present: John H. Tolan (California), chairman; John J. Sparkman
(Alabama), Laurence F. Arnold (Illinois), and Carl T. Curtis (Ne-
braska).
Also present: Dr. Robert K. Lamb, staff director of the committee.
The Chairman. The committee will please come to order.
TESTIMONY OF JOHN RUSSELL YOUNG, COMMISSIONER OF THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The Chairman. Commissioner Young, I understand you have
some gentlemen with you to whom you would probably like to defer
some of the answers to our questions.
Mr. Young. There is with me Colonel Bolles, Dr. Ballou, and Dr.
Ruhland.
The Chairman. As these gentlemen are to be called subsequently,
we will question you first.
Mr. Young. All right sir.
The Chairman. At this point, we shall place in our record the
statement you have prepared for this committee.
(The statement referred to appears below:)
STATEMENT OF JOHN RUSSELL YOUNG, CHAIRMAN OF THE
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, WASH-
INGTON, D. C.
As Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia and as
United States Coordinator of Civilian Defense for the National Capital of the
United States, I should like to present for the records of your committee the
problems in the general fields of health, welfare, education, and housing, which
we are attempting to meet and which are of first importance to a nation at war.
Washington today is the nerve center of the democratic nations of the world,
as one of my newspaper friends has put it. It is the home of the President and
of the Congress of the United States. It is a beautiful city — a city of which we
are justly proud — but it is faced today with problems which it cannot meet and
which seriously affect the morale of many thousands of civilians who are per-
forming the important task of directing the forces of our Nation at war, and which
9639
9640 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
affect to a lesser degree the morale of thousands of men in service located in posts
near Washington, who come here for short holidays when on military leave.
The problems of the National Capital are the problems of the National Govern-
ment. At the present time they are laid on the doorstep of the District of Co-
lumbia government, which government is unable because of lack of funds and
because of lack of authority to move swiftly in an emergency, to deal adequately
with them.
This city should be a model, not only in terms of beautiful parks, boulevards,
buildings, and places of historical interest to which many thousands come annually
on pilgrimage, but it should be a model which will stand the test if we go below
the surface of the things the eye can readily see. It should fulfill, as the capital
of the democratic nations of the world, all of the democratic principles which we
hold so dear and for which we are now fighting.
Any lag here, any inefficiency here, will echo around the world. Any loss of
morale here will affect the Nation. Performance of high character here, on the
contrary, will set the tone for the performance of the Nation. Performance de-
pends on morale and morale depends on satisfactory places to live, on good health,
and on the wholesome and satisfying use of leisure time.
The government of the National Capital should demonstrate the concern of a
democratic government and the ability of a democratic government to provide
the normal pattern of living for a population which is working under the strain
of a nation at war.
I should like to present briefly the general situation on health, welfare, educa-
tion, and housing, which will be further expanded and presented in detail by the
heads of the District departments dealing with these subjects, who will appear
before your committee today.
1. Education. — One of the most pressing problems facing the public schools at
the present time has been caused by the large defense-housing program being
carried on in the northeast and southeast sections of the city. As a direct result
of the increased population of these areas, certain school buildings are now over-
crowded and, as a consequence, have been placed on a double shift.
In these areas the excess enrollment in the elementary and high school popula-
tion is 2,200. Plans for new buildings to relieve this situation have been com-
pleted and appropriations have been made, or asked for, to handle the situation.
If priorities for building materials are granted, and if all of the necessary funds
are made available, the school problem can be handled.
The school situation in the District proper is not as serious as might be ex-
pected from the over-all population increase of 18 percent in the past 2 years,
because of two factors: First, most of the newcomers to the District with families
and many old District residents with families, have moved out into the suburbs
in Virginia and Maryland; second, work permits for children have jumped from
a total figure of 2,500 in former years to 8,000 in the summer of 1941, and that
few of these children have returned to school, while formerly most of them re-
sumed their education at the end of the summer.
We believe that the morale of newcomers to Washington will be seriously
affected, unless adequate provision is made for the education of their children.
Dr. Ballou will give j'ou further details on this subject.
2. Health. — We are keenly aware of the importance of maintaining and, if pos-
sible, improving the health status of the District of Columbia.
This problem becomes much more difficult in the face of a rapidly expanding
population. The addition of 110,000 people to the population of the District in
the last 20 months, or a percentage increase of 18, means simply that facilities
should be increased to the same percentage to meet all the needs and should be
increased in a much greater proportion to meet the continuing increase of popu-
lation, with the greater health hazards which accompany an influx of persons
from every part of the country who must live in crowded conditions which are
not conducive to adequate health control.
Health, for the District, is important, not only because the District is the
Nation's Capital in which are concentrated all of the important services of gov-
ernment, but, manifestly, what happens in the District because of inadequate
health protection may readily affect the morale of the entire Nation, and that is
a most serious prospect in the present emergency.
From the records of our local health department, it appears that progress,
and in several instances very material progress, in the promotion of health and
the conservation of life has been made. This is a m.atter for gratification.
However, we are also aw^are that because of the racial composition of the
District's population, because of its housing problems, because of its hospital
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9641
bed needs, and most of all because of the understaffing of its public health services,
the District is definitely in a vulnerable position as regards its health interests.
For years it appears the health services of the District have unfortunately not
kept pace with the needs of the growing community, let alone those of a Nation's
Capital. Budget requests for the development of the local health services have
again and again been drastically cut. Against' the accepted standard of $2.50
per capita needed for the implementation of recognized public health activities —
exclusive of hospital service — the local health service still is obliged to operate
on a budget not half the standard.
In order to overcome this handicap, we have asked the health officer to prepare
a supplementary budget to meet present deficiencies of the service. This has
been done, and the Commissioners will present this deficiency budget to Congress
and hope that there it may receive prompt and favorable consideration.
One of our m^ajor concerns is the high incidence of venereal disease and tuber-
culosis. For a city in its population range, the National Capital is almost at
the top of the list.
Dr. Ruhland will give you further details on this subject.
3. Welfare. — -Relief funds of the District of Columbia have been inadequate
for years to provide allowances for sufficient food, clothing, and shelter. Because
of the limitation of funds, an arbitrary regulation was adopted excluding from
relief grants, even for temporary emergency periods, all families in which there
was an employable person.
When the Work Projects Administration cut its quota for the National
Capital in half in July 1941, the Commissioners recommended additional funds
to meet the temporary needs of employable persons laid off Work Projects
Administration rolls.
The Board of Commissioners, in its budget request to Congress for the fiscal
year 1943, has also recommended the elimination of the so-called ceilings in
relief allowances because of its findings that these ceilings operate to limit ade-
quate relief to those most in need. If the elimination of the ceilings is approved,
it will be possible to deal with families on the basis of actual need in each individual
case.
Health, welfare, and housing are inseparable. Deficiencies in one affect both
of the others. Poor health makes workers unemployable. Bad housing lowers
morale. Insufficient funds to provide adequate food contributes to continuing
poor health.
Juvenile and adult delinquency play their part. Juvenile delinquency, for
example, increased 25 percent in the District of Columbia in 1941, as compared
with 1940. Adult delinquency is on the increase.
The circle is a vicious one and requires an attack on all fronts to rehabilitate
those members of our population who are "ill clad, ill fed, and ill housed."
Mr. Van Hyning will give you further information on this subject.
4. Housing. — As your committee knows, the housing shortage in the District
is very serious, both from the point of view of its effect upon our war program
and from that of the public health. Because of the overcrowding, an epidemic-
like that of the influenza in 1918 would find us nearly as defenseless as we wer&
then. But this condition will be improved if the necessary funds are provideiL
Private enterprise is being asked to take as large a part of this task as it can.
The remainder will fall upon public housing agencies, such as the Alley Dwelling
Authority within the District, and other public housing agencies in the sur-
rounding counties of Maryland and Virginia.
We recognized, over a year ago, that it would be difficult to house the large
number of defense workers coming here. Consequently, as an emergency meas-
ure, the District of Columbia Council of Defense opened a Defense Housing
Registry, which began operation in March 1940. Citizens and real estate
interests cooperated in this movement and registrations of available rooms and
apartments have been centralized in this registr3\ We have had from three to
six thousand rooms listed for rent through this registry since its opening. It
will ro.ove next week into new quarters directly across from the District Building,
where, with expanded facilities, it will be able to give much better service.
However, there is, and will continue to be, a shortage of housing within the
District for families with children, and particularly for those in the low-income
group. Even though rooms are available in private houies to take care of a
large proportion of the new population arriving daily who are single persons or
small families, this type of housing will not be satisfactory for any extended
period. Housing, which will be satisfactory, must be in terms of separate fanaily
units at a price within the budget of each individual family.
9642 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The shortage of overnight lodging facilities, particularly for boys serving in
the Army, Navy, and Marines stationed in camps near Washington, is a situation
which needs immediate correction. Reports have reached me that some of
these boys have walked the streets of Washington for hours at night looking for
a place to sleep and that some of them have been finally forced to spend the night
sitting on a bench in Union Station.
Mr. Ihlder will give you further details on this subject:
There are two other points I should like to make: First, that recreational
facilities for the hundred thousand and more people who have come to the District
is an extremely important matter. Many of these newcomers are single men and
women and the use of their leisure time in satisfying recreational activities is an
important factor in their morale.
Likewise, the provision of recreational facilities for servicemen spending their
evenings and week ends in the city is an important matter. Some progress is
being made in these matters, but more money and more staff are needed to provide
adequate facilities.
The local government cannot carry alone the load which has been thrust upon
us and the load which will continue to be thrust upon it. It needs the aid of
Congress with money and with machinery which will make it possible to get
speedy action to solve these problems. The heads of the District Departments
of Health, Welfare, and Education, who will appear following me, will present
the specific needs in these fields.
Thank you for the opportunity of appearing before your committee and of
telling you, as Members of Congress, the prolalems which I, as United States
Coordinator of CiviHan Defense for the National Capital, and as Chairman of
the Board of Commissioners for the District of Columbia have been trying to
solve. We will do all in our power to solve them, but we need your help.
TESTIMONY OF JOHN RUSSELI YOUNG— Resumed
The Chairman. Mr. Young, we appreciate your coming here this
morning. Probably the thought occurs to many of you as to just
why this Committee on Defense Migration should interest itself in
the civilian morale of the people of the District of Columbia.
Approximately 2 years ago this committee was created by Con-
gress—a select committee of the House of Representatives — for the
investigation of the migration of destitute citizens between States.
We held many hearings over the country and we made our report to
Congress last April. They then continued our committee as the
Select Committee on Defense Migration.
We found that the migration of destitute citizens, Commissioner,
is caused by many factors. There are worn-out soil, mechanization,
ill-health, and kindred things. There is no single solution, but that
is the general picture. People go and come more or less on account
of economic security.
In the investigation of defense migration, we have held hearings
in different parts of the United States. There again we are concerned
with the migration between States and expecially this tremendous
migration on account of defense program, so we have been to San
Diego, Hartford, Trenton, Baltimore, Detroit, and now back to
Washington.
DEFENSE AREA NO. 1
This committee feels that we need to know more about the civilian
morale of the District of Columbia, because it is the No. 1 defense
center of the United States. People have left their home States
and come to Washington, with jobs already secured or looking for
jobs; This, too, is migration, defense migration, and our hearings
are held so we can learn about this, too, because after this war is
I
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9643
over, of COUTS&, there will be whirlpools of unsettled persons in Wash-
ington as well as in other defense centers of the United States. People
are migratory here. That is why we think we fit into the picture.
You cannot separate civilian morale from Army and Navy morale,
so we must consider such things as health and education and the
other factors.
Probably you are more cognizant of these figures than I am, but
we have figures here showing that the population of the metropolitan
area of Washington, D. C, increased from 621,059 in 1930 to 907,816
in 1940, according to the Census Bureau figures. That is an increase
of 46 percent.
The Washington Evening Star estimated the population of the
metropolitan area to be 1,058,816 in December 1941. This is an
increase of 16.6 percent since the census was taken in 1940, and an
increase of 70 percent since 1930.
That is why we are very much concerned about the city of Wash-
ington, District of Columbia, because we are taking Washington for
this hearing as a symbol city. If the heart of the Nation and the-
city of Washington can be run efficiently and well during the war^
it will be very helpful to the other cities of the country.
That statement will explain the functions of this committee and
the reason for these hearings.
Now, for the purposes of the record, Mr. Young, you are responsible,
of course, for presenting to Congress the estimates of the cost of
services of the District government.
Can you give the committee a brief summary of how this data
relating to the District budgets are assembled? I don't want all
the figures, but you can just give me the mechanics.
Mr. Young. Yoa are asking for the District's own budget — not
that in connection with the wartime emergency?
The Chairman. That is right.
Mr. Young. We first have to estimate what our revenues for the
following year will be. Then we call in the head of each department
in the District, every agency. They have been first notified to
prepare an estimate of the needs of their particular department.
BUDGET PROCEDURES
The Chairman. In brief, what are those agencies?
Mr. Young. We will start with the schools, and then health welfare^
possibly, and then we get down to engineering, highways, markets,,
and every agency in the government.
But our biggest ones are set up as schools, fire, health. They come
before the Board of Commissioners and we have them justify what
they are asking for. After we have had these hearings, which last
some weeks, we go over it and cut it down somewhat in the same
fashion the Appropriations Committee of the House or Senate
would do.
We try to make it fit with the estimated income. When we have
to make a large cut in any particular item, we always send for that-
department head to come back before the Commissioners and telL
him that we can allow so much and no more.
We say, "You know more about your particular department tharu
we do. You state your priorities and if we have to cut, where shalll
we cut?"
9644 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
We don't try to slap on a cut when a man is more familiar withhis
department than we are, but we have to balance our budget in the
District. That is a requirement of the law.
And then we take that and submit it to the Budget Bureau. Under
the new arrangement, in effect the last year, the Budget Bureau only
concerns itself, principally and primarily, with the estimates that
they are interested in. They O. K. the Budget and then it is sent to
Congress and later on we have hearings before the subcommittees.
The Chairman. Then, when you present it to Congress you start
in to pray. Is that the idea?
Mr. Young. We more than pray. We pray and we do everything
else. W^e might do a little knocking.
But knowing those things, I think Congress is doing fine. They
realize we have a tremendous problem here and you have explained
it beautifully, Mr. Chairman. I think people are now beginning to
understand that the capital of the Nation is entirely different from
any other municipality, and I think if we come to Congress this year
with our budget good and clean, they will understand our problem.
The Chairman. Nothing that has been said here, nor any questions
that may be asked by this committee should be taken to mean that
we have not the deepest respect for the Senate District Committee,
as well as the House District Committee. We think they are doing
a splendid job. We are just trying to get the picture of the problems
that Washington faces because of the war.
In view of the increased demands for community service which will
continue to arise as a result of the migration of many new workers to
Washington because of the war, do you consider the District has been
adequately provided for in the current budget?
Mr. Young. No; I don't thmk so. I say that honestly because
I may be a party to it.
The Chairman. In an editorial on January 9, the Washington
Post expressed disappointment that the local budget makes little
headway in solving the District's problem. The editorial states:
(Reading:)
District Budget
Some of Washington's problems growing out of the war would be met through
the 1943 budget submitted to Congress, but many long-standing deficiencies in
the city's municipal service continue to be ignored. The Commissioners and the
Budget Bureau have taken the war emergency into account, yet there seems to
be no genera] appreciation of the fact that the city is undergoing probably the
most rapid growth of its histor)'.
In the case of the highway fund the budget submitted gives a very inaccurate
picture of what expenditures for the coming fiscal year are likely to be. Congress
increased the gasoline tax after the Highway Department's estimates had been
submitted to the Commissioners. Undoubtedly requests for inclusion of other
projects in the budget, notably the proposed South Capitol Street Bridge, will be
forthcoming.
The allowance of funds for additional water facilities and for 95 new policemen
will enable the city to meet imperative wartime demands. In both cases the
question to be asked is whether these estimates prepared for the most part before
the United States entered the war are now adequate. The increased allowance
for maintenance of the Home for the Aged and Infirm is not directly related to
the war. But this item and the preparation of plans for a new home are certainly
necessary to the preservation of civilian morale in the Capital City. Even war
should not unduly delay the elimination of institutions that are a disgrace to
American civilization.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9645
With the elimination of 20 proposed buildings and 10 site purchases, the schools
would appear to be hard hit by the local budget. No doubt this action will pinch
the school system in the future. At present, however, interest is centered in
completion of several desperately needed buildings now under way. Funds for
this work and the erection of a new junior high school for Negroes were included
in the budget. At the moment the Board of Education is worrying chiefly about
obtaining materials for these schools designed to take care of warworkers' children.
The most disappointing fact about the local budget is that it contemplates little
headway in solving many of the problems that are bringing Washington into the
limelight as a wart on the nose of democracy. Public-health nurses are urgently
needed. The Health Department modestly asked for 20 additional nurses, 2
supervisors, and 6 clerks. Funds included in the budget would provide 6 nurses
and 1 clerk. Ten physicians to help combat syphilis were asked, and 4 were
allowed. If this recommendation stands, venereal-disease clinics will again
operate on a part-time basis, even though syphilis, the foe of soldiers, runs riot
in the Nation's Capital. The additional inspectors allowed would likewise be
entirely inadequate to keep Washington's slums in habitable condition in this
acute emergency. Dr. Ruhland's'request for mental-hygiene and cancer-control
programs, recommended by the United States Public Health Service 4 years ago,
was once more entirely eliminated.
This is no time for neglect as usual in meeting the requirements of the Nation's
Capital. In the United States, Washington is defense area No. 1. It must be fit
to function as the country's nerve center in this great struggle, just as soldiers
must be fit for combat at the front. Congress has good reason to take a more
comprehensive view of the Capital's needs than it has ever done before.
Would you say this accurately evaluates the dimensions of some
of the problems now facing the District?
Mr. Young. I failed to say at the beginning that our budget
calculations were made last summer, started last summer, and much
has happened since then.
Along the lines of the editorial, we realize we need more, of course,
but since the preparation of the budget we have begun the preparation
of a deficiency appropriation and a supplement.
Dr. Ruhland is here and can answer your question with exact
figures, but 1 think we are going pretty far in helping in that problem
about which you have read in the editorial.
The Chairman. Since, in addition to your responsibilities as
Commissioner, you have now been given responsibility as the head of
the local civilian defense, the committee would like to obtain informa-
tion relating to measures currently under way to provide for the
protection of the civilian population of the District area. For
example, we should like information in regard to the financial provi-
sions for protection of the civilians in Washington. How much money
has so far been appropriated by Congress, if you know?
NO APPROPRIATION FOR CIVILIAN PROTECTION
Mr. Young. It may sound a little critical but I don't mean it that
way. Actually they have not appropriated anything. We are in on
the so-called Lanham bill for about $2,400,000 and that is confined
almost entirely to the extension of water mains and sewers to these
defense projects over in Boiling Field and Anacostia.
The Chairman. You have reference to the $100,000,000 for civilian
requirements?
Mr. Young. Yes, sir; and we originally had in a very modest
estimate, principally for fire fighting, for only about $300,000, and in
our first hearing they thought it was too small and suggested it be
brought to the maximum. That was not hard to do.
9646 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
That is to provide these auxihary water systems. In case the water
system should break down, we will build, in these parks and circles,
systems under the ground, and then we shall have mobile water tanks.
If the water supply gives out in any part of the city we can move the
tanks very quickly.. We also asked for 100,000 feet of hose and nozzles
for fire fighting. In a third hearing they suggested that we should
cut it down about $700,000 or $800,000.
My impression now is that we have no hope of getting any of it.
They seem to think that we should go along like other municipalities.
In my arguments I tried to raise the point that we are different from
ordinary municipalities. You were right in saying that this is the
National Capital and is virtually going to be the Capital of the world
in certain respects.
We did what we called our ''blank-out," which gives the Commis-
sioners authority to borrow $1,000,000 from the United States Treas-
ury. Now, that $1,000,000 we have in our hands right now. Any-
how, we are spending it.
CANNOT USE DISTRICT FUNDS FOR DEFENSE
In our defense plans — and I will say that we are in very good shape,
we are very proud of that — but in this long period that we have been
working on these plans we have not had one penny and we cannot use
the District of Columbia funds for this purpose. In other words, you
cannot levy District taxes for it.
The Chairman. Why?
Mr. Young. Because the District funds have been appropriated by
Congress for certain purposes.
The Chairman. I wanted to get that in the record.
Mr. Young. Yes, sir.
The War Department loaned us "Colonel Bolles, and they paid his
salary. We dug him up an office and some second-hand furniture
and borrowed clerks from one office or another. He went along for
weeks, getting his foundation work started, and he did a splendid job.
He has had incidental expenses which were met, but not with District
money, and his office grew and grew.
registration of civilian workers
Since the attack on Pearl Harbor, it is probably the busiest office in
the District. It has five rooms. We have registered over 40,000
people there and I don't know how many more there will be. There
are 18,000 air wardens and there will be 1,000 firemen and there will
be police, besides the other workers.
The Chairman. Mr. Commissioner, has there been a request for
money for air-raid shelters?
Mr. Young. That, Mr. Chairman, is being handled in another way,
I think by the Federal Government.
We have been informed, I might say, that they are going to do that,
but we are right now engaged in doing the planning for the type of
shelters we particularly need, picking out the sites and so forth.
That is going to cost us some money. I turned that over to our En-
gineer Commissioner and he is now collecting engineers. We will
make that survey and I feel pretty sure that will cost $40,000 or'
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9647
$50,000, even though the Federal Government does the building of the
shelters.
The Chairman. Some of the other Congressmen probably want to
ask you some questions.
Mr. Curtis. Perhaps you might want to refer this question to
Colonel Bolles, but I will ask it anyway. Where does the work of the
civilian defense leave off and the military responsibility begin?
Mr. Young. I might answer that, Mr. Congressman, by saying,
and Colonel Bolles may correct me if I am wrong, that my impression
is that the military is interested in the defense of Washington only
from a combat standpoint. In other words, they are interested only
in a physical engagement and not the defense of civilians.
Mr. Curtis. On the other hand, civilian defense is not charged with
antiaircraft protection and that sort of thing?
Mr. Young. I think not, sir.
AIR-RAID SHELTERS
Mr. Curtis. In reference to your plans for air-raid shelters, do you
plan to make these sufficiently permanent and of a quality that can be
used to relieve the housing situation, as well as being air-raid shelters?
Mr. Young. That is just being planned now. They are collecting
this group of engineers to work it out. That is being considered;
yes, sir.
Mr. Curtis. Commissioner, of course the dual form of government
here, especially during this war effort, is a tremendous handicap,
isn't it? That is, the District of Columbia which I am directly
speaking of now, is more or less voiceless and totally voteless. Isn't
that right?
Mr. Young. It is right; yes sir. You are putting it very mildly,
Mr. Congressman.
Mr. Curtis. There are probably a million people in the District
of Columbia. There is nothing comparable to it in the entire world,
is there? In other words, before you can act, you have got to contact —
probably not contact, but at least appeal to 96 Senators and 435
Representatives.
Mr. Young. That is right.
Mr. Curtis. And you thinlv with that handicap you are doing a
pretty good job under the circumstances?
Mr. Young. We hope so, anyhow.
The Chairman. Is there anything else?
INFLUX OF WORKERS
Dr. Lamb. Mr. Young, you may have seen an editorial in yester-
day's Washington Daily News saying that 125,000 more people were
expected to come into the District during the next year. Have you
any figures to indicate whether this estimate is in any way correct?
Mr. Young. Well, only the basis on which they are coming in now.
I forget what it is now.
A few weeks ago we were figuring I thirds: 300 a day. Those were
employees of the Government. That is not an extravagant figure.
I think, by the way, Mr. Curtis, that the figures you gave were
not exaggerated at all on our present population.
60396— 42— pt. 25 2
9648 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Dr. Lamb. What arrangements exist within, for example, the Civil
Service Commission or the Federal Government for letting you know
the numbers expected before they arrive? Is there any machinery
for informing you of an expected influx?
Mr. Young. I don't think so.
Dr. Lamb. How is it possible for the District government to plan
ahead under the circumstances? It would seem you are in rather a
difficult position if you are not kept informed and if, in addition to
that, it takes such a long time for the machinery — the preparation of
the budget and passage of the budget — for this new influx to be
worked out,
Mr. Young. Well, we have been rather fortunate in having several
agencies. Take, for instance, the Washington Board of Trade as a
separate organization. They have been very active and they have
been collecting those figures on the housing situation. Then the Alley
Dwelling Authority and our welfare people collect figures, so we have
what you might call an unofficial guess, where we get a little of every-
thing.
Dr. Lamb. I have reference more to the problem of anticipating and
taking the proper steps to eliminate a situation which will arise. It
might seem as if the District, because of the machinery which you
have described, was always bound to be a step behind rather than a
step ahead in such planning, and it is difficult to speed up the machin-
ery to take care of this because of the layers of responsibility and
authority in the midst of which you find yourself.
Mr. Young. We had those figures last summer and we first turned
our attention particularly to the schools and we found out that we
would need more schools. Unfortunately, since then, with the
priorities on some of the materials, we had to stop building. The
same with other buildings, public libraries and so forth.
Dr. Lamb. The Budget did try to help you with an anticipated
increase over and above what was then existing and causing the
existing difficulties?
Mr, Young. Yes. I am sorry I didn't make that plain.
Dr. Lamb. And insofar as that can be foreseen some 6 months or a
year in advance, it can be taken care of, but with certain sudden
increases such as the one now anticipated, the machinery cannot be
expected to move rapidly enough to take up the slack. Is that right?
Mr, Young. That is right.
The Chairman. We are very grateful for your appearance here
this morning. Commissioner. We have other representatives of the
District here to give us further details. We wanted to get a general
picture from you.
Mr. Young. Mr. Chairman, I have prepared here a statement in
which I have briefly discussed each of these departments, but I
think you can do as well by questioning those heads yourself.
The Chairman. You had better leave it with the reporter. There
may be material we will want and if, as a result of this hearing this
morning, there is anything further that you would like us to know,
we will keep the record open for the next 10 days and we will incor-
porate any further statement you may make.
Mr. Young. I would like to amplify the very thing you put your
finger on at the opening, that we have a tremendous problem, that
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9649
we are expected to do something big and have very little to do it
with. You mentioned that yourself and you can't emphasize it too
strongly. We have our problem; we must have something to meet
it with.
The Chairman. This committee appreciates that, Commissioner.
We thank you very much for appearing here. Colonel Bolles is our
next witness. Congressman Arnold will interrogate the colonel.
TESTIMONY OF COL. LEMUEL BOLLES, DIRECTOR OF CIVILIAN
DEFENSE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Mr. Arnold. Colonel, the committee would like to have you
summarize the manner in which Washington's civilian population
has been mobilized to meet emergency situations. The committee
believes the physical structure of civilian defense, if summarized
in this fashion, would be very helpful and then we can proceed with
other questions.
Colonel Bolles. Very good, sir.
Washington is a part of the metropohtan area, civilian defense,
District of Columbia. That includes the District proper and the
suburban area in Virginia, which is included in the outside boundaries
of the counties of Fairfax and includes the city of Alexandria and the
county of Arlington; also an area on the north side, roughly at a
point 15 miles outside the District boundary, including Rockville,
Laurel, and Upper Marlboro. Those areas constitute the metro-
politian area. Roughly, 700,000 of the population is within the
District and the remainder of three hundred thousand-odd are in the
suburbs.
CIVILIAN DEFENSE ORGANIZATION
The plan of organization adopted by Commissioner Young in his
capacity as Coordinator follows almost exactly the plan of coordina-
tion established by the Office of Civilian Defense. The plan is very
simple and excellently done. It divides the problem of civilian defense
into two phases, that wliich is called the protective service and that
which is termed voluntary participation, the latter covering health,
welfare, recreation, and so forth, and the first being related to a
protective organization entitled "Citizens Defense Corps," that
includes health service, fire service, police service and air-raid wardens,
medical, public works, and utilities.
In addition, there is a communications center, a transportation
service, and a volunteer office for the procurement of volunteers.
Now, the fire service consists of the regular department, plus the
auxiliary fire volunteers to a number of, roughly, five times the uni-
formed force, and the rescue squads.
The Police Department consists of the uniformed force of approxi-
mately five times the number of auxiliary volunteers and certain
special groups, such as bomb squads, and so forth.
Air raid warden service is entirely unique in the municipal set-up.
We have nothing comparable to it in the ordinary city, and at the
present time there are about 22,000 air-raid wardens in the District
of Columbia.
9650 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
AIR-RAID WARDEN GROUPS
The city is divided into aii"-raid warden groups, and then further
subdivided into zones. The basic organization is a warden sector
which is a unit of approximately 500 people or a city block. The
sector is the proper place for the warden's post, which consists of a
senior warden and 4 or more assistants, a group of 10 fire watchers
and a group of 9 messengers. The emergency medical service cor-
responds roughly to a medical corps in the armed organizations.
Base hospitals from which teams go out are broken into squads
until they reach the theater of operation. In the District of Columbia
there are approximately 82 casualty clearing stations. They break
down into three times that number of first-aid stations and between
the first-aid stations and the theater of operations there are detach-
ments of litter bearers.
We come next to the public works, and the term, I think, is self-
explanatory. That includes the liighways, sewers, water, and public
utilities. That service is rather well organized. The public utilities
work encompasses the regulation of all public utilities.
There are special squads m each of these services. In the public
works, there is the decontamination squad to protect from gas, and
demolition squads to remove buildings and structures that become a
menace. The utilities service contemplates the coordination of all
pubHc utilities of every type.
Following that the transportation service coordinates all types of
transportation needed, such as ambulance, motor pools, and so forth.
The city of Washington probably has the finest set of communications
in the country. We have three separate sets of communications, any
two of which can go out and the remaining lines will still function.
We receive our information as to air raids and black-outs from our
interceptor command station in Baltimore, and we are responsible for
transmitting those warnings to this entire area. The subcontrol
centers are established and have functioned. They are constantly
being tested. That, in brief, is the picture of the set-up. I have
refrained from giving figures because they are included as a part of
the air-raid warden's service.
EMERGENCY FEEDING SERVICE
There is established an emergency feeding service intended to
provide for the emergency existing from the time of the disaster until
the better established agencies are prepared to take care of the people.
We have no facilities to set up mobile units or anytliing of that sort.
In order to overcome that, we started establishing small emergency
feeding units of about 20 women and stocked each of them with coffee,
soup, and crackers sufficient for 500 people, settmg them up on the
basis of every 10,000 population. When they are perfected it will be
impossible to bo more than 15 or 20 minutes away from one of these
emergency feeding stations no matter where a disaster occurs, and that
will, of course, overcome the problem of not ha\dng mobile kitchens.
We are spotting them around in as widespread an area as possible.
. Then, on the other side, for the housing, we are planning to use the
old American neighborhood idea that when a person is in trouble his
neighbor will take Jiim in. So the undamaged areas aromid the
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9651
point where the disaster occurs will absorb these people temporarily
and give them shelter for the first 12 hours or even 1 or 2 nights. That
eliminates the immediate danger of panic and suffering until the better
organized agencies are able to function. Tliis is the first phase in
housing and feeding. The second phase is being studied and that
requires a more elaborate organization such as food, cots, blankets,
and so forth. But this is purely emergency.
Now, the housing plan is roughly 60 percent complete and we have
about 60 of the feeding units already established and we need more.
Mr. Arnold. You are set up according to the plan of the Office of
Civilian Defense?
Colonel BoLLEs. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arnold. To whom do you report the progress you have made?
Colonel BoLLES. My immediate superior, of course, is Mr. Young,
the United States Coordinator, for whom I act.
The city of Washington and the metropolitan area is a part of the
third defense region. The country, for civilian defense purposes, is
divided into nine defense regions which correspond to the nine corps
areas of the United States Army. The headquarters of the third
defense region is in Baltimore and that is our immediate superior
office in the civilian defense set-up.
We get our mstructions direct from there and they regard this
metropolitan area as a fourth State — Maryland, Virginia, Pennsyl-
vania, and the District of Columbia. They regard us in all respects
as a fourth State, and Mr. Young as governor of that fourth State, so
far as relationships go.
AIR-RAID ALARMS
Mr. Arnold. In your opmion, Colonel Bolles, will the warning de-
vices be adequate m futiu'e air raid alarms?
Colonel Bolles. To what do you refer exactlj'^?
Mr. Arnold. To the warning devices or sirens.
Colonel Bolles. Sirens are not adequate at the present time, sir.
The plans that have been developed contemplate the mstallation of a
large number of these sirens. They have not been installed yet to
such a degree that I can speak with any authority on that.
Mr. Arnold. You mean in the matter of sufficient sirens?
Colonel Bolles. The installation of sirens has been studied by the
Engineer Commissioner in close collaboration with the communica-
tions service.
Mr. Arnold. Wliat is your opinion with regard to the sufficiency
of the sirens and alarms?
Colonel Bolles. I am not highly impressed by it, sh. That is my
individual opinion. I have not been called upon to deal with it.
Mr. Arnold. Have you made surveys as to the adequacy of hos-
pital space and the number of doctors and nurses and fire and police
forces and water facilities?
emergency medical service
Colonel Bolles. A very careful survey of the medical requirernents
and facilities available has been made by Dr. Jolm A. Reed, chief of
the emergency medical services, and Ivam speaking now only of the
9652 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
elemcut of protective service. I am not prepared to discuss the hospi-
tal faciUties of the District of Columbia because I am not informed of
that, but the emergency medical service has been set up, using the
plans and the units of population recommended by the Office of Civil-
ian Defense. We are set up exactly on that basis and with the excep-
tion of the squads of litter bearers, that service is complete.
Requisitions for the necessary medical supplies have been placed and
I understand will be filled. The personnel is complete and it is trained
personnel. They have already been tested out several times.
They do have emergency facilities in the several hospitals here,
created by utilizing all available space such as dining rooms and halls.
They would equip them with cots and put into effect the plan of
evacuating permanent patients who are not of an emergency character.
We have been assured by Dr. Reed that any reasonable emergency
can be met without any undue breaking down.
Now, don't misunderstand me. Our emergency medical service is
not perfect and a great deal of training has yet to be done, but the
basic structure, with the exception of litter bearers, has been set up
and the yardstick was the plan set up by the Office of Civihan Defense,
wliich has made a careful study of all of it. We will use the units of
population set out by the Office of Civihan Defense to determine the
number of those things we should have.
Mr. Arnold. And even though for many years the District has
had inadequate services in most of these facilities, you still think the
emergency set-up would be adequate?
Colonel BoLLEs. I wouldn't say it would be adequate.
Mr. Arnold. I mean, will it function in as good a manner as pos-
sible?
Colonel BoLLES. Purely for the emergency situation, sir. We would
get many who are hurt and injured, give them prompt treatment and
evacuate them at once to some point where they could get better
care. Now, there is set up in these services a feeding system supplied
by the Red Cross. There will be 82 of these casualty stations and
at each station there is a unit for the feeding of patients. The unit
consists of five women and there are three shifts. Their problem is
to take care of all feeding of those who have visible injuries and have
been taken in by the emergency medical service.
The emergency feeding units of the warden service are intended to
give immediate feeding to that other and larger proportion of the
people who have been in the area of the disaster, to prevent shock
and avoid panic and get them away from the scene of the trouble and
back to normal as rapidly as possible.
Mr. Arnold. The committee has noted that generous space has
been given in the Washington newspapers to the activities of civilian
defense. Do you think the response of the people has been satis-
factory thus far to the requests made by your organization?
public response
Colonel BoLLES. I am of the opinion that we have in the city of
Washington and the metropolitan area as fine a body of American
citizens — ^and possibly on a little higher general level — as any other
city in the world. The response to the problem has been perfectly
splendid. The same is true of the press service and the radio service.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9653
Not a single request that I have made definitely to any agency in
Washington, or to any group of citizens, has not been complied with
nor have they failed to do their best to help. As Commissioner Young
said, for about 3 months I operated without one dollar of financial
assistance.
Mr. Arnold. Has any attention been given by your organization
to the British experience with regard to all these matters we have been
discussing?
Colonel BoLLEs. The way this civilian defense is set up is this: All
that material had been collected by the Office of Civilian Defense
and has been subjected to a great deal of research and study by men
whom I regard as very, very able.
I am deeply impressed with the planning and types of instruction
that have been issued for the civilian defense by these men. I am
impressed by their general excellence.
Mr. Young told me that as soon as we had their studies and plans
available, to act upon them. They have had not only the British, but
all other experiences available, carefully studied them, and brought
out plans applicable to an American community.
Speaking for ourselves alone, we have not attempted any independ-
ent study of sources of information separate and apart from what I
get from that office. We have had two members of our foreign police
departments at the Edgewood School. That is handled by the Chem-
ical Warfare Service, War Department, and also the F. B. I. conducts
schools. We have had a large number of fine policemen graduated
therefrom, and we have conducted schools here in the control of incen-
diary bombs, gas defense, and various subjects of that character. I
think we have a most excellent school. We have sent several thousand
men through it. It is conducted by the fire and police departments.
Chief Porter of the D. C. fire department loaned us Chief Murphy,
who has conducted a very excellent school, and those attending these
schools have infoi-mation on incendiary bombs and gas defense, and
so forth.
Mr. Arnold. Then you think with the study made by the Office of
Civilian Defense and their instructions to the various cities in the
country, that we might avoid the mistakes made earlier in England?
Colonel BoLLES. I do, sir.
OPINION ON EVACUATION
Mr. Arnold. What is your opinion of the question of evacuating
large centers of population in the event of heavy and prolonged air
attacks? Do you believe that should be done?
Colonel BoLLES. I might just express a personal opinion, sir. I
don't believe in evacuating people unless you are under a completely
destructive fire. I would advise the people to stay and take care of
themselves to the best of their ability. I don't mean to say you should
keep a group of civilians under completely destructive fire. Having
a completely destructive fire is not within my contemplation at the
present.
Mr. Arnold. Nor a prolonged attack?
Colonel Bolles. No, sir.
Mr. Arnold. I am sure you would agree that in a total war it is
necessary that the whole population be engaged in some job, total war
9654 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
can be won only by applying total resources to a war program. Has
your organization contacted all of the citizens' organizations in the
District and integrated them into your defense plans?
PROTECTIVE SERVICE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE
Colonel BoLLEs. A good deal of progress has been made. As far as
the relationship between the protective division and the group you
speak of, I have gone on the assumption that until we have perfected
our protective service the other matter was of secondary importance,
because if your protective services fail, you may not have an oppor-
tunity of determining what might be done in the other field.
If the protective services were completed, and having an adequate
amount of time and facilities to do that properly — and they are not
complete yet — then I would devote time and attention to the other
phases. Frankly, I have not devoted a great deal of attention to
other phases of it.
The integration you speak of was started about a month or 6 weeks
ago, when the Commission appointed Mr. Van Hyning to coordinate
and develop those activities, but up to that time we were so terrifi-
cally busy trying to get our wardens and policemen going that there
were not enough hours of the day to do anything else.
Mr. Arnold. I think the committee realizes that and we know you
have done a splendid job with the limited means at your disposal.
Don't you think the work of your organization should provide for a
close liaison at all times with regard to the ofRcials directly charged
with the administration of services such as health, welfare, and
housing?
Colonel BoLLES. It does, sir. And it is highly important.
Now, may I amplify my reply to your preceding question? There
is no doubt in my mind that there is tremendous importance in all
those phases which are referred to as nonprotective. They are cal-
culated to keep the morale of the people sound, and that is highly
important. They deserve the fullest development, and there is a
close liaison provided in the structure of civilian defense for all of those
agencies, one with the other.
Mr. Arnold. That is alii have.
Mr. Curtis. Isn't it true that one of the big tasks in civilian defense
is the matter of discipline, so we won't hurt each other in our attempts
to protect ourselves?
Colonel BoLLEs. Quite so, sir, and without any reflection upon the
people of Washington, because they are simply a segment of the entire
country. For 3 months prior to Pearl Harbor very vigorous effort was
made to get them set up for this situation while there was time.
Immediately after Pearl Harbor the need for all of it arose.
training required
We have a million people who have to learn a lot of things for
themselves. The population must be informed. Each man and each
woman must know what to do. That is a terrific task for us and we
have also the task of getting specialized instruction to seven or eight
groups of enrolled units running altogether in excess of 30,000 people,
men and women, and rapidly approaching much higher figures.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9655
There just aren't instructors enough to do it, and the sudden arrival of
the emergency produced far less confusion than I had anticipated.
Mr. Curtis. Has not the experience been that a great number of
serious injuries and deaths result from traffic accidents and other
factors, rather than the direct hits of bombs?
Colonel BoLLES. Far more, sir; that is quite true. The only way
to prevent it is fu'st, by the civilian group properly exercising their
own initiative at every opportunity to acquire information and to
accept responsibility for their own conduct in their own homes, and
second, by training those in the fire and police and warden service and
coordinating all that activity in such manner that they can control
traffic, guard people, guide them, and take care of them.
AIR-RAID PRACTICE
A black-out at night would be a very bad thing until the population
is fairly familiar with what is expected of them. You would then
have a trained warden service and a trained auxiliary police service
that can handle traffic, a trained fire department and other special
facilities able to run about in the dark without running over people.
Mr. Curtis. Would it be wise, for instance, in regard to an air
raid signal, for the people to know whether it was a mere practice or
drill and whether it was an actual air raid?
Colonel BoLLEs. Very important, and Mr. Young has specifically
required here that no trials be undertaken without adequate advance
notice' to the people.
The first interceptor command, which extends all up and down the
Atlantic, controls the use of air-raid signals. The two tests we have
had, one in daylight and one in the night, had to be cleared with the
Army in advance. There is no possibility now of having a test black-
out without adequate public warning. If there is no public warning
in advance, it is the real thing.
Mr. Curtis. I think that matter should be publicized in the com-
munity. I have in mind a family where there are perhaps several
children of very tender age. If it is a mere drill, there is nothing
contributed to the defense of the country by waking them up and
taking them to a basement or an air-raid shelter room, but that is
what would be done if it was the real thing.
Colonel BoLLEs. That is true, sir. I believe that every householder
and every business organization and every type of establishment
should go through the motions exactly as would be done in an actual
raid. It is easier to learn those things in practice than it is with
somebody shooting at you. The system of training here has been
adequately publicized in advance and, while a great many people
apparently don't read the papers, our previous tests have been in the
newspapers 2 or 3 days in advance and in every issue. There will be
advance notice of every subsequent test that will be held here, sir.
Mr. Curtis. A great deal of that matter of discipline is up to the
people and cannot be brought about by appropriations of Congress or
anything else. We cannot provide a policeman for each civilian.
Colonel BoLLES. We cannot do it, sir. Here is a case where an
individual citizen, whether he likes it or not, has to look out for him-
self and has to use his own ingenuity and be on the alert to gather and
absorb information and use it. There just isn't money enough avail-
9656 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
able to take a million people by the hand and give them this stuff in
detail, if they are not doing it themselves. We have emphasized that
this must start from the roots and be of the people.
Commissioner Young, too, has emphasized that because if it is not
that way it won't work. The people are going to take the brunt of
it anyway, and tmless they are aware of that fact themselves they
will suffer for it. If they are awake even a poor plan will operate.
That is one reason why initial programs seem slow and confusmg, but
in the end it is a stronger basis than if laid down by a vast army of
experts from above. People have to do it themselves.
The whole superstructure is unimportant when the thing is done by
the squads of air-raid wardens and individual firemen and policemen
who are on the ground. All tliis superstructure is for the purpose of
training an organization in advance. If it is not well done, the people
will suffer and anything that has been neglected cannot be done after
the tiling hits.
The Chairman. Is there any city in the United States comparable
in size to the metropolitan area of Washington that has a siren that
could be heard by all the people in that locality?
Colonel BoLLES. Over the entire area; sir?
The Chairman. Yes.
Colonel BoLLEs. I am utterly unable to answer that question. I do
not know, sir.
The Chairman. Now, we do get our information or warning through
the radio. Of course, thousands of people in Washington don't have
radios.
Colonel BoLLEs. May I make an explanation? I personally have
not followed the sirens or the warning devices. That has not been my
responsibility. I have not attempted to dodge anything but I have
been so extremely busy with things that were my business that I have
not gone into those other areas which were not mine.
The Chairman. Thank you very much, Colonel. We have several
more witnesses and want to finish by noon.
TESTIMONY OF DR. GEORGE C. RUHLAND, HEALTH OFFICER,
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The Chairman. For the benefit of the record, will you state your
name and your official capacity, Doctor?
Dr. Ruhland. George C. Ruhland, health officer, District of
Columbia.
The Chairman. Dr. Ruhland, you were before us last year and
gave us a very fine statement at that time. The purpose of this
appearance and of the statement you have been asked to make is
to bring that statement up to date.
(The statement mentioned is as follows:)
STATEMENT BY DR. GEORGE C. RUHLAND, HEALTH OFFICER OF
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Contents: Population. Health services: Public health nursing, tuberculosis,
vital statistics, laboratories, dental, maternal and child welfare. Sanitary serv-
ices. Health trends. Health Department personnel. Hospital facilities. Hos-
pital needs. Clinic facilities. Illness among Government and industrial
employees.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9657
Population
District of Columbia:
1930 486,869
1940 - 663,091
Present estimate, October 1941 i 770, 000
1 This estimate was made by the Washington Board of Trade and was based on the number of building
permits issued, the occupancy of dwelling units, employment statistics, and other related data. (See table
below.)
Items
September
1941
Percent in-
crease over
September
1940
Percent in-
crease over
September
1939
Federal employees
Others gainfully employed
Family-unit permits
Job seekers (employment centers)
198, 371
217, 629
891
19, 456
38.5
6.75
20.1
-26.7
50.4
13.3
126.1
-45.4
Health Services
The increased demands for health services in the District of Columbia are
strikingly shown in the following tabulation of services offered during the calendar
years 1937-40, inclusive;
Growth of health services, 1937-40
Percentage
increase
Tuberculosis:
Number of new cases admitted to clinics.
Number of patient visits to clinics
Number of X-rays taken
Venereal diseases:
Number of patients admitted to clinics
Number of patient visits to clinics.
Number of treatments for syphilis
Number of laboratory tests for syphilis
Maternal and child welfare:
Number of cases admitted to maternity clinics
Number of infant and preschool cases admitted —
Nursing service:
Total field nursing visits
Total office nursing visits
Field nursing visits for maternity
Office nursing visits for maternity
Field nursing visits for infant and preschool
Office nursing visits for infant and preschool
Laboratory: Total number of laboratory examinations
5,992
20, 054
7,025
7.279
106, tS2
56, 727
76, 472
1,359
10, 194
31,210
25, 837
4,340
381
9,923
4,419
158, 124
9,144
33, 799
15, 546
10, 893
129,382
74, 190
162, 189
5,208
18, 070
38, 033
49,913
12, 379
10, 320
11,587
22, 217
285, 615
52.6
68.5
121.3
49.6
21.4
30.8
112.1
283.2
77.3
21.9
93.2
185.2
260.9
16.8
402.8
80.6
I
A. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
Seventy-five and one-tenth cents per capita, exclusive of Instructive Visiting
Nurse Society, standard of American Public Health Association for Public Health
nurses.
Twenty-seven and seven-tenths cents per capita, exclusive of Instructive
Visiting Nurse Society, now being spent (including Federal grants).
The attached table shows (1) the number of nurses required for a population
of 770,000, according to American Public Health Association standards; (2) the
number available at the present time; and (3) the additional number required.
Number of public health nurses at present 95
Number required 237
Shortage .- 142
9658
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
B. TUBERCULOSIS
Number of deaths
Death rate
Women
Children
Total
Women
Children
Total
1940
1941
200
188
391
389
591
577
42.2
33.2
206.5
181.9
89.1
76.9
In spite of the importance of this disease as a cause of deaths, the tuberculosis
clinic has had to restrict the number of admissions to its service because of lack
of personnel
Number of new cases admitted for study and number of visits made torn 19S7
through 1941
Calendar year
New cases
Visits
1937 _ . . .. _
5,992
5,894
6,864
9, 144
1 10, 000
1 12, 100
20 054
193S
23, 168
19.39 ....
27, 548
33 799
1940
1941
1 40, 000
1942
1 46, 200
' Estimated.
Estimated number of nurses required,^ by services
Service
Standard
Estimated problem
(based on popula-
tion of 770,000)
Total
number
of nurses
required
Number
of nm-ses
available
Addi-
tional
number
of niu-ses
required
Tuberculosis
1 nurse for 22.4 deaths. -
1 nurse for 394 cases
1 n urse for 376 cases
1 nurse for 657.1 cases. .
1 nurse for 1,900 child-
ren.
1 nurse for 685.7 cases _ .
For every 3-hour clinic
session, 17.667 nurs-
ing hours in clinic
plus 32 hours in
field.2
669 deaths
29.9
26.0
22.8
52.1
55.0
10.0
40.8
11.9
20.1
31.8
1.16
13.1
18.0
Maternitv- ------
10,234 cases - - -..
5 9
Infant
8, .562 cases
—9 0
Preschool
34,249 cases
50 5
School
104,414 children
6,884 cases
32 clinic sessions of 3
hours each.
41 9
Communicable disease.
10.0
Venereal disease
16.5
24 3
Total
236.6
3 95.0
141 6
1 Based on standards of the American Public Health Association. See Hiscock, Ira, Community Health
Organization, p. 179, exclusive of bedside nursing.
2 Estimated by District of Columbia Director of Venereal Disease Service.
3 Consists of 74 from District funds, 6 from Maternal Child Hygiene, 10 from Crippled Children, 2 from
U. S. Public Health (title VI), and 3 from Venereal Disease Control Act.
C. VENEREAL DISEASE
Number deaths from venereal diseases in 1940 (U. S. Census Bureau) — 255.
Death rate per 100,000 population (insofar as venereal disease death rate is con-
cerned Washington was twenty-third among 30 largest cities in the United
States in 1940)— 38.5.
Number of clinics — 2.
Number possible 3-hour weekly clinic sessions — 32.
Number possible treatments per session (patients) — 100-200.
Number actual weekly clinic sessions 1940 — 18.
Number actual treatments requested per session — 350-400.
During the period November 1940 to July 1941, 2,094 selectees who were found
to have positive blood tests were referred to this clinic for further examination.
This increase in activity is in addition to that which would normally have occurred
due to population increases.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9659
D. LABORATORIES
Serological tests estimated for 1942 fiscal year budget — 250,000.
Serological tests made during calendar year 1941-^329,216.
Serological tests must be anticipated in view of increasing population and expend-
ing venereal disease activity — 349,216.
Tests per year is capacity for laboratory technicians — 25,000,
Technicians required for 349,000 tests — 14.
Technicians available at present time — 7.
E. DENTAL
Children in junior and senior public and parochial high schools in the District of
Columbia— 44.900.
Estimated to be in need of dental attention — 35,900, or 80 percent.
Those needing care are estimated to be unable to pay for care — 14,371, or 40 per-
cent.
F. MATERNAL AND CHILD WELFARE
Birth rates. (See Health Trends.)
1936: Maternity patients received care at Health Department clinics — 688.
1940: Maternity patients received care at Health Department clinics — 5,000.
1936: Babies and preschool children registered for health supervision — 7,500.
1940: Babies and preschool children registered for health supervision— 18,000.
1936: Visits by mothers and children to Health Department clinics for health
protection measures — 55,000.
1940: Visits by mothers and children to Health Department clinics for health
protection measures — 124,000.
1938: Children with crippling conditions hospitalized for 13,496 days — 268.
1940: Children with crippling conditions hospitalized for 25,146 days — 367.
Fifteen maternal and child health centers operated by the Health Department.
Increased population means increased service demands, and this means:
1. Additional nursing personnel.
2. Increased clinical facilities.
3. Additional medical personnel.
4. Expanded convalescent care facilities.
Services for crippled children need to be expanded:
In 1938, 88 children made 268 visits to Gallinger Hospital crippled children's
clinic for diagnosis and treatment.
In 1939, 333 children made 2,168 visits to Gallinger Hospital crippled children's
clinic for diagnosis and treatment.
In 1940, 540 children made 2,569 visits to GaUinger Hospital crippled children's
clinic for diagnosis and treatment.
Sanitary Services
A. restaurants and boarding houses
Number restaurants in 1940, 1,800.
Number restaurants in 1941, 2,000.
Estimated number boarding houses with 10 or more boarders, 1,500.
Estimated number boarding houses with 4 or more boarders, 4,500.
In order to inspect the 4,500 boarding houses 18 times a year, a total of 81,000
inspections will have to be made. This would require the services of 14 additional
inspectors.
B, water supply
Lack of adequate personnel has made essential water supply surveys impossible.
The large number of cross-connections throughout the city present an ever-
increasing hazard in the growing city.
Six men are required to augment the present force and to operate emergency
chlorinators in time of emergency,
c. housing
Multiple family units vacant in October 1940 (percent) 0. 24
Multiple family units vacant in October 1940 (percent) 4. 0
Single-room vacancies November 1941 (percent) 1.0
9660
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
D. GENERAL INSPECTION
Additional inspectors are needed for general inspection work to ascertain and
to obtain correction of defects in sewer and water systems and in structural con-
ditions of buildings. They enforce laws relating to junk shops, tailor shops,
barber and beauty shops, etc.
Population
Number of inspectors.
770, 000
11
E. FOOD CONTROL
1. June 2, 1902: Ordnance to prevent the sale of unwholesome food in the
District. This regulation requires the maintenance of cleanliness and good sani-
tation in food establishments, and provides adequate penalties for any violation.
2. 1940: Code governing the maintenance and operation of slaughterhouses,
packing houses, and abattoir, and new regulations governing the operation and
maintenance of poultry establishments in the District of Columbia.
3. 1939: Frozen dessert ordinance.
F. CHARACTER OF ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement consists of the regular inspection of all food establishmentsj
prosecution in the court of all violations, and special action on complaints re-
ferred to the Bureau.
G. TYPE AND FREQUENCY OF INSPECTIONS
1940:
Establishments under inspection 5, 648
Inspections made 101, 807
Pounds of food condemned (approximately, 12 tons) 341, 727
Health Trends
A. death rates, PER 1,000 POPULATION
Year
White
Colored
Total
1937 .
12.4
11.4
11.4
12.1
10.5
18.9
15.9
17.0
16.2
15.0
14. a
1938 -
12.7
1939 . - . .
13.0'
1940 - .
13. a
1941 . -
11.8
B. BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 POPULATION
Year
White
Colored
Total
1937
18.8
19.6
20.7
22.3
24.0
23.1
23.5
24.1
24.4
24.6
20.1
1938 .
20.7
1939 . ---
21. &
1940 -
22.9
1941 .
24.2-
C. TUBERCULOSIS DEATH RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION
Year
White
Colored
Total
1930
62.1
45.3
50.6
46.9
39.3
36.5
42.2
263.3
260.8
266.5
226.2
230.8
216.8
206.5
116.9
1935
105.5
1936
111.8
1937 -
97.7
1938
9a 8
1939 -
84.1
1940 -
89.1
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9661
D. VENEREAL DISEASE DEATH RATE PER 100,000 FOPULATION
Year
Rate
1936
22.8
1937
21.9
1938
21.0
1939 . .
16.2
1940
22.9
E. INFANT MORTALITY
Year
White
Colored
Total
1938
1939
37.3
33.6
36.8
38.7
70.8
78.9
70.7
81.9
48.1
48.0
1940 -
47.1
1941 . ..
51.2
F. MATERNAL MORTALITY
Year
White
Colored
Total
1938
4.19
8.37
5.53
1939
3.67
7.22
4.78
1940... _
2.27
4.32
2.90
1941
2.33
3.61
2.70
G. HISTORY OF EPIDEMICS
Year
Chicken
po.K, cases
Gonorrhea,
cases
Meningococcus
meningitis
Pneumonia,
cases
Poliomyelitis
Syphilis,
cases
Tuberculo-
Cases
Deaths
Cases
Deaths
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
776
1,035
1,487
702
947
807
893
1,064
837
892
1,548
534
1,049
1,390
720
1,073
(')
(')
(')
(')
399
528
847
1,312
1,344
1,346
1,635
1,982
2,032
2,925
3,386
3,345
5
6
4
8
20
24
58
32
22
14
252
144
81
20
'I
3
2
3
5
14
9
28
13
11
6
93
64
30
9
4
6
1,269
1,996
1,125
1,339
1,568
1, 305
1,433
1,314
1,182
1,254
1,353
1,175
1,041
1,010
813
1,044
22
6
14
36
6
12
17
39
12
10
85
7
30
28
19
8
4
5
6
5
4
5
4
6
2
3
10
2
4
3
1
3
(')
(')
(")
(■)
788
1,035
1,336
1,872
2,005
1,832
1,747
2,008
2,294
4,031
6,169
6,706
1,238
1,173
1,222
1,142
1,214
1,031
1,062
1.154
1.100
1,138
1,366
1,371
1,406
1,468
1,369
1,637
' Records not available.
The following table presents the number of personnel employed in each of the
Health Department bureaus for the years 1937 through 1942, together with the
number requested by the health officer and the number approved by the District
Commissioners for the year 1943.
9662 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Health Department
Personnel by bureaus {exclusive of those paid from Federal funds)
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943 1
Bureau
Request-
ed by
health
officer
Allowed
by
commis-
sioners
Administration _ -
13
0
25
10
31
45
0
63
11
27
11
10
7
0
13
0
30
16
31
59
0
75
12
27
11
10
11
14
0
31
16
31
59
0
80
12
27
13
13
7
11
14
0
31
16
23
61
0
81
10
24
13
13
13
15
0
31
18
23
62
0
83
10
24
16
13
7
13
16
0
32
21
24
58
0
86
12
26
21
18
9
18
27
0
33
30
28
75
0
115
14
35
32
38
11
26
18
0
Food 2.
32
Laboratories _ -
25
Maternal and Child Welfare
26
]\redical Inspection of Schools . . .
54
Mental Hvgiene
0
Nursing
93
12
Sanitation
30
Tuberculosis _ . . . . .
27
Venereal Diseases
Vital Statistics-
Permit Bureau
24
9
19
Total
253
302
314
306
315
341
464
369
' See attached table on deficiency requests for personnel.
2 Exclusive of 1 special food inspector, at $200 per annum.
Deficiency requests for additional Health Department personnel — by bureau
Bureau
1942
Deficiency
request
Bureau
1942
Deficiency
request
Administration
16
32
21
24
58
86
12
26
21
3
22
4
0
6
121
11
25
9
Venereal Disease.
18
9
18
13
Vital Statistics _
2
Laboratories -. _ _. ._
Permit Bureau .. .
5
Maternal and Child Welfare
Medical Inspection of Schools..
Nursing _ _ .
Dental
Total
14
341
235
8
Total
243
Included in Medical Inspection of Schools.
Hospital F.\ciMriE3
A recent survey of hospital facilities in the District of Cohimbia discloses that
there are 3,2.50 unrestricted general medical and surgical hospital beds in the
District. This figure does not include bassinets or beds for communicable disease
or mental cases, and includes 65 percent of the general medical and surgical beds
at Freedmen's Hospital. Up to 65 percent of the beds at Freedmen's Hospital
are available to bona fide District of Columbia residents. The 3,250 beds do not
include those in Walter Reed, Veterans' Administration facility, the United
States Naval Hospitals, inasmuch as these institutions are primarily limited to
Army, war veterans, and Navy personnel respectively. It also does not include
the beds at the Florence Crittenton Home or the Washington Home for Incurables,
or St. Ann's Infant Asylum. The word "unrestricted" should be ciualified to the
extent that the beds at, Gallinger Municipal Hospital are limited insofar as general
medical and surgical service is concerned to indigent residents of the District of
Columbia. This is primarily the case with Freedmen's Hospital beds also.
The 3,250 beds mentioned above represent, on the basis of an estimated 770,000
population at the present time. 4.2 beds per thousand. There is presented in the
attached table the distribution of these hospital beds in the District of Columbia
by institution. It will be noted that there are 2,321 beds in general hospitals.
The standard of adequacy for general-hospital beds in a community has varyingly
been reported at 5 per thousand population, and 1 patient-day per capita, the
latter estimate having been determined on the basis of group hospitalization
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9663
experience. It would appear that this ratio should be adequate for private hos-
pitals. However, numerous factors tend to indicate that this ratio would not
pertain to hospital beds for indigents such as are provided in most municipal
hospitals. Among these factors are —
(1) The population group employing the use of group hospitalization comprises
a higher income section of the poiDulation than that eligible for public hospital
care. Nimierous morbidity studies have demonstrated that the incidence of
illness among the low-income groups i? larger than among those in the higher
economic level. Persons in this category, therefore, should experience a greater
need for hospitalization.
(2) Because of submarginal living conditions it is not sound to return low-income
patients to their homes for convalescence.
It is quite probable, therefore, that whereas the latter ratio could be employed
in determining needs for private-hospital beds, the former would be preferable in
establishing adequacy for indigent hospitalization.
Table JSTo. 2— Hospital beds in District of Columbia on Dec. 10, 1941
Hospital
Total
accommo-
dations
Number
beds
Number
ba.'^sinets
Number
general
medical
beds
Number
of
surgical
beds
Number
of
obstet-
rical beds
Number
of con-
tagious-
disease
beds
Emergency.. ..
280
203
210
294
147
105
437
274
114
77
320
345
96
177
2S0
191
127
238
147
105
335
223
92
59
275
249
50
177
0
0
83
56
0
0
98
51
22
18
45
96
46
0
124
156
0
0
87
50
0
0
98
M7
25
22
50
70
50
0
Children's'
12
Columbia'
40
0
Doctors ' .... ..
0
Casualty _
47
100
0
Episcopal 1- -
0
Garfield > .
0
Georgetown '
0
George W^ashington 1...
0
12
79
43
0
25
146
140
0
0
Providencfe
0
Sibley __.
0
Florence Crittenton
0
Washington Home lor Incur-
ables
Total
3,079
2,548
515
499
12
Freedmen's
5.52
1,450
498
1,394
54
56
167
131
49
56
151
Gallinger 1 ._
3 4g2
Total governmental
* 1, 972
1,892
110
105
633
Grand total
5,051
4,440
625
604
3745
• No well-defined distribution of beds by general medical and surgical.
2 4 additional obstetrical beds have been used in labor rooms.
' Includes 326 tuberculosis beds at Gallinger Hospital.
* Excluding Walter Reed, St. Elizabeths, Veterans' Administration facility, and U. S. Naval Hospitals.
FACILITIES AVAILABLE TO LOW INCOME GROUPS
Most of the existing facilities in the District of Columbia are available to persons
in low income categories. Through the wide-sprfead availability of group hospital-
ization and through part-payment arrangements whereby the patient's bill can be
paid on the budget plan, these individuals can receive authorization for hospital
care. The municipal hospital will care for those residents who are considered,
on investigation, to be medically indigent. The community chest hospitalization
fund will pay all or part of the hospitalization cost for those medical indigents who
are not bona fide residents of the District of Columbia. The question, therefore,
is not so much one of making arrangements for care as of having facilities available.
It should be mentioned in connection with Gallinger Municipal Hospital that
pay cases are admitted to three services, namely, tuberculosis, contagious disease,
and psychopathic. These services are not available in local private hospitals.
INCREASE IN THE HEALTH FACILITIES SINCE 1938
(a) Doctor's Hospital: 238 adults, 56 bassinets.
(b) Two additional units at Gallinger Municipal Hospital:
1. Tuberculosis, 226 beds.
2. General medical, 276 beds.
60396 — 42 — pt. 25 3
9664 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
(c) Freedmen's Hospital tuberculosis unit: 150 beds.
(d) Southwest Health Center, District of Columbia Health Department.
Hospital Needs in the District of Columbia
In determining hospital needs for the District of Columbia it is not possible to
ignore the needs in the areas adjoining the District. Present institutions have
been utilized to a considerable extent by residents of these areas. However,
viewing the District as a separate entity it develops that on the 1 -patient-day -per-
capita basis a more than adequate number of hospital beds in private institutions
exists. On this basis there should be 2,636 general hospital beds available. This
compares with the 3,250 already in existence. When the metropolitan area is
taken into consideration it appears that 3,607 general hospital beds are available,
357 of which are distributed between Montgomery County and Alexandria.
There are no hospitals in Arlington, Fairfax, and Prince Georges Counties, unless
the 9-bed unit at Greenbelt is considered. This institution, how^ever, is available
only to Greenbelt residents and cannot be considered as a general hospital facility.
On the basis of 1 patient-day per capita there should be 3,851 general hospital beds
in the metropolitan area, 2,636 of which should be distributed between Mont-
gomery, Prince Georges, Arlington, and Fairfax Counties and Alexandria. At the
present time there is a shortage of 858 beds in the suburban areas. It is recognized
that the determinations of needs described above do not take into consideration
the indigent problem. For instance, although it is stated that 2,636 general beds
should be adequate for the District of Columbia, this figure does not take into
account the indigent increment involved. In order to determine the needs more
accurately it would be necessary to learn not only the number of indigents in the
District of Columbia, but in addition, the number of medical indigents. The
difficulty in securing these data makes it necessary to determine needs for public
hospital beds on the basis of experience and demand.
Utilizing these criteria, it has been found that a need for additional hospital
beds exists at Gallinger Municipal Hospital. The present accommodations for
obstetrics and infant care are entirely inadequate both from the standpoint of
physical facilities and from that of bed adequacy. In connection with this
institution it should also be recognized that inflexibility due to sex and race
distribution within the hospital as well as to service specialties, such as communi-
cable diseases, etc., makes a large number of beds necessary. For instance, even
though the hospital may not be operating at 80 percent capacity, it is quite
conceivable that certain services may be experiencing overcrowding.
Health Department Clinical Facilities
There is presented in the table below the Health Department bureaus which
maintain clinical services, together with the number of clinics operated by each
bureau.
Bureau and number of clinics
Tuberculosis 2
Venereal disease 2
Maternal and child welfare ' 16
Dental service ^ 10
' This number includes a clinic for crippled children at Gallinger Hospital and a maternal and child wel-
fare clinic at the Southwest Health Center.
' This number includes a dental clinic at the Southwest Health Center.
At the present time the Health Department operates one health center, that in
the southwest section of Washington, in which the following services are available:
1. Maternal and child welfare clinic.
2. Dental clinic.
3. Venereal disease clinic.
4. Tuberculosis clinic.
5. Public health nursing service.
6. Sanitation service.
7. Health education service.
Fluids have been appropriated for the construction of an additional health
center, this one to be located in the northwest section of Washington, and to
provide essentially the same services as are now available in the Southwest Health
Center. Plans for this center have already been completed and it is anticipated
that construction will begin shortly.
In connection with the dental clinic at the Southwest Health Center, it is pertinent
to note that both children and adults Avho are imable to purchase dental care
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9665
from private practitioners are eligible for treatment. All applicants are inter-
viewed by a social service representative of the hospital permit bureau, who
determines eligibility, this eligibility being contingent on residence and economic
status.
The need for an additional health center to be located in the Anacostia area
of the District of Columbia has long been recognized by the Health Department.
This need has been accentuated by the influx of defense workers in that area due
to the increased activity in the navy yard. At the present time the Health
Department clinic services in this area are inadequate and should be expanded.
This can best be achieved through the construction of the already proposed health
center.
Time Lost Because of Illness
i. government employees
According to data reported by the United States Civil Service Commission the
average number of days lost per employee per j^ear because of sickness is between
7 and 9. They cite the experience of the General Accounting Office with 11
days and the Department of Agriculture with 8. The former Department
employs 6,020 persons and the latter 12,682 in the District of Columbia, a total
of 18,702 employees. The number of days lost for sick leave varies between
departments in direct relation to the number of female employees, this group
reporting a greater sickness experience than the males.
It is significant that the average number of days of sick leave is smaller in
field offices with fewer personnel.
If 8 days of sick leave per year is used as a reasonable estimate, it develops that
for 206,000 Government employees — the estimated number at the present time —
some 1,648,000 daj's of sick leave will be expected in the coming year, not includ-
ing anticipated increases in Government employment. This is approximately
138,330 days lost per month.
It was not possible to obtain data for a broader experience.
II. INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES
It is recognized that sickness among industrial employees varies because of
several factors, a few of which are:
A. Type of employment.
B. Sex distribution.
C. Age distribution of employees.
Dr. Louis Reed states in the report of the proceedings of the American Asso-
ciation for Social Security ^ that because of illness gainful workers lose approxi-
mately 8 days per year per capita in industrial establishments. This figure is
partially corroborated by the experience of the Boston Edison Co. during the
years 1933-37 reported by Gafafer and Frasier in the Public Health Reports
of July 29, 1938 in which the authors reported an average of 7.518 days of sick
leave per j'ear among males and 10.855 days among females. Using 8 again
as a reasonable estimate and applying it to the 220,000 estimated number of
"other gainfully employed" persons in the District of Columbia at the present
time, this group would experience 1 ,760,000 days of sickness in the coming year.
Again, no attempt is made to correct for anticipated increases in employment.
TESTIMONY OF DR. GEORGE C. RUHLAND— Resumed
The Chairman. I have a few questions that I want to ask you
which will be more or less supplementary to the statements you
have made.
Under the present residence requirements, and in view of the great
number of persons in the low-mcome brackets among the new em-
ployees that are coming to Washington, isn't the health problem
of the District becoming an increasingly difficult one to handle?
Dr. RuHLAND. Undoubtedly so.
The Chairman. A great percentage of the new Government em-
ployees are of the low-income brackets, aren't they?
Dr. RuHLAND. They are, yes.
> Medical Care and National Defense, April 4-5, 1941, p. 1.3.3.
9666 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The Chairmax. Probably between $1,200 and $1,560 a year?
Dr. RuHLAND. Well, according to some information that I have
here the group in the income bracket of $1,500 and under is about
24 percent of the local population.
The Chairman. Is that 24 percent of the people coming in or 24
percent of those already here?
Dr. RuHLAND. I take it that that is those already here.
The Chairman. Dr. Ruhland, in your previous statement before
the committee you stated, and I quote from that —
If we cannot stop the influx of those who have not a definite job in prospect
that will enable them to maintain themselves, then for humanitarian as well as
health protection reasons, there must be an enlargement of the existing facilities
and machinery of the Health Service to give those persons such aid as they may
require.
The influx of people to the District in the last year, of course, is
common knowledge. What enlargements of the Health Department
have there been to provide the additional care required?
Dr. Ruhland. There have been some additions. For example,
there is at the present time authorized the building of the additional
health center in the northwest central area. That will be of definite
value. There also have been completed additions to Gallinger
Hospital, one general medical ward and an addition to the tuberculosis
service of that institution. There has also been added to Freed-
men's Hospital a 150-bed building for the care of tuberculous. Un-
fortunately, other services of the Department have not benefited
proportionately.
The Chairman. What are the minimum United States Public
Health standards as to the number of nurses in a city of, say, 750,000
population?
STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING SERVICE
Dr. Ruhland. The standards for public-health nursing service in
a community as developed by the group experience of the American
Public Health Association is 1 nurse for each 2,000 of population.
That would mean for the District, assuming it has a population of
700,000, at least 300 for the District. The District has less than half
that number.
The Chairman. What steps have been taken to supplement this
number, if any?
Dr. Ruhland. In part, we have turned to Social Security and have
gotten, by way of the Children's Bureau and by way of the Public
Health Service, some assistance. We also are trying to supplement
our deficiency by training women in first aid and home care of the
sick, but we are understaffed and teaching and training facilities
obviously mean a diversion from the Public Health Service. I mean,
if we divert to educational efforts in this field, we must withdraw
from the clinics.
The Chairman. Are there any particular or local obstacles pre-
venting the employment of more nurses?
Dr. Ruhland. I think Commissioner Young has indicated the
limitations under which all District services try to operate, and we
have been especially unfortunate, inasmuch as the budget requests
of the Department have received rather drastic curtailment. I
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9667
think, of all the public services in the District, public health has been
least developed.
The Chairman. You said a few moments ago that steps were
being taken to enlarge the present health center. Just how far along
has that program progressed?
PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER
Dr. RuHLAND. There is an appropriation authorized by Congress
that appropriates half of the estimated amount needed for this pub-
lic health center, figured at $250,000. In a pending budget the balance
of the necessary money is incorporated, and I might also add that
more or less at the suggestion of the committee of Congress and at the
suggestion of the Commissioners and the Department, there has been
prepared a supplementary budget which is submitted to the Com-
missioners and I presume will be submitted to Congress in due time.
This aims to offset some of the shortcomings in the service at the
present time.
The Chairman. Do you meet minimum requirements of the
Public Health Service with reference to available hospital beds?
Dr. RuHLAND. It is rather difficult to answer that question. It
has been given considerable thought. The question must consider
what are reasonable standards. There opinion differs quite a good
deal.
According to reports published by the American Medical Asso-
ciation, the ratio of hospital beds for population varies all the way
from three per thousand to five or more per thousand of population.
More recently there has been offered a standard and it seems not a
bad one, coming out of the experience of group hospitalization.
HOSPITAL FACILITIES
Group hospitalization has a chentele of about 8,000,000 at the
present time and they have come to the conclusion that adequate
hospital bed facilities could be provided if you allow for 1 hospital day
per year for the population. Translated into terms of actual beds,
let us assume that for the metropolitan area of the District we have
1,200,000, which, personally, I am inclined to believe is a reasonable
and conservative estimate of population, there would be required
4,000 hospital beds on an 80 percent occupancy of those beds.
That, however, I think must be qualified for this reason. Man-
ifestly the experience of group hospitalization based on a group of
people who are at a certain economic level, does not represent the
ultrapoor wliich are significantly the responsibility of the govern-
ment here in the District. With that clientele, you must know that
they are disadvantaged in their housing and food and clothing, and
so forth, and they are, therefore, the group that is above all exposed
to illness.
Furthermore, having taken them to the hospital, you cannot dis-
charge them from the hospital back to the home unless the home is
in suitable condition and, of course, other qualifications such as sex,
race, and type of service, all manifestlv qualify the arbitrary figure of
4,000 beds.'
9668 WASHINGTON HEARINGS'
The Chairman. Your idea would be that 4,000 would be a suffi-
cient number?
Dr. RuHLAND. It is my belief that it would not be adequate.
The Chairman. I wonder how the number that are available com-
pares to the 4,000 minimum which you set.
Dr. RuHLAND. From the figures that we have on unrestricted hos-
pital beds, taking the District of Columbia as against the metro-
politan area, we have some 3,250 beds.
On the basis of the 1 patient day per capita, we would only require
2,636 beds. That manifestly would be inadequate in the face of
experience, so the theory breaks down right there.
If we take the larger group, the metropolitan area, we find the metro-
politan area has a total of 3,607 beds and on the 1 patient day per
capita basis really should have 3,851 beds and on the basis of 5 beds
per thousand, we should have 5,600 beds, leaving a deficiency of
some 2,100 beds.
The Chairman. Do those figures take into account these new
additions you mentioned in the beginning of your statement?
Dr. RuHLAND. They do.
The Chairman. Are there any further expansions projected or
contemplated?
Dr. RuHLAND. Yes; the Commission has presented to the com-
mittee that dealt with the Lanham Act, a request for an addition
of a wing to Gallinger Hospital, particularly to house maternity and
infant welfare cases. Unfortunately, to my knowledge, so far that
has not received the approval of the Office of Procurement Manage-
ment.
Also, we do feel very keenly that because both at Gallinger Hospital,
wliich is in the nature of a general county hospital elsewhere, as well
as at Glenn Dale, we have more patients than can be housed now.
We are forced, therefore, either to decline the admission of patients
or discharge them before it seems wise to do so, and that is uneconomic
because the patient breaks down again and makes the rounds of
hospitalization.
Therefore, we have recommended that there be added temporary
structures, if you please, at Gallinger, housing about 600 beds, and
at Glenn Dale, the tuberculosis sanitarium, possibly 400 beds, which
could serve the overflow and ultimately might serve the housing of
chronics and convalescents.
The Chairman. Referring again to these additions which you
referred to, are the beds now available?
Dr. RuHLAND. The additions at Gallinger; yes. Two units are in
service.
The Chairman. And you mentioned one at Freedmen's.
Dr. RuHLAND. And at Freedmen's, likewise.
The Chairm/Vn. I believe a^ou mentioned one other.
Dr. RuHLAND. Those are the only two.
The Chairman. And those beds are already available?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is right.
The Chairman. And no others are authorized except what you
might get under the Lanham Act?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is correct, sir.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9669
VENEREAL DISEASE TREATMENT
The Chairman. What facilities have the District hospitals for the
treatment and isolation of venereally infected persons?
Dr. RuHLAND. Not very much unless we open our acute communi-
cable disease wards to this type of person. Personally, I think that
is a legitimate use of a communicable disease hospital. In fact, I do
not see why hospitals generally should not admit those cases, although
it is not the practice.
The Chairman. What facilities does the District have for the con-
trol of venereal disease?
Dr. RuHLAND. The District maintains two clinics at the present
time. The physical facilities would permit the holding of 32 clinic
sessions per week. However, our personnel and equipment admits of
only 18 such clinic sessions.
It is not a full utilization of physical facilities. That, in the light
of the case load, is inadequate.
The Chairman. That is the next question I was going to ask you,
if based on that the staff was inadequate?
Dr. RuHLAND. Yes; it is.
The Chairman. Has there been any increase in venereal infection?
Dr. Ruhland. Undoubtedly there is. The trouble that besets that
question is that there were not reliable statistics to tell us how large
the 'volume of infection was before public interest focused on it. But
to illustrate, the Department of Health has undertaken for the Army
to exaihine the draftees and it is found among these draftees, between
the period of September and November, some 2,000 plus who had a
blood test which would indicate possible sj^philitic infection. Of
course, they report for reexamination. The number of gonorrheal,
infections is probably larger, and we have no reliable data on that.
The Chairman. Have you made recommendations for the enlarge-
ment of your staff?
Dr. Ruhland. Yes. They are incorporated in the deficiency
budget referred to by Commissioner Young.
The Chairman. That is as far as the recommendations have gone
so far?
Dr. Ruhland. That is correct, sir.
The Chairman. I believe that is all.
MEDICAL CARE FOR GOVERNMENT WORKERS
Mr. Curtis. Do Government workers secure medical care from
the Public Health Services rather than from private sources, physi-
cians, nurses, in private practice?
Dr. Ruhland. Not to my knowledge.
Mr. Curtis. I understand in your testimony that you made some
reference to the low-income brackets of Government workers, and I
wondered if the Public Health Service was providing them with
medical care or whether they are expected to secure that from the
ordinary private sources.
Dr. Ruhland. I am quite sure it is put up to the individual,
although an experience that happened this morning might illustrate
the problem.
9670 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
My attention was called just before I came to the meeting this
morning to a clerk who is employed at $1,440 who had fallen and
broken her ankle and was left in her room. She is in an income
group who should take care of itself. We are dispatching a nurse
to look into the matter to see what can be done or refer the case to
the public care, or, if need be, public assistance must be rendered.
We cannot maintain the sharp limitations which require 1 year of
residence or total invalidism.
Mr. Curtis. Had there been a doctor in to see the Government
worker?
Dr. RuHLAND. From the information which I had, which was
not very complete or intelligent, that did not appear.
Mr. Curtis. Wlio sets the standard of 1 public health nurse for
every 2,000 people?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is a standard suggested by the American
Public Health Association, based on the group experience in this
country and Canada for public health service.
Mr. Curtis. Is that in addition to all private sources of hospital-
ization and nurses and medical care, or to take the place of that?
Dr. RuHLAND. This is independent of private medical practice.
Mr. Curtis. And that is the general standard for the whole coun-
try? In other words, the standard recommended for a rural county
of 10,000 people who have no public health nurse now, is to have
5 nurses?
Dr. RuHLAND. Yes, sir.
Mr. Curtis. Now, in reference to these venereal disease clinics,
where you have more physical plants than you have personnel to
operate. How much personnel does it take to operate one clinic*
How many doctors and how many nurses does it take?
Dr. RuHLAND. That depends upon your case load.
CLINICAL requirements
Mr. Curtis. In order to open one up and to take care of sufiicent
people to justify opening up one of these what would you have t ">
have?
Dr. RuHLAND. I have had one of my assistants give me the exact
figures. For each clinic session handling 200 patients per session, we
operate 3 physicians, 3 clerks, 2 medical attendants, 1 custodian, and
7 nurses.
Mr. Curtis. Three physicians and seven nurses.
Dr. RuHLAND. Yes.
Mr. Curtis. That is for how big a clinic?
Dr. RuHLAND. They handle a case load of 200 patients per clinic
session.
Mr. Curtis. What is a clinic session?
Dr. RuHLAND. A clinic period which runs 2 to 2% hours. You will
try to handle this volume of patients, 200 patients.
Mr. Curtis. What is the average number of patients handled by
the clinics you do have running?
Dr. RuHLAND. Our clinic sessions run over 200. We run 300 to
400, I am told by my assistant.
Mr. Curtis. You have 300 to 400 people handled by 3 doctors and
7 nurses?
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9671
Dr. RuHLAND. We attempt that.
Mr. Curtis. How many hours a day do they operate?
Dr. RuHLAND. We have morning dinics and afternoon dinics and
some evening dinics and the average chnic period runs about 3 hours.
Mr. Curtis. Those physicians you use, do they do any private
practice?
Dr. RuHLAND. They are employed part time. Yes; they do.
The same physician is not there in the morning that is there in the
afternoon and evening. A different set is employed, on a part-time
basis.
Mr. Curtis. How about the nurses?
Dr. RuHLAND. They unfortunately are up against it. They unfor-
tunately have to stick it out excepting for the evening service. That
is a different group.
Mr. Curtis. They spend their full time in Public Health Service?
Dr. RuHLAND. At present the public service has about 70 percent
of its nursing service at fixed clinics and only about 15 percent in the
field. There is a great deficiency in Public Health Nursing Service.
Mr. Curtis. How many hours a day do those nurses work?
Dr. RuHLAND. Seven and one-half.
Mr. Curtis. Six days a week?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is right.
Mr. Curtis. What is the approximate cost of three doctors for a
day clinic?
Dr. RuHLAND. That would have to be computed; I don't know.
(After conference with accountant.) I am informed by the account-
ant it is $3,600 a year; that is the basis of the salary.
Mr. Curtis. For one physician?
Dr. RuHLAND. Three physicians, one-third time, and each one
gets $1,200 a year.
Mr. Curtis. You get a doctor for $100 a month for one-third of
iiis time?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is right.
Mr. Curtis. You estimate one-third of his time being 3 hours?
Dr. RuHLAND. Two and one-half to 3 hours.
Dr. Lamb. If I understand correctly. Doctor, hospitalization for
metropolitan Washington falls to a large extent on the District of
Columbia because of the referral by physicians outside of the District
of cases for which there is no adequate facility outside the District
proper. Is that correct?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is correct, sir.
Dr. Lamb. And for that some kind of arrangement is worked out
between the District and these outlying areas; I suppose?
Dr. RuHLAND. Only insofar as the private hospital is concerned.
That is a private business matter.
Dr. Lamb. Your discussion of hospital beds, and so on, referred to
public and private facilities?
Dr. RuHLAND. Yes.
Dr. Lamb. Have you any figures showing the time lost in Washing-
ton businesses and in Government agencies on account of illness, and
anything to indicate whether that figure is staying about the same,
rising or falling, as the influx of population increases here?
Dr. RuHLAND. I have nothing that I could submit right now.
However, this is a practice which we have on a volunteer arrangement
9672 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
with Federal agencies, that the medical attendants or the nurse in
the Government service will report to us the incidence of absence
among employees in that particular building. We use that to inform
ourselves with regard to the seasonal fluctuation of illness.
Dr. Lamb. Arc these figures compiled in such way that they might
be available to this committee, do you know?
Dr. RuHLAND. I will look into it and see what we can furnish you.
Dr. Lamb. I am sure the committee would appreciate very much if
we could have those and discover whether the numbers coming in have
had any effect on this rate.
Dr. RuHLAND. I will be very glad to submit what can be found,
although my guess is that you may not find that reliable. Under-
stand, it is on a voluntary basis to begin with and through the winter
months it is confined to respiratory diseases and during the summer
to gastro-intestinal ailments.
Dr. Lamb. I understand that. Such information, if it were
properly compiled, would be of considerable value, I should think, to
both the public and private agencies operating here, would it not?
Dr. RuHLAND. Undoubtedly; yes.
Dr. Lamb. With regard to the statement that 250,000 additional
persons would come in in the next year, which was made in the
Washington paper yesterday — perhaps that is on the high side — what
preparations can be made by the Health Department with respect to
that, particularly of a planning and budgetary kind? How can you
arrange to anticipate that, or do you have to wait until the thing has
fully developed?
DEFICIENCY BUDGET PREPARED
Dr. RuHLAND. As stated before, at the suggestion of the committee
of Congress and the invitation or direction of the Commissioners, the
Department has prepared a deficiency budget which means to imple-
ment existing services for the balance of the fiscal year and, of coursef
continue that service during the ensuing fiscal year. That would
implement us so that we could more reasonably and adequately meet
the growing load of service.
Dr. Lamb. As I understand, however, you have been confronted by
an additional 120,000 during the last 12 months?
Dr. RuHLAND. We are anticipating that increased case load and
are trying to get our personnel in proportion to that number.
Dr. Lamb. Those have already come in and you have to provide
for those, in addition to an expected number which has not come in
at the present time?
Dr. RuHLAND. We would be glad if we could bring ourselves up to
present service needs.
Dr. Lamb. That is what I am driving at, that you have the difficulty
of arriving even at the proper care of existing needs without reference
to stepping up your arrangements to meet the anticipated needs, so
that almost inevitably you are one step, if not two steps, behind,
because of the budgetary and other administrative problems of an
area like the District.
Dr. RuHLAND. Quite correct, sir.
Dr. Lamb. I understand that the existing standard is $2.50 per
capita needed for the implementation of recognized public health
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9673
activities. That does not include hospital service. And you have
been obliged to operate on a budget not half of that. Is that true?
Dr. RuHLAND. That is true. That figure you have given is that
recommended, again bj^ the American Public Health Association.
That is a group judgment of recognized public health service and
experience, and exclusive of institutional care.
Dr. Lamb. Thank you.
The Chairman. Thank you, Dr. Ruhland. We appreciate your
coming here.
TESTIMONY OF DR. FRANK W. BALLOU, SUPERINTENDENT OF
SCHOOLS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The Chairman. Dr. Ballou, you have submitted for the record a
very helpful statement that will be printed in its entirety in the
record. I have a few questions that I would like to ask you, based
very largely on the printed statement you have supplied us.
(The statement mentioned is as follows:)
STATEMENT PREPARED BY A. W. HEINMILLER, ASSISTANT
SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS IN CHARGE OF THE SCHOOL
BUDGET, FOR SUPERINTENDENT FRANK W. BALLOU
Increased Population and School Needs in the District of Columbia
population growth of the district of columbia and metropolitan area
The population of the District of Columbia increased from 580,249 in 1935 to
663,091 in 1940, according to the Census Bureau. This is an increase of 14
percent. The Washington Evening Star estimated the city population to be
753,091 in December 1941. This is an increase of 13^^ percent since 1940, an
increase of 29.8 percent since 1935, and an increase of 54.7 percent since 1930.
The population for the m.etropolitan area increased from 621,059 in 1930 to
907,816 in 1940, according to the Census Bureau figures. This is an increase of
46 percent. The Washington Evening Star estimated the population of the
metropolitan area to be 1,058,816 in IDecem.ber 1941. This is an increase of
16.6 percent since 1940, and an increase of 70 percent since 1930.
TREND OF PUBLIC-SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
The total public-school enrollment in 1930 was 78,458. By 1935 it had in-
creased to 93,080. In 1936, the number of pupils increased by 429 to 93,509.
After this date, the enrollment declined to 92,443 on October 31, 1941. During
this period, the enrollment in the schools in divisions I-IX decreased from 59,582
in 1935 to 55,777 in 1941, but the enrollm.ent in the schools in divisions X-XIII
increased from 33,498 in 1935 to 36,666 in 1941.
It is estimated that the school enrollm.ent at the beginning of the second
semester, February 1942, will be 97,057. This is an increase of 4.2 percent over
the 1935 enrollment, and an increase of 5 percent over the October 1941 enroll-
ment. Of this num.ber, 58,197 are expected to be enrolled in divisions I-IX and
38,860 in divisions X-XIII. This decrease in school enrollment during the period
that the population of the District of Columbia was increasing, is believed to be
due to at least 3 causes:
1. Declining birth rate of white children in the District of Columbia, from 1932
to 1935, which affected the school enrollm.ent from 1937 to 1940.
2. Movement of white families from the District of Colum.bia to nearby
Virginia and Maryland.
3. Increased em.ployment opportunities in 1941, particularly for vocational
school, senior high school, and teachers college students.
In 1935, there were 7,163 white births and 3,687 Negro births in the District
of Columbia. This marked the first increase since 1932, when there were 6,859
9674
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
white Ijirths and 3,325 Negro births. The number has increased steadily since
that time, and the total numbers of births for the past 5 years are as follows:
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
White -- --
8,246
4,002
8,836
4,102
9,639
4,389
10, 573
4,627
12, 869
5,261
Total
12,248
12, 938
14, 028
15,200
18, 130
The increases during these past 5 years will have a very direct effect on public-
school enrollm.ents, beginning in 1942. The number of births in 1941 represents
an increase of 67 percent over 1935. The increase of white births is 79.6 percent,
and that of Negro births is 42.6 percent during this 7-year period.
While the public schools have m.ade no study of the movement of white families
into Maryland and Virginia, attention is directed to the large increase of popu-
lation in the metropolitan area, compared with the rate of increase in the District
of Columbia. The percentage of increase in the population in the District of
Columbia from 1930 to 1940 was 54.7 percent and the increase in population in
the metropolitan area, which includes the District of Columbia, Arlington County,
Alexandria City, and parts of Fairfax, Montgomery, and Prince Georges Counties,
was 70 percent during the sam.e period.
It is believed that the composition of the population of the District of Columbia
has changed somewhat during the past few years when the rate of increase has
been the greatest. The Office of Production Management has made a study of its
employees, and has found that only 35 percent of them are married. The No-
vember 1941 issue of the Monthly Labor Review reported a study made in June
1941 of the living arrangements of Federal employees in the Washington, D. C.
area. The survey showed that 15 percent of the Federal employees who came to
Washington before May 1, 1940, lived in room.s or boarding houses, and 55 percent
of Federal employees who came to Washington after May 1, 1940, were living in
rooms or boarding houses. Two factors contributed to the choice of rooming
accommodations — the newcomers are typically young and unmarried, and they
have relatively low incomes.
Although the total enrollm.ent declined from 92,810 in 1940 to 92,443 in 1941,
this decrease is believed to be due, to a great extent, to increased employment
opportunities for vocational school, senior high school, and teachers college
students.
In 1941, the number of elementary school pupils increased by 549 over 1940,
and the number of junior high-school pupils increased by 320 pupils. However,
during the same period, the number of teachers college students decreased by 187,
the senior high-school enrollment, 881, and the vocational school enrollment, 168.
PRESENT TEACHING SITUATION
The number of teachers now employed in the schools of divisions I-IX is be-
lieved to be sufficient to take care of any increased enrollment that will occur in
these schools during the 1942 and 1943 fiscal years, by making adjustments and
transfers from schools with declining enrollments to those with increasing enroll-
ments.
In divisions X-XIII, the teaching situation is by no means as satisfactory. On
all school levels, the number of pupils per teacher exceeds the standards recom-
mended by the United States Office of Education. Based upon the October 31,
1941, enrollment, 76 additional elementary school teachers are needed to reduce
the number of elementary pupils per teacher from 40.9 to 36; 31 additional
teachers are needed in the junior high schools to reduce the pupil-teacher ratio
in these schools from 31.5 to 28; 17 additional teachers are needed to establish
regular classes in the senior high schools which will average 25 pupils per teacher
instead of the present number, which is 27.8.
The 1943 public-school budget estimates include a request for 14 additional
elementary school teachers, 6 junior high-school teachers, 5 senior high school
teachers, and 1 senior high school litararian for divisions X-XIII.
INCREASED BUILDING CAPACITY, 1935-41
During the 7-year period from 1935 to 1941, new construction increased the
capacity of public-school facilities by approximately 14,600. This provided new
space for approximately 8,670 senior and junior high school pupils, approximately
1,130 vocational school pupils, and 4,800 elementary school pupils.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9675
This new construction consisted of two senior high schools, one junior-senior
high school, one addition to a senior high school, two new junior high schools,
additions to five junior high schools, two new vocational schools, one addition to
a vocational school, four new elementary schools, and additions to twelve elemen-
tary schools.
VACATED SCHOOL BUILDINGS
During this same 7-year period, the Board of Education vacated 15 old build-
ings with a capacity of approximately 4,200. These buildings were entirely un-
suitable for educational purposes, since they were all very old and obsolete, and
did not provide necessary facilities such as adequate lighting, ample playground
space, and gymnasiums.
The resulting net increase in pupil capacity during this period was approxi-
mately 10,400, and to a great extent, provided the urgently needed schoolhouse
accommodations for the increased school population from 1930-35, which was
14,622.
COMPLETED DEFENSE HOUSING IN 1941
During 1941 the Navy Department, the Alley Dwelling Authority, and a
Federal Housing Administration financed agency completed public defense hous-
ing projects which included 2,142 units that have already been occupied. The
majority of these units are located in the southeast section of the city, where
public school congestion has resulted in a very acute situation.
During 1941, the District of Columbia issued dwelling house permits for 10,500
dwellings, a large portion of which have already been completed. This is an in-
crease of approximately 1,900 over 1940 when 8,682 such permits were issued.
A study of the following completed defense housing projects reveals a wide
variation in the number of children per family.
Name and location
Race of occupants
Number of
units
Total
number of
children
Average
number of
children
per family
Fort Dupont, Ridge and Anacostia Rds. SE-__
Ellen Wilson, I, 6th, and 7th Sts. SE
White _
.- . do -.. . .
326
217
600
313
314
169
701
333
400
601
553
329
2.2
1.5
Bellevue, Anacostia, south of Boiling Field
do...
.7
Frederick Douglass, Alabama Ave. and 21st
St. SE.
Carrollsburg, I, 3d and 5th Sts. SE .
Negro
do
1.9
1.8
Kelly Miller, W, 2d, and 5th Sts. NW...
do.._
1.9
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR COMMITTED
There are 12 defense housing projects already started that will be completed
in 1942, which will have a total of 3,033 family units. These projects will be
constructed by pubhc authorities; 1,318 of the units are for white families and
1,715 are designated for Negro families; 1,760 of the total number are located
in the southeast section of the city and 995 are located in the Northeast section.
The Office of Production Management has granted priorities to private con-
tractors engaged in constructing 2,927 defense housing units which are estimated
to be completed between January 7, 1942, and April 6, 1942. Of this total, 779
are located in the southeast section of the city and 1,822 are in the northeast
section. Two thousand four hundred and sixty-eight of the units are for white
families and 459 are for Negro families.
DEFENSE HOUSING UNDER CONSTRUCTION OR COMMITTED IN NEARBY VIRGINIA AND
MARYLAND
There are 10 publicly financed defense housing projects in nearby Virginia and
Maryland that will be completed in 1942, which have a total of 3,186 units.
Three thousand one hundred and sixty-six of these units are for white families
and 20 are for Negro families. In addition to these public projects, there are
2,909 units being built by private enterprise which have been granted priorities
by the Office of Production Management. These are estimated to be completed
in April 1942.
9676
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
ADDITIONAL DEFENSE HOUSING PLANNED FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA LOCALITY
According to the Division of Defense Housing Coordination, the program up
to June 1, 1942, will provide for the erection of 22,000 new homes by private
enterprise and public funds in addition to housing now in the process of construc-
tion. This means that approximately as many new living units will be constructed
during the next 6 months in the District of Columbia locality as there were during
the entire year of 1941.
The proposed schedule is as follows: 7,500 apartments to be constructed by
the Defense Homes Corporation (Reconstruction Finance Corporation subsidiary),
4,500 homes to be constructed by the Alley Dwelling Authority, United States
Housing Authority, and Public Buildings Administration; 10,000 homes to be
built b.v private industry.
The first group of 7,500 apartments will be generally dispersed throughout the
District of Columbia and Arlington Count3^ The second group of 4,500 homes
will be dispersed in the District of Columbia, Alexandria, and Prince Georges
County. The location of the 10,000 homes to be built by private industry will
be selected by it, but guidance will be given by the Office of Division of Defense
Housing Coordination to the end that they will properly serve the need and will
be in harmony geographically with the general housing program. The details
are yet to be worked out.
EFFECT ON PUBLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
That the growth of population in the metropolitan area will affect the public
school enrollment there is no doubt, but it will be difficult to state exactly where
the pressure will be the greatest. Unquestionably, the most pressing needs will
be in the northeast and southeast sections of the city where the majority of the
defense housing has been located. In divisions X-XIII there are congested con-
ditions in other parts of the city as well as the northeast and southeast areas.
This condition is due not only to the rising increase in population due to the
Defense Housing Program, but also to the constantly increasing Negro popula-
tion during the past 7 years. The following statement indicates schools which
are now overcrowded to the extent that a double shift is either now in effect or
soon will be if the present rate of increase in enrollment in these buildings con-
tinues:
DIVISIONS I-IX
Name and location of school
Anacostia Junior-Senior High School," 16th and R Sts. SE
Taft Junior High School, 18th and Perry Sts. NE
Stuart Junior High School, 4th and E Sts. NE
Total
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Benning School,' Minnesota Ave. between Benning Rd. and
FooteSt. NE
Orr School,' 22d and Prout Sts. SE
Randle Highlands School,' 30th and R Sts. SE
Stanton School,' Hamilton and Good Hope Rds. SE
Total
Capacity,
Oct. 31,
1941
1,225
627
1,020
2,872
320
320
320
160
1,120
Enrollment,
Oct. 31,
1941
1,798
796
1,133
3,727
497
485
360
231
1,573
Enrollment
in excess
of capacity
573
169
113
855
177
165
40
71
453
DIVISIONS X-XIII
Armstrong High School, 1st and 0 Sts. NW
Cardozo High School, 9th St. and Rhode Island Ave. NW
1,077
1,040
1,579
1,455
502
415
Total
2,117
3,034
917
Browne Juoior High School,' 24th St. and Benning Rd NE
918
1,520
602
> Operating on double shift.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
DIVISIONS X-X III— Continued
9677
Name and location of school
ELEMENTARr SCHOOLS
Bell School,' 2d St. between D St. and Virginia Ave. SW
Briggs-Montgomery School,' 27th St. between I and K Sts. NW
Douglass-Simmons School,' 1st and Pierce Sts. NW
Garrison School,' 12th St. between R and S Sts. NW
Gidding-s School, O St. between 3d and 4th Sts. SE
Jones School,' 1st and L Sts. NW
Logan School,' 3d and G Sts. NE
Logan Annex,' 3d and G Sts. NE
Payne School,' 15th and C Sts. SE
Smothers School,' 44th St. and Washington PI. NE
Walker School,' 3d and K Sts. NW
Total
Capacity,
Oct. 31,
1941
680
640
960
640
840
320
400
320
320
680
320
6,120
Enrollment,
Oct. 31,
1941
833
691
1,141
746
922
375
481
446
395
793
444
7,267
Enrollment
in excess
of capacity
153
51
181
106
82
55
81
126
75
113
124
1,147
• Operating on double shift.
BUILDINGS APPROPRIATED FOR OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION
The following buildings are either under construction or scheduled to be started
as soon as possible to relieve congestion in certain buildings where overcrowding
has become acute. The completion of these buildings will depend upon the
action taken by the Office of Production Management in granting priorities for
materials to construct them. A complete statement showing the relation between
the Defense Housing program in the District of Columbia and the necessity for
this school construction is being prepared for the United States Office of Educa-
tion as requested by the Office of Production Management.
Name and location of building
Percent-
age of
comple-
tion,
Jan. 1,
1942
Probable occu-
pancy date
Abbot Vocational School, Brentwood Park, _.._.,.
0
33
0
0
20
19
0
27
0
0
May 1943.
Beers School, 8-room elementary building in the vicinity of 36th PI. and
Alabama Ave. SE.
Benning School, 8-room addition and assembly hall-gymnasium, Minnesota
Ave. between Benning Rd. and Foote St. NE.
Davis School, 8-room building, 4 rooms [to be left unfinished, Hillside Rd,
and Alabama Ave. SE.
Kimball School, 8-room elementary school in the vicfnity of Minnesota
Ave. and Ely PI. SE.
Kramer Junior High School, 17th and Q Sts. SE .
Spingarn High School, 24th St. and Benning Rd. NE.'.
Svphax School, 8-room addition, including assembly hall-gymnasium, Half
St. between N and O Sts. SW.
Van Ness School, 8-room addition and assembly hall-gymnasium, 4th and
M Sts. SE.
Woodrow Wilson High School, completion of 6 classrooms, Nebraska Ave.
and Chesapeake St. NW.2
May 1942.
May 1943.
February 1943.
July 1942.
January 1943.
(■')
July 1942.
April :943.
(2)
' Plans must be revised because of changes in construction due to unavaOability of certain critical
materials.
2 Plans completed on Nov. 1, 1941, but the Municipal Architect's office is waiting for a project priority
rating. Construction work will require about 90 days.
b
ADDITIONAL SCHOOLHOUSE CONSTRUCTION REQUIRED
The following school buildings or additions to buildings were approved by the
Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and were certified by the
United States Office of Education as necessary items due to the defense-housing
program in the District of Columbia. They were presented before the House
District Committee when hearings were held late in 1941 to consider District
projects totaling approximately $6,000,000 in connection with a proposed bill to
authorize the District of jColurnbia to receive an allotment of funds appropriated
by Congress to carry out provisions of the Lanham Act. Although no money was
9678
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
allotted for the construction of these buildings or jadditions, the necessity for them
has not decreased but, instead, has become even more urgent than it was when
they were presented.
Name and location
Number assigned
Total
estimated
cost
Patterson Elementary School, Nichols Ave. and Atlantic
St. SE.
Miller Junior High School,' 49th St. and Washington PI.
NE.
Taft Junior High School addition. 18th and Perrv Sts. NE
D. C. 49-104 -
$213, 950
D. C. 49-105 -
1, 220, 200
D. C. 49-106 . --
292, 550
D. C. 49-113-
45, 600
NE.
Merritt Elementary School, 49th and Hayes Sts. NE. _
Lafayette School, completion of second floor, Northampton
St. and Broad Branch Rd. NW.
D.C. 49-111--
352, 050
D. C. 49-108
45,000
Total
2, 169, 350
1 The 1942 District of Columbia Appropriations Act includes $15,427 for the preparation of plans and
specifications. The 1943 public-school-budget estimates include $300,000 for beginning construction.
INDEX TO STATISTICAL TABLES USED IN PREPARING THIS REPORT
A. Population of the District of Columbia.
B. Enrollments in the public schools of the District of Columbia, 1930, 1935 to
1941, and estimated for February 1942.
C. Births reported in the District of Columbia, 1930 to 1941.
D. Number of regular classroom teachers and the pupil-teacher ratio in the
public schools of the District of Columbia, 1935 to 1941.
E. Completed public-school construction appropriated from 1934 to 1940 and
occupied from 1935 to 1941, which increased capacities.
F. Public-school buildings vacated since 1935.
G. Summary of defense-housing construction:
(1) Public defense-housing projects in the District of Columbia, completed in
1941.
(2) Public defense-housing projects in the District of Columbia committed or
under construction, to be completed in 1942.
(3) Public defense housing in nearby Maryland and Virginia, committed or
under construction, to be completed in 1942.
(4) Private defense-housing projects in the District of Columbia, to be com-
pleted in 1942, which have been granted priorities by the Office of Production
Management.
(5) Private defense-housing projects in nearby Maryland and Virginia under
construction, to be completed early in 1942, which have been granted priorities
by the Office of Production Management.
Population of the District of Columbia
City proper
Metropolitan
area '
Census Bureau count, Apr. 1, 1930
Census Bureau estimate, July 1, 1935
Census Bureau count, Apr. 1, 1940
Estimate of the Evening Star, September 1941
Estimate of the Evening Star, December 1941.
Total increase since 1930 (percent)
Total increase since 1935 (percent)
486, 869
580. 249
663, 091
720, 091
753, 091
54.7
29.8
621, 059
(?)
907, 816
1,017,816
1, 058. 816
70
(0
' "Metropolitan area" means Washington, D. C, city proper, Arlington County, Alexandria city, and
parts of Fairfax, Montgomery, and Prince Georges Counties. :
' No estimate made.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9679
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE DLSTRICT OF COLUMBIA, FRANKLIN ADMINISTRATION BLDG.,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Total membership
Divisions 1 to 9
Number
Increase or
decrease
from pre-
ceding year
Divisions 10 to 13
Number
Increase or
decrease
from pre-
ceding year
Total
Number
Increase or
decrease
from pre-
ceding year
Oct. 31, 1930
Nov. 1, 1935
Oct. 30, 1936
Oct. 29, 1937
Oct. 28, 1938
Oct. 27, 1939
Nov. 1, 1940
Oct. 31, 1941
Estimated, February 1942
51. 367
59, 582
59, 095
58. 793
58, 224
57, 630
56, 547
55, 777
58, 197
+ 1,666
+825
-487
-302
-569
-594
-1,083
-770
+2, 420
27, 091
33, 498
34, 414
34, 625
35, 276
35, 765
36, 263
36, 666
38, 860
+ 1,338
+ 1,097
+916
+211
+651
+489
+498
+403
+2, 194
78, 458
93, 080
93, 509
93,418
93, 500
93. 395
92, 810
92, 443
97, 057
+ 3,004
+1,922
+429
-91
+82
-105
-585
-367
+4, 614
Births reported in the District of Columbia, 1930-41
Wiiite
Negro
Total
White
Negro
Total
1930
6,391
3,052
9,443
1936
7,941
3,810
11,751
1931
6,414
2,973
9,387
1937
8,246
4,002
12, 248
1932
6,859
3,325
10, 184
1938
8,836
4,102
12, 938
1933
6,517
3,415
9, 932
1939
9,639
4,389
14,028
1934
6,592
3,431
10, 023
1940
10, 573
4,627
15, 200
1935
7,163
3,687
10, 850
1941
12, 869
5,261
18, 130
Table showing number of regular classroom teachers and number of pupils per teacher
in regular classes in elementary, junior high, and senior high schools on A^ov. 1,
1935, Oct. 30, 1936, Oct. 29, 1937, Oct. 28, 1938, Oct. 27, 1939, Nov. 1, 1940, and
Oct. 31,1941
[Prepared by tlie assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget, Jan. 9, 1942]
Number of elementary regular classroom teachers,
divisions I-IX
Number of elementary pupils per teacher, divisions
I-IX
Number of elementary regular classroom teachers,
divisions X-XIII
Number of elementary pupils per teacher, divisions
X-XIII
Number of junior high regular classroom teachers,
divisions I-I X
Number of junior high pupils per teacher, divisions
I-IX
Number of junior high regular classroom teachers,
divisions X-XIII
Number of junior high pupils per teacher, divisions
X-XIII
Number of senior high regular classroom teachers,
divisions I-IX
Number of senior high pupOs per teacher, divisions
I-IX
Number of senior high regular classroom teachers,
divisions X-XIII
Number of senior high pupils per teacher, divisions
X-XIII
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
869.0
864.0
864.0
861.0
844.0
824.0
37.4
36.7
35.4
34.3
33.9
34.0
509.0
514.0
526.0
544.0
533.0
551.0
42.1
42.1
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.6
439.0
450.0
463.0
466.0
470.0
475.0
29.0
28.9
28.7
28.2
28.1
27.6
201.0
216.0
219.0
218.0
230.0
237.0
29.0
29.4
29.7
31.6
31.6
31.8
451.0
454.5
476.5
485.5
488.5
511.5
26.6
26.9
26.4
27.0
27.1
25.2
143.0
148.0
151.0
154.0
158.0
156.0
29.0
29.6
28.5
29.0
28.2
29.5
811.0
34.6
555. 0
40.9
472.0
27.6
250.0
31.5
517.5
23.6
158.0
27.8
Standard number of pupils per teacher recommended by U. S. Office of Education:
Elementary schools 36
Junior high schools _ 28
Senior high schools 25
60396— 42— pt. 25-
9680
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Recapitulation of completed construction {does not include appropriations for ground
improvements or additions or improvements to buildings consisting only of gymna-
siums or assembly-gymnasiums)
(Prepared by the assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget, Jan. 7, 1942]
Senior
high
schools
Junior-
senior
high
schools
Junior
high
schools
Voca-
tional
schools
Elemen-
tary
schools
Total
amount ap-
propriated
$600, 000
70,000
379, 500
350, 000
$180,000
250, 000
100,000
$334, 000
275, 000
363,000
500,000
$70, 500
110,000
749,000
294, 000
528, 100
220,000
458, 000
$1, 184, 500
705 000
$100,000
396, 000
204, 575
200,000
1,691 500
1,540,000
732, 675
1,494 650
Public Works Administration grant,
1938-39
550, 000
541,000
524, 650
640, 000
Appropriations Acts, 1940
1 639 000
Total amounts appropriated
1 2,965,500
530,000
2, 636, 650
900, 575
1 2,524,600
1 9, 557, 325
Total added capacity-
3,935
1,225
3,516
1,132
4,800
14, 608
1 Includes $570,000 of unexpended balances of appropriations in the District of Columbia Appropriations
Acts for 1932 and 1933 for the Municipal Center, which was reappropriated and made available in the 1934
Appropriations Act as follows:
Woodrow Wilson High School, begin construction _ $475, 000
Logan School (elementary school) 8-room building. _ 95,000
Total amount reappropriated and made available in 1934 570, 000
Schedule of completed public school construction appropriated from 1934-40 and
occupied from 1935-41 {does not include appropriations for ground improvements
or additions or improvements to buildings consisting only of gymnasiums or as-
sembly-gymnasiums)
[Prepared by the assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget Jan. 7, 1942]
Building
Year ap-
propri-
ated
Amount
appro-
priated
Total
amount
appro-
priated
Year com-
pleted
Added
capacity
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
<3alvin Coolidge High School:
Begin construction
Continue construction
Complete construction
Eastern High School: Alterations (addition to
heating plant, remodeling gymnasium into
classrooms and providing new gymnasium
wing)
Woodrow Wilson High School:
Begin construction (unexpended balances
from 1932 and 1933 Appropriation Acts for
Municipal Center were reappropriated
and made available for this construction) _ . .
Continue construction
Complete construction and improve grounds.
JUNIOR-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
Anacostia Junior-Senior High:'
Completion of junior wing..
Begin senior wing
Completion
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
Banneker Junior High School:
Begin construction
Complete construction
Browne Junior High School: 10-room addition
and gymnasium
1938
1939
1940
1934
1935
1936
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
$350, 000
550, 000
541, 000
379, 500
475, 000
600, 000
70, 000
180, 000
250, 000
100, 000
200, 000
524, 650
$1, 441, 000
379, 500
1, 145, 000
724, 050
108, 000
1940 and
1941
1938.
1935.
1935 and
1937
1939.
1936.
675
1, 566
1,225
707
291
1 In the 1933 Appropriations Act, there was an item of $225,000 for beginning the construction of this
building.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9681
■Schedule of completed public school construction appropriated from 1934~40 and
occupied from 1935-41 {does not include appropriations for ground improvements
or additions or improvements to buildings consisting only of gymnasiums or as-
sembly-gymnasiums)— Continued
Building
Year ap-
propri-
ated
Amount
appro-
priated
Total
amount
appro-
priated
Year com- Added
pleted capacity
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS— continued
Deal Junior High School:
10-room addition and gymnasium,
do
Eliot Junior High School; 10-room addition and
gymnasium
Jefferson Junior High School:
Begin construction
Complete construction
Paul Junior High School: 10-room addition and
gym nasi um
Randall Junior High School:
8-room addition and remodeling of heating
plant. ._
10-room addition
VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
'Chamberlain Vocational:
Begin construction
Complete construction..
'Dennison Vocational School:
Begin construction
Complete construction. _
Margaret Murray Washington Vocational: 10-
room addition and additional room for clean-
ing and dyeing
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Bundy School:
8-room building.
8-room addition.
Bunker Hill School: 8-room building and assem-
bly hall-gymnasium (4 rooms to be left uncom-
pleted)
Cleveland School: 3d-story addition (6 rooms)..
<3rimke School:
4-room addition
8-room addition and assembly hall-gymna-
sium
Hardy School: Completion of 2d floor
Ketcham School: 8-room addition and assembly
hall-gymnasium
Kingsman School: 8-room addition and assem-
bly hall-gymnasium
Lafayette School: 8-room addition and assembly
hall-gymnasium (4 rooms to be left uncom-
pleted)
Logan School:
Begin 8-room building (unexpended bal-
ances from 1932 and 1933 Appropriation
Acts for Municipal Center were reappro-
priated and made available for this con-
struction)
Complete construction
Montgomery School: 8-room addition and as-
sembly hall-gymnasium
TSToyes School : 2d -story addition
Rudolph School: 8-room extensible building
Shepherd School : Completion of 2d floor
Smothers School: 8-room addition and assembly
hall-gymnasium
Truesdell School: 8-room addition and assembly
hall-gymnasium
Young School: 8-room addition and gymnasium
Total
1935
1937
1936
1938
1930
1937
1936
1940
1938
1939
1937
1938
1936
1938
2 1938-39
1938
1935
1937
1937
\ 1940
1934
1935
1940
1939
1939
1938
1937
1937
$166, 000
165, 000
175, 000
300, 000
500, 000
100, 000
140, 000
160, 000
200, 000
100. 000
236, 000
204. 575
110, 000
150, 000
149, 500
114,000
65, 000
210, 000
30, 000
229, 000
190, 500
95, 000
5,500
229, 000
60, 000
160, 000
30, 000
188, 100
171, 000
140, 000
$331, 000
175, 000
800, 000
198. 000
240. 000
360, 000
336, 000
204, 575
149, 500
114,000
275, 000
30, 000
190, 500
1935 and
1937....
1936
1940
1938
1936 and
1940...
1939
1938
1940
1930 and
1938
1940 ...
1938
1938
1937
1940 and
1941
1940
100. 500
229, 000
60, 000
160. 000
30, 000
188, 100
171,000
140, 000
1935
1941
1940
1940
1938
1940
1938
1937
' Public Works Administration.
9682
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Buildings vacated since 1935 {no longer used for classroom purposes)
Name of building vacated
Date abandoned
for classroom use
Ca-
pac-
ity
Name of building vacated
Date abandoned
for classroom use
Ca-
pac-
ity
Bates Road Portable
September 1937..
Julv 15, 1941
February 1938...
December 1939..
Jan. 31, 1941
December 1938..
Aug. 31, 1939....
Aup. 31. 1941....
June 30, 1940....
40
320
320
80
80
282
480
320
160
Jefferson Junior High
School.
Polk School
June 1940
Aug. 31, 1941....
Feb. 26, 1937
Aug. 31, 1941....
Feb. 4, 1940
October 1935
612
Brightwood Annex... ...
320
Bunker Hill School (old).
Chain Bridge School
Reservoir School
Rossell School
160
480
Dennison Vocational
School.
Toner School
Van Buren Annex
Grand total capac-
ity of buildings
vacated.
320
240
Henry School.. .
4,214
Industrial Home School
(had been loaned to
District of Columbia
schools).
NOTK.— The Ross School was also vacated for classroom use for the second time on Aug. 31, 1939. This
building is now used as an administration annex. This building, formerly the Old Adams School, was used
for a short time prior to 1939 for classes.
Summary of defense housing construction
[Prepared by the assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget Jan. 8, 1942]
Number
of units
1. Public Defense Housing projects in the District of Columbia, completed
in 1941 2, 142
2. Public Defense Housing projects in the District of Columbia under
construction or committed, to be completed in 1942 3, 033
3. Public Defense Housing in nearby Maryland and Virginia under con-
struction or committed, to be completed in 1942 3, 186
4. Private Defense Housing projects in the District of Columbia under
construction, to be completed in 1942, which have been granted
priorities by the Office of Production Management 2, 927
5. Private Defense Housing projects in nearby Maryland and Virginia
under construction, to be completed early in 1942, which have been
granted priorities by the Office of Production Management 2, 909
6. Proposed defense housing for the first 6 months in 1942 in the District
of Columbia locahty to be constructed with public funds 12, 000
7. Proposed defense housing for the first 6 months in 1942 in the District
of Columbia locality to be constructed by private enterprise 10, 000
Schedule of defense housing in the District of Columbia completed by Public Housing
authorities in 1941
(Prepared by the assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget Jan. 6, 1942]
Name or project number and location
Number
of units
Construction agency
Southeast area
For white occupants:
Bellevue, east by 4th St., South Laboratory Rd., west by
U. S. Naval Laboratory.
Fort Dupont Dwellings. Ridge and Anacostia Rds .
Ellen Wilson Dwellings, I, 0th, and 7th Sts
Fairfax Village (3), Pennsylvania and Alabama Aves
Total number of white units
For Negro occupants:
Frederick Douglass Dwellings, Alabama Ave. and 21st St
CarroUsburg Dwellings, I, 3d, and 5th Sts
Total number of Negro units
Total number of units in southeast
Northjcest area
For Negro occupants: Kelly Miller Dwellings, W, 2d, and 5th Sts.
Total number of Negro units
Total number of units in northwest
Navy Department.
326
217
203
Alley Dwelling Authority
Do.
F. H. A. financed.
1,346
313
314
Alley Dwelling Authority.
Do.
627
1,973
169
169
169
Do.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9683
Schedule of defense housing in the District of Columbia completed by Public Housing
authorities in 1941 — Continued
SUMMARY OF UNITS CONSTRUCTED
White
Negro
Total
Southeast area _. _. ._. _ _____
1,346
627
169
1,973
Northwest area .
169
Grand total . . .
1,346
796
2,142
Schedule of defense housing in the District of Columbia committed or under construc-
tion by public hotising authorities
[Prepared by the assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget Jan. 6, 1942]
Name or project number and location of
construction
Number
of units
Estimated date of
completion
Construction agency
Southeast area
For white occupants:
Stoddert Dwellings, Ridge and Ana-
costia Rds.
Highland Dwellings, Condon Terrace
and Atlantic St.
Knox-IIill Dwellings, Alabama Ave.
and Hartford St.
DC-49014, Army War College _.
200
350
250
50
20
214
234
Feb. 1, 1942
do
Mar. 1, 1942
1942 -
1942
Feb.' l7l94"2 ."."]!';!
September 1942....
Nov. 1, 1942
September 1942....
February 1942
November 1942
Federal Works Agency, Al-
ley Dwelling Authority.
Do.
Federal Works Agency, U. S.
Housing Authority.
Navy Department.
DC-49015, Army Air Base
Do.
Fairfax Village (4), Pennsylvania and
Alabama Aves.
Bellevue Gardens, Nichols Ave. and
Elmira St.
F. H. A. financed.
Do.
Total number of white units. _
1,318
For Negro occupants: Barry Farm Dwell-'
ings. Firth Sterling Ave. and Wade Rd.
Total number of Negro units
442
442
Alley Dwelling Authority.
Total number of units in southeast...
1,760
Northeast area
For Negro occupants:
Mayfair Apartments, Benning Rd,
Kenilworth Ave. and 36th St.
Suburban Gardens, Sheriff Rd., and
49th St.
Parkside Dwellings, Kenilworth Ave.
and Barnes Lane.
416
206
373
F. H. A. financed.
Do.
Alley Dwelling Authority.
Total number of Negro units . ___
995
995
Total number of units in Northeast . _ .
September 1942. . .
Southwest area
For Negro occupants: James Creek Dwell-
ings, M, 0, Half, and 1st Sts.
Total number of Negro units
278
278
278
Do.
Total number of units in Southwest
SUMMARY OF UNITS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
White
Negro
Total
Southeast area
1,318
442
995
278
1,760
Northeast area _ .
995
Southwest area .
278
Total..
1,318
1,715
3,033
9684
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Schedule of defense housing in nearby Maryland or Virginia under construction or
committed by Public Housing Authorities to be cornpleted in 194^
[Prepared by the assistant superintendent in charge of the school budget Jan. 6, 1942]
Name or project number and location of
construction
Number
of units
Race of occupants
Financing or construction
agency
Fillmore Apartments, Arlington County
Barcroft Apartments. Arlington County
Arna Valley Apartments, Arlington County-
Falkland Apartments, IGth St. extended,
Montgomery Countv.
Md. 18131, Conduit Rd. at west end of
180
436
600
500
100
20
70
1,000
120
160
White- -
do. -
do
F. H. A. financed.
Do.
Do.
do
do..
Do.
Federal Works Agency, U.S.
Cabin John.
Md. 18132, Seven Locks Rd. near Conduit
Negro
Housing Authority.
Do.
Rd.
Md. 18121, Army Medical Center, Forest
Glen.
Md. 18111, Greenbelt ^
White
Do.
do
do
do
Federal Works Agency,
Va. 44136, Alexandria
Farm Security Agency.
Federal Works Agency, U.S.
Va. 44137, Falls Church
Housing Authority.
Do.
SUMMARY OF UNITS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
AVhite
Negro
Total
1,670
1,496
20
1,690
1,496
Total
3,166
20
3,186
Schedule of defense housing in the District of Columbia under construction by private
enterprise
[Taken from records in the Division of Housing Priorities, OflSce of Production Management, Jan. 3, 1942]
Location of construction
Number
Date of
of units
completion
37
Apr.
5, 1942
306
Feb.
28, 1942
3
Apr.
5, 1942
5
Mar.
7, 1942
44
Mar.
27, 1942
12
Mar.
4, 1942
60
Mar.
22, 1942
9
Mar.
8, 1942
31
Feb.
28, 1942
16
Apr.
5, 1942
} 30
Apr.
5, 1942
12
Mar.
7, 1942
214
Jan.
7, 1942
779
779
} 69
Feb.
27, 1942
69
69
3
Jan.
8, 1942
29
Mar.
4, 1942
37
Mar.
3, 1942
376
Jan.
7, 1942
188
Mar.
1, 1942
62
Apr.
1, 1942
48
Mar.
20, 1942
SOUTHEAST AREA
For white occupants:
2501-2505 N St...
2d and Orange Sts
3711-3715 Horner PI
2918 P St
28th and N Sts
Galen St. between 17th and 18th Sts
41st St. and Southern Ave
841-861 51st St
Fendalland V Sts
815 East Capitol St
539-549 Newcomb St
535-551 Portland St
2115 R St
Pennsylvania and Southern Aves
Total number of white units
Total number of units in southeast
SOUTHWEST AREA
For white occupants:
Forrester St..
Galveston St
Total number of white units
Total number of units in southwest.
NORTHEAST AREA
For white occupants:
5-9 Burns St
166-222 35th St
14th and Downing Sts
Minnesota Ave. and Blaine St
Minnesota Ave. and Blaine St
Adams St
Southeast corner of Lincoln Rd. and Bryant St
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9685
Schedtde of defense housing in the District of Columbia under construction by private
enterprise — Continued
Location of construction
NORTHEAST AREA— Continued
For white occupants — Continued.
426 6th St
300-330 34th St._
1502-1525 Queen St
712-716 Kearny St
1st and Webster Sts
River Terrace
Montana Ave. and 14th St
Total number of white units.
For Negro occupants:
19th and I Sts...
49th and J Sts
Total number of Negro units
Total number of units in northeast
NORTHWEST AREA
For white occupants:
4520 Conduit Rd.
2311-2341 Montana Ave
4884 Conduit Rd.
939 Longfellow St
2700 Wisconsin Ave ,
430 Concord Ave
Total number of white units.
For Negro occupants: 415 T St
Total number of Negro units
Total number of units in northwest.
Number
Date of
of units
completion
8
Apr.
6, 1942-
16
Mar.
27, 1942
21
Mar.
24, 1942
8
Mar.
7, 1942
72
Feb.
28, 1942
376
Jan.
13, 1942
126
Jan.
Jan.
17, 1942
1,370
248
7, 1942
204
Jan.
7, 1942'
452
1,822
41
Feb.
27, 1942-
16
Mar.
3, 1942
43
Feb.
28, 1942
38
Jan.
7, 1942
100
Jan.
10, 1942
12
Feb.
Mar.
28, 1942
250
7
11,1942
7
257
SUMMARY OF UNITS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
White
Negro
Total
Southeast area .
779
69
1,370
250
452'
7
779
Southwest area
Northeast area
69
1,822
Northwest area
257
Grand total .
2,468
459
2,927
Schedule of defense housing under construction by private enterprise in nearby
Virginia and Maryland, to be completed in 1942
[Taken from records in the Division of Housing Priorities, Office of Production Management, Jan. 3, 1942]
Location of construction
Number
of units
Date of construction
Arlington County
Fairfax County
Prince Georges County.
Montgomery County...
520
780
1,207
402
Jan. 10, 1942 to Apr. 4, 1942.
Jan. 6, 1942 to Apr. 2, 1942.
Jan. 8, 1942 to Apr. 4, 1942.
Jan. 14, 1942 to Mar. 14, 1942.
Total number of units.
2.909
SUMMARY OF UNITS UNDER CONSTRUCTION Number
of units
Virginia 1, 300
Maryland 1,609
Grand total 2,909
9686 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
TESTIMONY OF DR. FRANK W. BALLOU— Resumed
The Chairman. We note from that that your Department budget
recommendations were reduced to some $3,000,000. What does this
mean to your Department in terms of meeting the needs of the in-
creasing population?
Dr. Ballou. Well, some of these items that were eliminated from
the Budget were in anticipation of the development of needs rather
than to meet enrollments that now exist.
You will readily understand that in some sections of the city, as for
example, across the Anacostia River, there are thousands of people
already there, and, in other areas of the city we see a rising popula-
tion scheduled, and have asked for an appropriation for land in antici-
pation of that. It is that type of item which is always placed in the
priority list, which we submit to the Commissioners, and it is that
group of items that are eliminated.
I would like to say that last year the Commissioners made a budget
to meet the existing situation across the Anacostia River which is the
area where we have seen a very widespread development. There are
thousands of families in that area at the present time, with hundreds
of children to attend school. Some of these items were recognized last
year as urgent and two of them were transferred to the deficiency
budget in order to make it possible to let contracts last summer.
They were small eight-room elementary school buildings. They were
transferred in recognition of the emergency and the contracts let
shortly after July 1.
EFFECT OF PRIORITIES ON SCHOOL FACILITIES
It was expected those buildings would be available by the middle
of this year or shortly thereafter. However, there is the matter of
priorities and whether we can get equipment for them. The program
which was approved last year was a reasonably adequate program to
meet that situation and we are now awaiting the action of the United
States Office of Education on a certificate of urgency for each one of
these items carried in the appropriation bill last year. That is our
problem.
Our problem is to get these buildings built, for which appropria-
tions have already been made, to meet a situation which is extraordi-
nary in nature. There are thousands of families living across the
Anacostia River. We have a compilation of each of those projects,
and the number of people in those various developments. The chil-
dren are already there. The most urgent problem before us is the
problem of getting these buildings built and equipped.
We submitted, for example, an item for the equipment for the junior
high school across the Anacostia River which is to take the junior
high school pupils out of a large building which now houses both the
junior and senior high school. We knew last September or October
we were going to have difficulty in getting equipment. W^e asked the
Commissioners to transfer that item to the deficiency. We are hoping
still that will be done, but until priorities are decided on for the
building itself we can't make any progress with that item.
All of these items are known by the Office of Education, having
been referred there by me on the request of O. P. M., and we are
hoping that the action may be taken soon. We have to be optimists
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9687
and we are optimistic that we shall secure a certificate of urgency from
the Office of Education.
OPERATING SCHOOLS ON SPLIT-SHIFT BASIS
We are operating on a split-shift basis. Many of the schools across
the Anacostia River are operating on double-shift programs, 3/2 hours
instead of 5 for elementary pupils, beginning early and closing at
4 or 5 in the afternoon.
The Chairman. How long have you been operating that way?
Dr. Ballou. Some for more than a year, but many more are
operating now than have operated that way heretofore.
The Browne Junior High School has operated that way for many
years and the Anacostia Senior-Junior High School is operating on a
partial double shift.
The Chairman. Does that take care of the needs of those particular
localities?
Dr. Ballou. Not wholly, because it means the curtailment of some
parts of the program and you cannot operate a school effectively
with a double-shift program, more pupils than can be adequately
taken care of in the building.
The Chairman. Has the problem of shifting schools in the District
changed considerably?
SHIFTING OF SCHOOLS
Dr. Ballou. We always have in every large city, I think, and it is
true in Washington, an area in the older part of the city where the
schools are declining because pupils are decreasing in number. In
the District of Columbia it means shifting to commercial areas, and
so on.
We have a large area in the central part of the city where that is
going on. We have in those areas the old buildings which are very
old indeed, and we have tried to embark on a program of replacing
those buildings with more modern, up-to-date buildings to provide
for the current institutional program. The other developments are
like the development I have indicated across the Anacostia River.
In the suburban areas there are always new developments going on.
Even though our population was static, we should have to have new
buildings in those developments.
We are taking care of many of the pupils in the Anacostia area,
including some of the area on this side of the river, in the junior and
senior high schools, and will not have to have more than this Kramer
High School across the river, but we cannot transport elementary
school pupils long distances to schools where there might be room
for them.
If the children in the Anacostia area were living in the vicinity of
the schools in the central part of the city, we could house a great many
of them, but it is not practicable to transfer elementary pupils of the
first six grades.
We have established a kindergarten in one of the buildings at the
Naval Research Laboratory in Bellevue and provided a teacher, but
all the first-grade children are going by bus to buildings in the city.
Now, we hope to get a building for that center under the provisions
of the Lanham Act.
9688 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
In addition to the fine program which the Commission has set up
for us in the regular building plan and which the committees of Con-
gress approved, we are undertaking to secure that $200,000 for school
buildings under the provisions of the Lanham Act.
Many of the buildings across the Anacostia River could not comply
inider the act. We were very much surprised to find that they could
not. Not even the one where we were to accommodate the children
of about 1,000 families that have moved there and live in temporary
quarters, could comply.
So we have a list of buildings that were proposed to be carried under
the provisions of the Lanham Act which are not being provided for
and some of the buildings, I am quite sure, that were omitted from
the District budget, will become urgent in view of the developments.
It is difficult to keep up with the requirements in the different sec-
tions of the city. To prepare to meet the situation as it now exists
is very difficult. If we could do that we would rejoice.
The Chairman. Let me ask you something about your personnel
problems, Doctor. On this split-shift plan of operation, do you use
the same teachers?
Dr. Ballou. No; we have two teachers occupying the same room
with two different groups of pupils. That work is really intensified,
trying to do in SK hours what should be done in 5 under normal cir-
cumstances, and the teacher has all her outside work to do. I don't
think it desirable to have a teacher teach two different classes in the
same day.
The Chairman. I agree with you, Doctor. Have you had any
personnel problems arise as a result of the way the situation has been
handled so far?
DECREASE IN SCHOOL POPULATION
Dr. Ballou. We have a rather strange situation. You are talking
and thinking in terms of increased population in the District but we
have an actual decrease in the school population and have had each
year for the last 3 or 4 years.
The Chairman. I had in mind something else, that is, teachers
leaving their work to take other jobs.
Dr. Ballou. Our teachers are not leaving us. There is no appreci-
able exodus from our schools. We have difficulty finding clerks and
custodians and engineers. We can't keep them, particularly engi-
neers who heat our buildings. They have to have licenses in the Dis-
trict. They get more money anywhere than they can get with us,
and they are leaving us. We have numbers of difficulties in that
regard.
The Chairman. How are you taking that?
Dr. Ballou. We are shifting the engineers we have and reducing
the personnel and expecting them to put in longer hours — that is the
only way we have of meeting it. And we find that the process of
getting these positions approved and cleared with Civil Service is
very difficult. Civil Service does not seem to be in a position to act
promptly on these requests.
I received this morning, and it is on my desk at the present time,
a list of probably 8 or 10 requests we submitted last October for
classifications of engineer positions which we can't clear. They have
gone forward to the District and to Civil Service and they are held
up until they can reach them. You have asked the question and I
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9689
am answering that the problems are not imaginary, they are real,
and the difficulties are greater because the District regulations require
licensed engineers for these high-pressure plants. We have great
difficulty clearing them at first, and then difficulty in getting permis-
sion to employ. That is one of the somewhat casual aspects of the
problem that this committee is concerned with.
Every aspect of our work is affected by the influx of people in the
District of Columbia. It doesn't make any difference what work is
engaged in, but it is affected by this influx of people.
The Chairman. On your previous appearance you stated your
problem was a problem of buildings. I gather from what you said
this morning that still is your principal problem.
Dr. Ballou. Yes; the problem of buildings. We have large
classes, especially in the colored schools. We are trying to find build-
ings that we can transfer to the use of colored schools beginning
Februaiy f when the new term starts. The problem in the white
schools is not so acute because we had a declining school population
among the white pupils. Even though we had many new pupds
come into the city, we have had the experience over a number of
years of declining birth rate among the white people. It is increas-
ing again and by f 942 and f 943 children becoming 5 and 6 years of age
will increase in number, from among the District residents.
Another factor which has entered into this problem is the exodus
of families from the District into adjacent Virginia and Maryland.
Some of the pupils come back to school to us, but many don't, but
more important is the fact that in previous years w^e have given work
permits to 2,500 to 3,000 pupils who worked in temporary jobs and
came back to school and last summer we gave permits to between
8,000 and 9,000 and scarcely one came back to school.
They were the boys and some girls over 16 years of age who got the
certificates and went to work permanently and didn't return to us.
We lost that number and it was not fully made up by new pupils
coming in through the influx of population. Man}^ of the families
who have come in do not have children.
WORK PERMITS
The Chairman. For what age are you required to give work
permits?
_ Dr. Ballou. A pupil who reaches 14 years and has completed the
eighth grade, which is normal progress, may go to work until he is 16.
He gets the permit to work. He takes it to the employer and when
he leaves that employment, the employer must notify us because the
pupil must go back to school until he is 18. When he is 16 he only
has to get a certificate showing he is over 18. That is an over-age
slip the employer has to have to know the pupil is eligible to work.
The Chairman. It would be interesting to know where most of the
8,000 or 9,000 went to work last year.
Dr. Ballou. I don't have specific information about that, but my
information is that they took places in a great variety of working
establishments in the city. Presumably many of them were young
men who went into the draft or who volunteered for military service.
That is the impression the officers have about it. We do not have a
complete record about it.
9690 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The Chairman. That is all.
Dr. Lamb. Dr. Ballon, what is the requirement with respect to the
schools' employees? Must they be qualified local residents?
Dr. Ballou. Oh, no; the requirements are general requirements
established and they are the same for residents of the District or
residents of the States.
The people living in the States who have the necessary educational
preparation to be teachers can qualify to take our examinations.
Dr. Lamb. Wliat about your other employees, for instance, engi-
neers?
Dr. Ballou. The engineers must have licenses given by the board
of examiners for the District.
Dr. Lamb. But they do not need to be District residents?
Dr. Ballou. No.
Dr. Lamb. I am getting at the question as to whether that limits
the Civil Service Commission in trying to find qualified people.
Dr. Ballou. We would take residents of any place in these posi-
tions.
The Chairman. We thank you for coming here, Doctor, and we
appreciate the statement that you have made. The committee will
take a 5-minute recess.
(Short recess.)
The Chairman. Let the committee come to order.
TESTIMONY OF CONRAD VAN HYNING, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC
WELFARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Mr. Curtis. You have the position that Mr. Bondy had?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes, sir — Director of Public Welfare in the
District.
Mr. Curtis. He appeared before our committee a year ago and we
had a rather lengthy statement from him describing the duties and
so forth, so this will be more or less of a supplemental story to what
he has previously given. ^ We have your prepared statement and it
will appear in the printed record at this point.
(The statement mentioned is as follows:)
STATEMENT BY CONRAD VAN HYNING, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC
WELFARE FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
[This report supplements previous information placed on record with the Tolan
committee by the Director of Public Welfare for the District of Columbia]
Public Assistance
The present monthly use of relief funds in the District of Columbia is at the
peak of the moneys available, leaving no margin to take care of any emergency
situation which may arise from the laying off of industrial workers caused by
Federal orders, such as the limitation on sales of tires and automobiles, and other
limitations which may follow. It is conceivable that many gas station em-
ployees, automobile salesmen and tire salesmen, and others employed in indus-
tries depending upon these, will not be able to find immediate reemployment in
Washington. The loss of employment caused by our defense effort should not
result in suffering on the part of individual families.
The increased costs of living are increasing the hardships for families totally
dependent upon relief whose budgets cannot be increased because of the legal
ceiling. The funds available are insufficient to adjust relief grants to compensate
' See Washington hearings, pt. 8, pp. 3109,3117.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9691
for the increased cost of living. Thus, these increases hit hardest those least
able to absorb them.
Relief funds in the District of Columbia have been limited for several years to
the categories of old-age assistance, aid to dependent children, aid to the blind,
and general public assistance to unemployables only. Until July of 1941 funds
were not available for relief to families in which there was an employable person,
even to carry such families for temporary emergency periods.
With the reduction in Work Projects Administration rolls in July 1941, the
Commissioners recommended additional funds to take care of persons dropped
from Work Projects Administration rolls who might not be able to secure other
employment. This increase of $75,000 was sufficient only to provide relief grants
at an average cost of $25 per month for 250 families.
The proposed appropriation for 1943 reduces the funds available for general
assistance by $125,000. It is hoped that the improved employment situation
may make it possible for many persons now classified as unemployable to secure
some work.
The appropriations for public-assistance categories in the District of Columbia
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1942, are as follows:
General public assistance (including some aid to dependent children
cases) $1 , 025, 000
Home care (aid to dependent children) 213, 000
Old-age assistance 620, 000
Aid to the blind 50,000
Nonresident service 20, 000
The case loads as of Decemberjl, 1941, carried under the above appropriations
were:
General public assistance 2, 451
Home care 1, 060
Old-age assistance 3, 609
Aid to the blind 255
The request of the Board of Commissioners for the elimination of the arbitrary
limitations in relief allowances, which are now contained in the appropriation act,
will make possible a better use of the funds available in the 1943 fiscal year.
These limitations are applied to all families, regardless of other resources avail-
able to them, and without regard for the total needs of the families. Their elimi-
nation will be a major step forward in the fair administration of relief in the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
Nonresident Service
Since the Public Assistance Division may not grant assistance to any non-
resident remaining in Washington, such cases are immediately referred to private
agencies. The funds in the nonresident service are available only for emergency
relief, pending deportation to the place of legal residence.
In December 1941, 65 cases were rejected at the Intake Division because of
lack of residence. Fifteen of these cases were referred to private agencies. The
Public Assistance Division has no knowledge of what became of these families.
The lack of public funds to provide for even temporary care of nonresident
cases is a serious situation, as related to defense activities. It means that persons
coming to Washington seeking employment must be returned to their places of
legal residence unless they have funds to care for themselves until they find work
and receive their first pay.
Care of Dependent Children
The Board of Public Welfare's foster care program for the care of dependent
and neglected children is being seriously affected by the housing shortage in
Washington and the metropolitan area. About 1,200 children are now cared
for in foster homes.
The demand for space for Government workers and the higher rate of pay for
the space available have cut seriously into the number of available foster homes.
The boarding rate of $20 per month is too low to pay the actual costs. It will be
necessary to increase the boarding rates, in order to compensate foster parents
for the actual costs, leaving out the value of the care and attention which must be
given to children.
9692 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Juvenile Delinquency
The annual report of the Juvenile Court of the District of Columbia shows a
25-percent increase in the number of delinquent cases handled in the calendar
year 1941, as compared with 1940.
Commitments of adults to the jail and sentences to the workhouse and reforma-
tory are likewise on the increase.
These increases are no greater than might be expected, when related to the
increased population of the city and the extensive movement of population in
and out of the Capital. The present facilities at the jail, workhouse, and reforma-
tory will be inadequate to receive any further appreciable increase in the number
of commitments.
While only a small number of the cases of juvenile delinquency are committed
to institutions, the District will need increased facilities in this field, should the
rate of juvenile delinquency continue to increase.
Institutions
The institutions affected by the defense program are the two industrial home
schools, one for white girls and boys, the other for colored boys, and the National
Training School for Girls, which is now used only for colored girls.
The population at the Industrial Home School for Colored Boys has now
reached the maximum capacity. The population at the Industrial Home School
for White Children is increasing, but there is capacity still for an additional 25 or
30 children. However, the facilities at this institution are entirely unsuitable
for the care and treatment of delinquents.
The National Training School for Girls is operating at less than half of its
maximum capacity, but the number of commitments to this institution is likely
to increase rapidly because of the type of girls received for care.
The District Training School for Feeble-Minded Children, with a capacity
of 700, is meeting only about 65 percent of the known need for institutionalization
of this group.
The programs of all of the above institutions are affected by the increased
population of the District, and particularly by the increase in juvenile delinquency.
With inadequate facilities for the care of feeble-minded children and with inade-
quate training programs in all of these institutions, the District is not properly
equipped to deal with an increasing load.
Dependency, delinquency, bad housing, and poor health are all spokes of the
same wheel. Inadequate facilities for the care and treatment of the feeble-
minded reflects promptly in the rate of juvenile delinquency. Insufficient food
and clothing, coupled with crowded and unsatisfactory living quarters in poor
neighborhoods, create problems of health and contribute to the lists of delinquents,
both juvenile and adult. The absence from home of mothers, who are working
long hours, leaves children without supervision and care and adds further social
problems.
Day Care of Children
The large increase in population and particularly the demand for women in
Government work have created a serious shortage of day-care facilities for the
children of working mothers. Nursery schools which have never been adequate
in number to meet the needs for day care for the normal population of the District
are insufficient to meet the demand.
A clause in the appropriation act for the Board of Education prohibits the use
of school buildings or the expenditure of the funds of the Board for the care of
children 5 years of age and under, and thus eliminates from use the extensive
facilities of the Board of Education in this field.
The problem is becoming further aggravated by the double and even triple
shifts in some of the Government offices, which keep mothers away from their
homes at hours when they would normally have completed their day's work.
Facilities are badly needed, not only for the care of children under five, but for
the after-school care of children of all ages, in order that their parents may be
free to work in defense agencies.
Similarly, the shortage of domestic help indicates the need for providing day
care for the children of domestics, in order that they may be available for service
in the homes of Government workers.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9693
Special Problems
The large number of single men and women living in rooming houses where
there are no facilities for board has created a special problem which must be dealt
with immediately.
Workers who are ill cannot be left alone in their rooms in a strange city and
among strangers without food or attention. Coworkers are staying away from
their jobs to take care of their friends, thus doubling up on the loss of time to the
Government agencies at a time when every worker is needed.
The provision of food and care for these employees living alone in rooming
houses is one of the exigencies of the present.
The Commissioners of the District of Columbia and the Board of Public
Welfare are planning a reorganization of the public welfare program in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, which, when completed, will result in many improvements.
The major needs are for an over-all analysis of the public welfare program,
properly relating the programs of the Public Assistance Division, the child caring
agencies, and institutions. More adequate supervision and a better analysis of
the entire program are essential in order that the resources of the Nation may be
spent in productive effort. The rehabilitation of all the persons who can be
rehabilitated must be the keynote of the program.
Recreation
While Recreation does not come under Public Welfare, it does come into the
Defense picture, and the writer is therefore, including the following statement in
his capacity as Chief of Voluntary Participation of the District of Columbia
Defense Council in order that this important subject may be brought before the
committee.
As Commissioner Young has pointed out, recreational facilities must be pro-
vided for the one hundred thousand or more people who have recently come to
the District of Columbia, and for service men from the various camps in the
vicinity of Washington who spend their free time in the city. Recreation needs
include building space for clubs, services for entertainment, dances, games, indoor
and outdoor sports, additional lodging facilities, and development of commercial
recreation. These types of services and more, need to be provided for groups of
white and colored, civilians and military, and for Federal employees who work on
diflferent shifts in the 24 hours. In addition, there is a need for providing better
recreation opportunities for the thousands of new school children who have come
into the city and where the usual school recreation facilities are overcrowded.
The report made to the Tolan committee in March 1941, as to limited facilities,
has not changed. The pressures for meeting these demands has increased.
Some progress has been made in providing facilities, but additional appropriations
and staff are needed to anywhere near adequately meet the situation.
There has been a gradual decline in the services available through the Com-
munity Center and Playground Department because of insufficient funds. Efforts
are now being made to secure additional appropriation for this department and to
broaden the scope of its program so that it might make a greater contribution to
the total program of recreation in the District of Columbia. Recreation facilities
usually carried on by this department in cooperation with the park facilities have
been reduced greatly because of the emergency war program. Fifteen softball
diamonds, approximately 18 tennis courts, a gold course, a golf driving range, and
one of few swimming pools, have been removed from the parks area because of
the installation of military equipment. The recreational activities in the parks
areas which have been supported, chiefly by Work Projects Administration and
National Youth Administration, have been reduced and there has been no means
of providing additional staff.
Private facilities have stretched their capacity in attempting to make room for
the activities of the defense program.
As a result of the combined drive of the District of Columbia and the National
United Service Organization, funds have been made available to thirteen private
agencies to extend their services, and to increase their supply of physical equip-
ments.
Private agencies participating in the extension of their services to make room
for the activities of the defense program include:
1. Young Men's Christian Association which provides entertainment for
service men over the week-end for approximately 600, giving sleeping accommo-
dations in their gymnasium to 50.
9694 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
2. Young Women's Christian Association (white). Has greatly extended
their regular activities with special entertainment over the week-end with the
highest capacity of 600.
3. Young Men's Christian Association (colored). Has had its staff increased,
has extended its athletic and entertainment programs over the week-end, but has
no additional lodging facilities.
4. Young Women's Christian Association (colored). Has increased its staff,
has enlarged its program for week-end entertainment for service men. Additional
lodging room is acutely needed, particularly for the group of colored girls who are
now being employed in the various Government departments.
5. The Salvation Army has made available considerable space for entertain-
ment purposes for service club activities, but lacks the staff to keep the program
in continuous operation.
6. The Jewish Community Center has increased its facilities for entertainment
programs, particularly to the civilian population, to the capacity of one thousand.
It is obvious that such expansions as could be made of the private agencies
are not sufficient to take care of the increased demands for recreation in this
community. Special provision has been made to supplement activities of the
public and private groups by the formation of the Recreation Services, Inc.
This Corporation, working under the Recreation of Committee of the Defense
Council of the District of Columbia, has, through the cooperation of the Federal
Security Agency and the Federal Works Agency, established a recreation club
for service men and defense workers at Ninth and Pennsylvania Avenue NW.
An additional center of this kind is to be established at the Banneker Field House
for colored military personnel and defense workers. Other services are contributed
through use of personnel and participation in planning and developing a total
recreation program.
The Soldiers, Sailors, and Marine Club has maintained active programs of
recreation and lodging on a permanent basis for military personnel. This Club
has an approximate bed capacity of 190 which is stretched to 250 by spreading
blankets on the floor.
It should be mentioned that a large number of the churches in this city are
actively cooperating in lending the use of their church halls and parish houses.
In spite of the progress made in the above public and private agencies for
expanding recreation services to the District of Columbia, the need has been far
from met. Because of this condition, some undesirable methods and programs
of recreation have been developed which are destructive as to morale, and, in
some instances, might be considered vicious. This applies particularly to the
development of penny arcades, cheap commercial so-called recreation centers,
small beer halls, and similar establishments.
Some of the important needs which would greatly relieve the present situation
as to inadequate facilities are:
1. Lodging. — (a) This servic:; is needed particularly for colored men and
women. Based on reports from the directors of the Young Men's Christian
Association and the Young Women's Christian Association, additional facilities
for at least 300 men and 300 women are imperative.
(b) A recreation center for white women with a capacity of at least 700, to
be erected somewhere near the Union Station. The Young Women's Christian
Association has offered its cooperation in servicing this center.
(c) Lodging facilities in temporary buildings of the barracks type is needed
for at least 1,500 men. This should be located in the downtown area and of
temporary structure.
These particular facilities are the consideration of a housing group, but it
should be emphasized here that their need is urgent.
2. Recreation centers.- — The immediate needs of recreation can be partially
met on a very well considered basis by the establishment of the following facilities:
(a) A recreational club for men and women at 1517 R Street NW., with ex-
penditure of approximately $51,800. This facility is centrally located and is
ideally set up for club and individual activities.
(5) The Kirk estate, a piece of property located at Thirty-second and Dum-
barton Avenue NW., formerly used by the Dumbarton Athletic Club could be
used as a center. These buildings are located near a large park area which has
an outdoor swimming pool, and is near two tennis courts and other facilities now
owned by the National Capital Parks. These facilities would be excellent as a
demonstration unit in coeducational recreation and could house a large number of
hobby groups. This facility will cost approximately $38,500.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9695
(f) A type D building of permanent construction on park property near
Boiling Field and the Naval Reserve air base. Such a building would serve the
military population of these installations as well as the nearby emergency housing
units. Construction would cost $68,000.
(d) If the Salvation Army should give up its present Service Club at 606 E
Street NW., as is now contemplated, that present building could be rented for
$10,000 a year and could be operated by' the Salvation Army.
There are a number of other specific points at which the recreational needs of
the District should be considered. A recreational program should include the
preschool child and the new school population of approximately 10,000 children.
Facilities of the regular school system are either not available or are inadequate.
The recreational needs of people employed in the new War and Navy Departments
buildings have received no consideration. It should be pointed out that the
remedies suggested above are being considered for the needs of the present popu-
lation and have not taken into consideration specifically the increasing influx
of people into the city.
A total program of recreation with consideration of all possible existing facilities
and plans for extensions of these services, together with a current study of the
increasing problem, is receiving the attention of the Recreation Committee of the
District of Columbia Defense Council.
TESTIMONY OF CONRAD VAN HYNING— Resumed
Mr. Curtis. Briefly, under what specific administrative authority
does your office operate?
Mr. Van Hyning. Our office is under the Board of Public Welfare,
which is a board of nine citizens appointed by the Commissioners,
serving voluntarily without pay. Our department is partially respon-
sible to the Board — that is, it is actually responsible to the Board but
also ditectly responsible to the Commissioners in the matter of appro-
priations and appointments of staff and current administrative details.
Mr. Curtis. You call it the Department of Public Welfare?
Mr. Van Hyning. No; we call it the Board of Public Welfare. It
is not a departmicnt actually. It operates under separate appropria-
tion for each unit.
Mr. Curtis. What are the various divisions of your Board?
BOARD OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Mr. Van Hyning. The units are the General Public Assistance
Division, which includes the three categories under the Security Act,
Old Age Insurance, Aid for Dependent Children and Public Assistance;
a foster care division for the care of dependent children in foster
homes, which has about 2,000 children under care; and the pro-
tective service, for the prevention of delinciuency, working with chil-
dren and with the court; three institutions for children, the Industrial
Homes, the National Training School for Girls, the District Training
School for Feeble-minded; the Home for the Aged and Infirm; receiving
home for delinc^uent children pending their care by the court; and three
penal institutions — the jail, workhouse, and reformatory; and several
smaller miscellaneous services, such as deportation of nonresident
insane and the administration of appropriations to private agencies,
which is largely a check on the proper expenditure of public money.
Mr. Curtis. You mentioned the various penal institutions. Which
one of those receives women criminals?
Mr. Van Hyning. The jail and the workhouse. The jail is, of
course, for immediate commitment of persons aw^aiting trial or for
60396— 42— pt. 25 5
9696 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
very short sentences and the workhouse has the women's division
whore there is a work program for women.
Mr. Curtis. Do you have any difficulty at present in obtaining
personnel?
PERSONNEL TURN-OVER
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes; a great deal of difficulty. Take the penal
institutions, particularly at the moment. We have had a heavy turn-
over both m guards and industrial workers in our industrial pro-
gram "s^ hich requires the employment of machinists and sliop foremen,
and so forth. We are losing a great many skilled workers to defense
work and we also have difficulty because we can't compete with Federal
salaries. Our turn-over to other institutions, to the police force,
and so on, is quite large.
We now have about 80 guards who are on the list for the draft and
we are very much worried about how to replace those who are called
into military service. Also, the residence requirement in the District
has pretty well limited us to the District or the area immediately sur-
rounding a penal institution. We have not been free to go anywhere
for personnel.
Mr. Curtis. Your salary schedule is lower. Is there any other
difference between your employees and other civil-service employees?
Mr. Van Hyning. In our social work, for example, public as-
sistance, our salary level is lower there than the Federal standard.
It is a $1,620 minimum salary, going up to $1,800 and $2,000. We
had a turn-over in the social-work group of some 40 percent in the year
1940. That was largely because of losing members of the public
assistance stafT to other District agencies paying higher rates of salary,
and also to the Federal agencies. Our turn-over was excessive.
Mr. Curtis. Have you any other duties in the District besides
supervision of the Welfare Department?
Mr. Van Hyning. Chief of the Voluntary Participation Division of
the District Defense Council.
voluntary participation division
Mr. Curtis. What is the function of the Voluntaiy Participation
Group?
Mr. Van Hyning. To coordinate existing resources in the com-
munity, such as private and public agencies and individuals. First,
to study the resources; then, if there is a need in excess of local facili-
ties, to present, through appropriate channels, a request for addi-
tional facilities.
For example, we will organize an over-all committee on public
health, venereal diseases, and hospitals. Care of children is important
at the moment as well as general provisions for relief. Also, we
plan to include Dr. Ballou and others on an over-all committee to
study the school situation.
The first job is to study the situation, and the second to plan ways
of dealing with any deficiencies discovered.
The voluntary participation division breaks down into two head-
ings— one health, welfare, housing, and education, and the other,
business services and supplies, such as transportation, communication,
waste prevention and salvage, and so on.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9697
Mr. Curtis. What percent of the District population is on rehef ?
Mr. Van Hyning. The number on direct rehef and categorical
assistance programs, in round numbers, is about 8,000 families.
W. P. A. has around 3,000 to 4,000. Were you thinking just of official
public relief? Eight thousand families in a population of 700,000
would be about 4 percent.
Mr. Curtis. That is 8,000 heads of famihes?
Mr. Van Hyning. I think the figures were gathered last summer
and showed about 22,000 families on relief rolls and W. P. A. relief,
which would be from 7 to 8 percent for all types of relief programs.
Mr. Curtis. What percent of the population is Negro?
Mr. Van Hyning. 27 to 28 percent as I have heard the last figures.
housing for relief clients
Mr. Curtis. Do you experience difficidty in obtaining housmg for
your relief clients?
Mr. Van Hyning. There has been some difficulty in the last few
months and prior to that. The reports from our workers show that
the increase in rental is more in those low-rate rentals than in the
higher rentals. It is difficult to allot more for rental. We have not
found as much difficulty in finding space for them to live in as we
expected. Apparently the demand for the kind of housing our relief
clients use isn't very much greater.
Mr.. Curtis. In other words, the employed people coming in have
the demand?
Mr. Van Hyning. Our relief clients occupy quarters renting at
$12 to $25 a month, and in some cases a little higher.
Mr. Curtis. Wliat percent of relief is paid out in rent?
Mr. Van Hyning. I am sorry but I haven't that figure. I can
submit it for the record.
Mr. Curtis. You will supply it, please?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes.
Mr. Curtis. Are there many evictions in connection with housing
and relief?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes. But there has been set up in the last year
a rental consultant in the landlord and tenant court to deal with that
problem. The number of evictions of persons, particularly in the low
income group, has been pretty high. The number of cases heard in
that court has been about 20,000 a year. They are not always relief
cases, but we have set up this landlord-tenant court consultant.
We find it difficult to take care of individual cases of eviction. The
volume isn't large, but our ability to take care of a given situation
very often makes it serious.
Mr. Curtis. What is the procedure in the District? The court
orders someone out of the premises and then what happens?
evictions
Mr. Van Hyning, The court orders them out and they appear and
ask for an extension of a week or 10 days, and generally those exten-
sions are granted and in the meantime some agency may attempt to
work the problem out, particularly since the consultant has been in
the court to call cases to the attention of agencies.
9698 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. Curtis. I am asking about the case where no compromise has
been reached and all the time is gone and the day and hour arrives
for them to get out.
Mr. Van Hyning. The marshal goes to the house and sets the
furniture out on the street.
Mr. Curtis. Then what happens?
Mr. Van Hyning. If it is a case that we, as a public agency, can
handle within our regulations, we find a place for them right away.
Generally they have to go to a private agency. Another place is
found for them and we move the furniture. A person who has been
evicted for nonpayment of rent has a more difficult time getting
another place because his rent record is bad.
Mr. Curtis. Usually a private agency takes care of them?
Mr. Van Hyning. Usually.
Mr. Curtis. Suppose night comes and no private agency has
taken care of them. What happens then?
Mr. Van Hyning. I don't know of any such situation.
Mr. Curtis. In otlier words, it is a tough job but it somehow geta
done?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes.
types of persons seeking relief
Mr. Curtis. Mr. Bondy told us quite a bit about the nonresident
problem in the District. Has there been any appreciable change in
that problem today?
Mr. Van Hyning. No. We have been very surprised that there
has not been increased pressure. We made a little study in the last
few months and the figures showed that 65 nonresident families ap-
plied for relief in December. We have no provision for those nonresi-
dents, so they were referred to private agencies. Fifteen of them
went to private agencies.
Our records of applications of nonresidents for service, to whom
we can only give temporary relief and then deport to the place of
residence, show no appreciable increase. Our lodging house, which
has a capacity for about 45 men, has been occupied at 90 percent
capacity.
Mr. Curtis. The recent newspaper publicity as to the jobs and
people coming in has not affected you in that way?
Mr. Van Hyning. No. We feel, however, that there is a gap in
the situation, which is pretty serious. Our nonresident service finds
that a great many people coming here come not to make an official
request for relief, but come to say they have a job and will be paid
in 2 weeks but haven't enough money to carry them over. The
request is usually for a loan of money until pay day.
We have been able to deal with those situations only by determining
whether the man has a job and giving him that certification and
getting him credit in a rooming house or hotel on that basis. Through
that service we have done a great deal of work, but in some instances
that might not meet the need. It is rather surprising that there
aren't more of such cases.
Mr. Curtis. Mr. Bondy spoke of the great numbers of mentally
and emotionally unbalanced people that for various reasons came to
the Nation's Capital. I assume that he was not referring to the
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9699
Communists, but aside from that, has the war caused a greater influx
of such characters?
Mr. Van Hyning. I have not made a study of that but our service
for deportation of nonresident insane has not shown any appreciable
increase. I can also do a little research for the committee if you
would like to have that filed.
Mr. Curtis. I think the two classes he had in mind were inventors
and disabled people, perhaps veterans, resulting from illness, who
came here to get personal attention for their case from the Gov-
ernment.
oVIr. Van Hyning. The Soldiers and Sailors Home — we do have an
appropriation for that agency which is private — has had some increase
in the number of veterans coming to Washington, but they have not
exceeded their capacity.
Mr. Curtis. Does the District have a psychiatric service at this
time?
Mr. Van Hyning. We are unfortunate in not having a single public
agency doing psychiatric service for this whole group. That includes
work for children, who would benefit greatly by psychiatric study.
There are some private clinics that give what service is given.
Mr. Curtis. Has any plan been madt^ for instituting such a service
in the District?
Mr. Van Hyning. The request was made by the Board of Public
Welfare 2 or 3 years ago — I am not sure about the time — for a clinic
at a co.st of $50,000 annuall}^, and it was decided next year that it
should be in the Health Department and they then submitted it the
following year.
As I remember the figures, the appropriation request was reduced
to $15,000 and was then eliminated in the last presentation of the
budget, so that the efforts there have been completely ineffective.
Mr. Curtis. What do you mean by a foster home in connection
with your work?
foster homes for children
Mr. Van Hyning. A foster home is simply any ordinary family
home in which there is a mother and a father who perhaps have some
children of their own, or who are childless, but in which the parents
are interested in children and are willing take in a child who needs
care. The cost of the care is paid for by the agency.
Mr. Curtis. Is that a temporary proposition or for a certain num-
ber of hours a day or
Mr. Van Hyning. Wlien we speak of foster homes, we mean full
24-hour care and some foster homes are set up to give care for children
which we expect will be under our care only a few weeks or months.
Others are permanently under our care, and we are faced with finding
a foster home where they will stay until they are of age. In many
instances they become a part of the family and to all intents and pur-
poses they are their own children. But the larger groups may stay a
year or two until some adjustment in their own family situation makes
it possible for them to get back to their own family.
Mr. Curtis. Have those been successful?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes; it is a system which is nationally used. It
is a substitute for the old institutional care, on the theory that if we
accept the idea that a home is the best place to raise children, that a
9700 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
boy or girl should be raised in liis own home with his parents, it is
more important for the cliild who has been deprived of his own home
to be in the home atmosphere.
Mr. Curtis. Do you have difficulty in making what you feel is a
reliable and accurate check upon the prospective home?
Mr. Van Hyning. We don't have difficulty in making the original
check but it is very important that the first determination as to
whether tliis foster home is a proper home, whether its motives, for
example, are purely financial, or whether it is looking for a child of
adolescent age only to help with house work or farm work. Those
things have to be checked very carefully. What we call our original
intake investigation is very thorough.
Mr. Curtis. Who conducts that?
Mr. Van Hyning. It is under the Foster Care Division, which is
staffed with a superintendent and a couple of supervisors and 35 or
40 workers.
Mr. Curtis. It is done by professional workers?
Mr. Van Hyning. It is done by professional workers. Now, we
do have a shortage of staff to keep up with the proper super\dsion of
those foster homes.
Mr. Curtis. Do you have enough foster homes?
Mr. Van Hyning. Not enough to quite fit the needs of every cliild.
We sometimes have to put them temporarily in one place until we
find the place that we tliink is ideal. The foster-home program is
affected by the defense situation because, as the demand for rooms
increases, anybody who has any difficulty about finances can rent the
room for more than the board of one cliild, and get as much money
for room rent as they get for the entire care of the child, so that has
made the situation very difficult. It is difficult to find new foster
homes both in the city and in outlying areas.
Mr. Curtis. What are the age limits of children sent to foster
homes?
Mr. Van Hyning. Children are committed to us generally up to 18
years but we seldom get commitments of children for foster care over
16, unless there is a delinquency charge included. The average age
of our foster-care children is going up. The larrest group are 10 to
12 at the present time. I can also submit that schedule.
Mr. Curtis. Wliat is the youngest are?
Mr. Van Hyning. We may get them at any age. We may get
them as babies. We have foster homes to take care of babies 2 or 3
months old.
Mr. Curtis. And there is no shortage of those?
Mr. Van Hyning. No shortage, although it is always desirable to
have a reserve list in order to fill any extra demands.
Mr. Curtis. Wliat I mean is, more homes are willing to take the
tiny infants than the older children?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes. Our greatest difficulty is finding the
proper places for the adolescent children, who are more difficult to
handle and whose habits are already formed, whether it is institu-
tional or foster care.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9701
ASSISTANCE FROM FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Mr. Curtis. In this foster home service, what assistance do you
get from the Federal Government?
Mr. Van Hyning. We get $10,000 a year from the Children's
Bureau which we use in foster care, and in the Protective Service
Division. I think we have two or three workers.
We particularly have used that money to build up our intake
service in the Foster Care Division. The rest of it is being used to
partially staff the Protective Service.
Mr. Curtis. And the weekly or monthly care that you pay comes
from the District of Columbia budget?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes. There is no reimbursement from any
Federal source on that.
Mr. Curtis. That is how you pay your investigators?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes. They are also the local staff except the
two or three that are on the Children's Bureau money.
Mr. Curtis. Have you a municipal lodging house?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes, available for between 40 and 45.
Mr. Curtis. Is that available for service men?
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes, as is also the Soldiers and Sailors Home.
Mr. Curtis. Who operates that?
Mr. Van Hyning. The lodging house is operated by our depart-
ment.
Mr. Curtis. I mean, the Soldiers and Sailors Home.
Mr. Van Hyning. I am not sure that I am clear as to the organiza-
tion, but it is tied up with the veterans' organizations and they have
an appropriation that comes through, or money for part of their staff
and part of their upkeep. The maintenance of grounds, and the insti-
tution itself is paid partially from other funds.
DAY NURSERIES
Mr. Curtis. Wliat is the situation as regards day nurseries, as
contrasted to foster homes? Is that a problem of the relief depart-
ment?
Mr. Van Hyning. Well, it is a community problem which is par-
ticularly serious now.
We are putting pressure on everybody to get a job and get them off
relief. If we ho.ve a person who can work as a domestic there comes
a line beyond which you can't say to this woman, '' You go to worJi and
leave your children on the streets," because then we are creating
problems of delinquency by leaving children unsupervised.
The larger problem is in the number of new people coming to
Washington, among whom are a great many women who have brought
children with them. We had one example of a woman who arrived
here at 3 o'clock in the afternoon with three children, all young, and
she wanted to go to work the next day, and she wanted a nursery
school to place the children in. The nursery schools have not even
been adequate for the District in normal times.
Air. Curtis. Is there a shortage, so far as your department workers
know, of free nursery schools, as contrasted to those schools desired
by clients who may be able to pay a normal price themselves?
9702 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. Van Hyning. The shortage in vohime is larger than the group
who can pay all or part of the cost of nursery care. The school system,
which normally would be the place from which you might expect to
get some help, is limited under the appropriation act. No public-
school buildings or funds can be used for the care of children under 5
years of age, so the resources in terms of space are not available for
the nursery-school group. They could be used for the after-school
care of older children.
The day-care problem which we have now covers all ages of children
of the parents who are at work. The double shift of Government
workers is keeping women away from home at hours when they
normally would be at home, so the hours of care have to be extended
up to the late evening.
Mr. Curtis. You don't know how many women are employed by
the Govermnent in Washington, who have children of the preschool
age?
Mr. Van Hyning. No. It is a figure that it is almost impossible
to get, but we are working through the civil service and personnel
directors of each agency to have them report the employees they have,
who have brought the problem to them. And, also, we are taking all
applications and recording them, in order to build up information on
the situation.
Mr. Curtis. That is all.
Mr. Van Hyning. Mr. Chairman, may I say one thing? The
subject of recreation has not been covered in this hearing and I wanted
to say something about it in my capacity as chief of voluntary parti-
cipation and not as director of public welfare.
Would you like to go into that at all?
The Chairman. We should be glad for you to do so briefly.
seriousness of recreational problems
Mr. Van Hy'Ning. The recreational problem is probably the most
serious thing, as related to the defense program. Facilities for recre-
ation for the very largely increased population are not adequate, of
course, because they have not been expanded and not only have they
not been expanded but, in the National Capital program something like
25 soft-ball courts and 10 or 15 tennis courts and several golf ranges,
and so forth, have been withdrawn for military programs, so those
facilities are lessening rather than increasing as the population grows.
The public recreation service has been handicapped by lack of
funds and pending legislation. A large part of its program depended
on W. P. A., which was providing the staff". As the W. P. A. staff is
reduced, the workers must be replaced by others.
And another angle is the problem of recreation for service men
coming into town for leave, evenings or week ends, and also the
problem of providing recreation for the men at camps. All of these
are being dealt with through the recreational services and the defense
council committees, but not adequately at present. New recreation
centers are being constructed from some Lanham Act money which
has been secured through Recreational Services, Inc., a private
agency. I would like to submit for the record, if I may, some of the
reports in connection with that.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9703
INCREASE IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Dr. Lamb. I understand from one of the papers submitted that
juvenile deUnquency in the District has increased 25 percent in the
last 12 months.
Mr. Van Hyning. That figure, which I got officially, shows a 25.6
percent increase in the number of juvenile cases handled in 1941 over
1940, for each calendar year. The only explanation we can give is
that the population has increased 18 percent, which would parallel
that much of an increase, and also that with a moving population we
might expect more delinquency and with no increase in personnel to
handle the situation, we might expect more delinquency because we
are unable to handle it properly.
Dr. Lamb. With respect to your two jobs; do you find that your
voluntary participation job. is sufficiently closely tied to your other
job so that it facilitates your doing the second, or do you find it such
an additional burden that it is rather difficult?
Mr. Van Hyning. It w^ould not be such a difficult burden if it were
possible to get a few staff members to assign to develop various angles
of it. The general community organization job, which this is, is not
foreign to the general field of public welfare. In the specific field of
education, for example, this division's responsibility would not be in
the technical aspect, but organizing the technical people to do the
things that were necessary. So if you look at it as a community
organization job, it is not foreign to the concept of public welfare nor
to our experience, but it would be better done if we had a few more
people to help.
Dr. Lamb. It has hitherto been not only voluntary participation on
the part of the general public, but voluntary participation on the part
of the people who were staffing it?
Mr. Van Hyning. That is right, and we lack the things that make
the job easier. For instance, we have no research division or per-
sonnel division or provision for collection of statistics. We are short
of material that would have made this job easier.
Dr. Lamb. I should think the District would be more seriously
affected by that than almost any city in the country, with the excep-
tion of places like San Diego, where the population increase has been
even more rapid and larger.
Mr. Van Hyning. Yes. I think the situation is more along the
line of San Diego and Hartford in all of these problems.
The Chairman. Thank you very much, Mr. Van Hyning. We
appreciate your appearing here.
(The following material was submitted by the witness subsequent
to the hearing and accepted for the record. The tables show numer-
ous withdrawals of recreational areas and playgrounds from use by
the public. Some of the areas are being used as sites for temporary
Government buildings, others are being given over to other govern-
mental uses. An accompanying map is held in committee files.)
9704
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Recreational area and playground withdrawals
Lincoln recreational area, reservation 19
(upoer part of area), 6th and L Sts.
SE.
Polo field (West Potomac Park)
3d and Maryland Ave., recreational area.
4th and Marjdand Ave. recreational area.
Anacostia recreational area, section C
26th and Constitution Ave. recreational
area.
Tourist camp area, 14th St. SW
Jefferson Memorial area (West Potomac
Park).
Georgetown playground, 34th and Volta
PI. NW.
McMillan playground, 1st and Bryant
Sts. NW.
Rock Creek area, 16th and Kennedy
Sts. NW.
Reno Reservoir
East Potomac Park (probable with-
drawal).
2 horseshoe courts, 1 softball field, I
football field, 2 tennis courts, 1 bas-
ketball court.
1 lacrosse field, 8 softball fields.
7 tennis courts.
2 softball fields.
2 baseball fields, 2 football fields, 4
horseshoe courts, 1 softball field, 4
tennis courts.
2 softball fields.
24 tennis courts, 5 softball fields.
2 softball fields.
2 tennis courts.
2 Softball fields, 8 horseshoe courts,
2 tennis courts.
4 softball fields, 1 baseball field, 1 bad-
minton court, 2 volleyball courts, 2
roque courts, 10 tennis courts, 1
hockey field, 1 football field, 1 touch
football field.
4 tennis courts.
3 nine-hole gold courses, 1 swimming
pool, 1 driving range, bicycling facili-
ties.
Type
Number
Partici-
pants, esti-
mated 1942
use
Type
Number
Partici-
pants, esti-
mated 1942
use
Softball
27 fields...
5 fields...
3 fields....
1 field
1 field
1 court
2 courts...
135, 408
924
7,720
50
1,320
550
240
Horseshoes
14 courts..
55 courts.-
2 courts...
1 court
4,200
Football
Baseball
Tennis
Roque
132, 000
020
Hockey
Basketball
750
Total
Badminton ...
283, 782
Volleyball
The 283,782 figure does not include the thousands of spectators who attend
the various activities which are being conducted.
If East Potomac Park is withdrawn, the estimated use will approach an approxi-
mate 1,000,000 participation. This is also exclusive of the passive types of recrea-
tion in which tlie figure would probably be at least doubled.
Mr. Aenold. The next witness is Mr. John Ihlder, of the Alley
Dwelling Authority of the District of Columbia. Mr. Ihlder has
submitted a statement which will appear in the record at this point.
(The statement referred to is as follows:)
STATEMENT BY JOHN IHLDER, EXECUTIVE OFFICER THE ALLEY
DWELLING AUTHORITY FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington's Housing Shortage and the Program for New Construction
Housing conditions in Washington today are a definite handicap to the Nation's
war effort, and, unless they are improved, may cause a disastrous check to that
effort. House and room overcrowding here have reached menacing proportions.
An epidemic, such as that of 1918, would be much more serious than a major
military defeat.
These facts are evident to anyone who takes the trouble to look. They are
evident to anyone who listens to the stories of those who have tried to find a
house, an apartment, or a hotel room. The crowds that pack the Union Rail-
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9705
road Station are merely more evident than the cots in the ballrooms of hotels;
the crowds that fill our downtown streets are merely more evident than the
overcrowded condition of in-town lodging and boarding houses.
DEFENSE HOUSING REGISTRY
Statistics on these conditions are available and the Washington Housing
Association has assembled them for the benefit of those who wish statistics as
a basis for action. But even more clearly indicative are figures from the Defense
Housing Registry.
This registry was established in March 1941, under the District of Columbia
Council of National Defense, to serve the thousands of persons brought to Wash-
ington because of governmental activity. The Registry's task increased rapidly
until it outgrew its present quarters, despite the fact that it is open 12 hours a
day during the week, and from 9 to 5:30 on Sundays. Next week it will move
into larger quarters in a new temporary building erected on the little public park
at Pennsylvania Avenue and Fourteenth Street.
When it began, some of the Registry's sponsors believed it could meet the
needs of newcomers by pooling all information about vacancies, so preventing
waste of time and effort in calling at many offices. But soon it became evident
that all available vacancies, so far as houses and apartments are concerned,
were utterly inadequate to meet the needs even of white applicants. For Negroes
the Registry has been of little service because of lack of listings, not lack of
applicants. Yet somehow the Negroes, brought here for Government service,
have been absorbed by the already overcrowded Negro community. Among
the results of this will be not only decreased efficiency but increased disease.
We are adding another cause for the high Negro death rate.
Of course these conditions were foreseeable. In the spring of 1940 the Alley
Dwelling Authority was informed of the difficulty experienced by navy-yard em-
ployees in finding suitable houses. In July the Authority proposed to build 1,600
dwellings for the families of new civilian workers at Government munitions plants.
But the funds then available were expended elsewhere on the plea of greater need.
Within a year the need here became so evident that a much larger program was
started. And now we are forced to expand that program.
An added item in Washington's housing problem is presented by the soldiers in
nearby camps who spend their week ends here. During the summer tents and
vacant college dormitories provided shelter for them. But no adequate perma-
nent means of lodging them has yet been proposed.
From the beginning of the Registry's work there has seemed to be an adequate
supply of single rooms — householders having responded generously to the appeal
to make spare rooms available. The supply of rooms was further increased by
action of the Zoning Commission in liberalizing, for the duration, zoning restric-
tions against roomers or lodgers in residential areas. But this increase of supply
is chiefly in outlying sections, comparatively remote from places of employment
and increasingly difficult of access by our overburdened transit system.
From the beginning there has not been an adequate supply of vacant houses
and apartments. Early in the Registry's history it had more than 800 houses and
apartments listed. That is a very small number for a city of this size, but when
I checked up last Saturday afternoon it had shrunk to only 83. In a city of
approximately a million people this figure is practically zero. None of the houses
or apartments now listed rent for $50 a month or less. Houses, when available,
begin at $75 and go up rapidly. The cheapest dwelling offered is an occasional
three-room duplex (two-story, four-family house) the shelter rent of which is
$39.50. The tenant then provides heat, gas, and electricity in addition,
EXTREME SHORTAGE OF DWELLINGS AND APARTMENTS
In the earlier months of the Registry the Alley Dwelling Authority inspected
all dwellings and apartments offered for $50 a month or less, in order to assure
that they were habitable before the Registry listed them. But the number offered
rapidly decreased and now there are none to inspect. If an occasional one is listed,
it is rented before an inspector can get to it. It should be emphasized that at no
time have there been any appreciable number of dwellings or even rooms available
for Negro occupancy.
But the number of applicants has steadily increased. There now are from 100
to 150 a day. At the time of my check on Saturday there were 30 persons at the
desk, and 10 more came in while I was getting my information.
9706 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
A difficulty in making a program to meet our local housing needs is the im-
possil^ility of foretelling how many families or how many single persons should be
provided for 6 months hence. Decentralization of Government agencies has
caused some to move away; but a greater numl^er have moved in.
Population is keeping ahead of new construction. According to a Work
Projects Administration survey the population increased by 51,700 persons
between October 1, 1940, and November 1941. The great majority of these
were married couples without children, or single persons, the statement being that
the 51,700 persons constituted 36,300 "families." The District Assessor's office
says that on July 1, 1941, there were 104,082 single family houses here. This
does not include apartments. The Bureau of the Census says that in April 1940,
there were 101,950 housing structures containing 185,123 dwelling units. Com-
pared with population growth that is very small, even allowing for the omission
of apartments in the later figures. Of course there must also be subtraction of
dwelling units because of apartment houses taken over for offices by our Govern-
ment and by the British commissions. These probably total well over 1,000
dwelling units.
A second difficulty in making a program to meet our housing needs lies in the
fact that the construction of dwellings takes time. Three thousand families may
come to Washington in a month, but 3,000 dwellings cannot be built for them in
that month.
WHY DEMOUNTABLE HOUSES ARE NOT DESIRABLE
Temporary demountable houses would not meet the situation. Even if the
factories were to turn out a sufficient number of prefabricated units overnight
it would be impossible to service them with streets, water mains, and sewers. It
takes longer to install these utilities than it does to build permanent houses. And
more than that, there is not sufficient money now available to pay for the required
utilities. I am informed that there is not even any money to pay for a short
access street to one of the defense housing projects that is nearing completion and
is already partially occupied.
This matter of utilities often is overlooked when discussing a housing program,
though it is perfectly obvious that houses in a large city are not habitable unless
they have water and sewer connections. Nor are they accessible unless they
have streets leading to them. Washington has kept well abreast of normal needs
in this respect, but the present increase of population was not anticipated when
the present budgets were made. And even if it had been, the local budget could
not have provided for it. I believe that no detailed estimates have been made,
the emergency has come upon us too suddently, but it is probable that servicing
the dwellings required for war workers will require approximately a million dollars
for extensions to the water service and nearly as much for sewers. Street exten-
sions will call for further funds. While these are very loose estimates they indi-
cate that the construction of houses alone is not enough.
Demountable houses, therefore, give little promise of saving time. Nor do they
give promise of saving money, for they cost as much or more than permanent
housing. The argument for them is that they can be moved to another com-
munity when the emergency is over. But if they are moved away, they will
leave behind them the streets, water mains and sewers built to service them, not
to speak of empty schoolhouses. Unless these vacated sites are utilized by the
erection of other houses to take the place of those moved away there will be a very
impressive waste, not only of buried capital but also of buried critical materials.
We cannot afford this waste of materials.
SHOULD BE NO FEAR OF OVERBUILDING
Fear sometimes is expressed that Washington may be overbuilt, that at the end
of the emergency population will shrink and we shall have many vacant houses.
Unless there is large-scale and permanent decentralization of the continuing
Government agencies, leaving only the temporary ones here, there is no reason for
this fear so far as the present program is concerned. Every emergency since the
1860's has added greatly to Washington's population, but the end of the emergency
has been followed by only a comparatively small shrinkage. If the end of this
emergency is contrary to precedent and is followed by a comparatively large
shrinkage, still there is no cause for alarm.
It is assumed that 40,000 additional workers will come to Washington during
the next ten months. If they are in the same proportion as those studied by the
Work Projects Administration for 1940-41, they will require some 28,000 additional
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9707
dwelling units. The present program calls for only 22,000 dwelling units of various
types in the whole metropolitan area. Of these 10,000 are to be houses built by
private enterprise. Seventy-five hundred are to be built by the Defense Homes
Corporation, with the intent of selling them to private owners at the end of the
emergency. In addition Defense Homes Corporation proposes to erect fifteen
hundred dormitory units to serve urgent present need. Public housing, under the
direction of the Federal Works Administrator, will supplement this by erecting
4,500 dwelling units, of which less than half, 2,000, will be in the District. In
terms of construction this is a large program. In terms of critical materials and
priorities it raises serious questions — there can be no waste. So all construction,
private as well as public, must be under strict control. But in terms of need the
program is conservative.
SUPPLY OF SPARE ROOMS MORE ADEQUATE
As I have said, the one kind of dwelling of which we seem to have a fairly
adequate supply is spare rooms in private houses. But many of the houses are
difficult of access and will become more difficult as tire rationing affects our transit
facilities. Moreover, if we are to take at all seriously the danger of a bombing
raid, there should be some vacancies left into which to put persons whose homes
are demolished. The spare rooms of Washington should be considered its last
housing resource, not its first. Because it is easy to use them we should not be
blind to the fact that if they are filled we shall be caught in a vise.
Many of the newcomers consider spare rooms only tem.porary expedients. A
large proportion of these roomers are constantly seeking apartments or houses so
they may bring their families here. The statistics showing an unusually large
proportion of married couples m ithout children and of single persons are in large
part statistics of divided families. They are taking what they can get tem.porar-
ily, not what they need if this is to be a long war. We m.ust all expect to endure
discom.fort, but attempts to separate families for 5 or 6 years or to crowd four or
five lodgers into a sm.all room for the duration m.eans loss of essential workers.
So there can be a very considerable shrinkage of Washington's population be-
fore it will fit com.fortably into the housing now provided or proposed. But
beyond this, there is a large part of Washington's existing housing that should be
dem.olished at the first opportunity. As is very well known, there are slum areas
here which are a disgrace to the Nation and a m.enace to the public health. The
acute housing shortage has halted slum, reclamation. If the war continues 5 or
6 years, our shuns will expand because of lack of repairs and, perahps even more,
because of the conversion of one-family houses into makeshift tenements. When
peace con.es we shall have a job of rebuilding the older parts of town that will
elim.inate thousands of s.ubstandard dwellings.
PRESENT PROGRAM IS CONSERVATIVE
So the program announced bj- the Defense Housing Coordinator is a conserva-
tive program. It will not enable us to fully n.eet our current needs. Twenty-two
thousand dwellings of the various kinds proposed will scarcely take care of the
expected addition -to our population, and in a city that already is dangerously
overcrowded.
In the interest of national defense, regardless of the needs of our Capital City,
it is necessary to provide for a housing program at least equal to that proposed by
the Defense Housing Coordinator. In order that this program, may be effective,
it is necessary that funds be made available for the extension of streets, sewers,
and the water system.. If the war is long-continued and we propose to retain here
our defense workers, it will be necessary to provide schools and other community
facilities. If we are to do all this without extravagant waste, we m.ust build good,
permanent dwellings.
TESTIMONY OF JOHN IHLDER, EXECUTIVE OFFICER, ALLEY
DWELLING AUTHORITY, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Mr. Arnold. Mr. Ihlder, it is the committee's understanding that
you have devoted many years to a study of housing problems, partic-
ularly those of the District. That summarizes your experience
briefly?
9708 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. Ihlder. I have been in housing work for about 25 years, as I
remember, and have been interested in housing in the District either
directly or as part of other work for some 20 years.
There should be an adequate supply of decent houses for the whole
population, considering the methods being adopted to secure that
result. Of course, the most difhcult part of that problem is the hous-
ing of families of low income, and part of that problem is getting rid
of the slums because when they exist families of low income will be
living in them, not decently housed.
Mr. Arnold. The President has approved the following housing
program for the District as of January 2, 1942, upon the recommenda-
tion of the coordinator of housing defense: 4,500 family dwelling units
from public funds; 7,500 family dwelling units, by the Defense Homes
Corporation, and 7,500 dwelling units from private enterprise.
Of this total how much will the Alley Dwelling Authority be directly
responsible for constructing?
Mr. Ihlder. It is proposed to be directly responsible for 2,000, arid
those figures comprise some already under construction. .
My understanding is that 22,000 in total from now on until the
first of July. Of the 4,500 to be constructed by public funds, 2,000
will be in the District, the other 2,500 will be in the counties outside
the District, and we should have 2,000 by July.
Mr. Arnold. Are plans for all of these types of buildings going
ahead now?
Mr. Ihlder. They are. Of course, we are all working under the
Defense Housing Coordinator. He finds the needs and allocates as
between private and public, and the public building is assigned to the
Federal Works Agency, which picks the Federal agency to do the job.
Progress is being made on the whole program, sites are being selected,
and plans for development are being made.
Mr. Arnold. Would you state your opinion as to the adequacy
of the program?
Mr. Ihlder. In my opinion it is, in terms of need, a very conserva-
tive progrfini. The lowest estimate I have heard for future popula-
tion is 40,000 in the next 10 months. This program is for 22,000 for
the next 6 to 10 months.
funds available for housing
Consequently, it will provide for less than the number of families,
that is, according to the proportion that was found by the W. P. A.
survey of 1940 and 1941 ; the 40,000 expected would normally call for
about 28,000 dwelling units. The program provides for about 22,000.
In terms of need it is a very conservative program in a city that today
is dangerously overcrowded.
In terms of construction it is a big progranL In term.s of getting
priorities and getting materials, it is a difficult program.
Mr. Arnold. What funds are available for the construction of
these units?
Mr. Ihlder. For the public housing, the Lanham Act is supposed
to provide the funds. For the private housing, I suppose that would
be secured from private sources with F. H. A. assistance, and for the
Defense Homes Corporation it will come from the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9709
Mr. Aenold. Do you know whether Army funds are being used in
view of the delay in obtaining the Lanhani Act money?
Air. Ihlder. To the best of my knowledge and -belief, a little
remriant of the first Lanham money that went to the Army and Navy
is being used to construct 70 houses. That is all.
Mr. Arnold. When is the completion date for the 4,500 imits, for
2,000 of which vour Authority is responsible?
Mr. Ihlder." July 1, 1942.
Mr. Arnold. Will you be able to meet the schedule?
Mr. Ihlder. If it is humanly possible we shall.
Mr. Arnold. Do you think priorities might enter into it?
EFFECT OF PRIORITIES
Mr. Ihlder. Priorities enter very definitely into the picture. Of
course, in designing our houses, we are conscientiously omitting every
critical material we can. But the iron for stoves and heaters and
metal for plumbing one has to have. But otherwise we have tried
not to use any of the critical materials.
Mr. Arnold. Can you tell the committee whether the 7,500 units
planned for Defense Housing Corporation are planned for occupancy
by July 1 ?
Mr. Ihldei . The whole program of the 22,000 houses is set for
July 1.
Mr. Arnold. Wliat is the situation, in your opinion, with respect
to the prospect of completion dates on the units assigned to private
industry?
Mr. Ihlder. I could give only an opinion, and perhaps Mr. Williams
could give a better opinion.
Mr. Williams. The private builders are having their own troubles
getting materials and the whole completion is dependent upon
abihty to secure materials.
Mr. Ihlder. I should like to interrupt and say that we do not ask
any favors and, in my belief, the private builder will get as good
preference as we do. I mean, we who are doing the public building.
Mr. Arnold. Will you give the committee a brief description, Mr.
Williams, of how the committee operates and state its principal
functions?
committee on defense housing
Mr. Williams. A little over a year ago the Committee on Defense
Housing in the District was set up. It didn't actually get down to
work until March. So far its principal activity has been to list
vacant properties, cither rooms, apartments, or houses, and en-
deavor to inspect those properties, and then to have that list avail-
able for any newcomer so that he can find a room or a house and can
get all pertinent information with respect to that property. This
was done without cost to the property owner or the person seeking
quarters.
During that time there has been no appeal, up until this recent
one by Commissioner Young for the public to list rooms. It is true
there has been some publicity in the press about the activity of the
housing registration but there has been no real appeal and no one
9710 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
has gone on the radio to say, "List your rooms as a patriotic matter
to take care of these new peoph\"
In spite of that we have had a big response, a fine response from
the peopk^, in hsting rooms.
Of course, the house and apartment situation is acute. There is
no such thing available. There is a good supply of rooms.
Mr. Ihlder. May I interject there? In regard to rooms, I think
it is a very serious matter for us to use them as our first housing
resource. They should be our last. There are going to be emer-
gencies. You have heard Colonel Bolles speak of the housing com-
mittee in his organization going into every neighborhood to find
what rooms are available for people if they are bombed out of their
homes.
Mr. Van Hyning spoke of the difficulty of getting foster homes; of
the coming into Washington of people decreasing the number of
available spare rooms to a point where it interferes with the normal
functioning in the community, but there is another thing, and that
is that it may give us a sense of adequacy which is not real.
A great many people who are taking the spare rooms don't want
spare rooms. They want apartments or houses in order that they
might bring their families here. If they can't get a house or apart-
ment, they are apt to give up their jobs and go back again, increasing
the labor turn-over.
For all such reasons I would hope we should consider our rooms as
our last resource, not our first to be filled up immediately. If they
are filled up we are in a vise.
HOUSING REGISTRATION
When the housing registration was opened in March we got a con-
siderable listing. Last July the housing registration had over 800
houses and apartments available for rental listed with it. Last
Saturday afternoon it had only 83. There are a great many rooms.
There were 83 houses and apartments available.
That means nothing in a city of approximately a million people.
Consequently, we must think in terms of expanding the number of
available dwellings for families, other than single rooms.
Dr. Lamb. Is my impression correct that of those coming in, about
50 percent come with families? Is that a correct figure?
Mr. Ihlder. I should think that was rather too large for those who
are coming in. They may be family persons but they are not bringing
their families with them. Would you have any idea what the ratio
would be?
Mr. Williams. I would think about one-third.
Dr. Lamb. If you add those in families to the number of families
coming, the number would be larger than the individuals coming for
jobs. Is that correct?
Mr. Ihlder. The statement made in the W. P. A. survey was
approximately 52,000 persons who constitute 36,000 families, indi-
cating a very large proportion of single persons or of persons coming
and leaving children and families behind.
Dr. Lamb. This survey covers what period?
Mr. Ihlder. Part of 1940 and up to November 194L
Dr. Lamb. These are newcomers within that time?
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9711
Mr. Ihlder. Yes; it is for newcomers only.
]Mr. Arnold. At this point, I shall introduce the statement sub-
mitted by Mr. Williams, as some of my questions bear on it.
(The statement referred to is as follows:)
STATEMENT BY LAWRENCE E. WILLIAMS, CHAIRMAN, HOUSING
COMMITTEE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIVILIAN DEFENSE
COUNCIL
The Housing Committee of the District of Cohimbia Civihan Defense Council
was appointed by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia and has been
in active operation for more than a year. This committee, immediately upon its
organization, recognized that the rate of Federal employment in the i)istrict of
Columbia clearly pointed to the rapid reduction of the number of vacant housing
units in this city. Accordingly, the committee arranged to operate a central
listing bureau which would endeavor to maintain accurate records in a central
location, of all available rooms, houses, and apartments in the District of Columbia
and make such listings available to all persons seeking living accommodations.
The necessary preliminaries for the operation of this registry were completed
about March 1 and, after a period of training for the staff, the Housing Registry
went into actual operation on March 17, 1941. It has continued to operate
successfully since that time. The District of Columbia Defense Housing Registry
was made possible through the joint efforts of the District of Columbia govern-
ment, the Federal Government, and local citizens. It has generallv operated on
the financial basis here outlined since it was opened. Office space, heat and light
furnished by the District of Columbia government; clerical staff and some
expenses furnished on Work Projects Administration project: inspection of rooms
performed by volunteers furnished by Washington Housing Association; inspec-
tion of houses and apartments i)erformed by staff of the Alley Dwelling Authority.
All of' the financing such as the salary of the manager, tele})hone bills in recent
months and incidental expenses provided through a special fund raised by the
Washington Board of Trade from local real estate and construction companies,
banks and building and loan associations.
The District of Columbia Defense Housing Registrj' was the first organization
of its kind established in the United States. It was in operation before the
Homes Registration Division of the Defense Housing Coordinator's Office was
actually set up. The Defense Housing Coordinator's Office, as a matter of fact,
used the experience of the District of Columbia Defense Housing Registry in the
subsequent work it did in organizing more than 200 homes registration offices in
other defense areas. Following is a list of the number of accommodations of
different types listed on the Defense Housing Registr3''s records, as of each report
date. Only rental properties are listed since our office does not keep any record of
property for sale.
Number
House
and
apart-
ment
units
Number
House
and
apart-
ment
units
Number of rooms on:
June 10
2,527
3,657
3,873
4,743
759
863
772
528
Number of rooms on— Con.
Sept. 20
Oct. 20
Nov. 20
Dec. 20
4,687
4,832
5,031
3,453
318
July 10
July 20
168
200
Aug. 20
234
We wish to point out that the Defense Housing Registry has never conducted
an active, intensive can.paign to secure room, listings in the District of Columbia.
It has been apparent by the number of listings on hand and the nuiT.ber of appli-
cants for rooms that the supply of such facilities at the Housing Registry has been
adequate to m.eet all demands". The picture seem.s now to be changing, however,
and the Defense Housing Registry is planning to conduct an intensive campaign
beginning next week, to secure additional room, listings. It is anticipated that the
Registry will be in its new quarters at Fourteenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue
NW. at that tim.e, where it will have more adequate space and telephone service.
There seems to be a general feeling that there are m.any thousand available rooms
60396— 42— pt. 25 6
9712 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
in Washington •\vhich will be listed when householders are urgently requested to
do so.
During the first nf.onth that the Defense Housing Registry was opened 1,278
applications for housing accorp.modations were filed. Records indicate that 1,000
to 1,500 applications have been filed during each of the subsequent months.
However, it is expected that there will be at least 2,500 applications filed during
the current report period extending from December 20 to January 20. This in-
crease is apparently a direct result of the increased rate of Federal hiring since
Decem.ber 7.
More than 50 percent of the applicants who have come to the Housing Registry
have indicated that they already had a place to live in Washington but that for
one reason or another, a change was desirable. For example, during the last
report period, Novem.ber 20 to Decem.ber 20, 480 applications were filed by per-
sons who had no place to live and who presum.ably were newcom.ers, and 637
applications were filed by persons who had a place to live but who wished to
m.ake a change.
The greatest number of applicants has been for room.s. During the sam.e report
period cited above, 526 applicants for fam.ily units filed at the Housing Registry,
while 591 applied for room.s. Despite the fact that the number for room.s has
been greater than the num.her for units, our great difficulty has been in securing
accomm.odations for those desiring fam.ily units. This is true because of the
sm.aller num.ber of fam.ily units now available and because m.any of those filing
applications for houses and apartm.ents desire accomm.odations priced consider-
ably below the general m.onthly rental for family units in the Washington area.
It is apparent, from the viewpoint of those operating the Defense Housing Regis-
try, that there is a serious need for low-priced housing units in the Washington
m.etropolitan area. That need is immediate and I have previously recomm.ended
the construction of low-cost tem.porary, demountable units for low-salaried defense
workers.
There is, however, no shortage of room.s. The Defense Housing Registry has
always had more room.s listed than it could actually use. The great difficulty in
the room, situation has been the fact that the overwhelni.ing num.ber of new Federal
em.ployees who com.e here from, sm.all cities and rural districts have difficulty in
adjusting them.selves to the realization that in any large city they m.ust generally
secure living accom,modations some 20, 25, or 30 m.inutes' distance from their place
of em.ployn.ent.
While it has been true and is true that there exist shortages of specific types of
accom.m.odations, it is equally true that Washington, up until the present time,
has been at le to furnish som.e type of clean, healthful living accom.m.odat'ons to
all those who have com.e to the city. It has not been necessary for anyone to
sleep on park benches and, in view of the rather tren.endous building program
in progress by private business and Federal departm.ents alike, there would seem
to be no basis for believing that accom.m.odations will be unavailable in the Wash-
ington area. This statem.ent, of course, is m.ade in a broad, general sense of
accom.m.odations, that is, a place to sleep. As it was pointed out above, there are
definite and pronounced shortages of some special types oi accomm.odations and
it seem.s apparent that som.e of these shortages n.ust continue to exist in spite of
all efforts to supply them by private business and local and Federal Government
agencies.
DEFENSE HOUSING PROGKAM FOR DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA LOCALITY
This program, which takes in the anticipated needs only to July 1, 1942, pro-
vides for the erection of 22,000 new homes by private enterprise and public funds
and 1,500 new dormitory units for Government workers here between now and
that date.
This is in addition to the 23,524 homes and 1,000 dormitory units either com-
pleted or in process of erection here since last January 1.
In other words, the program calls for the construction of approximately as
many new living units in the District locality in the next 6>^ months as during
the past 11 ^^2 busy months.
The new-home schedule is as follows:
1. Seven thousand five hundred apartments, by Defense Homes Corporation,
to accommodate families at shelter rentals ranging from about $30 to $45 per
month and to accommodate groups of two, three, or four single persons, each
group utilizing an apartment with the total shelter rent for the group ranging
from $30 to $50 per month per group.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9713
2. Four thousand five hundred homes, the appropriation for which is expected
to be provided for in the present Lanham bill, for families in the $900 to $2,200
income groups, at shelter rents below $35 and to be adjusted to the incomes of
families to be housed. Five hundred of these are to be for Negro families.
3. One thousand five hundred dormitory units, for single persons earning from
$1,060 to $1,800. Of these, 300 will be for Negro women and 150 for Negro men.
These will be located near the Young Women's Christian Association, the Young
Men's Christian Association, or Howard University, so that they will have a
permanent use after the emergenc^^ Consideration will be given to the location
of the remaining 1,050 dormitory units on sites looking toward their utility after
the emergency.
4. Ten thousand homes to be built by private industry for workers earning
generally above $2,200, at shelter rents generally from $35 to $50.
The 22,524 homes already built or in process of construction since last January
1 include 1,421 by the Alley Dwelling Authority, 3,650 by the Federal Works
Agency and the Navy Department, and 17,452 by private industry, as recorded
by building permits. The 1,000 dormitory units have been built by the Defense
Homes Corporation.
This program is the result of several months of study by the Division of Defense
Housirg Coordination, which initiated comprehensive surveys covering all aspects
of the problem. These surveys showed that 30,000 families and 37,500 single in-
dividuals would arrive to reside in W^ashington during the 18-month period be-
tween January 1, 1941, and July 1, 1942. In addition, the natural increase in
housing requirements here is estimated at 4,500 homes during this period.
LOCATION
As a result of careful studies with the planning agencies, with particular atten-
tion given to the over-all plan for the development of Washington and also to
the acute traffic conditions, it is believed the location of these homes will best
serve the immediate defense effort and the long-term post-emergency use.
No.' 1 group of 7,500 apartments is to be generally dispersed throughout the
District and Arlington within easy access of the large employment area and
within 10-cent bus or streetcar fare zone; convenient as possible to subcentral
business and amusement areas.
Group No. 2 of 4,500 homes will be dispersed in the District, Alexandria, and
Prince Georges County to serve as directly as possible those office buildings which
house defense workers in those localities.
The location of the dormitories has already been described in paragraph No. 3.
The locations of the homes to be built by private industry will be selected by
it, but guidance will be given to it by the Office of the Divisioi of Defense Housing
C irpor. ,tion to the end that they will pro, trly serve the need and will be in har-
mony geographically with the general housing program.
All homes erected by private industry, to qualify for priorities, must not exceed
a maximum selling price of $6,000 and a maximum rental, without utilities, of
$50 a month.
During the last World War, Government employment in Washington increased
almost threefold, from 35,477 in June 1916, to 117,760 in November 1918. Govern-
ment employment declined after the Armistice, but an upward pojiulation trend
in the early 1920's offset this decline.
In April 1940, Government employment in the District was 143,469. The
estimated figure by June, 1942, is 232,000, almost double the figure at the beginning
of the emergency. Employment is expected to increase beyond this point;
although estimates of the possible total have not been made.
TESTIMONY OF LAURENCE E. WILLIAMS, CHAIRMAN, HOUSING
COMMITTEE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIVILIAN DEFENSE
COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Mr. Arnold. Mr. Williams, how are the expenses of your office met?
Mr. Williams. As I have said in the statement submitted, it is
met in three ways. Building, heat and light are furnished by the
District of Columbia. Most of the labor is furnished by W. P. A.
The management of the organization, the equipment purchased, the
telephone bills, and items of that type were all taken care of by private
subscription obtained by the Washington Board of Trade from people
interested in housing problems only.
9714 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. Arnold. The only Federal funds you get are Federal aid?
Mr. Williams. That is right. We are getting a little help now in
our quarters, a temporary building being erected for us at the corner
of Fourteenth and Pennsylvania Avenue.
Mr. Arnold. Private funds provide the rest?
Mr. Williams. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ihlder. When the housing registration began there was a
fear that unfit houses and rooms might be listed and there would be a
bad come-back if we sent people to these unfit places. Consequently
the registration, of which Mr. Williams is chairman, utilized the
services of the Alley Dwelling Authority to inspect all houses or apart-
ments renting for less than $50, and the Washington Housing Associa-
tion, a voluntary group, to inspect all the rooms. At the beginning
the Alley Dwelling Authority had a job. There were a considerable
number of houses and apartments at $50 and less. There are not now.
Mr. Arnold. Mr. Williams, for what type of housing accom-
modations is the greatest demand?
Mr. Williams. By far the greatest demand, the demand we can't
take care of, is for the low priced units that Mr. Ihlder has outlined.
Mr. Arnold. A greater demand for houses than for apartments?
Mr. Williams. More people are coming in and asking for rooms at
the present time.
Mr. Arnold. Then the greatest demand is for rooms and the next
is for houses and the third is for apartments?
Mr. Williams. No; apartments would come ahead of houses. The
big demand you have is for furnished apartments and there isn't any
such thing.
Air. Arnold. What income ranges for each of those accommoda-
tions?
Mr. Williams. The greatest demand we have is for those with
incomes of $1,500 or less.
Dr. Lamh. At this point, I shall introduce the statement prepared
by the Washington Housing Association, as many of the subjects
we are discussing are treated in it.
(The statement mentioned is as follows:)
STATEMENT OF THE WASHINGTON HOUSING ASSOCIATION. SUB-
MITTED BY MRS. HELEN DUEY HOFFMAN, SECRETARY
Part I. What Is the Housing Situation?
"Washington is a city of high rents, based on high land value and a floating
population with resulting speculation in real estate. The chief industry of
Washington is government, which has taken insufficient responsibility for housing
its workers.
"As in few other cities, Washington people have been sold the idea of home
ownership, with too little consideration for the fact that home ownership may
be for many of our present residents a luxury they cannot afi'ord. This has
helped to create a shortage, too long ignored here, of houses to rent to a floating
population of families of moderate though assured income levels." — Statement
of J. Bernard Wvckoff, jjresident of the Washington Housing Association, at
the hearing on National Defense Migration March 24, 25, 26, 1941.
There is nothing in the present situation 10 months later to change that state-
ment. But there has been a growing consciousness of the truth presented and
an expanding outlook in the situation. This is illustrated in the recent recog-
nition by private industry of the need for more rental housing especially at rents
under $50 a month and for houses for sale at less than $6,000 total cost.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9715
The Division of Defense Housing Coordination and the Supply Priorities
Allocation Board have been instrumental in bringing this about. The restriction
of priorities to a ceiling of $6,000 for houses offered for sale, disregarding protests
of the building industry and its demand for a ceiling of $8,000, has resulted in
bringing the price into closer relationship to greatest demand.
OVER-ALL HOUSING PROGRAM
Anticipating the needs. Division of Defense Housing Corporation from its surveys
has recommended a program to include all public and private building in the District
from January 1, 1941, to July 1, 1942. It provides that 22,000 new dwellings
and 1,500 new dormitory units shall be built in the next 6 months. Included is
an allowance for dwellings at shelter or graded rents, which means a rent that is
adjusted to the income of the family. The plan includes 7,500 ai)artments with
shelter rents from about $40 to $45 a month, 4,500 houses for families in the $900
to $2,200 income groups. These latter houses will have graded rents starting
below $35 and are expected to be provided for in the present Lanham Act. The
program scheduled for an additional 10,000 homes for workers earning above
$2,200 at rents graded from $35 to $50. Only 500 dwellings and 450 dormitories
will be built for Negroes.
These dwellings are in addition to the 23,524 houses and 1,000 dormitory units
included in the program which have been built by public and private funds since
January 1941. Some of them have been completed and some are still under con-
struction. Those 24,000 dwelling units already under way were considered in
the Works Progress Administration rent survey cited below. The rent survey
shows that at the end of October 1941 only 1,016 units in the whole of Washington
were available for immediate occupancy. Population figures also cited below
estimate that an average of 5,100 Federal and private employees (not considering
additional members of families) were hired during that month. It is obvious
that these new dwellings outlined in the program as completed or in the process
of erection since January 1, 1941, are not relieving the housing shortage because
the inlflux of new workers continues faster than the completion of new dwelling
units.
The Division of Defense Housing Corporation has based its housing program on
the estimates that a total of 30,000 families and 37,000 single individuals will
have migrated to Washington from January 1, 1941, to July 1, 1942. For this
influx it plans to provide a total of 45,534 homes and 2,500 dormitory units.
Figuring two people to a dormitory unit the dormitories will only house 5,000
individuals, leaving 32,000 single persons unprovided for. However, after 30,000
families are housed, there will be 15,534 dwellings left over which can easily
absorb the extra single persons not provided for by the dormitories.
Theoretically the Division of Defense Housing Corporation plan will provide
sufficient houses to meet estimated needs by July 1942. However, 12 months of
their 19 months, program have passed and the^evidence indicates that the intense
housing shortage continues to increase.
BUILDING PERMITS
Permits were issued for the construction of 9,720 family dwelling units by
private builders in the District of Columbia during 1941. This means 7,238
apartments and 2,482 houses. In metropolitan Washington there were permits
issued for 10,902 dwelling units from January 1, 1941, through November 30, 1941,
making a total of 19.533 dwelling units for Washington and vicinity from January
through November 1941.
In the first 6 months of 1941 there were permits issued for 5,938 dwelling units
in the District, but in the last 6 months this fell off to 3,782 units. By months
this is:
1941:
October 518
November 357
December 269
1941:
July 1,187
August 560
September 891
This shows an extraordinary dropping off of the number of units constructed
within the District during the fall of 1941.
The total number of permits issued in the District for the 3 previous years
were:
1938 4,27611940 8,072
1939 5, 877 I 1941 ,- 9; 720
9716 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
HOUSING SURVEY
The two Work Projects Administration surveys of January 1941, and October
1941, show that there was an actual decrease in the number of units available
for rent between those 2 months.
For example, in January 1941, it was determined that there were 3,460 rentable
dwelling units in the District. In October, out of an estimated total of 180,000
dwelling units, only 1.8 percent or 2,424 were rentable. The latter figure does
not represent units actually available for immediate occupancy as a majority of
them were under construction or in need of major repairs. Only about 800 of
these units were in good condition and ready to be occupied immediately. Most
of these v/ere available for white occupancy only, while about 110 were open to
Negroes, and among the latter about 40 lacked some standard facility like
installed heating or running water.
The survey shows that in October 1941, the rents were heavily weighted toward
the units which rented for more than $50 a month. Less than 5 percent, or
about 120, of the vacant units rented for under $30 a month. About 18 percent,
or 437, were available between the range of $30 to $40. About 68 percent, or
1,649, of the rents were between $50 and $69 and more than 9 percent, or 218,
rented for over $70. A large percentage of tliese dwelling units contained only
3 to 4 rooms. The average number of rooms per dwelling unit was as follows:
29 percent had 1 to 2 rooms; 63 percent had 3 to 4 rooms; 8 percent had 5 to 7
rooms.
The above figures were cited for the District alone. The Work Projects Ad-
ministration survey also computed information for the Washington metropolitan
area. In this total area there were about 254,000 dwelling units, but only 4,31&
units were available for rent, and from these only 1,016 were ready for occupancy.
The other 3,302 were under construction for the most part. Some were held for
sale and some were in need of necessary repairs.
POPULATION
This extraordinary shortage of rentable houses affected the 1,048,816 people
who lived in Washington at the end of 1941, according to Donald B. Hadley of
the Washington Post. The District alone contained an estimated 753,000, an
increase of 90,000 since the Census taken in May 1940. From December 1940,
to December 1941, there was an increase of 45,900 in Federal employees, or over
3,800 Federal employees a month, with a corresponding increase of 15,800
private employees, or about 1,300 a month. This does not include families and
it does not include the military personnel.
There are few indications as to when this influx of workers and their families
to Washington will stop. Reports from the Bureau of Census state the average
annual increase in population is rising, and the Government agencies are still
expanding their personnel. The Civil Service Commission long ago recognized
the shortage of adequate housing as a deterrent to bringing workers to Wash-
ington. Recently, an effort was made to lure 12 stenographers to the city with
the promise of a house near the Capitol, where they could live together. But it
was soon realized that this was an impossibility — there are no empty houses for
rent.
In a recent hearing, an official of the War Department stated that of "3,346
applications sent out to try to get employees to come to Washington to work in
the War Department, 1,227 accepted. Of these 1,227, 70 percent came to
Washington and stayed an average of 2 days and then left." It cost the Federal
Government $3,840 to bring them here for 2 days. They paid their own trans-
portation here and back home.
DEMOLITION
One of the unique minus quantities in Washington housing is that of demolition
of dwellings in the central area to make way for erection of Federal buildings.
Each site that is razed for a new public building displaces many families from
overcrowded slum houses, who crowd into the surrounding teeming neighborhoods.
Thev do not wish to move away from school, church, or friends.
While the Government on one hand builds thousands of new houses for defense
workers, on the other it tears down old houses, some habitable and some completely
uninhabitable, although heretofore occupied. For the most part the worst slum
houses are the most numerous, and often whole blocks of them have been de-
molished for a Federal office building site.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9717
The seriousness of this displacement of persons from their homes is expressed
in the following figures ' which show dwellings demolished:
Year
Property location and proposed Government building
Units dis-
placed
1933
Square 761. Annex, Library of Congress --
35
1935
Squares 144 to 145. South Interior Bldg
17
1936
Squares 265 to 266. Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Square 677. Government Printing Office warehouse and
otflce building.
Park area, reservation D _ ..._..
77
1936
22
1937
56
1937
Squares 87 and 117. War Department (completed in 1940).-
Square 581 . General Federal Office Bldg
34
1939 . --
63
1940 ..-
Squares 534 to 535. Social Security and Railroad Retire-
ment.
Square 83. War Department .-
163
1940
29
1940
Square 84. War Department
264
1941 -.
Square 60. War Department
21
1941
Square 61. War Department
29
1941
Square 462 (6th to 7th Sts.). Widening of Independence
Ave.
Now buying from 7th to 12th Sts. (53 parcels) 5 blocks
29
176
1,025
In addition to the above, new acquisitions include the following:
1941. 134 parcels, about 100 owners, 1 block (whole block except church and
northwe.st corner) — boundaries, Fourth and Fifth Streets NW., G and
H Streets— General Accounting Office.
1942. Seventeenth and Pennsylvania Avenue, west half of block on Seventeenth
Street, Pennsylvania Avenue to H Street.
DISPLACEMENT OF HOUSING UNITS BY UNITED STATES AND BRITISH GOVERN-
MENT AGENCIES
Although the rapidity with which living units are being taken by the British
and United States Governments has decreased, the fact remains that thousands
were commandeered and that a population equal to a small city was forced to
seek quarters elsewhere.
A compilation by the Evening Star of October 29, 1941, disclosed that 1,934
apartments in the District were occupied by the United States and British
Governments as offices, and that this space could house 7,000 persons. In
addition 570 hotel rooms have been converted into offices. Since then there
have been several hundred more rooms in hotels and housing units converted.
The list of apartments with the number of housing units taken over by the
Government and British, as compiled for the Star by Rufus S. Lusk, publisher of
Apartment Directory Service, follows :2
Building and address with number of dwelling units
By the Government:
Rochambeau, 815 Connecticut Ave 84
Potomac Park, 21st and C Sts. NW 112
Champlain, 1424 K St. NW, and 1757 K St. NW 35, 28
Riverside, 2145 C St. NW 120
Corcoran Courts, 23d and D Sts. NW 166
Mayfair, 2115 C St. NW 56
Premier, 718 18th St. NW 39
2501 Q St. NW 108
1610 ParkRd. NW 110
515 22d St. NW _• 152
Dupont Circle Apartments 350
247 Delaware Ave. SW 38
758 6th St. SE 14
Boulevard Apartments (razed by Government) 238
1 Figures obtained from Procurement Division of Treasury Department,
a The Washington Star— October 29, 1941.
9718 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Building and address with number of dwelling units — Continued
By the Government — Continued.
Arlington Hotel i 250
Portland Hotel 1 120
Raleigh Hotel i 50
Do (2)
Bv the British:
Grafton Hotel USO
1901 K St. NW 30
1107 16th St. NW 16
1910 K St. NW 40
1800 K St. NW . 61
1801 K St. NW 48
1785 Massachusetts Ave. NW 6
1205 15th St, NW 35
1 Rooms.
2 Government also has ballroom.
OVERCROWDING AND LACK OF SANITATION
In our report last March before this committee we gave examples of houses
in the low-rent group which were overcrowded, where there was lack of sanita-
tion, where the dwelling unit was shared by more than one family, and where
houses had been converted from one-family houses to houses rented to from two
to eight families. These bad conditions still exist, and are growing constantly
worse. The reasons are less and less substandard housing as demolition by the
Federal Government takes place; rent increases on already high- rent slum prop-
erties; and pressure of newly arrived defense workers with incomes too low to
pay for standard housing.
Toilets shared. — Figures froin our inspection work continue to show an increase
in the number of shared toilets in recent months. This is an indication that the
nuinl)er of shared houses is increasing. From May 1940 through December
1940, 29.43 percent of the dwelling units inspected by the Washington Housing
Association had toilets shared by two or more families. From January 194i
through November 1941 the percentage had risen to 45.11 percent. Of 2,240
dwelling units, 1,011 had shared toilets. In November 1941 it was 52.27 percent.
Examples. Thirtieth Street NW. 7-room house, with two of the rooms
in the basement. A family of 6 people live in the basement, 2 families of 2
people each in the rest of the house. There is no water for the house; the people
must borrow it from the hydrant next door. All 10 people share the outside
toilet which is in very bad condition; usually stopped up and unusable. Total
rent for the house — about $30 a month.
Third Street NW. 6-room house, with two of the rooms in the base-
ment. Two families of 1 1 people share the 1 toilet and sink. Total rent for the
house is $40 a month.
L Street NW. 7-room house, with a family in each room, a total of
18 people, sharing 1 bathroom. Rents range from $2.50 to $4 a week per room;
total rent for the house is about $75 a month.
L Street NW. 7-room house, with 6 families, a total of 16 people,
sharing one sink and one bathroom. Rents vary from $2.50 to $4.50 a week for
one room to $7.50 a week for two rooms. Total rent is $105 or more a month.
Sixth Street NW. 6-room house, divided into two apartments of 3
rooms each. There is a sink in each apartment, and a yard toilet. There are 6
adults and 4 children in one apartment, 3 adults and 3 children in the other,
plus a family of 4 people taken in as boarders; a total of 20 people. Total rent
for the house is $41 a month.
Dwellings shared.- — Other families often share the dwelling unit itself in order to
cut down the rent. A family will take in out-of-town relatives until they can find
a place of their own, or they will take in friends or relatives to help pay the rent.
From May through December 1940, 17.96 percent of the dwellings inspected by
the Washington Housing Association were being shared by two or more families.
From January through November 1941, the percentage had risen to 23.72 percent
of the 2,240 dwelling units inspected. In October, it was 35.35 percent, and in
November 18.18 percent.
Examples. — Franklin Street NW. Five room house, $18.50 a month rent.
House has electricity and outside water and toilet. Two families are sharing the
house — 2 men, four women, and three children. Nine people in five rooms.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9719
Fifth Street NW. Five room house, $24.50 a month rent, has electricity and
inside sink, outside toilet. Two families share the house, 1 man, 1 woman, and
5 children in one family, one man one woman and one child in the other family —
10 people in 5 rooms.
0 Street NW. Five room house, $35.50 a month rent. Electricity, and inside
sink, outside toilet. Two families share the house, two men, two women, and seven
children.
Fifth Street NW. Six room house, $32.50 a month rent. House has electricity,
inside sink and outside toilet. Two families share the house, one family of 1 man,
1 woman, and 10 children, the other family of 1 man, 3 women, and 2 children; 18
people in 6 rooms.
Overcrowding. — Overcrowding of houses is still increasing. From March 1941,
through November 1941, the percentage of dwelling units overcrowded (more than
two persons per room, exclusive of kitchen) was 22.06 percent, or 360 of 1,632
dwelling units inspected. In the 3 years before that, the percentages were:
Percent
September 1938 through June 1939 16. 54
Julv 1939 through April 1940 17. 68
May 1940 through February 1941 19. 87
In October 1941, the percentage of overcrowding for the month was 23.25 per-
cent, and in November 30.68 percent.
Examples. — Franklin Street NW. Three room house, rents for $12 a month.
No electricity, outside water and toilet. One man, one woman, and seven child-
ren live in three rooms.
Fourth Street NW. Six room house, rents for $25.50 a month. Electricity,
sink, andoutside toilet. Four men, three women, and seven children live in the
six rooms.
P'ifth Street NW. Six room house, rents for $32.50 a month. Electricity and
bathroom. Four men, five women, and six children live in the six rooms.
Fou^•th Street NW. Six room house, divided into two apartments renting for
$22.50 and $25.50. There are two sinks, an outside toilet shared by both families,
and no elect^icit3^ In one apartment lives one man, one woman, and five children,
and in the other apartment, two men, one woman, and two children, a total of
twelve people in six rooms.
Two rooms in a converted house — H Street SW. Two rooms rent for $18 a
month, outside toilet and water shared with the other occupants of the house.
One man, one woman, and eight children (the oldest boy 15) live in the two rooms.
N Street NW. Five room hovise, rented to six families. One room is parti-
tioned into three by putting up beaver board separations, with a man living in
each room paying $3 a week rent each. In another room live two women, pay-
ing $3 a week Vent. And in the last two rooms live one man and one woman pay-
ing $3.50 a week rent. The house at the time of our last inspection had four legal
violations: The plaster was falling from the ceiling in several rooms, the roof of
the house leaked badly, the toilet leaked, and the front porch was breaking down
and dangerous to walk on. Twelve people were living in this house of five rooms,
and the total rent for the house was $88.50 a month. (Total includes one man,
one woman and three children living in another room, paying $5 a week rent.)
Overcrowding in rooms. — The Consumer Division of the Civilian Defense
Council in its study of rent increases of persons on relief, August 1941, reported
a left-handed way of raising rents by overcrowding. Of 685 rooms reported, 114
had 449 people or 3 or more persons per room.
Examples. — M Street SE., 13 persons in 1 room. P Street NW., 7 adults and
6 balDies in 1 room. R Street NW., 7 people in 1 room. Sixth Street SE., 7
people in 1 room. Gassford Court, 11 people in a four-room house. I Street
NW., 2 adults, 6 children, in 2 furnished rooms.
Of 1,100 units reported, 305 had outdoor toilets or privies.
LAW ENFORCEMENT
The health, safety, and morals of the people of this city are constantly menaced
by the inadequate laws and the ineffective enforcement of the existing laws in-
tended to protect them.
Water. — For example, the plumbing inspector reports that the law requiring^
water for each dwelling applies onlv to houses built after the law was passed
about 1910. Most of the 4,571 dwellings ' which do not have inside running
1 Real property inventory, 1934.
9720 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
water were built l)efore 1910. One j^ard hydrant may serve two or more houses.
The law is inadequate.
All the window panes may be out of a house but no action will be taken by the
Health Department under their interpretation of this regulation. But if a room
has no windows the Health Department will act in most cases compelling the
landlord to put in a window.
Repairs. — A tenant may not withhold payment of rent to force a landlord to
repair. Even where a landlord has a contract with the tenant to make repairs
and fails to do so, the tenant may not withhold payment of rent if he continues
to live in the place. Of course he caii sue for damages, but he would find it very
hard to prove that excessive number of colds or even pneumonia or tuberculosis
is traceable to the walls of his house which are always damp from seepage.
Contiemnntion, insaniiary dwellings.- — The act for the condemnation of insanitary
dwellings (District of Columbia Code, Supp. 3, title 20, ch. 2, pt. 12) outlines the
procedure by the appointment of a board for such purpose. The Public Utility
Commission Report '" states "In the 20 years of its active life the Board for the
Condemnation of Insanitary Buildings actually condemned 5,324 buildings and
caused the demolition of 3,327. The effectiveness of the act was destroyed as
the result of court action taken in 1926 * * *_ Shortly thereafter the work
of the Board came to a standstill." Since then the law has been tinkered with
but it remains ineffective and unenforced.
OWNERS AND TAXES
Finding the owner. — Getting enforcement of existing law is not easy. It is
complicated by the problem of finding the owner of substandard property. A
law passed as recently as June 25, 1938,^ relating to the levying and collecting of
taxes and assessments .says "the assessor shall prepare and retain in his office
personal tax accounts — showing the names and addresses of assessed owners and
the location and value of the property assessed."
The tax assessor's office has the addresses of about 100,000 out of 150,000
property owners in the District. There are many persons who appear at the tax
office to pay their taxes who give a name but will give no address. Until recently
no tax bills were sent out by the tax assessor's office. Notices are sent to owners
of known address.
Tax foreclosures. — The first week of January each year some 12,000 to 15.000
properties are put up for sale becau.se of tax delinquency for the preceding 6 months.
A property owner must be alert or his house may be sold over his head as many
know to their sorrow. Under a new policy the tax assessor notifies owners of
known address of their tax delinquencies and uses the radio to warn all owners.
Tax brokers come from Philadelphia, New York, Rochester, and other cities
to bid in the properties. The property owner has 2 years to redeem his property
by paying the tax broker the "taxes, penalties, and costs due at the time of the
sale and that may have accrued after that date, and 1 percent thereon for each
month or part thereof." ^ This interest rate was changed in 1938 from 8 percent
per annum to 12 percent per annum. This may help to explain why tax brokers
of other cities feel drawn to Washington the first week of January each year.
Redemption.- — Under a law approved in 1936 * the Commissioners of the District
of Columbia may bid off property in the name of the District of Columbia not
otherwise bid off and if it is not redeemed within 2 years they may sell it. Tax
certificate holders after 2 years get a tax deed which clouds the title in case of sale.
However, the owner can redeem his property at their price plus taxes, penalties,
and interest. Or these tax brokers may fail to pay the taxes on property they
do not want and allow it to be sold again for tax delinquency the following year.
Clouded title. — Original owners of the property may continue to occuny the
dwelling or it may be rented to someone else. As a result, it is very difficult
to get law enforcement on building, health, fire, and other violations. Particularly
is this true where no addresses are given by owners. The present tax assessor has
to work with obsolescent laws and antiquated procedures. A committee is
working on the legal problems involved.
Low taxes, high rents, and numerous violations characterize slum property in
the Nation's Capital.
An example of six houses on L Street SE., shows the high profits that can be
made on slum houses in Washington. These houses are really unfit for habitation.
i» Rent and housing conditions in the District of Columbia, 1934.
2 Soc. 11, Public, No. 744, TSth Cone.
3 Sec. 9-b, Public, No. 744, 75th Cong.
< Sec. 1, Public, No. 462, 74th Corn?.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9721
Profits in slum property. — The six houses are each valued at $249 for the land
and $300 for improvements, making a total assessed valuation of $3,294. They
are rented for $12.50 a month each, a total of $75 a month, or a gross income of
$900 a year. The yearly expenses for the six houses would be approximately as
follows :
Profits in slum property *
Taxes, $1.75 per $100 $57. 65
Agent, at 5 percent of rents (commission) 45. 00
Water rent, at $8 a year each 48. 00
Depreciation of house, at 5 percent a year 90. 00
Upkeep, at $20 a year (each house) 120. 00
Total expense (a year) 360. 65
This leaves a net income of about $540 a year, or 16.4 percent, on the value of
$3,294 of the houses. However, the actual return is much greater than this as
the houses are so old that they should have long since written off all depreciation
charges, and it also is evident very little if any money is spent for upkeep during
the year. If the upkeep and depreciation charges are discounted, the profits
woufd be $750 a year, or 23 percent of the value of the investment.
A 10 percent annual return on the $3,294 value on the places would leave $570
for expenses. The taxes, agent, water rent, and depreciation amounting to $240
a year would leave $330 for repairs and upkeep, or $55 per house per year. Yet
there have been no repairs for the past year in these houses except those of a very
minor nature.
If no repairs were made on the houses, and a 10 percent profit on the original
investment was allowed, the houses should rent for $8 a month apiece. Of if
$25 a year is allowed for upkeep and repairs, the houses should be renting for $10
a month apiece. A $2.50 per month saving on rent is very large to a family whose
income is $60 or less a month.
Real-estate taxes. — Washington has the lowest real-estate taxes of any large
city in the country. The tax rate is $1.75 per $100 of assessed property value.
When the rate is adjusted to a basis of assessment of 100 percent of the actual
value of property it is $1.58 per $100, according to the National Municipal Review,
1941. In other cities of comparable size the adjusted rate is —
Pittsburgh $3. 12
San Francisco 2. 15
Milwaukee 3. 52
In larger cities the rate is —
New York $2. 72
Philadelphia 2. 88
The adjusted tax rate is the estimated ratio of the assessed value to the true
value of the property. However, in Washington the central business property is
assessed at 100 percent, and the residential property at less, pulling the average
assessment ratio down to 90 percent of true value.'
The rents of Washington houses are far above those of these other cities.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' cost of living survey, the estimated
cost of housing for a 4-person manual worker's family at maintenance level,
using a base of the cost in Washington as 100, is ^ —
Washington 100. 0
New York 87. 6
Philadelphia 73. 9
Pittsburgh 82. 1
San Francisco 81. 4
Milwaukee 83. 5
UNLICENSED REAL-ESTATE OPERATORS
"Bootleg" or unlicensed real-estate agents appear to operate to a surprising
degree in the District outside the present Real Estate Broker's License law.
Their activities are confined laruely to slum properties and their tenants are
usually relief chents or Work Projects Administration workers. Because these
people have uncertain incomes, and therefore no established credit, licensed
brokers will not rent to them.
' National Municipal Review, 1941.
2 Cost of living, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 15, 1941.
9722 VS^ASHINGTON HEARINGS
Under tlie Real Estate and Business Brokers' License Act, 20 District of
Columbia Code, section 1970, "it shall be unlawful in the District of Columbia for
any person, firm, copartnership, association * * * to act as a real estate
broker, salesman, etc. * * * without a license issued by the Real Estate
Commission of the District of Columbia." Penalties of $500 to $1,000 and/or
6 months' imprisonment are provided.
Under the qualifications set forth the law states that no license shall be issued
to a person * * * "until the Commission has received satisfactory proof
that the applicant is trustworthy, and competent to transact the business in such
manner as to safeguard the interests of the public."
These unlicensed brokers, of whom there are six operating on a large scale, rent
substandard houses sometimes directly, but usually through an intennediary from
estates, banks, mortgage companies, and the Federal Government.
Low rents are paid and high rents collected by putting a family in each room
and doing no repair work nor correcting legal violations such as leaking roofs,
broken plaster, broken floor boards, leaking plumbing, insanitary toilets, etc.
Examples. — Sixth Street SE. Six-room dwelling, with yard toilet and hydrant,
oil lamps, occujiied by three families — four men, four women, and two children.
They pay $3.50 a week. The toilet is stopped up, plaster breaking, floor unsafe.
Total rent collected, $45.50 a month.
F Street SW. Seven rooms, occupied by 5 families — 16 people; 1 inside sink
and flush toilet and bathtub, with no hot water provided. Oil lamps. Rents
are $2.50 to $4 a week; total about $65 a month. Violations of the law — no
window in middle room; ceiling plaster loose; floor in bathroom unsafe; sink
stopped up (used by 5 families) ; roof leaks; toilet leaks.
The Federal Government condemns and buys property to hold as sites for
future Federal buildings. Many of these sites have slum property on them. The
Government rents the slum property to the highest bidder. He in turn may rent
to an unlicensed real-estate broker, who rents out each room and collects perhaps
double or triple the rent he pays the Federal Government.
Example. — G Place NW. 4-rooms frame house, with beaverboard addition
on the back; yard toilet and hydrant; oil lamps. Occupied by 5 families — 5
adults and 4 children — paying $2.50 to $5 a week. Total rent $60 a month.
Beaverboard partitions divide some rooms. Yard toilet and hydrant leaked
when inspected June 25, 1941, and again on September 4, 1941; the leaks made
the yard wet and slimy. In the 3-month interval the toilet house had fallen down.
Liside stairs were still unsafe. This house is a fire hazard and health menace.
When reported to the building inspector, he replied, "Owned by the U. S.
Government," which is interpreted "We can do nothing about it."
ROOMING-HOUSE PROBLEM INCREASES
Washington in wartime has been the media in which has grown a problem that
has not appeared in such intensity in any other city in the United States. There
is a scarcity of apartments and houses for the families of lower income, and this
has led to the appearance of the rooming-house problem with all its ugly angles.
The Federal Government as employer of the vast number of low-income Govern-
ment custodial and clerical workers ha,s failed to take sufficient interest in their
living conditions, of which housing is the most important. So the rooming-house
business has grown to be one of the largest and most unregulated of our city.
With Government workers and service-trade employees arriving during the
past year at the rate of about 200 a day, there are few available rooms, especially
in the "walk-to-work" zone. All persons having vacant rooms have been urged
to register them with the Defense Housing Registry. New arrivals have been
urged to live in the suburbs, and now there is talk of billeting future newcomers
in private homes.
With the inspection services of the city seriously handicapped by lack of staff",
it can easily be seen that none of these new boarding and rooming houses will be
adequately inspected, unless Congress appropriates the funds for employment of
more inspectors.
At present the lack of housing of standard grade has caused much distress to
Government personnel offices since potential employees are refusing to accept
employment in the Nation's Capital. The defense agencies are estimating that
there will be 30,000 more persons needed to fill necessary jobs in the Capital,
and unless there are drastic improvements in the housing situation, this quota
will not l)e reached.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9723
Most people think of the rooming-house problem in terms of the young woman
Government worker. They forget that the problem is just as acute for the young
man, and very much more so for the man witli a family and an income too low to
live in Washington. The income will go much further if the family can cook its
food instead of buying it in a restaurant.
Among families of low income overcrowding is still the order of the da}' — four
and five persons are still being crowded into a room where only two can really
comfortably live. Small rooms are being divided in half by partitions, thus
doubling the rent. Persons in excess of 15 use one bathroom, if there is one.
With the nonexistence of low-rent houses and apartments, a room is too often
the home of a whole family.
Part II. What Is Being Done About It
RENT CONTROL
One of the most outstanding accomplishments of the past year to help the
critical housing situation in Washington was the passage of the Rent Control
Act, through the cooperative effort of five real-estate groups, working together
with the Price Administrator's office, many consumer groups and the Washington
Housing Association.
In an emergency rents are bound to skyrocket out of all proportion to the
salaries of the workers. With the high rents come overcrowding, lack of sani-
tation, too much of the worker's salary spent on rent and not enough on food
and clothing — all hazards to health and safety. A law controlling rents does
not solve the problem of where to put the people coming into Washington who
must find a place to live. However, if effectively carried out, a law keeping
rents at a fair level does help to solve the housing problem in relation to health
and safety.
Rent Control Act. — Rent control must go into effect before rents have risen
to a point where people are already paying a disproportionate amount for their
housing. By freezing rents as of January 1, 1941, this problem has been largely
rsolved in the present rent-control law. The law provides for an administrator
appointed by the District Commissioners, and for review of cases by the IVIunici-
pal Court of the District of Columl)ia ui)on petiiion of either landlord or tsnrait.
This places the execution of the law in the hands of the local government, and
makes it a District rather than a Federal measure. Further provisions allow
tenant or landlord to petition the administrator if they consider their rent too
high or too low.
As carried out. — The rent-control bill was signed by the President on December
2, 1941. On December 17, Robert F. Cogswell was appointed Rent Adminis-
trator, and on January 2, 1942, the Office of the Rent Administrator was officially
opened. It is too soon to say how effective that office will be. It is not yet
adequately staffed, and the administrator is without the necessary examiners
to hear cases or the machinery to settle them. However, the statements which
he has given out tend to show that the law will be enforced effectively and will
alleviate the difficulties of the workers streaming into Washington.
Low rents become high rents. — So far the more than 1,000 cases which are re-
ported to have come into the rent-control office seem to be about equally divided
between tenants whose rents have been raised and landlords wanting advice
about rents which they have raised in cases which they consider legitimate.
Most of the complaints by tenants have been against owners whose properties
rent from $25 to $40 a month, which is definitely low-rent housing. Tenants
are advised not to pay any more rent than they were paying on January 1, 1941,
and if the landlord refuses to accept this rent he is at fault and cannot evict
the tenant.
Examples.- — A house inspected by the Washington Housing Association had
been renting for $15.50 in July 1941. In August the rent was raised to $21.50.
It is a five-room house, with outside toilet and water and no electricity. There
were no improvements in the house at the time of the rent raise, and the house
is in need of major repairs. Plaster is falling from the ceiling and walls of several
rooms, the roof leaks in part of the house, and the sewer has been stopped up since
October 1941 to January without the owner ever fixing it. A family of four
people have lived in the house for 6 years, and they have two men roomers.
When the tenant tried to pay the agent the $15.50 rent, the agent refused to
take it and demanded the $21.50. The tenant then went to the Rent Adminis-
trator's office, and was told to take a witness and to offer the agent $15.50. If
9724 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
the agent aga.iii refused to accept this amount, the tenant should wait the next
move bv the landlord, who could not legally evict him meantime.
In other cases, if the landlord has made im.provem.ents in the house and thinks
that he deserves a rent increase, he still cannot raise the rent above the January
1941 level until he has requested a hearing before the Administrator and has had
his case decided upon. This m.ay take som.e tim.e, but he cannot collect the rent
for the m.onths that have passed and that the lower rent has been paid. Nor
can the tenant collect the overcharge he has paid since January 1, 1941.
Cases which will be difficult for the administrator to settle will be those of
apartments which have been newly furnished in the last year, and also new apart-
ments and houses for rent. The law provides that these rents shall be set at
com.parable rents in existing new structures.
Rent survey. — An office for receiving inform.ation on rent increases in Washington
was opened in August 1941 at 458 Indiana Avenue, under the direction of the
consum.er interest com.m.ittee of the Civilian Defense Council of the District of
Columbia. In addition to increases reported by individuals the office had rent
inform.ation secured by the Public Assistance Division from som.e 1,600 of its
clients.
The inform.ation secured from, individuals seemed to indicate that increases
were not confined to any one section, but were occurring in all sections of Wash-
ington. About three-fourths of the increases reported were from, white tenants,
and one-fourth from, colored. The average percent of increase was about the
same for each. Most of those reporting paid rents of less than $60 per m.onth.
Room, reijts represented a sm.all proportion of all increases reported. They were
included in the totals for all dwelling units. Rent increases ranged from, a few
around 5 percent to two or three above 50 percent, with the average for all re-
porting slightly under 12 percent. Relatively high increases were more frequent
air.ong the rentals under $50 than am.ong those above that am.ount.
This same tendency for lower rentals to show a higher percent of increase than
higher rentals was also apparent in the increases reported by Public Assistance
Division clients. These also ranged from. 4 to over 50 percent. The average
percent of increase for dwelling Units was 16 percent, and for room.s, 24 percent.
It will be noted that these percents are considerably higher than for the nonrelief
group.
Where rent control is most needed. — In a survey by the Washington Housing
Association in October 1941 it was found that in a 10-block area of very sub-
standard houses in the Southwest section of the citv, 50 percent of the houses had
increases in rents over the past few years. These houses rent for from $10 to $30
a m,onth when rented as a whole house, or bring as high as $80 when converted
into room.ing houses. The real-estate agents controlling many of these properties
are not licensed as required by law.
The tenants in these houses are m.ainly Negroes, m.any of them, on Work Projects
Administration or relief. They are used to m.oving from, house to house when for
1 m.onth or 1 week they cannot pay their rent, are evicted, and forced to rr.ove to
another part of the city, where they try to get another house or to share one with
another fam.ily.
It is am.ong these people that the rent problem, is the m.ost acute, and yet
these are the people who will be least likely to go to the Rent Adm.inistrator to
com.plain about their rents. They will be ignorant of the law, which is to protect
them.. They will be afraid of being evicted once m.ore and of not being able to
find another place to live at this tim.e. They will not know the rent of the house
in January 1941.
Rent Control v. Housing Shortage. — Rent control does not in any way solve the
problem of the housing shortage. However, it is hoped that if carried out effec-
tively, it will protect the majority of the District inhabitants from soaring rents
and from lowered living standards.
ROOMING HOUSE REGULATIONS
Until the beginning of this year, there were no adequate regulations for rooming
or boarding houses. The only requirements for licensing of this type of housing
accommodation were compliance with the zoning laws, the fire laws, the building
laws, in that the building was required to be structurally safe, and that there was
at least a minimum of sanitary facilities.
Anyone might have obtained a license, no matter what the actual sanitary
condition of his house, or his own morals, or the character of the protection from
intruders furnished to his tenants.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9725
In 1937 the Washington Housing Association prepared at the request of the
District Minimum Wage Board adequate standards for a rooming house that
would, as the law provided, "maintain health and protect morals." These
standards were used by the Minimum Wage Board in their study of living costs
and fair wages. The same standards are now being used by the Civilian Defense
Council's Housing Registry in the unofficial inspection of rooms offered for rent
to the thousands of defense workers now coming to the city. These standards
were called to the attention of the Commissioners at that time and the need
stressed for enactment of regulations, proper inspection, and licensing.
In July 1941 the Commissioners promulgated a regulation requiring owners
or managers of all rooming houses c mtaining sleeping accommodations for 10
or more persons to obtain an annual license, the fee for which shall be $5 per
annum, effective in August 1941. This seemed to be a mere revenue-raising
measure — with provision for some inspection, but no standards were set up for
these rooming houses, other than the e.xisting inadequate building, zoning, fire
and health regulations. Of the estimated 5,000 or more rooming houses m the
District, less than 1,000 applied for licenses. Due to the inadequacy of the
building- and fire-inspection forces, inspection has been slow work.
The rooming-house situation has grown steadily worse and authorities have
begun to warn of epidemic danger. The number of pubhcized and unpublicized
assault cases on young women Government workers for a time increased sharply.
Other crimes — robbery, pocketbook snatching, etc., have become more frequent.
Government personnel departments have begun to complain that they were having
difficulty in obtaining new workers, or that their workers are leaving to return
to their home towns. Police service is being improved however, and will increase
as additional police are trained and put into service.
The Health Department, in January 1942, issued a set of rules providing for
the hcensing and inspection of lodging, rooming, and boarding houses, in which
four or more persons not members of the family are living. Overcrowding
is outlawed; all the necessary sanitary standards in the minimum degree are
set forth; light, heat, ventilation in sufficient amount are requirements essential
to the procurement of approval of the Health Department for hcensing. Wash-
ington's striking problem of too many sharing bathrooms is to be controlled by
the lO-person limit set in these regulations, a great advance over the existing
ruling of 15 to a bath.
However, many of the needs of proper rooming house management are not
included because they are under the jurisdiction of other departments of the
municipal government. Some regulations are scattered throughout the new
District rent-control bill, such as the posting in a conspicuous place in each hotel
room a sign stating the rental per day of such room and a copy of the rates for
each room shall be filed with the Administrator. The Administrator may
require a license as a condition of engaging in any rental transaction involving
the subletting of any housing accommodations or the renting of housing accom-
modations in a rooming or boarding house. The definition of rooming or boarding
house under this act is a house in which living quarters are rented by the house-
holder to more than two persons. The Health Department requires a license
in the basis of four persons. However, it does not seem to be a compulsory
licensing of houses, with more than two roomers or boarders, except at the dis-
cretion of the Rent Control Administrator.
Up to the present time there are no police regulations that managers or opera-
tors of rooming houses be required to present satisfactory proof that they are of
good moral character as is done under Baltimore laws. There is no requirement
that locks shall be kept on the boarders' doors, nor any requirement that the front
door be kept locked to protect against intruders. There is also no mention of
prohibition against immoral establishments. Rooming-house keepers are not
required to keep a register containing a list of names and addresses of persons
occupying each room together with the number of the room as is done in hotels.
There is no rule set forth concerning who shall occupy the rooms, as suggested
that only persons of the same sex shall occupy one room except very young children
or married couples, who register as such. Penalty for incorrect registration
should also be provided. These are properly matters for the Police Department,
whose regulations were long ago offered to the Commissioners but evidently have
not yet been accepted.
There is also no definite statement whether the Department of Health will be
permitted to revoke or recommend revocation of licenses to the Superintendent
of licenses in case of persons continuously violating the provisions of the regula-
tions.
9726 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Appreciative as the citizens of the District might be over the new regulations,
there will be little cause for rejoicing if the present very inadequate inspection
staff is not supplemented by Congress in the appropriation for the coming year.
The Department of Health cannot enforce even the best possible regulations if it
does not have an adequate staff.
Since seven municipal agencies — building, health, zoning, fire, plumbing, police,
and rent control — are involved in the licensing situation, not to mention a division
of licensing as the final step, it would appear that rooming-liouse managers, city
officials, and roomers are faced with more confusion than law enforcement. This
is a good example of how the mystical maze of laws has been provided for the city
in times past.
The rooming-house manager must be informed on seven kinds of regulations
and be prepared to be inspected at least five times every year.
How much simpler it would be to coordinate the laws and correlate the inspec-
tion as the Washington Housing Association does with its field work. Our two
field workers know the basic regulations, inspect (unofficially) for violations of
all kinds pertaining to maintenance and use of a dwelling, and refer to the proper
official, the particular violation over which he has jurisdiction. He then makes
an official inspection and takes action. We are able to inspect 500 to 600 dwellings
a month. An inspection force of 5 should be able to cover the city in a reasonable
time.
What is needed is that all regulations afi'ecting use and maintenance of a
dwelling should be provided in a housing code to be administered by a housing
official. Then order would come out of the chaos of contradictions, and com-
pliance and cooperation of people would be attained with a minimum of official
effort.
COMMISSIONERS AUTHORIZED TO MAKE REGULATIONS
By an act of Congress, 1878, the Commissioners are "authorized and directed
to make and enforce such building regulations * * * as they may deem
advisable * * *_ Such rules and regulations made as above provided shall
have the same force and effect within the District of Columbia as if enacted by
Congress." • By the amended act of 1892, "the Commissioners * * * ^re
hereby authorized and empowered to niake, modify and enforce usual and rea-
sonable police regulations in and for said District * * * as they may deem
necessary for the protection of lives, liml)s, health, comfort, and quiet of all per-
sons and the protection of all property within the District of Columbia * * *."2
Over the past years there has grown up a practice of running to Congress for these
regulations instead of obtaining the assistance of experts at the conveniently
located Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce.
Fire-control bill. — One of the most recent examples of legislative proposed action
by the municipal authorities is that of the District fire control bill, H. R. 4586,
sponsored by the present Commissioners and endorsed with the exception of one
part by the Washington Building Congress and the Washington Housing Associ-
ation.
Events leading up to the introduction of the bill were touched off by the much-
publicized O Street fire, where three lives were lost because of the acknowledged
deficiency of fire-resistive construction, and lack of means of egress, both legal
violations.
This new fire bill is intended to guarantee protection to the lives and property
of District residents, and to replace the obsolete Fire Escape Act drawn up 36
j^ears ago. The chief consideration in this new bill is that it is in effect an ena-
bling act giving the Commissioners power to make flexible rules and regulations as
the need arises, and as conditions change, whereas in the past Congress had to
set rigid requirements into laws which in a short time became outmoded.
The present old law requires fire escapes only when accommodations for 10
or more persons are provided above the first floor, and this is inadequate to assure
safety of occupants of 5,000 or more rooming houses.
The bill permits the Commissioners in their discretion to require necessary
fire protective and egress measures, and to make whatever safety measures they
deem fit after public hearings.
There is one specific requirement, relating to a fire-alarm system, which has
been severely criticized by the Washington Building Congress and the Washington
Housing Association because it is the type of regulation which should be acted
upon by the Commissioners and which should not be included in an enabling act,
also because it is evidently a concession to monopoly of the alarm system.
1 .rune 14, 1878, 20 Stat. 131 c. 194; March 3, 1921, 41 Stat. 1217 c. 118.
2 February 26, 1892, 27 Stat. 394, Resolution No. 4, sec. 2.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9727
Enabling acts are desirable because experience has shown that it is very difficult
to secure congressional action to keep such la\v'S up to date.
The Commissioners are fortunate in having conveniently available the services
of fire experts at the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Congress in setting
up the required regulations witli the assistance of the capable Fire Department.
For the present the bill seems to be quietly lodged on the shelves of the Senate
District Committee.
Alore inspectors needed. — Aside from considerations of the effectiveness of the
measure — it is clear that even if it should be successfully guided through Congress,
enforcement of the regulations of the Commissioners resulting from it, would be
retarded severely by the very small inspection staff, now one-third the size it
should be to cover the rapidly expanding city.
RAT CONTROL
In November 1941 Representative Charles Dewey made a thought-provoking
statement when he predicted that the congested living conditions and the "rat
scourge" which existed around the Capitol (and he may well have added, in many
other parts of the city, wherever one finds slum properties) would result in a
serious health hazard. He also complained that there was no increase in appro-
priations for refuse disposal despite the population growth, thus inadvertently
improving the living standards of rats.
The Washington Housing Association in August 1941 inquired of the Public
Buildings Administration, the District Health Department and the Fish and
Wildlife Service, Division of Predator and Rodent Control of the Federal Gov-
ernment what action was being taken on rat extermination on slum sites being
demolished for proposed Government buildings, and for surrounding blocks.
Assurance was given that rat extermination preceded demolition on Federal sites.
In September plans were made for rat extermination on a city-wide basis. There
is no lasting value in extermination in a small area since the rodents wiU migrate
into undisturbed parts of the city.
Rat rrienace. — The District Health Department, stirred by several typhus cases
early last summer diagnosed as caused by rats, by tales of children bitten by
rats in the home, by numerous complaints which poured in by telephone and
letter, and by citizens' demands, determined to do something about it. Funds
for the employment of a sanitary engineer for the District had not been obtained
from Congress. The United States Public Health Service gave valuable assist-
ance by assigning two public health officials to the work of rat, vermin, and
mosquito control in the District. A cooperative rodent-control program was
set up.
Citizens cooperate. — Tliis plan is to bring all citizens and civic organizations into
tlie campaign to rid the entire city of rats. The civic associations of the city
appointed square supervisors, who direct operations and provide funds for the
purpose — such as buying bait and traps. These are to be furnished by each
respective civic group or by local contributors. Tlie supervisor in turn appoints
block managers who conduct block-by-block surveys to determine where there are
rat harborages, sets the bait or traps, and records tlieir catcli or kill. The Health
Department acts in an advisory capacity. They mix the bait in approved man-
ner and distribute it to the square supervisors. In this way, each civic organiza-
tion, having aroused the citizenry in its vicinity will be expected to exterminate
all the rats in its boundaries. The plan is to cover the city and then start over
again.
Needless to say, in a city of this size, many tons of bait would be needed, and
an undue hardship is placed on the "poorer neighborhoods to obtain the necessary
funds. Then, too, the lapse of time between initiation of the campaign in various
neighborhoods will provide opportunity for the rats to establish residence in places
not being purged.
An effective solution to the problem would be appropriation by Congress for a
large-scale system of continuous operation. Rat and vermin control is just as
important as mosquito control, for which Congress is willing to provide funds.
LANDLORD AND TENANT COURT
A serious problem in low-rent housing for families of low income is revealed in
the landlord and tenant branch of the municipal court. For the first time in the
history of such courts a social consultant to the court has been appointed officially.
In this way a new interpretation has been given to the thought of Cliief Justice
60396— 42— pt. 25 7
9728 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Hughes — that the courts were created for the people and not the people for the
courts.
In 1939 a study had been made of the court because tenants complained to the
field worker of the Washington Housing Association that they were being charged
every month from $3 to $6 more than their rent. They were being summoned to
court regularly every month although they continued to live in the dwellings.
The study revealed there was an average of 50,000 cases a month, or 200 cases
a day, heard in the court in less than an hour, a mere roll call. No attempt was
being made to inquire into the causes of this rent delinquency. Only one out of
200 cases was actually evicted. Most suits were for the current month's rent, a
sort of collection procedure. Six landlords had 2r> percent of the cases. One of
these collected approximately $400 a month in extra costs above court costs.
Legal aid needed. — The tenants appearing in court in 1 month were studied.
Over 90 percent were found to be repeaters; 60 percent were chronic cases, being
sued 6 or more times a year; and 50 percent of them were known to the social
agencies.
If justice was to be meted out to these defendants, it appeared that —
(1) More time should be given by the judge to the cases;
(2) Inquiry should be made into the causes of chronic delinquency coupled with
continued tenancy;
(3) Landlords should use the courts less as a collection agency, and more as the
court was intended to be used.
Frequent conferences between the five judges of the Municipal Court and the
Washington Housing Association resulted in new rules and regulations being
adopted by the Court which greatly simplified the procedure. This made it
possible that these low-income defendants could have full time to be heard at
no extra cost. Court costs also were reduced and landlords warned to refrain
from adding extra costs.
Social aid needed. — Nevertheless it appeared that many defendants had been
caught in difficulties they could not overcome — loss of employment, loss of time
between jobs. Work Projects Administration lay-off after 18 months, illness of the
wage earner, medical expenses, etc. The high rents paid in relation to the low
incomes made it difficult for them to catch up on back rent and keep up with the
current rent. It appeared that what some defendants needed was social aid more
than legal aid.
After a demonstration of 6 or 7 months financed from private funds, it was
decided by the judges, the real estate agencies and the Washington Housing
Association that the social consultant was a valuable addition to the court and
should be financed by public funds. In August 1941, this work was accepted as a
public service by the Board of Public Welfare.
There is being developed a better relation between landlord and tenant as a
result of better understanding. Excessive court costs have been reduced, but could
be still further reduced. The informal procedure has benefited those tenants who
felt that they had a defense.
From our field work inspection we Igarn that some landlords continue trying
to collect more than the legal court costs bj^ adding them on hoping the judges
will not notice it; some threaten the tenants with eviction; some landlords take
the law into their own hands.
There is need for —
(1) Further reduction in court costs. The Landlord and Tenant Court
should not make a profit, especially from low-income tenants who can ill afford
the high rents they have to pay.
(2) The bill for reorganization of the courts, now long delayed should, be acted
upon immediately. One of the five judges of the municipal court is deceased
and another is absent much of the time. Three judges are doing the work of
five and are much overworked. Further delay on the reorganization has no jus-
tification since judges, bar associations and citizens have endorsed the plan.
RECONDITIONING AND REMODELING HOUSES
If Washington is to house all of its newcomers and give breathing space to the
people who have long lived here two things are necessary, (1) reconditioning and
remodeling neighborhoods and (2) rehabilitation of run-down neighborhoods.
If the tax structure is to be protected, sick and decayed areas must be restored.
It is the policy of the Defense Housing Coordinator to develop and utilize all
existing housing resources within defense areas as a means of providing homes for
defense workers. Remodeling of residential properties can be a significant phase
of this program, since it may be undertaken so as to increase the housing supply
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9729
by adding dwelling units at less expenditure in materials and labor and with greater
speed than is required to build new residences.
In order to expedite remodeling activity, there has been developed between the
Division of Defense Housing Coordination and the Home Owners' Loan Corpora-
tion a procedure whereby home owners who wish to remodel or recondition their
houses to accommodate defense workers may, under certain circumstances, secure
free technical guidance, including planning assistance and cost estimates. This
is not a program for making available cash or loans for remodeling, but rather for
providing free of charge technical advice on the feasibility of remodeling properties. ,
The established lending agencies, building and loan associations, banks, or other
mortgage lending institutions will be the sources of credit.
Under this joint program local homes registration offices serve as receiving
centers for requests for remodeling assistance, sift applications and recommend
properties to be examined by Home Owners' Loan Corporation technicians, and
study problems of increasing the housing supply by making presently unused
dwelling space habitable.
Up to the present time, and under the above arrangement, the Washington,
D. C, homes registration office has received 33 applications from persons desiring
to remodel or recondition their properties, but they have no record of the number
of reconditioning jobs undertaken without their assistance. Nineteen of these
applications were rejected due to zoning regulations or the fact that the property
owner changed his mind about reconditioning the property in question. Applica-
tions for reconditioning or remodeling have been received from the entire metro-
politan area of Washington.
NEIGHBORHOOD REHABILITATION
"The emergency did not create Washington's housing problem. It was not the
cause of the progressive deterioration of many substantially sound structures into
old, ill-kept rooming houses. It was not the cause of gradually undermining
values in some of the best sections of the city." >
Rehabilitation of substandard but basically sound residential structures and
the use of existing public works combined with new construction will serve to
increase the available supply of standard dwelling units suitable for defense
workers by reclaiming obsolete structures and making use of them. It will re-
move dangerous slum areas from the city and instead increase the number of
standard units available. It lowers the unit cost of defense housing as much as
one-half, by using existing structural assets and alreadv available pavements,
utilities, schools, etc. It saves critical materials.
There are 70 blocks southwest of the Capitol, a good location, "completely
neglected except for a few^ isolated ventures by enterprising citizens and a few
hard won projects of the Alley Dwelling Authority. The Federal Home Loan
Bank Board is maing a survey of parts of that area." ^
The southwest Washington rehabilitation project if carried out would demon-
strate the value of neighborhood rehabilitation. There are 70 blocks in this
section of the city, mainly Negro. It is an excellent location, but has been
neglected for many years and is made up almost entirely of some of the worst
slums in the city. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board survey show^s that the
district could be restored successfully, that existing structures could be modernized
and rebuilt quickly at a cost of but 50 to 60 percent of new construction. Approxi-
mately 60 percent more housing units could be created in a short time. In an
area of 9 blocks it is possible by demolishing 121 useless buildings to provide 1,000
new dwelling units; 400 would be represented by reconditiojied houses which are
structurally sound; 600 more would fill in the gaps in the neighborhood and should
be new. It would be possible to rent those houses for about $6.50 a room, a rent
that the defense workers can pay, and half the amount necessary if the construction
were new.
"Only the Government can reclaim this area if the work is to be done. Private
enterprise cannot do it. The right of eminent domain must be exercised." '
DECENTRALIZATION
The Government is attempting to relieve congested Washington by decentral-
izing its agencies here. Plans to this eflFect have been under consideration for
about 9 months, and in September 1941, Home Owners' Loan Corporation and
860 of its 1,120 employees moved to New York with little fuss. In December
1941, Budget Director Harold Smith stated that about a dozen agencies with
' Address of John H. Fahey, Chairman of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, before the Washington
Housing Association, December 8, 1941.
9730 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
10,000 employees would have to leave this city. It has resulted in widespread
dissatisfaction and upset of office morale due to frequent changes in the decisions
as to which agencies would be moved and the locations where thej' would be
established.
A^o one wants to move. — In the first place the agencies to be moved complained
bitterly about loss in efficiency and increase in operating costs caused by their
removal. All of them, from the Railroad Retirement Board to the Office of
Indian Affairs claimed that it was vital for them to keep in close contact with
Congress. The Patent Office has been most insistent that it must remain in or
near Washington. Emploj^ees objected to the obvious hardships inflicted on
them and a large percentage in many offices, as high as 50 percent in the Federal
Housing Administration, stated they would not leave Washington, if their office
was transferred.
There are many complaints about the "high-handed way the Government is
ordering people to pick up and move out/' without having adequately investi-
gated all sides of the problem. It is said that a complete study should be made
of available office space in Washington and the vicinity. Agencies should not
be sent to other cities without first determining if there is adequate office and
housing space in them, and of course careful consideration should be given to
which agencies should be sent away and where.
Decentralization has not yet been universally accepted as a necessary measure.
Suggestions as to how to avoid it have been made, such as running agencies on
two shifts so that they will only need half the room they now have, or moving
the files of the Patent Office into the halls to give more space for offices.
The Civil Service Commission has kindly set up a decentralization service
which will consider applications of Government workers who wish to move out of
Washington. It is conceivable that there are people who want to leave and the
Commission has reported that many of its own employees have asked to be trans-
ferred. It has also been pointed out that besides the advantages of a home in a
comparatively peaceful atmosphere, the transferee's living costs will be greatly
reduced.
Substitute measures. — The Senate and the House District Committees, and the
House Subcommittee on Buildings and Grounds, have been holding hearings on the
advisability of the decentralization program. The Public Building Commissioner
submitted a bill recommending an appropriation of $40,000,000 by Congress for
office space and an undetermined amount to provide land and materials for such
"tents" [sic] "dormitories and other living facilities" as are necessary for the
housing of workers who w^ould be employed in the proposed office buildings. He
stated that the special problems to be overcome in this plan are the high costs of
land, the scarcity of transportation, water, and sewer facilities. He did not
include in this bill appropriations for restaurants, banks, and other facilities
essential to modern man in a modern city.
Large-scale decentralization would lessen the traffic problem and the health
menace caused by overcrowding, as well as make room for new workers and
expanding offices.
TRAFFIC
Washington traffic has been the subject of a standing national quip, and in
wartime it has become one of the most important factors in breaking down
civilian morale in this city.
Transportation and housing. — Regarding the critical traffic situation through
the eyes of housing, one finds the two problems closely related. With all available
houses, apartments, and rooms in the central areas occupied, the incoming tor-
rent of defense workers must look to the outer fringes of the city for a place to
live. Once established in a room far from his place of employment, the average
new Government worker must use the already overtaxed means of transporta-
tion— busses, trolleys, and trains, or bring his automobile into town. The
transit company had added to its service all its ancient vehicles and all those it
could buy, and still small crowds of prospective passengers wait for long periods
of time on street corners these cold winter mornings, while lines of busses and
cars go by marked "full."
The hazards of driving in downtown traffic with dodging pedestrians (of
which there is an amazingly high death toll), many traffic jams, and the great
unlikelihood of finding a place to park, is the other alternative of the worker
who does not live within walking distance. In any event the expense of com-
muting in either manner is almost prohibitive to the clerical, custodial, or service
trade worker, when it is added to the high rent he pays. This association has
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9731
personally seen examples of persons who have found the grueling test of com-
muting too much and have been forced to leave the city to find employment in
a more receptive community. We have also gone to bat for the education of the
outlying rooming house keepers to encourage them to provide a small but warm
breakfast, to be included in the cost of the rent, to fortify the commuter for the
long trip into town.
There has been a great deal of discussion and much investigation by citizens
and by congressional committees in an effort to work out feasible plans for aiding
the traffic snarl on a city-wide basis, but as yet nothing visible has resulted, and
there are no signs of an efficient transportation system on the immediate horizon.
New parking sites have been considered; existing parking sites have been com-
mandeered for Government building, for some other purpose. Plans for a subway
are under consideration, but the opposition is strong. Bridges, causeways,
underpasses, networks of thoroughfares or roads, rail loops, beltlines, new bus
routes — every conceivable scheme — have been brought into the light, yet little
is done.
The delay in doing something about it has been attributed, among other reasons,
to the difficulty of the District government in past years to obtain necessary funds
from Congress directly or indirectly through taxation, for making improvements.
Mr. Frederic Delano, Chairman of the National Capital Parks and Planning
Commission, has offered some constructive suggestions. His agency has studied
the problem for j^ears and is able to give expert advice.
BUILDING CODE
The city has been caught unprepared for a huge building program. With a
horseless carriage type of building code, it is difficult to provide a streamlined city
to meet the housing emergency.
In 1935, the Committee on Sanitary Survey, appointed by the Commissioners
of the District of Columbia, requested the Washington Housing Association to
survey, the existing laws on housing and sanitation and prepare a preliminary
draft of a housing code for the District, to embody the most modern standards
and to serve as a possible model for the country. A housing code is concerned
with the use and maintenance of dwellings as distinct from the construction of
them.
The code was undertaken, completed and reviewed by experts and the Com-
mittee on Sanitary Survey itself.
Meantime, it became apparent that all the separate codes, such as building,
health, safety, plumbing, etc., should be examined, revised, and coordinated.
The Washington Building Congress, a business, professional, and technical
group representing a cross section of the building industry, offered its services
to the Commissioners. Swinging into action, they set up a "technical committee
with 20 specialized subdivisions organized to review the various District of
Columbia Codes and Regulations, and authorized them to submit constructive
suggestions for their improvement."
Existing provisions were examined, and a model building code was planned
by sections, each section to be completed by a group of specialists, whose expert
recommendations were considered to be of great value. This building code
committee worked about a year. Some committees turned in excellent new codes.
Others jjartially completed their work, and some were unable to do so. It was
apparent that hardworking technicians could not lay aside their more pressing
employment to take on this specialized unpaid work. It was obvious that a
commission should be appointed and technical experts engaged to rewrite all the
codes dealing with the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings.
The Building Inspection Department continued with its efforts to revise and
coordinate the codes. In the revised code of November 1941, they made use of some
of the good features submitted by the Building Congress but they found their
revisions seriously encumbered with obsolete laws and regulations, which they
were compelled to include since these are still on the statute books.
An evaluation of the revised code should acknowledge that the organization,
form, and indexing is very much improved. There are an increased number of
definitions, among which are included those which admittedly are modern in
meaning, and which were not included in the old code, for example, what is a
habitable room ; and the distinction between basement and cellar (the latter being
declared legally uninhabitable.) However, a great many of those improved
definitions recommended by the experts were omitted.
9732 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
There are distinct improvem.ents noted in the new revision — ^exceeding in vahie
corresponding parts of the old code — for exan\ple, in the old code, window area
must be one-tenth of the area of the roona, and the new code increases this area
to one-eighth; the 1941 code sets a minim.um of 8 feet height for an attic room,
whereas the old code required only 8 feet for one-half the area of the attic. More
adequate lighting and ventilation regulations have also been m.ade.
However, one of the striking deficiencies of the revised code is the omission
from the body of the laws those plumbing and health laws which specifically
apply to occupancy of dwellings. There is no real coordination of these verj^
closely related branches of housing, either for the convenience of the citizens or
the inspection services of the municipality.
It was the suggestion of the Building Congress that this should be a master
code with all divisions coordinated and correlated. It is apparent that a thorough
analysis of the problem, of writing a niaster building code has not yet been m.ade.
Washington will eventually be compelled to do what other cities are doing —
withdraw completely the revised building code and provide an entirely new one in
conformity with modern design, materials, and practices.
NEED FOR A HOUSING CODE
No central authority. — Washington, like many rapidly growing cities, suffers
from chronic disorganization. In the absence of a centralized administrative
authority, laws and regulations provoked by demonstrated needs or striking
emergencies, have fallen under the jurisdiction of health, building, fire, plumbing,
zoning, or whatever department circumstances have chanced to propel them.
The net result is a very confused m_ass of rules and regulations which bewilders
the average landlord, tenant, or rooming-house manager.
When a citizen complains about an inadequate window, for example, chance
determines whether it comes under the jurisdiction of the health or building de-
partm.ents. Often the com.plaint is lost when it is referred from one departm.ent
to the other, and since each departm.ent disclaims responsibility, nothing is done.
Furthermore, there is no follow-up by any central authority, and consequently,
the maintenance of existing dwellings becomes a lost cause, and our pockmarked
city areas of degenerate real estate grow ever larger.
A housing code is quite distinct from a building code, from, a sanitary or health
code, and from_ a zoning code. It has to do with houses as dwellings. It deals
with such m.atters as light, sanitation, ventilation, room arrangement, space, pri-
vacy, m.aintenance, protection against fire, vermin, etc., in the interest of the
occupaints.
A building code has to do with buildings as buildings. It controls the use of
m.aterials, equipment, fire prevention, exits, etc., in the interest of structural
safety.
A health or sanitation code deals with insanitary conditions throughout- the
comm.unity from the standpoint of public health. It includes strict regulations
on handling of foodstuffs, use of common towels, drinking cups, problems of
stagnant water, etc.
A zoning code controls the development and use of private property by divid-
ing the community into zones for each of which it specifies the permitted uses,
proportion of lot that can be occupied, height of buildings, density and distribu-
tion of population, etc., in the interest of the city and its inhabitants.
From the above it can be seen that each supplements the other and there need
be no conflict of responsibility or jurisdiction, since in each case the dwelling is
the object of a different concern.
The housing code drawn up by the Washington Housing Association has these
principle divisions: (1) Provisions dealing with existing dwellings for which the
highest practicable standards are set; (2) provisions for dwellings hereafter erected
for which higher standards are set, since no investment has yet been made and
no official sanction given. In this way as new buildings succeed old the standard
for the comm.unity gradually improves; (3) provisions dealing with alterations and
improvements of dwellings;' (4) standards of maintenance; (5) provisions dealing
with administration. The adoption of such a housing code in the District of
Columbia is necessary to protect the right of occupants of dwellings in Washington
to safe and tolerable living conditions.
Incorporated in the report are the following:
Wartime Washington, by Merlo Pusey. Washington Post, December 23, 1941.
Housing Proniotes Staying Power by John Ihlder, executive officer. Alley
Dwelling Authority, December 23, 1941.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9733
TESTIMONY OF MRS. HELEN DUEY HOFFMAN, SECRETARY,
WASHINGTON HOUSING ASSOCIATION
Dr. Lamb. What would be the rental average of those rooms listed
in the office of the Housing Registry? Have you any figure on that?
Mrs. Hoffman. They did range from $15 for a very small bedroom
single or $15 for double, each person. There are few of those now.
They range single $20 and up, and most of them are between $20
and $30. Prices have gone up.
Dr. Lamb. Are all these registered rooms singles and doubles?
Mrs. Hoffman. Mostly doubles. Many of them are in private
homes. You can rent single or double, dependmg on how much you
pay.
Dr. Lamb. And double rooms rent for
Mrs. Hoffman. $15, $20, $22.50, and $25 for each person, depend-
ing on whether there is a private bath, semiprivate bath and so on.
Dr. Lamb. The rooms with private baths
Mrs. Hoffman. Largely in private homes.
Dr. Lamb. And that number is diminishing?
Mrs. Hoffman. No, it is increasing. Some people who never
rented rooms before are now doing so.
Mr. Williams. Many of those who come here come from com-
paratively small towns where they live one or two blocks from the
movies and they want to stay as close to the center of things as
they did at home.
We have some vacancies in good rooms with private baths, more
vacancies than we have in the poor rooms downtown.
Dr. Lamb. How long in point of time, rather than miles, are they
from downtown?
Mr. Williams. Fifteen minutes up.
Dr. Lamb. Thirty-five to fifty minutes? I am thinking of the
District line.
Mr. Williams. Thirty-five or forty minutes by streetcar or bus to
town.
Mrs. Hoffman. More than that, Mr. Williams, with the traffic as
it is now.
Dr. Lamb. I was asking some of the secretaries in the office yester-
day about this commuting time and found those who were more for-
tunate took around 30 minutes to get here. One girl who had been
rooming well out on Sixteenth Street, quite a distance out, had to
make a change from a streetcar to a bus and it took about 40 minutes.
Mr. Ihlder. I participated in the checking of girls who didn't
want to get so far out because boys don't want to spend more taxi
fare than they have to, but there is also a difficulty in getting meals.
I have heard of people who had to get dinner immediately on leaving
the office and then go home, because there was no place to eat out
where they roomed. But the main thing is the probable difficulty in
getting transportation in the future. The rationing of tires is going
to have a direct effect on the availability of rooms.
Mr. Aenold. I can give you another reason why they want to live
downtown. They come from small towns and they leave better
paying jobs out there — that is, better paying considering their
expenses — than they receive here, and they come here to be near the
9734 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
bright lights, perhaps, and that is one reason they want to Hve down
where everything is going on. They have no desire to get out in the
suburbs because they have had enough of that back horne.
Mr. Ihlder. But it is going to be a serious transit difficulty from
now on.
INSPECTION OF ROOMS
Mr. Arnold. Now, Mr. Williams, of the number of rooms listed as
available, how many have been inspected by your office?
Mr. Williams. We started out having them all inspected but we
are not keeping up with inspections now. I don't think more than
two-thirds have been inspected.
Mrs. Hoffman. But I have 175 volunteer women inspecting rooms
now.
Very careful standards were set up by the Washington Housing
Division and on the basis of these standards the Minimum Wage
Board Conference Committee checked rooms in setting the minimum
wage. Rooms now, however, are passed which meet the minimum
standards of the District according to the laws.
However, when an applicant comes into the office, further informa-
tion is given. It is all there on a card for the interviewer and when
the applicant says: "I want to live in a certain district," the cards
with the full data are there, and they know how many people are
served by a bath and about linens and care of the house and matters
of that sort.
Mr. Arnold. Of the total rooms can you tell me what percentage
are available for Negroes?
Mrs. Hoffman. Very few. The register just has five rooms ahead
at present.
Mr. Thlder. From the beginning the registration has not been able
to supply the demand by Negroes either in houses, apartments, or
rooms.
Mrs. Hoffman. And what rooms are available are of such poor
character that they hesitate to list them.
Mr. Arnold. \Vhat proportion of rooms listed are within commu-
tation distance of the principal areas of Federal employment?
Mr. Williams. All of them.
Mrs. Hoffman. That is looked into very carefully.
Mr, Ihlder. But it may be an hour or more.
Mrs. Hoffman. Yes; it may be an hour. I beheve you have
practically no surplus of downtown rooms now.
Mr. Williams. The number of rooms has been decreasing.
Mr. Ihlder. But we should add that the District Commissioners
some time ago did call attention to the possibility that rooms would
be needed and the zoning commission has liberalized for the duration
the taking in of roomers or lodgers in the more restricted resident
districts and that has made available a very considerable addition,
but it has caused a great deal of trepidation for fear those residential
districts might become rooming house districts.
Mr. Arnold. What facilities are necessary to qualify as standard
housing in the District?
Mrsr Hoffman. The laws of the District are obsolete, very sketchy
and for several years we have protested to the Commissioners that
the inspection laws are inadequate and ineffectively enforced.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9735
Mr. Arnold. Would you compare those laws with other cities of
comparable size?
DISTRICT HAS LOWER STANDARDS THAN MOST CITIES
Mrs. Hoffman. I would say our standards. as set by law are lower
than set by many other cities.
Mr. Arnold. Lower than most cities?
Mrs. Hoffman. I would say so, yes. For example, in Washington
all the windows may be broken in a house with no law to take care of
the situation, but if there is no window m a room the Health Depart-
ment will do something about it.
Mr. Arnold. Who is charged with housing inspection?
Mrs. Hoffman. There are five agencies which inspect to some
degree. A serious thing is that there are seven agencies concerned
about licensing of the rooming houses, and I am beginning to feel sorry
for the rooming house managers. These regulations have been
filtering in recently without any coordination whatever.
The Zoning Commission says any house with more than 2 people
is a rooming house and another law says that if they have more than
4 people they must be licensed because of health regulations and
another one says if they have more than 10 they must be licensed.
Who is going to do the licensing and give the clearance, I don't know.
The problem is difficult.
It seems to me these licensing regulations should be correlated so
the rooming house manager will know what is expected of him and
will be able to carry out the law and conform. I don't know how it
will be worked out. I know what could be done.
Mr. Arnold. There are plenty of inspectors going around?
Mrs. Hoffman. That is the point. Last summer when a licensing
, law was tossed into the hopper which provided there should be appli-
cations for licenses presented if so many people were in a house, about
a thousand rooming houses applied for licenses. They have been
inadequately inspected.
Now, a new health law requires licensing on the basis of new health
regulations which were borrowed from our new housing code, so I
think they should be good. But they are just gestures without any
regulation for inspectioil.
The problem in the District is that regulations have dropped and
dropped in one department or another, as the emergency arose or
somebody said there should be a law about it. There is no coordina-
tion of these laws, and the enforcement is split among various agencies.
The Health Department may report to the Building Department
that certain houses are unsanitary and shoidd be demolished, and
unless there is a follow-up, I certainly don't know how the laws could
be enforced.
Mr. Arnold. They are not very effective?
Mrs. Hoffman. Veiy inadequate and very ineffectively enforced.
Mr. Arnold. Do you have any specific examples of living condi-
tions of difl^erent employees?
Mrs. Hoffman. The Government employee in the custodial grade
here is compelled to live in inadequate housing. Usually there will
be a father and mother and two, three or four children in a two-room
furnished apartment.
9736 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Some 50,000 come into the landlord-tenant court every year for non-
payment of rent on time. The people Mr. Van Hyning deals with
do not get into the landlord- tenant court to any great degree.
BOOTLEG REAL-ESTATE OPERATORS
Those people are living in rooms which are operated by what we call
unlicensed or bootleg real-estate operators. There is a law that pro-
vides real-estate brokers and salesmen should have licenses, but they
don't meet the legal requirements.
Some of those men have been operating in the city as much as 25
years, but they are growing in numbers. There are six large operators
who will rent a substandard house from an estate or a bank or Federal
Government, and they rent these room by room to families.
I took a matter up recently with Mr. McCabe of the Procurement
Division, about a house with seven rooms which was rented to a man
who had offered the highest bid for it — a low bid at that — and it got
into the hands of an unlicensed operator who has a family in each
room. The Government is getting approximately $25 for the house
and this real estate operator is getting somewhere around $65 or more.
The United States Government obtains these houses by condemna-
tion. They condemn the site for a Federal building and in the
interval before obtaining the money for the construction of the build-
ing the house is rented.
Mr. Arnold. Do you mean a family in each room of a seven-room
house brings in only $65? They don't charge very high rent.
Mrs. Hoffman. Each family is paying $2.50 or $3 a week for each
room, with maybe three or four children in the room.
Mr. Arnold. Are these isolated examples?
Mrs. Hoffman. No, they are here by the thousands. Some statis-
tics on that indicate what the situation is at the present time. I will
give you a short paragraph [reading] :
A 7-room house with 6 families in it; a 6-room house with 20 people in it; a
relief fanaily with 13 persons occupying 1 room; are examples of increasing
overcrowding. From May 1940 through December 1940, in 30 percent of the
dwellings inspected by this association the toilet was shared bj- 2 or more
families. In 1941, the percentage had risen to 46 percent and for November it
was 52 percent. Overcrowding has steadily increased from 16.5 percent in 1938
to 30.7 percent for November 1941.
Mr. Arnold. That is all I have.
Dr. Lamb. I have a few questions of Mr. Ihlder. Mr. Williams or
Mrs. Hoffman might also want to answer.
PRIVATE HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
As I understand your testimony, Mr. Ihlder, of the 22,500 units
assigned to private industry for 1942, 8,500 have already been listed
as under building permits from last July.
Mr. Ihlder. My understanding is that the program as of January 1,
1942, to July 1, 1942, has 10,000 dwelling units assigned to private
enterprise.
Dr. Lamb. The 8,500 units listed for building last year have not
been completed as yet?
Mr. Ihlder. Not completed yet.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9737
PUBLIC HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
Dr. Lamb. How many public defense housing units were completed
in 1941 in the District?
Mr. Ihlder. Just two projects of the Alley Dwelling Authority,
and they are not quite complete. They had 200 in one project and
300 in the other. A new project by F. H. A. is 250. Those wiU be
completed, we hope, early in February.
Dr. Lamb. Those were built for occupancy by whom?
Mr. Ihlder. Civilian employees of the navy yard or perhaps those
at Boiling Field.
Dr. Lamb. So that other civilian Government workers are not
getting much housing under public housing?
Mr. Ihlder. They are not. It is the narrow definition of the
Lariham Act that obtains.
Dr. Lamb. Unless you include the Defense Homes Corporation as
a public agency, the figures on the housing program indicate that
approximately 15 percent of the building has been assigned to public
authority. Could you describe the organization set-up of the Defense
Homes Corporation?
Mr. Ihlder. In general terms, it is a corporation organized as a
branch or subsidiary of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for
the purpose of building or promoting the building of dwellings.
Dr. Lamb. The building is undertaken by whom? You say
"promoting the building."
Mr. Ihlder. It may, I believe, itself be the construction agency —
of course, employing a private contractor — or it may be the construc-
tion agency itself, or it may finance a construction agency.
Dr. Lamb. I notice some 9,000 family dwelhng units are allocated
to the Defense Homes Corporation for the year 1942. Was this
agency in existence in 1941?
Mr. Williams. Yes.
Dr. Lamb. What building did the Defense Homes Corporation do
last year?
Mr. Ihlder. Last year it undertook two projects in the District.
One is out on O Street and the other near Meridian Park. Those are
dormitories.
Dr. Lamb. Are they completed?
Mr. Ihlder. No.
Dr. Lamb. Do you know how many they will house?
Mrs. Hoffman. Two hundred and fifty on the O Street site and
750 on the other site.
Dr. Lamb. Those are single or double?
Mrs. Hoffman. I don't know.
Dr. Lamb. Do you know what the rents are?
rental rates
Mrs. Hoffman. The rents for the O Street site are $30 a month and
$50 with breakfast and dinner. Some of us felt the rents were too
high for the girls who needed the service most acutely.
Dr. Lamb. Do you have any idea how many of the private industry
units are planned for sale and how many for rent?
9738 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. Ihlder. I am not sure. Tliey are all subject to priority order
and are limited to $6,000 as the sale price and $50 a month as rent.
Mr. Williams. The greater number of those contemplated, that are
actually getting started now, will be for rent. For the most part they
are family flats, garden type apartments, as they are callecl.
Dr. Lamb. And their rents cannot go above $50 a month?
Mr. Williams. They can if you include certain utilities. If they
include gas and refrigeration, they can add a little more, but the basic
rent will not be over $50.
Dr. Lamb. That is under the priorities which permit the building?
Mr. Williams. Yes.
- Dr. Lamb. Does the assignment of a priority number on materials
enable the builder to qualify for F. H. A. funds or must the materials
be in your possession first?
EFFECT OF PRIORITIES ON BUILDING
Mr. Williams. You almost have to have the material in your hands
because the building agencies are hesitant to commit themselves on
loans on property which may not be completed.
Dr. Lamb. Under these cii'ciimstances how can you expect a great
many of the 10,000 actually allocated to be built?
Mr. Williams. The way it is working now, it is only the builders
in excellent financial condition who can enter into contracts, those
who can convmce the banks of their ability to do the job.
Dr. Lamb. Is that hampering the speed with which this program is
being fulfilled?
Mr. Williams. Unquestionably.
Dr. Lamb. So we may expect the 18,500 here listed, or the 10,000
for this year, will be reduced by an appreciable amount during this
year. We may not get the full number by the end of the year?
Mr. Williams. I would be surprised if we did get them.
Dr. Lamb. You wouldn't have an estimate of what you expect?
Mr. Williams. The situation changes so rapidly
Dr. Lamb. For the worse?
Mr. Williams. Sometimes it looks a little better. Yesterday there
was a meeting of builders to try to see how many units they would
undertake and it all got back to the question you raised. They must
first convince the lending agency that they can get the materials before
they will lend the money. Wliether the agency is private or public,
they want to be sure the builder will get his materials.
Dr. Lamb. I would like to ask Mr. Ihlder if he has anything more to
say m respect to the specific program which seems to be developmg;
if we do have 125,000 people coming in in the next year and sub-
tractmg any that may be moved out; what his suggestions would be
to meet the problem.
Mr. Ihlder. My feelmg is that while the present program that has
been announced by the Defense Housing Coordinator is almost ultra-
conservative in terms of need, it probably is as large as we could put
through at the present time. If things open up a little, and if there
is opportunity to expand it and the need contmues to be evident, I
think we can depend on him to be alive to that and expand the
program as required and as the opportunity offers, but at the present
time my belief is that this is as large a program as we can expect to
put through in the next 6 months.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9739
Dr. Lamb. In terms of the situation that sounds like a cry of despair.
Mr. Ihlder. That is true. It is, of course, a well-known fact that
the good city is the city that gi'ows steadily and not too rapidly.
CITY EXPANDING TOO RAPIDLY
Sudden spurts, such as Washington is having now% raise problems
that cannot be properly handled. They put tasks before the city
that cannot properly be done. We are doing the best we can but if we
are to get 125,000 more people in a city almost saturated, within the
next 12 months, our job cannot be done properly.
But I believe that the Coordinator's program does represent about
all that we can have any confidence of doing during the next 6 months.
If during that time we find that more can be done, I am sure he will
enlarge his program.
Dr. Lamb. And you are prepared to predict that that program won't
be completed in the time set?
Mr. Ihlder. I question whether that many houses are going to be
built by July 1, but we are going to make every effort to do it.
ALLEY DAVELLING AUTHORITY
Mr. Curtis. When was the Allev Dwelling Authority created?
Mr. Ihlder. The bill was drafted in 1929 and 1930. It was enacted
in May or June of 1934.
Mr. Curtis. And when was your organization set up?
Mr. Ihlder. It was set up formally in October of 1934.
Mr. Curtis. And what are the total funds that yrtu have received
from all sources since that time?
Mr. Ihlder. For the first 2 or 3 years we operated on an appro-
priation of $500,000, which we have always treated as a loan to be
returned with interest. After the enactment of the United States
Housing Law or Act enabling us to take advantage of loans from the
United States Housing Authority, as local housing authorities in other
cities do, we secured larger funds. Before that time the President had
made some allocations so that our total capital was approximately
$1,000,000.
After we began to borrow fi'om the LTnited States Housing Authority
we have secured, I believe, about $15,000,000 — it goes back and forth
a bit— but I think it is about $15,000,000.
Then came the defense housing projects, so it looks as if we would
have, bv the end of this vear, an investment or commitments of
approximately $20,000,000.'
Mr. Curtis. That is both loan and direct appropriation and allo-
cation of funds, appropriations, and so forth?
Mr. Ihlder. Yes, but every dollar we have secured we treat as a
loan to be returned with interest. The only exception to that is the
subsidy money which is given to us as a subsidy.
SUBSIDY MONEY FROM UNITED STATES HOUSING AUTHORITY
Mr. Curtis. Does this $20,000,000 include the subsidy?
Mr. Ihlder. No, sir. The subsidy money comes from U. S. H. A.
Mr. Cl'Rtis. How much is that?
9740 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. Ihlder. Somewhat less than the interest and amortization on
the capital.
Mr. Curtis. How much is it?
Mr. Ihlder. Well, that depends on how much we have out at the
moment. I can give you the figure as of any date when I go back to
the office, but it amounts to, I should say, four-fifths or so of the
interest and amortization of the money that we actually have put
into use, and that depends on the state of our different projects.
Mr. Curtis. I want this, not as of the end of 1942, but as of the
end of 1941. You will supply me with the total amount of money
you have received from all sources?
Mr. Ihlder. That is right.
Mr. Curtis. Now, this is my last question. How many family
units that have been built by you, by the Alley Dwelling Authority,
are now available for occupation?
Mr. Ihlder. Depending on memory — we are now making up a
statement as of December 31, but to use rough figures temporarily —
we have approximately 2,000. We have under planning and under
construction 2,000, and then the 850 defense housing units.
Mr. Curtis. But you will supply the
Mr. Ihlder. I will give you the exact figures as of December 31.
Mr. Curtis. That is all.
The Chairman. Mrs. Hoffman, Mr. Ihlder, and Mr. Williams, we
appreciate your coming here very much. The committee will now
stand adjourned until 9:30 tomorrow morning.
(Whereupon, at 1:15 o'clock, the committee adjourned until 9:30
a. m., Wednesday, January 14, 1942.)
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGEATION
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 14, 1942
morning session
House of Representatives,
Select Committee Investigating
National Defense Migration,
Washington, D. C.
The cominittee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:30 a. m., in room 1301,
New House Office Building, Washington, D. C, Hon. John H. Tolan
(chairman) presiding.
Present were: Representatives John H. Tolan (chairman), of Cali-
fornia; John J. Sparkman, of Alabama; Laurence F. Arnold, of Illi-
nois, and Carl T. Curtis, of Nebraska.
Also present: Dr. Robert K. Lamb, staff director of the committee.
The Chairman. The committee will please come to order. Mayor
LaGuardia, you will be the first witness. Talve a seat right here, Mr.
Mayoi".
TESTIMONY OF HON. FIORELLO H. LaGUAEDIA, DIRECTOR, OFFICE
OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
The Chairman. Mayor LaGuardia, this congressional committee
feels very friendly toward you. You were our first witness when this
committee was appointed in April 1940. At that time, of course, we
didn't know much about the subject of migration, and don't know a
whole lot about it now; but there seemed to be a prevalent idea in the
United States that the migration of destitute citizens between States
just affected one State — California. So our committee decided we
should go to New York, and you gave the committee quite a good
start, because immediately you designated migration as a national
problem. From New York we went to Alabama, and Ilhnois, and
Oklahoma, and back to Washington, and made our report to Congress.
A year ago last April our committee was continued by Congress to
study the problem of defense migration. Since that time we have
visited San Diego, which of course is one of the hottest spots in the
United States. Then we went to New Jersey, Connecticut, and Mary-
land and to Michigan to investigate defense conversion and its effect
on migration. We then made a partial report. We very quickly
found out that the mass migration of destitute citizens depended upon
many factors: Worn-out soil, unemployment, mechanization, and so
forth. There is no single solution to this problem.
You may wonder why we reach out into health and recreation and
housing. Well, those matters tie directly into migration. If a par-
ticular community does not have those facilities, people just keep on
moving. A similar situation exists with regard to the automobile
9741
9742 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
industry: if they don't convert, the disemployed workers will migrate
elsewhere.
So, Mr. Mayor, I again repeat, this committee feels very friendly
toward you and appreciate your very valuable testimony which we
referred to in our report.
This is Congressman Arnold at the extreme right, from Illinois
[indicating] ; this is Congressman Sparkman from Alabama [indicating] ;
to my left here is Congressman Curtis, of Nebraska. We have another
member, Congressman Osmers, of New Jersey. He is a Republican
and a bachelor, so we sent him down to Fort Meade. He's in the
Army now, or else he would be here.
I will turn you over now to the tender mercies of Congressman
Sparkman, of Alabama.
Air. Sparkman. Mr. Mayor, I have several questions sketched
down here that I want to ask you, bearing directly upon the work
of the Office of Civilian Defense:
Will you give us a brief picture of the task assigned to the Office
of Civilian Defense by the Executive order which established it, and
indicate the present structure of the set-up?
ESTABLISHMENT OF OFFICE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE
/
Mayor LaGuardia. The Office of Civilian Defense was established
by Executive order last May. The President had been thinking about
it for a long time.
Of course, the President was way ahead of the procession in that,
as he was in all war measures. I don't thin]\ there is a better-informed
man on the European situation than the President. We had been dis-
cussing it for a long time.
The United States Conference of Mayors is very closely associated
with our colleagues in Great Britain, and we obtained not ouly all of
the reports and instructions from Great Britain but we had also the
benefit of the experience and reaction of the mayors. I have known
Mr. Herbert Morrison for a long time. He was, as you know, presi-
dent of the London County Council, which corresponds to my office
in New York City.
The United States Conference of Mayors made a survey and study
and submitted it to the President, and he submitted it to the War
Department. That was in the summer of 1940.
The matter received a great deal of study, and last May the Presi-
dent signed the order, established the Office of Civilian Defense, and
asked me to take over the job.
I do not believe there was any doubt in the mind of the President
that it was necessary to have it well organized in the event that we
got involved in the war.
The Executive order provided that the Office of Civilian Defense
would take over the protective side of civilian defense and the pro-
tection of civilians in the event of an attack by a foreign enemy.
Perhaps the name was not a good one. I fear that a great many
people really believe that we have defense forces. Very often 1 am
asked about antiaircraft guns, airplanes, coast defense, and the Navy.
Are we sure that we can keep the enemy planes from attacking our
citv? and so forth.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9743
Well, that is not our function; that is purely a military and naval
function and has nothing to do with civilian defense. In other words,
we do not come into action unless the enemy gets by the Army and
the Navy.
CIVILIAN SELF-DEFENSE
Mr. Sparkman. Your set-up is one of self-protection?
Mayor LaGuardia. Passive self-defense of the civilian. We have
nothing to shoot back with.
Therefore, I gave first attention to the protective side of the order.
We conimenced with study and with forming the rules, regulations,
and instructions as to what to do in the event of enemy planes getting
by the Army and Navy and actually dropping bombs on our cities or
our territory. That included air raid warden servic(>, fire auxiliary
forces, emergency repair squads, and medical rescue squads. That in
itself was quite a task. The President also included in the order that
the Office of Civilian Defense had to approve any matter invohang
public relations, or civilian participation by other agencies of Govern-
ment. Well, we have tried to cooperate on our side.
We started with nothing. All we had was an Executive order and
the experience of Great Britain. We were finally given quarters.
The order provided for reprc^sentatives of the Army and the Navy.
The Army assigned a very excellent officer, a former deputy chief
of staff. Brig. Gen. L. D. Gasser. The Navy assigned Rear Admiral
Clark Woodward. That was our start.
We slowly built up an organization. I, being an executive of a city
and having had more experience in making budgets and breaking
budgets, proceeded rather slowly with the formation of a clerical staff.
1 don't like large clerical stafi's. That has not helped my popularity
in certain quarters in Washington. D. C. I don't believe we are over-
staffed on the protective side of my office.
regional offices
The order provided for the establishment of regional offices through-
out th(^ coinitry. We took as a region the same area as that of an
Army corps area, an.d we established offices in Boston, New York,
Baltimore, Atlanta, San Antonio, San Francisco, Omaha, and Chicago.
A regional director was appointed for each region: The regional
director for Chicago is salaried; Omaha is salaried; and I believe we
will have to have a salaried director in Baltimore. Then the Army
assigned officers and the Navy assigned officers to each of the regional
offices.
Long before I was appointed director 1 sent a board of fire officials
of New York City to Great Britain to study fire fighting under war
conditions. They had returned and made their report, so we had the
benefit of their first-hand observations.
Shortly after I assumed office 1 appointed a board consisting of
commanding officer of the State Police, the State of Michigan, one of
my own deputy chief inspectors in New York, two engineers of cities,
one puolic health official of a city, and a construction man, and we
sent them to Great Britain. They made a survey and a study there
in the various activities of their fields, and they returned and submitted
a complete report to me.
60396 — 42— pt. 25 8
9744 WASHINGTON HEAKINGS
INSTRUCTIONS AND HANDBOOKS ISSUED
Then we proceeded to prepare the instructions: Oral instructions,
handbooks for air-raid wardens, fire auxiliary, black-out instructions,
and so forth. I would like to leave a set of those instructions with
the committee.
Mr. Sparkman. We would be glad to have them.^
Mayor LaGuardia. May I say tliis — and I say this without
reservation: There isn't a person in this country, who has criticized
the Office of Civilian Defense, that had read those instructions. One
very well-known writer wrote an article on civilian defense, and 1
week after his article appeared he did us the compliment to ask us if
we had any instructions that we had sent to the field, that he would
like to see them.
Now, here are some of them [indicatmg]. Here is the Air Raid
Warning System. That [indicatmg] is a book of instructions. Train-
ing Courses for Civilian Protection. What To Do in an Air Raid.
We want one of these in each family.
This is Meet Your Air Raid W^arden, which gives the elementary
rules for individuals. You see, we printed it on inexpensive paper.
The first order was 39,000,000. Now, if you ask me how they were
distributed, all I can say is I hope they have been distributed.
We are not permitted, gentlemen, to go into a city and distribute
them. I do in my town, because I happen to be the mayor of that
town, and other mayors have done it, if we could bootleg some of this
official information to the mayors, but we are not permitted to send
them to the mayors. We have to go through an involved and com-
plicated, complex system of State government. Some States have
distributed them; as to others, I don't know.
The Chairman. Are there State laws against the distribution of
such material?
Mayor LaGuardia. Oh, no.
Here is the complete list.
(The following publications issued by the Office of Civilian Defense
were offered in evidence, accepted for study by the committee and
are held in committee files:)
Report of Bomb Tests on Materials and Structures.
Protection of Industrial Plants and Public Buildings.
Glass and Glass Substitutes.
Equipment and Operation of Emergency Medical Field Units.
Civil Air Patrol.
Training Courses for Civilian Protection.
Emergency Medical Services for Civilian Defense.
Meet Your Air Raid Warden.
What To Do in an Air Raid.
Black-outs.
Air Raid Warning System.
Protection Against Gas.
Auxiliary Firemen.
Fire Protection in Civilian Defense.
Decontamination Squads.
Fire Watchers.
Demolition and Clearance Crews.
Handbook of First Aid.
A Handbook for Messengers.
A Handbook for Rescue Squads.
A Handbook for Road Repair Crews.
' See list above.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9745
Now, gentlemen, many of my colleagues in the House the other
day, who spoke, haven't read those pamphlets or instructions, nor
have they any idea of the amount of work that is involved in their
preparation. Every bit, every line, is the result of careful study of
actual experience in Great Britain and of consultation with experts
on the subject.
The Chairman. Mr. Keporter, will you see that they are mai'ked
as exhibits?
Mayor LaGuardia. Here is the first day. Glass and Glass Sub-
stitutes. "Volunteer Offices." I have got more coming.
You remember, Mr. Chairman, the passage in St. Luke: "Those
who have the key "
The Chairman. I know St. Paul better than St. Luke.
Mayor LaGuardia. "Those who have the key to the temple of
knowledge, they enter not and they permit not others to enter." That
has been my experience, with all this labor.
Mr. Curtis. Maybe the failing of your Office, if it has any, is that
it didn't provide for those who can't read, mcluding some of the
Congressmen.
Mayor LaGuardia. I sent a copy to every Member; I couldn't
do any more. But I can understand that. I remember how mail
used to come to my office by the ton. But I at least could make be-
lieve that I had read them.
Mr. Sparkman. Mr. Mayor, you stole my thunder. I was going
to tell you I had read them.
jurisdictional disputes
Mayor LaGuardia. Thanks. Then we appomted directors for
metropolitan areas, in addition to the regional directors, and that has
caused me no little trouble and grief.
Most of us have flown, gentlemen. You will remember that if you
are in a plane, and you look down, you see a city as one large develop-
ment; no one can tell where the city Imes are or where county lines are;
it is just one mass of development. Therefore, we formed metropoli-
tan areas and appointed the mayor of the largest unit as the cooi'di-
nator.
Now, the purpose of that is that many factors enter into the success
of a bombing attack: it may be the defense; it may be the weather;
it may be the wind — any factor.
So you can never tell just what section of your metropolitan area
is going to be hit, and you require flexibility; so that you can move your
fire apparatus and medical aid from one section to the other.
Well, we first ran against the local jealousies — city lines and munici-
palities beyond the city lines ; in other cases, county lines ; and, in other
cases, State lines — and we had to live through that. It was not an
easy matter, and we have that now, I think, pretty well cleared up.
We had trouble of that sort in Philadelphia; we had trouble in
Detroit; and we had trouble in Los Angeles.
We didn't have any trouble down my way, because, in my little
town down there, we kind of know each other; and we never had a
meeting. All we do is pick up the telephone. I can say to the neigh-
boring mayor: "Send me the fire department for my village," and he
9746 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
can call up and say: "Send me a fireman for my town." That is all
there is to it. We had no trouble down there. In other cases we had
a g:reat many jurisdictional conflicts.
There is not time, in warfare, to think about local jurisdictional
conflicts. I w^ant to fight the Japs and the Italians and the Germans;
I don't want to fight sheriffs and Governors; I don't like to. I hate
fighting anyhow.
The Chairman. Mayor, right there; that geographical problem —
48 States — is not comparable with Eneland at all, is it?
Ma' or LaGuardia. No; and we will necessarily have to go through
this difficult period. England did, Mr. Chairman. England had
the provinces and the counties. When the bombing got heavy Great
Britain federalized the fire department, so now there is no more prob-
lem of that kind. They can shift it where it is needed. And they
just took fire departments out of inland cities and placed them in indus-
trial centers, where they w^ere attacked. And England has federalized
its air raid warden service very well.
Mr. Sparkman. That is a result, how^ever, of a very real danger,
rather than a danger that you tried to make the public anticipate?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes; I will come to that, if I may.
Mr. Sparkman. I wonder if, right there, I might ask you a question
about these various State set-ups.
You have described to us the regional offices. There are nine
regional offices corresponding to the nine areas in our military defense?
Major LaGuardia. That is right.
Mr. Sparkman. Then, under your regional office, I gather that
you asked the State to organize, is that right?
Mayor LaGuardia. Well, many of the States had State defense
counsels before we were set up.
Mr. Sparkman. Well, they came right into your organization, did
they not?
Mayor LaGuardia. I wouldn't say so.
DUTIES OF REGIONAL OFFICES
Mr. Sparkman. Well, how do they function under the regional
office? What is your next step?
Mayor LaGuardia. Our next step is to have the regional officer
coordinate all these various activities. In other words, it is his
responsibility to beg, plead, cajole, or in some way get the local
defense counsels to establish their air-raid warden service, their fire
auxiliary, their medical rescue, and their emergency repair. That
has been done, and it is going on very nicel}'^ now.
Our difficulty has been in getting down to the local government.
You see, gentlemen, that under modern warfare, and the new tech-
nique of warfare, it is the industrial city that is the target of attack.
The reason for that is not because they want to kill women and
children; the reason for that is because they want to retard or destroy
w^ar production, and it does slow it up, and therefore every city has
become a legitimate target of attack. Whether we approve of it or
not is not the question. It is a target of attack, and this protection
service that I am telling you about, you find in the established func-
tional departments of municipal government. Air-raid wardens
belong in the police department. You have a fire department; what
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9747
you have to do is to increase the fire department in personnel and
equipment, and I hope you will ask me about equipment later on.
You must take care of the injured and bury the dead, and the cities
are equipped to do that. They have their hospital service and their
health service. You enlarge that service to take care of the emer-
gency. Then you have the damage wrought by high explosives or
incendiary bombs; we have cared for the fii'st by the increased fire
department. Then you have the collapse of buildings, the tearing up
of your streets, the breaking of your water mains, sewers, and gas
mains.
EMERGENCY REPAIR SERVICES
Then you organize; you increase your departments: Your water
department, your street repair department, your gas department, and
your public works. You take the equipment that you have and you
supplement it with the equipment of the utilit}^ companies, and you
supplement it with the ecpiipment of the contractors. You have your
traiiled personnel there, you form your batteries and they are ready
to move out to make immediate emergency repair, as it happens.
You can't make permanent repairs, but you must make emergency
repairs, because you may have a break of a water main and a sewage
main alongside of it, and the first thing you know you contaminate all
of your water supply. You must make your emergency repairs on
water supply, because you can't fight fires unless you do.
There is a British city, gentlemen, that was bombed very heavily
all one night and all one day, and they destroyed the whole water
supply. Now, had the Germans returned there on the second day
they couldn't have fought those fires, but as it happened they didn't —
they had a couple of clays, and they just ran a temporary pipe line
surroimding the city and they drew from that.
Those immediate emergency repairs are a matter of life and death,
the cities have the machinery, the equipment, and the perse iinel to
handle it. All you have to do is to increase your city apparatus and to
organize it so it can move out on an instant. That is being done all
over the country.
In the beginning, of course, it was very difficult to get the actual
training going.
AIR-RAID WARDEN INSTRUCTION
Take the fire auxiliary; we have no trouble w4th that, gentlemen,
because they are trained at the fire houses and with apparatus. They
see it ; they can handle it. And they gradually absorb the necessary
knowledge and go out to fires to learn further. But take the air raid
w^arden: after you have read the lectures to them, after you have
given them the field medical instructions, then you ask them to drill.
They must patrol beats 1 or 2 hours a day, and nothing happens. It
becomes very monotonous and tedious, and we are bound to have a
turn-over.
Also, the spot fire fighters, for fighting incendiary bombs; in the
beginning of the war that was one of the greatest hazards in the
British cities. But as they developed the technique of fighting these
incendiary bombs, and as the efficiency of the air raid wardens in-
creased, it became no longer a great hazard. Now we know the
9748 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
technique of fighting these incendiary bombs; they have instructed
our air raid wardens; we have given them the technique; but we
haven't any material with which they can have actual practice.
At Edgewood Arsenal, near Baltimore, the Army has provided a
school with a 2-week course. We have 50 officials there every 2 weeks.
It has been running for the last 5 months and we have graduated
hundreds of officials.
They, in turn, go home to instruct these air raid wardens in fighting
incendiary bombs. But we can't demonstrate. We haven't any
magnesium, and there is nothing that can simulate it. You have to
give them the real test of the heat, how near they can approach to it
and how long it burns. We begged around, and we just couldn't get
it. So we shopped around, and finally the director of the United
States Council of Mayors got in touch with some of our British
colleagues and we got a thousand incendiary bombs, which they
shipped to us.
DUTY ON BOMBS FOR DEMONSTRATION •
They arrived in New York the other day, gentlemen, and I was
kind of proud, and I thought, "Well, here is a chance, at least, where I
can show off," because nobody else could get any of them. We went
down to the customhouse, and I had a police officer and a truck to
get them, and lo and behold, the customs people made me pay $18.75
duty on them. And there you are.
The Chairman. Did you have the $18.75?
Mayor LaGuardia. We scraped it up some way. The training of
the air-raid wardens is really a tedious and uninteresting course — just
to take an untrained man or woman and have him patrol 1 hour or
2 hours, or put him on a roof top where he will be stationed for 1 or
2 hours. It is pretty generous of them when you get them to do that,
and we have to do it, to toughen them up. That is going on very well
throughout the country,
Mr. Sparkman. Let me ask you another ciuestion with reference to
this organization.
Mayor LaGuardia. May I also mention just one other thhig?
Mr. Sparkman. Yes; surely.
Mayor LaGuardia. Then there is the medical rescue squad, that
is in splendid shape. Medical units have been formed in all of the
hospitals, and they move*out on the alarm and establish field stations.
The injured are taken first by the air raid wardens and those having
first aid training, and they are stretchered to these field stations.
There they receive attention by physicians and trained nurses, and
from there they are evacuated to the base hospitals. That is well
organized throughout the country.
Mr. Sparkman. I want to get a little clearer in my own mind as to
the organization of your set-up.
I gather, from what you say, that, if you had your A^ay about it,
your organization would center more or less around the cities — ^rather,
around the metropolitan areas — with emphasis on the industrial sec-
tions of the country, rather than to follow State, county, and city
lines.
Mayor LaGuardia. Generally, I think that expresses my views.
In other words, as a Federal agency, we ought to have the power for
direct contact anywhere we maj^ find it is necessary".
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9749
Mr. Sparkman. Now, under the present set-up, you find yourself
dealing with a great many organizations that have grown up, some of
them even before you were organized. So your own organization
more or less stops with your regional office, and that office thus becomes
a kind of coordmator?
Mayor LaGuardia. A coordinator, yes; and there to help, insofar
as the State organizations will permit us to help. Now, as to New
Jersey: New Jersey insists that we cannot have any direct communi-
cation with any localit3^
Mr, Sparkman. How many States have defense councils?
Mayor LaGuardia. All of them.
A4r. Curtis. May I ask a question at that point?
.Mr. Sparkman. Surely.
Mr. Curtis. Is it your opinion, Mr. Mayor, tliat the program of
civilian defense should be uniform throughout the United States?
I am thinking of the problems that you have in New York City,
or that they have in Los Angeles, as compared to a village in the
Middle West of a thousand people, far removed from any military
objectives.
I am not msinuating what the answer should be. I am just
wondering what your opinion is on that, to bring the best results
and the best discipline on the part of all.
Mayor LaGuardia. I am glad you mentioned that. I believe
that the protective side of civilian defense ought to be a national
system, and uniform in its organization.
No set of rules, gentlemen, can possibly apply to every city, so
these rules and regulations and instructions are written on a national
basis, with the distinct understanding that they are susceptible to
modification to meet local conditions. Therefore, the applicntion of
these rules will depend upon the layout of your city, the type of
structures in your city, even the make-up of your population. They
are all susceptible to modification to meet local conditions, but your
general plan, gentlemen, should be uniform.
These state defense councils, gentlemen — and I hope you will not
misunderstand me — have done excellent work. They mean well,
but they are too large, and you cannot command operations by a
committee.
SUGGESTED SET-UP
Therefore, the ideal set-up would be to follow the chart, having a
general command in Washington, a regional command, and then a
command in every area, with air raid wardens under the command
of one individual, preferably the police commissioner or the chief of
police; fire-fighting forces under the command of the fire chief;
emergency repair under the command of whoever handles the public
works or a comparable competent technical official, and your medical
rescue under whoever has charge of your hospital departments.
In many activities of civilian defense, your State defense council
is excellent. They have contact with its social work, its welfare
work, its health work, its recreational work — that is all fine — and
they can split up into subcommittees and work with these established
agencies of the State and the counties and the municipalities; but
when it comes to acting under fire, they must regulate the conduct
9750 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
of the people in order for the people to protect themselves, and they
must fight fires, and they must carry on this emergency work, and
they must care for the injured. There you must have individual
responsibility and individual command or you are going to have
confusion.
Does that answer your question?
Mr. Curtis. I think the civilian defense in the interior of the
country has a great work do to, but I wonder, sometimes, if, by
requiring them to pursue the same course of action and live the same
life as at another point where the problems may be very different,
you might get a reaction opposite from that which you were seeking.
Mayor LaGuardia, I agree absolutely with you.
Mr. Curtis. It is a great agency for morale and discipline and all
those things.
Mayor LaGuardia. East of the Rockies and west of the Alle-
ghenies, in so far as air raid wardens are concerned, I do not believe
they should do anythmg else but have an organization plan. I do
not believe, for the time being, gentlemen, that any more than that
is necessary.
AREAS REQUIRING LIMITED PARTICIPATION
I would except from that, though, the cities on the Great Lakes,
because we have found that the Nazis are very resourceful. They
have carried out air attacks that were considered impossible. But
in those sections east of the Rockies and west of the Alleghenies,
and just excluding the cities along the Gulf of Mexico and some of
the highly industrial cities along our Great Lakes, I think that the
activities of the Office of Civilian Defense should be limited, for the
time being, to the morale, to the health, to the recreation, and to the
related activities that are in our voluntary participation division
of the Office of Civilian Defense.
Ycu see, gentlemen, it all depends upon the relative position of
the enemy forces. Take the Atlantic: At the present time, with
Great Britain, Great Britain's Fleet, the R. A. F., the American
outposts, our naval patrol, our air defense, I do not believe that we
are subject to or liable to have long sustained, repeated attacks.
We are not out of the danger of having short, sporadic, quick,
sudden, surprise attacks, but, if that condition changes on the At-
lantic side, then naturally we will have to change accordingly, and
perhaps go to permanent black-outs and take all such permanent
or more elaborate measures. At present, we must take precaution-
ary measures and be careful and be on the alert, but our chances
of prolonged bombing are much smaller now.
On the Pacific, of course, you have another situation, but you
also have greater distances, and civilian defense must always be
guided by the military situation as they are informed of it by the
Army or the Navy.
Mr. Curtis. If you will pardon me, in that connection have you
had a budget that^ permitted you to buy newspaper space to carry
advertising?
Mayor LaGuardia. No; and I hope we never have.
Mr. Curtis. I have noticed some midwestern newspapers — in
fact, in my own district — carrying full-page ads on what to do in
an air raid.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9751
Mayor LaGuardia. Ads?
Mr. Curtis. Yes; apparently. I suppose it may have been just
public spirit on the part of the newspapers.
Mayor LaGuardia. I am informed that that was not an ad. We
furnished that mat and they ran it for us.
Mr. Curtis. Free of charge?
Mr. LaGuardia. Yes. The papers wouldn't charge us for that.
Mr. Sparkman. Mr. Mayor, what has been the source of your
funds for the support of your work thus far?
Mayor LaGuardia. Federal.
Mr. Sparkman. Well, have there been appropriations made by
Congress already?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes, sir; for the Ofhce.
Mr. Sparkman. For the Office but not for the equipment?
Mayor LaGuardia. I think they have been very generous. I
have never spent all that was allowed to me in any one quarter,
on the protective side. I think the voluntary participation would
need more money.
Mr. Sparkman. Well, there is some talk of legislation — ^in fact
it may be that bills are pending already — to change the voluntary
status of the people who are assisting in the program to a paid per-
sonnel basis. What is your opinion as to that?
Mayor LaGuardia. I don't care whether you pay them or not, if
you get the right person. No matter who he is, he is going to be
unpopidar if he tells the truth, the way I am this morning.
You can't buck up against 48 defense councils, averaging from 150
to 170 fine, enthusiastic, patriotic, wUling people, and do a good job
without running into opposition. As to those two bills that are
pending, Mr. Chairman — one the Senate bill and the other the House
bill — it doesn't make a particle of difference which of the two bills
you pass; it will not make a particle of difference, gentlemen. All
the work is done.
PURCHASES MADE BY ARMY
Let me tell you about that: In the first place we never intended to
do the buying. I wouldn't want to do it because we have only a
few purchases to make, and I didn't want to build a great big pur-
chasing staff, with technicians and engineers and inspectors. So I
asked the Army to do it for us, and the Army consented. The
specifications have been drawn, the inventories have been made, and
the Army is ready to shoot it out the door.
Now, we were going to do the allocation. It makes no dift'erence
which of the two bills you pass. The allocation has been made.
All we have to do is pick up the book and hand it to whoever is
going to do the job. I can tell you just how many boots, how many
helmets, all every city is going to get. So don't lose any time with it.
Let's get it going.
Mr. Sparkman. You were talking about the little squabble we had
the other day on authorizing purchase of equipment?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes.
Mr. Sparkman. I had reference to the other, the paying of your
personnel, taking them off of the voluntary basis, not necessarily all
of them but a great many of them. There has been some suggestion
that that be done.
9752 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mayor LaGuardia. Do you mean air-raid wardens, too, in the field?
Mr. Sparkman. I don't know how far down it is proposed to go. I
am just asking for information.
Mayor LaGuardia. I still believe in our form of government.
Anything Congress says is O. K. with me.
Mr. Sparkman. But the work has been proceeding satisfactorily,
you think, on a voluntary basis?
Mayor LaGuardia. I know it. If I were a smarter person perhaps
I would say it has been a magnificent job. However, I don't give
(snapping fingers) who says it hasn't been, because I know it has been
done.
Mr. Sparkman. Referring to this fight that we had in the House the
other day: You heard something about it, did you not?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes, sir. Sure.
Mr. Sparkman. I happen to be one of those who voted to leave the
authority where the President said it ought to be; therefore I think
I can ask you these questions.
Mayor LaGuardia. Surely.
proposed legislative changes
Mr. Sparkman. The principal objections raised, as I recall, in the
debates, were, first of all, that the military organization \\as better
equipped to give us a uniform program throughout the entn-e country;
second, that satisfactory progress had not been made thus far in the
program, and that thei'e is a groat deal of confusion. I think you have
described the reason for that quite well to us this morning. The third
was that the office of Director of Civilian Defense was so big and
exacting that it ought to have, as its director, a full-time official,
and that one who was filling the very big job as mayor of our largest
city could not possibly have time to fill properly the job of Director of
Civilian Defense.
I just wondered if you would care to comment on the whole situation.
Mayor LaGuardia. Let's take the first objection: The Army.
I don't think it is a military task; I don't think the Army wants it.
It is fire-fighting and preparing for the injured, and those are purely
civilian defense activities which we are prepared to do. I am sure the
Army doesn't want to go into child care, nutrition, recreation. So
much for that.
Mr. Sparkman. May I interject there? I gather from what you
have just said that as a matter of fact you plan to use the Army for
procurement purposes.
Mayor LaGuardia. Oh, yes; that was planned right from the very
beginning, and they are going to do all the procuring for us. Other-
wise, look what a stafi we would have to build.
That is why I am just a little different than some of the other
agencies around here: I don't want that kind of a staff. W^at
would I do with them afterward? If they are good they belong in
other departments; if they are no good I don't want them.
Now as to your second question: I can assure you that everything
that is humanly possible^ — all the education preparatory to the tech-
nical and to the scientific work — has been accomphshed.
Now, on the tliird: Speaking personally, if I had been a Member
of the House, I could have criticized that much better than was done
on the floor of the House.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9753
THREE ALTERNATIVES
But seriously, gentlemen, I do get pretty tired at the end of the
day, and I tliink that before very long I will have to choose one of
three alternatives.
I do want to stay until you get that first bill by, and I want to stay
until the other bill which the President has approved for sencUng to
Congress — providing for compensation for injured air raid wardens,
fire auxiliary, medical rescue crews, and so forth — the bill which has
been drafted by the Department of Justice, and is now part of an
omnibus bill consisting of several emergency pieces of legislation.
I would like to see those bills passed and get the work started, and
then, frankly, gentlemen, I will have to make one of three choices:
I will either give up being mayor of the city of New York, and take
the Office of Civilian Defense, if it is the President's wish that I should;
or I can give up the Office of Civilian Defense and go back to New
York and mind my own business and criticize everj^thing that is going
on in Washington, or I might do what I did in the last war, if I can
get by with it.
So that yet has to be decided.
Mr. SpARKMAN. Mr. LaGuardia, you have had opportunity to
observe, to some extent at least, the defense organization in the
District of Columbia, have you not?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes.
Mr. Sparkman. What is your reaction to that?
Mayor LaGuardia. I think the personnel — the head and the
Commissioners — have a very intelligent understanding of the problem.
I think that the Director selected is an excellent man. I also want
to say that many of the local organizations throughout the country,
and the State organizations, are very good; they are excellent.
Now, in the District of Cokunbia 1 have only one criticism, and that
is a matter of organization. I believe that the air-raid wardens ought
to be under the Police Department, and the fire auxiliary ought to be
imder the Fire Department, and that your medical rescue ought to be
under the Hospital Department, and that your emergency repair
ought to be along the lines I described. As it is now, you have a
coordinator, and 1 strongly urge you to adopt the organization that
I have suggested.
Now, Congress has not done its part with the District of Columbia;
your Washington government needs more money. Now, I Imow
what I am talking about, gentlemen. I run a town myself with a
budget of over $580,000,000, and I laiow what it costs to run a city.
REQUIREMENTS OF DISTRICT
You must give that Police Department more men. You must give
it more firemen. More policemen and more firemen. And you must
give it more equipment. It needs more emergency hose. That was
just loiocked out because somebody believed that they didn't need
that additional hose. You must have a large supply of reserve hose,
because you can't tell what part of your water supply will be blown
up or destroyed or impaired, and you have to reach out and get water
wherever you can fuicl it, and you may have to pmnp great distances.
So it is very foohsh economy not to give the Fire Department the hose
that it needs, and I hope that, when that bill does come before the
9754 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
House, that will be remembered, and ample provision made for
more hose.
BLACK-OUTS
Now, Washington is a difficult place to operate in, and I wouldn't
say that it is free from all danger. It is not a difficult place to find:
that is very easy. Even I could find it, and I was the worst flyer in
the whole A. E. F. On a moonlight night — on any night — whether
you have a black-out or not, you can find Washington; that is no
trouble at all.
A black-out wouldn't help much. The only purpose of a black-out
is it makes it more difficult to identify a specific place: For instance,
the navy yard, or some strategic place like that, but the city can be
found.
I thought the black-out the other evening was rather successful.
The streets were well cleared, and the people bt^haved well, except
that they were all with their noses up against the windows, exactl}^
where they shouldn't be; they should keep away from the windows,
but I don't think they would be there if there should be a raid.
However, there is an intelligent understanding of the problem,
there is a desire to do a good job, and Congress ought to give it the
support it needs.
Mr. Sparkman. Thank you, Mr. Mayor.
Mr. Arnold. Mr. Mayor, you spoke of sending out 39 million, or
having printed 39 million, of one of those pamphlets?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes.
Mr. Arnold. Does that apply to all of those publications or just
certain ones?
Mayor LaGuardia. No, no. Just to this one containing general
inforn?ation to the citizenry.
Mr. Arnold. And the others?
Mayor LaGuardia. The others are teclinical. Some go onl}^ to
officials.
This one [indicating] would go to eveiy family. Some go to officials.
Some go to the Fire Department. Some go to the whole Defense
Council. Some go to the Police Department. Each in its own
specialized field.
Mr. Arnold. You have had printed just an amount ample to give
that coverage?
Mayor LaGuardia. Some of them haven't even been distributed.
They are still at the State headquarters.
Mr. Arnold. They have been distributed by your office?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes, they have been sent to the field. I hope
that when my successor takes over, he will be permitted to distribute
these things. As it is now, I can't do my own mailing. I can't mail
out our own stuft*, gentlemen.
And did we take a licking about a month ago, when some posters
were sent out — not by my division — and some towns got more than
their population? We had nothing to do wijbh that, but we had to
take the blame.
Mr. Arnold. Well, of course, you handled this job during the most
difficult period. You have handled it at a time when many people
in the country thought it was crazy.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9755
Mayor LaGuardia. Well, the Chicago Tribune thought even worse
than that.
Mr. Arnold. I would just like to ask you, Mr. Mayor: don't
you believe that it woidd have been just about as easy for the Japs
to have attacked Los Angeles or San Francisco as it was to attack
Pearl Harbor?
Mayor LaGuardia. No.
Mr. Arnold. But it would have been entirely possible and feasible
for them to have gotten a carrier over to within striking distance of
those plane factories in southern California, would it not?
Mayor LaGuardia. No, I wouldn't say so. There are certain
factors that enter there that I don't think w^e want to discuss.
NUMBER OF AIR RAID WARDENS
Gentlemen, to give you an idea: As of December 31, 1941, the
reports received from the field would indicate that we have 607,307
air raid wardens.
Now, the reason I say that looks too good is because I want —
when I send out for reports, I insist on getting the number of men and
women that have been trained or actually in training, and I fear,
in the 607,000 we have some that are just enrolled and not trained.
Then we have 258,967 auxiliary firemen, and I know that they
are in training.
We have 136,676 in this medical service that I described to you.
I think you had an inquiry about nurses' aides. Now, that is
being worked out with the American Red Cross.
We have a regular working agreement with the American Red
Cross, because the Red Cross is an agency of Government. The
Red Cross has undertaken all of the first-aid training, and we just
have hundreds of thousands of those. I think it is over 1,000,000.
Now, the nurses' aide course is a course beyond fii'st aid. These
women go actually into a hospital and get practical training, and the
Red Cross has undertaken the expense of that, and has appropriated
a million dollars for nurses' aides, and that job is well on its way, a
percentage of them have already been trained, and the balance will
be trained, completely, I think, within 2 months.
Now, these nurses' aides stand ready to go into hospitals. They
are turned over to the voluntary participation committee, and locally
these participation committees can place them in hospitals, in health
centers, in baby health stations, or wherever they are needed, because,
gentlemen, we are going to have a great shortage of internes and
nurses. We have a shortage now. I have over 500 vacancies for
nurses in my cit}^ hospitals in New Yorl^ alone, and we are short on
internes now, so we must necessarily arrange some sort of a pooling
system whereby all communities can have medical and nursing service,
and also meet the requirements of the Army and the Navy.
I think you had a question on the number of defense councils.
There are 7,031, and, to date, over 3,516,000 men and women have
enrolled.
Mr. Arnold. That is all I have.
The Chairman. Have you anything to say about the deferment of
students, Mayor?
Mayor LaGuardia. I am glad to mention that.
9756 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Gentlemen, we must win the war, but in winning the war we must
not destroy our future. Now, granting the extreme difficulty of all
om" war problems, with no illusions as to its being a difficult war to
win, we are going to go through some very dark periods. Although
it is going to tax our resources, we still must have a country left after
the war is won.
SELECTIVE SERVICE
I believe the Selective Service Administration has been most stub-
born. I realize the difficulty of its problems. It must provide the
men, but it must meet conditions. We camiot, in one breath, say that
this is a war of production, and we have got to get the tanks and the
airplanes and the motors and the ships out, and, on the other side,
close our eyes and pull these men out of the shops and put them in
the Army.
Selective service is what the name implies, and what CongTess
intended it to be — selective. Therefore, due consideration must be
given to the skilled mechanics or to the potential skOled mechanics;
due consideration must be given to the necessity of feeding our
people and feeding a great part of our allies.
So we come to the college men. Of course, it is agreed, now, I
think, that students in engineering, chemistry, electricity, will not be
disturbed.
This war is going to last some time, so I would take the bona fide
student, who has matriculated in a recognized college for a full
course, during the summer months. I would take him 3 months a
year for training, and, at the end of the fourth year, put him in the
Army. He could qualify for a commission by that time.
Naturally, the medical students we must not touch, and when they
graduate they can serve their internesliip immediately in a hospital.
Nor should they be put to doing paper work. The Army doctors
must learn that there is something more important for such men to
do than paper work. These young graduates of medical schools
ought to be given the full year's interneship, either in a civilian hos-
pital or in a military hospital. Then, gentlemen, we have a great
many boys who are now deferred because of slight defects. That just
doesn't make sense, and the whole mechcal profession of tliis country
will say it doesn't make sense.
MILITARY GUARDS NEEDED
You take the matter of teeth: why, all we have to do is to provide
the necessary correction. It wouldn't cost much. The same with
other slight defects. Those men ought to be drafted. We need
some 56 battahons of mihtary guards in this country.
We need them badly, gentlemen, and no one is going to realize it
until sometliiiig terrible happens. I have been begging for it for a
long time. At one time, the War Department had agreed to form
these military guards; now they can't do it. The President has
already ordered eight regiments to do guard duty temporarily tlirough-
out the United States.
We have been working frantically on it, gentlemen. The plants
have been ordered to provide their own internal protection. Railroads
must provide their protection. But there is a limit. No city in the
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9757
country has enough poHce to carry on the necessary guard duty in
wartime, with the danger of sabotage, and we need these military
battalions, and these boys could be found easily, gentlemen, in the
men who are now deferred because of slight defects.
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF SELECTEES
The Chairman. In other words, Mr. Mayor, j^ou would be in favor
of a physical rehabilitation program, would you?
Mayor LaGuardia. Yes; except for major defects. I wouldn't
fuss with mental cases: But for slight eye defects, shght teeth defects,
venereal disease. I wouldn't put a premium on those things, because
we can cure them.
We can cure syphilis in a very few days in New York Citj^. We can
cure gonorrhea, and we do. It is compulsory in my State, and in
many other States. I wouldn't put a premium on venereal disease;
I would put them in the Army and cure them, but not count the tinie
that they are being cured.
But I don't think we can stop our cultural life; we shouldn't. If
this w^ar drags out, and you stiip yom" boys of higher education,
what is the next generation going to be?
We have the manpower and we don't lose that, because we train
them to be officers. It isn't a difficult matter to arrange if it is under-
stood, and if the desire is not to be too rigid.
Mr. Curtis. What is your opinion as to older men, particularlj'^
men who served in the last war, who are anxious and insistent upon
doing something, and who perhaps have some physical defects that
would prevent them from combat service?
Mayor LaGuardia. I would put them in this military guard battal-
ion— to guard waterways, waterworks, power plants, all sensitive
points. We need over 150,000 of them.
Mr. Curtis. And when you made your reference to food you were
referring to a broader agricultural exemption or deferment?
Mayor LaGuardia. I referred to just keeping that under control,
so there would be no shortages. I think that German}^ sends her
farm boys, who are in the Army, back to the farms during the harvest
seasons. There, of course, some older men could replace the younger
men.
DEFERMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS
Mr. Curtis. In your recommendation for deferment of college
students, and those who contribute to the culture of our land, do you
think there is a danger of running into a class distinction there,
based on the financial ability of the families to send their sons to
college and university; one group entering combat service — many
of them to make the supreme sacrifice — and another group is deferred?
Do you think there is a potential danger there?
Mayor LaGuardia. No. Maybe I have a warped view of this,
because of the conditions in my city. Certainly it isn't a matter of
aftording to send the boys to colleges. My colleges are just filled with
young people from families who are on relief — students are going there
because they get N. Y. A. assistance. That has been the history of
the colleges of the cit}^ of New York for some time. The requirements
9758 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
are so high there that the pocketbook has nothing to do with it. It is
a real mental test.
Mr. Curtis. I wouldn't think that that would be true tlu'oughout
the country.
Mayor LaGuardia. I wouldn't know.
Mr. Curtis. I am sure it is not true in my State.
Mayor LaGuardia. I hope I am not living in a country where only
people who have money can get a higher education. I know it isn't
true in my city.
As to those who might enter these guard battalions, they would
simply be putting in their time in getting their training and educa-
tion, and would be able to cjualify as officers just as do our boys who
go to West Point.
They can carry on their military education along with their college
work. I would make that a condition. They would be good and
tough when they graduated, and would be officer material. We are
going to run short of officer material pretty soon.
Mr. Curtis: What is your reaction to the recommendations that
came out of the Baltimore meeting of educators, for stepping up a
college course so students could graduate in 2% or 3 years?
Mayor LaGuardia: I think that depends upon the student.
Some don't learn much in 10 years. Others would learn a lot in
2}^ years.
Mr. Curtis. I think their idea was to operate 12 months in the
year, and also have longer days.
Mayor LaGuardia. That would be good. That would be ffiie, if
the youngsters can absorb it.
POST-WAR considerations
The Chairman. Mr. Mayor, I have just one observation to make,
and I think you will agree with me. This committee has traveled a
hundred thousand miles over this country, and has become greatly
disturbed about what is going to happen after this war is over.
Mayor LaGuardia. I am, too.
The Chairman. We have millions of people who have left their
home States and gone to these defense centers. Take my own
State, California, for instance: Before you can go on relief in that
State you have to live there 5 years.
Suppose the war stopped tomorrow, or 6 months from now. Man}^
persons would have lost their settlement in their own State and not
yet acquired it in the State of destination. It is going to be a whirl-
pool unless, through voluntary savings, compulsory savings, public
works, or something, we look ahead.
Mayor LaGuardia. Mr. Chairman, the war doesn't frighten me
any more, as frightful as it is going to be, but the after-war period is
frightening, and we must be thinking and planning and preparing for
it now.
The migration, or change of residence, that you referred to is only
one of the problems we shall face. We will necessarily havt to take
some workers from every plant and place them in new plants, and
put unskilled people in their places to be trained. Thus we shall
spread or dilute the skilled trades that we now have.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9759
Then, after the war, there will be a sudden drop m employment,
with dislocation of families. Communities will have a large number
of people out of work that they cannot absorb. Some States, as you
say, have rigid rules of relief that will increase the burden.
We are not in a class room any more, gentlemen. We are in a
realistic world, and we must realize that all of these problems now are
national problems. Therefore, we must start to plan for the after-
war period now, I would say.
You talk about savings. Yes, we must save. I would suggest
that all overtime be paid in defense bonds, payable after the emer-
gency.
I would provide that a certain percentage of war contracts, at
least covering a part of the profits, be paid in deferred bonds, payable
after the war.
I would also take a certain percentage of all war wages paid and
replenish the fund of unemployment insurance so that we can extend
the period for the payment of unemployment compensation until we
get readjusted.
It is taking, now, from a year to a year and a half to transform a
factory from peacetime production to wartime production. It will
take that much longer to transform it back to its normal production.
We must provide continuance of education. We must have no
interruption of education following the war.
We must not go through a starvation period, gentlemen, because
hell will break loose if we do, not only in our country but throughout
the world.
We must have such a reservoir of food and supplies in our country
that we can send it to other countries that will need it badly. If we
do not they will have an empty victory, with an aftermath problem
that will be just as frightful as war.
Fortunately, we have the resources; other countries haven't,
gentlemen. The other countries can plan and study, but they
haven't the resources, and we have.
Yes; we are short in some basic raw materials. We are going to
find the pinch of that, but resources for the maintenance of life we
have, and we ought to start pooling them now, gentlemen. That is
more important than anything else.
We are going to win the war. There is no question about that,
but we also must win the peace. We must save this country, and it
requires the best thought and the hardest work that we can give to it.
The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Mayor, very much. We are
very grateful to you, and you have given us a very valuable
contribution.
The committee will take a 5-minute recess for the benefit of the
reporter.
60.396—42 — pt. 25-
9760 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
(The following tabic was submitted and accepted for the record:)
Office of Civilian Defense — enrollment and assignment of volunteers as of Dec. SI,
1941
'
Num-
ber of
defense
councils
Number
of volun-
teers en-
rolled to
date
Volunteers assigned to training or duty in protective
services (Citizens' Defense Corps personnel)
Volun-
teers as-
signed in
state or region
Total
Air raid
wardens
Auxil-
iary
firemen
Auxil-
iary
police
Medical
per-
sonnel
All other
protec-
tive
services
voluntary
part-time
activities
(Com-
munity
Service
per-
sonnel)
FIRST REGION
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts. --
New Hampshire.
Rhode Island
Vermont
SECOND REGION
Delaware
169
440
3&1
235
39
140
46
.554
118
1
1
3 5
604
133
67
95
94
112
3 107
3 101
3 54
130
92
72
531
62
1
3 91
193
82
75
89
204
102
114
119
20
72
23
85, 000
50, 000
215, 000
40, 000
32, 000
7,500
31. 100
130,000
203. 972
297, 301
31, 737
67, 000
225, 695
127,000
65, 000
750, 000
11, 480
2.50, 000
45, 500
ra. 400
4. 910
199.014
5,783
4,717
1,650
8, 685
90, 000
203, 972
163, 799
23, 747
1,3,800
149, 195
71, 500
20,300
93, 521
5,702
16. 100
800
112,900
2,800
•2,000
500
800
45, 000
59. 555
2 100, 000
16, 224
7, .500
80, 000
20, 000
1,000
15, 196
1,580
11,750
500
16, 800
9.50
100
500
2,100
20, 000
57, 845
47. 935
964
3,000
20, 500
1,500
2.850
30. 000
1, 356
1,900
500
17,000
100
400
200
800
25, 000
30, 992
2, 650
210
8,314
133
1,017
.50
985
18, 000
2,900
44,000
1,800
1,200
400
4,000
19,000
15,000
14,544
12,000
14,000
3,000
21, 955
40,000
New York
New York City '
28, 280
2.117
"2,660
6.700
5,000
10,000
10,000
650
27,300
8,747
5,209
1,000
26, 000
44. 000
1,600
22, 000
674
22,950
THIRD REGION
District of Co-
1,350
300
15, 995
1,000
1,850
10, 325
1,442
Marvland
Pennsylvania
Virginia
VOURTH REGION
Alabama
Florida
Georgia*
Louisiana . . .
75,000
,52, 500
""'"86,666
MississipiJi
North Carolina
South Carolina. .
55, 404
9.804
26, 820
9, 250
76, 500
21,000
13, 623
1, 804
11,820
1,200
3,125
1,0.30
3,929
1, 363
1.804
1,318
2,438
4,575
Tennessee . .
HFTH REGION
Indiana
15.000
Kentuckv
400
900
530
4(X)
1,300
325
400
925
175
1,200
Ohio
15,000
West Virginia
1,000
SIXTH REGION
Chicago -
Illinois. - .
Michigan
95, 000
35,000
50, 000
7,700
Wisconsin.
2,038
SEVENTH
REGION
Arkansas -
6,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
500
Iowa 5_ ...
3,700
85, 000
69, 098
44, 621
85,000
6,090
446
40,000
2,500
1,000
2,500
3,590
40,000
1,500
16, 185
Nebraska
44, 175
Wyoming '
5,000
1 New York City does not include volunteers for surgical dressings and sewing, 65,000; first aid, 75,000;
resuscitation, 58,869; blood donors, 18,000; grand total, 509,170.
2 210,552 enrolled.
3 Number of defensp councils from Nov. 25, 1941, report.
* Georgia, 69 councils reporting.
« Iowa report, Des Moines only.
8 Missouri report, St. Louis and Kansas Cjty only.
1 Wyoming report, Cheyeime only.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9761
Office of Civilian Defense — enrollment and assignment of volunteers as of Dec. 31,
1941 — Continued
Num-
ber of
defense
councils
Number
of volim-
teers en-
rolled to
date
Volunteers assigned to training or duty in protective
services (Citizens' Defense Corps personnel)
Volun-
teers as-
signed in
State or region
Total
Air raid
wardens
Au.xil-
iary
firemen
Auxil-
iary
police
Medical
per-
sonnel
All other
protec-
tive
services
voluntary
part-time
activities
(Com-
munity
Service
per-
sonnel)
EIGHTH REGION
Arizona
3 14
341
75
377
890
167
344
3 56
3 25
3 36
3 29
339
7,580
950
New Mexico
20,000
12, 800
1,800
500
1,000
8,520
Oklahoma
NINTH REGION
California *
136, 400
79, 884
37,028
7,800
13,900
6,256
14,900
Idaho
Montana
Nevada ...
14.000
39, 014
2,150
39, 014
600
17, 319
700
4,721
500
8.362
150
2,670
200
5,942
Oregon _.
Utah
Washington
44, 124
44,124
19, 846
2,604
5,535
4,556
11,583
Total
7,031
3, 516, 600
1, 423, 755
607, 307
258,967
149, 359
136, 676
246, 030
477, 277
3 Number of defense councils from Nov. 25, 1941, reports.
' California report covers 63 cities only.
TESTIMONY OF DEAN JAMES M. LANDIS, EXECUTIVE, OFFICE
OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE
The Chairman. Please state your name and official position.
Mr. Landis. At the present time my title is Executive of the
Office of Civilian Defense. Until 2 clays ago I was Director for the
first civilian defense region, which covers the New England States.
The Chairman. Mr. Landis, you have been asked to appear here
this morning because of your recent appointment as Executive of the
Office of Civilian Defense. Our involvement in war makes the task
of civilian defense one of the primary aspects of a total-war effort.
Our strength depends on our effectiveness in this area no less than
our effectiveness in the job of production. We are aware of the fact
that you took office only on Monday and are, therefore, the more
appreciative of your willingness to assist us on this short notice.
I am going to ask Congressman Arnold to interrogate you.
Mr. Arnold. We understand that you have been the chairman of
the New^ England regional office of the Office of Civilian Defense.
Now, we have had a very good picture of the operations of the
central office from Mayor LaGuardia. Will you give us a brief
picture of the work of a regional office such as the one of which you
have had charge, indicating some of the major problems which con-
fronted you and the extent to which your office was able to meet them?
Mr. Landis. I think the best way to approach that thing is to
take the history of the civilian defense effort.
In the last few months in New England, I came into the picture —
I think it was in the middle of July. Prior to that time the New
England communities as a whole had been disturbed by the emergency
situation and had created State councils of defense and a series of
9762 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
local councils of defense. Those were large aggregations of people
who were dealing with all sorts of different things.
About May or June, when Mayor LaGuardia took the directorship
of the Office of Civilian Defense, he came through New England
and he succeeded, very ably, in presenting a portion of that program,
at that time. That was the portion relating to protection.
Mayor LaGuardia, in his inimitable way, brought home to that
area the possibility that we might be at war in a fairly short time;
and also the possibility that if we were at war, we would be attacked.
That didn't mean that the protection effort started at that time.
New England is a little different. The State councils of defense
of two States had gone ahead with a program of training of all these
groups of services which the mayor described.
I came into the picture at that time. I had first to acquaint
myself with what the States were doing. Then my next move was
to find out what they should be doing and how we could help them
to realize those objectives.
Some States, in this field, were talking about civilian defense but
their plans were paper plans and nothing much else. I spent a con-
siderable time in trying to bring these things into real effect, with the
assistance of the States. My effort in the main has been through the
State councils of defense rather than directly to the communities
themselves.
Our form of organization in New England is such that the responsi-
bility in Government generally heads up to the governor, through his
appointed agencies, and so there is a better chance of getting uni-
formity of action by dealing directly with the States than by dealing
directly with the communities themselves.
Some of the difficulties that arise are differences of opinion that
occur between the communities and the States — some of them
political, some of them social — and they all have to be ironed out.
The Federal Government is what might be called a chemical solvent
in that situation. It can help to smooth those things out in a way
which no other agency can. We have had situations where there were
two State defense councils in a particular town, both fighting for
priority in dealing with this problem, and consequently a very con-
fused picture was given the people of that community.
TRAINING OF VOLUNTEERS
The importance of the program along the line of protection de-
manded the training of numerous volunteers in teclmical fields.
We had few instructors in these fields. Wlien we started, we had to
build up a corps of instructors who would know what they were talldng
about in this field. Then we had to standardize instruction.
An air raid warden may mean a hundred different things. It has
got to mean one thing.
Standardized courses of instruction have now been worked out.
A man has to go through those courses in order to qualify and in
order to get the Federal insignia.
In New England we are death on this business of unqualified people
wearing the Federal insignia. We don't want that to be true. We
want to have the thing as a sort of badge of merit, which a man earns
and which he is proud to wear.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9763
That was one thing necessary in the situation, to hold men up to
certain standards.
The other way in which the Federal Government could help enor-
mously was in the imparting of information. Here in Washington
there is technical information available in this field which can be
spread out to the States. They are glad to get it although they may
vary it on occasion. In such cases you may have to resort to what
might be called regional treatment. They have their own ideas as
to how to do various different jobs, and as long as the job is done
eft'ectively, I see no reason not to allow some variation, provided that
the objectives are the same.
FIRST INTERCEPTOR COMMAND
One important means of bringing uniformity in the field of protec-
tion is through the armed services in the United States. For air-raid
protection the first thing you have to know is, how do you laiow when
you are going to be attacked? Now, that, of course, is the function
of the First Interceptor Command, but the First Interceptor Com-
mand is working through civilians, and must work through civilians.
We have recruited the civihans for them, and are trying to keep these
civilians active on their posts. Today some 10,000 volunteers are
mamiing posts in New England, watcliing for planes. And those
posts have to be manned for 24 hours a day.
Other volunteers are manning the district warning centers where
the signals move from the information centere, first to them, and then
out through to what we know in New England as report centers.
They call them control centers here. Those are the operating centers
of the protective forces and the organization of those operating head-
quarters seems to me to count very much in this business.
Unless you have an operating headquarters where men take their
orders, and where they can report, and where they can be assigned
to their specific task when occasion arises, I don't thinly you have
much. You have a mob and not an army.
December 7, of course, brought a great impetus.
A lot of things had to be cleared on a regional basis. We had to
know, for example, what was the signal for a public alarm.
It was different in dift'erent places in New England. We had to
have one signal, so that a fellow in Providence gets the same meaning
as a fellow from Boston.
I mention small things like that simply to indicate the necessity for
getting a certain uniformity of action. The interesting thing is how
you get that uniformity of action. The Federal Government has no
power in that connection. The power to do that resides partly in the
States and partly in the municipalities, but the way we worked was to
get uniform action in the various States and then try to get communi-
ties in each State themselves to take their lead from the State.
If the community went out of line, there were pressures that could
be brought upon that community to come into line.
Another great unifying force that the Federal Government can
exert in this field is to be the line of communication between the mili-
tary authorities and the civilian forces. Nobody could clear, for
example, the way in which Federal forces would call upon the civilian
forces for aid, except the Federal Govermnent, In that way the
9764 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
States could be brought together. I can give you an illustration of
that. The question of the approach of hostile enemy airplanes has
got to be decided at one source, and one source alone. You can't
have every military commander coming in and trying to alert a par-
ticular community. His information might not be accurate. You
must have that alert given at the place where definite responsibility
is lodged and all the data are available.
Well, the Army and Navy will clear that on their side so that
anybody with information of that nature in the Army and Navy
will give this information to the proper agency. Meanwhile on the
civilian side you can clear it by saying: ''Don't obey any orders
except the order that comes from the one single source."
It may seem a small matter, but a failure to clear that kind of
thing cost at least one death in Portland, and a series of false alarms
throughout New England.
UNIFORMITY IN BLACK-OUT REGULATIONS
Then you have to deal with the matter of uniform treatment in
this business of black-outs for instance. You can't deal with that on
a municipal basis. You can't have one municipality having certain
black-out regulations, and the next one having completely different
black-out regulations. They have to be uniform. The same thing
is true with reference to the suggestions of public conduct in theaters,
churches, schools, et cetera; all that kind of thing. You can't have
people actmg upon their own bright ideas mstead of obtaining the
best information available, from a central source, as to how to handle
these matters. It has been the urge of necessity that has, I think,
brought uniform treatment of these matters throughout an area of
that size. It is also an important thing to bring home to the civilians
a sense of their own responsibility in these matters.
I think, in the field of protection, there is not now, even indirectly,
any attitude of "Well, that is the Army's task; that is the Navy's
task; let George do it." We have to understand that this business
is our own. We are looking out for our lives in this work of "passive
assistance." The Army has its own task to do, which it will perform
capably.
VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
Now to move to the other aspect of the program, the program of
voluntary participation. Thousands — in fact, millions — of people in
the United States are asking, over and over, this question: "What
can I, as an individual, do for defense or for the war effort?" We
have that great store of human resources available.
The jobs in the field of protection aren't, as yet, enough to take up
that store of human energy, some have somehow to get the mechanics
to feed that human energy into the tasks that need to be done — and
we have to know what the tasks are that need to be done. The crea-
tion of a mechanism for the registration of people is one of the easier
tasks. To register them and find out what they can do, what their
aptitudes are, is an enormous task but it is one of the easiest tasks, as
I see it.
Many of the States and many of the communities had started off
doing that kind of thing on their own. There was a general State-
wide registration last April or May in the State of Massachusetts.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9765
It didn't accomplish much because there was no mechanism to put
them in the tasks that they coukl do after they were registered.
There is where I think the Federal Government can do a real job —
in the suggesting of ways and means by which communities can meet
their problems. We have an enormous Govermnent of many special-
ized lines here in Washington from which emanate many good ideas,
and if those ideas can be effectively transmitted to the communities
in terms of the needs of those communities, this store of human energy
may be released and put to work. In this way, we may be able to
deal with what the mayor called the frightening picture of after the
war.
A difficulty that arises in that connection is the channelling of that
information. As I see it, from the community angle, from the State
angle, or even from the regional angle, there are many voices talking
in Washington, but one doesn't quite know what they are saying nor
if they all speak with authority.
For example, these agencies, the State councils of defense, local
councils of defense, were built first to deal with problems of protection.
Then they moved out to deal with the wider problem of voluntary
participation. They have a certain loyalty to the regional office of
the O. C. D. They ask questions of it.
Meanwhile, other agencies or groups move in and oft'er their re-
sources. They say, "Shall we do this? Shall we do that? What is
the meaning of it? How does this fit into the general picture?"
The "vyay in which communities should deal with the problems of the
war, seems to me the great problem that can be solved by these
regional offices and through the Office of Civilian Defense itself.
Perhaps I have taken too long, sir.
Mr. Arnold. No. It is very interestuig. I think you have cov-
ered most of the points I wished to question you on. Then your job
as Executive requires ovei"-all reponsibility for the two phases of the
program?
Mr. Landis. Yes, sir.
Mr. Arnold. And is it your view that these two phases are separate
and distinct, or in what way do you feel they must be integrated?
Mr. Landis. My view is that they are part and parcel of the same
picture. Protection, for instance, is accomplished through volunteer
service on the part of civilians. I don't believe that the Federal Gov-
ernment today is thinking of paying all these people for doing a job
that they should be doing for themselves, for their own existence.
But that is only a partial utilization of what I spoke of a moment ago
as the enormous store of human energy that is now available to do
something for the country to meet the problems that it is facing.
These problems are seen dimly by the people but they haven't become
quite concrete to them in many instances.
Mr. Arnold. Will you state for us ways in which the national office
will enlist the cooperation of Federal departments and agencies in
meeting the needs in these communities?
Mr. Landis. The way in which I think that can be done is to show
the bearing of the defense effort on the community, and tell the com-
munity, "These are the things we think you ought to be doing. These
are the ways in which we tliink the Federal Government as a whole
can help you. These are the agencies that it possesses to help you."
9766 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
We can also survey that community and say, "Now, look, you are
not caring for this thing. You are not taking care of that thing. Can
we help you do something about it?" That is what we must do if
civilian defense is brought to the community.
Mr. Arnold. That is all the questions I have, Air. Chairman.
The Chairman. Well, thank you, Dean. We appreciate your
coming here very much.
TESTIMONY OF MRS. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, ASSISTANT
DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF CIVILIAN DEFENSE
The Chairman. Mrs. Roosevelt, we appreciate very much your
coming here this morning. I think you know considerable about the
work of our committee, so we won't go into that.
But after traveling around the county we have been gravely
concerned about housing, health, education, and other essential
facilities. We have been concerned not only because of the personal
hardships these shortages cause, but because they are major obstacles
to effective war production. They create labor turn-over. They
result in ill health and lowered efficiency. Lowered production
results at a time when not one gun, tank, airplane can be spared.
We have been concerned by discrimination against the foreign-
born, against women, against Negroes, in employment and training
practices, not only because this is contrary to the American way,
but because it fails to utilize a large section of our labor force.
Now, Mrs. Roosevelt, you know this country as few others do.
One of the members of our committee has designated you as "Migrant
No. 1." I am sure you won't be insulted by that.
You have been close to the needs of our people. In what ways,,
if any, do you feel these unmet needs may interfere with our all-out
war effort? Perhaps you would illustrate with examples of situations
you have seen in various parts of the country.
INSECURITY OF FAMILY OR GROUP WEAKENS WHOLE DEFENSE
Mrs. Roosevelt. Well, I think there are a great many ways in
which unmet human needs interfere. There is one basic thing — let's
take it in the field of defense — people must feel secure — that is to
say each individual family must be secure, to make the whole defense
of the Nation strong.
Therefore, when you have either a family or a group that is inse-
cure, you weaken your whole defense. That is why it is important,
I think, to meet the needs of people. In the first place, that strength-
ens your defense, because people have the feeling that they have
something worth fighting for, the feeling that they can fight, because
they are strong, they are well fed, they are well housed, they know
they have a job and it is secure. That makes a strong nation.
Then, in the field of production, it seems to me it is perfectly
obvious. We know that if you don't have enough to eat you can't
work well, and therefore your production is cut down.
If you are living under conditions which are poor, sleeping con-
ditions that are bad, if you have overcrowding, medical health con-
ditions that are very poor, you are not going to do your job as well
nor are j^ou going to produce as much. I think that that can perhaps
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9767
be illustrated by a number of situations that exist in various parts
of this country, but one which is coming to the attention of every-
body just at present is the Michigan situation.
I might cite a number of letters from people in which they say,
"We have been laid off, we don't know what is going to happen to
us." There are rumors of every kind. "How long will it take to
convert plants? The cost of living is rising. Our unemployment
compensation isn't adequate. Our whole situation is insecure. We
are not even told that we will get om- job back. We don't know how
we are going to get training for the new job."
That creates a depression in civilian morale. Now that isn't
happening just in Michigan. That happens in many places, and will
happen more and more. I think that we have to prepare for that
and not let it happen if possible. If you want an illustration of a
group situation, take your Negro situation, right here in the District
or in New York City, a group of people who feel that they are pushed
aside and not allowed to participate.
It may not be the Negro group only. It might be some of the
aliens who have come to this country to escape certain things in other
countries, and who are most anxious to contribute what they have to
contribute. Now I am not minimizing the fact that we have to be
extremely careful and that we have to investigate such persons with
great care, and that we have to know all we possibly can about these
people, but I do think that we have to utilize everything that we
possibly can utilize, if we really are going to be all out in this war.
I think you can find a sense of frustration in those groups, which
leads to poor morale.
They are part of our life, and such feeling leads to poor civilian
morale and to poor production, because it means they have a sense
of not being able to contribute, of not being included in what is hap-
pening.
The Chairman. Well, Mrs. Roosevelt, you speak my language.
We found those things true of the migrants in 1940, 4,000,000 of them
on the road and, as you say, insecure. We must give those people a
country worth fighting for and dying for. I do not feel that you can
separate civilian morale from Army and Navy morale, it just can't be
done.
Mrs. Roosevelt. No, it all hangs together.
WORK OF VOLUNTEER PARTICIPATION DIVISION
Mr. Chairman. As I understand, since August you have headed
up the volunteer participation division in the Office of Civilian Defense.
Will you please indicate what the purpose of the division is and what
its work has been up to this time?
Mrs. Roosevelt. Well, when I came in, there had been two people
preceding me. The first person was Mrs. Kerr, Jwho was borrowed
from the W. P. A. Her work, primarily, had to do with professional
and service projects, and she was simply borrowed to look over the
field and see what could be done.
Then Miss Eloise Davidson, who came from the Herald Tribune in
New York, was borrowed also to continue trying to develop a way in
which volunteers could be used and by the use of volunteers, civilian
morale could be helped.
9768 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Miss Davidson had worked in the T. Y. A. She is a very excellent
organizer and knows a great deal about people and about nutrition.
She did not know a great deal about Government agencies and work
in Washington. She had not had that experience before.
Therefore the only actual thing that had been done at that time
was the asking of two people to come in and work on the establishment
of volunteer bureaus, as they were then called — they are volunteer
offices now — under the State and local defense councils.
Well, at that time State and local defense councils were nonexistent
in many places, because there was still a feeling that this whole idea
of protection was a foolish thing. Many persons felt that we weren't
ever going to be attacked, nothing was ever going to happen to us,
and why did we want to agitate about this? So the Office of Civilian
Defense made a pattern for the organization of a volunteer bureau.
Then they started to try to get some bureaus established.
When, with Miss Davidson's consent, the mayor asked if I would
come in and help her, I found that to be the situation. There was
the beginnings of volunteer bureaus. Very nearly the first thing
you think about is the stimulation of protective things, if you are
planning for defense. It gradually became evident that if we were
going to have a complete defense we had to have a conception of
what lay back of what might be called semimilitary functions in
defense, for the whole community.
COMMUNITY GROUP ORGANIZATION
Well, we decided first of all to tiy to see wdiat groups of people had
to be interested, if we were going to get the whole community inter-
ested in defense. The volunteer bureaus were pretty well on the way
to organization, at least on paper. That meant they knew what
they wanted but that they hadn't gone very far. Then I decided
that we would need a youth-activities division, because there would
be young people in every community that would want to be doing
something. We would have to know what they wanted to be doing
and how to interest them.
We would also have to deal with organizations: Women's organi-
zations and men's organizations, that would want to be doing some-
thing. Many of their activities they called defense programs. So
Miss Davidson took over those organizations, very largely, as we got
them set up. It gradually began to dawn upon me that we would
really need to set up some way of getting information from all the
Government and the State and local, and even from labor groups,
to know what was happening, what was the impact of defense, in
communities all over the country. You couldn't just sit in Wash-
ington, even if you have two or three people traveling, and know that.
You would have to gather it all into a great pool and analyze this
information, and then begin to find out what could be done about it.
That led me to the feeling that we really should establish a way of
collecting this information and of analyzing it. Then we should
establish a community planning and organization group that would
be over all the other activities. Then a community as a whole
would see what the problems were, and would then use existing agen-
cies by bringing to their attention the things that had to be done —
Federal agencies and local agencies and State agencies — and say.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9769
"This problem is not a problem, in this community, of just of a change
in employment for a lot of people."
It is a problem perhaps of that, but it also is a problem of lack of
housing for part of the community. It is perhaps a problem of a
group of people, who are in such a low income level at all times, that
their situation is creating a problem in the whole area.
In the rural field, which has been very little noticed, there is a great
deal to be done, because rural people want to feel that they are
included in the defense of their country. They also have many
problems in rural areas that are intensified at present. For instance,
it is very difficult to get farm labor at the price they used to get it.
There are a great many things that come into the rural picture, which
we have not covered very well, but which, in community planning
as a whole, you must consider.
So that now we are trying to set up an information pool and an
all-over community planning group, not to actually do things but to
know things, and to use to the maxunum every agency that is in the
field and able to do things. I think that is not my job, strictly
speaking.
I am in charge of volunteer participation. We, all of us, however,
came to seeing that this had to be done.
I think probably it will go over to Dean Landis, eventually, but
that doesn't matter.
The point is, the job needs to be done, and it doesn't matter, really,
in what particular place it is, as long as the job is done.
Now, as to the volunteer participation, which is really getting
volunteers into every field, I thought you might lil^e to know that
we now have these volunteer officers, and the type of volunteers that
have come into the work.
FUNCTIONS OF VOLUNTEER OFFICES
Whore we have actual, complete, volunteer offices set up, they have
three functions:
They have the fmiction of enrolluig volunteers, of finding ways for
training volunteers, and of then finding ways to use volunteers. Wo
do not call a volunteer office completely set up until it fulfills those
three functions.
There are a lot of places where they register people and do nothing
else. That is not a complete volunteer office, because there is no use
registering people unless you are going to give them training if they
need it, ancl find them places where they can actually function.
Now, we have, on the protective side, furnished auxiliary firemen,
auxiliary police. I should add that, on occasion, hi many places, you
adapt your plans to what the place desires to do. In many cases they
have registered people who wished to be auxiliary firemen, auxiliary
policemen at the fire stations or the police headquarters — but their
names are turned in to the volunteer offices so that we can have, in
one place, a complete picture of all the volunteers that can bo cafied
upon in tliat community.
We furnished fire watchers, auxiliary medical personnel, demolition
and clearance squads, messengers — a lot of messengers; the young
people come into that — staff corps, rescue squads, bomb squads, feed-
ing and housing groups, nurses' aides.
9770 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
RED CROSS SERVICES
Now, the Red Cross registers the nui'ses' aides, but they asked us to
help stimulate interest, because they were havmg some difficulty in
getting as man}^ as they would like to have. There is, of course, a
full registration of their workers in the Red Cross, The present
arrangement with them is that they register with us the head of then-
volunteer service, and the numbers of volunteers that they have
registered with them. That keeps our office informed of the numbers
that can be called on, in each group, in case of need. That includes
road repair crews, decontamination squads, and drivers corps.
Then, in the community service, we can obtain, for our volunteers,
training and the opportunity for service with fam.ily security services,
the health services, the recreation services, and informal education
services.
In the recreation services, a great many young people can be used,
and very often, in some of the education services, they can be used as
assistants, if they have some supervision.
Our plans include housing services, democracy programs, library
services, special war services, child-care services, hospital services,
consumer services, nutrition services, food-conservation services, and
American Red Cross services.
Now, that, of course, means that people who want an outlet find
it tlu-ough the volunteer bureau, and we beUeve that the more people
feel that they are actually taking a part m the defense of their covm-
try, the stronger your defense is. We have also suggested that those
people who cannot enter any service, for instance housewives, par-
ticularly in rural areas, where they can't get to a central place to
work, or young housewives who have little children at home, should
still be given a feelmg of participation. Realizing that domg your
job better than you have ever done it before — by taking the trouble
to learn to follow, for instance, a very simple nutrition course, and
really feedmg your family better than you have ever fed it before —
is a defense job.
PARTICIPATION OF WHOLE FAMILY
If your whole family is to be enlisted in the effort, you should get
your children to feel that they are making a contribution. When
they say, "No; I don't like milk to drink; I won't drink any milk
this morning," their contribution may be that they drink their milk,
if that is good for them. Then they have a sense of participation.
If the whole family joins in, they can be given a sign which says:
"We are part of the civilian defense program for the defense of the
Nation," and we think that is a very important thing, because we
feel that everybody should be given a share in this defense program.
I don't think you can defend the country with its Army and its
Navy alone, because there must be first a feeling, by those who are
in the Army and Navy, that their families are being taken care of.
That makes an enormous difference to Army and Navy morale.
Second, a feeling that the people at home know what this whole
war is about, and that they know what their young people are fighting
for. and that they are willing to help; I think that is what my side
of civilian defense is trying to do. I don't feel that we have done it,
but that is what we are trying to do.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9771
The Chairman. Mrs. Roosevelt, what effect has the declaration of
war had on the extension of your service?
Mrs. Roosevelt. It has had a tremendous efl'ect in the increase
in the number of volunteers who desire to participate. Of course,
at first, many of the volunteers were people who had leisure time.
Now people who think they do a good, full day's work are anxious
to do somethmg more, if they can. Those who had volunteered
before, those who had leisure time, looked upon it more or less as,
well, just not a very important thing, something that you could do
or not do, as you chose. But that attitude has changed very greatly
and there is a seriousness now among volunteers which there \\ as not
before.
RELATION OF DIVISION TO OTHER AGENCIES
The Chairman. Mrs. Roosevelt, will you please indicate what the
relation of your Division will be to existing agencies, such as the
Federal Security Agency, the Department of Labor, and others?
What relation, if any, will you have to them?
Mrs. Roosevelt. Our relation to all these agencies is that, in
registering volunteers, we can furnish them with any help that they
need on the local level, to make then programs better than they have
ever been before. They must, of course, furnish both traming, where
it is needed, and supervision, but we will furnish volunteers at their
call.
Secondly, our agency, with the knowledge gathered from all these
agencies and from field observation, and from the reports available,
should be able to recommend to the other agencies in the field the
things that need to be done. We never do them, but we recommend
things that need to be done.
Now, I might illustrate, perhaps, by citmg some work we have
been doing with the Department of Agriculture. We felt very much
that there was a need to make rural groups feel they had a distinct
defense job. We knew, and the Department of Agriculture knew,
that for a long time they had been trying to stimulate more home
gardens, with the idea of raising the nutritional level in the home.
This now has become, in addition to its help in family nutrition, a
real contribution to defense, because there are many of these foods
that are commercially grown which we need to ship to our allies.
There are four things that the nutritionists tell us contain the mini-
mum requirements to keep people in good condition: Tomato juice,
potato flour, pork products, and milk powder.
Well, we can't produce extra cows overnight, but with better
knowledge of how to feed cows you may be able to increase the
amount of milk produced.
There are ways in which we can assist this program, which the
Agriculture Department had already started, and not adding to the
urgency of the problem, by taking ourselves, as far as we can, out of
the market on these things, so they may be free for other people.
That is the main reason for having a garden, for growing certain
things.
So we have worked in very close cooperation with the nutrition
people, both in the Office of Defense Health and Welfare under
Governor McNutt, and in the Department of Agricultm-e under
Dr. Wilson.
9772 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
We have worked with the Secretary of Agriculture, and we are
helping to stimulate the interest in rural communities in increasing
gardens, in increasing the production of certain things which will not
add to the difficulties of the commercial grower. The commercial
grower has a hard time anyway, getting his crop picked, at the present
wage level, and with an increasing scarcity of farm labor. By making
it possible to produce in smaller units, we hope to make these food
supnlics available to all at reasonable cost.
We don't know how successful we will be, but we are going to try
and push food production as a defense activity. In that way we
would help the defense program, by working with existing agencies,
on things that we consider to have a defense value, though we don't
do the thing ourselves.
The Chairman. Mrs. Roosevelt, section E of the Executive order
setting up the Office of Civilian Defense reads, in part:
The Office of Civilian Defense will consider proposals, suggest plans and pro-
mote activities designed to sustain the national morale and to provide oppor-
tunities for constructive civilian participation in the defense program.
What kinds of jobs are civilians doing to carry out the intent of
this section in other than the emergency types of work?
Mrs. Roosevelt. Well, I think I have pretty well covered that in
citing the things the bureaus had been enlisting people in.
There is one thing that I think we can help in very much, and that
is in the stimulation and development, in some cases by groups, of
more forums or meetings of people for discussion and for obtaining
answers to their questions.
SPEAKERS BUREAU
We have done very little of that, as a whole, in this country. I
think that it would stimulate morale a great deal if there were, in
various localities, groups coming together, where they could ask
questions. We have, in connection with the Speakers Bureau, set
up a place where questions may be sent in and the answers will be
obtained from the Government and private agencies here, from the
people who know. We will send them back to those people who
ar« holding group meetings like that. We will try to train, tlirough
our regional offices, people who may be able to go to such groups and
help them with their problems.
The Chairman. Yesterday we had a hearing on the problems of
the District as a typical American city.
It seemed to us that the migration of large numbers of Government
workers and others to war jobs here has already created situations
for which the city does not have the necessary facilities. The number
of added migrants now expected will swamp the local facilities,
unless some plan can be worked out for anticipating needs.
Do you agree with that opinion? What seems to you to be the
most important unmet needs here in the District?
Mrs. Roosevelt. There are a great many unmet needs in the
District.
The Chairman. We found that out.
Mrs. Roosevelt. They were here before, and they are much
worse now
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9773
There are a great many needs, of course, in the District that are
enormously increased by the influx of Government workers; the
housing faciUties in the lower price level are simply unspeakable.
NEGRO WORKERS
You have right here an illustration of the Negro question as you
have it in very few places, because, while conditions seem to be
unspeakable for white people, it is even worse for colored people.
Everyone, white or colored, who is a Government worker, has a
certain amount of difficulty in obtaining food in the time that is
allotted to him at the lunch hour, but the colored workers have a
far worse time than the white workers, because they frequently have
to walk a great many blocks before they can find any place.
Someone said the other day: "But they can go buy it in any
drug store." But, if you would like to try it, I think it would amuse
you, because they can get no one to wait on them until all the white
people have been waited on first.
Even white girls, for instance, have complained over and over
again.
Our lunch hour is nearly over before we can bu}^ something to bring back and
eat on our desks.
Well, the colored people just can't get anything, that is all there
is to that.
I think you have an extraordinarily good illustration here, in a
good part of our population, of the problem of that group. It is the
lowest-paid group. It is given the jobs that are the lowest paid,
and I think that this inability to obtain proper food at the proper
time has a weakening eft'ect, because you will find tuberculosis among
colored people more than anybody else in the District.
You will also find more syphilis, and you will find more malnutrition
among the Negroes. I think that, right here in the District, you have
the best illustration of many of the evils that are coming to various
communities in the country, either where a group is having a hard
time, or where conditions which were bad before are augmented by the
increase in the population.
THE ARMY AND CIVILIAN DEFENSE
The Chairman. Mrs. Roosevelt, it has been suggested in some
quarters — probably you know about it or you have heard about it —
that civilian defense be placed within the jurisdiction of the military.
What is your view of this proposal?
We have heard the mayor on that. We might as well clinch it.
What do you think about it?
Mrs. Roosevelt. Well, I may be a little prejudiced, because my
particular interests don't lie as much along military lines, but I think
it would be rather diflacult to expect the Army, which naturally must
be concerned, primarily, with its military problems and in the obtain-
ing of materials which are absolutely necessary to defensive and often-
sive warfare, to also take over the civilian-defense problems of the
country. They have never before really had any opportunity to
study these problems, nor any experience in their administration, and
9774 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
yet they are problems which must be met, if you are going to have a
really effective defense.
I am not talking about the buying or the procurement; I am talking
entirely about the actual work of civilian defense, which I can't see
under Army jurisdiction, because they have had no experience. Most
of the people in the Army have had very little reason for being con-
cerned about the problems which enter into the civilian defense of any
community.
The Chairman. It was stated from the House floor that the Army
is not desirous of that job anyway.
Mrs. Roosevelt. Well, of course, I don't know about that, but I
can't imagine that they are desirous of it, because I should think they
have quite a job on their hands anyway.
The Chairman. Mrs. Roosevelt, we are certainly very grateful to
you for appearing here. It has been a very valuable contribution, and
we thank you very kindly.
Mrs. Roosevelt. Thank you very much.
TESTIMONY OF PAUL V. McNUTT, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF
DEFENSE HEALTH AND WELFARE SERVICES
Mr. Curtis. Governor, to save time, I will get right down to some
of the things that we wanted to inquire about. Your statement and
other material will appear in the record at this point.
(The statement referred to is as follows:)
Statement by Paul V. McNutt, Federal Security Administrator and
Director of Defense Health and Welfare Services, Washington, D. C.
Over the next few months America must harness every ounce of its brains,
brawn, and skill to attain the magnificent production goal set by our Commander
in Chief. This will mean that many people will be uprooted from their established
homes and accustomed jobs. Migration will probably be greater and for longer
distances than it has been up to date. Successful migration means placing every
individual in the job where he can render the maximum service. Even to approxi-
mate this ideal will require greater coordination and greater speed of the admin-
istrative machinery for adjusting the labor supply to production needs.
In Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, there is a statement to the effect that "it
appears evident from experience that man is of all sorts of baggage the most
difficult to be transported." We have been experiencing some of these difficulties
in recent months when our main job has been the relocation and retraining of
millions of workers essential to defense production. We have also learned that
part of the cost of transporting man is represented by the community services
which are considered as an essential part of the American standard of living and
efficiency.
I appeared before this committee on March 25, 1941. Since then revolutionary
changes in manpower demands have developed, and there are on the immediate
horizon still more sensational changes in labor distribution. Probably the most
useful thing which I could do now would be to review some of the history of the
past 10 months and point out its bearing on the near future.
In my previous statement I mentioned several types of migration which were
then getting under way and described some aggravated community problems
which would result from migration and the effect on civilian morale and efficiency
if these problems were not promptly and energetically dealt with.
FIVE types of migration
At that time I outlined five types of migration which were emerging or expected:
1. Migration of the families of men in the armed forces to the vicinity of the
camps under construction. This movement has about settled down, but will
resume with the expansion of the Army.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9775
2. Movement of construction workers. This reached a peak last summer
when camp and new factory construction was speeding up — this construction
activity has about evened off at 1,000,000 workers. There is no prediction as to
how many more will be required to meet the construction demands of the gigantic
program outlined by the President.
3. Movement to large cities which already had a reservoir of local unemployed.
This has proceeded normally. While some movement of skilled labor has entered
these cities, it has not been large in proportion to their original labor supply. As
the local unemployed in these cities are absorbed and the commuters fully em-
ployed, future expansions of employment will call for longer range movement.
4. Rapid movement to small cities where large plants were erected. Wichita,
Kans., is an example of this type. A survey of migration into this city, one of
America's great new aircraft manufacturing centers, was conducted by the
Work Projects Administration Division of Research during September 1941. A
year ago Wichita was predominantly a farm service city with only a few small
manufacturing industries. Today, after being awarded $368,000,000 in direct
defense contracts, it has suddenly become one of the Nation's important aircraft
production centers. This activity has brought a tremendous wave of migrants
into Wichita. Approximately 12,800 families living in the corporate limits of
Wichita in September 1941 had moved from outside Sedgwick County after
October 1, 1940. These families contained 13,000 workers. The total number
of persons present in the migrant families was 23,000, equal to 20 percent of
Wichita's 1940 population. In terms of its population, Wichita has attracted
during the past year 6 times more migration than Baltimore and 20 times more
than Philadelphia, even though both these latter cities are themselves important
defense centers.
5. Unsuccessful migration — the movement of people who come on the basis of
hunch and hope, and fail to secure a job. This migration was at its height in the
early stages of the expansion of camps and defense industry and seems to have
largely settled down. The migration surveys, referred to above, indicate that
migrants who have been in the community for several months have secured jobs,
otherwise they move on. Among the more recent migrants a considerable propor-
tion experiences a period of some weeks of unemployment. Among the Wichita
migrants 13 percent were unemployed at the time of survey; in Philadelphia,
8 percent; in Baltimore, 3 percent; in St. Louis, 16 percent; in Macon, Ga.,
11 percent; etc.
It would seem that industrial migration will be even more speeded up in the
next 6 months than in the past 6. This is to be expected because the local unem-
ployed and commuters in the.se areas have about been absorbed and because of
the intensification of the productive effort. If we are to obtain anything ap-
proaching a work schedule of seven 24-hour days a week, then millions will have
to be added to defense production.
6. To these types of migration I would now add another type which is looming
on the horizon — namely, that arising out of priorities unemployment. The
period of easy expansion is past. We are now entering a period of bottlenecks,
material shortages, plant conversion, and a tremendous shift from civilian to
military production. It has been estimated that over the next few months there
will be a net reduction in employment of from 1 million to V/2 million. A net
reduction of this magnitude means a gross turn-over of several millions who will
shift from one jol) to another, sometimes without changing residence but often
migrating some distance to adjust to the new situation.
tINITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
These great changes in employment indicate that the work of the United
States Employment Service will be of increased importance. To review briefly
the activities of this organization: They have placed in the past 9 months mil-
lions of workers; they have kept special checks on the demand and supply of
workers in occupations essential to defense. They have improved their system
of interregional exchange of information and intensified their knowledge of local
labor market areas. They have instituted a set of special studies of distressed
areas which have experienced or are expecting to experience priorities unemploy-
ment. These studies are used as the basis of certification of such areas by the
Office of Production Management as distressed areas, which status gives them a
preferential position in securing defense contracts or needed materials.
The need for more intensive efforts to utilize all available labor and the prob-
ability that future migrations will be for longer distances than the movements
60396— 42— pt. 25 10
9776 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
to date emphasizes the national character of the labor market and the probability
that State lines will be increasingly meaningless.
The logical conclusion to be drawn from this situation is that the organization
for interstate exchange of necessary skilled labor must be kept in high gear.
This vastly enhances the importance of the operations of the Employment
Service in its long distance placement activity. The Employment Service has a
great responsibility for promoting the maximum use of our manpower and it was
for this reason that the President decided that it would be a wise step to federalize
the Service, providing a close-knit national program instead of 48 State-Federal
programs. The Governors, when notified of this decision, have shown a com-
mendable spirit of cooperation.
The registration of so large a segment of our effective working population as a
basis for assignment of every individual to a position of maximum usefulness will
demand all the wisdom and all the cooperation which can be developed on the
part of the agencies which are responsible for getting men and jobs together.
A program of relocation is, however, insufficient without a thorough-going
program of retraining. The American labor force was not geared to the highly
technical requirements of defense industry. The unskilled, the inexperienced and
those with "rusty" skills had to be trained to most exacting specifications.
This task has been approached by using the existing vocational education
organization, expanding it where necessar}^ and adding special courses to the
regular vocational courses. At the time when I appeared before you last March
the program of training for industry was very much in a transition period.
The exact requirements of industry had not been determined and the functions
of the Employment Service in channeling the training operations had not been
worked out. Also very few trainees had been actually placed in industry.
The requirements are now fairly definite and are made known to the training
schools through the Employment Service.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMS
The Nation's defense vocational training programs administered by the OfRce
of Education completed 18 months of operation on December 31, 1941, with
estimated accumulated total enrollments of 2,880,000. Ninety percent of these
have been trained in the past 10 months or are in training now.
This training has been carried on in some 1,200 public, vocational, and trade
schools, 160 colleges and universities, and an estimated 10,000 public-school
shops. It should be borne in mind in this connection that these schools and
shops have been continuously utilized for the regular federally aided vocational
education program which for the year ending June 30, 1941, enrolled a total of
2,435,057 students, and that the defense vocational training prograna has been
in addition to the regular vocational education program.
Office of Production Management Associate Director Hillman recently called
upon the public vocational schools to speed up their defense vocational training
programs and to expand the use of their facilities and equipment by putting the
VE-ND (1) program on a 24-hour day and 7-day week schedule. He pointed
out that public vocational schools and public employment offices are in a position
to direct unemployed youths and adults to the courses of training most suitable
and for which trained hands are most in demand. Because of the close coop-
erative working relationships of the United States Employment Service and the
Office of Education in defense vocational training, and since both agencies are
coordinate with the Federal Security Agency and Labor Division of the Office of
Production Management, it would appear that vocational schools may be expected
to retrain increasing numbers of workers for employment in war industries.
Likewise, the National Youth Administration, through its residence centers,
many of which are located in areas of excess labor, is able to give work experience
to a large number of inexperienced young people and to start them toward war
industry.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
At the time I appeared here before it was apparent on the basis of surveys
made by the Public Health Service and the Office of Education that considerable
sums would be needed to provide community facilities and health and welfare
services in order that the migrants might be able to lead normal and healthy lives.
There was then pending an appropriation of $150,000,000 for the minimum essen-
tial community facilities. That appropriation has been made and allocated, and
an additional $150,000,000 has been appropriated for this purjjose. On the basis
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9777
of applications already on hand for projects requiring Federal grants, this addi-
tional $150,000,000 will be allotted within a short time.
The urgency of a health program for "all out" production is evident when it is
considered that in 1941 about 20 times as much productive time was lost on
account of illness as on account of strikes.
The Public Health Service and the Health and Medical Committee have begun
to mobilize the health resources of the Nation for maximum efficiency. In
addition to the task of providing hospital and sanitary facilities for growing
communities, the problems of medical education have been given especial con-
sideration. Policies of the Army, Navy, and Selective Service have been worked
out so as to insure the training of the medical and nursing personnel essential to
the armed forces and civilian population. Medical courses have been shortened to
3 calendar years and Federal assistance to schools of nursing has provided an
urgently needed expansion in their enrollment.
Also, the needs of industrial hygiene have been considered in relation to training
additional personnel, health supervision of workers, programs of industrial
nursing, .and the research necessary to implement these activities. Expert
personnel has been assigned to the State Departments of Industrial Hygiene and
to large industrial communities to strengthen their programs. Policies have
been developed to assure the maximum contribution of service by the hospitals.
Because of heavy demands made by both civilian and military agencies for
medical and dental personnel, the necessity for developing an intelligent recruit-
ment policy to satisfy the over-all needs of the Nation is obvious. The Procure-
ment and Assignment Service was organized in order to coordinate the recruitment
of medically trained personnel, and to mobilize the professionally trained people
of the country in such manner as effectively to serve the Nation's war effort and
at the same time protect the health and safety of the civilian population.
Problems of physical rehabilitation, improvement of certification of citizenship,
procurement of blood, and the production of commodities essential to public
health have been dealt with.
Regular activities of the Public Health Service which have been greatly ex-
panded'by the Public Health Service because of war needs include malaria and
venereal disease controls. Recent malaria control work has increased the pro-
tection of 700,000 people in the vicinity of Army camps and industrial plants.
Clinical and laboratory facilities for venereal-disease control, both of the military
and of the industrial population, have been widely developed.
Especial attention has been given in the past 10 months to the promotion of
a Nation-wide nutrition campaign. Studies of the actual food intake of large
portions of our population show that many people in the United States are not
adequately fed.
Recent scientifically controlled experiments have shown that when the inade-
quate diets of a group of people were improved, their capacity for work increased.
School children in the United States, as well as those in England, had increased
vitality after their daily food intake was made more adequate by giving them
an adequate noon meal. In large industrial plants, men receiving an adequate
diet were shown to have fewer colds, were absent fewer days from work due to
illness, and had more of a feeling of well-being as compared to the time they
were eating an inadequate diet and to other workers in the factory who were
eating an inadequate diet.
The aim of the national nutrition program is that every man, woman, and
child in the United States should have an adequate diet. We are providing a
framework which draws together the work of Federal agencies, State and local
nutrition committees, private organizations, and individual volunteers. Nutri-
tion committees have been established in every State, Hawaii and Puerto Rico,
in the majority of counties, and in many large cities.
These committees are organizing an intensive educational campaign to carry
into effect the recommendations of the National Nutrition Conference.
Also, especial attention has been given to the problem of proper feeding of
workers in industry.
One significant aspect of these movements which should be borne in mind
is that a large proportion of these migrants are young single women. In addition
to wives and daughters, from 15 to 25 percent of the newcomers were women
seeking work. Their problems are more acute because they are less successful
in finding work than the men. Recent surveys indicate that the unemployment
rate among migrant women is three times that among migrant men.
9778 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
I need not elaborate the social problems that large numbers of unemployed
young women imply. This underlines the major importance which is to be
attached to the recreation and social protection features of the activities of the
Defense Health and Welfare Services.
The promotion of recreation around military camps and industrial centers
has also made marked progress in 10 months. One of the most pressing problems
arising out of the Nation's defense activities is that of furnishing suitable recre-
ation for the civilian population and for service men on leave. Through its
Recreation Section, the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services has taken
and is continuing to take steps to insure the provision of profitable and whole-
some leisure-time activities.
The problem of maneuver areas has received particular att-ention. Working
closely in cooperation with the Army, representatives of this Office have organized
125 communities in the maneuver areas so that soldiers may reap the fullest
benefits from available resources.
The Federal Security Agency is sponsoring, upon certification bj^ the War
Department, a Nation-wide Work Projects Administration project designed to
supplement recreational services in defense areas where local resources are inade-
quate to meet the needs resulting from military and defense activity.
The special problems of defense industrial centers have received particular
consideration. Proper recreational outlets are especially significant in connection
with young persons who have left home for the first time to accept jobs in these
industries.
Through the Family Security Committee, the Office of Defense Health and
Welfare Services is giving its attention to the planning of programs which will
preserve and further provide for family security during the national emergency.
In its program planning, it turned its attention first to the problem of providing
a basic public welfare structure throughout the United States, comprehensive
and flexible enough to meet problems of human need that arise suddenly. To
this end it recommended an addition to the Social Security Act to provide for
general public assistance through Federal grants to the States to be administered
without discrimination as to the residence or legal settlement of recipients. The
present Federal provisions for payments to persons in need omit several categories
for which many States have also made no provision ur very inadequate provision.
You can see from this report that a considerable amount of progress has been
made in the adjustment of the labor force to a new economy. The job is not far
enough along, however, to warrant complacency. It is just getting well under
way. A larger Army and a larger productive capacity will require more construc-
tion; mounting defense and lend-lease appropriations must be turned into weapons
by the men who tend machines; meanwhile we must maintain such civilian pro-
duction as is necessary to morale and the preservation of our economic structure.
All this adds up to the intensive use of our manpower — the exertion of every
eff"ort to see that each man and woman is in the place where they can contribute
most to the common enterprise and to guarantee that the living and working
conditions of these essential auxiliaries to the fighting forces are such that the
maximum efficiency of output will be promoted.
What we are striving for is the unification of many related programs of human
welfare which will provide a well-rounded approach to the task of maintaining
uninterrupted security and services for the man in the street and for his family.
Supplementary Statement Furnished by Helen R. .Jetek, Secretary,
Family Security Committee
(The first report prepared on the basis of the jjlau for study of a defense area
with regard to problems of family security. This report was prepared by the
Honolulu Council of Social Agencies at the request of Mr. Robert W. Beasley,
Territorial coordinator of health, welfare, and related defense activities.)
September 3, 1941.
Problems of Family Security in the Honolulu Defense Area
defense councils
A territorial defense council was appointed by the Governor of the Territory
early in the summer of 1941. Its m.embership consists of the chairman of the
board of supervisors of each county (in city and county of Honolulu, the mayor).
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9779
the territorial director of Selective Service, the chairman of the (Honolulu) mayor's
entertainment comro.ittee for service personnel, and a representative of the Terri-
torial food storage committee. Information available to the writer indicates that
one meeting has been held to date, at which time a resolution was passed urging
a special session of the Territorial legislature to consider an M-day or defense
em.ergency bill. The council has no em.ployed executive, and to date, has appar-
ently not concerned itself with problem.s of family security or related problems.
Each major island has formed a disaster council. In Honolulu a full-time exec-
utive with business background has been em.ployed and supplied with offices and
clerical staff. A large number of comimittees have been set up to prepare for civil-
ian protection, etc., in case of attack. To date planning has been pretty definitely
lim.ited to future emergency disaster planning. The vice president of the Honolulu
Council of Social Agencies is a m.em.ber of the council.
HONOLULU COUNCIL OF SOCIAL AGENCIES
In the main it follows the traditional pattern of organization. Membership is
on a delegate basis with both public and private agencies holding m.embership.
It is governed by an elected board with certain public officers having an ex-officio
board m.embership, viz, the director of the local Social Security Board office and
the Territorial commissioner of health. The executive of the community chest
(United Welfare Fund) is also an ex-officio member of the Board. The council is
financed by the community chest (Budget 1941 — approximately $20,000), it has
a professional staff of three and a clerical staff of seven. Honolulu has had a
council for about 10 years. It was separated from the chest and supplied with
separate staff about 2 years ago. The two organizations work very closely together
It operates as the usual council does, carrying on educational activities, conducting
research, providing com.m.on services to the agencies (such as social service ex-
change) and serving as the coordinating and planning nxedium for agencies. In
recent months, a great deal of attention has been given to defense problems.
Activities are sum.marized as follows:
1 . Pushed organization and attempted guidance of development of governmental
defense and disaster councils.
2. Participated in establishment of mayor's entertainment committee for service
personnel (financed by United Welfare fund).
3. Followed Federal program of coordination of health, welfare and related
defense activities, and urged appointment of local coordinator.
4. Developed a plan for interagency cooperation with Selective Service officials.
With respect to the same the present situation can be summarized as follows:
Territorial Selective Service officials employ two social workers (use own funds)
who make dependency investigations. Through plan worked out, they clear with
the social service exchange on an "information only" basis, and have the coopera-
tion of regular social agencies, using a plan based on standards suggested by the
Family Welfare Association of America. This plan appears to be working satis-
factorily.
A definite plan for referring Selective Service registrants with problems and
rejectees with remedial health defects to sources of assistance and treatment is
now being effected. It involves use of trained medical social workers in examina-
tion centers who will refer cases to both health and case work agencies.
5. Meeting defense welfare problems: Planning in this area is being handled
by two committees of the council: The executive committee which has for the
time being elected to constitute itself the committee on defense welfare problems
and an intake and referral steering committee. Right now considerable energy
is being devoted to planning social work services for enlisted personnel and their
families and the civilian defense workers and their families. Under a plan ap-
proved by the council, the local chapter of the American Red Cross is establishing
a home service department, and a definite but tentative plan of interagency
relationship with the Red Cross is virtually completed.
It should be stated here that the local chapter of the Red Cross has doubled
its able-bodied service personnel (2 to 4 persons), plans to provide medical social
workers for the 3 service hospitals here, and hopes to develop its home service
department as needed. To date, due to the unavailability of qualified candidates,
that consists of 1 trained and experienced case worker. Estimates of staff needs
in this area run from 5 to as high as 15.
6. Volunteer services: On August 1, 1941, the council began operation of a
Central Volunteer Placem,ent Bureau with a full-time professional secretary in
charge. It is engaged in recruiting, training, and placing volunteers in regular
agency and defense agency programs.
9780 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
7. Cost of living and fam.ily buHget study: In 1937, the council published a
family budget study for the use of the committee's agencies. Revision of this
study in the light of rising costs has been authorized, but cannot be undertaken
im.m.ediately because of the press of work. On this point very little reliable
information on costs is available, but it is known that rents and food cost have
increased markedly.
COMMUNITY CHEST (IN HONOLULU, UNITED WELFARE FUND)
Honolulu has a chest with about 20 years of successful history. The present
executive has been with the organization for 16 years and has established an
enviable record of successful m.oney raising and community leadership in social
work affairs. All major private agencies financed by public solicitation, with
the exception of the Red Cross, participate in the chest. In 7 of the last 8 years,
it has attained its financial objective of $500,000 and this year will seek $575,000 —
$47,000 for the National United Service Organizations. It is in sound financial
condition, and enjoys the complete confidence of the business coman.unity.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS
Honolulu has a chapter of the American Association of Social Workers, with
about 90 members.
OTHER COORDINATING AGENCIES
Other than those previously mentioned, Honolulu has no other coordinating
agencies in the social work field. The chamber ot commerce operates the health
council.
THE PROBLEM SITUATION
Certain aspects of the problem situation have been touched on in the foregoing
paragraphs and other reports already prepared. Outstanding basic problero.s
include :
1. A housing shortage and high rental situation.
2. High food and attendant costs.
3. Lack of sufficient trained and experienced social workers to m.eet needs in
the areas of fam.ily and children's case work, public and private; m.edical social
work; psychiatric social work; recreation and group work.
Attached hereto are reports on aspects of the family security situation prepared
by representatives of four key agencies at the request of the council:
" 1. The chief of social work of the Territorial Departm.ent of Public Welfare.
2. The director of the Territorial Mental Hygienic Clinic (tax supported).
3. The director of the Private Fam.ily and Children's Case Work Agency.
4. The director of the Hospital Social Service Association (medical social work
unit for three main private hospitals — Honolulu has no general public hospital).
These statem.ents should throw further light on the problems this community
faces today and will face in the future.
John H. Moore,
Secretary, Honolubi Council of Social Agencies.
Territory of Hawaii,
Department of Public Welfare,
Honolulu, T. H., August 27, 1941.
To: Mr. John H. Moore, executive secretary of the Honolulu Council of Social
Agencies.
From: Mrs. Clorinda Lucas, Chief, Division of Social Work.
Subject: Problems arising in the field of family care as a result of the increase in the
defense activities in the Territory of Hawaii.
Over the past year there has been a drastic increase in rent in the Territory.
Many of the families known to our agency are being forced to live in undesir-
able and crowded quarters due to the fact that this agency cannot provide the
rent required in more desirable quarters. There is also a definite shortage of
houses, making it impossible for these families to find more adequate living
quarters.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9781
Various hospitals on Oahu rely upon this agency to make arrangements for
patients when they are ready for discharge from the hospital. In many instances
it is necessary for the patient to be isolated or receive some care. Rental of
furnished single rooms has increased within a year from (per month) $7.50 to
about $15 and for unfurnished rooms from $5 to $9.
Private homes are seldom available for persons in need of some convalescent
care, since the home owners would rather rent rooms to defense workers. The
Department has had difficulty in finding rooms for single women since again
landlords are more anxious to rent available rooms to men than to women.
The workers have reported that many of the single rooms which are now being
used by recipients of public assistance would hardly meet the health standards,
but that, since no other rooms are available, they have had to remain in these
substandard rooms.
2. SLUM CLEARANCE PROGRAM
The second housing unit here in Honolulu will be completed soon. The
Honolulu Housing Authority will then begin the third unit which is to be located
on a spot now populated. Due to a shortage of houses, these families will appar-
ently have no place to go.
3. INFLUX OF DEFENSE WORKERS FROM OTHER ISLANDS IN THE HAWAIIAN GROUP
At the department of public welfare agents' meeting held in July 1941, it was
reported that a great number of m(;n from the outside islands have come to find
work on Oahu. Their families and relatives have been left at home. Requests
have been received for the Oahu department to interview these men regarding
financial support for their families. In some instances this move has resulted in
family disintegration in that some of these men have established new family
alliances on Oahu. As yet Oahu has not felt this change in the shift in population
since the men are gainfully employed and able to take care of themselves.
4. INFLUX OF DEFENSE WORKERS FROM THE MAINLAND UNITED STATES
As yet very few requests have been received for financial assistance from men
who have come to the Territory of Hawaii. It has been possible for these men,
who for some reason have left the defense project, to find other work, such as
driving taxis, working in bars and restaurants, and working on other contract
jobs not connected with defense. The men are therefore able to maintain them-
selves independently.
5. INFLUX OF DEFENSE WORKERS FROM THE FIVE LINE ISLANDS
The same situation as stated in the above paragraph also holds true for tliis
group of men.
6. REQUESTS FOR RETURN TO PLACE OF LEGAL RESIDENCE
A few requests have been received for transportation to the mainland. As yet
no public funds have been used to return defense workers to their former place of
residence. Because other work has been available in Honolulu these applicants
have been asked to find employment in order to pay for their own transportation.
However, from the information which has been obtained, indications are that it
will be very difficult to obtain authorization for the return of many of these
defense workers. These workers have worked on contracting jobs in many
States of the Union and have actually not established legal residence in any
State for a number of years. Hence, should it become necessary to obtain authori-
zation for the return of defense workers, the Department will experience great
difficulty.
7. OUT-OF-TOWN INQUIRIES
There has been an increase in the number of out-of-town inquiries. We have
received letters from various mainland agencies requesting that defense workers
be interviewed regarding financial support and plans for their families who have
been left behind. It has, however, been difficult to —
(o) Locate these men since they move from project to project and from rooming
house to rooming house.
9782 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
(b) Work out any continuing plan to assure the families of any regular financial
support. Because of housing shortage and high rents, these men are often hesi-
tant about having their families join them here.
8. INSTALLMENT PLAN BUYING
Workers have reported that former recipients of public assistance are now earn-
ing large wages. The workers have found, in visiting in the homes, that the
families are buying many articles, such as radios, electrical appliances, automo-
biles, and household furnishings on a long-time installment plan. It is felt that
many of these families will have a great many debts and will necessarily lose posses-
sfon of these articles when the wage earner becomes unemployed.
9. EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG GIRLS
It has always been difficult to encourage young girls of limited intelligence to
accept work in private homes. Because of the need for waitresses and bar maids,
these girls are now willing to accept only that type of employment. In many
instances, these girls should be more closely supervised. It is anticipated that
these girls will become unmarried mothers and hence apply for public assistance.
It will, in all probability, be difficult to obtain financial support from the alleged
fathers because it will be impossible not only to locate these men but also to
identify them as the alleged fathers in order to prefer charges.
10. ILLEGITIMACY
The increase in the number of single men has been a decided contributing
factor in the problem of illegitimacy. The 1940 rate of illegitimate births in the
Territory increased 7.4 percent over that of 1939. It can be assumed that the
1941 rate will be even higher.
A manager of a home for unmarried mothers has reported her concern over the
increase in the number of girls who have become involved. She has stated that
the Army and Navy personnel have, in many instances, been responsible. How-
ever, these men are very closely watched in respect to their i^hysicsl condition.
With the defense workers, there is no control and she is concerned as to what
physical dangers these girls who are becoming involved with defense workers are
being exposed.
It has been felt that the community is attempting to plan for the recreation of
the armed personnel. However, very little has been done for the defense workers
and therefore perhaps these men have attempted to plan for themselves.
11. FOSTER HOMES
For the present, no change has been noted in the availability of foster homes.
It is felt that perhaps there may be more families interested in having children
placed with them since there has been an increased number of middle-class
families who have come to live in Hawaii. These families may become interested
in serving as foster families.
12. HIGH COST OF FOOD
It has been reported that food prices have increased and therefore recipients of
the Department of Public Welfare have found it increasingly difficult to manage
on our food budget. Recipients who have been in the habit of eating in restau-
rants have reported their difficulty in obtaining adequate food.
13. DECREASES IN THE EXPENDITURE FOR PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
The following amounts have been spent in the past 6 months for public assist-
ance. As you will note, there has been a decrease of about $4,500 since January
1941. One might draw the conclusion that this decrease has been due to the
defense program which has offered employment to persons on the relief rolls.
January $76, 025
February 75, 002
March 74,292
April 74,301
May 73,467
June 71,942
July 71, 701
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9783
August 28, 1941.
Mr. John H. Moore,
Secretary, Honolulu Council of Social Agencies,
Hawaiian Trust Building, Honolulu, T. H.
Dear Mr. Moore: I recently discussed with you the need for more adequate
facilities and staff to meet the need of diagnosing and treating the increasing
numbers of psychiatric patients in the Territorj'. The purpose of this letter
is to follow your suggestion of submitting data and statements which would
illustrate the problems which we are facing.
In accordance with Act 257 of the 1939 legislature, the bureau of mental
hygiene has conducted "an in-patient and out-patient mental hygiene clinic for
the examination, study, diagnosis, and treatment of cases of mental illness." As
you know, these are the facilities in the Queen's Hospital originally developed by
the Hawaii Mental Health Clinic which was sponsored by the public health
committee of the Chamber of Commerce of Honolulu. In conducting in-patient
phychiatric hospital services it is necessary to have trained personnel who can
provide the specialized examinations and treatment needed by these patients.
In almost every community it is necessary that this supervision and sponsorship
be subsidized by either public or private funds. In the Queen's Hospital we
have had supervision over the 10 beds in the mental hygiene clinic section of the
hospital, the 4 beds in the emergency section and also have had beds made avail-
able to us throughout the hospital from time to time.
During the last year we have averaged from 15 to 25 patients in the hospital
most of the time. Because of the fact that we have not had sufficient beds avail-
able and because of our limited funds for the treatment of patients, we have
developed a day-in-patient plan in which patients come at 8 o'clock in the morn-
ing and stay in the hospital for treatment until 4 o'clock in the afternoon. We
have been averaging from 8 to 10 of this type of patient daily. From this it is
evident that we have been responsible for an average of 20 to 30 in-patients daily.
During the last 6 months we have rarely had an empty bed available for a
patient. This has meant that we have to had discharge patients earlier than we
should; have been unable to admit and treat patients needing treatment or we
have had to commit patients to the Territorial hospital who could have been
treated at the Queen's Hospital.
The facilities for psychiatric patients in the Territory are virtually limited to
those under the supervision of the bureau of mental hygiene in the Queen's
Hospital and to the Territorial hospital at Kaneohe, Oahu, T. H. The latter
is a large "state hospital type" of institution carrying a patient load of, about
1,000 patients in buildings originally built for about 700 patients. It is 12
miles from the center of Honolulu and is, therefore, not geographically convenient
to psychiatric patients in Honolulu. It is also inadequately staffed to provide
adequate psychiatric treatment for acute, recoverable cases. Because of the
onus of being a patient in the Territorial hospital, many psychiatric patients will
not go there for treatment who would definitely benefit by a period of intensive
psychiatric treatment. There is overcrowding and a high percentage of oriental
and mixed racial groups in the hospital so that many haole individuals will not
accept treatment there, and it is highly undesirable to send an individual of
genteel background since the experience might be more traumatic than helpful.
Defense activities have markedly overburdened our already inadequate facili-
ties in the Queen's Hospital. The families of Navy officers and men with psy-
chiatric problems have been referred to our clinic, as have civilian workers from
Pearl Harbor, the Five Companies, and the line islands. Of the last 100 patients
seen by the bureau of mental hygiene, 30 were connected with defense activities and
have been in Hawaii less than 1 year. Fifteen of the thirty were defense workers
or members of their families, 8 were Navy officers, 2 were Navy men, 1 was from
the Army, and 4 were mainland "floaters" attracted here by defense jobs. This
means that in this group there was in increased patient load over island residents
of 43 percent, and that this 43 percent was made up of individuals connected with
defense activities.
During the year July 1, 1940, to June 30, 1941, this organization rendered
psychiatric service to over 1,300 patients. Of this group only 150 were com-
mitted to the Territorial hospital. During this same period approximately 550
of the above patients were hospitalized in the Queen's Hospital. The bureau
staff rendering this service consisted of a psychiatrist, a resident physician, 2
psychiatric social workers, 1 occupational therapist, and 2 secretaries. The
nursing service is provided by the Queen's Hospital and an additional occupa-
9784 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
tional therapist is subsidized by the Junior League of Honohilu. The total cost
to the Territory for this service during the fiscal year was approximately $28,500.
Many of the patients are able to pay for a part, or even all, of the hospital
expense, but very few of them can afford to pay any professional fees for psy-
chiatric service. Of 218 patients treated in the Queen's Hospital from July 1,
1940, to December 31, 1941, the hospital expenses were paid from the following
sources :
Territorial funds only 25
Territorial funds and city and county funds 7
Territorial and private funds 19
Territorial funds, city and county and private funds 1
City and county funds only 41
Private funds only 125
Total patients treated in the mental hvgiene clinic from July 1, 1940,
to December 31, 1940 J 218
During the past 1 }i years there has seldom been an empty bed available in the
Queen's Hospital for a psychiatric patient. It is almost always necessary to
discharge one patient before another can be admitted. On many occasions it
has been impossible to discharge patients in the hospital because they were too
sick to leave. This last week end five patients had to be refused admission to
the hospital because of a lack of beds. Two of the patients were disturbed,
two had made suicidal attempts, and the other had threatened to do bodily
injury to members of his family. Not long ago I was called to see the wife of
a commander in the Navy who was threatening to commit suicide. She was
acutely disturbed and in need of psychiatric care in a hospital. The commander
recognized this and requested me to make arrangements for such care. It was
not possible to obtain a single bed in any Honolulu hospital. When I called
the nurses' registry for a nurse who might stay with the patient during the night,
I was told that there was not a single nurse available on the registry. An admiral
in command of a large number of ships had to leave his duty and return to the
coast in order to secure adequate psychiatric care for his wife in a hospital, which
she seriously needed.
Our present facilities were never designed for the treatment of psychiatric
patients and are not only inadequate in terms of numbers but also in the quality
of the arrangements. It is very evident from the experience, statistics, and
resvdts of the efforts of the Hawaii Mental Health Clinic and the Vjureau of mental
hygiene during the last 3 j'ears of service in the Territory that there is a very
definite and urgent need for in-patient psychiatric treatment facilities in Honolulu.
It is also very evident that our present facilities are very inadequate in terms of
the type, arrangement, location, and actual number of beds.
From my experience in psychiatry and with our local problems, I believe that
there is an urgent need for a small psj^chiatric hospital in Honolulu. This should
provide ward and private beds for about 35 adults and 10 children. I think
that a hospital of this size should be associated with a larger hospital such as
the Queen's Hospital. There are probablj- not enough private mental patients
in the Territory to make a private mental hospital a paying proposition. There-
fore, such facilities should be provided in a hospital such as suggested. For
this reason, it will probably be necessary to construct the hospital with public
funds. At the same time the operation of the hospital will need a subsidy from
private or public funds. Such an organization could operate with the present
bureau of mental hygiene without changing the legislation but with an adequate
budget.
Probably the psychiatric hospital suggested could be organized, the funds
raised and it could be built and operated by a board consisting of representatives
from the board of health, the Queen's Hospital Board and the community on a
basis of operating agreements with the board of health and Queen's Hospital.
Such a plan would, I believe, provide the best service to the community for the
least expenditure of the taxpayer's money. It should be clearly understood
that facilities, whatever their nature, cannot be provided at the Territorial
hospital, at Kaneche, which would adequately take care of this patient load.
At least $150,000 is needed to build such a building and equip it. It is possible
that some private funds might be raised locally, or that some funds might be
obtained at the emergency meeting of the legislature if there is a possibility of
obtaining Federal funds on the basis of the present emergency and the acute
need for facilities from that standpoint. We are also sadly lacking in adequate
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9785
staff and need funds for additional help if we are to even approach meeting the
present patient load. At the present time we have two psychiatrists but do not
have a resident or intern. We need an additional psychiatrist and a resident
physician. At the present time we have only a junior psychiatric social worker.
We need a chief psychiatric social worker and an additional psychiatric social
worker. Our secretarial staff is far behind in its work. For example there are
over 100 physical examinations on patients which have not been typed. We
have been unable to complete the reports on patients seen on traveling psychiatric
clinic trip to the Island of Molokai in February of this year. We are not able
to get out some very essential correspondence on our cases simply because we
do not have sufficient staff to do this work. The sum of $25,000 for the next
year would probably cover the needs of additional staff help and additional
funds for the hospitalization of indigent patients.
The Territory has probably neglected the field of psychiatry more than any
other branch of medicine. Therefore, there do not exist in the Territory facilities
to meet the normal needs of the population. A concentration of a defense effort
in this area has brought a large number of people to the community — some of
whom are emotionally unstable and most of whom are placed under considerable
emotional stress in order to adjust to lack of housing, overcrowding, uncertain-
ties, insecurities, and many other problems peculiar to the islands. I believe
that from the standpoint of general morale in the group and in order to provide
an important link in the chain of defense that increased psychiatric facilities
are highly desirable and extremely important.
This communication is sent to you as the opinion of the director of the bureau
of mental hygiene and it should be understood that while it is forwarded with
the permission and knowledge of the Territorial Commissioner of Public Health,
it is not necessarily the opinion of the Territorial Commissioner of Public Health
nor of the members of the board of health.
Respectfully vours,
Edwin E. McNiel, M. D.,
Director of the Bvreav of Menial Hygiene.
Effect of the Defense Program on Child and Family Service Cases
reported by the director of the private family and children's case
work agency
Of the 414 cases currently under care at the child and family service, 250 have
been given a cursory review for this report. In 81, or about one-third of the cases,
outstanding factors were readily discovered directly relating to the present
defense program. As would be expected, the defense boom has aided some families
and has been a detriment to others. Even in the same family diverse effects may
be seen. For example:
A man who formerly was employed on a vegetable route now works nights at
Pearl Harbor making more money than before. But his young wife has begun
to step out nights. Also, in the crowded noisy tenement where this couple and
their six small children must live until they can find better quarters, the man
does not sleep well days. Becoming irritable and anguy with his wife, who in
his opinion should stay home nights and keep the children quiet during the day-
time, he comes to the child and family service for help.
Employment. — In the 81 cases obviouslj' affected by the present defense pro-
gram, 38 male heads of families are employed in civilian defense industries.
Seven others are serving in the Army and Navy. In several of the remaining
cases there is no male head of the household, or no family group. Nearly all of
these 38 male heads of families have notably increased their earnings by securing
employment in defense industries. Examples:
Two men were formerly on Works Projects Administration.
Another was a bookkeeper in a small store and now has a much better paid job
as timekeeper in a defense industry.
Four chronic alcoholics no longer lose their jobs when they go on a spree. At
least three of the men in this group are less well adjusted in their work than
prior to present defense activities. For example:
One man was contented to make a modest living by fishing, but because of
military activities can no longer fish in the accustomed areas. He has, therefore,
taken a job at Mokapu as carpenter's assistant at $40 a week. While this income
9786 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
is larger than his previous one, he dislikes the work and still hopes that Washington
will restore his fishing rights.
Another man who is reported to have been somewhat alcoholic but regularly-
employed took a defense job on one of the distant islands. While there, he was
arrested for burglarizing a warehouse containing cases of beer.
Another is German and an alien. He is a skilled worker but is in an unskilled
job because he is barred from defense and apparently from most nondefense
industries.
In this group of 81 cases, at least eight adolescent boys have unusually well-
paid jobs.
One, 19, earns .$105 a month.
Another 19-year-old with an I. Q. of 72 is receiving as much as $62 a week.
A high- school boy, when expelled from school, immediately entered upon
employment in a defense industry and is not interested in further schooling.
Only six of the women and adolescent girls in this group are reported to be
employed in defense industries. This rather low figure may be in part because
in a large number of these cases, we are dealing with foster homes where the foster
mothers necessarily would be staying in the home. Of the six women, all work
at Pearl Harbor: one in a laundry, two at office work, and one in a restaurant.
The jobs of the other two were not specified.
Illegitimacy. — In this group of 81 cases, there are six cases of unmarried
mothers. In four cases the alleged father is in the Army and Navy, and in one
the boy says that he cannot marry the girl because he will soon be drafted. In
the sixth case, the mother is a defense worker but the father is said to be a civilian.
Marital Adjustment. — In the 81 cases marital discord closely related to defense
activities was obvious in only five cases.
One was described on the first page of this report.
Other examples are as follows:
A wife becarrie unfaithful while her husband was employed on a distant island
and did not welcome him back.
A man has secured daytime work in an ammunition plant and at night works
as a special police officer. His brother who came to Honolulu to work in a defense
industry has joined the family. The wife finally deserted, complaining that her
husband is never at home and that he cares more for his brother than for her.
A man, after much unemployment, began to earn high wages as a skilled worker
in a defense industry. He no longer feels de])endent on his wife, who from time
to time has supported him by taking roomers, and does not consult her wishes.
She greatly resents his new authoritative attitude and has become ver}^ jealous
of his freedom and his new interests outside of the home.
A wife nags her husband, insisting that he could get a fine defense job if he
would. As a matter of fact, because of an earlier embezzlement, he cannot get
bonded and therefore is not eligible for skilled jobs in his line of work, but his wife
insists upon ignoring this.
There are several cases of improved marital relations which appear to be related
to the present defense program. For example:
A man, formerly on Work Projects Administration, is now buying new living
room furniture, has paid for camp for one of his children, and the entire family
seeins much happier.
A man has a job at Palmyra. His wife is much pleased because he not only is
employed but also gambles less and the family receives $70 of his pay every
month.
Housing problems. — The case workers reported surprisingly few outstanding
housing problems. It may be that poor housing conditions are so frequent and
admit of so little modification by a case worker that too little attention is paid to
them. Among the nine serious housing problems reported, were the following:
A man and wife and until recently their young adolescent son were living in one
furnished room, although the combined earnings of the parents amount to $72
a week.
A mother has recently remarried and the couple will take her child from the
foster home to live with them as soon as they can find a suitable place. They now
have one room in a hotel of poor reputation.
A mother has been released from a sanatorium and is staying in crowded quar-
ters with relatives. Her husband has a room. Two of the children are in an
institution and one in a foster home. Until a house can be found, the family
must remain separated.
A father, mother, and adolescent daughter are living in a poor tenement district
in one furnished room with a small lanai, although he is making over $60 a week.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9787
Child neglect. — Three cases in this group were brought to the attention of this
agency because of suspected child neglect. Two were referred by a chaplain and
one by a neighbor. In each case one or both parents were employed in defense
industries or in the Army or Navy.
Increased costs of foster home care. — A large number of the foster parents in this
entire group of 250 cases are requesting higher board rates because of the increased
cost of living and the great demand for rooms to rent. Some foster parents have
found that it is much more profitable to rent rooms to adults employed in defense
industries than to care for children at a board rate of only $20 a month.
Miscellaneous 'problems. — Several individual cases in this group present one or
more problems pertinent to this study but not included in the above categories.
Among these are the following:
A couple on the mainland arranged through a child placing agency to take a
child for adoption. Soon after the child entered their home, the family came to
Honolulu where the man had secured a good position in a defense industry. At
the request of the mainland child-placing agency and with full cooperation from
the prospective adoptive parents, this agency has taken over supervision during
the probationary period until final adoption papers are secured.
Another case is that of a 15-year-old adolescent girl who has been missing for
several weeks from the foster home and has been reported to be living with soldiers.
Here also might be mentioned instances of increased family income presumably
due to greater opportunities in private industry in this period of scarcity of labor
and increased demand for goods. (There are a number of such situations, but
many of them cannot be accurately evaluated.) For example:
A young man of 20 without previous job experience is earning $45 a week in a
brewery.
Although there is a temporary advantage due to increased employability in
the defense work, of people who would otherwise be classified as unemployables,
we are already seeing the effects of extremely poor housing conditions, increase
in the cost of living, lack of adequate recreation, and the increased separation of
parents from thier homes. The defense work has undoul:)tedly meant that often
both parents work, leaving children to take care of themselves or left in the charge
of incompetent maids. Defense families have moved from communities where
they have strong family ties into this community in which they are complete
strangers. Fathers have been out of the homes for increasing periods of time
due to longer working hours, and some parents have been separated for long
periods of time.
All of these factors have produced increased strains upon the family life and
these increased strains are now reflecting themselves in the increasing break-
down of normal family life. An ever-increasing number of children are being
arrested because of juvenile offenses. There is also an increase in the amount
of illegitimacy and families broken up by divorce.
The work of both public and private social agencies must be strengthened in
order to meet these increasing needs.
THE queen's hospital SOCIAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT
Social problems (January to July 31, 1941, inclusive) affecting men and/or
their families in the services- — Army, Navy, and Defense — may be classified as
follows :
FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR HOSPITALIZATION
These were men on the defense projects who indicated inability to pay for
hospitalization. Lack of the necessary length of residence automatically bars
most of the defense workers from city and country care; also, most of them cannot
be considered indigent, and theoretically should be able to pay for hospital care.
The type of plan most often made is that of installment payments after the
patient's return to work. These plans take into consideration the patient's
income and expenditures. However, they have not been very successful, many
of the patients failing to carry out the plans they make.
In a number of cases, the men have left the territory shortly after their hos-
pitahzation, and it is impossible to follow up the cases. Others move or change
jobs, and so we lose track of them. Some apparently feel no sense of responsi-
bility, and since many are Government employees, the hospital has no legal
recourse for collection. The fact that 27 percent of the cases referred for financial
arrangements during the first 7 months of 1941 were either alcoholic or mental
9788 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
cases is significant. The possibility that these patients will be suflBcientl}'^ stable
to assume responsibilities is often remote.
During this same 7-month period, the accounts of this group referred to the
social worker totaled, in round numbers, $6,000. Of this only one-third or,
roughly, $2,000 has been paid to date. These figures take into account only
the 99 cases referred to the worker on financial arrangements and do not include
those who appeared able to pay and were not referred but made arrangements
directly with the business office. Many of these have also failed to pay.
It is obvious from these figures that the defense program is placing an increas-
ing financial burden upon the hospital, which it cannot continue to carry unless
means are found for reducing the amount of loss.
GENERAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TYPES OF PROBLEMS
"Mrs. R., mother of three small children, arrived in Honolulu only to find her
husband away on sea duty. She was without funds or adequate living quarters.
A few days after arrival she developed appendicitis, which required prolonged
hospitalization. Added to illness was worry regarding the care of her children."
"Mrs. S., a 41-year-old Caucasian, came to the islands to join her husband, a
defense worker. He, 22 years her senior, and a second husband, could not under-
stand his wife's extreme discontentment with the islands. She had not been
very well lohysicall.y and in order to escape physical discomfort and an inability
to adjust to a new environment, took to drink."
"An elderlj' woman, aunt of a petty officer, joined her nephew's family in the
islands while he was stationed at Pearl Harbor. The young people resented the
older woman's domineering and demanding attitude which resulted in constant
friction. She developed a skin condition as well as chronic neuritis which was
not only uncomfortable but progressive and which necessitated hospital care.
Meanwhile the nephew was again transferred to the mainland but the aunt was
physically unaV)le to travel. Her financial resources were in England and she
was stranded here nearly destitute and without friends."
"The wife of a petty officer was diagnosed TB, an incipient case. As it was
unnecessary for her to remain in Queen's Hospital at a mounting cost to her
husband, social service was asked to find a housekeeper-practical-nurse-care-of-
children person so that the patient could remain in her home pending a vacancy
in Leahi Home, a hospital for the treatment of TB."
There were numerous other calls, some emergent, for placement of children
during the hospitalization of mothers who are wives of Navy personnel.
MATERNITY CASES
Forty-five out of 70 referrals were illegitimate pregnancies, necessitating
casework service; the remaining 25 were legitimate pregnancies, having complica-
tions requiring social service assistance. '
"An attractive 21-year-old Korean girl became pregnant. The alleged father,
an enlisted Army man, was transferred to the coast. He planned to return to
the islands, according to the patient's statement, but his present whereabouts
are unknown."
"An 18- year-old Portuguese girl married an enlisted Army man who regretted
the marriage and resorted to alcohol as an escape. The infant was neglected
because of the marital difficulties of the young immature couple."
DIABETIC CLINIC
Two men and five women were treated as out-patients in the diabetic clinic.
The services included interpretation of treatment recommended by the doctor,
cooperative service with other agencies such as department of public welfare and
Palama Nursing Service regarding plans for patients in need of supplementary
service.
MISCELLANEOUS
Many letters to families of men on defense projects have been written at
patients' requests. Money orders have been purchased and mailed to some
families. One pneumonia patient was so disturbed about his job that only by
several phone calls and talks Avith his employer could the social worker allay
his fear.
Besides the above types of problems there are others less tangible but never-
theless significant such as racial intermarriage with conflicting cultures which
result in various social and emotional difficulties. The problem of child care
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9789
and placement and the lack of adequate foster homes is an increasing problem.
The influx of emotionally unstable individuals, itinerant workers, and the like
has increased the case load of all community agencies.
Margaret M. L. Catton,
Director of Social Service.
TESTIMONY OF PAUL V. McNUTT- Resumed
Mr. Curtis. In one of our Baltimore hearings, Dr. Robert H.
Riley, director of the Maryland State Departmehf of Health, testified
last summer as follows:
We know that the provision for hospital care in the defense area is totally
inadequate. The hospitals in Baltimore City are doing the best they can, but
they have about all — and more — than they can take care of.
We have to appeal to Dr. Williams and to the Baltimore City hospitals every
day, and sometimes many times a day, for the hospitalization of patients from the
counties.
They are generous and very cooperative but the hospitals are operated to the
very limit of their capacity, and all need additional facilities.
Has this situation in Baltimore come to your attention?
Governor McNutt. Well, the same situation exists in many other
of the defense centers.
Mr. Curtis. Have these particular Baltimore officials taken the
matter up with you?
Governor McNutt. Not with me directly; no, sir.
Mr. Curtis. What is your office able to do about it, if they should?
Governor McNutt. Well, the only funds available are from the
so-called Lanham Act.
LANHAM ACT FUNDS FOR COMMUNITY SERVICES
There was an original appropriation of $150,000,000, There has
been an additional appropriation of $150,000,000. There was filed for
the hearings on that appropriation a table showing the need for
Federal grants amounting to $230,000,000, just then, and that did
not take into account the present expanded production program.
Of course, the Lanham Act covers hospitals, school buildings,
sewers, any other community facilities. It is very broad in its terms.
Mr. Curtis. In a press release of May 19, from your office, you are
quoted as saying:
Rising employment and larger wages resulting from the defense program will
not be sufficient to have any primary effect on widespread under-nutrition in our
country, either this j^ear or next.
In that same press release Dr. Hazel K. Stiebling of the Bureau of
Home Economics of the Department of Agriculture is quoted as
saying:
If the average consumption of these productive foods by all families in this
country could be raised to the level of those whose present diets maj' be rated
good, from the standpoint of nutrition, there would be large increases in national
consumption.
Consumption increases' would be approximately as follows: Milk, 20 percent;
butter, 15 percent; eggs, 35 percent; tomatoes and citrus fruits, 70 percent; leafy
green and yellow vegetables, 100 percent.
What has your office done to translate these figures into terms of
quantities of foodstuffs required, so that the Department of Agri-
culture could draw up a production program to meet these needs.
Governor McNutt. We have been in almost daily communication
with the Department of Agriculture and, as a matter of fact, the
9790 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Director of the Division of Nutrition is the former Under Secretary of
Agriculture, and tlie present Director of the Extension Division.
Mr. Curtis. A moment ago Mrs. Roosevelt mentioned four foods
that we needed, and needed to export, and among them was powdered
milk.
SKIMMED MILK
Isn't it true that there are about 60,000,000 pounds of milk that are
being wasted daily in the United States — separated milk?
Governor McNuTT. Well, there hasn't been the proper use made of
separated milk. There has been, of course, in the mind of the average
citizen, prejudice against skimmed milk, while, as a matter of fact,
the nutritive qualities of skimmed milk are well known to nutritionists,
and should be taken into account. I can't understand the prejudice
which does exist. Skimmed milk is good, and good for you.
Mr. Curtis. It is very good. Now, the Pure Food and Drug
Administration in your office, I believe, has set up a standard requiring
that this product be designated as skimmed milk?
Governor McNutt. That is right.
Mr. Curtis. Well, isn't that a bad idea?
Governor McNutt. No. It is simply following the law that the
Congress passed. We could not do other than what we did.
You asked for the common name, and the common name is
"skimmed milk." Being a country boy, I think I would tell you
that. If you talk about ''dried milk, solids, not over a certain percent
fat," I wouldn't know what you were talking about. You talk about
"skim milk," and I would.
Mr. Curtis. As a matter of fact, we couldn't sell very much ham-
burger if we were required to call it scraps on the market, could we?
And here you are going out to the dried-milk people in this country,
and they are restrained from utilizing this 61,000,000 pounds because
we must call it "skimmed milk."
Governor McNutt. Oh, no.
Mr. Curtis. Don't you think, if they called it, "fat-free," or some-
thing like that, the situation might be changed?
Governor McNutt. That is not so at all. If they had put the
energy into informing the people of the value of skimmed milk, rather
than using that energy in fighting the so-called common name, they
would have a market for it.
The law requires us to determine what the common name is, and
the evidence was all one way, but that, I think, is beside the point,
if I may be permitted to say so.
Mr. Curtis. Don't you agree that something should be done to
utilize this great quantity of milk that is not being used now?
Governor McNutt. No question about it, and I urged the milk
people to spend some of their energy in informing the populace,
generally, of the fine qualities of skim milk. We will do the same.
We have, in our relations concerning nutrition, pointed out that it is
very good for you.
Mr. Curtis. I believe that your office has linked the poor nutrition
of the American people with the high percentage of draftees who were
rejected for physical defects. This percentage was something like
42 percent of the total.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9791
A press release by your office dated August 15, 1941, states:
A Government financed voluntary physical rehabilitation program for selectees
rejected for Army service has been recommended by the commission on physical
rehabilitation and steps are now being taken through appropriate channels to
obtain necessary legislation, Federal Security Administrator Paul V. McNutt
announced today.
Has any legislation been passed for a Government financed rehabili-
tation program for rejected selectees?
Governor McNutt. No.
Mr. Curtis. Does your office now operate any program of physical
rehabilitation for rejected selectees?
Governor McNutt. We do not.
Mr. Curtis. Does your office expect to undertake such work or
additional work in the near future?
Governor McNutt. We have thought that such work should be
undertaken, and that our office would be the logical place to administer
such work.
MOBILIZATION OF PHYSICIANS AND DENTISTS
Mr. Curtis. In a press release of August 29, 1941, your office
announced that —
plans have been approved for the mobilization of physicians and dentists to meet
the special demands for medical care which may arise as the national defense
effort approaches its maximum, Federal Security Administrator Paul V. McNutt
announced today.
Can you tell what these plans are and whether any of them have
been put into effect to date?
Governor McNutt. They are in operation today.
Mr. Curtis. Can you tell us about them?
Governor McNutt. It is a voluntary system, whereby we have set
up a board for the selection and allocation of qualified physicians and
dentists and veterinarians. The professions asked that it be volun-
tary, and I for one was perfectly willing to give them an opportunity to
demonstrate that they could do this in that fashion.
The work is starting very well. We have had the cooperation and
support of the organized professions. The committee is operating
from here. It has its State and local subcommittees. I am very well
pleased with the way in which it is moving along.
Mr. Curtis. On November 14, 1940, the health and medical
committee of the Council of National Defense announced the appoint-
ment of a subcommittee on nursing. On January 15, 1941, the United
States Public Health Service announced that an appropriation of
$1,200,000 for training nurses would be used to increase the number
of nurses.
Can you give us the specific steps that have since been taken to
recruit nurses?
Governor McNutt. The program has been carried out in accord-
ance with the provisions of the statute; 40,000 were recruited. The
need for even greater numbers is now realized and a request will be
made for an additional appropriation. It is costing about $300 per
nurse to get the training.
Mr, Curtis. One of the problems which has disturbed the com-
mittee most was the fact that national defense housing projects in the
60396— 42— pt. 25 11
9792 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
past have gone ahead without accompanying plans for other com-
munity needs, such as education and recreation.
In a press release on July 12, 1941, your office states that a con-
ference on recreation for defense workers recommended additional
consideration of recreation needs in connection with new housing
projects.
Before a new housing project is undertaken is your office consulted
by Mr. C. F. Palmer in regard to planning other community facilities
such as recreation?
INTERDEPARTMENTAL HOUSING COMMITTEES
Governor McNutt. Yes. This was brought about by the forma-
tion within the agency of what amounted to an interdepartmental
committee. On that committee are represented all of the Federal
agencies which would have to do with the furnishing of community
facilities.
Certainly, the office of the Defense Housing Coordinator has been
represented at all of the meetings, and there has been the interchange
of information between our organization and his, and very cordial
relations.
Mr. Curtis. For how many projects have the plans for other
community facilities been drawn simultaneously with the plans for
housing? Has your office taken the initiative in urging such advanced
planning?
Governor McNutt. Yes; we have taken the initiative on urging
the planning. I can't answer you as to the number of projects,
specifically. I can give you the information, but I don't carry it in
my head.
'Mr. Curtis. How does your office operate on a local level? How
do you handle a situation of that kind?
Governor McNutt. Well, you realize that our basic organization
is that of the Federal Security Agency, which includes the Social
Security Board, with its operations in unemployment compensation,
the United States Employment Services, Aid to Dependent Children,
Aid to the Blind, Old Age and Survivors Assistance, and Old Age
Assistance; the Office of Education; Pure Food and Drug Administra-
tion; National Youth Administration; Civilian Conservation Corps;
the United States Pubhc Health Service; Howard University;
Freedmen's Hospital and St. Elizabeths Hospital. That has been
our basic organization.
In addition to that we have the responsibility for the defense,
health, and welfare services, covering education and recreation and
nutrition, including the operation of the health and medical committee.
We have utilized our regional offices, that is, the regional offices
of the social security board, by making them the regional offices for
the defense, health, and welfare services. We have thus maintained
our contacts all the way through the States and localities, contacts
which had already been established in all of these fields. We have
been dealing with these people through the years.
We have simply utilized our existing machinery with the addition
of specialists at the top. For example, we had some very serious
problems in connection with the communities adjacent to camps and
defense concentrations. ::■■■
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9793
Well, we sent people into those communities to do that job; as soon
as the community was able to undertake its responsibilities we moved
our people out. It was simply a matter of helping them do a job
which obviously belonged to them.
Mr. Curtis. Governor, I have one more question. I hope you
won't think I am facetious, but I am really concerned about it, be-
cause it involves the general welfare of the country, as well as quite
a few people individually.
USE OF BUTTER SUBSTITUTES
Referring back to this quotation from an authority in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, that our milk consumption should increase 20
percent, our butter consumption increase 15 percent: I have noticed,,
in some of the publications issued by the Federal Security Agency, in
reference to nutrition, certain model diets, a plan for breakfast and
lunch and dinner, and so on, that, in spite of the fact that we should
increase our consumption of milk and butter, it would carry in that
model diet butter substitutes and not butter.
Governor McNutt. I don't think you could point out any place
where that has been urged, where a butter substitute has been urged;
we are talking about the amount of fat which is necessary.
We tell the people where they can get it, but there has never
Ibeen — at least from our organization — any urging that there be any
substitution.
Mr. Curtis. I didn't say any urging, but the butter substitute
product was carried in the pamphlet as one of the items in the model
diet.
Governor AIcNutt. Well, the needs of the average person are set
out in the form of fats, for example. It is our duty to tell them where
they can get it, in what forms, and I think we would be derelict in our
duty if we did not.
Mr. Curtis. That is all, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Sparkman. Governor, the whole thing is that the person
requires a certain amount of fat, and not necessarily butter fat, isn't
that it, and if he gets that fat from any of these derivatives, why, it
is all right?
Governor McNutt. That is right.
Mr. Curtis. That is not what the Agricultural Department has
stated. They have been specific on milk and butter.
Governor McNutt. Which division of the Department of Agri-
culture do you refer to?
Mr. Curtis. I just quoted the Home Economics Division.
Governor McNutt. Perhaps it would be well to get the Economics
Division and the Consumer Division together on some points.
The Chairman. Thank you very much. Governor. We are very
sorry to have kept you waiting.
Governor McNutt. Do you wish me to file a statement, Mr.
Chairman?
Mr. Arnold. We have your statement and it is already in our
record.
The Chairman. Thank you. Governor. We appreciate it very
much.
The committee will resume session tomorrow morning at 9:30 a. m.
(Whereupon, at 12:30 p. m., the committee adjourned until 9:30
a. m., Thursday, January 15, 1942.)
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGEATION
THURSDAY, JANUARY 15, 1942
morning session
House of Representatives,
Select Committee Investigating
National Defense Migration,
Washington, D. C.
The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at 9:30 a. m., in
room 1301, New House Office Building, Washington, D. C, Hon.
John H. Tolan (chairman) presiding.
Present were: Representatives John H. Tolan (chairman), of Cal-
ifornia; John J. Sparkman, of Alabama; Laurence F. Arnold, of
Illinois; and Carl T. Curtis, of Nebraska.
Also present: Dr. Robert K. Lamb, staff director; and John W.
Abbott, chief field investigator.
The Chairman. The committee will please come to order.
As I call the names of the first panel — the panel on State welfare —
will you be kind enough to come up and take your places here at this
table?
The Chairman. Mr. Hoehler, you are going to be the moderator.
I think Congress needs a moderator.
Mr. Hoehler. I will do my best.
The Chairman. Mr. Lyons?
Mr. Lyons. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. Miss Dunn, Mr. Glassberg, Mr. Goudy, Mr.
Hodson, and Mr. Russell.
TESTIMONY OF PANEL OF STATE WELFARE DIRECTORS, FRED K.
HOEHLER, MODERATOR AND DIRECTOR, AMERICAN PUBLIC
WELFARE ASSOCIATION
The Chairman. Mr. Hoehler, will you identify the members of
your panel for the record?
Mr. Hoehler. The members of panel are Leo Lyons, commis-
sioner, Chicago Relief Administration, Chicago, 111.; Miss Loula
Dunn, commissioner of public welfare. State of Alabama, Mont-
gomery, Ala.; Benjamin Glassberg, superintendent, department of
public assistance, Milwaukee, Wis.; Elmer R. Goudy, administra-
tor, public welfare commission. State of Oregon; William Hodson,
commissioner, department of welfare. New York City; and Howard
L. Russell, secretary, department of public assistance, State of
Pennsylvania. My name is Fred K. Hoehler. I am director of the
American Public Welfare Association, Chicago, 111.
The Chairman. The committee appreciates the time you people
have taken to come here and help us. You are all familiar with this
9795
9796 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
committee's work during the last 2 years. You know that in recent
months we have been concerned with migration arising as a result
of war preparation. The increasingly rapid activity in war produc-
tion has now intensified problems of social and economic dislocation
which it is your job to alleviate in the States. We are glad to have
this opportunity to draw upon your observations and recommenda-
tions.
In order to facilitate procedure in a group of tliis size, the members
of our committee are going to address our questions to Mr. Hoehler,
who has agreed to act as moderator. He will, in turn, pass the ques-
tions along to the members of the panel. In this way, I believe we
can build a well-rounded picture of what is developing in the States
you represent as you see the problems. I have read the interesting
statements you have submitted. They will be incorporated in the
record.
(The statements referred to above are as follows:)
STATEMENT BY FRED K. HOEHLER, DIRECTOR OF AMERICAN
PUBLIC WELFARE ASSOCIATION, CHICAGO, ILL.
January 15, 1942.
Before beginning my testimony, may I express to this committee our apprecia-
tion of the invitation extended to these pubhc welfare administrators (who are
with your committee today) to present to you some pertinent information on the
problems confronting States and localities as this Nation engages in total war.
Today and tomorrow the executive committee of the National Council of State
Public Assistance and Welfare Administrators and the board of directors of the
American Public Welfare Association will meet in this city to discuss the problems
arising in various parts of the country due to defense impacts.
During December 1941, about 150 State and local public-welfare directors and
some three or four hundred of their associates, representing nearly all of the 48
States, met here in Washington to review their experiences for the past year and
to plan to meet new responsibilities and new problems arising from defense ac-
tivities. During that conference, the group raised a great many questions con-
cerning the results of the impact of increased defense employment on welfare
agencies through the reduction of relief rolls. It also discussed potential employ-
ability in defense work for some of the persons on relief. There was consideration
of so-called priority unemployment and a number of other social and economic
problems which face every American community.
REDUCTION OF RELIEF ROLLS
In answer to the questions which are related to the number of relief recipients,
we found that reduction has been extremely spotty, with some places enjoying
a considerable amount of new employment which has taken employable people
from Work Projects Administration, the youth agencies, and also the relief rolls.
Other places have experienced very little effect from defense employment. In a
few places it could be said that relief rolls have reached the hard core of unemploy-
ment and were made up mostly of those people who are unemployable or who
suffer from one type of handicap or another which prevents engaging in employ-
ment for wages. It was also pointed out during the conference that there was
no provision for general relief. In a great many other States, it has always been
extremely inadequate so that people have actually not had even the bare necessi-
ties of life provided from public funds. In every State, however, there has been
a welfare organization administering one or all of the public-assistance programs
(old-age assistance, aid to dependent children, and aid to the needy blind). These
groups, now aided from Federal, State, and local funds, are not likely to find a place
in the labor market. Some may be removed from the assistance rolls because
relatives have found regular employment and can thus provide a larger measure
of support for them than during the last several years. Where this occurs, there
are frequently persons on the waiting list for categorical assistance who have not
received this type of aid because of the shortage of funds. States affected by large
industrial opportunities have naturally experienced the greatest reduction in the
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9797
total cost of assistance. In those States where rehef rolls have been reduced and
there was the possibility of a cut in expenditures, other problems have arisen which
required the attention of the public-welfare departments and their employees.
REHABILITATION AND RETRAINING
Many welfare departments have been concerned with problems of rehabilitation
and reemployment of relief recipients. There has been the frequently expressed
need for the coordination of public welfare, vocational rehabilitation, and employ-
ment service agencies to accomplish the goal of returning relief recipients to private
employment. In several instances such coordination has been worked out with
very good results for those who are actually employable and for whom training
is a possibility. This kind of coordination has not been effected in many places
because of the shortage of funds. In each instance, funds are necessary so that
actual rehabilitation and retraining with lasting results can be accomplished.
Many of the State legislatures and a great many of the cities and counties have
been shortsighted in not providing the additional funds which were necessary
for this type of program. It is unfortunate that Federal funds have been so
inadequate, particularly for medical rehabilitation.
In correspondence which has come from the States to the office of the American
Public Welfare Association, it has been pointed out that local facilities for diag-
nosing and treating physical defects are completely inadequate and that new
medical services must be made available to local communities if rehabilitation
is to be accomplished. In other instances, it has been pointed out that funds
for vocational training, while they have been available recently, have not gotten
to the places in this country where that kind of training for new skills is most
necessary.
In the matter of reemployment, there has existed for a long time the obvious
need for a strong Federal employment service. This type of service, now an
accomplished fact, should move rapidly into setting new and better standards for
employment-service personnel so that those agencies may display greater vision
and iniagination than has been the case in the past.
A serious factor which has retarded reemployment of many people on relief
rolls has been the discriminatory hiring practices of a great many employers.
Very frequently men who have served on Work Projects Administration or who
have been on the relief rolls are for that very reason alone denied employment.
In other cases, racial discrimination has left no alternative for the individual or
the family than that of seeking public relief. Recently in a few places the elimina-
tion of aliens from defense industries and from many other forms of employment
has placed this group entirely at the mercy of charitable agencies. In some cases
assistance has been denied them by public welfare agencies because they lacked
legal residence.
PRIORITY UNEMPLOYMENT
The problem of defense priority unemployment is just beginning to materialize
in a great many communities. Up until the end of November, assistance rolls
were not greatly augmented as a result of curtailment of nondefense production.
Recently, however, the mobilization for total war has imposed sharp restrictions
on private consumption of goods made from materials required by the war.
Factories have been closed to consumer goods production and more drastic cur-
tailments in this regard must be expected. This program for all-out war will
undoubtedly cause great dislocation and with it many problems requiring com-
munity action under State and Federal leadership. In meeting these problenis,
Federal funds will be necessary. The dislocation of workers and of industries
places a great burden on governmental agencies which are expected to meet needs
for food, clothing, shelter, transportation, recreation, public health, and education.
These services are essential to civilian defense. Fortunately this country has the
resources and will undoubtedly express the willingness to meet adequately these
problems of home security. Provision will have to be made for emergency funds
not only to provide transportation for those people who are moving from one
community to another but also to provide some type of assistance to meet the
costs of dislocation and relocation. No one who has been through this experience
can deny that the average worker in this country must suffer a financial loss
whenever there is sharp and urgent requirement for a change of job which involves
the movement and care of his family. The answer to this growing problem of
dislocation can be found only in Government action and in the provision of the
necessary Federal funds to meet it.
9798 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Welfare agencies throughout the United States have felt very keenly the
pressure from increased cost of living. In very few instances have they had
the funds and in some cases they have even lacked the authority to increase the
assistance grants to individuals and families who are dependent on public aid.
Wherever rents increase and food prices move upward it means that not only do
the lower income groups suffer, but particularly do the recipients of public aid
carry a greater burden than ever before. Special case work services a-re being
provided in many instances at additional cost for administration in order that
families can be advised regarding wise and judicious spending of shrinking in-
comes. It has been generally agreed by experienced welfare people throughout
the Nation that there is need for Federal legislation putting ceilings on rents and
prices of food and other commodities. Even with such ceilings in effect, greater
purchasing power is needed for the clients of welfare departments in order to meet
the already rising costs of living. In many communities, particularly those near
army cantonments and new defense industries, it has been noted that the increase
in juvenile delinquency is related to the inadequacy of relief grants to meet family
and individual needs. In not a few instances these same communities lack
necessary facilities for education and recreation. When the rising cost of living
has forced women and children of low income families into the labor market to
supplement family incomes, it has followed that juvenile delinquency and other
social problems increase materially, requiring action of the part of welfare agencies.
PKOVISION FOR DEPENDENTS OF THOSE IN THE ARMED FORCES
Another type of dislocation which seriously affects many families is catised by
the removal of young men to enter the armed forces of the Nation. Already over
1,400,000 have been so removed and many more will be in the near future. To
provide for the dependents of those who are engaged in the services of the Army
and Navy, becomes an important national responsibility. During the past year,
it has been my privilege, as well as responsibility, to visit a number of camps
throughout the Nation where I had an opportunity to talk with hundreds of
soldiers. In nearly every instance there was some concern expressed for the
economic and social security of the families which they had left at home, even
where the breadwinner, be it a father or a brother, was currently employed.
There was always the fear that he might become incapacitated through injury or
there might be a loss of einployment. An invariable question was "What pro-
vision can be made or will be made for meeting the needs of my family which I
obviously cannot meet on $21 or $30 a month?" This concern on the part of the
soldiers and sailors is an important factor in our military morale and is also just
as important in the development of civilian morale. Where some measure of
security is assured there will not only be greater respect for the Nation which
provides it but greater confidence on the part of those who work or fight for that
Nation.
With the induction of men into the armed forces through the selective service
boards, many welfare agencies were asked to provide personnel to investigate
claiins for dependency deferments. This service was necessary and desirable,
but it added to the costs of administration in the public- welfare agencies and no
additional funds were provided from any source for this increased service. Follow-
ing induction into the service, there have been a number of cases where dependency
has developed in the families of the service men. Up to the present these
cases were met by discharge from the armed forces. Currently and in the future
such discharges maj' not be available, and it places a burden upon public or private
agencies to meet the needs of the family.
With regard to provision for the dependents, it would be extremely unfortunate
if this kind of provision for the families of service men is placed on the basis of
charity. After all, the soldier is an American citizen and he asks for no charity.
He expects his country to make provision for those whom he has left behind
and who are denied his support. This Nation must fulfill the obligation to these
men and provide adequate allowances from Federal funds based on token allot-
ments by the men who are serving in the Nation's armed forces for as little as
$21 and $30 a month. Such allotments and allowances should be given careful
study not only by the Army, which has already developed plans for meeting this
need, but by the agencies of the Federal Government operating within the Federal
Security Agency. The staffs of these agencies have had long experience in meet-
ing such responsibilities through insurance and assistance provisions.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9799
EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE
If this country is to suffer from serious enemy attack, sabotage, or bad disloca-
tions of industry, there should be adequate assistance provided, not on the basis
of need but on the basis of lost wages, income, or personal property. This type
of assistance can only be granted from Federal funds and should not be a subject
for discussion in charity campaigns or appeals to people to provide aid to others
who must meet these misfortunes. Provision should be made in the Federal
Security Agency for setting up such an en ergency assistance service in which
grants will be made to people who establish loss of personal property or who suffer
loss of income because of damages to their personal property or to their own person.
Without this provision this Nation cannot expect to maintain adequate morale
or a united Nation. People who face disaster imposed by war must have the
assurance that their country will help them to meet the results of that disaster.
NONMILITARY AGENCIES
The Congress of the United States has a responsibility to recognize all of these
civilian needs as definitely related to our total war effort. Discussion of defense
and nondefense expenditures needs careful scrutiny before curtailment because
in modern war sometimes the greatest defense is that which we provide in the
protection and the security of the home. Certainly in a democracy where the
individual is held in high esteem and looks to the State with confidence, there
must be a recognition of the State's responsibility and the Nation's responsibility
for helping the individual and his family face the rigors and the crises which come
into their lives in meeting a total war. It is not only that these people need
economic aid. Many of them will need far more than money — service of people
who are trained and equipped to help them face the day-to-day crises and added
responsibilities. This kind of service can come best through agencies and
people trained to help others in meeting their problems. There can be no stinting
of manpower or in the conservation of manpower either for the armed forces,
industry, or the maintenance of the American home. Wherever conservation is
necessary, be it in goods or men, it must be paid for and when a Nation is at war
provision for this payment should come from national resources.
STATEMENT BY LEO LYONS, COMMISSIONER, CHICAGO RELIEF
ADMINISTRATION, CHICAGO, ILL.
January 13, 1942
Effect of Concentrations of Military or Industrial Defense Activity
ON Welfare Problems
The increased industrial activity within the past year, as a result of the defense
programs established in the Chicago area have, up to this time, served to reduce
the number of cases on the relief rolls. From October 1940 to October 1941,
there has been a reduction of 35 percent in the number of relief cases, rsulting
principally from employable persons securing jobs in defense and related activities.
As a result of these industrial activities affecting the relief rolls, we find that as
of today the case load consists largely of unskilled labor with a heavy concentra-
tion of Negro men, and both Negro and white women. Should there be a further
accentuation of defense activity calling for less skilled, older persons, there should
be a further reduction in the relief rolls.
Information available to us from the United States Employment Service indi-
cates that during a 3-month period, October through December 1941, approxi-
mately 8,000 persons in the State of Illinois lost private employment because of
priorities, etc., resulting from material shortages. Of this number, approximately
two-thirds were in the Chicago area. However, it is estimated that two-thirds
of those who lost jobs have been reabsorbed into defense and related industries
and were not forced to apply either for unemployment compensation benefits or
for public assistance.
The Division of Unemployment Compensation, Illinois Department of Labor,
reports that in December 1941, there was an increase of 6 percent over December
1940 in persons making claims and receiving initial payments of unemployment
compensation benefits. During this same period there was an increase of 3.3
9800 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
percent in applications for public assistance in Chicago because of the loss of
private employment.
For the first 9 days in January 1942, we find that 37.4 percent of all applications
made for relief were due to loss of private employment.
The United States Employment Service reports an increased number of regis-
trations from persons previously engaged as automobile and tire salesmen. Up
to this point the Chicago Relief Administration has not felt the efi'ects of the ration-
ing programs with reference to automobiles and tire sales and rubber production.
The picture in Chicago with its diversified industries is still good insofar as relief
is concerned. The trend for the past 16 months has been downward. It is our
belief that with further restrictions on clothing, radios, novelties, and other civilian
industries, there is a possibility of a reversal of this trend occurring within the
next 60 to 90 days.
Welfare Problems Related to Priority Unemployment, Curtailment of
Civilian Production, and Transition to War Industries
Thus far. the Chicago Relief Administration has not had to expand its welfare
activities or services because of problems relating to priotiy unemployment or to
civilian defense activities. It is anticipated, however, that as an increasing num-
ber of civilian industries may be transformed into defense activities, there may be
a period during which recourse to public assistance by displaced workers will be
necessary. The problems of civilian morale because of displacement in industry
has not yet become unduly serious. The staff and facilities of the Chicago Relief
Administration have been offered to the Civilian Defense Office; the staff consists
of 1,330 persons of which 919 persons have volunteered for civilian defense duty
who are now being called to aid in that program.
Problems of Areas Suffering Population Loss and Other Depressed
Areas
The general picture regarding population loss and depressed areas is not as yet
acute in the Chicago area. It is our understanding from the United States
Employment Service that there are several areas in Illinois, principally single-
industry towns whi(?h are seriously affected. There has not as yet been any
marked" increase in the number of applications of nonresidents or migratory
workers who have lost employment in their own localities. If there is a transfer
of large groups of workers or civilians into the Chicago area the Chicago Relief
Administration will be called upon to provide assistance including medical services
and to meet emergency problems of feeding and housing. The Chicago Relief
Administration is considering, in its planning, problems which may arise should
general and large-scale evacuations occur from costal areas or from depressed
areas. Should these evacuations occur the Chicago Relief Administration is
prepared and equipped with staff and with experience to assist in a general welfare
program of readjusting these persons into the community. The extent to which
the local relief administration can meet this problem will be determined by limita-
tions of resources.
Problems of Dependency Growing Out of Military Service
With an increase in Selective Service quotas, we are experiencing an increase in
problems with reference to dependency growing out of military service. The
relief administration has already entered into this program and since December
8, 1941, has loaned four employees on a full time-basis to the Chicago Selective
Service Board to assist in investigating dependency claims. Of the 119 cases
referred for investigation the Chicago Relief Administration staff finds that 50
percent of the cases investigated had no valid claims for dependency. In the
remaining cases it was indicated that military service would create dependency
principally because of illness, old age, widowhood, etc. The relief administration
staff acts as fact-finding investigators in this role, and is well equipped because
of its experience to participate in such a program.
Problems Resulting From the Rising Cost of Living
The increase in food costs in the Chicago area during the past 12 months have
averaged between 10 and 12 percent. Clothing prices have increased approxi-
mately 10 percent. Household furnishings during the past year have increased
3.5 percent. These increases particularly affect the lower income groups and
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9801
are based upon standards from which reUef budgets are computed. The Chicago
Relief Administration has within the past 30 days increased its reUef allowance
by approximately 10 percent.
Role of the Public Welfare Agencies in Meeting Needs Growing Out
OF Enemy Action
The public welfare and relief agency in Chicago is prepared to play a vital role
in meeting needs growing out of enemy action, with particular reference fit) reset-
tling children or general population when and if evacuation from home areas is neces-
sary. The Chicago Relief Administration is prepared to provide emergency
care, feeding, housing, clothing, and medical service if necessary. The plans
have already been submitted to the mayor of Chicago whereby the relief adminis-
tration could feed and house 3,250 persons in its own district offices and its other
housing facilities. Medical and feeding facilities can be established within 2 or
3 hours. The services of the relief administration staff of 1,330 are available
to meet any crisis that may arise. The Chicago Relief Administration is equipped
to cooperate with community organizations and integrate its program to provide
for a large number of persons. Temporary shelter and food can be immediately
provided. The relief administration can also serve in securing adequate housing
and reestablishing families in adequate shelter facilities. The resources of the
relief administration can be expanded to serve a large number of persons who may
be affected by any catastrophe.
Welfare Services in a War Economy; Their Function and the Problem
OF Their Financing
Since our last report to this committee, the Illinois Statute pertaining to resi-
dence has been revised with some liberalization as to residence requirements for
public assistance. There are still, however, no provisions for other than tempo-
rary care, pending removal for migratory interstate persons applying for assistance.
The' law, at present, provides for temporary care and transportation back to
the place of legal residence for applicants who have residence for relief purposes in
some Government unit in Illinois. A person to be eligible for assistance from the
city of Chicago must have resided in the State of Illinois for a continuous period
of 3 years, and must have made his permanent home in Chicago for a period of
6 months prior to his application for relief. Residence once acquired will be
retained until a person acquires a new residence in another governmental unit
of Illinois, or has remained outside of the State of Illinois for a continuous period
of 12 months or has acquired residence in another State.
Upon the consent and agreement with the overseer of the poor in the responsible
governmental unit, a person may remain in Chicago and receive assistance there.
For persons who hold residence in other States, temporary care and transporta-
tion may be furnished upon the person's request, and if he has a legal residence in
some other State. No assistance may be granted to a person who refuses to
return to the place of legal responsibility.
Up to this time there has been no noticeable increase in applications from non-
residents. However, as depressed areas occur, there will be an influx into Chicago
of youths and the more aggressive older persons. It is quite likely that with an
increase in migration and transfer of workers from depressed areas, the existing
residence statutes will involve a hardship in cases of temporary dislocation during
the period where industries are refitted or retooled for defense activities. Un-
doubtedly there will be an increase in interstate migration in order to achieve an
equitable and adequate labor supply. Existing laws regarding residence involve
considerable hardship. We anticipate that with a total war economy, there will
be increased demand for welfare service to meet problems of dependency to pro-
vide medical care to meet any emergency which may arise out of total defense.
It will be necessary to continue and expand already existing social services. The
factor of civilian morale will play a vital role in sustaining the war economy.
With the anticipated increase in the demand for welfare services, the problems
of local financing will become acute and in addition to present legal limitations
and restrictions regarding local financing, the problem of wholesale migration may
be encountered which will necessitate a broader base than local financing provides.
It is our opinion that to adequately meet the problems arising from the migra-
tion of laborers and their families, and increased social problems resulting from
congested populated areas, the Federal Government should sive consideration to
the establishment of a fourth category in the social-security program so that
assistance might be provided for those currently in need regardless of age, race,
9802 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
color, creed, or place of residence. This would require the establishment of
uniform settlement laws and grants-in-aid to localities affected by this acute
problem.
STATEMENT BY LOULA DUNN, COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WEL-
FARE, STATE OF ALABAMA
Duriftg the past year we in Alabama have had an opportunity to observe
what I imagine is a pretty complete cross-section of the problems created for
communities and individuals by an expanding defense and war program. We
have seen a wide variety of defense activities superimposed upon an economic
and social structure where industrial development has only recently begun to
modify the predominantly rural character of the State. Moreover, having been one
of the 4 poorest States of the Nation in terms of per capita income, Alabama now
ranking forty-sixth, we have had little in the way of private or community reserves
to help us in cushioning the shocks of social change brought about by the shift to
a war economy.
All of this has meant that while we welcome the opportunity to make fuller
use of our resources, both human and material, in the common cause, we have
been undergoing a series of readjustments which have sorely taxed our means for
meeting the needs of the people involved. It is because of these many readjust-
ments already necessitated, however, that we are in a measure able to state some
of the reasons for an intensification, rather than a lessening, of social services
during the war emergency. In presenting some of the problems already being
faced or anticipated in Alabama, I shall, therefore, attempt to indicate something
of the need for maintenance and strengthening of public and community programs
designed to meet the needs of people.
Even a period of social growth and development brings to families and indi-
viduals the kind of problems which welfare agencies were created to meet. The
existence of a state of war with its demands on individuals for all-out effort makes
it all the more important that their vitality, morale, and singleness of purpose not
be sapped by problems of economic or social readjustment beyond the power of
individual solution. Providing the necessary assistance both in individual finan-
cial aid and in community organization for effective and unified service is a
contribution which we iu the welfare field should make to the achievement of full
and early victory.
In Alabama we have found that no part of our State has been immune from the
changes created by a developing war economy. For while direct defense activity
has been primarily centered in 18 of the State's 67 counties, this activity has in
fact tended to draw off workers and otherwise affect the other parts of the State.
Moreover, selective service, rising prices, organizations for civilian defense, and
other vmiversal developments in the war program have, of course, been felt
throughout Alabama. Gradually, therefore, our organization within the State
department of public welfare for dealing with defense and war problems has
come to embrace all of our counties. The first impact, however, was felt in those
areas where a concentration of defense activity brought new population and a
swift accumulation of new problems.
A brief summary of the type and location of major military and industrial
wartime activities in Alabama may be helpful to the committee in visualizing
our problems. (Appended is a map showing location of the various projects in
the State, as well as a suinmary list of the principal establishments. 0
Calhoun County (1940 Population, 63,319)
Anniston, the largest town and county seat, had 25,523 residents prior to the
expansion of Fort McClellan, Army cantonment, to include 20,000 troops. A
total of 21,000 acres was purchased in the county by the Army for use as a training
area.
Also, in Calhoun County is located a new ammunition dump for which 10,000
acres were required, and numerous industries filling defense contracts.
Because the expansion of Fort McClellan, coupled with these other projects,
was among the first defense developments in the State, Anniston early became
aware of problems now common to cantonment areas.
' Not. printed.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9803
Colbert County (1940 Population, 34,093)
Tuseiniibia and Sheffield, the 2 largest cities of the county, have populations
of 5,515 and 7,933, respectively. In addition to being the heart of the Muscle
Shoals area, with Wilson Dam operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, the
county has 3 large war industries — Reynolds Metal Company, Reynolds
Alloy' Company, and Electro-Metallurgical Company. Employees at the 3
plants and those of the Tennessee Valley Authority total nearly 10,000.
Because this section is close to the Tennessee and Mississippi lines, the problem
of migration is enormous, with a continuous flow of workers into the locality.
Coffee County (1940 Population, 31,987)
Close to Enterprise, the county's largest town (4,353), the Army is beginning
construction on the Pea River project which will be a cantonment for approxi-
mately 30,000 men. The location, comprising some 50,000 acres in Coffee and
Dale Counties, will include chiefly lands formerly used as a State park.
Because this is the newest military area in the State, few problems have as yet
been manifest. Elba, the county seat, with 2,363 residents, together with other
municipalities, is, however, attempting to prepare for the influx of construction
workers soon expected.
Dale County (1940 Population, 22,685)
The Pea River project which will occupy a portion of Dale County will not be
the first military establishment there. Grimes Air Field, located close to Dothan
in adjoining Houston County, has just been completed as a unit of the south-
eastern Air Corps training center. Because of the proximity of the air field and
the new cantonment to Houston County, which borders both Georgia and Florida,
there are already evidences of a spill-over of migratory labor from these States.
The c.ounty seat of Dale County, Ozark, is expecting a decided increase in its
poi)ulation of 3,601 as construction work progresses and more newcomers pour
into the area.
Dallas County (1940 Population, 55,245)
Just outside Selma, with 19,834 inha))itants, the Army has built Craig Field,
also a unit of the southeastern Air Corps training center. Because this field
was finished early in 1941, Selma has already made some progress, insofar as funds
were available, toward strengthening community facilities for recreation, hous-
ing, etc.
Etowah County (1940 Population, 72,580)
Gadsden, whose population in 1940 was 36,975, has become a small munitions
center. The Attalla Manufacturing Co. there is making shells, another shell-
forging plant has been built, and Republic Steel is filling war orders. Before 1941
closed, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. at Gadsden was running on a greatly reduced
schedule and it is possible that a shut-down will be necessary.
Jefferson County (1940 Population, 459,930)
In and around Birmingham (267,583) and Bessemer (22,826) are located iron,
coal, and steel industries which make the area second only to Pittsburgh in
strategic importance. At the same time fear has been expressed for the large
cast-iron pipe and stove foundries which may have to curtail operations soon
for lack of raw materials.
Macon County (1940 Population, 27,654)
Close to Tuskegee (3,937) the Army has almost completed its only flying
school for Negroes. The influx of construction workers taxed existing facilities,
and soon an increase in Army personnel will overflow the already crowded schools
and other community resources.
9804 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Madison County (1940 Population, 66,317)
The mecca for migrants in Alabama at present seems to be Huntsville, which,
according to the last census, had 13,050 residents. The Redstone Arsenal and
the Chemical '^'arfare plant, together occupying 40,000 acres in the county, are
drawing construction workers to such an extent that almost no houses or rooms
or even shanties can be had at any price. Since construction has not reached its
peak, however, the already over-crowded facilities will be further taxed during
the coming months.
Mobile County (1940 Population, 141,974)
The census figures for Mobile (78,720) do not reflect an accurate picture today,
because the almost 20,000 employees in shipbuilding and related industries there
and at Brookley Field, the southeastern air depot nearby, are largely from other
areas. Community life is being taxed on every hand — traffic is hazardous, houses
can be secured only at exhorbitant rentals, schools are operating double shifts,
and health authorities agree that hospitals, physicians, and clinics cannot meet
the needs of the total population.
Montgomery County (1940 Population, 114,420)
To Montgomery's 78,084 residents have been added the approximately 12,000
military and civilian personnel at Maxwell and Gunter Fields, the two branches
of the southeastern Air Corps training center located there.
Russell County (1940 Population, 35,775)
In Russell County 10,000 acres were recently purchased as a training area for
Fort Benning in adjoining Columbus, Ga. At the same time. Fort Penning was
enlarged to house approximately 60,000 men, with plans under way to make this
number 90,000. The influx of population to Columbus consequently overflowed
across the river to Russell County, Ala. Phenix City (15,351), therefore, has
acute population problems due to its proximity to a large cantonment, and also
must cope with interstate migration.
Talladega County (1940 Population, 51,832)
Although many of the thousands of migrants who went to Talladega County
during 1941 are now beginning to leave for Huntsville and other points, the area
continues to suffer from over-population. Childersburg, near which the Alabama
ordnance works have been built, has grown from 515 to about 6,000, while similar
growth has occurred in the larger towns of the county (Sylacauga, 6,269, and
Talladega, 9,298). Near Talladega is the Coosa River munitions plant (Brecon
Loading Co.) and both this and the ordnance works will continue to employ large
numbers of persons even after all construction is completed since their operations
personnel is expected to be at least 9,000.
These communities have all suffered in greater or lesser degree the problems of
population increase so rapid that the accompanying expansion of normal com-
munity facilities and services lagged far behind. The social disorganization
attendant on too rapid growth has, in the areas where military establishments
have brought large numbers of unattached young men, been coupled with the
problems created by an abnormal population distribution in terms of age, sex,
and social ties. Furthermore, in most of these counties the purchase of large
amounts of agricultural land for military purposes has displaced the families
which formerly n ade their living from this land, necessitating a move to new
locations and frequently a new source of livelihood. For example, the Farm
Security Administration, which was given the responsibility for relocating these
displaced people, reports aiding 403 families near Fort McClellan, 210 in the
Childersburg sector, 492 in Madison County, and 23 at the Tuskegee air base.
T do not need to tell this committee, with its wide background of observation
throughout the country, that the outstanding characteristic of a defense commun-
ity IS overcrowding. Alabama's defense centers are no exception. The first pinch
is normally felt in housing with attendant rent increases, unsanitary conditions,
and makeshift living arrangements. Over-flowing schools and hard-pressed health,
recreational, and sanitary facilities follow close behind. Without taking too much
time on what I know is a familiar story to the committee, I cite a few examples
of conditions reported from some of our counties.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9805
We have seen rent increases varying from 20 to 500 percent. People have been
reported sleeping in automobiles or paying $1 a night for the use of living room
chairs in tourist homes. Shanties of rough lumber have been thrown together on
small lots purchased for $50 in $4 monthly payments. Trailer camps have sprung
up in all the defense areas. Naturally, these crowded conditions have affected
not only the newcomers drawn by defense employment, but also the older resi-
dents, especially those at the low income levels. We have had case after case of
public-assistance families forced out of their homes by rent increases which they
could not meet. Many such families have turned to makeshift shanties, doubling
up, and housing previously abandoned as unsatisfactory. On the other hand, in
areas from which workers have migrated, new dependency has been reported.
This occurs when the father or son leaves his family at home and fails to support
them, either because his wages were less than he anticipated when measured by
rising prices, or because he has deserted his dependents.
Children in defense areas suffer from overcrowding not only at home but also
at school. One of our county directors reported recently: Pupils sit two in a seat
and around the wall in chairs. Space in the basement has been converted into
classrooms and the gymnasium is used. It is estimated that 200 additional chil-
dren should be attending school but no effort is made to enroll them because of
lack of space. Similarly, in Talladega County 2,700 new school children have
been enrolled in a school system normally enrolling 5,000 children.
The congested conditions and lack of social stability of these boom towns create
new and expanded problems for our child-welfare workers. One area reports an
increase in the number of juvenile delinciuency cases during the past year of over
500 percent. In cantonment towns we have had cases of 13-year-old girls engaging
in prostitution. Industrial centers report both boys and girls involved in un-
wholesome or illegal enterprises. Such problems are greatly aggravated by the
inadequacy of recreational facilities and activities for children, civilian adults, and
soldiers.
CIVILIAN DEFENSE COUNCIL
In recognition of these situations created by the war activities throughout the
State, Alabama's State Civilian Defense Council is furnishing leadership in direc-
tion and procedure. This council, with the Governor as chairman, was formed
early in 1941, its members being executives of already functioning State agencies
such as health, welfare, agriculture, industrial relations, and other departments.
This pattern of organization is proving effective in allocating responsibility to the
governmental department concerned and in eliminating unnecessary duplication
of service and expenditure. The State council works closely with the 67 county
defense councils and through it are channeled Federal regulations and services.
Gradually the aid available through these various Federal programs is begin-
ning to bring some measure of relief into the situation as far as facilities are con-
cerned. Construction of 11 defense housing projects ' will, when completed,
furnish 2,354 new dwelling units; new construction of community facilities under
the provisions of the Lanham Act is now under way in some counties. Projects
already approved for Alabama to develop health, education, and recreational
facilities will represent an approximate expenditure of 3^/4 million dollars. Local
efforts to provide recreation for soldiers are being supplemented by activities of
the Federal Security Agency through its recreational division, by United Service
Organization funds raised nationally, and by Work Projects Administration pro-
grams. No additional aid for welfare purposes has been made available, however
and our normal resources have been far from adequate, especially in view of the
reductions now taking place iii the Federal youth and work programs.
It is interesting to note that in addition to the responsibility placed on welfare
departments by the need for community service in defense areas, the financial
burden of actual assistance grants has not, as might be expected, been lessened
to any degree. Last spring we made a special case review in the 17 counties of
the State where defense activity was then concentrated, and found that only 9
percent of the public assistance cases studied were affected to such a degree that
they could be closed. This can be explained in part by the fact that in Alabama
funds have never been available, except in occasional dire emergencies, to assist
families in which there is an able-bodied member, and that relatives of public
assistance clients, even though they have secured better paying jobs, are not yet
able, because of debts, accumulated family needs, and increased living costs, to
' Projects located in Birmingham, Childersburg, Gadsden, Mobile, Montgomery, Muscle Shoals, Selma,
Sylacauga, and Talladega.
9806 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
assume the burden of their support. A similar case review, covering the entire
State, is now under way and will be completed in February,
From the point of view of the State as a whole, any reduction in the need for
financial assistance to families in defense areas is more than offset by the rising
cost of living and the situation in other sections. Rural counties in the State are
experiencing the difficulties of population loss, shortage of farm workers, and an
uncertain future. Farm credit bureaus and landowners are reluctant to furnish
families whose plans are indefinite, while some landlords and tenants have included
30-day clauses in their yearly- agreements. A general restlessness and instability
characterize the rural sections, with an increasing tendency for the able-bodied
young men to volunteer for military service or to emigrate, leaving behind an
ovcraged and otherwise hand'capped population with a higher than normal
incidence of dependency.
In other parts of the State we are beginning to feel the pinch of transition to a
war economy in the form of so-called priority unemployment. Many of our
smaller industries have not received defense orders and are, therefore, unable to
secure necessary materials. Stove manufacturers have already been forced to
curtail their production. In north Alabama the cast-iron pipe industry, likely
to be shut down shortly, involves approximately 12,000 workers. The Goodyear
rubber plants in Gadsden are now on a part-time schedule and must either close
soon or be converted for wartime production. Likewise, the State's silk industry,
which is spread over 11 counties and involves approximately 3,000 workers, may
soon be shut-down. It is hoped that many of these workers can be alasorbed in
textile plants which need additional employees in filling Army contracts. The
shifting of such workers to a new industry, however, involves at best a trying
period of readjustment and one with which we have had little experience.
These are only some of the first evidences of a difficult transitional process in
which war production may ultimately absorb many workers and plants made
idle by civilian curtailment. But the condition, even though it may be temporary,
is boimd to create widespread hardships among those thrown out of employment.
The welfare agencies must thus be in a position to ease the process of transition
by meeting needs not answered by vmemployment compensation.
Another new welfare problem has been created by the voluntary enlistment
of many young men who formerly supported their families in whole or in part.
No special Federal provision is now made for such families and they must, there-
fore, look to the regular public welfare agencies for financial aid. Even prior to
the war, voluntarj- enlistments from Alabama in the armed forces of tlie Nation
were higher proportionately than for the country as a whole and were highest in
those rural counties where family income is the lowest and employment oppor-
tunities are fewest. Since the outbreak of actual war, we are beginning to receive
an increasing number of applications for aid from families whose breadwinner has
enlisted. Moreover, we have been warned to expect a more rigid definiticn of
dependency in the granting of deferments by selective service boards which will
undoubtedly increase the number of requests for assistance. The expansion of
the selective service i:)rogram will also enlarge the Job which the public welfare
departments are doing for the selective service boards in making investigations of
doubtful cases of dependency. Already the 17,383 investigations made from
November 1940, through November, 1941, have consumed 7 percent of the admin-
istrative time of county staffs with the cost borne entirely out of State and local
funds with no Federal participation.
The problems which are the concern of public welfare have been greatly ag-
gravated by higher prices. I have already cited rising rents in defense areas.
Increases in food costs throughout the State have been reported as ranging from
7 to 33 percent. Clothing prices have advanced from 10 to 35 percent, with the
greatest jump taking place in the cotton work clothes commonly purchased by
these low-income groups. A recent study made throughout the State revealed
that the purchasing power of the relief dollar had dropped from 100 cents in
September 1940, to 72 cents in November 1941. When you consider that our
average relief grant is only $10 a month, it is evident that price increases are
forcing relief recipients to a submarginal standard of existence. Frequently
these low grants have in the past been supplemented by surplus commodities.
Although some commodities are still being distributed, their quantity and variety
are much more limited now because of war conditions.
In time of war it is my belief that the Federal Government is more than ever
responsible for the welfare of its citizens, and that the demands of an all-out
effective eflfort can be met only in a Nation where no individual is permitted ta
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9807
be devitalized by hunger and the fear of want. I beheve that the Federal Gov-
ernment should use its resources to see that people are aided over the periods of
individual economic hardship brought about by war conditions. Likewise, I
consider it the Government's obligation to bring the population at the lowest
level of existence up to a minimum standard that assures the health and vigor
needed for successful prosecution of the war. I recognize, of course, that war
means sacrifice and frugality on the part of us all, but war also means untiring
work. It means, too, the kind of courage that comes from good health and a
knowledge that the same country that asks sacrifice of its citizens guarantees
to them a minimum of economic security below which no individual will be
permitted to fall. This has been one of the sources of national strength in
England ; I believe it will prove to be likewise here.
Sjjecifically, I think the Federal Government, in the following ways, should
undertake to meet the problems described:
1. Public assistance, including provision for general relief to residents and non-
residents alike, should be extended to States on a basis of variable grants to assure
a minimum standard to all Americans, including those living in the poorer States.
2. Leadership should be furnished toward establishment of uniform settlement
laws as a preliminary step in abolishing them.
3. Federal dependency allowances should be available to the dependents of
men in miUtary service.
4. A Federal fund, subject to a minimum of legal and procedural restrictions,
should be available to meet without delay emergency problems of need resulting
directly from the war, whether from enemy action or internal economic adjust-
ments.
5. A unified Federal approach should be made to the problem of assisting
States and communities in coordinating their own resources and relating them to
the total war eff"ort. This should include the problems of housing, health, wel-
fare, recreation, and community facilities, as well as production problems and
those of civilian protection.
Location of major militanj and industrial defense activities in Alabama, January 1942
Location
Population
1940
Defense activity
Calhoun County
Anniston
Colbert County
Tuscumbia
Sheffield
Coffee County
Elba
Enterprise
Dale County
Ozark
Dallas County
Selma
Etowah County
Gadsden
Jefferson County
Birmingham
Bessemer
Macon County
Tuskegec---
Madison County
Huntsville
Mobile County
Mobile
Montgomery County
Montgomery
Russell County-
Phenix City
Talladega County
Talladega
Sylacauga
Childersburg
63, 319
25, 523
34, 093
5,515
7,933
31,987
2,363
4,353
22, 685
3,601
65, 245
19, 834
72, 580
36, 975
459, 930
267, 583
22, 826
27, 654
3,937
66, 317
13, 050
141, 974
78, 720
114,420
78, 084
35, 775
15, 351
51, 832
9,298
6,269
515
Fort McClellan.
Ammunition dump.
Wilson Dam.
Electro-metallurgical plant.
Reynolds Metal Co.
Reynolds Alloy Co.
Pea River cantonment.
Grimes Air Field.
Pea River cantonment.
Craig Field.
Shell forging plant.
Attalla Manufacturing Co.
Republic Steel Corporation.
T. C. I. and other steel industries.
Air training base for Negroes.
Chemical warfare plant.
Redstone Arsenal.
Shipbuilding.
Brookley Field.
Aluminum plant.
Other industries.
Maxwell Field.
Gunter Field.
Annex to Fort Penning.
Coosa River munitions plant.
Alabama Ordnance Works.
60396— 42— pt. 25-
-12
9808 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
STATEMENT BY BENJAMIN GLASSBERG, SUPERINTENDENT, DE-
PARTMENT OF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE, MILWAUKEE COUNTY,
WIS.
Effect of Concentration of Military and Industrial Defense Activities
ON Welfare Problems
No new defense plants or Army camps have as yet been established in Wis-
consin. Consequently, there has been no important migration of workers into
the State according to the Industrial Commission. Many of the cities have
experienced a considerable inmigration.
A few months ago it was annovuiced that a $65,000,000 Badger ordnance plant
is to be constructed in the Merrimac area, Sauk County, to be completed January
1, 1943. Buildings on an 8,000-acre site to cost $42,000,000 have been contracted
for which will call for 10,000 construction workers. The War Department is
planning to expand the facilities in Camp McCov, near Sparta. Plans call for
buildings to cover 53,000 acres at a cost of $22,000,000 which will require 20,000
construction workers. When completed it is estimated that 1,000 civilian workers
will be necessary for maintenance. It is expected that the influx of workers for
these projects will affect 27 towns, villages, and cities in their "spheres of in-
fluence."
In the past, large construction jobs such as these have been undertaken and
completed without very much planning in advance concerning the health, housing,
education or other needs of the workers and their families who would be gathered
together to do the job. Fortunately, a complete list of the sanitary facilities,
necessary expansion of the water supply, the school needs, recreational facilities
and service centers which the cities and towns in these areas will require in meeting
the expected population expansion, has been carefully compiled by representatives
of several Federal agencies working in close cooperation with the Wisconsin
Council of Defense. The recommendations have been sent on to Washington by
H. L. McCarthy, the regional director of defense, health and welfare services. It
is contemplated that additions and revisions of the original recommendations will
be necessary.
The plans submitted to Washington, however, have not taken into consideration
the fact that many workers who will drift into these areas, predominantly rural,
from various parts of the State and from other States will fail to get work and will
be in need of relief. The prospects of transients being granted relief if in need
are quite remote. The relief director of La Crosse states that relief for single
persons and possibly for married couples without children who have no legal
settlement will be refused. Other towns will probably take the same attitude.
The 27 villages, towns and cities which will be affected by these two develop-
ments can no more be expected to provide for the relief needs of those in distress
than they can be expected to supply the additional communal facilities to meet
the increase in population. Congress has made it possible for these facilities to
be supplied by the Federal Government. The cost of furnishing relief to the
nonresidents and transients should be assumed by the Federal Government with
the State assuming a portion of the cost. No part of it should be saddled on the
local community which has no responsibility for creating the problem it is suddenly
confronted with. The adoption of uniform settlement laws by all States with
a reasonable maximum of 6 months or a year, would help materially in eliminating
one of the most troublesome problems in the administration of public welfare.
Federal responsibility for transient relief would facilitate such a move and reduce
the ranks of those who have lost their "settlement rights" and have lost hope of
ever regaining them.
Neither has any thought been given to the need of providing for the hospitaliza-
tion and medical care of the thousands of workers who will be employed in these
two areas. It does not appear that there are sufficient public facilities available
for those unable to pay doctor and hospital bills. Neither the local public- welfare
agencies nor private social agencies are likely to be willing or able to provide the
increase in the demands for free medical care which may be necessary.
It should also be pointed out that provisions will probably have to be made
for additional housing facilities. Very little building of private homes has taken
place in these areas. Defense housing projects should be given consideration,
especially since there will be a permanent addition to the population. Otherwise
overcrowding will result, along with high rentals and unsatisfactory sanitation.
The forced doubling up of families will serve to increase the problem of adjustment
to a wholly new environment. Many families do not possess the inner strength
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9809
to meet such situations successfully and need counseling and advice which the
social agency can render.
Effect of Curtailment of Civilian Production on Welfare Problems
The first city to feel the effects of the shortage of "critical materials" was
Manitowoc. The Aluminum Goods Manufacturing Co. laid off about half of its
force of 3,000 workers beginning March 1941. Detailed information concerning
this situation has been gathered by the Tolan Committee. The prohibition of the
sale of new automobiles has added several thousands to the many who had been
laid off in Milwaukee, Janesville, and Kenosha plants. In addition, automobile
sales forces have been suddenly faced with dismissal. There are 5,794 licensed
salesmen in the State. The virtual elimination of the sale of tires and tubes has
very seriously affected Eau Claire and La Crosse, both of which have large plants
dependent on rubber and are now faced with a complete shut-down. Other con-
cerns manufacturing auto parts, farm machinery and metal stamping companies
have also been seriously affected. It is expected that the $5,000,000,000 defense
contract which was discussed w^ith the automobile industry and the auto workers
union in Washington on January 5 will help to provide work for all those who have
been laid off. In the meantime some workers laid off last May or June have
exhausted their unemployment benefits and have applied for relief. Some have
drifted to other cities in search of work and have had to apply for relief.
Sooner or later as a result of these sudden industrial changes in spite of the
Work Projects Administration program, if it continues, and unemployment com-
pensation benefits, there will be many persons who do not quite fit into any
category and are in need of relief. Some communities may be faced with a large
volume of applications for aid due entirely to our war efforts. To attempt to
meet this need would put a severe strain on many localities which are still faced
with the task of liquidating bonds issued for relief during the depression.
With the exception of the early depression years the State of Wisconsin has
provided very little assistance to the local communities in helping them to meet
the cbsts of general relief. With the exception of New York, Illinois, Massa-
chusetts, and California, local expenditures for relief in Wisconsin exceeded that
spent by the political subdivisions of any other State in the country. The
northern cut-over counties are the only ones to have received any substantial
assistance from State funds because of their utterly helpless condition. There
should be a more generous program of State aid adopted, and the Federal Govern-
ment should be called upon to aid the States and local communities to meet their
general relief expenditures by assuming at least half of the cost. This would
prevent any unnecessary suffering and undermining of the health of any portion
of our population.
Federal aid would help raise standards of public welfare agencies and result
in an improvement in personnel. This is of vital importance. Public agency
workers will more and more be called upon to face problems arising in families
as a direct outgrowth of the war. Families will separate, with the breadwinner
employed in a distant defense plant and the family left behind and perhaps
forgotten. Men displaced from their usual jobs will unconsciously struggle
against acquiring a new and unknown skill or will object to being transferred to a
strange environment. Older boys wiU leave school and enlist or will take a well-
paid job and suddenly be in possession of more money than they had ever dreamed
of. They may drift to other cities and gradually the old family ties will be for-
gotten. Young girls from families with marginal incomes will flock to towns near
Army camps to work as waitresses or entertainers, but later may stay on for less
respectable purposes. More and more women will be drawn into factories. Many
mothers will be tempted to go to work and place their children with relatives,
friends or strangers, sometimes without giving sufficient thought to the kind of
home to which they will entrust their children. Suitable foster homes arp not
always readily available. Lack of parental care will soon show itself in an increase
in juvenile delinquency, a not unusual concomitant of war.
Family tensions of every conceivable kind, problems of adjustment of the
individual to new environments, social and industrial, and to changed family
situations, will arise and face us on a large scale. It will be far beyond the resources
of the existing private social agencies to cope with them. It is important that
there be available in each community a properly staffed and equipped public
welfare agency capable of helping fan ilies solve some of their diffculties. The
post-war period will aggravate and intensify these problems. A large part of the
labor force will suddenly find that there no longer is a market for the one skill
9810 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
they possess. A new and larger movement of population will again begin with a
great many families again threatened with disorganization. We must be prepared
for such a contingency so that we may be in a position to meet it.
Employment Service
The chief responsibility for dealing with the problems resulting from the dis-
location of large numbers of workers falls on the Employment Service. It must
make certain that workers are properly classified according to skill. It must
know which plants need workers and see that they get them in an orderly way..
This must be done promptly and expeditiously if the program announced by the
President in his address to the Congress on the "State of the Nation" on January
6 is to be carried out. If properly qualified workers are to be shifted from one
city to another where shortages exist, the Employment Service in cooperating
with the local welfare departments should determine, as is done in England,
that the transferred workers and their families will have a proper place in which
to live and that there are adequate provisions for their health. We must learn to
conserve the health of the worker as much as the materials he is working with.
It is most important that we avoid the waste and confusion and loss of valuable
man-hours which is bound to result if workers are left to shift for themselves and
industries are free to compete with each other.
The Federal Employment Service must be prepared to assume responsibility
for the transportation of the worker and the assistance necessary to maintain
him and his family until he can do so himself. Costs should be assumed by the
welfare agencies to be reimbursed by the Federal Government. The Employ-
ment Service can help mobilize available labor which may ordinarily not be drawn
upon by industry because of prejudices against various groups such as Negroes,
aliens, and other minority groups. It can also make certain that women and
older men on Work Projects Administration or relief are, after receiving necessary
training, gradually substituted for younger workers who would thus be released
for the armed forces.
Along with the problem of reallocation and transfer of labor is the problem of
retraining. No national system for retraining has as yet been developed. This
responsibility might well be placed in the hands of the Employment Service,
especially since it has recently become a Federal agency exclusively and thus
free from local and State political pressures. The Employment Service would
serve as the coordinating agency, bringing together industry, labor and the voca-
tional education groups to develop a practical and effective approach to this
problem and be responsible for carrying it out. In many localities well equipped
vocational schools are already in existence which could be used for retraining
purposes. Where they do not exist it will be necessary for the Employment
Service to develop facilities for this purpose. Unless Work Projects Adminis-
tration, National Youth Administration, and Civilian Conservation Corps are
abolished, their training programs can also be utilized.
One of the most important problems facing the Nation following the war will
be the task of retraining millions of workers so that they may again function in a
peace economy. It is, therefore, essential that the Employment Service be as
strong as possible.
Dependency Resulting from Military Service
Generally speaking, there has been very little dependency resulting from the
Selective Service System in most parts of the State. The State Public Welfare
Department has encouraged the local draft boards to clear all cases which might
involve dependency with the local public-welfare agencies which have cooperated
in making necessary investigations. Enlistments by employed sons who were
contributing to the support of the family have in some cases made it necessary
for the welfare agency to give some supplementary aid. The vast expansion of
the armed forces may change this picture considerably. It would then be neces-
sary for Congress to provide some form of allotment by men in the service to their
families. In addition, Federal aid to the States for direct relief expenditures
would insure more adequate aid to families in need because of military service.
Unmet Needs
Although the social services are fairly well developed in many parts of the
State, there are very inadequate facilities for meeting some important needs such
as dental care. The extent of this need was revealed by the recent physical
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9811
examinations of draftees. The examinations made in 1917-18 originally showed
how bad the situation was. Dietary deficiencies also appear to be widespread.
If we are to follow in the footsteps of the British, where, as Eric Biddle points out,
the Government works on the theory that the strengthening of the health and
welfare measures ranks with the building of guns, tanks and planes as a defense
priority, then we have a good deal of work cut out for us.
It is unwise to deprive the Nation of a large number of men who might be used
for its defense because of dental, eye and nutritional deficiencies, many of which
if properly treated could be corrected. The public must assume responsibility
for maintaining the health of the total population. The adoption of the national
health program as envisaged by bills introduced by Senator Wagner and urged
by the President on the National Health Conference which met in Washington
in 1938 would be a step in the right direction. In the meantime adequately
financed dental clinics should be opened by the health departments or dispen-
saries in the various cities with Federal aid to insure their proper operation and
financing.
The local public health and welfare agencies should take an active interest in
building up the health of all those rejected for service because of physical defi-
ciencies. Since this work could well be regarded as a part of our national defense
efforts, the cost of a major part of it should be borne by the Federal Government.
This is especially necessary because the enormous increase in Federal taxes will
make it exceedingly difficult to increase local taxes. The operation of the defense
program will, as has been pointed out, increase the demands upon the social
services of many localities. Unaided, they will not be able to meet these demands.
The total cost of a program to protect the health of the Nation when compared
with the 50-billion-a-year Victory program will be infinitesimal.
Exhibit A. — Compensation for Displaced Workers
SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT BY BENJAMIN GLASSBERG, SUPERINTENDENT,
DEPARTMENT OP PUBLIC ASSISTANCE, MILWAUKEE COUNTY, WIS.
It has been assumed that workers who are unemployed because of the conver-
sion of industry to wartime production should receive unemployment compensa-
tion until they have found other employment. It may be questioned whether
this practice is sound. Unemployment insurance was set up as a means of easing
the shock caused by the operation of the business cycle and thus maintain a
certain level of consumer demand. It was never contemplated that it be used to
meet the emergencies created by war conditions. It does not seem reasonable
to deplete the reserves set up to meet unemployment needs created by peace-
time conditions and to convert them to the needs of workers temporarily out
of work because of the operation of the defense program.
It is interesting to note the announcement made on January 12, 1942, by
Arthur B. Barber, senior examiner in charge of appeals for the Wisconsin Industrial
Commission, that the Gillette Tire & Rubber Co. of Eau Claire contests the pay-
ment of unemployment benefits to 700 displaced workers because of the rubber
shortage. He stated the company contended that payment of unemployment
claims on its reserve for that purpose need not be made because the law declares
an employee is not eligible to compensation if the unemployment is "due to act of
God, fire or other catastrophe or acts by civil or military authorities directly
affecting the place in which he was employed." The company's contention.
Barber explained, is that the tire-rationing program constituted such an act.
This condition has not arisen in other States because the individual employers
reserve plan has been adopted only in Wisconsin and one or two other States.
Where the "State pool" plan operates, an employer does not have the same incen-
tive for challenging such payments.
From the point of view of the displaced worker it does not seem reasonable to
expect him to fall back on unemployment compensation. It should be remem-
bered that all State laws require a waiting period of 2 or 3 weeks during which
period the worker is not entitled to benefits. Furthermore payments are limited
to a maximum of 50 percent of the weekly wage. During 1940 the average weekly
benefit for total unemployment was less than $10 in 30 States and less than $8
in 12 States.
This results in a heavy burden being placed on a small group of workers who
happen to be employed in certain industries that must cease operation because of
war needs. The burden of the war should be distributed equally or in accordance
9812 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
with ones ability to pay. The rubber worker who is suddenly deprived of a job
must fall back on unemployment compensation which may not even meet the
minimum needs of his family while other workers in essential industries are earn-
ing more than ever before. This condition ought to be righted. There should
be a special appropriation made by Congress for the purpose of paying workers
unemployed because of our war needs. They should be paid a substantial por-
tion of their average weekly wage, possibly a minimum of 75 percent, while un-
employed. The unemployment compensation machinery could be used for making
payments to the workers. At the same time the displaced worker would have to
undergo retraining to fit him for a job in a defense plant. In this manner, the
worker would not have to rely on unemployment compensation or relief as is now
the case.
TESTIMONY OF PANEL OF STATE WELFARE DIRECTORS— Resumed
The Chairman. The first question is:
What are the main pubHc welfare problems arising as the result of
the rapid conversion of our economy to wartime needs?
We are interested in details on such developments as priorities
unemployment and resulting dependency, acute shortages of com-
munity facilities and essential services, dependency resulting from
military service and other forms of dependency related to the emer-
gency.
Mr. HoEHLER. Mr. Chairman, I would suggest that Mr. Hodson
give us a brief answer on that question, and then we will turn to Mr.
Russell, of Pennsylvania, and ask Mr. Goudy, who comes from a
Western State with some large rural areas, to close it with a statement.
The Chairman. All right, Mr. Hodson, will you say something on
that subject?
WAR INTENSIFIES WELFARE PROBLEMS
Mr. Hodson. Mr. Chairman, I would say that the problems arising
out of the wartime situation are, in one sense, merely the intensifica-
tion of the normal problems which welfare departments have to face.
It is the job of welfare departments to take care of people who are in
trouble. That is sometimes a very complicated and a very extensive-
job. In wartime those human problems become more intense and
more widespread, so that what the departments have to do is to extend
their normal functions, and probably reorganize their job, so that they
can meet these newer problems as they present themselves.
A welfare department administering a general relief program must
be prepared to take care of all sorts of human needs.
When there is unemployment; when there is illness; when there is
inability to work and labor; and when there are no family resources,
the welfare department is called upon to provide assistance.
In other words, the general relief program, where it exists, is a kind
of cushion for the care of persons who cannot otherwise be provided
for.
Persons, for example, who are not eligible for unemployment in-
surance benefits, or persons who have exhausted their benefit rights, if
they have no other resources, will have to be cared for through the
departments of welfare.
It seems to me important to remember that despite the fact that
there has been an increase in employment, and up to the present time
a general decrease in the case loads of departments of welfare, we still
have a very substantial relief problem.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9813
In New York City, to be specific, a very large part of our relief
load now consists of families where there is no employable member.
They are the sick and the lame and the halt and the blind. They
are families where the workers are either permanently or temporarily
unable to work.
That is going to be the hard core of the job, and it is important
that we shouldn't get the idea that, because there has been this general
improvement in the employment situation, the relief problem is over,
and that we need to do nothing more about it.
The Chairman. There is no question but what there is a widespread
feeling throughout the country that there is no unemployment.
Last July we held hearings here and testimony was given that, at
that time, there were approximately a million employable persons
registered in either the State or the Federal employment agencies.
But the feeling exists that there is no unemployment now.
Mr. Sparkman. Isn't it true that we have at all times some Z%
million unemployable?
Mr. HoDSON. I think those are the figures.
RELIEF OF UNEMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYABLES
Mr. Sparkman. And of course that burden is always on the relief
organizations, regardless of employment and regardless of conditions?
Mr. HoDSON. Well, I think it is important to remember, in that
connection, Mr. Chairman, that it is not only this more-or-less perma-
nent problem of families where there is no employable worker — and
that is a very sizable problem in this country — but over and above
that we have, and must be prepared to meet, a substantial problem of
families where there is an employable member, but where that em-
ployable member is not employed.
For example, I was just looking at some figures provided by the
New York State Department of Labor. They show that in December
there were some 20,000 persons in New York City who had exhausted
their benefit rights. Now, if all those 20,000 persons get jobs imme-
diately, and if they have resources, they of course will not be applying
for relief. On the other hand, if they don't get jobs— and many of
them won't — and if they have no resources, those people will be
applying, in considerable numbers, for public assistance. Wliat we
fail to remember, in this total picture, is that at no time do we ever
have complete employment of all employable persons. We may have
a general upward trend, but there will be eddies where the trend is
downward. We think we are going to face that situation, with respect
to the conversion of nonwar industries into war industries, to a very
considerable extent.
While we haven't yet had enough experience to be dogmatic about
it, and to say precisely what the figures are, we do anticipate that
there will be a very considerable dislocation; there will be a very con-
siderable number of persons who will have to be tided over until such
time as they are retained to engage in war industry.
Now, if you do not have a sound, adequate, and properly financed
public assistance program for those people, it simply means that they
won't be cared for. A sound public assistance program, so far as.
general relief is concerned, requires Federal reimbursement.
9814 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
You now have Federal reimbursement for old age, and the blind,
and aid to mothers of dependent children, but there is no Federal
reimbursement for the largest problem of all, which is home relief.
If you look at the figures, you will find a much larger number of
men, women, and children, under care of departments of public wel-
fare on your home relief program, than you have in all the other
programs combined. Yet the Federal Government assists the S fates
and localities for these highly specialized programs, all of which we
think is sound. But for the biggest problem of all, there is no Federal
reimbursement.
The Chairman. Have you any suggestion to make as to how we
should take care of unemployment insurance?
GRANTS-IN-AID FOR HOME RELIEF
How would you suggest that it be handled?
Mr. HoDSON. I should like very much, Mr. Chairman, to see this
committee recommend legislation which would provide for Federal
grants-in-aid for home relief, in exactly the same way that you now
provide these grants for the other special forms of public assistance.
The Chairman. That is the beginning. Now, would you have that
on a variable basis? That is, some States are in a better financial
condition than others, aren't they?
Mr. Hodson. You are asking me a very embarrassing question
because I come from a State which, generally speaking, doesn't
underrate itself, and yet recognizes the share of the tax bill that it has
to pay.
However, there isn't any question in my mind but what the thing
has got to be operated on a variable basis. If you are trying to es-
tablish a national minimum, then the States that can afford to must
contribute to the States that can't. I think some kind of variable
grants are inevitable if you are going to establish a Nation-wide
program which will provide for an adequate minimum of care.
Mr. Sparkman. Don't you think that is true even with the cate-
gories that now exist?
Mr. Hodson. I think the principle is the same in both cases.
The Chairman. Your suggestion is in line with our general recom-
mendation already filed in our report, but no specific legislation has
been introduced as yet.
We came to that conclusion unanimously. Of course, the employ-
ables you are speaking about, that you think should be taken care of
partly by the Government and partly by the State are in most cases
heads of families, aren't they?
Mr. Hodson. That is right.
The Chairman. Wliat about defense in-migration into your State?
Has it been increased or decreased as a result of this war program?
Mr. Hodson. I suppose New York City has relatively less war
industry than most parts of the country.
We are not essentially a heavy-industry town ; we are essentially a
consumer industry town, so that, in all probability, we haven't had as
much in-migration as other parts of the country have had. Perhaps
some of the other members of this panel would have a different story
to tell.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9815
We don't have a large problem of migration, except that we do have
a considerable number of Negroes who are coming to New York.
The Chairman. Wliat about Puerto Ricans?
Mr. HoDSON. And Puerto Ricans.
The Chairman. I think the testimony that we received in New
York City July 19, 1940, showed that there were about a hundred
thousand Puerto Ricans in the city of New York.^
Mr. HoDSON. I think that figure is approximately correct.
The Chairman. Mr. Russell, would you care to comment on this
problem?
general relief
Mr. Russell. Mr. Chairman, speaking for Pennsylvania, I would
like to express agreement with the general statements that Mr.
Hodson has made in reference to New York. I also agree with
him in regard to the general public assistance program. I would
like to emphasize my conviction that the most important factor of
the public assistance program is a general assistance program as an
underpinning for everything else that we have in that fielti. Re-
gardless of the special provisions or special programs for particular
groups of people, there are always persons that fall between the slats
of these special programs, and who can't be taken care of unless
there exists this basic program, which can meet the needs resulting^
from any kind of unemployment or disability — or just plain lack of
income.
As to the specific problems that I see ahead, particularly those
related to the particular situation, we are considerably concerned
with priority unemployment. That however is just a term, so far,
in Pennsylvania. Special programs, such as unemployment com-
pensation, have, to date, absorbed the dislocation that has taken
place. That is no guaranty at all that it can satisfactorily continue
to absorb unemployment due to dislocations and conversions.
The general assistance program is likely to have burdens placed
on it far beyond its ability to handle them unless the Federal grants-
in-aid suggestion becomes effective.
A sudden increase in unemployment and applications for general
assistance could use up, overnight almost, the resources at the dis-
posal of the State. We are expected, because of the nature of the
program, to meet that sort of a situation, and yet we could be very
easily placed in a position where the funds would run out and there
would just be no basis for carrying out our full responsibilities.
LOSS OF gasoline TAX REVENUES ANTICIPATED
In this connection, the war situation has already affected the State
income. There is a prospect, in Pennsylvania, that the income from
gasoline taxes, for example, which are an important part in the financial
support of the assistance programs, will be cut by about 40 percent.
The Chairman. Do you know, Mr. Russell, the approximate
amount, in normal times, of gas tax income in the State of Pennsyl-
vania?
Mr. Russell. I can't quote that amount offhand.
1 See New York hearings, pt. 1, pp. 116-132, and 203-217.
9816 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The Chairman. Very large, though, isn't it?
Mr. Russell. It is a substantial sum. The Federal share in sup-
porting the general public assistance program; the sharing and caring
for the needs of the unemployed, offers, to my mind, another hazard.
In Pennsylvania there are now about 100,000 unemployed receiving
either W. P. A., or State assistance. The question of what happens
to W. P. A. is, just as it has always been, a disturbing factor to the
State. It is impossible to make plans; it is impossible to look ahead,
as far as working out a State budget is concerned, because there is no
surety as to whether the proportionate share between the Federal and
the State governments is to be maintained over a particular length of
time. It is not a new problem but it is a complicating problem for the
future.
I think I would add this: That the State would readily assume what-
ever additional burden might come because of a reduction of the
W. P. A. program, if it were able to operate on a sharing basis, such
as has been described by Mr. Hodson.
I think that is all, except for the general problem of rising living costs,
which is, perhaps, more important for the persons who are receiving
assistance than for the general population. In other words, grants are
fixed, and inadequate at best, and the plight of the persons who are re-
quired to live on the assistance level is becoming increasingly difficult.
All these things add up to make the outlook for public assistance
rather dubious, as far as fulfilling its basic responsibility of meeting
needs decently.
DEFENSE IN-MIGRATION IN PHILADELPHIA
The Chairman. Mr. Russell, what about your in-migration into
Pennsylvania as a result of this war program? Has it increased?
Mr. Russell. It has, very definitely; chiefiy in Philadelphia and
Pittsburgh.
The shipyards in Philadelphia have attracted a great many people
from outside the State, and Pittsburgh industries have brought in
persons from nearby States. There has been no effect of that on the
relief rolls particularly, although it has complicated the housing situa-
tion.
The Chairman. Wliy does it have no effect on the relief rolls?
Mr. Russell. Largely because the people that have come in have
obtained jobs.
Mr. Arnold. Mr. Russell, I would like to know if any dependency
has resulted from military service. I assume that wouldn't be true
with respect to the draft, but perhaps in volunteering for military
service it has caused an increase?
Mr. Russell. It hasn't been an appreciable factor as yet, although
that very definitely will become a problem. The reason that it is
not an important problem in Pennsylvania so far is that there has
apparently been a very careful handling of the deferment problem.
As soon as family persons are drafted in large numbers that will be a
very definite and major problem, to which I might add my opinion
that the need arising from that source seems to me peculiarly one
which should be supported by Federal funds rather than State.
Mr. Arnold. The in-migration has caused higher rents in Phila-
'delphia and Pittsburgh. Does that affect your relief payments?
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9817
Mr. Russell. It does. It reaches us, of course, through the prob-
lem of the rising costs ; the problem of whether we can keep our grants
in line with the rising costs.
Unfortunately, in Pennsylvania, though we have, compared to
other States, a high standard of assistance grants, the rent item has
always been the most inadequate one in the budget. That has been
emphasized now to the extent that our maximum grant is less than
50 percent of the commercial rents, which are asked of relief families.
Mr. HoEHLER. Mr. Goudy of Oregon will next comment, Mr.
Chairman.
Mr. Goudy. Mr. Chairman, in any transition period discussed
here we would recognize that there are certain benefits, and that there
are certain liabilities also, incurred in a public welfare program,
BURDEN ON GENERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
The increased employment, particularly in defense industries, in the
State of Oregon has materially reduced one phase of the program —
general assistance. The social-security categories have, it is true,
continued to increase a relatively small amount; but I would like to
point out, in respect to Mr. Hodson's and Mr. Russell's statements,
the importance of that general assistance program, when you take the
public welfare program as a whole.
The three social-security categories are definitely limited by the
law under which they operate, limited as to age and limited as to
types of care. The result is that, in States operating with general
assistance programs, that program has to take up and bear the full
burden of the responsibilities that are thrust upon the welfare pro-
gram in this transition period. And, though the relief rolls have been
reduced somewhat, because of reduced unemployment^ there are
other factors which more than offset this.
Most of these have been mentioned: The increased cost of housing;
the general increase in the cost of living.
There are other questions which arise: Particularly the care of
certain groups who are left dependent because of the war situation,
certain groups such as the Japanese in the State of Oregon, certain
civilian workers' families in places that are directly affected by the
war. Many of these problems may not be large in themselves.
But taken in the aggregate they assume very real proportions for a
general assistance program in the State.
RECAPITULATION OF SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
Mr. HoEHLER. Mr. Chairman, may I briefly recapitulate and stipu-
late some problems that are general?
You have heard statements from three of our large States: Penn-
sylvania, Oregon, and New York. Mr. Hodson represents the city
of New York and is speaking pretty largely of what is happening
throughout that area.
I visited a number of States in the last few months, and I find the
problems are these: Those arising from the dislocations in industry,
in which frequently the worker uses all of his resources to pay for
transportation and to pay the cost of moving his family. When he
comes to a community, he is without resources. While he may have a
9818 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
job, somebody has to extend credit or assistance to him so that he
and his family may hve during the period while he is waiting for his
first pay envelope.
Then there is the problem of what we call defense unemployment;
that which is related to priorities, material shortages, and to consumer-
goods curtailment. Many people throughout the Nation become
unemployed on this account. In some areas the groups are small,
and in some areas — such as Detroit at the moment — the groups are
very large. Cumulatively, it becomes a big problem for welfare care.
Later on w^e may hear from some of these people about the inade-
quacy of compensation benefits.
The third problem is that which relates to dependency due to
military service. It is not serious at the moment, but potentially it is
a grave problem. And even though we don't think of dependency due
to military service as a matter that has great economic significance,
at the moment it has great social significance, because of problems
which arise in families when either the breadwinner, or perhaps the
oldest son — an important factor in the family — is away.
As a fourth item, I would like to mention the problems which arise
where there has been a sudden rapid increment in population, and
where that growth has been way out of proportion to what the town or
community might normally be expected to absorb.
Many of those communities lack facilities in education, in welfare
services, in health. That lack of services and lack of facilities has
meant that frequently the welfare departments and other public
departments related to welfare have been asked to carry additional
burdens.
EMERGENCY FUND FOR WAR DISASTERS
Another item is something which hasn't hit us at the moment, but
is imminent and may happen in some of our cities at any time: That
is the need for some emergency fund to meet problems which result
from enemy attacks, sabotage, or serious dislocation, in which the
cities, the counties, and the States can't be asked to accept responsi-
bility, because frequently the financial responsibility would be so
great as to make it a problem for Federal action. When losses are
due to enemy attack, the problem should be cared for without the
necessity of establishing need.
Another item is the increased cost of living, which has affected the
budgets of the individual relief families. Very few States have
increased their appropriations, and it is a serious problem, trying to
make a pre-war budget for a relief family meet the increased war costs
of living.
An item which hasn't been mentioned, and which we may neglect
unless it is called to our attention, is the service program. Take, for
instance, the services to children. I was in California and saw several
large housing projects around which hundreds of children were playing,
without supervision, without direction, and no place to go if sudden
storms came up. I was told that some of the homes were closed;
the mothers were away working.
The commanding officer of one of the units said to me with a great
deal of concern: "There are the Dillingers and the prostitutes of
tomorrow, because this community is not providing the kind of leader-
ship which is needed to keep those children out of trouble." And
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9819
they were not all small children. Many of them were in their teens,
subject to all sorts of possibilities in the way of community and social
problems.
Then there is the additional problem which is confronting; welfare
departments: Additional services which they are asked to give, par-
ticularly to help the selective service boards in determining depend-
ency, and other related services.
The welfare departments of the country are delighted to have this
responsibility placed upon them, because they feel that they can
contribute that service to defense; but while they are doing it they are
using up rather limited administrative funds within the State and the
community, which haven't been supplemented by any funds from the
Federal Government or from other sources. They have taken on an
additional responsibility in administration and services, without addi-
tional funds, which means somebody in the State suffers. Either
someone who needs assistance or relief can't get it because funds are
being used for administration, or administration machinery has to
be clogged for this additional service.
Mr. Curtis. Are the funds used for social welfare purposes derived
from gasohne taxes in very many f the States?
Mr. HoEHLER. May 1 pass that question on to one of our State
administrators?
Mr. Russell, will you answer that question?
USE OF GASOLINE TAX FOR RELIEF
Mr. Russell. Specifically, our funds are appropriated out of the
general funds of the State. But the gasoline taxes over the past few
years have been established for the sole purpose of providing money
for the relief program. The automobile license taxes in Pennsylvania
go to the highway department. Gasoline, however, is, in general, for
public assistance.
Mr. Curtis. There has been no estimate made yet, I suppose, of
how those funds are going to suffer by reason of automobile curtail-
ment and the rubber situation?
Mr. Russell. The figure that I mentioned was an estimated 40
percent decline. I don't know how valid that is at this point; that
was an estimate.
Mr. Lyons. In the State of Illinois, it has been estimated that the
reduction in the sales tax will be about 10 million dollars due to the
reduced sale of automobiles, tires, and so forth.
Mr. Sparkman. Do any of the rest of the States use gasoline
taxes? Alabama does not.
Miss Dunn. Alabama does not. The counties, however, contribute
very largely to our public welfare fund, and they use the gasoline taxes
to feed their general fund. It is already anticipated, therefore, that
there will be an effect on public welfare, even though it is indirect.
Mr. GouDY. There are no gasoline taxes in the wState of Oregon used
for public welfare purposes.
Mr. HoDSON. New York has a gasoline tax.
Mr. HoEHLER. May I say, Mr. Chairman, in introducing Miss
Dunn, that the State of Alabama has done quite a remarkable job in
bringing in all of the county directors of welfare from time to time,
where they are concerned particularly with these new developments
9820 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
in the State — and there are a great many. The record of those
meetings which had been passed on to Washington and to the various
agencies here, and distributed to other communities around the
country, has been very helpful in indicating problems wliich have
arisen in Alabama and are potential problems in other communities.
The Chairman. We have been receiving those.
WELFARE PROBLEMS IN ALABAMA
Miss Dunn. We in Alabama would like very much to see the
variable grant formula applied, not only in securing Federal partici-
pation in general relief, but also to our existing public assistance
categories.
On the question of the effect of the defense program on the public
welfare caseloads, I think we have seen some very specific evidence.
Our State has had a larger percentage of voluntary enlistments, prior
to the declaration of war, than the Nation as a whole.
As a result of that — and because many of these voluntary enlist-
ments are directly related to the need for employment — we are getting
an increase in applications for relief to the families of these voluntary
enlistees. I think it points up a very real question for all of us, and
one I hope this committee will consider.
The question of rising cost of living is a serious one with us, because
we have never provided adequately for those people who are on our
relief rolls.
We made a survey recently and found that the purchasing power of
the relief dollar in the last year had decreased 28 cents, which is a
lot of money to people who are limited in their relief budgets. It
appears, too, that this purchasing power is continuing to decline very
rapidly now.
Our State has also had a good deal of in-migration. Mr. Spark-
man's city of Huntsville is now a Mecca for migrants. The fact that
we have had an inadequate general relief program and inadequate
housing facilities is one of the best evidences that the needs of the
people already receiving public aid are being increased by pressure of
the new families coming into the State. It is difficult for us to know
how to spread the relief dollar, with its value being less, and with the
applications for aid in certain areas being more than offset by new
applications from low-income people affected by skyrocketing living
costs.
The Chairman. Tell us about Wisconsin, Mr. Glassberg.
WISCONSIN UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE SYSTEM
Mr. Glassberg. Mr. Chairman, Wisconsin has a dependency prob-
lem, as have all other States.
As a result of the shut-down of automobile plants and rubber plants
we will probably be made to feel the effects of that much more than
other States, because our unemployment insurance system is unlike
that of 45 of the other States. We have an individual employer's
reserve system.
Only 3 days ago the Gillette Rubber Co. challenged the eligibility
of persons who are displaced in the automobile plants and rubber
plants for unemployment compensation, because the State law pro-
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9821
vides that no worker will be eligible if his plant is shut down because
of an act of God or because of the action of a civil or military official
directly affecting his place of employment.
The Gillette Rubber Co. definitely challenges the right of displaced
w^orkers to receive unemployment compensation.
If that challenge is upheld — and the law would seem to indicate
that there is justice in their contention — then the unemployed will
have to be cared for through general relief.
So this problem which, in some States, can be handled in part
through unemployment compensation will, in Wisconsin, become a
purely general relief problem.
I might say that it seems to me there is some reason to feel that
unemployment compensation reserves should not be used to provide
displaced workers with a livelihood during that period of unemploy-
ment. Fundamentally, unemployment compensation reserves were
set up, presumably, to meet the needs of peacetime unemployment.
Why should these reserves be depleted to meet a military or national
defense emergency?
Furthermore, it seems to me that it is unfair to the workers in these
plants to single them out to bear a burden which the rest of the
population does not bear.
The man who happens to be working in a rubber plant is suddenly
left without a job. The man working in an essential industry is earn-
ing more than he ever earned before. There is no equalization in the
distribution of the war burden, in my opinion.
furthermore, you must not forget that all State laws, including
Wisconsin's, provide for a waiting period of 2 or 3 weeks.
During this period there is no compensation.
Secondly, the maximum amount which a worker can get in my State
is $17 a week; that may be far less than his relief budget, if he were
receiving relief.
In carrying out the suggestion made the other day by Mayor
LaGuardia — that there be a special Federal appropriation to provide
cash to displaced workers — I think that the average weekly wage of a
worker should be used as a basis for determining the amount he should
receive, and that the amount should be approximately 75 percent
of that average.
In brief, I do not feel that a person who happens to be hit in these
consumer goods industries should be called upon to bear a burden
which is not spread over the total population.
The Chairman. Mr. Lyons?
Mr. Lyons. For the sake of brevity, I would just like to give a few
rather pointed statements on what is happening in the Chicago area.
REDUCTION IN RELIEF IN CHICAGO AREA
We have found that in the Chicago area, as a direct result of the
defense program, we have experienced a very marked reduction in
the relief problem, from October 1940 to October 1941, that reduction
representing about 35 percent.
We are finding that of the persons remaining on relief rolls, classed
as employable, many are not acceptable to employers. They are
made up, for the most part, of Negro men, and Negro and white
9822 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
women, and of persons who are less skillful than the older group of
persons.
The State employment service reports that, from October through
December, there were approximately 8,000 persons in the State who
lost private employment because of priorities. It is also indicated
that approximately two-tliirds of these were immediately absorbed
and were not required, or did not find it necessary, to apply for bene-
fits. The balance of the group, of course, sliifted off into other types
of employment.
The Division of Unemployment Compensation of the Department
of Labor reports that in December 1941 there was an increase of only
6 percent over December 1940 in persons making claims and receiving
initial payments. The public assistance load in that period increased
by only 3.3 percent. In the first 9 days of January 37.4 percent of all
the persons applying for assistance did so because they had lost private
employment.
The department of employment service reports that an increased
number of registrants are persons previously engaged in automobile
and tire sales work. Up to this point the Chicago Relief Administra-
tion has not felt the effects of the rationing program with reference to
these types of trades.
The picture in Chicago, with its diversified industries, is still good,
insofar as relief is concerned. The trend for the past 16 months has
been downward, and it is indicated that that trend will continue.
It is our belief, however, that, with further restrictions on clothing,
radios, novelties, and other civilian industries, there is a likelihood of
a reversal, at least a leveling off, of this trend in persons who find it
necessary to apply for benefits.
Mr. Arnold. Has any dependency resulted from the military serv-
ice, either from volunteers or the draft?
Mr. Lyons. The Cliicago Relief Administration has assigned four of
its staff to the Selective Service Board to determine in a 90-day period
the extent to which that board may or may not be affecting the relief
situation. When the period of 90 days expires we will know what the
problem is.
RED CROSS DISASTER SERVICE
Mr. Sparkman. Mr. Hoehler, I would like to ask you a question
bearing upon something you said a few minutes ago as to increased
needs for welfare in various localities. It seems to me that some of
those things you mentioned are being taken care of by the Red Cross,
and organizations of that type. Are those things that you mentioned
usually the functions of the welfare department? I have in mind, lor
instance, disaster work. You spoke of the problems arising if some-
thing should hit, or if there should be sabotage. I was under the im-
pression that such work was usually handled by the Red Cross rather
than the Public Welfare Department.
Mr. Hoehler. I would like to say just this, Mr. Congressman: The
basic responsibility for assistance to people in need, whether it is need
because of unemployment, disability, sickness, or disaster, is the
Government's responsibility.
The Red Cross has been doing, for years, the job of handling dis-
asters, and can continue to do it, but $50,000,000 or $100,000,000 niay
not meet problems arising from enemy attack, and problems arising
from sabotage.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9823
Basically, again, that is a national responsibility. So far as the
Red Cross can continue to meet that responsibihty I think it should
meet it. So far as the Red Cross can continue to meet problems of
dependency which arise in soldiers' families, I think it should meet
them. But, should that problem become a big problem, it is no longer
a responsibility of a charity organization, whether it be public or
private: It becomes the responsibility of the Government to provide
wage adjustments for allotments. Now, those are the two areas in
which the Red Cross has been active.
Mr. Sparkman. What I had in mind with reference to the depend-
ents of soldiers and sailors is a plan that was used during the last war,
of making allotments.
Mr. HoEHLER. That is right.
The Chairman. Don't you believe that some such legislation as
that should be worked out for this war?
BENEFITS FOR DEPENDENTS OF MEN IN THE ARMED SERVICES
Mr. HoEHLER. I do. However, I think we ought to move up to
the present-day type of thinking in allotments and allowances.
We benefited — those of us who were in the Service and had de-
pendents— because of compulsory allotments and allowances during
the last war.
During this war, while we have engaged in a procedure which kept
most men with dependents out of the service, they are bound to come
in eventually. If they don't come in through selective service or
enlistments, they will acquire dependents over a period of several
years. Then, I think, the Government should set up a system of
allotments and allowances — -allotments which may be only token allot-
ments.
We have got to recognize that the men in the service who are getting
$30 a month, or, if they are getting $40 a month, are inadequately
paid and can't assume responsibility for dependents. That token
allowance should be matched by an adequate allowance for dependents
not only to care for the wife who is a dependent, but an allowance for
children.
Very frequently the parent is just as dependent on the son in the
military forces as the wife and children would be. There should be
provision for caring for mothers and fathers. There might be other
dependents, in which there is a very real responsibility on the part
of the soldier, and for those dependents I think there should be some
method of establishing their relation to him and liis responsibility
for them.
METHOD OF PAYMENT
That, too, is a responsibility of Government for the men in service.
It should be given as a matter of right rather than by determining
need and putting it on a charity basis. If you do that I am of the
firm conviction that you will have a better army, you will have better
morale, both in the Army and outside of it; people in the fighting forces
can feel that the Government is making some provision for those
whom they left back home, and who may be dependent upon them.
Mr. Sparkman. Instead of having just an arbitrary allotment, you
would work it out on a more or less flexible basis, by using the facili-
ties of the Welfare Department to determine the degree of need?
60396—42 — pt. 25 13
9824 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Mr. HoEHLER. I would use the facilities, Mr. Congressman, of
the Federal Security Agency, rather than the Welfare Department.
The welfare departments around the country are State and local
departments, and these people here would be the first to admit that
they are spotty in their organization, so far as effectiveness of service
and funds for providing administration may be concerned.
The Federal Security Agency or the Social Security Board could
determine whether, in certain States, the best instrument which they
could use for determining eligibility for this kind of aid would be the
Welfare Department, the Office of Unemployment Compensation
office, or the Office of Old Age and Survivor Insurance. They have
agencies in all the States, competent and able to do this job.
Mr. Sparkman. You would make it flexible so far as amounts are
concerned?
Mr. HoEHLER. Absolutely.
Mr. Sparkman. Rather than rigid or arbitrary?
Mr. HoEHLER. I would make it flexible, depending on the number
of individuals who are dependents of the man in the service.
Mr. Sparkman. Wliat about the need?
Mr. HoEHLER. I don't think you can establish need and be fair
to the men in the service. I think you have got to set down a basic
sum, which would constitute the allowance for the wife, and an addi-
tional allowance for each child, and avoid the necessity of investigat-
ing need, particularly in those immediate dependents.
CHILD-WELFARE PROBLEMS
Mr. Sparkman. Do the welfare departments at present have any
nieans for handling the problem of children in congested areas?
Mr. HoEHLER. They have the machinery, but it needs supple-
mentation.
I would like, if you will permit, to pass that question to those who
must handle the child -welfare problems and the protection of the
children in the communities.
Mr. Sparkman. I will be glad to. I want to make this distinction.
Of course I realize that there are child-welfare departments, but my
idea has always been that they are more for seeing that the benefits
going to dependent children were properly administered, rather than
seeing that they were taken care of during the daytime, or on play-
grounds, or through various activities such as you had in mind.
Mr. HoEHLER. The problem which I mentioned is the problem
which combines health and welfare assistance, and in some cases public
health, housing, and other communitj^ facilities that might be provided
for those children. Miss Dunn was a child-welfare worker before she
became a commissioner of public welfare.
Mr. Sparkman. A very fine one, too.
Mr. HoEHLER. She can tell you something about the child-welfare
program.
The Chairman. Congressman Arnold's next question, I believe will
cover that. We might start off with Congressman Arnold.
Mr. Arnold. Well, tliis next question has been answered in part.
I thought it might be good for the record, after I propound this ques-
tion, if Mr. Lyons would detail the struggle Illinois has had to obtain
funds for relief. He and I have fought these battles together.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9825
RELIEF PROBLEMS IN ILLINOIS
I was in the Illinois Legislature, and we had most of the relief load
in the larger counties such as Cook, comprising half of the population
of the State. The private funds of Juhus Rosenwald and others have
diminished rapidly in trying to take care of the problem. We have,
therefore, had to mortgage the gasoline fund two different times; we
passed a sales tax of 1 percent for relief; and have tried various other
methods to obtain funds for relief.
1 believe it would be well to have a prelinunary statement, prior to
this question, about what the Federal Government should do.
The question is: What specific recommendations have you for
Federal action in the public field at the present time?
It might be helpful if I stated a few of the proposals now being
examined by tliis coimnittee:
First, public assistance, including provision for general rehef to
residents and nonresidents alike to be extended to the States on a
basis of variable grants.
Second, the adoption of uniform settlement laws or abolition uf
settlement laws.
Third, Federal allowances to meet dependency and other problems
of need arising out of the emergency.
Are you in a position, Mr. Lyons, to tell what struggles a State like
Illinois had in the past 11 or 12 years?
Mr. Lyons. I would be very glad to summaiize the very fine work,
that the Congressman was a leader in, in endeavoring to get adequate
funds by adequate legislation in the State of Illinois, to set up a well-
organized, well-rounded, well-administered program.
Going back just 10 years ago, we did, as was pointed out, mortgage
the gas tax, with a 2 S-milhon- dollar bond issue, then a 30- million-
dollar bond issue; and then getting into Federal grants, we went
through that entire program consistently recommending, as Federal
legislation came into the picture, that full Federal benefits be used.
It was, I think,' in 1936 that the old-age assistance program became
operative in Illinois.
We have gone through that terrific problem and through the
estabhshment of, first, a sales tax, removing the property tax for a
short period ; then the 3 percent sales tax, wliich has again reverted
back to 2 percent. We have gone through all the growing pains of
financing, in an endeavor to adequateh" meet the problem.
FOURTH CATEGORY OF RELIEF
Now, to say what is needed, it appears very definitely that there
should be a fourth category set up to care for persons on direct relief.
Those persons, for the most part, are not employable; are not
acceptable for employment. I think there is a very definite distinction
there .
I think there should be provision — proper legislation — to set up a
method of grants, and certainly a program of rather uniform adminis-
tration of care for all persons in need, regardless of race, color, creed,
or of their residence, because of this great fluctuation and changing
of population wliich we are now having.
9826 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
I don't know whether that covers the thing that you intended,
Congressman, or not, but it is a rather sketchy review of that ex-
perience.
Mr. Arnold. That covers it pretty well. You have touched on the
abolition of settlement laws, or the adoption of uniform settlement
laws, and the other matters covered by the committee.
New, Mr. Hoehler, the question is: What specific recommendations
have you for Federal action in the public field at the present time?
Mr. Hoehler. Congressman, I think you will find that some of the
formal papers submitted by members of the panel carry recom-
mendations.
Mr. Arnold. They have all been included in the record.
Mr. Hoehler. I would like to ask Mr, Goudy to give us some im-
pressions which he has, not only on the matter of settlement laws, but
the matter of what kind of Federal program should be inaugurated in
order to meet the needs which he sees on the west coast. And, if you
will, Mr. Goudy, speak a little bit on the problem of the alien. I hope
you may not have the problem of discrimination in employment which
was indicated partly by Mr. Lyons' statement: to the effect that so
many Negroes are on relief rolls and don't get into employment.
Will you speak on that subject, please?
Mr. Goudy. Mr. Chairman, on the first point, with respect to the
fourth category, I think the three Pacific Coast States have certainly
had their share of movement of people from the other parts of the
country .
We feel that, in establishment of the fourth category, there should
be no distinction made between the care of a resident and a nonresident
person, I think those of us in the administration of the public
welfare field in Oregon would go further than the question of the
uniformity of that, but provide that there be no distinction made
in the care of the two. We should have a law that would be broadly
flexible, permitting the handling of cases on an individual basis,
whether they be residents or nonresidents. Certainly, with the
problems that are arising now, it becomes very much more important
that there be provision made for proper and adequate care in the
fourth category.
The question was raised by the Congressman here, and Mr. Hoehler,
as to other agencies providing care in this emergency period. Allow
me to cite a specific case:
AID TO dependents OF CIVILIANS IN WAR ZONE
From one county in Oregon there were some 200 men working on
Wake, Guam, and other Pacific islands. Many of those men had
families in the county they left ; 70 of those men have left families who
probably will become the responsibihty of the public-welfare adminis-
tration in that county. Whether they are dead or interned, or what
has happened, is unknown, but the load falls on one Oregon county.
That county, of course, has been harder hit than others.
Now, there is no other agency, so far as we know, that provides
care for those families. They were civilian workers.
Mr, Sparkman. May I interject there? The Government plans to
continue the pay, I understand, of those who are living.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9827
Mr. GouDY. So far we have not been able to get information whether
that is true or not.
Mr. Curtis. Were they employed by a private contractor or by the
Government?
Mr. GouDY. So far as we know most of those men were employed
by private contractors, although that is not certain.
Mr. Curtis. Do workmen's compensation requirements extend to
the island of Wake?
Mr. GouDY. I don't Icnow the answer to that question, sir.
Mr. Curtis. Was the contract for their emplovment made in your
State?
Mr. GouDY. I can't answer that, specifically, because there are
probably several of them.
Mr. Curtis. The chances are they had a job before they went to
the island of Wake.
Mr. GouDY. No. As a matter of fact, the report we have indicates
that at least some of those men were on W. P. A.
Mr. Curtis. Perhaps I didn't make my question clear. They had
the assurance that they would have a job on the islands before they
left their home, did they not?
Mr. GouDY. That is my understanding, but the fact remains that
there are some 200 of those men. Some 70 of them left families, and
to this time we have been unable to determine where they mil receive
assistance, except as the contractor may carry them for a period of
time, which may be done.
We have made inquiry, but we have no answer. The problem is
immediate. We will provide for those families on general assistance.
Mr. Sparkman. The statement was made one day this week, I
believe, that, for those still Uving, the Government would continue
those payments, and that those payments would be issued out of
Honolulu; therefore there would be a little time.
Mr. GouDY, Are these payments for civilian employees on private
contract?
Mr. Sparkman. Yes, the civilian employees on private contract,
who are still living.
The pay checks of those who are known to be dead would be made
up to the time of their death, and then would stop.
Mr. GouDY. The only point I would like to make here is that,
when that problem arises in that county, those checks were due to
those families on December 15. They were not received on Decem-
ber 15. Those families are dependent. Some agency had to meet
that problem, had to meet it at that time, and there was, so far as
I know, no agency except the public welfare agency which was in a
position to meet that problem. Now, with respect to the other
question Mr. Hoehler raises, with respect to discrimination:
Many of these problems are just beginning to show. What they
may amount to is still problematical, but there are questions that
they raise as to certain groups.
For instance, the Japanese group: Shortly before I left the city
of Portland, I received a letter from the Japanese committee, asking
a meeting with our office, to determine what will be done for Japanese
citizens, and some aliens who are now dependent because of the
war situation. How many there may be is unknown at this time,
but obviously there will be a rather substantial number.
9828 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The Chairman. What is the Japanese population of Oregon?
Mr. GouDY. I don't know the exact number, but if my memory
serves me, it is approximately 4,000. The problem undoubtedly
would be a problem both in tlie State of Washington and the State
of California.
The Chairman. Does anyone else care to be heard on this matter?
COST OF GENERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Mr. Russell. Mr. Chairman, might I say one word? It is prob-
ably no unusual experience for you to have State officials comuig to
Washington with their hand out for Federal money, and I would
like to emphasize this point in relation to my own particular State:
That regardless, there, of administration, we have had an uninter-
rupted and sound but expensive assistance program throughout the
last 8 years. The cost of that program has reached very close to
50 percent of the State budget.
I come to the same conclusion that everyone else here on this
panel comes to, m reference to any specific problem that is described —
that we need Federal sharmg on general pubhc assistance.
I would like to emphasize the point that Pennsylvania intends to
do no less in the future, and their desire to have a sharing of the re-
sponsibility, in the basic problem of general assistance, is a desire to
do more than they have done to date, and to be put in a position
where they can really provide that basic underpinning for all the
people, regardless of whether they belong to specific groups or not.
Mr. HoDsoN. Mr. Chairman; may I make a comment with re-
spect to what may be expected of departments of welfare, and other
local authorities, in the event of enemy action on these shores?
I have no doubt that your committee is quite familiar with the
fact that in Great Britain they made fairly adequate provision, in
the beginning, for persons who were injured. Their hospital care
was well organized. By and large they had prepared pretty well
against property damage. But what surprised them most of all
was that the cliief need was to take care of people who were suddenly
dislocated from all the normal patterns to which they had been ac-
customed. They were out of their houses; they couldn't find their
relatives; they needed information; they needed a small allowance
to provide for the immediate necessities. And all that group of
ordinary, human services, strangely enough, the British, in the be-
ginning, had not prepared for.
The Chairman. May I interrupt you there to say that we will
have, as a witness this morning, Mr. Malcolm MacDonald, British
High Commissioner of Canada, and we intend to go into that, which
is very important.
Mr. HoDSON. Now, the point that I wanted to make, with respect
to departments of welfare, was that it seems to me that what we have
got to expect is that wherever you have, in the localities, a department
of government which has the skill and the experience and the staff
to do these particular jobs that are necessary for people, that machinery
should be used to the fullest extent.
Obviously, it ought to be done in close cooperation with the Red
Cross, but the total of all that can be done by the Red Cross and by
the departments of welfare, and by the other local authorities, won't
be too much.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9829
I think it is important that, as this thing develops, and as enemy
action comes, if it does, the departments of welfare must be prepared
to provide those services for hmnan beings who are in trouble, under
those circumstances, that they would provide under normal peacetime
conditions.
Mr. Sparkman. Mr. Chairman, I am still asking that question
about the child welfare. I haven't heard that question answered
yet.
Mr. HoEHLER. I would like to refer it, as I suggested, to Miss
Dunn, who has had that experience.
CHILD WELFARE SERVICE
Miss Dunn. Mr. Congressman, I think too many people are inchned
to think of cliild welfare as being confined to the aid to dependent
children program, and, therefore, to the actual giving of relief.
Equally important are the child welfare services incorporated into
most of our public acts as a part of the total public welfare program.
At this point, I would like to observe that in one of our defense
areas in Alabama we have been impressed with the fact that juvenile
dehnquency has increased by 500 percent. The cases had to do, in
many instances, with the seeking of employment by under-age groups,
and with young girls presenting social-protection problems. All
too frequently these young people came out of the nearby rural areas,
where there was insufficient economic aid, directly traceable, I think,
to inadequate relief.
It is through a provision of the Federal Security Act, wliich is ad-
ministered by the Children's Bureau, that we do have child welfare
services. I think these services should be extended to improve exist-
ing facilities in meeting the needs of children. Now they are largely
on a demonstration basis.
I have been impressed with how easy it is to look toward setting
up a new program to meet some of these problems. I am fully con-
vinced that, if we strengthen some of our protective services for
children, which are now already in existence, and extend them, we
shaU prevent a great many of our social, and perhaps some of our
economic, disasters.
Mr. Curtis. I think it is perfectly obvious that certain types of
need have increased, because of the defense and the war situation,
but have you found that certain other needs have become lessened?
Has the defense employment affected your relief lines?
Mr. HoEHLER. Mr. Hodson, will you answer that question, please?
Mr. Hodson. Speaking for New York, Mr. Chairman, the situa-
tion roughly is this:
DECLINE IN RELIEF ROLLS
Up to within a month ago, the total decline in relief rolls^I am
speaking not only of home rehef but of W. P. A. as well — the total
decline from the peak of October 1935 to October of 1941 was about
56 percent. That was in numbers cared for, and about 59 percent
in terms of expenditures.
Of course, that decline has been accelerated in the last year because
of the great increase in employment due to defense industries, aiid
9830 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
while we don't have so many defense industries in New York, we-
have nevertheless gotten the secondary results of defense employment.
Now, the point that I want very much to emphasize here, however,
is that, first of all, we are getting, down in New York, as I suspect
we are in other places, to the hard core that I spoke of a little while
ago- — to the families that have no employable member but must
receive public assistance because there is nobody to take a job.
That is number one.
The relief problem is not solved. We have a very substantial
problem and will continue to have a substantial problem for an
indefinite period in the future, with respect to these families that
need care, because there is no workman in the family, or no workman
who is presently able to work.
The other thing is that we are beginning to see, in New York,
an increase in the relief problem. Our applications are beginning to
go ^P-
The unemployment insurance benefit claims are increasing, so
that we anticipate, by reason of these dislocations, priorities, and the
shift-over from nonwar to war industries, that we shall have an
increasing problem, even affecting those families that have an em-
ployable member. Therefore, we are looking forward, at least for
the immediate future, to some increase in our problem.
We are convinced that for the future there will be no decline in
the relief problem such as there has been up to this point, because
of that large group of persons and families in which there is no em-
ployable member.
Now, that leads me to say this, Mr. Congressman, that it seems
very important — and I assume that it is within the jurisdiction of this
committee's interest — that our unemployment insurance program
should be widely extended. In other words, if we provided unem-
ployment insurance for all employable persons, we would reduce the
number of applicants for relief.
SUPPLEMENTING UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFITS
It is important to extend that coverage. We have the anomaly
now of persons who receive unemployment insurance benefits which
are not adequate to provide for the family and must be supplemented
by relief allowances. I would say that, in New York, there are several
thousands of cases of that type.
Unemployment insurance benefit is fixed by the tenure and by the
wage. Now, the worker may have a family of 3, or he may have a
family of 10. In either case he gets the same benefit. If he has a
family of 10 the benefit is wholly inadequate, and it is frequently
necessary for him to ask for supplementation from the relief authorities.
It seems to me that the unemployment compensation system should
be modified so as to weight the benefits in favor of the low-paid workers^
to weight them stUl further in terms of the number of dependents, to
reduce the waiting period, and to extend the length of coverage.
If that were done, it would reduce to a very considerable degree
the number of persons who would have to apply for relief. If the
duration of coverage were extended, it would afford the disemployed
worker an opportunity to make the necessary adjustment, and to find
another job. That is particularly necessary in view of the disloca-
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9831
tions that are going to result from the conversion of nonwar to war
industries.
The time to modify and extend unemployment insurance coverage
isn't next month or 6 months from now: it is now.
I think that, by so doing, we can reduce the extent of expenditures
that will be necessary for public assistance.
Mr. Curtis. The added burdens of the last 18 months that have
been placed upon the Federal Government are tremendous. Our
Government bears these burdens not only for our own country but for
many countries, in providing food, lease-lend, and so forth. The
talk of a year or two ago of the ability of the Federal, local, and State
governments to provide these things just hasn't any foundation now.
While I hope my patriotism isn't challenged, I suggest that the
Federal Government might reach a breaking point in the midst of
the war, and, if there had been certain tasks that could have been
carried by other units, and we had deliberately added them to the
Federal Government's burdens, we would have made a sad mistake.
I realize that I am facing a group which would argue about such a
thought, but I love my country and am concerned about it.
Mr. HoDsoN. May I say that I am sure that all of tliis group
recognize that the basic solvency of the Government is vital to the con-
tinuation of our war effort, but I think, Mr. Congressman, that perhaps
we might differ on the extent to which the old orthodox theories
of finance still apply.
It seems to me that we have reached the point, as was indicated by
the National Resources Planning Board the other day, where we must
think primarily about our resources and manpower, and the national
income wliich is derived from the full use of those resources and that
manpower. If we do that we shall certainly find the money to meet
these programs.
Our concern is that the whole burden of tliis effort should not fall
on the humble people who are doing the work. If we are fighting
this war for their future peace and security, we have got to give them
as much security as is possible now, while the war is being fought.
We shall probably have to modify our old concepts of how these things
are to be financed, and meet the war situation on the basis of the full
use of our resources and manpower.
Mr. Curtis. I don't want to prolong the argument. All of that
sounds well and good, but once the Government reaches a breaking
point there can be no turning back or redoing the thing along different
lines.
Second thought may be possible in private affairs, but a bank that
closes still creates havoc in the community, and heartbreak, and many
many things.
The Chairman. There may be members of tliis committee who
have divergent views, but we get along so well that we keep away from
those things as much as we possibly can.
Members of the panel, this has been tremendously interesting to
the members of this committee, but we are running beliiiid our sched-
ule, and we have still to hear a panel of seven members of the United
States Department of Pubhc Health, and we want to close by noon.
Mr. HoEHLER. May I thank you, on behalf of the members of the
panel, for the privilege of coming here and presenting our problems.
9832 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
I ask the privilege of presenting a letter and a telegram from Miss
Martha Chickering, director, department of social welfare, Sacra-
mento, Calif., who was scheduled to participate in this panel but
was prevented from attending this session.
(The letter and telegram referred to above are as follows:)
State of California,
Department of Social Welfare,
Sacramento, Calif., Dece7nber 31, 19^1 .
Fred K. Hoehler,
Director, American Public Welfare Association,
Chicago, III.
Dear Mr. Hoehler: Any attempt to present material on the maintenance of
the social services in California at the moment is very diflScult, since there is a
possibility, of course, that the State of California may become a front-line area
in a total war.
It seems clear to me that the maintenance of the public social services in a
period of even extreme emergency will be largely dependent upon the adequacy of
the foundations already existent. The best preparation which can be made,
therefore, toward an emergency would seem to be to strengthen those foundations.
The best way to help strengthen this State towa rd the maintenance of its social
services would, in my opinion, be the addition of a so-called fourth category;
namely, Federal aid for general relief, to be extended through the same social
machinery as the other forms of federally aided public assistance. This would not
only strengthen administration of the existing public welfare agencies, but it
would also provide adequate basic care for any segment of the population unable
for any reason to care for itself.
I would also request that attention be given toward some program for the care
of dependents of service men.
It is probable that the average State legislature will not immediately see the'
place and importance of the social services in a wartime picture. The Congress of
the United States is in a much better position to realize what modern war does to
human beings. Unless Congress acts early it is quite likely that many States will
learn through extreme human suffering that the care of the civilian population by
the basic social services is one of the prime necessities in the waging of a modern
war.
Very sincerely yours,
Martha A. Chickering,
Director, Department of Social Welfare.
Sacramento, Calif., January 12, 1941-
Fred Hoehler,
Hay- Adams Hotel, Washington, D. C:
Individuals in this State and other coastal areas will probably send children
and aged dependents to middle-western relatives for care for the duration. Pos-
sible problems resulting are obvious. Suggest Federal planning for assuring
standard at homes, medical care, and financial assistance if needed. Urge that
any programs for aid in emergency resulting from enemy action be through the
constituted public agency. This would assure stability — long-time planning
integration with community. Federal aid greatly needed, probably through child
welfare services for development of adequate day care for children of working
mothers. Regret delay in sending report but urge consideration this wire plus
letter urging fourth category and provision for service-men's dependents.
Martha A. Chickering,
Stale Department of Social Welfare.
The Chairman. We will next hear from a panel composed of public
health experts. Dr. Atwater, you, I believe, will act as moderator
for the panel. Will you come forward and introduce yourself and the
members of your panel?
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9833
TESTIMONY OF PANEL OF PUBLIC HEALTH EXPERTS
Dr. Atwater. The members of this panel are: Dr. Martha M.
Eliot, Associate Chief, Children's Bureau, Washington, D. C; Miss
Alma Haupt, executive secretary, subcommittee on nursing, health,
and medical committee, Ofl&ce of Defense, Health, and Welfare
Services, Federal Security Agency, Washmgton, D. C; Dr. George H.
Kamsey, commissioner of health, Westchester County, N. Y.; Dr.
James G. Townsend, medical director. Industrial Hygiene Division,
National Institute of Health, Washington, D. C; and Dr. Huntington
Williams, commissioner, city department of health, Baltimore, Md.
My name is Reginald M. Atwater; I am the Executive Secretary of
the American Public Health Association, New York, N. Y.
I have to present to you the regrets of Dr. Abel Wolman, who had
an emergency call which made it impossible for him to be present this
morning. He has already testified before you, however.^
The Chairman. I want to thank each of you members of this panel
on public health for meeting with us this morning to discuss some of
the public health problems arising under the war activity. It is my
understanding that we have received, or will shortly receive, papers
from each of you. We appreciate this invaluable assistance. The
papers will be published in our record. (The papers referred to above
appear with the testimony of the respective witnesses.)
As this committee has traveled about the country studying the
migration of two and more million people moving into defense centers,
we have observed acute problems arising in the public health fields.
In Hartford, Baltimore, San Diego, and in the other centers where
we have been, critical shortages in health and hospital facilities have
been reported to us. Now with the war upon us, problems already
grave are being intensified. We have asked you to meet with us as a
group to learn from you the national needs in the various phases of
the public-health field, and to hear such recommendations for congres-
sional action as you may have.
Dr. Atwater, you have been good enough to agree to act as moderator
for this panel. Will you call upon the individual members of the
panel as you see fit so that each member may state briefly the problems
he sees arising in his special field of work, what seem to him to be the
most significant unmet needs, and what services he feels are necessary
in order to meet them. Then at the close of this interrogation may we
ask you, as executive secretary of the American Public Health Asso-
ciation, to summarize the over-all picture, and to make such general
recommendations and comments as you feel will be of assistance.
Following your remarks, in what time remains, I am sure that the
individual members of this committee wUl wish to address a few
questions to the members of the panel.
Now please feel free to interrupt at any time to raise questions
that may bring out the main problems or difficulties arising in the
field of public health. Dr. Atwater, will you proceed, please.
i \See Baltimore hearings, pt. 15, p. 5888.
9834 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
TESTIMONY OF REGINALD M. ATWATER, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY,
AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION
Dr. Atwater. Mr. Chairman, as a word of preface before the other
members of the panel speak, I wish to quote a high British official who
recently said that the greatly expanded social and health services in
England did as much to win the battle of Britian as the Royal Air
Force.
British experience shows that many people fear the loss of health
and economic security even more than they fear death by bombing.
You will find that no matter what happens to their homes as a result
of aid raids, the English people need not worry about their economic
or health security. They are enabled to rebuild their homes through
insurance provisions. They are able to feed and clothe and shelter
their families through the social services and they are able to give
them medical and health services as well. What is lost is lost by all
and what is saved is saved for the use of all. On such a foundation
we believe morale is built.
Now, the focus of this present hearing relates to the part which
health security can play in building and maintaining morale in the
present emergency.
The members of this panel, representing as they do a variety of
public health specialties, have a simple message for this committee
on which they are entirely agreed.
This is the common denominator from which we speak. First, we
know what good health services are and we can supply a blueprint;
second, even a perfect blueprint left on paper will not meet the need.
You realize how necessary it is to implement that blueprint in order
to buUd good public morale.
We shall try to bring out in what we have to say, the steps which
now ought to be taken in public health to bring about a state of good
public morale.
Just a word, now, on health services in wartime.
HEALTH SERVICES IN WARTIME
Health officers and health department staffs are expected always
to be on duty to fulfill the urgent needs of civil government. Our
present state of war calls for a clarification of aims, some simplification
of organization, and a considerable strengthening of effort to develop
and keep fit a nation of superior men, women, and children, capable
of an optimum life within the privileges and duties of free peoples.
Now I said we had a blueprint. I shall file for the record a state-
ment of what those minimum functions and desirable organizational
principles are for health activities.
I don't think I shall pause longer than simply to leave with you this
statement which is an official declaration of the Professional Society
of Public Health Workers. On that we are all agreed.^
The public health profession is already on record as to what should
be the minimum functions and the organization principles for health
activities. Wherever these minimum functions do exist we believe
1 Statement held in committee files. See Desirable Minimum Functions and Organization Principles for
Health Activities, Year Boole, 1940-41, Supplement to American Journal of Public Health, vol. 31, No. 3,
March 1941.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9835
that the service must be maintained during the emergency. Wherever
they do not exist we point out that our Nation is vulnerable at that
point and we beUeve these services must be established there.
We regret to report that, in the words of Dr. Thomas Parran, Sur-
geon General of the United States Pubhc Health Service, these mini-
mum services exist only on paper in many States and localities, and
some of those States and localities are in the most acute areas of need.
In order to build public morale it must be emphasized that in
every area of the United States and its territorial possessions these
functions need extension and improvement. We want to translate
these principles into militant action. These blueprints must be con-
verted into practical programs for State, city, and county work, and
the voluntary organizations must take an appropriate place with the
official organizations.
The public health profession has a single aim and that is victory;
and to this end we, as a body of pubhc servants, dedicate all the
resources of our professional and technical capacities.
MORALE-BUILDING FORCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
We feel that any neglect or curtailment of the essential protection
of civilian health, whether at home or in the factory or in other working
place, is inconsistent with maximum efficiency of the military forces
and the preservation of public morale.
We believe that the trained civil health worker is properly to be
considered indispensable to the maintenance of national health. We
behove that he should be encouraged to continue at liis regular station
m civil government unless the war can be more effectively prosecuted
by his transfer to military service.
In order to build sound pubhc morale, those States, and some of the
more limited areas lacking in whole or in part the reality of these
health services, should with all speed be provided with health officers
competent to give leadership and direction, and authorized to spend
public funds sufficient to make health services a reality for every unit
of population under the flag of the United States.
This competent modern health department about which we are
talking comprises a medical, sanitary, and related biological and
social service which enjoys broad authority to meet a wide variety of
emergencies.
We believe that at the present time it is neither practically desirable
nor pohtically feasible to create a fully centralized health administra-
tion under the Federal Government. However, I wish to emphasize
that ways must be found to help the health officer and each member
of his staff to think of himself as conducting an essential portion of a
national project for the people's health. He ought to act at all times
as if he were, in fact and within the law, at the administrative dispo-
sition of the Surgeon General of the United States Pubhc Health
Service.
We are glad to see that steps are being taken to expand the reserve
of the Service, even those who are commissioned may be expected
to remain in their key positions unless enemy action or epidemics
demand that they be moved elsewhere. We believe that if the pubhc
will act with vision and confidence upon the principles and pohcies
here declared, victory in arms can be achieved without sacrifice of
9836 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
the continuing and progressive health needs of a people devoted to
the humanities of peace.
We came out of the last struggle with some genuine public health
advantages. We believe it is possible to come out of this one with
new gains. Finally, we need only to remind you, familiar as you are
with the state of the Nation, that beliind these marble palaces that
we see in Washington, behind the bold facades of a Fifth Avenue in
New York, a Michigan Boulevard in Chicago, or a Market Street in
San Francisco, there lie bad but remediable physical conditions — veri-
table slums in wliich lie the seeds of bad public morale.
In what we have to say we shall attempt to detail for you some of
the ways by which our public health resources can be employed to
build the foundation for good public morale.
I should like to present Dr. Martha Eliot who is Assistant Chief of
the Cliildren's Bureau in the Department of Labor, a position of
competence in clinical medicine, and one who within the last few
months has had an extraordinary opportunity of seeing the situation
in England and how public morale has there been built by the use
of health services.
TESTIMONY OF DR. MARTHA M. ELIOT, ASSOCIATE CHIEF,
CHILDREN'S BUREAU, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Dr. Eliot. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I have
already filed a brief statement with the committee with respect to the
relationship between some of the cliild health needs and measures,
and this question of national morale, but I would like to add a few
remarks at this time which point up some of the statements made
therein.
(The statement referred to above is as follows:)
STATEMENT BY MARTHA M. ELIOT, M. D., ASSOCIATE CHIEF,
CHILDREN'S BUREAU, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON,
D. C.
Acute Health Problems Growing Out of Defense Concentration of
Population and What Can Be Done About Them
Maintaining the health of mothers and children no less than that of workers in
industry is fundamental to maintaining the strength and morale of the Nation.
This is true in peacetime; it is essential in wartime. Men in military service and
workers in industry will be more effective on the job if they know that their
wives and children are well and that their health is being looked after.
More and more mothers are being drawn into industry. If they are to work
steadily their children must be kept ,well so that the mothers do not find it neces-
sary to take time off to care for sick children.
The fact that nearly 50 percent of the draftees were rejected for military
service in 1940 and 1941 because of defective health is startling evidence of the
inadequacy of our preventive and treatment programs in the medical care of
school children.
The future of the Nation depends on how we care for children now and how we
plan ahead for continuing improvements in care.
In periods of preparation for war and in wartime the stresses and strains of
industry, the movements of the population, and the absence of the father from
many homes result in serious dislocations of family life, in crowded and often
insanitary living conditions, in lack of, or inadequate, provision for medical care,
education and recreation facilities, and social protection.
The effect on children is much more severe and serious, especially in the long
run, than on adults. The physical and emotional effect on children of too little
or disturbed sleep, of irregular and unsatisfactory meals, of delayed medical care
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9837'
are well recognized. When family life is dislocated as in time of war, these effects
are exaggerated. Fears and the sense of insecurity of parents are reflected in the
attitudes and actions of children. Disturbed emotional states and aggressive and
asocial behavior often develop among children merely as a result of a sense of
insecurity in their homes or when they are separated from their parents or one
of their parents. Delinquency rates go up, but the increase is accounted for
largely by minor delinquencies such as petty thefts. Many of the emotional
disturbances among children which are today being incited by the war or civil
defense situation are evidence of old instability and insecurity which are finding
expression in war symbols.
The remedy lies in more security in home life, not less, in normal routines of
living, in adequate health service and medical care, in advice and guidance for
parents, in educational and recreational opportunities for all children, in nursery
schools and group activities for young children, in the provision of sufficient and
satisfactory daytime care of children when the war effort requires mothers to go
to work. All these are needed in peacetime in every community. It is imperative
that they be provided in every defense area today without delay.
The United States can no longer afford to be wasteful of children's lives and well-
being as we have been in the past.
Although we have been making progress in the United States in providing the
basic health services for mothers and children, there are still many cities and
rural areas where these services are in large part lacking or are available to only
a small proportion of the resident families. Evidence already presented to this
committee has shown how tragically lacking such service is in many military
and industrial defense communities.
Other evidence can be given which shows the utter inadequacy of health
services for mothers and children in areas outside the defense communities where,
the less dramatic war effort of raising our food excites little attention. The war,
situation is adding to the deficiency in these communities because physicians
and nurses are leaving our small towns and cities in great numbers to join the
military forces. In some cases communities have been left without any physicians,
in others with a totally inadequate number to care for the mothers and children.
It is essential to the morale and well-being of the Nation that maternal and.
child-health services be maintained and expanded where they exist and that they,
be installed elsewhere not only in defense areas where conditions are dramatically
acute but in the rest of our cities and counties also. The oncoming generation of
boys and girls who will bear the military and industrial load tomorrow are in
our home communities throughout our States. From the point of view of military
attack these are the relatively safe areas. But if evacaution of mothers and
children from danger areas should ever become necessary they would be sent to
these relatively safe communities. Unless these communities are organized
now, they will not be ready to provide health and social services to an increased
child population, to say nothing of meeting the urgent needs of their own children,
and young people.
LESSONS FROM GREAT BRITAIN
The chairman of the committee has asked for lessons to be learned from the
handling of the health situation in England. In February 1941 as a member of
a War Department mission in England I studied the civil defense measures for the
protection of children and since then I have received information from the '
Ministries of Health and Labour of Great Britain.
The remarkal:)ly good health record for mothers and children that has been
maintained there under war conditions including the evacuation of large numbers
of mothers and children from London and other industrial cities was due in large
part to the fact that the health and medical services had been so well established
before the war and have been continued so effectively since war was declared.
Gradually since the last war, child health clinics (called child-welfare clinics),
school medical services, district nursing services, health visitors and midwives
have been made available under the jurisdiction of practically every local authority.
When I was in England I was told that before this war started practically all
mothers in the counties later to become reception areas for evacuated children
could take their children to child-welfare clinics in their home communities and
that no mother needed to go more than 6 or 7 miles at the outside except perhaps
in remote rural areas in the northern counties. School medical services including
medical treatment clinics were available in some degree to all school children.
School meals were being served to children in more than half of all provincial
9838 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
schools. Prenatal clinics had been made available by all local authorities and
the service of trained, skilled midwives had been made universal since the amend-
ment of the Midwife Act in 1936. Consultant service from physicians, and in
case of need from obstetricians, had been made available by the Government
everywhere. Hospital care for maternity jjatients could be made available at
least in a nearby town on the recommendation of a physician.
When war was declared in September 1939 this network of maternity and child-
health clinics and medical care services for school children was spread all over the
country. Competent medical officers of health who had had clinical training in
pediatrics and obstetrics were responsible for the organization of the work in
cities and rural districts. Without this network of service, the huge tasks of care
of children in cities under bombing and in the reception areas could not have
been accomplished with the success that has attended them.
One outstanding lesson then to be learned from British experience is that we
must complete in the United States our basic network of health organization and
health services for mothers and children, if we are to use our limited medical and
nursing personnel up to maximum effectiveness, if we are to avoid the malnutri-
tion, illness, and epidemics that devitalize a nation in wartime, and if we are to
meet eflfectively new emergencies as they arise.
But we can also learn many lessons from the way Great Britain planned for and
met the unusual stresses and strains of war upon children. For instance, it is im-
portant for us in the United States to realize that the British people started to
plan for the protection of children long before war was declared and that as time
has gone on great progress in improving the quality of care and service has been
made. Mistakes were made in the early days of the evacuation scheme, but these
have been largely rectified. By and large the basic plans for protection of chil-
dren in areas of danger have been carried out and the policy of evacuation of
children and mothers from areas of danger to areas of relative safety is still re-
garded as sound. The most recent reports indicate that more than a million
children are being cared for in reception areas under the Government evacuation
plan and that approximately three-fourths of all London children are still out of
the city in these reception areas. Since evacuation is voluntary, provision is
made for children in the cities under bombing as well as in reception areas, but
parents are encouraged to send their children out of the city.
During the 2 years of war, standards of care in reception areas have been raised
and many community facilities for evacuees have been organized. Schools have
been opened in reception areas and recreation programs for children and youth
have been provided both in the industrial areas and in the reception areas. For
the youth who remain in the city to work, special effort is made through the recre-
ation department of the education authority to provide social centers and recre-
ational activities. Nursery centers, now called "wartime nurseries," have been
established for evacuated children and in the industrial areas for young children
of mothers who must go to work in the war industries.
Medical and health services for city school children though originally abandoned
before the first evacuation in the expectation of bombing have been reinstated and
are actively serving children in both city and country. Child health clinics and
health visitor service which likewise were abandoned in London for a short time
at the beginning of the war are now provided in some degree for all young children.
Maternity care has been reorganized so that a large proportion of women are
delivered in maternity homes and hospitals outside of the cities that are target
areas.
Child guidance clinics have been developed in many new places. The need for
these clinics is increasingly appreciated, especially in the reception areas to assist
in solving problems of children who are difficult to place in private households.
Emotional disturbances among evacuated children have been found to be exacer-
bations of previous difficulties in a majority of cases. The employment of wel-
fare officers and child guidance workers has done much to assist the local authori-
ties and the volunteers in meeting these problems.
The nutrition of children and workers is regarded by the British authorities as
fundamental to good morale and is given continuing attention by the Ministries
of Food and Health. Children and pregnant and nursing mothers are given
priority in the distribution of milk. Local authorities are urged to establish
school meals in all communities. Feeding centers, the so-called British restau-
rants, are established in all industrial cities for workers and others and in the
reception areas for evacuees. Here a well-balanced meal can be obtained for a
verv small cost.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9839
All of this has done much to strengthen the morale of British workers and the
men in military service. It contains many lessons for us, though their applica-
tion to our situations may be different.
PLANNING FOR MOTHERS AND CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES
There can be no doubt that here in the United States the morale of the men in
military and naval service, the morale of industrial workers, and the morale of
women industrial workers with children will be immeasurably strengthened if
they can feel secure as to the health and well-being of their children. But morale
will not be strengthened unless the people know that plans are underway for the
protection and welfare of children in this period of war. These plans must
include protection of children in the areas of potential danger from belligerent
action and for their removal in case of real danger. Action must also be taken
to provide at once health and welfare services to children living in or near the
defense industrial cities or the great military establishments. Beyond this there
must be a supplementation of health and welfare services in those relatively safe
areas which would be used for reception of children from the danger zones should
evacuation ever become necessary.
Our greatest potential weakness today in the protection of children in wartime
lies in the inadequacy of health, medical, and welfare services for children and
of provisions for maternity care in hospitals and clinics in our rural areas and in
the smaller cities and towns which are the relatively safe areas. Plans should be
made now, even if it is at what appears to be great cost, to provide a large mobile
corps of public health, medical, and welfare workers that would be available on
an interstate basis to assist State and local agencies in meeting wartime needs of
civilians, particularly in those areas which lie outside the danger zones. Plans
should be made now for improving and organizing maternity care and medical
care for children in these areas and for providing child welfare and community
organization workers. To do this now is to be forehanded. It would not be
waste effort since such a mobile corps of health and welfare workers would be
stationed for the present where their help is needed. They would, however, be
available on short notice to go to other areas if and when belligerent action should
create an urgent demand for expansion of health and welfare services. Such a
mobile corps of health and social welfare workers would in no sense replace the
Red Cross workers who serve in disaster relief.
To establish such a mobile corps of health workers to serve civilian populations
would require setting up some "priorities" for the civilian population by those
responsible for procurement of health personnel.
The proposals made are predicated upon the recruitment and training of the
professional workers who will be needed to carry on the various parts of the pro-
gram and the training of volunteers to assist on the nonprofessional phases of
activity.
To meet our most urgent needs today the following concrete proposals are
submitted for the consideration of the committee:
I. For defense areas — industrial and military: (a) The immediate provision of
funds that would make possible the placement or utilization of physicians, and
the placement of public-health nurses, and nutritionists —
1. To organize prenatal clinics, child-health conferences, public-health and
nursing service in the homes, school medical, and nursing service;
2. To make available maternity care and medical care of children for families
unable to procure it now;
3. To provide health service in all daj^ care centers for children of mothers who
must work as a result of the defense effort.
(6) The immediate provision of funds to make possible hospital beds and public
clinics for maternity care and the care of sick children.
The appropriation of Federal funds is essential to stimulate this service. State
and local funds should also be made available to meet these costs.
From appropriations for community facilities under the Lanham Defense Hous-
ing Act, funds have been provided for the construction of health centers and
hospitals or additions to hospitals in some local defense areas but funds for main-
tenance are usually not included.
So far as they are not available local practicing physicians should be used in
these services but there is such a shortage of physicians in these rapidly growing
communities that means must be found to make medical service available to the
civilian population.
60396— 42— pt. 25 14
9840 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Many industrial defense worliers will be able to pay for medical care and
hospitalization for their families if service and facilities are made available and
the costs are moderate. The situation is more critical for enlisted men w^hose
pay is not sufficient to enable them to provide medical care for their families.
Enlisted men do have wives and children in spite of the effort to select single men.
The number with families is likely to increase as the men are retained in service
more than 1 year and as a much larger army is recruited. Also there are in our
rapidly growing defense areas newcomers not yet fully established in industrial
and commercial employment who are not able to pay for medical care and hos-
pitalization when their wives and children need it and who, because of residence
laws, are not eligible for medical care now available from public welfare funds.
The State maternal and child health plans for the fiscal year 1942 submitted
to the Children's Bureau by State health officers as the basis for making Federal
grants showed that at least some maternal and child-health services were to be
available in approximately 165 counties or districts known to be defense areas.
The State health officers report that for these and other defense areas there is
great need for expansion of maternal and child-health services — more public
health nurses is the recurrent plea.
In Washington and California limited programs for medical and hospital care
have been established under 1942 maternal and child health plans for families of
men serving in the United States Army and Navy but as yet these programs are
available in only two counties.
The problem of providing medical and nursing care for women at delivery is
acute in many areas with insufficient hospital beds, doctors, and nurses.
II. A program of health service to all children and youth of secondary school
age so that they may take full advantage of their opportunities for education and
training and be fitted to undertake tasks suitable to their individual capacity
when they leave school. The immediate provision of funds to provide —
(a) Medical examinations of all children of secondary school age, both in
school and outside.
(6) The necessary medical, hospital, and follow-up care for the correction of
remediable defects and conditions that interfere with health and well-
being, including care for chronic illness from which recovery may be
anticipated if care is given promptly.
(c) Health instruction in the schools.
Recent examinations of young men by the Selective Service Boards show wide-
spread physical and other defects that have prevented their acceptance for general
military service. Examinations of boys and girls by the National Youth Adminis-
tration have shown similar conditions. If children are to reach the age when they
leave school or college to go to work in a condition of good health and vigor, handi-
capping conditions must be eliminated as early in life as possible. As a major
defense measure it is imperative that children and youth from 14 to 18 be given
the benefit of all medical skill to keep them in good health or to restore them to
health if possible, that they may take their place in the defense industries or in
other tasks that are essential to the life of the Nation.
To propose that a special program of care be carried out for children of this age
group is only to put first an urgent and immediate wartime need. Of all school
grades it is probable that the secondary schools are least well provided with health
services. To start an intensive school health program here appears to be appro-
priate. It should be extended to the elementary schools as soon as possible,
since many of the defects known to exist in children 14 to l.S could and should be
corrected much earlier in childhood.
III. A mobile corps of health, medical, and welfare workers to be available
on an interstate basis for service in communities outside the defense areas or areas
of danger to meet emergency wartime needs of civilians which may result from
belligerent action.
The immediate appropriation of Federal funds for this purpose is essential
since the Government should be free to move these workers to any area of urgent
need resulting from enemy action. The need for this action today has already
baen pointed out.
IV. An immediate campaign to secure the immunization of all children against
diphtheria and smallpox to prevent epidemics and to conserve medical and nursing
service which would be required in case of epidemics.
This campaign should be carried on by State and local health authorities during
the spring of 1942 with the cooperation of professional workers and the aid of
community organizations such as parent-teacher associations.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9841
The extensive migration of families during 1941 means that children from areas
where immunization procedures have been less carefully followed have been taken
to military and industrial areas and we are in danger of serious epidemics that
might affect not only children, but also the armed forces and industrial workers.
There were 16,922 cases of diphtheria and 1,368 cases of smallpox in 1941
(through week of December 27) reported by the State health officers to the United
States Public Health Service. To eliminate these two health menaces is prac-
ticable and it will be a significant contribution to the conservation of medical
and nursing time.
To meet the needs that will become increasingly pressing as the war continues
and when peace comes, it is urgent that a long-time program for maintaining the
health of mothers and children throughout the Nation be started now. Nothing
that can be done today would develop high morale among the people so promptly
as would the enactment of an effective national program of medical care. The
expansion of a program for mothers and children would be the most telling part
of such a plan.
It is therefore recommended that there be expansion of the Federal-State
cooperative programs of maternal and child-health services and services for
crippled children to make State-wide provision for the necessary preventive and
curative services.
With Federal grants under the Social Security Act we have been extending
during the past 5 years our basic network of maternal and child-health services
including the organization of county or district health units, public-health nursing
service, and medical service usually from local practicing physicians for the con-
duct of prenatal clinics, child-health services, and school medical examinations.
Yet reports from the State health officers of 46 States and the District of Columbia
as of June 30, 1941, showed that in their 2,857 counties onlj^ 846 counties had
prenatal clinics held at least once a month or oftener, and in onljf 1,536 counties
was the medical examination of school children provided for. In only 680
counties were all 3 of these services provided. It was reported that in only
1,864 or two-thirds of the 2,857 counties were there public-health nurses under the
supervision of the State health agencies providing some services to motliers and
children. Home delivery nursing service was provided in only 128 counties.
Even where services are available there frequently are not enough health workers
to fully meet the known need.
Maternal and child-health service in every city and county is important to
national defense because in the areas where there are no "defense activities" are
the women, boys, and girls who will share in agricultural production, the wives
and children of the men in the military and naval forces, and the women and
children who may soon be drawn into industrial and even military employment.
Also the areas remote from potential danger must be made ready to receive
mothers and children if the need for evacuation arises.
Medical care for maternity patients at delivery or for sick children has been
provided in only a few isolated instances under this cooperative Federal-State
program. With increased funds rapid increase in such service chould be obtained.
We have the knowledge and skill to provide this care even in the least populous
areas. What is needed are the funds to make it available.
Exhibit A. — Need for Expansion of Child Welfare Services
REPORT BY KATHARINE F. LENROOT, CHIEF, CHILDREN'S BUREAU, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Need for expansion of the child welfare services now carried on by the Children's
Bureau in cooperation with the States under title V, pari 3 of the Social Security
Act, including development of community services for daytime care of children
whose mothers are employed in occupations essential to the war effort and other
children without adequate home care because of the war prograin
January 14, 1942.
Since 1935 the Children's Bureau has been cooperating with the child welfare
agencies in developing child welfare services for the protection and care of home-
less, dependent, and neglected children, and children in danger of beconiing
delinquent, especially in rural areas. Such services are now provided in about
500 counties in the United States.
9842 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The State plans for the fiscal year 1942 and information obtained by the
staff of the Children's Bureau indicate a serious increase in problems affecting
the welfare of children in defense areas. The types of problems presented include
home problems arising from grave housing shortages, need for recreation, short-
age of school facilities resulting in nonattendance at school or curtailed hours of
school, increasing delinquency, difficulty in finding foster homes for children
because of expanded demand for women workers and especially problems of day
care for children whose m.others are employed.
Of the 52 State plans for grants-in-aid for child welfare services, approved by
the Children's Bureau for the fiscal year 1942, 35 contained provisions for use of
Federal funds for child welfare services in 73 defense areas. In 56 of these areas
previous plans had been made for child welfare workers and in some of these
areas additional workers were provided. In 17 areas new programs of child
welfare services were developed.
In the past year advisory groups to the Children's Bureau and organizations
of pul)lic welfare officials, as well as outside agencies such as the American Legion,
have urged amendment to the Social Security Act to provide increased funds for
child welfare services. The following recom.mendations were adopted by the
Advisory Comm.ittee on Community Child Welfare Services, meeting December
2, 1940, and were later approved by the Council of State Public Assistance and
Welfare Administrators and the Board of Directors of the American Public
Welfare Administration :
"After consideration of the report of the Child Welfare Division of the Children's
Bureau on developments in child welfare services under the Social Security Act,
and evidences of urgent needs growing out of the defense program, the committee
was unanimous in making the following recommendations:
"1. That increased Federal funds should be made available under title V, part
3, of the Social Security Act, for the following purposes:
"(a) To provide Federal funds, on the basis of joint Federal and State planning,
for paying part of the cost of local child welfare services in rural political subdi-
visions and in other areas of special need, in order that the continuation and pro-
gressive development of such services will be assured.
"(6) To provide child welfare services which are sorely needed in many com-
munities affected by the defense program.
"(c) To enable the Federal Governmeat more fully to participate financially,
on the basis of joint planning, in the development of the States' responsibilities
for stimulation and leadership in child-welfare programs.
"(d) To enable the Federal Government more fully to participate financially,
through both demonstrations and continuing support, when needed, in providing
certain types of services, such as case work or child guidance, which are essential
in an adequate program of care of children, as for example, public institutional
care for delinquent children.
"(e) To make available increased Federal funds on the basis of joint planning,
for improving the quality of personnel for child-welfare services, through provi-
sion for study in educational institutions and other measures.
"(j) To provide further Federal financial participation in special projects under-
taken by State agencies which involve demonstrations or studies in the fields of
community planning, child guidance, services to children of minority and other
disadvantaged groups, and the development of community resources for the pre-
vention of juvenile delinquency."
Since the adoption of these recommendations there has been compelling evi-
dence of the urgent need for the expansion of these services. I would, therefore,
make the following recommendations.
1. That funds ranging from $7,500,000 to $10,000,000 a year be made imme-
diately available for grants to States for child-welfare services, especially services
in defense areas, including military and industrial defense areas and areas suffering
from priority unemployment.
2. That the funds be allotted to the States by the Secretary of Labor on the
basis of plans developed jointly by the State welfare agencies and the Children's
Bureau and in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Secre-
tary of Labor and the Chief of the Children's Bureau for the administration of
part 3 of title V of the Social Security Act, as amended, with such modifications
as may be deemed necessary.
3. That sTich .services include strengthening State welfare departments to give
consultant services to local communities and to State institutiors and agencies
concerning the organization of child-welfare services, the prevention and treat-
ment of delirquency problems, the care and supervision of mentally deficient
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9843
children, the provision of programs of daytime care of children of working mothers
in cooperation with educational authorities, and the development of training pro-
grams for volunteer and professional workers in the fields of child welfare.
4. That the funds also be available for the establishment of local facilities of
the kind described in item 3.
5. That additional appropriations be made available to the Children's Bureau
for the administration of the services described above, for loan of needed personnel
to State agencies in accordance with agreements with such agencies, a d for the
development of training programs lor volunteer and professional workers.
Exhibit B. — A Brief Summary of Defense Activities Related to Children
REPORT BY KATHARINE F. LENROOT, CHIEF, CHILDREN'S BUREAU, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D. C.
There are at present approximately 400 defense areas in the United States
(embracing almost a thousand communities), some military, some industrial,
others shipbuilding. Some are located in a single community, but practically
every one has an effect on the health and welfare of children over a wide territory
sometimes extending over as many as 10 or 12 counties. These defense areas
are centered largely in the coastal States and in the northeast and central indus-
trial States, and there is no State without at least one such defense area. One
southern State has a major defense activity in each of 25 counties.
The following excerpts from reports which have come to the Children's Bureau
in the past 6 months point out the wide range ofiproblems affecting both the
health and welfare of children. The situations described in these reports can be
duplicated many times.
1. A Children's Bureau field consultant reports:
The Blank Co. is constructing a powder plant, a TNT plant, and bag-loading
plant in an area extending from 8 to 18 miles from the town of X, which is approxi-
mately 40 miles from the city of Z. These plants are in the stage of construction,
and operations have not begun. Thousands of workers commute from Z and
surrounding towns.
The town of X had an original population of 900 and the present population
increase is estimated from 5,000 to 8,000. The elementary-school and high-
school enrollment has increased from 350 in April 1941 to 900 in September,
with an estimated increase to 1,500 by December 1, 1941. A new road, additional
sanitary facilities, a recreation building, and a housing project (375 units) are
being constructed in the town itself, and plans are being made for new school
facilities.
Because there is no housing for families, the housing of construction workers
and their families is chiefly in trailers. Many of these workers have come from
the C area where they worked on the construction of the munitions plants there.
Mothers in the trailer units are complaining about the lack of sanitary facilities
and washing facilities and the crowding of trailers as compared with the well-
regulated trailer units in C.
There are 10 distinct trailer units within a radius of 8 miles of X with 5 new
ones established at distances of 10 to 25 miles from the town. The number of
trailers in a unit ran from 7 to 100. No count has been made of the actual number
of families, but it is estimated that there are 250 children of preschool age for a
nursery school that can accommodate only 25 to 30. Family life is complicated
because men work on night shifts and have to sleep in the daytime.
To meet part of this need the Federal consultant has suggested that a program
of volunteer participation be developed which will include parent-education of
mothers and the formation of parent councils, the organization of social activities,
the establishment of new playgrounds, classes in sewing and nutrition, and
volunteer assistance to the public-health nurse in the child-health clinics.
2. A State health officer reports:
The greatest problem at this time is in a military area — an Army post situated
in X County near the town of L. The population of the town of L has mcreased
from 18,000 to 25,000; the population of the county from 40,000 to 100,000.
The county covers more than a thousand square miles of territory.
As the population increased, the active practicing physicians in L decreased
from 14 to 12, or to a ratio of 1 physician to 8,000 people. As would be expected,
the shifting population resulted in many problems affecting health, namely.
9844 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
increase in rent, very poor housing, especially at the outskirts of the city limits,
increase in venereal disease, increase in prostitution, increase in illegitimacy,
overcrowding of the schools, increase in communicable disease.
The State health department has established a county health unit in this county
providing 1 health officer, 4 sanitarians, and 4 public-health nurses (this provides
a nurse for every 25,000 persons in the population, but to provide even the mini-
mum number of nurses that would be considered acceptable, that is, 1 for every
5,000 persons, 20 nurses would be needed instead of 4). Four child-health
conferences are now being conducted at strategic points in the county.
At the time of this report two additional defense establishments were proposed,
one an Army cantonment in Y County that would include up to 45,000 men and
the second a $52,000,000 powder plant in Z County. This plant will be situated
near the town of C, a community of approximately 500 people. It is estimated
that the plant will employ between 6,000 and 10,000 civilian workers. At present
there is one 75-year-old physician in this county and no hospital facilities. The
closest hospital is 27 miles away, but it has only 32 beds and 4 bassinets.
3. A report on one community:
Many problems have been developing which have grown out of the fact that the
town of C has grown in a few months, because of the development of a smokeless
powder plant and a bag plant, from a village of 900 people to over 14,000 people.
Sanitation, housing, schools, recreational facilities, and transportation are all
grossly inadequate. Many serious cases are being referred to the county welfare
department. It has not been able to handle these cases adequately because of
the limited staff, which is untrained.
Workers are commuting from points as far as 50 miles away.
Children who are placed in foster homes are now being crowded out because the
families are taking roomers. There is a question on the part of the State Depart-
ment of Welfare whether such foster homes should be relicensed because of their
overcrowded condition.
The school situation is extremely serious in both the town of C and the neighbor-
ing communities of N and J. In J 785 children now attend school in a building
built to accommodate 500. Transportation to other communities is not possible;
the town could not finance such a project and the children could not be gottento
school on time. In C new accommodations are needed for 988 children not in-
cluding those in the trailer camp which may or may ot be there next fall.
The county is served by a district health department that covers five counties.
Medical and nursing services are being extended, but there are no hospital facilities
whatsoever in the county.
The Children's Bureau in defense planning.
The Children's Bureau has always been concerned with the protection of
America's children from the effects of social and economic upheavals which ac-
company substantial population changes and industrial dislocations such as those
that are now taking place as a result of the world war and defense activities in the
United States.
The Director of Defense Health and Welfare Services appointed Katharine F.
Lenroot, Chief of the Children's Bureau, as child-welfare consultant to his office,
and Charles I. Schottland, Assistant to the Chief, serves as liaison officer between
the Children's Bureau and the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services.
Dr. Martha M. Eliot, the Associate Chief of the Bureau, has been designated as
the liaison officer with the Office of Civilian Defense, to assist in the preparation
of programs related to child welfare. Dr. Eliot serves as secretary of the Joint
Committee on Health and Welfare Aspects of Evacuation of Civilians.
Regional consultants of the Children's Bureau are serving as its representatives
in the 12 regional advisory councils for the coordination of defense health and
welfare services. Other staff members are serving as consultants in relation to
special aspects of the defense program as it relates to children.
Maternal and child-health services.
No additional Federal funds for increasing maternal and child-health services
in defense areas have as yet been made available by Congress for grants to the
States under title V, part 1, of the Social Security Act.
The State health officers and maternal and child-health directors are well aware
of the great need for these services in such areas and did what they could in the
1942 State plans to meet these needs without curtailing established programs in
other areas where such service is also needed.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9845
A review of State maternal and child-health plans and supplements (approved
to November 24, 1941) showed that at least some maternal and child-health
services were available in 165 counties or districts known to be defense areas.
The State plans and other information received from the States include the
following types of comments on these and other defense areas:
Increased demand for nutrition training and service.
When families of defense workers move in there will be need for more child-
health conferences, medical and nursing care, hospital care, and public-health
nursing service.
More prenatal and child-health clinics are needed.
Heavy loads for public-health nurses have necessitated redistricting; new
nursing districts mean new baby stations with, it is hoped, doctors in charge;
nurses have started classes in child hygiene for girls 12 to 16 years of age responsible
for children at home while mothers work.
More maternal and child-health staff needed, especially nursing staff.
Maternal and child-health clinics are held in two defense areas, but services are
not adequate.
Adequate maternal and child-health services have not been developed in any
defense area.
No hospital facilities nearer than the city of X.
B County does not have an organized health department.
City health department inadequately staffed.
Hospital facilities are inadequate generally.
At least 15 public-health nurses and 2 physicians are needed.
No county health department and no city has full-time qualified health officer.
Public-health work in behalf of mothers and children practically nonexistent.
Approximately 400 public-health nurses are needed in the State to have one for
each 5,000 population prior to the national defense program. Estimated that
20 additional physicians will be needed in 15 counties to care adequately for the
maternal and child-health program.
Federal community facilities projects.
The Lanham Act,i approved June 28, 1941, authorized the expenditure of
$150,000,000 for the acquisition, maintenance, and operation of public works
made necessary by the defense program.
Activities authorized under this act are primarily for schools, waterworks,
sanitation facilities, hospitals and other places for the care of the sick, recreational
facilities, and streets and access roads.
As of December 2, 1941, 89 projects had been approved in 24 States, Alaska,
and Hawaii for the construction of new or additional hospital and health-center
facilities. Of these projects 46 were for hospital and 43 for health-center facilities.
Other construction projects approved include 196 for sanitation, 221 for schools,
245 for recreation, and 21 for miscellaneous facilities. Funds have been approved
for the maintenance and operation of 109 additional projects, primarily for the
maintenance and operation of schools but also for recreation and hospital services.
Child-welfare services.
The State plans for the fiscal year 1942 for child-welfare services, administered
under title V, part 3, of the Social Security Act, and information obtained by the
Children's Bureau's staff of consultants in child welfare during visits to the States
indicate an increase in problems affecting the social welfare of children in defense
areas. The type of problems presented include those incident to housing shortage,
the need for recreation, the lack of adequate school facilities, increase in delin-
quency, rise in reported venereal diseases, and so forth. Difficulty in finding
foster homes for children because renting rooms to defense workers provides a
more lucrative income is another problem which confronts the child-welfare
agencies in a number of defense areas.
Of the 52 State plans for grants-in-aid for child-welfare services approved by
the Children's Bureau for the fiscal year 1942 35 contain provisions for use of
Federal funds for child-welfare services in 73 defense areas. In 56 of these defense
areas previous plans had made provision for child-welfare workers, and in some
instances the new plans merely provided for one or two additional workers for
localities in which there had previously been one worker.
No additional Federal funds for increasing grants to the States for child-welfare
services have as yet been provided by Congress under title V, part 3, of the Social
Security Act as a result of needs in defense areas.
1 Public Law 137, 77th Cong., 1st sess.
9846 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Day care of children.
Day care for young children whose mothers are employed is emerging as one
of the urgent social needs of the defense period.
Conditions such as those described in the following illustrations from reports
received by the Children's Bureau indicate the need for providing adequate day-
time care of children of working mothers.
Many of the problems arise out of the employment of mothers in defense
industries. Recently a nurse in L county advertised that she was ready to take
infants to board. Immediately she had 15 applications. By State law she is
limited to taking 6, and one wonders what happened to the others.
In S and C many women are working either in the local mills or in H. They are
leaving preschool children indiscriminatelj^ with neighbors or relatives while the
school children appear at school an hour or more before school opens.
We have many instances cited, such as 800 women going to work in a factory one
morning and 40 children being locked in parked automobiles.
In recognition of the problem the conference on day care of children of working
mothers, called by the Children's Bureau, met on July 31 and August 1, 1941, to
discuss this entire question and to consider the impact of the defense program in
relation to it. This conference adopted a statement of principles and recommended
the appointment of several committees to consider various aspects of day care.
To plan and coordinate all Federal programs involving community provision
for the day care of children a Joint Planning Board on the Day Care of Children
has been formed, pursuant to one of the recommendations of the conference,
including representatives of the Children's Bureau, United States Department of
Labor; the United States Office of Education, Federal Security Agency; and the
Work Projects Administration, Federal Works Agency.
On the recommendation of the executive committee of the committee on day
care of children of working mothers, the Children's Bureau has appointed an
advisory committee on day care.
Social protection of youth.
Early in 1941 the Children's Bureau made brief studies in a number of com-
munities where it appeared likely that situations were developing which threat-
ened the social welfare of children. These communities included areas adjacent
to military and naval establishments and communities whose population was
rapidly increasing because of defense industries. On the basis of the observations
made in these communities, the need was apparent for a social protection service
which would stimulate programs looking to the prevention of prostitution and
commercialized vice. For this purpose a Division of Social Protection was
subsequently established within the organization of the Federal Security Agency.
Members of the Children's Bureau staff are cooperating with the Division of
Social Protection. The interest of the Children's Bureau in the social-protection
prograin is based on recognition of the fact that the increase of prostitution
and commercialized vice and the conditions out of which they grow contribute to
juvenile delinquency and to the creation of situations of social danger for children
and youth.
Recreation.
The concentration of population in defense areas has made the need for recrea-
tional activities for youth and children increasinglj' apparent. The growth of
undesirable types of commercial recreation and the need for services to protect
youth and children have accentuated the demand for wholesome leisure-time
activities for boys and girls as well as for adults. Recreational facilities and
leadership need to be developed in order to meet the needs of children and families.
In many defense areas Federal community buildings are being constructed.
These buildings will be operated by the United Service Organization for national
defense or, in some places, Vjy local agencies. The recreation section of the
Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services is responsible for assisting State
and local agencies to develop community plans for recreation. The specialist in
group work on the staff of the Children's Bureau is assigned on a part-time basis
to work with this section as consultant on the recreational program, with par-
ticular reference to children and women.
Volunteer participation in programs for child health and welfare.
Opportunities for volunteer participation in child-health and welfare work in
this period of national defense are of two kinds: First, the volunteer assistance
that must be given bj' citizens in the initiation, development, and support of the
community services and facilities necessary for children in military or industrial
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9847
defense areas and in those areas which might become reception areas for children
in time of acute emergency; and second, the day-by-day help that might be given
by individuals in providing the health and welfare services and the care needed
by children everywhere.
The Office of Civilian Defense is issuing manuals on volunteer participation in
the fields of recreation, education, family security, nutrition, health, and child
care. These manuals are being prepared by the Federal agencies interested in
these subjects. The manual on volunteers in child care is being prepared by
the Children's Bureau.
The volunteer participation section of the Office of Civilian Defense has asked
the Children's Bureau —
(1) To outline a simple basic course in child care that will lead to a certificate
entitling the holder to be known as a child-care volunteer;
(2) To cooperate with the volunteer offices in developing such courses; and
(3) To plan for rosters of child-care volunteers to form a child-care reserve for
use in periods of emergency.
An outline for the basic course for volunteers in child care is included in the
manual on this subject now in preparation.
Child labor.
Increased industrial demands for labor are having a marked effect on the
school attendance and the employment of minors.
Reports of employment certificates, which must be obtained under most State
laws for minors going to work, show an increase in the employment of young
persons both in the 14- and the 15-year age group and in the group 16 and 17
years of age. In 29 States and the District of Columbia where the minimum age
for employment during school hours was the same in both years, 2,355 first
regular certificates were issued for 14- and 15-year-old boys and girls in the first
6 months of 1941, as compared with 1,236 in the corresponding period of 1940,
an increase of nearly 100 percent.
Boys, and girls 16 and 17 years were going to work in much larger numbers
during this period. Incomplete reports from 13 States and the District of Colum-
bia, where certificates for minors of 16 and 17 years are required under State law,
show in round numbers 79,000 certificates issued in the first 6 months of 1941 as
compared with 30,000 in the first 6 months of 1940, an increase of more than 160
percent.
Reports are already coming in of difficulty in enforcing school-attendance laws
and child-labor requirements because children are picking up jobs which they
could not fill legally but which are open and tempt them to leave school.
The problem of children engaging in street trades in Army camps and stations,
often leaving school to do so, came to the attention of the War Department with
the result that the Adjutant General's office of the War Department issued a
directive order on August 16, 1941, that defines the responsibility of camp and
post commanders for the welfare of bo.vs and girls who come into the camps for
street trading or other purposes. This order states that, where applicable,
regulation of these activities should be in accord with Federal and State laws and
local municipal ordinances relating to child labor.
A statement entitled "Information on Child Labor and Youth Employment
for Regional Representatives on Defense Councils," issued on December 10, 1941,
is attached. It is a fuller discussion than this one of child-labor matters of special
concern in connection with the defense program and with the objectives of the
Bureau in the field of child labor and youth employment.
TESTIMONY OF DR. MARTHA M. ELIOT— Resumed
Dr. Eliot. I was interested iu the fact that there were questions on
child welfare asked at the last hearing. I would like to indicate that
the health and welfare needs of children are very closely interlocked.
One can scarcely talk about one without talking about the other.
In this country we have never had the essential network of services
for mothers and children which we need to promote child health, and
to restore the health of children so that when they reach adult life
they may be physically fit to carry on the work of the world.
9848 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Data can he picsontcd to show the lacks iii maternity care and
medical cai-e for chikh-en. There are gross inadequacies in these
fields in many small cities and in much of our rural area.
Of great importance today is tlie inadequacy in the cities, and in
the small towns and rural areas. These small towns become suddenly
important as industrial centers in many parts of the country. Health
officers, medical men, bedside nurses, and public-health nurses, who
are accustomed to dealing with children and providing maternity
care, have been taken away from many of these small towns and
cities and rural areas, in numbers out of proportion to the total
number in that community.
The inadequacy in these rural areas and in the small towns lias a
very direct bearing on problems that are related to the results of
direct belligerent action, in that these are the areas which would have
to receive any families or children should belligerent action require the
removal of mothers or children from any of our coastal areas.
EFFECT OF BRITISH HEALTH PROGRAM ON MORALE
We are aware of the high morale among the British people, and I
want to point out that, from my observations there, it was apparent
that one of the major bases for this high morale was the nation-wide
program for maternity-care services, for child health, and for the
school medical service.
These programs were established long ago — in fact, ever since the
last war they liave been steadily expanded until they are now nation-
wide in scope.
The British people, however, were determined, at the onset of this
war, that these child-health services and maternity-care services
should not lapse. And even during the war, plans have been made
by the IMinistry of Health to strengthen these services.
There have been appointments of new personnel in the various
regions of the country: health, welfare, and child guidance personnel.
There has been an equitable distribution of physicians among the
various provinces in order that the school medical services and the
child health services might be continued, and in order that there
always will be some medical service to take care of the medical-care
needs in every community in the land.
The midwife service has been of inestimable service in England
during this period. The extension of the maternity-care service and
the improvisation of the new emergency types of care have been
extraordinarily successful. This is demonstrated by the fact that the
maternal mortality rate in England has actually decreased durmg the
last 2 years, when one might have expected, under the circumstances,
a marked increase.
The success of their great evacuation scheme for children has had
a great effect upon the morale of the people. The success and this
high morale is, to a very considerable extent, dependent on the ma-
ternal and child welfare health services, and upon ingenuity of the
Ministry of Health.
I would like to say one word about the program that they have
carried on in the field of nutrition. If anything in this great health
field and welfare field has had an effect on morale, it has been the
tremendous efforts of the Government to feed the populace adequately
within the means at their disposal.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9849
FEEDING STATIONS
I know that you are aware of the development of the feeding sta-
tions, or what are now called British restauriants. They are of the
utmost importance, from the pouit of view of developmg and mamtain-
ing high morale among the people, among the workers, and among the
children. The fact that these feedmg centers have been established
in factories as well as in schools is a matter, I think, of importance to
us here.
As you know, priority in the distribution of certam essential foods
has been established for children and for mothers. This again has a
direct bearmg on the high morale among the people. The wide exten-
sion of school lunches is of great importance.
I want to point out three or four major fields here in the United
States in which I think we need immediate action today, with respect
to child health and maternity care.
CHILD HEALTH AND MATERNITY SERVICES IN DEFENSE AREAS
In the first place, in our defense industrial areas, and in the areas
surrounding military establishments, there can be no question but
that we need far more effective work in the field of child health and
maternity care than we have today.
Our maternity services are far from complete in this country, to
start with, and, when the situation arises, as has arisen in many of
these small towns and mushroom cities, where thousands of people
have pom-ed in, families coming as well as workers, the need for
maternity care has increased far beyond the means of the communities
to handle it.
In some of these communities there has been a return to the employ-
ment of the untrained, unskilled midwives, when doctors have been
taken away from these communities. The need for more hospital
provision is very great. The need for maternity provision is also great.
Child health services are quite insufficient. We need not only pre-
ventive services but we need more clinics for care of sick children.
We need more hospital facilities for care of sick children. We need
to place physicians, who are aware of how to take care of children,
in strategic spots in this country to practice and to serve local health
departments.
Of course, we need more nurses. From every State comes that
particular plea.
The need for health services in these industrial defense communities
is closely allied to the need for day care of children of working mothers.
At this time many women are going into the defense industries, and
many of those women are the mothers of young children; provision
must be made for the care of those children during the daytime.
SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMS
I would like to point out particularly the need for a program of
health service and medical care for children of school age.
At this time, I believe we should probably emphasize the needs of
children of secondary school age — not just those in school but also
those who are at work.
9850 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
We need a Nation-wide program of diagnostic examination, and a
program of medical care to correct the conditions that may be fomid
in those children today.
Secondary schools arc the schools which probably are neglected
most in our school health program. Children of secondary school age,
who are not at school, get relatively little medical care. Of course,
we need a rapid extension from this age group down to the lower
grades in the school.
We shouldn't forget the need to install and develop school lunches
in our school program; also to develop the health instruction among
school children, which is a function of the Department of Education.
I believe we need to give attention to meet unforeseen emergencies
in health services for children, emergencies that may result from
belligerent action in this country.
It seems to me that we need to develop further a mobile corps of
medical and welfare workers in child health to be available on an
interstate basis, to meet acute emergency needs which may arise at
almost any time as a wartime need. I believe that such a corps of
workers should be particularly familiar with the needs of mothers
and children, because they will be needed in the areas outside of the
danger zones, perhaps more than they would actually be needed
within the danger zones themselves. These areas beyond the danger
zones are the areas to which children might be sent in case of emer-
gency.
It should be pointed out that such a mobile corps of workers would
not replace the great army of Red Cross disaster workers, because
they would be attached to public agencies and would serve to supple-
ment and expand the already existing public forces. Extra workers
might be needed in some of the danger areas, where the health and
welfare service for children is today inadequate. I would like to
indicate that, in all of this, there would be no waste effort; their
workers would be placed where they are needed today, but they would
be ready for service elsewhere in case of urgent need.
Lastly, I would like to point out that these programs that I have
suggested so far are programs that ought to be started today, if we
are going to meet the grave needs that exist. One of the most
effective ways to raise morale among the people of this country would
be to assure them adequate medical care. Maternity and child
health programs of medical care would be, in my opinion, the most
telling part of such a program. The value of this program of ma-
ternity care, now prepared for children as a morale builder, is un-
questioned in Great Britain.
Dr. Atwater. Dr. Eliot has compressed within a few words a
wealth of experience.
We have with us today two health officers, one representing a
county and the other representing a city. I am going to introduce to
you now Dr. George Ramsey, who is the commissioner of health in
Westchester County, N. Y., a man who has had both State and county
experience, and who has had teaching experience, too, at Johns Hop-
kins University.
Can you tell us, Dr. Ramsey, how this health program could be
brought to focus, practically, in an area like yours?
* NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9851
TESTIMONY OF DR. GEORGE H. RAMSEY, COMMISSIONER OF
HEALTH, WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N. Y.
Dr. Ramsey. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I
would Uke to remind you, first, that the services which the health
department carries on are over-all services.
They are, for the most part, rendered on behalf of rich and poor
alike, without distinction, our job being, as far as possible, to prevent
disease and to reduce suffering and death.
We local health officers find ourselves now faced with the problem
of maintaining the services we already have.
Dr. Eliot and others, I am sure, have told you that in the rural
areas the services for preventive medicine are by no means complete
Even though incomplete, we are now faced with maintaining what
we have. We must meet the problem of loss of personnel, and of
lack of substitutes in many kinds of positions.
The recommendation of the American Public Health Association
has already been stated to you by Dr. Atwater — that public health
personnel be disturbed as little as possible during the present emerg-
ency, so that their particular skills may be left in the community.
There is also in certain parts of the country a tendency to reduce
health department staffs to save funds, along with the more or less
general tendency to reduce the cost of local government.
Dr. Eliot has covered the next point which I wish to make, and
that is the possibility of the transfer of public health workers from one
area to another, should necessity for that arise. Dr. Eliot applied
that specifically to the field of maternal and child health. It might
well be extended to cover other phases of preventive medicine.
Some of the situations that may arise in connection with the migra-
tion of population or with the war are obvious. Our duties, if we
have an extensive epidemic of some kind, are perfectly clear. It is
not always clear to the general public how our facilities for preventing
such an occurrence operate. In fact, many people are not aware
of the fact that such facilities exist. I refer to such matters as
purification of water supplies and the supervision of milk supplies and
food, and the like. It is easy enough to explain that those things must
not and cannot suffer.
It is a little harder to understand the problem that the health officer
has with relation to conquering a disease such as tuberculosis and
syphilis. It is the general experience following war that tuberculosis
rises. We have now reached a very low level in this countiy, and we
wish to maintain our facilities on a sufficiently high standard further to
reduce tuberculosis mortality and illness. The goal toward which we
have been constantly striving and which we feel is thoroughly prac-
ticable is the complete eradication of tuberculosis.
In order to keep on with this program it is necessary to keep at
home enough doctors and enough nurses to cover the routine job of
holding tuberculosis clinics and of finding new cases, and of the many
visits to homes which are required.
The war has already brought to local health officers and their staffs
new activities. It is only natural that we should be called in, and it
is our duty to participate in various activities with relation to defense.
For example, as Miss Haupt will undoubtedly tell you, health de-
partment staffs, particularly nursing staffs, are being used for teaching
9852 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
courses in first aid , and in home hygiene care of the sick. That means,
if you take away a nurse to do some teaching, she can't be doing her
ordinary day's work of visiting, so that it means a larger responsibiUty.
Those responsibilities we are eager to take on, but many local
health officers feel that there is need for further clarification, perhaps
from the Federal Goverimient, as to the relationship to official local
health agencies and other agencies, such as the Ked Cross and the
Office of Civilian Defense.
The local fellows back home simply want to know what their
relationship is to these various agencies, both old and new.
We all feel that we must maintain the health work that is done now
on its present level, and we further feel that, in areas where local health
services have not been sufficient — and there are very many such areas —
they should be extended and increased.
Dr. Atwater. Thank you, Dr. Ramsey.
You will see, Mr. Chairman, how this is a series, as it w^ere, of
headings for a table of contents.
We shall try to compress what we have to say, still giving you the
important features of each.
Miss Haupt is a person Avho is able, from her wide experience, to hit
some of the high spots of our panel discussion; in her present capacity
with the Federal Security Agency she has an over-all view. Will you
summarize it briefly, Miss Haupt?
TESTIMONY OF ALMA HAUPT, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, SUB-
COMMITTEE ON NURSING. HEALTH AND MEDICAL COM-
MITTEE, FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D. C.
The Chairman. Miss Haupt, I have your prepared statement and
the two supplementaiy exhibits that you submitted. They will be
placed in the record.
(The statement and exhibits referred to above are as follows:)
STATEMENT BY ALMA C. HAUPT, R. N., EXECUTIVE SECRETARY,
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NURSING, HEALTH AND MEDICAL COM-
MITTEE, OFFICE OF DEFENSE HEALTH AND WELFARE SERVICES,
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
The close association between nursing and morale is described in the following
quotation from a recent letter from an American nurse in Brazil. i "I've wanted
to write and ask you to try to send some nurses to Brazil. No one in my experi-
ence in France, Turkey, Albania, and Italy has made the friends for the United
States of America that nurses have. To relieve human suffering is to win a
friend, always, I find."
For 1}^ years, the nursing profession has been "on the alert" to fit into the
military and civilian needs of the country. It has a background of service and
discipline; it has ethical relationships with the medical profession and a well
developed scheme of national. State, and local organization on which to build.
For the special purposes of defense and now for war, it has two Nation-wide
organizations: 2 One is governmental, the Subcommittee on Nursing (established
November 1940) of the Health and Medical Committee operating under the
Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services, and acting in an advisory capacity
to the Medical Division of the Office of Civilian Defense. The other is voluntary,
the Nursing Council on National Defense (formed July 1940), made up of the
five national professional nursing organizations and the American Red Cross
1 Letter to Director, Foreign Nursing Service, American Red Cross, Washington, D. O., from Mrs.
Esther Imogene Johnson Patterson, Bahia, Brazil, Caixa Postal 165.
2 See exhibit A, Organization of Nursing in Defense, p. 9956.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9853
Nursing Service. The chief nurses of the various Federal nursing services have a
liaison or ex officio relationship to both of these Nation-wide organizations.
The aims of both are essentially the same, viz: (1) To analyze the country's
need for the education, procurement and assignment of professional nursing and
auxiliary nursing service in relation to both military and civilian agencies relating
to the national emergency; (2) to make plans for meeting these needs; (3) to
correlate, as may be necessary, the nursing services of the United States with
those of Canada, and Central and South America.
The Government's Subcommittee on Nursing works with and through govern-
mental agencies. The Nursing Council on National Defense works with and
through the national professional organizations and their respective State and
local constituencies. Between the Subcommittee on Nursing and the Nursing
Council on National Defense, there is close and frequent interchange of informa-
tion and delegation of appropriate responsibility.
The problem facing nursing in the emergency is twofold: (1) To provide ade-
quate personnel, and (2) to organize the needed types of nursing service by imple-
menting them with necessary administration, financial support and standards
of operation.
The activities of nursing in meeting these problems are outlined as follows:
I. Problem Dealing With Providing Adequate Personnel
]. the graduate nurse
(a) Three hundred thousand nurses have answered a national inventory sup-
ported jointly by the Nursing Council on National Defense, the Subcommittee
on Nursing of the Health and Medical Committee, the American Red Cross, and
the United States Public Health Service. The United States Public Health
Service has charge of the administration of this project and has had valuable
assistance from the Work Projects Administration. Suggestions have been given
to State nurses' associations and their local branches as to the utilization of the
data. On the basis of a sampling of 25 percent of the returns, it is estimated that
there are 20,000 young inactive nurses who may be able and willing to return to
active civilian service. Marriage is the chief cause of turn-over in the nursing
profession.
It is estimated that there are 100,000 nurses who did not answer the original
questionnaire.
(6) The Subcommittee on Nursing receives quarterly reports from all Federal
nursing services of (1) the number of nurses on duty; (2) the vacancies for which
salary is provided; (3) the additional number needed in the next 3 months.
The figures are then correlated with available figures of private agencies as
secured through the Nursig Counicl on National Defense. As of December 1,
1941,^ before war was declared, the figures roughly showed the following needs:
Army and Nav}^ 11, 000
Institutions 10, 000
Public Health 10, 000
Total nurses needed 31, 000
(c) The United States Public Health Service, througli its Division of Public
Health Methods, has sent a questionnaire to public and private hospitals and
health agencies including information regarding the number of nurses and auxiliary
nursing personnel on hand, positions vacant and anticii^ated number in next 3
months. It is hoped that this may be kept uj) on a quarterl}' basis.
Since war was declared, the figures of the needs of the Army and Navy are
confidential. However, the calling out of four base hospital units of 125 nurses
each focuses anew attention on the problem of supplying the military forces and
at the same time keeping civilian hospital and public health services intact.
(d) Red Cross enrollment. — Traditionally, the American Red Cross enrolls
nurses for the first reserve (nurses under 40, unmarried and physically fit) from
which the Army and Navy secure well-qualified nurses. It requires normally a
pool of 5 nurses to get one into service. Hence, the first reserve of 25,700 nurses
as of January 1 must be augmented to well over 50,000 to get the minimum of
10,000 nurse.s needed by the armed forces. It is, of course, anticipated that the
needs of the Armv and Navy will be greatly augmented.
The American Red Cross' also has a second reserve of 43,408 nurses who are
unavailable for military duty but are available for disaster, wartime epidemics,
3 See exhibit B, Government and Civilian Nursing Services, p. 9956.
9854 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
and to reinforce nursing staffs in tivil hospitals and in public health work related
to civil defense. It is interesting to note that in World War No. 1 a total of 24,354
nurses were in service with the Army and Navy.
(e) Procurement and assignment. — The demand for nurses has led the sub-
committee on nursing to consider some plan similar to that of the procurement
and assignment service for physicians, dentists, and veterinarians, to adjust the
needs of military and civilian services and to give recognition through insignia,
buttons, or some other tangible device, to those who serve their country by
remaining in necessary local civilian jobs. This is in the process of immediate
consideration.
Inasmuch as the Army and Navy requirements are for graduate registered
nurses, the only way this need can be met is by increasing immediately the number
of students in schools of nursing and it will be necessary for some time to come to
assist the schools in their expansion through Federal aid.
2. RECRUITMENT OF STUDENT NURSES
In view of the shortage of nurses and the fact that it takes 3 years to train a
graduate nurse, the subcommittee on nursing estimated that instead of the
usual 35,000 students a year in schools of nursing, it was necessary to raise the
figure to 50,000 or an addition of 15,000. A committee on recruitment of
student nurses was formed by the nursing council on national defense, the
chairman of which was tied in with the subcommittee on nursing by making her
special consultant on recruitment. Available figures indicate that the spring
enrollments for 1942 would only bring the figures to 45,000, hence it was necessary
to give quick emphasis to recruitment if the additional 5,000 well-prepared young
women were to enter accredited schools this spring.
To this end, a State nursing council on defense was formed in each State, the
first job being to form a recruitment committee.
A national. State, and local program of public information is now under way,
leading off with statements from Mr. McNutt, Mayor LaGuardia, and the three
Surgeons General.
It is a question if the accredited schools of nursing are equipped in terms of
teaching staff, clinical facilities, and physical accommodations to take more than
50,000 students. Also, it is a problem to compete with other current oppor-
tunities for women in defense, and to attract more than 50,000 well-qualified
candidates a year into professional nursing.
3. VOLUNTEER NURSES* AIDES
In order to make available, to civilian hospitals and health agencies, some
assistance to the depleted graduate nurse staffs, the American Red Cross and the
Office of Civilian Defense have jointly sponsored a program to provide 100,000
volunteer nurses' aides.
These aides work under the supervision of the graduate nurse and their training
and supervision on the job make new demands on keeping up the number of
nurse teachers and supervisors in civilian hospitals.
4. NURSING AUXILIARIES
It is recognized that in addition to graduate nurses and volunteer nurses' aides,
the emergency situation calls for additional personnel whether on a pay or volun-
teer basis. To this end, a category of nursing auxiliaries has been set up.
II. Problems Dealing With Provision for Various Types of Nursing
Service
a. hospital nursing service
The reduction of medical personnel in hospitals is throwing added burdens and
responsibilities on nursing staffs and the depletion of nursing staffs is requiring a
new job analysis of those functions which may properly be shared with volunteer
nurses' aides, auxiliary workers, and volunteers.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9855
B. PUBLIC-HEALTH NURSING
In total war, the need for adequate public-health nursing in each community
is emphasized. In 1941, 700 counties of the country had no public-health nursing
service of any sort and 31 cities with a population of 10,000 or more had no such
service.
To meet the defense situation, the Emergency Health and Sanitation Act has
made it possible for the United States Pubhc Health Service to appoint public-
health nurses. The State health departments have requested 500 nurses but
the Federal funds have permitted employing only 151. These nurses are em-
ployees of the United States Public Health Service assigned to State health
departments which, in turn, reassign them to local defense areas where they work
under an official agency.
The lack of hospital facilities, particularly in rural areas, also makes it important
that public-health nurses be available and that they give bedside nursing care
as well as assist in communicable-disease control and health education.
The Farm Security Administration, under the Department of Agriculture, has
50 nurses in resettlements and provides funds for 50 nurses serving migratory
camps.
C. PRIVATE DUTY
As a contribution to defense, the American people will be challenged to curtail
all forms of luxury nursing and instead of using private duty service as in the past
it will be necessary to share nursing service and to develop what is known as
group nursing.
D. NURSING IN DISASTER AND IN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
Through the Office of Civilian Defense, plans are made for the utilization of
nurses and nurses' aides in field unit squads and also for the services of public
health nurses in home visiting of the injured released from casualty stations and
hospitals.
The American Red Cross also has a well organized plan of disaster nursing. At
the moment, the Red Cross is arranging to send 75 second reserve nurses to the
Hawaiian Islands for use in civilian hospitals. Also second reserve nurses were
used in San Francisco to receive the wounded from Pearl Harbor and to assist them
in getting to hospi'als.
In case of an "incident" it may be necessary to pool all local nursing resources
under one central service and to have flexible interchange of nurses in ho.spital,
private duty, and public health service.
E. NURSING iN FIRST AID
All nurses are being encouraged to take first-aid courses and as many as possible
to prepare themselves to become instructors of first aid through the joint efforts of
the American Red Cross and the Office of Civilian Defense.
F. HOME NURSING
The American Red Cross is expanding home nursing classes setting as a goal at
least one-half million participants this year. This requires a demand for many
additional nurse teachers and provides a suitable opportunity for married nurses
who can only give part-time service to make a valuable contribution to national
defense. For this expansion, 15,000 part-time nurse instructors are needed, of
whom 5,000 are already signed up.
60396— 42— pt. 25 15
9856
WASHIXGTOX HEARINGS
Exhibit A. Government and Civilian Nursing Services
REPORT BY subcommittee ON NURSING, HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMMITTEE, OFFICE
OF DEFENSE AND WELFARE SERVICES, FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY, WASHINGTON,
D. C, ON PRESENT PERSONNEL AND ADDITIONAL NEEDS FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING
JUNE 30, 1942
Survey made Dec. 1, 1941
Nurses on
active duty
Additional
nurses needed
fiscal year
1942
Estimated
additional
needs, fiscal
year 1943
Government:
Veterans' Administration
U. S. Public Health Service:
Hospital Nursing Service ---
Public Healtli Nursing Service: (13 regular, 126 tem-
porary on national defense; 3 temporary on nursing
education for national defense)
Indian Affairs: (582 regular, 166 temporary)
Children's Bureau
Army (see special page)
Navy
Civilian:
Private duty -.--
Inst itutional
Public Health (all services including Federal)
Student nurses
American Red Cross First Reserve
950
142
1,000
350
92
7
6.811
180, 000
170,000
24, 000
85, 000
20, 549
8.030
700
(?)
10,000
10,000
15,000
2 30, 000
2,211
> Indian Aflairs has 783 regular positions, of which 166 are temporarily filled and 35 are vacant at the
present time.
- The American Red Cross First Reserve, by congressional action, is the ofiicial reservoir of nurses for the
Army and Navy Nurse Corps. The 30.000 additional First Reservists are needed to meet the present
expansion of our military forces.
Exhibit B. — Organization of Xursing in Defense
[Reprinted from the American Journal of Nursing, volume 41, No. 12, December 1941]
The organization of nursing in defense on a Nation-wide basis is the respon-
sibility of two major groups working in close relationship with each other. These
are (1) the Subcommittee on Nursing of the Health and Medical Committee,
Ofhce of Defense Health and Welfare Services and (2) the Nursing Council on
National Defense.
The Government has placed in the hands of the Subcommittee on Nursing all
the responsibility for the education, procurement, and distribution of nurses in
both military and civilian services for defense. In this emergency, the sub-
committee acts as a "p.arent committee" utilizing every available agency and
individual concerned with nursing to carrj' out the tremendous program. It may
delegate and coordinate, but retains the final responsibilitj^ and authority for
execution of the tasks involved. The subcommittee serves the Health and
Medical Committee of the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services and the
Medical Division of the Office of Civilian Defense. It acts in an advisory capac-
ity to the United States Public Health Service in the Federal aid program for
nursing education.
The Nursing Council on National Defense, which coordinates all the defense
activities of the national professional organizations, has the same objectives as
the subcommittee. The chief difference is that the Nursing Council works with
and through the national nursing organizations and their State and local constituent
groups; whereas the subcommittee works with and through the Federal agencies.
A two-way channel exists between the subcommittee and the Nursing Council
for interchange and dissemination of information, consultation on programs,
delegation of responsibilities.
The Nursing Council is the agencj' for focusing the interest and problems of
the nursing profession as a whole, and makes available its facilities to both its
own groups and the subcommittee.
1 hese two groups are developing a realinement of nursing forces to meet
emergenc.y situations and a close integration of nursing with the vast health and
welfare i^rograms of the Federal Government. These factors are being considered
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9857
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9858 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
from the long-range view of the reconstruction period, as well as of the imme-
diate emergencies of the da}^ This involves a new and forceful approach to
the same old problems of recruitment of better-qualified students, better schools
of nursing, better conditions of work and pay for nurses, better distribution of
nursing service, and more effective nursing legislation. Support also is given to
the controlled preparation and use of nonprofessional workers and volunteers in
nursing services.
To facilitate the work of the defense program of the Nursing Council and the
subcommittee, an executive secretary has been appointed for each. Represen-
tatives will attend meetings of both groups for joint planning, and constant com-
munication between their headquarters is carried on.
The Nursing Council on National Defense, of which Julia C. Stimson is chair-
man, is located at 1790 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The Subcommittee on
Nursing of the Health and Medical Committee, of which Mary Beard is chairman,
is located in the Social Security Building, Room 5654, Fourth and C Streets SW.,
Washington, D. C. The Medical Division of the Office of Civilian Defense, of
which Marian Randall is nursing consultant, is located in DuPont Circle Apart-
ments, Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C.
TESTIMONY OF MISS ALMA HAUPT^Resumsd
Miss Haupt. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I
thought it was interesting, on the day your request came to me, that
I got the following letter from an American nurse in Brazil:
I wanted to write and ask you to try and send some nurses to Brazil. No one,
in my experience in France, Turkey, Albania, and Italy, has made the friends for
the United States of America that nurses have. To relieve himian suffering is
to win a friend, always, I find.
We are beset with many problems m nursing, at the moment, in
j-clation to defense, but briefly we can divide them into two parts:
One, that of educating and securing necessary personnel, and two,
giving the kind of services that are needed and distributing those
services in relation to the migration problem.
Under the question of providing sufficient personnel, we think, first,
of the graduate nurse, and we have been making an inventory. We
know there are 300,000 of them, and that the greatest problem in
nursing is marriage; we no sooner get a nurse trained than she is apt
to go off with the intern.
20,000 INACTIVE NURSES
At any rate, on the basis of this inventory, there are 20,000 young,
inactive nurses, Avho could be brought back into service. We are
more or less trying to bring them back alive. We find the chief
difficulty in bringing back the inactive nurses is that their feet won't
take it.
Then we have the question of the distribution of graduate nurses
for the Civil Service Commission, and all of the Federal agencies,
8nd they are crying for help.
Briefly, our needs, as of December 1, which w^as before war was
declared, were 11,000 nurses for the Army and Navy, 10,000 for
institutions, and 10,000 for public health, making a total of 31,000
needed.
Now, the Red Cross traditionally enrolls the nurses for the Army
and the Navy, and assures them of a good quality of nurses, but they
leport that they must have five nurses in order to get one, and that
their present first reserve of about 25,000 would have to be raised to
over 50,000 if the needs of the armed forces are to be supplied.
I might add that the needs of the armed forces now are secret,
Init we can anticipate a great expansion.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9850
It is also interesting to note that in World War I a total of 25,000
nurses was used in the armed forces.
PROBLEM OF DISTRIBUTION
As Dr. Ramsey says, there is this very real problem of distribution.
We are hoping to parallel what the doctors are doing in setting up
some scheme whereby locally we can advise a nurse as to whether she
is most needed in her community or most needed in the Army or the
Navy.
The problem is particularly acute now because four base hospitals
have been called out by the Army, and they will take nurses from
Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and St. Louis. Western Reserve
alone will lose 34 of its best instructors. How to replace them is the
question, and so we feel that the big problem is recruitment of more
students into schools of nursing. We have set up a plan for including
50,000 in the schools, whereas normally there would be 35,000.
Congress has implemented us with a Federal aid appropriation of
$1,200,000 to expand schools of nursing. There is very definite need
that that appropriation be continued and increased, and plans are
being made along that line.
Now, because we are short of nurses, we are also cooperating with
the Red Cross and the Office of Civilian Defense in the preparation of
volunteer nurses' aides. But there aren't enough of them, so we are
now looking into this question of what might be called a group of
nursing auxiliaries, which would include the N. Y. A. and the W. P. A.
and others, who may give assistance in the nursing field.
So much for the question of personnel.
Now, with relation to the problem of providing types of service.
TYPES OF SERVICES
I think we are going to have to do a new job analysis in hospital
service, because many nurses now are having to do the work the doctors
did before, and it means that the nurses, in turn, will have to slip some
of their jobs to these nonprofessional workers, and there will bo a
great many adjustments to make.
In total war adequate Public Health nursing is more important than
ever, and as you doubtless loiow, through the Public Health Service,
150 Public Health nurses have been assigned for defense areas. Five
hundred have been requested by the States but they could not bo
supplied because of lack of funds.
The lack of hospital facilities, particularly in rural areas, ties in
with what Dr. Eliot said in emphasizing the need for nurses. I don't
know any group that can give security to families more than the
nurses who actually visit the homes.
You know that the Farm Security Administration provides 50
nurses for resettlements and 50 for migratory camps. One of the
biggest changes that may have to occur is in the population which
uses private duty nursing. We may have to ask to curtail what might
be called "luxury nursing" and use' group nursing, whereby one nurse
serves' three or four people.
That is a real challenge to the public itself.
9860 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
And then, in disaster and emergency, we have the plans of the
Office of Civilian Defense whereby nurses are formed into squads
under doctors, and where the Public Health nurses are asked to stay at
their own posts rather than rush to an emergency, because they may
be very much needed later.
RED CROSS TRAINING COURSES
Also, the Red Cross is calling upon nurses to help teach first aid.
First of all, every nurse should take a first-aid course. We all get
rusty. Secondly, they are needed to teach first aid; and finally, the
Red Cross is expanding its home nursing program, feeling that one of
the soundest ways of promoting morale is to be sure that in every single
home there is someone who understands the fundamentals of simple
home nursing and the fundamentals of first aid.
Now, who else other than the public health nurse gets into the home
itself for that type of teaching? And so the Red Cross is asking for
15,000 part-time nurses to teach home nursing. Five thousand are
already enrolled. That gives an opportunity for the married nurses,
who can only give part-time service, to find a very useful place in
the defense program.
The sum total of all of this is that we have a program to try to
meet these needs. We will need additional facilities, in terms of
funds, and in terms of expansion of program, and we certainly are
going to have to work for mobility in nursing, changing nurses from
concentrated areas, perhaps, where they may have been needed be-
fore, to the rural areas, if an incident occurs, and I can assure you
that the nursing profession appreciates this opportunity of present-
ing its problem. Especially we would like to thank Congress for the
appropriation that was made for nursing education.
Dr. Atwater. Miss Haupt has named some of the other founda-
tion stones. One of the medical specialties acutely needed at the
xnoment is that of industrial hygiene.
Dr. Townsend, who is the chief of the industrial hygiene division
of the National Institute of Health, is here.
Dr. Townsend, may we hear from you at this point?
TESTIMONY OF DR. JAMES G. TOWNSEND, MEDICAL DIRECTOR,
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIVISION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
HEALTH, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Dr. Townsend. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I
will be very brief in stating this problem.
In Bethesda we are vitally concerned with the health and welfare
of the workers of the Nation.
There are about 50,000,000 gainfully employed people, of which
about 30,000,000 are in the industries per se.
Now, the man-days lost per year from sickness are about 400,000,-
000, or a million years per year — enough sickness to close down a
thousand plants per year, each plant employing a thousand workers;
and yet 90 percent of the illnesses are not occupational. They are
not the illnesses that come from accidents through faulty machinery
or unprotected machinery, or from toxic fumes and gasses, but from
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9861
the ordinary common cold, pneumonia, stomach troubles, and the
things that you and I would have.
This problem will probably be increased on account of the fact that
the young, active, virile men will be called to the colors, and the
older m^en, youths, and women will take their places in industry.
Quite frankly, management expects that; they have told me so.
These women and older men will be thrown into new environments and
will probably be subjected to more industrial hazards than those
vounger men who have been trained in industry.
Then, too, there is the question of the night shift, which is making
some difference in the change of enviroimient. People have to sleep
all day ancl go on shifts at night, which disturbs their morale somewhat,
also their nutritional basis. That has to be looked into.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Well, of course, the backbone of this thing is to get a medical set-up
into the plants, but unfortunately the great majority of industries
and plants in this country are small plants, employing 500 people or
less, and have no medical service whatever.
The larger plants have very good medical service. What we are
doing is working through the State health departments, especially
those that have divisions of industrial hygiene. We arc trying to
work with them in stimulating these plants to provide medical service.
The managements have told me more than once that the keystone
of their morale is tlu'ough the medical service, because the workers
go to the doctors and the nurses with their troubles, and they are very
often able, through job placement, to put an individual in the environ-
ment where he can best work and serve.
Now, tlirough the emergency health and sanitation appropriations
which the Congress has given us, we have been able to place on duty
in various States industrial engineers, industrial physicians, and
chemists. These not only open up new fields of endeavor, where
such work has never been done before, but augment existing work,
because some States, frankly, have not been able to carry on the
extra load. We have about 37 such persons now scattered among 16
States. We also have some personnel in the Tennessee Valley
Authority.
The doctors at these plants advocate a preemployment examination,
and a periodic examination, especially in those trades such as radium
dial painting, or in the manufacture of TNT or where benzol is used.
I think the vaccination and inoculation program—vaccination
against smallpox, inoculation against typhoid — is especially impor-
tant because of the migration of workers from industry to industry.
We also emphasize the importance of nutrition and the augmenting
of the nursing personnel in industry. Managers have come to me and
said, "Doctor, we would be very glad to have physicians in our plants,
but we don't know where to get them. We can't find trained doctors
whom we can employ." There is a means to remedy that, providing
we can get the phvsicians, and I think we can.
The Office of Education, through an appropriation, has funds to
give intensive 6-month courses to engineers, physicists, and personnel
managers, but in the bill there was no provision made for physicians.
9862 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
In the conferences that I have had with the Office of Education
I was told that there was no way to send physicians to these schools
for instruction, because there was no provision for it in the bill. I
would like to suggest that the language be changed so that we can send
a few physicians to these colleges through the Office of Education. I
think that w^ould help.
I am not proposing that the Federal Government, per se, give
medical treatment to every industrial w^orker; that would be quite an
impossible task.
We do, however, feel that those wdio are hurt on the job should be
treated. Through a system of health education, and through the
cooperation of the local medical societies, we try to bring the worker
and the local physician together. We are also working along the
same lines with the dentists. We do not have the same difficulty in
the ordnance plants.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE INSPECTION OF PLANTS
The Public Health Service has been assigned the duty of inspection
of all Government-owned, Government-operated, and contract-
operated ordnance plants, loading depots, aircraft plants, and so on.
We have already inspected about 30 such plants, and have a contract
to inspect and evaluate 55 more.
W^ith the Army-owned and Army-operated plants the Surgeon
General's office puts in the necessary recommendations and appliances;
in the Government-owned and contract-operated plants, the various
companies that have contracts with the Government are expected to
put in the necessary corrections. As I said before in dealing with
larger plants we do not have that difficulty; our difficulty is mostly
with the smaller plants.
We are doing the best we can with a situation which is growing in
importance, through frequent visits to the field; to supply States
with doctors, engineers, and chemists; and also to supply them, on a
lend-lease basis, with certain laboratory equipment needed in the
examination of dust and various atmospheric samples for toxic gases.
In our research laboratory we are now carrying on about 95 separate
problems, all connected with defense and the war effort.
Our laboratories are also accessible to any State, county, or city
that wants some special work done in connection with their industrial
work. At the present time 36 States, 4 cities, and 2 counties have
industrial hygiene bureaus that are in operation.
I just want to emphasize again, in closing, that w^e are trying to
bring this message to the factory and to the w^orker, throug-h the
existing State organizations.
Dr. Atwater. Dr. Huntington Williams has, for more than 10
years, been the Commissioner of the Department of Health in Balti-
more, and he was formerly connected with the New York State Depart-
ment of Health.
He is one of the fully trained, competent health officers of the kind
to whom we referred. Dr. Williams, may we hear from you at this
point?
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9863
TESTIMONY OF DR. HUNTINGTON WILLIAMS, COMMISSIONER,
CITY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, BALTIMORE, MD.
Dr. Williams. Air. Chairman, I would like to focus my remarks
on a local level. My comments concerning the city I represent are
an effort to reply to the spirit and the letter of your investigation.
The problems on the outskirts of the city, in the rural areas, and in
other parts of the country are not likely to be entirely similar to what
we have in this particular community which is given as an experience.
At the hearing held in Baltimore on July 1, 1941, by your committee
I testified, in connection with facts then available, on the impact of
defense in-migration in Baltimore City on the public health services
in that city.'
Baltimore has, in general, so far as I know, no acute public health
problems growing out of current defense concentrations of people that
arc fundamentally different from those recorded on July 1.
The Baltimore City Health Department, founded on two major
public health ordinances enacted in 1797, the year the city was founded;
has been carefully nurtured during the past 50 years and today receives
a budget from purely local tax money of 99 cents per capita, for a
population of 865,000 people. These local appropriations have made
it possible to give reasonably adeciuate public health protection to the
city, including the thirty-odd thousand defense in-migrants that have
come into Baltimore during the year 1941. As yet the load of work
has not become too great for us to carry.
As previously pointed out there is a housing shortage,' but this
situation was acute in Baltimore, especially for Negroes, before defense
in-migration came upon the scene. The city housing ordinances
during the past year have been amended and greatly strengthened
from the public health viewpoint, and the city health department
housing program, which is a long-range one, is proceeding so far with-
out any severe disruption due to defense in-migration.
In an effort to reach new families as they come to Baltimore, the
city health department has secured the cooperation of local industries
and of the city housing authority and has been receiving business
reply postcards entitled "Parent's register for health service" and
"Family record" through these two sources.
These cards are submitted for your review.
(The cards referred to above are as follows:)
Baltimore City Health Department
Administrative Section
PARENT'S REGISTER FOR HEALTH SERVICE
The city health department is anxious to make health services available to
every family in Baltimore, including those newly arrived in the city. Will you
kindly fill in the following information?
Names of parents
Baltimore address
Number of children under 6 years of age
Number of children 6 years of age or older
' See Baltimore hearings, pt. 15, p. 9506.
9864 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
PLEASE MAIL THIS CARD PROMPTLY. NO POSTAGE IS REQUIRED
Baltimore City Housing Authority
Health Department of Baltimore City
FAMILY RECORD
For your information there follo^vs our family record as regards:
Name of father or mother
Present address
Former address
Town State
Number of children Ages
Information supplied by
Since July 1941, these cards have been received by the city health
department at the rate of from 98 to 1,800 per month. They have
been used for public health nursing follow-up to ensure as far as possi-
ble that children over 6 months old are given toxoid inoculation and
vaccination for the prevention of diphtheria and smallpox. That
was felt to be one of the most likely break-downs in the health protec-
tion service that might result from inmigrants to defense industry.
Five large industrial-defense plants to om* knowledge will not employ
new workers unless they have been vaccinated. During 1941 a total
of 594 such workers came to the city health department for this service,
as compared with 38 in 1940, the previous high record.
I am trying to connect the health department work with the prob-
lem of morale building. This is a rather new reaction for a local
health officer, although subconsciously he may have been at work in
this field without being aware of it.
HEALTH SERVICE AND CIVILIAN MORALE
The Baltimore City Health Department uses ever}^ opportunity to
build civilian morale as it builds city health and in this the press and
the radio are constantly employed, along with all other practical
public educational procedures. The Baltimore health motto is
"Learn to do your part in the prevention of disease," and there is
hardly a family in the city that is unaware of the municipal govern-
ment's concern for the health and welfare of expectant mothers, new
babies, children and adults.
From the Baltimore experience it would appear that local morale
is raised if there is official leadership of public opinion in the health
field. During the past 6 months two special opportunities arose in
this connection. One was in regard to the freshness of the consumer
milk supply and its labelling; the other was concerning the danger of
any given family's contracting poliomyelitis. In the latter case
there were two striking local news releases based on city health depart-
ment sources, one entitled "Polio at Middle River" and the other,
"Four new cases of polio in Baltimore last week." They have been
submitted for the record.
(The releases referred to above are as follows:)
Polio At Middle River
[The Evening Sun, Baltimore, Tuesday, September 2S, 1941]
It is easy to understand how the parents in the Middle River area and every-
where else dread the possibility of their children contracting poliomyelitis. It
seems natural as well, for them to conclude that the congregation of children in
XATIOXAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9865
public schools heightens the possibility of infection and protest, .as have the
Middle River parents, school sessions when the infection is known to be in the
community.
Parents should try to remember, however, that theirs is the layman's point of
view; that health officers, who are responsible for the public welfare and whose
reputations depend upon their judgment in such matter, do not share the appre-
hensions of the layman. The health authorities know how many poliomyelitis
cases there are and where they are. If they had reason to believe that opening of
a public school in any given locality would expose the community to danger of a
polio epidemic it is reasonable to suppose that the schools would not be opened.
It should be reassuring, rather than alarming, to note that public schools are open
with the full approval of State and local health authorities.
These guardians of the public health are persuaded, strange as it may seem to
parents, that children are in closer contact with each other outside of school
than they are inside. At school they sit at their desks, separated by some feet,
throughout the day. At play they tussle, wrestle, come into bodily contact
continually. Moreover, there is no evidence to prove that children contract
poliomyelitis from children any more than they do from adults. It is entirely
possible that the virus is carried by well persons, which may mean the parents,
who are so anxious to keep their children near them. Finally, it is to be noted that
poliomyelitis epidemics get their start and reach their peak during the summer
months when schools are closed.
FouK New Cases of Polio in Baltimore Last Week
[The Sun. Ba'.timore, Sunday, October 5, 1941]
Four new cases of poliomyelitis in Baltimore last week were reported by the
Health Department yesterday to Mayor Jackson by Dr. Huntington Williams,
health commissioner.
On the subject Dr. Williams said, "It is of interest to note that the public is
slowly learning some important theories about infantile paralysis; namely, that
the risk of any city dweller contracting poliomyelitis is certainly much less than
one chance in a thousand; that the virus is not spread by inanimate objects like
iron lungs or respirators but from person to person, probably chiefly by healthy
adult carriers; and that the 999 or more become immune in this way without ever
showing any symptoms or signs of the process having taken place."
TESTIMONY OF DR. HUNTINGTON WILLIAMS— Resumed
Dr. Williams. The first release had to do with the question of
whether schools ought to be kept closed a little longer at the end of the
season, and the reasons why that should not be done, which is the
accepted theory of most experts, and the second release dealt with the
amount of risk that a given family might expect in having its own
child stricken with this terrible disease, a matter which has caused
great lack of morale during the polio season, and where the public
thinking has not been very straight.
In this connection I would like to quote from the views expressed in
this news release, which is under quotes from health department
sources. I bring this in because it has to do with public morale at a
given moment from the public health point of view.
It is of interest to note that the public is slowly learning some important
theories about infantile paralysis; namely, that the risk of any city dweller
contracting poliomyelitis is certainly much less than one chance in a thousand;
that the virus is not spread by inanimate objects like iron lungs or respirators,
but from person to person, probably chiefly by healthy adult carriers; and that
the 999 or more become immune in this way without ever showing any symptoms
or pigns of the process having taken place.
Now that being put before the public gave them some strengthening
of morale when they were worried as to whether their child had a great
or slight chance of being stricken with this disease. Common sense
9866 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
would tell tliem that the chance was slight, if they would count on the
hngeis of their two hands the number of their own personal acc[uaint-
ances that had ever suffered. Still it is a terrifying affair and there
is need for enhancing morale. These releases, it is felt, did something
to allay public apprehension.
1 was asked to say a few words regarding public health in England
diu-ing the past year. While in England as consultant to the United
iStates Office of Civilian Defense in July and August 1941, studies
were made on air-raid medical services, but there was little oppor-
tunity to study public health administration or health problems at
close range. These matters were studied in England by Dr. Thomas
Parran, Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service in
February 1941 . and by Dr. Martha Eliot.
Fortunately an excellent report on the matter has just appeared in
the December 1941 issue of the American Journal of Public Health
1)y Sir Wilson Jameson, Chief Medical Officer of the British Ministry
of Health, entitled "War and Health in Britain" and the attention of
the House committee is respectfully drawn to Dr. Jameson's record,
and if you will permit me I would like to submit this article for inclu-
sion in the record.
(The article referred to above is as follows:)
War and Health in Britain i
REPORT BY SIR WILSON JAMESON, M. D., HON. F. A. P. H. A., CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICER
OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH, LONDON, ENGLAND
When I received the invitation of the American PubUc Health Association to
gttend its seventieth annual meeting, the Minister of Healtli, Mr. Ernest Brown,
realizing the importance of the occasion, was insistent that I should let nothing
stand in the way of my acceptance. I myself appreciate deeply the compliment
you have paid me, and I am particularly glad to have the opportunity tliis evening
of thanking you in person not only for the invitation but also for the honor you
did ine a few years ago in electing me an lionorary Fellow of the American Public
Health Association.
If you asked the medical officer of health of one of the large cities in Great
Britain iiow the war had affected his work, he would probably tell j'ou that about
90 percent of his time was spent on emergency duties and only about 10 percent
on the more famihar tasks of peacetime administration. By this he would not
mean to imply that he had amost whollj- forsaken the practice of public health
but rather tliat the perfecting of schemes for the prevention of mutilation and
death from air attack had tended to take the place of plans for the prevention of
disease and that a totally new set of problems had been thrown up in consequence
of the war. Health departments with their staff of doctors, nurses, and sanitary
inspectors have in the past shown themselves capable of dealing with most types
of emergency, so new duties are apt to be placed upon them sometimes to the
detriment of their existing and no less important tasks. I shall try to give you
some idea of how the work of our public health departments has been affected
during the past 3 j^ears and to show you that the major disasters we feared have
not yet occurred, whereas matters we 'thought of small moment have assumed
\inexpected imjiortance. In all wars there is a reversion to fundamentals and
this war offers no exception to the rule.
ORGANIZATION OF POPULATION MOVEMENTS
First of all we have experienced enormous movements of certain sections of
the population from one part of the country to another. During the first 18
• I'.onths of war over 2)i million mothers and children in England and Wales were
transferred, under official evacuation schemes, from our big cities to smaller towns,
villages, and the countryside, where they were in the main billeted in private
houses. Many of these people have been evacuated two, three, or even four times
' Address at a special session on "Meeting the Public Health Emergency in Great Britain" of the American
Tiiblic Health Association at the seventieth annual meeting in Atlantic City, N. J., October 16, 1941.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9867
for. as bombing became less frequent, there was a drift of evacuees back to the
towns from which thej^ came. Well over a million of these peoi)le are still in
billets. It is fortunate that our housing improvements of the last 20 years gave
us the house room to absorb this army without overcrowding, and that our house-
holders accepted this invasion of their cherished privacy with tolerance and good
win.
All this took a great deal of organization and, on the whole, the machine' worked
with commendable smoothness. But think what it meant to the health services.
Maternity and child welfare workers, school doctors, dentists, and nurses had to
follow the families to the reception areas. Schools, hospitals, clinics, and othei'
premises were insufficient to cope with the great additions to tlie local populations,
so new premises had to be provided. Staffs were hard to find. Difficulties, which
in the past had appeared small and easy to deal with, were magnified. Alany of
the town children were discovered to have lousy heads in spite of the efforts that
had been made to free them from vermin. This had to be dealt with promptly
in rural areas where facilities for cleansing were not so readily available. Bed-
wetting in unaccompanied young children became a problem of first-rate conse-
quence. Scabies increased greatly in incidence. Difficult children — a term which
covers a multitude of conditions — required special measures for their management.
And all this happened in quiet, peaceful areas where prior to the war little thought
had been given to such matters. Yet they have been dealt with. Treatment-
centers have been established, psychiatric social workers have been appointed,
welfare workers have helped with billeting difficulties, and gradually the great
experiment of turning the city dweller into a village resident is proving successful.
And was not such an experiment well worth all the trouble we have had?
The congestion in the cities of Great Britain has been the cause of all sorts of
social evils, and if we can get even a small proportion of our people to return to
the land whence most of them originally came we shall have done well. Largo
numbers of emergency maternity homes have been established up and down the
country in safe areas where normal confinements have been conducted with the
best possible results. Ilxpectant mothers are billeted near these homes for a
few weeks prior to their confinement, and attempts are made, not always with
success, to keep the mothers and their infants in the country for some time after-
ward. We hope many of these country maternity homes will remain as permanent
institutions. Then there are hundreds of war-time residential nurseries for chil-
dren under 5. While no one wishes to see very young children separated from
their parents for long periods of time, we think we may be able to retain many
of these mirseries as convalescent homes to which children may be sent, in happier
days, from our child welfare centers. So far as the value of evacuation schemes
is concerned, the main argument in favor of removal of selected groups from target
towns lies in the fact that the age group 5-15 years — which has conti'ibuted a
much higher proportion of evacuees than any other — has shown much the lowest
death rate from "enemy action."
In addition to the official schemes for the mass movement of selected persons,
there has been of course a great deal of unofficial movement of people frorn one
area to another. There has, too, been the recruitment of millions of rneii and
■women into the fighting services, inany of whom have been billeted in various
parts of the country. Finally great numbers of men and women have had to bo
taken from their homes to work in the factories that are everywhere being de-
veloped. .\11 these comings and goings of the people have destroyed home life.
No one's home is his own — he is either living in some other person's home or
sharing his own with total strangers. It requires little imagination to conjure
up the possible complications of such a state of affairs, and yet we have endured
2 years of the war without any obvious deterioration of health — and, it is hardly
necessary to add, with an increasing determination to see this business through
to the end. In making evacuation a success the health officer and his staff have
played a leading, if unaccustomed, part.
HOSPITAL SERVICES
In order to deal promptl.y and efficiently with air-raid casualties and with cases
of illness in the services and in evacuated persons, emergency medical, hospital,
and laboratory services had to be established. A great deal of additional hospital
accommodation was provided by adapting and equipping existing buildings and
by erecting hospital huts in the grounds of existing institutions. It is estimated
that we have some 400,000 hospital beds in England and Wales available within
the emergency scheme. So far as possible, additions to hospitals have been made
9868 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
with ail eye to their future use in times of peace. The plan that has been de-
veloped of transferring much of the hospital accommodation from the center of
our towns to situations in the country is one that many of us would like to see a
permanent feature of hospital reorganization. Some of our hospitals have been
so damaged that they will have to be rebuilt. It would be folly to rebuild them
on crowded and unnecessarily expensive sites. With modern means of transport
it is possible to move patients in comfort considerable distances, and I for one
look forward with confidence to some redistribution of our hospitals in the years
to come.
It was thought necessary at first to keep large numbers of beds empty and staflf
standing by, ready for the reception of casualties of all kinds. Experience so far
has shown that we overestimated the need for such a big reserve. The result has
been that these hospital beds have been used more and more for civilian sick and
we are rapidly getting something in the nature of a national hospital service — •
without our being fully aware of the change that is taking place. As these hos-
pitals are grouped and administered, for wartime purposes, in regions, we are
coming to the belief that the proper method of providing adequate hospital serv-
ices for the benefit of the public is on a big regional basis, and already schemes
are being discussed for future hospital provision on these lines. As our counties
and cities own many large hospitals, medical officers of health are of necessity
intimately concerned with such proposals and are helping to solve the problem of
so coordinating the work of both voluntary and municipal hospitals that the public
will get the best possible service.
We very naturally dreaded the appearance of serious epidemic disease in the
unusual conditions in which people were living, and in order to assist early diag-
nosis we established a system, under the management of the Medical Research
■Council, of emergency public health laboratories covering the whole country.
Some of these laboratories were new creations; others, which had been in existence
for years, were brought into the scheme. As a result, every medical officer of
health has now a first class laboratory wnthin a maximum radius of 30 miles.
Not only does the laboratory do all the bench work needed, but the staff go out
and help with the field w^ork. This is in the best tradition of your own admirable
United States Public Health Service, and it will be a great disappointment to me
if we do not retain these indispensable epidemiological units after the war.
AMERICAN RED CROSS FIELD HOSPITAL UNIT
I am delighted to tell you that the most complete of all these units at our dis-
posal is the American Red Cross Harvard Field Hospital Unit under the direction
of our mutual and respected friend Dr. John Gordon, professor of preventive
medicine in the Harvard Medical School. This unit not only provides us with
some 130 beds in novel and efficient prefabricated buildings; it gives us as well a
first class laboratory and mobile epidemiological teams of doctors and nurses.
Already we have used these teams in various parts of England and it is of interest,
though I really do not know why we should have imagined otherwise, that such a
team, immediately on arrival in England and without spending any time on local
introductions, can set about the difficult task of case finding and follow-up in a
typically British town. In so doing I am assured that they feel just as much at
home and meet with just as much success as they w'ould in their own part of the
world. Dr. Gordon has been appointed official United States liaison medical
officer with the Ministry of Health and his advice and help are being constantly
sought. Public health in America could have made no more valuable contribu-
tion to our war effort than by sending us this admirable unit. I hope to see much
•of its practice embodied subsequently in our ow'ii epidemiological plan.
One of our fears w'as that, with the inevitable damage to water mains and sewers
by bombing attack, there would' be a great increase in the incidence of typhoid
fever. Happily this fear has not been realized. In London, for instance," every
type of water main has been broken in every conceivable manner. Sewers have
emptied their contents into large trunk mains and polluted the water over great
distances. One main, 4 feet in diameter, has been broken no fewer than 11 times,
.and the number of times mains have been damaged amounts to thousands. This
is understandable when we recollect that the system of mains in London is over
8,000 miles in length. The disinfection of mains under repair by means of chlorine,
in a strength of 10 parts per million and with a period of contact of 15 minutes,
has, however, proved an excellent safeguard, and I am hapjw to say that neither
in London nor elsewhere has there been any outbreak of typhoid fever due to
-damage to mains and sewers as a result of air raids. On the other hand, we have
jhad quite a number of epidemics of paratyphoid fever traceable in a majority of
XATIOXAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9869
instances to infection associated with premises where bread and various kinds of
pastries are made.
The war has helped us to make real progress with our scheme for the immuni-
zation of children against diphtheria. Last November the Government decided
to issue supplies of alum precipitated toxoid free to all health authorities and
this provided the necessary official backing and stimulus for the movement. I
cannot give you the figures of the numbers immunized so far — we have called for
returns up to September 30 — but we have evidence that a great deal has been
accomplished in the past 8 or 9 months. We are finding difficulty, of course, in
bringing in the children below school age in sufficiently large numbers, but we hope
that with continued publicity even this trouble will he overcome.
AIR-RAID PRECAUTIONS
In addition to devising a hospital and laboratory system to meet our antici-
])ated needs we had, of course, to work out a whole scheme of air-raid precau-
tions— or, as we now know it, A. R. P. This meant the creation of first aid or
stretcher parties who travel at once to the scene of what is called an incident and
assist in finding casulaties and in apjilying the necessary first aid treatment.
First-aid posts had to be established, to which the less severelj' injured are di-
rected. Ambulance services had to be built up, air-raid shelters had to be pro-
vided, and cleansing centers for decontaminating persons affected by mustard
gas had to be planned. In addition rest centers for bombed-out persons had to
be found and equipped, and there are now some 13,000 of these in Great Britain
with accommodation for over a million people. A large staff had to be assembled
and trained and retrained in the light of new knowledge and experience, and in all
of this the medical officer of health was heavily involved. Indeed, it is this work
that has occupied bj' far the greater part of his time in certain areas.
The air-raid-shelter problem has been one of no little difficulty. Domestic
shelters and street surface shelters had been prej^ared against the onset of raids,
but 'when night bombing began a year ago the public took the law into their
own hands and invaded deep "tube" stations and other underground spaces
where they felt themselves to be in greater security. These places had not
been prepared as doxmitories, and sanitary and other arrangements were sadly
lacking. Soon, however, provision was made for proper eciuipment and super-
vision. Large numbers of shelters have been fitted with bunks; water-flushed
toilets have been installed where possible; medical-aid posts have been estab-
lished in all large shelters with doctors and nurses in attendance — incidentally
much health education work is carried on and many children have been immunized
against diphtheria in these shelters; canteens are available and entertainments of
various kinds provided. And now it is right to say that reasonable shelter pro-
vision has been made for a very large mass of the people. For example, by last
April the total capacity of public and domestic shelters in the county of London
amounted to 2}^ million persons. A census taken on April 7 showed that some
23 percent of the people spent the night either in public shelters or in privately
provided domestic shelters — about 8 percent being in public shelters including the
deep "tube" stations. The rest of the people just stayed in their own homes or
else used shelters provided by private means. It is of interest that we have had
no epidemic disease associated in particular with shelter users nor has the incidence
of vermin among such persons increased.
THE INDUSTRIAL WORKER
So far this war has been for us a war in which industrial workers have played
an almost larger part than the members of the fighting services. It is fitting
therefore that I should say something of the conditions under which industry
is [being carried on and of the health of the persons employed. One of the penal-
ties of a democracy appears to be that it takes a long time to get into its proper
stride. This was so in Great Britain but the pace has been steadily increased
and a gigantic effort is now being made. There have been many difficulties to
overcome. New factories have had to be built, often in remote parts of the
country. Workers have had to be drafted to them, and living accommodation
found or provided for them in the neighborhood, or special means of transport to
and from their homes arranged. Many workers have joined the services, so new
entrants to industry have had to be trained, and women in large numbers are
taking the place of men. All factories have to be blacked out as a precautionary
measure against air raids — this raises problems of lighting and ventilation.
Bombing attacks may be made while people are going to or leaving their work.
9870
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Shopping for the family becomes very difficult when the womenfolk are employed
in factories. Young children must be cared for while the mothers are at work,
so wartime day nurseries are being everywhere established — often with the gen-
erous help of American well-wishers. Special arrangements have to be made for
medical care and welfare work in the new factory areas.
After the evacuation of Dunkirk and the collapse of France in May 1940, a
tremendous effort was put forth by industry. Longer and longer hours were
worked, and it is interesting to record that in many factories there was actually
a higher hourly output of work at the same time. This, however, as we knew
from experience, could not last, and gradually output began to fall as a result
of strain and fatigue. Time began to be lost through sickness and injury and
workers became stale. Had the long hours continued there would undoubtedly
have been a serious effect on health and efficiency. So a reduction of hours was
introduced and some provision was made for holidaj's. It is true to say that
there is little to gain and probably more to lose when the weekly hours of work
exceed 60-65 for men and 55-60 for women.
In spite of what our people have been through, I am glad to have the assur-
ance of the Senior Medical Inspector of Factories that he finds no evidence that
in general the health of the industrial worker has suffered materially. War
conditions have, of course, resulted in the increase of certain industrial poison-
ings. The most noteworthy increases are associated with the processes in-
volved in the manufacture of TNT and are revealed in aniline poisoning, toxic
jaundice, and in poisoning from nitrous fumes. There is, too, a higher incidence
of poisoning from carbon monoxide owing to the greater use of blast and other
furnaces in the making of munitions. In order to safeguard the health of factory
workers the Minister of Labour has issued an order making compulsory, when
thought necessary, medical supervision and nursing and welfare services in any
factory concerned with the manufacture of munitions of war. In consequence,
well oyer 100 full-time and nearly 400 part-time doctors have been appointed in
munition factories as well as very large numbers of nurses. Welfare work too is
spreading rapidly both within and in the districts surromiding factories. It
is satisfactory that many factory owners who originally accepted such super-
vision with great reluctance have later expressed their appreciation of its prac-
tical value. We hope this increase in medical care and in welfare work in fac-
tories will become a permanent part of our industrial organization.
Before I leave the subject of industry, may I quote a few words from a report
by the Senior Medical Inspector of Factories? Speaking of women, he says:
"Of their keenness to do what they are required to do I have nothing to add to
what is general knowledge, and, so far as it is possible to judge, the work upon
which they are employed is well within their capacity. The idea that the ordinary
conditions of work must be improved because women are to be employed is, I
consider, unsound. In general, if the conditions are unsuitable for women they
are equally unsuitable for men. It is true that some types of work are of them-
selves unsuitable for women but that is an entirely different matter. At present
there is work that has to be done that is a hazard to health and to life, both to
men and to women, whatever precautions may be taken. The women, I believe
are willing to share this risk with the men."
SPIRIT OF THE CIVIL POPULATION
You may ask how the civil population has stood up to the frightfulness they
have had to endure. I may say right away that their spirit has been splendid
and that, if anything, the women are even stouter-hearted than the men. As
regards neurotic illnesses, here are the conclusions reached in a quite recent
report to the Medical Research Council:
"Air raids have not been responsible for any striking increase in neurotic illness.
Crude figures from hospitals and outpatient clinics even suggest a considerable
drop.
"Reliable data from London and Bristol, and the impressions of good medical
observers, indicate that after intensive raids there is a slight rise in the total amount
of neurotic illness in the affected area, occurring chiefly in those who have been
neurotically ill before. Neurotic reactions may not show themselves for a week
or 10 days after the bombing; they usually clear up readily with rest and mild
sedatives. Hysteria is unconnnon, anxiety and depression are the commonest
forms of upset.
"The incidence of neurotic illness has been low in fire-fighters and other workers
in civil defense.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9871
"Insanity has not increased, so far as figures are to hand, though more persons
with senile deterioration have been admitted to mental institutions than before,
because their relatives could not anj- longer look after them or the raids had in
other ways disturbed their routine and their precarious adaptation. The same
was true of some defectives.
"Suicide has diminished both in England and in Scotland.
"It is impossible to distinguish between neurotic illness due directly to air raids
and that which may follow such secondary troubles as disruption ai^d loss of one's
home, evacuation, difficulties in transport to and from work, or temporary loss
of employinent. It is to the war as a whole, with its accumulated stresses, that
people have had to adjust themselves, and signs of failure to do this can be taken
as warning signals of neurosis. An increase in alcoholism would be such a sign;
there is no evidence that there has been any increase of this sort. The rise in
road and industrial accidents has been considerable; many causes are at work,
the psychological ones among which have not been analyzed. There has similarly
been a rise in juvenile delinquency; this cannot be regarded as tantamount to a
rise in juvenile neurosis, but it suggests that the same environmental factors are
at work as conduce to neurosis.
FOOD RESTRICTIONS
And now a few words about rationing and how the people are faring in s]:iite
of some food restrictions. Only certain foods are rationed; these are meat, bacon,
margarine, lard or cooking fats, cheese, tea, sugar, and jam. We have to register
for milk and certain categories of the population are given priorities for milk,
namely: expectant and nursing mothers and children up to the age of 18. Adults
get what is left over, while persons suffering from certain kinds of illness have
s]5ecial privileges. Under the national milk scheme, mothers and children under 5
may obtain a pint of milk a day at a price of just over 3 cents or, if need be, free.
School children, under the milk-in-schools scheme, may purchase, or be given
without charge, in school, two-thirds of a pint daily at a cost of less than 1 cent
for one-third of a pint. These school children, together with young persons between
the ages of 14 and 18, may have delivered to their homes an additional half-pint
of milk a day at the ordinary retail i)rice (at present about 7 cents a pint). During
this year more than 3,000,000 persons have benefited under the national milk
scheme— 276,000 expectant mothers, 73,000 infants under 1 year, and 2,700,000
children aged 1 to 5. In addition, 2^:^ million children are getting milk under the
milk-in-schools scheme.
A national wheatmeal loaf, made from 85 percent extraction flour, is marketed
at the same i^rice as white bread, and the medical profession has always urged
that it should })e made the standard issue for the country. It has, however, been
decided as a matter of policy that Ijoth types of loaf should be available, but that
white flour should be enriched by the addition of thiamin. Vitamins A and D
are added to all margarine, and preparations containing vitamins A, C, and D
are available for all expectant and nursing mothers and for young children.
A careful survey of the diets of 103 London families made in the spring of this
year showed interesting results (table 1).
The fact is that for a beleaguered citadel we are being very well fed indeed.
There are difficulties in the distribution of foodstuffs. In some districts shop])ing
is a much more troublesome business than in others. But sufficient food is either
being produced in or is being brought into Great Britain to keep us all in good
heart and fit for a pretty heavy day's work. The best way of overcoming dis-
tribution difficulties is, we think, by extending communal feeding. One of our
aims is to provide as many children as possible with a midday meal in school — I
believe this will become a i)ermanent part of our educational program. At joresent
about 6 percent of our school children are having a school dinner. The numbers
are increasing rapidly and we hope during this winter to feed many more. Can-
teens for factory workers, miners, dock workers, and building operatives are
springing up everywhere. Nearly all the factories in which we can require the
establishment of canteens serving hot meals have already made, or will shortly
have made, such provision. British restaurants, financed by government, where
the whole family may get a good meal at a cheap rate already number o\er 1,000 —
another 400 will soon he opened. All these arrangements tend to make possible
the eating of one square meal a day and enable the women of a household to enter
industry without the worry of knowing how their families are to be fed. Of course,
it is not easy to get together the equipment needed for communal feeding on such
a vast scale, but it is being done with all possible speed. The old idea that an
Englishman's house was his castle behind the walls of which he secured himself
60396— 42— pt. 25 16
9872
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
against all comers is no longer true. He has to share his castle with any person
who may be officially billeted on him and, more than that, he may no longer eat
his roast beef before his own fireside. If he wants a good meal at a cost within
his means he may have to collect his bowler hat and his umbrella and betake
himself to some communal feeding center. We are becoming a very different
people from the race continental caricaturists poked fun at for so many years.
Table 1
consumption of nutrients per diet head daily
Food expenditure per diet
head, weekly
Under 5s. (A).
5s. to 7s. (B)
7s. to 9s. 6d. (C)...
Over 9s. 6d. (D)_..
Calories
1,740
2,090
2,405
2,747
Protein
Carbo-
hydrate
248
283
303
352
Fat
57
75
94
105
Cal-
cium
0.37
.51
.60
.77
Iron
mg.
7.5
9.3
12.0
12.1
Vitamins I. U.
2,341
2,675
3,646
3,847
Bi
258
326
403
452
758
953
1,046
1,2.54
ACTUAL INTAKE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE OF REQUIREMENTS BASED ON
LEAGUE OF NATIONS STANDARDS
Food expenditure per diet head
weekly
Under 5s. (A)..
5s. to 7s. (B)...,
7s. to 9s. 6d. (C)
Over 9s. 6d. (D)
Calories
80
91
105
120
Protein
95
110
128
Calcium
Iron
75
95
117
124
Vitamins
124
130
125
154
173
128
162
180
216
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITION'
It is not sufficient to make dietary surveys and to calculate the calorie and
other values of the food eaten. We must make as best we can some kind of actual
assessment of nutrition in groups of the population in various parts of the country.
The method of clinical assessment originally advocated by the Board of Education
in respect of school children is much too dependent upon the whims and fancies
of individual investigators. Some more accurate method must be used. We have
agroup of nutritionists at Oxford who are trying toelaborate the necessary technique
which must, I think, be a combination of dietary survey, laboratory control, and
clinical examination. In this connection we are getting much help from the Rocke-
feller Foundation and I hope that before long we shall l)e able to send teams of
trained workers to selected areas to search for the earh^ and so far elusive signs
of nutritional deficiencies. Up to the present I think I can say that with the
means at our disposal we have not been able to find evidence that our people are
suffering in any degree from malnutrition. I should be foolish, however, to feel
easy in my mind as to the future. The margin of safety we possess must be very
small.
A great deal of food educational work has been going on. The Ministry of
Food and the Board of Education have taken a prominent part in this, and I
cannot speak too highly of the way in which the teachers of domestic subjects
have gone out into the homes and the market places to give instruction to the
public. Large new groups of people are becoming to some extent social workers
and I have no doubt the experience will be of permanent benefit to them. Indeed,
the whole of our health educational program has been stimulated by the war.
TRAINED MANPOWER
To keep all these wartime activities moving and to maintain existing services
at as high a pitch of efficiency as possible has made enormous demands on our
trained manpower — and nowhere more than in the case of doctors, dentists,
nurses, and other officials of our health and medical departments. We have had
endless difficulties over doctors and at the present moment we have a committee
of well known medical men drawn from civil practice and from the Services
actively engaged in trying to secure a better utilization of our diminishing resources.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9873
Indeed, members of the committee are traveling about the country in an endeavor
to see for themselves whether service and civilian needs cannot be pooled and
dealt with by a single medical staff, and whether reductions in what are consid-
ered minimum establishments cannot still be made. It is no easy matter to
provide medical officers for our fighting services and for all the special kinds of
work connected with first aid, shelters, emergency hospitals, and the like thrown
up by the war — in addition to retaining enough, doctors to care for the civil
population. Large numbers of women are joining the Civil Nursing Reserve and
being given some training in nursing, but the competition of the uniformed
women's services and of industry is very strong. Casualty work, of course, has
its slack as well as its busy periods, and it is hard to determine what is exactly
the insurance we should provide in the way of trained personnel standing by to
meet any sudden emergency.
I began by saying I would try to show you how the work of the medical officer
of health had been affected by the war. I should like to close by saying that
our health services have stood up well to the additional tasks placed upon them.
Normal services have continued to function. Infectious disease during the war
has, fortunatel}^, been no more than average. We must, however, keep always
in mind the possibility that we may be living on the resources we have built up
over a period of years. The increase in the incidence of tuberculosis, with the
heaviest mortality falling on the female age group 15-25, gives us concern and
we are trying to determine the possible causes of this increase. We must ever
be on the watch for these unfavorable trends.
We may have been slow to realize that war in Europe was inevitable and slow
to appreciate the magnitude of the issues even once the battle had been joined.
There is now no misunderstanding of the situation. Every man and every
woman knows that if this war is to be won it can be won only by each one putting
forth the greatest effort of which he is capable. This is what we are approaching
now. Those of us who are in some measure responsible for the planning of things
are constantly looking to the future and endeavoring so to meet the present
emergency as to derive some permanent good from the measures we adopt. For
war, though a great destroyer of things worth preserving, may yet almost over-
night open the door to progress and reform that in peacetime would have meant
years of constant striving.
TESTIMONY OF DR. HUNTINGTON WILLIAMS— Resumed
Dr. Williams. The Commissioner of Health of Baltimore, while
in England, could not but observe current health-administration
practices in that country, and has had the following to say in regard
to the relations on the local level between air-raid civil-defense work
and official public health endeavor:
As a health officer it was a bit distressing to nie to notice that this great task
of administering the local emergency medical and hospital services for the current
war was often assigned to the medical officer of health of the community. In
England it appears to have been customary to overload local health departments
with administrative cares and duties such as hospital administration and medical
care and other such work so that the essential preventative duties of a health
department, for which it was originally created, are to some degree starved by
lack of available time and attention and budgets.
Here in the matter of medical and other air raid precaution services for civilian
defense in a blitz war this pattern has again been frequently followed with an
unfortunate decrease of health-officer attention to many primary duties and
responsibilities. The result is, in part, large numbers of children and others
unprotected against smallpox and diphtheria, large volumes of unpasteurized
milk in urban communities, little or no industrial hygiene as health department
work, and syphilis and tuberculosis far from where they could be so far as ade-
quate community control is concerned. It would seem unfortunate if we did
not learn, in this country, something of value from these lessons. i
This is read because I was asked to bring into this panel the lessons
we learned from British experience.
I would like now to turn the meeting over to Dr. Atwater.
1 See American Journal of Public Health, February 1942, p. 140.
9874 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Dr. Atwater. Mr. Chairman, I think that this testimony should
stand for itself.
It is, as you know, impossible to summarize it except to repeat
what has been said.
We shall be glad to answer any questions that members of the
committee may have.
The ChaiRxMan. Doctor, we would be only too interested in asking
you questions, because this has been tremendously interesting to us,
but we have still to hear from Mr. MacDonald who is waiting for us.
He has to rush back to Canada.
Mr. Curtis. I have one or two questions.
Do you anticipate a big increase of mental cases because of the
war, and, if so, what are you going to do about it?
Dr. Atwater. I should like to document what I have to say by
referring to what Sir W ilson Jameson says, in the record which has
just been filed with you, that, interestingly enough, the British
population has been so absorbed in doing things of that preventative
and constructive nature that the rate of mental diseases has not in-
creased as expected there, so if we can use the English experience
as a parallel, we do not expect a large increase.
Perhaps other members would like to supplement that brief state-
ment.
Mr. Sparkman. Isn't it too early for that to have developed even
in England? Doesn't it come as an aftermath rather than concurrent?
Dr. Atwater. It was expected to come during the attacks. When
I was in England that was anticipated and a number of beds were
set aside with that in mind. I think it was shown that during the
blitz itself they have not been needed as much as was expected.
The Chairman. Dr. Atwater and members of the panel, we are
deeply grateful to you for coming here and I know that you have
made a valuable contribution that will be deeply helpful to us in
making our report to Congress.
Mr. MacDonald is our next witness.
TESTIMONY OF MALCOLM MacDONALD, BRITISH HIGH COM-
MISSIONER FOR CANADA, TORONTO, CANADA
The Chairman. Mr. MacDonald. You are the son of Ramsay
MacDonald, are you not?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes.
The Chairman. Now, what position do vou occupy now, Mr.
MacDonald?
Mr. MacDonald. I am the British Government's representative,
called the High Commissioner in Canada.
The Chairman. In Canada?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes.
The Chairman. And you were formerly Minister of Health, were
you not?
. Mr. MacDonald. Yes; 1 was Minister of Health right through
the blitzkrieg in Enorland.
The Chairman. Congressman Curtis will ask the questions.
Mr. Curtis. May we first ask that you sketch briefly the Ministry
of Health at war, indicting first the major services it provided before
the war and then developing for us the ways in which these services
have been modified and new services added to meet war conditions.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9875
Mr. MacDonald. Well Mr. Chairman and members of the com-
mittee, you will appreciate that is a very broad subject. I will do
my best to touch upon the high spots of a very wide field. It has a
whole range of mountain peaks, but I will travel over those peaks
as rapidly as I can.
Air. Curtis. May I suggest that it is the custom of the committee
to welcome written statements. If you wish to amplify this and
send us a statement, we will keep our record open for about 10 days,
so that would enable you to treat the matter as briefly as you see fit
this morning.
PUBLIC HOUSING PROGRAM
Mr. MacDonald. I will keep that in mind. One of the main
activities of the Ministry of Health in peacetime was to provide,
through the proper agencies, healthy housing conditions for our entire
population. In fact, in the 20 years between the last war and this
war, the Ministry of Health, through the constitutional agencies,
has rehoused one-third of the entire population of the island. That
slum clearance and housing activity had reached a tremendous
pitch by 1939.
That was certainly one of the main activities of the Ministry in
peacetime. Now the war has stopped that almost completely,
because we wanted to conserve our building labor and our building
materials — bricks, tiles, window glass, and the rest of it — for abso-
lutely essential war building purposes.
We had to build airplane factories; we had to expand docks; the
house-building activity of the Ministry of Health has ceased entirely,
except for one kind: The construction of houses which are needed in
growing munitions towns and in dockyards and elsewhere, where large
extra populations are coming in and where at present there is no hous-
ing accommodations for them.
Apart from that, the major activity of the Ministry of Health
before the war has ceased.
HEALTH INSURANCE
A second great branch of the activity of the Ministry before the war
was the administration of our health-insurance scheme by which the
workers — men and women — in the insured industries, made contribu-
tions, the employers made contributions, the state made contributions,
and out of the fund which was so raised these workers, when they fell
ill, got free medical attention, free provision of medicines, and were
paid sickness benefits and disablement benefits during the period that
they were off work.
The Chairman. Mr. MacDonald, were those voluntary contribu-
tions or compulsory?
Mr. MacDonald. Those were compulsory for workers within a
certain income and wage limit.
We attached such importance to maintaining the health of our
people and especially, of course, of our industrial population during
the war, that we have actually expanded that health-insurance scheme
since the war began. We have expanded it in two ways.
9876 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
First of all. we have increased the rates of sickness and disablement
benefits so as to bring them into line with the increased cost of living;
secondly we have put up the income limit for compulsory insurance.
The top wage used to be, if you will forgive me quoting figures in
sterling, 250 pounds a year, and now that maximum has been in-
creased to a wage of 420 pounds a year, so that we have brought into
our national health insurance a very much larger body of workmen
and workwomen. We have brought in many of what we would call
the black-coated workers.
SUPERVISION OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
The third great branch of the normal peacetime activity of the
Ministry was a general supervision of the public-health provisions and
facilities throughout the country. They looked after generally,
through the local authorities, the maternity and child-welfare clinics,
maternity homes, the general municipal hospital service, clinics for the
treatment of venereal diseases and other public health services.
We attached such great importance, from the point of view of the
physical fitness of our population under war strain and also from the
point of view of maintaining morale, to keeping up the public health
services, that what we have done since the war is actually not to lessen
them but to expand them.
Perhaps I might give, quite briefly, two or three typical examples of
the expansion which has taken place.
We attached great importance to nutrition and one of the principal
items in a great program of nutrition improvement has been a nation-
wide scheme for giving inexpensive milk — in the cases of very poor
families, free milk — to all expectant mothers and nursing mothers and
infants.
In other ways w^e have improved the nutrition, for example, by
increasing greatly the facilities for free midday meals for all school
children, and the menu at those meals is one which is not only palatable
but is also scientific.
Then we have increased enormously during the war our govern-
ment expenditure on the inoculation of children against diseases like
diphtheria.
We have increased very greatly our financial contribution and the
facilities that we provide for the treatment of venereal diseases and
we have made it possible, by giving the local authorities the necessary
finance, for them to protect the whole of their water supply against
possible bacteria wdiich would promote disease in the population, by
financing the introduction of chlorinating plants.
As I say, those are some of the outstanding examples of a very
considerable expansion of our public-health provision which we
thought to be necessaiy in war conditions.
Then I come to the new services which have fallen on the Ministry
of Health during the war.
EVACUATION OF CHILDREN
First of all, as you know, there has been a very large evacuation,
especially of mothers and children, from our target towns. At the
height of the blitz, for instance, 85 percent of the entire child popu-
lation had left London and gone into the countrvside.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9877
That was not a compulsory movement; it was a voluntary move-
ment.
The Ministry of Health was responsible for organizing the whole of
that movement at both ends. At the end from which these people
left, they had to organize the children through the local authorities,
into school pai'ties, their teachers with them, to evacuate them from the
target towns to other parts of the country. At the other end the
Ministry of Health was the central Government department responsi-
ble for their reception, for their billeting, for their medical care, for
their being provided with food and all the other amenities of life in
their new locality.
Well, now, that raised the public health problem immediately^
Hundreds of thousands of women and children left the big cities-
where there was already good provision for public health. There
were good maternity and child welfare clinics; there were good hos-
pitals; there were good maternity homes and the rest. They were
scattered, and crowded, into the rural areas. The provision for
public health in these areas was adequate for their normal populations,,
but hopelessly inadequate to look after this increased population.
Yet they w^ere living under conditions which were somew^hat over-
crowded and proper care for their public health became more impor-
tant than ever.
PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY SERVICE
Well, the ]\Iinistry of Health provided the local authorities with all
the finances which were necessary, gave 100-percent grants for every-
thing that was required, and we very swiftly improvised a public
health service right through rural Britain which had existed before
but only on a small scale. We increased it enormously.
For instance, we provided free medical care -for all the school
children who were evacuated. Besides that we had to increase hos-
pital accommodations, accommodations for nurseries for infants,
accommodations for prenatal clinics and maternity homes and con-
valescent homes, and so on. What we did was borrow from the well-
to-do and, if necessary, commandeer, as was necessary in some cases,
but not many, from the well-to-do their great country mansions and
manor houses. If you go to those great stately homes of England
today you will not find living in them their old owners; they are
doing war jobs elsewhere. You will find that many of them are
residential nursery schools filled with children from London or Bir-
mingham or Plymouth or somewhere else, and there they live and
become healthy, wnth their own teachers, their own nurses, and their
own staffs.
Others are maternity homes; others are hostels for the aged and
infirm; others are convalescent homes, and so on. We have acquired
those buildings in order to create a very efficient public health service
for caring for the much larger population now living in rural England.
HOSPITAL SERVICES
Another job that the Ministry of Health was given was the care,
not only of the soldiers wounded in battle and brought back to the
base hospitals in Britain, but also of civilians injured in air raids.
9878 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
We were told that we should need 1,000,000 beds to do the job.
Well, it never got up to that figure and it never proved anything like
necessary, but we did have to expand very greatly the whole of our
hospital service.
We did that by taking over many of the existing voluntary hospitals,
many of the existing municipal hospitals, and many of the country
houses of England which weren't being used for some of these other
purposes which I have mentioned. We added to a lot of those
buildings new huts with up-to-date wards and operating theaters
and X-ray departments, and we created an emergency hospital
service which would be capable of looking after all the wounded
who were likely to come out of the air raids oh Britain.
In order to administer and staff that enlarged hospital service we
got the help of the medical profession and the nursing profession.
jMany of our most distinguished specialists and surgeons and doctors
gave up their private practices completely, or else gave a very much
smaller amount of time to them, and came into this emergency hos-
pital and emergenc}^ medical service as administrators and as doctors
and surgeons. Of course we also had to increase very largely the
nursing staff of those establishments.
Let me mention another of the new war services which fell to the
Ministry of Health: The care of the homeless.
CARE OF THE HOMELESS
We had an enormous number of houses damaged, out of which
the inhabitants would emerge, curiously enough, without a scratch,
from their various domestic shelters. We had, after a serious raid
in a single city, sometimes 10, sometimes 20, 30, 40, or even 50 thou-
sand people, who had a roof over their heads the night before but
whose roof had disappeared, and they had to be cared for. The
Ministry of Health was responsible for that job and again working
through the local authorities we created, all over the target cities
and towns, in schoolrooms, in church halls, in parish halls, and
other handy buildings, what were called food and rest centers for the
homeless. The people made homeless after each new raid came
immediately to those places where there was hot food and hot drinks,
where there were warm clothes, blankets, bedding, and all the other
things required, and those homeless people stayed in those centers
until they could be found accommodations among their neighbors
and their friends, or in hostels which were established, or until they
could be evacuated to new homes in the countryside.
The whole of that duty fell upon the Ministry of Health, and I
might mention very briefly two or three other of the emergency services
for which the Ministry was responsible. It had to look after all the
repairs to the houses which were damaged. You will appreciate the
importance of that from the point of view of preserving morale.
If a family was made homeless in a raid and its house had received
only superficial damage, it was a matter of great importance to
repair that damage as rapidly as possible so that the family could go
back and live in their own home and accustomed domestic surroimd-
ings in 2 or 3 days, and we did, in the course of the 9 months or so of
blitz, repair many many hundreds of thousands of houses and got
their inhabitants back into them.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9879
In the same way the Ministry of Health was responsible for the
repair of water mains and gas mains and electricity systems through
the local authorities, and again it was a matter of vital importance in
order to maintain morale.
You had to have the taps running in people's houses as soon as
possible after the raid ; you had to have the gas and electricity work-
ing, so they could cook, and have light in the evenings, and so on^
ancl the Ministry of Health was given that job.
AIR RAID SHELTERS
Finally — and this also was important from the point of view of
maintaining morale and public health — many people in the raids
went down to big air-raid shelters and in some of those big air-raid
shelters thousands and thousands of people congregated. Now in
the winter of the raids the enemy's planes might be over a city right
through the night, hour after hour, and night after night, and in fact
many of our pepole were working during the day, doing their 8 hours
work during the day and then coining straight back in the dark early
winter evenings to their air-raid shelters. They were living 10, 12,
14 and in some cases 16 hours every day in those places.
There was obviously a great risk to public health, and to meet that
the Ministry of Health, again through the local authorities, estab-
lished in all those big air-raid shelters, medical aid posts which became
regular dispensaries. Every kind of medicine and other things that
you could require for any more or less minor ailment, was there;
there were trained nurses in constant attendance, there all the time;
and doctors visited each of those shelters every single night, and they
were always on call. The provision of those medical-aid posts with
the nurses and the doctors in attendance was one of the reasons why
we got through the period of the blitz without any serious epidemic.
There were cases where an epidemic was on the verge of starting
n this or that shelter, but by clearing people out for 24 hours and
getting onto the job of cleaning the places before anybody was allowed
in again, it was checked at the very beginning.
Those are only the high spots of the Ministry of Health's activities
in the war. I would like to make this one comment; it is something
which I have really emphasized already:
The Government never stinted any money for any of these activi-
ties, because we felt that the work of repair to damaged houses, water
mains and gas mains, as well as aid to human beings, was a matter of
absolutely first importance to maintaining the physical, mental, and
spiritual fitness of that great civilian population fighting a war on its
own doorsteps.
Mr. Curtis. You have given us a very fine picture of the splendid
work that you have done.
I might ask you to mention how the Ministry of Health enlisted the
assistance of local authorities and volunteer organizations in its woik.
Mr. MacDonald. In order to fight this war on the home front, we
established in Britain a Government machine which was constructed
in three tiers.
9880 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
WORKED IN THREE TIERS
There were separate Government authorities performing distinct
functions at three different levels. At the top was the National Gov-
ernment, the Central Government: Its function was to lay down the
general lines ot policy for the Nation as a whole.
In the middle, we divided the country into about a dozen areas
that we called regions, and in each of those regions there was a regional
commissioner, with a very large expert staff". Their fimction was to
act as a liaison between the Central Government and the local author-
ities which were at the third level, and also their function was to co-
ordinate the activities of the smaller local authorities in their area.
At the third level were these local authorities. They were the
agents for carrying out, in this city or that town or that group of vil-
lages, the whole of the policy laid down by the Central Government.
To quote Mr. Churchill, "we gave them the tools and they did the
job." The local authorities were enlisted to do all these jobs in
their areas: The housing department of the local authority, for in-
stance, looked after the homeless and disabled; the engineering depart-
ment of the local authority locked after the repair of water mains,
gas mains, sewage mains, and the rest of it; the public health depart-
ment of the local authority looked after the maternity homes, the
nursery schools, and the new clinics of all sorts.
The Chairman. The local health agencies cleared through the
Ministry of Health, didn't they?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes. They got their orders from the Ministry
of Health, and they simply carried out, in each small locality, those
orders. Any extra cost which was required by them, to do their job
arising out of the war emergency, was provided by the Ministry of
Health at the center.
VOLUNTEER ASSISTANCE
Mr. Curtis. Did a great many of your people volunteer to assist
without pay?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes. A good many without pay. You see,
the local authorities had to do those jobs and, as one of the last people
giving testimony said, it unloaded a tremendous lot of responsibility
on already rather overworked public health officers, and other officers
of the local authority. They couldn't have done it by themselves,
and that was where the voluntary societies came in.
There were thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands,
of people who were ready to help the local authorities on the spot, and
the local authorities brought them in, gave them the appropriate jobs
which they were trained and qualified to do, and managed to do the
job with the help of this large body of volunteers.
Just to give one example: I have spoken about the food and rest
centers for the homeless, -where they come, immediately after a raid,
to be cared for and to be made comfortable and to have food and drink
and rest. Well, those places were staffed very largely by voluntary
workers.
The average staff for a center is five people. Perhaps two of those
would be local government officials and the other three would be volun-
tary workers, welfare workers, who were trained to do that kind of job.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9881
Mr. CuETis. Did you find that some of those voluntary workers
were eventually graduated into a job that paid wages?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes.
Mr. Curtis. Because they, perhaps, lost their job due to war effort?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes. Many of the jobs were regularly paid
jobs and, as you say, a lot of the volunteers would graduate into those
as it became necessary. But other jobs were unpaid, and it worked
itself out: Those who wanted pay got a pay job; those who wanted to
work on a voluntary basis stayed on the unpaid jobs.
civilian defense
Mr. Curtis. Was the civilian defense in England handled by the
military or a civilian department?
Mr. MacDonald. By a civilian department. We thought that the
service departments had their own job to do in fighting the war on
the military fronts. We established an entirely new civilian depart-
ment called the Ministry of Home Security, which didn't exist until
about a year before the war, to do this whole job of the actual pro-
tective and defensive services of the war on the home front.
Mr. Curtis. Will you mention, or list, the main services of this
Ministry of Home Security? We would like to know about that.
Mr. MacDonald. Thej^ were responsible for what might be called
the protective jobs; let me just mention some typical examples:
They were responsible for providing, through the local authorities,
the air-raid shelters for the civilian population in all the vulnerable
areas.
They provided the small domestic shelters, the Anderson and
Morrison shelters, as they are called.
They provided the steel and concrete strengthening of basement
shelters of all sorts, and they provided and equipped these large air-
raid shelters.
The Ministry of Health came in only when it was a question of
looking after the health of people in those shelters. We provided the
medical-aid posts and the nurses and the doctors, and all the rest:
the ventilation, the sanitation, the putting in of bunks, the creating
of a structure which was proof against blasts was the work of the
Ministry of Home Security.
Mr. Curtis. How about the auxihary firemen and policemen?
Mr. MacDonald. That was under Home Security. Home Se-
curity looked after shelters, provision of gas masks for the civilian
population, and all these civilian services: air-raid wardens, rescue
squads who dug out the living from under the ruins, auxiliary fire
brigades who put out the fires, the fire watchers who stood on the
roof and put out incendiary bombs as they came down, and so forth.
All those civil defense services were organized under the Ministry
of Home Security.
Mr. Curtis. What agency has administered direct relief to meet the
various types of dependents arising from the emergency?
PROVISION or direct relief
Mr. MacDonald. A great many agencies. First, the services:
The Army, Navy, and Air Force. The dependency allowances of
those were paid by the service departments themselves. They were
responsible for that.
9882 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Then there were allowances for wives and dependents of munitions
workers, who had to work away from their homes. That was looked
after by the Ministry of Labor.
Then there was the whole question of pensions to wives and depend-
ents of people killed because of the activities of the enemy — service
people, civil-defense people, or munitions workers. The payment of
those pensions was looked after by the Ministry of Pensions.
Then there was a question of paying compensation to uninjured
people who had lost their homes, their clothes, their furniture, and
their possessions. They were paid immediately, to get new clothes,
new furniture, and the rest. Those moneys were paid out by our
assistance board which had great experience in making payments to
needy people, and different classes of dependents. Civilians who had
needs arising out of the war were cared for by different departments
which had special experience in those particular jobs.
Mr. Curtis. Mr. MacDonald, I assure you that the committee has
appreciated your coming here, and the very interesting and valuable
statement that you have given us.
The Chairman. Mr. MacDonald, just a question or two. From a
geographical standpoint, you can readily see that we have a different
problem here in the United States than you have in England. I
understand that the area of England is about the same as that of
Oregon.
Mr. MacDonald. Yes.
The Chairman. You have about 40,000,000 people?
Mr. MacDonald. About 45,000,000 people.
The Chairman. About these air-raid shelters — have you a sufficient
number of them to take care of all the people on the island?
\h-. MacDonald. Yes. We divided our tiny island into the safer
arers. No area was safe, but there were degrees of safety, and it was
macie compulsory that the local authorities in the vulnerable areas
should provide air-raid shelter for their entire population. Today
there is provision for air-raid shelter in those places for nearly
25,000,000 people, which is the entire population of those areas.
The Chairman. Coming back to the question that England and
the United States do not present a comparable picture.
We have our county health officers, and our city health officers,
and State health officers, and to coordinate them through a clearing
house here in Washington is going to be some job.
Mr. MacDonald. I see that. I realize that what I have said isn't
necessarily a comment at all on what conditions might be here, or
what should be done here. It is a pure statement of fact, of how we
have tackled our particular problem in Britain. Yours will be, in
many ways, quite different. We appreciate that.
The Chairman. From what you say, I glean the conclusion that
really the health of England today is as good, if not better, than in
pre-war days.
Mr. MacDonald. Touch wood. It is as good, and probably better
now than it was before the war.
air-raid alarms
The Chairman. What do you do about air-raid alarms over there?
Mr. MacDonald. Well, again, that is one of the duties of the
Ministry of Home Security.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9883
They have to see that, in every part of the country, there is proper
provision for giving the air-raid alarm. We give the alarm by sirens.
I don't know at what distance apart the sirens are placed in London,
but London must be covered by hundreds of sirens. They are set up
on the tops of high buildings, and there is nobody in any part of
London, or any part of any other city or town or village in England,
who can't hear one or the other of the air-raid sirens when they
blow.
The Chairman. We were supposed to have some here, but no one
has ever heard them, so far.
Mr. MacDonald. We have shens all over the place. If I started
from my home in Hampstead and went straight down to my office
in the middle of London, I would probably pass 20 or 30 air-raid
sirens as I motored down.
The Chairman. You don't take Hess and put him in an air-raid
shelter, do you?
Mr. MacDonald. No. We keep him in a safe place, though.
The Chairman. Was there anything else?
Dr. Lamb. If I understand you correctly, Mr. MacDonald, the
Ministry of Health corresponds, in general, to the work of the Fed-
eral Security Agency in this country and the Ministry of Home
Security corresponds, in general, to the Office of Civilian Defense?
Mr. MacDonald. In general, yes.
Dr.. Lamb. In the work it is called on to do?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes. As I understand it, that is true, although
I think that your Federal Security Agency covers a wider field than
our Ministry of Health.
Dr. Lamb. It covers some of the things which would be covered
by the Ministry of Labor and the National Service?
Mr. MacDonald. Yes; and some of the things, I think, even
•covered by our Board of Education.
Dr. Lamb. Yes. The Office of Education is included. But the
Ministry of Health is really — or properly, perhaps — labeled as the
Ministry of Health and Welfare?
Mr. MacDonald. Exactly. Yes, absolutely. Especially in wartime.
The Chairman. Mr. MacDonald, we are certainly very grateful to
you for coming here this morning. It has been a very valuable con-
tribution. The committee will extend you the courtesy, if, as a
result of this hearing, you want to add anything in written form, of
keeping the record open, because it becomes a permanent record of
Congress, you see, and we make our report to Congress based on these
hearings. So anything that you want to send in will be incorporated
in the record just as if you had so testified this morning. Thank you
very much.
Mr. Abbott. Mr. Chairman, I should like at this time to offer for
the record a group of exhibits from sources not represented by
witnesses.
The Chairman. The exhibits will be made a part of the record. If
there is nothing further, the committee will stand adjourned.
(Whereupon, at 1 p. m., the committee adjourned, subject to the
-call of the chairman.)
EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1. — Housing Supply and Demand in Washington, D. C,
Locality
REPORT BY C. F. PALMER, COORDINATOR, DIVISION OF DEFENSE HOUSING
COORDINATION, OFFICE FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.
1. What was the vacancy index in the District of Columbia as of January 1, 1940.^
January 1, 1941? January 1, 1942?
The vacancy index in the District of Columbia locality ^ derived from Work
Projects Administration, Post Office and Census surveys and utility company data,
show the decline in vacancies since May 1939. These figures cover vacant
habitable units ready for occupancy, and include both rental vacancies and
vacancies for sale onlv.
May 1939.. _.
January 1940
January 1941
January 1942
District of
Columbia
Percent
4.0
3.9
2.0
Arlington
and Alex-
andria
Percent
3.6
3.3
2.5
.5
Close-in
sections of
Montgom-
ery and
Prince
Georges
Counties
Percent
3.8
3.3
2.8
1.3
2. What is your estimate of the number of single individuals who entered the
District of Columbia to take up residence during the calendar years of 1940, and of 1941
respectively? Kindly supply all information available as to estimated income dis-
trib^ition of this group.
3. What is yoiir estimate of the number of families and the total number of in-
dividuals they comprise, who entered the District of Columbia to take up residence
during the calendar years of 1940 and 1941 respectively? Kindly supply all informa-
tion available as to estimated range of income distribution of this group.
The data on in-migration are not available prior to January 1941. From April
1940 to December 1940, 28,584 additional Government workers were hired in the
District locality.
Pre-war estimates prepared by this office on November 1941, were for the period
of January 1, 1941, to July 1942 and were based on surveys as of August 1941.
The expected number of Government and non-Government in-migrant workers
for this period was 75,000, consi-sting of 37,500 workers in 30,000 in family groups
(including some families with more than 1 worker) and 37.500 single persons.
It was expected that a large number of multiperson families would not be com-
plete when the primary wage earner came to the locality. However, housing
accommodations would have to be made for these families to avoid fluctuation in
employment. The Work Projects Administration survey (November 1941) on
in-migration for the District of Columbia alone showed 14 percent of the 1-
person families and 11 percent of the multiperson families had left a spouse or
dependent children behind when they moved to Washington. It was estimated
the eventual increase in population due to in-migrant workers having families
would approximate 105,000 persons for the locality. The total increase in popula-
tion (including single workers as well as those with families) was estimated at
142,500.
1 The District of Columbia locality includes the District of Columbia, Alcxandiia, Arlington County,
Bethpsda, Brentwood, Caiiitol Heights, Fairfax County, Falls Church, GaitherFburg, Hyattsville, Mt.
Rainier, Prince Georges County, Riverdale, Silver Sprin;;, Takonifi Park, Rockville, and Upper Marlboro.
9885
9886
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The estimated income distribution of in-migrant families and single persons
was based on the following: Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of living arrange-
ment s.(Mav 1941):
Income group
Under $1,200
$1,200 and under $1,560
$1,560 and under $2,160
$2,160 and under $3,240
$3,240 and under $6,000
$6,000 and ovpr
Em-
ployees—
families
100.0
Em-
ployees^
siniile
persons
4.9
48.2
32.5
10.9
3.3
.2
100.0
4. 117(0/ are ijour present estimates of rented housing accommodations needed in
the District for single individuals during 19J,2, classified according to rental levels'?
For families, classified accotding to rental levels? Of houses needed for sale, classified
according to cost?
5. How many new units for rent did you estimate were needed in the District for
194n For sale?
Housing accommodations required have been estimated (November 1941) for
the period of January 1, 1941 to July 1942, rather than for 1942, consistent with
the immigration estimates above:
Single individual accommodations required 37, 500
Family dwelling units required for this period '34, 500
The November 1941 Locality Program Report ^ issued by the Division of Defense
Housing Coordination called for the construction by July 1942 of 7,500 small
apartment units, adaptable either to occupancy by small families or groups of
single persons, which can care for approximately 17,000 persons and 1,500 dormitory
units to house 1,606 single persons, and 16,023 family units. It was believed that
approximately half of the in-migrant single workers could be housed in existing
buildings, without new construction.
The rental levels required for single persons housed in dormitories varied from
$18 to $25 per month. For single person occupant groups to be housed in small
apartments, shelter rents required will vary from $30 to $45 per month for a typical
two or three person group.
Of the 16,023 family units required: 6,023 required shelter rents of $20 to $35
per month; 10,000 required shelter rents of $35 to $50 per month (or $4,000 to
$6,000 selling price) .3
6. Of these, what percentage do you estimate can or will be built by private enterprise?
How many should be built by Government agencies?
For single person occupancy, all 7,500 small apartment type units and 1,606
dormitory units will be l)uilt by Government agencies.
For family occupancy, 63 percent can be built by private enterprise and 37
percent should be built by Government agencies.
7. How many new units, classified by rental levels, now in rented occupancy, ivere
provided in the District in 1941 by private builders? By public building?
8. How many new rental units, classified by rental levels, are now in process of
construction in the District by public agencies?
Privately financed homes. — Available data relate to units started, rather than to
units now occupied.
(a) Of the total of 21,500 privately financed family units started in the Distict
of Columbia locality in 1941, nearly 55 percent or about 11,500 were rental units.
The estimated rental levels are as follows:
' Covers new construction needed for natural increase as well as for immigration.
2 This program approximated the additional housing accommodations needed in the District of Columbia
locality by July 1942, in excess of that provided in 1941, and is based on pre-war estimates of employment.
The acceleration of Government employment during the latter part of 1941 and the increased estimates of
employment due to the state of war are now being studied in terms of additional housing needs. The
present indeterminate effect of decentralization of Government agencies and the probable more effective
use of local labor supply are being considered in this evaluation of the probable additional housing needs.
3 Under |)riority regulations tor eligibility for use of critical materials, shelter rents must be $50 per month
or less or selling price $6,000 or below. Rental units are granted rating preference.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9887
Rental housing units started during 1941 by estimated rental levels
Contract rent
Number of
units
Percent
Actual
Cumulative
Under $30
150
2,500
2,550
2,900
1,650
650
450
650
1.3
21.7
22.2
25.2
14.4
5.7
3.9
5.6
1.3
23 0
$30 to $39.99
$40to $49.99 .
45 2
$50 to $59.99 .- -- ...-.-
70 4
$60to.$69.99
84 8
$70to $79.99 ....
90 5
$80 to .$89.99
94 4
Over $90 . - .
100 0
Total
11, 500
100.0
In addition, 250 dormitory units were started by private enterprise, with mortgage financing provided
by Reconstruction Finance Corporation Mortgage Co.
Public defense housing. — (6) Under construction or completei'
Family units
Dormitory units.
Programmed
rentals
$ll-$2fi.00
$ll-$23. 50
$20-$40. 00
$20-$30. 00
1 1,534 of the above units are complete.
9. What are the total Federal appropriations allotted since May 1940 for housing
in the District?
No specific Federal appropriations have been allotted to the District of Colum-
bia.
Occupancy of defense projects under PA-781, PA-849 and PA-42 is restricted
to families of industrial workers engaged in defense industries or families of
workers stationed at military and naval posts or reservations. The vast majority
of government employees are not eligible for housing under this legislation.
The estimated cost of 3,580 homes programmed under construction or com-
pleted under the terms of legislation above — $16,800,000.''
10. Hoiv many new units now in occupancy were constructed in the District in
1941 for sale, classified according to cost? Of these, how many were constructed under
Federal Housing Administration title VI?
Housing for sale. — It can be estimated on the basis of data for 11 months that
nearly 10,000 privately financed dwellings for sale were started in the District of
Columbia locality during 1941. Until the Bureau of Labor Statistics- Work Projects
Administration defense housing survey of the area has been made, an accurate
distribution of these according to cost classes will not be available.
On the basis of the Federal Housing Administration experience, it would
appear that including the cost of the land the average valuation of sale houses in
this area in 1941 was in excess of $6,000. In fact, more than half of the houses
started during the year are believed to have had a value in excess of $6,000. It
is expected that priority regulations, put into effect subsequent to September 15,
1941, will emphasize the building for low-income families.
Title VI. — The Federal Housing Administration inventory of its title VI
operations in the locality discloses that as of November 30, 728 homes had either
been completed or were still under construction. Of these, 145 were sold or for
sale, 31 were available for either sale or rental, while the remaining 552 units were
built or being built specifically for rental.
11. What Federal appropriation did you estimate was needed for housing con-
struction in the District for the year 1941 f
* Not included are 1,453 United States Housing Administration-aided homes for construction by the
Alley Dwelling Authority (low-rental projects to be used as defense housing) at estimated cost of $7,686,000.
Also not included is the .$38,000,000 cost of the 2,250 dormitory units and the 7,500 small apartment units
under construction or to be built by the Defense Homes Corporation.
60396— 42— pt. 25-
-17
9888 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Estimates for housing needs were restricted to those workers eligible under
PA-849 and PA-42. (See Question 9.)
The estimated cost of the required 2,655 homes under that limitation was
$12,500,000. The remaining 925 homes costing $4,300,000 cited in question 9
above were allocated late in 1940. _ ■ i r.- •
12. What Federal appropriation do you believe is needed for housing in the District
for 1942 f
Based on present estimates. — To provide for low income employees ot Govern-
ment defense agencies otherwise ineligible under existing legislation, we believe
a Federal appropriation of approximately $50,000,000 is needed to provide
immediatelv for 4,500 homes to house low income families of defense workers and
for additional needs that will arise in the coming months.
Exhibit 2. — Housing Program to Meet the Needs of National
Defense for the District Metropolitan Area
Report by Washington Chapter, Federation of Architects, Engineers,
Chemists and Technicians, Affiliated with Congress of Industrial
Organizations
Washington, D. C, January 14, 1942.
Hon. John H. Tolan,
Chairman, Committee Investigating National Defense Migration,
Old House Office Building, Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: Confirming my recent telephone conversation with both your
office and Mr. John W. Abbott, I have sent you under separate cover a copy of
a report prepared by our committee titled, "Housing Program to Meet the Needs
of National Defense for the District Metropolitan Area." I also wish to request
that thfs statement and letter transmitting it be included in the record of the
hearings to be held by your committee, January 13 to 15, 1942.
May I point out that this program does not treat the housing needs of the
District as those of a metropolitan area merely, but as those of our Nation's
Capital and No. 1 defense center, as those of what is ironically enough both the
nerve center and stepchild of our national defense effort.
Supplementing the statement sent you under separate cover, we would like to
stress the fact that the health and welfare of residents of the Capital as related
to the adequate housing of families, cannot be left to the operations of private
builders in either normal or present times. Today, the designation of Washing-
ton, along with scores of other cities, as a defense area for the purpose of qualifying
private building operations within both the terms of title VI of the Federal Hous-
ing Administration and within the priority limitations concerning construction
costs and rentals set by the Supply, Priorities, and Allocations Board, fails to
insure the necessary construction of dwellings to meet the needs of the majority
of families in the Nation's Capital.
The volume of dwelling construction by private builders as pubhcized for the
past year is misleading inasmuch as a large but generally unpubHcized portion of
such dwellings are not within the financial reach of average, moderate-income
families. This need in the Nation's Capital, as elsewhere, can only be met from
public funds used to provide dwellings which would be permanent, planned
improvements and, as necessary, which would permit slum-clearance and provide
low-rental housing for low-income families after the emergency.
In broad terms, we support the comprehensive program for the District of
Columbia as proposd by the Division of Defense Housing Coordination, which
calls for the construction of about 22,000 dwellings at a total cost of about
$100,000,000. However, this should be considered as the minimum program
only which is necessary to provide for the health, welfare, and morale of Federal
defense employees, as" related to adequate housing facilities for the Nation's
Capital. Steps should be taken by the Coordinator's office to supplement its
proposals along the lines of our program.
In addition to rtquiiing that the greater part of this housing be planned so as to
become part of the long-term housing program of the District, an adequate portion
of all housing to be constructed by private enterprise should be subject to cost
limitations comparable to the provisions of the Lanham Act. The Coordinator's
office should require that all privately built housing conform to the needs indicated
by a careful market analysis of family incomes and needs. This is the only way
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9889
that private enterprise should be permitted to build, in order to meet the needs of
all families whose incomes are above the market served by housing built from
public funds. The priority limitations of $6,000 cost and $50 monthly rentals
are necessary ceilings but alone cannot insure an adequate supply of housing to
suit representative income needs.
Management policies for all housing built from public funds should be based on
the proven policies of the United States Housing Authority, including graded, and
therefore in part, noneconomic rents to suit income needs.
We believe that the inclusion of these proposals is necessary to insure a defense
housing program for the Nation's Capital which will contribute to the maintenance
of the health, welfare, and morale of its residents.
Thanking you for the courtesy of your consideration of these statements, I
remain
Respectfully,
Robert M. Sentman,
Chairman, National Defense Commitlee.
(Program referred to above is as follows:)
When President Roosevelt was forced by the threat of Hitlerism to declare a
state of national emergency, members of nearly every housing authority in the
country recalled the problems of housing during World War No. 1. Remembering
those problems, they spoke out for immediate and adequate preparation and large
appropriations in order to meet the housing needs which were soon to grow in-
creasingly critical. They spoke strongly and unitedly — well over a year ago„
But Congress refused to see the extent of these needs.
Washington, the one city in which real estate interests were relatively unharmed
by the depression, continued to boom. Thousands of new workers poured into
town and filled up the remaining housing vacancies and the credit side of the real-
estate ledgers. While appropriating billions for guns and tanks. Congress paid
little attention to the public housing program necessary to provide dwellings for
the workers who are the ones who have to turn dollars into an "arsenal of demo-
cracy i" Members of Congress are still blind to this essential part of the defense
program.
Washington is the No. 1 defense area of the Nation. The nerve center of the
munitions and armaments program of the world's greatest industrial nation is
the Nation's No. 1 stepchild. When will Congress awaken to the deplorable state
of the Capital's facilities? To what extent must morale and eflRciency of em-
ployees and their families be blunted before Congress realizes that Government
employees are defense workers too?
The passage of the Lanham Housing Act, as amended, by Congress provided
$300,000,000 for defense housing — but over 90 percent of the defense workers
of the District were excluded. The present amendment to extend this act and
its scope has been held up in the House Buildings and Grounds Committee for
over 4 months.
Meanwhile, as one Washington columnist put it, "the politically paralyzed Dis-
trict has been sitting quietly by while a major batch of defense gold earmarked
for swollen defense cities has been gobbled down to the last wrinkled dollar
* * * so rapidly have the political mittens dipped into the $150,000,000 fund
provided by Congress last summer under the Lanham (community facilities) Act,"
while ignoring necessary community facilities such as hospitals, recreation cen-
ters, water works, sewage-disposal plants, etc., for the District. Only a belated
recognition within the past 10 days of the District's need forced the favorable re-
consideration of a meager 3J'^ million dollars for these essential facilities. Obvi-
ously Congress must appropriate additional funds to supply the District's expand-
ing needs.
Rent control for the District, as it may finally be passed, will still require
vigilant supervision. No efforts have been made by the governments of Virginia
and Maryland to secure the extension of rent control to the Metropolitan area
beyond the District line, where so many Government workers already live and
where so many more will live in order to work in the new decentralized office
buildings.
Despite all the discussion and agitation of issues by public officials, there is only
one solution — more housing, under the coordinated administration of a single,
responsible agency.
9890 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
GUIDES TO THE HOUSING PROGRAM
Washington is predominantly a city of white-collar workers. Approximately
190,000 such workers are on the Government rolls here. Approximately two-
thirds of these earn less than $2,000 a year. The percentage of non-Government
employees earning less than $2,000 a year is considerably higher.
A study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in May 1941 showed that families in
the $1,500 to $1,800 per year income group in Washington pay 33 percent of
their incomes for rent. This is higher than any city in the whole country, and
it is going up. According to a survey just completed by Work Projects Adminis-
tration rentals for vacant dwellings have risen 13 percent since January of this
year.
But the problem is even more than one of high rents. Overcrowded boarding
and rooming houses, unscrupulous proprietors, inadequate sanitary and recrea-
tion facilities, inadequate inspection and policing — these are an important part of
the critical situation today. Congress and responsible District officials must
share the blame for shirking their responsibilities. An intelligent employer must
look out for the welfare of his employees.
The lowest income families, always the victims of exploitation, are being
more cruelly exploited today. A recent survey by the Washington Housing
Association in one of the worst slum sections of the city showed rent increases
in 50 percent of the houses investigated. Only 12 percent of the dwellings
showing rent increases had been repaired. These houses are not fit for habi-
tation, even rent-free. Outside toilets, kerosene lamps, wood-stove heaters,
backyard pumps, leaky roofs, broken windows, sagging floors and stairs — these
are the things the poorest families get for their $14 to $28 monthly rent money.
Thousands of men and women have come to Washington from the small town —
lured by jobs at what seemed to be a living wage back home. Many of these
workers give up the hopeless struggle to make ends meet, and go back home;
one committed suicide. Such infamous conditions are causing hundreds of
prospective employees to turn down defense jobs.
Except for the comparatively small program of the Alley Dwelling Authority
(about 2,700 dwelling units which barely cover the total number of dwelling units
demolished or taken over for office space by the Federal Government) and despite
the ballyhoo about residential building by private enterprise, practically nothing
is being built for low-income families. During 1940 and the first quarter of
1941, 60 percent of all new rental housing rented for more than $50 per month.
Most rental units below that figure will be found miles outside the District in
isolated developments. Low rental vacancies for Negro families are nonexistent.
The overcrowding of poor Negro families has been made even more deplorable
as the result of recent large scale demolition of low rental dwellings which they
had occupied, in addition to overcrowding to make room for newcomers to the
District. Hundreds of families now live one family to a room in buildings that a
few months ago were single-family houses. For higher-income Negroes the
supply is less than half the demand; which is a good way to maintain rents at
extortionate levels, even above those for comparable dwellings for white families.
These facts are so well known to interested civic-minded citizens that we
believe that more than repeated publicity is necessary to break down the indif-
ference and lethargy of Congressmen and District officials. We believe that an
immediate public housing program must be put into effect at once.
THE HOUSING PROGRAM FOR THE DISTRICT METROPOLITAN AREA
1. Seven thousand five hundred new family dwellings to be built immediately
from public funds in addition to those already planned, for defense workers who
have recently moved into the District, including Government employees in
defense agencies. These homes should rent at from $15 to $35 per month, and
they would revert to the use of low-income families living in substandard housing
after the emergency.
2. Six thousand new small apartments to be built by limited dividend cor-
porations for young married couples and single persons who have recently moved
into the District.
3. Twenty thousand new family dwellings to be built by the Alley Dwelling
Authority for low-income families in the District, replacing a portion of the
substandard dwellings in which they are at present forced to live. Fourteen
thousand of these are needed for Negro families. Many of the workers in these
families are either working in defense agencies or servicing them.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9891
4. Seven thousand five hundred new family dwellings to be built with public
funds for each additional 50,000 increase in population. These units would
revert to the use of low-income families living in substandard housing after the
emergency.
5. Six thousand small apartments to be built by limited dividend corporations
for young married couples and single persons, for every 50,000 additional increase
in population.
6. Five thousand single and double dormitory units to be built by limited
dividend corporations and public funds for each 50,000 increase in population.
Adequate recreational and community facilities should be provided and pro-
vision made for cooperative operation of services.
7. Strict adherence to the $6,000 selling price limitation and the $50 monthly
rental limitation on private construction set by the Office of Production Manage-
ment for priority construction in order to bring housing within the needs of
defense workers not serviced by public funds.
8. The Defense Housing Coordinator's office and the Federal Housing Ad-
ministration should be required to set a quota to regulate the private construction
of multiple dwellings so as to provide homes at rents from $35 to $40 per month.
Such quotas should be based on the number of such dwellings required as estab-
lished by careful market analysis of family needs and incomes.
9. The acquisition of apartments and houses by the Federal Government for
office use should cease immediately. Those already acquired should be returned
to dwelling use at the earliest possible date. The necessary Government office
buildings should be constructed at the same time, in accordance with a feasible •
program of decentralization within the metropolitan area.
10. Provision of necessary community facilities to take care of the needs of
the increasing population — schools, hospitals, recreation centers, public utilities,
and in relation to improved traffic facilities — must be made at the same time.
11. Strict enforcement of existing building and health codes. Enactment of a
housing code for the District.
In conclusion it is further proposed that the entire housing program should be
conducted under a centralized agency, including the Alley Dwelling Authority,
the Alexandria Housing Authority, the Federal Housing Administration, the
National Capital Park and Planning Commission, and others as necessary. The
personnel of the Alley Dwelling Authority should be enlarged by the addition of
representative civic interests of the District.
It is obvious that the program herein outlined is not only practical but neces-
sary. Time is of the essence, if governmental and other workers in the Nation's
Capital are not to become the victims of further exploitation nor the prey of
those malinfluences which are destructive of decent living standards, high morale,
and efficiency. The defense efforts of residents of the Nation's No. 1 defense
center should not be permitted to become impaired, inasmuch as everything
necessary to the immediate initiation of this program is available — the authority,
the source of funds, responsible leadership and trained personnel, and the desire
of all patriotic citizens to make the Nation's Capital a model and to present our
defense efforts here as an example to other cities throughout the entire Nation.
Exhibit 3. — Civil Service Apportionment in the United States
AND Possessions and Civilian Employment in the Executive
Branch op the United States Government in the District of
Columbia
REPORT BY UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
The data for June 1940, December 1940, and June 1941 were taken from the
Commission's semiannual reports of employment which exclude temporary em-
ployees in substitute grades of the Post Office Department, while the data for
September 1940, March 1941, and September 1941 were taken from the Com-
mission's monthly reports of employment which ordinarily include such employ-
ees. Therefore, in order to make the data comparable, as indicated in the
tabulation, temporary employees in substitute grades of the Post Office Depart-
ment have been excluded for all months.
9892
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Condition of the apportionment at close of business Saturday, June 29, 1940
Important. — Although the apportioned classified civil service is by law located
only in Washington, D. C, it nevertheless includes only about half of the Federal
civilian positions in the District of Columbia. Positions in local post offices,
customs districts, and other field services outside of the District of Columbia which
are subject to the Civil Service Act are filled almost wholly by persons who are
local residents of the general community in which the vacancies exist. It should
be noted and understood that so long as a person occupies, by original appoint-
ment, a position in the apportioned service the charge for his appointment con-
tinues to run against his State of original residence. Certificates of eligibles are
first made from States which are in arrears.
State
IN ABEEARS
1. Virgin Islands
2. Puerto Rico
3. Hawaii
4. Alaska
6. California
6. Texas
7. Louisiana
8. Michigan
9. Arizona.-
10. South Carolina..
11. Mississippi
12. New Jersey.
13. Ohio
14. Alabama
15. Arkansas
16. Oeoreia
17. Oklahoma..
18. Kentucky
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
660
157
25
2,426
2,489
898
2,069
186
743
859
1,727
2,840
1,131
792
1,243
1,024
1,117
Number
of posi-
tions
occupied
0
44
17
8
872
1,022
425
1,009
98
415
516
1,039
1,720
691
. 489
792
664
740
State
IN ARREARS — Continued
19. North Carolina
20. New Mexico.-
21. Tennessee.
22. Illinois
23. Nevada.
24. Wisconsin
25. Indiana..
26. Connecticut
27. Florida
28. Delaware
29. Idaho
30. Vermont
31. Oregon...
32. Montana
33. Maine
34. Wyoming
35. West Virginia
36. Massachusetts
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
1,355
181
1,118
3,260
39
1,256
1,384
687
627
102
190
154
408
230
341
96
739
1,816
Number
of posi-
tions
occupied
91ft
125
848
2,597
32
1,049-
1,120
619
576
95
178
145
387
224
333
94
731
1,810
State
IN EXCESS
37. New Hamsphire.
38. North Dakota. ..
39. Missouri
40. Washington.
41. Kansas
42. Pennsylvania
43. Rhode Island
44. New York
45. Utah
Num-
Num-
Net
ber of
ber of
gain
posi-
posi-
or loss
tions to
tions
smce
which
occu-
July
entitled
pied
1, 1939
199
200
+ 12
291
293
-34
1,551
1,566
-2
668
675
-3
804
819
-47
4,115
4,231
+263
294
303
-20
5,379
6,572
+368
217
229
+13
State
IN EXCESS— continued
46. Minnesota...
47. Colorado
48. Iowa
49. South Dakota
50. Nebraksa
51. Virginia
52. Maryland..
53. Dist. of Columbia...
Num-
Num-
ber of
ber of
posi-
posi-
tions to
tions
which
occu-
entitled
pied
1,095
1,178
443
481
1,056
1,166
296
332
589
730
1,035
2,051
697
2,104
208
8,851
Net
gain
or loss
since
July
1, 1939
-62
+34
-33
+3
+11
-48
+ 16
-46
By appointment.
By transfer
By reinstatment.
By correction
Total.
295
27
9
1
332
LOSSES
By separation 59
By transfer. 43
Total 102
Total appointments 53,311
Note. — Number of employees occupying apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportionment
figures under sec. 3, rule VII, and the Attorney General's opinion of Aug. 25, 1934, 16,783.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9893
Condition of the apportionment at close of bvsiness Monday, Sept. SO, 1940
State
IN ARREARS
1. Virgin Islands
2. Puprto Rico
3. Hawaii
4. California
5. Alaska
6. Texas
7. Louisiana
8. Michigan. — .
9. Arizona
10. South Carolina. --
11. Arkansas
12. Alabama
13. Mississippi
14. Ohio
15. New Jersey
16. Georgia
17. Kentucky
18. North Carolina.—
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
10
692
165
2,543
27
2,609
941
2, 109
195
779
831
1, 185
900
2,978
1,810
1,303
1,171
1,420
Number
of posi-
tions
occupied
0
47
18
927
10
1,123
459
1,102
104
447
510
732
501
1,882
1,147
828
756
977
State
IN ARREARS— continued
19. New Mexico
20. Oklahoma...
21. Tennessee
22. Nevada
23. Illinois
24. Wisconsin
25. Indiana
26. Connecticut
27. Vermont..
28. Florida -
29. Delaware
30. Rhode Island
31. North Dakota
32. Kansas
QUOTA FILLED
33. Utah
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
Number
of posi-
tions
occupied
190
132
1,073
753
1,172
911
41
32
3.418
2,800
1,317
1,134
1,492
1,285
720
674
161
151
658
618
107
102
308
304
305
303
843
841
227
State
IN EXCESS
34. Idaho...
35. Pennsylvania
36. New York
37. Oregon
38. New Hampshire.
39. Missouri..
40. Minnesota
41. West Virginia
42. Maine
43. Iowa
Num-
Num-
Net
ber of
ber of
gam
posi-
posi-
or loss
tions to
tions
since
which
occu-
July
entitled
pied
1, 1940
199
200
+13
4,315
4,346
-85
5,639
5,689
-143
427
431
-f25
208
211
+2
1,626
1,668
-f27
1,149
1,183
-49
775
799
-f32
354
366
+20
1,107
1,177
-40
State
IN EXCESS— continued
44. Massachusetts
45. Washington
46. South Dakota
47. Colorado
48. Wyoming.
49. Montana.
50. Nebraska
51. Virginia
52. Maryland
53. Dist. of Columbia...
Num-
Num-
ber of
ber of
posi-
posi-
tions to
tions
which
occu-
entitled
pied
1,904
2,029
700
749
310
335
464
503
101
110
241
282
617
776
1,085
2,084
731
2,151
218
8,908
Net
gain
or loss
since
July -
1,1940
+131
+42
-U
+1
+ 11
+47
+18
-17
+13
+47
By appointment-.
By transfer
By reinstatement.
By correction
Total.
460
16
1
2
By separation.
By transfer
By correction..
Total.
55
Total appointments 55,894
Note.— Number of employees occupying apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportionment
figures under sec. 3, rule VIl, and the Attorney Genernl's opinion ol Aug. 25, 1934, 17,175.
9894 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Condition of the apportionment at close of business Saturday, Dec. 14, 1940
State
IN ARREARS
1. Virgin Islands
2. Puerto Rico
3. Hawaii
4. California
5. Alaska
6. Texas
7. Louisiana...
8. Michigan
9. Arizona :.
10. South Carolina...
11. Mississippi
12. Arkansas
13. Georgia.
14. Kentucky
15. Alabama
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
11
738
176
2,716
28
2,786
1,005
2,316
208
832
961
887
1,391
1,251
1,266
Number
of posi-
tions
occupied
0
47
19
1,032
11
1,272
515
1,234
114
497
621
577
908
818
832
State
IN ARREARS— continued
16. Ohio
17. New Jersey
18. New Mexico.
19. North Carolina
20. Oklahoma
21. Nevada
22. Tennessee.
23. Illinois
24. Indiana...
25. Wisconsin
26. Vermont
27. Florida
28. New York
29. Missouri
30. Pennsylvania..
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
3,179
1,933
202
1,516
1,146
44
1.252
3,650
1,549
1,406
172
702
6,021
1, 736
4,607
Number
of posi-
tions
occupied
2,108
1,307
143
1,075
859
35
1,030
3,141
1,404
1,285
160
687
5,901
1,704
4,538
State
IN EXCESS
31. Connecticut
32. Colorado
33. Delaware
34. West Virginia
35. Washington
36. Idaho
37. Minnesota
38. Maine
39. Iowa
40. Massachusetts...
41. South Dakota
42. New Hampshire.
Num-
Num-
Net
ber of
ber of
gam
posi-
posi-
or loss
tions to
tions
since
which
occu-
July
entitled
pied
1, 1940
769
776
+75
495
503
-30
114
116
+9
827
853
+34
748
772
+ 17
213
220
+19
1,226
1,271
-38
381
397
+24
1,182
1,233
-59
2,033
2,127
+100
331
348
-19
223
237
+13
State
IN EXCESS— continued
43. Rhode Island.
44. Oregon
45. Kansas
46. Utah
47. Nebraska
48. North Dakota.
49. Wyoming
50. Montana
51. Virginia.
52. Maryland.
53. Dist. of Columbia..
Num-
Num-
ber of
ber of
posi-
posi-
tions to
tions
which
occu-
entitled
pied
329
354
456
492
900
984
243
270
059
778
326
386
108
128
257
308
1,158
2,108
780
2,217
233
8,929
Net
gain
or loss
since
July
1, 1940
+16
+57
+69
+15
-22
+58
+22
+57
-66
+30
+53
By appointment..
By transfer
By reinstatement.
By correction
Total.
By separation.
By transfer
By correction..
Total.
93
Total appointments 59,681
Note.— Number of employees occuyping apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportion-
ment figures under sec. 3, rule VII, and the Attorney General's opinion of Aug. 25, 1934, 17,461.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9895
■Condition of the apportionment at close of business Monday, Mar. 31, 1941, based on
1940 census
State
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
State
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
IN ARREARS
1. Virgin Islands
11
859
194
33
3,173
2,946
1,086
2,414
229
873
1,307
1,003
244
1,435
1,301
895
1,641
3,173
51
1,911
1,339
872
1,073
3,627
1,574
241
1,441
122
6,191
874
0
46
20
11
1,075
1,351
531
1,265
127
510
829
639
156
924
862
605
1,110
2,205
36
1,410
1,073
710
946
3,252
1,424
226
1,362
119
6,075
862
IN ARREARS— continued
31. Washington
797
500
1,283
1,738
516
165
4,547
785
226
389
1,166
1,983
115
328
253
295
257
827
604
295
1,230
837
305
787
2. Puerto Rico
QUOTA FILLED
32. Oregon
3. Hawaii-
4. Alaska . - .- -.
5. California
500
6. Texas
IN EXCESS
33. Minnesota
7. Louisiana
8. Michigan
1,288
10. South Carolina
34. Missouri .....
1 745
35. Colorado
524
12. Mississippi
36. Vermont-
171
13. New Mexico
37. Pennsylvania .
4,715
14. Georgia
38. Connecticut
816
15. Alabama
39. New Hampshire
239
16. Arkansas
40. Maine... . .-
415
17. North Carolina.-
41. Iowa
1,251
18. Ohio
42. Massachusetts ..
2,152
19. Nevada
43. Wvoming .
129
20. New Jersey
44. Rhode Island
375
21. Tennessee.
45. Utah . .
293
22. Florida
46. South Dakota
358
23. Oklahoma
47. Montana .
332
24. Illinois --
48. Kansas.
1,134
25. Indiana
49. Nebraska
840
26. Idaho .. ..
50. North Dakota .
423
27. Wisconsin
2,118
28. Delaware
52. Marvland
2,245
29. New York
53. District of Columbia
8,965
30. West Virginia
By appointment..
By transfer
By reinstatement.
By correction
357
48
4
1
Total.
By separation.
By transfer
By correction..
Total.
76
Total appointments 61,576
Note. — Number of employees occupying apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportioned
figures under sec. 3, rule VII, and the Attorney General's opinion of Aug. 25, 1934, 18,079.
Condition of the apportionment at close of business Monday, June SO, 1941
State
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
State
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
IN ARREARS
1. Virgin Islands
12
897
203
3,316
35
3,144
1,135
2,523
240
912
1,366
1,048
1,500
255
1, 360
1,715
0
46
22
1,127
12
1,477
549
1, 300
134
541
853
672
962
165
891
1,168
IN ARREARS— continued
17. Arkansas
936
3,316
1,997
53
1,400
911
1,645
3,791
252
1,122
523
1,506
128
833
913
652
2. Puerto Rico
18. Ohio
2,324
3. Hawaii
19. New Jersey
1,435
4. California
20. Nevada
40
1,120
6. Texas
22. Florida
744
1,469
8. Michigan
24. Illinois
3,425
228
10. South Carolina
26. Oklahoma
1,045
499
28. Wisconsin
1,441
13. Georgia
29. Delaware
123
30. Washington
823
31. West Virginia
906
16. North Carolina
9896 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Condition of the apportionment at close of business Monday, June 30, 1941 — Con.
State
IN EXCESS
32. Connecticut
33. Vermont
34. Pennsylvania
35. Maine
36. New Hampshire.
37. New York
38. Massachusetts...
39. Missouri-
40. Minnesota
41. Wyoming
42. Colorado.
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
821
173
4,752
407
236
6,470
2,072
1,817
1,340
120
539
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
830
175
4,864
417
242
6,703
2,163
1,896
1,409
128
600
State
IN EXCESS— continued
43. Iowa.
44. Rhode Island
45. Utah
46. South Dakota..
47. Montana
48. Kansas. __
49. North Dakota
50. Virginia
51. Nebraska
52. Maryland
53. District of Columbia.
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
1,218
342
264
309
269
865
308
1,285
567
874
318
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
1,358
383
306
379
340
1,193
437
2,137
969
2,294
8,937
GAINS
By appointment. 1,416
By transfer 16
By reinstatement - 2
By correction 3
Total 1,437
By separation.
By transfer
By correction..
Total.
105
2
193
Total appointments 64,353
Note. — Number of employees occupying apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportion-
ment figures under sec. 3, rule VII, and the Attorney General's opinion of Aug. 25, 1934, 18,544.
Condition of the apportionment at close of business Tuesday, Sept. 30, 1941
State
IN ARREARS
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands..
Hawaii
Alaska
California
Louisiana
Michigan
Arizona..
Texas
Georgia.
South Carolina.
Kentucky
Mississippi
Alabama
North Carolina.
New Mexico
New Jersey
Ohio....
Arkansas
Nevada
Florida ...
Tennessee
Indiana
Delaware
Idaho
Illinois
Oregon
Connecticut
Nupiber
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
1,062
49
14
1
241
22
41
12
3,926
1,307
1,344
618
2,987
1,428
284
144
3,646
1,853
1,775
1,059
1,080
647
1,617
983
1,241
797
1,610
1,038
2,030
1,373
302
206
2,364
1,661
3,926
2,766
1,108
784
63
45
1,078
862
1,657
1,337
1,948
1,686
151
133
298
268
4,488
4,042
619
562
971
897
State
IN ARREARS— continued
29. Wisconsin
30. Vermont
31. Pennsylvania..
32. Rhode Island. .
33. Massachusetts-
IN EXCESS
34. West Virginia
35. New Hampshire
36. Maine
37. Oklahoma
38. Missouri.
39. Washington
40. Wyoming.
41. Colorado
42. Utah
43. Iowa
44. Minnesota
45. New York
46. Montana
47. Kansas
48. South Dakota
49. North Dakota
50. Virginia
51. Nebraska...
52. Maryland
53. District of Columbia.
Number
of posi-
tions to
which
entitled
1,783
204
5,627
405
2,453
1,081
279
482
1,328
2,151
987
142
638
313
1,443
1,587
7,661
318
1,024
365
365
1,522
748
1,035
377
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
1,675
196
5,427
404
2,449
1,094
284
503
1,395
2,274
1,052
153
733
361
1,677
1,878
9,602
434
1,434
516
516
2,387
1,258
2,575
9,335
GAINS
By appointment 3,466
By transfer 36
By reinstatement 1
By correction 1
By separation.
By transfer
Total.
100
82
182
Total 3,504 Total appointments 76.192
Note.— Number of employees occupying apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportionment
figures under sec. 3, rule VII, and the Attorney General's opinion of Aug. 25, 1934, 19,136.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9897
Condition of the apportionment at close of business Monday, Dec. 15, 1941
State
Number
of posi-
tions to
which en-
titled
IN ARREAKS
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands. -
Hawaii
Alaska
California
Louisiana
Michigan
Texas
Arizona
Georgia
South Carolina-
Kentucky
Alabama.- -
Mississippi
Ohio
North Carolina.
New Mexico
Arkansas
New Jersey
Tennessee
Florida
Nevada
Indiana
Illinois
Oregon
Delaware
Connecticut
Wisconsin
Idaho
Pennsylvania...
Rhode Island...
Vermont
1,137
15
257
44
4,201
1,438
3,196
3,901
304
1,900
1,155
1,731
1,723
1,328
4,201
2,172
323
1,186
2, 530
1,773
1,154
67
2,085
4, 803
663
162
1,039
1,908
319
6,021
434
218
Number
opposi-
tions oc-
cupied
51
1
23
14
1,390
651
1,510
2,045
163
1,128
701
1,078
1,104
884
2,878
1,511
230
863
1,860
1,451
962
56
1,779
4,222
583
143
956
1,760
295
5,768
422
212
State
IN EXCESS
33. West Virginia
34. Washington
35. New Hampshire
36. Massachusetts
37. Missouri
38. Maine
39. Oklahoma -..
40. Utah
41. Colorado
42. Wyoming
43. Minnesota .
44. Iowa
45. New York
46. Montana
47. Kansas
48. North Dakota
49. Virginia
50. South Dakota
51. Nebraska
52. Maryland
53. District of Columbia.
Number
of posi-
tions to
which en-
titled
1,157
1,056
299
2,625
2,302
515
1,421
335
683
152
1,698
1,544
8,197
340
1,095
390
1,629
391
800
1,108
403
Number
of posi-
tions oc-
cupied
1,185
1,093
310
2,741
2,470
557
1,558
383
812
184
2,067
1,883
10, 291
466
1,545
589
2,507
606
1,429
2,694
9,464
By appointment.
By transfer
1,080
35
Total... — - 1.115
LOSSES
By separation.
By transfer
164
92
Total.
256
Total appointments.. 81, 528
Note.— Number of employees occupying apportioned positions who are excluded from the apportion-
ment figures under sec. 3, rule VII, and the Attorney General's opinion of Aug. 25, 1934, 20,000.
Civilian employment in the executive branch of the U. S. Government in the District
of Columbia by quarterly periods by sex — June 19 40- September 194.1 ^
Month
Employment
Increase over previous
period
Cumulative increase
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
June 1940
133, 645
145, 191
154, 680
166, 537
183, 907
190, 832
80, 607
2 87, 115
92, 092
2 97, 791
106, 134
2 107, 839
53, 038
2 58, 076
62, 588
2 68, 746
77, 773
2 82,993
September 1940
December 1940
March 1941
11, 546
9,489
11, 857
17, 370
6,925
6,508
4,977
5,699
8,343
1,705
5,038
4,512
6,158
9,027
5,220
11,546
21, 035
32, 892
50, 262
57, 187
6.508
11, 485
17, 184
25, 527
27, 232
5,038
9,550
15, 708
June 1941
24, 735
September 1941
29, 955
> Excludes temporary employees in substitute grades of the Post OflBce Department.
• Estimated.
9898 WASHINGTON HEABINGS
Exhibit 4. — Child-Care Facilities amd the Woman Defense.
Worker
REPORT BY THE WOMEN'S AUXILIARY DEFENSE COMMITTEE, UNITED FEDERAL
WORKERS OF AMERICA, CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS, WASHINGTON,
D. C.
January 12, 1942.
The Congress of Women's Auxiliaries, Congress of Industrial Organizations, at
its first national conference in Detroit, held simultaneously with the Congress of
Industrial Organizations convention, passed the following resolution:
""^ hereas it is vital to the defense of the Nation that women be released from
domestic duties in order that they take part in defense industry and in volunteer
defense work; and
"Whereas there are at present totally inadequate facilities for this purpose: Be
it therefore
"Resolved, That the Congress of Women's Auxiliaries urge the following:
"The immediate establishment of free nurseries for children of workers, such
nurseries to be staffed both by professional educators and by child-care volunteers,
trained by the United States Children's Bureau, and such imrseries to be financed
by the Government * * *."
To carry out the mandates of this resolution, the United Federal Workers'
Auxiliary of the District of Columbia has been active in urging an immediate
large-scale program. Federal funds are needed for building space, professional
staff, and some pert of the equipment.
In view of the totally inadequate child-care facilities in the District of Columbia,
the United Federal W orkers' Women's Auxiliary, Congress of Industrial Organi-
zations, as part of its defense program urges that Federal funds be allocated
immediately for the establishment of large numbers of free child-care centers.
(Exhibits 5 to 31 are statements submitted by various organizations
in answer to a letter from Congressman Tolan requesting information
concerning the activities of the organization and how they have been
changed or modified as a result of the defense effort and the war.)
Exhibit 5. — American Association of University Women,
Washington, D. C.
report by ESTHER COLE FRANKLIN, ASSOCIATE IN SOCIAL STUDIES, JANUARY 27,
1942
This association's 73,000 members, all of them alumnae of colleges and uni-
versities of high standing, are organized for educational and civic work in 925
communities of the United States and its possessions. Founded 60 years ago for
practical educational work, the association now carries on a Nation-wide program
of study and activity in the fields of education, international relations, social
studies, economic and legal status of women, and the arts.
Virtually every aspect of this comprehensive program has been modified over
the past year and a half by the social problems created by defense. The national
board of directors and the national subject-matter committees, through the head-
quarters staff of experts, as well as resourceful local leaders, have adapted the
existing program of study and activity to the changing needs since the European
war broke out in the fall of 1939.5
DEFENSE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL OFFICE
A few weeks after President Roosevelt had appointed the National Defense
Advisory Commission, the American Association of University Women released
a bulletin of program suggestions, entitled, "Today's challenge to the American
Association of University Women." The section headings indicate the emphasis
for branch work: First, Look at your community; Cultivate intelligent public-
opinion; Support the schools; Protect children and young people; Watch consumer
interests; Speed the adjustment of immigrants; Aid war refugees; Strengthen
welfare services; Encourage the spirit of free inquiry; Build toward renewal
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9899
through the arts; Catalog American Association of University Women mem-
bers; See that women's abilities are used; and Uphold standards for volunteer
workers.
Each issue of the quarterly journal and the general director's letter, sent to
national, State, and local officers of the association, has incorporated program
suggestions pointed up by the defense program prepared by each member of the
national staff. In the'fail of 1940, registration cards for members were prepared
by the committee on economic and legal status of women and furnished to branches
on request. Up to December 1, 1941, over 550 branches had completed the regis-
tration of members for defense work in the communities. In the meantime, the
Office of Civilian Defense had been established, and the American Association of
University Women registration lists were furnished where requested to the local
defense councils^
Among the resolutions passed by the biennial convention of the association,
May 1941, were the following dealing directly with the problems of defense: (1)
A coordinated welfare system, adequate labor standard.-:, fair both to employer
and employee, and community education on all social and consumer problems are
essential to the maintenance of the democratic way of life; (2) the American
Association of University Women, as a means of protecting civilian standards and
assisting in the defense program shall advocate: First, the practice of thrift;
second, investment in defense savings; third, reduction in number of patterns and
styles of merchandise wherever it is deemed necessary in order that labor and
machines may be more effectively and economically used; (3) realizing the in-
creasing gravity of the national emergency as the world crisis intensifies, and
recognizing the responsibility of the American Association of University Women
for its share in national leadership, this convention urges upon the board of
directors the full exercise of its initiative during the period between conventions,
including the appointment of whatever committee or committees the emergency
may require.
In the various workshops where State and branch committee chairmen met to
analyze and exchange problems and experiences in community activities the
principal questions were those dealing with community defense situations. In
the social studies workshop nearly 20 branches reported definite organization for
community defense work, most of them cooperating with local defense councils.
It is a principle of the association's program that commimity work should be
determined by the needs of the community and the particular skills of the branch
members in meeting those needs; hence the variation in activities as evidenced by
discussions in these workshops at convention. The discussion served to guide the
headquarters staff in furnishing materials to local groups for study and first-hand
inquiry.
Questions relating particularly to community defense problems dealt with con-
sumer protection and representation during the war effort; the effect of the emer-
gency on long-range welfare and relief programs; American Association of Uni-
versity Women's part in frontier thinking on post-defense, and planning for
proper economic and social adjustments after the war; appropriate American
Association of University Women participation in defense housing programs
including homes registration and rooms registry services and formulation of com-
munity opinion with respect to public housing' projects for defense workers;
community plans for recreation and other services near army camps particularly
in relation to the campaign and work of the United Service Organizations; and
the training, employment and housing of women workers in defense industries.
Since November 1940, the series of bulletins issued each month by the social
studies office under the general heading Contemporary America have dealt
with national defense problems, among them: Organization for national defense,
Labor and defense. Taxation and defense, America's migrant problem, Inflation,
and Conservation. Each bulletin summarizes the over-all problem and the
national policies closely related to it; and then points out the specific ways in
which each local group may analyze the problem as it is reflected in the com-
munity. Out of the study groups using contemporary America have come a
wide variety of community activities looking toward adequate housing, health,
welfare and recreational facilities for the added population brought in by defense
industries and Army and Navy concentration centers.
The problem-of-the-month in international relations, prepared by the associate
in international education, has furnished factual material for community forums
and discussion groups, and has been of value in many communities in the establish-
ment of civilian morale. Likewise, educational materials from the office of the
9900 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
associate in childhood education have dealt with the development and welfare of
children and the expansion of school facilities during the crisis, particularly in
defense areas.
Another function performed by the national headquarters of the association is
that of continuous contact and conferences with the Federal agencies determining
policies with respect to civilian defense and civilian morale, and with the other
educational and civic organizations carrying on similar activities. The informal
relationships between the headquarters staff and the Consumer Division of the
Office of Price Administration, the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services,
and the Office of Civilian Defense, are of particular importance at this time.
Examples of contributions to national policy include the work of Mrs. Harriet
Ahlers Houdlette, associate in childhood education, on the national commission
for young children; and the services of Dr. Esther Caukin Brunauer, associate in
international education, on the commission to study the organization of peace
(both nongovernmental). Dr. Brunauer has also served as a consultant to the
Office of Civilian Defense; and on request. Dr. Esther Cole Franklin, associate in
social studies, has prepared packets of American Association of University Women
materials for the various civilian defense regional offices.
Support of legislation has been authorized by the national committee on legis-
lative program since the May 1941 Convention on the following bills in the social
studies field: The Voorhis bill to establish a post-emergency economic advisory
•commission; the Tolan bill to regulate private employment agencies engaged in
interstate commerce; and the price control bill. (Copy of the American Associa-
tion of University Women testimony on each measure is appended.) A summary
of national policies governing the course of the program of the American Associa-
tion of University Women during the war appears in the January issue of the
journal of the association. (A marked copy is being sent under separate cover.)
DEFENSE ACTIVITIES OF STATE DIVISIONS AND BRANCHES
In the States and branches, programs in 1941-42 have been geared largely to
defense needs Statistical data on branch activities will not be available until
the annual branch reports are submitted in the late spring. There is ample
evidence, however, that activities of branches include: (1) Cooperating with other
groups and with local defense councils, both in undertaking community education
and welfare projects as a group and in placing individual volunteers where they
can serve most effectively in the community defense effort; (2) organizing and
carrying on forums, radio programs, and newspaper publicity series dealing with
community problems related to defense, among them: the needs of the schools;
the situation with respect to care for children of working mothers; nutrition
education; education of aliens, of citizen-illiterates and of draftees rejected for
illiteracy; consumer interests and the dangers of inflation; defense savings; housing
conditions; the training and employment of women; and the need for added
recreational facilities; (3) actually working as an organization to find out at
first-hand the community problems and using organizational influence to meet
these problems through discussion with officials in State and municipal govern-
ments.
Branches in defense areas have been particularly active. Every week letters
bring word of new activities undertaken because of urgent defense situations.
The activities range from the furnishing of rooms and motor transportation and
volunteering as clerical workers in the defense agencies to serving as members of
defense councils and assisting in making plans and policies.
American Association of University Women members in many parts of the
country are serving on State and local nutrition committees and on consumer-
interest committees connected with the defense councils. In a few defense
centers, American Association of University Women branches are furnishing
leadership for the direction of activity in fair rent committees and in local price
reporting. Branches which had registered members in the fall of 1940 have
taken initiative in making community surveys and assisting in the development
of volunteer civilian defense offices for the proper utilization of volunteers not
only within American Association of University Women but in other organizations
and among the unorganized women of the community. American Association of
University Women branches have recognized the tremendous problems in some
defense areas where health conditions have been made acute, where school facilities
have been overtaxed, and where housing has been woefully inadequate. They
have attempted to cooperate with other groups in these communities to secure
through local, state and federal governments, the facilities needed.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9901
Exhibit 6. — American Bar Association, Chicago, III.
report by harry s. knight, secretary
January 19, 1942.
The American Bar Association is a voluntary association composed of ap-
proximately 30,000 lawyers gathered from every State, Territory, and possession
of the United States. These 30,000 lawyers are what might be called personal or
direct members. In addition, the American Bar Association (hereafter referred
to as "A. B. A.") reaches and represents through its house of delegates approxi-
mately 85,000 additional lawyers scattered over the same area.
The house of delegates of the A. B. A. is composed of 182 delegates representing
the State and Territorial Bar Associations, the larger City Bar Associations, and
certain other national associations of lawyers.
The house of delegates is the policy-determining body for the association; it
meets twice a year, in the fall and early spring. The general meeting of the
association, which holds assembly meetings open to all members of the associa-
tion, meets annually in the early fall.
The association has numerous special and standing committees, the membership
of which extends into every State in the United States, and into the various
localities of the States.
The A. B. A. maintains general headquarters at 1140 North Dearborn Street,
Chicago, that maintains a permanent staff of approximately 25 people under the
immediate direction of Mrs. Olive G. Ricker, executive secretary of A. B. A.
A. B. A. publishes a monthly journal composed of from 75 to 100 pages, pub-
lishing articles in the interest of the profession, which can be and is being used
for the purpose of bringing to the attention of the lawyers of the Nation their
duties and obligations.
Through our representative system, the activities of the association and of
its committees and sections, through the mails and otherwise, reach not only the
30,000 direct members, but reach the members of the State and local bar associa-
tions who are not direct members of the A. B. A.
The general objects and purposes of the association are to promote the adminis-
tration of justice, the uniformity of legislation and of judicial decision, throughout
the Nation and to correlate the activities of bar organizations in the respective
States on a representative basis in the interest of the legal profession and of the
public throughout the United States.
To that end the association has 14 separate sections devoted to special branches
of the law, which are merely units of the association, such as the patent and trade-
mark section, a section devoted to public utilities, etc.
Among other separate or subordinate units is one entitled "Junior Bar Confer-
ence" which is composed of members under the age of 36 years.
What is A. B. A. doing to help in the national crisis?
In the fall of 1940, there was created a committee on national defense composed
of Col. Edmund R. Beckwith, of New York, as chairman, and one member from
each Federal judicial circuit. This committee for the past year and at the present
time maintains office headquarters at 1002 Hill Building, Washington, D. C.
In December 1940 and since, this committee has compiled a pamphlet manual
of law of 90 pages for use by advisory boards for registrants, circulated 200,000
copies, which is a concise yet well annotated compilation of the Soldiers' and
Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940, and of their several relationships affected by the
military service, the National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940, and the law
pertaining to selective training and service. This is not only being used by the
boards but is being used by the counsel for the boards and by lawyers who are
called upon to give advice to registrants and their families, and act for and in
their behalf in the emergency.
This committee has effected an organization of lawyers throughout the United
States — at least one in each county of the United States — who have expressed their
willingness to give free legal aid to our draftees and soldiers, and their families,
when such persons are unable to pay for such aid.
The committee has also made contacts through the War and Navy Departments
to further this work. A few examples will be explanatory: A service man in
Iceland learns from home that there is trouble about the rent, the payment on
the radio, or ice box, or that a remote relative has died and a prospect of a small
inheritence should have attention. He immediately contacts his superior officer
in Iceland. The superior officer contacts the War or Navy Department, as the
9902 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
case may be, in Washington, and they in turn immediately communicate with the
chairman of the committee on national defense at his headquarters in Washing-
ton, that all of this trouble is in some remote town in Kansas, and the national
defense office of A. B. A. immediately contacts the lawyer in this remote town in
Kansas, and the legal problem is given attention.
More than 500 cases of this kind have been acted upon since the creating of this
committee. The committee is about to put out a second edition of the Manual
of Law pertaining to draftees and enlisted men.
This committee has also effected a contact with the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion whereby the committee can obtain a responsible lawyer in any locality in the
United States who will cooperate with the Federal Bureau of Investigation in
making any local investigation.
Our junior members with the assistance of some of the seniors have prepared
outlines of data for addresses which have been, are being, and will continue to be
made in the various localities throughout the United States, to the schools, to
service clubs and whatever opportunity affords, for the purpose of maintaining
the morale and laying before the people their duties as citizens in an emergency
of this kind, to cooperate with their civilian defense authorities — in short, what
it means to be a good and helpful citizen.
For some years past it has been customary for one of our sections, known as the
bar organization activities section, to hold a series of regional meetings, beginning
usually in January and extending until the late spring. These meetings are
staged in a central city for the benefit of the lawyers from four or five States, in
the immediate locality, and programs are arranged for a day and an evening to
bring the work and activities of the A. B. A. home to the many lawyers who would
not normally travel the distance to go to an annual national meeting. For ex-
ample, on January 16 this year a regional meeting was held at Raleigh, N. C.^
for the purpose of bringing in the lawyers of North Carolina, South Carolina,
Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. On January 17 there was a
regional meeting held at Jacksonville, Fla., for the benefit of the lawyers of Florida,
Alabama, and Georgia; and other meetings are scheduled for different parts of the
country during the next few months.
In the early part of January it was determined by the administrative board,
which is the interim governing body of the A. B. A. that .the normal programs
of these meetings should be replaced by programs featuring the different phases
of national defense, and what the lawyer as a lawyer, not as a citizen, could do
to assist in this emergency. For instance, at the Raleigh meeting Mr. Tappan
Gregory, a top lawyer of the Chicago bar, addressed the lawyers present on what
they could do to assist the committee on national defense, the work of which
has just above been outlined, and particularly what they could do in their re-
spective communities, to make some investigation and report any needs or wants
which have been occasioned by our crisis, which the lawyer as a lawyer can assist
in remedying. At the same meeting Mr. George L. Haight, a top lawyer in
Chicago, a member of the A. B. A.'s committee on civil rights, addressed the
lawyers and turned from "rights" to "duties and obligations," endeavoring to
have the lawyers there present go to the people of their own communities, impress
upon them what must temporarily be given up or surrendered in order that we
may have our rights in the long run; and to impress upon the lawyers there
present, so that they in turn may impress upon the people, that as citizens of a
democracy they have obligations which are now more important than rights.
Other talks have been and will continue to be made along the same lines. In
other words, these regional meetings will be conducted in the coming months
and there will be scheduled as the principal features the work and the possibilities
of future work of our committee on national defense, with its headfiuarters in
Washington.
Our committee on legal aid, which now has established in all the larger centers
systems of rendering legal aid and advice gratuitously to all of those who are
unable to pay for it.
Work in course. — We are endeavoring to extend the work of the defense com-
mittee and legal aid combined, so that it will extend not only to those who are
in the armed forces or in our camps as draftees but will extend to those who have
been thrown out of employment by reason of industrial priorities — not necessarily
to assist them in procuring new jobs, but to assist them with legal service if
such may be needed by reason of their unemployment.
We are endeavoring to develop a service to be spread by our younger men in
the communities of the Nation to interpret and explain the numerous regulations
which are coming out of Washington which affect the rank-and-file individual.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9903
Many of these, either by reason of improper newspaper publicity or improper
comprehension, are not understood, and are confused; and it is with the hope
of clarifying these that an effort is being made to have them e.-cplained in the
communities.
In addition to the foregoing, of course lawyers in every community, as leaders
of thought and leaders of men, are participating as citizens in Red Cross, Defense
bonds, organizing air-raid wardens, and many other activities, but we consider
that in this work the lawj^ers are acting not as lawyers but as citizens, and we
have confined the foregoing to their work as lawyers.
We are yet planning, and expect to continue to plan.
Exhibit 7. — The American Dietetic Association, Chicago, III.
report by nelda ross, president
January 20, 1942,
The American Dietetic Association is a professional organization with 4,700.
members.
These members hold positions as hospital dietitians, nutritionists, teachers,
school lunchroom managers, college food service directors, home economists with
commercial firms, research workers, and many other positions concerned with
food and nutrition.
"The object of this association shall be to improve the nutritional status of
human beings; to bring about closer cooperation among dietitians and nutri-
tionists and workers in allied fields; to raise the standard of dietary work."
(From the Constitution of the American Dietetic Association.)
Membership requirements include a bachelor's degree with a major in foods and
nutrition or institution management, followed by an approved course in applied
nutrition or institution management. For this approved course applicants may
substitute 2 years of successful experience in nutrition or in.stitution management,
as defined by the constitution and approved by the executive board of the
association.
The business of the organization is managed by the executive board. The
members of this board are the elected officers and the appointed chairmen of the
four sections representing the interests of the members— ^ namely: Administra-
tion, diet therapy, community education and professional education.
The house of delegates, which includes delegates from the 38 affiliated State
organizations, elects the vice president who is also the chairman of the house of
delegates.
The business office is located at 185 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111., and
is under the direction of the business manager- — Miss Dorothj' I. Lenfest, who
is also the director of the placement bureau. This bureau provides service for
members of the association seeking employment and for employers seeking
dietitians.
A journal is published monthly, the Journal of the American Dietetic Associa-
tion. The editorial office is in New Canaan, Conn., the editor- — Mrs. Mary
Pascoe Huddleson. An educational director^ — Miss Gladys E. Hall, is employed
by the association. Her duties include inspection of the hospital, administration^
and clinic courses approved by the association, coordination of all educational
policies, projects, and studies of the association.
This association has 38 affiliated State associations and approximately 45
local groups. Through these groups, the association reaches the individual
members who participate in programs of work and projects sponsored by the
associarion.
The following has been accomplished in our defense program:
Registration of all active and inactive dietitians with their special qualifica-
tions. These records may be obtained from the secretary of the State dietetic
association.
For the dietitian who has been inactive, refresher courses have been held. For
plans and discussions of community projects, nutrition seminars have been held.
Activities have included educational exhibits, food demonstrations, publicized
uses of protective foods, demonstrations on the use of surplus commodities,
assistance in school lunch programs, radio piograms on normal nutrition, on
market news and programs which urge the housewife to buy, and the merchant
to sell graded products.
60396— 42— pt. 25 18
9904 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Consultation services are offered to social agencies on family budgets.
Nutrition centers have been established in some States to give information to
the housewife on problems connected with food for her family.
Valuable material has been compiled and made available as a school lunchroom
manual, low-cost recipes, and concise hiformation on the normal diet.
Speakers' bureaus have been organized and many talks given on nutrition
problems.
Members have contributed articles on nutrition to local newspapers.
Members have served on the State nutrition councils. They have cooperated
with the Red Cross in teaching both nutrition and canteen courses to the laymen.
Efforts have been made to increase the number of dietitians available for
service by talks in schools on dietetics as a career by increasing the number of
student dietitians in some courses already established and by establishing new
approved training courses.
For 1942, refresher courses, nutrition centers, publicized information on the
selection and preparation of the normal diet have been continued. Members are
working on outlines for courses as well as teaching Red Cross nutrition and
canteen courses.
Time studies, job analyses have aided many in reorganization of their depart-
ments to meet the increasing shortage both of dietitiatis and employees.
Projects of the association for 1942 include studies in administration, diet
therapy, community education, and professional education.
• Studies are selected with a view to their timeliness and their value to the
members of the profession. Several projects for 1942 are listed with the section
responsible for the study.
Administration section:
1. Set up simple specifications for meat purchasing.
2. Check course of study for canteen work. Suggestions for setting up an
inexpensive canteen that could be installed on a small truck.
3. Suggest emergency equipment for small units.
Diet therapy section:
1. Compilation of new figures for nutritive value of foods as results are re-
ported in current publications.
2. Continuation of the study of the vitamin A versus carotene content of
certain therapeutic diets.
Community education:
1. The preparation and collection of recipes, and outhnes for lessons in meal
planning and budgeting for lower income families
2. A study of the use of non-home economics volunteers in nutrition education.
Professional education:
1. The needs and responsibilities of the dietitian in service.
2. Educational requirements for dietitians teaching student nurses.
The members of the American Dietetic Association have cooperated with
existing agencies in emphasizing good nutrition for everyone.
The defense program includes efforts to increase the number of women trained
in nutrition and institution management.
The American Dietetic Association, affiliated State associations and individual
members have been active in furthering principles of good nutrition and methods
by which it may be attained.
Exhibit 8.^ — American Federation of Labor, Washington, D. C.
REPORT BY WILLIAM GREEN, PRESIDENT
The American Federation of Labor is wholeheartedly in support of the action
of our Government in declaring war on the Axis nations. We believe that this
is a world-wide conflict in which representatives of new political despotisms have
declared war upon nations which are devoted to maintaining democratic insti-
tutions. We in the labor movement realize that we have a major stake in the
outcome of this conflict for our very right to free organization is involved. As we
believe that effective support for the foreign policy of the Government can develop
only from luiderstanding, the American Federation of Labor has done its part in
making sure that its members understand what is involved in the struggle. As a
result of our efforts two distinguished British trade unionists have talked to large
groups of labor representatives and other citizens in key cities, bringing a direct
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9905
message of the experiences of British trade unions. When war was declared
special conferences of our oflficials issued manifestos pledging support in behalf
of labor aiid directing that controversies on labor issues be referred to mediation
and arbitration agencies without interruption of production. In addition, at the
request of the President of the United States, the federation designated representa-
tives to join with representatives of employers in working out a program for
handling labor disputes during the war. The unity of labor representatives in
these conferences was mamly instrumental in achieving a constructive program.
These two measures — understanding and official labor program for the guidance
of wage earners, together with public machinery for the adjustment of labor
disputes supplementing vmion provisions, laid the foundations for morale in that
large sector of the population called wage earners and small salaried workers.
Citizens are willing to make sacrifices and endure hardships when they are assured
their sacrifices will not accrue to the personal gain of individuals or groups.
These practical organizational moves have been supplemented by admonitions
to invest in democratic institutions by putting the financial as well as the moral
strength of unions behind the Government by personal and organizational buying
of defense bonds. This admonition has been followed with notable results in
union investments in defense bonds.
Wherever opportunities Imve been afforded us, the American Federation of
Labor has designated representatives to cooperate with the Government in con-
nection with the conversion of civilian production to war purposes. We believe
that national morale is essential to winning this war and that morale is dependent
upon assurance that the Government is planning to preserve the investments which
workers, owners, and managements have made in the industrial undertakings of
this Nation. Morale can best be maintained when the Government plans this
transition so that complete utilization is made of our production facilities, so that
primary civilian needs are met while we produce the tools of warfare for ourselves
and allied democratic nations so that as mvich as is needed is available when and
where it is wanted. This transition can be made without enormous and costly
wastes of time in gettiT^g war production at capacity only if existing production
facilities and labor skills are conserved.
Perhaps the most important single element in maintaining morale is responsi-
bility. This can be promoted by permitting existing organizations to delegate
representatives to share in policy making and direction of work.
We regret that this principle of organizational representation has not been
followed in all cases where the defense administration was concerned with labor
issues and labor welfare. Where it has been followed results were evident in
initiative and responsibility.
In my earlier testimony, July 15, 1941, I presented to your committee extensive
data on shortages of essential community facilities, proper housing, recreational
facilities, schools, and health services, especially in new communities and those
growing rapidly because of defense construction or nearness to military centers.
These deficiencies are still acute.
The American Federation of Labor has urged expansion of social security by
the inclusion of benefits to serve both temporary and permanent disability, to-
gether with broadening of coverage to meet the emergencies which may interfere
with income earning. Adequate provisions for such emergencies become in-
creasingly important because changes are sudden and unexpected and unless there
are adequate provisions assuring income, worry and uncertainty would surely cut
into morale. We are urging an adequate national system of social security. With
the payment of compensation for loss of income due to sickness both the individual
and his dependents are more secure and would benefit proportionately if payments
included provisions for medical care. Adequate social security provisions with
equal treatment for all citizens are basic provisions in civilian welfare and morale.
The British example in extending and increasing its social insurance programs
in the midst of war is one we should follow.
The American Federation of Labor has as yet been able to do little for civilian
defense except to urge State federations of labor and city central bodies to par-
ticipate in community undertakings. As the program for civilian defense unfolds,
we hope to do more, for matters vitally affecting labor interests will be involved.
While some aspects of civilian defense, such as the training of auxiliary fire-
fighters, placing of watchers on factory roofs, and the hours of spotters, etc., are
of special concern to labor, in many matters wage earners' interests are those of
all other citizens in community safety. Much of the civilian defense program
should be the joint concern of the community, all citizens serving together for
their common advantage.
9906 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Exhibit 9. — American Friends Service Committee, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
REPORT BY C. REED GARY, CHAIRxMAN, PUBLICITY COMMITTEE
The American Friends Service Committee represents American Friends, "col-
lectively, in the attempt to carry on education, service, and social experimenta-
tion both at home and abroad in accord with the basic principles of the Rehgious
Society of Friends. Tlie committee was founded in 1917. Its first work was to
bring relief to civilians behind the battle lines in France. Shortly after the
armistice it was working in Germany, Russia, and Austria.
Its primary objective is to serve in areas in which social groups are suffering
because of economic maladjustment or because of war, or other social evils.
It endeavors to make it possible for those needing assistance to help themselves
although it also administers relief where self-support is not possible.
Practically all of its overhead is subscribed by members of the Religious Society
of Friends for the purpose. The funds expended directly on the various activities
of the committee are derived from many sources, only a small proportion being
from Friends.
There are at present approximately 125 paid workers who are assisted by a large
but indefinite number of volunteers. The work is divided for organizational pur-
poses into the following sections:
1. Refugee and overseas relief.
2. Social industrial.
3. Peace.
4. Civilian public service.
The American Friends Service Committee among its various activities is con-
ducting two programs which seem to fall within the area of interest of the House
Committee Investigating National Defense Migration. These are:
A. A program of aid in Americanization and placement of refugees and
other aliens.
B. A program of summer work camps and civilian public service camp
projects.
A. A program of aid in Americanization and placement of refugees and other aliens.
The European relief activities of our committee at the close of the first World
War led to the establishment of Quaker centers in a number of European cities
which were maintained until the entry of the United States into the present war
as foci of international understanding and good will and religious stimulus.
When religious and racial persecution began in Europe, persons turned to these
centers for guidance and practical assistance. When pressure of persecution
caused large-scale population movements, these centers became involved in advis-
ing migrants. The refuge committee was formed in January 1939 to aid recom-
mended refugee immigrants entering the United States in their adjustment to
our country.
We have cooperated with other American agencies serving refugees in providing
initial hospitality to new arrivals, assisting in resettlement in certain cases, render-
ing some placement service — particularly to students and scholars — and carrying
on Americanization work through Quaker hostels and summer camp groups which
provide a period of orientation and retraining as a preliminary for job placement
and establishment in American community living.
The effort of our committee in rendering these services has been to aid in the
integration in American life of the new immigrant group which recent develop-
ments in Europe have presented to the United States and to stimulate under-
standing of the refugee problems among Americans and an acceptance by them
of this new group in our communities. Many of the refugee immigrants bring
useful skills to the United States.
Program of aid to aliens under war conditions
Since the outbreak of war our committee has felt gravely concerned over the
plight of aliens now resident in the United States who are nationals of countries
with which we are at war but who are themsevles friendly and loyal to the United
States. We are now in process of studying present needs and of planning our
future program. In v^hatever services in this area we may decide to undertake
we would follow the practice of our committee to develop only such services as
are not adequately provided by other agencies, and as may b? appropriate to our-
jstational defense migration 9907
organization and resources and to emphasize the demonstration of new types of
projects which might later be carried out by other organizations on a larger scale.
We have under consideration the extension of present activities and the possible
development of certain new services as follows:
It is evident that aliens in the United States particularly nationals of enemy
countries will find difficulty in keeping and finding jobs. We, therefore, hope to
increase our efforts to aid aliens in job placement and to indicate to employers
the large unused reservoir of skilled workers in our recent immigrant group which
has great potential value for the United States at this time.
We also hope to continue present projects and plan new projects to provide
orientation and retraining for those aliens who, because of background, age, or
other factors, find special difficulty in securing employment under war conditions.
We hope to provide temporary financial aid and guidance toward more perma-
nent plans to those aliens known to us who face unexpected loss of income.
We would expect to continue service of advice and assistance to aliens whose
personal problems are augmented by the war crisis.
Should the events of war necessitate mass evacuation of aliens from certain
restricted areas our committee would expect to cooperate with the Government
and with other concerned agencies to meet the resulting problems in dislocation
of human lives, which these developments would probably produce and to aid
these families in reestablishing themselves in useful occupations.
At the request of Quakers living in Honolulu we have set up an office there and
are assisting in the care of alien families in the Hawaiian Islands who find them-
selves in difficulty because they are living in a military area.
Our committee is concerned also with the possible development, in cooperation
with other agencies, of appropriate services to aliens interned in the United States
during the war period. Such services might include:
Religious and friendly visitation.
Development of occupational, as well as educational and recreational activities.
We feel that the American Friends Service Committee would be able to make
a special contribution in the field of service to those aliens who fall into the enemy-
alien category, because of its long experience in rendering a personalized service
to distressed groups without regard to race, creed, or nationality.
Exhibit A. — Memorandum Regarding the Program of the American
Friends Service Committee Summer Work Camps and Civilian Public
Service Camp Projects in Relation to Community Problems Growing
Out of Defense and War Activity
report by edward r. miller, secretary, summer work camps program
The summer work camp program of the American Friends Service Committee
has been arranged for the past 8 years to help meet the needs of social and eco-
nomic problems with a spirit of constructive good will through its projects of
physical work in marginal communities and among minority people. The present
emergency is being met by this program in the following ways:
1. IBy continuing to serve the needs of these marginal communities and mi-
nority people because in many cases we find they are now neglected groups
because the energies of private and government groups are being expended else-
where. Such groups are to be found among Negroes in cities and Negro and
white sharecroppers who are gradually dying for want of rehabilitation.
2. By increasing the opportunities especially for women to serve in our units
of work with social agencies. Not only is opportunity to have a first-hand serv-
ice experience with a social agency in demand by social work majors in college,
but we find the settlement houses over the country are rapidly becoming badly
understaffed.
To afford more constructive and challenging opportunities to men who are
officially part of the civilian public service camps for religious conscientious ob-
jectors, as provided for by the national Selective Service Board, and to meet the
increasing needs in work of national importance, men from the civilian public
service camps are being offered:
1. Opportunity to be trained to help staff mental hospitals which have suffered
drastic depletions in staff because of the war.
2. Three experimental units of 10 men each are planned in one county each
in Wisconsin, Ilhnois, and Connecticut that these men may live on individual
dairy and poultry farms to help relieve the scarcity of labor in these vital agri-
culture production units.
9908 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
3. Opportunities are being offered by various agencies in the Federal Govern-
ment Forest Service, to help relieve the scarcity of workers in some of the long-
established forest research enterprises.
In addition to these volunteer and conscripted groups helping to meet current
needs within our country, we are helping to place individuals in public and private
agencies for service. Some of the specific opportunities are work with the Farm
Security Administration in managerial capacities in migrant labor camps, group
labor home projects and so forth, and volunteer or paid staff members in social
agencies.
Those who have had experience in our volunteer program are giving encour-
agement and leadership in local communities to groups interested in construc-
tive, part-time service projects within their communities. In a number of in-
stances the work these indigenous community groups are undertaking is in direct
relationship to scarcity of labor or other energies to carry on needed community
operations. We give as much encouragement and direction to this kind of pro-
gram as possible, and have prepared some literature for the guidance of other
groups.
Exhibit 10. — The American Home Economics Association,
Washington, D. C.
REPORT BT EDNA VAN HORN, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Membership. — The American Home Economics Association is the professiona
organization of the Nation's home economists. It is made up of home economics
associations in the 48 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. In 1940
membership was, for the first time, limited to those holding a degree from a college
or university with a major in home economics or in a related field with special
subsequent experience.
The membership in the American Home Economics Association in 1941 was
14,282 adult professional members, 2,329 home economics student clubs, totally
about 80,000 high school and college students, 11 groups of homemakers, and
2 foreign groups.
Fields of work. — Association members are working in many fields, child develop-
ment and parent education, colleges and universities, elementary and secondary
schools, extension service, farm security, adult education, home economics in
business, home economics in institution administration, homemaking, research,
and social welfare and public health.
Aims. — The object of the association is the development and promotion of
standards of home and family life that wiU best further individual and social
welfare.
Publications. — The American Home Economics Association publishes the
Journal of Home Economics, Consumer Education Service, and National Magazine
of Home Economics Student Clubs, and regular and special bulletins. These are
used for publication of the work of the professional divisions, departments, and
committees within the association and for keeping members informed about devel-
opments touching family welfare. This year the publications give much space to
reporting to members the defense program of Federal and social agencies together
with ways in which the American Home Economics Association is cooperating
with them and suggestions of ways for State associations and individuals to help
in State and local organizations.
Association's defense work. — A national committee for coordinating programs
and pooling resources has been formed to help solve management problems of
families in relation to national defense programs. It consists of home economists
in the United States Office of Education, United States Extension Service, Farm
Security Administration, Farm Credit Administration, Consumer Division, and
the American Home Economics Association. The committee's report is being
sent by each agency to State and local workers who may find in it suggestions for
State-wide and regional pooling and strengthening of resources and services to
families.
Registration of home economists for emergency service was begun in July 1940.
Some 35,000 home economists are now registered in the State home economics
associations. This list is being used to fill volunteer and paid jobs where home
economics training is needed. Many of these home economists have taken or are
taking refresher courses in nutrition to fit them for training leaders and for par-
ticipation in defense jobs. Home economists are serving in community, State,
and national nutrition, consumer interests, and child and family welfare programs.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9909
We are asking State associations to make the registration lists available to defense
councils.
Activities of special groups in the association include: (1) Studies.* of grade
labeled canned foods d,s an aid to quality identification and better buying; (2)
customer-store projects in the interest of better understanding between consumers
and retailers; (3) work with representation on two dozen or more committees of
the American Standards Association and of the National Bureau of Standards
setting up standards for consumer goods and specifications on which to base sim-
plification programs; (4) work in the National Consumer-Retailer Council, Inc.,
on programs for developing and promoting informative buying and selling, and
other cooperative efforts directed toward efficient distribution of goods; (5) affili-
ated high school and college student home economics clubs are actively at work
on a youth defense program voted at their annual meeting last June. In October
the college club chairman represented the high school and college clubs at the
Youth Conference on Defense called by Mrf. Roosevelt. The association sent
its president-elect. Miss Jessie Harris, as an adult delegate to this conference.
The annual meeting of the association will be shortened this j-ear to 3 days and
the program will be based on the theme that homemakers can best help win the
war by keeping themselves, their families, and their communities strong and well,
using only the materials and services that will be theirs when our country is
producing all the armaments we need.
Recommendations as to Federal agencies. — The association would like to see a
better coordination among Federal agencies concerned with civilian welfare and
the expansion of some of the regular agencies rather than a variety of new agen-
cies. In line with this thinking, we send a representative regularly to the United
States Office of Education's Wartime Commission, confer often with the Bureau
of Home Economics and United States Rural Extension Service, and help with
consumer information centers in the Consumer Division of Office of Price Admin-
istration, send delegates to serve on the standards panel, attend special confer-
ences in Office of Civilian Defense, have a representative on the National Advisory
Committee to the coordinator of health, welfare, and related activities. We
find that when a community or a college campus sets up a nutrition council, or a
consumer information center, that community wants help from all these agencies
but finds it confusing to get materials from so many agencies, and burdehsome to
report back to a varietj' of agencies.
Exhibit 11. — American Medical Association, Chicago, III.
REPORT BY OLIN WEST, M. D., SECRETARY AND GENERAL MANAGER
Perhaps the most important and far-reaching activity of this association per-
taining to national defense has been the survey of medical personnel of the United '
States made by its committee on medical preparedness. The house of delegates
of the American Medical Association at its annual session held in June 1940 received
a communication from the Surgeon General of the United States Army proposing
that the association undertake such survey. This matter was considered by a
reference committee and the House of Delegates adopted the recommendation sub-
mitted by the committee to the effect that this survey be undertaken. The
committee on medical preparedness was appointed and at the earliest possible
time the work incident to the proposed survey was begun.
More than 180,000 questionnaires addressed to licensed physicians in the United
States and its territories have been distributed. Individual physicians have filled
in and returned the questionnaires to the number of approximately 158,000. The
information secured through these questionnaires has been transferred to punch
cards and most of it has been available to official agencies of the Federal Govern-
ment for several months. Until recently the entire expense of this undertaking
was borne by the American Medical Association except for such expenditures as
were met by cooperating committees of constituent State and Territorial medical
associations and similar committees of component county medical societies. Some
months ago a liaison officer was assigned to the offices of the American Medical
Association by the Surgeon General of the Army and this officer has given valuable
assistance in promoting the accomplishment of the purposes intended to be served
through the survey. Within recent months we have had the benefit of the services
of a few civil-service employees under the direction of the liaison officer represent-
ing the Office of the Surgeon General.
■9910 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
As a result of the work of the committee on medical preparedness of the
American Medical Association, with the splendid cooperation of similar committees
representing constituent State and territorial medical associations and component
county medical societies, a very remarkable amount of information has been
secured concerning physicians of the Nation and has been compiled for ready use
in connection with the procurement and assignment of physicians for service with
the military forces.
In addition, efforts have been made and are being persisted in to provide infor-
mation that will be useful in aiding the Government in securing medical services
in industrial plants engaged in defense activities and it is our very earnest hope
that the information that has been secured and compiled will also be useful in
making the most adequate possible provision for medical care of the civilian
population at home.
The association, through its committee on medical preparedness and through
its official and administrative personnel, is cooperating to the fullest possible
extent with the newly created Procurement and Assignment Service. Dr. Frank
H. Lahey, the president of the American Medical Association, is the chairman of
the board of the Procurement and Assignment Service, and the executive officer
of that service is Dr. Sam F. Seeley, major. Medical Corps, United States Army.
The American Medical Association publishes the Journal of the American
Medical Association, a weekly journal with a circulation approximating 100.000.
Through the editorial columns of the Journal and through its section devoted
to medical preparedness, the medical profession of the United States is kept in-
formed with regard to defense activities with which the medical profession is now
or must later be concerned. Official releases of Government agencies are repro-
duced in the medical preparedness section of the Journal and other information
received from official sources is thus made available for the readers of the Journal.
Scientific articles having special bearing on war medicine and on medical phases
of national defense are published in the Journal and in other publications of the
association.
In 1941 a new publication of the association devoted entirely to the general
subject of war medicine was added to the list of official publications of the asso-
ciation. This is published under the name "War Medicine."
The association publishes a monthly periodical called Hygeia, a health magazine
established and published for the purpose of providing for the public authentic
information concerning health, and an effort has been made through this magazine
not only to stimulate general interest in the subject of health and disease preven-
tion but also to stimulate interest in the national defense program.
The various councils, bureaus, and departments of the American Medical
Association have for years attempted to be of service to official agencies of the
Federal Government and have cooperated to the greatest possible extent with
those agencies. These efforts at cooperation have been intensified within the
last year or two since the Government began to develop a national defense
program.
Exhibit 12. — American Planning and Civic Association, Wash-
ington, D. C.
REPORT BY HARLEAN JAMES, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Field of the American Planning and Civic Association.- — From the enclosed
folder you will see that our organization at all times deals in community facilities
of various sorts which minister to the welfare, health, efficiency, and morale of
the American people. We carry on an educational program which presents to
the readers of our publications — the American Planning and Civic Annual and
Planning and Civic Comment — authoritative accounts of what is being done,
within the planning, park, and conservation field, to improve living and working
conditions of American families at all levels of government. (For your conven-
ience in referring to the accompanying material, the folder enclosed is marked
"A," the quarterlies "B.")
Congested populations. — The unprecedented shifts of population which have
concentrated workers and their families in places where existing accommodations
for living were inadequate or entirely lacking, have thrown into sharp relief and
emphasized the defects of many of our cities and towns. Those cities were fortu-
nate where modern planning, zoning, housing, and building codes were already
in effect, though no city could be said to be adequately prepared to solve at once
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9911
the problems forced on it by reason of the sudden influx of war industries and
the large numbers of workers.
Protection of park areas. — During the past year, since the intensive production
of war materiel, the American Planning and Civic Association has urged national,
State and local park authorities to protect their areas from unnecessary, unrelated
encroachments. Because parks and playgrounds are in public ownership and
comparatively free from buildings there has been a temptation on the part of
defense authorities to locate temporary war buildings on these open spaces.
The saving in time and money through the unjustified use of such areas is almost
always counterbalanced by the reduction in needed park and recreation facilities.
In other words, the price paid for such building sites in, forfeiture of essential
recreational opportunities may be much greater than the cost of private prop-
erty, or the appropriation of other types of public property.
Outdoor recreation in 1942. — It is our belief that facilities for outdoor recreation
during the summer of 1942, and so long as the war lasts, will play an important
part in maintaining the health and morale of men in army posts and training
camps and the civilian population. In every city where defense activities have
expanded there will be need for additional recreational facilities and leadership.
In many cases, more rather than less park space will be needed.
Federal funds for excess community facilities. — Where the increased burden of
cost for these facilities can be directly traced to defense expansion and where it
is beyond the reasonable ability of the local government to cover it, it would be
only fair for the Federal Government to make grants-in-aid or allocations of
funds to local work and recreation authorities for the provision of adequate
recreational facilities for the excess population.
English and German experience. — England, in her desperation after the fall of
France, drove her people to the 7-day week, and stopped paid vacations. Her
production line immediately jumped upward, leveled off, and then took a long
turn downward. The British found that the workers had to be kept fit in order
to stand the strain of continued work. An Associated Press dispatch from
London recently brought the news that "2 years of war have brought bombs,
death and destruction, but have not done away with that cherished institution,
the British week-end." Germany has opened up the entire network of Reich
waterways to serve for leisure-time purposes. Germany is developing all her
recreational facilities as a part of the war program. Shall the United States be
less wise than these countries experienced in making war?
Importance of local planning.^ln all of our publications and in other feasible
ways we have advocated that Federal authorities responsible for providing hous-
ing for war workers cooperate closely with local, planning, zoning, housing, and
building-code officials, in order that housing projects may fit into the community
pattern, may take advantage of existing school, park, and playground facilities,
or, if these are lacking, that they be provided as part of the housing project.
It is well known that long-sustained toil at exacting tasks gradually wears down
health and morale if some sort of recreation is not available to counteract the
physical and nervous strain and to renew the spirits of the workers. These
facilities are just as necessary to human beings as water supply, sewage, and
street pavements.
Maintenance of zoning standards. — Our association has protested, and will
continue to protest against the breaking down of sound zoning regulations in
communities where new factories and housing projects are being built. No
doubt it is sometimes necessary to modify existing zoning districts to meet wartime
conditions; but, in consultation with local planning and zoning authorities, such
changes can be worked out without wrecking the zoning structure of the city.
Particularly we deplore the relaxation of zoning protection for single-family
districts which is proposed in many cities. In these districts live the home owners
who have pride in their premises and in their cities. To permit intrusions of other
types of homes and buildings in these residence neighborhoods may set in motion
the inexorable forces which ultimately lead to blight and possible city-wide dis-
integration. Our home neighborhoods are worth protecting!
Utilities and community facilities in counties. — Where waitime housing projects
have been erected outside of city limits, the problem of providing adequate utilities
and additional recreational facilities is most important. There are in the United
States only about thirty of the three-thousand-odd counties which have any
semblance of county-wide planning and zoning. In so far as the counties can
be organized to meet the strain thus suddenly put upon them, well and good.
But it has been and will be necessary for the Federal Government to work out
feasible cooperative methods by which the Federal Government will provide all
9912 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
utilities and facilities which cannot be provided by the county or functioning
government. Where houses are permanent these utilities and facilities should be
of a permanent nature. Even for temporary houses there should be temporary
provision for school and recreational facilities.
The little-town problem. — In a number of instances war districts have been
located in little towns of a few hundred residents and have Vjrought in thousands
of workers. In these cases, almost completely new community facilities are
demanded. After making the most of the local government organization and
exisfing utilities and facilities, it is clearly the duty of the Federal Government
to provide for these war workers.
Surveys and plans. — Surveys by the appropriate Federal authority would bring
together an accurate account of community conditions in all congested war
centers. Plans could be developed, then, in accordance with local planning and
park agencies, to supply the most pressing needs. No doubt the service of the
housing coordinator to determine housing needs would contribute to this task.
Post-defense planning. — Already we are advocating the greatest use of planning
agencies and techniques in building the Federal works projects for the post-defense
period, because we beUeve a planned program, fitted into adequate local plans,
will yield to the community dividends far beyond make-work projects, and will
contribute as much or more to the employment which will be necessary to absorb
the demobilization of troops and war workers. (See page 48, January 1942
Planning and Civic Comment.) S. 1617 and H. R. 5638, now pending in Congress,
are drawn to promote this suggested procedure.
Probably the post-defense period will offer unprecedented opportunities for
urban redevelopment of cities in the United States. Three States have already
passed enabling legislation, and the Federal Housing Administration has recently
issued a handbook on the subject.
Information service. — Through the American Planning and Civic Association
and its associate organization, the National Conference on State Parks, we are
in touch with planning and park commissions and agencies throughout the country.
We maintain an especially close connection with the National Park Service, which
was created by Congress in 1916, after an extensive educational campaign led by
the then American Civic Association. It is our belief that as soon as conditions
of neaiby and remote travel are determined upon and made known, our two
organizations could do a good deal to promote the use of parks and recreation
areas, within the limitations set by the Federal Government.
Planning and park commissions and citizens generally should be informed as
to what is possible in the way of outdoor recreation during the summer of 1942.
We are ready to supply information to local groups where zoning districts are
threatened, and particularly to place authoritative data and supporting reasons
in the hands of local newspapers and organized groups, for the protection of
residence neighborhoods. (See page 15, January 1942 Planning and Civic
Comment.)
District of Columbia. — The American Planning and Civic Association set up a
committee of 100 on the Federal City in 1922. This committee issued a report
in 1924, presenting a program for improvement of Washington. In January
1940 the committee presented a comparison of the recommendations of 1924 with
the accomplishments between 1924-40, and a new set of recommendations for
the Federal City. (See enclosure "C".)
We have at all times advocated that official plans prepared by the National
Capital Park and Planning Commission be followed in the development of the
city. We now recommend that, either by Executive order or congressional
legislation, all Federal and District authorities be directed to submit plans for
physical improvements in the District of Columbia to the National Capital
Park and Planning Commission for written approval or recommendations, and
that departure from the Planning Commission's recommendations be permitted
only on written statement, with reasons attached, of the responsible administra-
tive agency involved. Only by some such procedure will the Federal City be
protected from departures from carefully conceived plans which may blight its
future for a hundred years.
But the announced policy of bringing into Washington what amounts to
an entire cit}^ of considerable size, to be superimposed on the existing city, is
producing, and will continue to produce, complications which cannot be solved
without the financial aid of the Federal Government. The District of Columbia
is fortunate in that it has a well-established planning commission, combining
Federal and District of Columbia representation, set up in 1926 by amendment
of the Park Act of 1924, a Zoning Commission, first created in 1920, and an Alley
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9913
Dwelling Authority, first set up in 1934, which is now, within the limits of appro-
priations by Congress, constructing and operating public housing projects in the
District of Columbia. If adequate funds are made available, existing machinery
could be invoked to provide whatever public housing is required to supplement
dwelling units to be erected by private enterprise under stimulation of the Housing
Coordinator.
It is unfortunate that the Lanham bill (H. R. 6128) omitted provision for
desperately needed housing in Washington. Only prompt passage of the pro-
posed separate Lanham bill for the District of Columbia will permit action
soon enough to provide any sort of accommodations for the expected influx of
war workers.
The committee of 100 on the Federal City will be glad to continue and intensify
its educational program to maintain the integrity of the official plan for Wash-
ington, to promote public and private housing with adequate community facilities
and to extend and protect the parks of Washington.
Mistakes have already been made in departing from established plans of the
National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Buildings have been erected
on park lands. For all permanent buildings for Government offices or homes
for war workers, great care should be taken to conform to the official plans of the
National Capital Park and Planning Commission.
No more buildings should be erected in the parks of Washington, except with
the consent of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission and the
National Park Service which administers the District of Columbia parks. (See
page 24, January 1942 Planning and Civic Comment.)
There is great need that the pending bill to unify the recreation facilities in the
District of Columbia, as recommended by the President's committee, be passed
by Congress. Sufficient funds are needed for adequate outdoor recreation
facilities for war and civil workers during the long, hot summer of 1942. Funds
should be made available to develop the much needed undeveloped recreational
centers already in public ownership. This is not a place to retrench during the
war.
Exhibit 13. — Child Welfare League of America, Inc., New
York, N. Y.
report by howard w. hopkirk, executive director
January 21, 1942.
Signs of insecurity which often reflect lack of community planning and which
usually reflect inadequacies of existing private and governmental child welfare
services have long been observed by the Child Welfare League of America,
Its network of agencies in the United States and Canada engaged largely in the
foster care and protection of children, invariably is called upon when children
uprooted from their usual environs become seriously neglected or show signs of
delinquency.
The 172 accredited agencies and the 148 affihated (but not accredited) agencies
which constitute the Child Welfare League of Amxerica had a taste of war even
before our own country began mobilization for defense. We are the national
agency which traditionally has sought to establish and improve standards for
the foster care and protection of children. In that capacity we have a great
interest in what happens to refugee or migrant children.
The movement of refugee children from Great Britain and Europe was under
various auspices, many coming under arrangements made by the United States
Committee for Care of European Children. But after these children were
settled down in American homes it was the local member agencies of the Child
Welfare League which provided most of the supervision required by the children
and by their foster parents. The child welfare agencies approved for this task
by the United States Children's Bureau properly insisted upon maintaining for
these guest children the same quality of service provided for our own. The
extra loads thus assumed by these agencies during 1940 and 1941 proved sur-
prisingly heavy. It meant, in several agencies, the addition of a worker, and in
some, an excessive amount of overtime, many workers foregoing vacations and
holidavs — all of which was cheerfully contributed. This overload caused by the
migration of a few hundred children is only a token of the additional services now
needed in many mushroom communities to which thousands of American families
have brought their children and the child welfare problems which inevitably follow
9914 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
such hastily contrived community life. Should we come to such uprooting of
children as England has found necessary, the expansion of social service needed
will be comparable to the war time expansion of our military establishments.
Data already available show that a definite sag in the welfare of children can be
expected in 1942 unless existing services be expanded. This means larger appro-
priations for public service and the raising of more funds than ever before by
agencies under private auspices, or by the community chests wherever they have
assumed responsibility for the support of private child welfare agencies.
The most serious of the needs which are apparent in January 1942, is the unmet
demand for daytime care of the children of working mothers. Member agencies
of the Child Welfare League in California and New Jersey have testified to this
need. In Morris County, N. J., where there are two large arsenals and other
expanded defense industries, our member agency is participating in county-wide
planning for the study of this need and for meeting it. The Morristown Daily
Record (December 19, 1941) refers to this study of needs which was directed by
the county superintendent of schools: "Large numbers of children go home to
empty houses after they leave school. The parents are doing their part in the
national crisis by working in defense industries, and the local communities must
undertake to provide programs which will protect these children from the dangers
of character break-down resulting from lack of parental supervision during the
nonschool hours." In varying degrees, but in surprisingly largo proportions, the
same conditions exist in four other New Jersey cities, as reported by our members
in Elizabeth, Montclair, Newark, and Orange. What is true in these five cities
is true in other parts of New Jersey and in every State in which industrial plants
or military establishments have altered the usual patterns of life for families and
communities. We can supply your committee with definite reports of the need in
many localities. Old communities, as well as those recently established, often
reveal limitations of local resources and unwillingness of local officials to carry
responsibilities for service to any kind of migrant family or -child. In terms of
child welfare we see the blighting influence in the fields of education and health, as
well as in the field of welfare services.
We have cooperated closely with the United States Children's Bureau in its
recent efforts to guide communities and particular agencies in developing foster
day care for children of working mothers. New resources, nationally and locally,
must be tapped if we are to escape the calamity of having a parent's pay check
serve as a token for neglect of his child.
Other signs of these strenuous times are reports of the difficulty in obtaining
the usual supply of foster homes, it being of economic advantage to rent a room
to a defense worker rather than to reserve it for a foster child. The Child Welfare
League's recent study of the board rates applicable to boarding home care at the
end of 1941, tells of the increased cost of living as another factor with which
foster parents and child placing agencies must deal.
Serious increases in delinquency are appearing. These have been observedand
recently reported from Oklahoma and Maine. An agency in Maine serving
unmarried mothers reports a 50-percent increase in the number of cases coming to
it for consideration.
The Nation-wide development of Child Welfare Services under the Social
Security Act may be considered the most significant of recent child welfare de-
velopments. It means that dependent, neglected and delinquent American
children in rural environments are less frequently ignored. The funds for this
purpose are too limited to permit extension of this service to all communities
needing it. We may well consider the organization and extension of Child
Welfare Services as a symbol of America's true regard for each of its children, even
for the child in the most remote and humble shack.
Exhibit 14. — The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ
IN America, New York, N. Y.
report by roswell f. barnes, associate general secretary
January 16, 1942.
The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America is a council repre-
senting 24 national denominations of the non-Roman Christian churches in
America, having a total constituency of approximately 26,000,000. In the work
of the churches which is concerned with defense migration, this council works
in close cooperation with the home missions council of North America which
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9915
represents the boards of the churches having special responsibiUty for migrant
workers.
The total general program of the churches is concerned with various problems
relating to our national emergency, but the most pressing problems receive the
special attention of agencies created by the churches for these specific purposes.
The general commission on Army and Navy chaplains is the official cooperative
agency representing evangelical churches of the United States for certifying
ministers to the Government for service as chaplains, for strengthening the ties
between chaplains and the churches to which they belong, and for serving as
liaison between the churches and the Government in matters affecting the spiritual
welfare of men in service.
The agency which is most concerned with the problems under consideration
by your committee is the christian commission for camp and defense communities,
constituted jointly by the Federal Council of Churches and the home missions
council. This commission assists the churches which are most heavily burdened
with responsibilities of meeting new populations brought into their communities
in the vicinity of training camps and defense industries. The commission has
collaborated with Mr. Taft's work in the office of the National Security Agency
concerned with problems of public health, morality, and other aspects of general
community welfare. It also cooperates with the United Service Organizations
in their programs in these communities. Under the stimulus and guidance of
this commission, the churches in many communities involving migrant populations
have organized special services such as those provided by a special committee
with employed personnel under the direction of the Delaware-Maryland Council
of Churches working in the communities in that territory which have inadequate
facilities for religious and social welfare work; and a special committee of the
Missouri Council of Churches which has organized the services for the new popu-
lations adjacent to Fort Leonard Wood. Such work has been organized by the
churches in many communities across the country. It is of special importance
in connection with problems of community morality and liealth as well as the
problem of morale generally. Regional conferences are being held in order to
effect a better coordination of the work of the churches with that of the United
Service Organizations, local defense councils, and representatives of the Office of
the Coordinator of Health, Welfare, and Related Defense Activities.
The special service of the churches is sometimes provided by supplying addi-
tional personnel for an existing church. In other instances, it involves renting
or building some new quarters as a place where the men from the camps or the
workers in defense industries can meet for religious services and wholesome
social purposes. At some points it will be necessary to rely upon trailers or travel-
ing leaders who will set up programs of religious education for the children of
workers or the families of Army personnel who live outside the reservations. In
many communities the churches are an important factor in the suppression of
prostitution and the control of places of so-called entertainment.
Through our office, or in most instances through the office of the christian
commission for camp and defense communities, the churches will be glad to
cooperate with agencies of the Government in maintaining wholesome community
life among the shifting populations.
Exhibit 15.^ — The International and National Red Cross,
Washington, D. C.
REPORT BY NORMAN H. DAVIS, CHAIRMAN
The Treaty of Geneva, an agreement among the governments of the world,
was adopted by a diplomatic convention in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864. The
United States acceded to the treaty in 1882. The convention was revised in
1906 and again in 1929. The total- number of parties adhering to the convention
of 1864 and the revisions of 1906 and 1929 is 61.
The purpose of the treaty, briefly stated, is to provide for the amelioration of
the condition of soldiers wounded upon the field of battle, to neutralize and
protect persons engaged in according relief to the sick and wounded, and to
furnish supplies for these purposes.
An international conference in Geneva in 1863, which prepared the way for
the convention that wrote the treaty, recommended "That there exist in every
9916 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
country a committee whose mission consists in cooperating in time of war with
the hospital service of the armies." Red Cross societies organized in accordance
with this recommendation in nations which have acceded to the treaty are there-
after recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross of Geneva
and by the other nations which are parties to the treaty.
The International Committee is looked upon as the guardian of the Treaty
of Geneva and is primarily concerned with matters bearing directly or indirectly
upon Red Cross problems arising from war. The essential spirit of the Committee
is the absolute neutrality.
The League of Red Cross Societies.
The League of Red Cross Societies, created May 1919, through the initiative
of Henry P. Davison, chairman of the war council of the American Red Cross,
was launched with the help of the Red Cross societies of Great Britain, France,
Italy, and Japan. Its object is to promote and facilitate cooperation between
national Red Cross societies in carrying out their peacetime programs aiming
at the improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of
suffering. The league includes the national societies of 61 countries in its
membership.
The American National Red Cross — its charter and mandates.
The American National Red Cross is a permanent organization, functioning
actively and continuously, in accordance with the provisions of its charter granted
January 5, 1905, by act of Congress of the United States of America to carry out
the purposes of the Treaty of Geneva and certain other broadly defined duties.
Under this charter "the purposes of this corporation are and shall be:
"To furnish volunteer aid to the sick and wounded of armies in time of war
* * *
"To perform all the duties devolved upon a national society by each nation
which has acceded to said treaty (the Treaty of Geneva) * * *
"To act in matters of voluntary relief and in accord with the military and naval
authorities as a medium of cominunication between the people of the United
States of America and their Army and Navy * * *
"To continue and carry on a system of national and international relief in time
of peace and to apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence,
famine, fire, floods, and other great national calamities, and to devise and carry
on measures for preventing the same."
Briefly the organization of the American National Red Cross includes: The
incorporators and their successors who are named in the act of incorporation
constitute a perpetual body. They elect six members of the central committee
and the members of the board of trustees of the endowment fund.
The officers are a president- — the President of the United States is ex-officio
president of the American National Red Cross upon his acceptance of the office —
and the fouowing elective officers: three vice presidents, a counselor, a treasurer,
a secretary. All elective officers are elected by the central committee. The
appointed officers are: the chairman, appointed by the President of the United
States, and the vice chairman appointed by the central committee.
The entire control, m.anagement and administration of the affairs of the Ameri-
can National Red Cross are vested in the central committee by the provisions of
the congressional charter.
The central committee consists of 18 mero.bers, 6 appointed by the President
of the United States, 6 elected by the incorporators, and 6 elected by the delegates
of the chapters. Of the 6 appointed by the President, 1 is named chairman and
5 represent respectively the Departments of State, War, Navy, Treasury, and
Justice. The elected members service for 3 years.
The activities of the organization are directed from national headquarters in
Washington, and from area offices in Alexandria, Va., St. Louis, and San Fran-
cisco.
The chapter.
The chapter is the local unit of the American National Red Cross. It receives
its charter from the national organization and is responsible for all local phases
of national obligations and all local Red Cross activities within its territory,
subject always to the policies and regulations of the national organization. The
territory assigned to a chapter is usually a single county, but circumstances m.ay
make some other territorial assignnaent desirable. Funds and property of the
Red Cross coming into the custody of a chapter are subject to the control of the
central committee. Where the jurisdiction of a chapter covers n.ore than the
NATIONAL DEFENS.E MIGRATION 9917
town or city it is sometimes desirable to organize branches of the chapter. The
branch derives its authority from, the chapter, its organization is authorized and
its territory is assigned by the chapter. All of the funds and property coming
into the possession of a branch are to be administered in accordance with the
regulations and instructions of the chapter.
The combined annual expenditures of the chapter for the fiscal year 1940-41
aggregated nearly $12,000,000. Approxin.ately 1,100 chapters — the larger ones —
today have about 3,600 skilled employees helping with big and little tasks every
day.
Volunteer chapter officership and committee membership for 3,742 chapters
with 6,131 branches num.ber m.any tens of thousands. They are reenforced by
other significant groups of citizens who also volunteer their time.
Nearly a million and a quarter women have volunteered their time in the
volunteer special services of the organization. Tens of thousands of naen and
women volunteer their tim,e as instructors in first aid and other tens of thousands
as instructors in water safety, home nursing, home and farm safety, and other
adult education courses conducted by the Red Cross. Hundreds of thousands
of school administrators and teachers help annually with Junior Red Cross.
Today these millions of Red Cross workers are at the center of the Nation's
war effort making disciplined and trained contributions.
Finance.
The sources of income of the national organization are norm.ally (a) the 50
cents from each m,embership which con.es to the national organization, (b) interest
on endowment and other invested funds, and (c) minor miscellaneous receipts.
The roll call receipts are placed in the general fund of the national organization
from which is financed the general program, of the Red Cross. The roll call
receipts are not segregated in a separate fund, because the effort is to keep the
Red Cross organization and program flexible and not divided into separate
operations.
On September 30, 1941, the principal under the administration of the trustees
of the endowment fund was $15,193,673.21 including the former special reserve
of war funds under the adm.inistration of the board of trustees of the endowment
fund as a special war emergency reserve, the principal to be drawn upon only
in the event of a war involving the United States. Only the income from the
funds thus invested is used for the general program of the Red Cross.
Some $97,000,000 has been expended by the Red Cross for dom.estic disaster
relief in 20 years after the close of the. World War I period. Of this, $79,000,000
was expended in 13 major disasters, each involving an expenditure of a million
dollars or more. Although there were 13 n.ajor disasters, a Nation-wide campaign
for funds was held in only 6; the others were financed through appeals in the
regions prim.arily concerned. Thus, on the basis of this experience, a national
campaign for domestic disaster relief is required only once in every 3^^ years.
In May 1940, a war relief fund cam-)aign was inaugurated with a goal of $20,-
000,000. The statement of policy said that funds received by the national organ-
ization would be used wholly and exclusively for war relief and no part of them
applied toward the support of the normal program and expenditures of the Red
Cross, all of which are met from the roll call and other regular income. Chapters
were authorized to retain 15 percent of the collections to cover expenditures for
their local war relief efi"ort, primarily for the suuplies and other items in connec-
tion with the volunteer production of surgical dressings, garments, sweaters, and
other articles for the war sufferers.
The American Red Cross api lied the funds raised in this campaign for extend-
ing aid through the French and British Red Cross societies and through other
responsible operating organizations of the countries where assistance had been
requested and given, which organizations acted as distributing agents for, and
under the supervision of, the American Red Cross.
In extending this aid the American Red Cross did not confine itself to any
limited categories of relief. Its aid was mainly in the form of contributions of
such supplies as medical and hospital supplies and surgical dressings for the sick
and wounded of the armed forces and for sick and wounded civilians; food to meet
particular emergencies; clothing for civilian refugees and garments for hospital
patients; ambulances or other necessary forms of transportation; and any other
form of aid which was deemed most effective and useful in helcing those facing
the almost immeasurable task of meeting the needs of these suffering millions.
All of this aid was rendered with the advice and supervision of American Red
Cross representatives in these countries; and in addition there was formed ia
9918 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
France, and in England, strong and experienced committees of American citizens
who assisted in coordinating tlic distribution of relief to assure the utp^^t economy
and efficiencj'.
Nearly siraiii"? meously with the declaration of war made by the Government of
the United Juries in December 1941, the President issued the following proclama-
tion: '•'^
"Whereas our country has been viciously attacked and forced into a war of
vast proportions, which will inevitably bring grief and distress to many and self-
sacrifice to all; and
"Whereas for more than 60 years the American National Red Cross has played
a vital role in binding up the wounds of the injured, in sheltering, feeding,' and
clothing the homeless, in succoring the distressed, in rebuilding broken lives, and
in rehal:)ilitating the victims of catastrophes of nature and of war; and
"Whereas in preparation for just such an emergency as we are now facing, the
American National Red Cross has been spending funds at the rate of more than
$1,000,000 a month, which is but a small fraction of the amount that the organi-
zation now requires in order to carry out effectively its functions as an essential
auxiliary of our armed forces, particularly as a friendly liaison in welfare prob-
lems between the man in service and his family at home, and as a key agency in
civil defense plans:
"Now, therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of
America, and president of the American National Red Cross, do hereby proclaim
the beginning, as of this date, of a Red Cross war fund campaign for the raising
of a minimum sum of $50,000,000; and I appeal to the American people to make
this campaign an overwhelming success. Rea'izing the desire of every American
to participate in the national war effort, I confidently anticipate an immediate
and spontaneous response to this appeal."
The funds now being sought by the American Red Cross will be utilized by the
national organization and by the chapters to meet the primary and fundamental
Red Cross responsibilities to the American armed forces; to cover the expansion
and maintenance of existing Red Cross services and the development of such addi-
tional services as may be necessary for civilian defense and morale in this country;
to render such aid to the peoples and forces associated with this Government in
the war, or to other peoples where such action would be consistent with the Na-
tional interest, as may be appropriate; and to meet any other requirements for
Red Cross relief or service directly or indirectly growing out of the conflict. It is
not possible to foresee all of the emergencies which will inevitably develop as the
war continues, both at home and abroad, but the Americ. n Red Cross will utilize
these funds to deal adequately with all such situations as fall within the scope of
its activities, in a manner consistent with the principles and traditions of the
Red Cross.
The expanding national defense and war activities involve a greatly enlarged
growth of our domestic organization which, with the continuance of the foreign
relief work, inevitably make serious demands upon our material resources.
Insular and foreign operations.
Insular and foreign operations of the American Red Cross is responsible for the
general supervision of all American Red Cross activities outside the continental
limits of the United States. In the discharge of these responsibilities it normally
maintains all contacts with the International Red Cross Committee, the League
of Red Cross Societies, and the national Red Cross societies of foreign countries,
and directs the operations of nine chapters in the insular possessions of the United
States.
Upon the outbreak of war in September 1939, an extensive foreign war relief
program was inaugurated under which relief has been extended to Great Britain,
the British Middle East, China, Russia, France, Finland, Poland, Yugoslavia,
Greece, Spain, Norway, French Equatorial Africa, Belgium, and Holland. Spe-
cial projects such as assistance to Americans stranded abroad, relief to prisoners
of war, and the maintenance of an inquiry service to secure reports about the
location and welfare of persons in war-affected countries have also been main-
tained. In the conduct of these operations resources supplied by contributions
from the American people, by the productive efforts of chapter volunteers, and
in the form of supplies placed at the disposal of the American Red Cross by the
United States Government, have been utilized.
Help has been extended to British and Allied prisoners of war through the
International Red Cross Committee in the form of food parcels, clothing, shoes,
and comfort articles. Since December 1941, assistance has been provided to
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9919
American internees in Germany and will be f^ovided to American prisoners of
war and civixxan internees wherever facilities for' such assistance can be estab-
lished.
For many months prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, insular a. "ireign oper-
ations assisted in the preparation of the Red Cross in the Philippines . id Hawaii.
First aid stations, supplies, and instruction were provided in both insular pos-
sessions, and large quantities of medical and hospital stores were assembled there.
Plans for emergency evacuation, feeding, and shelter of the civilian populations
were developed. The staff of the military and naval welfare service in these ter-
ritories was strengthened. The Red Cross was ready when the Japanese struck,
as it is ready now in Iceland and other bases and insular possessions, with its
services to the armed forces and the civilian population.
Activities in the Philippines and Hawaii since hostilities spread to these islands
have included extensive aid to the civilian population of Manila, evacuation of
wounded from Manila to Australia in a Red Cross chartered hospital ship, the
shipment of supplies and the provision of funds to Hawaii for assistance to the
wounded and homeless, the recruiting of nurses to care for the wounded and to
travel with them on their evacuation to the mainland, services to the families of
the military personnel and aid in their return to the United States, and the direc-
tion of an inciuiry service to secure reports regarding persons in the islands.
It is of interest briefly to summarize the total foreign war relief operations of
the American Red Cross from Red Cross funds and chapter produced supplies and
including the value of supplies purchased by the Government and distributed by
the Red Cross. In round numbers including commitments since the beginning
of the conflict September 1, 1939, to November 30, 1941, the Red Cross admin-
istered foreign relief aggregating $56,555,000 as follows:
Great Britain, including Canada and the Middle East $34, 072, 000
France 5, 673, 000
Poland and Polish refugees 1, 008, 000
Finland 2, 392, 000
China_ _' 4, 094, 000
Greece 251, 000
Russia 3, 984, 000
Spain 1, 718, 000
Other countries 330, 000
General relief services and activities not allocated by countries 3, 033, 000
Total 56, 555, 000
This total consisted of $26,306,000 from Red Cross resources and chapter pro-
duced supplies, and approximately $30,249,000 representing the value of relief
supplies purchased by the Government.
Services to the armed forces.
The work in this country and in the insular possessions may be roughly divided
between the services which are being rendered to the armed forces of the United
States, and the continuation and expansion of the normal health and welfare
services of the chapters and the national organization in connection with civilian
defense in the United States.
During the past 12 months attention and energy have been devoted to the
building up of the organization and facilities to assure the maximum of Red Cross
services to the armed forces. There have been developed between the Army and
Navy and the Red Cross quite definite arrangeinents as to the nature and extent
of the services to be rendered by the Red Cross. The Red Cross is the only
voluntary organization operating actually in the various camps and posts, but it
is the intention of the Red Cross, as always, to draw into the work the services
and facilities of all other organizations which can be of assistance.
Without undertaking to describe the numerous specialized activities which are
involved, the scope of the Red Cross services to the armed forces may be broadly
described as follows: The Red Cross conducts social service and recreation
activities for the benefit of members of the armed forces in Army and Navy
hospitals. This includes medical and psychiatric social service in the general
hospitals of the Army and Navy to the large number of patients who require this
specialized assistance. The program on behalf of the hospitalized service men is
particularly designed to aid those who are convalescent during the period before
they are able to return to duty, and to assist them through this period when
morale is likely to be lowest.
60396—42 — pt. 25 19
9920 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The program on behalf of service men in the hospitals is being facilitated by
the construction by the Government of 65 recreation buildings for convalescent
patients to be staffed and operated by the Red Cross. These buildings, adjuncts
to the hospitals, are now virtually all completed. They will contain auditoriums
seating from 150 to 500 persons and the Red Cross is installing sound motion-
picture equipment and by special arrangement with the motion-picture industry
is obtaining current films at very low rates. Consistent with its traditional policy
the Red Cross is making no charge whatever for any of its services in this
connection.
The Red Cross renders welfare service to the able-bodied service men through
its field directors and their staffs stationed at all of the larger Army and Navy
posts. This welfare service supplements the very extensive recreation and enter-
tainment activities which are being carried on in the camps by the Army and
Navj' authorities.
At 58 of the more important posts the Red Cross is itself erecting buildings to
serve as the headquarters for its work in the troop areas as distinguished from the
hospital areas. These buildings provide reception and general office quarters,
rooms for private interviews with soldiers, facilities for their families, and space
for the use of Red Cross volunteers in the production work and for conducting
classes in Red Cross training.
An effective welfare and social service is maintained for individual cases arising
among service men which may involve communication with, and sometimes aid to,
their families for the solution of special difficulties. This involves chapter home
service working independently or in cooperation with the field directors and their
staffs. It has been found that work of this sort effectively carried on is essential
for the maintenance of the morale of the soldier by assuring him of the security and
welfare of his family.
The Red Cross is continuing its claims and other related services to the ex-
service men of the last war to make sure that they receive the care and the benefits
made available for them under Government regulations and provisions. We
have not allowed the new emergency to divert us from discharging these respon-
sibilities which the Red Cross undertook to render as long as such aid might be
required. This service already includes many men who have served in the present
emergency.
A somewhat new phase of the work with the armed forces is presented in con-
nection with the establishment of the military and naval bases in the Atlantic
and elsewhere. In these operating bases it is apparent that Red Cross activities
on behalf of the service men, particularly the able-bodied, will have to be con-
siderably more extensive than those rendered at the training camps and posts in
this coimtry. Already the Red Cross has been asked to undertake very extensive
activities in Iceland where it is the only voluntarj' organization designated to
work with the troops. In the other outlying bases the Red Cross is establishing
facilities to supplement in every appropriate way the work of the Army and Navy
for the welfare and morale of the rnen.
The Red Cross has undertaken the collection of blood plasma for use by the
Army and Navy, ^^'ithin recent \'ears a technique has been developed whereby
the plasma from whole blood can be separated and preserved in such a way as
to be instantly available in cases where before direct transfusions would have
been necessary.
Since the World War I the Red Cross has maintained a regular service for the
veterans and for the men in the Regular Army and Navy, and the great expansion
for the present emergency has been made easily and naturally from the basis of
the regular program. Ho^\ever, the number of men in the armed forces, has in
recent months risen from 424,000 to almost 2,000,000 men and this great increase
has required not only an enlargement of our regular facilities but the develop-
ment of new methods in the work. Two years ago our annual budget for this
service was $660.000 — this year the appropriations for these activities are already
$11,3&6.000 and we know there must be still further expansion.
A home service field staff has been set up. A number of experienced social
workers are constantly engaged in giving through institutes of chapter workers
guidance on home service and on individual cases to improve the services to the
JFamilies back home.
Chapter camp and hospital service councils are being set up in the regions of
the larger Army posts and Navy stations. The membership of these councils
consists of representatives of the adjacent Red Cross chapters. The councils
serve to stimulate and coordinate the activities of these neighbor chapters on
behalf of the armed personnel, thus not only enlarging Red Cross services to the
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9921
armed forces but also promoting community understanding and support of the
activities of the Red Cross in this important program.
An outstanding national development has occurred which has affected and
involved most of our normal health and welfare activities, and that is the govern-
mental emphasis upon a program of civilian defense to prepare our people for any
possible emergenc}' which might arise in the event of conflict. For many years
the Red Cross has been carrying forward, with increasing success, courses of
instruction in first aid, home nursing, nutrition, and accident prevention and
other related activities. The experience and activities of the Red Cross are
reflected in the following policy statement governing relationship of Red Cross
chapters to State and local defense councils as developed by the United States
Office of Civilian Defense, the Office of Defense Health and Welfare, and the
American National Red Cross.
I. The Red Cross through its chairman as a member of the civilian protection
board has made available all of its services as needed by the United States Office
of Civilian Defense and the State and local defense councils. As illustrative of
its national services, attention is called to the programs involving blood plasma,
medical technologists, and nursing enrollment. The Office of Civilian Defense
and the American Red Cross are agreed that defense councils and Red Cross
chapters should develop local plans of cooperation in their civilian defense ac-
tivities.
II. Recognizing the basic responsibility of government it is the duty of every
Red Cross chapter and braiich to aid in the most efficient marshaling of the
communities resources. It is agreed that duplication should be avoided in these
services and training courses required in civilian defense activities and that the
long-established, Nation-wide program of the Red Cross should be utilized to the
fullest extent.
III. Services required in civilian defense activities will be made available by
chapters to defense councils in accordance with the policies herein stated. Chap-
ters will cooperate to the fullest extent and during the period of emergency will
operate subject to the authority of the defense councils or appropriate govern-
mental officials. Red Cross at all times will maintain administrative and financial
control of its immediate operations.
IV. Chapters should expand Red Cross services and training courses within the
scope of their responsibility so that they may be prepared to give such services
as needed in the local programs of defense councils.
V. In the specific application of the above general policies it is agreed that the
areas of Red Cross responsibility shall be:
1. Red Cross chapters will be prepared to function in the following fields of
activity in full cooperation with all public and private agencies:
(a) Disaster relief — training and service — food, shelter, clothing and other
necessities of life in the event of disaster, whether occasioned by
belligerent action or other cause.
{b) First aid — training.
(c) Nurse's aides — training and service.
(d) Red Cross home nursing — training.
2. Red Cross chapters will assist defense councils in the following fields on the
basis of mutual specific agreements as to lines of responsibility:
(a) Disaster relief — service — will assist local defense councils in rescue Work
and emergency medical care.
(b) Nutrition aides — training and service.
3. Red Cross chapters will make , available to defense councils as needed the
service of the following volunteer special service units which shall at all times
maintain their Red Cross unit organization (see III above) :
(a) Motor corps — service.
(6) Production corps — service.
(c) Staff assistance corps.
(d) Canteen corps and canteen aides — service.
(e) Hospital and recreation corps — civilian hospitals — service.
4. Red Cross chapters in their services to the armed forces are fully responsible
for the following activities:
(a) Information and claims — service.
(6) Communications and reports.
(c) Consultation on personal and family problems.
9922 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
5. The functions of Red Cross chapters adjacent to Army posts and naval
stations inchide the following:
I (a) Hospital recreation corps — training and service — in military hospitals.
(6) Motor corps— training and service — service originating on military
reservations.
(c) Production corps and staff assistance corps — activities on military
reservations.
(d) Participation in Red Cross camp and hospital service' councils.
6. Junior Red Cross:
(a) The participation of boys and girls in elementary and secondary schools
in Red Cross services through Junior Red Cross programs should be
maintained the same relationship to local defense councils and to the
armed forces as is established in this statement with respect to its
parent organization. Junior Red Cross activities will be channeled
through the local Red Cross chapter.
(b) Red Cross chapters will make available to defense councils as needed
those activities of the Junior Red Cross which contribute to the health,
welfare, and unity of schools and communities.
Mutual understandings with Government agencies have been strengthened in
the emergency. Cordial relations have always existed between the Red Cross and
cooperating Government departments, and the benefits of these working relation-
ships continue as in the past. Agreements and understandings between the Red
Cross and public and private agencies have been extended and amplified covering
the wide range of social services and health activities, and availability of supple-
mentary personnel.
Disaster relief service.
Utilizing all its educational and health activities, disaster service of the Red
Cross, as its primary peacetime responsibility, has served as the recognized relief
agency to deal with the great natural catastrophes of flood, fire, and famine. In a
very real sense, therefore, the Red Cross already had been operating for years in
the field of civilian defense and cooperation in the program sponsored by the
Government has involved only the strengthening and expansion of work with
which our chapters and staff have long been familiar.
Special emphasis has been placed upon the strengtliening of our regular disaster
preparedness measures in the chapters as well as upon adaptation of experience
to the furthering of the country's war efforts and to national defense.
In addition to the regular agreements covering Red Cross activities in peace-
time disasters, further agreements with appropriate organizations and agencies
have been concluded with a view to supplying shelter, transportation, and mass
feeding for victims of disasters resulting from enemy action. Major supply depots
and emergency warehouses are in the process of establishment in various parts of
the country. Their stocks include blankets, stretchers, cots, clothing, first aid
supplies, surgical dressings, and other necessities. Mobile units to be used by
disaster squadrons, canteen corps, and first-aid groups have been developed.
In the field of disaster nursing a reserve of public-health nurses is receiving
instruction which will enable them to act as supervisors, and instructional material
is distributed from time to time to the disaster reserve nurses.
Personnel has been added at national headquarters office and at the area offices
to meet tlie increased duties of disaster service. Tliey are used to coordinate
chapter and local and State defense council activities and to perform liaison duties
between these bodies, to conduct institutes to strengthen the preparedness pro-
gram, as well as to work on actual disaster operations.
Training is being provided in disaster relief procedures to a reserve personnel
composed of employees of social agencies who have agreed to serve the Red
Cross in the event of a major disaster or emergency.
Volunteer special services.
The purpose of the Volunteer special services is to maintain in every chapter
the regular services to the community which are carried by the Red Cross and to
keep a group of volunteer workers trained by year-round activity for prompt and
efficient service in emergencies, those peacetime emergencies such as floods, fires,
tornadoes, and the greater emergency of war.
The volunteer special services such as production, canteen, motor corps and
others have been strengthened by the addition of outstanding volunteer directors
and these activities are being stimulated throughout the chapters and already
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9923
constitute an effective and significant contribution in the defense effort of the
Nation. For example, last spring the Red Cross was requested to produce for
the Army a reserve of 40,000,000 surgical dressings and the production service
is approaching the completion of this huge and very practical task.
In the last war the volunteer services of the Red Cross were not organized
into special divisions. In 1919, therefore, a special committee was appointed
by the chairman of the American Red Cross to make a careful study of the kind
of volunteer services required of chapters in war or disaster. As a result of this
investigation nine services Avere eventually set up as follows:
Administration Motor corps
Staff assistance Nurse's aides
Production Home service
Braille Hospital and recreation services
Canteen
To these have been added camp and hospital service and military auxiliaries,
making ten services in all. Corps was chosen as the group name for all services.
Staff assistance corps. — The staff assistants are trained to do clerical, secretarial
and other office work for the Red Cross chapters. These chapter activities cover
work at information desks, switchboard operating, typing, stenography, filing,
bookkeeping, registration work, taking charge of chapter mail, interpreting,
translating, working with public relations committees and arranging Red Cross
broadcasts. Virtually all branches of Red Cross work use staff assistance in
some way.
During the present emergency many staff assistants are volunteering for work
with local draft boards and registration work for defense councils and selected
staff assistants are being given special training in the type of registration and
information work necessary in time of war.
Over 10,000 were enrolled as staff assistants as of June 30, 1941, but service
has increased tremendously in recent months.
Production corps. — There are nearly 4,000 chapters in the American Red Cross
engaged in the production of garments at the present time. It has been esti-
mated that over 1,100,000 women are occupied in sewing, knitting, or making
surgical dressings. Since the fall of 1939 up to November 30, 1941, over 8,600,000
garments and more than 62,000,000 surgical dressings have been produced.
For the present all production chairmen have been requested not to expand
their programs due to the difficulty of securing materials, but to retain their
organizations ready to fill any emergency requests which may be received for
civilian defense needs or for the Armed Forces or Foreign Relief.
Over 9,000,000 children in the Junior Red Cross have also helped in making
garments, toys, and articles for veterans hospitals.
Braille corps. — In the Braille service, incorporated in the American Red Cross
in 1921, volunteers have transcribed books into Braille for the blind.
Because this service is now well covered by other organizations which are
equipped to do the work better and more economically, such as the Library of
Congress, the Central Committee, after an extensive survey, is discontinuing
this Red Cross Service. Arrangements are being made to transfer our volunteers
to other organizations. This transfer is to be completed by December 31, 1942,
Canteen corps. — The Red Cross Canteen Corps is organized to meet the needs
for emergency group feeding in widespread epidemics and disaster such as fires,
explosions, floods, and windstorms or disaster resulting from sabotage and bomb-
ing which may require the evacuation of an area. Training is required to qualify
as a member of the corps and both men and women are now taking it.
Since August membership in the canteen corps has tripled. Recently an
agreement between the American Restaurant Association and the American Red
Cross Canteen Corps has been made on a Nation-wide basis for emergency
feeding. This makes available the services of 175,000 restaurant proprietors, the
equipment and personnel under their control, in more than 15,000 communities.
In recent months, due to the great increase for this type of service, it has
become necessary to develop canteen aides. These aides have not been required
to take the nutrition and emergency feeding course as part of their training but
must know how to handle equipment and work cooperatively in feeding groups.
Motor corps. — It is used for transportation of personnel and supplies, ambulance
and any type of messenger service for the following activities, service to all Red
Cross activities, cooperation with the Office of Civilian Defense, and service to
the armed forces. This last includes multiple activities depending on military
orders, driving for civilian hospitals and social service, both regular and recrea-
tional.
9924 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Volunteer nurse's aides corps. — In August 1941 the United States Office of Civil-
ian Defense asked the American National Red Cross to train 100,000 nurse's
aides. The American National Red Cross accepted this responsibility and
undertook to greatly expand its volunteer nurse's aide program. Since August
1941 the Red Cross chapters training these aides have increased eightfold. They
extend from Portland, Maine, to Portland, Oreg., from Chicago, 111., to New
Orleans, La.
Home-service 'corps. — The home service corps provides a selected group of women
who perform case work service for service men, for veterans and for their families.
It also operates where there has been dislocation of living conditions due to the
defense program in the present emergency, such as large evacuations of populace
caused by erection of Government projects.
Hospital and recreation corps.^-Hospital and recreation corps popularly desig-
nated as gray lady" corps, are composed of qualified chapter volunteers who
provide recreation and friendly service for patients in hospitals of the Army,
Navy, United States Public Health Service, and Veterans' Administration, as
well as in civilian hospitals.
Camp and hospital service. — Camp and hospital service has been inaugurated
in about 10 Army camps and Navy posts. ■ It is made up of two members chosen
from camp and hospital committees from 6 or 8 Red Cross chapters within a
certain radius of the camp. There may be 10 to 15 members of the camp and
hospital committee, from 6 or 8 especially selected chapters. Each of these
chapters chooses two members from the camp and hospital committee to form
the camp council. This council acts as a channel through which camp com-
manders and medical officers can make known the needs as rapidly as possible.
These councils are being started at various camps all over the United States.
As of the present moment, there are 12 in existence, but from now on, these
figures will change almost daily.
Military auxiliaries.— Military auxiliaries are now being established in Army
camps and Navy posts and are made up entirely of service women. The program
. has just been started all over the United States and no figures are as yet available.
Army and Navy auxiliaries are established as any other auxiliary to the Red
Cross chapters involved, and follow the regular plan of organization and have the
same objectives.
In conclusion, there are three distinctive attributes of the volunteer special
services which should be emphasized. First, they are on call by and owe their
primarj' obligation to the armed forces of the United States. Second, with the
exception of a very few paid clerical assistants they are a voluntary organization
throughout, financed by voluntary contributions, operated by volunteers who
serve without compensation and with all services and all output of services
donated. Third, they operate entirely with a trained personnel, the standards for
training being set by the best experts in the field. No applicant is certified as a
member of a Red Cross corps until she has taken and passed the training required
by that corps. j
First aid.
First aid as taught by the American Red Cross indicates the immediate tmer-
gency care given the victim of an accident in the absence of a physician. Taking
into consideration the primary purposes of the Red Cross, the relief of suffering
and the conservation of human life, it is altogether natural that historically train-
ing in first aid to the injured should be one of the oldest active undertakings
of the organization.
The backlog of experience and organization strength was turned to good account
when a great upsurge of interest in first-aid training as an element in civil defense
developed in the latter months of 1941. This interest has been intensified beyond
all precedented proportions by our entry into the war. The adaptability of the
program, its practical acceptability in these times when total war brings the
possibility of casualties to every household and to every working place, makes it
an uncommon factor for safety and for morale building.
Some idea of the growth of first aid is given by these current figures for the
District of Columbia. There are 834 qualified instructors. There are 35 classes
in which 1,700 prospective instructors are being taught. There are 664 classes
in progress with approximately 23,000 students attending.
Understandings were reached nearly a year ago with the military authorities
for the use of Red Cross staff personnel and training facilities with the men in the
armed forces. A mechanized army in a way is comparable to a modern industry
with similar personal injury possibilities; and water hazards need to be taken into
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9925
account. A great amount of training in both emergency first aid and water safety
and for lifeguard service has been accomplished at posts, camps and training
centers.
The Red Cross has a system of highway first-aid stations. Existing facilities
are used — highway police stations, tourist homes, wayside stores, gasoline sta-
tions, et cetera. Station personnel trained in Red Cross first aid is always re-
quired as well as certain standards of equipment and of medical informational
service. These places are identified by the well-known signs. At present there
are 2,900 Red Cross highway first-aid stations.
Closely linked to the purposes and functions of these fixed stations are the
mobile emergency first-aid units. Agreements are entered into between a con-
cern or organization (for example, a trucking company, the State police) and the
Red Cross area office or the chapter as is appropriate. When certain training
and other requirements are met, the automobiles, trucks, et cetera, of the cooperat-
ing group are designated by Red Cross markers as mobile first-aid units. The
plan provides for a similar designation of the automobiles of first-aid instructors.
Altogether 5,157 automobiles, trucks, et cetera, have been designated as Red
Cross mobile emergency first-aid units.
Red Cross chapters promote, organize, train, and supervise volunteer first-aid
detachments in cooperation with industries and with such organizations as may
come within the general j^rovisions of the plan, such as factories and manufactur-
ing plants, construction concerns, department stores, wholesale establishments,
office buildings, warehouses, colleges and universities, hotels.
Medical and health service.
In 1940 and 1941 new activities of the medical and health service were intro-
duced as a part of Red Cross participation in the national emergency program:
The enrollment of medical technologists, the doctors for Britain project, the proj-
ect for the correction of remediable defects of registrants rejected for military
service, and the blood plasma project.
As of December 31, 1941, 11,158 inquiries had been made by medical technol-
ogists, 6,494 applications had been received and there was a total net enrollment
of 3,243. A sensitive index of the increased activity of the Red Cross since the
attack on Pearl Harbor is shown by the increase in the number of inquiries from
persons desiring to enroll as medical technologists. In contrast to the 1,061
inquiries received from June 30, to November 30, a period of 5 months, there were
1,357 inquiries received during the month of December alone.
In cooperation with the office of insular and foreign operations, the medical
and health service has assisted iia answering the appeal of the British Red Cross
to the American Red Cross to enroll American doctors to meet the shortage of
doctors in British military and civilian hospitals. The doctors recruited are
serving on the staffs of the emergency medical service and in the Royal Army
Medical Corps.
The project for the correction of remediable defects of registrants rejected for
military service was undertaken at the request of the Medical Advisory Com-
mittee of National Selective Service and is a cooperative project of selective serv-
ice, the District of Columbia Medical Society, the District of Columbia Dental
Society, the Health Security Administration of Washington, D. C, and the
American Red Cross. Objectives of the study:
1. To determine the number of deferred registrants with remediable defects.
2. To determine the number willing to have such defects corrected.
3. To estimate the cost of remedying such defects.
In January 1941, the American Red Cross and the division of medical sciencea
of the National Research Council were requested by the Surgeons General of the
Army and Navy to organize a cooperative project for collecting human blood
plasma for the Medical Departments of the Army and Navy.
The American Red Cross with the help of certain chapters in the larger cities
is responsible for enrolling the volunteer donors, safeguarding their interests and
delivering the blood collected to certain licensed biological companies who have
contracted to process plasma. The medical division of the Research Council is
responsible for instituting and directing all the technical phases of the work,
particularly as it relates to the technique of taking blood from the donor and
selecting or approving the collecting units to be used.
The original request presented by the Surgeons General called for the collection
of a minimum of 10,000 pints of blood plasma to be dried and to be available
for treatment of the armed forces. Subsequently, 200,000 additional units were
9926 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
requested to be equally divided between the Medical Departments of the Army
and Navy. At the present time, approximately 30,000 units have been made
available as dried plasma and distributed to Army and Navy posts, and to war-
ships where it has already been used in saving the lives of injured soldiers and
sailors.
In December 1941 following the attack upon Pearl Harbor, it became obvious
that additional supplies of plasma would be necessary in case of civilian disaster.
At the request of the Office of Civilian Defense, the health and medical committee
of the office of defense health and welfare services and of its own medical and
health advisory committee, the American Red Cross is undertaking to expand the
facilities of the present donor project to obtain additional supplies of blood plasma
to be available as liquid and frozen plasma for possible civilian use.
In addition to the anticipated expansion of present activities caused by entrance
into the war, plans are being formulated for meeting the problems of the post-war
period.
Already typhus is abroad in Europe. In preparation for the service that the
Red Cross will be called upon to give, preliminary planning is focused on the build-
ing up of a roster of qualified and available personnel to be used in combatting
the spread of epidemic disease.
Nutrition.
The Red Cross nutrition program today has a vital double significance in the
total war effort of our Nation. It will help build civilian power behind military
power by providing men and women throughout the country with the knowledge
of food needs and food values upon which stamina, working efficiency, and morale
depend. It is primarily a long-range, continuing program of education directed
to all income groups.
The Red Cross nutrition program is also an emergency program training
groups of lay volunteers in the preparation and serving of food in large quantities
under emergency conditions in readiness for situations that might arise from
disasters or enemy action.
The coordinator of the office of defense health and welfare services, on the
recommendation of the State nutrition committees for defense, urged the Red
Cross to enlarge the scope of its nutrition activities and to give leadership in
communities in organizing nutrition activities. The Red Cross is giving full
support to the mobilization of lay and professional groups in the drive toward
nutrition. The nutrition programs of the Red Cross and the office of defense
health and welfare services are closely cooperative.
Nursing service.
The nursing service of the American Red Cross is charged by act of Congress,
April 23, 1908, with the responsibilitj^ for maintaining a first reserve of nurses to
care for the armed forces of the Government. This enrollment of Red Cross
nurses becomes vitally important when the United States is at war. During
this past year 19,955 nurses were added to the Red Cross roster. Immediately
following entry into the war more than five times as many nurses enrolled each
week as had been doing so before.
When an emergency M'hich requires nurses outside of this country but does
not come under the jurisdiction of the Army or Navy arises, the Red Cross is
called upon to meet the need. At present the Red Cross is recruiting 75 enrolled
nurses to be drawn as far as possible from the group making up the second reserve.
They are to be assigned to Hawaii to supplement the staff at Hawaiian hospitals
in order to care for civilians who have been injured.
There are 60 American Red Cross nurses now on dut.v in England working as
a part of the Red Cross-Harvard communicable disease unit which is considered
most valuable b}^ the British Ministry of Health in the study and control of
communicable diseases caused by the war.
In those disasters which occur in normal times and not as a result of total war,
Red Cross nursing service plays an active part. There were only 22 days during
the last fiscal year in which no nurse was engaged in disaster nursing. In all,
200 nurses spent l,695Vi^ days in disaster nursing that year. The Red Cross
maintains throughout the country a small reserve of nurses experienced in disaster
nursing and known to be efficient executives who are on call.
There are still many sections of the country where the official health agencies
have not developed a program. It is in these areas that the Red Cross chapters
are carrying on public health nursing. Advice and direction from the State and
local health authorities are always essential to the successful work of a Red
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9927
Cross public-healthnursing service. There are 359 Red Cross chapters carrying
on public-health nursing all the year round.
During a period when large numbers of people drift to defense areas, local
health resources in the form of medical, hospital, nursing, and clinical services are
frequently taxed beyond their capacity. Maintaining good health in these
areas becomes exceedingly important from a community as well as a production
standpoint.
In these centers more responsibility must be placed upon the people themselves
for maintaining their own health, for recognizing symptoms which may lead to
iU health, and for giving good nursing service in the home.
The course in Red Cross home nursing which has been given for 30 years
helps people to do just these things. The local chapter of the Red Cross, together
with other local agencies responsible for health education and civilian defense,
should draw up plans which will meet the individual needs of each community
for this instruction.
The course, which is taught by a professional nurse, consists of at least 24 hours
of practical instruction in how to keep the family well and how to give simple
nursing care in the home to people who do not need continuous expert hospital
and nursing care. Last year 80,000 certificates were granted, this year more
than a half million certificates will be earned.
Recognizing that the most fruitful efforts are to recruit young women into
nursing, to bring back into active work retired nurses, and to increase in every
way the normal supply of graduate nurses, it yet seems clear that nurse's aides
and assistants of several different kinds are needed to care for the sick and to
prevent illness in our country in this time of crisis. It was therefore decided
about a year and a half ago that the volunteer special services of the Red Cross
and the Red Cross nursing service should collaborate in the development of Red
Cross volunteer nurse's aides. One hundred and forty-nine chapters in 32 States
and the District of Columbia are carrying on such a program and the Red Cross
has been designated by the Office of Civilian Defense as the sole agency respon-
sible for it.
Junior Red Cross.
The American Junior Red Cross is the Red Cross in the schools. It is a divi-
sion of membership of the American Red Cross. Its 1942 estimated membership
of 13,000,000 is restricted to school pupils, including children in public, private,
or parochial elementary and secondary schools.
The purpose of the junior Red Cross is to promote positive health, to provide
opportunities for the participation of youth in worth while service activities, to
give practice in responsible citizenship and to assist in promoting international
imderstanding.
The policy of the organization since it was founded by proclamation of Woodrow
Wilson in 1917, has been to promote activities in the schools that are socially,
educationally, and emotionally sound. Fund raising has been kept secondary,
but since the entrance of the United States into the present war, the Junior Red
Cross is being given an opportunity to participate in the Red Cross war fund.
Other activities of the Junior Red Cross that are contributing to the national
war effort are: The war on waste, the Victory Book campaign, the production of
items for the care and comfort of hospitalized men in the armed forces, and the
making of garments for refugee children in England. The instruction that has
been given through the Junior Red Cross in first aid, water safety, accident pre-
vention, nutrition, and home nursing will be continued and already many Junior
Red Cross councils in high schools have organized first-aid detachments as one of
their contributions to civil defense.
Because the Red Cross program has been soundly and sanely developed during
the years of peace, the organization has been able in this crisis to offer to the
Nation in its plans for civilian defense and the war effort a vast army of people
already trained along essential lines; and the facilities of an organization extend-
ing into every county of the land which is already skilled in deahng with the very
problems which may be expected to arise.
9928 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Exhibit 16.— Kiwanis International, Chicago, III.
report by charles s. donley, president
January 22, 1942.
I write at this time of only civilian morale. I believe the saving of man-hours
is as essential to complete victory as the salvaging of materials. It is wasteful
to organize men into many new groups to do work that an existing organization
is doing now, and has been doing for 27 years. To organize new groups and
committees requires long and arduous work, and it will take a long time before
these groups are brought to the efficiency of an experienced service-club organi-
zation.
Civilian morale really n\eans the raising of the level of ordinary civic activities
to a wartime tempo. Men must be given an incentive so they will intensify and
increase their community and civilian service. Kiwanians, with 27 years of
experience, know how this can be done.
If men are in-ged to become members of newly formed organizations, with
strange and untried leadership, time is lost and there are many delays in reaching
efficient administration.
The Nation should use the trained men and the community facilities that are
now ready to go into action. In this Avay there could be a building of strong
civilian morale. And the use of such trained men, who have had years of serv-
ice-club experience, would be without expense to the Government or donations
from the people.
In October 1941, Kiwanis International was asked by the Office of Production
Management to assist in civilian-morale duties by the distribution of factual
data. Kiwanis International accepted the responsibility and planned the work
to be done throughout the Nation.
When war was declared, we continued this work in 2,176 communities. Al-
ready thousands of Kiwanians are engaged in civilian-morale activities as reported
by newspapers, the radio, and in letters and reports to our general office in
Chicago.
I am convinced that constructive morale can be built and maintained by do-
ing the regular, every-day civic activities. These duties should become the
responsibility of those persons and organizations that have stood the test of
service during the past several decades. 1 urge our Government to consider
using these organizations which have proven their community value.
Kiwanis International has justified its existence. We have continuously in-
creased our membership and we are represented in 2,176 principal cities and
communities. We train more than 8,000 leaders each year. We have a selected
membership. We complete more than 30.000 civic projects each year. We are
adequately financed. We are tied to a Christian democracy.
For many years Kiwanis International has adhered to a carefullj' prepared
program of character building. This program includes activities in citizenship,
public affairs, urban-rural relations and agriculture, vocational guidance, youth
and underprivileged child work, the su]3port of chiu'ches. etc.
Our program promotes those identical activities which are included in the
program of the present temporary civilian-morale committees.
Kiwanis civic projects include all the major activities that are necessary in
any civilian-morale program. Our offi.cers and members are trained through
long experience in doing all these things. Our committees — international, dis-
trict, and local — are trained b}' long experience, and these committees are
permanent, continuing from year to year.
The clubs of Kiwanis International should be urged to continue their work
and to increase their membership for united action in this war. Kiwanians who
know how to do civilian-morale work should not be asked to volunteer their serv-
ice.s under newly foi'med groups having inexperienced leadership. The Kiwanis
program, when carried through by Kiwanians, is the maximum in building civilian
morale for victory.
Exhibit 17. — The Knights of Columbus, New Haven, Conn,
REPORT BY JOSEPH F. LAMB, SUPREME SECRETARY
The Knights of Columbus was incorporated by a resolution adopted by the
General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, approved March 29, 1882. Under
the amended charter granted the organization by the State of Connecticut, it is
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9929
authorized and empowered to render aid and assistance to its members, and to
promote and conduct educational, charitable, religious, social welfare, war relief
and welfare and public relief work, and, to more effectively carry out its purposes,
to establish, accumulate, and maintain a reserve fund or other fund, or funds, in
such manner or in such amounts as it may determine. The Knights of Columbus
is licensed to transact the business of life insurance in all States, in the District of
Columbia, in Alaska, in all provinces of Canada, and in Newfoundland. Branches
of the order have also been established in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, the Canal
Zone, and the Philippine Islands, but without insurance benefits to members.-
The Knights of Columbus has a representative form of government. Its 410,000
members are gathered into 2,480 organic units, known as subordinate councils.
In thfese councils the members e.xercise their right to govern the organization bv
representative methods. The ultimate source of authority in the organization
is found in the individual members. It has a body of organic law which defines
the details of organization and the powers committed to the governmental agencies
thus created. Under the organic law, which is the expression of the will of the
membership, all powers within and in the name of the organization are exercised.
This law enters into all the relations created by the organization, and operates
to define and limit the rights and privileges which the organization bestows. By
this organic law the supreme council has been created a part of the chosen sj'stem
of government, and in it is reposed the supreme authority as respects organization,
government, regulation, and discipline which is defined by the fundamental law.
Between the supreme council and the subordinate councils are 60 intermediate
bodies known as State councils, all subordinate to the supreme council, and also
existing by the fundamental law and exercising authority thereunder. The
supreme council, the 60 State councils, and the 2,480 subordinate councils, are
in no sense separate and independent. They are interrelated parts of a single,
comprehensive, unified system existing as the result of the will of the entire mem-
bership, under a common law which comes from that membership, subject to a
common authority created by that membership, and seeking common ends which
are the concern of every member. An enormous amount of human energy was
required to build up the organization to international magnitude, achieving results
unprecedented in the history of American fraternal organizations.
The Knights of Columbus has a form of initiation of members known as a
ceremonial, which is divided into four sections or degrees based upon the principles
of charity, unity, fraternity, and patriotism.
The organization, in which membership is restricted to men of the Catholic
faith, combines substantial fraternal benefits with the atrractiveness of selective
membership and secret initiation, which is not oath-bound, but secret only upon
the promise of man to man, with this promise ever yielding to the authority of
Church and State. The Knights of Columbus offers social advantages heightened
by the background of Catholic religion, and through its supreme council, and its
State and subordinate councils, it conducts many activities — charitable, social,
educational, religious, public welfare and war relief, in addition to providing insur-
ance benefits. The organization has established a splendid record in the operation
and management of its insurance business on a legal reserve basis, and more than
$60,000,000 has been paid in old-age benefits to members, and in death benefits
to the beneficiaries of members. The assets of the Knights of Columbus amount
to more than $53,000,000.
The organization has never permitted itself to be circumscribed within the
strict limits of insurance benefits and social interests. It has from its very incep-
tion fostered and exercised the broader spirit of brotherly love, which signalizes
the history of the organization as a record of service to God, to country, and to
fellow man. It forbids proscription. Its work as a welfare agency is notable.
It was among the first to offer relief to the sufferers of the San Francisco earth-
quake. It has helped the victims of calamities in fires in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
as well as in various parts of our countrv: it has rendered aid to victims of destruc-
tive storms in Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, San Domingo, Newfoundland, and in
other places of our own country. It donated $25,000 to the Red Cross in 1927
for Mississippi flood relief and expended a like amount in its own relief work m
the lower Mississippi Valley. It has helped the victims of disastrous floods m
other parts of the country. It was among the first organizations to answer the
appeal of a former President of the United States for emergency relief when the
people of Japan were stricken by a devastating earthquake, donating $25,000.
The Knights of Columbus has been among the first to offer practical and substan-
tial assistance to all sufferers wherever there has been any great public calamity,
and all of its relief work has been made possible by contributions received by the
organization from its own members.
9930 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
During the Spanish-American War, in 1898, the Knights of Columbus conducted
welfare worlc for typhoid-stricken soldiers, chiefly at Montauk Point, Long Island,
N. Y. Again in 1916, when American troops were stationed on the Mexican
border, the Knights of Columbus erected 16 buildings in various localities from
the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of California and furnished healthful amusement
and entertainment, and enabled men of the Catholic faith to have the benefit of
their religion at all times. This work was conducted without any expense to
the people of the country, and entirely from the funds of the organization.
In 1914, when Canada entered the World War, the Knights of Columbus of
Canada erected and maintained huts and hostels in Canada, Newfoundland, and
the British Isles, and conducted welfare activities for the men of the armed
forces, and similar action was taken in September 1939, when Canada declared
war on Germany. The Knights of Columbus Canadian Army Huts is the recog-
nized Catholic agency among the welfare agencies ministering to Canadian
troops, and has its huts and hostels in various places in Canada and the British
Isles, and was operating with the Canadian forces in Hong Kong while that
colony remained in British hands.
It was the success in the welfare work for soldiers along the Mexican border
that led the Knights of Columbus to offer its services to the Government of the
United States when war was declared in April 1917. The offer of services was
quickly accepted, with the result that the Knights of Columbus entered into the
work throughout this country and in Europe, and even in distant Siberia, in
fact, wherever soldiers and sailors could be reached. In 1917 the Knights of
Columbus raised a million dollars entirely from members for its war work. The
needs of the situation developed so fast that the original amount was greatly
increased and the public was appealed to, with the result that approximately
$14,000,000 had been subscribed for the Knights of Columbus War Camp Fund
at the close of the first year of the World War. More than $27,000,000 was later
received from the United War Work Campaign Fund. In its work for the
armed forces of our country, the Knights of Columbus established an enviable
record. When demobilization of service men began, the organization established
employment bureaus in the large industrial centers of the country, and hundreds
of thousands of former service men were assisted in finding jobs. The Knights
of Columbus also contributed $50,000 to the American Legion to enable that
organization to assist noncompensable and inadequately compensated service
men who had migrated to the Southwest. Later, this amount was added to
so that the American Legion might conduct rehabilitation work for the service
men; $75,000 was also donated to the Veterans of the World War. A substantial
contribution was also made to the Veterans of Foreign Wars. On June 30,
1927, more than 10 years after the beginning of its war program, the Knights of
Columbus discontinued its hospital welfare work in behalf of the service men.
In this phase of the work the secretaries of the organization rendered personal
service, distributed creature comforts, furnished entertainment, and supplied
athletic equipment for some forty thousand service men undergoing treatment
in more than four hundred and fifty hospitals throughout the country.
The Knights of Columbus also operated 150 free evening schools for former
service men, this work continuing until 1925. The total enrollment was 313,916
service men. The organization also provided 403 full scholarships in college
courses in 41 of the leading universities, technical schools, and colleges to service
men found eligible by the college boards of entrance; 284 of these former service
men received their degrees. In February 1922 a correspondence course for
service men was instituted. Instruction was given in 85 subjects, and 125,000
veterans were enrolled.
In 1932, after making final accounting to the Superior Court of New Haven
County, Conn., the Knights of Columbus obtained a judicial decree fully and
finally releasing and discharging it from all further liability, accountability, and
responsibility in connection with contributions received for war work purposes.
The peacetime activities of the Knights of Columbus, involving the expendi-
ture of millions of dollars for educational, charitable, and religious purposes, ex-
clusive of its operations as an insurance organization, must, by reason of space
limitations, be omitted from review in this memorandum.
At the present time the Knights of Columbus is employing its means of com-
munication, its facilities, its resources, and its extensive manpower in strength-
ening and executing the program of the National Catholic Community Service,
which is the official agency through which the Catholic group of our population
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9931
is making its contribution for the welfare of the men of the armed forces and
men and women engaged in defense industries. Mr. Francis P. Matthews of
Omaha, Nebr., supreme knight of the Knights of Columbus, is chairman of the
executive committee of the National Catholic Community Service, and Mr.
Luke E. Hart, St. Louis, Mo., supreme advocate of the Knights of Columbus,
is a member of that committee. They are the only lay members of this com-
mittee, which is the administrative authority of the National Catholic Com-
munity Service. They were also instrumental in organizing the United Service
Organization for National Defense, and Mr. Matthews is vice president of that
body, and Mr. Hart is a member of its board of directors.
Through the National Catholic Community Service the entire membership
of the Knights of Columbus in the United States and its possessions is mobilized
to meet the problems in connection with national defense and the successful
prosecution of the war. The highest officers of the Knights of Columbus, charged
with the responsibility of giving direction to the participation of the National
Catholic Community Service in the defense program and war effort, have brought
to their task the previous experience of the Knights of Columbus as a war-work
organization, and have coordinated, with the cooperation of officers, committees,,
and members the defense program activities of councils. When the training
camps of our country had again been opened, and long before United Service-
Organization had been organized and had conducted its campaign for funds
individual councils of the Knights of Columbus took the initiative in engaging
in welfare activities for men of the armed forces in areas accessible to facilities
provided by such councils. At the present time the National Catholic Com-
mmiity Service has 79 military clubs in operation, with 36 additional points
which are being serviced, making a total of 115 operating units. There are also
4 service operations which are rendering help in the form of personnel, making
a total of 119 men's operations. The National Catholic Community Service
also has 16 women's clubs in operation, in addition to covering 10 additional
points, making a total of 26 women's operating units, thus making a grand
total of 145 National Catholic Community Service operating units. This num-
ber is not exceeded by any other United Service Organization agency supported
only by funds of that organization. The personnel department of the National
Catholic Community Service reports a total of 376 people on the staff of the
organization. As speedily as United Service Organization buildings are com-
pleted, the services of the National Catholic Community Service will be extended
and expanded.
The measure of opportunity for the National Catholic Community Service,
as one of the welfare agencies of United Service Organization, will be the measure
of the contribution of the Catholic group in cooperating on both a national scale
and on the local level in rendering devoted service to our country in the present
emergency. There is a realization on the part of the Knights of Columbus, and
of the Catholic people of our country, of the tremendous responsibility that is
ours to serve the forces of our country and those who are employed in defense
industries.
It should be kept in mind that the personnel of the armed forces of our country
comprises many members of the Knights of Columbus who saw service in World
War I; that this personnel also includes tens of thousands of Knights of Columbus;
that other tens of thousands of Knights of Columbus are being inducted into
military, naval, and aviation services; that in the councils of the Knights of
Columbus there are former war workers of the organization, and that this situa-
tion has created a spirit and an intensity of purpose on the part of Knights of
Columbus throughout our country which finds its highest expression in a readi-
ness, a willingness, and an ardent desire to serve the men of the armed forces
with the same fidelity and zeal that was manifested by the Knights of Columbus
in its war and welfare work of a cjuarter of a century ago.
9932 washington hearings
Exhibit 18. — National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People, New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY WALTER WHITE, SECRETARY
Briefly the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was
organized in 1909 to secure full citizenship rights as granted by the Constitution
for all Negro American citizens.
Structure of organization.
There are 426 branches and 104 youth councils and college chapters of the
association in 44 States. With these as working agencies, in addition to the
national office in New York City, the association has fought and won hundreds of
legal and other battles on behalf of the 13,000,000 Negroes of the country, includ-
ing 16 victories in the United States Supreme Court.
The national office is departm.entalized into the following: Branch department,
handling the chartering, activities built around local programs, coordination of
work and membership for the branches ; legal department, handling cases involving
discrimination and segregation in violation of the fourteenth and fifteenth amend-
ments to the Constitution; youth department, dealing specifically with the vital
problems faced by Negro youth and administrating and giving direction to the
youth councils and college chapters; publicity department, handling all printed
material published by the association and acting as a bureau of information for
216 weekly Negro newspapers and a large number of dailies and their corre-
spondents. Also in the national offices are the general administrative depart-
ments of the executive and assistant secretaries, official organ for the association
is the Crisis magazine established in 1910^ carrying articles on Negro life in America
and about colored peoples over the world.
Activities in connection with defense and war efforts.
As soon as the United States Government began to contract with private
industry for national defense materials, it was found that industry, contrary
to the prevailing policy in the last war, displayed a great reluctance to hire
Negro labor in skilled or semiskilled, capacities. There were certain industries,
notably steel, coal, and automobile, which hired unskilled Negro laborers, but
the newer ones, notably aircraft and machine tools and makers of various finished
products, would not hire Negroes in any capacity.
A very serious problem was created as industry began to expand, for it was
noted by the association that plant management, in m.any cases, imported white
labor from other States, rather than hire available local Negro labor. This
practice resulted in overcrowding of industrial communities and in holding down
the income of the Negro group in the face of a rising cost of living. It was also
found that industry was not alone at fault. Craft unions which have consti-
tutional provisions or ritualistic practices which bar Negroes from memberships
succeeded in blocking the way to employment for those Negroes who were quali-
fied to hold skilled or semiskilled jobs.
In view of these facts, nearly the entire emphasis of the association's program
since as early as its 1939 annual conference has been to help promote national
unity by striving to secure an equal place in the national defense effort for
American Negroes.
To this end the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
through its national office and branches has:
1. Circulated at its own expense official lists of Government defense contracts
let, giving name and place of the plant, nature of work contracted for, and amount
of contract.
2. Outlined a method for the use of these lists by having responsible branch
officers question plant management as to policy in hiring Negroes and in bringing
to the attention of management qualified Negroes who could perform the necessary
tasks.
3. Through youth councils, college chapters, and branches, made surveys of
training facilities available and to what extent these facilities were open to Negroes.
4. Used results of this survey to open more job training centers to Negroes
desiring to take vocational courses through the Work Projects Administration,
National Youth Administration, State and municipal programs.
5. Consistently urged that colored people take advantage of the programs in
places where there were not policies against their participation and to insist that
racial barriers in other places be broken down.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9933
6. Referred complaints of segregation and discrimination on the part of local
authorities to heads of the United States Housing Authority, United States Em-
ployment Service, and other Federal agencies.
7. Taken an active part in the work of the March-on- Washington movement
in the spring of 1941 which helped to bring about the President's Executive
Order No. 8802, of June 25, banning discrimination on account of race, creed,
color, or national origin in industries holding contracts for national defense pro-
duction or in training for jobs in such industries.
8. Assisted the Committee on Fair Employment Practice created by Executive
Order No. 8802, of June 25, by sending sworn complaints of discrimination in
defense industries for the committee's investigation and remedial action.
9. Cooperated with nondiscriminating labor unions in their attempt to integrate
Negro workers into the movement, and actively opposed the discriminatory policies
of those unions which bar Negroes from membership, thereby cutting down a
large section of the available labor supply.
10. Urged the President and members of Congress seriously to consider the
detrimental effect on the training of a new labor supply should the vocational
programs of the Work Projects Administration, National Youth Administration,
and other agencies be stopped by action of the Congressional Committee on
Non-Defense Spending.
The association reports that its investigations have shown that there is discrim-
ination against Negro workers in defense housing in many localities. We recognize
that the problem of defense housing has atTected all workers but we insist that
there has been unjustifiable discrimination against Negroes. We cite Newport,
R. I., St. Louis, Mo., Buffalo, N. Y., Detroit, Mich., Homestead, Pa., and Norfolk,
Va.
Doubtless there are other centers where there is discrimination on which we
do not have reports. We maintain that this practice is detrimental to the best
interests of the countrv's war and national defense efforts.
Exhibit 19. — Nation.\l Association of Housing Officals,
Chicago, III.
REPORT BY COLEMAN WOODBURY, DIRECTOR
The association maintains active committees on the sul^jects of rent levels dar-
ing the emergency, war housing, and post-war housing, and the management
division of the association has an active committee dealing with management
aspects of the war-housing program. The association's standing committee on
Federal-local relations has devoted much of its efforts since the beginning of the
emergency to dealing with new problems in the relationship between local hous-
ing authorities and Federal agencies developing out of the defense and war hous-
ing programs.
Another of the association's regular activities that has had special application
during the emergency period is the training of housing management personnel.
Since 1935 the association has led or particiapted in the formulation of profes-
sional standards for housing management, has conducted short-term intensive
institutes for raining of housing management personnel, and has helped other
institutions conduct such institutes. For example, last spring a staff member of
National Association of Housing Officials organized and conducted for the divi-
sion of defense housing of the Federal Works Agency a short training program for
its newly recruited housing managers based on earlier similar activity of the
association.
It was largely our belief in the community implications of the public housing —
both defense and nondefense — that prompted our interest in developing the best
type of management personnel. We have believed that whereas the physical
operation and management of large-scale housing developments may present
problems that are not entirely new in the experience of this country, the prob-
lems of community relations arising from the construction and operation of whole
planned neighborhoods of new housing are new and require the attention of per-
sons with considerable interest and experience in community or group organiza-
tion if they are to be met successfullv.
The following publications of the association issued before or durmg the emerg-
ency pertain directly to the subject of community facilities.
9934 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Where Housing and Welfare Meet: A statement of joint administrative re-
sponsibility. Joint committee on housing a;id welfare of the American Public
Welfare Association and the National Association of Housing Officials. Mav
1940; 12 pages; 25 cents.
Community Relations in Urban Low- Rent Housing: First report of the com-
mittee on community relations in housing developments. May 1940; 19 pages,
mimeograph; 50 cents.
Notes on Management Practice; No. 2, NYA Cooperation in Equipping
Projects by Lawrence M. Cox. March 25, 1941; 4 pages, mimeograph; 20 cents.
Notes on Management Practice; No. 3, 38 Questions on Community Facilities
and Activities by Abraham Goldfeld. June 17, 1941; 6 pages, mimeograph, 20
cents.
Practically everyone of our national and regional meetings during the past few
years has included one or more sessions devoted to the subject of community
facilities and activities. Experience in these meetings and in the day-to-day
clearing house function of our association has impressed us with the value of
opportunities for direct exchange of information on policies, practices, and prob-
lems between the various agencies concerned.
Exhibit 20. — National Congress of Parents and Teachers,
Chicago, III.
report by mrs. william kletzer, president
January 16, 1942.
The National Congress of Parents and Teachers is a volunteer organization,
composed of two and one-half million members in more than 28,000 local associa-
tions in each of the 48 States and the District of Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii, and
Puerto Rico. There is a close relationship between all groups and a unity of
purpose. As one of our major objectives is the welfare of children and youth ii
home, school, church, and community, we are alert to social and economic condi-
tions which affect these institutions. The local associations look to their national
leaders for help and guidance in adapting their programs to present day needs.
Because of this fact and because changes were coming into the living conditions
of many communities due to the establishment of war industries. Army camps, and
so forth in their areas, the national executive committee, meeting in New York
City, January 17, 1941, adopted the following statement and sent it to all local
associations to help them build programs of activities adapted to the needs of their
communities:
"The program of total defense for the American Nation presents a vital challenge
to every parent-teacher association. This means that whether the association is
within an area of intensive armament industry, is near an Army training camp, or is
seemingly remote from actual defense preparation, the responsibility is inescapable
for preserving basic values of the American way of life and those institutions vital
to the wholesome growth and development of youth.
"Three problems comjiel our immediate attention. First, the problem of coping
with the following conditions growing out of the inability of the average community
adjacent to an Army camp to make adequate i)rovision for the young men called
to service:
"1. Lack of wholesome recreational facilities.
"2. Shortage of desirable commercial amusements.
"3. Inadequacy of health services and sanitary facilities.
"4. Existence of commercialized vice.
"5. Unwholesome influence on the boys and girls of the community resulting
from disturbed community relationships which often occur with the establishment
of Army camps.
"Second, the problem of coping with difficulties connected with large emergency
settlements established for essential war industries. Some of these are:
"1. Lack of adequate housing facilities.
"2. Lack of facilities to safeguard health and general well-being, including
adequate water supply, sanitation, nursing, medical service.
"3. Overtaxing of local school facilities with resultant shortage in trained
teachers, seating capacity, and textbooks.
"4. Increase in liquor traffic, gambling, and prostitution.
"5. Increase in juvenile delinquency.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9935
"6. Lack of community loyalty and responsibility on part of influx population.
"7. Unbalanced spending.
"Third, tiie problem of maintaining normal human relationships and of pro-
viding normal community services in a national emergency. Among the condi-
tions to be met in this area are:
"1. Inadequacy of funds for maintenance of community services.
"2. Shortage of trained local leaders with vision and ability.
"3. Attitudes of fear, cynicism, and selfishness.
"4. Lack of appreciation of si^iritual values.
"The parent-teacher association, motivated by long-established concern for the
well-being of children and youth, accepts its responsibility in the challenge
presented by total defense in America. By intensified planning, effort, and
sacrifice, assisting and cooperating with defense councils and other agencies, the
parent-teacher association will help in the adjustment of the community to the
emergency of national defense and the continuation of ideals, traditions, and
institutions basic to the American way of life.
"To that end parent-teacher associations of the National Congress of Parents
and Teachers will:
''1. Conduct community surveys in the fields of health, housing, sanitation,
recreation, education, and other phases of family and group living to determine
what essential services must be maintained and what e.xtra provision must be
made to meet defense conditions.
"2. Follow up the needs disclosed by such surveys. For example:
"(a) Utilize available facilities of schools, libraries, churches, and other com-
munity buildings to provide wholesome recreation.
' (b) Assist with the organization of vocational classes in the defense education
program.
"(c) Encourage provision for adequate housing, sanitation, and health services.
' (d) Provide increased opportunities for adult education encompassing family
and group living, the processes of government, and the responsibilities of citizen-
ship'.
"(e) Provide opportunity for participation in community activities by new
families on all economic and social levels.
"(/) Discourage the influx of facilities for harmful amusement and recreation.
"(j7) Cooperate with law enforcement oflficers and other public officials in
maintaining wholesome community environment.
"Total defense must begin with a strengthening of faith in American ideals and
traditions so that America may continue to offer a haven for love, freedom, truth,
and justice in a world beset with tyranny and oppression."
When the national board of managers met in Boston, May 1941, and considered
the legislation program of the organization for the coming year, there was great
concern over the need for amplified community services in the many defense areas.
H. R. 4545 was on its way through Congress at that time, and, as it is against our
general policy to endorse specific bills, we adopted the following as one item of our
legislation program:
"Endorsement of emergency legislation to provide community services for
education, recreation, health sanitation, etc., such legislation to include safeguards
as to the basis for granting the funds and the amount to be spent for
administration."
The national board of managers met again in September 1941, in Chicago, and
after careful consideration of our legislation program, in light of further develop-
ments and in view of the fact that we realized the original $150,000,000 of H. R.
4545 would not be sufficient to meet the swiftly growing needs, we adopted this,
further statement as an item of our revised legislation program:
"Inclusion with respect to further appropriations for community facilities of
provision that the determination of need for educational, health, or other facilities
of a technical character be established by the Federal agency best qualified in
these respective fields and that funds be earmarked for the use of each such agency
to render this service."
Enclosed you will find a printed statement of the pertinent facts about the
National Congress of Parents and Teachers; also, a recent statement of the national
board of managers regarding the many types of defense activities we have sug-
gested to our widespread membership.
The statements quoted in this letter, in addition to the material enclosed, will
show your committee that we are and have been following closely the problems
growing out of shortages of essential community facilities due to the migration of
defense workers and related problems of the provision for civilian protection and
60396— 42— pt. 25 20
'9936
WASHINGTON HEARINGS
participation. Localities cannot meet these problems without outside help, and
it is only in very limited areas that nonofficial agencies are adequate to fill the
needs. Continued Federal assistance is the only answer. In this regard, may I
draw your attention especially to our board statement of September 20, 1941. We
feel this provision would insure the continued careful and expert consideration
given to each request for aid.
Exhibit 21. — National Consumers League, New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY MRS. WARWICK HOBART, GENERAL SECRETARY
The National Consumers League is a nonsectarian, nonpartisan organization
with 15 State leagues hi 13 States, comprising approximately 15.000 members.
The purpose of the league is concerned with the employment conditions of wage
earners, especially women and children, as these conditions affect the public
welfare! In its long-range program, the league has concerned itself with wage-
and-hour legislation, child labor, conditions of employment, social security,
liousing of workers.
For the immediate present, the league will direct its major efforts to ways and
means of adapting women workers especially into a maximum defense effort.
In so doing, it will consider legislation proposed for lowering of established stand-
ards, proper training and placement of women in defense, and problems of move-
ments of labor across State lines for both defense and nondefense industries.
Exhibit 22. — National Council of Jewish Women,
New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY MAURICE L. GOLDMAN, PRESIDENT
Founded in 1893 to organize the social contribution of American Jewish women,
the National Council of Jewish Women now numbers 60,000 members in 327
sections, both senior and junior, in communities throughout the Lhiited States.
Its basic program, which calls for an expanding democracy to meet the needs of
•all the American people, has been extended and intensified to meet the present
emergency.
Social welfare. — LTnder the supervision of the professionally staffed national
office, local council sections initiate and cooperate with such welfare projects as
camps, community centers, well-baby clinics, school lunches, dental clinics,
toj'eries, speech clinics, nursery schools, playgrounds, and assistance to the
handicapped. Each of these projects is launched only after careful study of the
needs of the particular community.
To meet the needs of the civilian protection program, council sections, in co-
operation with local offices of civilian defense and with the American Red Cross,
have urged their members to enroll in training courses for nurses aides, canteen
service, mass feeding, air-raid protection, motor corps, ambulance driving, and
first aid. In industrial defense areas, sections are also assisting in home registra-
tion for available living quarters and are conducting informiation centers on
recreational and educational facilities in their communities. More than half of
the council sections carry on extensive programs for Army and Navy service,
providing recreation, sightseeing, and home hospitality for men in service.
Study groups on nutrition are now being organized in council sections with the
aid of material issued from the national office. It is expected that nutrition
classes and information centers will soon be established by council sections as a
result of this course.
Service to the foreign-born. — For 40 years, the council, working in close coopera-
tion with overseas agencies and with the United States Government, has served
immigrants to the United States. Professional social workers employed by the
council meet travelers at all ports of entry. Under the supervision of the national
office, council sections offer assistance in techrical immigration problems, in
change of status, in naturalization proc?dures n^d in the location of relatives.
Many sections sponsor English classes, classes in Americanization, and social and
recreational projects for aliens.
In connection with the defense program, the National Council of Jewish Women
is now sponsoring a Nation-wide registration of the skills, aptitudes, and time
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9937
which aliens are willing to contribute to the defense of their communities. Dupli-
cate registration cards in the national office will provide a Nation-wide resource
file which will be available to defense agencies. Aliens registering with the
council will be referred only to those agencies where they are eligible to work,
thus sparing them the disappointment of being turned away as noncitizens.
Social legislation. — The council has endeavored to strengthen the foundations
of democracy through an intensive program of education and action in the field
of social legislation. The endorsement of specific legislation is arrived at after
authorization by delegates to triennial conventions. No resolutions are considered
until the specific issue has been carefully scrutinized in council study groups
throughout the country. Material for these study courses is prepared and
released by the national office. The council is concerned with such questions
as the extension of low-cost housing, adequate distribution of medical facilities,
the abolition of child labor, the extension of Federal and State wage and hour
laws and the passage of the Tolan bill to regulate employment agencies dealing
with interstate placement. In connection with these interests, it has published
a pamphlet on "The Health of the Nation," cooperated in the publication of the
pamphlet, "Job Brokers — Unlimited," and issued a course on "The consumer
in wartime."
International relations. — The council has consistently favored a program of
collective action among the nations of the world. Study groups on Latin
American relations and on various proposals for world organization are now being
conducted in many council sections. Recent action taken by the council after
authorization by its sections included support of the lend-lease bill and the repeal
of the Neutrality Act.
Interfaith and intercultural relations. — In order to contribute to national unity,
the council, which has always encouraged interfaith programs and projects, is
now releasing a study course providing information about minority groups, both
religious and racial. Many council sections are now sponsoring community
forums on the "Religions of democracy," which are designed to bring about
mutual respect and understanding among Catholics, Protestants, and Jews.
Exhibit 23. — National Education Association of the United
States, Washington, D. C.
REPORT BY WILLARD GIVENS, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
The National Education Association of the United States is a professional
•organization of teachers and school administrators, having about 220,000 direct
members and about 680,000 additional members of 48 State education associations
affiliated with it. Thus the National Education Association is an organization
composed of about 900,000 out of the 1,000,000 teachers and school administra-
tors in the United States.
The National Education Association is composed of 27 departments devoted
to the various specialized professional aspects of education. It maintains 31
committees and commissions who study various problems of public education and
promote programs of action to advance our public schools and the welfare of the
teaching profession.
Since 1936 the National Education Association has sponsored the Educational
Policies Commission. This commission has devoted some 6 years of study to
matters of fundamental policies in the field of public education, has issued several
publications in this field, and is now devoting its major energies and resources to
public education in its relation to the national defense and the prosecution of the
war.
The legislative commission of the National Education Association has for some
time been interested in school facilities for children in areas of defense activities.
This commission has actively sponsored S. 1313 by Senator Thomas of Utah,
chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor. This bill, among
other things, proposed to appropriate funds to provide school facilities for children
in defense areas, of whom there were 265,000 without facilities in September 1941.
Since S. 1313 was introduced the Congress has enacted the Lanham Community
Facilities Act, PubHc Law 137, appropriating $150,000,000, of which a part, but
no specified part, was for schools, both buildings and operating expenses.
While we are pleased that Congress has taken action in this matter, we disagree
with the method of approaching the solution of the problem. The funds are
-administered by the Public Works Administrator. It is true the Public Works
9938 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Administrator has elected to deal with the schools through the United States
Commissioner of Education and he in turn through the State departments of
education. However, nothing in the law requires any such arrangement and
Congress deserves no credit for the situation being even as good as it is. The
proper way to administer affairs of public education is through the regularly
constituted State educational authorities. The only proper Federal agency for
dealing with State educational authorities is the Office of Education under the
administration of the Commissioner of Education. Congress seems to be con-
cerned about undesirable control of education. It should recognize, however,
that the more agencies, not educational, it places in power to aid schools or to
direct their policies the greater the hazard of Federal control.
The proper operation of aid for schools in defense areas ought to be investi-
gated and studied by the Committee Investigating National Defense Migration,
not that the work thus far has not been honestly done, but that it has been
carried on under a policy based on unsound principles and procedures for Federal
relations to State and local conduct of education.
Exhibit 24. — National Federation of Business and Professional
Women's Clubs, Inc., New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY GLADYS F. GOVE, DIRECTOR VOCATIONAL SERVICE
Sources and availability of womenpower.
Trained women in every field of work are readily available in the United States.
(a) This federation. — The National Federation of Business and Professional
Women's Clubs is made up of 76,000 women representing a cross-section of
occupations in our clubs in 1,700 communities: Professional, semiprofessional,
executives and managers, owners and partners, and clerical workers. They are
reached individually each month by the direct mailii}g of our magazine. Inde-
pendent Woman. (A sample copy is being mailed.) A frequent news letter goes
to the following: (1) National board of directors (65); (2) bulletin editors (300
or 400) ; (3) publicity chairmen of 1,700 clubs, whose duty it is to localize material
through the press and other community avenues; (4) women radio commentators
(300). (A sample of the news letter is also being sent.)
In the spring conventions will be held in every State in the Union at which
national leaders will speak and disseminate important information.
A master file now being developed in this office will help us find readily women
in this federation and also individuals in various occupations with special training
and experience. Thus this federation is able to reach not only its own members
but a wide distribution of other business and professional women with news as
to where women may serve in the war effort.
(6) Similar organizations.- — Other organizations of business and professional
women who doubtless have means of getting news to their members are: (1) In-
ternational Association of Altrusa; (2) Soroptomists; (3) Quota;^(4) Pilot; (5)
Zonta; (6) American Association of University Women.
(c) Professional organizations. — Trained women in many fields may be reached
through national and local professional groups, e. g., American Nurses Associa-
tion; American Dietetics Association; American Dental Hygienists' Association;
American Medical Women's Association; National Education Association;
American Association of Social Workers; American Association for Health,
Physical Education, and Recreation (a department of the National- Education
Association) ; Society for the Advancement of Management.
(d) Trade associations and labor unions. — National Restaurant Association,
National Retail Drygoods Association, American Management Association,
National Textile Association. Such organizations have ways of reaching em-
ployed women.
(e) Civil Service Professional Register.
Utilization of highest skills.
This federation feels very keenly that women should be employed at levels to
utilize their highest skills.
Demand.
The chief difficulty we find at this time is in knowing where the demand is
coming for trained women at the business and professional level. It is im-
portant that some way be found to inform women of the work they will be called
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9939
upon to do. We need to know more aboiit the specifications for these jobs,
particularly as to education, training, and personality requirements. We need
to know whether some skills now being used in one occupation can be transferred
to another occupation. We do not know where to turn for detailed information
at these points. Will it come through the new War Production Board, through
the Department of Labor, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or from the L'nited
States Civil Employment Service, the Job Analysis and Information Section
IDivision of Standards and Research, or will it come from the individual em-
ployers?
This lack of specific information on demand is a great handicap in employment
and also in preparation and training for greater service.
It is important that demand be reported in terms which "will be universally
understood, e. g., The Dictionary of Occupational Titles may be used for classi-
fication divisions.
Preparation and training for greater service.
Women are eager and willing to take additional training to prepare them to
give the greatest possible service. As far as is possible an effort should be made
to direct people to appropriate courses — those for which they have aptitude.
There is need for more refresher and short-term courses for women, and they
should be prepared through upgrading to take new responsibilities. We know
that many new courses are available through technical and vocational schools
and high schools in cooperation with the United States Office of Education, but
our clubs and this federation cannot make sensible demands for new training
until they know where the demands will come.
Placement.
This federation has been interested in the development of the United States
Employment Service and has asked the clubs to cooperate with the Service
locally, notifying it of opportunities and turning to it for employment. Some
efi'ort must be made, however, to see that a greater number of commercial and
professional jobs are made available through these offices.
Exhibit 25. — National Federation of Settlements, Inc., New
York, N. Y. .
REPORT BY LILLIE M. PEEK, SECRETARY
The National Federation of Settlements represents a membership of 155
settlements located in 55 cities and 23 States and Washington, D. C, and is a
center of information about settlements and neighborhood work.
Working in industrial neighborhoods among people of the lowest income
groups, settlement workers have the chance to feel the currents of neighborhood
life and changes in industrial conditions as they affect their neighbors. All have
reported increase in employment until very recently. The recreation programs
normally conducted by settlements have continued. Some houses have changed
the hours during which the building is available to accommodate workers on late
and early shifts. Longer hours and heavy work have made it necessary to
change the nature of the program. One house located near a concentration of
defense industry has equipped an entire new section for recreation of defense
workers and is available at odd hours as necessitated by changing shifts.
One problem reported is the increasing need for supervision of children whose
mothers are working either in defense or in households or other employment
which is incidental to defense industries. This need covers day care for small
children as well as noon lunch and after-school care for the older child. This
problem is especially acute in Hartford, Conn., and in Washington, D. C, in
the Negro areas.
The settlements are cooperating with local defense councils in organizing their
neighborhoods both for defense and for citizenship participation. Local defense
councils, service units, courses for members, sale of defense bonds, collection
of salvage, are among the many ways in which they have helped to organize.
Since the participation of all their neighbors in the national effort is essential,
settlement workers are serving as volunteers in local and national organizations
in addition to carrying on their regular services in recreation, education, and
morale building and citizenship. ^
9940 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
The National Federation of Settlements has represented the settlements on
national committees, and serves as a connecting link between the Federal and
local agencies for defense and war effort, distributing printed material, and
advising in regard to participation. Our principal interests are in the fields of
consumer protection and education, civilian defense and participation, health,
housing, education, and recreation.
There are many problems of lack of coordination in all phases of the national
effort which will "be resolved as the need and experience advance. These diffi-
culties are reflected in the neighborhood. As neighborhood workers, settlement
people feel that organization should be built up in small units from the local
level and on that basis everyone should be given the chance to share and be
recognized as taking part in the national service.
Settlements' part in defense as reported to National Federation of Settlements, Inc.
Organization. — Meetings of representatives of settlements with representatives
of police, fire, public safety, health, and social services to discuss exact responsi-
bility to be assumed by settlements. Organization of house along lines laid down
by authorities for fire, air raid, explosions.
Certain houses have been designated as official air raid shelters and first-aid
centers; provision of space for air raid offices; organization of air raid and fire
wardens in neighborhoods. Staff members appointed air raid wardens, fire
wardens.
Posting of definite directions, issuing of printed directions to all leaders; pro-
viding necessary supplies for own building; demonstrating use of supplies; talk
with all groups regarding precautions.
Neighborhood volunteers organized as a resonsible group for emergency services.
Sale of defense bonds and stamps by:
House: Original grant of cash by board.
Credit union:
(a) Investment of own funds.
(b) Sale of stamps and bonds to members of credit union.
(c) In charge of sale to house members.
Investment of club funds in bonds.
Talks by officials in clubs and general meetings.
Display of posters.
Neighborhood defense councils organized.
Courses. — Home nursing, first aid, nutrition, in cooperation with Department
of Health.
Knitting, surgical dressings. Red Cross sewing.
Consumers' education. Note. — 80 houses have registered 229 groups to work
on the price study conducted by the national federation. Lesson guides on meat
and eggs have been distributed and more will follow. The study is proving an
excellent means of education in buying.
Efforts at rent and price control. — Cooperation with Fair Rent Comimission and
efforts to have such appointed. Attendance at milk hearings to prevent price rise.
Aliens. — Posting of Attorney General Biddle's proclamation.
Establishment of one person responsible to give information, to act as consultant
to aliens, and to steady and reassure others.
Discussion of attitvides toward enemy aliens in an effort to create understand-
ing of the alien and of government action.
Race discrimination. — Efforts to help minority groups secure employment and
just consideration. One house has repeatedly recommended qualified Negroes
for local defense industry which has appealed for workers. Failure to accept has
been reported to the Office of Production Management.
Exhibit 26. — National Jewish Welfare Board, New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY FRANK L. WEIL, PRESIDENT
The Jewish Welfare Board was established in April of 1917 as the representa-
tive national Jewish organization to provide welfare and religious activities for the
soldiers, sailors, and marines of Jewish faith during the World War. This program
it has continued throughout peacetime. In addition it has been serving veterans
at hospitals and young men in the Civilian Conservation Corps camps.
Since 1921, the Jewish Welfare Board has also been the parent body for 325
Jewish Community Centers, Young Men's Hebrew Associations, and similar
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9941
organizations in the United States and Canada. It serves these organizations
through field personnel and through a number of departments maintained at the
national office in relation to various aspects of program, policies, and management.
These centers have a membership of over 400,000 young people, adults, and
children.
The Jewish Welfare Board is a member of the United Service Organizations
for National Defense (U. S. O.). In connection with this program and Jewish
Center program, the Jewish Welfare Board is active in 328 communities in the
United States. Thirty-four of the leading national Jewish organizations of the
country, many of which have a large number of local affiliates, are officially identi-
fied with the Jewish Welfare Board in its United Service Organizations program.
The Jewish Welfare Board is governed by an executive committee, the majority
of the members of which are elected by its constituent societies. The latter are
organized into seven regional organizations. The legislative body of the Jewish
Welfare Board is its national council, consisting of officially designated repre-
sentatives of each of the constituent societies and the 34 national affiliated bodies,
together with some members at large.
In connection with its Army and Navy work, the activities are under the super-^
vision of a national Army and Navy committee, representatives of the national
affiliated bodies, and of nine corps area regional committees.
As a member of the United Service Organizations, the Jewish Welfare Board
has combined with the other five member organizations (Young Men's Christian
Association, Young Women's Christian Association, Salvation Army, National
Catholic Community Service, and National Travelers' Aid Society) in jDroviding-
personnel, facilities, and programs in many communities adjacent to military
camps and defense industries. At the present time there are 122 full-time pro-
fessional workers, and a number of workers on part time and volunteers, of the
Jewish Welfare Board engaged in United Service Organizations activities. The
Jewish Welfare Board operates in 67 United Service Organizations clubs. In
addition a large number of the Jewish Community Centers affiliated with the
Jewish Welfare Board are cooperating in the national program of the United
Service Organizations by providing a variety of activities and services to the men
in uniform and to workers in defense industries in their communities.
The Board is of course continuing its peacetime operations of clubs and pro-
grams in the Regular Army posts and naval stations in continental United States
and in the Canal Zone and Hawaii. We have also had a worker in Manila through-
out peacetime and during the present emergenc3^
Approximately 60 percent of our authorized personnel in the United Service
Organizations program have already been assigned. Others are being recruited
and trained as rapidly as possible so that they may be assigned to the defense
areas where the service is needed. As the military program and the defense
plants, arsenals, and factories are increased in size and number, it is expected that
the Jewish Welfare Board in common with the other United Service Organiza-
tions agencies will provide the necessary personnel and activities. At tlie present
time also the Jewish Welfare Board is recruiting from among its experienced
workers a select group to serve outside of continental United States under the
direction of the United Service Organizations.
The program of the United Service Organizations depends very largely upon
voluntary cooperation of individuals in the communities in defense areas. A
strong effort has been made and is being made to enlist such cooperation and
participation of local citizens groups and churches and institutions, not only
from the point of view of aiding in the service to the men in uniform and defense
workers, but also in order to promote the morale of the civilian community.
As a further step in the same direction, the Jewish Welfare Board has recently
formed a war efforts service department for the purpose of advising, guiding, and
stimulating the maximum of participation in the war effort by civilian groups in
the communities in which we have constituent societies and other affiliates.
These activities relate to all the forms of civilian defense sponsored by the Gov-
ernment agencies and various approved fund-raising campaigns of such organiza-
tions as the Red Cross.
In the twofold aspect of its work, in serving civilian communities through
community centers and men in uniform in United Service Organizations programs,
the Jewish Welfare Board aims at the same objectives — the building and sustain-
ing of high morale and maximum effort in the winning of the war.
Sincerely yours,
Frank L. Weil, President.
9942 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Exhibit 27. — National Lawyers Guild, Washington, D. C.
REPORT BY MARTIN POPPER, NATIONAL EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
I am pleased to submit to your committee a statement of the activities of the
National Lawyers Guild for the purpose of assisting the Nation's war eflfort.
At the same time I desire to take this opportunity of congratulating you and the
committee on the splendid contribution it is making toward increasing the
efficiency of the defense program and developing the fullest participation of
the entire population in the productive efforts necessitated by the war.
Immediately upon knowledge of the unprovoked aggression by the Axis, the
officers of the National Lawyers Guild notified the President of the full support
of this organization of its thousands of members in the successful prosecution of
the war. The keystone of our policy is the determination that every member of
the Bar in the United States must participate in the creation and administration
of the gigantic and integrated apparatus — military, economic, social and civil —
necessary to carry on the war. It is the task of the organized bar, through all
existing bar associations, to mobilize and coordinate this full participation.
The National Lawyers Guild is therefore leaving no stone unturned to develop
joint bar association activities nationally and locally. The unity of purpose of
the organized bar is manifest in the sympathetic response of the American Bar
Association to proposals for collaboration in the national defense. It is expected
that a meeting of the committees on national defense of the American Bar Asso-
ciation and the National Lawyers Guild will take place in the very near future.
We have made the following suggestions for joint activity to the American Bar
Association as a basis for further discussion and amplification:
1. A joint study of the administration of civilian defense for the purpose of
determining how bar associations can assist the Office of Civilian Defense in
carrying out their program. The program of the Office of Civilian Defense encom-
passes all matters pertaining to national morale, social welfare, health and so forth.
The bar could contribute to this program by organizing speakers bureaus to inform
the public with respect to civilian defense. Legal advice and services similar to
those rendered by the American Bar Association to persons affected by the
Selectivo Service Act might be extended to include the civilian defense agencies.
As a result of drastic changes in our economy, due to the emergency (priorities
vmemployment, etc.) , many persons will need legal assistance who do not possess
the means to obtain it. It will contribute to national morale if the bar renders
such service.
2. Joint efforts to equip the bar and place it at the public service, for the purpose
of informing the public as to its rights and obligations under various laws affecting
national defense and the agencies charged with their administration; to issue
literature thereon, and to establish a Nation-wide speakers bureau which will
bring this information directly to the public.
3. Joint continuous study of the Selective Service Act to determine how the act
and its administration can be improved by amendment or revised procedures.
Extension of the splendid services now being rendered by the American Bar Asso-
ciation in the field of legal assistance to selective service registrants and their
dependents by involving even larger groups of attorneys throughout the country.
4. Joint and continuous study of the existing emergency defense legislation and
administration with a view toward recommending amendments to improve such
legislation and formulating proposals to improve the administration thereof.
5. Joint continuous study to determine how the bar can render assistance to
the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practices. This suggestion was
made recently by Earl Dickerson, member of that committee.
_ 6. Formation of a joint committee on national defense comprised of representa-
tives of the various national associations of lawyers to coordinate the work con-
templated and serve as a clearing house of information. The very existence of
such a committee would prove a stimulus to the entire bar and would result in
gaining the enthusiastic participation of the greatest number of competent
attorneys.
These proposals for joint activity have also been made by the chapters of the
National Lawyers Guild to the local bar associations in their respective communi-
ties and, in several instances, plans are already under way for carrying them into
execution. Of course, the committees and members of the Guild are continuously
carrying on the very activities which we hope will become enlarged when joint
bar association activity becomes a fact. Thus our own members are everywhere
rendering legal assistance through existing legal aid societies, guild neighborhood
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9943
law ofilces, and otherwise, to selective service registrants and their dependents,
the Office of Civilian Defense, and other defense agencies. They have formed
speakers bureaus for the Defense Savings Bond Administration. They have regis-
tered as blood donors. They are acting as air-raid wardens and in other protective
capacities. They are performing many administrative tasks for the Office of
Civilian Defense. We have submitted a plan to one of the regional directors of
the Office of Price Administration for voluntary legal assistance for consumers
and tenants whose rights may be violated under the pending price- and rent-control
legislation. In other words, we are devising every conceivable method for utiliz-
ing the training and talent of lawyers so that thej^ may participate in the manner
best calculated to assist the total effort.
We are convinced that these services can be most effectively rendered in direct
contact and collaboration with the official Government agencies charged with the
responsibility of directing the various phases of the war. These agencies are in
a position to give tremendous impetus to the programs voluntarily initiated by
cooperating organizations and can create greater efficiency by serving in a co-
ordinating capacity. Therefore we have submitted memoranda to several defense
agencies informing them of our activities and urging them to create representative
lawyers' divisions which would have the function of developing participation of
the entire bar in these programs.
Thus far this statement has stressed those activities which involve the direct
participation by the individual lawyer in the programs of the defense agencies.
It should be made clear, however, that the war has intensified our work as a bar
association in the fields of administrative law, .social legislation, taxation, labor
law, civil rights, professional problems, etc. Improving the administrative ma-
chinery; determining adequate and proper sources of revenue to carry on the war;
preventing inflation ; methods of achieving maximum production through industry-
labor-government cooperatioii; maintenance of civil rights and avoidance of racial
discrimination to assure national unit}' and the full participation of every section
of the population in the Avar effort — these and other vital problems have their
legal and legislative aspects and demand our expert attention. Even more than
in the past, our reports, conferences, briefs, and legislative statements are of great
value to the Government and the people.
As specific examples of the work of our committees in these fields, it .should be
pointed out that our national and local civil I'ights committees are cooperating
with the President's Committee on Fair Employment Practices by providing legal
and legislative material to strengthen the ])restige and authority of this agency.
These committees are constantly evaluating proposed legislation in the National
Congress as well as State and local legislatures for the purpose of rallying public
sentiment and support of measures which enhance the national morale, and in
opposition to legislation which violates those basic democratic rights which are
the greatest source of our national strength. This test is similarly applied in
appearing as a friend of the court in important cases involving constitutional
rights.
Our national committee on social legislation has concentrated during the past
6 months on conducting an educational campaign in support of adequate price
and rent control legislation. The committee correctly determined that inflation-
ary price rises and increase in the cost of living are threatening to undermine our
defense efforts. Therefore it wrote and distributed an explanatory pamphlet on
the subject which reached tens of thousands of people as well as every Member of
Congress. It has been acknowledged by authorities as one of the most effective
pieces of literature on this subject. The committee on social legislation is presently
giving attention to the whole problem of expenditures for social welfare, adequate
housing, and health, as an indispensable part of the war effort, as distinguished
from the principle enunciated by some that these are so-called nondefense matters
which should be sharply curtailed.
The committee on taxation has issued two publications within the last 6 months,
reviewing the existing tax structure with a view toward determining those sources
of revenue which can most effectively be reached for obtaining the necessary funds
to prosecute the war. Another pamphlet will soon be issued by the committee
analyzing the proposals of the tax bill soon to be introduced.
The committee on labor law has for some time concerned itself with methods
which will assure maximum and uninterrupted production of materials necessary
to carry on the war. In October 1941 it submitted a report, which was adopted
by the national executive board of this organization, which report clearly pointed
out the most serious shortcomings more recently indicated in the investigations
9944 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
conducted by the Tolan committee and the Truman committee. The report
concluded that, in order to achieve maximum production, labor must be given an
integral part in the planning and administration of the defense program.
We have become acutely aware of the fact that too little is known bv the public
as to the functions of the necessarily increasing number of administrative agencies
and their relationship one to the other. The committee on labor law, therefore,
is preparing for distribution a series of brochures which will explain the nature of
each of these agencies and the rights and obligations which they have created.
We believe this will render a great public service, for it will make possible the
widest public participation in the actual administration of the defense program.
As a bar association we are, of course, continually concerned with the profes-
sional problems of the bar itself. Our committee on civil service has for some time
advocated the extension of the merit system for lawyers in the public service, and
we are proud that some of the basic features of this reform have been established
by the creation of the new Federal agency known as the Board of Legal Examiners.
A career system for Government attorneys assures a more efficient functioning
of the important administrative agencies engaged in defense tasks.
The above merely outlines in highlights some of the activities of this organiza-
tion. A limited statement of this kind cannot go into the great detail which would
be necessary in order to give a full picture of the projects of the national organi-
zation and of the many autonomous chapters throughout the country. Never-
theless, it should service as an adequate indication of the efforts which we are
making to direct all our activities in a manner best calculated to assist the Gov-
ernment.
In a democracy the successful transformation from peacetime pursuits to the
exigencies of war is dependent upon the clarity and initiative of the citizenry
itself. How effectively, speedily, and democratically the task of mobilizing the
people will be done by Federal, State, and local agencies, will be determined by
the conscious initiative of the people themselves. It is the duty of the National
Lawyers Guild, as an organized sector of the bar, to develop and utilize that
conscious initiative among the lawyers of the Nation.
Exhibit 28. — National Social Work Council, New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY DAVID H. HOLBROOK, SECRETARY
Since its beginning in 1920 the National Social Work Council has been a con-
ference body of national social work agencies, associated for the purpose of
exchanging information and studying common problems. Twenty-nine leading
national social work and health organizations now send two delegates each to
participate in monthly and special meetings of the council and in other special
conferences and activities related to its educational purpose. Close working
relationships with similar councils in 3 major divisions of the whole social work
field make up a total group of about 50 national organizations that are working
together toward a better understanding of each others' problems and objectives.
An educational method.
The National Social Work Council is primarily a volunteer enterprise, having
no power to commit any national social work society to any course of action.
It assumes no executive responsibility beyond the managing of its own business.
It has not engaged in developing projects within its own structure or under its
own administration. It has not conceived it to be a function of the council to
arrive at decisions. It has sought rather, through the methods of study, consulta-
tion and conference, to be helpful to its members and others in facing their own
decisions in the work of their respective official positions.
The council does employ one person as its secretary.
Stated more positively, the effort within the National Social Work Council has
been (1) to provide a medium for the self-education of its members; (2) to stimu-
late existing functional organizations to undertake specific projects when dis-
cussion had reached a point where definite administrative action was required;
(3) to encourage and aid groups of national organizations particularly concerned
over a common problem to work together effectively for its solution; (4) to bring
together individuals and groups for close definitive study on long discussed
problems of relationships; (5) to act as a liaison from the national social work
field to other groups interested in human betterment; and (6) to aid national
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION
9945
social work organizations as a group in making their largest possible contribution
to the whole field of social work.
The council's appointment of a national committee on the care of transient
and homeless in 1932 is an illustration of the third method mentioned above.
None of the council's other projects has been as satisfying to the members as they
have watched the progress of public concern and official action in this matter,
now happily focussed under the leadership of the House of Representatives
Committee on National Defense Migration. The council's usefulness lay in its
being available in the early stages of discussion and planning by many groups and
individuals. Its active participation in this role ceased long ago.
Modification and expansion due to defense problems.
Any preoccupation of the council with the more normal problems affecting
national social work agencies was abruptly terminated in September 1940 by the
passage of the Selective Service Act. In an enclosed document supplementary to
this statement, entitled "Resume of Council Activities in Connection with the
National Defense Program, September 14, 1940, to January 18, 1941" (exhibit A)
there appears an account of the new and sharp concentration of council attention
on defense matters to the temporary exclusion of other important unfinished work.
In brief, 2 months time was at once devoted to the preparation, consideration and
publication of a brief memorandum entitled, "Health and Welfare Services in the
National Defense." ^
This was an over-all view (as of December 1940) of the range of welfare and
health problems which had been accentuated or precipitated by the national
defense program. Its analysis of problems reflects in large measure the collective
thinking at that time of the several groups, referred to above, which are associated
with the National Social Work Council: namely, the National Education-
Recreation Council, the National Health Council, and the Social Case Work
Council of National Agencies. The composition of these groups is as follows.
Overlapping memberships with the National Social Work Council is shown by
underlining,
NATIONAL SOCIAL WORK COUNCIL
American Association for Labor Legis-
lation.
American Country Life Association.
American Public Welfare Association.
American Red Cross.
American Social Hygiene Association.
Boy Scouts of America.
Boy's Clubs of America.
Camp Fire Girls.
Child Welfare League of America.
Community Chests & Councils, Inc.
Council of Jewish Federation and Wel-
fare Funds.
Family Welfare Association of America.
Girl Scouts, Inc.
Jewish Welfare Board.
National Association of Legal Aid
Organizations.
National Board, Young Women's Chris-
tian Association.
National Child Labor Committee.
National Committee for Mental Hy-
giene.
National Conference of Catholic Char-
ities.
National Consumer's League.
National Council, Young Men's Chris-
tian Association.
National Federation of Settlements.
National Organization for Public Health
Nursing.
National Probation Association.
National Recreation Association.
National Society for Prevention of
Blindness.
National Travelers Aid Association.
National Tuberculosis Association.
Social Work Publicity Council.
NATIONAL EDUCATION-RECREATION COUNCIL
American Association for Adult Educa-
tion.
American Association of Museums.
American Country Life Association.
American Federation of Arts.
American Library Association.
Boy Scouts of America.
Boy's Clubs of America.
Camp Fire Girls.
Federal Council of Churches.
Girl Scouts, Inc.
Jewish Welfare Board.
Knights of Columbus.
National Board, Young Women's Chris-
tian Association.
National Conference of Catholic Char-
ities.
National Council, Young Men's Chris-
tian Association.
National Education Association.
National Federation of Settlements.
National Recreation Association.
4-H Clubs.
1 Held in committee flies.
9946 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
NATIONAL HEALTH COUNCIL
American Heart Association. Maternity Center Association.
American Nurses Association (Associat- National Committee of Health Council
ed). Executives.
American Public Health Association. National Committee for Mental Hy-
American Red Cross. giene.
American Social Hygiene Association. National Organization for Public Health
American Society for Control of Cancer. Nursing.
American Society for Hard of Hearing. National Society for Prevention of
Conference of State and Provincial Blindness.
Health Authority. National Tuberculosis Association.
Foundation for Positive Health (Associat-
ed).
SOCIAL CASE WORK COUNCIL OF NATIONAL AGENCIES
American Association of Medical Social National Council Church Mission of
Workers. Help.
American Red Cross. National Institute of Immigrant Wel-
Child Welfare League of America. fare.
Family Welfare Association of America. National Probation Association.
International Migration Service. National Travelers' Aid Association.
National Association of Day Nurseries.
Preliminary discussions within and between these groups, memoranda sum-
marizing these discussions and council meetings to consider the final manuscript
preceded publication of the leaflet. These included, for example, an extended
consideration of problems relating to social case work, recreation and health
services needed in connection with the training camps then being rapidly set up.
(Subsequently the United Service Organizations was organized independently by
six national agencies, four of whom were members of the National Social Work
Council.)
For the first time in the history of social work a substantial number of national
organizations had succeeded in interpreting simply, briefly, and with one voice
the nature and scope of a broad social problem through the medium of this memo-
randum jointly sponsored by 29 national agencies through their National Social
Work Council. Therein lies one distinct expansion of council activities due to
problems arising from national defense activity.
Another expansion, noted on pages 4 to 6 of the resume (exhibit A), was the
organized joint cooperation with the Federal Government on invitation by the
Honorable Paul V. McNutt, as coordinator of all health, medical, welfare, nutri-
tion, recreation, and other related fields affecting the national defense. Three
committees chosen from the broad functional fields served by the councils above
mentioned, were appointed by the National Social Work Council to confer in
Washington with Mr. McNutt during the early formative days of the Federal
program for defense in matters affecting health and welfare.
A few weeks later the Assistant Administrator, Mr. Wayne Coy, met with the
council to discuss the rapidly developing Federal program. From time to time
during the year the council has been kept informed by its officers and by those
of its members who are serving on Federal advisory committees or in other con-
sultative relations with Government officials. This close interrelation between
the national voluntary agencies and Federal officials has now become a continuing
factor and is a direct result of the present emergency. Of course, there have
long been direct contacts between individual national organization's and the
Federal Government, though of varying significance in the several fields.
Other council activities during the year have been consideration of the follow-
ing subjects:
If total participation is the only way to bring about total unity in a total defense,
what is involved for national social work organizations?
What is happening in communities, with special reference to national defense
interest, both military and industrial?
How can the larger city gain momentum in planning to meet its health and wel-
fare needs that are created or revealed by national defense activities?
What are the present significances, and are there any signposts along the road
to the months ahead that are important for us to see out of the experience of
the past year?
Governmental organization for defense, health, and welfare in its structural
aspects.
Health, welfare, and defense (all-day conference).
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9947
Recent conferences and a changed situation.
Forty-eight hours before the attack on Pearl Harbor last December the mem-
bers of the National Social Work Council, aided b_y a number of Federal and
State Government officials and other invited guests, 79 in all, devoted an entire
day to an informal discussion of defense, health, and welfare services.
Within a month the members of the council, like all other groups in the United
States, were meeting to discuss the immediate effects of the declaration of war on
their activities, the outlook for the future of their work, and the nature and
•extent of their responsibilities, individually and collectively.
The former conference was in the nature of a review of the defense situation in
the health and welfare field. Analysis is now being made of the recorded dis-
cussion which was necessarily somewhat confidential to insure genuine participa-
tion. Memoranda dealing with specific aspects of the situation had been pre-
pared t>y qualified authors and were circulated well in advance of the meeting.
Discussion throughout the day, however, ranged over all the memoranda, under
the leadership of the chairman of the several functional councils mentioned above.
The specific topics on which memoranda had been prepared were as follows:
Working relationships between selective service boards and local welfare agencies.
Health problems revealed in the recruitment of men for military training and
service.
Protection of the civil rights and equities of men entering military service.
Provision of case work and relief services to the families of service men.
Provision of recreational, cultural, and related morale facilities for service men
in and near military posts.
Mental hygiene aspects of national defense.
Social hygiene aspects of national defense.
The problem of tuberculosis in military and civilian defense.
Impact of defense on employment and the labor market.
Industrial relations and working conditions in defense industries.
Problems affecting the security of families and individuals in congested defense
centers.
Coordination of community welfare services in relation to the total civilian
defense program.
Role of the national private agency in defense, war, and peace.
In general the interest in the day's discussion came to a sharp focus on problems
of coordination of community welfare services in relation to the total civilian
defense program. Although limits of time prevented adequate discussion, the
preliminary memorandum on this subject has since been published in the January
Survey Midmonthly and will doubtless be widely discussed.
The significance of this all-day conference may best be seen in its relation to
the council meeting held exactly 1 year earlier. What could only be high-lighted
and forecast on December 6, 1940, had been translated into action by December 5,
1941. Where a 10-page leaflet sufficed a year ago, only a continuing series of
reports within and without the council will provide the information necessary
to appraise progress and determine policies. To this the council will be addressing
itself within the limits of its resources, and subject to its other commitments on
problems pertinent to the present national emergency.
Problems that carry over from predefense days.
Problems froin more normal times continue to press on the National Social
Work Council for consideration. Some must wait. Others are insistent because
they are actually though indirectly related to defense matters. An illustration
of the latter are certain questions of relationships between national social work
organizations and community chests and community councils. The National
Social Work Council is actively working on this problem during the current winter
through a joint committee composed of members from both national agencies
and community chests.
Other questions of relationships and concerns within the fields served by the
national voluntary social work and health organizations will continue to claim
the attention of the National Social Work Council as a part of its service during
this national emergency.
9948 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Exhibit A. — R^isume of Council Activities in Connection With the Na-
tional Defense Program, September 14, 1940-January 18, 1941
On September 14, 1940, the program committee determined upon the following
topic for discussion at the first fall meeting of the council, scheduled for October 4:
"Is the present emergency affecting national social work? If so, how?" In the
period since the council had last met (June 7, 1940) the national defense program,
discussed by the President in a radio address on May 26 and in a message to
Congress on May 31, had begun to assume a front-rank position in the minds of
all of us. Throughout the summer a number of national agencies had become
increasingly concerned over the problems which were facing them even then;
individual executives had been keeping in touch with the situation in Washington
and in the communities; and an informal group (not a council committee) under
the chairmanship of Mr. John E. Manley had been meeting to discuss these prob-
lems and the trends which were becoming apparent. The Selective Training
and Service Act of 1940 (approved September 16) had been under consideration
for a number of weeks ; and it was obvious that a mobilization of manpower and
industrial capacity of the first magnitude was about to take place in American
life.
At the October 4 meeting of the council, after extended discussion and exchange
of information, it was suggested that the program committee plan another early
meeting on the problems of organization of community services for military and
industrial workers and that Mr. Manley's committee be asked to make a report
to the council at that time as one item of the program. The program committee
responded to this suggestion by calling a special meeting for October 15.
Announcement was also made on October 4 by Linton B. Swift of the decision
to establish at once a council in the social case work field. The need for a closer
cooperation in matters relating to national defense activities had brought to a
head the plans for a social case work council of national agencies which had been
under discussion for a number of years.
A special meeting
The notice announcing the October 15th meeting stated that "If in the discus-
sion on Tuesday we could also get some picture of the activities and plans in other
fields represented by organizations in the council, it should give us a clearer idea
as to what might be possible in the way of developing a united approach to defense
problems in the national social work field." This desideratum was attained to a
considerable degree at the meeting of October 15. At the conclusion of the dis-
cussion the following motion was passed:
"That the three groups, namely the Education-Recreation Council, the National
Health Council, and the family or social case work group as represented by Mr.
Swift and others who have been in recent consultation, be requested to develop a
plan of service and a statement of human needs in relation to the national defense
emergency; that these three plans be pooled together through joint consultation;
that there be a steering committee, which might be the program committee, that
will act as a 'burr under the saddle' as well as a clearance point and a filler-in of
gaps; that if possible, the steering committee secure secretarial or director service;
and that all of this be done at as fast a tempo as other commitments permit."
Following this mandate, the program committee sought assistance from the
Russell Sage Foundation and secured the loan of the services of Russell H. Kurtz
of the Foundation staff for a 2-month period beginning November 7, 1940. Mr.
Kurtz was provided with a desk at the council office and has given practically full
time to the project. During this period he has worked with the officers of this
council and with committees from the three councils named in the above motion,
assisting in the crystallization of the statements there referred to. Each of the
groups presented carefully prepared memoranda to the program committee of the
council during November; and from these there was built a draft of a document
entitled "Health and Welfare Services in the National Defense, a Memorandum
Prepared by the National Social Work Council" which was sent to the council
members for study early in Deceinber.
The council met on IDecember 9 to consider this document. After full discus-
sion it was voted —
"That the memorandum be dated as of today, December 9, 1940; that it be
accepted subject to such editing as the chairman and Mr. Kurtz will make in the
light of today's discussion, and as representing the thinking at this time and sub-
ject to elaboration; that it be distributed to all members of the council; and that the
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9949
officers of the council be authorized to use the memorandum as representing the
sense of this group, including uses in publicity."
Following these instructions, the document was amended somewhat and, after
final approval by the program committee on December 14, was printed and dis-
tributed to the members later in the month. Of 5.000 copies printed, nearly 3,000
have been distributed by the council and its members to date, with orders coming
in daily. It is interesting to note that a number of councils of social agencies
have ordered quantities for local use.
COOPERATION WITH THE FEDERAL ADMINISTRATOR
Meanwhile, throughout November and December, our chairman, Mr. Bondy,
had been in consultation with Federal officials regarding the place of the four
councils and their members in national welfare planning for defense. Early in
December announcement had been made of the designation of Federal Security
Administrator Paul V. McNutt as "coordinator of all health, medical, welfare,
nutrition, recreation, and other related fields of activity affecting the national
defense." Mr. Bondy received from Administrator McNutt, and transmitted
to the council at its meeting on December 9, an expression of a desire "to confer
directly with representatives of the three broad fields" served by the National
Health Council, the National Education-Recreation Council, and the Social
Case Work Council of National Agencies ; and of a further wish to have this mes-
sage presented at the National Social Work Council meeting of December 9.
The council responded by voting that
"The chairman, in consultation with the chairmen of the National Health
Council, the National Education-Recreation Council, and the Social Case Work
Council of National Agencies, be authorized to designate, under the auspices
of the National Social Work Council, three committees that will be regarded
by Mr. McNutt as spokesmen for these three fields in discussions of health,
recreation, and welfare services in the national defense."
The committees were designated, as ordered, and arrangements were imme-
diately made for conferences, which were held in the Administrator's office, as
follows :
Friday, December 13, from the National Health Council:
Dr. Kendall Emerson, National Tuberculosis Association.
Dr. William F. Snow, American Social Hygiene Association.
Dr. George S. Stevenson, National Committee for Mental Hygiene.
Monday, December 16, from the Social Case Work Council of National Agencies:
Linton B. Swift, Family Welfare Association of America.
Bertha McCall, National Travelers Aid Association.
Howard W. Hopkirk, Child Welfare League of America.
Don Smith, American Red Cross.
Tuesday, December 17, from the National Education-Recreation Council:
Liliie Peck, National Federation of Settlements.
Howard Braucher, National Recreation Association.
John E. Manlej', national council, Young Men's Christian Association.
Jennie Flexner, American Library Association.
Mr. Bondy, chairman of the National Social Work Council, attended each of
the above conferences. Mr. Wayne Coy and Miss Gay Shepperson were also
present from the Administrator's staff.
On December 18 Mr. Bondy wrote to the council office: "There has developed
a good spirit of mutual consultation and confidence. There is mutual recognition
that the whole job will be done only with full participation of Government and
private interests." Reports from other members of the various delegations have
substantiated this evaluation of the three conferences.
On December 31 letters were addressed by the Administrator to a large number
of agencies in our membership and others asking for the following specific infor-
mation:
1. A summary and analysis of the problems in these fields already observed in
connection with the work of the agency which appear to result from the with-
drawal of men from civilian life for military training and the concentration of
defense activity, both military and industrial, in specific areas.
2. A statement of the activities already undertaken or projected by the agency
in connection with these problems, including, if possible, copies of any field reports
or memoranda illustrative of such activities with respect to particular problems
or localities.
9950 WASHIN' . IN HEARINGS
3. A statement of gaps and inadequacies observed in the facilities, Federal,
State, local, or private, now available to meet individual and community needs
resulting from the defense program.
4. Tentative observations or suggestions as to the program which might be
imdcrtaken to develop a coordiinated approach to these problems and the place
of the agency in such a program.
5. A statement on agency organization, function, relationship to constituent
units, and other pertinent information.
The selection of agencies so addressed was made by the Administrator and his
staff. (A full list of members of the four councils had previously been furnished
by this office.) While we are not informed as to the criteria used as the basis for
this selection, it may be noted that the Administrator said in his letter:
"I am particularly desirous of learning at this time from those national agencies
with constituent units actively carrying on welfare, health, or recreation programs
related to defense needs as much as possible about the kind, location, and extent
of the defense problems already observed in connection with their work and the
steps they have been able to take in meeting them."
Elsewhere in the Administrator's letter to many of the agencies appeared this
statement:
"This matter has already been discussed with committees from the National
Social Work Council and the council has kindly agreed to cooperate with this
office in the analysis of this material. I would therefore like to suggest that
copies of the material sent to me in response to this request be sent also to the office
of the National Social Work Council at 1790 Broadway, New York, N. Y."
OUR OWN IMMEDIATE TASK
In the 2 or more weeks which have elapsed since the receipt of this letter by our
member agencies, several agencies have responded and have sent to this office
copies of the material they have transmitted directly to the Administrator. The
secretary and Mr. Kurtz have been in consultation with various members as to
the best method to be followed in making the analj'ses requested.
Copies of material received at the council office before January 18 will, of course,
have the benefit of Mr. Kurtz' study and suggestion.
In general, as we see our function now, we shall need to keep two purposes in
mind: (1) To off'er all possible help to the Administrator in collating and inter-
preting the material so that its usefulness to him will be at a maximum; and (2) to
make available to our own members the conclusions arrived at by this process.
We see the function as a continuing one, with the qualitative rather than the
quantitative factor predominating.
Although the period of full-time staff service by Mr. Kurtz will expire January
18, he will continue to be closely associated with us. Following a field trip from
his own office during January 23 to February 15, in which he will visit defense
centers in six Southern States, he will give the council as much part-time service
as his schedule will allow, chiefly in a volunteer or consultative capacity.
Exhibit 29. — National Women's Trade Union League of
America, Washington, D. C.
report by elizabeth christman, secretary-treasurer
January 13, 1942.
A mass of questions have been raised by our members as to what our Govern-
ment and we as an organization can do to help in preventing the creation of
ghost towns and the setting up of boom towns with inadequate housing facilities
and all that goes with bad housing. Along with wholly inadequate housing
facilities for these migrant defense workers, we hear complaints of rent gouging
which, we have been told, has been going on unchecked.
It seems to us that if defense orders can be spread more widely and with con-
sidered judgment, more existing plants in established communities might be
utilized or quickly converted for war production so that workers can find jobs
in their home towns.
We have taken the matter up with the Women's Bureau of the United States
Department of Labor, urging that Bureau to conduct an inquiry, especially
with respect to the housing conditions of women in defense industries, who have
left their homes to help in the war effort.
NATIONAL DEFENig^^:) MIGRATION 9951
We protest vigorously the building of defense plants without taking into
consideration the important need of decent and adequate housing with reason-
able rents for migrant workers, who are willing and eager to help in the total-
war effort. ,
As a means of utilizing to the fullest the industrial experience of the millions
of women we have suggested to the Division of Employment Security of the
Social Security Board that the industrial women be registered and where neces-
sary, be given opportunity for training and retraining for work in defense indus-
tries. We call attention that the wage-earning woman was no fiction in the
winning of the first World War. She served her Nation's need by reason of
her trade training and factory discipline. The plain facts of war production
write the industrial women on the records as the "shock troops" that must be
counted on to meet the onrush of demands for products of amazing range to
feed, house and clothe those at home and to keep the fighting men supplied with
essential war materials. It is well to remember that the united effort of American
men and women working side by side in thousands of factories is necessary to
win this war.
Exhibit 30. — United Automobile Workers of America, Affili-
ated With Congress of Industrial Organizations, Local 76,
Oakland, Calif.
REPORT BY THOMAS SAWYER, CHAIRMAN, LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
National health program.
We believe that in order to achieve the maximum output of weapons for the
•defense of our country, the workers in industry, their families, etc., should enjoy
the highest standards of health available. Under the present set-up this is im-
possible from an economic standpoint. We therefore submit the following plan:
1. A medical and surgical hospitalization plan whereby all members of a family
will be given complete coverage — all technical equipment, medicines, dressings,
home and office calls, ambulance service, hospital care, operations, etc., periodic
health examinations to detect any impending illness and immediately prevent its
further incursion.
2. This plan to be financed by pay-roll deductions similar to social security;
one-fourth from employee, three-fourths by employer, and an amount by Gov-
ernment. As the employer, through speed-up methods and other deleterious
practices, contributes most toward undermining the health of his employees, he
should shoulder some part of the financial responsibilit}'.
It is a recognized fact the time lost from illness is the greatest lost-time factor
In industry. Also illness in the worker's family is the most damaging economic
factor to the income. Therefore, workers, that is the one in the family who is
unemployed because of illness, should receive unemployment checks while off, as
that is when he needs it most. Ethical doctors will testify that a mind free from
financial or other worries makes for speedy recovery.
Dr. Barbara Armstrong, of the University of California, submitted a plan to a
recent session of the California Legislature that we believe to be the finest in
existence. May we recommend that your committee secure copies from Dr.
Armstrong for study? It was not adopted. When we say that the American
Medical Association through their affiliate blocked it, I think you will under-
stand what a fight we had. Nevertheless, the present system advocated by the
American Medical Association has proven itself inefficient and useless.
Cost of living and price control.
Living costs unbearable to the worker is a primary cause for dissension, lowered
morale, and the well-being of the populace. Our country is more than self-
sufficient in foods and there is no qualified reason for the present terrible rise in
prices. Being among the people I work with every day, I hear their discussion
and comments on this matter. The majority of them are unable to have butter,
eggs, and milk on their tables as often as they used to. Meat is another com-
modity that they are compelled to do with less of and they deeply resent having
to cut down on these essential items. It is needless to say that these things are
mainly necessary for the maintenance of health and stamina to furnish the energy
vitally needed to meet the speed-up in production for the national defense.
We must have the price control and one with teeth in it so that it can be effec-
tive. Present prices must be adjusted downward to enable people to put the
60396 — 42— pt. 25 21
9952 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
foods back on their tables that they must now do without. As an example of
how prices are here: Milk used to be 9 cents a quart, now 14 cents; salmon 12
cents a can, now 19 cents a can; eggs 25 cents a dozen, now 47 cents a dozen;
butter 27 cents a pound, now 42 cents a pound; cheese 24 cents, now 35 cents;
pork chops 25 cents, now 49 cents; other meat cuts have changed similarly. We
can't get tuna at all in cans. Shortening has advanced as much as 12 cents a
pound. Potatoes from lyi cents pound to SYi cents a pound. These are a few
of the examples.
Labor relations.
Employers must not be allowed to break down working conditions. The 40-
hour week should be kept in effect until all unemployed are absorbed. Racial
discriminations must be abolished. Overtime provisions must be kept in effect.
The "do nothing" policy of the corporations must be stopped, as regards utiliz-
ing all plants on national defense, particularly, the workers are very disgusted on
this point. They want to see the Murray plan and the Reuther plan put into
immediate effect. They know these plans are sound and practical. Everyone is
eager and willing to get to work on producing the weapons so badly needed to
bring this war to a speedy and victorious conclusion so that the loss of life will
be no greater than need be.
In conclusion, these are some of the things that will build morale and protect
the general welfare. They are by no means all. There are others, but these
are of first and foremost importance. If you desire others, we will be only too
glad to cooperate with you and furnish you with our views.
Exhibit 31. — The Young Men's Christian Associations of the
United States, New York, N. Y.
REPORT BY J. EDWARD SPROUL, PROGRAM EXECUTIVE
1. The Plant Location Section of the Office of Production Management reported
on October 15, 1941, lists of cities and towns that had been most largely affected
by defense production.
Of the 21 large cities in the Office of Production Management's list of class I
impacts, all have organized Young Men's Christian Associations. Of the 89
satellite cities in the same classification, 33 have Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciations.
Of the 115 cities in the Office of Production Management's list of class II
impacts, 92 have Young Men's Christian Associations.
Of the 101 communities in the Office of Production Management's list of class
III impacts, only 18 have Young Men's Christian Associations.
2. The National Council of the Young Men's Christian Associations is aiding
local Young Men's Christian Associations in the communities where they exist to
adapt their services to the needs of young people, older boys, and younger adults
as these needs become evident in these greatly changed communities. Cooper-
ating with them in the supervisory and developmental task are area and State
officers located throughout the country.
3. The characteristic program of a Young Men's Christian Association in these
communities would be worked out cooperatively with other organizations and
agencies, both tax-supported and privately sponsored. It would usually include:
health and physical fitness activities; social recreation; education for citizenship
through forums, discussion groups and classes; aid in finding places to live
(especially for young men); community service and civilian defense activities;
special group life for boys; individual guidance; etc. In large cities it also includes
vocational training, often with Federal Government aid. (See Soldiers in Overalls,
by E. C. Worman, Association Press, January 1942.) These activities, largely
managed by the participants themselves, are occurring at all times of the day and
night to fit local work schedules. Ordinarily participants pay some large or
reasonable share of the costs of the activities provided.
4. The Young Men's Christian Association is managing special new services
on behalf of the United Service Organizations for national defense (the U. S. O.)
in 27 additional communities, mostly in the list of class III impacts referred to
above. In 8 of these communities there will be United Service Organization
clubs; in others the United Service Organization and the Young Men's Christian
Association offer professional help in developing programs.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9953
5. Of considerable consequence in setting directions for the efforts described
above as well as for industrial development generally are the conferences on
human relations in industry conducted annually by the National Council of the
Young Men's Christian Associations at Silver Bay, N. Y., and at Blue Ridge,
N. C. As one result of these, State and local conferences of a similar character
occur annually at a score of other points across the country. Also of general
significance is a National Council of Foremen's Clubs affiliated with the Young
Men's Christian Association, federating the efforts of over 150 clubs of foremen
organized as part of the Young Men's Christian Association's industrial service
program.
Exhibit 32. — Young Women's Christian Associations, New York,
N. Y.
report by myra a. smith, executive, department of data and trends
December 26, 1941.
The Young Women's Christian Associations are organized in 417 larger towns
and cities of the United States, on 586 campuses, and in 31 districts which include
several thousand small communities. Their work is with women and girls between
12 and 35 years of age, and their program provides a wide range of services ta
individuals and group work activities for business and professional, industrial,
and home women and younger girls (the Girl Reserves).
The associations, since July 1940, have been taking part in the national defense
effort through (1) cooperation with national and local agencies and (2) the
strengthening and redirecting of their own program. The establishment of
homes registration bureaus, volunteer offices and other developments of the
Office for Civilian Defense, defense councils, consumer information centers, etc.,
have all had the active support, first on the national and later on the local, level,
from ' Young Women's Christian Associations. The national office has usually
secured and dispensed the necessary information, and the local units have coop-
erated, in some instances where their association experience has been most helpful,
taking the initiative in their communities. This has been particularly true in
communities where the association from its own rooms registry experience could
play a part in homes registration or from its long work with volunteers could help
direct their recruiting and training for defense purposes. At present, a similar
movement stemming from national cooperation is beginning with the Youth
Section of the Office of Civilian Defense.
The protective aspects of defense preparation and particularly the work of
the American Red Cross have been furthered in many communities by association
sponsorship and classes in association buildings. The whole program of the
Consumer Division is so close to the associations' regular program as to be easily
incorporated in club and class sessions. Nutrition and keep fit classes are partic-
ularly popular.
Still a third aspect of defense preparation, morale-building for men in military
services and defense industry workers, has been represented in association life
by a new form of national and local cooperation- — the United Service Organizations.
While this cooperative venture will doubtless be reported as a whole, it is impor-
tant here to point out that the Young Women's Christian Association is part of
it, and is helping to discharge its responsibilities through it. It may be well,
too, to note that in 64 communities there is both an organized Young Women's
Christian Association and a unit of the United Service Organizations with Young
Women's Christian Association personnel, working closely together.
The regular program of the Young Women's Christian Associations is being
redirected and sharpened to meet the objectives of defense; and furnishes in the
opinion of its leaders a better service to the country by so doing than by any
major changes in program. The reason is immediately obvious when one realizes
that its aim in normal times is to meet the needs of girls and women. A service
so comprehensive in scope and elastic in specific application can hardly fail to be
serviceable if it can live up to its objectives.
The associations reporting their local experience indicate some shifts in con-
stituency due to the defense situation. More young industrial and business
women, fewer household employees, are coming to take part in program. A
particularly noteworthy increase in young home women is registered and it is
clear that these are for the most part wives of men in service or defense workers
9954 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
who have suddenly found themselves in new communities without friends or
resources for the use of their leisure time. Newcomers clubs are flourishing and
it is interesting to see how quickly some of these yoimg housewives change their
status from that of those served to volunteers in helping direct activities. Young
men, normall}- part of coeducational and corecreational activities, are much
more numerous, and take part in all kinds of program, from dances, at homes,
informal social events, to serious discussion and study groups.
Schedules have seen major changes. Buildings are open and humming with
life on Saturday evenings and Sundays. A great effort is being made to develop
morning and afternoon activities for women workers on evening and night shifts,
but not always with full measure of success because the women themselves have
not yet been able to adjust their lives to their irregular schedules.
The facilities of the associations — swimming pools, showers, residences — are in
great demand in defense centers. In some instances, swimming pools and showers
have been put at the disposal of men in uniform over the week end.
Services to individuals, ranging from the one-interview counseling service to
case-work treatment and referral, have had a larger place in* the total program
than at any time in the last 10 years. All the problems of wives and girl friends
are likelj^ to come to the Young Women's Christian Association. Girls who are
trying to decide whether or not to marry now, wives who face economic and
emotional stresses because their husbands have left for military service, school
girls who want to give up school for a defense job, young business women who are
employed but are hopeful of better openings in other cities come to the association
for a listening ear, for information, for advice and direction. Some associations
have had to increase staff to provide more trained advisers; and quite often the
community through the community chest or another central agency has asked for
and financed the service.
" But the greatest service w'hich, in its own judgment, the Young Women's
Christian Association can render is through the activities which help to develop
sound judgment and an informed public opinion. The association's constituency
is truly a cross section of American life. Negroes — more than 50,000 of them —
Orientals, Indians, and representatives of all the major racial and nationality
stocks are active participants in program. The young and the old, the girls from
families on relief and the so-called women of leisure wath large incomes, those
who represent the extremes of educational opportunity meet and discuss the
common problems of contemporary life. A public affairs program centering
attention on economic, international, and interracial problems is the most popular
of all programs and through discussion and study helps to bring all groups into
understanding of each other. The main drive of the association is toward unity,
not impressed by force from above but developed by genuine knowledge and
sympathy among its constituents.
The religious purpose of the association underlies this effort and finds its best
expression in it. It helps to supply the individual girl and woman with sources
of strength and courage for difficult days ahead and to cultivate in all a sense of
social responsibility for each other and society at large. It has been the motive
power for the aid which the Young Women's Christian Associations of the United
States have given over the years to new and developing national movements in
other countries, and which makes it easy for Young Women's Christian Associa-
tion members to realize that defense must be not for the United States alone but
for all free people.
January 21, 1942.
In addition to the above statement, I should like to add a note about several
aspects of community life that seem to call more urgently than others for extended
facilities.
1. The housing of single women in areas adjacent to military or industrial
centers is tar from satisfactory, either in quantitj^ or quality. Where new build-
ings have been put up, they frequently make inadequate provision for closet room,
toilet facilities, home-laundry opportunities. Often meals are not served under
the same roof and, as a result, the tenants frequently have to go far afield three
times a day, particularly if the building is in an area of low-grade restaurants.
This factor has sometimes become a serious enough prol)lem to lead girls to throw
up their jobs and go home.
Where rooms must be secured in boarding houses or in private homes, there is
equal chance that the accommodations may not meet proper standards or that the
price is exorbitant. The fact that girls and women fairly universally consider a
room a home, and wish to spend some of their leisure time in it, makes the un-
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9955
attractiveness and inadequacj' of some of these living quarters a major factor in
disturbing their morale.
2. In many communities where social agencies do not exist or are not strong
enough to handle a wide range of new problems, the increasing employment of
young mothers has raised a serious need of day nurseries, nursery schools, and the
like. In some instances, the need has been so acute that the Young Women's
Christian Association has taken the initiative in trying to meet it, but since as an
organization it has neither the trained personnel nor experience in this field, such
arrangements should be temporary. =^
3. The recreation and leisure-time activities of Negro young men and women
continue to suffer from lack of resources. Because the Young Women's Christian
Association has many thousands of Negroes in its constituency it is peculiarly
sensitive to the handicaps under which this racial group lives and works. Reports
from local associations indicate the plight of Negro boys at Army posts in areas
where there are very limited commercial or public facilities for recreation, and in
other situations where there are no Negro young women with whom they may
share corecreation and coeducation activities. In several instances, Young
Women's Christian Association branches for Negro work are trying to serve these
young men because no other agency seems to be avilable to do so.
4. The special problems of adolescent girls in these daj's have many facets,
but one worthy of particular note is personal and vocational counseling. In
community after community, according to our reports, girls between 12 and 18
are working too long hours out of school or are leaving school to go to work with-
out being under economic pressure to do so. They are often sought as com-
panions by men in military service much older than they, and often are asking to
be included in recreation programs with these men. They need advice from those
who are competent to give it, either in connection with the school system or
through the service of private agencies.
5. The industrial women who are being drawn into defense industry with in-
creasing rapidity represent a group central to the Young Women's Christian Asso-
ciation program since its earliest days and of special concern to it now. By reason
of the concentrations of defense workers, these women are often seriously dis-
advantaged in securing the minimum essentials of health and normal living. They
are overfatigued to the degree that they need carefully planned recreation and re-
laxation. They are frequently in communities to which they arc strangers and
are dependent on organized community effort to make them feel at home. They
need counseling and advice on practical problems of living and on the deep con-
cerns of their individual lives. And much of what can be truly said of industrial
women, applies with equal validity at this time to office workers.
Our national public-affairs committee is writing you to request your committee
to investigate the problems and opportunities for women workers, clerical, pro-
fessional and industrial, in defense industries and the extent of defense migration
among women workers. Such information, now lacking, is essential to our plan-
ning of program to meet the needs of this group.
In all of these areas of work, the Young Women's Christian Associations stand
ready to make their contribution and work in a coordinated way with other youth-
serving agencies. Please call upon us again if there is any way in which we can
be of assistance.
Mr. Thomas. I should like to submit as an exhibit for the com-
mittee record a reprint of a paper entitled "Settlement and Social
Welfare in New York State," prepared by Mr. Glenn E. Jackson,
director of public assistance, New York State Department of Social
Welfare.
*
Exhibit 33. — Settlement and Social Welfare in New York
State: A Study
REPORT BY GLENN E. JACKSON, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE, NEW YORK STATE
^DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFAR:^
Any comprehensive study of the workings of our settlement laws in the light
of present conditions is important and timely. Such a study, now being made by
New York State's Department of Social Welfare, is fortunately timed with the
9956 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
socially significant developments in our national economic and social scene. The
study provides important data which may be capitalized nationally as we renew
the question: What should be done with these settlement laws of ours?
New York State provides a relatively favorable setting for such a study.
Four years ago this State rounded out its welfare program by making full legal
provision for all types of needy persons, irrespective of any residence or settle-
ment tests. While the settlement laws were retained and remained operative,
provision was made for the needs of the settled and the nonsettled alike. There-
fore, no effective restrictive device, either in border police or in law, prevented the
normal flow of people across town, county, or State lines. We are able, therefore,
to examine the results of 4 years' experience in granting relatively adequate relief
to all needy persons who resided or elected to reside in this State.
The study has centered its investigations around the questions the answers to
which were presumed to throw light on decisions in law and welfare administra-
tion which should eventually be made. Some of these questions were evident
from the start. Others emerged as the study progressed. Besides, many persons
were drawn into the study so that, instead of an isolated piece of reserarch which,
when completed, would be delivered to those concerned, it has become an enter-
prise in which various officials, legislators, and citizens have a sense of participa-
tion. Already this method is showing its advantage. It assures a degree of
support for the findings of the study far greater than would have been the case if
the study, all completed, had been delivered to nonparticipating groups for their
vote or veto.
Many State legislatures perennially face the question as to what to do with
their settlement laws. Even the exigencies of national defense cannot be pre-
sumed to lay aside consideration of these laws indefinitely. Now is the time to
become prepared with facts and with principles of action for application when
opportunity presents an opening. We have already faced one such grand oppor-
tunity, for which, however, the social-work field was not well prepared. This
was in connection with the hearings of the congressional Committee to Investigate
the Interstate Migration of Destitute Citizens, commonly known as the Tolan
committee. Repeatedly this committee inquired of administrators and social
workers as to the effect of settlement laws on welfare administration and as to
what should be done about them. The testimony was neither consistent nor
decisive. This had its influence on the committee's report and recommendations.
Again, State legislatures often consider whether to tinker with their settlement
laws as. for instance, by boosting of a 1-year settlement law to a longer period.
Though such proposals are generally opposed, the opposition is based more on
social theory than on facts which are conclusive in arriving at sound decisions.
Some of the questions on which light can be thrown by the New York study are
here described.
The question of how long a residence test should be to establish settlement is
prominent wherever settlement laws are discussed. Shall it be 1 year, 3 years,
5 years, or what? The assumption is, of course, that the difference is important.
A further assumption has been that it is important that the residence period be
uniform throughout the Nation.
The basic theory behind all settlement laws is that the care of the newcomer
should not be saddled on to the locality into which the migrant has lately moved.
However, this simple theory (whether it be right or wrong is, for the present,
beside the point) was not implemented by a simple residence test in most States.
The typical law combines two other determinants with this residence test. One is
that the residence period must be free of receipt of relief. But these two tests
apply, generally, to the head of the family only. The rest of the household derive
their settlement from him. Thus it comes about that the wife and children have,
derivatively, the settlement of the man. Therefore, it often happens that the
wife and children may have lived all their lives in some locality in this State, yet
because the man of the house has gone seeking work in another State and has been
absent over a year, the wife and children lose the settlement they once had and
become without settlement. Derivative settlement thus nullifies the effect of
residence and recipt-of-relief tests as far as the wives and children are concerned.
The workings of such a typical law are revealed in the New York study. A
generous sampling of New York City and up-State home relief "State charge" *
cases, properly weighted, shows that the average length of residence of the case
heads was 6.3 years for all the cases, 6.5 years for the New York City cases, and 6.2
years for the up-State cases. The median length of residence was 3.3 years for all
> "State charge" cases in New York State are those proved to be without settlement in any city or town
of the State.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9957
the cases, 3.6 years for the New York City cases, and 2.8 years for the up-State
cases. The proportion of home reUef cases with residence of 1 year or more on
the date they were approved as "State charges" was 72.7 percent for all cases,
77.5 percent for New York City cases, and 66.6 percent for up-State cases.
A study of the approved "State charge" case load with continuous residence of
over 1 year prior to their approval as "State charges," shows that 62.4 percent of
the cases in New York City and 38.1 percent of the up-State cases, with a State
figure of 52.9 percent, are nonsettled because of the absence from the State of the
husband or parent or the fact that the parent or husband had never been domi-
ciled here. This finding confirms similar results shown in the study of the New
York State program for nonsettled persons made by Philip E. Ryan in 1939.
■"Absence from the State" includes, of course, both those cases where the husband
or parent of the family did not accompany the rest of the family when they came
to New York State, and those cases where the husband or parent, once here with
settlement, had left the State and lost settlement here, resulting in the members
of the family losing their derivative settlement here.
Another situation in this State was studied to see if it might throw additional
light on the question of the effect of the length-of-residence test in our settlement
laws. In New York State the general rule is that settlement is acquired by a con-
tinuous residence of 1 year without the receipt of public assistance or care. Ten
counties, however, have been granted the special restriction of a 5-year residence
test with respect to persons afflicted with tuberculosis, or members of their
families. In other words, these 10 New York State counties, in various parts of
the State and deemed locally to be the Mecca of tuberculous persons, have a
residence restriction 5 times as great as in other counties. The purpose of these
5-year laws was to be able to continue to charge for longer periods of time the cost
of relief of the designated groups of persons residing in these counties back to the
town or city in the other counties where these persons had settlement.
It would naturally be assumed then that the proportion of nonsettled cases in
these 5-year counties would be significantly higher than that of the 1-year coun-
ties. The fact is that while the percentage of persons nonsettled in their counties
of residence to the entire general (home) relief load is, in the 1-year counties, 7.4,
this percentage is, in the 5-year counties, 8.1 or only 0.7 of 1 percent higher.
When, therefore, we consider that a 1-year settlement law, as operative for most
of the State, can result in an average residence of 6.3 years before the person is
approved as a "State charge," and learn, further, that increasing the 1-year
residence test to 5 for parts of the relief population brings a negligible result,
it is fair to question whether the relative length of residence as a test is so impor-
tant as long as it is qualified by the two other more potent conditions of non-
receipt of relief and derivative settlement.
This does not minimize the nest of problems arising out of varying lengths of
residence tests between the several States. Certainly the efforts waged over
many years to secure uniform residence tests as between the States had a desirable
objective. However, they have been largely unsuccessful. And if the facts
revealed by the New York study should be confirmed by other States and we are to
continue some kind of restriction, then it would suggest the need to disengage,
somehow, the residence test from the other two factors. In other words, when we
combine a residence test with a nonreceipt of relief test and a further derivative
settlement test, there results a group labeled "nonsettled" that is scarcely related
to migrancy or "newcomerness."
The next phase of the New York State inquiry was aimed at the common
assumption that the settlement laws do serve importantly as a necessary control
and protection for certain communities or counties where, otherwise, an undue
concentration of indigency would develop. This fear of concentration of indigency
is a general one common to almost all units of government. If the communities
could be guaranteed a spread of indigency equitably related to all of them, then
certainly there would remain little, if any, justification for the costly operations
that serve merely to determine responsibility to pay.
The assumption is, however, that they do serve as necessary barriers to protect
certain communities that are deemed to be a Mecca for "reliefers." It was
common testimony before the Tolan committee for witnesses from many States
to express this belief. Chairman Tolan quite naturally remarked finally that
people could hardly migrate only into States since every one of them concurrently
was moving out of some State. It was this assumption of concentration in
certain areas which the study next examined.
New York State assumes under its laws that relief will be provided and
administered for all, on the basis of need, by the public welfare official of the
9958 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
locality of residence, — that is, where the needy person is found. But, after provid-
ing such needed assistance, the local commissioner proceeds to examine "settle-
ment." When that is finally (if ever) determined, there are three financial methods
available to him for all who are nonsettled. If the person's settlement is else-
where in this State, the cost of relief is charged back to the place of settlement.
This is called the charge-back method. If the person has no settlement in
the State, the local welfare officer charges it up to the State, which pays 100 per-
cent of the cost. This is called the State-charge method.
The third method is that of "removal." If the person or family is a "State
charge," various operations are undertaken between the locality and the State
in order to arrive at a presumed benevolent judgment that the person should or
should not be removed from the State. Very few of these result in forcible removal
by court action. There were less than 50 such cases in the entire State in 1 year.
This is presented here only as a fact, not as a commentary on its justification. If
the person is a "charge back," the county of settlement may send for and bring
back the family to its place of settlement. The law presumes that factors in the
interest of the family will be considered, and decision to return will be made on
that basis alone. While the actual number of invohmtary intrastate removals
has not been determined, the number is small.
It was in this setting of provision for all types of persons and of a generally free
determination as to residence that the study examined whether people do migrate
to certain places in larger numbers than to others and also as to whether these
persons move in order to get better relief.
The system of "charge backs" was examined to find out what resulted from the
method of charging back and being charged for the relief of those persons residing
outside of their place of settlement. Obviously the net result for all the counties,
taken as a whole, would be zero. In other words, for every dollar paid out in one
place, a dollar was received somewhere else. However, there might be large
distortions in certain counties. Was this so and, if so, what caused them?
All the counties of the State were requested to submit a summary of their
financial transactions for a full fiscal year. The results showed that most of the
counties neither gained nor lost any important net amounts from their "charge
back" operations. Twenty-nine of the fifty-seven up-State counties actually
suffered a net loss on their transactions, while 24 received some net gain (returns
were incomplete for four rural counties). In only 9 of the 24 counties with net
gains was the amount of considerable importance.
From other features of the study as described below, it is possible to compute
approximate administrative costs. When these costs were conservatively applied
to the net result of the intercounty transactions, it was discovered that most of
the counties had deficits. From a financial point of view, therefore, the "charge
back" system appears valueless or costly for most counties.
But there were about five counties that netted large favorable balances which
even the application of administrative costs did not liquidate. When, however,
an examination of the factor of population trend was made, it was found that these
favorable balances were correlated with population growth. The county with the
largest net balance in its favor had grown in population 34 percent in the past
decade. And the relationship between "charge back" operations and population
trends showed a correlation of more than 70 percent.-
Therefore, with respect to those counties which, through the workings of any
"charge-back" system, are able to avoid local responsibility for the care of the
migrants who have become indigent before acquiring settlement, a fundamental
question of equity may properly be raised.
Communities enjoying economic growth through migration from without gain
doubly: first, from the self-supporting migrants who add to their economic wealth,
and, second, by charging back to their district of settlement the cost of relief of
migrants who become public charges before gaining a new settlement. On the
other hand, less fortunate communities lose doubly: first, through the migration
of self-sustaining persons who no longer contribute to their wealth, and, second,
by being charged with the cost of relief of those migrants who become public
charges in their new communities while they retain their old settlement.
To state the matter in other words, whereas the community to which people are
migrating retains all the new income, either in new wealth or in new community
participation in services, from the newcomers who pay their own way, at the same
time the new community charges back the cost of relief for newcomers who fail to
2 The Pearsonian coefTicient of correlation between net "charge back" balances in 53 up-Staie counties and
changes in population for the period 1930-40 was computed at 0.73zt.O4.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9959
make a go of it. Therefore, the rejected community loses its paying citizens while
continuing to pay for its former nonpaying residents. Would it not be more
equitable if the growing communities accepted the little of the bitter along with
the better?
The next aspect of New York's exj^erience which was studied was as to whether
there were any undue concentration of "State charges" in certain parts of the
State. If so, it would presumabl}- be due to interstate migration to those places.
Although the "State charges" do include, as shown above, those who acquire that
status due to loss of derivative settlement, nevertheless any concentration of new-
comers moving across the State borders would be reflected in a significantly higher
ratio of "State charges" to the relief population.
Therefore, as of January 1941, the numVjer of home relief "State charges" was
related to the total home relief case load in each county. It was found that the
])roportion of "State charges" for the State as a whole was 3 percent; for New York
City, 3.2 percent; and for the remainder of the State, 2.5 percent. In the up-State
counties the highest ratio found was 5.4 percent. This was the only county
which exceeded 5 percent. Except for 1 county with a percentage of 1.9, no
largelj' populated county fell outside the 2-4 percent range. The median ratio
was 2.2 percent. Three counties ranged between 4 and 5 percent, 10 counties
between 3 and 4 percent, 19 counties between 2 and 3 percent, 19 counties between
1 and 2 percent, and 5 counties had under 1 percent. These data disclose the
absence of any undue concentration of "State charges" in any one county in the
State. The nonsettled are but a fairly even and equitaole feature in the total
relief situation.
One more finding was significant. It has been presumed by many that people
move from adjacent States where relief is less adequate than in New York to
take up residence in the New York State counties bordering on those States.
When examination was made of the pro])ortion of "State'charges" in the counties
bordering on other States, it was found that the percentage was no higher than
for the entire State. Accordingly, there is no concentration of nonsettled in the
border counties.
This evidence disproves the charge made so often that people move to New
York to obtain more relief. An examination and sampling of case records of
persons who have moved to New York from other States confirms this finding.
Administrative costs in connection with determination of settlement.
The third major inquiry iii our study was aimed at the administrative and social
"costs" of settlement in social welfare. Since settlement determines not only
which locality shall be financially responsible for public assistance granted in any
given case but, also, which agency shall be administratively responsible for the
care of the case, the determination of settlement must be made with respectto
all cases. This fact has an important bearing on the question of administrative
costs.
While New York State has commendably provided for the needs of all types or
categories of persons, its laws have grown steadily more complicated to administer.
The general pattern of respective administrative and financial responsibilities of
the towns, cities, and counties for general (home) relief in the State, excluding
New York City, is as follows:
Division of administrative and financial responsibility for home relief in up-State
A ew Y'ork on basis of settlement of cases.
1. Local settled cases.— Cases having settlement in town or city of residence:
Town or city is responsible for administration, and for 60 percent of the expendi-
ture. State is responsible for 40 percent of the expenditure.
2. Intracounty]" charge backs". — C&ses.hayiug settlement in some town or city in
the county other than the town or city of residence: County department _ is
responsible for administration. However, town or city of residence may assist
the county in administration. Town or city of settlement is responsilDle to the
county (in taxes) for 60 percent of the expenditure. State is responsible for 40
percent.
3. Inlercounty ''charge backs".— Cases having settlement in town or city of a county
other than the county of residence: County of residence res])onsible for adininis-
tration. However, town or city of residence may assist the county in administra-
tion. County of settlement is responsible for reimbursing 60 percent of assistance
granted bv county of residence, and charges the amount (in taxes) to the town
or city of settlement. State is responsible for 40 percent reimbursement to county
of residence.
9960 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
4. "State charges".— Cases proved to have no settlement in any town or city
within the State: County of residence responsible for administration. State is-
responsible for 100 percent of cost.
5. County charges.— Cases with undetermined settlement: County of residence-
responsible for administration. State responsible for 40 percent of cost.
Obviously, the factor of settlement must play an important role in the admin-
istration of a program which by its very nature requires the settlement of every
relief recipient to be investigated in addition to his eligibility for relief. How-
ever, to isolate this factor as an element of administrative cost is far from easy.
Two recent studies in New York State contain significant data.
One of these studies was based on a sample of cases in two New York State
cities, which sample included only cases presumed at the outset to be "local
settled" without any question of settlement in other places. Thus, all observa-
tions related to cases such as are ordinarily supposed to require a minimum amount
of investigation to establish settlement. On the basis of the number of times the
subject of settlement was considered by the administrative officials who handled
these cases, it was estimated that an average of 11.6 percent of the total time
spent on investigations is given to settlement. For new applications the esti-
mate is 16.6 percent; for reapplications, 9.7 percent.^
Another study considered the administrative procedures involved in the
various types of cases — local settled, intracounty "charge back," intercounty
"charge back," "State charges" and county charges. The over-all average pro-
portion of the time of investigators, clerks, and local welfare officers devoted to
settlement questions was computed at 18 percent.*
These studies confirm the opinion of experienced relief administrators that
determination of settlement is, perforce, a costly process. Only simplifying
legislation will improve this situation.
Turning to the social "costs," case records were gathered from a variety of
sources to determine whether the factor of settlement actuallj"- distorts any of the
social service processes. It was found that these processes are distorted to a
greater or less degree in three ways.
The factor of settlement often distorts intake processes. This happens where
lack of local settlement leads to a "you will have to wait until we can determine
your settlement." One other method occasionally used is to close the case at
intake when the applicant refuses to sign an agreement that he will willingly
return to his place of settlement in another State if it is finally decided he should
do so.
A second distortion is that of the occasional and natural disinclination of local
welfare officials to give nonsettled persons, the cost of whose care is borne else-
where, either by the State or by another district, equal opportunity for employ-
ment either in industry or public works. Undoubtedly this is an important
reason for the fact that the proportion of nonsettled cases in the State is slowly
rising although the entire case load is going down.
A third distortion stems from the basic assumption that nonsettled persons
are different and are not "our own" and should not be a local burden. Accord-
ingly, relief is made "easier" or "tougher," depending on local policy and motiva-
tion.
Admittedly, these distortions are difficult to measure statistically. Likely
they are not large in quantity. Buy the fact is, they exist and are an outgrowth
of our settlement laws.
In the face of the mounting indictment of our settlement-law system, we must
now face the question as to what should be done. Much has been said and written
of the necessity for a Federal program of grants-in-aid. Certainly this is long
overdue. Probably, too such a consummation would go far toward liquidating
the effect of our settlement laws even if it did not lead to their outright abolition.
But a blind reliance on Federal money as the automatic solution is a weak
position. For one thing, it still leaves the necessity for a sound formula on
which Federal aid should be granted. More important, it is doubted that a
mere dependence upon Federal dollars can of itself change so fundamental a
tradition which the settlement laws support — that the locality is not responsible
for all of its needy residents.
The facts lead naturally to the conviction that our settlement laws should
eventually be abolished. This is not a new point of view. In fact, this belief
2 Unpublished study by W. J. Eckhaus, State Charities Aid Association, New York City.
* "Settlement Charge Back Study In an Upstate New York County," by D. Bruce Falkey (Master's
thesis submitted to the University of Buffalo School of Social Work; June, 1941).
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9961
was proclaimed by Adam Smith, the noted English economist, in 1776 when he
wrote in the Wealth of Nations:
"To remove a man who has committed no misdemeanour from the parish
where he chuses to reside, is an evident violation of natural liberty and justice.
The common people of England, however, so jealous of their liberty, but like
the common people of most other countries never rightly understanding wherein
it consists, have now for more than a century together suffered themselves to be
exposed to this oppression without a remedy. Though men of reflection too
have sometimes complained of the law of settlements as a public grievance; yet
it has never been the object of any general popular clamour, such as that against
general warrants, an abusive practice undoubtedly, but such a one as was not
likely to occasion any general oppression. There is scarce a poor man in Eng-
land of forty years of age, I will venture to say, who has not in some part of his
life felt himself most cruelly oppressed by this ill-contrived law of settlements."
In a pamphlet entitled "Our Settlement Laws," by Harry M. Hirsch (1933),
we read:
"Even at an earlier period, a number of advanced thinkers and writers had
urged the abolition of this law. Bishop Burnet, in his History of Our Own Time,
written at the beginning of the eighteenth century, stated that the Law of Settle-
ment and Removal should be 'well reviewed, if not entirely taken away.' James
Massie in A Plan for the Establishment of Charity Houses (1758) said that
'giving every poor person a right to relief when and where he or she shall want
it would put an end to all law suits about the settlement of the poor.' We shall
see that proposals of the present day resemble, in many aspects, those of two
hundred years ago."
Sound strategy suggests, therefore, that the facts be disseminated as they are
discovered and, wherever possible, that we continue to reduce questions to
statistical measurements. We shall need, then, to go through an educational
period during which, on every possible occasion, the relevant facts should be
presented. Perhaps the times are favorable to early action.
Exhibit 34. — Health of the American Farmer and Farm Worker
REPORT BY DR. R. C. WILLIAMS, CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICER, FARM SECURITY ADMIN-
ISTRATION, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
With the realization that food production is vital to victory, American people
have changed their attitude from uneasiness to deep concern over rural health
conditions. To feed all the people of the United States and many of those of the
United Nations would be a big job for American farmers in normal times. It is
a bigger job now, in the face of increasingly depleted manpower as the strongest
youths leave the farms to join Army, Navy, and air forces, or to find work in war
production plants.
Only by complete mobilization of remaining human resources, on the little farms
as well as the big ones, can the rural population carry the production load it is
expected to carry. The bald fact that many farm families are physically unable
to carry their share has stabbed the American conscience and brought about
demands for a widespread rural health program.
Many years ago scientists and medical authorities began to tabulate rural
health in red ink. And the problem has been greatly intensified in the past
decade of agricultural decline, a decade when dwindling markets, low prices for
agricultural products, and poor crop yields brought lowered standards of living
and greater health menaces.
A fairly accurate health gage of a large group of the Nation's farm families
is found in a survey made recently by the Farm Security Administration. In
1940 complete physical examinations i were given to Farm Security Administra-
tion borrowers and their families in 21 typical counties of 17 States. Out of
11,497 persons examined, only four in every hundred were in top-notch physical
condition. An average of 3){ defects was found for each man, woman and child.
As in the case of selective service registrants, the most frequent defect was
bad teeth. Seven out of ten persons over 5 years old had decayed permanent
teeth. The proportion among white persons between 15 and 30 years was_85
percent.
I The examinations were given by teams of professional workers, selected with the assistance of university
medical schools and State health departments. Two complete sets of equipment were used, transported
from one clinic to another by trailer.
9962 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
Among other defects, it was found that 55.3 percent of all persons in white
families had defective tonsils. More than 40 percent of wives and 35 percent
of husbands had defective vision in both eyes. One out of every 12 husbands
had some type of hernia. Among wives, 41.6 percent had second or third degree
injuries resulting from child-bearing. Clinical diagnoses revealed that one child
out of every 12 under 15 suffered from malnutrition; one out of every 17 had
rickets or showed after-effects of rickets.
Most of the defects foimd in the survey could have been prevented or remedied.
They had accumulated over a period of years, many the direct result of poor
diets and insanitary living conditions.
Little else could be expected. These families were among the 1,600,000 who
as far back as 1929 — a year of relative prosperity — were trying to pay rent, op-
erate their farms, and feed and clothe themselves on an average income of only
about $600 a year. Such incomes could not be stretched far enough to provide
necessities for good health. Sow belly and beans or pork and potatoes were
common menus for many. Thousands of families lived without basic sanitation
facilities. There was little money for doctor bills.
Poor health was the inevitable result. Evidence that poor health, in turn, led
to weakened production capacity can be found abundantly in the files of the
Farm Security Administration. Working day in and day out with farm fam-
ilies who could not get credit from any other source, Farm Security Administra-
tion field workers soon began to report cases where illness had drained a family's
financial resources; other cases where energies and abilities were slowed up by
nagging, chronic ailments.
These reports led to analyses of repayment records and health surveys in
various problem areas. For example, one survey was made to determine the
extent of hookworm disease in Georgia. It covered 10,297 people in 30 counties.
Thirty-eight percent of the group had hookworm disease, and in 1 county, 80
percent of all those examined were infected.
In 1940 an analysis was made to determine wh.v 305 Michigan families on the
Farm Security Administration program had failed. More than one-third of them
could not find farms to rent. Some quit farming because they became discour-
aged; some found jobs in industry. But 18 percent — nearly 1 farm family of
every 5 — failed because of ill health.
The Farm Security Administration faced this problem with hardboiled realism.
Its job was to steer farm families back on the track to self-support, to collect for
the United States Treasury the money it loaned for that purpose. Since a family
in good health was a better credit risk than one in bad health, part of Farm Secur-
ity Administration's job was to cut a better health pattern.
Greater emphasis was placed on nutrition. Since the beginning of the Farm
Security Administration program in 1934, families had been urged to produce
their own food, largely because they could produce it cheaper than they could
buy it. With loans for cows, hogs, chickens and garden equipment, followed
by guidance in producing, cooking, and preserving food, many families for the
first time in their lives began to have enough milk, eggs, fruits, and vegetables
for proper diets.
Before long, reports from Farm Security Administration's field workers began
to tell a different story. Families were "feeling better," making better progress.
School attendance was more regular. Concrete evidence that improved diets
meant better health is found in a report made last spring by a physician who
helped examine a group of families in seven southeast Missouri counties:
"There is a striking relationship between anemia and the length of time the
families have been taking part in the Farm Security Administration program.
Almost all persons with anemia had received aid a relatively short time before.
There was little anemia among those who had been taking part in the program
for two years or more."
Food was something that could be provided for and budgeted in plans which
each Farm Security Administration borrower prepares at the beginning of each
year. It was more difficult to plan ahead and budget for medical care, because
the need for it could not be i)redicted. And because medical care could not be
budgeted, nothing else could be budgeted. When some member of the family
became seriously ill, the farmer called the doctor and worried about the bills
afterward. Sometimes doctor and hospital bills for a single illness left a farmer's
business in the red for several years. Often these bills were settled with money
that was collected from the sale of livestock or equipment essential to farming
operations.
NATIONAIi DEFENSE MIGRATION
9963
To enable its borrowers to obtain medical care at a price they could afford and
count on, the Farm Security Administration developed a group medical care
program and, in cooperation with the organized medical profession, got it started
in 1936.
This program is based on the principle of voluntary group insurance, but
instead of following tlie pattern of most former medical-care organizations and
employing one physician to serve a group, every legally qualified physician in a
county is asked to participate in the program.^ Families can choose any doctor
who agrees to serve the group; a doctor can refuse to attend a particular family,
and the much talked-about relationship between doctor and patient is maintained.
Plans usually are set up on a county basis. Although details of organization
vary to fit local conditions, all plans are basically the same. Each family pays a
fixed sum at the beginning of a 12-month period. The fees are pooled and turned
over to a bonded trustee or treasurer, appointed by the members. Where hos-
pitalization is provided, about 30 percent of the fund is deducted for hospital bills;
another 50 cents to $1 of each fee is deducted for administration. The rest is
divided into 12 equal parts, one for each month. Doctors, then, instead of sub-
mitting bills to their patients, submit them to the treasurer of the association.
If there is enough money in the monthly allotment, all bills are paid in full; if not,
each doctor receives payment in proportion to the services he has given. Some
months, they collect 100 percent of their bills, other months as little as 45 percent.
Average collections range from 60 to 65 percent — considerably more than physi'
cians formerly collected from the same patients.^
But the program obviously is not a cure-all for the rural medical problem.
Membership fees have had to be set at a level the families could afford. In other
words, the fees are based on the average ability of the group to pay. Fees are as
low as $15 a year per family in some areas, up to $35 and more in others. Some
plans include physicians' services, obstetrical care, emergency surgery, limited
hospitalization, ordinary drugs and urgent dental care.* In other plans, hospital-
ization is not provided — sometimes surgery is omitted. In these cases, it was
simply a choice of providing the most essential services or none at all.
Nor for such low fees can doctors be expected to treat all accumulated chronic
conditions. Although treatment or correction is often provided in cases where a
family's rehabilitation is at stake, this is one knotty problem yet to be solved.
Despite its shortcomings, the program answers a long-felt need, as is evidenced
by its steady growth during the last 6 years. Started in 8 counties in 1936, it is
now one of the biggest voluntary group medical care programs in the world, with
a membership of 100,000 farm families, or half a million men, women and children.
Year-by-year progress is shown in the following table:
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
Present
States
3
8
6
142
14
202
25
514
31
639
35
881
38.
Counties
Over 900.
The strongest and most effective group plans are those where all responsibility
for operation is accepted by the two groups directly concerned — the members who
elect from their own number a board of directors to represent their interests, and
the doctors who elect a committee to review all bills submitted and to settle any
other problems of a medical nature.
Membership in most Farm Security Administration medical-care plans has been
limited to Farm Security borrowers and their families, but in some counties the
doctors themselves are extending membership to other low-income farm families
in the area.
In 1938, after the medical-care program was well started, the problem of sani-
tation was tackled. Most Farm Security Administration borrowers were renters
2 The only deviation from this plan is found in 15 Farm Security Administration community homestead
developments located several miles from the nearest doctor. Doctors have established residence in 8 of
these communities and are guaranteed a basic income. In the other 7, doctors come from nearby towns
to serve on certain days each week.
3 1 Kansas doctor kept a record of what 42 families paid him over a period of 3 years. It came to 11 percent
of his bills. 6 months after the same families joined a medical care plan, he reported collection of 61 percent
of his fees.
* Dental care is provided through medical care plans to more than 15,000 famihes. An additional 23,450
families are receiving emergency dental care through separate dental plans, now in operation in 167 counties
in 14 States.
9964 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
or sharecroppers. They could not afford to spend money for improvements they
might use only a short time. To many of these, grants of money have been made
for materials, farmers agreeing to pay back the grants in specified work to improve
their living conditions. Landlords became interested, cooperated by giving 3- to
5-year leases, and paid for some of the improvements.
Other agencies helped. State and county public-health departments gave
technical advice, inspected the work and sometimes supervised it. Sometimes
groups of farmers got together and did the work. Sometimes Work Projects
Administration supplied labor to build privies, and National Youth Administration
workshops turned out window screens, screen doors, and well slabs.
In little more than 2 years, about 72,700 sanitary privies have been built;
38,500 homes have been screened against flies and malaria-carrying mosquitoes;
drinking water supplies have been protected on about 32,500 farms; and the
program is now being carried out on about 16,500 other farms.
All in all, the Farm Security Administration health program is charting the way
for a healthier rural population. Indication that it may already have effected
a change is shown by a survey of draft board rejections in 125 coimties in 4
Southern States. Up to December 15, 1941, 16,894 men, or 35.9 percent of the
total, were rejected for physical defects or ill health. In the group examined
were 1,759 youths from Farm Security Administration borrower families but of
these 409, or 23.3 percent, were rejected^ It is believed that the Farm Security
Administration program is at least partly responsible for the better physical
condition of registrants from its borrower families. In these four States, Farm
Security Administration loans have been made to 110,106 farm families since
1934; medical care plans have been set up in 187 counties, with a membership of
33,285 families, or 182,419 persons; and sanitation work has been carried out on
45,740 farms in the four States.
Another type of medical aid program has been developed for migratory agri-
cultural workers. Living in poverty along the Nation's highways, migrant
families are almost universally in need of medical care, yet have little or no money
to pay for it and are unable to meet residence requirements for State aid.
Soon after the Farm Security Administration undertook to build migratory
camps to relieve acute suffering, migrant families began to follow the camps
instead of the crops. Now, with labor shortages threatened in some areas as a
result of increasing factory employment and draft orders, growers are flooding
Farm Security Administration offices with requests for more camps. In addition
to the 58 already set up, 43 more are now scheduled for construction, each of
which will provide medical services.
Such services are limited mostly to treatment necessary to enable workers to
stay on the job, and the Farm Security Administration gives financial support
to these services. A fully equipped trailer clinic in charge of a registered nurse
follows all mobile camps. In each permanent camp, there is a health center,
and an isolation unit is available for patients with contagious diseases. These
clinics merely furnish a channel for medical aid to a group whose needs were
formerly almost untouched. All services are provided through local facilities,
n cooperation with State and county medical societies, and State and Federal
Ihealth agencies.
Services at the clinics include physical examinations, venereal disease treat-
ments, immunizations and other general preventive measures, emergency den-
tistry, prenatal and postnatal care, and care of acute conditions for both arlults
and children.
In addition, medical care provided through nonprofit agricultural workers'
associations include home and office calls for specialized care; hospitalization,
dental care, and emergency surgery. It is estimated that medical care has been
provided through this program in approximately 175,000 cases of illness.
Probably the most spectacular example of the interdependence between health
and economic rehabilitation is found in the story ol 50 of the most destitute
farm families in one countj' of Georgia. Forty-nine of the families lived in
houses that were not screened. Only 2 had sanitary privies — 30 had poor out-
of-door toilets and 18 had none. All the families drank water from open wells.
In 1937 these families had an average of only 10 chickens each; only 7 had
milk cows, and only 13 had gardens. Diets consisted mainly of meat, sirup and
bread, and many families ate corn bread 3 times a day every day.
• states included in the survey were South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. In South Carolina
a total of 40.6 percent of all registrants were rejected, compared with 20.2 percent of those in Farm Security
Administration borrower families. In Georgia, rejections totaled 43.4, compared with 8.9 for Farm
Security Administration members; in Florida, the percentages were 49.8 and 25.7, respectively; and in
Alabama, 26 and 18.9.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9965
A health survey ® was made of the 288 persons in the 50 families. Among
•the physical handicaps discovered were 62 cases of rickets among children; 12
-cases of suspected tuberculosis; 14 cases of pellagra; 35 percent suffering with
hookworm disease; 141 cases of diseased tonsils; 196 individuals with decayed
teeth, and 70 with defective vision. Of the women in the group, 44 were suffering
from injuries resulting from child-bearing and 21 had suspected cancer.
These families were not eligible for Farm Security Administration loans simply
because they stood little chance of being able to repay borowed money. Grants
were made for the purchase of cows, hogs, chickens and garden seed necessary
for subsistence, and a farm and home management supervisor furnished guidance
in sound methods of producing and using food. In cooperation with the Uni-
versity of Georgia Medical School, treatment was provided at the University
Hospital for the most urgent defects. In addition to treatment and operations
to relieve specific ailments, 102 tonsillectomies were performed, 47 families had
tj'phoid inoculations, and each case of hookworm disease was treated until there
was a negative report. Pellagra patients were supplied with yeast; cod liver
■oil and pablum was provided by the county health association for all babies.
As soon as the families regained a measure of health, they made more progress
in other lines.
In 1940 — 2 years after this intensive rehabilitation program was started —
these families produced an average of $555 worth of food each. Their canned
products increased from an average of 44 quarts per family in 1938 to 413 quarts
in 1940.
Together the 50 families owned 531 hens in 1938. In 1939 they had 1,690
hens, 198 fryers, and 450 broilers, and by the fall of 1940 they had an average
of 50 chickens each, or a total of 2,500. In 1938 one brood sow was provided
for each family; now the average is almost 12 meat hogs per family. Each
family was provided with one cow, and now the family average is almost 3 milk
cows and heifers. (The first year, all heifer calves were kept, and the male
■calves were exchanged for heifers.)
Surplus production is marketed and the families are obtaining additional cash
income from the sale of dry peas and butterbeans, production of which increased
from a total of 61 bushels in 1938 to 553 bushels in 1940.
Formerly on relief, these families are now well on their way to becoming a
national asset. It would be impossible to determine which part of the rehabili-
tation program is the underlying cause for their success. Poverty and sickness
•operate together. Poor housing, poor nutrition, and poor education all are
associated with low incomes and bad health, and a man in bad health is unable
to do the work necessary to earn a better income.
A 1934 rural housing survey ^ showed that only nine out of every hundred
farm homes had indoor toilets. One in every seven had no toilet facilities what-
■«ver. Seventy percent of all homes were inadequately screened, and 27 percent
lacked any kind of screening. The worst conditions were found on the poorest
farms.
Although farm families exposed to such hazards obviously need more medical
care than people who live under healthful conditions, actually they recieve less
-care than any other group in the country. It has been found that low-income
farm people are squeezed between two forces which deprive them of adequate
medical care: First, lack of money to pay for services; and, second, residence
in rural areas.^ The second point is explained by the fact that rural areas lack
sufficient hospitals, clinics and professional personnel, and that benefits of free
services for indigents, a recognized necessity in every large city, have been slow
to penetrate farming sections.
Public health departments have accomplished much in the way of disease
prevention, but in the past most of the free medical care for poor people in rural
areas has come about as a result of noncoUectible bills.
Lack of adequate medical care is not limited, however, to low-income rural
groups. In 1939, more than 17 percent of all births in rural America were not
attended by physicians.^ It is estimated that 75 percent of aU farm people do
8 The survey was based on physical examinations conducted by six senior medical students under the
■direction of a senior member of their medical faculty and a Public Health Service physician.
7 Survey conducted by the Bureau of Home Economics in typical counties of all but two States.
8 From an analysis of" various surveys made by the Public Health Service, the Committee on the Cost
■of Medical Care, and the Consumer Purchases Study.
» From a study made by the Public Health Service.
9966 WASHINGTON HEARINGS
not have medical service of minimum adequacy, and over 95 percent do not
have full, high-standard medical, dental, hospital, nursing, and drug services.'"
This lack has long been recognized. As far back as 1932, the Committee on
the Costs of Medical Care " concluded a 5-year study with a pubhshed report
which recommended in part: .
"* * * the extension of all basic public health services — whether provided
by governmental or nongovernmental agencies — so that they will be available
to the entire population according to its needs. * * * the costs of medical
care be placed on a group-payment basis, through the use of insurance, through
the use of taxation, or through the use of both these methods."
Since the outbreak of the present World War, there has been an increasing
demand for a widespread health program for all United States farm families.
The demand has been strongest from county agricultural planning committees,
made up of groups of representative local farmers. In studying rural welfare
problems, these committees have made recommendations for both immediate
and long-range objectives. , ■, ,
Among long-range objectives planned for post-war work are: Better health
facilities on the Nation's farms — better housing and better sanitation; more
hospitals in rural areas, more clinics and more public-health work; a strong
health educational program; and encouragement for professional personnel to
practice in rural areas.
One plan suggested for the latter purpose is a system of scholarships which
would enable rural youths to obtain training as physicians, nurses, dentists,
technicians, and sanitary engineers. In return they would agree to spend a
period of service — say 10 years or so — in rural areas after completing their train-
ing. Such a plan would open new opportunities to rural youth and at the same
time provide professional workers in areas where they are most needed.
It is estimated that at least one doctor is necessary to provide full services
for every thousand persons. Yet some rural physicians are trying to serve any-
where from 2,000 to 4,000 persons. Many counties are without doctors at all,
and it is not uncommon to find every physician in a county to be over 50 years
old. Other professional people are as scarce as doctors. The reason for this
shortage is clear. It can be found in the 1940 census figures which show that
47.6 percent of all farm families had gross earned farm incomes of less than
$600, and 77.5 percent had incomes of less than $1,500, including the value of all
products used on the farm.
Pointing out that incomes of $600 or even $1,500 constitute a barrier to doctors
and dentists' offices and hospitals, county planning committees are recommend-
ing the establishment of a program which will bring essential service within the
grasp of all farm people. They further recommend direct governmental aid
to supplement contributions of low-income families, and have requested the
Department of Agriculture to take the lead in studying such a plan.
The necessity for using tax funds to provide adequate medical care for low-
income groups is recognized by many members of the medical profession. When
Dr. Nathan B. Van Etten was president-elect of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, he made this statement: "I believe that the medical care of the medical
indigent is the problem of the taxpayer. The medical indigent may be defined
as a person who cannot pay for medical care without sacrificing the necessities
of life for himself or his family. I believe that the medical care of these members
of society should be administered by the medical profession, who should be paid
for this work by the taxpayer. I believe that the problems of low-income groups
who are able to care for ordinary but not for catastrophic sickness should be
shared by the medical profession and the taxpayer."
If Dr. Van Etten's views were put into action, many tens of thousands of
farm families would receive medical care without cost to themselves. However,
the experience of the Farm Security Administration shows that few farmers
want something for nothing. They like the feeling of independence that comes
from digging down in their own pockets to pay their share. Those with extremely
low incomes might make at least a token payment toward membership fees in
10 Based on indices of needs as set forth by medical and public health authorities in relation to amounts
spent for medical care and facilities available.
n The committee had 48 members, of which 25 were doctors of medicine and 2 were dentists. Of the
doctors, 17 were engaged in private practice. The chairman of the committee was Ray Lyman Wilbur,
president of Stanford University, former Secretary of the Interior, and former president of the American
Medical Association. Seventeen doctors of medicine and 18 other members of the committee signed the
majority report.
NATIONAL DEFENSE MIGRATION 9967
any medical-care program. Families above the level of indigency would pay a
certain percentage of their incomes — say 6 percent — and the balance necessary
for adequate services would come from public funds. The amount families con-
tributed would increase as their incomes increased, so that those who could
afford to pay their entire medical bills would do so.
Some justification for such a plan is found in the fact that low-income farm
families pay a larger share of their incomes for care which is inadequate than
higher-income groups pay for full medical services. In 1940, farm families with
net cash incomes of $250 and less, spent more than 23 percent of their incomes
for medical needs. ^^ On the other hand, the National Resources Committee
found that families with incomes over $500 and up to $3,000 spent an average
of only 4 percent for medical services. In the upper brackets, the proportion
was still lower. The average expenditure for medical care out of $20,000 incomes
was 2.1 percent.
Of course the actual amounts represented by these percentages vary enor-
mously. Two percent of a $20,000 income is $400; 4 percent of a $3,000 income is
$120; but farm families whose medical bills came to 23 percent of their incomes
in 1940, had only $29 worth of services. This is an average e.xpenditure of less
than $6 per person. The National average expenditure is between $22 and $25
per person. And the Public Health Service estimates that at least $60 per family
per year is required to supply services of minimum adequacy.
There is a growing conviction that a national problem' exists when a large
group of farm families cannot afford to buy minimum care essential for a nation
of strong, healthy people.
12 From a study made by the Bureau of Home Economics.
INDEX
Air raids (see also Office of Civilian Defense): Page
Black-outs 9754
English A. R. P. service 9869,9879,9883
Evacuation 9653
Fire fighters training 9747-9748
First interceptor command 9763
Practice drills : 9655
Shelters 9646-9647
Wardens 9650,9747-9748,9751-9752
Alabama military and industrial wartime activities 9802-9807
Alley Dwelling Authority: Creation and operation of 9739
Allotments and allowances. (See under Recommendations) .
Oivil Service apportionment 9891-9897
Civilian defense (see also Air raids; District of Columbia;
Office of Civilian Defense):
Citizens defense corps 9649-9650
Distinguished from military defense 9647
Emergency feeding sei'vice 9650-9651
Emergency housing 9650-9651
Emergency medical service 9651-9652
English Ministry of Home Security 988 1
MiUtary guards 9756-9757
Requirements of programs 9654-9655
State councils 9749, 9755, 9805
Training courses 9653
Civilian employment by Government in District of Columbia _ _ 9897
Civilian morale (see also Health and welfare services; Office of
Civilian Defense):
Effect of insecurity on 9766-9767
English civil population _ 9870-987 1
Value of maternal and child health services 9835,
9836, 9837, 9839, 9840, 9848, 9866
Child labor in the defense program 9847
Child welfare (see under Children's Bureau; District of Colum-
bia; England; Health and welfare services):
Children's Bureau (see also Health and Welfare Services):
Child-welfare services m the war effort 9841-9843,
9844, 9845, 9846
Cooperation with Office of Civilian Defense 9847
Community facility projects approved 9845
Community services covered by Lanham Act funds 9789
Defense Housing Registry 9641, 9705-9706, 9710-9712, 9738
.Defense Migration:
Government workers to District of Columbia 9642-9643,
9647-9648
Income distribution of in-migrants to District of Columbia_ 9886
Types of movements analyzed 9774-9775
n INDEX
Page
Defense programs of national organizations. (See National
organizations submitting defense programs.)
Deferment of college students 9755, 9757-9758
District of Columbia {see also Housing; Schools).
Budgetary procedures 9643-9644
Civilian defense area of 9649
Civilian defense organization 9649-9650, 9753-9754
Clinical facilities 9664-9665
Day nurseries and day care of children 9701-9702
Decentralization of Government bureaus 9729-9730
Effect of inadequate budget appropriations 9640-9642,
9645, 9672-9673
Federal civilian employment 9897
Foster care service for children 9699-9701
Group hospitalization 9667
Growth of health services 9657
Health trends___._ 9660-9661
History of epidemics . 9661
Hospital facilities and requirements 9662-9664,
9666-9668, 9669-9671, 9672
Housing:
Building and housing code 9731-9732
Building permits issued 9715
Defense housing committee 9709-9712
Defense housing program 9712-9713, 9736-9737
Defense housing registry 9705-9706,9711
Regulation of rooming houses 9724-9727
Reiit control 9723-9724
Shortages 9704-9706,9710,9714,9716
Substandard 9718-9722, 9723, 9724, 9736
Suggested program for metropolitan area 9888-989 1
Supply and demand 9885-9888
Survey 9716
Units converted to offices 9716-9718
Influx of workers- t ------ -. 9642-9643, 9647-9648
Integration of citizens' organizations in defense program.- 9654
Juvenile delinquency 9692, 9703
Landlord and Tenant Court 9727-9728, 9736
Maternal and child welfare 9659
Median income in 9665-9666
Pattern for rest of Nation 9640-964 1,9643
Personnel of Health Department, by bureaus -- 9662
Personnel requirements, Health Department — 9662
Personnel turn-overs 9696
Population trends 9657,9673,9678
Public welfare services 9690-9692, 9695
Rat menace 9727
Recreation for defense workers 9693, 9695, 9702-9704
Relief load 9697
Sanitary services 9659-9660
Time lost because of illness 9665
Training of civilian defense workers 9654-9655
Transportation and traffic problems 9730-973 1,9733
INDEX in
District of Columbia (see also Housing; Schools) — Continued. Page
Treatment of Negro workers 9773
Tuberculosis incidence 9658
Venereal disease control 9658-9659, 9669
Division of Defense Housing Coordination. (See District of
Columbia; Housing.)
Emergency services. (See under Civilian defense; Health and
welfare services; Office of Civilian Defense.)
Employment Service:
Position of, in war production effort 9775-9776, 9810
England:
Au--raid protective service 9869, 9879, 9883
Emergency hospital services 9867-9868, 9877-9878
Emergency shelter 9878-9879, 9882
Evacuation of children_ 9828, 9848, 9866-9867, 9876
Food distribution to children and workers 9838, 9849
Health insurance programs 9875
Health precautions for industrial workers 9869-9870, 9875
Ministry of Home Security 9881
Mother and child welfare services, _ 9834, 9837-9338, 9848, 9867
Nutritional problems 9871-9872
Public health emergency service 9866-9870
9873, 9876, 9877, 9878
Services provided by Mmistry of Health 9875-9883
Volunteer participation 1 9880-9881
Farm Security Administration rural health program 9961-9967
Federal Security Agency:
Basic organization 9792
Group hospitalization 9667
Health and welfare services (see also England ; Nursing services) :
Aid to dependents of civilians in war zone 9826-9827
Aid to dependents of members of armed services 9798-
9800, 9806, 9810
Bureau personnel 9662
Day care of children 9692, 9846, 9849
Disaster aid 9799,9800,9818
Disease prevention 9864-9865
Effect of curtailment of civilian production on 9806, 9809
Effect of defense concentrations on 9799,
9800, 9805, 9843-9844, 9849
Effect of higher prices on 9805-9806
Family registration for health service 9863-9864
General public assistance prograni__ 9690-9692, 9814, 9815, 9819
Health examination and medical program for Farm Secu-
rity Administration borrowers 9961-9967
Honolulu defense area 9778-9788
Hospital and clinical facilities .---.-- 9664-9665, 9670-9671
Importance of child and home security in wartime. _ 9839-9846,
9848
Industrial hygiene program 9861
Maternal and child welfare 9659, 9829
Mobile corps of public health workers 9850, 9860
Mobilization of physicians and dentists 9791
IV . INDEX
Health and welfare services — Continued. Page
Morale value of health services 9835-9836, 9848, 9864, 9865
Nation-wide program 9776-9777, 9839-9841
Nonresident assistance 9691, 9698-9699, 9801
Public Health Service inspection of plants 9861
Public health standards 9666-9667, 9670
Reduction in relief rolls. 9796, 9821-9822, 9829
Rehabilitation of relief recipients 9797
Relief of priority unemployed- 9800
Sanitary inspections 9659
School health programs 9849-9850
Social protection of youth 9846
State needs in defense areas 9843-9844
Summarization of problems created by war 9812
Time lost because of illness 9665
Venereal-disease control 9669
Volunteer participation in child-health and welfare
services 9846-9847
Honolulu defense area:
Problems of family security in 9778-9788
Housing {see also under District of Columbia):
Crowded and substandard conditions i 97 18-9722
Defense housing program 9675-9676,
9707-9708,9712-9713,9715,9736-9737
Defense housing proj ects in Alabama 9805
Defense Housing Registry 9641,9705-9706,9710-9712,9738
Defense housing units under construction 9675, 9682-9685
Effect of priorities on construction . 9709, 9738
Effect of rent increases 9805
Funds available 9708-9709
Interdepartmental committees for community services. 9792-9793
Profits in slum property 9721-9722
Reconditioning and remodeling program 9728-9729
Relief and low-income families . 9724
Rent control 9723-9724
Rent increases 9780-9781
Rooming-house inspection 9722, 9734-9736
Rooming-house regulation 9724-9727
Shortages 9641,9705-9707,9711,9714
Shortcomings of demountable housing program 9706
Illinois: Financing of relief program 9825
Lanham Act: Community services available under 9789
Military guards 9756-9757
National organizations submitting defense programs:
American Association of University Women 9898-9900
American Bar Association 9901-9903
American Dietetic Association 9903-9904
American Federation of Labor 9904-9905
American Friends Service Committee 9906-9908
American Home Economics Association 9908-9909
American Medical Association 9909-9910
American Planning and Civic Association 9910-9913
Child Welfare League of America, Inc 9913-9914
INDEX V
National organizations submitting defense progi'ams — Con . Page
Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America- 9914-9915
International and National Red Cross 9915-9927
Kiwanis International 9928
Knights of Columbus 9928-9931
National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People 9932-9933
National Association of Housing Officials 9933-9934
National Congress of Parents and Teachers 9934-9936
National Consumers League 9936
National Council of Jewish Women 9936-9937
National Education Association of the United States- 9937-9938
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's
Clubs 9938-9939
National Federation of Settlements, Inc 9939-9940
National Jewish Welfare Board 9940-994 1
National Lawyers Guild 9942-9944
National Social Work Council 9944-9950
National Women's Trade Union League of America - 9950-9951
United Automobile Workers of America, Local 76 9951-9952
Young Men's Christian Association of the United States,
The 9952-9953
Young Women's Christian Associations 9953-9954
Nursipg services {see also Health and welfare services; Red
Cross):
Appropriations for 9791
Cooperating organizations 9852-9853, 9859
Organization of, for defense 9856-9858
Public-health nurses 9658, 9859
Recruitment of nurses 9791, 9853-9855, 9858, 9859
Survey of Govermnent and civilian nursing services 9856
Volunteer nurses' aides 9859
Nutrition:
Effect of, on health 9962
English organization 9838, 9849, 9876
Food rationing in England 9871-9872
Food requirements 9762, 9789, 9793
Skimmed milk 9790
Use of butter substitutes 9793
Ofl&ce of Civilian Defense (see also Air raids; Civilian defense;
Red Cross):
Air-raid warden instructions 9747, 9755, 9764
Auxiliary firemen 9755
Black-out requirements 9764
Cooperation of press with 9751
Coordination of municipal services 9746-9747
Direction of 9752-9753,9773,9774
Establishment of 9742-9743
First-aid and nurses' aide courses 9755
First defense area organization 9761-9762
Functions of 9743,9769
Integration of citizens' organizations 9764-9765
Jurisdictional conflicts 9745
Medical rescue squad 9748, 9755
Procurement of supplies for 9751
VI INDEX
Office of Civilian Defense — Continued. Page
Publication issued by 9744, 9754
Regional offices. . _ _' 9743-9746, 9747
State defense councils 9749, 9765
Use of British experience by 9653
Volunteer participation division:
Enrollment and assignment of volunteers 9646,
9760-9761, 9764, 9769
Liaison with Children's Bureau 9836-9837
Organization of 9767-9769
Relation of, to other agencies 9771-9772
Speakers Bureau 9772
Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services {see also Health
and welfare services; Nursing services):
Program of_ 9775-9778
Office of Education:
National defense training programs 9776
Post-war planning 9758-9759
Public Health Service {see also Health and welfare services;
Honolulu defense area; Nursing services):
Mobilization of Nation's health resources by 9776-9777
Recommendations:
Allotments for dependents of members of the armed
services - 9823-9824
Expansion of Federal-State cooperation in maternal and
child-welfare services 9841-9842
Federal aid for general public assistance 9778,
9807-9808, 9814-9815, 9825, 9828, 9842
Federal aid in war disasters 9818
Federal funds for child-welfare in District of Columbia 9898
Health services m schools 9840
National health program 9811, 9840
Hed Cross:
American hospital unit in England 9868, 9926
Cooperation with Office of Civilian Defense 9755-9756, 9770
Disaster Service 9822, 9921-9922
Enrollment of nurses 9858, 9926
First-aid and home nursing program , 9860-9924
Junior Red Cross program 9927
Report of activities. _1 9915-9927
Relief {see also Health and welfare services; Unemployment
compensation) :
Financing program for 9815-9816, 981 9, 9825
Rural health. {See Farm Security Administration rural
health program.)
Schools {see also Vocational training programs):
Building and teacher requirements. _ 9674-9675, 9677, 9678-9682
Effect of population growth on enrollments 9676-9677,9679
Enrollments 9673-9674, 9679
Personnel problems 9688-9690
Split-shift operation 9687
Work permits 9689
INDEX VII
Selective service: Page
Physical rehabilitation of registrants 9756-9757
Settlement and social welfare in New York State 9955-9961
Taxation:
Loss of gasoline-tax revenues antifipated 9815-9816, 9819
Unemployment compensation :
Individual employer's reserve system 9820-9821
Payments to displaced workers 9811-9812, 9820-9821
Supplementing benefits with relief allowances 9840-9841
United Service Organization:
Community buildings operated by 9846
Vocational-training programs 9776
Voluntary participation (see also under Office of Civilian De-
fense) :
Scope of program for 9649-9651 , 9696
Work Projects Administration:
Effect of reduction in program 9816'
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