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THE
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
OF
AMERICAN PROGRESS.
A Non-Partisan Reference Manual
OF
FACTS AND FIGURES,
FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE PRESENT TIME.
HISTORICAL, DOCUMENTARY,
BIOGRAPHICAL, FINANCIAL,
STATISTICAL, POLITICAL.
Edited by E. O. HAVEN, D.D., LL.D.,
I
Late Chancellor of Syracuse University, N. Y., formerly President of the
North Western University, Illiuois, and President of Michigan
(Ann Arbor) State University.
ENLARGED AND REVISED BY
Hon. T. E. WILLSON, and J. SANDERSON, D.D.
Editorial Staff N. Y. World, Editor Pulpit Treasm
140 E. li
NEW YORK : f
E. B. TREAT, 771 BROAD WA^^ ML S
ILLUSTRATED.
1888.
W YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
2376 A
OX AND
FOUNDATIONS
R 1925 L
COPYRIGHT,
E. B. TREAT,
1876-1888.
INTRODUCTION.
We present in this volume a collection of
the most important facts in American history —
just the facts that every intelligent citizen de-
sires to have at ready command. As a fitting
introduction to it we give a brief memoir of the
u Father of his Country," "first in war, first in
peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen,"
the immortal Washington ; using that as a kind
of thread on which to string some facts and
thoughts that tend to show the magnitude and
magnificence of the wondrous revolution in the
politics of the world, of which, what we call the
American Revolution was the centre, and George
Washington the most conspicuous figure.
HISTORICAL.
PAGE.
Outlines of American Progress, by E. O. Haven, D.D., LL.D 11
Chronology of important events from the discovery of America.. . . 41
King Philip's War,— causes and results of 42
Pequot War,— causes and results of 42
Bacon's Rebellion,- causes and results of 42
Queen Anne's War,— causes and results of 43
King William's War,— causes and results of 43
King George's War,— causes and results of 44
French and Indian Wai ,— causes and results of 44
Revolutionary War,— causes and results of 45
Continental Congress— Presidents and Sessions of 55
History of the Confederation 57
Articles of Confederation 58
Important Events of each year, from the formation of the government,
chronologically arranged, under each administration 144
Whisky Rebellion in Pa.,— causes of 156
War with Tripoli,— causes and results of 156
Second War with England, 1812,— causes and results of 162
Hartford Convention,— its object 163
Anti-Masonic Excitement,— causes of 176
The Black Hawk War on the frontier 180
The Seminole War in Florida 180
The Canadian Rebellion,— causes of 185
Mexican War,— causes and results of 195
Our National Domain, and how acquired 296
History of each State and Territory 300
Civil War, 1861-65,— causes of 408
History of our Flag, by Hon. J. T. Headley 400
Important Events of the Rebellion, exclusive of Battles 408
History of the Tariff with rates and revenue .... 508
BIOGRAPHICAL.
COMPRISING THE LIVES OP
George Washington, 1st President 144
John Adams, Vice-President, and 2d President 150
Thomas Jefferson, Vice-Pres., and 3d President 154
Aaron Burr, Vice-President 155
James Madison, 4th President 1 59
George Clinton, Vice-President... 160
James Monroe, 5th President 167
Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President 169
John Q. Adams, Vice-President, and 6th President 172
John C. Calhoun, Vice-President 174
Andrew Jackson, 7th President 177
Martin Van Buren, Vice-President, and 8th President 178, 182
Richard M. Johnson, Vice President 184
Wm. H. Harrison, 9th President 187
John Tyler, Vice-President, and 10th President 189
James K. Polk, 11th President 193
Geo. M. Dallas, Vice-President 194
g CONTENTS.
PAGE
198
Zachary Taylor, 12th President
Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, and 13th President ™>
Franklin Pierce, 14th President
Wm. R. King, Vice-President ••• f"»
James Buchanan, 15th President *">
John C. Breckenridge, Vice-President *»
Abraham Lincoln, 16th President *»
Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President.....................
Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, and 17th President £ *
Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President ^
Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President •• ^
Henry Wilson, Vice-President
Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President ^
Wm. A. Wheeler, Vice-President
James A. Garfield, 20th President • ■ • • • • ■■■■■ '
Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President, and 21st President &?
Grover Cleveland, 22d President * ~
Thos. A. Hendricks, Vice-President
DOCUMENTARY.
List of Pilgrim Passengers on the May flower— 1620 40
The Declaration of Independence, and signers 47
The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of America 58
The Constitution of the United States 74
Constitutional Amendments-fifteen 9a
Washington's Inaugural Address 1^
Washington's Farewell Address iuy
The First Prayer in Congress 137
Slave Ordinances ot 1797, 1820, 1850, and 1854 142
The Dred Scott Decision of 1854 142
Jackson's Nullification Proclamation to South Carolina 24 <
The Monroe Doctrine -86
The Neutrality Law of the United States <&o
Hon. S. A. Douglas' great Union Speech, 1860 317
Alien and Sedition Laws of the United States 152
Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address 324
Lincoln's First Call for Troops 342
War Resolution of the N. Y. Chamber of Commerce 345
The Amnesty Proclamation 349
The Blockade Proclamation of 1861 350
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation 353
The Confiscation Act of the Rebellion 357
Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address . . 360
Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation 364
President Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation 370
President Johnson's Peace Proclamation 375
The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 381
The Homestead Law of 1862 452
The Special Electoral Commission Act of Congress of 1876 226
STATISTICAL.
Battles of the Revolution, the dates, places of engagement, commanding
officer, numbers engaged, and loss on each side 138
Our Navy during the Revolutionarj^ War 140
Slave Population of the Colonies, in 1715 143
Slave Population of the United States in 1860 143
War of 1812; list of battles, with date and place of engagement, com-
manding officers on each side, number engaged, and loss 165
CONTENTS. 9
PAGE
Naval Battles of the War of 1812, with date, where fought, command-
ing officers, loss, etc ^66
Mexican War; list of battles, commanding officers, loss, etc 197
Growth of Religious denominations in the U. S 504
American Progress of Railroad and Steamship building 501
Health Report statistics; death rate of leading cities 505
U. S. Census, the Population at each decade 298
1880 Census of the largest cities of the United States 299
List of principal Treaties of the United States 316
Table showing the Number of Troops furnished by each State, 1861-65. 341
Table showing the number of men called into service, 1861-65 344
Provost Marshal General's Report of the Killed and Wounded, 1861-65. 377
What the Civil War cost. 1861-65. Official Report 380
Statistics of Emigrants arriving in United States since 1820 392
Number of Patents issued each year since 1791 — 393
Number of patents granted to each mechanical device 394
Post Offices and miles of Post Roads at each decade 396
Table of Popular and Electoral Vote for each President 397
A Ready Reference Perpetual Calendar 398
List of 600 Battles of the Rebellion, with dates and place of engage-
ment, commanding officers, and loss on each side 414
List of 1,400 vessels captured in violation of the Blockade 453
List of 300 vessels destroyed by Confederate Privateers. 1861-65 486
Congressional apportionment for each State 495
The Vote, by States, for President, 1 860, '64, '68, '72, '76, '80, '84 496
The Tariff, a list of Free and Dutiable articles with rates 524
FINANCIAL.
Expenses of the Government for each year, from 1791 to date 144
The National Debt for each year since 1791 144
The Exports and Imports of the U. S. for each year since 1791 ... 144
The Debts of leading Foreign Nations as compared with the U. S .. .. ?91
Annual Receipts and Expenditures of the Patent Office 393
The Postal Revenue and Expenses of the U. S. for each decade 396
Tariff rates, Revenue and Comparative summary 526
POLITICAL.
Electoral Vote for President and Vice-President, 1st and 2d term of
the first (Washington's) Administration 147
The Candidates and Electoral Vote of each of the 2d (Adams') Adm. . . 152
The same of the 3d (Jefferson's) Administration 156
" 4th (Madison's) " 161
" 5th (Monroe's) " 169
The party Candidates, Popular and Electoral Vote of each for Presi-
dent and Vice-President of the Cth (J. Q. Adams') Adminstratiou. 175
The same of the 7th (Jackson's) Administration 179
li 8th (Van Buren's) Administration 185
> l 9th (Harrison and Tyler's) Administration 190
" " 10th (Polk's) Administration 195
" nth (Taylor and Fillmore's) Administration 200
" 12th (Pierce's) Administration 204
" " 13th (Buchanan's) Administration 208
" " 14th (Lincoln and Johnson's) Administration 215
" 15th (Grant's) Administration 222
" " 16th (Hayes) Administration 230
" 17th (Garfield and Arthur's) Administration 238
" 18th (Cleveland's) Administration 213
Appendix giving Political matter pertaining to the Campaign of 1888. . . 533
AMERICAN PROGRESS.
On the 22d of February, 1732, or, as it was then des-
ignated, the 11th of February, in a small,
JJjfijjJ,' Wash ' but comfortable farm-house on the shore
of the Potomac, in the county of West-
moreland, Virginia, was born the oldest child of
Mary and Augustine Washington.
Little did the parents imagine that the name
which they should select for this boy would become
celebrated in history, oratory, and poetry, and be a
household word in many lands and in many lan-
guages. There was nothing in the outward appear-
ance to indicate such a glory. The Washingtons
were, indeed, a respectable family of the English
aristocracy. The great-grandfather of the little boy
was an English knight, who, however, made no use
of his title after coming to the wilds of Virginia.
They possessed large estates and a pleutv of servants,
and commanded all the comforts that could well be
secured in the new province so far away from the
u
12 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
centres of civilized life. Bat there was no prospect
that this little American infant would inherit a title
of nobility, and the prophecy of his achieving a dis-
tinction that should leap over national boundaries,
and command the eulogies ot the best minds in all
countries, would have been regarded as the foolish
fancying of a necromancer unworthy of a moment'n
hearing.
But at this time there was a notable American who
was soon to be regarded as the foremost
FrankS" 1 philosopher of his generation, Benjamin
Franklin. Already he had struggled up
through great difficulties and made himself an ac-
complished scholar. His " Poor Richard's Almanac "
was in thousands of homes. He was improving the
fire department and the government of Philadelphia.
He was planning for the foundation of a university.
He was just about to enter upon some investigations
of that mysterious force which attracts light bodies
to amber and glass when rubbed, then repels them,
and was soon to succeed in quietly drawing down
Jove's thunderbolt from heaven, and thus write his
name in the sky, to be read of all men. But the little
infant, whom we have left, as yet unnamed, knew
nothing of all that. Like other babies, he was pass-
ing through the first of the Seven Ages of man :
" Mewling and puking in his nurge's arms."
AMERICA!* PROGRESS. 18
We leave him there for the present, and will take
North Amer- a ra P ic * survey, first of the shadowy un-
xviiith organized land or lands subsequently to
Century.
become the United States of America, and
then glance at Europe, where the influence of this
young Washington and his associates will yet be al-
most as great as in their own land. North America
at that time did exist. It had been lifted from the
ocean, but for want of the woodman's axe and the
shovel, directed by the engineer, a much larger part
of it, than now, was an unbroken wilderness. It was
an almost impenetrable forest. Wild beasts roamed
over the most of it, occasionally chased by a few
straggling Indians, who divided their time between
hunting the beasts and hunting each other. The
French held what there was then of Canada and
Michigan, and also Louisiana at the mouth of the
Mississippi, and claimed the whole of that river, and
all west of it, although no one knew how much or
what was the nature of the territory claimed. Flor-
ida was held by the Spaniards. South America had
a larger population of European origin than North
America. Mexico was stronger than New York.
The English flag floated over thirteen surviving
North-American colonies, several having already per-
ished, and all of the thirteen having been more
than onr© on the verge of extinction. All New Eng-
14 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
land, embracing the four colonies, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut had
about 375,000 inhabitants; New York had only
100,000, a majority of whom were Dutch ; Pennsyl-
vania 250,000; all the rest about 300,000; all
together had about one million, — less than the popu-
lation of New York city in 1876 ; less than one
twentieth of the population of the United States
in the year 1850; less than one fortieth of the
population of the United States in the centennial
year of their history, 1876. America was then con-
temptible in the eyes of the world. Glowing pic-
tures of its future greatness were sometimes im-
agined, but in present resources it was too feeble to
tempt the robber or even the tax-gatherer. The col-
lection of any revenue from America would have cost
more than the income. Had it been a nation it would
have held about the same rank among the nations as
Greenland, Iceland or the Sandwich Islands to-day.
The one million of people in the thirteen colonies
were gathered into a few villages, or scat-
the pioneer tered in rural settlements along the ocean
Americans.
shore, widely separated. The colonies
were not even connected by passable roads. Glance at
them ! There are no regular postal or mail arrange-
ments. It were a voyage longer and more perilous
to go from Massachusetts to Georgia, than now to
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 15
circumnavigate the globe ! Wild beasts roam over
most of the great region afterwards to be known as
the State of New York. There are only three col-
leges in America, and these not equal to a modern
village high school. There is not a school in all the
thirteen colonies where a girl can receive a good
English education. There is not a machine factory
in America superior to a country blacksmith's shop.
Foreign commerce is almost unknown. Coasting
commerce is trivial. There are no woollen mills.
The cotton plant is not yet cultivated in America,
and cotton cloth is almost as expensive as silk — and
both are practically unknown. The little paper used
is brought from England. There are only six news-
papers published in all North America. The whole
number of subscribers for the six is probably not
more than twelve thousand. The men are mostly
clad in linsey-woolsey, spun and woven by their
wives and mothers, dyed with different colors ex-
tracted from the leaves and roots of certain vegeta-
bles found in the forest, and the women are largely
clad in the same material ; and every family has a
dye pot, as common as a water pail. Many families
partake of their daily mush or Indian pudding out
of one common dish in the centre of the table. What
few dishes they have are wooden or pewter. The
ploughs are wooden. Shovels and hoes, heavy and
16 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
3canty, are all the other agricultural implements,
The men have flint-lock muskets to hunt with, which
act so slowly that a wild duck has time to dive and
dodge the shot after hearing the click of the lock.
Wheeled vehicles are scarce, and the wheels are
solid, sawn from the end of logs. Log houses are the
common habitations. The Indians are about as
numerous as the whites.
But if we look at this people more carefully, we
shall find some gleams of light that startle
people^* 1 " us w ^ n tne ^ r flashing promise of brillian-
cy, if only this diamond can be freed with-
out breaking from the rough coating about it. " Of
what use," inquired a blockhead, sometimes called a
practical man, of Franklin, " is your new discovery ? "
" Of what use," said Franklin in reply, " is a new
born baby ? " The American colonies were then a
babe. Born in the wilderness, to be strengthened by
toil, if by a favoring Providence it survives the dan-
gers of infancy. These Americans were then an an-
omaly in the world. In all history there had never
been a phenomenon like this. The world was never
prepared before for such a growth.
Rome was founded in like manner, but Romulus
and Remus, fabled to have been suckled by a wolf,
and their companions, were pagan fugitives from
justice, and not Christians, desiring liberty to worship
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 17
and obey God according to their own sense of right.
Greece had been settled by adventurers, but both
Greek and Roman pioneers hastened to declare them-
selves masters and to reduce to slavery the large
mass of the population around them. These earlj
Americans were free simply because they were neg«
lected. The mother country seldom interfered with
them, usually for injury, never for protection or ben-
efit. Some of the colonies chose their own governors
and all their magistrates ; others were partially gov-
erned or embarrassed by foreign officers. They reg-
ulated their own churches. They made their own
internal improvements. They established their own
schools. They imposed taxes upon themselves.
They were the outgrowth of the most advanced par-
ties in Europe. They had inherited the thought and
culture of ages. They were sifted out of England
and other nations to try an experiment on a virgin
soil. They had left the privileged classes, the aris-
tocracy, behind. They were a band of workingmeiu
with well educated, Christian leaders.
By consequence they were disciplined. They were
educated. They were democratic republicans. They
never had a real war with each other. Some little
disputes arose, but the magistrates and ministers
usually settled them without bloodshed. They were
compelled to fight often with the wily savages around
2
18 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
them. The mother country forced them into a war
with their sister French colonies, but they had no
heart for it, and had the dispute been left to those
who lived on this continent, it would have been set-
tled without bloodshed. They were at that vei}
time, though poor, yet the freest people in the
world.
Let us leave then the infant Washington to grow
up amid the peculiar strifes and ambitions and toils
of the little colony of less than a hundred thousand
people a while longer, and now extend a glance over
the continent of Europe.
At this time, from 1732, Washington's birth year,
to 1776, the great American Republic's
m°Eur P op^! ics Dirtn y ear > tnere was no great Republic
on the soil of Europe, or nation, in
which the whole people governed themselves.
Switzerland had a population of about one million
mountaineers, like the North American Indians, di-
vided into about twenty tribes, partially confede>
a ted, often at war with each other, consisting oi
nobles and peasantry, the people not voters — and
only a republic in the sense that it was not a mon-
archy. It is now a republic, and some historians
falsely say it was then a republic.
The little republic of Andorra, now so-called, was
about equal to an average American township, and
AMERICAN PROGRESS. IS
was really an aristocracy ; while San Marino was
another little township, governed by a self-elected
council, who held office for life.
All the rest of the continent of Europe — practi-
cally all of Europe — was divided into hos-
fcaiopean ^ e nations, over each of which presided
a monarch. The nobles had some privi-
leges ; the people were practically slaves. The great
business of the men of Europe was to fight. They
fought, and then rested long enough to take breath,
and to let a new crop of boys grow up to be soldiers,
and then fought again. Well might Hobbes, the ec-
centric English philosopher, picture human society
as a huge leviathan, and promulgate the theory that
the natural state of man is war. The monarchs were
contending with the nobles, and every nation with
every other nation. Treaties broke Hke rotten
withes. The promises of a prince were empty air.
Diplomacy was synonymous with deception. Talley-
rand's maxim was but an embodiment of actual prac-
tice : "The great object of speech is to conceal
thought." Macchiavelli was the most popular politi-
cal authority, whose book, entitled " The Prince," is
such an awful embodiment of diabolism that men
of the XlXth century are inclined to regard it as
ironical, but in that age princes subscribed to it as
true. One of his maxims was : " Providence is
20 NATIONAL IIAND-BOOK.
always favorable to the powerful, who possess
neither shame nor conscience, and withholds its
protection from the weak." " Might makes right "
was the law of European monarchs. Especially in
the XVIIIth century despotism touched bottom in
Europe. It was equally base with ancient Roman
and later Oriental tyranny.
The late invention of the art of printing, the
gradual increase of the relative number of readers,
the discussion of religious questions in which an ap-
peal was made to the Bible, did, however, gradually
put the despots on the defensive, and tended to
arouse a growing active party, who were inclined, in
the disputes between the monarchs and the nobles,
to make the best terms possible with one or the
other, and so a new and strange contest for liberty
arose. In the meantime, in many nations the prisons
were full, and the most of the prisoners died of jail
fever. In Russia, nine-tenths of the people were
ilaves; in Denmark and Germany, and Prussia and
Austria, and Italy and Spain, and France, it was but
li ttle better. Nor were these slaves well cared for.
Their food was coarse and scanty ; their comforts
embraced but little above the common animal grati-
fications ; and the average length of life was not two-
thirds as great as it is now in England and t&3
Upited States.
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 21
To this dark picture England formed the greatest
England takes exception. Though corruption prevailed
Europe. 4 in in her politics ; though she was then use-
lessly laying the foundation of her great
national debt ; though her Parliament was but an
imperfect representation of the public opinion ; yet
speech was more free, law was more impartial, reli-
gion was less restrained, and the government was
more sensitive to the wishes of all classes of the peo-
ple, than in any other great nation. She was then,
as always, the freest nation in Europe — but very far
behind what she is to-day. Now, how many centu-
ries will roll away before right shall triumph over
wrong, the divine right of tyrants shall be denied, the
serfs of Russia shall be emancipated, the monarchies
shall be shaken, written constitutions shall be wrested
from the monarchs, and some of the largest nations of
Europe shall be republics ? But for America this could
not have been accomplished in five hundred years,
perhaps never. But under the leadership of America
it was to be accomplished in one hundred years, and
the greatest name in all this stupendous revolution
was to be the name given to that infant born in a
Virginia farm-house in 1732, George Washington.
Once more, then, let us return to him, and see
how wonderfully Providence prepared a man lor
so stupendous a work. Of the childhood and youth
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
of Washington little is known. Every American
„,..,„,. a a boy has heard the story of the hatchet
Childhood and J J
WasMngton. an( * tne cherry tree, which by some is
supposed to be a lie told in the interest of
truth, reminding us of Mark Twain's interesting re-
mark that in one respect he was superior to George
Washington. Washington could not tell a lie, — but,
said Twain, " I can, but won't ! " In that he half
represents nearly all Americans. "They can," but
we fear, like Twain, would tell the greatest lie when
they say " I won't."
Washington was, however, truthful, bold, modest,
chaste, temperate. His whole life, after he became
a conspicuous objeci to the people, was never stained
by a known immorality. It has been said of him
traditionally that in two instances he swore vigor-
ously, both times on the battle field, and Wendell
Phillips expresses his gratification that Washington
showed the common frailty of human nature in this
way. Edward Everett, however, examines all the
evidences and circumstances of the traditions, and
pronounces the traditions unreasonable and untrue.
It would seem strange that a man not accustomed to
profanity should begin to practise it under such dif-
ficult circumstances, but even if he had cursed some,
we agree with Phillips in excusing him, but do not
regard it as a wrong. It would not detract from our
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 23
estimation of the man, for if ever a man could ever
use properly strong Scriptural language in the full
sense of the words, it would be when a battle was
about to be lost by the cowardice or imbecility of an
under officer. Still we doubt if Washington, even in
such a temptation, swore. He was undoubtedly a
man capable of wrath, and would have been a feeble
man without it. But in a time of wrath he probably
spoke as he was accustomed at other times to do.
His education was accurate, but not extensive. He
did not go to William and Mary College, the only
one in the colony, probably because his father not
living, he was needed at home, and he had good pri-
vate tutors fully equal to the faculty of that young
college. He had the advantage of the society of his
uncle, a graduate of Oxford, and he gives evidence
of having studied the English language carefully,
and so much of mathematics as to make him an
accomplished practical surveyor.
At the early age of thirteen he had written out a
series of rules on the conduct and character of a
gentleman, and to this day it is not known whether
they were original or compiled. In either case they
show remarkable accuracy and forethought. Indeed,
his system and adherence to strict propriety amounted
to genius in that respect ; in that respect it was evi-
dently supernormal.
24 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Three of the years that he might have spent in
college he spent under equally severe discipline in
the fields as a surveyor, keeping accurate notes of his
work, and writing a journal of his proceedings. As
60on as he arrived at manhood he had some severe
discipline as a military officer against the Indians
and the French, all of which we pass by, supposing
that Americans are familiar with the story.
Who has not heard of the Indian chief who met
him after he had become famous, but before he was
President, and exclaiming : " The Great Spirit must
have saved you ! Three times I and my men aimed
directly at your heart and fired, but the balls were
turned aside."
Washington, after attaining his majority, was
elected and several times reelected to the Legislature
of Virginia, till the American revolution broke out,
and thus enjoyed the advantages of legislative edu-
cation, than which we know of nothing better
calculated to drill and develope a man's mental
powers, especially if he be studious and industrious.
In this way Washington obtained a thorough educa-
tion.
The great story of the American revolution can-
. a ' no ^ ^ e con( lensed into a paragraph.
Revolution. How all the co i onies demurred at be-
ing required to give up their ancient privileges •,
AMERICAN l'llOGRKSS. 26
how they remonstrated at paying taxes to the mother
country without being represented in her councils ;
how calmly they protested ; how they insisted upon
it that they desired only their ancient liberties,
liothing additional, nothing new, and not separation
from the old country ; how, finally, they were driven
to arms by the rebellion of England, not by their
own rebellion ; how, then, hired soldiers from other
lands were sent to drive them into submission ; how
they called upon Washington to be their commander ;
and how reluctantly he accepted the post; but how
wonderfully he persevered for seven long years, the
very embodiment of cool and unflinching energy ;
and how, finally, the British arms being humbled
and the greater part of their forces being annihilated,
the wishes of the most liberal minority of her people
were regarded, and America was declared indepen-
dent, we shall not further describe.
America had by this time nearly three million of
people, but at the close of the war their
Condition of -, , , i n j ^
ftmerica after movable property was nearly all destroy-
the Revolution.
ed, nearly every family had lost a member
in battle, in many families all the men had perished,
the different colonies were loaded with debts that it
seemed they could never pay ; the soldiers went
home half-clad and with only paper money in their
pockets, which was soon not worth five cents on a
26 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
dollar ; and to complete their sorrows, not yet con-
solidated into a nation, but dissevered, and perhaps
soon to be discordant states, without even a common
dependence or a common government to hold them
together.
When the noble fifty-six signed the Declaration of
Independence, one of them who sat next to Franklin
turned to him and said : " Mr. Franklin, we must
hang together now." " Yes, " said Franklin, we
must hang together, or we will hang separately!"
It seemed after the Revolutionary war that the states
who had so nobly hung together during the war,
were doomed to hang separately in the time of peace.
We doubt whether an eminent statesman in Europe
then thought it possible that these struggling states,
notwithstanding England had withdrawn its forces,
would ever crystallize into a nation ; or if so it would
be a monarchy. Indeed Washington was besought
to declare himsell a dictator and assume the place of
% king. The army was ready to obey him. The
offer was deliberately and formally made.
Here was exhibited that trait of character in Wash
ington which has most astonished the
refused to world, and which has seemed to some al-
oe King.
most supernatural and has placed the name
of Washington highest on the roll of fame. Washing-
ton refused to be a monarch ! Not from fear of
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 27
trouble ; not from a want of the appreciation of the
luxury of power, but from pure principle. In this
he was the highest and noblest embodiment of the
true American idea.
In perfect keeping with this same principle, he was
reluctant to be President when the Con-
Refused a third . . . . . 1 . -. 1 ■, ™
term of the stitution was adopted and such an officer
Presidency.
was required. He was more reluctant
to serve the second four years, and no amount
of solicitation could induce him to serve a third term.
This example is ten fold more sacred than any words
in the written Constitution ! He was American
enough to perceive that the nation that can select
only one man for its chief officer, is not a true Repub-
lic, and he gracefully retired to private life. So let
it be forever with all our Presidents. At this time
he was the most honored man in the world. But
\iad he been President for life, his name would have
mnk to a level with ordinary successful chiefs. His
aame is now known not only in America and Europe
but throughout the vast empires of the Orient and in
the wilderness of Africa. The public opinion of the
world has been well summed up by one of England's
most eloquent orators, Lord Brougham, in these
words :
" This is the consummate glory of Washington ;
a triumphant warrior, where the most sanguine had
28 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
a right to despair; a successful ruler in all the diffi-
_ , „ culties of a course wholly untried : but
Lord Broug-- J
on^Washing^ a waiT i 01 * whose sword only left its sheath
when the first law of our nature command-
ed it to be drawn; and a ruler who, having tasted
of supreme power, gently and unostentatiously de-
sired that the cup might pass from him, nor would
suffer more to wet his lips than the most solemn and
sacred duty to his country and his God required."
" It will be the duty of the Historian and the Sage
in all ages to let no occasion pass of commemorating
this illustrious man ; and until time shall be no more,
a test of the progress our race lias made in wisdom
and virtue will be derived from the veneration paid
to the immortal name of Washington."
What a tribute is this for one of England's most
celebrated statesmen to pay to the leader of the na-
tion that won its independence of England by arms !
If now it be asked what renders Washington so
great, much discrimination is needed to frame a r&
Ply-
Intellectually he was not preeminent. He was care-
ful, methodical, accurate in his observa-
charactS. 0n s tion of men and things, and familiarized
himself with the sources of power in the
kinds of employments to which he was called. He
was a skilful farmer, perhaps the best at that time in
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 2'J
America. He was a shrewd legislator, especially in
the committee room. He was decided in his con-
victions, but courteous in their enforcement. His
letters and state papers show a correctness of expres-
sion, characteristic of an accurate thinker.
As a military officer, though sometimes defeated,
and seldom winning decisive victories, he confessedly
displayed wonderful power in organizing his forces,
small or large, and in baffling the purposes of the
enemy.
But his chief excellences were rather moral than
intellectual. His transparent integrity, his self-ab-
negation, his unyielding firmness, his conciliatory
manner, his power to select good advisers, and to re-
pel the turbulent and ambitious, showed him fit-
ted by Providence to fulfil the demands of America
in the most momentous hour of her destiny. Pie
stands alone, the most conspicuous and the most
honored leader of the XVIIIth century, and unsur-
passed in any century or any nation of the world.
And yet it is possible to regard Washington idola-
trously and foolishly and most unworthily
should not be for an American. Washington's great
worshipped. m
mission was to lead a revolution which
was to break down the foolish practice of man-wor-
ship, which culminates in voluntary submission to
despotism. We dishonor him most when we worship
SO NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
him or unduly clothe him with a splendor woven hy
our own fancy. Washington did not make this
country, nor alone did he save it. He performed his
part, a noble part, but others also did theirs. We
are not the worthy citizens of a republic if wo wo?
ship Washington.
It should be remembered that our Revolutionary
War was not a rebellion on our part, but
Republicans . . . , t , ., , .-
should wor- a war to maintain old privileges, and if a
ship only God.
rebellion at all, it was on the part of Eng-
land. England it was that broke the compact.
Freedom was planted here in the early part of the
XVIIth century. Washington was not the first tc
rise in defence of endangered liberties. Others arose
and debated and pleaded and finally called upon him
to be the military leader in defence of ancient rights.
Others did the legislation and furnished the sinews
of war and aided in the actual contest. Others
framed the Constitution and organized the nation,
he, indeed, giving them the aid of his counsel
and influence. It was America that conquered and
rose before the world in her majesty — not Washing-
ton. He was too honest to claim more than belonged
to him, and we honor him most when we accord to
him all, and only all, of his high desert.
A great modern statesman has said that we should
do better to imitate the patriotic fathers than to
AMERICAN PROGRESS. ;>|
eulogize them. Imitate their good qualities indeed
we should, but the greatest incentive to imitation is
healthy commendation ; indiscriminate eulogy and
fulsome flattery are both characteristic of weakness
\nd senility, but a clear admiration of the good
stimulates to like goodness. There have been and
are many Americans as pure and patriotic as Wash-
ington, Franklin, and Otis, and Henry and Lee, the
Adamses, Jefferson, Jackson, Taylor and Lincoln, and
many who have acted as judges and legislators, and
thousands not permitted to make their names familiar
as household words, have been as devoted to justice
and liberty as he. His greatest glory is that he is the
best and finest impersonation of the typical American
idea of manhood !
His day was not free from contentions and party
spirit, and corruption and selfishness and the neces-
sary resistance to evil. Nor is our day free from
these ; but now, as then, right is triumphing over
wrong, and hope rather than despair takes the helm
of State.
Happy was it for the world that when this conti-
nent was opened to civilized men, a people were
ready to be organized out of the leading nations of
Europe, not to repeat the failures of the past, but to
embody in concrete form the ripest results of States-
manship and Christianity. Crudely it mav be, feebly,
32 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
and to some extent falsely, the experiment began ;
but the good predominated over the evil, and the re-
sult was a new growth. There was never a Republic
in the modern sense before. Greece was an aristocracy
or bundle of aristocracies, — the great mass of the
people of the same color and race being slaves. Rome
and the republics of mediaeval times were simply free
cities governed by aristocracies. America is a con-
federation of republics into one sovereign Republic.
It could not have been born till Christianity had
raised up a proper people.
It has now completed the first century after its
consolidation, actually it has had a history of more
than two centuries and a half, for there has never
been anything but a republican form of government
among the whites of North America. During the
whole of these two centuries and a half it has had
but one foreign war for conquest, and then gracefully
gave up the most it had won, and has never been
overcome in any contest.
In this century Great Britain has had eight for-
eign wars, France nine, Russia thirteen,
European °
iean S war d sfnoneP russ i a s ^ an( * a ^ tne great nations of
' Europe about as many, the United States
of America has had only two. The most of the
States of Europe have been engaged in foreign war
from twenty to fifty years in this century ; the United
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 88
States only six years. Every nation in Europe has
been defeated at least once in this century and lost
territory by war, the United States has never been
defeated and never lost territory by war or in any
other way. She has gained, mostly by purchase, far
more than half of the territory over which her flag
now floats. All the nations of Europe have had re-
bellions during this last hundred years, some as
many as eight or nine; — the United States has,
indeed had one, — a stupendous rebellion, which per-
haps could not have been avoided, but the result of
which is to enlarge the domain of freedom and to
demonstrate that the strongest of all governments is
that which but expresses the will of the people.
Riots are comparatively unknown, revolutions are
not attempted ; there is nothing to fight for when all
imaginary improvements may be tested constitution-
ally so soon as a respectably large portion of the peo-
ple desire the experiment.
We do not deny that there are many evils among
us, — but we do deny that the form of gov-
vice Reform eminent is responsible for them. They
needed.
are the evils of ignorance, of intemper-
ance, of licentiousness, of a greed for wealth and
honor, — all of which exist in all nations, whatever
the form of government. Republicanism, resting on
the eheice of the people, tends to develop regpouai
34 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
bility and self-control and ability to contend against
these evils. Americans have been nearly over-flooded
with immigrants who have been attracted to the
plenty and license of the land. Many of the evils of
assimilation are temporary. Free speech and party
spirit, as when some liquids are purified by boiling,
bring all the corruption to the surface. Those who
only look at the outside are appalled at the appear-
ance. Some evils have so sweet a taste that it is
hard to give them up — like our present system of ap-
pointing the incumbents of many civil offices, but a
Civil Service Reform will yet prevail.
Education and art are not cultivated as rapidly
and as thoroughly as their devotees desire, but where
on the round earth to-day more than in America?
Religious teachers are sometimes discouraged, but
where are they more respectfully listened to than
here ? And can they not see that compulsory reli-
gion is not religion, compulsory morality is immor-
ality? God himself seems to ask nothing higher and
better than the impartial presentation of good and
evil, and then let men choose and receive the conse-
quences ! This is the quintessence of freedom ! This
is the central idea of Republicanism.
Let then the celebration of this centennial of the
great republic deepen our faith in liberty, and inten-
sify our devotion to the common welfare of man.
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 85
Julius Caesar, at the head of conquering hosts car-
ried the Roman eagle to far off lands,
Sffi'fraX?" writing a glowing history of his own ex-
leon, an<f .
Washington ploits, and returning, crossed the Rubicon?
compared.
planted his victorious standards on their
native soil, and debauched his country's liberty, and
when the crown was offered him by his foolish flat-
terers would not decidedly resist the temptation, and
justly fell, stabbed by the desperate defenders of
their country's rights. Cromwell relieved his country
of despotism, but dispersed a Parliament, made him-
self a perpetual Protector or despot, and sought to
transmit his power to an imbecile son. Napoleon, in
spite of the example of Washington, having astonished
the world by supernatural military and executive
genius, vainly endeavored to resist the envious com-
bination of abler despotisms against his new empire,
and justly fell, and ended his days in exile. But Wash-
ington alone resisted the seductive temptation of ab-
solutism, appreciating the rights of a people, carried
out the teaching of the highest authority : " He that
loseth his life for my sake " for the sake of truth and
right, shall find it.
He has found it. Highest on the pyramid of fame
his name is chiselled, by his grateful countrymen,
and confirmed by universal applause ; and a century
hence, yes, a thousand centuries hence, no name will
be found above the name of Washington.
36 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
A century's experiment of a free government, coa
firms the wisdom of the founders of the Republic,
and sets at naught the predictions of its founders ;
having emerged from every struggle with a record
untarnished, and won the confidence and respect of
the civilized world.
In growth, we may say unparalleled, its population
at the organization of the government in 1789, was
3,929,827. By the census of 1870, it had increased
to 38,547,229.
Our territorial area has increased since the nation's
birth from thirteen original states, bordering on the
Atlantic, embracing 815,615 square miles, until it
has spanned the Continent, forming a mighty Re-
public from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and now
embraces thirty-eight states and ten territories, with
an area of 3,678,392 square miles, and includes terri-
tory formerly belonging to the dominions of England,
France, Spain, Sweden, Holland, and Russia.
Eq ually rapid strides have been made in extending
our commercial relations at home and abroad. The
first successful application of steam to navigation in
1807, has so multiplied that palatial steamers may
be seen upon every important river and bay. The
firat steamer to make the trans- Atlantic voyage was
in 1819, and they are now numbered by hundreds.
The commerce of the United States stands second
among the nations of the world. Our imports in
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 37
1870 reached upwards of $315,000,000, and exports for
the same year amounted to more than $254,000,000.
The first steam railway went into operation in
1827, and have since extended their lines until they
span the continent from shore to shore with a total
length of 72,623 miles. The electric telegraph was
first introduced in 1844, and there are now 75,137
miles in use.
The resources of the country in agricultural pro-
ducts, and the mechanical arts, stimulated by the in
ventive talent and genius of its people, have wonder-
fully developed.
In referring to the inventive genius of America,
Mr. Charles Reade, a writer of whom England may
be justly proud, says : " Europe teems with the
material products of American genius. American
patents print English newspapers, and sew English-
men's shirts. A Briton goes to his work by Ameri-
can clocks, and is warmed by American stoves. . . .
In a word, America is the leading nation in all
matters of material invention and construction, and
no other nation rivals or approaches her,"
In 1836, Congress authorized the appointment of
a Commissioner of Patents, which with one assistant
was all the help necessary to meet the requirements
of the Patent Office. Now a force of nearly 400 are
employed, and issue nearly 20,000 patents annually,
while the accumulation of models is so great as to
#8 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
demand for their accommodation one of the largest
pnblic buildings in the world.
We may justly point with pride to our educational,
religious, charitable, and humane institutions. It is
not the design of this article to enter into details,
and while we recapitulate some of these great
triumphs in the past, we are not content much of the
time to look backward. America is still one of the
youngest nations of the world. We have no fellow-
ship with those countries whose chief glory is ex-
humed from the ruins of centuries and milleniums
that are past. Our motto is Onward ! We welcome
other nations that are rapidly adopting our principles
of popular liberty, public education and political
equality. We bid them welcome to the peaceful
contest for the highest honors of the centuries to
come.
The past is secure. What shall be the future?
In 1976 the custom of hereditary office holding will
be obsolete, and all civilized nations will be practi-
cally republics. All will be confederated, and wars
will be infrequent. Temptations to crime will be
lessened, but criminals will be more surely if less
severely punished. The English language will pre-
vail over all North America, as well as in other large
portions of the world. Many new editions of this
book, or of others of the same kind, will have been
published ; and there will even then, as now, be
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 39
croakers complaining that the present days are not
as good as the former, and also men of faith and hope
and enthusiasm, looking for better days to come.
Read, then, and be happy, for intelligence is an es-
sential element of genuine American citizenship.
E. O.H.
PASSENGERS ON THE MAYFLOWER.
LIST OF THE NAMES AND FAMILIES OF THE PILGKIMS WHO CAME
OVER FIKST IN 1620.
One hundred and one passengers left Plymouth, England, in
the Mayflower, September 6th, 1620, and landed at Plymouth Rock,
Mass., December 22d, 1620. (December 11th old style.)
The names here given are in the order Governor Bradford
placed them in his History of Plymouth Colony, which was first
given to the public in 1856.*
Mr. John Carver; who was chosen the first Governor on their
arrival at Cape Cod. He died the first spring. Katherine, his
wife; she died a few weeks after her husband.
Desire Minter; afterwards returned in poor health, and died
in England.
John Howland; man-servant, afterwards married the daughter
of John Tillie, and had ten children.
Roger Williams; man-servant, died in the first sickness.
William Latham; a boy, after more than twenty years visited
England, and died at the Bahama Islands.
A Maid Servant; who married, and died one or two years after.
Jasper Moore; who died the first season.
Mr. William Brewster; their Ruling Elder, lived some twenty-
three or four years after his arrival. Mary, his wife; died between
1623 and 1627. Love Brewster, a son; married, lived to the year
1650, had four children. Wrestling Brewster; youngest son.
Richard More and brother; two boys placed with the Elder.
Richard afterwards married, and had four children. His brother
died the first winter.
Mr. Edward Winslow; Mr. W. , afterwards chosen Governor,
died in 1655, when on a commission to the West Indies. Elizabeth,
his wife, died the first winter. Mr. W. left two children by a
second marriage.
George Soule and Elias Story; two men in Winslow's family.
G. Soule married and had eight children. E. Story died in the
first sickness.
Ellen More; a little girl placed in Mr. Winslow's family, sister
of Richard More, died soon after their arrival.
* It is a matter of historic interest, and yet, strange to say, is not recorded
In any one of a dozen histories and encyclopedias in our library, includiug
Bancroft's and Hildreth's extended works; but in Ilotteirs List of Emi-
grants to America 1600 to 1700.— [Chicago Weekly Inter-Ocean.']
40a
40& NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Me. William Bradford; their second Governor, author of the
history of the Plymouth Colony [lived to the year 1657]. Dorothy
his wife; who died soon after their arrival. Governor Bradford
left a son in England to come afterwards — had four children by a
second marriage.
Mr. Isaao Allerton; chosen first assistant to the Governor.
Mary, his wife; who died in the first sickness. Bartholomew;
son, who married in England. Remember and Mary, daughters.
Remember married in Salem, had three or four children.
John Hood; servant boy, died in first sickness.
Mr. Samuel Fuller; their physician. His wife and child re-
mained and came over afterwards; they had two more children.
William Butters; servant, died on the passage.
John Crackston; who died in the first sickness. His son, John,
died five or six years after.
Captain Mtles Standish; who lived to the year 1656; chief in
military affairs. Rose, his wife; died in the first sickness. Cap-
tain Standish had four sons living in 1650, by a second marriage.
Mr. Christopher Martin and his wife, Solomon Prower and
John Langemore, servants; all died soon after their arrival.
Mr. William Mullens, his wife, Joseph, a son; these three
died the first winter. Priscilla, a daughter, survived, and mar-
ried John Alden. Robert Carter, servant, died the first winter.
Mr. William White; died soon after landing. Susanna, his
wife, afterwards married to Mr. E. Winslow. Resolved, a son,
married and had five children. Peregrine, a son, was born after
their arrival at Cape Cod; he cannot, therefore, be numbered among
the passengers proper; married and had two children before 1650.
William Holbeck and Edward Thompson, servants; both died
soon after landing.
Mr. Stephen Hopkins and Elizabeth, his wife; both lived over
twenty years after their arrival, and had a son and four daughters
born in this country. Giles and Constantia, by a former marriage,
had twelve children. Damaris, a son, and Oceanus, born at sea,
children by the present marriage.
Edward Doty and Edward Lister, servants; E. Doty, by a
second marriage, had seven children; after his term of service
went to Virginia.
Mr. Richard Warren; his wife and five daughters were left,
and came over afterward. They also had two sons, and the
daughters married here.
John Billington; he was not from Leyden, or of the Leyden
Company, but from London. Ellen, his wife, and John, his son,
PASSENGERS ON THE MAYFLOWER. 40(
who died in a few years. Francis, the second son; married, and
had eight children.
Edward Tillie and Ann, his wife; both died soon after they
came on shore. Elizabeth, their daughter, afterward married
John Howland.
Francis Cooke, who lived until after 1650; his wife and other
children came afterward; they had six or more children. John,
his son, afterward married; had four children.
Thomas Rogers; died in the first sickness. Joseph, his son,
was living in 1650; married, and had six children. Mr. Rogers'
other children came afterward and had families.
Thomas Tinker, wife and son; all died in the first sickness.
John Rigdale and Alice, his wife; both died in the first sickness.
James Chilton and his wife; both died in the first sickness.
Mary, their daughter, lived, married, and had nine children.
Another married daughter came afterward.
Edward Fuller and his wife, both died in the first sickness.
Samuel, their son; married, had four children.
John Turner, two sons, names not given; all three died in the
first sickness. A daughter came some years afterward to Salem and
there married.
Francis Eaton; Sarah, his wife; she died the first winter; by a
third marriage he left three children. Samuel, a son, married,
had one child.
Moses Fletcher, John Goodman, Thomas "Williams, Digerie
Priest, Edmond Margeson, Richard Britterige, Richard
Clarke; these seven died in the general sickness. The wife of
D. Priest came afterward, she being the sister of Mr. Allerton.
Peter Brown, lived some fourteen years after; was twice mar-
ried, and left four children.
Richard Gardiner; became a seaman and died abroad.
Gilbert Winslow; after living here a number of years, re-
turned to England.
John Alden; " a hopeful young man," lived at Southampton;
married Priscilla Mullens, as mentioned, and had eleven children.
The last named John Alden and "Priscilla, the Puritan Maiden,"
are celebrated in the poem " The Courtship of Miles Standish,"
written by the poet H; W. Longfellow, a descendant on his
mother's side.
Our National Emblem.— The American, or Bald Eagle, a symbol of
strength and courage. The Coat of Arms of the TJ. S. is composed of the
Eagle, with outspread wings, guarding a shield of Stars and Stripes, holding
s in one talon and an olive branch in the other, and in its beak the
motto, ' " E Pluribiu TJnum. ' '
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 41
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY
PRIOR TO THE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT.
860 Iceland discovered by Noddod, an adventurous
Northman, by accident, and called it Snowland.
864 Flokko attempts to plant a colony on the island (Ice-
land) : he returns to Norway, after spending the win-
ter and spring, and pronounces it unfit for habitation.
874 Iceland settled by a colony from Norway under Earl
Ingloff, who sought refuge from tyranny at home.
985 Greenland discovered by Bjarni Herjulf of Norway.
1000 Newfoundland and Nova Scotia discovered by Leif.
1002 The Northman, Thorvald, sails for America.
1170 The Welsh claim the discovery of America by Madog.
1380 Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian, sails for America.
1492 Oct. 12. Christopher Columbus discovered America.
1497 July 3. Labrador discovered by John and Sebas-
tian Cabot.
1498 Coast of North America explored by Sebastian
Cabot.
1499 Amerigo Vespucci visited South America.
1504 Amerigo Vespucci's narration of discovery published.
1507 The Western Continent first named America.
1512 April 6. Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida.
1519 The Gulf of Mexico explored by Francis de Garay
1521 Fernando Cortez conquered Mexico.
1522 Magellen makes the first voyage round the world.
1534 June. Jaques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence
River.
1541 De Soto discovered the Mississippi River.
1565 Sept. 18. The Spaniards settled St. Augustine,
Florida.
1602 May 24. Bartholomew Gosnold discovered Cape Cod.
42 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1605 The French settled Port Royal, Nova Scotia.
1607 May 23. The English settled Jamestown, Virginia.
1608 July 3. The French under Champlain settled Quebec
1609 Sept. 21. Henry Hudson discovered the Hudson
River.
1614 The Dutch settled New York.
1616 Tobacco first cultivated in Virginia.
L620 Aug. Negro slavery commenced in the Eng3sh
Colonies, at Jamestown, Va.
Dec. 21. Massachusetts settled at Plymouth.
i.622 April 1. First Indian massacre in Virginia.
1623 New Hampshire settled at Dover.
1633 Oct. Connecticut settled at Windsor.
1634 April 6. Maryland settled at St. Mary's.
1636 Rhode Island settled at Providence by Roger
Williams.
Harvard College founded.
1637 The Pequot War. — Caused by the murderous
depredations of this tribe against the Colonists of
Connecticut. They were totally defeated, and
those not slain were sold into captivity or joined
other tribes.
1638 April. Delaware settled near Wilmington by Swedes.
1664 Sept. 8. New York became an English Province.
. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown.
1675 July 4. King Phillip's War commenced. —
Caused by a combination of the New England
tribes of Indians, with a view to exterminate the
Whites. The most shocking barbarities were
perpetrated until the death of their leader —
Philip — by one of his own tribe in 1676.
1676 Bacon's Rebellion. — Caused by the tyranny of
Governor Berkeley, of Va., and his refusal to
protect the lives and property of the Colonist!
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 48
from the Indian depredations. Public indignation
was aroused, and, led by Nathaniel Bacon, were
successful in securing the ends sought.
1680 Charlestown settled.
1682 Pennsylvania settled at Philadelphia.
Aug. 31. Delaware granted to Wm. Penn by the
Duke of York.
1686 Dec. 30. Andros arrived at Boston as Governor of
New England.
1689 July 7. King William's War commenced. —
Cause. — Upon the ascension of William and Mary
to the throne of England, the Protestants of Mary-
land demanded the Colonial management of the
Territory. The Roman Catholics, after repeated
struggles, were overthrown in the province which
they had planted, and the Established Church of
England became the religion of the province in
1692.
1690 Feb. 8. Schenectady burned by French and Indians.
1692 " Salem Witchcraft."
1697 Sept. 20. Close of King William's War, by the
" Treaty of Ryswick."
1702 Queen Anne's War commenced. — Cause —
Spain was in alliance with France against Eng-
land. The troubles between England and Spain
induced hostilities between the English Colony of
South Carolina and the Spanish Province of Flor-
ida. The English were victorious and gained
possession of the territory by the treaty of Utrecht
in 1713.
1710 Oct. 13. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, taken by the
English.
1732 Feb. 22. Washington born in Westmoreland Coun-
ty, Virgin? a.
44 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1741 " The Negro Plot " in New York.
1744 King George's War commenced in America. —
Cause — England under George II. was arrayed
against France. In America, the struggle was
carried on between the English and French Colon-
ists for rights of territorial possession. Nothing
definite was gained by the devastating land and
nava_ warfare of four years. Peace was con-
cluded by treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748.
1745 June 28. The English captured Louisburg.
1748 Oct. 18. Close of King George's War by the
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
1753 Oct. 31. Washington sent with a letter from Gov.
Dinwiddie, of Va.
1754 The French and Indian War commenced.
— The alleged cause was the encroachments and
hostile acts of the French, which resulted in the
settlement of a long-disputed question between Eng-
land and France for colonial supremacy in Amer-
ica. England claimed the territory from the
Atlantic to the Pacific by virtue of the discovery
of the Atlantic Coast under Cabot. The French
claimed the interior from the St. Lawrence, Ohio
and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries to the
Gulf of Mexico, from their discovery by La Salle
and other navigators. The English were victorious.
1755 June. The French expelled from Nova Scotia by
Monckton.
July 9. Braddock defeated at the battle of Monon
gahela.
1756 May 17. War declared against France by Great
Britain.
— Aug. 14. Oswego taken by the French under
Montcalm.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 45
1757 Aug. 9. Fort Wm. Henry surrendered to Montcalm.
1758 July 6. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ti-
conderoga.
July 26. Amherst and Wolfe take Louisburg.
1759 The French abandoned Ticonderoga and Crown
Point.
July 25. Niagara surrendered to the English under
Johnson.
Sept. 18. Quebec surrendered to the English.
1760 April 28. The French attempted to recover Quebec.
Sept. 8. Canada surrendered to the English.
1763 Feb. 10. Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain.
1765 March 8. Parliament passed the Stamp Act.
Oct. 7. A Colonial Congress met at New York.
1766 March 18. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.
1770 March 5. " The Boston Massacre."
1773 Dec. 16. Tea thrown overboard at Boston.
1774 March. Parliament passed the " Boston Port Bill."
Sept. 5. " The First Continental Congress " met at
Philadelphia.
1775 April 19. The Revolutionary War. First
battle at Lexington. Causes — See Declaration
of Independence.
1776 July 4. The Independence of the United States
of America declared. For list of battles, see Ta-
ble of Contents.
1778 Feb. 6. France acknowledges the Independence oi
America.
Treaty of Alliance of the United States with France-
1779 Sept. 23. Paul Jones' naval battle off the coast of
England.
1781 July 10. French fleet arrived at Newport, R.I.
Oct. 2. Execution of Major Andre* at Tappan, N.Y.
1781 Oct. 19. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown.
46 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1782 Nov. 30. Preliminary articles of peace signed at
Paris.
1783 April 19. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the
American army.
July 11. British evacuated Savannah, Georgia.
Sept. 3. Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris,
Nov. 3. American army disbanded.
Nov. 25. British evacuated New York.
Dec. 23. Washington resigns his commission.
1784 The Tenth Continental Congress met at Trenton.
1785 John Adams first Minister to England.
1786 Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts.
1787 Sept. 11. Constitution of the United States adopt-
ed by the Convention of Delegates at Philadel-
phia.
1788 Catton Srst planted :n Virginia.
For the leading events of each succeeding year, see each
administration.
a
-<--£..
THE MAYFLOWER. From a Model in Pilgrim Hall.
PLYMOUTH ROCK. PILGRIM HALL, PLYMOUTH, MASS.
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
A RKiiOLUTiON of the Congress of the United
Colonies was passed June 11, 1776, appointing a
committee of five to draft a Declaration — consist-
ing of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin
Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston.
Thursday, July 4, 1776.
Agreeable to the order of the day, Congress
resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole to
consider the Declaration, President John Hancock
of Mass., in the chair. The Secretary, Benj. Har-
rison of Va., reported that the committee had
agreed upon a Declaration ; which was read and
adopted as follows : —
When, in the course of human even-Is, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them with another, and
to assume among the powers of the earth the separate
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect for the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare
the causes which impel them to the separation.
47
48
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
We hold these truths to be self-evident : —that all
men are created equal ; that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap-
piness ; that to secure these rights, governments are
instituted among men, deriving their just powere
from the consent of the governed ; that whenever any
form of government becomes destructive of these
ends it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish
it, and to institute a new government, laying its
foundation on such principles, and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence,
indeed, will dictate that governments long estab-
lished should not be changed for light and transient
causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing
the forms to which they are accustomed. But when
a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursujjg
invariably the same object, evinces a design to
reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their
right, it is their duty, to throw off such government
and to provide new guards for their future security
Such has been the patient sufferance of these col-
onies ; and such is now the necessity which con
strains them to alter their former system of govern-
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 49
ment. The history of the present King of Great
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa-
tions, all having in direct object the establishment of
an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He lias refused his assent to laws the most whole-
some and necessary for the public good-
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of
immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended
in their operation till his assent should be obtained ;
and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to
attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accom-
modation of large districts of people, unless those
people would relinquish the right of representation
in the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and
formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places
unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the deposi-
tory of their public records, for the sole purpose of
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly,
for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on
the right of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such disso-
lutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the
legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have
50 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
returned to the people at large for their exercise ;
the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to
all the danger of invasion from without and convul-
sions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of
these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws
for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass
others to encourage their migration hither, and
raising the conditions of new appropriations of
lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice,
by refusing his assent to laws for establishing
judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone
for the tenure of their offices and the amount and
payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and
Bent hither swarms of officers, to harrass our people
and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, stand-
ing armies, without the consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the military indepen-
dent of and superior to the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a
jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unac-
knowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their
acts of pretended legislation, —
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 51
For quartering large bodies of armed troops
among us :
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from pan-
ishmeut for any murders which they should commit
on the inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the
world :
For imposing taxes on us without our consent :
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits
of trial by jury :
For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for
pretended offences :
For abolishing the free system of English law in
a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbi-
trary government, and enlarging its boundaries so
as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these
colonies :
For taking away our charters, abolishing our
most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the
forni3 of our government:
For suspending our own legislatures, and declar-
ing themselves invested with power to legislate for
us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here by declaring
us out of his protection, and waging war against us
Ep has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts,
v^C><o(r>
52 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our
people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of
foreign mercenaries, to complete the works of death,
desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circum-
Btances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in
the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the
head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken
captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their
country, to become the executioners of their friends
and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst
us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants
of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc-
tion of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have peti-
tioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our
petitions have been answered only by repeated
injury. A prince whose character is thus marked
by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to
be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in attention to our
British brethren. We have warned them, from time
to time, of attempts made by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 53
have reminded them of the circumstances of our
emigration and settlement here. We have appealed
to their native justice and magnanimity, and we
have conjured them, by the ties of our common kin-
dred, to disavow these usurpations, which would
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspon-
dence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of
justice and consanguinity. We must therefore
acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our sep-
aration, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man-
kind, enemies in war — in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United
States of America, in General Congress assembled,
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for
the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and
by the authority of the good people of these colonies,
solemnly publish and declare that these United Col-
onies are, and of good right ought to be, free and
independent States ; that they are absolved from all
allegiance to the British crown, and that all political
connection between them and the State of Great
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and
that, as free and independent States, they have full
power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alli-
ances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts
and things which independent States may of right
do. And for the sup r ^rt of this declaration, with a
54
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence,
we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes,
and our sacred honor.
Signed by order and in behalf of the Congress.
JOHN HANCOCK, President.
Attested, Charles Thompson, Secretary.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Josiah Bartlett,
William Whipple,
Matthew Thornton.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Samuel Adams,
John Adams,
Robert Treat Paine,
Eldridge Gerry.
RHODE ISLAND, ETC
Stephen Hopkins,
William Ellery.
CONNECTICUT.
Roger Sherman,
Samuel Huntington,
William Williams,
Oliver Wolcott.
NEW YOKE.
William Floyd,
Philip Livingston,
Francis Lewis,
Lewis Morris.
NEW JERSEY.
Richard Stockton,
John Witherspoon,
Francis Hopkinson,
John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Robert Morris,
B> njamin Rush,
Benjamin Franklin,
John Morton,
George Clymer,
James Smith,
PENNSYLVANIA.
George Taylor,
James Wilson,
George Ross.
DELAWARE.
Caesar Rodney,
George Read,
Thomas M'Kean.
MARYLAND.
Samuel Chase,
William Paca,
Thomas Stone,
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton
VIRGINIA.
George Wythe,
Richard Henry Lee,
Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas Nelson, jr.,
Francis Lightfoot Lee,
Carter Braxton.
NORTH CAROLINA.
William Hooper,
Joseph Hewes,
John Penn.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Edward Rutledge,
Thomas Hey ward, jr.,
Thomas Lynch, jr.,
Arthur Middleton.
GEORGIA.
Button Gwinnett,
Lyman Hall,
George Walton.
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK .»,»
CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.
1774 to 1789.
PRESIDENT. DATE. CONGRESS MET A I
Peyton Randolph, Va. . .5th Sept., 1774 Philadelphia.
Henry Middleton, S. 0. . .22nd Oct., 1774
Peyton Randolph, Va. . .10th May, 1775 "
John Hancock, Mass. . . .24th May, 177G Baltimore.
Philadelphia.
Henry Laurens, S. C. . . .1st Nov. 1777 < York, Pa.;
Lancaster, Pa.
John Jay, N. Y 10th Dec, 1778 Philadelphia.
Samuel Huntington, Conn. 28th Sep., 1778 "
Thomas McKean, Del. . .10th July, 1781 "
John Hanson, Md. . . . .5th Nov., 1781 "
Elias Boudinot, N. J. . . .4th " 1782 "
( Princeton, N. J.
Thomas Mifflin, Pa. . . . 3rd " 1783 ] 4 f . ^ rj
1 Annapolis, Md.
Richard Henry Lee, Va. . .30th Nov., 1784 Trenton.
Nathaniel Gorham, Mass. 6th Jan., 1786 New York.
Arthur St. Clair, Pa. . . .2nd Feb., 1787 "
Cyrus Griffin, Va 22nd Jan., 1788 "
The first Congress under the Constitution met at New
York, March 4, 1789 ; Geo. Washington inaugurated Presi-
dent. The seat of Government was removed to Washington,
D. C. t in 1800.
OF AME1UCAN FflOGBESS. bl
HISTORY OF THE CONFEDERATION OF
THE COLONIES.
The first steps toward the organization of the
United States of America dates back to an assembly
of Delegates from the several North American Colo-
nies, which met at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia,
Sept. 5th, 17T4, and styled themselves a Congress.
Its object was to discuss the grievances of Great
Britain, and to enact measures for self-protection.
Each Colony was entitled to one vote. The Confed-
eration constantly gained in strength and in public
confidence. British aggressions became intolerable ;
and, July 2d, 1774, the Continental Congress re-
solved " Tliat these United Colonies are and of right
ought to be Free and Independent States" &c. ; and
on Thursday, July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of In-
dependence was agreed upon, and read to the public
July 8th. On the 9th of Sept., 1776, by resolution
of Congress, the words " United Colonies " was
changed to " The United States of America."
The Articles of Confederation and perpetual un-
ion of the United States of America was agreed to
November 15th, 1777, subject to the ratification of
the several State Legislatures, the last of which rat-
ified the same March 1st, 1781.
58 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PER-
PETUAL UNION OF THE STATES.
To all whom these Presents shall come, We, the undersigned
Delegates of the States affixed to our names, send greeting • —
Whereas, the Delegates of the United States of America, in
Congress assembled, did, on the 15th day of November, in the
Year of our Lord, 1777, and in the Second Year of the Inde-
pendence of America, agree to certain Articles of Confedera-
tion and Perpetual Union between the States of New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Planta-
tions, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Georgia, in the words following, viz. :
44 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the
States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island
and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, Neu
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
Article 1. The style of this Confederacy shall
be " The United States of America."
Article 2. Each State retains its sovereignty,
freedom and independence, and every power, juris-
diction and right, which is not by this confederation
expressly delegated to the United States in Congress
assembled.
Article 3. The said States hereby severally
enter into a firm league of friendship with each
other, for their common defence, the security of their
liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, bind-
ing themselves to assist eacli other against all force
offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of
OF AMERICAN PROGBK8S. 59
them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or
any other pretense whatever.
Article 4. The better to secure and perpetuate
mutual friendship and intercourse among the people
of the different States in this Union, the free inhab-
itants of each of these States — paupers, vagabonds,
and fugitives from justice excepted — shall be entitled
to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in
the several States ; and the people of each State shall
have free ingress and regress to and from any other
State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of
trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, im-
positions and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof
respectively, provided that such restriction shall not
extend so- far as to prevent the removal of property,
imported into any State, to any other State of which
the owner is an inhabitant ; provided, also, that no
imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any
State on the property of the United States, or either
of them.
If any person guilty of, or charged with treason,
felony, or other high misdemeanor in any State, shall
flee from justice, and be found in any of the United
States, he shall, upon demand of the Governor, or
executive power of the State from which he fled,
be delivered up and removed to the State having jur
isdiction of his offense.
60 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Full faith and credit shall be given in each
of these States, to the records, acts, and judicial pro-
ceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other
State.
Article 5. For the more convenient manage-
ment of the general interest of the United States,
Delegates shall be annually appointed, in such man-
ner as the Legislature of each State shall direct, to
meet in Congress on the first Monday in November,
in every year, with a power reserved to each State
to recall its Delegates, or any of them, at any time
within the year, and to send others in their stead,
for the remainder of the year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less
than two, nor by more than seven, members ; and no
person shall be capable of being a Delegate for more
than three years in any term of six years ; nor shall
any person, being a Delegate, be capable of holding
any office under the United States, for which he, or
another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees or
emolument of any kind.
Each State shall maintain its own Delegates in
any meeting of the States, and while they act as
members of the Committee of the States.
In determining questions in the United States
in Congress assembled, each State shall have one
vote.
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 61
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall
not be impeached or questioned in any court or place
out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall
be protected in their persons from arrests and im-
prisonments, during the time of their going to and
from, and attendance on Congress, except for trea-
son, felony, or breach of the peace.
Article 6. No State, without the consent of
the United States in Congress assembled, shall send
an embassy to, or receive an embassy from, or enter
into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty
with any King, Prince or State ; nor shall any per-
son holding any office of profit or trust under the
United States, or any of them, accept of any present,
emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from
any King, Prince, or Foreign State ; nor shall the
United States in Congress assembled, or any of them,
grant any title of nobility.
No two or more States shall enter into any treaty,
confederation, or alliance whatever between them,
without the consent of the United States in Congress
assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for
which the same is to be entered into, and how long
it shall continue.
No State shall lay any imposts or duties which
may interfere with any stipulations in treaties en-
tered into by the United States in Congress assem-
62 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
bled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance
of any treaties already proposed by Congress, to the
Courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of
peace by any State, except such number only, as
shall be deemed necessary by the United States in
Congress assembled, for the defence of such State, or
its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up
by any State, in time of peace, except such number
only, as in the judgment of the United States in Con-
gress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison
the forts necessary for the defence of such State ; but
every State shall always keep up a well regulated
and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accou-
tered, and shall provide and have constantly ready
for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces
and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition,
and camp equipage.
No State shall engage in any war without the
consent of the United States in Congress assembled,
unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or
shall have received certain advice of a resolution be-
ing formed by some nation of Indians to invade such
a State, and the danger ; s so imminent as not to ad-
mit of a delay till the United States in Congress as-
sembled can be consulted : nor shall any State grant
commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 63
of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration
of war by the United States in Congress assembled,
and then only against the Kingdom or State, and the
subjects thereof, against which war has been so de-
clared, and under such regulations as shall be estab-
lished by the United States in Congress assembled,
unless such State be infested by pirates; in which case
vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion,
and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or un-
til the United States in Congress assembled shall de-
termine otherwise.
Article 7. When land forces are raised by any
State for the common defence, all officers of, or under
the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the Legisla-
tures of each State respectively, b}' whom such forces
shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall
direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the
State which first made the appointment.
Article 8. All charges of war, and all other
expenses that shall be incurred for the common de-
fence or general warfare, and allowed by the United
States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out
of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the
several States, in proportion to the value of all land
within each State, granted to or surveyed for any per-
son, as such land and the buildings and improvements
thereon shall be estimated according to such mode
64 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
as the United States in Congress assembled shall,
from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes
for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by
the authority and direction of the Legislatures of the
several States within the time agreed upon by the
United States in Congress assembled.
Article 9. The United States in Congress
assembled shall have the sole and exclusive right and
power of determining on peace and war, except in the
cases mentioned in the 6th article— of sending and
receiving ambassadors — entering into treaties and alli-
ances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be
made whereby the Legislative power of the respective
States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts
and duties on foreigners as their own people are
subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or
importation of any species of goods or commodities
whatsoever — of establishing rules for deciding in all
cases what captures on land or water shall be legal,
<ind in what manner prizes taken by land or naval
forces in the service of the United States shall be
divided or appropriated — of granting letters cij
marque and reprisal in times of peace — appointing
courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed
on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving
and determining finally, appeals in all cases of cap
tures, provided that no member of Congress shall b«
appointed a juago of any of the said courts.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 65
The United States in Congress assembled shall
also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and
differences now subsisting, or that hereafter may
arise, between two or more States concerning boun-
dary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever ;
which authority shall always be exercised in the
manner following : — Whenever the legislative or ex-
ecutive authority or lawful agent of any State in
controversy with another shall present a petition to
Congress, stating the matter in question and praying
for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by
order of Congress, to the Legislative or Executive
authority of the other State in controversy, and a day
assigned for the appearance of the parties by their
lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint,
by joint consent, commissioners or judges to con-
stitute a court for hearing and determining the mat-
ter in question ; but if they cannot agree, Congress
shall name three persons out of each of the United
States, and from the list of such persons each party
shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners be-
ginning, until the number shall be reduced to thir-
teen ; and from that number not less than seven, nor
more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall
in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot ; and
the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any
five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to
hear and finally determine tne controversy so always
66 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
as a major part of the judges who shall hear the
cause shall agree in the determination : and if either
party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed,
without showing reasons which Congress shall judge
sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the
Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out
of each State, and the Secretary of Congress shall
strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and
the judgment and sentence of the court to be ap-
pointed, in the manner above prescribed, shall be
final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall
refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to
appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall
nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or judg-
ment, which shall in like manner be final and deci-
sive, the judgment or sentence and other proceed-
ings being in either case transmitted to Congress,
and lodged among the acts of Congress for the secu-
rity of the parties concerned : provided that every
commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take
an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of
the Supreme or Superior Court of the State where
the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and
determine the matter in question, according to the
best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or
hope of reward : " provided, also, that no State shall
be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United
States.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 67
All controversies concerning the private right oi
soil claimed under different grants of two or more
States, whose jurisdictions, as they may respect such
lands, and the States which passed such grants, are
adjusted ; the said grants or either of them being at
the same time claimed to have originated antecedent
to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the peti-
tion of either party to the Congress of the United
States, be finally determined as near as may be in
the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding
disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between
different States.
The United States in Congress assembled shall
also have the sole exclusive right and power of regu-
lating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own
authority, or by that of the respective States — fixing
the standard of weights and measures throughout the
United States — regulating the trade and managing
all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the
States; provided that the Legislative right of any
State within its own limits be not infringed or violat-
ed — establishing or regulating post-offices from one
State to another, throughout all the United States,
and exacting such postage on the papers passing
through the same as may be requisite to defray the
expenses of the said office — appointing all officers of
the land forces, in the service of the United States,
68 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
excepting regimental officers — appointing all the
officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all
officers whatever in the service of the United States —
making rules for the government and regulation of
the said land and naval forces, and directing their
operations.
The United States in Congress assembled shall
have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the
recess of Congress, to be denominated " A Commit-
tee of the States," and to consist of one Delegate
from each State ; and to appoint such other commit-
tees and civil officers as may be necessary for manag-
ing the general affairs of the United States under
their direction — to appoint one of their number to
preside ; provided, that no person be allowed to serve
in the office of President more than one year in any
term of three years — to ascertain the necessary sums
of money to be raised for the service of the United
States, and to appropriate and apply the same for de-
fraying the public expenses — to borrow money, or
emit bills on the credit of the United States, trans-
mitting every half year to the respective States an
account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted
— to build and equip a navy — to agree upon the num-
ber of land forces, and to make requisitions from each
State for its quota, in proportion to the number of
white inhabitants in such State ; which requisition
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 69
shall be binding, and thereupon the Legislatures of
each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise
the men, and clothe, arm and equip them in a soldier-
like manner, at the expense of the United States ;
;md the officers and men so clothed, armed and equip-
ped shall march to the place appointed, and within
the time agreed on by the United States in Congress
assembled; but if the United States in Congress as-
sembled shall, on consideration of circumstances,
judge proper that any State should not raise men, or
should raise a smaller number than its quota, and
that any other State should raise a greater number
of men than the quota thereof, such extra number
shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed and equip-
ped in the same manner as the quota of such State,
unless the Legislature of such State shall judge that
such extra number can not be safely spared out of
the same ; in which case they shall raise, officer,
clothe, arm and equip as many of such extra number
as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers
and men so clothed, armed and equipped shall march
to the place appointed, and within the time agreed
on by the United States in Congress assembled.
The United States in Congress assembled shall
never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque
and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treat-
ies or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
70 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses neces-
sary for the defence and welfare of the United States,
or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on
the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money,
nor agi ee upon the number of vessels of war to be
built or purchased, or the number of land or sea
forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chief
of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the
same : nor shall a question on any other point, except
for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless
by the votes of a majority of the United States in
Cungress assembled.
The Congress of the United States shall have power
to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place
within the United States, so that no period of adjourn-
ment be for a ionger duration than the space of six
months, and shall publish the Journal of their pro-
ceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating
to treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their
judgment require secresy ; and the yeas and nays of
the Delegates of each State on any question shall be
entered on the Journal, when it is desired by any
delegate ; and the Delegates of a State, or any of them,
at his or their request, shall be furnished with a tran-
script of the said journal, except such parts as are
above excepted, to lay before the Legislature of the
several States.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 71
Article 10. The Committee of the States, or
any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in
the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress,
as the United States in Congress assembled, by the
consent of nine States, shall from time to time thinl*
expedient to vest them with ; provided, that no power
be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise
of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice
of nine States in the Congress of the United States
assembled is requisite.
Article 11. Canada, acceding to this Confeder-
ation, and joining in the measures of the United States,
shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advant-
ages of this Union ; but no other Colony shall be
admitted into the same, unless such admission be
agreed to by nine States.
Article 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys
borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the au-
thority of Congress, before the assembling of the
United States, in pursuance of the present Confeder-
ation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge
against the United States, for payment and satisfac-
tion whereof the said United States and the public
faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
Article 13. Every State shall abide by the
determinations of the United States in Congress as-
sembled, on all questions which by this Confederation
72 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
are submitted to them. And the Articles of this Con-
federation shall be inviolably observed by every
State, and the union shall be perpetual ; nor shall
any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any
of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Con-
gress of the United States, and be afterward con-
firmed by the Legislatures of every State.
And Whereas, It hath pleased the Great Governor
of the World to incline the hearts of the Legislatures
we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of,
and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of
Confederation and perpetual union. Know ye that
we, the undersigned Delegates, by virtue of the
power and authority to us given for that purpose, do
by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our
respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and
confirm each and every one of the said Articles of Con-
federation and perpetual union, and all and singular
the matters and things therein contained. And we
do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of
our respective constituents, that they shall abide by
the determinations of the United States in Congress
assembled, on all questions, which by the said Con-
federation are submitted to them. And that the Ar-
ticles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the
States we respectively represent, and that the union
6hall be perpetual. In witness whereof we have
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 73
hereunto set our hands in Congress. Dune at Phila-
delphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of
July, in the Year of our Lord, 1778, and in the 3d
rear of the Independence of America.
74 NATIONAL HANP-lVXti.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity,
provide for the common defence, promote the general wel-
fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the
United States of America.
ARTICLE I.
§ I. — All legislative powers herein granted shall
be vested in a Congress of the United States, which
shall consist of a Senate and House of Representa-
tives.
§ II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be
composed of members chosen every second year by
the people of the several States; and the electors in
each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the State
legislature.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 75
2. No person shall be a representative who shall
not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and
been seven years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of the
State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appoi
tioned among the several States which may be
included within this Union, according to their
respective numbers, which shall be determined by
adding to the whole number of free persons, includ-
ing those bound to service for a term of years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other
persons. The actual enumeration shall be made
within three years after the first meeting of the Con-
gress of the United States, and within every subse-
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall
by law direct. The number of representatives shall
not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each
State shall have at least one representative; and
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of
New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ;
Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York,
six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Dela-
ware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North
Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; Georgia, three
4. When vacancies happen in the representation
76 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
of any State, the executive authority thereof shall
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose
their speaker and other officers, and shall have the
eole power of impeachment.
§ III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shal)
be composed of two senators from each State, chosen
by the legislature thereof, for six years ; a^ each
senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in
consequence of the first election, they shall be divi-
ded, as equally as may be, into three classes. The
seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated
at the expiration of the second year, of the second
class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the
third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that
one third may be chosen every second year ; and if
vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during
the recess of the legislature of any State, the execu-
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
till such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not
have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine
years a citizen of the United States, and who shall
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for
which he shall be chosen.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. < t
4. The Y ice-President of the United States sha^
be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote,
unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers,
and also a president pro tempore in the absence of
the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the
office of President of the United States.
J. The Senate shall have the sole power to try
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose,
they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the chief
justice shall preside ; and no person shall be con-
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the
members present.
7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not
extend further than to removal from office, and dis-
qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor,
trust, or profit under the United States; but the
party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and
subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish
ment, according to law.
§ 1Y. — 1. The times, places, and manner of hold
ing elections for Senators and representatives shall
be prescribed in each State by the legislature
thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law,
make or alter such regulations, except as to the
places of choosing senators.
78 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in
every year ; and such meeting shall be on the first
Monday in December, unless they shall by law ap-
point a different day.
§ V. — 1. Each house shall be judge of the elec
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members;
and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to
do business ; but a smaller number may adjouru
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel
the attendance of absent members, in such manner
and under such penalties as each house may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of ita
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly be-
havior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel
a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed-
ings, and from time to time publish the same,
excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the mem-
bers of either house on any question shall, at the
desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the
journal.
4. Neither house, during the session of Congress,
Bhall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for
more than three days, nor to any other place than
that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
§ VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 70
receive a compensation for their services, to be ascer-
tained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the
United States. They shall, in all cases except
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi-
leged from arrest during their attendance at the
session of their respective houses, and in going to or
returning from the samo ; and for any speech or
debate in either house they shall not be questioned
in any other place.
2. No senator or representative shall, during the
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any
civil office under the authority of the United States
which shall have been created, or the emoluments
whereof shall have been increased, during such time ;
and no person holding any office under the United
States shall be a member of either house during: his
continuance in office.
§ VII. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall
originate in the House of Representatives ; but the
Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as
on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House
of Representatives and the Senate shall, before k
becomes a law, be presented to the President of the
United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but
if not, he shall return it with his objections, to that
House in which it shall have originated, who shall
80
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
enter the objections at large on their journal, and
proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera-
tion, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to
the other house ; and if approved by two-thirds of
that house it shall become a law. But in all such
cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by
yeas and nays ; and the name of the persons voting
for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour-
nals of each house respectively. If any bill shall not
be returned by the President within ten days (Sun-
days excepted) after it shall have been presented to
him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he
had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjournment,
prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a
law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa-
tives may be necessary (except on a question of
adjournment) shall be presented to the President of
the United States, and before the same shall take
effect 6hail be approved by him, or, being disap-
proved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the
Senate and House of Representatives, according ti
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a
bill.
§ VIII. — The Congress shall have power —
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
81
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and
excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the com-
mon defence and general welfare of the United
States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be
uniform throughout the United States :
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United
States :
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations,
and among the several States, and with the Indian
tribes :
L To establish a uniform rule of naturalization,
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies,
throughout the United States :
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and
of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and
measures :
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit-
in sr the securities and current coin of the United
States :
7. To establish post offices and post roads :
8. To promote the progress of science and useful
arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and
inventors the exclusive right to their respective writ-
ings and discoveries :
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme
Court :
10. To define and punish piracies and feloniei
82 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
committed on the high seas, and offences against the
law of nations :
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land
and water :
12. To raise and support armies ; but no appro-
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer
term than two years :
13. To provide and maintain a navy :
14. To make rules for the government and reg
ulation of the land and naval forces :
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections,
and repel invasions
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disci-
plining the militia, and for governing such part of
them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the States respectively the
appointment of the officers, and the authority of
training the militia, according to the discipline pre-
scribed by Congress :
17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten
miles square) as may, by cession of particular States,
and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
government of the United States, and to exercise like
authority over all places purchased by the consent of
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 8TATE8. 83
the legislature of the State in which the same shall
be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock
yards, and other needful building : And,
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary
find proper for carrying into execution the foregoing
powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti-
tution in the government of the United States, or in
any department or officer thereof.
§ IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such
persons as any of the States, now existing, shall think
proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Con-
gress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on
such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
person.
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of re-
bellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.
3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall
be passed.
4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid,
unless in proportion to the census or enumeration
herein before directed to be taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex-
ported from any States. No preference shall be
given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to
the ports of one State over those of anothei ; nor
84 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged
to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ;
and a regular statement and account of the receipts
and expenditurss of all public money shall be pub-
lished from time to time.
7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the
United States ; and no person holding any office of
profit or trust under them shall, without the consent
of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument,
office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign State.
§ X. — 1. No state shall enter into any treaty,
alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque
and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ;
make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post
facto law, or impairing the obligation of contracts ;
or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of Con-
gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or
exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for
executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce
of all duties and imposts laid by any State on im-
ports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury
of the United States ; and all such laws shall be
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 85
subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay
any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in
time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact
with another State or with a foreign power, 01
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in guch
imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
article n.
§ I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America. He
shall hold his office during the term of four years,
and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the
same term, be elected as follows :
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of elec-
tors, equal to the whole number of senators and
representatives to which the State may be entitled in
the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or
person holding an office of trust or profit under the
United States, shall be appointed an elector.
3. [Annulled. See Amendments, Art. 12.]
4. The Congress may determine the time of
choosing the electors, and the day on which they
shall give their votes, which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
bb NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a
citizen of the United States at the time of the adop
tion of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office
of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to
that office who shall not have attained the age oi
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident
within the United States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to dis-
charge the powers and duties of said office, the same
shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the Con-
gress may by law provide for the case of removal,
death, resignation, or inability both of the President
and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then
act as President, and such officer shall act accord-
ingly, until the disability be removed, or a President
shall be elected.
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive
for his services a compensation which shall neither
be increased nor diminished during the period foi
which he shall have been elected ; and he shall not
receive, within that period, any other emolument
from the United States, or any of them.
8. Before he enter on the execution of his office,
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : —
" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
faithfully execute the office of President of the
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 87
United States, and will, to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the
United States."
§ II. — 1. The President shall be comraander-in
chief of the army and navy of the United States, and
of the militia of the several States, when called into
the actual service of the United States : he may
require the opinion, in writing, of the principal
officer in each of the executive departments upon
any subject relating to the duties of their respective
offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves
and pardons for offences against the United States,
except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided
two-thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he
shall nomirate, and by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors,
other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United
States whose appointments are not herein otherwise
provided for, and which shall be established by law.
Put the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment
oi such inferior officers as they think proper in the
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads
of departments.
3, The President shall have power to fill up al)
88 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the
Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire
at the end of the next session.
§ III. — He shall, from time to time, give to the
Congress information of the state of the Union, and
recommend to their consideration such measures as
he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or
either of them, and in case of disagreement between
them with respect to the time of adjournment, he
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think
proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public
ministers ; he shall take care that the laws are faith-
fully executed ; and shall commission all the officers
of the United States.
§ IV.— The President, Vice-President, and al?
civil officers of the United States, shall be removed
from office on impeachment for, and conviction of,
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde-
meanors.
ARTICLE III.
§ I. — The judicial power of the United States
shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such
inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to
time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the
Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 8 'J
during good behavior, and shall, at stated times,
receive for their services a compensation which shall
not be diminished during their continuance in office.
§ II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all
cases in law and equity arising under this Constitu-
tion, the laws of the United States, and treaties
made, or which shall be made under their authority;
to all cases affecting ambassadors, and other public
ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and
maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the
United States shall be a party ; to controversies be-
tween two or more States; between a State and
citizens of another State ; between citizens of differ-
ent States; between citizens of the same State,
claiming lands under grants of different States, and
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign
States, citizens, or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State
shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have orig-
inal jurisdiction. In all other cases before men-
tioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such ex-
ceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress
shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of iua
peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall bo
90 NATIONAL HAND-BoOK.
held in the State where such crimes shall have been
committed ; but when not committed within any
State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the
Congress may by law have directed.
§ III. — 1. Treason against the United State
ah all consist only in levying war against them, or n
adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com-
fort No person shall be convicted of treason, unless
on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt
act, or confessions in open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the
punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except
during the life of the person attainted.
article rv.
§ I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each
State to the public acts, records, and judicial pro-
ceedings of every other State. And the Congress
may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved,
and the effect thereof.
§ II. — 1. The citizens of each State shall be en
titled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in
the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 91
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice,
and be found in another State, shall, on demand of
the executive authority of the State from which he
fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State
having jurisdiction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one
State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another,
shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom
such service or labor may be due.
§ III. — 1. New States may be admitted by the
Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall
shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of
any other State; nor any State be formed by the
junction of two or more States, or parts of States,
without the consent of the legislature of the States
concerned, as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of
and make all needful rules and regulations respecting
the territory or other property belonging to the
United States: and nothing in this Constitut %te8
to . ,ar of
shall be so construed as to prejudice any claiy en and
the United States, or of any particular State, -erica the
§ IV.— The United States shall guaranty subscribed
State of this Union a republican form of gCGTON,
and shall protect each of them against in\>m Virginia.
92 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
on application of the legislature, or of the executive,
(when the legislature cannot be convened,) against
domestic violence.
ARTICLE v.
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both
houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend-
ments to this Constitution, or, on the application of
the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments,
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and
purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as
the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro-
posed by the Congress ; provided that no amend-
ment which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any
manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth
section of the first article ; and that no State, with-
out its consent, shall be deprived of its equai
suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI.
1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall
be as valid against the United States under this
Constitution? as under the confederation.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 93
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and
all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall
be bound thereby ; any thing in the Constitution or
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
3. The senators and representatives before men-
tioned, and the members of the several State legisla-
tures, and all executive and all judicial officers, both
of the United States and of the several States, shall
be bound by oath or affirmation to support this
Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be
required as a qualification to any office or public
trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII.
The ratification of the conventions of nine States
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Con-
ititution between the States so ratifying the same.
Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of
our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and
of the Independence of the United States of America the
twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed
our names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
President, and Deputy from Virginia.
94
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
NEW HAMPSHIEE.
John Langdon,
Nicholas Giiman.
M ASS AOHUSETTS.
Nathaniel Gorham,
Rufus King.
CONNECTICUT.
Wm. Samuel Johnson,
Roger Sherman.
NEW YOEK.
Alexander Hamilton.
NEW JEE6EY.
William Livingston,
David Brearley,
William Patterson,
Jonathan Dayton.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Benjamin Franklin,
Thomas Mifflin,
Robert Morris,
George Clymer,
Thomas Fitzsimons,
Jared Ingersoll,
James Wilson,
Gouverneur Morris.
DELAWARE
George Read,
Gunning Bedford, jr.,
John Dickinson,
Richard Bassett,
Jacob Broom.
MAEYLAND.
James McHenry,
Daniel of St. Tho. Jester,
Daniel Carroll.
VIRGINIA.
John Blair,
James Madison, jr.
NORTH CAROLINA.
William Blount,
Rich. Dobbs Spaight,
Hugh Williamson.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
John Rutledge,
Charles C. Pinckney,
Charles Pinckney,
Pierce Butler.
GEOEGIA.
William Few,
Abraham Baldwin.
Attest, William Jackson, Secretary.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 95
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
Art. I. — Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.
Art. II. — A well-regulated militia being neces-
sary to the security of a free State, the right of the
people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
Art. III.— ISo soldier shall, in time of peace, be
quartered in any house without the consent of the
owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
Art. IV. — The right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon
96 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
probable cause, supported bj oath or affirmation,
and particularly describing the place to be searched,
and the persons or things to be seized.
Art. Y. — No person shall be held to answer for
a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on 9
presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
militia when in actual service, in time of war or
public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life
or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal
case, to be witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law ; nor shall private property be taken for public
use without just compensation.
Art. VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the ac-
cused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by
law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him ; to have compulsory process for obtain-
ing witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance
of counsel for his defence.
Art. VII. — In suits of common law, where the
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. ^7
right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; andm fact,
tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in
any court of the United States than according to the
rules of the common law.
Art. Till. — Excessive bail shall not be required,
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
Art. IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution
of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.
Art. X. — The powers not delegated to the United
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to
the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or
to the people.
Art. XI. — The judicial power of the United
States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in
law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one
of the United States by citizens of another State, or
by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.
Art. XII. — The electors shall meet in their
respective States, and vote by ballot for President
and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not
be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ;
they shall name in their ballots the person voted for
as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted
for as Yice-President ; and they shall make distinct
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
98 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
persons voted for as Yice-President, and of the
number of votes for each ; which lists they shall sign
and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of gov-
ernment of the United States, directed to the presi
dent of the Senate. The president of the Senate
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates", and the
votes shall then be counted ; the person having the
greatest number of votes for President shall be
President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of electors appointed ; and if no person have
such a majority, then from the persons having the
highest number, not exceeding three, on the list of
those voted for as President, the House of Represen
tatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the
President. But, in choosing the President, the votes
shall be taken by States, the representation from
each State having one vote ; a quorum for this pur-
pose shall consist of a member or members from two
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of
Representatives shall not choose a President, when-
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them
before the fourth day of March next following, ther
the Yice-President shall act as President, as in the
case of the death or other constitutional disability of
the President.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 99
2. The person having the greatest number ot
rotes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President,
if such number be a majority of the whole number
of electors appointed; and if no person have a ma-
jority, then from the two highest numbers on the
list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President a
quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
the whole number of senators, and a majority of the
whole number shall be necessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to
the office of President shall be eligible to that of
Vice-President of the United States.
Art. XIII. Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor involun-
tary servitude, except as a punishment for crime,
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
Art. XIV. Sec. 1. All persons born or
naturalized in the United States, and sub-
ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
of the United States and the States where-
in they reside. No State shall make or
..2376 A
#A
100 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS.
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or
happiness, without due process of law, nor deny to
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec-
tion of the laws.
§ 2. Eepresentatives shall be apportioned among
the several States according to their respective num-
bers, counting the whole number of persons, exclud-
ing Indians not taxed. But whenever the right to
vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and Vice-President, representatives in
Congress, executive and judicial officers, or members
of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the
male inhabitants of such State, being 21 years of
age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
abridged, except for participation in rebellion or
other crime, the basis of representation therein shall
be reduced in the proportion which the number of
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of
male citizens 21 years of age in such State.
§ 3. That no person shall be a Senator or Repre-
sentative in Congress, or elector of President and
Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military,
under the United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath as a member of
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or aa
8
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK. 101
a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu-
tive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
Constitution of the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the
same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies there-
of. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of
each House, remove such disabilities.
§ 4. The validity of the public debt of the
United States authorized by law, including debts
incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United
States or any State shall assume or pay any debt 01
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss
or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts,
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and
void.
§ 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce,
by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this
article.
Art. XV. Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to en-
force this article by appropriate legislation.
102 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE
WASHINGTON.
FIRST PBE8IDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, DELITEEED AFBI1
80, 1789.
Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of
Represent attves — AmoDg the vicissitudes incident
to life, no event could have filled me with greater
anxieties than that of which the notification was
transmitted by your order, and received on the four-
.uenth day of the present month. On the one hand
I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can
lever hear but with veneration and love, from a
:etreat which I had chosen with the fondest predi
lection, and in my flattering hopes with an immuta
ble decision as the asylum of my declining years ; a
retreat which was rendered every day more necessary
as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit
to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my
health to the gradual waste committed en it by time.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. 103
On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of
the trust to which the voice of my country called me
being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most
experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into
his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with de-
spondence one who, inheriting inferior endowments
from nature, and unpracticed in the duties of civil
administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of
his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all
I dare aver is, that it has been my faithful study to
collect my duty from a just appreciation of every
circumstance by which it might be affected. All I
dare hope is, that if, in executing this task, I have
been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance
of former instances, or by any affectionate sensibility
to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my
fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted
my incapacity as well as disinclination, for the
weighty and untried cares before me, my error will
be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its
consequences be judged by my country with sou o
Bhare of the partiality with which they originated.
Such being the impressions under which I have,
in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the
present station, it would be peculiarly improper to
omit in this first official act, my fervent supplica-
tions to that Almighty Being who rules over the
104 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and
whose providential aids can supply every human
defect that his benediction may consecrate to the
liberties and happiness of the people of the United
tates, a government instituted by themselves for
hese essential purposes, and may enable every in-
strument employed in its administration to execute
with success the functions allotted to his charge. In
tendering this homage to the great author of every
public and private good, I assure myself that it ex
presses your sentiments, not less than my own, nor
those of my fellow-citizens at large less than either.
No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore
the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men
more than the people of the United States. Every
step by which they have advanced to the character
of an independent nation seems to have been distin-
guished by some token of providential agency, and
in the important revolution just accomplished in the
Bystem of their united government the tranquil de-
liberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct
communities from which the event has resulted can-
not be compared with the means by which most gov-
ernments have been established without some return
of pious gratitude along with a humble anticipation
of the future blessings which the past seem to presage.
These reflections arising out of the present crisis
IK AUGURAL ADDRESS OF GttORGB WASHINGTON. 105
have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to
be suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in
thinking that there are none under the influence of
which the proceedings of a new and free government
can more auspiciously commence.
By the article establishing the executive depart-
ment it is made the duty of the President " to re-
commend to your consideration such measures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient." The circum-
stances under which I now meet you will acquit me
from entering into that subject farther than to refer
to the great constitutional charter under which you
are assembled, and which in defining your powers
designates the objects to which your attention is to
be given. It will be more consistent with those cir-
cumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings
which actuate me to substitute in place of a recom-
mendation of particular measures, the tribute that
is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriot-
ism which adorn the characters selected to devise
and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications, I
behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local
prejudices or attachments, no separate views, no
party animosities will misdirect the comprehensive
and equal eye which ought to watch over this
great assemblage of communities and interests, so on
another, that the foundations of our national policy
106 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of
private morality, and the pre-eminence of free gov-
ernment be exemplified by all the attributes which
can win the affections of its citizens and command
the respect of the world. I dwell on this prospect
with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my
country can inspire, since there is no truth more thor-
oughly established than that there exists in the econ-
omy and course of nature, an indissoluble union be-
tween virtue and happiness, between duty and
advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest
and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of
the public prosperity and felicity. Since we ought
to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of
heaven can never be expected on a nation that dis-
regards the eternal rules of order and right which
heaven itself has ordained, and since the preserva-
tion of the sacred fire of Liberty, and the destiny of
the republican model of government are justly con-
sidered as deeply, perhaps as finally staked on the
experiment entrusted to the hands of the American
people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to
your care, it will remain with your judgment to
decide how far an exercise of the occasional power
delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is ren-
dered expedient at the present juncture by the nature
of the objections which have been urged against
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. 107
the system, or by the degree of inquietude which has
given birth to them. Instead of undertaking partic-
ular recommendations on this subject in which 1
could be guided by no lights derived from official
opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire
jonfidence in your discernment aud pursuit of tho
public good, for I assure myself that while you care-
fully avoid every alteration which might endanger
the benefits of an united and effective government,
or which ought to await the future lessons of experi-
ence, a reverence for the characteristic rights of
freemen, and a regard for the public harmony will
Biifficiently influence your deliberations on the ques-
tion, how far the former can be more impregnably
fortified, or the latter be safely and advantageously
promoted.
To the preceding observations I have one to add,
which will be most properly addressed to the House
of Kepresentatives. It concerns myself, and will,
therefo" 3, be as brief as possible. When I was first
honored with a call into the service of my country,
then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its libei
ties, the light in which I comtemplated my duty
required that I should renounce every pecuniary
compensation. From this resolution I have in no
instance departed, and being still under the impres-
sions which produced it, I must decline as inapplica
108 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
ble to myself any share in the personal emoluments
which may be indispensably included in a perma-
nent provision for the executive department, and
must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates
for the station in which I am placed, may, during
my continuance in it, be limited to such actual ex
penditures as the public good may be thought to
require.
Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as
as they have been awakened by the occasion which
brings us together, I shall take my present leave,
but not without resorting once more to the benign
parent of the human race in humble supplication,
that since he has been pleased to favor the American
people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect
tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with un-
paralleled unanimity on a form of government for
the security of their union and the advancement ot
their happiness, so His divine blessing may be
equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the tem-
perate consultations, and the wise measures on which
the success of this government must depend.
WASHINGTON 8 FAREWELL ADDRE88. 109
WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.
Friends and Fellow-Citizens — The period for a
new election of a citizen to administer the executive
government of the United States not being far dis-
tant, and the time actually arrived when your
thoughts must be employed in designating the person
who is to be clothed with that important trust, it
appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce
to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that
I should now apprise you of the resolution I have
formed, to decline being considered among the num-
oer of those out of whom a choice is to be made.
I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice
to be assured that this resolution has not been taken
without a strict regard to all the considerations ap-
pertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful citi-
zen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the
tender of service which silence, in my situation,
110 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
might imply, I am influenced by no diminution of
zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful
respect for your past kindness, but am supported by
a full conviction that the step is compatible with
both.
The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in>
the office to which your suffrages have twice called
me, have been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the
opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared
to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would
have been much earlier in my power, consistently
with motives which I was not at liberty to disregard,
to return to that retirement from which I had been
reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination
to do this, previous to the last election, had been led
to the preparation of an address to declare it to you ;
but mature reflection on the then perplexed and
critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations,
and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my
confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea.
I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external
as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of
inclination incompatible with the sentiment of duty
or propriety ; and am persuaded, whatever partiality
may be retained for my services, that, in the present
circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove
my determination to retire
WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDKE88. HI
The impressions with which I first undertook the
arduous trust were explained on the proper occasion.
In the discharge of this trust, I will only say, tnat I
have with good intentions contributed toward the
organization and administration of the government
the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment
was capable. Not unconscious in the outset of the
inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my
own eyes — perhaps still more in the eyes of others —
has strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself;
and every day the increasing weight of years admon-
ishes me, more and more, that the shade of retire-
ment is as necessary to me as it will be welcome.
Satisfied that, if any circumstances have given pecu-
liar value to my services, they were temporary, I have
the consolation to believe that, while choice and pru-
dence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism
does not forbid it.
tn looking forward to the moment which is in-
tended to terminate the career of my public life, my
feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep ac-
knowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe
to my beloved country for the many honors it has
conferred upon me ; still more for the steadfast confi-
dence with which it has supported me, and for the
opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting
my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and
112 NATION AX, HAND-BOOK.
persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeaL
If benefits have resulted to our country from these
services, let it always be remembered to your praise,
and as an instructive example in our annals, that,
under circumstances in which the passions, agitated ir
every direction, were liable to mislead; amid appear-
ances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
discouraging; in situations in which, not unfre-
quently, want of success has countenanced the spirit
of criticism — the constancy of your support was the
essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the
plans by which they were effected. Profoundly pen-
etrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my
grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that
Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of
its beneficence ; that your union and brotherly affec-
tion may be perpetual; that the free constitution,
which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly
maintained; that its administration, in every depart-
ment, may be stamped with wisdom and virtue ;
that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these
States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made
complete, by so careful a preservation and so prudent
a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the
glory of recommending it to the applause, the affec-
tion, and the adoption of every nation which is yet
a stranger to it.
Washington's fake well address. 113
Here, perhaps, I ought to stop ; but a solicitude
for your welfare, which can not end but with my
life, and the apprehension of danger natural to
that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the
present to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to
recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments,
which are the result of much reflection, of no incon-
siderable observation, and which appear to me all-
important to the permanency of your felicity as a
people. These will be afforded to you with the
more freedom, as you can only see them in the disin-
terested warnings of a parting friend, who can possi-
bly have no personal motive to bias his counsel ; nor
can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indul-
gent reception of my sentiments on a former and not
dissimilar occasion.
Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every
ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine
is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment.
The unity of government, which constitutes you
one people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ;
for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real inde-
pendence, the support of your tranquillity at home,
your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity,
of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But
as it is easy to forsee that from different causes and
from different quarters much pains will be taken,
114 NATIONAL BAND-BOOK.
many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds
the conviction of this truth — as this is the point in
your political fortress against which the batteries of
internal and external enemies will bemj&t constantly
and actively (though often covertly and insidiouslv)
directed — it is of infinite moment that you should
properly estimate the immense value of your national
union to your collective and individual happiness ;
that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and im-
movable attachment to it, accustoming yourselves to
think and speak of it as of the palladium of your
political safety and prosperity; watching for its
preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing
whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can,
in any event, be abandoned ; and indignantly frown-
ing upon the first dawning of every attempt to
alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or
to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together
the various parts.
For this you have every inducement of sympathy
and interest. Citizens, by birth or choice of a com-
mon country, that country has a right to concentrate
your affections. The name of American, which be-
longs to you in your national capacity, must always
exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any
appellation derived from local discriminations. With
slight shades of difference, you have the same
115
religion, manners, habits, and political principles
You have, in a common cause, fought and tri-
umphed together ; the independence and liberty
you possess are the work of joint counsels and
joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and
successes.
But these considerations, however powerfully
they address themselves to your sensibility, are
greatly outweighed by those which apply more
immediately to your interest ; here every portion of
our country finds the most commanding motives for
carefully guarding and preserving the union of the
whole.
The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with
the South, protected by the equal laws of a common
government, finds, in the productions of the latter,
great additional resources of maritime and commer-
cial enterprise, and precious materials of manufactur-
ing industry. The South, in the same intercourse,
benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its
agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning
partly into its own channels the seamen of the
North, it finds its particular navigation invigorated ;
and while it contributes, in different ways, to nourish
and increase the general mass of the national naviga-
tion, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime
strength to which itself is unequally adapted. The
116 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
East, in like intercourse with the West, already
finds, and, in the progressive improvement of inte-
rior communication, by land and water, will more
and more find, a valuable vent for the ccmmodities
which it brings from abroad or manufactures at
home. The West derives from the East supplies
requisite for its growth and comfort, and, what is
perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, of
necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable
outlets for its own productions to the weight, influ-
ence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic
dde of the Union, directed by an indissoluble com-
munity of interest as one nation. Any other tenure
by which the West can hold this essential advan-
tage, whether derived from its own separate strength
or from an apostate and unnatural connection with
any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
While, then, every part of our country thus feels
an immediate and particular interest in union, all
the parts combined can not fail to find, in the united
mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater
resource, proportion ably greater security from exter-
nal danger, a less frequent interruption of their
peace by foreign nations, and, what is of inestimable
value, they must derive from union an exemption
from those broils and wars between themselves,
which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not
Washington's farewell address. 117
tied together by the same government, which theii
own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce,
but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments
and intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence,
likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those over-
grown military establishments, which, under any
form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and
which are to bo regarded as particularly hostile to
republican liberty ; in this sense it is that your union
ought to be considered as the main prop of your lib-
erty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to
you the preservation of the other.
These considerations speak a persuasive language
tc every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit a
continuance of the Union as a primary object of
patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common
government can embrace so large a sphere? Let
experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation,
in such a case, were criminal. We are authorized to
hope that a proper organization of the whole, with
the auxiliary agency of governments for the respec-
tive subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the
experiment. It is well worth a full and fair experi-
ment. With such powerful and obvious motives to
union, affecting all parts of our country, while expe-
rience shall not have demonstrated its impractica-
bility, there will always be reason to distrust the
118 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor
to weaken its bands.
In contemplating the causes which may disturb
our Union, it occurs, as a matter of serious concern,
that any ground should have been furnished for char-
acterizing parties by geographical discriminations —
Northern and Southern, Atlantic and "Western —
whence designing men may endeavor to excite a
belief that there is real difference of local interests
and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire
influence within particular districts is to misrepresent
the opinions and aims of other districts. You can
not shield yourselves too much against the jealousies
and heart-burnings which spring from these misrep-
resentations ; they tend to render alien to each other
those who ought to be bound together by fraternal
affection. The inhabitants of our Western country
have lately had a useful lesson on this head ; they
have seen in the negotiation by the Executive, and
in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the
treat}* with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction
at that event throughout the United States, a decisive
proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated
among them, of a policy in the general government,
and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their inter-
ests in regard to the Mississippi ; they have been wit-
nesses to the formation of two treaties — that with
119
Great Britain and that with Spain — which secure to
them everything they could desire in respect to our
foreign relations, toward confirming their prosperity.
Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preserva-
tion of these advantages on the Union by which they
were procured I Will they not henceforth be deaf
to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever
them from their brethren and connect them with
aliens %
To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a
government for the whole is indispensable. No alli-
ance, however strict, between the parts, can be an
adequate substitute ; they must inevitably experience
the infractions and interruptions which all alliances,
in all time, have experienced. Sensible of this mo-
mentous truth, you have improved upon your first
essay, by the adoption of a constitution of govern-
ment better calculated than your former for an inti-
mate Union, and for the efficacious management of
your common concerns. This government, the off-
spring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed,
adopted upon full investigation and mature delibera-
tion, completely free in its principles, in the distribu
tion of its powers, uniting security with energy, and
containing within itself a provision for its own
amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and
vour support. Respect for its authority, compliance
120 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties
enjoined by the fundamental maxims of liberty. The
basis of our political systems is the right of the people
to make and to alter their constitutions of govern-
ment ; but the constitution which at any time exists,
till changed by an explicit and and authentic act of
the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all.
The very idea of the power and the right of the peo-
ple to establish government presupposes the duty
of every individual to obey the established govern-
ment.
All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all
combinations and associations, under whatever plausi-
ble character, with the real design to direct, control,
counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action
of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this
fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They
serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and
extraordinary force, to put in the place of the dele-
gated will of the nation the will of a party — often a
small but artful and enterprising minority of the
community — and, according to the alternate triumphs
of different parties, to make the public administration
the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous
projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent
and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels,
and modified by mutual interests.
Washington's farewell addhess. 121
However combinations or associations of the
above description may now and then answer popular
ends, they are likely, in the course of time and
things, to become potent engines, by which cunning,
ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to
subvert the power of the people, and to usurp for
themselves the reins of government; destroying,
afterward, the very engine which had lifted them to
unjust dominion.
Toward the preservation of your government, and
the permanency of your present happy state, it is
requisite, not only that you steadily discountenance
irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority,
but also that you resist with care the spirit of inno-
vation upon its principles, however specious the pre-
texts. One method of assault may be to effect, in
the forms of the constitution, alterations which will
impair the energy of the system, and thus to under-
mine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all
the changes to which you may be invited, remember
that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix
the true character of governments as of other human
institutions; that experience is the surest standard
by which to test the real tendency of the existing
constitution of a country ; that facility in changes,
upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, ex-
Doses to perpetual change, from the endless variety
12*? NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
of hypothesis and opinion ; and remember, especially
that for the efficient management of your common
interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a govern-
ment of as much vigor as is consistent with the per-
fect security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty
itself will find in such a government, with powers
properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian.
It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov-
ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of
faction, to confine each member of the society within
the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all
in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of
person and property.
I have already intimated to you the danger of
parties in the state, with particular reference to the
founding of them on geographical discriminations.
Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and
warn you, in the most solemn manner, against the
Daneful effects of the spirit of party generally.
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable frcm our
nature, having its root in the strongest passions of
the human mind. It exists, under different shapes,
in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or
repressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen
in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
The alternate domination of one faction over an-
other, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to
WASHINGTON 8 FAREWELL ADDBEB8. \2ii
party dissension, which, in different ages and coun-
tries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is
itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length,
to a more formal and permanent despotism. The
disorders and miseries which result gradually incline
the minds of men to seek security and repose in the
absolute power of an individual ; and, sooner or
later, the chief of some prevailing faction, more able
or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this
disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on
the ruins of public liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of this
kind (which, nevertheless, ought not to be entirely
out of sight), the common and continued mischiefs of
the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the inter-
est and duty of a wise people to discourage and
restrain it.
It serves always to distract the public councils
and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates
the community with ill-founded jealousies and false
alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against an
other • foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection.
It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption,
which find a facilitated access to the government
itself through the channels of party passions. Thue
the policy and the will of one country are subjected
to the policy and will of another.
124 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
There is an opinion that parties, in free countries,
are useful checks upon the administration of the gov-
ernment, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty.
This, within certain limits, is probably true ; and in
governments of a monarchial cast, patriotism may
look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the
spirit of party. But in those of the popular charac-
ter, in governments purel} 7 elective, it is a spirit not
to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it
is certain there will always be enough of that spirit
for every salutatory purpose. And there being con-
stant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force
of public opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire
not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance
to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of
warming, it should consume.
It is important, likewise, that the habits of think-
ing, in a free country, should inspire caution in those
intrusted with its administration, to confine them-
selves within their respective constitutional spheres,
avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one depart-
ment, to encroach upon another. The spirit of
encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all
the departments into one, and thus to create, what-
ever the form of government, a real despotism. A
just estimate of that love of power and proneness to
abuse it which predominate in the human heart is
Washington's farewell address. 125
sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position.
The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of
political power, by dividing and distributing it into
different depositories, and constituting each the
guardian of the public weal, against invasion by the
others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient
and modern — some of them in our own country and
under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as
necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion ot
the people, the distribution or modification of the
constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong,
let it be corrected by an amendment in the way
which the constitution designates. But let there be
ao change by usurpation ; for though this, in one
instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the
customary weapon by which free governments are
destroyed. The precedent must always greatly
overbalance, in permanent evil, any partial or
transient benefit which the use can, at any time,
yield.
Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to
political prosperity, religion and morality are indis-
pensable supports. In vain would that man claim
the tribute ot patriotism who should labor to subvert
these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest
props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere
politician, equallv with the pious man, ought to
126 NATIONAL HAND-BCOK.
respect and to cherish them. A volume could not
trace all their connections with private and public
felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the
security for property, for reputation, for life, if the
sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which
are the instruments of investigation in courts of
justice ? And let us with caution indulge the sup-
position that morality can be maintained without
religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influ-
ence of refined education on minds of peculiar
structure, reason and experience both forbid us to
expect that national morality can prevail in exclu-
sion of religious principles.
It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is
a necessary spring of popular government. The
rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every
species of free government. Who that is a sincere
friend to it can look with indifference upon attempts
to shake the foundation of the fabric \
Promote, then, as an object of primary impor-
tance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowl-
edge. In proportion as a structure of a government
gives force to public opinion, it is essential that
public opinion should be enlightened.
As a very important source of strength and
security, cherish public credit. One method of pre-
serving it is to use it as sparingly as possible :
Washington's farewell address. 127
avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace,
but remembering, also, that timely disbursements to
prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater
disbursements to repel it; avoiding, likewise, the
accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions
of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of
peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars
may have occasioned ; not ungenerously throwing
upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought
to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to
your representatives, but it is necessary that public
opinion should cooperate. To facilitate to them the
performance of their duty, it is essential that you
should practically bear in mind that toward the pay-
ment of debts there must be revenue ; that to have
revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes can be
devised which are not more or less inconvenient and
unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment insepa-
rable from the selection of the proper objects (which
is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a deci-
sive motive for a candid construction of the conduct
©f the government in making it, and for a spirit of
acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue
which the public exigencies may at any time dictate.
Observe good faith and justice toward all nations ;
cultivate peace and harmony with all ; religion and
morality enjoin this conduct, and e%n it be that
128 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
good policy does not really enjoin it? It will be
worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant
period, a great nation, to give to mankind the mag-
nanimous and too novel example of a people always
guided by an exalted justice and benevolence
Who can doubt that, in the course of time anu
things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay
any temporary advantages which might be lost by a
steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence
has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation
with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recom-
mended by every sentiment which ennobles human
nature. Alas ! it is rendered impossible by its
vices ?
In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more
essential than that permanent inveterate antipathies
against particular nations, and passionate attach-
ments for others, should be excluded, and that, in
place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all
should be cultivated. The nation which indulges
toward another an habitual hatred, or an habitual
fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to
its animosity or its affection, either of which is sum*
cient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest.
Antipathy in one nation against another dispose!
each more readily to offer insult and injury, to laj
hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty
129
and intractable when accidental or trifling occasions
of dispute occur. Hence, frequent collisions, obsti-
nate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation,
prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes
impels to war the government, contrary to the best
calculations of policy. The government sometimes
participates in the national propensity, and adopts,
through passion, what reason would reject ; at other
times it makes the animosity of the nation subservi-
ent to projects of hostility, instigated by pride,
ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives.
The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty of
nations, has been the victim.
So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one
uation to another produces a variety of evils. Sym-
pathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion
of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no
real common interest exists, and infusing into one
the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a
participation into the quarrels and wars of the latter,
without adequate inducement or justification. It
leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of
privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to
injure the nation making the concessions, by unnec-
essarily parting with what ought to have been
retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a
disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom
9
130 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
equal privileges are withheld ; and it gives to ambi
tious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote
themselves to the favorite nation), facility to betray
or sacrifice the interest of their own country, with-
out odium, sometimes even with popularity ; gilding
with the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation,
a commendable deference for public opinion, or a
laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish
compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.
As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable
ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to
the truly enlightened and independent patriot.
How many opportunities do they afford to tamper
with domestic factions, to practice the art of seduc-
tion, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe
the public councils ! Such an attachment of a small
or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms
the former to be the satellite of the latter.
Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I
conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jeal-
ousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake,
since history and experience prove that foreign
influence is one of the most baneful foes of repub-
lican government. But that jealousy, to be useful,
must be impartial, else it becomes the instrument of
the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense
against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign
131
nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause those
whom they actuate to see danger only on one
side, and serve to vail, and even second, the arts of
influence on the other. Keal patriots, who may
resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to
become suspected and odious, while its tools and
dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the peo>
pie, to surrender their interests.
The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to
foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial rela-
tions, to have with them as little political connection
as possible. So far as we have already formed
engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good
faith. Here let us stop.
Europe has a set of primary interests, which to
as have none or a very remote relation. Hence she
must be engaged in frequent controversies, the
causes of which are essentially foreign to our con-
cerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us
to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the or-
dinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary
combinations and collisions of her friendships or
enmities.
Our detached and distant situation invites and
enables ns to pursue a different course. If we
remain one people, under an efficient government,
the period is not far off when we may defy material
132 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
injury from external annoyance, when we may take
such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may
at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected
— wheu belligerent nations, under the impossibility
of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly
hazard the giving us provocation — when we may
choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by jus-
tice, shall counsel.
Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a
situation ? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign
ground ? Why, by interweaving our destiny with
that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and
prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rival-
ship, interest, humor, or caprice ?
It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent
alliances with any portion of the foreign world ; so
far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it ; for
let me not be understood as capable of patronizing
infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the
maxim no less applicable to public than to private
affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. 1
repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be
observed in their genuine sense. But, in mj
opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise, to
extend them.
Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable
establishments, on a respectable defensive posture,
Washington's farewell address. 133
we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extra-
ordinary emergencies.
Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all
nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and
interest. But even our commercial policy should
hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither seeking
nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; con-
sulting the natural course of things ; diffusing and
diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of com-
merce, but forcing nothing; establishing, with
powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable
course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to
enable the government to support them, conven-
tional rules of intercourse^ the best that present
circumstances and mutual (pinions will permit, but
temporary, and liable to be, from time to time,
abandoned or varied, as experience and circum-
stances shall dictate; constantly keeping in view
that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested
favors from another ; that it must pay, with a por-
tion of its independence, for whatever it may accept
under that character ; that by such acceptance it
may place itself in the condition of having given
equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being
reproached with ingratitude for not giving more.
There can be no greater error than to expect, or
calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation
134 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
It is an illusion which experience must cure, which a
just pride ought to discard.
In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels
of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope
they will make the strong and lasting impression I
could wish— that they will control the usual current
of the passions, or prevent our nation from running
the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of
nations ; but if I may even natter myself that they
may be productive of some partial benefit, some
occasional good, that they may now and then recur
to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against
the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to guard against
the impostures of pretended patriotism — this hope
will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your
welfare by which they have been dictated.
How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I
have been guided by the principles which have been
delineated, the public records, and other evidences
of my conduct, must witness to you and the world.
To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is,
that I have at least believed myself to be guided by
them.
In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe,
my proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the
index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving
voice, and by that of your representatives in both
WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL AEDRESS. 135
Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has
continually governed me, uninfluenced by any
attempts to deter or divert me from it.
After deliberate examination, with the aid of the
best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that
our country, under all the circumstances of the case,
had a right to take, and was bound in duty and in-
terest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I
determined, as far as should depend upon me, to main-
tain it with moderation, perseverance, and firmness.
The considerations which respect the right tc
hold this conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion
to detail. I will only observe that, according to my
understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has
been virtually admitted by all.
The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be
inferred, without anything more, from the obligation
which justice and humanity impose on every nation,
in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate
the relations of peace and amity toward other nations.
The inducements of interest, for observing that
conduct, will be best referred to your own reflections
and experience. With me, a predominant motive has
been to endeavor to gain time to our country to
settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to
process, without interruption, to that degree of
3 36 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
strength and consistency which is necessary to give it,
humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes
Though, in reviewing the incidents of my admin-
istration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I
am, nevertheless, too sensible of my defects not to
think it probable that I may have committed many
errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech
the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which
they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope
that my country will never cease to view them with
indulgence, and that, after forty-five years of my life
dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults
of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion,
as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things,
and actuated by that fervent love toward it which is
so natural to a man who views in it the native soil of
himself and his progenitors for several generations
I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat
in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy,
the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of
my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws
under a free government — the ever favorite object of
my heart — and the happy reward, as I trust, of our
mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
Geokge Washington.
United States, 17th September, 1796.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 137
THE FIRST PRAYER IN CONGRESS,
BY THE REV. DAVID DUCHE, D.D.
Rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia.
O Lord, our Heavenly Father, high and mighty
King of kings and Lord of lords, who dost from Thy
throne behold all the dwellers of the earth, and
reign est with power supreme and uncontrollable over
the kingdoms, empires, and governments, look down
in mercy, we beseech Thee, on these American States,
who have fled to Thee from the rod of the oppressor
and thrown themselves on Thy gracious protection.
Desiring to be henceforth only dependent on Thee, to
Thee have they appealed for the righteousness of
their cause : to Thee do they now look up for that
countenance and support which Thou alone canst
give. Take them, therefore, Heavenly Father, under
Thy nurturing care : give them wisdom in council
and valor in the field. Defeat the malicious designs
of our adversaries, convince them of the unrighteous-
ness of their cause ; and, if they still persist in their
sanguinary purpose, O ! let the voice of Thy unerring
justice, sounding in their hearts, constrain them to
drop the weapons of war in their unnerved hands in
the day of battle. Be Thou present, O God of wis-
dom, and direct the councils of this honorable assem-
bly ; enable them to settle things on the best and
surest foundation, that the scene of blood may be
speedily closed ; that order, harmony, and peace may
be restored, and truth and justice, religion and piety
prevail and flourish among the people. Preserve the
health of their bodies and the vigor of their minds ;
shower down on them and the millions they represent,
such temporal blessings as Thou seest expedient for
them in this world, and crown them with everlasting
glory in the world to come. All this we ask in the
name and through the merits of Jesus Christ, Thy
Son, our Saviour. Amen — Tliatcher's Military Jour-
nal. Dec* 1777
L38
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140
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
THE NAVY OF THE REVOLUTION.
In December, 1775, Congress passed an Act order-
ing the building of thirteen vessels, three of 24 guns,
five of 28, five of 32, with Ezekiel Hopkins as Com-
mander-in-Chief, as follows : —
Name.
No. of guns.
Hancock .
Congress .
Montgomery,
Delaware .
Randolph.
Washington
Effingham
Raleigh .
Virginia .
Warren .
History.
32
28
28
24
32
32
28
32
28
32
Captured by the British in
1777.
Destroyed in the Hudson
River to avoid capture
in 1777, never having
been to sea.
Do do do.
Captured in the Delaware
River 1777.
Blown up in action with
the British ship Yar-
mouth, 64 guns, in 1778.
Destroyed in the Delaware
by the British, before
getting to sea in 1778.
Do do do.
Captured by the British in
1778.
Captured by the British in
1778, off the capes of the
Delaware, before getting
to sea.
Burned in the Penobscot
River in 1779, to prevent
falling into the enemy's
hands.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
HI
Name.
No. of guns.
History.
Providence .
28
Seized by the British at
the capture of Charles-
ton, S. C, in 1780.
Boston . .
24
Do do do.
Trumbull. .
28
Captured by the British
ship Watt, in 1781.
Such is the story in brief of the " original thir-
teen " vessels. Not one survived in the possession
of the Colonies to the close of the war. About ten
vessels of a force ranging from 21 guns down to 10,
and two even smaller, were purchased and fitted out
as cruisers, while the " thirteen " were building.
The navy of the Revolution was disbanded at the
close of the war ; the officers gave up their commis-
sions; the few public vessels that remained were
sold. Several of the States maintained small cruisers,
with the consent of Congress. During the last year
or two of the war, it had dwindled almost to nothing.
This was in part due to the fact that its place was
taken by the French. The assertion of sovereignty
on the seas was not yet thought of, while indepen-
dence on the land was not secured.
The most remarkable naval engagement of the
Revolution was fought off the coast of Scotland on
the evening of Sept. 23d, 1779, between the Bon
Homme Richard, of 40 guns, commanded by Paul
Jones, and the Serapis, a British frigate of 44 guns,
under Capt. Pearson. The Serapis surrendered with
a loss of 150. The Richard lost 300 in killed and
wounded, and while sinking the crew was transferred
to the Serapis. — Cooper's Naval History of U, S.
142 NATIONAL HAND-BOU*
SYNOPSIS OF LAWS PERTAINING TO SLAVERY.
Ordinances of 1787 ; pertained to the government
of the territory of the U. S., northwest of the Ohio
River and prohibited slavery in said territory, and
provided for the return of fugitives, to those claim
ing their service.
Fugitive Slave Bill of 1793; provided for the
return of fugitives from justice and persons escaping
from the service of their masters, by requisition of the
Governor of the State from whence they escaped,
on the Governor of the State in which they may be
found ; and inflicts a penalty of a fine and imprison-
ment for harboring, concealing or aiding in their
escape.
The Missouri Compromise Act of 1820 ; author-
ized the people of the Missouri Territory to organize
a State Government, on an equal footing with the
original States, and prohibited slavery in certain ter-
ritories.
Fugitive Slave Bill of 1850 ; was amendatory of
the law of 1793, and made it obligatory upon any
justice of the peace, magistrate, marshal or deputy
marshal, when called upon to enforce the law of
1T93, under a penalty of $1000, and commanded all
good citizens to aid and assist in the prompt execu-
tion of this law, whenever their services were re-
quired.
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1857 ; upon the
organization of those two territories, left it free for
the people of every territory on becoming a State to
adopt or reject slavery.
The Dred Scott Decision. — See page 209.
Emancipation Proclamation. — See page 353.
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK. 146
SLAVE POPULATION IN THE U. S. IN 1860.
States. 1860.
Alabama 435,132
Arkansas 111,104
Delaware 1,798
Florida 61,753
Georgia 462,230
Kentucky 225,490
States. 1860.
North Carolina 331,081
South Carolina 402,541
Tennessee 275,784
Texas 180,388
Virginia 490,887
Nebraska (Territory). 10
Louisiana 332,520 I Utah " 29
Maryland 87,188
Mississippi 436,690
Missouri 114,965
New Mexico " 24
District of Columbia. 3,181
Total 3,952.801
STATISTICS OF SLAVERY BEFORE THE
REVOLUTION.
AMERICAN 8LAVEBT IN 1715.
In the reign of George L, the ascertained popula
tion of the Continental Colonies was as follows :
Whit© Men. Negro Slave*
New Hampshire 9,500 150
Massachusetts 04,000 2,000
Rhode Island 7,500 500
Connecticut 46,000 1,500
New York 27,000 4,000
Pennsylvania 43,300 2,500
New Jersey 21,000 1,500
Maryland 40,700 9,400
Virginia 72,000 23,000
North Carolina 7,500 3,700
South Carolina... 6,250 10,500
Total 875,000 58,550
144
NATIONAL HAND-B'OOK
FIRST ADMINISTRATION.
George Washington. — The ancestors of George Wash-
ington emigrated from England to Virginia, in 1657, and
settled in Westmoreland County, on the banks of the Po-
tomac. His father's name was Augustine, and he is said to
have been a wealthy planter in the Old Dominion. He died
April, 1743, leaving large possessions to be distributed among
his children.
The maiden name of Washington's mother was Mary Ball,
a lady of refined taste and noble character.
Washington was born on the 2 2d of February, 1732.
His early education was acquired under the immediate in-
spection of his devoted mother, and such instructors as she
saw fit to employ. At the age of sixteen he had completed
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 145
his studies, and was eager to enter upon a career of activity
and usefulness.
He would probably have been sent to England to com-
plete his education, had his father lived ; for it was custom-
ary among wealthy planters of the South to send their sont
to Europe for this purpose.
Had this been done, it might possibly have changed Wash-
ington's whole career, and even seriously affected the destiny
of the American nation.
In his boyhood he was distinguished for his ardent love of
military life ; and when only nineteen years of age, he was
placed over a militia district, with the rank of major. His
subsequent military career was eventful and thrilling in its
character. In 1759 he was united in marriage to Mrs.
Martha Custis, an accomplished lady of Welsh descent. At
about this time, he was elected a member of the House of
Burgesses, and evinced rare judgment and fidelity in the dis-
charge of his duties. The second Continental Congress
elected him Commander-in-Chief of the American Army,
and he accepted the solemn trust with all the modesty and
dignity of his great nature.
Congress had already fixed the pay of the Commander-in-
Chief at $6000 a year ; but, in accepting the position, Wash-
ington showed that he was uninfluenced by mercenary mo-
tives. He scorned the idea of making the position minister
to his personal emolument. He distinctly assured the Con-
gress that he would accept no remuneration, and would only
ask that the expenses actually incurred in the service should
be paid. " I do not wish," said he, " to make any profit out
I 40 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
of it." And when, in 1797, President Adams, anticipating
war with France, called him once more to the command of
the American Army, he reiterated the same sentiment. " I
must decline," said he, " having my acceptance consideied as
drawing after it any immediate charge upon the public; ot
that I can receive any emolument annexed to the appoint-
ment, before entering into a situation to incur expense."
How generous and self-sacrificing the conduct of this great
chieftain appears, especially when contrasted with the grasp-
ing, self-seeking spirit of the most of men ! On the 3d of
July, 1775, he assumed command of the army at Cambridge,
Mass. The evacuation of Boston by the British ; the trans-
fer of the war to New York ; the masterly retreat through
the Jerseys ; and the subsequent brilliant career of Washing-
ton as a military leader, are familiar to all readers of history.
In 1789 he was unanimously elected to the Presidency,
and inaugurated amid great demonstrations of popular favor,
on the 30th of April, 1789.
In 1794 he was re-elected, and served the nation with the
same fidelity and success that had so pre-eminently distin-
guished his previous career.
He died on the 14th of December, 1799, at Mount Ver-
non. Distant nations were smitten with sorrow when ha
died, and wept with his own beloved nation, as her tears fel)
upon the grave of the citizen and soldier. " First in war
first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen."
John Adams, Vice-President. — For biographical sketch,
see Second Administration.
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 147
Electoral Vote. — First Administration, 1st Term.—
Under the Constitution as it then existed, each elector voted
for two candidates ; the one receiving the highest number oi
votes was declared President, and the next highest Vice-Pres-
ident. Ten States voting — Va., N. H., Mass., Conn., N. J.,
Pa., Del., Md., S. Ca., and Ga. Whole number of Electors,
69. N. Ca. and R. I. had not ratified the Constitution, and
N. Y. had failed to make provisions for electors.
George Washington, of Va., irrespective of party, received
the unanimous vote, 69.
John Adams, of Mass., 34, and was declared Vice-Presi-
dent.
John Jay, N. Y., 9. R. H. Harrison, Md., 6
John Rutledge, S. Ca., 6. John Hancock, Mass., 4.
Geo. Clinton, N. Y., 3. Sam'l Huntington, Ct, 2.
John Milton, Ga., 2. Jas. Armstrong, Ga., 1.
Edw'd Telfair, Ga., 1. Benj. Lincoln, Mass., 1.
Electoral Vote. — 1st Administration, 2d Term. — Fif-
teen States voting — R- 1, and N. Ca. having ratified the Con-
Btitution, and two new States had been admitted, Vt. and Ky.
Whole number of Electors, 132.
George Washington, of Va., for President, received 132
votes, and was declared unanimously elected.
John Adams, of Mass., for Vice-President, received 77
votes.
Geo. Clinton, N. Y., 50 ; Thos. Jefferson, Va., 4 ; Aaron
Burr, N. Y., 1.
148 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Important Events of First Administration.
1789 March 4. The first Congress under the Constitu-
tion met in Federal Hall, Wall St., New York
City ; James Langdon, N. H., Pres. pro tern.
April 30. Geo. Washington took the oath cf office
as President, administered by Chancellor Liv-
ingston.
1790 First census of U. S. taken— 3,929,326.
The Register of the Treasury reported the estimated
cost of the seven years' war at $135,000,000.
April 17. Benjamin Franklin died, aged 84.
1791 United States Bank established, Philadelphia.
March 4. Vermont admitted into the Union.
1792 June 1. Kentucky admitted into the Union.
United States Mint established.
1793 Congress adopts the Fugitive Slave Bill.
Coal mines discovered at Lehigh, Pa.
1794 Gen. Wayne defeats the Indians on the frontier.
1795 Jay's Treaty with Great Britain ratified.
The Cotton-gin invented by Eli Whitney.
1796 June 1. Tennessee admitted into the Union.
Sept. 17. Washington issues his Farewell Address.
Cabinet Officers, 1st Administration — 1789 to 1797.
Secretaries of State— Thomas Jefferson, Va. ; Edmund
Randolph, Va. ; T. Pickering, Mass.
Secretaries of Treasury — Alexander Hamilton, N. Y. ;
Oliver Wolcott, Conn.
Secretaries of War and Navy— Henry Knox, Mass. ; T
Pickering, Mass. ; James McHenry, Md.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 149
Postmasters General — Sam'l Osgood, Mass.; T. Picker-
ing, Mass. ; Jos. Habersham, Ga.
Attorneys- General — Edmund Randolph, Va. ; Wm. Brad
ford, Pa. ; Charles Lee, Va.
National Expenses and Debt, 1st Administration.
Year. Expenses. Debt.
1791 $ 7,207,539 $75,463,476
1792 9,141,569 77,227,924
1793 7,529,575 80,352,634
1794 9,302,124 78,427,404
1795 ----- 10,405,069 80,747,587
1796 8,367,776 83,762,172
Imports and Exports, 1st Administration.
Year. Imports. Exports.
1790 - - - $23,000,000 $20,205,156
1791 29,200,000 19,012,041
1792 31,500,000 20,753,098
1793 31,000,000 26,109,572
1794 34,600,000 33,026.233
1795 69,756,268 47,989,472
1796 - 81,436,164 67.064,097
150
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
SECOND ADMINISTRATION.
John Adams. — Second President of the United States,
was born at Brain tree, Mass., Oct. 19th, 1735. His an-
cestry may be traced back to Henry Adams, who settled at
Braintree, in 1640. His early educational advantages were
»f a very superior order. He was a good student and grad-
uated at Harvard, 1755. He devoted himself for a time
to teaching and to the study of law, and in Oct. 1758, was
admitted to the bar as Attorney at Law. In 1764, he mar-
ried Abigail Smith, whose ancestors were of Colonial fame.
He became a prominent actor in the stirring events and
scenes of the times. His first political step of any special
significance was taken by the delivery of an address in op-
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 151
position to the Stamp Act of Great Britain. When the first
outbreak at Lexington occurred, he joined the patriot forces
in defending their liberties and lives. In 1774, he was
chosen a member of the Continental Congress and honor-
ably represented his constituents in that body. He had the
honor of proposing George Washington as Commander-in-
Chief of the American Army, and the proposal reflects
great credit upon his judgment. He assisted in preparing
the Declaration of Independence and bore an active part in
the debate it occasioned. In Nov., 1777, he was appointed
Minister to France. He was the first American Minister to
Great Britain, being appointed in 1785. In 1788, he was
elected to the office of Vice-President, and performed its
duties with zeal and success. He was elected President in
1797, defeating Jefferson in the contest for that position.
His administration was active and at first popular with the
people, but was environed with difficulties of a perplexing
character and closed amid the unscrupulous upbraidings of
his political foes. Leaving Washington, he returned to the
retirement of his quiet home, and there, with the grand
sentiment of " Independence forever ! " breaking from his
lips, he passed away, on the 4th day of July, 1826.
Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President. — For biographical
efcetcb, see Thin 1 Administration.
152 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Electoral Vote, Second Administration.
Sixteen States voting, Tennessee having been admitted
during the First Adm. Whole number of Electors, 140.
John Adams, of Mass., Federal, received 71 Electoral
votes, and was declared President.
Thomas Jefferson, of Va., Democrat, received 68 Elec-
toral votes, and was declared Vice-President.
Thomas Pinckney, S. Ca., 58 ; Aaron Burr, N. Y., 3©.
Samuel Adams, Mass., 15 ; Oliver Ellsworth, Conn., 11.
George Clinton, of N. Y., 7 ; John Jay, of N. Y., 5.
James Iredell, N. Ca., 3 ; Samuel Johnston, N. Ca., 2.
George Washington, of Va., 2 ; John Henry, of Md., 2.
Charles C. Pinckney, of S. Ca., 1.
Important events of the 2d Administration.
1797 March 4. John Adams inaugurated President.
Difficulties arise with France. Congress convened
preparatory for war.
1798 George Washington appointed Commander-in-Chief
of the American Armies, with the rank and title
of Lieut.-General.
— Alien and sedition laws passed Congress. The first
gave power to the President to expel from the
country aliens suspected of conspiring against the
government. The sedition law was designed to
suppress publications that were disloyal to the
Republic.
1799 Dec. 14. Death of Washington, in his 68th year.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 153
1799 Feb. Naval combat between the U. S. Frigate Con-
stitution and the French frigate L'Insurgente, the
latter captured.
Feb. 26. Three Commissioners sent to negotiate
peace with France.
1800 The Capital located at Washington.
Sept. 30. Treaty of Peace concluded with France
Cabinet Officers, 2d Administration — 1797-1801.
Secretaries of State — Timothy Pickering, Mass. ; John
Marshall, Va.
Secretaries of the Treasury — Oliver Wolcott, Conn. ; Sam-
uel Dexter, Mass.
Secretaries of War — James McHenry, Md. ; Samuel Dex-
ter, Mass. ; Roger Griswold, Conn.
Secretaries of the Navy — George Cabot, Mass. ; Benjamin
Stocldert, Md.
Postmaster- General — Joseph Habersham, Ga.
Attorney- General — Charles Lee, Va.
National Expenses and Debt, 2d Administration.
Tear. Expenses. Debt.
1797 $ 8,626,012 $82,064,179
1798 8,613,507 79,228,529
1799 11,077,043 78,408,669
1800 11,989,739 82,976,291
Imports and Exports, 2d Administration.
Tear. Imports. Exports.
1797 $75,379,406 $56,850,206
1798 68,551,700 61,527,097
1799 - 79,089,148 78,665,522
1800 91,252,768 70,970,780
154
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
THIRD ADMINISTRATION.
Thomas Jefferson. — Not least renowned among the
historic characters of the American Republic, is Thomas Jef-
erson, third President of the United States.
He was born at Shad well, Virginia, April 2d, 1743.
His ancestors were of Welsh extraction. His father de-
cided. Xo give him a classical education, and sent him, as a
student to William and Mary College.
He was very studious and made rapid advancement ; at
the end of two years left College and began the study of law.
He pursued his legal studies for five years, and thus laid
the foundation for that great skill and ability that distin-
guished him as a counsellor and logician.
In 1769, he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and
OF AMERICAN PROGRE8S. 155
at once became an active and prominent member. In 1772,
he was united in wedlock to Mrs. Martha Skelton, a lady of
great personal worth and beauty. At about this time he
was elected a member of Congress, and proved himself in
every way worthy of the honor.
He was chosen to prepare the immortal Declaration oi
Independence, which, after a stirring debate of three days,
was adopted on the Fourth of July, 1776. He was elected
Governor of Virginia, in 1779, and held the office for two
years. In 1784, he was selected to negotiate with European
Statesmen, upon the subject of commercial treaties.
He was elected to the office of Vice-President, in 1797, and
at the next election was chosen President. In his inaugural
address, he used the following memorable expression : " We
are called by different names, brethren of the same princi-
ple. We are all republicans : we are all federalists. If
there be any among us who would wish to dissolve thif
Union, or to change its republican form, let them stand, un -
disturbed, as monuments of the safety with which error op
OPINION MAY BE TOLERATED, WHERE REASON IS LEFT FREE
TO combat it." His administration was so popular that,
at its close, he was elected for a second term, by a very
large electoral vote. His second administration was active
and aggressive in its policy, and contributed to the growth
and stability of the nation. He died at the age of eighty-
three, on the 4th day of July, 1826.
Aaron Burr, Vice-President, was born at Newark, N. J.,
Feb. 6, 1756. Died on Staten Island Sept. 14, 1836. He
graduated at Princeton, 1772, admitted to the bar at Albany,
156 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1782, elected to the Legislature in 1784, to the United States
Senate in 1791, and to the Vice-Presidency in 1800.
Electoral Vote. — Third Administration, 1st Term.—
Sixteen States voting. Whole number of Electors, 188.
Thomas Jefferson, Va., Democrat, and Aaron Burr, N
Y., Democrat, each having received 73; John Adams,
Mass., Federal 65 ; Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, 64 ; John
Jay, N. Y., 1. No choice was made by the people, and con-
sequently the House of Representatives proceeded to the
choice of President according to the provisions of the Con-
stitution, and upon the 36th ballot —
Thomas Jefferson, of Va., Democrat, was elected Pres.
Aaron Burr, of N. Y., Democrat, was elected Vice-Pres.
Electoral Vote. — Third Administration, 2d Term. —
Seventeen States voting, Ohio having been admitted during
the previous term. Whole number of Electors, 176.
Thomas Jefferson, of Va., Democrat, for President, re-
ceived 1 62 votes, and was declared elected.
George Clinton, of N. Y., Democrat, for Vice-President,
received 162 votes, and was declared elected.
Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, Federal, for President, 14
Rufus King, N. Y., Federal, for Vice-Pres., 14.
Important Events of the 3d Administration.
1801 March 4. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President
The internal revenue law repealed ; its enforcement
led to the " Whiskey Rebellion " in Pa. in 1794.
— — June 10. Tripoli declares war against the United
States, by demanding of Capt. Bainbridge the use
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 157
of U. S. frigate Geo. Washington to convey an
ambassador to Constantinople, he was obliged to
comply or submit to destruction from the Castle
guns of the harbor.
1802 2^ov. 29. Ohio admitted as a State.
West Point Military Academy founded.
1803 April 30. Louisiana purchased of France for $15,-
000,000.
— Com. Preble and his fleet sent to demand restitution
from Algiers and Tripoli for piracies.
1804 July 11. Hamilton killed in a duel with Burr. The
difficulty grew out of a political quarrel.
1805 June 3. Peace declared between Tripoli and U. S.
1806 Aaron Burr charged with treason in attempting to
set up an Empire west of the Alleghanies. He
was tried and acquitted of conspiracy.
England persists in searching American vessels for
suspected deserters from the British navy, and
thus impressing American seamen. These repeat-
ed outrages led to the second war with England.
1807 Robert Fulton makes first trip to Albany in the
steamboat " Clermont."
. Dec. 22. Congress decrees an embargo on all ves-
sels in American ports, and orders home ah Amer
ican vessels to prepare for war.
1808 The African Slave-trade abolished by Congress,
prohibiting the importation of slaves into the U. S.
Cabinet Officers, 3d Administration — 1801-1809.
Secretary of State. James Madison, Va.
158
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Secretaries of the Treasury. Samuel Dexter, Mass. ; Albert
Gallatine, Pen-n.
Secretary of War. Henry Dearborn, Mass.
Secretaries of the Navy. Benjamin Stoddert, Md. ; Robert
Smith, Md. ; Jacob Crowninshield, Mass.
Postmasters- General. Joseph Habersham, Ga. ; Gideon
Granger, Conn.
Attorneys- General. Theophilus Parsons, Mass. ; Levi
Lincoln, Mass. ; Robert Smith, Md. ; John Breckenridge,
Ky. ; Caesar A. Rodney, Del.
National Expenses and Debt, 3d Adm.
Year.
Expenses.
Debt.
1801. . . . $12,273,376
$83,038,050
1802. .
13,276,084
80,712,632
1803. .
11,258,983
77,054,686
1804.
12,624,646
86,427,120
1805.
13,727,124
82,312,150
1806.
15,070,093
75,723,270
1807.
11,292,292
69,218,398
1808. .
16,764,584
65,196,317
Imports and Exports, 3d Administration.
Year. Imports.
Exports.
1801. . . . $111,363,511
$94,115,925
1802.
. 76,333,333
72,483,160
1803.
. . 64,666,666
55,800,038
1804.
. 185,000,000
77,699,074
1805.
. 120,600,000
95,566,021
180b.
. 129,410,000
101,536,963
1807.
. 138,500,000
108,343,151
1808.
56,990,000
22,430,960
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS.
159
FOURTH ADMINISTRATION.
James Madison, Fourth President of the United States,
was born at King George, Virginia, on the 16th of March,
1751. He entered Princeton College, New Jersey, 1769,
and graduated, in advance of his class, in 1771. Having
impaired his health by too close application to study, he re-
mained in Princeton for a time to recruit his shattered
health, and also still further to enrich his mind.
He was one of the first to comprehend the peril of the
Colonists, and gave his cheerful co-operation to the patriots
in resisting the encroachments of Great Britain.
He was a member of the first Legislative Assembly, and
would doubtless have been a meniber of the next, it is said,
160 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
had it uot been for his conscientious refusal to follow the
prevalent custom of treating the electors. In 1780, he be-
came a member of the National Congress, and greatly assisted
its deliberations by his sagacious counsels.
He represented his State in the Legislature from 1784 to
L78G, and was very active in promoting the financial and com
mercial interests of the State.
In 1794, he married Mrs. Todd, of Philadelphia, a lady
possessing great amiability and vivacity of mind.
Having finished his Congressional career, he retired from
public life, to enjoy the companionship of his books and
home, but was soon called to share the conflicts of the hour.
He discharged the duties of the office of Secretary ol*
State, promptly and acceptably, under the administration of
Jefferson. He was elected to the office of President in 1809.
Exciting discussions, complications with foreign powers, and
war with England, were the distinguishing events of his ad-
ministration.
He died at his home, in Montpelier, June 28, 1836, at the
age of eighty-five years.
George Clinton, Vice-President, was born in Ulster Co.,
N. Y., July 26, 1739. Died at Washington, April 20, 1812.
He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775, voted
for the Declaration of Independence, was Brigadier-General
in 1777 ; Governor of N. Y. in 1801, and Vice-President in
1804, and a prominent candidate for President in the cam-
paign of 1808
op american progress. 161
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres. 4th Adm.
For President. | From. \ Vice-Pres. \ From. \ Politics.
James Madison, Va. Geo. Clinton, N. Y. Democrat
C. C. Pinckney, S. Ca. Rufus King, N. Y. Federal.
Second Term.
James Madison, Va. Elbridge Gerry, Mass. Democrat.
DeWitt Clinton, N. Y. J. Ingersoll, Pa. Federal.
Electoral Vote for Pres. and Vice-Pres. 4th Adm.
Seventeen States voting. Whole number of electors, 175.
In 1804 an amendment to the Constitution was adopted,
which provided that in voting for President and Vice-Presi-
dent each candidate should be voted for separately by the
electors.
For President, 1st Term. For Vice-President.
James Madison ... 122 Geo. Clinton , . 113
C. C. Pinckney ... 47 Rufus King ... 47
James Madison was declared elected President, and Geo.
Clinton Vice-President.
For President, 2d Term. For Vice-President.
Eighteen States voting. — Louisiana admitted during pre-
vious term. Whole number of electors, 217.
James Madison . . . 128 Elbridge Gerry . 13.1
DeWitt Clinton ... 49 J. IngersoU ... 86
James Madison was declared elected President, and El-
bridge Gerry Vice-President.
162 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
>
Important Events of the 4th Administration.
1809 March 4. James Madison inaugurated President.
1810 American Board of Christian and Foreign Missions
organized.
1811 Nov. 7. General Harrison wins at Tippecanoe the
most desperate battle ever fought with the Indians.
1812 April 8. Louisiana admitted as a State.
First house in Rochester, N. Y., erected.
Second War with England.— Cause— The
impressment of American seamen by the British,
and the blockade of her enemies' ports. Congress
authorized the President to call for 25,000 enlisted
men, 50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia, with
Henry Dearborn as Commander-in-Chief. See
Contents for list of Land and Naval Battles of
the War of 1812.
1813 March 4. James Madison began a second Presi-
dential term, with Elbridge Gerry as Vice-Pres.
June 1. Capt. Lawrence, of the U. S. frigate Ches-
apeake, fought the British frigate Shannon, 30
miles from Boston, and in dying said, " DorCt give
up the ship"
Sept. 10. Perry's victory on Lake Erie.
1814 August 24. City of Washington taken by the
British, and public buildings burned.
— — Capt. Porter of U. S. frigate Essex, when captured
by the British frigate Phoebe, after a desperate
battle and losing 154 men, in his report to the
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 168
Secretary of the Navy said, " We have been
unfortunate but not disgraced"
- Dec. 15. Hartford Convention in opposition to the
war, threaten secession of the New England States.
Dec. 24. Hull, for the surrender of Detroit, was
tried for cowardice and treason, found guilty, and
sentenced to be shot. Pardoned by the President.
Dec. 24. Peace declared by Treaty at Ghent.
1815 Jan. 8. Battle of New Orleans, 40 days after
peace was declared. Gen. Jackson lost 13 killed
and wounded ; the British 1700.
Jan. 15. A British squadron capture the U. S.
frigate President.
March. Congress declares war against Algiers.
1816 Apr. 10. U. S. Bank re-chartered for twenty
years, with a capital of $35,000,000.
Dec. 1 1 . Indiana admitted as a State.
Cabinet Officers, 4th Administration — 1809-1817.
Secretaries of State. Robt. Smith, Md. ; Jas. Monroe, Va,
Secretaries of the Treasury. Albert Gallatin, Pa. ; George
W. Campbell, Tenn. ; Alex. J. Dallas, Pa.
Secretaries of War. William Eustis, Mass. ; John Arm-
strong, N. Y. ; James Monroe, Va. ; Wm. H. Crawford, Ga.
Secretaries of the Navy. Paul Hamilton, S. C. ; William
Jones, Pa. ; Benjamin W. Crownin shield, Mass.
Postmasters- General. Gideon Granger, Conn.; Return J.
Meigs, Jr., Ohio.
Attorneys- General Caesar A. Rodney, Del.; William
Pinckney, Md. ; Richard Rush, Pa.
164
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
National Expenses and Debt, 4th Admin.
Tear.
Expenses.
Debt.
1809.
. $13,867,326
$57,023,192
1810.
13,319,986
53,178,217
1811. .
. 13,601,808
48,005,587
National Expenses, tea-
— Continued.
Year
Expenses.
Debt.
1812. .
. $22,279,121
$45,209,737
1813. .
. 39,190,520
55,962,827
1814. .
. 38,028,230
81,487,846
1815. .
. 39,582,493
99,833,660
1816. .
. 48,244,495
127,334,938
Imports and Exports, Fourth Adm.
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
1809. .
. $59,400,000
$52,203,333
1810.
. 85,406,000
66,657,970
1811.
. 53,400,000
61,316,883
1812.
. 77,030,000
38,527,236
1813.
22,005,000
27,855,927
1814.
. 12,965,000
6,927,441
1815.
113,041,274
52,557,753
1816.
. . 147,103,000
81,920,452
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS.
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167
FIFTH ADMINISTRATION.
• B -P<JW£R
James Monroe, Fifth President of the United States,
* as born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758. Com-
paratively little is known of his ancestors. His father's
name was Spence, and the maiden name of his mother was
Elizabeth Jones.
He received his education at the College of William and
Mary, and immediately after leaving College, identified him-
self with the Colonists in their struggle for freedom. He
took an active part in some of the earlier actions of the war,
and was severely wounded at the battle of Trenton.
His services were properly recognized, and he was pro-
moted to a Captaincy.
He acquitted himself witli dibthiiruished honor as a Stafl
168 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
officer of Lord Sterling, and in 1780 served as a military
commissioner under Governor Jefferson.
He was chosen a member of the Legislature of Virginia,
in 1782, and, in 1783, became a member of Congress. His
eminent abilities were at once recognized ; and his sound
views upon the various questions discussed in Congress,
exerted a potent influence upon that body in its measures for
the promotion of State and National interests.
In 1786, he married Miss Kortright, a lady of great per-
sonal merit, upon whom John Quincy Adams pronounced a
very high eulogy. He held the office of Senator for about
five years, and was twice elected as Governor of Virginia. In
1803, he was appointed to aid Robert R. Livingston, the
resident Minister at France, in negotiations for the purchase
of Louisiana, and afterward served as Minister to England.
He was also Secretary of State during the administration
of Madison in 1811. His efficient services in the difficult
and responsible positions he had occupied, and his advocacy
of a popular national policy, directed attention to him as a
candidate for the Presidency, and, in 1819, he was elected to
the office by a large electoral vote. After his election, he
made a tour of visitation through the Eastern States ; and the
favor with which he was everywhere received and the happy
effects of his visit upon all parties, suggest that a closer in-
timacy between our people and their rulers would be of im-
mense advantage to the nation. So satisfactory was his ad-
ministration that, at its close, he was re-elected, and served
another term with equal honor and success. During his ad-
ministrations, the South American republics were recognized
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 169
by Congress as sovereign nations and the President, in his
message, declared the famous Monroe Doctrine, that the Con-
tinents of America were not to be considered as subjects of
European power.
His death occurred in New York, on the Fourth of July,
1831. In 1858, his remains were removed to Hollywood
Cemetery, Virginia.
D. D. Tompkins, Vice-President, was born at Scarsdale,
N. Y., June 21, 1774. Died on Staten Island, June 11, 1825
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 5th Adm.
For President. \ From \ Vice-Pres. \ From. \ Politics.
James Monroe, Va. D. D. Tompkins, N. Y. Democrat.
Rufus King, N. Y. J. E. Howard, Md. Federal.
Second Term.
James Monroe, Va. D. D. Tompkins, N. Y. Democrat.
John Q. Adams, Mass. Richard Stockton, N. J. Federal.
Elctoral Vote for Pres. and Vice-Pres., 5th Adm.
Nineteen States voting. — Indiana having been admitted
during the previous term. Whole number of electors, 217.
For President, 1st Term For Vice-President.
James Monroe ... 183 D. D. Tompkins . . 183
Rufus King .... 34 J. E. Howard . . 22
Twenty -four States voting. Miss., 111., Ala., Me., and Mo.,
were admitted during previous term. Whole number of
electors, 232.
For President, 2d Term For Vice-President
James Monroe ... 227 D. D. Tompkins . . 218
John Q. Adams ... 1 Richard Stockton . 8
170 NATIONAL HAND-iiOOK
Important Events of the 5th Administration.
1817 March 4. James Monroe inaugurated President, at
Congress Hall, "Washington, the Capitol having
been burnt by the British.
July 4. Ground broken for the Erie Canal. Com-
pleted in 1825.
Dec. 10. Mississippi admitted into the Union.
1818 March. Gen. Jackson defeats the Seminoles in Fla.
The U. S. flag, 13 stripes and one star for each
State, in a blue field, adopted by law.
Dec. 3. Illinois admitted into the Union.
1819 Dec. 14. Alabama admitted into the Union.
The Savannah, first steamer, crosses the Ocean.
1820 March 15. Maine admitted into the Union.
James Monroe re-elected President.
Stephen Decutor, of the U. S. Navy, killed in a duel
with Com. Barron.
Oct. Florida ceded by Spain to the United States.
1821 Aug. 10. Missouri admitted as a State.
1822 The independence of South America acknowledged
by U. S.
< Boston, Mass., incorporated a city.
1823 Commodore Porter suppresses piracies in the West
Indies.
President Monroe advocates the non-intervention of
foreign powers upon the American continent, pop
ularly known as the Monroe doctrine.
1824 Aug. Gen. Lafayette re-visits the United States.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
171
Cabinet Officers, 5th Administration 1817-1825.
Secretary of State. John Quincy Adams, Mass.
Secretary of the Treasury. William H. Crawford, Ga.
Secretaries of War. Isaac Shelby, Ky. ; J. C. Calhoun, S.C.
Secretaries of the Navy. Benjamin W. Crownin&hield
Mass. ; Smith Thompson, N. Y. ; Samuel L. Southard, N. J .
Postmasters- General. Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio ; Johu
McLean, Ohio.
Attorney- General. William Wirt, Va.
National Expenses and Debt, 5th Administration
Year.
Expenses.
Debt.
1817. . .
$40,877,646
$123,491,965
1818. . .
35,164,875
103,466,633
1819. '. .
24,004,199
95,529,648
1820. . .
21,763,024
91,015,566
1821. .
19,090,572
89,987,427
1822. .
17,676,592
93,546,676
1823. .
15,314,171
90,875,877
1824. .
31,898,538
90,269,777
MPORTS AN
d Exports, 5th
Administration.
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
1817. .
$99,250,000
$87,671,560
1818. .
121,750,000
93,281,133
1819. .
87,125,000
70,141,501
1820. .
74,450,000
69,661,669
1821. .
62,585,724
64,974,382
1822. .
83,241,541
72,160,281
1823. .
, 77,579,267
74,699,030
1824. .
. 89,549,007
75,986,657
172
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
SIXTH ADMINISTRATION.
John Qdincy Adams, Sixth President of the United
States, was born at Braintree, Mass., on the 11th of July,
1767. His character was formed under the ennobling influ-
ences of a cultured home, and developed amid rare social and
literary advantages. The influence of his noble mother as
well as of his father, is apparent in the development of his
moral and intellectual nature.
His youthful ear heard the thunder of the cannon that
shook Bunker's Hill, and his eye eagerly watched the clouds
of smoke as they ascended from the burning ruins of Charles-
town. In his eleventh year he accompanied his father to
France, and thus had rare opportunities to acquire a knowl-
edge of the politics, manners and language of the people.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 173
When he had attained bis fourteenth year, he was acting as
his father's secretary, and, notwithstanding his youth, was
recognized as an officer in that capacity by Congress.
Returning from his foreign travels, he entered Harvard
College, in 1786, and graduated the following year. He then
itudied law for three years, and was admitted to the bar in
1790. In 1794, he was appointed Minister to the Nether-
lands, and in 1797 he was honored with the appointment of
Minister to Portugal, which was afterward changed to the
mission to Berlin. He also served his country as Ambassa-
dor to Prussia, Russia, and England.
Washington entertained a high opinion of his diplomatic
abilities, and pronounced him the ablest American Minister
ever sent to a foreign Court.
He also was elected to the Senate of the United States,
but resigned before the close of the Senatorial term. In
1 806 he was elected to the Professorship of Rhetoric and
Belles-Lettres at Harvard, and was a great favorite with the
friends and students of the University. He was appointed
by President Monroe to the office of Secretary of State, and
served in that capacity through both terms of Monroe's ad-
ministration. In the next Presidential election the suffrages
of the people were divided between four candidates, neither
of whom received a majority of the electoral votes, and con
sequently the election of a President devolved upon the
House of Representatives. The members of that body in
performing' the duty assigned them elected John Quincy
Adams as the successor of President Monroe, and he was
174 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
inaugurated March 4th, 1825. His administration was some-
what embarrassed by the strong party spirit that had been
engendered previous to his election, and his political auher
ents being in a minority could not induce Congress to adopt
his recommendations.
After his retirement from the Presidency he devoted his
time chiefly to literary and religious researches. It is said
that he translated the Psalms into English verse, and devoted
much of his time to the study of the sacred Scriptures. In
1830, he was elected to the House of Representatives, and
held the position until his death, which occurred on the 21st
of February, 1848. He had just risen to address the Speak-
er of the House when he was smitten with paralysis, and
fell, exclaiming, " This is the last of earth." Thus " the
old man eloquent " fell at his post, and passed to his final re-
ward.
John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, was born at Adbe*
ville, S. C, March 18, 1782. Died at Washington, March
31, 1850. He was among the foremos" statesmen of hi*
time, and with him originated the " State nghts doctrine."
of american progress. 175
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 6th Adm
For President. \ From. \ For Vice-Pres. \ From. \ Polities.
John Q. Adams, Mass Federal.
Andrew Jackson, Tenn. John Calhoun S. Ca. Democrat.
W. H. Crawford, Ga. . Nathan Sanford, N. Y. Democrat
Henry Clay, Ky. . . Nathaniel Macon, Ga. Whig.
Popular and Electoral Votes, 6th Adm.
Twenty-four States voting. Whole number of electors, 261.
For President,
John Q. Adams, 105,321 votes ; Electoral votes, 84.
Andrew Jackson, 152,899 " " " 98.
W.H.Crawford, 47,265 " " " 41.
Henry Clay, 47,087 " " " 37.
For Vice-President,
John C. Calhoun, 182 Electoral votes ; Nathan Sanford, 30.
Nathaniel Macon, 24 " " Andrew Jackson, 13.
Henry Clay, 9 " " Martin Van Buren, 2.
None of the candidates received the majority of the elec
toral votes for President : the choice devolved upon the house
of Representatives. Adams received the vote of 13 States,
Jackson 7, and Crawford 4, John Q. Adams was therefore
elected President, and John C. Calhoun Vice-President.
Important Events of 6th Administration.
1825 March 4. John Q. Adams inaugurated President.
Corner Stone of Bunker Hill Monument laid by
Lafayette.
1826 July 4. Death of two Ex-Presidents, John Adams
and Thos. Jefferson.
J 76 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
— Anti-Masonic excitement, caused by the abduction
of William Morgan from Canandaigua, N. Y., by
Free Masons, who were charged with murder. A
legislative committee of investigation confirmed
the suspicion.
1827 First Railroad in the U. S., from Quincy to Boston.
1828 Tariff Bill a law. The cotton states oppose it.
Cabinet Officers, 6th Administration — 1825-1829.
Secretary of State. — Henry Clay, Ky.
Secretary of the Treasury. — Richard Rush, Pa.
Secretaries of War.— Jus. Barbour Va. ; P. B. Porter, N. Y.
Secretary of the Navy. — Samuel L. Southard, N. J.
Postmaster- General. — John McLean, Ohio.
Attorney- General. — William Wirt, Va.
National Expenses and Debt, 6th Administration.
Year.
Expenses.
Debt.
1825.
. . 23,585,804
83,788,432
1826.
. . 24,103,398
81,054,059
1827.
. . 22,656,764
73,987,357
1828.
UPORTS
. . 25,459,479
i and Exports, 6th A
67,475,043
lDMINISTRATIO
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
1825.
. . 96,340,075
99,535,388
1826.
. 89,974,477
77,595,322
1827.
. 79,484,068
82,324,727
1828.
88.509.824
72,264,68/
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
177
SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION.
Andrew Jackson, Seventh President of the United
States, was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and was born on a plan-
tation in Mecklenburgh County, North Carolina, March 15th,
1767. A few days before the birth of Andrew, his fa the?
died, leaving his widow, whose maiden name was Elizabeth
Hutchinson, to struggle for the maintenance and culture of
three children. Andrew received very little schooling, and
was characterized for his boldness, activity, generosity, and
self-reliance. At the age of thirteen, fired by the death of
his eldest brother, who perished in the Indian battle of Stono.
he entered his country's service in the struggle for Indepen-
dence. Andrew and his brother Robert were captured by
the British, and the latter died soon after their exchange-
17!S NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Their mother in the mean-time, who had acted as nurse to
some captive friends on a prison ship, contracted fever, and
died suddenly, leaving Andrew, a half developed youth, the
sole surviving representative of the family. Andrew tried
the saddlery trade and school teaching, after which he studied
.aw, was admitted to practice at the age of twenty, and rose
at once to prominence. He married Mrs. Robards in 1791.
On the 5th of December, 1796, Jackson took his seat in
Congress as the first Representative of Tennessee, which had
just been admitted. He was subsequently Senator from the
same State, and at a later period Judge of the Supreme Court
of Tennessee. In 1806, he fought a duel with Charles Dick-
erson, when both were severely wounded, and Dickerson died.
The war of 1812 brought him prominently before the
world as a dashing military chieftain. Fired by the massa-
cre at Fcrt Mimms, he inaugurated a vigorous campaign
against the British and the Creek Indians, which culminated
in a great victory at New Orleans, January 8, 1815.
In 1823, he was again elected to the U. S. Senate, and
nominated for the Presidency, receiving a large but unsuc-
cessful vote. In 1828, he was elected to the Presidency, and
re-elected in 1832. Many grave measures agitated the couu
try during his administration.
He retired to the " Hermitage," March 4th, 1837, where
he died, June 8th, 1845. Gen. Jackson was a fearless, honest
man, of rare common sense. He was never vanquished,
He conquered the wilderness, the savage, the trained European
chieftain, the American duelist, and politician.
Martin Van Bur en, Vice-Pres. See sketch 8th Adm.
OK AMERICAN PROGRESS. 179
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 7th ad.m.
For President. \ From* \ For Vice-Pres. \ From, \ Politics.
Andrew Jackson, Tenn. John C. Calhoun S. Ca. Democrat
John Q. Adams, Mass. Richard Rush Pa. Federal.
For President, 2nd Term. Vice-President.
Andrew Jackson, Tenn. Martin Van Buren, N. Y. Dem.
Elenry Clay, Ky. J. Sergeant, Pa. Whig.
John Floyd, Va. W.Wilkins, Pa. Independent
William Wirt, Md. Henry Lee, Mass. Anti-Masonic.
Popular and Electoral vote, 7th Administration.
Twenty four States voting. Whole number of electors, 261.
For President, 1st Term.
Andrew Jackson, 650,028 votes; Electoral votes 178.
John Q.Adams, 512,159 " " " 83.
Andrew Jackson was declared elected President, and Johi
C. Calhoun Vice-President.
For Vice-President.
John C. Calhoun, 189 Electoral votes, Richard Rush, 83.
For President, Id Term.
Andrew Jackson, 687,502 votes ; Electoral votes 219
Henry Clay, 550,189 " " " 49
John Floyd, " " " " 11
William Wirt, " " " " 7
For Vice-President,
M. Van Buren, 171 Electoral votes ; J. Sergeant, 49.
Wm. Wilkins, 30 " " " Henry Lee, 11.
Andrew Jackson was declared elected President, and
Martin Van Buren Vice-President.
180 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Important Events of 7th Administration.
1829 March 4. Andrew Jackson, inaugurated President
1830 Jackson, opposes the U. S. Bank in his message.
1831 July 4. Death of Ex-president, Monroe.
Agitatior of the U. S. Bank question.
1832 First appearance of Asiatic cholera in America.
" The Black Hawk War " with frontier Indians in
111. Black Hawk captured and taken to Wash*
ington, and other cities, to convince him of the
strength of the nation.
State's Rights doctrine dates from this year. Advocated
by John C. Calhoun.
S. Ca. Legislator attempted to evade the U. S
Revenue Law, which gave rise to Pres. Jackson's
Nullification proclamation.
Professor Morse invents the magnetic telegraph.
March 4. Pres. Jackson enters upon a second term,
1833 Tariff controversy settled by Henry Clay's bill.
Oct. Removal of the Government funds from the U.
S. Bank, by order of President Jackson
1834 Gen. Thompson killed in Seminole War.
Cyrus McCormick's reaper patented.
1835 Seminole Indian War in Florida, led by Osceola.
Dec. 16. 674 buildings burned in New York j losfc
$20,000,000.
National debt paid off during this year.
Gen. Scott subdues the Creek Indians in Ga. and
Ala. They are removed beyond the Mississippi.
3«36 June 15. Arkansas admitted as a Sta^>»
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
181
Cabinet Officers, 7th Administration — 1829-1837.
Secretaries of State. Martin Van Buren, N. Y. ; Edward
Livingston, La. ; Lewis McLane, Del. ; John Forsyth, Ga.
Secretaries of the Treasury. S. D. Ingham, Pa. ; Louis
McLane, Del. ; Wm J. Duane, Pa. ; Roger B. Taney, Md
Levi Woodbury, N. H.
Secretaries of War. John H. Eaton, Tenn. ; Lewis Cass, O.
Secretaries of the Navy. John Branch, N. C. ; Levi
Woodbury, N. H. ; Mahlon Dickerson, N. J.
Post Masters- General Wm. T. Barry, Ky. ; A. Kendall, Ky.
Attorneys- General. John M. Berrien ; Roger B. Taney,
Md. ; Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y.
National Expenses and Debt, 7th Administration.
Year.
Expenses.
Debt.
1829. .
. $25,044,358
$58,421,413
1830.
. . 24,585,281
48,565,406
1831.
. 30,038,446
39,124,191
1832.
. 34,356,698
24,322,235
1833.
. 24,257,298
7,001,032
1834.
24,601,982
4,760,081
1835.
. . 27,573,141
351,289
1836.
. 30,934,664
291,089
[PORTS A
nd Exports, 7th A
UDMIN'STRATIO
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
1829.
. $74,492,527
$72,358,671
1830.
70,876,920
73,849,508
1831.
. . 103,191,124
81,310,583
1832.
. 101,029,266
87,176,943
1833.
. . 108,118,311
90,140,443
1834.
. . 126,521,332
104,336,973
1835.
. . 149,895,742
121,693,577
1836.
. . 189,980,085
128,663,040
IS2
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION.
Martin Van Buren, Eighth President of the United
States, was a descendant of Holland ancestry, and was born
on a farm at Kinderhook, Columbia Co., N. Y., September
5th, 1782. He inherited a clear, logical intellect, which was
quickened by academic culture. At the age of fourteen he
began the study of law, and seven years later was duly ad-
mitted to practice. After a few years, spent in his native
village, he established himself at Hudson. He early evinced
a taste for politics, and before he attained his majority was a
delegate at a county convention. In 1808, he assumed his
first public office, that of Surrogate of Columbia Co. He
was elected to the State Senate in 1812, and re-elected in
1816. In 1815, he was appointed Attorney-General of New
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 183
York. In 1821, he was elected from New York to the
United States Senate, where he continued until 1828, when
he resigned to become Governor of New York. In the New
York Senate he was a prominent leader in the Madison
party, and when transferred to the Senate at Washington ,
he was a staunch supporter of the Democracy of those times.
On the first day of January, 1829, he entered upon the
gubernatorial duties of the State of New York, but in March
following resigned to become Secretary of State in President
Jackson's Cabinet. In 1831, President Jackson reorganized
his Cabinet, accepting the resignation of Mr. Van Buren, but
appointing him at once Minister to England. He proceeded
to London, but, on the assembling of Congress, the Senate
refused to confirm his appointment. He immediately re-
turned to the United States. Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-Presi-
dent, having cast the deciding vote in the Senate against his
appointment to England, was left out in the political slate at
the national convention in the following May, and Van
Buren was nominated to the second place on the ticket with
Jackson, and was triumphantly elected.
On the 4th of March, 1837, he was inaugurated President
of the United States, having been elected as the successor of
Andrew Jackson. Mr. Jackson's financial measures and hi?
war on the banks culminated, soon after his retirement, in the
most disastrous monetary depression that has ever overtaken
the country. Mr. Van Buren was held responsible. The
Seminole War dragged wearily ; the anti-slavery agitation
increased, and the administration lost favor steadily until its
close, when Mr. Van Buren retired to Kinderhook, to ap-
184 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
pear again, iu 1848, as a candidate for the Presidency on the
" Free Soil " ticket, when he was defeated. He died at
Kinderhook, July 24th, 1862, aged eighty years. Mr. Van
Buren was a statesman of more than ordinary grasp ; he was
a o-entleman of cultivated tastes and of amiable disposition.
Richard M. Johnson, Vice-President, was born neai
Louisville, Ky., Oct. 17, 1780.
He served as colonel in the Indian wars under Harrison .
was twelve years a representative in Congress from Ky. ; and
was elected to the United States Senate. He served four
years as President of the Senate. In the Presidential
campaign of 1836, no candidate for Vice-President re-
ceived a majority of the electoral votes, and he was elected
Vice-President by the Senate. He died at Frankfort, Ky.,
Nov. 19, 1850.
Candidates for President and Vice-Prest., 8th Adm
For President. \ From. \ For Vice-Pres. \ From \ Politics.
Martin Van Buren, K Y. R. M. Johnson, Ky. Democrat.
Wm. H. Harrison, Ohio. Francis Granger, N. Y. Whig.
H. L. White, Tenn. John Tyler, Va. Indepen.
Daniel Webster, Mass. William Smith, Ala. Whig.
<i
73.
a
26.
n
14.
u
11.
of american progress. 185
Popular and Electoral Vote, 8th Adm.
Twenty-six states voting, Arkansas and Michigan having
been admitted during previous term. Whole number of
Electors, 294.
For President.
Martin Van Buren 762,149 votes, electoral votes 170.
Wax. II. Harrison, '< " "
II. L. White, " " " " «
Daniel Webster, " " " "
W. P. Mangum, N. Ca. Total opposition vote
736,736
For Vice-President.
II. M. Johnson, electoral votes 147. Francis Granger, 77.
John Tyler, « " 47. Wm. Smith, 22.
No candidate for Vice-Pres. received a majority of the
electoral votes and R. M. eJohnson was elected by the Senate.
Important Events of 8th Administration.
1837 March 4. Martin Van Buren inaugurated President.
Independence of Texas acknowledged.
Great financial distress. Banks suspend specie pay-
ment. Failures amounting to over $200,000,000
in New York city in March and April. Extra
session of Congress called Sept. 4, to devise relief.
Nov. 7. Riot at Alton, 111. ; Rev. E. P. Lovejoj
mobbed and killed for anti-slavery sentiments
1838 The Mormons driven from Missouri.
The Canadian Rebellion caused by disloyal English
aud Americans attempting to set up an independent govern
ment.
186 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1839 Another financial panic. Banks suspend payment.
1840 The so-called " Log Cabin " and " Hard Cider " Cam-
paign.
Cabinet Officers, 8th Administration — 1837-1841
Secretary of State. John Forsyth, Ga.
Secretary of the Treasury. Levi Woodbury, N. H.
Secretary of War. Joel R. Poinsett, S. C.
Secretaries of the Navy. Mahlon Dickerson, N. J. ; James
K. Pauldiug, N. Y.
Postmasters- General. Amos Kendall, Ky. ; John M. Niles,
Conn.
Attorneys- General. Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y. ; Felix
Grundy, Tenn. ; Henry D. Gilpin, Pa.
National Expenses and Debt, 8th Administration
Year.
Expenses.
Debt.
1837. . .
$37,265,037
$1,878,223
1838. . .
39,455,438
4,857,600
1839. . .
37,614,936
11,983,737
1840. . .
28,226,553
5,125,077
J.ATP0RTS AND
Exports, 8th Administration.
fear.
Imports.
Exports.
1837. . .
$140,989,217
$117,419,376
1838. . .
113,717,404
108,486,616
1839. . .
162,092,132
121,088,416
1840. . .
107,641,519
132,085,936
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
187
NINTH ADMINISTRATION.
^ : tm
William Henry Harrison, Ninth President of the
United States, was born at Berkeley, on the James River,
Virginia, February 9th, 1773. His father was one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the
Governors of Virginia. William Henry was educated at
Hampden, Sydney College, Virginia, and pursued the study
of medicine. He was, however, drawn from the duties o*
his profession by the barbarities of the Indians along our
north-western frontier. In 1791, he received from President
Washington a commission as ensign in the artillery, and was,
during the next year, promoted for meritor ions service to the
rank of lieutenant. He served under General Wayne, and
after the battle of Miami Rapids he wa? made captain,
188 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
In 1800, he was made Governor of the " Indian Terri-
tory," including the Territories of Indiana, Illinois, and
Wisconsin. This position he filled for twelve years to the
satisfaction of Indians and white settlers. He negotiated
thirteen important treaties with Indian tribes.
In 1811 Harrison conducted the war against Tecumseh,
and in a great battle on the Tippecanoe River defeated that
Ulustrious chieftain, and s ) frustrated his plans that he never
recovered, After the surrender of Detroit, by General Hull,
Harrison was made Commander-in-Chief of the entire North-
west, where he proved himself a masterly organizer and a
vigorous, intrepid commander. His fame, at the close of the
war, was unbounded. Some difficulty with the Secretary of
War led to his resignation, but the President immediately
appointed him to negotiate further treaties with the Indiai i.
In 1816, he became a Representative in Congress from
Ohio, and immediately took rank as an eloquent and able
member of the body.
In 1824, he was elected to the United States Senate from
Ohio.
In 1886, Mr. Harrison was brought forward for the Preei
dency. He had three rivals, and was beaten by Mr. Van
Buren. His popularity was so great that the Whigs again
nominated him in 1840, and after one of the most stirring
campaigns of the century, he was elected by electoral count
of 234 out of 294. His administration gave promise of great
success, but his frail health was so overtaxed that he expired
April 4th, just one month after his inauguration.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 189
John Tyler, successor of Mr. Harrison, and Tenth Pres-
ident of the United States, was born in Charles City County,
Virginia, March 29th, 1790. His ancestors were English, and
were among the first settlers in the Old Dominion. His
father was a patriot in the Revolution, a wealthy land pro-
prietor, and at one time Governor of Virginia. Young Tyler
entered William and Mary College at the age of twelve,
where he graduated with the highest honors at seventeen.
At nineteen he was admitted to the bar, and rose quickly
to an honored and successful practice. At the age of twenty-
one he was elected to the Legislature, and served five terms.
In 1816, he was elected to Congress, and was twice re-
elected. In 1825, he was chosen Governor of Virginia.
In 1827, he was elected to the United States Senate,
against John Randolph. In Congress, Tyler, in turn, sup-
ported and opposed the administration of President Jackson.
He voted for Clay's resolutions of censure on Jackson for re-
moving the U. S. deposits : he was subsequently instructed,
by the Legislature of his State, to rescind that action, where-
upon he resigned his seat, and returned to private life. He
was nominated for the Vice-Presidency in 1840 and elected.
At the death of General Harrison, April 4th, 1840, Mr.
Tyler was, on the 6th, inaugurated President. His adminis-
tration failed to satisfy either Whigs or Democrats. Every
member of his Cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned.
In 1861 he was President of the Peace Convention, and
afterwards a member of the Confederate Congress. He died
at Richmond, Va., January 17th, 1862.
190 national hand-book
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 9th Adm.
For President. \ From. | For Vice-Pres. \ From. \ Politics.
Win. Henry Harrison, Ohio. John Tyler, V?. Whig.
Martin Van Buren, N. Y. R. M. Johnson, Ky. Democrat.
J. G. Birney, N. Y. L. W. Tazewell, S. Ca. Abolition.
Popular and Electoral Vote, 9th Administration
Twenty-six States voting. Whole number of electors, 294.
For President.
Wm. Henry Harrison, 1,274,783 votes. Electoral votes 234
Martin Van Buren, 1,128,702 « " " 60
J. G. Binney, 17,609 " " "
For Vice-President.
John Tyler, 234 Electoral votes.
L. W. Tazewell, 11 " "
R. M. Johnson, 48 « "
James K. Polk, 1 " "
President Harrison served but one month. Upon Mb
death Vice-President Tyler became President.
Important Events of 9th Administration .
1841 Feb. 4. U. S. Bank failed, followed by banks gen
erally.
March 4. Gen. Wm. H. Harrison inaugurated Pres
April 4. President Harrison died in office.
April 6. John Tyler inaugurated President.
1842 Seminole War terminated.
The " Dorr Rebellion," in Rhode Island.
The North-eastern Boundary question settled.
1843 Fremont explores the Rocky Mountains.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 191
Feb. 28. A. P. Upsher, Sec. of State, and T. W
Gilmer, Sec. of Navy, killed by the bursting of a
gun on the excursion steamer Princeton, on the
Potomac.
1844 First telegraph, from Washington to Baltimore.
1845 March 1. President Tyler signs the bill for the an
nexation of Texas.
March 3. Florida admitted into the Union.
Cabinet Officers, 9th Administration — 1841-1845.
Secretaries of State — Daniel Webster, Mass. ; Hugh S.
Legare, S. C. ; Abel P. Upshur, Va. ; John Nelson, Md
John C. Calhoun, S. C.
Secretaries of the Treasury — Thomas Ewing, Ohio ; Walter
Forward, Pa. ; John C. Spencer, N. Y. ; George N. Bibb, Ky.
Secretaries of War — John Bell, Tenn. ; John C. Spencer,
N. Y. ; James M. Porter, Pa. ; William Wilkins, Pa.
Secretaries of the Navy — George E. Badger, N. C. ; Abel
B Upshur, Va. ; David Henshaw, Mass. ; Thomas W. Gilmer,
Va. ; John Y. Mason, Va.
Postmasters- General — Francis Granger, N. Y. ; Charles
A, Wickliffe, Ky.
Attorneys- General — John J. Crittenden, Ky. ; Hugh Si
Legare, S. C. ; John Nelson, Md.
192 national hand-book
National Expenses and Debt, 9th Ai ministration.
Tear. Expenses. Debt.
]841 $31,787,530 $ 6,737,398
1842 32,936,876 15,028,486
1843 12,118,105 27,203,450
1844 33,642,010 24,748,188
Imports and Exports, 9th Administration.
Fear. Imports. Exports.
1841 $127,946,117 $121,851,803
1842 , . 100,152,087 104,691,531
1843 64,753,799 84,346,480
1844 108,435,035 111,200,046
OF AWi£iii(JAJS 1'HUUJtKbb
i»a
TENTH ADMINISTRATION.
'8-PQW£B.
James Knox Polk, Eleventh President of the United
States, was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and was born Novem-
ber 2d, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Polk
and Jackson are as yet the only two Presidents born oi
similar ancestral blood, and in the same County. His kin-
dred had taken part in the struggle for Independence. His
father was a farmer and a staunch Jeffersonian Democrat.
In 1806, his family removed to Nashville, Tennessee. James
was averse to mercantile pursuits, and after preliminary
studies under Mr. Black, he, in 1815, entered the University
of North Carolina, where he graduated with highest honors
three years later. After graduating- he returned to Nash
194 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
ville, where lie studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He
was elected to the Legislature of Tennessee in 1823, and two
years later was elected a Representative in Congress, where he
continued for fourteen years, and served during five sessions
as Speaker of the House of Representatives, presiding with
a dignity and impartiality that gave him greac popularity.
He was elected Governor of Tennessee in 1839, but was de-
feated in a struggle for the same honors in 1841, and also in
1843. He was brought forward by the Democrats at their
Baltimore Convention in May, 1844, as a candidate for the
Presidency in opposition to that well-known statesman, Henry
Clay. Mr. Polk favored the annexation of Texas, and
was elected by a large majority. His inauguration was fol-
lowed by trouble with the Government of Mexico, which
"ion developed into open war. General Taylor, with a small
vmy, was sent to the bank of the Rio Grande to defend the
claims of Texas. At a later period General Scott was sent
with a large army, which cut its way through the country
and captured the City of Mexico, and terminated the war.
Mr. Polk retired to private life at the close of his term,
and died three months later, at Nashville, June loth, 1839,
at the age of fifty-four.
Geo. M. Dallas, Vice-President, a statesman of rare
ability, was born at Philadelphia, July 10, 1792. Graduated
at Princeton in 1810. He filled many positions of honor
and responsibility at home and abroad
of american progress. 195
Candidates for President and Yice-Pres., 10th Adm.
For President. I From. | For Vice-Pres. | From. | Politics.
James K. Polk, Term. Geo. M. Dallas. Pa. Democrat.
Henry Clay, Ky. T. Frelinghuysen, N. J. Whig.
J. G. Binney, N. Y. Abolition
Popular and Electoral Vote, 10th Administration.
Twenty-six States voting. Whole number of electors, 275
ffo President.
James K. Polk, 1,335,834 votes. Electoral votes 170.
Henry Clay, 1,297,033 " " " 105.
J. G. Binney, 62,270 " " " 0.
For Vice- Pres ident.
Geo. M. Dallas, 170 Electoral votes.
T. Frelinghuysen, 105 " "
Important Events of the 10th Administration.
1845 March 4. James K. Polk inaugurated President.
Mexico declares war against the United States,
caused by the admission into the Union of the Mexi-
can State, Texas. See Contents for list of battles.
Dec. 29. Texas admitted into the Union.
1846 April 26. Thornton's party, by order of Gen. Tay-
lor, cross the Rio Grande, and are captured by tht
Mexicans. First blood of the Mexican War.
1846 May 11. Congress declares, "War existed by the
act of Mexico."
Mexican War. — See Contents for battles.
Dec. 28. Iowa admitted into the Union.
Elias Howe Sewing Machine patented.
1847 Sept. 14. The American army, under Gen. Scott
enters the City of Mexico without opposition.
196 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1848 Feb. 2. Treaty of Peace with Mexico, signed at
Gaudaloupe, which confirmed the annexation of
Texas, and ceded to the United States California
and New Mexico, an area of 500,000 square miles,
by payment of $15,000,000 and assuming $3,-
500,000 debts due citizens of the United States.
May 29. Wisconsin admitted into the Union-
July. Gold first discovered in California.
Cabinet Officers, Tenth Administration — 1845-1849
Secretary of State — James Buchanan, Pa.
Secretary of the Treasury — Robert J. Walker, Mississippi
Secretary of War — William L. Marcy, N. Y.
Secretaries of the Navy — George Bancroft, Mass. ; John
5T. Mason, Va.
Postmaster- General — Cave Johnson, Tenn.
Attorneys- General — John Y. Mason, Va. ; Nathan Clif*
ford, Me. ; Isaac Toucey, Conn.
National Expenses and Debt, 10th Administration.
Yea? Expenses. Debt.
184o $30,490,408 $17,093,795
1846 27,632,282 16,750,926
1847 60,520,851 38,926,623
1848 60,655,143 48,520,879
Imports and Exports, 10th Administration.
Year. Imports. Exports.
1845 $117,254,564 $114,646,606
1846 121,591,797 113,488,516
1847 146,545,638 158,648,622
1848 154,998,928 154,032,131
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS.
197
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NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION.
Zachart Taylor, Twelfth President of the United
States, was born in Orange County, Virginia, November 24th,
1784. His father was a gallant officer in the Continental
krmy, associated with Washington ; and his mother was a
iroraan of liberal ideas and of sterling worth. Soon after the
oirth of Zachary, his parents removed to Kentucky, and settled
in a wilderness near the present site of Louisville. The subject
of this sketch, therefore, had few educational advantages
He toiled on the farm during his minority, and took part in
the rude border excitements of the period. In 1808, Presi-
dent Jefferson gave him a lieutenant's commission in the
Seventh U. S. Infantry. Nothing of much importance, how-
OF AMERICAN PROGRES: 199
ever, occurred in his army life for many years. The war with
Mex'co afforded scope for the display of ins abilities. Gen,
Taylor's extraordinary success at Monterey, and his stubborn
resistance at Buena Vista, against a force four times as
strong, led by the ablest general of Mexico, could not escape
public attention. He became unboundedly popular, and wafe
elected President of the United States in November, 1848.
He died suddenly of bilious fever July 9th, 1 850, exclaiming :
" I have tried to do my duty ! "
Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, succeeded Mr. Tay-
lor, and thus became the Thirteenth President of the United
States. He was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New
York, January 7th, 1800. His father, a plain man, removed
in 1819 to Erie County, where he purchased and cultivated
a small farm. Young Fillmore had only the most meager
literary opportunities, being apprenticed at fourteen to a cloth-
ier. He early found a friend in Judge Wood, who received
him into his office, and furnished him means until he was
admitted to legal practice. He was elected to the Legisla-
ture of New York in 1829, and in 1832 was chosen as a
Representative in Congress. In 1847, he was Comptroller of
the State of New York ; and in 1848 he was elected to the
Vice-Presidency, on the ticket with Mr. Taylor. On the
decease of President Taylor, Mr. Fillmore was duly inaugu-
rated and presided over the nation with the coolness and abil-
ity that had characterized him in humble spheres. He died
at Buffalo, N. Y., March 8th, 1874.
200 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 11th Adm.
For President. \ From \ For Vice-Pres. | From. \ Politics.
Zachary Taylor, La. Millard Fillmore, N. Y. Whig.
Lewis Cass, Mich. Wm. O. Butler, Ky. Democrat.
Martin Van Buren, N. Y. Free Soil.
Popular and Electoral Vote, 11th Administration,
Thirty States voting. — Florida, Texas, Iowa and Wis-
consin having been admitted during previous term. Whole
number of Electors, 290.
For President.
Zachary Taylor, 1,362,031 votes. Electoral votes, 163.
Lewis Cass, - 1,122,445 " " " 127.
Martin Van Buren, 291,455 " " " 0.
For Vice-President.
Millard Fillmore, 1 63 Electoral votes.
Wm. O. Butler, 127
President Taylor died July 9th, 1850, and Vice-President
Fillmore became President.
Important Events of the 11th Administration.
1849 March 5. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President.
1850 July 9. Death of President Taylor.
July 10. Millard Fillmore inaugurated Preside:.!
Sept. 9. California admitted into the Union.
. Fugitive Slave Act passed. It imposed a fine of
$1000, and six months' imprisonment, for harbor,
ing or aiding tho escape of fugitive slaves. Ee-
pealed, 1864.
1851 Kossuth, a Hungarian patriot, arrives in New York.
1852 Death of Daniel Webster, ar.d Henry Clay.
of american progress. 201
Cabinet Officers, 11th Administration — 1849-1853.
Secretaries of State — John M. Clayton, Del. ; Daniel
Webster, Mass. ; Edward Everett. Mass.
Secretaries of the Treasury — William M. Meredith, Pa ;
jVomas Corwin, Ohio.
Secretaries of War — George W. Crawford, Ga. ; Chailes
M. Conrad, La.
Sewetaries of the Navy — William B. Preston, Va. ; Wil-
liam A. Graham, N. C. ; John P. Kennedy, Md.
Secretaries of the Interior — Thomas Ewing, Ohio ; Alex
H. H. Stuart, Va.
Postmasters- General — Jacob Collmer, Va. ; Nathan K.
Hall, N. Y. Samuel D. Hubbard.
Attorneys- General — Reverdy Johnson, Md. ; John J. Crit-
tenden, Ky.
National Expenses and Debt, 11th Administration.
Year. Expenses. Debt.
1849 . - $56,386,422 $64,704,693
1850 44,604,718 64,228,238
1851 48,476,104 62,560,395
1852 46,712,608 65,130,692
Imports and Exports, 11th Administration.
Tear. Imports. Exports.
1849 $147,857,439 $145,755,820
1850 178,138,318 151,898,790
1851 216,224,932 218,388,011
1852 212,945,442 209,658,366
202
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION.
■e./>o
Franklin Pierce, Fourteenth President of the United
States, was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, November
23d, 1804. His father, Benjamin Pierce, was a General in
the Revolutionary War. After a thorough preparatory course
he entered Bowdoin College at Brunswick, Maine, where he
graduated in 1824. He entered the law office of Levi Wood-
bury, and was admitted to the bar in 1827. His success in
the practice of law was not brilliant at the outset, but by un-
wearied industry he rose at length to the highest rank as a
counsellor and advocate. When a young man he entered
the political arena, and supported General Jackson.
In 1829, he became a member of the State Legislature,
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 203
where he remained four years, during two of which he dis-
charged the duties of Speaker with great ability. In 1833,
he was elected to Congress, and remained a member of it
until 1837, when he was transferred to the Senate.
In 1834. he was married to the daughter of Dr. Applet on
ex-President of Bowdoin College, and established his resi
dence at Concord, which he never changed. President Polk
tendered him the office of Attorney-General in 1846, which he
declined, in favor of his own legal practice, which had
grown large and lucrative. The war with Mexico, however,
drew him from his office. He raised a regiment of New
England volunteers, and receiving the commission of Briga
dier General, he departed to the Mexican frontier. At the
head of a small division he marched to Pueblo and reinforced
General Scott, who immediately prepared for his attack on
the City of Mexico. Pierce had his leg broken at the battle
of Contreras, but refused to leave the field. On the follow-
ing day he was on duty in the fierce engagement at Churub-
iisco, where, overcome with pain and exhaustion, he fainted on
the field. His army life was of the most exciting nature.
In 1852 he was nominated by the Democrats for the Pres-
idency, and was elected over General Scott, by an overwhelm-
ing majority. He died at Concord, N. H., October 8th, 18 09.
Wm. R. King, Vice-President, was born in N. C. in 1785.
He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1819 and served 21
years. At the death of Pres. Harrison he was elected Pres.
of the Senate. Died in Ala. April 18th, 1853, shortly after
the inauguration, and never took his seat as Vice-President.
204 NATIONAL HAND BOOK
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 12th Adm.
For President. From. For Vice-President. From. Politics.
Franklin Pierce, N.H. Wm. R. King, - Ala. Democrat.
Winfield Scott, N. J. Wm. A. Graham, N. Ca. Whig.
John P. Hale, N. H. Abolition
Popular and Electoral Vote, 12th Administration.
Thirty-one States voting, — California having been admitted
during previous term. Whole number of Electors, 296.
For President.
Franklin Pierce 1,590,490 votes. Electoral votes 254.
Winfield Scott 1,378,589 " " " 42.
John P. Hale 157,296 " " " 0.
For Vice-President.
Wm. R. King 254 Electoral votes.
Wm. A. Graham 42 " "
Important Events of the 12th Administration.
1853 March 4. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President
— — July 13. Grey town, Central America, bombarded
by U. S. man-of-war for Spanish insult to Amer-
ican Consul.
July 14. World's Fair, or " Crystal Palace," open
ed in New York.
Dr. Kane sails for the Arctic Seas.
1854 June. " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " passed.
1855 Anti-Slavery excitement in Kansas.
1856 Slavery question excite* the political parties.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 205
1856 June 24. President Pierce recognizes the Fili-
buster, Gen. Wm. Walker, as President of Nica-
raugua, who six months after was driven from the
country by the natives.
July 28. Panama R. R. to Aspinwall opened.
Cabinet Officers, 12th Administration — 1853-1857
Secretary of State — William M. Marcy, N. Y.
Secretary of the Treasury — James Guthrie, Ky.
Secretary of War — Jefferson Davis, Miss.
Secretary of the Nary—James C. Dobbin, N. C.
Secretary of the Interior — Robert McClernand, Mich.
Post master- General — James Campbell, Pa.
Attorney- General — Caleb dishing, Mass.
National Expenses and Debt, 12th Administration,
Year. Expenses. Debt.
1853 $54,577,061 $67,340,628
1854 75,473,119 47,242,206
1855 66,164,775 39,969,731
1856 72,726,341 30,963,900
Imports and Exports, 12th Administration.
fear. Imports. Exports.
1853 .... $267,978,647 $230,976,157
1854 304,562,381 278,341,064
1855 261,468,520 275,156,846
1856 314,639,943 326,964,906
206
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United
States, was born in Franklin County, Pa., April 23d, 1791.
His parents were from the North of Ireland. He was a
studious youth, and graduated with honor at Dickinson Col
lege, when but eighteen years of age. He studied law in th*
office of James Hopkins, of Lancaster, Pa., and was admitted
in 1812. In his profession he had numerous and wealthy
clients, and his practice was so extensive and remunerative,
that at the age of forty he was able to retire with an ample
fortune. At the age of twenty-three he was elected to the
State Legislature of Pennsylvania. He vigorously sup-
ported the War of 1812— '14, and as a private soldier marched
bo the defense of Baltimore Tn 1820, he was elected to the
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 20?
House of Representatives at Washington, where his knowl-
edge and eloquence soon gave him extensive celebrity.
I lere he remained ten years, and then declined re-election.
In 1831 President Jackson appointed him Minister Pleni-
potentiaiy to Russia. He accepted the honor, proceeded to
}t Petersburgh, and concluded the first commercial treaty
between the two countries. In 1 833 he returned, and was
chosen to the U. S. Senate from Pennsylvania.
In 181-5, when President Polk formed his Cabinet, Mr.
Buchanan became Secretary of State, which important posi-
tion he filled during the entire administration.
In 1853 President Pierce tendered him the appointment
of Minister to England, which he accepted, managing our af-
fairs at the Court of St. James with such discretion as to
meet with high approval. He landed again in New York in
1856, amid great public applause. In 1857 he was selected by
the Democrats at their Convention at Cincinnati, as the
standard-bearer of the party for the Presidency, and was
elected by a moderate majority, two other general tickets be-
ing defeated. Mr. Buchanan had been longer in public life
than any of his predecessors in the Presidency, yet his ad-
ministration was, perhaps, less satisfactory to all parties than
that of any of our Presidents.
The discussion on the Slavery question, which then reached
its crisis, was the absorbing interest of the times. Senator
Douglas divided the Democracy, but thereby only hastened
secession. Buchanan's public career closed in a storm of
fearful severity. He sat appalled amid the treachery of hi^h
officials and the treason of entire States. He ruled unfor
208 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
tunately when a Jackson or a Napoleon was needed. He
retired to private life at the close of his term, and died at
Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pa., June 1st, 1868. He never
married, and was styled the bachelor President.
John C Breckenridge, Vice-President, was born ai
Lexington, Ky., Jan. 21, 1821. A lawyer by profession.
Elected to Congress 1851, and Vice-Pres. in 1856. Candi
date for President in 1860. Elected to U. S. Senate 1861.
Expelled Dec. 4, 1861. Became Confederate Major-General
and Sec. of War at Richmond 1865. Died May 17, 1875
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 13th Adm.
For President. \ From. \ For Vice-Pres. \ From. \ Politics.
James Buchanan, Pa. J. C. Breckenridge, Ky. Democrat.
J. C. Fremont, Cal. Wm. L. Dayton, N. J. Republican.
Millard Fillmore, N. Y. A. J. Donelson, Tenn. American.
Popular and Electoral Vote, 13th Administration
Thirty-one States voting. Whole No. of Electors, 296.
For President.
James Buchanan 1,832,232 votes. Electoral votes 174.
John C. Fremont 1,341,514 " « « 109.
Millard Fillmore 874,707 " " " a
For Vice-President.
J. C. Breckenridge 174 Electoral votes.
Wm. L. Dayton 109 " "
A. J. Donelson 8 ' «
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 209
Important Events of the 13th Administration.
1857 March 4. James Buchanan inaugurated President.
- — March 6. The Dred Scott decision rendered by
Chief Justice Taney. Dred Scott and wife were
slaves, held by an array surgeon. By change oi
residence from a slave state to free territory, they
claimed their freedom, which was denied by their
master. The Supreme Court denied the claim,
and they were held as slaves.
- Financial pauic, and great religious revivals.
1858 May 11. Minnesota admitted into the Union.
Mount Vernon purchased by the ladies.
1859 Feb. 14. Oregon admitted into the Union.
Oil wells first discovered at Titusville, Pa.
June 26. Commodore Tatnall of U. S. Navy, in
retalliating for Chinese insult, said : " Blood is
thicker than water."
- July 4. Alexander II. Stephens advocates tb'
formation of a Southern Confederacy.
1860 Sept. Prince of Wales visits the U. S. ami^ g.^u
popular demonstration.
1859 Oct. 16. John Brown with an armed band make h
raid into Va. with a view to liberating slaves.
1860 Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln elected President. This
is made a pretext for secession of the Southern
States.
■ Dec. 3. President Buchanan denies the right of a
State to secede and asserts the rights of the U. S.
government to coerce a rebellious state.
210 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1860 Dec. 20. South Carolina Legislatuie passed the
ordinance of secession.
Cabinet officers, U. S. Senators, and Members of
Congress from the Southern States resign.
1861 Jan. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia an J
Louisana secede from the Union.
— — Jan. 21. Jefferson Davis resigned his seat in U. S.
Senate.
■ Jan. 21. Kansas admitted into the Union.
1862 Feb. 1. Texas secedes from the Union.
Feb. 4. " Southern Confederacy " formed at Mont-
gomery.
Feb. 9. Jeff. Davis and A. H. Stevens eiected
President and Vice-Pres. of the " Confederacy."
April 12. Bombardment of Fort Sumpter, first
shot of the Civil War.
April 15. The President called for 75,000 volun-
teers. N. Y. State authorizes the appropriation
of $3,000,000 for war purposes.
— — — May 15. Queen Victoria proclaims neutrality.
- Rebellion, important events of. See Content*.
of american progress. 211
Cabinet Officers, 13th Adm. — 1857-1861.
Secretaries of State — Lewis Cass, Mich.; Jeremiah S
Black, Pa.
Secretaries of the Treasury — Howell Cobb, Ga. ; Philip F
Thomas. Md. ; John A. Dix, N. Y.
Secretaries of War — John B. Floyd, Va. ; Joseph Holt, Ky
Secretary of the Navy — Isaac Toucy, Conn.
Secretary of the Interior — Jacob Thompson, Mississippi.
Postmasters- General — Aaron V. Brown, Tenn. ; Joseph
Holt, Ky. ; Horatio King, Me.
Attorneys- General — Jeremiah S. Black, Pa. ; Edwin M.
Stan ton, Pa.
National Expenses and Debt, 13th Administration
Year. Expenses. Debt.
1857 $71,274,587 $29,060,386
1858 82,002,186 44.910,777
1859 . 83,678,643 58,754,699
1860 ........ 77,055,125 64,769,703
Imports and Exports, Thirteenth Administration.
Tear. Imports. Exports.
1857 $362,890,141 $362,960,608
1858 282,613,150 324,644,421
1859 338,768,130 356,789,641
I860 362,162,541 400,122,296
212
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
Abraham Lincoln, Sixteenth President of the United
States, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, on the 12th of
February, 1809. His early home was one of extreme pov-
erty, but of strict virtue. His mother, an intelligent Chris
tian lady, taught him to read and write. In 1816 his pa
rents removed to what is now Spencer County, Indiana
Here he received a few months of schooling, the only advan-
tages of that kind he ever enjoyed. His youth was charac-
terized by stalwart physical growth, by great industry,
honesty, and a thirst for learning.
In 1830 his father removed to Decatur County, 111., and
established himself on an uncultivated farm. Here Abraham
split rails for fencing, which, in later years, gave him the
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 213
title of " rail-splitter." During these years he mastered all
the books within his reach, and hungered for more.
In 1832, he served as captain of volunteers in the wa
against Black Hawk, and two years later he was elected ti
the Legislature of Illinois, where he continued four yeai
In 1836, he was admitted to the bar, and the following yea.'
opened an office at Springfield, and gradually rose to the
first rank as an attorney. In politics he was a Whig in his
early years, and in 1844 canvassed the State for Henry Clay.
In 1846, he was elected to Congress. In 1848, he canvassed
the State for Gen. Taylor, and in 1858, he canvassed it again
in opposition to Judge Douglas for the U. S. Senatorship.
In 1860, he was nominated by the Republicans for the
Presidency, and elected, by a minority of the people, three
other tickets being in the field. His election was made the
occasion for the secession of States, and the attempt to de-
stroy the Union, which President Buchanan did not prevent.
Finding that nothing but armed force could hold the States
together, he reluctantly accepted the issue, mustering hun-
dreds of thousands of troops, and waging through his first
term a war of astounding magnitude, resulting in the com
plete triumph of the Federal authority. His Emancipatior.
Proclamation, a war measure, taking effect January, 1863.
obliterated chattel slavery forever in the United States.
He was re-elected by an immense popular majority in
1864, but was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14th,
1865. He gathered around him in office the greatest minds.
He was honest, fearless, pure, — * statesman and a patriot.
214 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, succeeded Mr. Lin-
coln, and thus became the Seventeenth President of the
U. S. He was born at Raleigh, N. C, Dec. 29th, 1808. His
family was so poor that he received no public schooling, and
»t ten was apprenticed to a tailor. He married and settled
it Greenville, Tenn. His wife became his instructor, and he
aoon became mayor of the town, after which he was elected
to the Legislature, and went from that to Congress, where he
remained for several years. He served several years in the
U. S. Senate, and in 1862 was made Military Governor of
Tennessee. Though previously a rigid pro-Slavery Democrat,
he changed his politics and was elected on the ticket with
Mr. Lincoln. Soon after his installation as President, a
painful disagreement arose between him and Congress, which
unhappily continued through his entire administration. He
died July 30th, 1875.
Hannibal Hamlin was born at Paris, Me., Aug. 27,
1809. He spent his earlier years on his father's farm, com-
menced the study of law when 21 ; and was admitted to the
bar in 1833, was a member of the Maine Legislature four
fears, twice elected to Congress and to the U. S. Senate, in
18 18 was re-elected two subsequent terms of six years each.
[n 1857 was elected Governor of Maine and Vice-President
m I860.
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres., 14th Adm.
For President. \ From. \ For Vice-Pres. \ From. \ Politics.
Abraham Lincoln, 111. Hannibal Hamlin, Me. Repub.
J. C. Breckenridge, Ky. James Lane, Oreg. Dem.
Stephen A. Douglas, 111. H V.Johnson, Ga. Dem.
John Bell, Tenn. Edward Everett, Mass. Union,
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 2\d
Second Term.
Abraham Lincoln, El. Andrew Johnson, Tenn., Repub.
Geo. B McClellan, N. J. Geo. H. Pendleton, Ohio, Dem.
Popular and Electoral Vote, 14th Adm
Number of States voting, first term thirty -three. Minnesota
and Oregon admitted during previous term. Whole number
of electors, 303.
For President.
Abraham Lincoln, 1,857,610 votes. Electoral votes, 180.
John C. Breckenridge, 847,953 " " " 72.
Stephen A. Douglas, 1,365,978 " " " 12
John Bell, 590,631 « « " 39.
For Vice-President.
Hannibal Hamlin, 180 Electoral votes.
James Lane, 72 " "
H. V. Johnson, 12
Edward Everett, 39 " "
Second Term. — Number of States voting, 25. Sont)
Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and
Texas being in rebellion, did not vote. Since last election
Kansas, West Virginia and Nebraska were admitted. Whole
number of Electors, 233.
For President.
Abraham Lincoln, 3,213,035 votes. Electoral votes, 212.
Geo. B. McClellan, 1,811,734 " " " 21
216 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
For Vice-President.
Andrew Johnson, 212 Electoral votes.
Geo. H. Pendleton, 21 " "
President Lincoln died April 15th, 1865, and Vice-Prea.
dent Johnson became President, and L. S. Foster, of Conn
became acting Vice-President.
Important Events of the 14th Administration.
1861 March 4. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President.
War of the Rebellion. See Contents for prominent
events of the War. See Contents for Battles of the
Rebellion.
., John A. Dix, Secretary of Treasury, dispatch to
New Orleans : "If any man attempt to haul down
the American flag, shoot him on the spot."
— — June 10. Napoleon III. proclaims neutrality in the
U. S. conflict.
- Nov. 30. The British minister, Lord Lyon, ordered
to leave the country if the confederate com-
missioners, Mason and Slidel, were not released
within seven days.
■ Dec. 30. N.Y. banks suspend specie payment, follow-
ed by other cities — silver resumed fifteen years
later, May, 1876, by act of Congress.
1862 July 1. The President calls for 300,000 more troops.
1863 Jan. 1. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proc-
lamation goes into effect (issued Sept. 22, 1862).
June 20. West Virginia admitted into the Union.
July 13-16. Great Draft Riots in N. Y. and other
cities.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 217
1864 Feb. 1. President orders a draft for more men.
July 18. President calls for 500,000 volunteers.
Oct. 31. Nevada admitted into the Union.
1865 April 9. Surrender of Lee's army to Grant.
April 14. President Lincoln assassinated by John
Wilkes Booth.
Andrew Johnson inaugurated President.
27. Booth, the assassin of President Lincoln, mort-
tally wounded and captured.
May 10. Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia.
Dec. 18. Slavery abolished by the ratification of
Fifteenth Amendment by three-fourths of the
States.
1866 Atlantic Cable successfully laid.
Feb. 19. The Freedman's Bureau bill, requiring
the government to take care of the emancipated
slaves and poor whites of the South. Vetoed by
Pres. Johnson. The bill passed over his veto July 16.
March. 27. The Civil Eights Bill which accorded
to the negro every right enjoyed by the white
man, vetoed by the President. The bill passed
Congress over his veto, April 9.
1867 March 1. Nebraska admitted as a State.
May 13. Horace Greeley and others sign Jefferson
Davi's bail bond at Richmond,Va.,andheis released
June 20. Alaska purchased from Russia for $7,-
200,000.
1868 Feb. 24. President Johnson impeached by the
House, and acquitted May 16.
218 national hand-book
Cabinet Officers, 14th Administration — 1861-1869.
Secretary of State. — William H. Seward, N. Y.
Secretaries of the Treasury. — Salmon P. Chase, Ohio ;
William Pitt Fessenden, Me. ; Hugh McCulloch, Ind.
Secretaries of War. — Simon Cameron, Pa.; Edwin ]\J.
Stanton, Pa. ; Ulysses S. Grant, 111. ; John M. Schofieli, Mo
Secretary of the Navy. — Gideon Wells, Conn.
Secretaries of the Interior. — Caleb B. Smith, Ind. ; John
P. Usher, Ind.; James Harlan, Iowa; O H. Browning, 111.
Postmasters- General. — Montgomery Blair, Md. ; William
Dennison, Ohio ; Alex. W. Randall, Wis.
Attorneys- General. — Edward Bates, Mo. ; James J. Speed.
Ky. ; Henry Stanberry, Ohio ; William M. Evarts, N. Y.
National Expenses and Debt, 14th Administration.
Tear. Expenses. Debt.
1861 $ 85,387,313 $ 90,867,828
1862 570,841,700 514,211,371
1863 805,796,630 1,098,796,181
1864 1,298,144,656 1,740,690,489
1865 1,897,674,224 2,682,593,026
1866 1,141,072,666 2,783,425,879
1867 1,093,079,655 2,692,199,215
1868 1,069,889,970 2,636,320,964
Imports and Exports, 14th Administration.
Tear. Imports. Exports.
1861 $286,598,135 $243,971,277
1862 275,357,051 229,938,985
1863 252,919,920 322,359,254
1864 329,562,895 301,984,561
1865 234,339,810 336,697,123
1866 445,512,158 550,684,299
1867 411,733,309 438,577,312
1868 373,400,448 454,301,713
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
219
FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
Ulysses S. Grant, Eighteenth President of the United
States, was born of good English ancestry, at Point Pleasant,
Clermont County, Ohio, April 27th, 1822. His grandfather,
Noah Grant, fought at the battle of Lexington, and was pro-
moted to the rank of captain. Ulysses attended school at
the Academy at Ripley, Ohio, after which he entered the
Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated May
15th, 1839, being then scarcely eighteen years of age. He
ranked as a fair, general scholar, and excelled in mathematics.
He took part in the Mexican War, distinguishing himself
for coolness and bravery, and was promoted to the rank of
captain in 1853. He remained with his regiment until 1854,
when he resigned, and in complete poverty returned to private
220 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
life. He tried farming and real estate business with but
moderate success, after which he became a partner with hia
father in the leather trade, at Galena, 111. Here he remained
until President Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 troops. H#
wrote to the authorities at Washington, tendering his services
but received no reply. He marched to Springfield at the
head of a company of volunteers. Governor Yates needed
some one with military knowledge to assist him, and so made
him his mustering officer. He soon held a colonel's commis-
sion, and two months later was made Brigadier-General. On
the 15th of February, 1862, he captured Fort Donelson, after
much hard fighting, which was the first great victory of the
war. His reply to the rebel General who attempted to delay
his operations, "I propose to move immediately on your
works," was caught up and repeated all through the country.
Grant's reputation as a fighting General was now estab-
lished. At Pittsburgh Landing he was surprised : his army
and his reputation suffered somewhat, but he grasped victory
in his defeat.
The capture of Vicksburg, and the consequent opening oi
the Mississippi River, was hailed with the wildest deligl. t ali
over the North, and by common consent Grant became, in
fact, the Generalissimo of the forces of the United States.
His rapid promotioDs had no evil effects upon him. Placed
in command of 700,000 armed men, he announced that his
headquarters would be in the field, and promptly inaugurated
two grand movements, the success of which ended the strug-
gle. One of these against Atlanta, Georgia, he committed to
General Sherman ; the other against Richmond, he conducted
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 221
himself. Driven from his stronghold, Lee, with the remnant
of a great army, retreated to Appomattox Court House,
where he surrendered to Grant, and the war ended. Grant's
conduct in this great triumph was marked by a delicacy that
sxtorted praise from his bitterest enemies on both sides.
On the 21st of May, 1868, Grant was nominated for the
Presidency, and was elected over Horatio Seymour by a
large majority. His first term gave such satisfaction that he
was re-nominated, June 5th, 1872, and was elected over
Horace Greeley. President Grant has been an honest,
virtuous Exective officer. His tenacity for his friends,
leading to the exclusion of more capable men, has some-
what dimmed the glory of his administration.
In May, 1811, he made an extended tour around the
world, and his receptions were perfect ovations. He was
a leading candidate for a Third Presidential term in the
National Republican Convention of 1880.
Schuyler Colfax was born in N. Y. City, Mar. 23, 1823.
Removed to Indiana in 1836, and studied law and afterwards
edited a newspaper. In 1851 was elected to Congress and
lix times re-elected. He served three terms as speaker of
.he House and was elected Vice-Pres. in 1860.
Hjinry Wilson was born at Farmington, N. H., Feb. 16,
1812. Apprenticed to a farmer till 21 years of age, then
followed shoemaking at Natick, Mass. He was a close
student and filled numerous positions of trust and honor in
his own State, was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1855, and
served that body till elected Vice-Pres. in 1808. Died at
Washington Nov. — 1875.
222 national hand-book
Candidates fob President and Vice-PresidbnTi
15th Adm.
For Pres. From. For Vice-Pres. From. Politics.
Ulysses S. Grant, 111., Schuyler Colfax, Ind. Republican.
Horatio Seymour, N. Y., Francis P. Blair, Mo. Democrat.
Second Term,
Ulysses S. Grant, HI., Henry Wilson, Mass. Republican.
Horace Greeley, N. Y., B. Gratz Brown, Mo. Liberal.
Popular and Electoral Vote.— 15^ Administra-
tion. — Thirty-four States voting, Va., Miss., and Texas had
no vote. They had not been re-admitted since the Rebel-
lion. Whole number of Electors, 294.
For President.
U. S. Grant, 3,015,887 votes ; Electoral votes, 214.
Horatio Seymour, 2,703,249 votes ; Electoral votes, 80.
For Vice-President.
Schuyler Colfax, Electoral votes, 214.
Francis P. Blair, " « 80.
Second Term. — Thirty-seven States voting. Whole num-
ber of Electors, 360.
For President.
U. S. Grant, 3,597,070 votes ; Electoral votes, 300.
Horace Greeley, 2,834,079 votes. Would have received
74 Electoral votes. He died before Electoral College met
For Vice-President.
Henry Wilson, Electoral votes, 300.
B. Gratz Brown, - 66.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 223
Important Events During 15th Adminis-
tration.
1869 March 4. U. S. Grant inaugurated President
— ~ Nov. 4. Death of George Peabody.
1870 Oct. 12. Death of Gen. Robert E. Lee.
1871 Jan. 26. Congress repeals the income tax.
^ March 5 Great riot (Chinaman's) in San Fran
cisco.
July 12. Orange Riot (attacked by Catholics) in
N. Y.
Oct. 7-9. The great Chicago fire.
" 8. Great forest fires in Wis. and Mich.
» 26. Wm. M. Tweed and others arrested for
frauds on N. Y. city.
1872 March 26. Great earthquake and loss of life in
Cal.
June 17. The World's Peace Jubilee (Gilmore's)
in Boston.
■ Nov. 9-10. The great Boston fire.
Barnum's Museum destroyed by fire in New York.
4873 Jan. 20. U. S. troops defeated by Modoc Indians.
, April 11. Gen Canby and Rev. Dr. Thomas mur
dered by Modoc Indians.
_ Sept. 18. Failure of Jay Cooke & Co., and others
on Wall street, followed by panic of 1873.
Oct. 3. Capt. Jack and other Modoc Indians ex-
ecuted.
Nov. 19. W. M. Tweed convicted for defrauding
City of New York.
1874 March 11. Death of Charles Sumner.
- May 16. Mill River (Mass.) Reservoir Disaster.
Fearful loss of life.
- Nov. 1. Arrival of Kalakana, King of Hawaiian
Islands.
224 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1875 Jan. 23. East River spanned by an Ice Bridge ; and
pedestrians cross from Brooklyn to New York.
April 19. lOOtli Anniversary of the Battles of Concord
and Lexington.
- June 17. Centennial Celebration of Bunker Hill.
31. Death of Ex-President Andrew Johnson.
Nov. 22. Death of Vice-President Henry Wilson.
Nov. 24. Death of William B. Astor. Aged 84. The
wealthiest man in America ; estimated at $150,000,000.
1876 April 10. Death of A. T. Stewart, the Merchant Prince.
April 15. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, visits Wash-
ington, New York, and the West.
April 18. President Grant vetoes the bill reducing the
President's salary from $50,000 to $25,000 per annum.
May 10. Grand Opening of the World's Fair Centennial
Exhibition at Philadelphia.
May 17. Republication Convention at Cincinnati nomi-
nates R. B. Hayes of O. for President, and Wm. A.
Wheeler of N. Y. for Vice President.
June 26. Gen. Custer and 311 United States troops
defeated and killed by Sioux Indians, led by Sitting
Bull.
— — June 28. Democratic Convention, at St. Louis, nomi-
nates S. J. Tilden of N. Y. for President, and T. A
Hendricks of Ind. for Vice President.
August 1. Colorado admitted as the Centennial State.
August 14. East River spanned by the first wire in the
construction of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge.
Dec. Brooklyn Theatre burned ; 300 lives lost.
28. Ashtabula, Ohio, Railroad disaster. P. P. Bliss
and wife, and 60 others killed.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
225
Cabinet Officers, 15th Administration — 1869-1877.
Secretary of State — Hamilton Fish, N. Y.
Secretaries of the Treasury — B. H. Bristow, Ky. ; Lot M.
Morrell, Vt.
Secretaries of War — ¥m. W. Belknap, Iowa ; J. D. Cam-
eron, Pa.
Secretary of the Navy — Geo. M. Robeson, N. J.
Secretary of the Interior — C. Delano, Ohio : Z. Chandler,
Mich.
Attorney- General — Edwd. Pierrepont, N. Y.
Postmasters- General — J. A. Creswell, Md. ; Marshall
Jewell, Conn. ; Joseph N. Tyner, Ind.
National Expenses and Debt, 15th Administration.
Tear.
Expenses.
DeU.
1869 . .
. $322,865,277.80
$2,588,452,213.94
1870 . . .
309,653,560.75
2,480,672,427.81
1871 . .
. 292,177,188.25
2,353,211,332.32
1872 . .
277,517,962.67
2,253,251,328.78
1873 . .
. 290,345,245.33
2,202,952,993.20
1874 .
. 287,133,873.17
2,192,930,468.43
1875 . . .
. 274,623,392.84
2,173,869,531.95
1876 . .
. 258,459,797.33
2,146,730,067.15
Imports
and Exports, 15th Administration.
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
1869 . .
. $437,314,255
$343,256,077
1870 . .
. 462,377,587
450,927,434
1871 . .
. 341,000,000
541,500,000
1872 . .
. . 640,000,000
523,900,000
1873 . .
. . 693,600,000
542,600,000
1874 . .
. . 595,800,000
653,000,000
1875 . .
. . 553,900,000
605,500,000
1876 , .
. . 476,500,000
599,500,000
226 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
SPECIAL ACT OF CONGRESS,
Concerning the Electoral Vote for President, 1876.
In consequence of alleged frauds and irregularities in certain States, ea«D
party claimed the election, and. accordingly, sent returns to the Electoral Col-
lege, which made special legislation necessary.
The following is the substance of the bill :
The Senate and House of Representatives shall meet in the hall of the latter,
on the first Tuesday in February, 1877, and there witness the opening of the cer-
tificates of the electoral votes of the several States in alphabetical order, the
president of the Senate presiding. Where only one return is made the president
shall call for objections ; if any are presented the Senate shall withdraw, and
such objections shall be submitted for its decision ; the House shall in like man-
ner consider the objections, and the same shall not be rejected, except on the
affirmative vote of the two houses.
The electoral vote of such States as shall return more than one certificate of
electoral vote shall be submitted to the judgment and decision of a commission*
of fifteen members, composed as follows : Five members each of the Senate and
House of Representatives, appointed by their respective bodies, and five associ-
ate judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, now assigned to the first,
third, eighth and ninth circuits ; these four shall select the fifth member. Tht
judge longest in commission shall be the president of the same.
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION.
Senators. Representatives.
Hon. Geo. F. Edmunds, Hon. Henry B. Patkb,
" Oliver P. Morton, " Eppa Hunton,
" Fred. T. Frellnghuysen, " Josiah G. Abbott,
" Allen G. Thurman, " James A. Garftel»,
M Thomas F. Batard. " George F. Hoar.
Judges of the Supreme Court.
Judge Nathan Clifford, First Cireuit
" William Strong, Third Circuit.
" Samuel F. Miller, Eighth Circuit
*• Stephen J. Field, Ninth Circuit.
" Joseph P. Bradley, Fifth Circuit
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS.
SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
22?
Rutherford Btrchard Hayes, the nineteenth Presi-
dent of the United States of America, was born in Dela-
ware, Ohio, on the fourth of October, 1822. His ancestors
settled in this country in the Seventeenth Century, and
they were held in high esteem and honored as valued
members of society. Some of them rendered faithful
services in the war of the Revolution. The blood that
flowed in their veins belonged to the world's best type —
the blood of noble England and sturdy Scotland. He
graduated with distinction at Kenyon College at the age
of twenty.
He chose the law as a profession, graduating at Har-
228 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
vard University Law School in 1845. He immediately
began the practice of law in Cincinnati, and soon was
recognized as one of the most accomplished and brilliant,
members of the profession.
In 1858 he was elected and for three years held the
office of City Solicitor. At the commencement of the
civil war he was on the high way to political preferment,
and was a candidate for Congressional honors ; but he
deliberately thrust aside the alluring prize, and joined
the brave defenders of the nation, in the hour of its
weakness and peril. He was a positive Unionist, and
boldly avowed his sentiments.
In May, 1861, he recruited the Twenty-third Ohio
Volunteers, and was appointed Major.
Not having a military education, he transferred the
command to Col. W. S. Rosecrans, and served as Judge
Advocate on his staff. Afterwards he received the com-
mission of Lieutenant-Colonel, and in August, 1862, with
McClellan's army, soon after participated in the battles
of Rich Mountain and Antietam. In the battle of South
Mountain he was severely wounded, and had to be carried
from the field. In the fall of 1862 his command was
again assigned to service in Western Virginia.
It participated in the battle of Floyd Mountain, in
1864, and afterwards joined General Hunter's command
in the Shenandoah Valley. In the battle of Winchester
Col. Hayes gallantly led the First Brigade of Gen.
Crook's command into action. Subsequently in the
battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, he displayed
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 229
great gallantry, and was accordingly brevetted Major-
General, for his meritorious conduct.
Before the close of the war he was elected to Congress,
and in 1866 he was re-elected, but resigned before the
close of his term, in order to accept the nomination of
Governor by the Republican party of Ohio. In 1867 he
was elected Governor of Ohio, and served his third term
with marked ability and fidelity. In 1876 he was the
Republican candidate for President against S. J. Tilden.
The disputed vote of four States was intrusted to a
commission of 15, appointed by a special act of Con-
gress, which decided 8 to 7 for Hayes.
Mr. Hayes, as a Presidential executive, maintained
his spotless reputation as a soldier and a citizen of
high moral character, and discharged faithfully his
duties as a statesman with unswering fidelity to the best
interest of the country against opposition and adverse cir-
cumstances.
William A. Wheeler, Vice-President, was born at
Malone, Franklin County, New York, June 30th, 1819.
His ancestors were of English and Welsh extraction.
He entered the University of Vermont in 1836, studied
law, and was admitted to the Bar. In 1849-50 was
elected a member of the Assembly, by the Whig party.
In 1858 he was elected State Senator and President of
the Senate pro tern. In 1859 he was elected to the
XXXVIIth Congress, and in 1867 to the XLIst Congress,
and retained his seat till elected Vice-President.
230 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Candidates for President and Vice-Pres. 16th Adm.
For Pres. \ From | For Vice Pres. \ From \ Politics.
R. B. Hayes, Ohio. W. A. Wheeler, N. Y. Rep.
S. J. Tilden, N.Y. T.A.Hendricks, Indiana. Dera.
Peter Cooper, N. Y. S. F. Carv, Ohio. Gr'nb'k
G. C. Smith, N. Y. R. J. SteVart, Ohio. P'h'b'n.
Popular and Electoral Vote,— 16^ Administration.
Thirty-eight States voting. Colorado admitted since last
election. Whole number of Electoral votes, 369.*
For President.
R. B. Hayes, 4,033,295 .... Electoral Votes, 185
S. J. Tilden, 4,234,265 " "184
Peter Cooper, 81,737 (Greenback), " "
G. C. Smith, 9,522 (Prohibition), " "
For Vice-President.
W. A. Wheeler, ...... Electoral Votes, 185
T. A. Hendricks, " " 184
* The election was contested in Louisiana, Sontb Carolina, Florida and Ore-
gon By a special act of Congress a Commission of Fifteen was appointed to
gettie the question. They decided 8 to 7 for Hayes.
THE OATH.
I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will
impartially examine and consider ali questions submitted to the commission of
which I am a member, and a true judgment give thereon, agreeably to the Con-
stitution and the laws ; so help me God.
The commission was occupied from February 1st to March 2d, chiefly In
adjudicating the returns from Florida. South Carolina, Oregon and Louisiana.
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 231
Important Events, 16th Administration.
1877 Jan. 4. Death of Cornelius Vanderbilt, the Railroad
King — aged 82.
Jan. 26. The Electoral Commission bill passes the
House by a vote of 191 to 86.
March 2. The Electoral Commission Count completed
after a two months' session, and the election of Hayes
and Wheeler formally declared.
March 4— Sunday. R. B. Hayes, the 19th President, took
the oath, and was publicly inaugurated Monday, the 5th.
July 21. The great railroad strike and riot throughout
the United States.
Aug. 30. Gen. Miles, with a loss of 26 killed and 47
wounded, kills 17 and wounds 40 Nez Perces Indians, at
Bear Paw Mountain.
Dec. 28. Gloucester Fishing Fleet lose 37 lives and
several vessels.
1878 Feb. 13. Judgment entered in New York against Wm.
M. Tweed for $10,851,196.
April 12. Wm. M. Tweed dies in Ludlow Street Jail.
July 12. Wm. Cullen Bryant dies at his residence, New
York. Age, 84.
July Yellow Fever rages at Vicksburg, Memphis, etc.
Nov. 6. The body of A. T. Stewart stolen from family
vault.
Dec. 18. Gold at par for the first time since 1862.
1879 Jan. 1. Specie payment resumed by act of Congress.
Gold at par, and no run upon the Treasury or banks.
March 1. President Hayes vetoed the Anti-Chinese Bill.
Veto sustained in the House by 95 to 109 for the bill.
March 18. 46th Congress met in extra session; Samuel
J. Randall, Democrat, chosen Speaker of the House by
232 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
144 votes, to 125 for J. A. Garfield, Republican; 13 for
H. B. Wright, National Greenback, and 1 for W. D.
Kelley.
April 26. President Hayes issued a proclamation warn-
ing settlers not of the Indian race from the Indian Ter-
ritory.
July 1. Yellow Fever at Memphis— Southern ports
quarantined.
July 21. United States Government orders 1,500 tents
and rations for 10,000 people to Memphis, in aid of suf-
ferers from yellow fever.
July 9. James Gordon Bennett, of the New York Herald .
sends the steam yacht Jeannette to discover the North
West Passage.
Sept. 20. Gen. Grant reaches San Francisco homeward-
bound on his two years and a half tour around the world.
Nov. 15. The French (7th) Trans- Atlantic Cable landed
at North Eastham, Mass. (Cape Cod), from Brest,
France.
1880 June 8. The Republican National Convention, at Chicago,
on the 36th ballot, nominated J. A. Garfield for Presi-
dent, and C. A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-Presi-
dent.
June 11. Steamers Stonington and Narragansett collided
in Long Island Sound — the latter burned and sunk ; 48
lives lost.
June 23. The Democratic National Convention, at Cin-
cinnati, nominated W. S. Hancock for President, and
Wm. H. English for Vice-President.
July 19. Steamer Dessoug arrives in N. Y. Harbor with
Cleopatra's Needle, for Central Park ; 69 ft. in. high
and 196 tons weight. Presented by the Khedive of Egypt
to I\ Y City.
of american progress. 233
Cabinet Officers, 16th Administration — 1877 — 1881.
William M. Evarts, of New York, Secretary of State.
John Sherman, of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury.
George W. McCrary, of Iowa, Secretary of War.
Richard W. Thompson, of Indiana, Sec. of the Navy,
CiRL Sciiurz, of Missouri, Secretary of the Interior.
David M Key, of Tennessee, > Postmaster . GeneraL
Horace Maynard, )
Charles Devens, of Massachusetts, Attorney- General.
National Expenses and Debt, 16th Administration.
Year. Expenses. Debt.
1877 $565,299,898.91 $2,205,301,392.10
1878 590,641,271.70 2,256,205,892.53
1879 966,393,692.69 2,245,495,072.04
1880 264,847,637.36 1,904,881,165.75
Imports and Exports, 16th Administration.
Year. Imports. Exports.
1877 $451,323,126 $676,115,592
1878 437,051,532 722,811,815
1879 445,777,775 717,093,777
1880 760,989,056 852,781,577
234
NATIONAL HAND- BOOK
SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
James A beam Garfield, the Twentieth President
of the United States, was born November 19th, 1831,
about fifteen miles south-east of Cleveland, in Orange,
Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. He came of plain New England
stock, his father, Abram Garfield, being a farmer in
very moderate circumstances, who died in 1833. James
was the youngest of a family of four. With an absorb-
ing ambition to secure an education; — by his activity
and perseverance on the farm, in the carpenter shop
as driver and boatman on the canal, and in the ship-
yard of Captain William Treat, near Cleveland, he
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 235
earned a living, he secured a district school education
during winters. In the spring of 1849, James entered
Geauga Academy, where, by industry, he paid his way
and graduated at Williams College in 1856.
The next year, being twenty-six years old, he was
made a teacher and subsequently principal of the Col-
lege at Hiram, Ohio, which place he held, until entering
the army in 1861. Having raised a company in the Col-
lege and was assigned the rank of Colonel, under com-
mand of General Buell, and brevetted Major-General
for meritorious conduct at Chickamauga. In 1863 he
was elected a member of the House of Representatives
from what was familiarly known as the " Giddings
District ; " and was continuously re-elected from the
same district by overwhelming majorities. He was a
representative type of the American Statesman, a man
of the people, devoted to the public good, with an
honesty of purpose that won the confidence of his
fellows.
His eloquence was impressive ; a notable instance is
that of his address to an excited audience in Wall
street, New York, on the morning after the assassina-
tion of President Lincoln ; — "God reigns, and the
Government at Washington still lives " are memorable
words. He was selected in the winter of 1877 as a
member of the Electoral Commission and at the eleva-
tion of Mr. Blaine to the Senate, the acknowledged
leader of the Republican party in the House of Repre-
236 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
sentatives, in 1880 elected to succeed Senator Thurman
in the Senate of the United States.
General Garfield was a Delegate-at-large from Ohio
to the National Republican Convention ; his speech,
presenting Senator John Sherman as a candidate, was
universally applauded as a model of dignified oratory.
The more prominent candidates before the Convention
were dropped one after another, and on the 36th ballot,
he received the nomination for President, was elected,
and on March 4th, 1881, was inaugurated. His inaugu-
ral address forshadowed a firm and vigorous adminis-
tration, a conscientious regard for the best interests of
all sections, and a determination to promote harmony
and good-will.
President Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a
disappointed office-seeker, at twenty minutes past nine
on Saturday, July 2d, in the Baltimore station at
Washington, a few minutes before he was to take the
train to New York. He resisted the shock for a time ;
by advice of attending physicians was removed to
Elberon, New Jersey, September 7th, where he gradu-
ally sank and died at 10.35 p. m., on the 19th. He was
buried at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio.
His public services are recorded in the War Depart-
ment and in the Annals of Congress, and these, with
his life as a man, a son, a husband, a father, a ripe
scholar, will be among the most instructive and remark-
able of all the biographies of any age.
OP AMERICAN PROGRESS. 237
Chester Alan Arthur, Vice-President, succeeded
General Garfield, and thus became the twenty-first
President of the United States.
He was born in Franklin County, New York, Octo-
ber 5th, 1830, and was educated at Union College,
Schenectady, N. Y., where he graduated in 1848.
In 1853 he commenced the practice of Law in New
York, where lie won considerable legal celebrity.
Previous to the outbreak of the Civil War he was
Judge Advocate of the Second Brigade of the State
Militia, and Governor Morgan appointed him Engineer-
in-Chief of his staff. In 1861 he was made Inspector-
General, and soon afterwards became Quarter-master
General. In each of these offices he rendered great
service to the Government during the war. In 1872
he was appointed Collector of the Port of New York,
which position he held until 1878. From that time up
to his nomination for Vice-President he devoted his
time to his law business.
His Administration was active and aggressive in its
policy and contributed largely to the growth and sta-
bility of the nation.
Candidates for President and Vice-President,
17th Administration.
For Pres. From. For Vice-Pres. From. Politics,
J. A. Garfield, Ohio. C. A. Arthur, N. Y. Rep.
W. S. Hancock, Penn. W. H. English, Ind. Dem.
J. B. Weaver, Iowa. B. J. Chambers, Texas. Grnb'k.
Neil Dow, Me. H. A. Thompson, Ohio. P'h'b'n.
238 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Popular and Electoral Vote. — 11th Administration.
Thirty-eight States voting. Whole number of Electors
369.
For President.
J. A. Garfield, 4,450,921 Votes. Electoral Votes, 214
W.S.Hancock, 4,447,888 " " " 155
J. B. Weaver. 307,740 " " "
Neil Dow, 10,305 " " "
For Vice-President.
Chester A. Arthur Electoral Votes, 214
W. H. English, " "155
Important Events— 17th Administration.
1881 Feb. 22. The Egyptian Obelisk accepted with
impressive ceremonies in New York. Expenses,
$105,000, of transportation and erecting were
paid by William H. Vanderbilt.
March 4. James A. Garfield inaugurated as 20th
President of the United States.
May 16. Senators Conkling and Piatt of New
York, resigned from the United States Senate.
June 23. Steamer Jeannette fitted out by James
Gordon Bennett ; crushed in the Arctic Sea,
Lat. 77. Lon. 157.
July 2. President Garfield shot, by C. J. Guiteau.
Sept. 19. President Garfield died at Elberon,N. J.
Sept. 20. General Arthur qualified as President
of the United States.
Dec. 12. Ex-Senator F. T. Frelinghuyseu of N. J.,
appointed Sec. of State, in place of J. G. Blaine.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 239
1882 Feb. 16. The House of Representatives at
Washington, fixed the membership of that body
at 325.
March 16. The Secretary of War reported
85,000 persons were made destitute by the over-
flow of the Mississippi ; Government relief fur-
nished.
April 4. President Arthur vetoed the 20 years
Anti-Chinese Bill.
April 2V. Ralph W. Emerson, died, aged 79.
April 28. Second Anti-Chinese Bill passed
making the term of exclusion ten years.
June 30. Charles J. Guiteau executed.
Aug. 2. Both Houses of Congress passed the
River and Harbor Bill over the President's veto.
Nov. 7. Grover Cleveland elected Democratic
Governor of New York by 193,825 majority.
1883 Jan. 4. General B. F. Butler (Democrat) in-
augurated Governor of Massachusetts.
Feb. 13. Great flood at Cincinnati, Ohio, which
reached 60 feet.
March 5. Gov. Alex. H. Stephens, of Georgia,
died.
March 28. Survivors of the Jeannette Polar
Expedition arrived in New York city.
April 4. Peter Cooper, the Philanthropist, died
at New York.
May 24. The New York and Brooklyn Bridge
opened.
240 NATIOKAL HAND-BOOK.
June 15. Jury in the Star Eoute (Postal Service)
trial acquitted all the defendants.
June 22. Work of excavating Bedloe's Island,
N. Y., for the pedestal of Bartholdi Statue
began. Corner stone laid, August 6, 1884.
August 12-17. Strike of telegraph operators
throughout the United States, and its failure.
Oct. 1. Two-cent letter postage went into effect
throughout the United States.
1884, Feb. Great floods (66 feet) in the Ohio Valley.
Estimated damage, $15,000,000.
Jan. 21. U. S. House of Eepresentatives repeal the
Civil War iron-clad oath with only one negative
vote.
March 28-30. Mob in Cincinnati growing out of
acquittal of murderers — 42 killed and 120
wounded. City Hall burned, damage, $6,000,000.
April 7. U. S. House of Representatives pass
the Educational Bill, appropriating $77,000,000
among States in proportion to illiteracy.
May 6. Grant (Gen.) and Ward failure in New
York for $10,000,000 followed by suspension of
Metropolitan Bank and great stock panic.
June 23. Lieut. Greely and six Arctic explorers
rescued; 17 of 25 perished by starvation after
reaching lat. 83° 24'.
Dec. 6. Cap-stone of the Washington monument
(began July 4th, 1845) laid, 470 feet high.
Dec. 10. Opening of World's Fair and Cotton
Centennial Exposition at New Orleans.
of american progress. 241
Cabinet Officers, 17th Administration — 1881-5.
Secretaries of State — James G. Blaine, Maine ;
Fredrick T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey.
Secretaries of the Treasury — William Windom,
Minnesota ; Charles J. Folger, New York.
Secretary of War — Robert T. Lincoln, Illinois.
Secretary of the JVavy — William H. Hunt, Louisi-
ana ; William E. Chandler, New Hampshire.
Secretary of the Interior — Samuel J. Kirkwood,
Iowa ; Henry M. Teller, Col.
Postmasters General — Thomas L. James, New York;
Timothy C. Howe, Wisconsin ; Walter Q. Gresham,
of Indiana.
Attorneys General. — Wayne McVeagh, Pennsyl-
vania ; Benjamin Harris Brewster, Pennsylvania.
National Expenses and Debt, 1 7th Administration.
Tear.
Expenses.
Debt.
1881. .
$259,665,638.81
1,778,285,340.65
1882.
257,981,439.57
1,622,956,899.69
1883.
265,408,137.54
1,509,785,060.85
1884.
244,126,244.33
1,438,542,995.39
Imports and Exports, 17th Administration.
Year. Imports. Exports.
1881. . . $753,240,125 $921,784,193
1882. . . 767,111,964 799,959,736
1883. . . 751,670,305 885,659,735
1884. . . 705,123,925 807,646,992
24:2 NATIONAL HAND- BOOK
EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION.
[Biography of President Cleveland see page 535.]
Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Vice-President of
United States and Ex-Governor of Indiana, was born
near Zanesville, Ohio, September 7, 1819. In 1841
graduated from Hanover College, was admitted to the
bar in 1843, at the age of 28 was chosen a member
of the State Legislature, represented the Indianapolis
district for 5 years in Congress, was chosen United
States Senator for the term ending March, 1869, was
elected Governor of his State in 1872, was nominated
for Vice-President on the ticket with Samuel J. Tilden
for President, and although the ticket got a majority of
popular votes, the Electoral Commission, because of al-
leged frauds, decided in favor of Hayes and Wheeler.
Was again nominated for the Vice-Presidency in 1884,
on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, was elected, entered
upon office March 4, 1884, and died November 25, 1885.
of american progress. 243
Candidates for President and Vice-President,
18th Administration.
For Pres. From. For Vice-Pres. From. Politics.
Grover Cleveland, N. Y. T. A. Hendricks, Ind. Dem.
James G. Blaine, Me. John A. Logan, 111. Rep.
John P. St. John, Kan. William Daniel, Md. P'h'b'n.
Benj. F. Butler, Mass. A. M. West, Miss. G'nb'k.
Popular and Electoral Vote. — 18£A Administration.
Thirty-eight States voting. Whole number Electors 401.
For President.
Grover Cleveland, 4,911,017 Votes. Electoral Votes, 219
James G. Blaine, 4,848,334 " " " 182
John P. St. John, 151,809 " " "
Benj. F. Butler, 133,825 " " "
Scattering, 11,362
For Vice-President.
T. A. Hendricks, Electoral Votes, 219
John A. Logan, " " 182
Important Events— 18 th Administration*
1 885, May 22. The Revised Old Testament published simul-
taneously in London and New York.
July 4. The Mormons in Salt Lake City place the U. S.
flag at half-mast.
July 23. Gen.Grant died at Mt. McGregor, N.Y. Aged 63.
Aug. 8. Gen. Grant interred at Riverside Park, N. Y.
Aug. 14. The first of the International Yacht races won
by the Puritan (American) over the Genesta (English).
Aug. 29. First cable road opened in New York city.
Oct. 13. Flood Rock, at Hell Gate, N. Y., blown up.
Nov. 25. Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-President of the
United States, dies. Aged 6G.
244 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
1886, Feb. 9. Gen. W. S. Hancock, U. S. A., dies. Aged 62.
Feb. 12. Horatio Seymour dies. Aged 76.
Feb. 18. John B. Gough dies. Aged 69.
March 8-31. Labor troubles throughout the U. S.
May 4. Fighting between Anarchists and the police
of Chicago ; 5 policemen killed by dynamite bombs
and 20 of the mob shot by the police.
May 8-17. The Canadian Government seizes American
fishing vessels. [Folsom,
June 2. President Cleveland married to Miss Frances
■ Aug. 4. Samuel J. Tilden dies. Aged 72.
■ Aug. 31. Earthquake shocks felt throughout North
America, the city of Charleston partially destroyed.
Oct. 28. The Colossal Statue "Liberty Lighting the
World," on Bedloe's Island, N. Y. harbor, unveiled.
■ Nov. 18. Chester A. Arthur, ex-Pres.of the U. S., dies.
1887, Feb. 4. Interstate Commerce Bill becomes a law.
Feb. 5. R. R. disaster at White River, Vt. ; 60 lives lost.
Feb. 11. President vetoed the Dependent Pension Bill.
Feb. 16. Woman Suffrage went into effect in Kansas.
March 9. Henry Ward Beecher dies. Aged 74.
March 14. Falling bridge on Boston and Providence R.
R. causes the loss of 30 lives.
April 12. St. Augustine, Florida, devastated by fire.
June 16. President Cleveland rescinds the order to re-
store the captured Confederate flags.
Jane 20. Fidelity National Bank, Cincinnati, failed
with $6,000,000 liabilities.
Aug. 16. Railroad accident at Chatsworth, 111. ; 180
persons killed, 200 injured.
Sept. 15-17. The Centennial of adoption of the U. S.
Constitution, celebrated in Philadelphia.
Oct. 4-17. The A. B. C. F. M. at Springfield, Mass.,
affirmed the doctrine of non-probation after death.
Nov. 10. Lingg, the Chicago Anarchist, committed
suicide by exploding dynamite in his mouth.
Nov. 11. Anarchists (4) executed at Chicago.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 245
1888, Jan. 9. U. S. Government work begins on the ship
canal connecting the Harlem and Hudson Rivers.
Jan. 19. Woman Suffrage becomes a law in Wyoming.
March 12. A great blizzard of wind and snow and con-
sequent suffering in New England and Middle States.
March 23. Death of Chief Justice Waite. [versary.
April 25. New Haven, Conn., celebrates its 250th anni-
June 7. President Cleveland receives the unanimous
vote of the St. Louis Convention for re-election.
June 25. Harrison and Morton nominated for President
and Vice-President by the Republicans at Chicago.
July 1. U. S. Treasury estimate of Fractional Currency
lost or destroyed, $8,375,934.
July 2-4. Reunion of Federal and Confederate veterans
and unveiling of monuments on Gettysburg battlefield.
Cabinet Officers, 18th Administration — 1885-9.
Secretary of State — Thomas Francis Bayard, Del.
Secretaries of the Treasury — Daniel S. Manning, New
York ; Charles S. Fairchild, New York.
Secretary of W ar— William C. Endicott, Massachusetts.
Secretary of the Navy — Wm. C.Whitney, New York.
Secretaries of the Interior — Lucius Q. C. Lamar,
Mississippi ; William F. Vilas, Wisconsin.
Postmaster General — William F. Vilas, Wisconsin ;
Don M. Dickinson, Michigan.
National Expenses and Debt, 18th Administration.
Year. Expenses. Debt.
1885. . . $260,226,935.11 1,375,352,443.91
1886. . . 242,483,138.50 1,282,165,840.44
1887. . . 267,932,179.67 1,175,168,675.42
1888.
Tear.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
Imports and
Exports, 18th Administration.
Imports. Exports.
$620,769,652 784,421,280
674,029,792 751,988,240
752,490,560 752,180,902
^8I11P : mm : WWF
^_^j
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK HARBOR.
PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION. 241
PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PKOOLAMATION,
issued ra 1832, when south Carolina undertook to annul
THE FEDERAL REVENUE LAW.
Whereas a convention, assembled in the State of
South Carolina, have passed an ordinance, by which
they declare " that the several acts and parts of acts
of the Congress of the United States, purporting to
be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the
importation of foreign commodities, and now having
actual operation and effect within the United States,
and more especially ' two acts for the same purposes,
passed on the 29th of May, 1828, and on the 14th of
July, 1832,' are unauthorized by the Constitution of
the United States, and violate the true meaning and
intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law,"
nor binding or. the citizens of that State or its offi-
cers ; and by the said ordinance it is further declared
to be unlawful for any of the constituted authori
ties of the State, or of the United States, to enforce
248 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
the payment of the duties imposed by the said acta
within the same State, and that it is the duty of the
legislature to pass such laws as may be necessary to
give full effect to the said ordinances :
And whereas, by the said ordinance it is furthei
ordained, that, in no case of law or equity, decided ia
the courts of said State, wherein shall be drawn in
question the validity of the said ordinance, or of the
acts of the legislature that may be passed to give it
effect, or of the said laws of the United States, no
appeal shall be allowed to the Supreme Court of the
United States, nor shall any copy of the record be
permitted or allowed for that purpose ; and that any
person attempting to take such appeal, shall be pun-
ished as for a contempt of court:
And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the
people of South Carolina will maintain the said ordi-
nance at every hazard ; and that they will consider
the passage of any act by Congress abolishing or
closing the ports of the said State, or otherwise ob-
structing the free ingress or egress of vessels \o and
from the said ports, or any other act of the Federal
Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports,
destroy or harass her commerce, or to enforce the
said acts otherwise than through the civil tribunals
of the country, as inconsistent with the longer con-
tinuance of South Carolina in the Union ; and that
249
the people of the said State will thenceforth hold
themselves absolved from all further obligation to
maintain or preserve their political connection with
the people of the other States, and will forthwith
proceed to organize a separate government, and do
all other acts and things which sovereign and inde-
pendent States may of right do:
And whereas the said ordinance prescribes to the
people of South Carolina a course of conduct in direct
violation of their duty as citizens of the United
States, contrary to the laws of their country, subver-
sive of its Constitution, and having for its object the
destruction of the Union — that Union, which, coeval
with our political existence, led our fathers, without
any other ties to unite them than those of patriotism
and common cause, through a sanguinary struggle to
a glorious independence — that sacred Union, hitherto,
inviolate, which, perfected by our happy Constitu-
tion, has brought us, by the favor of Heaven, to a
state of prosperity at home, and high consideration
abroad, rarely, if ever, equaled in the history of na-
tions ; to preserve this bond of our political existence
from destruction, to maintain inviolate this state of
national honor and prosperity, and to justify the con-
fidence my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I,
At drew Jackson, President of the United States,
n; e thought proper to issue this, my Proclamation,
250 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
etating my views of the Constitution and laws
applicable to the measures adopted by the Conven-
tion of South Carolina, and to the reasons they have
put forth to sustain them, declaring the course which
duty will require me to pursue, and, appealing to the
understanding and patriotism of the people, warn
them of the consequences that must inevitably result
from an observance of the dictates of the Convention.
Strict duty would require of me nothing more
than the exercise of those powers with which I am
now, or may hereafter be, invested, for preserving
the Union, and for the execution of the laws. But
the imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in
this case, by clothing itself with State authority, and
the deep interest which the people of the United
States must all feel in preventing a resort to stronger
measures, while there is a hope that anything will be
yielded to reasoning and remonstrances, perhaps
demand, and will certainly justify, a full exposition
to South Carolina and the nation of the views I en-
tertain of this important question, as well as a distinct
enunciation of the course which my sense of duty will
require me to pursue.
The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible
right of resisting acts which are plainly unconstitu-
tional, and too oppressive to be endured, but on the
strange position that anv one State may not only
251
declare an act of Congress void, but prohibit its exe
cution — that they may do this consistently with the
Constitution — that the true construction of that
instrument permits a State to retain its place in the
Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than
those it may choose to consider as constitutional. It
is true they add, that, to justify this abrogation of a
law, it must be palpably contrary to the Constitution ;
but it is evident, that to give the right of resisting
laws of that description, coupled with the uncon-
trolled right to decide what laws deserve that char-
acter, is to give the power of resisting all laws. For,
as by the theory, there is no appeal, the reasons
alleged by the State, good or bad, must prevail If
it should be said that public opinion is a sufficient
check against the abuse of this power, it may be
asked why is it not deemed a sufficient guard against
the passage of an unconstitutional act by Congress.
There is, however, a restraint in this last case, which
makes the assumed power of a State more indefensi-
ble, and which does not exist in the other. There
are two appeals from an unconstitutional act passed
by Congress — one to the judiciary, the other to the
people and the States. There is no appeal from the
State decision in theory ; and the practical illustra-
tration shows that the courts are closed against an
application to review it, both judges and jurors being
252 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
sworn to decide in its favor. But reasoning on thifl
subject is superfluous, when our social compact in
express terms declares, that the laws of the United
States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it,
are the supreme law of the land ; and for greater
caution adds, " that the judges in every State shall
be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding."
And it may be asserted, without fear of refutation,
that no federative government could exist without a
similar provision. Look, for a moment, to the conse-
quence. If South Carolina considers the revenue
laws unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent
their execution in the port of Charleston, there would
be a clear constitutional objection to their collection
in every other port, and no revenue could be collected
anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no
answer to repeat that an unconstitutional law is no
law, so long as the question of its legality is to be
decided by the State itself; for every law operating
injuriously upon any local interest will be perhaps
thought, and certainly represented, as unconstitu-
tional, and, as has been shown, there is no appeal.
If this doctrine had been established at an earlier
day, the Union would have been dissolved in its
infancy. The excise law in Pennsylvania, the em-
bargo and non-intercourse law in the Eastern States
PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION. 253
the carriage tax in Virginia, were all deemed uncon*
stitutional, and were more unequal in their operation
than any of the laws now complained of; but, fortu
nately, none of those States discovered that they had
the right now claimed by South Carolina. The war
into which we were forced, to support the dignity of
the nation and the rights of our citizens, might have
ended in defeat and disgrace, instead of victory and
honor, if the States, who supposed it a ruinous and
unconstitutional measure, had thought they possessed
tho right of nullifying the act by which it was de-
clared, and denying supplies for its prosecution.
Hardly and unequally as those measures bore upon
several members of the Union, to the legislatures of
none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as it is
called, suggest itself The discovery of this impor-
tant feature in our Constitution was reserved to the
present day. To the statesmen of South Carolina
belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that
State will, unfortunately, fall the evils of reducing it
to practice.
If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of
the Union carries with it internal evidence of its im-
practicable absurdity, our constitutional history will
also afford abundant proof that it would have been
repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to
form a feature in our government,
254 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
In our colonial state, although dependent on an-
other power, we very early considered ourselves as
connected by common interest with each other.
Leagues were formed for common defense, and before
the Declaration of Independence, we were known in
our aggregate character as the United Colonies of
America. That decisive and important step was
taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a
joint, not by several acts ; and when the terms of
our confederation were reduced to form, it was in
that of a solemn league of several States, by which
they agreed that they would, collectively, form one
nation, for the purpose of conducting some certain
domestic concerns, and all foreign relations. In the
instrument forming that Union, is found an article
which declares that " every State shall abide by the
determinations of Congress on all questions which
by that Confederation should be submitted to them."
Under the Confederation, then, no State could
legally annul a decision of the Congress, or refuse to
submit to its execution ; but no provision was made
to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisi-
tions, but they were not complied with. The gov-
ernment could not operate on individuals. They had
no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.
But the defects of the Confederation need not be
detailed. Under its operation wc could scarcely be
president Jackson's proclamation. 255
called a nation. We had neither prosperity at home
nor consideration abroad. This state of things could
not be endured, and our present happy Constitution
was formed, but formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine
prevails. It was formed for important objects that
are announced in the preamble made in the name
and by the authority of the people of the United
States, whose delegates framed, and whose conven-
tions approved, it.
The most important among these objects, that
which is placed first in rank, vn which all the others
rest, is " to form a more perfect Union." Now, it is
possible that, even if there were no express provision
giving supremacy to the Constitution and laws of
the United States over those of the States, it can be
conceived that an instrument made for the purpose
of " forming a more perfect Union" than that of the
Confederation, could be so constructed by the assem-
bled wisdom of our country as to substitute for that
confederation a form of government, dependent for
its existence on the local interest, the party spirit of
a State, or of a prevailing faction in a State ? Every
man, of plain, unsophisticated understanding, who
hears the question, will give such an answer as will
preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in pur-
suit of an impracticable theory, could alone have
devised one that is calculated to destroy it.
256 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the
Criited States, assumed by one State, incompatible
with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly
hy the letter of the Constitution^ unauthorized by its
tpirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it
was founded, and destructive of the great object for
which it was formed.
After this general view of the leading principle,
we must examine the particular application of it
which is made in the ordinance.
The preamble rests its justification on these
grounds : It assumes as a fact, thai the obnoxious
laws, although they purport to be laws for raising
revenue, were in reality intended for the protection
of manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be un-
constitutional ; that the operation of these laws is
unequal ; that the amount raised by them is greater
than is required by the wants of the government ;
and, finally, that the proceeds are to be applied to
objects unauthorized by the Constitution. These are
the only causes alleged to justify an open opposition
to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding
from the Union, if any attempt should be made to
enforce them. The first actually acknowledges that
the law in question was passed under power ex-
pressly given by the Constitution, to lay and collect
imposts * but 'ts constitutionality is drawn in ques-
257
tion from the motives of those who passed it. How-
ever apparent this purpose may be in the present
case, nothing can be more dangerous than to admit
the position that an unconstitutional purpose, enter-
tained by the members who assent to a law enacted
under a constitutional power, shall make that law
void ; for how is that purpose to be ascertained ?
Who is to make the scrutiny ? How often may bad
purposes be falsely imputed? In how many cases
are they concealed by false professions? In how
many is no declaration of motive made ? Admit this
doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled
right to decide, and every law may be annulled
under this pretext. If, therefore, the absurd and
dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a State
may annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it
deems such, it will not apply to the present case.
The next objection is, that the laws in question
operate unequally. This objection may be made
with truth to every law that has been or can be
passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a
system of taxation that would operate with perfect
equality. If the unequal operation of a law makes
it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that description
may be abrogated by any State for that cause, then,
indeed, is the federal Constitution unworthy of the
slightest efforts for its preservation. We have hith
258 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
erto relied on it as the perpetual bond of our Union.
We have received it as the work of the assembled
wisdom of the nation. "We have trusted to it as to
the sheet-anchor of our safety, in the stormy times of
conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have
looked to it with sacred awe as the palladium of our
liberties, and with all the solemnities of religion have
pledged to each other our lives and fortunes here,
and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its defense
and support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen,
in attaching this importance to the Constitution of
our country ? Was our devotion paid to the wretched,
inefficient, clumsy contrivance, which this new doc-
trine would make it ? Did we pledge ourselves to the
support of an airy nothing — a bubble that must be
blown away by the first breath of disaffection ? Was
this self-destroying, visionary theory the work of the
profound statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the
task of constitutional reform was intrusted? Did
the name of Washington sanction, did the States de-
liberately ratify, such an anomaly in the history of
fundamental legislation? !NTo. We were not mis-
taken. The letter of this great instrument is tree
from this radical fault; its language directly contra-
dicts the imputation; its spirit, its evident intent,
contradicts it. No, we did not err. Our Constitu-
tion does not contain the absurdity of giving power
PRESIDENT JAOKSOn's PROCLAMATION. 259
to make laws, and another power to resist them.
The sages, whose memory will always be reverenced,
have given us a practical, and, as they hoped, a per-
manent constitutional compact. The Father of his
Country did not affix his revered name to so palpable
an absurdity. Nor did the States, when they sever-
ally ratified it, do so under the impression that a veto
on the laws of the United States was reserved to
them, or that they could exercise it by application
Search the debates in all their conventions — examine
the speeches of the most zealous opposers of federal
authority — look at the amendments that were pro-
posed. They are all silent — not a syllable uttered,
not a vote given, not a motion made, to correct the
explicit supremacy given to the laws of the Union
over those of the States, or to show that implication,
as is now contended, could defeat it. Eo, we have
not erred ! The Constitution is still the object of our
reverence, the bond of our union, our defense in
danger, the source of our prosperity in peace. It
shall descend, as we have received it, uncorrupted
by sophistical construction, to our posterity ; and the
sacrifices of local interest, of State prejudices, of per-
sonal animosities, that were made to bring it into
existence, will again be patriotically offered for its
Bupport.
The two remaining objections made by the ordi-
260 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
nance to these laws are, that the sums intended to be
raised by them are greater than are required, and
that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed.
The Constitution has given expressly to Congress the
right of raising revenue, and of determining the sum
the public exigencies will require. The States have
no control over the exercise of this right other than
that which results from the power of changing the
representatives who abuse it, and thus procure re-
dress. Congress may undoubtedly abuse this discre-
tionary power, but the same may be said of others
with which they are vested. Yet the discretion must
exist somewhere. The Constitution has given it to
the representatives of all the people, checked by the
representatives of the States, and by the executive
power. The South Carolina construction gives it to
the legislature, or the convention of a single State,
where neither the people of the different States, nor
the States in their separate capacity, nor the chief
magistrate elected by the people, have any represen-
tation. Which is the most discreet disposition of the
power ? I do not ask you, fellow-citizens, which is
the constitutional disposition — that instrument speaks
a language not to be misunderstood. But if you were
assembled in general convention, which would you
think the safest depositor}' of this discretionary power
in the last resort ? Would you add a clause giving
261
it to each of the States, or would you sanction the
wise provisions already made by your Constitution \
If this should be the result of your deliberations when
providing for the future, are you — can you — be ready
to risk all that we hold dear, to establish, for a tern*
porary and a local purpose, that which you must
acknowledge to be destructive, and even absurd, as a
general provision ? Carry out the consequences of
this right vested in the different States, and you
must perceive that the crisis your conduct presents
at this day would recur whenever any law of the
United States displeased any of the States, and that
we should soon cease to be a nation.
The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the
future that characterizes a former objection, tells you
that the proceeds of the tax will be unconstitutionally
applied. If this could be ascertained with certainty,
the objection would, with more propriety, be
reserved for the law so applying the proceeds, but
surely can not be urged against the laws levying the
duty.
These are the allegations contained in the ordi-
nance. Examine them seriously, my fellow-citizens
—judge for yourselves. I appeal to you to deter-
mine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to
leave no doubt of their correctness ; and even if you
should come to this conclusion, how far they justify
262 NAHONAL HjLNTD-BOOK.
the reckless, destructive course which you are directed
to pursue. Review these objections, and the conclu-
sions drawn from them once more. What are they?
Every law, then, for raising revenue, according to
the Sooth Carolina ordinance, may be rightfully an-
Dulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or
can be framed. Congress have a right to pass laws
for raising revenue, and each State has a right to
oppose thi\ir execution — two rights directly opposed
to each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed to
be contained in an instrument drawn for the express
purpose of avoiding collisions between the States and
the general government, by an assembly of the most
enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever em-
bodied for a similiar purpose.
In vain have these sages declared that Congress
shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, im-
posts, and excises — in vain have they provided that
they shall have power to pass laws which shall be
necessary and proper to carry those powers into
execution, that those laws and that Constitution shall
be the " supreme law of the land ; and that the
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any-
thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the
contrary notwithstanding." In vain have the people
of the several States solemnly sanctioned these pro-
visions, made them their paramount law, and indi«
PRESIDENT JAOKSOn's PROCLAMATION. 263
vidually sworn to support thein whenever they were
called on to execute any office.
Vain provisions ! Ineffectual restrictions ! Vile
profanation of oaths ! Miserable mockery of legisla-
tion ! If a bare majority of the voters in any one
State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of the
intent with which a law has been passed, declare
themselves free from its operation — say here it gives
too little, there too much, and operates unequally —
here it suffers articles to be free that ought to be
taxed, there it taxes those that ought to be free — in
this case the proceeds are intended to be applied to
purposes which we do not approve, in that the
amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it
is true, are invested by the Constitution with the
right of deciding these questions according to their
sound discretion. Congress is composed of the repre-
sentatives of all the States, and of all the people of
all the States ; but we, part of the people of one
State, to whom the Constitution has given no power
on the subject, from whom it has expressly taken it
away — we, who have solemnly agreed that this Con-
stitution shall be our law — we, most of whom have
sworn to support it — we now abrogate this law, and
swear, and force others to swear, that it shall not be
obeyed — and we do this, not because Congress have
qo right to pass such laws ; this we do not allege ;
264 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
but because they have passed them with improper
views. They are unconstitutional from the motives
of those who pass them, which we can never with
certainty know, from their unequal operation ;
although it is impossible from the nature of things
that they should be equal — and from the disposition
which we presume may be made of their proceeds,
although that disposition has not been declared.
This is the plain meaning of the ordinance in rela-
tion to laws which it abrogates for alleged unconsti-
tutionality. But it does not stop here. It repeals,
in express terms, an important part of the Constitu-
tion itself, and of laws passed to give it effect, which
have never been alleged to be unconstitutional.
The Constitution declares that the judicial powers of
the United States extend to cases arising under the
laws of the United States, and that such laws the
Constitution and treaties shall be paramount to the
State constitutions and laws. The judiciary act pre-
scribes the mode by which the case may be brought
before a court of the United States, by appeal, when
a State tribunal shall decide against this provision of
the Constitution. The ordinance declares there
shall be no appeal ; makes the State law paramount
to the Constitution and laws of the United States :
forces judges and jurors to swear that they will dis-
regard their provisions ; and even makes it penal in
president jackson's proclamation. 265
a suitor to attempt relief by appeal. It further
declares that it shall not be lawful for the authorities
of the United States, or of that State, to enforce the
payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws
within its limits.
Here is a law of the United States, not evec
pretended to be unconstitutional, repealed by the
authority of a small majority of the voters of a single
State. Here is a provision of the Constitution which
is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.
On such expositions and reasonings, the ordi-
nance grounds not* only an assertion of the right to
annul the laws of which it complains, but to enforce
it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if anv
attempt is made to execute them.
This right to secede is deduced from the nature
of the Constitution, which they say is a compact
between sovereign States, who have preserved their
whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no
superior ; that because they made the compact, they
can break it when in their opinion it has been
departed from by the other States. Fallacious as
this course of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and
finds advocates in the honest prejudices of those who
have not studied the nature of our government suffi-
ciently to see the radical error on which it rests.
The peoplo ?>f the United States formed the Con-
266 NATIONAL FAND-BOOK.
stitutioii, acting through the State legislatures, ifl
making the compact, to meet and discuss its provis
ions, and acting in separate conventions win n they
ratified those provisions ; but the term used in its
construction show it to be a government in which
the people of all the States collectively are repre-
sented. We are one people in the choice of the
President and Yice-President. Here the States have
no other agency than to direct the mode in which
the votes shall be given. The candidates having the
majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors
of a majority of States may have given their votes
for one candidate, and yet another may be chosen.
The people then, and not the States, are represented
in the executive branch.
In the House of Kepresentatives there is this
difference, that the people of one State do not, as in
the case of President and Yice-President, all vote
for all the members, each State electing only its own
representatives. But this creates no material distinc-
tion. When chosen, they are all representatives of
the United States, not representatives of the particu
lar State from which they come. They are paid by
the United States, not .by the State ; nor are thej
accountable to it for any act done in performance of
their legislative functions ; and however they may
in practice, as it is their duty to do, consult and pre-
PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION. 267
for the interests of their particular constituents when
they come in conflict with any other partial or local
interest, yet it is their first and highest duty, as
representatives of the United States, to promote the
general good.
The Constitution of the United States, then,
forms a government, not a league, and whether it be
formed by compact between the States, or in any
other manner, its character is the same. It is a gov-
ernment in which all the people are represented,
which operates directly on the people individually,
not upon the States ; they retained all the power
they did not grant. But each State having expressly
parted with so many powers as to constitute jointly
with the other States a single nation, can not from
that period possess any right to secede, because such
secession does not break a league, but destroys the
unity of a nation, and any injury to that unity is not
only a breach which would result from the contra-
vention of a compact, but it is an offense against tho
whole Union. To say that any State may at pleas-
are secede from the Union, is to say that the United
States is not a nation ; because it would be a sole-
cism to contend that any part of a nation might
dissolve its connection with the other parts, to their
injury or ruin s without committing any offense.
Secession, like any other revolutionary act, may be
268 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
morally justified by the extremity of oppression ; but
to call it a constitutional right, is confounding the
meaning of terms, and can only be done through
gross error, or to deceive those who are willing to
assert a right, but would pause before they made a
revolution, or incur the penalties consequent upon a
failure.
Because the Union was formed by compact, it is
said the parties to that compact may, when they feci
aggrieved, depart from it ; but it is precisely because
it is a compact that they cannot. A contract is an
agreement or binding obligation. It may by its
terms have a sanction or penalty for its breach, or it
may not. If it contains no sanction, it may be
broken with no other consequence than moral guilt ;
if it have a sanction, then the breach incurs the
designated or implied penalty. A league between
independent nations, generally, has no sanction other
than a moral one ; or if it should contain a penalty,
as there is no common superior, it cannot be
enforced. A government, on the contrary, always
has a sanction, express or implied ; and, in our case,
it is both necessarily implied and expressly given.
An attempt by force of arms to destroy a govern
ment is an offense, by whatever means the constitu-
tional compact may have been formed ; and such
government has the right, by the law of self-defense,
PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION. 269
to pass acts fur punishing the oifender, unless that
right is modified, restrained, or resumed by the con-
stitutional act. In our system, although it is modi-
fied in the case of treason, yet authority is expressly
given to pass all laws necessary to carry its powers
into effect, and under this grant provision has been
made for punishing acts which obstruct the due
administration of the laws.
It would seem superfluous to add anything to
show the nature of that union which connects us ;
but as erroneous opinions on this subject are the
foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our
peace, I must give some further development to my
views on this subject. No one, fellow-citizens, has a
higher reverence for the reserved rights of the States
than the magistrate who now addresses you. No
one would make greater personal sacrifices, or ofli
cial exertions, to defend them from violation ; but
equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part,
an improper interference with, or resumption of, the
lights they have vested in the nation. The line has
not been so distinctly drawn as to avoid doubts in
some cases of the exercise of power. Men of the
best intentions and soundest views may differ in
their construction of some parts of the Constitution ;
but there are others on which dispassionate reflection
can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be
270 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
the assumed right of secession. It rests, as we have
seen, on the alleged and undivided sovereignty of the
States, and of their having formed in this sovereign
capacity a compact which is called the Constitution,
from which, because they made it, they have the
right to secede. Both of these positions are errone-
ous, and some of the arguments to prove them so
have been anticipated.
The States severally have not retained their
entire sovereignty. It has been shown that in
becoming parts of a nation, not members of a league,
they surrendered many of their essential parts of
sovereignty. The right to make treaties, declare
war, levy taxes, exercise judicial and legislative
powers, were all functions of sovereign power. The
States, then, for all these important purposes, were
no longer sovereign. The allegiance of their citizens
was transferred in the first instance to the govern-
ment of the United States ; they became American
citizens, and owed obedience to the Constitution of
the United States, and to laws made in conformity
with the powers vested in Congress. This last posi-
tion has not been, and can not be, denied. How,
then, can that State be said to be sovereign and
independent whose citizens owe obedience to laws
not made by it, and whose magistrates are sworn to
disregard those laws, when they come in conflict
president jackson's proclamation 271
with those passed by another ? What shows coneln
sively that the States can not be said to havo
reserved an undivided sovereignty, is that they
expressly ceded the right to punish treason — not
treason against a separate power, but treason against
the United States. Treason is an offense against sov-
ereignty, and sovereignty must reside with the power
to punish it. But the reserved rights of the States
are not less sacred because they have for their com-
mon interest made the general government the
depository of these powers. The unity of our politi-
cal character (as has been shown for another pur-
pose) commenced with its very existence. Under
the royal government we had no separate character ;
our opposition to its oppression began as united
colonies. We were the United States under the
Confederation, and the name was perpetuated and
the Union rendered more perfect by the federal Con-
stitution. In none of these stages did we consider
t urselves in any other light than as forming one
nation. Treaties and alliances were made in the
name of all. Troops were raised for the joint
defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that
under all changes of our position we had, for desig-
nated purposes and with defined powers, created
national governments — how is it that the most per-
fect of these several modes of union should now be
272 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
considered as a mere league that may be dissolved at
pleasure? It is from an abuse of terms. Compact
is used as synonymous with league, although the
true term is not employed, because it would at once
show the fallacy of the reasoning. It would not do U
say that our Constitution was only a league, but it is
labored to prove it a compact (which, in one sense, it
is), and then to argue that as a league is a compact,
every compact between nations must, of course, be a
league, and that from such an engagement every
sovereign power has a right to recede. But it has
been shown that in this sense the States are not
sovereign, and that even if they were, and the
national Constitution had been formed by compact,
there would be no right in any one State to exone-
rate itself from the obligation.
So obvious are the reasons which forbid this
secession, that it is necessary only to allude to them.
The Union was formed for the benefit of all. It was
produced by mutual sacrifice of interest and opinions.
Can those sacrifices be recalled ? Can the States,
who magnanimously surrendered their title to the
territories of the West, recall the grant ? Will the
inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the
duties that may be imposed without their assent by
those on the Atlantic or the Gulf, for their own
benefit ? Shall there be a free port in one State.
PRESIDENT JACKSON'S PROCLAMATION. 273
and enormous duties in another? No one believes
that any right exists in a single State to involve all
the others in these and countless other evils, contrary
to engagements solemnly made. Every one must
see that the other States, in self-defense, must oppose
it at all hazards.
These are the alternatives that are presented by
the convention : A repeal of all the acts for raising
revenue, leaving the government without the means
of support ; or an acquiesce in the dissolution of our
Union by the secession of one of its members.
When the first was proposed, it was known that it
could not be listened to for a moment. It was
known if force was applied to oppose the execution
of the laws, that it must be repelled by force — that
Congress could not, without involving itself in dis-
grace and the country in ruin, accede to the proposi-
tion ; and yet if this is not done in a given day, or
if any attempt is made to execute the laws, the State
is, by the ordinance, declared to be out of the Union.
The majority of a convention assembled for the pur-
pose have dictated these terms, or rather this
rejection of all terms, in the name of the people of
South Carolina. It is true that the governor of the
State speaks of the submission of their grievances to a
convention of all the States ; which, he says, they
" sincerely and anxiously seek and desire." Yet thia
274 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the
sense of tbe other States on the construction of the
federal compact, and amending it, if necessary, has
never been attempted by those who have urged the
State on to this destructive measure. The State
might have proposed a call for a general convention
to the other States, and Congress, if a sufficient num-
ber of them concurred, must have called it. But the
first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed
a hope that, " on a review by Congress and the func-
tionaries of the general government of the merits of
the controversy," such a convention will be accorded
to them, must have known that neither Congress,
nor any functionary in the general government, has
authority to call such a convention., unless it be
demanded by two-thirds of the Stntes. This sug-
gestion, then, is another instance of the reckless
inattention to the provisions of the Constitution with
which this crisis has been madly hurried on ; or of
the attempt to persuade the people that a constitu-
tional remedy has been sought and refused. If tho
legislature of South Carolina " anxiously desire " a
general convention to consider their complaints, why
have they not made application for it in the way the
Constitution points out? The assertion that they
" earnestly seek " it is completely negatived by the
omission.
275
This, then is the position in which we stand. A
small majority of the citizens of one State in the
Union have elected delegates to a State convention ;
that convention has ordained that all the revenue
laws of the United States must be repealed, or that
they are no longer a member of the Union. The
governor of that State has recommended to the legis-
lature the raising of an army to carry the secession
into effect, and that he may be empowered to give
clearances to vessels in the name of the Stale. No
act of violent opposition to the laws has yet been
committed, but such a state of things is hourly appre-
hended, and it is the intent of this instrument to
proclaim, not only that thp duty imposed on me by
the Constitution, " to take care that the laws be
faithfully executed," shall be performed to the extent
of the powers already vested in me by law, or of such
others as the wisdom of Congress shall devise and
intrust to me for that purpose ; but to warn the citi-
zens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into
an opposition to the laws, of the danger they will
incur by obedience to the illegal and disorganizing
ordinance of the convention — to exhort those who
have refused to support it to persevere in their deter-
mination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their
country, and to point out to all the perilous situa-
tion into which the good people of that State have
276 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
been led, and that the course they are urged to pur-
sue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State
whose rights they effect to support.
Fellow-citizens of my native State ! let me not
omy admonish you, as the first magistrate of our
common country, not to incur the penalty of its laws,
but use the influence that a father would over his
children whom he saw rushing to a certain ruin. In
that paternal language, with that paternal feeling,
let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are deluded
by men who are either deceived themselves or wish
to deceive you. Mark under what pretenses you
have been led on to the brink of insurrection and
treason on which you stand ! First a diminution of
the value of our staple commodity, lowered by over-
production in other quarters and the consequent
diminution in the value of your lands, were the sole
effect of the tariff laws. The effect of those laws
was confessedly injurious, but the evil was greatly
exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were
taught to believe, that its burdens were in propor-
tion to your exports, not to your consumption of
imported articles. Your pride was roused by the
assertions that a submission to these laws was a state
of vassalage, and that resistance to them was equal,
in patriotic merit, to the opposition our fathers
offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain. Yon
president jackson's proclamation 277
were told that this opposition might be peaceably—
might be constitutionally made — that you might
enjoy all the advantages of the Union and bear none
of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions,
to your State pride, to your native courage, to your
sense of real injury, were used to prepare you for the
period when the mask which concealed the hideous
features of disunion should be taken off. It fell, and
you were made to look with complacency on objects
which not long since you would have regarded with
horror. Look back to the arts which have brought
you to this state — look forward to the consequences
to which it must inevitably lead ! Look back to
what was first told you as an inducement to enter
into this dangerous course. The great political
truth was repeated to you that you had the revolu-
tionary right of resisting all laws that were palpably
unconstitutional and intolerably oppressive — it was
added that the right to nullify a law rested on the
eame principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy !
This character which was given to it, made you
receive with too much confidence the assertions that
were made of the unconstitutionality of the law and
its oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens, that
by the admission of your leaders the uuconstitution
ality must be palpable, or it will justify either resist-
ance or nullification ! What is the meaning of the
278 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
word palpable in the sense in which it is here used I
— that which is apparent to every one, that which no
man of ordinary intellect will fail to perceive. Is
the unconstitutionality of these laws of that descrip-
tion ? Let those among your leaders who once
approved and advocated the principles of protective
duties, answer th ) question ; and let them choose
whether they will be considered as incapable, then,
of perceiving that which must have been apparent to
every man of common understanding, or as imposing
upon our confide/, ce and endeavoring to mislead you
now. In either case, they are unsafe guides in the
perilous path they urge you to tread. Ponder well
on this circumstance, and you will know how to
appreciate the exaggerated language they address
to jou. They are not champions of liberty emulat-
ing the fame of our Eevolutionary fathers, nor are
you an oppressed people, contending, as they repeat
to you, against worse than colonial vassalage. You
are fiwv members of a flourishing and happy Union.
There is no settled design to oppress you. You
have, indeed, felt the unequal operation of laws
which may have been unwisely, not unconstitution-
ally passed ; but that inequality must necessarily be
removed. At the very moment when you were
madly urged on to the unfortunate course you have
begun, a change in public opinion has commenced.
279
The nearly approaching payment of the public debt,
and the consequent necessity of a diminution of
duties, had already caused a considerable reduction,
and that, too, on some articles of general consump-
tion in your State. The importance of this change
was underrated, and you were authoritatively told
that no further alleviation of your burdens was to be
expected, at the very time when the condition of the
country imperiously demanded such a modification
of the duties as should reduce them to a just and
equitable scale. But, as apprehensive of the effect
of this change in allaying your discontents, you were
precipitated into a fearful state in which you now
find yourselves.
I have urged you to look back to the means that
were used to hurry yon on to the position you have
now assumed, and forward to the consequences it will
produce. Something more is necessary. Contem-
plate the condition of that country of which you still
form an important part ; consider its government
uniting in one bond of common interest and general
protection so many different States — giving to all
their inhabitants the proud title of American citi-
zens — protecting their commerce — securing their
literature and arts — facilitating their intercommuni-
cation — defending their frontiers — and making their
name respected in the remotest parts of the earth I
280 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Consider the extent of its territory, its increasing and
happy population, its advance in arts, which render
life agreeable, and the sciences which elevate the
mind! See education spreading the lights of
religion, morality, and general information into every
cottage in this wide extent of our Territories and
States ! Behold it as the asylum where the wretched
and the oppressed find a refuge and support ! Look
on this picture of happiness and honor, and say, we,
too, are citizens of America — Carolina is one of
these proud States her arms have defended — her best
blood has cemented this happy Union ! And then
add, if you can, without horror and remorse, this
happy Union we will dissolve — this picture of peace
and prosperity we will deface — this free intercourse
we will interrupt — these fertile fields we will deluge
with blood — the protection of that glorious flag we
renounce — the very name of Americans we discard.
And for what, mistaken men ! For what do you throw
away these inestimable blessings — for what would you
exchange your share in the advantages and honor
of the Union ? For the dream of a separate inde-
pendence—a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts
with your neighbors, and a vile dependence on a for-
eign power. If your leaders could succeed in estab-
lishing a separation, what would be your situation ?
Are you united at home — are you free from the
281
apprehension of civil discord, with all its fearful con-
sequences? Do our neighboring republics, every
day suffering some new revolution or contending
with some new insurrection — do they excite your
envy ? But the dictates of a high duty oblige :ne
solemnly to announce that you can not succeed.
The laws of the United States must be executed. I
have no discretionary power on the subject— my
duty is emphatically pronounced in the Constitution.
Those who told you that you might peaceably
prevent their execution, deceived you — they could
not have been deceived themselves. They know
that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the
execution of the laws, and they know that such
opposition must be repelled. Their object is dii-
union ; but be not deceived by names ; disunion, by
armed force, is treason. Are you really ready to
incur this guilt? If you are, on the head of the
instigators of the act be the dreadful consequences —
on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall
fcht punishment — on your unhappy State will inev-
itably fall all the evils of the conflict you force upon
the government of your country, it cannot accede
to the mad project of disunion of which you would
be the first victims — its first magistrate can not, if he
would, avoid the performance of his duty — the con-
sequence must be feaiful for you, distressing to your
282 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good gov-
ernment throughout the world. Its enemies have
beheld our prosperity with a vexation they could not
conceal — it was a standing refutation of their slavish
doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the
triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your powei
to disappoint them. There is yet time to show that
the descendants of the Pinckneys, the Sumpters, the
Rutledges, and of the thousand other names which
adorn the pages of your revolutionary history, will
not abandon that Union to support which so many
of them fought and bled and died. I adjure you, as
you honor their memory — as you love the cause of
freedom, to which they dedicated their lives — as you
prize the peace of your country, the lives of its best
citizens, and your own fair fame, to retrace your
steps. Snatch from the archives of your State the
disorganizing edict of its convention — bid its mem-
bers to re-assemble and promulgate the decided
expressions of your will to remain in the patlr. which
alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, and
honor- — tell them that compared to disunion, all
other evils are light, because that brings with it an
accumulation of all — declare that you will nfever take
the h'eld unless the star-spangled banner of your
country shall float over vou. — that you will not be
stigmatized when dead, and dishonored and scorned
283
while you live, as the authors of the first attack on
the Constitution of jour country ! — its destroyers yon
can not be. You may disturb its peace — you may
interrupt the course of its prosperity — you may
cloud its reputation for stability — but its tranquillity
will be restored, its prosperity will return, and the
stain upon its national character will be transferred
and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those
who caused the disorder.
Fellow-citizens of the United States ! the threat of
unhallowed disunion — the names of those, once re-
spected, by whom it is uttered — the array of military
force to support it — denote the approach of a crisis in
our affairs on which the continuance of our unexam-
pled prosperity, our political existence, and perhaps
that of all free governments, may depend. The con-
jecture demanded a free, a full, and explicit enuncia-
tion, not only of my intentions, but of my principles
of action ; and as the claim was asserted of a right by
a State to annul the laws of the Union, and even to
secede from it at pleasure, a frank exposition of my
opinions in relation to the origin and form of our
government, and the construction I give to the
instrument by which it was created, seemed to be
proper. Having the fullest confidence in the just-
ness of the legal and constitutional opinion of my
duties which has been expressed, I rely with equal
284 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
confidence on your undivided support in my deter-
mination to execute the laws — to preserve the Union
by all constitutional means — to arrest, if possible, b}
»
moderate but firm measures, the necessity of a
recourse to force ; and, if it be the will of Heaven
that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for
the shedding of a brother's blood should fall upon
our land, that it be not called down by any offensive
act on the part of the United States.
Fellow-citizens ! the momentous case is before
you. On your undivided support of your govern-
ment depends the decision of the great question it
involves, whether your sacred Union will be pre-
served, and the blessing it secures to us as one people
"shall be perpetuated. No one can doubt that the
unanimity with which that decision will be expressed,
will be such as to inspire new confidence in republi-
can institutions, and that the prudence, the wisdom,
and the courage which it will bring to their defense,
will transmit them unimpaired and invigorated to
our children.
May the Great Euler of nations grant that the
signal blessings with which He has favored ours may
not, by the madness of party, or personal ambition,
be disregarded and lost, and may His wise provi-
dence bring those who have produced this crisis to
see the folly, before they feel the misery, of civil
285
strife, and inspire a returning veneration for that
Union which, if we may dare to penetrate His
designs, He has chosen, as the only means of attain-
ing the high destinies to which we may reasonably
aspire.
In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of
the United States to be hereunto affixed, having
signed the same with my hand.
Done at the City of Washington, this 10th day of
December, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the inde
pendence of the United States the fifty -seventh.
Andrew Jackbof
By the President.
Edw. Ltvingsoe, Secretary of State
286 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
MONKOE DOOTKINE.
BXTBAOT FROM ^PRESIDENT MONROE'S ANNUAL MESSAGE, WA81*
INOTON, DEO. 2, 1823.
The citizens of the United States cherish senti-
ments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and
happiness of their fellow-men on that side of the
Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers, in
matters relating to themselves, we have never taken
any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to
do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or seri-
ously menaced, that we resent injuries or make prep
arations for our defence. With the movements in
this hemisphere, we are, of necessity, more immedi-
ately connected, and by causes which must be
obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers.
The political system of the allied powers is essen-
tially different, in this respect, from that of America.
This difference proceeds from that which exists in
their respective Governments. And to the defence
of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of
so much blood and treasure, and matured by the
wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under
MONBOE DOCTRINE. 287
which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this
whole nation is devoted.
We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amic-
able relations existing between the United States and
those powers, to declare, that we should consider
any attempt on their part to extend their system to
any portion of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our
peace and safety.
With the existing colonies or dependencies of any
European power, we have not interfered, and shall
not interfere. But, with the Governments who
have declared their independence, and maintained
it, and whose independence we have, on great con-
sideration, and on just principles, acknowledged, we
could not view any interposition for the purpose of
oppressing them, or controlling, in any other man-
ner, their destiny, by any European power, in any
other light than as the manifestation of an nn-
fi-iendly disposition towards the United States.
In the war between those new Governments and
Spain, we declared our neutrality at the time of
their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and
shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall
occur, which, in the judgment of the competent au-
thorities of this Government, shall make a corres-
ponding change on the part of the United States,
indispensable to their security.
288 KATIONAI, HAND-BOOK.
NEUTRALITY LAW OF THE UNITED STATES,
▲8 AMENDED AITD APPROVED BY OONGBB6S, JULY 26, 1866.
A Bill more effectually to preserve the neutral rela-
tions of the United States.
Be it enacted, <&c, That if any citizen of the
United States shall, within the territory or jurisdic-
tion thereof, accept and exercise a commission to
serve a foreign prince, State, colony, district, or peo-
ple in war by land or by sea against any prince,
State, colony, district or people with whom the
United States are at peace, the person so offending
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall
on conviction thereof be punished by a fine of not
exceeding $2,000 and imprisonment not exceeding
two years, or either, at the discretion of the Court in
which such offender may be convicted.
Sec 2. And he it further enacted, That if any
NEUTRALITY LAW. 289
person shall, within the territory or jurisdiction of
the United States enlist, or enter himself, or hire or
retain another person to enlist or enter himself, or to
go beyond the limits or jurisdiction of the United
States, with intent to be enlisted or entered into the
service of any foreign prince, State, colony, district
:r people as a soldier, or as a marine or seaman on
board of any vessel-of-war, letter-of-marque or priva-
'.eer, every person so offending shall be deemed guilty
3f a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction therefor
be punished by fine not exceeding $1,000, and im-
prisonment not exceeding two years, or either of
them, at the discretion of the Court, in case such
offender shall be convicted; provided that this act
shall not be construed to extend to any subject or
citizen of any foreign prince, State, colony, district
or people, who shall transiently be within the United
States, and shall be on board of any vessel of war,
letter-of-marque or privateer, which, at the time of
its arrival within the United States, was fitted and
equipped as such, enlist or enter himself, and hire or
retain another subject or citizen of the same foreign
prince, State, colony, district or people, who is tran-
siently in the United States, to enlist or enter himself
to serve such foreign prince, State, colony, district or
people, on board such vessel of war, letter-of-maique
or privateer, if the United States shall then be at
290 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
peace with such foreign prince, State, colony, district
or people.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That if any
person shall within the limits of the United States fit
out and arm or attempt to fit out and arm, or pro-
cure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly
be concerned in the furnishing, fitting out and arm-
ing of any ship or vessel with intent that such ship
or vessel shall be employed in the service of any for-
eign prince, State, colony, district or people, to cruise
or commit hostilities against the subjects, citizens or
property of any foreign prince, State, or any colony,
district or people with whom the United States are
at peace, or shall issue or deliver a commission within
the territory or jurisdiction of the United States for
any ship or vessel to the intent that she may be em-
ployed as aforesaid, or shall have on board any per-
son or persons who shall have been enlisted, or shall
have engaged to enlist or serve or shall be departing
from the jurisdiction of the United States with intent
to enlist or serve in contravention of the provisions
of this act, every person so offending shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction
fcb^reof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $3,000,
and imprisonment not exceeding three years, or
either of them, at the discretion of the Court in
vhich such offender shall be convicted ; and every
NEUTBALITY LAW. 291
i»uch ship and vessel, with her tackle, apparel and
furniture, together with all materials, arms, ammu-
nition and stores which may have been procured for
the building and equipment thereof, shall be forfeited
to the United States of America.
Seo. 4. And he it further enacted. That it shall
be lawful for any Collector of the Customs who is by
law empowered to make seizures for any forfeiture
incurred under any of the laws of Customs, to seize
such ships and vessels in such places and in such
manner in which the officers of the Customs are em-
powered to make seizures under the law for the col-
lection and protection of the revenue, and that every
such ship and vessel, with the tackle, apparel and
furture, together with all the materials, arms, ammu-
nition and stores which may belong to or be on board
such ship or vessel, may be prosecuted or condemned
for the violation of the provisions of this act in like
manner as ships or vessels may be prosecuted and
condemned for any breach of the laws made for the
collection and protection of the revenue.
Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That if any
person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the
United States, increase or augment, or procure to be
increased or augmented, or shall knowingly be con-
cerned in increasing or augmenting the force of any
ship of war, or cruiser, or other armed vessel, which
292 NATIONAL F.OD-BOOK.
at the time of her arrival within the United Statea
was a ship of war, or cruiser, or armed vessel m the
service of any foreign prince, State, colony, district
or people, or belonged to the subjects or citizens of
any such prince, State, colony, district or people, the
same being at war with any foreign prince, State s
colony, district or people with whom the United
States are at peace, by adding to the number of guns
of such vessel, or by changing those on board of her
for guns of a larger calibre, or by addition thereto of
any equipment solely applicable to war, or shall
have on board any person or persons who shall have
enlisted, or engaged to enlist or serve, or who shall
be departing from the jurisdiction of the United
States ivith intent to enlist or serve in contravention
of the provisions of this act ; every person so offend-
ing shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
shall upon conviction thereof be punished by fine or
mprisonment, or either of them, at the discretion of
me court in which such offender shall be convicted.
Sec. 6. And he it further enacted, That the Dis-
trict Courts shall take cognizance of all complaints,
informations, indictments, or other prosecutions, by
whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures made
within the waters of the United States or within a
marine league of the coasts or shores thereof.
Sec. 1. And he it further enacted, That in every
NEUTRALITY LAW. 293
case In which a vessel shall be fitted out and armed,
or in which the force of any vessel of war, cruiser, or
other armed vessel shall be increased or augmented,
in every case of the capture of a ship or vessel within
the jurisdiction or protection of the United States, as
before defined, and in every case in which any pro-
cess issuing out of any court of the United States
shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or per-
sons having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser
or other armed vessel of any prince or State, or of
any colony, district or people, or of any subjects or
citizens of any foreign prince, State, or of any colony,
district or people in any such case, it shall be lawful
for the President of the United States, or such other
person as he shall have empowered for that purpose
to employ such part of the land and naval forces of
the United States or of the militia thereof, for the
purpose of taking of and detaining any such ship or
vessel with her prize or prizes, if any, in order to
the execution of the prohibition or penalties of this
act, and to the restoring the prize or prizes in the
cases in which restoration shall have been adjudged,
Seo. 8. And he it futher enacted, That it shall
be lawful for the President of the United States, or
such person as he shall empower for that purpose,
to employ such part of the land and naval forces of
the United States, or of the militia thereof, as shal)
294 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
be necessary to compel any foreign ship or vessel to
depart the United States in all cases in which, by
the laws of nations or the treaties of the United
States they ought not to remain within the United
States.
Sec. 9. And he it further enacted, That offences
made punishable by the provisions of this act, com-
mitted by citizens of the United States, beyond the
jurisdiction of the Uuited States, may be prosecuted
and tried before any court having jurisdiction of the
offences prohibited by this act.
Srcc. 10. And he it further enacted, That noth-
ing in this act shall be so construed as to prohibit
citizens of the United States from selling vessels,
ships or steamers built within the limits thereof, or
materials or munitions of war, the growth or product
of the same, to inhabitants of other countries, or to
Governments not at war with the United States :
provided that the operation of this section of tins act
shall be suspended by the President of the United
States with regard to any classes of purchases, when-
ever the United States shall be engaged in war, or
whenever the maintenance of friendly relations with
any foreign nation may in his judgment require it.
Sec 11. And he it further enacted, That noth-
ing in the foregoing act shall be construed to prevent
the prosecution or punishment of treason, or any
NEUTRALITY LAW.
295
piracy or other felony defined by the laws of the
United States.
Seo. 12. And he it further enacted, That all acts
and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of
this act or inflicting any further or other penalty or
forfeiture than are hereinbefore provided for. The
acts forbilden herein are hereby repealed.
296 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
OUR NATIONAL DOMAIN.
HOW ACQUIRED.
The United States of America is a federal republic
composed of a union of independent States, and at this
writing (1888) consists of thirty-eight States and eleven
organized Territories, under the control of the General
Government, and covers an area of 3,678,392 square
miles, and extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean, a distance of about 3,000 miles, and from the
Gulf of Mexico to the great lakes, a distance of over
1,000 miles, with an Atlantic and Pacific seaboard of
over 5,000 miles.
The Confederation. The original thirteen States,
prior to 1783, claimed for their western boundary the
Mississippi Kiver, and some even as far west as the
Pacific. These States, one after another, ceded to the
United States all the territory west of their present
limits.
By treaty with Great Britain, September 3, 1783
(at the close of the Kevolutionary War), the territory
of the United States was declared to extend from the
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 297
Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west,
and from the great lakes to the southern border of
Georgia, and comprised 815,615 square miles.
The Province of Louisiana, acquired by purchase
from France, April 30,1803, for $15,000,000, includes
all the territory west of the Mississippi River, except
the present States and Territories of Oregon, Texas,
California, Arizona, and Alaska, comprising 930,928
square miles.
Florida, ceded by Spain, February 22, 1819, for
the consideration of $5,000,000, included the State of
Florida and southern portions of Alabama and Mis-
sissippi, and comprised 59,268 square miles.
Texas, an independent republic of Mexico, was
admitted December 29, 1845, and gave rise to the
Mexican War. Comprised 237,504 square miles.
Oregon, acquired by treaty with Great Britain, in
April, 1846, comprised 280,420 square miles.
California and Nevada, ceded by Mexico at the
close of the Mexican War, February. 2, 1848, com-
prised 649,762 square miles.
Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico, acquired by
treaty with Mexico, December 30, 1853, comprised
127,500 square miles.
Alaska, by purchase from Russia, May 28, 1867,
for $7,200,000. Comprised 577,390 square miles.
The growth of our Republic, its increase in wealth,
commerce, manufactures, and arts, has no parallel
among the nations of the world. What may be ac-
complished in the 100 years to come we are unable to
predicate. Patrick Henry said : " We are to judge
of the future by the past." With the record of a cen-
tury before us, and Mexico, the Canadas, Cuba, and
the" islands of the sea knocking for admission, who
can estimate the prospective power, grandness, and
extent of the United States of America at its second
centennial anniversary?
UNITED STATES CENSUS FOR 1870;
With the Population of each Decade for Half a Century.
STATES.
1870.
1860.
1850.
1S40.
1830.
1820.
New York. .
4,370,816
3,880,735
3,097,394
2,428,921
1,918,608
1,372,111
Pennsylva..
3,511,543
2,906.215
2,311 786
1,724,033
1 348,233
1,047,507
Ohio
2,652.302
2,339,511
1,980 3 9
1,519,467
937 903
581295
Illinois
2,529 4 '0
1,711 951
851 ,47 J
476,183
157,445
55,161
Missouri. ..
1,691,693
1,182 012
682,044
383.702
140,455
66 557
Indiana
1,655 675
l,35u,428
988,416
685 806
343,031
147 178
Massachus .
1,457 351
1,231/66
994.514
737,699
610,408
523 159
Kentucky . .
1,320,407
1,155,684
982,405
779,828
687,917
564 135
Tennessee..
1,225 937
1,109.801
1 002 717
829 210
681.904
422,761
Virginia. . .
1,211,442
1,596 318
1,421,661
1,239,797
1,211,405
1,065,129
Michigan.. .
1,184,653
749,113
397 654
212,267
31,639
8.765
Iowa
1,181,359
674,913
192 214
43,112
Georgia
1,174,832
1,057 286
906 185
69 1, 392
516.823
340.9S3
Wisconsin .
1,055 501
775.881
305 391
30.945
N. Carolina
1,016 954
992,622
869,039
753 419
737,987
638,829
Alabama. ..
996,175
964,201
771 623
590,756
309,527
127,901
N. Jersey . .
903,044
672,1 '35
489,555
373,396
320,823
277,426
Mississippi
842,056
791,305
6 6 526
375,651
136,621
75 448
Texas
795 500
604 215
212 592
Maryland . .
790,095
687,049
583 034
470,019
447,040
407,350
Louisiana..
734,420
708,002
517.762
312 411
215,739
152 923
S. Carolina.
705,780
703,708
668,507
594.398
581,185
502,741
Maine
628,719
628,279
583,169
501,793
399,455
298,269
California..
549,808
379 994
92,597
Connecticut
537,417
460,147
370,792
309,978
297,675
2-5.H2
Arkansas...
473,174
435,45)
209,897
97,574
30,388
14 255
WestVa....
441,094
Minnesota..
424.543
172 023
6.077
Kansas
379,497
107,206
Vermont. ..
330 582
315,098
314,120
291,848
280,652
235 749
N. Hamps'e
317,710
326,073
317,976
284,574
269,328
244,022
Rhode Isl'd
217 356
174,620
147,545
108,830
97,199
83,015
Florida
189.995
140,424
87,445
54,477
34,730
Delaware. . .
125,015
112,216
91,532
78,085
76,748
72,749
Nebraska . .
116,888
28,841
Oregon
90,878
52,465
13,294
Nevada
42,456
6,857
Dis. Colum.
131,706
750,80
51,687
43,712
39,834
33,039
Territories.
288,161
184,197
72,927
Total Union. 3S,538,180 31,443,321 23,191,S76 17,069,453 12,866,020 9,638,191
TERRITORIES.
New Mexico 86,122 Washington, 23,925 Dakota, 14,181
Utah, 70,000 Montana 20,594 Arizona, 9,658
Colorado, 39.681 Idaho, 1 1,882 Wyoming, 9,118
AMERICAN PROGRESS. 299
UNITED STATES CENSUS FOR 1880:
With Congressional Apportionments.*
Increase since 1870.
NewYork 5,083,173 712,327 34
Pennsylvania 4,282,738 771,195 28
Ohio 3,197,794 545,492 21
Illinois 3,078,636 449,236 20
Missouri 2,169,091 477,398 14
Indiana 1,978,358 322,683 13
Massachusetts 1,783,086 325,735 12
Kentucky 1,648,599 328,192 11
Michigan 1,634,096 449,443 11
Iowa 1,624,463 443,104 11
Texas 1,597,509 802,009 11
Tennessee 1,542,463 316,526 10
Georgia 1,538,983 364,151 10
Virginia 1,512,203 300,761 10
North Carolina 1,400,000 383,046 9
Wisconsin 1,315,386 259,885 9
Alabama 1,202,344 266,169 8
Mississippi 1,131,899 289,843 7
New Jersey 1,130,892 227,848 7
South Carolina 995,706 289,917 7
Kansas 995,335 615,838 7
Louisiana 940,263 205,843 6
Maryland 935,139 145,044 6
California 864,686 314,878 6
Arkansas 802,564 329,390 5
Minnesota 780,807 856,264 5
Maine 648,945 20,226 4
Connecticut 622,683 85,266 4
WestVirginia 618,193 177,099 4
Nebraska 452,432 335,544 3
New Hampshire 347,784 30,074
Vermont 332,286 1,704 2
Rhode Island 276,528 59,172 3
Florida 266,566 76,571 2
Colorado 194,649 154,968
Oregon 174,767 83,689
Delaware 146,654 21,039
Nevada 62,265 19,809 1
District of Columbia 177,638 45,932
Territories 604,956 * For Electoral
Vote add two to
Total 50,152,559 each State.
TERRITORIES.
Utah 143,907 Washington .... 75,120 Idaho 32,611
Dakotah 134,502 Arizona 40,441 Wyoming 20,788
New Mexico ... 118,430 Montana 39,157 Alaska 30.146
300
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
HISTORY OF EACH STATE
COMPRISING THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
In the order of their admission into tJie Union.
DELAWARE
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
fe^ Dec. 7, 1787.
Area, 2,112 sq. miles.
tlrifljkr Capita1 ' 1)OVER -
P Pop. 1880, 146,054.
So named after
Lord de la Warr, Governor of Va. , and popularly known as the
Diamond State. First settled by Swedes and Fins at Cape Hen-
lopen in 1(327. Embraced in the Charter of Pennsylvania until
the adoption of a Constitution September 20, 1776.
PENNSYLVANIA
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
^ Dec 12, 1787.
jj Area, 46,000 sq. miles.
Hj Capital, IIarris-
feba BURG.
Pop. 1880, 4,282,738.
So named after William Penn in 1681, and popularly known
as the Keystone State. First settled by Win. Penn on the Dela-
ware River in 1682; chartered Feb. 28, 1681 ; formed a Consti-
tution Sept. 28, 1776.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
301
NEW JERSEY
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
Dec. 18, 1787.
Area. 8,320 sq. miles. m jSMEM
Capital, Trenton. ^MflflJ
Pop. 1880, 1,130,892.
So named from the Island of Jersey on the coast of France.
First settled by the Dutch at Bergen in 1620; under the same
grants as New York ; separated into East and West Jersey
March 3, 1677; formed a Constitution July 2, 1776.
GEORGIA
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
Jan. 2, 1788.
Area, 58,000 sq. miles.
Capital, Atlanta.
Pop. 1880, 1,538,983.
So named in honor of King George II. First settled by
Oglethrope at Savannah in 1733. Chartered June 9, 1732 ;
adopted a Constitution Feb. 5, 1777.
CONNECTICUT
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
Jan. 9, 1788.
Area, 4,674 sq. miles.
Capital, Hartford.
Pop. 1880, 622,683.
So called from the Indian name of its principal river, and
popularly known as the Nutmeg or Free Stone State. First
settled by Puritans at Windsor in 1635. Formerly embraced
under the Charter of Mass.
€^m.
302
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
MASSACHUSETTS
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
Feb. 6, 1788.
Area, 7,800 sq. miles
Capital, Boston.
Pop. 1880, 1,783,080
So called from a tribe of Indians, and is popularly known as
the Bay State. First settled by English Puritans from II ol
land at Plymouth Dec. 22, 1620.
MARYLAND
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
April 28, 1788.
Area, 11,184 sq. miles.
Capital. Annapolis.
Pop. 1880, 935,139.
So named in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. First set-
tled by Roman Catholics at St. Mary in 1634. Chartered June
20, 1632 ; formed a Constitution Aug. 14, 1776.
SOUTH CAROLINA
RATIFIED THE CON
STITUTION
May, 23, 1788.
Area, 29,385 sq. miles.
Capital, Columbia.
Pop. 1880, 995,706.
So named in honor
of King Charles IX. of France, and popularly known as The
Palmeto State. Embraced in the charter of North Carolina,
from which it was separated in 1729 ; adopted a Constitution
March 26, 1770.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS
303
NEW HAMPSHIRE
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
June 21, 1788.
Area., 9,280 sq- miles. fj&
Capital, Concord. ^ ^JR %
Pop. 1880, 347,784. i^^Hfe
So named from Hampshire in England and popularly known
as the Granite State. First settled by Puritans at Dover and
Portsmouth in 1623; formerly embraced in the charter of
Mass.
VIRGINIA
RATIFIED THE CONSTI- /^^T^?N
TUTION
June 26, 1788.
Area, 40,904 sq. miles. J|
Capital, Richmond. jj£
Pop. 1880, 1,512,203. Wt
So named in honor of
Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen of England, and popularly known
as The Old Dominion, or Mother of States. First settled by the
English at Jamestown in 1607. Chartered April 10, 1606.
Formed a Constitution July 5, 1776.
NEW YORK
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
July 26, 1788. _^
Area, 47,000 sq. miles. *3
Capital, Albany. ^
Pop. 1880, 5,083,173. ^S^^^^^^^
So named in honor of the Duke of York, and popularly known
as the Empire or Excelsior State. First settled by the Dutch on
Manhattan Island in 1614. Granted to the Duke of York, March
20, 1664.
304
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
NORTH CAROLINA
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
Nov. 21, 1789.
Area, 50,704 sq. miles.
Capital, Raleigh.
Pop. 18S0, 1,400.000.
So named in honor of King Charles IX. of France, and pop-
ularly known as the Old North or Turpentine State. First set-
tled by the English at Albemarle in 1G50. Chartered March
20, 1663. Adopted a Constitution December 18, 1776.
RHODE ISLAND
RATIFIED THE CON-
STITUTION
May 29,1790.
Area, 1,300 sq. miles.
Capitals. Providence
and Newport.
Pop. 1880, 276,528.
It derives its name from the Island of Rhodes in the Med-
iterranean, and is popularly known as Little Khoda. First set-
tled by Roger Williams at Providence iu 1636. Jhartered by
Parliament in 1614.
VERMONT
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
March 4, 1791.
Vrea, 10,212 sq. miles.
Capital, Montpelier.
tL./Pfy^^ Pop. 1880, 332,286.
'■"'" ^~" E*^-- -- So named from
the French vert mont, the Green Mountains, and popularly known
as the Green Mountain State. First settled at Fort Dummer in
1764. Formed from territory belonging to New York.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
305
KENTUCKY
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
June 1, 1792.
Area, 37,000 sq. miles.
Capital, Frankfort.
Pop. 1880, 1,648,599.
So called from its
principal river, and popularly known as the State of the Dark
and Bloody Ground. First settled near Lexington, in 1775.
Formed from territory belonging to Virginia.
TENNESSEE
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION —r^^*-
June 1, 1796.
Area, 45,600 sq. miles ^«E1
Capital, Nashville. ^Z^#^
-^fii^M£?£
Top. 1880, 1,542,463.
So named after its
principal river, and popularly known as the Big-Band State.
Formed from territory belonging to North Carolina in 1790.
Constitution adopted February 6, 1796.
INDIANA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Dec. 11, 1816.
Area, 33,809 sq. miles.
Capital, iNDiAXAroLis.
Pop. 1880, 1,978,358.
So named from the
American Indians, and popularly known as
First settled at Vincennos in 1730. Formed
territory. Constitutntion adopted June 29,
'MM.
The Hoosier State.
from North-West
1816.
306
NATIONAL HAND-ROOK
OHIO
ggjjjg_ ADMITTED INTO THE
BHiiP^Ba UNION
Nov. 29, 1802.
Area, 39,964 sq. miles.
feSpJi Capital, Columbus.
§SiP Po P- 1880 ' 3 ' 197 ' 794 *
So called from its
principal river, and popularly known as the Buckeye State.
First settled at Marietta in 1788. Formed from North- West
territory. Constitution adopted November 1, 1802.
LOUISIANA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION APRIL 8,
1812.
New Orleans.
Area, 41,346 sq. miles.
^jffTTS^r Pop. 1880, 940,203.
So named in honor of Louis XIV. and popularly known as
The Creole State. First settled at Iberville in 1699 ; formed
from French territory. Constitution adopted in January 22,
1812.
MISSOURI
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION AUG. 10,
1821.
Area, 65,350 sq. miles.
Capital,
Jefferson City.
Pop. 1880,2,169,091.
So named from its principal river, the name signifying
Muddy water. Formed from French territory; first settled in
1764, at St. Louis. Constitution, adopted July 19, 1820.
& .-
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
MICHIGAN
307
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION JAN. 26,
1837.
Area, 56,451 sq. miles.
Capital, Lansing.
Pop. 1880, 1,634,096. -^^^^^^^cm^^ -
So named from Lake Michigan, an Indian term, meaning
a river for fsh, and popularly known as The Wolverine State.
Formed from the northwestern territory. First settled in
1650, on the Detroit river. Constitution adopted January 25,
1833.
ILLINOIS
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION DEC. O,
1818.
Area, 55,410 sq. miles.
Capital, Springfield.
Pop. 1880, 3,078,030.
So named from its principal river, the name meaning the
river of men, and popularly known as The Suchr or Prairie
State. Formed from Northwest Territory ; first settled at Kas-
kaskia in 1720. Constitution adopted Aug. 26, 1818.
MISSISSIPPI
ADMITTED INTO THE j^
UNION DEC. 10, .qjjj
1817.
Area, 47,156 sq. miles.
Capital, Jackson.
Pop, 1880, 1,131,899. ^M
So named from its Western boundary, and popularly known
as The Bayou State. First settled at Natchez in 1716 ; formed
from territory of South Carolina and Georgia. Constitution
adopted March 1, 1817.
308
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
ALABAMA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION DEC. 14,
1819.
Area, 50,722 sq. miles.
_J*^j Capital, Montgomery.
-^T Pop. 1880, 1,262,344.
So named after its principal river, the name signifying here
toe rest. Formed from territory of South Carolina and Georgia,
and was formerly known as the Territory of Mississippi. Con-
stitution adopted August 2, 1819.
MAINE
ADMITTED INTO THE
Capital, Augusta.
1880, 648,945.
So named from Maine in France, and is popularly known as
The Lumber or Pine Tree State. Formed from territory of
Massachusetts; first settled in 1623, at York. Constitution
adopted Oct. 29, 1819.
ARKANSAS
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION JUNE 15,
ite i8a6 '
51 t&jjgL Area, 52,198 sq. miles.
PBI Capital, Little Rock.
; ~ ~ Pop. 1880, 802,564.
So named from its principal river, and popularly known as
The Bear State. Formed from French territory. Constitution
adopted March 1, 1836.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
309
WISCONSIN
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION MAY 29,
1848.
Area, 53,924 sq. miles.
Capital, Madison.
Pop. 1880, 1,315,386. -*<!
So called from the Indian name of its principal river, signi-
fying wild rushing fiver. Formed from territory ceded by Vir-
ginia to the United States. First settled at Green Bay, in 1670.
Constitution adopted Jan. 21, 1847.
IOWA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Dec. 28, 1846.
Area, 55,045 sq. miles. ^, Vf
Capital, Des Moines. |||f||
Pop. 1880. 1,624,403. ^
So called from the
Indian name of its principal river, signifying the sleepy ones,
and popularly known as The Hawkpye Stale. Formed from In-
dian territory. First settled at Burlington and Dubuque in
1830. Constitution adopted December 9, 1844.
FLORIDA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
March 3, 1845.
Area, 59.268 sq. miles. , v - -^-
Capital, Tallahassee V j| . „
Pop. 1880, 2(50, 5(H). f|§j||g%..
So named because ^ SfllP^s
discovered on Palm Sunday— Pascua Florida. First settled by
Spaniards at St. Augustine in 1565. Secured by treaty and
purchased from Spain in 1819. Constitution adopted Feb. 20,
1839.
310
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
TEXAS
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
JkJ PS* Dec - 29 ' 1845 -
lb> <m E&rfSsJt Area, 237,504 sq. miles.
Capital, Austin.
Pop. 1880, 1,597,509.
So called from the
Spanish name of the Republic, and popularly known as The Lone
Star Slate. First settled in 1792. Formerly an Independent
Republic of Mexico. Secured by conquest and treaty February
2, 1848.
CALIFORNIA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Sept. 9, 1850.
HkPN Area ' i88 ' 981 **■ miies -
wz ~£lJ^ Capital, Sacrament o
J Pop. 1880, 804,680.
So called from the
Spanish name of an arm of the Pacific Ocean, and popularly
known as The Golden State. Formed from Mexican territory.
First settled on the Pacific Slope by the Spaniards in 1769.
Constitution adopted Nov. 13, 1849.
MINNESOTA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
: May 11, 1858.
1 Area, 83,531 pq. miles.
( lapital, St. Paul.
Pop. 1880, 780,807.
So called from an
Indian word signifying the whitish water. Formed from Louisiana
territory. First settled in 1812, on the Red River.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS
311
OREGON
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Feb. 12, 1859.
Area, 95,244 sq. miles.
Capital, Salem.
Pop. 1880, 174,767.
So called from the ^^ ~^ <?? ?^^^^5j7^^1i^^S^ , --*5 : ' .
Indian name of its principal river, a term meaning rioer of the
west. Formed from territory acquired by treaty with Great
Britain in 1846. First settled by Spaniards. Constitution
adopted November, 1857.
KANSAS
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Jan. 21, 1861.
Area, 81,318 sq. miles.
Capital, Topeka.
Pop. 1880, ( J'J5, 335.
So called after an
Indian name signifying The Smoky Water. Formed from In-
dian territory and formerly embraced in the Louisiana pur-
chase.
WEST VIRGINIA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Dec. 31, 1862.
Area, 23,000 sq. miles.
Capital, Charleston. ^
Pop. 1880, 618,193. ^
So called after Virginia
%j£i^.^fr^i
Formed a part of Virginia until
the latter seceded from the Union.
312
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
NEBRASKA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
March 1, 1867.
Area, 75,995 sq. miles.
Capital, Lincoln.
Pop. 1880, 452,432.
So called from an Indian word signifying Water- Valley,
Shallow River. Organized as a Territory from the Louisiana
purchase, May 30, 1854.
<-
NEVADA
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
October, 1864.
^Area, 112,090 sq. m.
e Capital, Carson City.
: Pop. 1880, 62,265.
A Spanish term signifying White with Snow. Formed from
territory acquired from Mexico in 1848.
COLORADO
ADMITTED INTO THE
UNION
Aug. 1, 1876.
| Area, 104,500 sq. miles.
Capital, Denver.
- Pop. 1880, 194,649.
So called from a Spanish term, signifying Red or Colored
and popularly known as The Centennial Slate. Organized as a
Territory from a part of Kansas, Nebraska and Utah, in 1861.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 313
UTAH.
Area, 80,056 square miles
Capital, Salt Lake City
Pop. 1880, 143,907.
First settled in 1818.
at Salt Lake City, by jSSP
Morman emigrants. Or- M|tl
ganized as a Territory September 9, 1850.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Area, 60 square miles.
Capital, Washington.
Pop. 1880, 177,638.
Originally formed of territory ceded by Maryland and Vir-
ginia to the United States, and held by Congress under terri-
torial government by Act of December 23, 1788. By Act of
Congress exclusive jurisdiction was taken by the United States,
Feb. 27, 1801. July 9, 1846, the cession by Virginia was re-
ceded to that State.
ARIZONA.
Area, 113,916 square miles.
Capital, Tucson.
Pop. 1880, 40,441.
An Indian term signifying Sand Hills. Separated from
New Mexico and organized as a Territory, February, 1863.
IDAHO.
Area, 90,932 square miles.
Capital, Boise City.
Pop. 1880, 32,611.
Organized as a Territory from portions of Dakota, Nebraska
and Washington territories March 3, 1863.
314 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
MONTANA.
Area, 143,776 square miles.
Capital, Virginia City.
Pop. 1880, 39,157.
Separated from Idaho and organized as a Territory May 26.
1864.
NEW MEXICO.
Area, 121,201 square miles.
Capital, Santa-Fe.
Pop. 1880, 118,430.
So called from the place of Metitile, the Aztec god of war.
First settled in 1594 at Santa-Fe by the Spanish. Organized as
a Territory, Sept. 9, 1850.
WASHINGTON.
Area, 69,994 square miies.
Capital, Olympia.
Pop. 1880, 75,120.
So named in honor of George Washington. First settled at
Astoria in 1811 by emigrants from New England. Organized
as a Territory, Nov. 2, 1853.
DAKOTA.
Area, 147,490 square miles.
Capital, Yankton.
Pop. 1880, 134,502.
So called after the common name of the Confederate Sioux
tribes and signifies leagued, allied. Organized as a Territory
from a portion of Nebraska, March, 1S61.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 315
ALASKA.
Area, 380,000 square miles.
Pop. 1880, 30,146.
Ceded by Russia to the United States March 30, 1867, for
17,200,000
WYOMING.
Area, 93,107 square miles.
Capital, Cheyenne.
Pop. 1880, 20,778.
Organized as a Territory from portions of Dakota, Idaho,
Utah, July 25, 1868.
INDIAN.
Area, 71,000 square miles.
Capital, .
Pop. 1880, 68,152.
A tract of land set apart for the Indians and over which
Congress does not exercise any control except for the preserv-
ation of peace on the frontier. Organized as a Territory 1834
The most important place is Tah-le-quah.
316 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
THE MOST IMPORTANT TREATIES OF THE UNITED
STATES.
Alliance with France Feb. 6, 1779
Treaty oi Paris (independence secured) Sept. 3, 1.783
Treaty of Commerce with Prussia 178c
Treaty with Morocco 1787
Treaty of commerce with Great Britain (Jay's) 1794
Tieaty with the Six Nations and other Indian tribes 1794
Treaty with Spain, by Pinckney ; and Algiers, by Hum-
phries 1795
Treaty with Tunis ; with Prussia (by J. Q. Adams) . . . 1799
Treaty with France, by Ellsworth, Patrick Henry, &c, 1800
Treaty of Ghent, with Great Britain, signed by J. Q.
Adams, A. Gallatin, and H. Clay, for the United
States closing the " war of 1812 " 1814
Ratified by the United States Feb. 17, 1815
Treaty with the Choctaws and the Cherokees 1816
Treaty with the Republic of Columbia 1825
Treaty with the Creeks, Osages, &c 1825
Treaty with Great Britain, indemnifying American citi-
zens for spoliations during the war with Napoleon, 1826
Treaty with Brazil March 18, 1 829
Treaty with Turkey May 7, 1830
Treaty with Mexico (commercial) April 5, 1831
Treaty with do April 5, 1832
Treaty with Naples Oct. 14, 1832
Treaty with Russia (commercial) Dec. 18, 1832
Treaty with Great Britain respecting the N. E. boundary,
signed by Lord Ashburton and Mr. Webster, Aug. 20, 1S42
Treaty with China, negotiated by C. Cushing ; ratified 1845
Treaty of peace with Mexico, signed at Guadaloupe 1848
Treaty with Great Britain, respecting Nicaragua, June, 1850
Treaty with China, signed at Tier Tsin June 13, 1858
Treaty with Japan, negotiated by Com. Perry, March 31, 1854
Another treaty with Japan, by Townsend Harris, June 17, 1857
Treaty with Mexico, negotiated by Mr. McLaue, but re-
jected by the U. S. Senate L860
Treaty between United States and Great Britain, to sup-
press the Slave Trade 1862
Treaty with Russia to purchase Russian America, ratified 1867
Treaty with Great Britain adjudicating the " Alabama
Claim " 187]
SPEECH OF HON STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 317
SPEECH OF EON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
DELrVESSD AT CHICAGO, MAY 1ST, 1861.
Mr. Chairman : I thank you for the kind terine
in which y<?^ Lave been pleased to welcome me. 1
thank the Committee and citizens of Chicago for this
grand and imposing reception. I beg yon to believe
that I will not do you nor myself the injustice to
believe this magnificent ovation is personal homage
to myself. I rejoice to know that it expresses your
devotion to the Constitution, the Union, and the flag
of our country. (Cheers.)
I will not conceal gratification at the uncontro-
vertible test this vast audience presents — that what
political differences or party questions may have
divided us, yet you all had a conviction that when
the country should be in danger, my loyalty could be
relied on. That the present danger is imminent, no
man can conceal. If war must come — if the bayonet
must be used to maintain the Constitution — I can
318 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
say before God my conscience is clean. I hava
struggled long for a peaceful solution of the difficulty.
I have not only tendered those States what was
theirs of right, but I have gone to the very extreme
of magnanimity.
The return we receive is war, armies marched
upon our capital, obstructions and dangers to oui
navigation, letters of marque to invite pirates to prej
upon our commerce, a concerted movement to blot
out the United States of America from the map of
the globe. The question is, Are we to maintain the
country of our fathers, or allow it to be stricken
down by those who, when they can no longer govern,
threaten to destroy ?
What cause, what excuse do disunionists give us
for breaking up the best Government on which the
sun of heaven ever elied its rays ? They are dissatis-
fied with the result of a Presidential election. Did
they never get beaten before ? Are we to resort to
the sword when we get defeated at the ballot box ?
I understand it that the voice of the people expressed
in the mode appointed by the Constitution must
command the obedience of every citizen. They
assume, on the election of a particular candidate,
that their rights are not safe in the Union. What
evidence do they present of this ? I defy any man
to show any act on which it is based. What act haa
SPEECH OF HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 319
been omitted to be done ? I appeal to these assem-
bled thousands that so far as the constitutional rights
of the Southern States, I will say the constitutional
rights of slaveholders, are concerned, nothing has
been done, and nothing omitted, of which they can
complain.
There has never been a time from the day that
Washington was inaugurated first President of these
United States, when the rights of the Southern
States stood firmer under the laws of the land than
they do now ; there never was a time when they had
not as good a cause for disunion as they have to-day.
What good cause have they now that has not existed
under every Administration ?
If they say the Territorial question — now, for the
first time, there is no act of Congress prohibiting
slavery anywhere. If it be the non-enforcement of
the laws, the only complaints that I have heard have
been of the too vigorous and faithful fulfilment of
the Fugitive Slave Law. Then what reason have
they ?
The slavery question is a mere excuse. Thu
election of Lincoln is a mere pretext. The present
secession movement is the result of an enormous con-
spiracy formed more than a year since— formed by
leaders in the Southern Confederacy more than
twelve morth8 ago.
320 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
They use the Slavery question as a means to ai
the accomplishment of their ends. They desired the
election of a Northern candidate, by a sectional vote,
in order to show that the two sections cannot live
together. When the history of the two years from
the Jiccompton charter down to the Presidential
election shall be written, it will be shown that the
scheme was deliberately made to break up this
Union.
They desired a Northern Bepublican to be elected
by a purely Northern vote, and then assign this fact
as a reason why the sections may not longer live
together. If the disunion candidate in the late Presi-
dential contest had carried the united South, their
scheme was, the Northern candidate successful, to
seize the Capital last spring, and by a united South
and divided North hold it. That scheme was
defeated in the defeat of the disunion candidate in
several of the Southern States.
But this is no time for a detail of causes. The
conspiracy is now known. Armies have been raised,
war is levied to accomplish it. There are only twa
sides to the question. Every man must be for the
United States or against it. There can be no neu-
trals in this war ; only patriots — or traitors.
Thank God, Illinois is not divided on this ques-
tion. (Cheers.) I know they expected to present a
BPEEOH OF HON. 6TEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
321
anitcd Gouth against a divided North. They hoped
in the Northern States, party questions would bring
civil war between Democrats and Republicans, when
the South would step in with her cohorts, aid one
party to conquer the other, and then make easy prej
of the victors. Their scheme was carnage and civil
war in the North.
There is but one way to defeat this. In Illinois
it is being 60 defeated by closing up the ranks. War
will thus be prevented on our own soil. While there
was a hope of peace, I was ready for any reasonable
sacrifice or compromise to maintain it. But when
the question comes of war in the cotton-fields of the
South, or the corn-fields of Illinois, I say the farther
off the better.
We can not close our eyes to the sad and solemn
fact that war does exist. The Government must be
maintained, its enemies overthrown, and the more
stupendous our preparations the less the bloodshed,
and the shorter the struggle. But we must remember
certain restraints on our action even in time of war.
We are a Christian people, and the war must be
prosecuted in a manner recognized by Christian
nations.
We must not invade Constitutional rights. The
innocent must not suffer, nor women and children be
the victims. Savages must not be let loose. But
322 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
while I sanction no war on the rights of others, I will
implore my countrymen not to lay down their arms
until our own rights are recognized. (Cheers.)
The Constitution and its guarantees are our birth-
right, and I am ready to enforce that inalienable
right to the last extent. "We can not recognize seces-
sion. Kecognize it once, and you have not only
dissolved government, but you have destroyed social
order — upturned the foundations of society. You
have inaugurated anarchy in its worst form, and will
shortly experience all the horrors of the French
Revolution.
Then we have a solemn duty — to maintain the
Government. The greater our unanimity, the
speedier the day of peace. We have prejudices to
overcome from the few short months since of a fierce
party contest. Yet these must be allayed. Let us
lay aside all criminations and recriminations as to
the origin of these difficulties. When we shall have
again a country with the United States flag floating
over it, and respected on every inch of American
*oil, it will then be time enough to ask who and
what brought all this upon us.
I have said more than I intended to say. (Cries
of " Go on.") It is a sad task to discuss questions so
fearful as civil war ; but sad as it is, bloody and dis-
astrous as I expect it will be, I express it as my
SPEECH OS HON. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 323
conviction before God, that it is the duty of every
American citizen to rally round the flag of his
country.
I thank you again for this magnificent demonstra-
tion. By it you show you have laid aside party
strife. Illinois has a proud position— United, firm,
determined never to permit the Government to be
destroyed. (Prolonged cheering.^
324 NATTONAX HAND-BOOM.
FIRST INAUGUEAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT
LINCOLN
Maboh 4th, 1661.
Fellow- Citizens of the United States:
In compliance with a custom as old as the Gov
ernment itself, I appear before you to address yon
briefly, and to take, in your presence, the oath pre-
scribed by the Constitution of the United States to
be taken by the President, before he enters on the
execution of his office.
I do not consider it necessary, at present, for me
to discuss those matters of administration about
which there is no special anxiety or excitement.
Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the
Southern States, that, by the accession of a Repub-
lican Administration, their property and their peace
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 325
and personal security are to be endangered. There
has never been any reasonable cause for such appre-
hension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the
contrary has all the while existed, and been open to
their inspection. It is found in nearly all the pub-
lished speeches of him who now addresses you. 1
do but quote from one of those speeches, when I
declare that " I have no purpose, directly or indi-
rectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in
the States where it exists." I believe I have no
lawful right to do so ; and I have no inclination to
do so. Those who nominated and elected me, did so
with the full knowledge that I had made this, and
made many similar declarations, and had never re-
canted them. And, more than this, they placed in
the platform, for my acceptance, and as a law to
themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolu-
tion which I now read :
"IZesolved, That the maintenance inviolate of tht
rights of the States, and especially the right of each
State to order and control its own domestic institu
tions according to its own judgment exclusively, k
essential to that balance of power on which the per
fection and endurance of our political fabric depend ,
and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed forc«
of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under
what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes."
326 NATIONAL HAND-BO )K.
1 now reiterate these sentiments ; and in doing so
I only press upon the public attention the most con-
clusive evidence of which the case is susceptible, that
the property, peace, and security of no section are
to be in anywise endangered by the now incoming
Administration.
I add, too, that all the protection which, consist-
ently with the Constitution and the laws, can be
given will be cheerfully given to all the States when
lawfully demanded, for whatever cause, as cheerfully
to one section as to another.
There is much controvery about the delivering
up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I
now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as
any other of its provisions :
" No person held to service or labor in one State
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall,
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be
delivered up on claim of the t arty to whom such
service or labor may be due."
It is scarcely questioned that this provision was
intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of
what we call fugitive slaves ; and the intention of
the lawgiver is the law.
All members of Congress swear their support to
the whole Constitution— to this provision as well as
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PKESDDENT L.tNCOLN. 327
any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves
whose cases come within the terms of this clause
" shall be delivered up," their oaths are unanimous.
Now, if they would make the effort in good temper
could they not, with nearly equal unanimity, frame
and pass a law by means of which to keep good that
unanimous oath ?
There is some difference of opinion whether this
clause should be enforced by National or by State
authority ; but surely that difference is not a very
material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it
can be of but little consequence to him or to others
by which authority it is done ; and should any one,
in any case, be content that this oath shall go unkept
on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it
shall be kept ?
Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not
all the safeguards of liberty known in the civilized
and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that
a free man be not, in any case, surrendered as a
slave ? And might it not be well at the same time
to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause
in the Constitution which guaranties that " the citi
zens of each State shall be entitled to all the
privileges and immunities of citizens of the several
States?"
I take the official oath to-day with no mental
328 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
reservations, and with no purpose to construe the
Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules ; and
while I do not choose now to specify particular acts
of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest
that it will be much safer for all, both in official and
private stations, to conform to and abide by all those
acts which stand unrepealed, than to violate any of
them, trusting to find impunity in having them held
to be unconstitutional.
It is seventy-two years since the first inaugura-
tion of a President under our national Constitution.
During that period fifteen different and very distin-
guished citizens have in succession administered the
executive branch of the government. They have
conducted it through many perils, and generally
with great success. Yet, with all this scope for pre-
cedent, I now enter upon the same task, for the brief
constitutional term of four years, under great ar;i
peculiar difficulties.
A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofote
only menaced, is now formidably attempted. I hold
that in the contemplation of universal law and of
the Constitution, the Union of these States is per-
petual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in
the fundamental law of all national governments.
It is safe to assert that no government proper ever
bad a provision in its organic law for its own termin-
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 329
ation. Continue to execute all the express provisions
of our national Constitution, and the Union will
endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it,
except by some action not provided for in the instru-
ment itself.
Again, if the United States be not a govern merit
proper, but an association of States in the nature of
a contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably
unmade by less than all the parties who made it?
One party to a contract may violate it — break it, so
to speak; but does it not require all to lawfully
rescind it ? Descending from these general principles
we find the proposition that in legal contemplation
the Union is perpetual, confirmed by the history of
the Union itself.
The Union is much older than the Constitution.
It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association
in 1774. It was matured and continued in the Dec-
laration of Independence in 1776. It was further
matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States
expressly plighted and engaged that it should be
perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation, in 1778 ;
and, finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for
ordaining and establishing the Constitution was to
form a more perfect Union. But if the destruction
of the Union by one or by a part only of the States
be lawfully possible, the Union is less than before,
330 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
the Constitution having lost the vital element ol
perpetuity.
It follows from these views that no State, upon
its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the
Union; that resolves and ordinances to that ett'eet,
are legally void ; and that acts of violence within any
State or States against the authority of the United
States, are insurrectionary or revolutionary, accord-
ing to circumstances.
I therefore consider that, in view of the Consti-
tution and the laws, the Union is unbroken, and, to
the extent of my ability, I shall take care, as the
Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that
the laws of the Union shall be faithfully executed in
all the States. Doing this, which I deem to be only
a simple duty on my part, I shall perfectly perform
it, so far as is practicable, unless my rightful masters,
the American people, shall withhold the requisition,
or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary.
I trust this will not. be regarded as a menace, but
only as the declared purpose of the Union that it will
constitutionally defend and maintain itself.
In doing this there need be no bloodshed or vio-
lence, and there shall be none unless it is forced upon
the national authoritv.
The power confided to me will he used to hold,
occupy, and possess the property and places belonging
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 331
to the Government, and collect the duties and im
posts ; but beyond what may be necessary for these
objects there will be no invasion, no using of force
against or among the people anywhere.
Where hostility to the United States shall be so
great and so universal as to prevent competent resi-
dent citizens from holding the Federal offices, there
will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers
among the people that object. While the strict
legal right may exist of the Government to enforce
the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so
would be so irritating, and so nearly impract icable
withal, that I deem it better to forego for the time
the uses of such offices.
The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be
furnished in all parts of the Union.
So far as possible, the people everywhere shall
have that sense of perfect security which is most
favorable to calm thought and reflection.
The course here indicated will be followed, unless
current events and experience shall show a modifica-
tion or change to be proper ; and in every case and
exigency my best discretion will be exercised accord-
ing to the circumstances actually existing, and with
a view and hope of a peaceful solution of the national
troubles, and the restoration of fraternal sympathies
and affections.
332 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
That there are persons, in one section or another,
who seek to destroy the Union at all events, and are
glad of any pretext to do it, I will neither affirm nor
deny. But if there be such, I need address no word
to them.
To those, however, who really love the "Union,
may I not speak, before entering upon so grave a
matter as the destruction of our national fabric, with
all its benefits, its memories, and its hopes ? Would
it not be well to ascertain why we do it % Will you
hazard so desperate a step, while any portion of the
ills you fly from, have no real existence? Will you,
while the certain ills you fly to, are greater than all
the real ones you fly from ? Will you risk the com-
mission of so fearful a mistake ? All profess to be
content in the Union if all constitutional rights
can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right,
plainly written in the Constitution has been denied \
I think not. Happily the human mind is so consti-
tuted, that no party can reach to the audacity of
doing this.
Think, if you can, of a single instance in which
a plainly- written provision of the Constitution has
ever been denied. If, by the mere force of numbers,
a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly-
written constitutional right, it might, in a moral
point of view, justify revolution ; it certainly would,
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 333
if such right were a vital one. But such is not our
case.
All the vital rights of minorities and of individu-
als are so plainly assured to them by affirmations and
negations, guaranties and prohibitions in the Consti-
tution, that controversies never arise concerning
them. But no organic law can ever be framed with
a provision specifically applicable to every question
which may occur in practical administration. No
foresight can anticipate, nor any document of reason-
able length contain, express provisions for all possible
questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered
by national or by State authorities? The Constitu-
tion does not expressly say. Must Congress protect
slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does
not expressly say. From questions of this class,
spring all our constitutional controversies, and we
divide upon them into majorities and minorities.
If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority
must, or the government must cease. There is no
alternative for continuing the government but acqui-
escence on the one side or the other. If a minority
in such a case, will secede rather than acquiesce,
they make a precedent which in turn will ruin and
divide them, for a minority of their own will secede
firom them whenever a majority refuses to be con-
trolled by such a minority. For instance, why not
334 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
any portion of a new confederacy, a year or two
hence, arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions
of the present Union now claim to secede from it ?
All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being
educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is thcro
such perfect identity of interests among the States to
compose a new Union as to produce harmony only,
and prevent renewed secession ? Plainly, the centra]
idea of secession is the essence of anarchy.
A majority held in restraint by constitutional
check and limitation, and always changing easily
with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sen-
timents, is the only true sovereign of a free people.
Whoever rejects it, does, of necessity, fly to anarchy
or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible ; and the
rule of a majority, as a permanent arrangement, is
wholly inadmissible. So that, rejecting the majority
principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all
that is left.
I do not forget the position assumed by some
that constitutional questions are to be decided by
the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such decis-
ions must be binding in any case upon the parties to
a suit, as to the object of that suit, while they are
also entitled to very high respect and consideration
in all parallel cases by all other departments ot the
government ; and while it is obviously possible that
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 335
such decision may be erroneous in any given case,
still the evil effect following it, being limited to that
particular case, with the chance that it may be over-
ruled and never become a precedent for other cases,
can better be borne than could the evils of a different
practice.
At the same time the candid citizen must confess
that if the policy of the government upon the vital
questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevo-
cably fixed by the decisions of the Supreme Court,
the instant they are made, as in ordinary litigation
between parties in personal actions, the people will
have ceased to be their own masters, unless having
to that extent practically resigned their government
into the hands of that eminent tribunal.
Nor is there in this view any assault upon the
court or the judges. It is a duty from which they
may not shrink, to decide cases properly brought
before them ; and it is no fault of theirs if others seek
to turn their decisions into political purposes. One
section of our country believes slavery is right and
ought to be extended, while the other believes it is
wrong and ought not to be extended ; and this is the
only substantial dispute; and the fugitive slave
clause of the Constitution, and the law for the sup
pression of the foreign slave trade, are each as well
enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a com-
336 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
raunity where the moral sense of the people imper-
fectly supports the law itself. The great body of the
people abide by the dry legal obligation in both
cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think,
cannot be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in
both cases after the separation of the sections than
before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly
suppressed, would be ultimately revived, without
restriction, in one section ; while fugitive slaves, now
only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered
at all by the other.
Physically speaking we cannot separate— we can-
not remove our respective sections from each other,
nor build an impassable wall between them. A
husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of
the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but
the different sections of our country cannot do this.
They cannot but remain face to face ; and inter-
course, either amicable or hostile, must continue
between them. Is it possible, then, to make that
intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory
after separation than before? Can aliens make
treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can
treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens
than laws can among friends ? Suppose you go to
war, you cannot fight always; and when, after much
loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 337
fighting, the identical questions as to terms of inter-
course are again upon you.
This country, with its institutions, belongs to the
people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow
weary of the existing government, they can exercise
their constitutional right of amending, or their revolu-
tionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I can-
not be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and
patriotic citizens are desirous of having the national
Constitution amended. While I make no recom-
mendation of amendment; I fully recognize the full
authority of the people over the whole subject, to be
exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the
instrument itself, and I should, under existing cir-
cumstances, favor, rather than oppose, a fair oppor-
tunity being afforded the people to act upon it.
I will venture to add, that to me the convention
mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments
to originate with the people themselves, instead of
only permitting them to take or reject propositions
originated by others not especially chosen for the
purpose, and which might not be precisely such as
they would wish either to accept or refuse. I under-
stand that a proposed amendment to the Constitution
(which amendment, however, I have not seen) has
passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Gov-
ernment shall never interfere with the domestic
338 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
institutions of States, including that of persons held
to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I
have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of
particular amendments, so far as to say that, holding
such a provision to now be implied constitutional
law, I have no objection to its being made express
and irrevocable.
The chief magistrate derives all his authority
from the people, and they have conferred none upon
him to fix the terms for the separation of the States.
The people themselves, also, can do this if they
choose, but the Executive, as such, has nothing to do
with it. His duty is to administer the present gov-
ernment as it came to his hands, and to transmit it
unimpaired by him to his successor. Why should
there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate
justice of the people ? Is there any better or equal
hope in the world? In our present differences is
either party without faith of being in the right ? If
the Almighty Ruler of nations, with his eternal
truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on
yours of thetiolouth, that truth and that justice will
Burely prevail by the judgment of this great tribunal,
the American people. By the frame of the Govern-
ment under which we live, this same people have
wisely given their public servants but little power
for mischief, and have with equal wisdom provided
INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 339
for the return of that little to their own hands at
very short intervals. While the people retain their
virtue and vigilance, no administration, by any ex-
treme wickedness or folly, can very seriously injure
the Government in the short space of four years.
My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and
well upon this whole subject. Nothing valuable can
be lost by taking time.
If there be an object to hurry any of you, in hot
haste, to a step which you would never take deliber-
ately, that object will be frustrated by taking time ;
but no good object can be frustrated by it.
Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have the
old Constitution unimpaired, and on the sensitive
point, the laws of your own framing under it; while
the new administration will have no immediate
power, if it would, to change either.
If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied
hold the right side in the dispute, there is still no
single reason for precipitate action. Intelligence,
patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him
who has never yet forsaken this favored land, are
still competent to adjust, in the best way, all our
present difficulties.
In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen,
and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.
The government will not assail you.
340 NATIONAL HAND-BOOR.
You can have no conflict without being youi
selves the aggressors. You have no oath registered
in Heaven to destroy the government ; while I shall
have the most solemn one to " preserve, protect, and
defend it."
I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but
friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion
may have strained, it must not break our bonds of
affection.
The mystic cords of memory, stretching from
every battle-field and patriot grave to every living
heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will
yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again
touched, as surely they will be, by the better angela
of our nature.
THE UNITED STATES ARMY.
341
THE UNITED STATES ARMY DURING TOE GREAT CIVIL WAR
OF 1861-65.
The following statement shows the number of meu
furnished by each State :
STATES.
Men furnished
under Act of
April 15, 1861,
for 75,000 militia
for 3 months.
Aggregate No.
of men f urnish'd
under all calls.
Aggregate No.
of men f urnish'd
under all calls,
reduced to the 3
years 1 standard.
Maiue
771
779
782
3,736
3,147
2,402
13,906
3,123
20,175
775
"966
4,720
12,357
4,686
4,820
781
817
930
968
10,501
650
71,745
• 34,605
35,246
151,785
23,711
57,270
464,156
79,511
366,326
13,651
49,731
32,003
16,872
317,133
195,147
258,217
90,119
96,118
25,034
75,860
108,773
78,540
20,097
12,077
' 7,451
216
617
895
1,279
1,762
181
2,395
2,688 523
56.595
New Hampshire
Vermont
30,827
29,052
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
123,844
17,878
50,514
381,696
55,785
267,558
10,303
Maryland
40,692
West Virginia. .....
District of Columbia.
Ohio
27,653
11,506
237,976
Indiana
Illinois
152,283
212,694
Michigan
80,865
Wisconsin
78,985
Minnesota
19,675
Iowa
68,182
Missouri
86,192
Kentucky
70,348
Kansas
18,654
Tennessee
12,077
Arkansas
North Carolina
California t . . . .
7*451
Nevada
216
Oregon
Washington Ter'ty. .
Nebraska
581
895
380
Colorado
1,762
Dakota
181
New Mexico
1,011
Total
93,326
2,154,211
342 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL FOB
TROOPS.
APRIL 15th, 1861.
Whereas, the laws of the United States have been
for some time past, and now are, opposed, and the
execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful
to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial
proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals
by law ; now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, Presi-
dent of the United States, in virtue of the power in
roe vested by the Constitution and the laws, have
thought fit to call forth the Militia of the several
States of the Union to the aggregate number of
75,000, in order to suppress said combinations, and
to cause the laws to be duly executed.
The details for this object will be immediately
communicated to the State authorities through the
343
War Department. I appeal to all loyal citizens to
favor, facilitate, and aid, this effort to maintain the
honor, the integrity, and existence, of our national
Union, and the perpetuity of popular go vein men t,
and to redress wrongs already long enough endured.
I deem it proper to say that the first service assigned
to the forces hereby called forth will probably be to
repossess the forts, places, and property which have
been seized from the Union ; and in every event the
utmost care will be observed, consistently with the
objects aforesaid, to avoid any devastation, any
destruction of, or interference with property, or any
disturbance of peaceful citizens of any part of the
country ; and I hereby command the persons compos-
ing the combinations aforesaid, to disperse and retire
peaceably to their respective abodes, within twenty
days from this date. .
Deeming that the present condition of public
affairs presents an extraordinary occasion, I do hereby,
in virtue of the power in me vested by the Constitu-
tion, convene both houses of Congress. The Sena-
tors and Representatives are, therefore, summoned to
assemble at their respective chambers at twelve
o'clock, noon, on Thursday, the fourth day of July
next, then and there to consider and determine such
measures as, in their wisdom, the public safety and
interest may seem to demand.
344
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand,
and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this fifteenth day
of April, in the year of our Lord, one thousand
eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the independ-
ence of the United States the eighty-fifth.
Abraham Lincoln.
By the President.
William H. Seward, Secretary of State.
TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE
DURING THE REBELLION.
The various calls of the President for men were
as follows :
1861, — 3 months' men,
1861, — 3 years' men, .
18G2, — 3 years' men, .
1862, — 9 months' men,
1864, — 3 years' men, February,
1864, — 3 years' men, March,
1864,-3 years' men, July,
1864, — 3 years 1 men, December,
Total,
75,000
500,000
300,000
300,000
500,000
200,000
500,000
300,000
2,675,000
These do not include the militia that were
brought into service during the various invasions of
Lee's armies into Maryland and Pennsylvania.
H. T. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE RESOLUTIONS. 345
RESOLUTIONS OF THE N. Y. OHAMBEE OF
COMMERCE.
SUSTAINING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND URGING A STBIOl
BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN PORTS, APRIL 19TLT, 18G1.
Whereas, Our country has, in the course of
events, reached a crisis unprecedented in its past
history, exposing it to extreme dangers, and involv-
ing the most momentous results ; and Whereas, The
President of the United States has, by his Proclama-
tion, made known the dangers which threaten the
stability of Government, and called upon the people
to rally in support of the Constitution and laws ; and
Whereas, The merchants of New York, represented
in this Chamber, have a deep stake in the results
which may flow from the present exposed state of
national affairs, as well as a jealous regard for the
honor of that flag under whose protection they have
extended the commerce of this city to the remotest
part of the world ; therefore,
346 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Resolved, That this Chamber, alive to the perils
^hich have been gathering around our cherished
form of Government and menacing its overthrow,
has witnessed with lively satisfaction the determina-
tion of the President to maintain the Constitution
and vindicate the supremacy of Government and
law at every hazard. (Cheers.)
Resolved, That the so-called secession of some ol
the Southern States having at last culminated in
open war against the United States, the American
people can no longer defer their decision between
anarchy or despotism on the one side, and on the
other liberty, order, and law under the most benign
Government the world has ever known.
Resolved, That thi« Chamber, forgetful of past
diiferences of political opinion among its members,
will, with unanimity and patriotic ardor, support the
Government in this great crisis: and it hereby
pledges its best efforts to sustain its credit and facili-
tate its financial operations. It also confidently
appeals to all men of wealth to join in these efforts
(Applause.)
Resolved, That while deploring the advent of
civil war which has been precipitated on the country
by the madness of the South, the Chamber is per-
suaded that policy and humanity alike demand that
it should be met by the most prompt and energetic
N. T. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE RESOLUTIONS. 347
measures; and it accordingly recommends to Gov-
ernment the instant adoption and prosecution of a
policy so vigorous and resistless, that it will crush
out treason now and forever. (Applause.)
Resolved, That the proposition of Mr. Jefferson
Davis to issue letters of marque to whosoever may
apply for them, emanating from no recognized Gov-
ernment, is not only without the sanction of public
law, but piratical in its tendencies, and therefore
deserving the stern condemnation of the civilized
world. It cannot result in the fitting out of regular
privateers, but may, in infesting the ocean with
piratical cruisers, armed with traitorous commissions,
to despoil our commerce and that of all other
maritime nations. (Applause.)
Resolved, That in view of this threatening evil, it
is, in the opinion of this Chamber, the duty of our
Government to issue at once a proclamation, warning
all persons, that privateering under the commissions
proposed will be dealt with as simple piracy. It
owes this duty not merely to itself, but to other
maritime nations, who have a right to demand that
the United States Government shall promptly discoun-
tenance every attempt within its borders to legalize
piracy. It should, also, at the earliest moment, block-
ade every Southern port, so as to prevent the egress
and ingress of such vessels. (Immense applause.)
348 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Resolved, That the Secretary be directed to send
copies of these resolutions to the Chambers of Com-
merce of other cities, inviting their co-operation in
such measures as may be deemed effective in
strengthening the hands of Government in this
emergency.
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions, duly
attested by the officers of the Chamber, be forwarded
to the President of the United States.
BLOCKADE RESOLUTIONS.
Whereas, War against the Constitution and Gov-
ernment of these United States has been commenced,
and is carried on by certain combinations of indi-
viduals, assuming to act for States at the South
claiming to have seceded from the United States ;
and
Whereas, Such combinations have officially pro-
mulgated an invitation for the enrollment of vessels^
to act under their authorization, and as so-called
" privateers," against the flag and commerce of the
United States ; therefore,
Resolved, by the Chamber of Commerce of the
State of New York, That the United States Govern-
ment be recommended and urged to blockade the
ports of such States, or any other State that shall
N. T. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE RESOLUTIONS. 349
join them, and that this measure is demanded fur
defence in war, as also for protection to the commerce
of the United States against these so-called " priva-
teers " invited to enrol under the authority of such
States.
Resolved, That the Chamber of Commerce of
the State of New York pledges its hearty and cor-
dial support to such measures as the Government of
the United States may, in its wisdom, inaugurate
and carry through in the blockade of such ports.
THE AMNESTY ACT OF 1872.
Be it enacted, &c, (two-thirds of each House con-
curring therein,) That all legal and political disabili-
ties imposed by the third section of the fourteenth
article of the Amendments of the Constitution of the
United States are hereby removed from all persons
whomsoever, except Senators and Representatives of
the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congress, officers
in the judicial, military and naval service of the
United States, heads of Departments, and foreign
ministers of the United States.
Approved May 22, 1872.
350 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
A PROCLAMATION,
BT THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 8TATE8 OF AMEBIC fc,
BLOCKADING THE BOTJTHEBN POSTS.
Whereas an insurrection against the Government
of the United States has broken out in the States of
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Missis
sippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and the laws of the
United States for the collection of the revenue can
not be efficiently executed therein conformably to
that provision of the Constitution which requires
duties to be uniform throughout the United States :
And Whereas a combination of persons, engaged
in such insurrection, have threatened to grant pre-
tended letters of marque to authorize the bearers
thereof to commit assaults on the lives, vessels, and
property of good citizens of the country lawfully
engaged in commerce on the high seas, and in waters
of the United States :
And Whereas an Executive Proclamation has
BLOCKADE PROCLAMATION. 851
been already issued, requiring the persons engaged
in these disorderly proceedings to desist therefrom,
calling out a militia force for the purpose of repress-
ing the same, and convening Congress in extraordi-
nary session to deliberate and determine thereon :
'Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President
of the United States, with a view to the same pur-
poses before mentioned, and to the protection of the
public peace, and the lives and property of quiet
and orderly citizens pursuing their lawful occupa-
tions, until Congress shall have assembled and
deliberated on the said unlawful proceedings, or
until the same shall have ceased, have further
deemed advisable to set on foot a Blockade of the
ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the
laws of the United States and of the laws of nations
in such cases provided. For this purpose a compe-
tent force will be posted so as to prevent entrance
and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. If,
therefore, with a view to violate such Blockade, a
vessel shall approach, or shall attempt to leave any
of the said ports, she will be duly warned by the
Commander of one of the blockading vessels, who
will endorse on her register the fact and date of such
warning ; and if the same vessel shall again attempt
to enter or leave the blockaded port, she will be cap-
tured and sent to the nearest convenient port, for
852 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
such proceedings against her and her cargo as prize
as may be deemed advisable.
And I hereby proclaim and declare, that if any
person, under the pretended authority of said States,
or under any other pretence, shall molest a vessel of
the United States, or the persons or cargo on board
of her, such person will be held amenable to the
laws of the United States for the prevention and
punishment of piracy.
Abraham Lincoln.
By the President.
William H. Sewabd, Secretary of Stats
Washington, April 19, 1861.
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.' 353
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
BY THE PBKSIDENT OF THE HOTTED STATES OP AMERICA.
"Whereas, on the twenty-second day of Septem
ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-two, a Proclamation was issued by
the President of the United States, containing among
other things the following, to wit :
" That on the first day of January, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-
three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or
designated part of a State, the people whereof shall
then be in rebellion against the United States, shall
be then, thenceforth and forever free, and the
Executive Government of the United States, includ-
ing the military and naval authorities thereof, will
recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons,
and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or
any of them, in any efforts they may make for their
actual freedom.
"That the Executive will, on the first day of
354 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the
States and parts of States, if any, in which the people
thereof respectively shall then be in rebellion against
the United States, and the fact that any State, 01
the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith
represented in the Congress of the United States by
members chosen thereto at elections wherein a ma-
jority of the qualified voters of such State shall have
participated, shall, in the absence of strong counter-
vailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence
that such State and the people thereof are not then
in rebellion against the United States."
Now, therefore, I, ABKAHAM LINCOLN,
President of the United States, by virtue of the
power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the
Army and Navy of the United States in time of
actual armed rebellion against the authority and
government of the United States, and as a fit and
necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion,
do, on this first day of January, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,
and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly
proclaim for the full period of one hundred days
from the day of the first above mentioned order, and
designate, as the States and parts of States wherein
the people thereof respectively are this day in rebel-
lion against the United States, the following, to wit :
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 355
AKKANSAS, TEXAS, LOUISIANA, (except the
Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St.
John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption,
Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and
Orleans, including the City of Orleans), MISSIS-
SIPPI, ALABAMA, FLOEIDA, GEOEGIA,
SOUTH CAEOLINA, NOETH CAEOLINA, and
VIEGINIA (except the forty-eight counties desig-
nated as West Virginia, and also the counties of
Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City,
York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the
cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which ex-
cepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if
this Proclamation were not issued.
And by virtue of the power and for the purpose
aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons
held as slaves within said designated States and
parts of States are, and henceforward SHALL BE
FEEE ! and that the Executive Government of the
United States, including the military and naval au-
thorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the
freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared
to be free, to abstain from all violence, unless in
necessary self-defence, and I recommend to them
that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully
for reasonable wages.
356 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
And I further declare and make known that such
persons of suitable condition will be received into
the armed service of the United States to garrison
forts, positions, stations and other places, and to man
vessels of all sorts in said service.
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an
act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon
military necessity, I invoke the considerate judg-
ment of mankind and the gracious favor of Al-
mighty God.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto »efii my
name, and caused the seal of the United States to be
affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this first day
of January, in the year of our Lord one
|l. b.] thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,
and of the Independence of the United
States the eighty-seventh.
ABEAHAM LINCOLN.
By the President.
Wtlltim H. Sewabd,
Secretary of State.
THE CONFISCATION ACT. 357
THE CONFISCATION ACT.
K) CONFISCATE PEOPKBTY USED FOB INSUBBEOTIONABY PUBPOBE8.
Be it enacted, etc., That if, during the present or
any future insurrection against the Government of
the United States, after the President of the United
States shall have declared, by proclamation, that the
laws of the United States are opposed, and the exe-
cution thereof obstructed, by combinations too pow-
erful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of
judicial proceedings, or by the power vested in the
marshals by law, any person or persons, his, her, or
their agent, attorney, or employee, shall purchase or
acquire, sell or give any property of whatsoever kind
or description, with intent to use or employ tho
same, or suffer the same to be used or employed, iti
aiding, abetting, or promoting such insurrection ov
resistance to the laws, or any person or persons en-
gaged therein ; or if any person or persons, being the
358
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
owner or owners of any such property, shall know-
ingly use or employ, or consent to the use or employ-
ment of the same as aforesaid, all such property is
hereby declared to be lawful subject of prize and
capture wherever found ; and it shall be the duty of
the President of the United States to cause the same
to be seized, confiscated, and condemned.
Sec. 2. Such prizes and capture shall be con-
demned in the district or circuit court of the United
States, having jurisdiction of the amount, or in admi-
ralty in any district in which the same may be seized,
or into which they may be taken and proceedings
first instituted.
Sec 3. The Attorney-General, or any district
attorney of the United States in which said property
may at the time be, may institute the proceedings of
condemnation, and in such case they shall be wholly
for the benefit of the United States ; or any person
may file an information with such attorney, in which
case the proceedings shall be for the use of such in-
former and the United States in equal parts.
Sec. 4. Whenever hereafter, during the present
insurrection against the Government of the United
States, any person claimed to be held to labor or ser-
vice under the law of any State, shall be required or
permitted by the person to whom such labor or ser-
vice is claimed to be due, or by the lawful agent of
THE CONFISCATION ACT. 359
such persons, to take up arms against the United
States, or shall be required or permitted by the per-
son to whom such labor or service is claimed to be
due, or his lawful agent, to work or to be employed
in or upon any fort, navy yard, dock, armory, ship,
intrenchment, or in any military or naval service
whatsoever, against the Government and lawful au-
thority of the United States, then, and in every such
case, the person to whom such labor or service is
claimed to be due, shall forfeit his claim to such labor,
any law of the State or of the United States to the
contrary notwithstanding. And whenever thereafter
the person claiming such labor or service shall seek
to enforce his claim, it shall be a full and sufficient
answer to such claim that the person whose service
or labor is claimed had been employed in the hostile
Bervice against the Government of the United States,
contrary to the provisions of this act.
360 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
PKESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECOND AND LAST
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
Makoh 4, 1865.
Fellow-Countrymen : At this second appearing
to take the oath of the Presidential office, there is
less occasion for an extended address than there was
at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail,
< f a course to be pursued seemed very fitting and
proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during
which public declarations have been constantly
called forth on every point and phase of the great
contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses
the energies of the nation, little that is new could be
presented.
The progress of our arms, upon which all else
chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to
myself, and it is, I trust reasonably satisfactory and
encouraging to all. With high hope for the future,
no prediction iu regard to it is ventured.
361
On the occasion corresponding to this four years
ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an im-
pending civil war. All dreaded it ; all sought to
avoid it. While the inaugural address was being
delivered from this place, devoted altogether to sav-
ing the Union without war, insurgent agents were in
the city seeking to destroy it without war — seeking
to dissolve the Union and divide the effects by nego-
tiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of
them would make war rather than let the nation
survive ; and the other would rather accept war than
let it perish, and the war came.
One-eighth of the whole population were colored
slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but
localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves
constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. AL
knew that this interest was somehow the cause of
the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend
this interest, was the object for which the insurgents
would rend the Union even by war, while the Gov-
ernment claimed no right to do more than to restrict
the territorial enlargement of it.
Neither party expected for the war the magni
tude or the duration which it has already attained.
Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict
might cease with, or even before the conflict itself
should cease. Each looked for an easier tri
362 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
uraph, and a result less fundamental and astound-
ing.
Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same
God ; and each invoke his aid against the other. It
may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a
just God's assistance in wringing their bread from
the sweat of other men's faces ; but let us judge not,
that we be not judged. The prayers of both could
not be answered. That of neither has been an-
swered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes.
" Woe unto the world because of offences, for it must
must needs be that offences come ; but woe to that
man by whom the offence cometh." If we shall
suppose that American slavery is one of these offen-
ces, which, in the providence of God, must need?
come, but which, having continued through his
appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he
gives to both North and South this terrible war as
the woe due to those by whom the offence came,
shall we discern therein any departure from those
divine attributes which the believers in a living God
always ascribe to him? Fondly do we hope, fer-
vently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war
may soon pass away. Yet, if God wills that it con-
tinue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's
two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall
be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with
Lincoln's last inaugural address. 30";
the lash, shall be paid with another drawn by the
sword ; as was said three thousand years ago, so still
it must be said, " The judgments of the Lord are
true and righteous altogether."
With malice toward none, with charity to all,
with firmness in the right, as God gives tfs to see the
right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in ;
to bind up the nation's wounds ; to care for him who
Bhall have borne the battle, and for his widow and
his orphans ; to do all which may achieve and cher-
ish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and
with all nations.
364 NATTONAJ HAND-BOOK.
PKESIDENT LINCOLN'S PEOOLAMATION OF
AMNESTY.
A.OOOMPAOTTCNG THE PBESIDENT's MESSAGE, DEOBMBEE 8, 1863.
Whereas, in and by the Constitution of the
United States, it is provided that the President
" shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons
for offences against the United States, except in
cases of impeachment ;" and whereas a rebellion now
exists whereby the loyal State governments of several
States have for a long time been subverted, and
many persons have committed and are now guilty of
treason against the United States ; and whereas^
with reference to said rebellion and treason, laws
have been enacted by Congress declaring forfeitures
and confiscation of property and liberation of slaves,
all upon terms and conditions therein stated ; and
also declaring that the President was thereby author-
ized at any time thereafter, by proclamation, to
extend to persons who may have participated in the
Lincoln's proclamation of amnesty. 365
existing rebellion, in any State or part thereof, par-
don and amnesty, with such exceptions and at such
times and on such conditions as he may deem expe-
dient for the public welfare ; and whereas the con-
gressional declaration for limited and conditional
pardon accords with well established judicial exposi-
tion of the pardoning power ; and whereas, with
reference to said rebellion, the President of the
United States has issued several proclamations with
provisions in regard to the liberation of slaves ; and
whereas it is now desired by some persons heretofore
engaged in said rebellion to resume their allegiance
to the United States, and to reinaugurate loyal State
governments within and for their respective States :
Therefore,
" I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States, do proclaim, declare, and make known to all
persons who have, directly or by implication, partici-
pated in the existing rebellion, except as hereinafter
excepted, that a full pardon is hereby granted to
them and each of them, with restoration of all rights
of property, except as to slaves, and in property
cases where rights of third parties shall have inter-
vened, and upon the condition that every such
person shall take and subscribe an oath, and thence-
forward keep and maintain such oath inviolate ; and
which oath shall be registered for permanent preser-
366 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
vation, and shall be of the tenor and effect following,
to wit :
" I, , do solemnly swear, in presence
of Almighty God, that I will henceforth faithfully
support, protect, and defend the Constitution of the
United States, and the union of the States there-
under ; and that I will in like manner, abide by and
faithfully support all acts of Congress passed during
the existing rebellion with reference to slaves, so
long and so far as not repealed, modified, or held
void by Congress, or by decision of the Supreme
Court ; and that I will, in like manner, abide by
and faithfully support all proclamations of the Presi-
dent made during the existing rebellion having
reference to slaves, so long and so far as not modified
or declared void by decision of the Supreme Court.
So help me God."
The persons excepted from the benefits of the
foregoing provisions are, all who are, or shall have
been, civil or diplomatic officers or agents of the so-
called confederate government ; all who have left
judicial stations under the United States to aid the
rebellion ; all who are, or shall have been, military
or naval officers of said so-called confederate govern-
ment, above the rank of colonel in the army, or of
lieutenant in the navy ; all who left seats in the
United States Congress to aid the rebellion ; all who
Lincoln's proclamation of amnesty. 36/
resigned commissions in the Army or Navy of the
United States, and afterwards aided the rebellion ;
and all who have engaged in any way in treating
colored persons, or white persons in charge of such,
otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, and
which persons may have been found in the United
States Service as soldiers, seamen, or in any othei
.capacity.
And I do further proclaim, declare and mak<
known, that whenever, in any of the Stales of
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee,
Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and
North Carolina, a number of persons, not less thar
one-tenth in number of the votes cast in such State
at the presidential election of the year of our Lord
1860, each having taken the oath aforesaid, and not
having since violated it, and being a qualified vote?
by the election law of the State existing immediately
before the so-called act of secession, and excluding
all others shall re-establish a State government whicb
shall be republican, and in nowise contravening said
oath, such shall be recognized as the true govern-
ment of the State, and the State shall receive there-
under the benefits of the constitutional provision
which declares that " the United States shall guar-
anty to every State in this Union a republican form
of government, and shall protect each of them
368 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
against invasion ; and, on application of the Legisla-
ture, or the Executive (when the Legislature cannot
be convened), against domestic violence."
And I do further proclaim, declare, and make
known that any provision which may be adopted by
»uch State government in relation to the freed
people of such State, which shall recognize and
declare their permanent freedom, provide for their
education, and which may yet be consistent, as a
temporary arrangement, with their present condition
as a laboring, landless, and homeless class, will not
be objected to by the National Executive. And it is
suggested as not improper, that, in constructing a
loyal State government in any State, the name of
the State, the boundary, the subdivisions, the consti-
tution, and the general code of laws, as before the
rebellion, be maintained, subject only to the modifi-
cations made necessary by the conditions hereinbefore
stated, and such others, if any, not contravening said
conditions, and which may be deemed expedient by
those framing the new State government.
To avoid misunderstanding, it may be proper to
say that this proclamation, so far as it relates to
State governments, has no reference to States
wherein loyal State governments have all the while
been maintained. And for the same reason, it may
be proper to further say that whether members sent
Lincoln's proclamation of amnesty. 369
to Congress from any State shall be admitted to
seats, constitutionally rests exclusive with the
respective Houses, and not to any extent with the
Executive. And still further, that this proclamation
is intended to present the people of the State*
wherein the national authority has been suspended,
and loyal State governments have been subverted,
a mode in and by which the national authority and
loyal State governments may be re-established within
said States, or in any of them ; and, while the mode
presented is the best the Executive can suggest, with
his present impressions, it must not be understood
that no other possible mode would be acceptable.
Given under my hand, at the City of Washington,
the 8th day of December, a. d. 1863, and of
[l. s.] the independence of the United States of
America the eighty-eighth.
ABEAHAM LINCOLN.
By the President.
Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State.
370 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S AMNESTY PROGLA-
MATION.
BY THE PBESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Whereas, The President of the United States, on
the 8th day of December, 1863, did, with the object
of suppressing the existing rebellion, to induce all
persons to lay down their arms, to return to their
loyalty, and to restore the authority of the United
States, issue proclamations offering amnesty and par-
don to certain persons who had directly or by impli-
cation, engaged in said rebellion ; and
Whereas, Many persons who had so engaged in
the late rebellion have, since the issuance of said
proclamation, failed or neglected to take the benefits
offered thereby ; and
Whereas, Many persons who have been justly
deprived of all claim to amnesty and pardon there-
under, by reason of their participation directly or by
implication in said rebellion, and continued in hos
tility to the Government of the United States since
Johnson's amnesty proclamation 371
the date of said proclamation, now desire to apply
for and obtain amnesty and pardon :
To the end, therefore, that the authority of the
Government of the United States may be restored,
and that peace, and order, and freedom may be es-
tablished, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States, do proclaim and declare, that I
hereby grant to all persons who have directly or in-
directly participated in the existing rebellion, except
as hereafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with res-
toration of all rights of property, except as to slaves,
except in cases where legal proceedings under the
laws of the United States, providing for the confisca-
tion of property of persons engaged in rebellion, have
been instituted, but on the condition, nevertheless,
that every such person shall take and subscribe to
the following oath, which shall be registered, for
permanent preservation, and shall be of the tenor
and effect following, to wit :
I do solemnly swear or affirm in presence of
Almighty God, that I will henceforth support, pro-
tect, and faithfully defend the Constitution of the
United States, and will, in like manner, abide by
and faithfully support all laws and proclamations
which have been made during the existing rebellion
with reference to the emancipation of slaves. So
help me God
372 NATIONiX HA2TD-BOOK.
The following classes of persons are excepted
from the benefits of this proclamation.
1. All who are or have been pretended diplomatic
officers, or otherwise domestic or foreign agents of
the pretended Confederate States.
2. All who left judicial stations under the United
States to aid in the rebellion.
3. All who have been military or naval officers ot
the pretended Confederate Government above the rank
of colonel in the army, and lieutenant in the navy.
4. All who left their seats in the Congress of the
United States to aid in the rebellion.
5. All who resigned or tendered the resignation
of their commissions in the army and navy of the
United States to evade their duty in resisting the
rebellion.
6. All who have engaged in any way in treating
otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, persons
found in the United States service as officers, sol-
diers, seamen, or in other capacities.
7. All persons who have been or are absentees
from the United States for the purpose of aiding the
rebellion.
8. All military or naval officers in the rebel ser-
vice who were educated by the Government in the
Military Academy at West Point, or at the United
States Naval Academy.
373
9. All persons who held the pretended offices of
Governors of the States in insurrection against the
United States.
10. All persons who left their homes within the
jurisdiction and protection of the United States, and
passed beyond the Federal military lines into the
so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding
the rebellion.
11. All persons who have engaged in the de
struction of the commerce of the United States upo'
the high seas, and all persons who have made raid**
into the United States from Canada, or been engaged
in destroying the commerce of the United States on
the lakes and rivers that separate the British prov-
inces from the United States.
12. All persons who, at a time when they seek to
obtain the benefits hereof by taking the oath herein
prescribed, are in military, naval or civil confinement
or custody, or under bond of the military or naval
authorities or agents of the United States as pris-
oners of any kind, either before or after their con-
viction.
13. All persons who have voluntarily participated
in said rebellion, the estimated value of whose taxa-
ble property is over twenty thousand dollars.
14. All persons who have taken the oath of am-
nesty, as prescribed in the President's proclamation
374 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
of December 8, 1863, or the oath of allegiance to the
United States since the date of said proclamation,
and who have not thenceforward kept the same
inviolate ; provided, that special application may be
made to the President for pardon by any person be-
longing to the excepted classes, and such clemency
will be extended as may be consistent with the facts
of the case and the peace and dignity of the United
States. The Secretary of State will establish rules
and regulations for administering and recording the
said amnesty oath, so as to insure its benefits to the
people, and guard the government against fraud.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my
hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be
affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this the 29th
day of May, 1865, and of the independence of
America the 89th.
ANDKEW JOHNSON,
By tiie President,
Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State.
A PBAOB PBOOLAMATION. 3*75
A PEACE PEOOLAMATION.
On the 20th of August, 1866, the President
issued a proclamation announcing the return of
peace and restoring the writ of habeas corpus in all
the Southern States. Among the points made in
tbis proclamation are the following :
" There now exists no organized armed resistance
of the misguided citizens or others to the authority
of the United States in the States of Georgia, South
Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ala-
bama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida,
and the laws can be sustained and enforced therein
by the proper civil authority, State or Federal, and
the people of the said States are well and loyally dis-
posed, and have conformed, or will conform, in their
legislation to the condition of affairs growing out of
the amendment to the Constitution of the United
3*76 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
States prohibiting slavery within the jurisdiction of
the United States.
u * * * The people of the several before men
tioned States have, in the manner aforesaid, given
satisfactory evidence that they acquiesce in this sov
ereign and important revolution of the national
unity.
" It is believed to be a fundamental principle of
government that people who have revolted, and who
have been overcome and subdued, must either be
dealt with so as to induce them voluntarily to become
friends, or else they must be held by absolute mili-
tary power, or devastated so as to prevent them from
ever again doing harm as enemies, which last named
policy is abhorrent to humanity and freedom.
" The Constitution of the United States provides
for constitutional communities only as States, and
not as territories, dependencies, provinces, or protec-
torates.
u * * * Therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, Presi-
dent of the United States, do hereby proclaim and
declare that the insurrection which heretofore existed
in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, North
Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana,
Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida is at an end, and
henceforth to be so regarded."
PB0V08T MAE8HALL-GENEBAL'S REPORT. 377
PEOVOST MAESHAL-GENEEAL'S EEPOET.
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF MEN ENLISTED, NUMBEB OF KILLED,
WOUNDED, AND DEATHS FEOM DISEASE, DURING THE
REBELLION.
Washington, D. C, Friday, April 27, 1866.
The following is a condensed summary of the
results of the operations of this bureau, from its or-
ganization to the close of the war.
1. By means of a full and exact enrollment of all
persons liable to conscription, under the law of
March 3 and its amendments, a complete exhibit of
the military resources of the loyal States, in men,
was made, showing an aggregate number of
2,254,063, not including 1,000,516 soldiers actually
under arms, when hostilities ceased.
2. One million one hundred and twenty thousand
six hundred and twenty-one men were raised, at an
average cost (on account of recruitment exclusive of
378 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
bounties,) of $9.84 per man, while the cost of recruit
ing of 1,356,593 raised prior to the organization of
the Bureau was $34.01 per man. A saving of ovei
seventy cents on the dollar in the cost of raising
troops was thus effected under this Bureau, notwith-
standing the increase in the price of subsistence,
transportation, rents, &c, during the last two years
of the war. (Item : The number above given does
not embrace the naval credits allowed under the
eighth section of the act of July 4, 1864, nor credits
for drafted men who paid commutation, the recruits
for the regular army, nor the credits allowed by the
Adjutant-General subsequent to May 25, 1865, for
men raised prior to that date.)
3. Seventy-six thousand five hundred and twenty-
six deserters were arrested and returned to the army.
The vigilance and energy of the officers of the Bu-
reau, in this line of the business, put an effectual
check to the wide-spread evil of desertion, which, at
one time, impaired so seriously the numerical
fttrength and efficiency of the army.
4. The quotas of men furnished by the various
parts of the country were equalized, and a propor-
tionate share of military service secured from each
thus removing the very serious inequality of recruit-
ment, which had arisen during the first two years of
the war, and which, when the bureau was organized
379
had become an almost insuperable obstacle to the
further progress of raising troops.
5. Kecords were completed showing minutely the
physical condition of 1,014,776 of the men examined,
and tables of great scientific and professional value
have been compiled from this data.
6. The casualties in the entire military force of
the nation during the war of the rebellion, as shown
by the official muster-rolls and monthly returns,
liave been compiled with, in part, this result :
KILLED IN ACTION OR DIED OP WOUNDS WHILE IN SERVICE.
Commissioned officers 5,221
Enlisted men 90,868
DIED FROM DISEASE OR ACCIDENT.
Commissioned officers 2,321
Enlisted men 182,329
Total Iosb in service 280,739
Theee figures have been carefully compiled from
the complete official file of muster-rolls and monthly
returns, but yet entire accuracy is not claimed for
them, as errors and omissions to some extent doubt-
less prevailed in the rolls and returns. Deaths (from
wounds or disease contracted in service) which oc-
380 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK,
curred after the men left the army are not included
in these figures.
7. The system of recruitment established by the
Bureau, under the laws of Congress, if permanently
adopted, (with such improvement as experience may
iuggest,) will be capable of maintaining the numer
ical strength and improving the character of tht
army in time of peace, or of promptly and econom-
ically rendering available the National forces to any
required extent in time of war.
WHAT THE CIYIL WAE COST— 1861-5.
The Secretary of the Treasury, in answer to a
Senate resolution asking for a statement of the ex-
penditures of the Government on account of the war
of the rebellion from July 1, 1861, to June 30, 1879,
inclusive, to-day transmitted a statement in detail :
The total amount of expenditures
for this term of years is . . $6,796,792,508.92
Of this the ordinary expenses of the
Government were . . 609.549.123.62
The amount expended on account
of the war of the rebellion is
stated to be . . . 6.187.243.385.30
John Sherman,
Sec. Treasury.
Washington, D. C, June 10, 1880.
THE CIVII. BIOHTS WTJ. 381
CIVIL EIGHTS BILL.
AS ADOPTED BY 0ONQBE88, MABOH, 1866,
§ 1. That all persons in the United States, and
not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indiana
not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the
United States ; and such citizens of every race and
color, without regard to any previous condition of
Slavery or involuntary service, except as a punish-
ment for crime, whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every
State and Territory, to make and enforce contracts,
k sue, to be sued, be parties and give evidence ; to
inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey
personal property, and to full and equal benefit of
all laws and proceedings for the security of person
and property as are enjoyed by white citizens ; and
shall be subject to the like punishment, pains and
penalties, and to none other ; any law, statute, ordi-
382 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
nance, regulation, or custom to the contrary not
withstanding.
§ 2. And that any person who, under color of
any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom,
shall subject, or cause to be subjected, any inhabit-
ant of any State or Territory to the deprivation of
any right secured or protected by this act, or to pun-
ishment, pains, and penalties, on account of such
person having at any time been held in a condition
of slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the
punishment of crime whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, or by the reason of his color or
race, than is prescribed for the punishment of white
persons, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
and, on conviction, shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not
exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the
court.
§ 3. That the district courts of the United States,
within their respective districts, shall have, exclu
sively of the courts of the several States, cognizance
of all crimes and offences committed against the
provisions of this act, and also, concurrently with the
circuit courts of the United States, oi all causes civil
and criminal, affecting persons who are denied, or
can not enforce in the courts of judicial tribunal
of the State or locality where they may be, any of
THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL. 383
the rights secured to them by the first section of this
act ; and if any suit or prosecution, civil or criminal,
has been, or shall be commenced in any State court
against any such person, for any cause whatsoever,
iivil or military, or any other person, any arrest or
imprisonment, trespasses, or wrong done or com-
mitted by virtue or under color of authority derived
from this act, or the act establishing a bureau for the
relief of freed men and refugees, and all acts amenda-
tory thereof, or for refusing to do any act, upon the
ground that it would be inconsistent with this act,
such defendant shall have the right to remove such
cause for trial to the proper district or circuit court, in
the manner prescribed by the act relating to habeas
corpus, and regulating judicial proceedings in certain
cases, approved March 3, 1863, and all acts amenda-
tory thereto. The jurisdiction in civil and criminal
matters hereby conferred on the district and circuit
courts of the United States shall be exercised and
enforced, in conformity with the laws of the United
States, so far as such laws are suitable to carry the
same into effect; but in all cases where such laws are
not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the pro-
visions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and
punish offences against the law, the common law, as
modified and changed by the Constitution and
statutes of the State wherein the court having juris-
384 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
diction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far
as the same is not inconsistent with the Constitution,
and laws of the United States, shall be extended,
and govern the said courts in the trial and disposition
of such causes, and, if of a criminal nature, in the
infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
§ 4. That the district attorneys, marshals, and
deputy marshals, of the United States, the commis-
sioners appointed by the circuit and territorial courts
jf the United States, with power of arresting, impris-
oning, or bailing offenders against the laws of the
United States, the officers and agents of the Freed-
men's Bureau, and every other officer who may be
specially empowered by the President of the United
States, shall be, and they are, hereby specially
authorized and required, at the expense of the United
States, to institute proceedings against all and every
person who shall violate the provisions of this act,
and cause him or them to be arrested and imprisoned,
or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such of
the United States or territorial courts as by this act
have cognizance of the offence, and, with a view to
affording reasonable protection to all persons in their
constitutional rights of equality before the law, with-
out distinction of race or color, or previous condition
of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a pun-
ishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been
THE CIVIL EIGHTS BILL. 385
duly convicted, and the prompt discharge of the
duties of this act, it shall be the duty of the circuit
courts of the United States and the superior courts
of the territories of the United States, from time to
time, to increase the number of Commissioners, so ai
to afford a speedy and convenient means for the
arrest and examination of persons charged with a
violation of this act.
§ 5. That said Commissioners shall have concur-
rent jurisdiction with the judges of the circuit and
district courts of the United States, and the judges
of the superior courts of the territories, severally and
collectively, in term time and vacation, upon satis*
factory proof being made, to issue warrants and
precepts for arresting and bringing before them all
offenders against the provisions of this act, and, on
examination, to discharge, admit to bail, or commit
them for trial, as the facts may warrant.
§ 6. And such Commissioners are hereby author
ized and required to exercise and discharge all the
powers and duties conferred on them by this Act,
and the same duties with regard to offences created
by this act, as they are authorized by law to exercise
with regard to other offences against the laws of the
United States. That it shall be the duty of all mar-
shals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all
warrants and precepts issued under the provisions of
386 NATIONAL HANDBOOK.
this act when to them directed, and should any mar-
shal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such war-
rant or other process, when tendered, or to use all
proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall
on conviction thereof be fined in the sum of one
thousand dollars, to the use of the person upon
whom the accused is alleged to have committed the
offence ; and the better to enable the said Commis-
sioners to execute their duties faithfully and effi-
ciently, in conformity with the Constitution of the
United States, and the requirements of this act, they
are hereby authorized and empowered, within their
counties respectively, to appoint, in writing under
their hands, one or more suitable persons, from time
to time, to execute all such warrants and other pro-
cess as may be issued by them in the lawful perform-
ance of their respective duties, and the person so
appointed to execute any warrant or process as afore-
said shall have authority to summon and call to their
aid the bystanders of &2 )osse comitatus of the proper
county, or such portion of the land or naval forces of
the United States, or of the militia, as may be neces-
sary to the performance of the duty with which they
are charged, and to insure a faithful observance of
the clause of the Constitution which prohibits
slavery, in conformity with the provisions of this
act ; and said warrants shall run and bo executed by
THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL. 387
said officers anywhere in the State or Territory
within which they are issued.
§ 7. That any person who shall knowingly and
wrongfully obstruct, hinder or prevent any officer or
other person charged with the execution of any war-
rant or process issued under the provisions of this act,
or any person or persons lawfully assisting him or
them, from arresting any person for whose apprehen-
sion such warrant or process may have been issued ;
or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such person
from the custody of the officer, other person or per-
sons, or those lawfully assisting, as aforesaid, when
so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given
and declared ; or shall aid, abet or assist any person
so arrested as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to
escape from the custody of the officer or other per-
sons legally authorized, as aforesaid, or shall harbor
or conceal any person for whom a warrant or process
shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to prevent
his discovery and arrest after notice of knowledge of
the fact that a warrant has been issued for the appre-
hension of such person, shall for either of said
offences be subject to a fine not exceeding one thou-
sand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding 6ix
months, by indictment before the district court of the
United States for the district in which said offence
may have been committed, or before the proper court
388 NATIONAL HAND-BOOI
of criminal jurisdiction, if committed withm any one
of the organized Territories of the United States.
§ 8. That the district attorneys, the marshals,
their deputies, and the clerks of the said district and
territorial courts, shall be paid for their services the
like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
services in other cases ; and in all cases where the
proceedings are before a Commissioner he shall be
entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services
in each case, inclusive of all services incident to such
arrest and examination. The person or persons
authorized to execute the process to be issued by such
Commissioners for the arrest of offenders against the
provisions of this act, shall be entitled to a fee of five
dollars for each person he or they may arrest and
take before any such Commissioner, as aforesaid,
with such other fees as may be deemed reasonable by
such Commissioner for such other additional services
as may be necessarily performed by him or them —
such as attending at the examination, keeping the
prisoner in custody, and providing food and lodgings
during his detention and until the final determina-
tion of such Commissioner, and in general for per-
forming such other duties as may be required in the
premises, such fees to be made up in conformity with
the fees usually charged by the officers of the court
of justice, within the proper district or county, as
THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL. 389
near as practicable, and paid out of the Treasury of
the United States, on the certificate of the district
within which the arrest is made, and to be recover-
able from the defendant as part of the judgment in
case of conviction.
§ 9. That whenever the President of the United
States shall have reason to believe that offences havo
been or are likely to be committed against the pro-
visions of this act within any judicial district, it shall
be lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the
judge, marshal and district attorney of such district
to attend at such place within the district and for
such time as he may designate, for the purpose of
the more speedy arrest and trial of persons charged
with the violation of this act ; and it shall be the
duty of every judge or other officer, when any such
requisition shall be received by him, to attend at the
place and for the time therein designated.
§ 10. That it shall be lawful for the President of
the United States, or such persons as he may
f3nipower for that purpose, to employ such part of
the land or naval forces of the United States, or of
the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the vio-
lation and enforce the due execution of this act.
§ 11. That upon all questions of law arising in any
cause under the provisions of this act, a final appeal
may be taken to the supreme court of the United Statea
390 KATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
THE HOMESTEAD LAW.
By act of Congress of May 20, 1862, any person
who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the
age of twenty-one years, or has performed service in
the army or navy, and is a citizen of the United States,
or shall have tiled his declaration of intention to be-
come such, and has never borne arms against the Gov-
ernment of the United States, or given aid and com-
fort to its enemies shall, from and after the 1st of Jan-
uary, 1863, be entitled to enter a quarter section (160
acres) of unappropriated public land, upon which he
or she may have already filed a pre-emption claim, or
which is subject to pre-emption, at $1.25 per acre ; or
80 acres of unappropriated lands at $2.50 per acre. In
order to make his or her title good to such lands, how-
ever, such person must make affidavit that such appli-
cation is made for his or her exclusive use and benefit,
and that said entry is made for the purpose of actual
settlement and cultivation, and not, either directly or
indirectly, for the use or benefit of any other person or
persons whomsoever ; and upon filing the affidavit, and
paying the sum of ten dollars to the register or re-
ceiver, such person shall be allowed to enter the land
specified, but no certificate or patent is issued for the
land until five years from the date of such entry, and
the land must, during that time be improved and nor
alienated, (it can not be taken for debt). At any time
within two years after the expiration of said five years
the person making the entry, or, in case of his or her
death, his widow or heirs, may, on proof by witnesses
that h« or r\\p>. has cultivated or improved said land,
has not alienated any part of it, and has borne true
allegiance to the United States, be entitled to a pat-
ent, if at that time a citizen of the United States.
In case of the abandonment of the lands by the per-
son making the entry, for a period of more than six
months at one time, they revert to the Uhited States.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
391
NATIONAL DEBTS OF THE TWENTY LEAD-
ING NATIONALITIES IN 1875.
Country.
Debt.
Interest.
Rate*
France
$4,500,000,000
$165,000,000
31
England .
3,900,000,000
133,500,000
24
United State
3 2,125,000,000
103,000,000
43
Italy . . .
1,950,000,000
76,750,000
4
Spain . .
1,875,000,000
55,000,000
3
Austria . .
1,750,000,000
75,000,000
44
Russia
1,700,000,000
67,250,000
4
Germany .
1,000,000,000
45,000,000
44
Turkey . .
675,000,000
47,500,000
7
India . .
650,000,000
29,500,000
4i
Brazil . . ,
410,000,000
15,500,000
4
Holland .
400,000,000
11,250,000
24
Egypt . .
375,000,000
37,500,000
10
Portugal .
345,000,000
10,750,000
3
Mexico
317,500,000
20,000,000
6
Australasia
230,000,000
13,500,000
6
Peru . .
185,000,000
13,000,000
7
Belgium .
180,000,000
8,750,000
5
Hungary .
160,000,000
7,500,000
5
Canada .
150,000,000
7,500,000
5
Total,
$22,950,000,000 $942,750,000
392
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
STATISTICS OF EMIGRANTS ARRIVING IN THE
UNITED STATES SINCE 1820.
1820 8,385
1821 9,130
1822 6,911
1823 6,354
1824 7,912
1825 10,199
1826 10,837
1827 18,875
1828 27,382
1829 22,520
1830 23,322
1831 22,633
1832 60,482
1833 58,640
1834 65,365
1835 45,374
1836 76,242
1837 79,340
1838 38,914
1839 68,072
1840 84,006
1841 80,239
1842 104,565
1843 78,615
1844 52,496
1845 114,371
1846 154,416
1847 234,968
1848 226,527
1849 297,041
1850 369,963
1851 379,466
1852 371,603
1853 368,645
1854 427,833
1855 200,877
1856 200,436
1857 251,306
1858 123,126
1859 121,282
1860 153,640
1861 91,920
1862 91,987
1863 176,282
1864 193,418
1865 248,120
1866 318,554
1867 298,358
1868 297,215
1869 385,287
1870 284,422
1871 .321,350
1872 404,806
1873 459,803
1874 313,339
1875 227,498
1876 169,986
1877 141,857
1878 138,469
1879 177,826
1880 457,257
1881 669.431
18d2 788,992
1883 603,322
1884 518,592
1885 395,346
1886 334.203
1887 490,109
1888
1889
1890
Total 13,938,766
of american progress. 393
United States Patent Office.
Comparative Statement from 1837 to 1887.
Year.
1837
Applica-
tions.
' ' 735
847
761
819
1,045
1,246
1,272
1,531
1,628
1,955
2,193
2,258
2,639
2,673
3,324
4,435
4,960
4,771
5,364
6,225
7,653
4,643
5,038
6,014
6,932
10,664
15,269
21,276
20,420
19,271
19,17'
19,472
18,246
20,414
21,602
21,6*8
21.425
20,308
20,260
20,059
23,012
26.069
31,522
35,577
35,600
35,717
35.968
Patents
issued.
435
520
425
473
495
517
531
502
502
619
572
660
1,070
995
865
1,020
958
1,902
2,024
2,502
2,910
3,710
4,538
4,819
3,340
3,521
4,170
5,020
6,616
9,450
13,015
13,378
13,986
13,321
13,033
13,590
12,864
13,599
16,288
17,026
13,619
12,935
12,725
13,947
16,584
19,267
22,383
20,413
24,233
22,508
Cash
received.
$29,289 08
42,123 54
37,260 00
38,056 51
40,413 01
36,505 68
35,315 81
42,509 26
51,076 14
50,264 16
63,111 19
67,576 69
80,752 98
86,927 05
95,738 61
112,656 34
121,527 45
163,789 84
216,459 35
192,588 02
196,132 01
203,716 16
245,942 15
256,352 59
137,354 44
215,754 99
195,593 29
240,919 98
348,791 84
495,665 38
646,581 92
681,565 86
693,145 81
669,456 76
618,716 46
699,726 39
703,191 77
738,278 17
743,453 36
757,987 65
732,342 85
725,375 55
703,931 47
749,685 32
853,665 89
1,009,219 45
1,146,240 00
1,075,798 80
1,188,089 15
1,154,551 40
Cash
expended.
$33,506 98
1838
1839
1840
1841
1812
1843
1844
1845
37,402 10
34,543 51
39,020 67
52,666 87
31,241 48
30,776 96
36.244 73
39,395 65
1846
1847
46,158 71
41,878 35
1848
58,905 84
1849
1850
77,716 44
80,100 95
1851
1852
1 853
86,916 93
95,916 91
132,869 83
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
i860
1861
1862
1863
1864
167,146 32
179,540 33
199,931 02
211,582 09
193,193 74
210,278 41
252,820 80
221,491 91
182,810 39
189,414 14
229,868 00
1865 . .
274,199 34
1 866 . .
361,724 28
1 867 . . .
639,263 32
1868
1869
628,679 77
486,430 78
1870
557,149 19
1871
1872
560,595 08
665,591 36
1873
1874
1875
18T6
1877
1878
691,178 98
679,288 41
721,657 71
652,542 60
613,152 60
593,082 SO
1879
1 880
529,638 97
538,865 17
188I
605,173 28
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
683,867 67
675,234 86
970.579 76
1,024,578 85
1,492,505 45
394 NATIONAL HAND BOOK
Table. — Showing the number of Patents issued for each of the
following mechanical devices since the organization of the
U. S. Patent Office :—
Bee-hives 645
Bending-machines for wood and metal 144
Boots and shoes, manufacture of, and articles used
therein 817
Brick-kilns and brick-machines 608
Bridges 425
Brooms and brushes, and their attachments 750
Buckles 388
Burglars-alarms 165
Burners, gas, lamp, and vapor 793
Cane-mills 60
Corn-planters 647
Corn-shellers ... 378
Cotton-planters 173
Cultivators * 1,617
Car-brakes 485
Car-coupling 961
Car-wheels 314
Carriages and their appendages 1,495
Churns and their appendages 1,391
Clothes driers and wringers 984
Curtain fixtures 364
Fire-arms 1,203
Fanning-mills 127
Grain-cradles 18
Grain-drills 186
Gas and gas apparatus 1,399
Grain, cutting, binding, and drying 135
Grinding and grist mills , • 371
Hand-rakes , . 9
Harrows 329
Harvesters 2,244
Hay-forks 382
Hoes 201
Horse-powers 415
Horse-rakes 373
Lawn-mowers 38
Lamps and appurtenances 1,483
Looms and appurtenances 1,210
Mowers 173
Plows 2,451
Paper, manufacture of 209
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 395
Pavements 404
Photography 346
Planing-machines, wood and metal 384
Propellers, and apparatus for 570
Printing-presses, apparatus and material 756
Railways, apparatus and connections 1,552
Rotary engines 170
Reapers 69
Reapers and mowers combined 61
Rollers and scrapers 141
Seed-sowers 579
Scythes 50
Scythe-snaths 26
Separators 334
Shovels 58
Sickles 13
Stump-pullers 191
Thrashers 732
Saw-mills and machines 1,981
Sewing-machines and their attachments 2,295
Steam-engines and apparatus 1 ,013
Stoves 2,400
Straw-cutters and machines 401
Sugar-mills and machinery 343
Telegraph and instruments 566
Toys 300
Tobacco-presses and manufactures 197
Valves 1,497
Total number of patents issued since 1836. . . 171,640
Total number of reissues 6,830
Total number of designs 8,883
Total number of trade-marks 3,287
Total number of labels 464
From the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Patents.
396
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
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OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 397
THE VOTES FOR THE PRESIDENTS.
Popular Electoral
Tear. Candidate$. rote. Vote.
I7S9— George Washington Unanimous
1796— John Adams .- £1
Thomas Jeff erson 69
1800— Thomas Jefferson Dem 73
Aaron Burr Dem 73
John Adams Fed 66
1804— Thomas Jefferson Dem 148
C. C. Pinckney Fed 28
1808— James Madison Dem 122
C. C. Pincknev Fed 47
1812 -James Madison Dem 128
DeWitt Clinton * Dem 89
1816— James M onroe Dem 183
Rufus King Fed 34
1820— James Monroe Dem 227
John Adams Fed 1
1824— John Q. Adams Fed. 105,321 84
Andrew Jackson .Dem. 155,872 99
W.H.Crawford Dem. 44,282 41
Henry Clay Whig. 46,587 37
1828— Andrew Jackson Dem. 647 ,'231 178
John Q. Adams Fed. 509,097 83
1832— Andrew Jackson Dem. 687,502 219
HenrvClay Whig. 530,189 49
John Floyd lnd 11
William Wirt Anti M 7
183G— Martin Van Buren Dem. 761,5 19 170
Win. H. Harrison Whig 730,656 121
1840— fm, H. Harrison Whig 1,275,011 234
Martin Van Buren Dem. 1 ,135,761 60
1844— James K. Polk Dem- 1,337,243 170
Henry Clay Whig. 1,361,362 105
1848-Zachary Taylor Whig. 1 ,300,099 163
Lewis Cass Dem. 1,220,544 127
Martin Van Buren Free Soil. 291,263 —
1852— Franklin Pierce. . . Dem. 1,601,474 254
Winfleld Scott Whig 1,542,403 42
John P. Hale Abolitionist 157,296 —
1856— James Buchanan Dem. 1,838,109 174
John C. Fremont Rep. 2,215,798 122
Millard Fillmore Am. 874,707 8
186C -Abraham Lincoln Rep. 1,866,352 180
J. C. Breckenridge Dem. 2,810,501 123
S.A.Douglas Dem. 1,365,978 12
John Bell Union. 590 ,631 39
1864— Abraham Lincoln Rep. 2,216,067 213
George B. McClellan Dem. 1,808.725 21
1868— Ulysses S. Grant Rep. 3,015,071 214
Horatio Seymour Dem. 2,709,613 80
1872— Ulysses S. Grant Rep. 3,597,070 300
Horace Greeley Lib. 2,834,079 66
J 876 -Ruthaford B. Hayes Rep. 4.033,295 185
Samuel J. Tilden Dem. 4,284,265 184
Peter Cooper Greenback 81.737 —
G. C. Smith Prohibition 9,522 —
1880— Jas. A. Garfield Rep. 4,450,921 214
Winfleld S. Hancock Dem. 4.447,888 155
Jas. B. Weaver G'b'k. 307.710 —
Neal Dow Pro. 10,305 —
1884-Grover Cleveland Dem. 4.911,017 219
James G. Blaine Rep. 4,848,331 182
John P. St. John Pro. 151,809 —
Benj. F. Butler G'b'k. 133,825 —
398
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
'BSEEWA1 QALEIIM.
This may be carried to an indefinite period in the past or future, by extending
the table of years and repeating the same letter every 28 years.
1776] 200 YEARS. [1976
1776
1804
1832 I860
" 77
" 05
33
61
- 78
" 06
' 34
" 62
" 79
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" 84
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" 15
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" 89
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" 47
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" 92
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" 48
" 76
" 93
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" 78
" 95
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" 96
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" 52
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The letter at right angle with a given year and month,
■hows which calendar to be nsed. Example: On what
dav of the week will March 4, 1877, come— Inauguration
day? E is tbe letter at right angle with the year and
month, and in the calendar marked E, the -1th day comes
on Sunday.
Notk.— All dates prior to March 1st, 1800. carry for-
ward one day of the week and back one day after Febru-
ary 88th, 1900. This is accounted for by the added day
in every fourth, or leap year, being 11 minutes, 10 seconds
and three tenths of a second too much, hence the cor-
rect time falls behind, an overplus of 18 h. 37 m. and 10
sec. m a century; it wasagreed that every centennial
yeai that could not be divided by 400 (1700, 1800,1900,
2100, etc.) should not be what is termed a leap year, as it
otherwise would be : thus dropping the extra day three
times every 400 years.
On what day of the week was the Declaration of Inde-
pendence signed? A is at right angles with the year and
month, and the 4th day of the A calendar comes on
Wednesday, and the rule requiring one day of the week
to be added to all dates prior to 1800, makes it Thursday.
The 2nd Centennial Anniversary (drop one day of the
week after 1900) comes on Sunday, July -4th, 107C.
The 12 letters above the line, show the calendars to be
used for 187G and 1877 below.
[Copyright 1S75, by E. It. TREAT, 805 Broa.lway. New York.l
SHTWTFO
4
11
18119
2*130
1
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
399
CO
)-
J-
400 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
HISTORY OF THE FLAG.
BY A DISTINGUISHED HISTOBIAN.
Men, in the aggregate, demand something beside*
abstract ideas and principles. Hence the desire fo\
symbols — something visible to the eye and that ap-
peals to the senses. Every nation has a flag that
represents the country — every army a common ban-
ner, which, to the soldier, stands for that army. It
speaks to him in the din of battle, cheers him in the
long and tedious march, and pleads with him on the
disastrous retreat.
Standards were originally carried on a pole or
lance. It matters little what they may be, for the
symbol is the same.
In ancient times the Hebrew tribes had each its
own standard — that of Ephraim, for instance, was a
steer; of Benjamin, a wolf. Among the Greeks, the
Athenians had an owl, and the Thebans a sphynx.
The standard of Romulus was a bundle of hay tied to
a pole, afterwards a human hand, and finally an eagle.
HISTOBY OF THE FLAG. 401
Eagles were at first made of wood, then of silver, with
thunderbolts of gold. Under Caesar they were all
gold, without thunderbolts, and were carried on a
long pike. The Germans formerly fastened a
streamer to a lance, which the duke carried in front
of the army. Eussia and Austria adopted the double
headed eagle. The ancient national flag of England,
all know, was the banner of St. George, a white field
with a red cross. This was at first used in the Col-
onies, but several changes were afterwards made.
Of course, when they separated from the mother
country, it was necessary to have a distinct flag of
their own, and the Continental Congress appointed
Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Harrison, a com-
mittee to take the subject into consideration. They
repaired to the American army, a little over 9,000
strong, then assembled at Cambridge, and after due
consideration, adopted one composed of seven white
and seven red stripes, with the red and white crosses
of St. George and St. Andrew, conjoined on a blue
field in the corner, and named it "The Great Union
Flag." The crosses of St. George and St. Andrew
were retained to show the willingness of the colonies
to return to their allegiance to the British crown, if
their rights were secured. This flag was first hoisted
on the first day of January, 1776. In the meantime,
the various colonies had adopted distinctive badges,
402 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
so that the different bodies of troops, that flocked to
the army, had each its own banner. In Connecticut,
each regiment had its own peculiar standard, on
which were represented the arms of the colony, with
the motto, " Qui transtulit sustinet " — (he who trans-
planted us will sustain us.) The one that Putnam
gave to the breeze on Prospect Hill on the 18th of
July, 1775, was a red flag, with this motto on one
side, and on the other, the words inscribed, " An
appeal to Heaven." That of the floating batteries
was a white ground with the same "Appeal to
Heaven " upon it. It is supposed that at Bunker Hill
our troops carried a red flag, with a pine tree on a
white field in the corner. The first flag in South Car-
olina was blue, with a crescent in the corner, and
received its first baptism under Moultrie. In 1776,
Col. Gadsen presented to Congress a flag to be used
by the navy, which consisted of a rattle-snake on a
yellow ground, with thirteen rattles, and coiled to
strike. The motto was, " Don't tread on me." " The
Great Union Flag," as described above, without the
crosses, and sometimes with the rattle-snake and
motto, " Don't tread on me," was used as a naval
flag, and called the " Continental Flag."
As the war progressed, different regiments and
corps adopted peculiar flags, by which they were
designated. The troops which Patrick Henry raised
HISTORY OF THE FLAG. 403
and called the " Culpepper Minute Men," had a
banner with a rattle-snake on it, and the mottoes,
" Don't tread on me," and " Liberty or death," to
gether with their name. Morgan's celebrated rifle-
men, called the "Morgan Rifles," not only had a
peculiar uniform, but a flag of their own, on which
was inscribed, "XI. Virginia Regiment," and the
words, " Morgan's Rifle Corps." On it was also the
date, 1776, surrounded by a wreath of laurel.
Wherever this banner floated, the soldiers knew that
deadly work was being done.
When the gallant Pulaski was raising a body of
cavalry, in Baltimore, the nuns of Bethlehem sent
him a banner of crimson silk, with emblems on it,
wrought by their own hands. That of Washington's
Life Guard was made of white silk, with various
devices upon it, and the motto, " Conquer or die."
It doubtless always will be customary in this
country, during a war, for different regiments to have
flags presented to them with various devices upon
them. It was so dnring the recent war, but as the
stars and stripes supplant them all, so in our revolu-
tionary struggle, the "Great Union Flag," which
was raised in Cambridge, took the place of all others
and became the flag of the American army.
But in 1777, Congress, on the 19th day of June,
passed the following resolution : " Besolved, That
404 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen
stripes, alternate red and white, that the nnion be
thirteen stars, white, in a blue field, representing a
new constellation." A constellation, however, could
not well be represented on a flag, and so it was
changed into a circle of stars, to represent harmony
and union. Red is supposed to represent courage,
white, integrity of purpose, and blue, steadfastness,
love, and faith. This flag, however, was not used
till the following autumn, and waved first over the
memorable battle field of Saratoga.
Thus our flag was born, which to-day is known,
respected, and feared round the entire globe. In
1794 it received a slight modification, evidently
growing out of the intention at that time of Congress
to add a new stripe with every additional State that
came into the Union, for it passed that year the fol-
lowing resolution : "JZesolwed, That from and after
the 1st day of May, Anno Domini 1795, the flag of
the United States be fifteen stripes, alternate red and
white. That the union be fifteen stars, white, in a
blue field." In 1818, it was by another resolution
of Congress, changed back into thirteen stripes, with
twenty-one stars, in which it was provided that a
new star should be added to the union on the admis-
sion of each new State. That resolution has never
been rescinded, till now thirty-six stars blaze on our
HISTORY OF THE FLAG. 405
banner. The symbol of our nationality, the record
of our glory, it has become dear to the heart of the
people. On the sea and on the land its history has
been one to swell the heart with pride. The most
beautiful flag in the world in its appearance, it is
stained by no disgrace, for it has triumphed in every
struggle. Through three wars it bore us on to vic-
tory, and in this last terrible struggle against treason,
though baptized in the blood of its own children, not
a star has been effaced, and it still waves over a
united nation.
Whenever the " Star-Spangled Banner " is sung,
the spontaneous outburst of the vast masses, as the
chorus is reached, shows what a hold that flag has on
the popular heart. It not only represents our nation-
ality, but it is the people's flag. It led them on to
freedom — it does something more than appeal to
their pride as a symbol of national greatness — it
appeals t« their affections as a friend of their dearest
rights. We cannot better close this short history of
our flag than by appending the following stirring
poem of Drake :
When freedom from her mountain height
Unfurled her standard to the air,
Bhe tore the azure robes of night,
And set the stars of glory there!
40G NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
The milky baldric of the skies,
And striped its pure celestial white
With streakings of the morning light;
Then, from his mansion in the sun,
She called her eagle-bearer down,
And gave into his mighty hand
fhe symbol of her chosen land!
Majestic monarch of the cloud
Who rear'st aloft thy regal form,
To hear the tempest trumping loud
And see the lightning lances driven,
When strive the warriors of the stonfe.
And rolls the thunder drum of heaven,
Child of the sunl to thee 'tis given
To guard the banner of the free ;
To hover in the sulphur smoke,
To ward away the battle stroke;
And bid its blendings shine afar,
Like rainbows on the cloud of war —
The harbinger of victoryl
Flag of the brave 1 thy folds shall fly,
The sign of hope and triumph high,
When speaks the signal trumpet tone,
And the long line comes gleaming on,
(Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,
Hath dimmed the glittering bayonet,)
Each soldier's eye shall brightly turn
To where thy sky-born giories burn,
HISTOBr OF THE FLAG. 40*
And, as his springing steps advance,
Catch war and vengeance from the glance :
And when the cannon's mouthings loud
Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud,
And gory sabres rise and fall,
Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall;
Then shall thy meteor glances glow,
And cowering foes shall shrink beneatb
Each gallant arm that strikes below
That lovely messenger of death.
Flag of the seas I on ocean wave
Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave,
When death, careering on the gale,
Sweeps darkly rouud the bellied sail,
And frightened waves rush wildly back,
Before the broadside's reeling rack,
Each dying wanderer of the sea,
Shall look at once to heaven and thee,
And smile to see thy splendor fly,
In triumph o'er his closing eye.
Flag of the free, heart's hope and home f
By angel hands to valor given;
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
And all thy hues were born in heaven!
Forever float that standard sheet!
Where breathes the foe but falls before u§!
With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,
And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?
408 THB NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE REBELLION
For a Chronology of Battles, see page 280.
1859.
Oct. 16. John Brown and fifteen white men and five negioct
seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and kill four of the in-
habitants.
Oct. 17. The militia and Federal troops besiege Brown and
his men in the armory.
Oct. 18. The armory captured by Colonel R. E. Lm (now
General). Twelve of Brown's men killed. Blown and
four men taken prisoners.
Nov. 30. South Carolina Legislature offer resolutions, that
she is ready to enter with other States into the formation
of a Southern Confederacy.
Dec. 2. John Brown and two negroes hung at Charlestown,
Va.
1860.
April 23. The Democratic National Convention assemble at
Charleston, S. C, and adjourn to meet at Baltimore, June
18. The Southern Delegates secede, and meet at same
time and place.
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE REBELLION. 409
May 9. The Constitutional Union Convention meet at Balti-
more, and nominate John Bell for President, and Edward
Everett for Vice-President
May 18. The Republican Convention at Chicago nominate
Abraham Lincoln for President, and Hannibal Hamlin for
Vice-President.
June 23. The National Democratic Convention at Baltimore
nominate Douglas and Fitzpatrick. The Seceders nom-
inate Breckinridge and Lane.
Dec. 5. The U. S. Treasury suspends specie payment
" 20. South Carolina " Ordinance of Secession " passed.
1861.
Jan. 9. Mississippi " " "
" 11. Alabama " " "
" 11. Florida " " "
u 19. Georgia " " "
" 26. Louisiana
u 21. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, withdraws from the
TJ. S. Senate.
" 29. Secretary Dix's despatch to New Orleans, " If any one
attempts to haul down the American fla#, shoot him on
the spot."
Feb. 1. Texas Ordinance of Secession passed.
" 9. Jefferson Davis and A. H. Stephens elected President
and Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy by the
Convention at Montgomery, Ala.
April 12. Bombardment of Fort Sumter — the first gun fired
of the Rebellion — "nobody hurt."
" 15. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 three month*'
volunteers.
44 16. The Confederate Government calls for 32,000 men.
410 THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
April 16. Virginia " Ordinance of Secession " passed in secret
session.
" 16. N. Y. Legislature appropriates $3,000,000 for war
purposes.
4 17, Jefferson Davis grants letters of marque.
" 19. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment mobbed in Balti-
more while en route to Washington.
" 19. President Lincoln orders the blockade of Southern
ports.
" 26. Governor Brown, of Georgia, by proclamation, pro-
hibits the payment of all debts to Northern creditors till
the end of hostilities.
May 6. Arkansas " Ordinance of Secession " passed.
" 21. North Carolina " " "
" 24. Colonel Ellsworth shot at Alexandria, Va.
" 30. Secretary Cameron declares slaves contraband of war.
June 3. Hon. S. A. Douglas died at Chicago. His dying mes-
sage to his son was, " Tell them to obey the laws, and
support the Constitution of the U. S."
" 8. The Sanitary Commission authorized and appointed by
the Government.
" 24. Tennessee secedes by a vote of 104,913 for, and
32,134 against.
July 8. $5,000,000 loaned the Government in five hours by
N. Y. merchants.
" 10. President Lincoln calls for 500,000 volunteers.
Aug. 14. All Union men notified by Jefferson Davis to leave
the Confederate States in forty days.
11 16. The President issues a proclamation confiscating rebel
property.
Nov. 8. Captain Wilkes, of the U. S. steamer San Jacinto.
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE REBELLION. 411
captures Mason and Slidell, rebel emissaries, on board
the English steamer Trent.
Nov. 19. The First " Stone Fleet" sailed for the South from
Connecticut and Massachusetts.
'' 20. Kentucky, in State Convention, adopts an Ordinance
of Secession.
Dec. 4. John C. Breckinridge expelled from the U. S. Senate.
" 20. The main channel of Charleston Harbor obstructed by
sinking sixteen vessels of the "Stone Fleet."
" 26. The Cabinet Council at Washington decide to give
up Mason and Slidell.
" 28. New York banks suspend specie payments.
1862.
Feb. 1. The President authorized by Act of Congress to take
possession of all the railway and telegraphic lines when
required for military purposes.
" 14. Commodore Foote receives his death-wound in an en-
gagement at Fort Donelson.
March 8. The first Iron-Clad Naval Engagement between the
Monitor and Merrimac.
Aug. 9. Recruiting brisk, and drafting in several States —
travelling restricted by order of Government to prevent
fugitives escaping.
Sept. 22. The President issues his Emancipation Proclamation
to take effect January 1, 18G3.
" 24. The President suspends the writ of Habeas Corpus,
1863.
Feb. 16. The Senate pass the Conscription Bill, and on the 25th
the House pass the same.
July 13. Great Draft Riot in New York — continues four days.
The Colored Orphan Asylum and a number of buildings
412 THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
burned. Twenty-five of the militia and police killed 01
wounded, and 150 of the rioters.
1864.
June 5. Fremont and Cochrane nominated for President and
Vice-President, but subsequently resign.
" 8. The Baltimore Convention nominate Lincoln and
Johnson for President and Vice-President.
44 19. The Pirate Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge off the
coast of France.
Nov. 8. Lincoln and Johnson elected President and Vice-
President.
" 25. Hotels in New York burned by Southern incen-
diaries.
1805.
Jan. 31. General R. E. Lee appointed Commander-in-Chief of
Rebel forces by Jefferson Davis.
Feb. 4. Failure of the Peace Negotiations with Rebel Commis-
sioners. Gold in Richmond 4,400.
March 11. The President orders the disfranchisement of non-
reporting deserters.
April 3. Evacuation of Richmond. Jefferson Davis at Dan-
ville, Va., a fugitive.
44 4. President Lincoln holds a levee in Jefferson Davis'
house.
11 7. Grant urges Lee to surrender, to save further effusion
of blood.
44 9. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia to
General Grant.
44 10. Great rejoicing all over the country.
" 13. Grant advises the draft to be stopped and recruiting
to cease.
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE REBELLION. 413
A.pril 14. President Lincoln shot in Ford's Theatre, Washing
ton, by J. Wilkes Booth.
,v 15. President Lincoln dies at 7.20 a.m. Andrew John
son becomes the seventeenth President.
' 21. General Kirby Smith by proclamation asserts Ids
ability to continue the Rebellion.
1 2G. General J. E. Johnson surrenders with 27,500 men.
May 9. President Johnson issues a Peace Proclamation declai
ing the war at an end.
* 10. Jefferson Davis captured at Irwinville, Ga.
" 13= $30,000,000 Seven- Thirty Loan subscribed this day.
414
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
0HE0N0L0GI0AL TABLE
Data
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
July
Bombardment of Ft. Sumter,
Riot, Baltimore
June 3
" 16
u 17
" 18
" 20
Philippi, Va.
Seneca Mills, Md . .
Boonesville, Mo. . .
Near Warsaw, Mo.
Big Bethel
Aug.
28
2
4
5
6
8
10
10
12
12
13
17
18
18
21
22
2
5
Snorter's Hill, Va
Martinsburg
Harper's Ferry ,
Carthage, Mo
Middle Fork Bridge, Va.
Burlington, W. Va
Monroe Station, Mo.
Laurel Hill, Va
Rich Mountain, Va.
Barbourville, Va.
Carrick Ford, Va.
Scary town, Va. .
Commanders.
Cols. Kelly and
Landers
Maj. Everett...
Gen. Lyon
Capt. Cook
Brig.-Gen. Price.
Gen. Patterson. .
9th N. Y
Col. Sigel.
45 of the 3d Ohio
Kansas City, Mo
Blackburn's Ford, Va
Bull Run i Beauregard's rep
( Federal report. . ,
Forsyth, Mo ,
Dug Spring, Mo ,
Point of Rocks, Md ,
Col. Porterfield
Capt.
Gen. Price ....
Gov. Jackson...
Maj.-Gn. Magna-
der
Col. Smith . . .
Cols. McCook &
Andrews. . . .
Gen. McClellan
Col. Woodruff.
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Johnson. . .
Price & Jackson.
Gen. Harris. .
Col. Pegrara..
Col. Pegram . .
Gen. Garnett.
Maj. Van Horn.
Gen. Tyler
j Gen. Irwin )
( McDowell )
Gen. Sweeny . . .
Gen. Lyon
Gen. Beauregard
Gen. Price.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
415
OF THE WAE.
Killed, Wounded, and P-isoners.
Remarks.
Union.
Confed.
5 w
Reported, " Nobody hurt."
First blood shed of the four yearn
Rebellion.
3 k. 7 w
7 k. 8 w
2 k. 2 w. 2 ra . ...
16 k. f 26 m
3 k
2 k. 8 w
25 k. 52 w. 28 p..
16 k. 34 w. 6 m...
1 k. 1 w
35 k. and w., 30 p.
45 k. and w
k., w..& m.uncer. .
2 k.
3 k. 10 w
2 k. 3 w
30 k. and w., 20 p.
13 k. 31 w
1 k. 3 w
250 k. andw..,..
7 k. and w
20 k. 40 w
30 k. and w., 70 p.
Successful retreat of SigeL
2 k. 6 w
1 k. 3 w
Confederates defeated.
11 k.35 w
1 k
140 k. 150 w. 150 p.
12k
Capture of 200 tents, 60 wagons,
and 6 cannon.
Confederates defeated.
1 3 k. 40 w
150 k. & w., 800 p.
Gen. Garnett killed.
Three Federal colonels and two
Ik
20 k. and w
68 k. and w
1852 k. andw
captains captured.
Confederates defeated.
83 k. andw
4500 k., w., and p.
481k.1011w.700p.
Federal loss 28 pieces artillcrj
5,000 small arms.
2 w
5 k. 10 w
40 k. 80 w
3 k. 2 w. 7 p
9 k. 30 w
None
416
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1861
Aug. 5
" 10
' 13
' 19
Sept.
12
Oct.
26
29
1
1
10
12
13
-14
14
17
17
20
21
•iv,
25
25
26
3
8
9
12
13
13
15
16
19
21
21
21
22
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Athens, Mo,
Wilson s Creek, Mo.
Near Grafton, Va.
Chaileston, Mo...
Cross Lanes, W. Va. .
Lexington, Mo
Bennett's Mills, Mo. . .
Boone Court House, V
Carnifex Ferry, Va. . .
Black River Mo
Booneville, Mo
Cheat Mountain, W. V
Kansas City, Mo
Mariatown, Mo
Commanders.
Union.
Confed.
Col. Moore.
Gen. Lyon.
Capt. Dayton.
Col. Dougherty
and Lieut.-Col
Ransom
Col. Tyler ,
Gen. Ro^cranz.
Maj. Gavitt
Capt. Eppstein. .
Gn.J.J.Reynolds
Blue Mills Landing, Mo
Lexington, Mo
Papinsville, Mo ,
Mechanicsville Gap, Va
Chapmansville, W. Va. ,
Osceola, Mo ,
Lucas Bend, Ky
Greenbrier, W. Va
Hillsboro, Ky
Santa Rosa Island, Fla.
Cameron, Ray Co., Mo
18 miles N.E. of Lebanon, Mo
Beckwith's Farm, Mo . . .
Big River Bridge, Mo. . . .
Tronton, Mo
Big Hurricane Creek, Mo.
Kd wards' Ferry, Va
Fredericktown, Mo
Ball's Bluff
Buffaxo Mills, Mo.
Lieut. Col. Scott.
Col Mulligan. . .
Gen. Lane
Gens. Price and
McCulloch . . .
Col. Hunter
Col. Reed
Floyd
Beii. Talbott....
Col. Brown.. . . ,
Gen. R. E. Lee
GnD.R.Atchisou
Gen. Price
Col Pratt Col. J. W. Davis
Col. Montgomery
Gn.J.J.Reynolds
Lieut. Sadler. .
Col. W. Wilson
Maj. James.. . .
Maj. Wright.. .
Lieut. Tufts.
Maj. Gavitt. . . .
Col. Morgan
Col. E. D. Baker
Col. Baker,
Gn. H.A.Jackson
Capt. Holliday. .
Gen. Anderson,. .
Capts. Lowel A
Wright
GnJff. Thompson
Gen. Thompson .
Gen. Evans
Jeff. Thompson A
Col. Lowe. . . .
Gen. Evans ....
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
417
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
10 k and w
223 k. 721 w.292 m
None
23 k. 50 W
421k. 1317 w. 3 m.
21 k and w
20 k. and w., 17 p.
5 wagon-loads of supplies and 40
horses were captured from the
Confederates.
Gen. Lyon killed.
Confederates routed.
1 k. 6 w
15 k. 40 w. 30 p. .
Confederate loss not known.
5 or 6w
3 k. 6 w
8 k. several w . . . .
Confederate loss not known.
6 w
30 k ....
16 k. 102 w
Unknown
5 k.4p
Confederates retreated with small
loss.
lk.4w
13 k. 20 w. 60 p..
12 k. 30 w
100 k. & w., 20 p..
7 k.6p
7 k
100 horses and their tents and
supplies were captured.
100 k. and w
42k.l08 w. 1624 p.
17 k. 40 w
3 k. 10 w
4 k. 8 w
25 k. 75 w
40 k. 100 p
15 k. 30 w
29k. 50 w. 47 p..
10 k
And all their tents and supplies.
Confederates defeated.
CoL J. W. Davis killed.
1 k. 4 w
None
8 k. 32 w
3 k. 3 w
13 k. 21 w
1 k. 4 w
4 k. 5 p
100 k. 95 w. 13 p. .
11 k. 29 w. 22 p..
100 k. & w. 35 p..
8 k. 5 p
62 k. and w., 30 p.
1 2 k. and w
5 k. and 4 w
36 k. and w
14 k. 8 p
Confederates routed.
A drawn battle.
1 k
2 k. 5 w. 3 m
lk.fiw
Unions burned the bridge.
11 k
14 w
223 k. 250 w. 500 p
7 k. 60 w
223k.266w.455m.
200 k. and w
Rebel loss heavy. .
36 k. 264 w. 2 p..
20 k. and w. 60 p..
Col. Lowe killed, 80 prisoners
and 4 heavy <;uns captured.
Col. Baker killed.
1
418
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1861.
Oct. 23
" 23
" 25
" 26
" 26
tfov. 2
" 7
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Dec.
West Liberty, Ky
Hodgesville, Ky. .
Springfield, Mo. .
New Creek, Va . .
Plattsburg, Mo. . .
Platte City, Mo. .
Belmont, Mo. . . .
Port Royal, S. C.
Belmont, Mo.
Rolla, Mo...
Piketon, Ky
New River, Va
Guyandotte, Va
Kansas City, Mo
Romney, Va
McCoy's Mill, Va
Warrensburg
Fort PickeDS, Fla
Lancaster, Va ,
Dranesville, Va
Black Walnut Creek, Mo,
Hunter's Chapel ,
Dunksburg, Mo ,
Salem, Mo.
Whip-poor-will Bridge, Ky.
Brownsville, Ky
Dam No. 5, Va
Olathe, Mo
Bertrand, Mo
Camp Alleghany, Va
MumforddVille, Ky
Osceola, Mo
Millford, Mo
Commanders.
Union.
Lieut. Grayson
Maj. Zagonyi . .
Gen.B.F.Kelley
Maj. Josephs.
Gens. Grant &
McClernand ,
Com. Dupont A
General W. T
Sherman ....
Gen. Grant. . . ,
Col. Grensle. . . .
Nelson's Brigade
Col.K.V.Whaley
Col. Anthony.. .
Gen. Benham.
Danesville, Va,
Hudson, Mo. . .
Col. Moore. .
Col. Bayard .
Maj. Hough. ,
Gen. Blenker,
Confed.
Col A. McDonald
Silas Gordon
Gen. Drayton
Gen. Polk. . . .
Gn. Floyd's array
Maj. Bowen
Home Guards.
Lt. Col. Rhodes.
Brig. Gn. Milroy.
Gen. Pope
Col. J. C. Davis &
Gen. Steele.. .
Gen. E. 0. C. Ord
Maj. McKee.
Lt. Col. Blauton .
Capts. Young A
Wheatley. . . .
Cols. Freeman <i
Turner
GnTC.Hindmac
Col. E. Johnson.
Gen. Bragg
Gen. Stuart.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
419
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
P W
10 k. 5 w. 6 p
3 k. 5 w
Lieut. Grayson severely wounded
Confederates routed.
Col. Angus McDonald captured.
48 k. 27 w. 10 m.
2 k. 14 w
106 k. 27 p
10 k. 15 w
8 k. 12 p
13 k. and w., 30 p.
1 55 p
89 k 150 w. 150 m
8 k. 23 w. 2500 p.
84 k. 288 w. 285 m.
k.& w. not reported.
261k.427 w.278m.
9p
2,500 Confed. prisoners <fe 42 guns.
600 head of cattle, 40 horses and
6 k. 24 w
400k.&w.2000p.
mules captured.
Confederates defeated.
8 k. 12 w. 45 p
Col. Whaley captured.
Union troops withdrawn.
8 k. 8 w
2 k
12p
15k
Col. Croghain killed.
150p
2 k. 13 w
1 k. 2 w.
13k
Many wounded and prisoners.
2 w
2 k. 4 p
w
17 k. 5 p
4 k. and w. 2 p . . .
7 k. 10 w
Maj. Hough wounded.
Ik
Confederates defeated.
16k and w
Confeds. defeated ; loss unknown
4 w
6 k. and w. 11 p . .
3 k. 5 w
12k
Confederates defeated.
2 k
3 k. 5 w
16p
1 k
20 k. 1 07 w. J m
Confeds. report about same loss.
10 k. 17 w
33 k. 60 w
300 p
Confederates defeated.
2 k. 17 w
1300 p
70 wagons with stores tfc equipage
7 k. 61 w
75 k. 150 w. 30 p.
10 k. 17 p
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
420
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Commanders.
Union.
Confed.
1861.
Dec. 22
" 28
1862.
Jan. 1
" 4
" 4
.i 7
ii 7
ii 7
" 8
u 10
u 19
Feb. 7
" 8
h 14
" 14
« 14
" 16
.i 17
« 18
" 21
March 7
( Newport News, Ya. )
\ New Market Bridge ) '
Mount Zion, Mo
Maj. Schoepf. . .
Col. Jno. Glover
Port Royal Ferry, S. C .
Bath, Va
Huntersville, W. Ya . . .
Gen. Stevens.
Gen. Jackson
Blue's Gap, W. Ya
30 miles east Sutton, W. V
Paintsville, Ky. .
Silver Creek, Mo.
Prestonburg, Ky.
Mill Spring, Ky . .
Maj. "Webster. . .
Col. Dunning. . .
Col.H. Anisansel
Col. Garfield . . .
Maj. Torreuce. .
Gen. Garfield. . .
Gen. Thomas. . .
Hum'y Marshall
Col. Poindexter.
Hum'y Marshall
Gen. Zollicoffer.
Fairfax Court House, Ya . . .
Capture of forts on Roanoke
Island, N. C
Linn Creek, Ya
Near Fort Henry, Tenn,
Blooming Gap, Ya
Flat Lick Ford, Ky
Fort Donelson
Capture of Fort Donelson.
Col. Friedman . .
Com. Goldsbo-
rough & Gen.
Bumside
Capt. Smith. . . .
Com. Foote and
Gen. Grant. . .
Gen. Lander. . . .
Col. Munday. . .
Com. Foote
Gen. Grant
Gen. Wise,
Gen. Tilghman.,
Gen. Buckner. .
Sugar Creek, Ark.
Independence, Mo.
Valverde, N. M.
Winchester, Ya.
Pea Ridge, Ark.
14
Hampton Roads, Ya.
New Madrid
Col. Cranby
Capt. Cole
Gens. Curtiss, Si-
gel, Asboth, &
Davis
U. S. war ship
Cumberland..
Gen. Pope
Quantrell
Parker. .
Col. Steele.
and
Gens. Van Doin,
Price, McCul-
loch, and Pike
Merrimac
Gens. McCrogan,
Stuart, Gauth.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
421
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
6 w
10k
U. 46 w
3 k. 11 w
3 k. 30 p .
25 k. 150 W. 40 p.
6 k. 12 w
7k
2 k. 7 w
90 horses and 105 stand of arnn
were captured.
Confederates retreated.
Unions retreated.
$50,000 worth of army stores
were captured.
3 cannon and their wagons were
captured.
56 head of cattle and 15 horses
were captured.
Confederates dispersed.
Confederates retreated.
Confederates retreated.
Gen.Zollicoffer killed, 1200 horses
<fe mules, 100 large wagons, and
2,000 muskets were captured.
12 horses captured.
6 forts, 40 guns, and 3,000 small
arms were captured.
32 horses captured.
including 17 officers.
None
15 k. 20 p
22 k. and w
15p
12 k. 22 w. 15 p..
50 k. 25 p
192 k. 140 p
1 k. 12 p
30 k. 50 w. 2500 p..
8 k. 7 w. 17 p
5 k. 30 p
13 k., 20 w., 65 p.,
4 k. 4 w. 3 p
2 k. 1 w
3 k. 10 w
2 k. 25 w
39 k. 207 w
2 w
50 k. 150 w
1 k. 1 w
39 k. 23 w
7k
None
60 k. and w
Com. Foote severely wounded.
446 k. 1735 w. and
150p
231 k. 1007 w.and
15,000 p
Brig. Gen. Buckner captured.
Gens. Floyd & Pillow escaped
18 k. and w
1 k. 8 w
3 k
55 k. 140 w
Confederate loss about the same.
6 k. 5 w
Capt. Cole wounded.
1351 k. w. and m.
340 k A drowned
1100 k. 2500 w. &
1600 p.
Gens. McCulloch, Mcintosh, and
Slack were killed.
U. S. sloop-of-war Cumberland
destroyed.
41 k
100 k
$100,000 worth of military stores
captured from the Confeds.
422
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1862.
Mar. 14
" 14
u 16-1 8
" 22
11 23
" 20
" 28
44 29
\pril 5
6-7
1-7
11
11
16
20
26
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Newbern, N. C
Cumberland Mts., Ky.
Siege of Island No. 10.
Independence, Mo. . . .
Winchester, Va
Eiumansville, Mo. . . .
Vallis Ranch, N. M...
May
Warrensburg, Mo.
Siege of Yorktovvn, Va. ,
Pittsburg Landing, Tenn .
Corinth, Miss
Bombardment and capture of
Island No. 10
Capture of Fort Pulaski, Ga
Yorktown, Va . . .
Lee's Mills, Va. ..
South Mills, N. C.
Fort Macon, N. C.
Farmington, Miss.
Williamsburg, Va.
Somerville Heights, Va.
Corinth, Miss ,
McDowell, W. Va
12 m. from Athens, Ah
Farmington, Miss
McDowell. Va.
Monterey, Tenn
Trenton Bridge, N. C. .
On James River
Near Trenton, N. C.
Commanders.
Union.
Gen. Burnside.
Col. Carter mid
Lt.Cl.Keigvvii
Com. Foote
Gen. Shields.
Col. Slough . . .
Capt. Thompson
Gen. McClellan
Gens. Grant and
Buell
Gen. Sherman
Com Foote and
Gen. Pope. . .
Gen. Hunter
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Reno. . . .
Gens. Burnside
and Parker..
Gen. Paine. . . .
Gen. Stoneman
Gens. Kearney
and Hooker.
Col. Foster
Maj. Arlington
Gens. Schenck &
Milroy
Capt. Connet. . .
Gen. Pope
Gens. Milroy <fe
Schenck
Gen. Smith
Col. Amory ....
Gen. Geary
Maj. Fitzsimons.
Confed.
Gen. Branch . .
Quantrell
Gn. T.J. Jackson
Col. Scurry and
Maj. Pyron. . .
Col. Parker
Gens. Johnson A
Beauregard . .
Gen. Makad..
Col. O I instead.
Gen. Lee. .
Col. White.
Gen Longstreet
Col. Woodward
Gens. Ruggles,
Price, Van Dorn
Gen. Jackson. .
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
423
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
91 k.466w
50 k. 200 w. 200 p.
3 k. 6 w. 18 p
6 forts captured.
59 horses, 100 guns, and 100 sa
bres were captured.
Ik
7 k. 11 p
600 k. 300 p
15k
Confederates defeated.
100 k. 400 w
Confeds. retreated in disorder.
Many wounded.
Confederates retreated.
Col. Parker and Capt. Walton
88 k. 54 w. 17 p..
2 k
80 k. 100 w. 93 p.
15 k. 25 p
3 k. 22 w
1728 k. 8012 w.
959m
taken prisoners.
1614 k. 7721 w.
3963 ra
Beauregard's report.
15 k 25 w
Ik.lw
20 k. and w
17 k. 6300 p
3 w. 360 p
47 guns and 40,000 pounds of
powder captured.
32 k. 100 w
90 k
25 k. 75 w
Confederates routed.
1 k. 3 w
7 k. 18 w
8 k
Fort captured.
2 k. 20 w
2073 k. Aw. 623 p.
29 k
7 k.25 p
700k.1000w.300p.
Confederate loss heavier.
Unions retreated.
4 w
30 k
Maj. Arlington killed.
Confederate loss computed to b«
much greater.
30 k. 200 w
13 k
Capt. Connet captured.
40 k. 120 w
Confed. loss much greater
20 k. 177 w
2 k
40 k. 200 w
10 k
Unions lost their camp, baggage,
and stores.
10 k
Confederates defeated.
17 k. 20 w
iNaval engagement.
17 k..... k .
6 p
6 k. many w
Maj. Fitzsimons wounded.
424
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1862.
May 17
" 18
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Corinth
Near Searey, Ark.
18j Princeton, Va
lOjNewbern, N. C.
20'Moorfield. Va..
Near Corinth, Miss.
Lewisburg. Va
On the Chickahominy
New Bridge, on the Chicka-
hominy ,
Winchester, Va ,
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
30 Corinth, Miss.
I
30 Front Royal, Va.
Near Winchester, Va. . .
Near Hanover C. H., Va
Corinth, Miss
Hanover Court House
Pocotaligo, S. C
11 31
" 31
June 1
u 1
«• 4
u 8
" 9
- 10
" 12
" 14
u 15
Near Washington, N. C.
Fair Oaks, Va
Between Strasburg and Staun-
ton, Va
Fair Oaks, Va., continued . .
Near Jasper, Tenn
Cross Keys, Va
Port Republic, Va.
James Island
Near Village Creek, Ark
On James Island, S. C
On James Island, Secession-
ville, S. C
Commanders.
Union.
Gen. Osterhaus
Gen. Cox
Lt. Col. Downey
Col. Sedgwick.
Col. Cook
4th Mich
Gen. N. P. Banks
Col. Cluseret.
Confed.
Humphrey Mar
shall.
Gen. Heath.
Col. Purcell.
Gen. Morell.
Gen. Halleck
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Fremont.
Gen. Negley . .
Gen. Fremont.
Gen. Shields. . .
Col. Brackett. . . Capt. Hooker
5th La
Gens. Ewell and
Johnson
Gen. Jackson . . .
Gen. Branch. . . .
Gen. Beauregard
Gn. J.E.Johnson
Gen. Jackson. .
Gen. Adams . . .
Gen. StonewaJ)
Jackson
Gen. Jackson . ,
Gen. Benham . . Col. Lamar. .
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
425
Killed, "Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
10 k. 81 w
12 k. many w . . . .
Confederate loss about 100.
30 k. 70 w
Cox defeated.
,■) k
11 k
4 k. 12 p
25 k
10 k. 40 w. 8 miss'g.
1 k. 6 w
100 p
4 cannons and 200 stand of arnaa
15 w. 31 p
50 k. and w., 37 p.
captured from the Confeds.
Many Confederates killed.
10 k
Banks retreated.
7 w
25 p
Confed. killed and wounded un-
known.
Confed. loss between 200 and 30C
30 k
k. and w., and 500 pris.
Confed. killed left on the field.
53 k. 326 m
11 k
400 k. &w., 600 p.
2000 prisoners and large supplies
8 k. 5 w
20 k. & w., 156 p..
11 k
taken.
6 officers were captured, 2 en-
2 w
gines, and 11 cars.
Confederates defeated.
890 k. 3627 w. and
1222 p
1 2 k. and w
2800 k. 3897 w...
5729 loss
125 k. 500 w
67 k. 361 w. and
574 m
8000 k. aud w
12 k. & w., 25 p. .
600 k. & w
Confederates defeated.
Confederate loss considerable.
Union troops retreated. Con-
federate loss about 1000.
Ik. 13 w
13 w
15 k. 2 w
28 k., w., and p...
17 k. 8 w
40 k. 100 w
Confederate killed and wounded
left on the field.
Confederates defeated.
J k. 19 w
385 k., w., and p. .
Unions defeated.
426
THE NATIONAL II AND-UOOK.
Date.
iulv
1862.
June 18
44 25
" 26
" 27
» 27
" 27
1
23
24
25
" 29
Aug. 2
" 6
M 5
44 6
ii 7
" 7
" 7
" 9
" 11
11 11
44 11
44 11
44 12
44 15
44 16
" 19
M 20
" 20
14 21
" 22
" 25
44 27
44 28
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Ark,
Near Smithville
Oak Grove, Va
Chickahominy
Near Richmond
Gaines' Mills, Va
Village Creek, Ark
Malvern Hill, Va. (7 days.). . .
Florida, Mo
Near Decatur, Ala
Near Orange C. H., Va.
Moore's Mills. Mo
Commanders.
Union.
Maj. Zuley....
Gen. Hooker. .
McClellan
Geu. McClellan
Gen. Porter. . .
Col. Brackett. . .
Gen. McClellan.
Maj. Caldwell . ,
Capt. Harraan,
Gen. Gibson. . .
Brownsville, Tenn.
Orange C. H., Va
Baton Rouge, La. .
Malvern Hill, Va,
Near Mattapony River, Va. .
Fort Filmore, N. M
Near Trenton, Tenn
Kirkville, Mo
Cedar Mountain, Va
11 miles east of Helena, Ark
Compton's Ferry, Mo
Kinderhook, Tenn
Clarendon, Ark
Gallatin, Tenn
Merriwether's Landing, Tenn
Low Jack, Mo
Near Hickman, Mo
Edgefield Junction, Tenn
Near Union Mills, Mo .
Pinckney's Island, S. C.
Near Gallatin, Tenn. .
Attack on Fort Donelson
Kettle Run, Va
ille, Tenn.
Capt. Dollin
Gen. Crawford..
Gen. Williams . .
Gen. Hooker. . .
Generals Gibbon
and Cutter . . .
Col. Canby
Confed.
Capt Jones.
Gen. Lee . . .
Gen. Lee . . ,
Gen. Lee . . .
Gen. Lee. . .
Gen. Lee . .
Col. Porter
Cols. Porter aud
Cobb
Col. McNeill . . .
Gen. Banks. .
Col. Guitars. . . .
Col. McGowan..
Gen. Hovey. . . .
Col. Miller. .
CoL T.W. Harris
Maj. Foster. .
Capt Moore..
Maj. Price.
Gen. Johnson
Gen. Hooker. . .
Col. Murphy . . .
Gen. J. C. Breck-
inridge
Gen. Stuart . . .
CoL Sibley
Capt. Faulkner.
Col. Porter
Gen. Jackson. . .
Jeff. Thompson.
Col. Poin dexter.
Anderson
Col. J. H. Mor-
gan
Capt. Barneld.
Col. Coffee ....
Col. J. 11. Mor-
gan
Morgan
Col. Woodward.
Gen. Ewell
Gen. Forrest . . .
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
427
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
8 k. 4 w. . .
200 loss . . .
80 k. 150 v.
4 w. 15 p.
Over 1000.
7500 k., w. & m.
2 k. 31 w
About 1000
5 k. 12 w. &p.
10 k. 30 w
4 k. 6 w
4 k. 12 w
52 k. 100 w.. .
lo k. & w., 11 p.
250 k., w., and m,
600 k., w., and ni.
72 p.
1500 k„ w., and p.
60 k 100 w.
2 w
4 k. 3 w
3k., 3w.,32p...
64 k. 100 w. 200 p
kbout 800 k. & w
Confed.
About the same.
About 3000.
1 k. 30
2m k. :•*" w
1000 k. 1500 w...
00 k. & w., 200 p.
7 k. 27 p
600 p
6 k. and many w.
20 k. 9 p
110k. and w . . .
4 k. 1 p
7 k 20 w.
1 k. 4 p. .
800k.&w., looop
Kemarkf
Capt. Jones captured.
Confed. loss much the heaviest.
Confederates retreated.
Federals retreated.
Federals defeated, with a loss of
26 men.
Confederates defeated.
Confed. w. left on the field.
Gen. Williams Killed. The Con-
federates were defeated.
Confederate troops defeated.
Confederate troops defeated.
Confederates repulsed.
Confederates defeated.
16 horses captured.
Gen. Johnson and his staff c»p
tured.
Confed. repulsed with heavy loss
Confeds. driven from the field.
Confederates defeated.
428
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Commanders.
Union.
Confed.
1862.
Vug. 28
" 29
" 30
29-30
" 30
fept. 1
" 1
" 2
■« 2
4
" 4
' ; 6"
6 miles west of Centre ville, Va.
Groveton, Va
2d Bull Run.
Gens. McDowell
and Sigel. .
Gens. Hooker,
Sigel, Kear-
ney, Reno, and
King
Gen. Pope . . .
Richmond, Ky
Bolivar, Tenn
Britton's Lane, Tenn.
Chantilly, Va
Gens. Mason and
Craft
Col Leggett. .
Col. Dennis. .
Gen. Pope . . .
Near Plymouth, N. C. . .
Near Slaughterville, Ky.
Fort Ridgely, Minn
Cumberland Gap, Tenn.
Washington, N. C
Near Martinsburg, Va . .
Washington, N. C
Sergt. Green. .
Lt.-CoL Foster.
Gen. Jackson
Gens. Jackson
and Longstreet
Gen. Lee
Gen. E. Kirby
Smith
Gen. Armstrong
Gen. Armstrong
Gens. Jackson,
E well, and HiU
Col. Garret
Indians
Gen. Jul. White
Capture of Shepherdsville, Ky,
Near Poolesville, Md
Williamsburg, Va
Edwards' Ferry, on the Poto-
mac
Fayette, Va
Near Coldwater, Miss
Middletown, Md
South Mountain, Md
Maj. Chapman.
CoL Campbell. .
Gen. Keyes
CoLSiber
Col. Grierson . .
Col. Shingle
Gen. Stuart.
Gen. Loring .
Mumfordsville, Ky ,
Greene River, Ky ,
Harper's Ferry (3 days siege) .
Gens. Hooker &
Reno
Col. Wilder. . .
Gen. Lee
Gen. Duncan.
Col. Miles.
Near Durhamville, Tenn
Falmouth, on Ky. Cen. R.R.
Near Florence, Ky
Lieut. R. Griffin.
Col. Berry
Maj. Foley
Gen. A. P. Hill.
Lt. CoL Faulkner
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
429
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
Confeds. driven back with loss
and many prisoners.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates routed.
Confederates defeated,
Heavy loss on both sides. Death
of Gens. Kearney and Stearns
6000 k. and w
800 k., 4000 w., &
3000 p
200 k., 700 w.,
2000 p
5 k., 18 w., 64 m
12,000 k., w., &m.
700 k. 3000 w
250 k. 500 w
200 k. and w
1300 k. &w
180 k. 220 w
800 k. &w
30 k. 40 p
3 k., 2 w., 25 p . .
Confeds. defeated with loss.
8 k. 36w
2 k. 10 w
33 k. 100 w
50 p. besides k. & w
30 k. 36 p
Federal gunboat exploded her
magazine during the engage-
ment. 18 killed <fe wounded.
85 p.
1 k. 8 w
7 k
Confederates defeated.
5 capts., 4 lieuts.,
aDd Capt. Camp-
bell p.
8 k. CoL Shingle k.
Confederates repulsed with the
loss of 90 mfto.
1 $C k and w, . . . .
Federals defeated.
4 k. 30 w.
80 k. and w
44; k.1806 w.lom.
500 k., 2343 w., &
1500 p
Gen. Reno killed.
Confederates defeated.
80 k., 120 w., and
11,583 p
2 k. 10 w
] w
1500 k. and w
8 k. 20 w
2 k. 4 w. 1 p
5 k. 7 w
Federals surrender. Col. Miles
killed.
1 k. 1 w
430
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1862.
Sept. 17
" 17
" 19-20
"19-20
•« 20
" 21
" 21
" 21
" 22
" 22
u n
" 30
" 30
Oct. 1
1
" 3
3
3-5
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Antietam, Md. .
Leesburg, Va. . .
Iuka, Miss
Owensboro, Ky.
Near Shirley's Ford, Mo .
On Potomac
Mun fords ville, Ky
Shepherd sville, Ky
Sturgeon, Mo
Ashby's G-ap, Va
Yellow Medicine River, Minn
Sharps burg, Md.
Newtonia, Mo
Russellville, Ky
Gallatin, Tenn
Shepherdstown and Martins-
burg, Va
On Blackwater River, near
Franklin, Ya
Blackwater, near Franklin, Va,
Near Corinth, Miss ,
Near Charlestown, Va
Lavergne, Tenn
Near Sibley's Landing, Mo .
Chaplin Hills, Perryville, Ky.
Near Lawrenceburg, Ky
Near Helena, Ark
Stanford, Ky
Carsville, Va ,
Near Charlestown, Va..
Thoroughfare Gap, Va- .
Woodville, Tenn ,
Commanders.
Union.
Gen. McClellan.
Col. Kilpatrick..
Gren.Rosecrans.
Col. Ritchie . . .
Col. Barnes . . .
Col. E. McCook
Col. Granger . .
Maj. Hunt.
Col. R. B. Price
Col. Sibley....
Gen. Solomon.
Col. Harrison.
CoL Stokes...
Gen. Pleasanton
Corns. Perry,
Hunchback,
& Whitehead.
Col Spears
Gens. OrcL Hurl-
but, & Veatch
Gen. Palmer.
Gen. Buell.
CoL Parrott. . .
Maj. Rector. . .
Lieut. Williams.
Gen. Hancock . .
Gen. Stahl
Maj.J.J.Mudd.
Confed.
Gen. Lee.
Gen. Price.
Capt. Cunning-
ham.'
Lieut. Col. Greet
Indians
Col. Cooper.
Col. Bennett...
Gen. Hampton.
Capt. Flusser.
Gens. Price, Va
Dorn. & Love!
Robertson's Bat
Gen. Anderson
Quantrell and
Childs
Gen. Bragg
Gen. Smith
CoL Giddings. . .
Haywood.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
431
Killed, Wounded
, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
12,500 loss
15,000 loss
Confederates defeated.
135 k. 527 w
2 k 18 w
203 k. 400 w. 600 p.
Confederates defeated.
Federal Col. Webber k. Con-
60 or 70 k aud w.
feds, defeated with severe loss.
Confederates defeated.
5 k. 28 p
Confederates defeated.
3 p
Lieut. Col. Green captured.
30 Indians killed and many
wounded; 4 whites killed and
30 wounded.
Confederates dispersed, and a
squad of them captured.
60 k. & w., 100 p.
35 k. 10 p
40 k.,39 p., and
60 k. and w., 9 p..
12 w. 3 p
30 or 40 k. and w.
1423 k., 5692 w., &
2268 p
Confederates defeated.
315 k., 1812 w., &
232 m
Confederates routed.
1 8 k. aud w.
10 k. and w
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
3200 k. w. and m..
1300 k., 3000 w., &
200 p
Confeds. retreated ; great loss.
Confederates defeated with con
9p
siderable loss.
Confederates defeated.
several k. 14 p
Federals defeated.
1 k. 8 w.
9 w. and p
100 p
40 p
100 horses and mules captured.
432
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1862.
Oct. 22
" 22
23
11 23
" 24
" 24
" 27
" 27
" 28
" 29
" 29
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Commanders.
Union.
Pocotaligo, S. C.
Van Bureu, Ark.
Gen. Brannon,
Maj. Lazear. . ,
Waverley, Tenn ... Maj. Blott.
Shelby Depot, Tenn Col. Stuart
Manassas Junction, Va
Grand Prairie, Mo
Putnam's Ferry, Mo
Donaldson ville, La
Fayetteville, Ark
5 miles from Petersburg, Va
Near Butler, Mo
In Webster Co., Ky
Lamar, Mo
Near Nashville, Tenn.
Warreuton, Va
Piketon, Ky
Hudsouville, Miss. . .
Near Marianna, Ark.
Fredricksburg, Va. . .
Huntsville, Tenn
Near Lebanon, Tenn.
Near La Grange, Tenn.
Holly Springs, Miss. .
Fayetteville, Va
Rural Hills, Tenn
Gove Creek, N. C
Bayou Boutouca, near
Pike, La
Near Winchester. Va. . . .
Cold Knob Mountain, Va.
Near La Vergue, Tenn. . .
Fort
Kane Hill, Ark
Snicker's Gap, Va
Near Charlestown, Va.
Maj. F. G. White
Col. Lews ....
Gen. Weitzel . .
Gen. Herron. . .
Lt.-Col. Iswick
Col. Seaman. . .
Col. Foster
Gen. Negleys. .
Gen. Reynolds.
Col. Dills. . . .
Col. Lee
Capt. L. M. Per-
kins
Capt. Dahlgren
Capt. Duncan. .
Capts. Kennett
and Wolford
Col. Lee
Col. Lee
Gen. Sturgis. . .
Col. Hawkins.. ,
Lieut.-Col. Mix,
Capt. Darling. . .
Capt. Harkins. .
Coi. J. C. Paxton
Cols. Hurd and
Dodge
Gen. Blunt . .
Gen. Stahl
Gen. Slocum . . .
Confed.
Gen. Beauregard
CoL Boon
Col. Craven. . . .
Stuart's cavalry
Cockerill
Quantrell
J. H. Morgan.
Morgan's men.
Capt. Evans. . .
Gn. Marmaduke
White and Hen-
derson
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
433
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
30 k
180 w
Confed. loss not reported.
Confederates defeated with con-
siderable loss.
1 k
5 w.
40 k. and w., 30 p.
8 or 10 k. and w. .
17 p
3 w.
8 k. 20 w
several k. 40 p . . .
6 k. 15 w. 208 p...
8 k
18 k
74 w
Confederates defeated.
16 p
200 cattle captured.
3 Confederate lieutenants and 40
8 k.
10 w
30 k. and w J
25 p
horses and carts captured.
6 k.
L9 w
23 p
150 muskets and 40 horses and
80 p
wagons captured.
16 k. 175 p
6 k. several w . . .
39 p
1 w
6 k. several w. . . .
7 k. 125 p
16 k. 134 p
4 k. several cap-
tured
Confederates defeated.
16 k
Confederates defeated.
lw
4 k. several w . . . .
4 k
30 horses captured.
Confederates defeated.
100 p
lOw
Several k
Confederates defeated.
45 k. 40 p
5 k. 18 w
Confederates defeated.
434
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1862.
Dec. 2
2
" 3
" 5
" 7
44 12
44 12
" 12
M 13
41 13
•' 14
" 17
44 18
44 21
44 24
44 25
44 27
" 28
27-29
44 30
1863.
ran'y 2
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Franklin, Va
Near Charlestown, Va. . . .
Oxford, Miss
Helena, Ark
Prairie Grove, N. W. Ark,
Hartsville, Tenn
Near Corinth, Miss. .
Near Kingston, N. C,
Franklin, Tenn
Fredericksburg, Va. . ,
Tuscumbia, Ala.
Kingston, N. C.
Goldsboro, N. C.
Lexington, Kj. .
Davis Mills, Wolf River, Miss.
Near Munfordsville, Ky ,
Near Munfordsville, Ky ,
Dumfries, Va ,
Elkford, Ky
Vicksburg, Miss
Parker's Cros3 Roads,
Tenn.
Stone River, or Murfroesboro,
Tenn
Near La Grange, Ark.
Springfield, Mo
Ripley, Tenn. .
Suffolk, Va....
Hartsville, Mo.
Commanders.
Union.
Col. Spear .
Gen. Geary
Col. Hatch.
Gens. Blunt and
Herrou
Col. A. B. Moore
Col. Sweeney. . .
Gen. Foster ...
Gen.A.S.Stauley
Gen. Bumside. .
Gen. Foster. . . .
Gen. Foster. . . .
Col. B. G. Inger-
soll
Col. K.H.Morgan
Capt. Dickeys.. .
Col. Gray
Col. C. Candy..
Maj. Foley
Gen. Sherman,
Gen. Sullivan.,
Gen. Rosecrans.
Gen.Washburne
Gen. Brown and
Col. Crabb...
Capt. Moore. . . .
Gen. Corcoran .
Col. Merritt
Gens. Hind re mi.
M arm ad uke,
Parsons, ar_d
Frost
Gen. J. H. Mor.
gan
Col. Roddy
Gen. Lee.
Gen. Evans. .
Gen. Evans. .
Gen. Forrest.
Gen. Van
Gen. Morgan. . .
Gen. Morgan. . .
Gens. Stuart &
FitzHugh Lee.
Gen. Johnston.
Gen. Forrest...
Gen. Bragg.
Gens. Marina-
duke and Bur
bridge
Lt.-Col. Dawson.
Gen. Pryor
Gen.Marmaduke
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
435
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
t J k. and w
4i»5 k. 600 w.
55 k. 100 w.
1 k. 2 p
1512k., 6000 w.
2078 p
4 k. Uw
MO k. 478 vv. . .
40 k.
23 p.
10 k and w,
191 k.982 w.756m
200 k. and w
533 k., 6000 w.
17 k 50 w...
3w
Fei. loss 104.
35 k and w. .
70 k. & w., 145 p.
92 p
8 k. 30 p
1500 k. and w
Loss about the
same
1 1 k. 30 w
400 p
5 k. 10 vv
Loss 18o0
70 p
7 I k. 268 w., 400 p.
2 k., 30 w., 20 p.
9 k. 22 w
30 or 40 k. and w.
30 k., 176 w., 51 p.
600 w.
10 k. and w., 10 p,
8 k. f 20 w., 46 p.
150 k. and w. loOp
Remarks.
C mfed. defeated with severe toss.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates repulsed.
Confederates defeated.
Federals surrendered.
13 pieces artillery, etc., captured.
Confederates defeated.
Federals repulsed.
Confederates routed.
13 pieces of artillery captured.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
100 stand of Confederate arms left
on the field.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates routed.
80 Confederate horses captured.
Confederate loss not reported.
Confederates defeated.
Con feds, defeated. Their loss
over 10,000, of which 9,000
were killed and wounded.
Confederate loss 200.
Confederates defeated.
4 36
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1863.
Jaay 11
" 26
" 30
u 30
1 31
Feby 3
" 3
" 4
M 10
" 12
" 15
" 15
" 15
" 19
" 20
" 26
" 27
March 1
" 2
« 2
». 4
•* 5
« 7
« 10
(i 17
" 17
" 19
" 20
u 2i
" 29
u 30
" 30
April 1
u 2
u 2
Names and Places of Battles, En
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Capture of Fort Hindman, on
the Arkansas River
Near Woodbury, Tenn
Trenton, Tenn
Deserted House, 9 miles from
Suffolk, Va
Near Nashville, Tenn
Mingo Swamp, Mo
Fort Donelson, Tenn
Near Lake Providence, La.
Old River, La
Near Bolivar, Tenu
Canesville, Tenu
Nolens ville, Tenn
Arkadelphia, Ark
Coldwater, Miss
Yazoo Pass
Woodstock, Va
15 miles from Newbern, N. C.
Bradyville, Tenn
Near Petersburg, Tenn
Aldie, Va . . .
Chapel Hill, Tenn
Near Franklin, Tenn. . .,
Unionville, Tenn
Near Covington, Tenn
Kelly's Ford, Va
Ne'_/ Franklin. Va
Berwick Bay, La
Near Milton, Tenn. . . .
Commanders.
Union.
Adm. Porter and
Gen. McCler-
nand
Gen. Palmer. .
CoL Wood...
Gen. Corcoran .
Maj. Reeder . ,
Col. Harding.
Capt. Tucker.
Col. Monroe. . .
Sergt. Holmes .
Capt. Brown . .
Lt.-Col. Wood.
5th Illinois . . .
Capt. Jacobs . . .
Gen. Rosecrans.
Capt. Schultze .
Col. Johnson. .
CoL Colburn. . .
Gen. Manly . ,
CoL Grierson. .
Gen. AverilL. .
Col. Spear
Capt. Perkins.
CoL Hall
Gen. Gillmore.
Near Blue Spring, Mo. . .
Near Somerville, Tenn . . .
Near Somerset, Ky
Point Pleasant, W. Va. . .
Doanesville, Va
Woodbury, Tenn Gen. Hazen .
In Jackson Co., Mo Maj. Rausom.
1st Vermont.
Confed.
Gen. Chi.1 chill.
Capt. Dawson.
Gen. Pry or
D. McGee
Wheeler and
Forrest
"3d La."
Morgan's Cav. .
M organ.
Mosby
CoL Roger.
Van Dorn. .
Gen. Russell . . .
Col. Richardson
Morgan and
Breckinridge .
Quantrell
Pegram
Gen. Jenkins.
Capt. Mosby. .
Hicks.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE" WAR.
437
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Nearly 1000 k., w,
and missing. . . .
» k.9w
5 w.
12 k. 30 w.
8 k. a»d w.
2 k. 12 w
6 k., 3 w., 15 p.
5 w
200 k. and p. . . .
lw
15 k. and w. . . .
100 k., 300 w. and
1200 p
ik. 16 w,
Ik. Bw
9 k. 5 m. several w.
40 k. and w
1 k. 1 w
60 k., w., and p.
550 k.&w. 5000 p.
35 k. 100 p
34 p. or killed
12 k., 12 w., 300 p
9 k. 20 w
100 k. 400 w. 300 p
30 k. and w
11 k. and w., '25 p
4 k. 5 w
20 k., many w., 6 p
8k., 20 w., 4p...
14 k. 12 w
6 k. 26 p.
3 k. 48 p
3 k., 30 w., 89 p.
12 k. 20 w
30 p
12 k. 72 p
1 20 k. 300 w.
50 k. 180 w. .
25 k many p.
86 r
k. 20 w.
Remarks.
40 k. 140 w. 12 m.
12 k. 14 p
12 k. 30 w. and p.
ia
Confederates defeated.
Loss in killed and wounded on
each side about 60.
D. McGee killed.
Confederates repulsed.
90 horses taken.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
50 horses, 300 stand of arms cap-
tured.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals routed.
Confederates dispersed.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates retreated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
Federals retreated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Conf. loss 350. 450 cattle capt'rd.
Federals defeated,
Confederates defeated.
438
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Commanders.
Union.
1863. |
Vpril 2 Snow Hill, Tenn
11 10
u 14
11 19
" 20
" 22
" 26
May 1
" 1
" 1
" 1
" 1
Franklin, Tenn . . .
Bayou Teche, La . .
Cold water, Tenn. . .
Patterson, Mo
Near Strasburg, Va.
Gen. Stanley . . .
Gen. Granger. .
Cape Girardeau, Mo.
Near Franklin, Tenn
| Col. Bryant
Col. Smart
Majors McGee
and White . . .
Gen. McNeil
Col. Campbell. . .
14
2
(1
2-3
U
3
M
3
"
6
<(
12
it
14
U
1(3
it
16
18
-22
tt
19
tt
20
it
27
tt
28
June
6
tt
9
ti
14
tt
21
ti
24
tt
•24
a
2h
Near Suffolk, Va., on the Nan
semond River.
Port Gibson, Miss
Monticello, Ky
Near La Grange, Ark
Before Fredericksburg, Va. . .
Chancellors ville, Ya
Warrenton Junction
Hain's Bluff on the Miss.
Tupelo, Miss
Raymond, Miss
Near Jackson, Miss
Champion Hill, Miss
Big Black River, Miss . . .
Vicksburg, Miss
Near Winchester, Va.
Middletowu, Tenn
Port Hudson, La.
Near Doniphan, Mo . .
Milliken's Bend, Miss
Beverly Ford, Va . . .
Col. Nixon
Gen. Grant
Gen. Carter . . .
Capt. De Huff. .
Gen. Sedgwick.
Gen. Hooker. . .
Col. De Forrest.
Morton aiK*
Wharton. . .
Van Dorn
Marmaduke ,
Van Dorn's
Pickets. .
Winchester, Va
Near Middleburg, Va.. . .
Hoover's Gap, Tenn ....
Liberty Gap, Tenn
South Anna, Va.
Col. Corwyn. . . .
Gen. McPherson
Gen. Grant
Gen. Grant
Gen. Grant
Gen. Grant and
Adm. Porter.
Gen. Milroy ....
Gen. Stanley . . .
Gen. Banks and
Ad. Farragut.
Major Lippert. .
Gen. Thomas. ..
Gens. Buford &
Gregg
Gen. Milroy. . . .
Gen. Pleasanton
Col. Hoover
Gen. Willich...
CoL Spear
Gen. J.S.Bowen
Col. Morrison.. .
Gen. Lee.
Gen. Mosby ....
Gen. Ruggles. . .
Gen. Gregg. . . .
Gen. Johnston..
Gen. Pemberton
Gen. Pemberton
Gen. PembertoB
Gen. Gardner
Gn. McCullough
Gn.J.E.B.Stuart
& F. Hugh Leo
Gen. EwelL
Genu W. F. Lee.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
439
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
100
350
10 k. 20 w. .
60 k. and w.
Confed.
15 or 20 k. 50 p. .
300 k. and w
20 k. 40.
2
6 k. 6 w.
41 k. and w
130 k. 718 w. 5 m
41 k., w., and m . .
2000 k. and w
15,000 k. and w.,
17,000 p
80 k. andw.
51 k. 181 w
40 k. 240 w. 6 m.
426 k. 1842 w. ..
29 k. 242 w
Lo3S about 2500..
900 k., w., and m
80 k., w., and ra . .
1 27 k. 287 w. 157 m
380 k., w., and m .
2000
45 k. and w. .
90 k. 100 w.
5 k., 9 w., 25 p.. .
40 k. 200 w
Remarks.
30 k. and w., lip.
1500 k.,w., and p.
18,000 k. and w.
5000 p ,
p..
90 p
75k. 250 w. 1
40o k. and w
4000 k., w., and m
2600
Loss not reported.
6 k. 7 p
8 k. 90 p
600 k., w., and m.
200 k. 500 w. & m
750 k., w., and m.
850 k., w., and m.
150 k. andw., 80 p.
110 p.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates repulsed.
Confederate loss much greater.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Con feds, defeated with severe loss
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
Confed. defeated with heavy loss.
Naval engagement.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
29 cannon captured.
17 cannon captured.
Confederates defeated.
200 horses captured.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Confeds.defeated with henvy loss.
Confeds. defeated with heavy loss.
300 horses, 35 wagons, and their
commander captured.
440
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1863
June 26
July
" 2-3
4
u 4
8
" 12
" 12
u 14
ii n
" 18
"18-19
" 19
" 23
" 26
Aug. 20
" 22
" 28
Sept. 7
9
9
" 19-20
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Commanders.
Union.
Oct.
27
Nov.
3
•' 16
Nov. 17
to Dec. 4
Nov. 24
Shelbyville, Tenn
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
Surrender of Yicksburg, Miss
Helena, Ark
Bolton, Miss.
Surrender of Port Hudson,
Miss
Near Jackson, Miss
Jackson, Miss
Falling Waters, Va
Elk Creek, Ark
Honey Spriugs, Ind. Territory
Fort Wagner, S.
Wytheville, W. Va
Manassas Gap, Ya.
New Lisbon, Ohio.
Chickamauga . . .
Pocahontas, Ark.
Warm Spring, Va
Fort Sumter
Tilford, Tenn
Cumberland Gap, Tenn ,
Chickamausa
Farming-ton, Tenn . . .
Bristow Station, Va..
Brown's Ferry, Tenn.
Bayou Cokay, La
Campbell Station, Tenn
Knoxvillo, Tenn
Lookout Mountain
Gen. Roseeraus. Gen. Bra<"r
Confed.
Gen. Meade...
Gen. Mead. . . ,
Gen. Grant . . .
Gen. Prentiss.
Gen. Grant.
Gen. Banks . . .
CoL Hatch ....
Gen. Lanmann.
Gen. Kilpatrick
Gen. Blunt. . . .
Gen. Blunt. . .
Gen. Gilmoro..
Cols. Tolland &,
Powell
Col. Shack leford.
T. H. Stevens.
Gen. Lee
Gen. Lee
Gen. Pembertoi
G enerals Price,
Holmes, and
Marmaduke . .
Gen. Johnson. .
Gen. Gardner.
Gen. Cooper. . . .
Gen. Cooper. . . .
Gn. Beauregard
Gen. Morgan . .
Gen. Bragg. . .
Gen. Jeff. C.
Thompson . . .
Gen. Burnside.. . Gen. Frazier ,
I
Gen. Rosecrans. Gen. Bragg.
Gen. Wheelor . .
Gen. A. P. Hill
Gen. Cook . .
Gen. Warren ,
Gens. Smith
Hooker Gen. Longstree
Gen. Burbridge.
Gen. Burnside..
Gen. Burnside..
Hookor
Gen, Longstreet
Gen. Longstreet
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
441
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Remarks.
Union.
Confed.
85 k. 463 w. 13m.
Confed. k.<fcw. notrep'td; 1634 p.
Gen. Reynolds killed.
Confederates paroled.
Confederates defeated.
Rear-guard of Johnson's array
captured.
T->rnl loss 28, 19*..
145 k. 3688 w. &
303 p.
250 k., w., ant in.
Total loss 37,000..
9000 k. & w. and
30,000 p.
500 k. or w., 1000 p.
4<)00 p
5500 p . .
13 k. and w
300 k. and w
175 k. ;md w
10.0 com cripts released.
29 k. 36 w
10 k. 25 w
700 k., w. and m..
65 k. and w
30k. 80 w
L300 p. 130 k. &\v.
400 k. or w. 60 p.
500 k. 331 w
75 k. 150 p
300 k. or w., 60 p.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Federals repulsed.
Virginia and Tennessee Railroad
destroyed.
Confederates defeated.
Gen. Morgan and all his cavalry,
400 men, captured.
Federals defeated.
Gen. Jeff. C. Thompson and Stafl
captured.
100 p
2o0
114.
Naval engagement. Federals de-
feated.
Federals defeated.
A large supply of army stores
captured.
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates withdrew.
300 p
2000 d
1644 k. 9262 w.
4045 m
51 k 329 w
76 k. 339 w. 22 ra.
18 k. 100 w. 559 m.
ioo
17,000 k., w., &ra.
1200 k. &w.8o0 p.
Loss over 1 000 . . .
1000
1600
600
442
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
1863.
N.2S-25
" 25
" 21
2t-30
Dec. 14
•« 25
44 2G
1864.
Jan. 2
3
44 12
u n
44 28
44 29
44 30
Feb 3
3
4
14
4 20
22-25
44 22
March 5
44 9-10
44 16
" 21
44 21
25
A.p'18-
44 12
17-20
» 24
* 26
Names and Places of Battles,
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Chattanooga, Term
Capture of Missionary Ridge,
Va
Ringgold, Ga
Locust Grove, Va
Bean Station
Pulaski, Tenn
Charleston, Tenn
Near Moorfield, Va
Jonesville, Va
Mossy Creek, Tenn
Near Dandridge, Tenn
Tunnel Hill, Ga
Scottville, Ky •
Federal supply train captured
near Petersburg, W. Va. ...
Bolton, Miss
Newbern, N. C.
Clinton, Miss. . .
Gainesville, Fla.
Olustee, Fla. . . .
Tunnel Hill, Ga
Near Drainsville, Va.
Yazoo City
Suffolk, Va
Near Fort Pillow
Henderson's Hill
Near Alexandria.
At Fed. Fork, Paduoah,
Ky.
Mansfield, La.
Fort Pillow . .
Plymouth, N. C .
Cane River, La
Supply train captured near
Pine Bluff, Ark
Commanders.
Union.
Gen. Grant.
Gen. Hooker. . .
Gen. Hooker . . .
Gen. Meade
Shackleford ....
Geu. Dodge
Col. Luberk
Gen. McCook.
Maj. Johnson.,
Col. Snyder
Sherman's ad
vance
Gen. Foster. .
Capt. Roberts.
Gen. Seymour.
Gen. Palmer. .
Gen. Mower.
Banks
CoL Hicks . .
Gen. Banks
Majs. Booth &
Bradford
Gen. Wessels . .
Gen. A. T. Smith
Col. Drake.
Confed.
Gen. Bragg. .
Bragg
Gen. Hardee.
Gen. Lee. . . .
Longs tree t. . .
Gen. Wheeler.
Gen. Pickett.
Gen. Gardner. .
Gen. Wheeler.
Mosby
Gen. Forrest . .
Kirby Smith.. .
Gen. Forrest. .
Gen. Hoke ....
Gen. Dick Tayloi
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
443
E , .- -
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
4000
About 16,000
Bragg defeated.
Confed. k. and w. not reported.
100
300 p
iooo
2500
200
800 k. and w
50 p
Forrest's guerrillas captured.
121 p
Confederates defeated.
1
60 k or w., 300 p.
13 k. 20 w.
Confederates defeated.
150 k. and w
14 k. 49 p
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated.
32 k. and 1 Co. p..
40 k. 20 p
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
80 k. and w
12 k. 85 w
Confeds. defeated. Loss mucb
greater.
Confed. Battery defeated.
15 k. 30 w
3oo k., w., and m.
100
Confederates routed.
1500
Federals defeated. Confederate
75 k. and w
300 p
loss about the same.
Killed and wounded not reported.
6 k. 20 w
Federals defeated.
Confederates defeated with con-
"210
25 k
siderable loss.
Suffolk captured.
50 k. and w
•282 p
Confederates defeated.
Confederate camp captured.
Uk.46w
600 k. &w. 1500 p.
600 k. 100 w
150 k. 1700 p
80 k. andw
2000 p
1 000 k. and w
2000 p
Town nearly destroyed by the
bombardment.
Confederates defeated.
Loss not reported.
1000
9 guns captured
444
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
Names and Places of Battles, En
gageinents, and Skirmishes.
Commanders.
Union.
Confed
1864.
May 5-7
8-11
' 10
' 10
4 12
12-15
13-15
" 15
19-20
" 24
May 25
" 28
Junel-3
June 5
" 9
" 10
" 11
15-18
11 22
" 27
July 9
14 12
J y 13-1 5
" 20
" 20
" 22
27-30
Ag. 5-20
Wilderness, Va.
Rock Face Ridge, Ga.
Spottsylvania C. H. . ,
Near Wytheville, Va .
Spottsylvania C. H. . .
Fort Darling, Va
Resaca, Ga
New Market, Va
Bermuda Hundred, Va.
Wilson's Landing, Va. .
Near Dallas, Ga
Dallas, Ga
Cold Harbor, Va
Piedmont, Va.
Mount Sterling
Guntowa, Miss
Near Cynthiana, Ky
Petersburg, Va
Weldon Railroad, Va. .
Near Kenesaw Mt., Ga.
MonocacN , Md
Gens. Grant,
Meade, and
Burnside . .
Gen. Sherman
Grant
Gen. Averill. .
Gen. Grant. . .
Gen
Gen
Gen
Gen
Gen.
Gen
Gen.
Butler..
Sherman
Sigel ...
Butler. .
Wild...
Hooker.
Sherman
Gens. Grant aad
Meade
Gen. Left
Gn. Joe Johnsoa
Lee
Gen. Jones
Gen. Loo
Gn. Bea.-,. egard.
Gn. Joe Johnson
Breckiruiflge. . .
Gn. Beam egard.
Gn. Fits H. Lee.
Gen. Hardee. . .
Gen. Longstreet.
Gen. Lbi",
Silver Springs, D. C
Between Pontotoc aLd lu
polo, Tenn
Before Winchester Va
Peach Tree Cretk, Ga
Before Atlarta. Ga
Petersburg, Va
Mobile Bay, Ala
Gen. Burbridge .
Gen. Sturgis. . . .
Gen. Burbridge.
Gens. Grant and
Meade
Gen. Meade ....
Gen. Sherman . .
Gen. Wallace. . .
Gen. Augur. . . .
Gens. Smith and
Slocum
Gen. Averill... .
Gen. Sherman. .
Gen. Sherman. .
Gen. Grant
Adm.Farragut &
Gen. Granger.
E. Kirfoftlmith,
Gen. Moifcan . .
Gen. Luj. . . .
Gen. Loo
Gen. Johnson.
Gen. J. Karly
Gen. E.uiy.
Gen. Forrest . .
Gen. Early
Gen. Hood
Gen. Hood
Gen. Lee
Gn.Page &, Adm
Buchanan... .
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAE.
445
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
*0C V , w., and m.
5000 k., w., and m
7 uO k. 2800 w... .
97 k.440 w. 225 m
300
40 k. and w
1500
300
9000 k .,' w., and m
986 k. & w. 1000 p
200 k. &w. 1200 p.
10,000
600 k. Aw. 2500 p
1500
looo
200 k,, w., and m
300
250 k., w., and m.
1713 k., w., and m.
8621
5000 k., w., and ra.
120 k. 88
Confed.
650 k., w., and m.
1000 p
Loss much greater.
Loss not reported .
1000 k., w.j and m.
Not stated
275 k. and w., 11 p
2500 k. &w., 300 p.
8000 k.,w., and m.
1500 p
700 p
Loss not reported.
305 k. 275 w. 400 p
Not reported.
Loss not reported
Not reported . . .
100 k., many w.
2000
300 k. & w., 200 p.
5000 k.&w. 1000 p
10,000
1200 k., w., and m.
1756 p.
Remarks.
Oonfd. Gen. Longstreet wounded.
Gens. Wadsworth and Hayes
killed. Loss about 28,000 on
each side.
Loss about 10,000 on each side.
Gen. Jones defeated.
Confeds. lost betw*n. 3000 <t 4000
prisoners, including 2 general
officers tfc 30 pieces of artillery.
Federals defeated.
Confeds. about the same loss.
Confederates retreated.
3 guns and 3000 stand of arms,
stores, etc., were captured, and
a large number of Confederates
killed and wounded.
Confederates defeated.
Federals defeated and the town
burned.
Johnson flanked.
Federals overpowered and forced
to retreat.
Confederates defeated.
Early defeated.
ten. McPherson killed.
K. and w. not reported. 1 50 guns
;aptured.
446
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Date.
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
1864.
Aug. 14 Strawberry Plains,
15-18JDeep Bottom, Va.
1 16 Crooked Run, Va.
Va.
Commanders.
Union.
18-22
" 19
u 21
" 21
" 24
" 25
" 31
8ept. 3
" 16
" 19
" 21
" 26
Sept. 29
to Oct. 1
Sept. 30
Oct. 2
" 7
Jonesboro, Ga.
At Six Mile Station, Va. . . .
On Weldon Road
Summit Point, Va.
Dalton, Ga
On the Weldon Road
Before Atlanta.
Drakes ville & Perry ville, Va.
Greenville, Tenn
Gen. Grant
Gen. Grant
Gen. Merrill ....
Gen. Kilpatrick
and Col. Miuty
Gen. Warren . . .
Gen. Grant
Gen. Sheridan. .
Col. Siebold
Gen. Grant
Gen. Sherman. .
Sycamore Church, Va.
Bunker Hill, near Winchester,
Va
Fisher's Hill, Va
Iron ton, Mo
Richmond and Petersburg, Va.
Preble's Farm
Abingdon, Va
Darbytown Road and New
Market Heights
Fisher's Hill, Va
Allatoona, Ga. .
Darbytown Road, Va
Bull's Gap, Va
Cedar Creek, Va
Lexington, Mo
Mins Creek, Mo
2*7 Darbytown, Williamsburg
Road, and Hatcher's Run, Va
0. 28-30 Decatur
" 28
Nov.
Norristown, E. Tenn.
Fort Sedgwick, Va. .
Gen. Gillam. . .
Gens. Gregg and
Kautz
Gen. Sheridan . .
Gen. Sheridan . .
Gen. Ewing. . . .
Gen. Grant
Gen. Warren. . .
Gen. Burbridge.
Gen. Butler
Gen. Sheridan. .
Gen. Corse
Gen. Terry
Gen. Gillem ....
Gen. Sheridan. .
Gen. Blunt
Gen. Pleasanton
Gen. Grant. . .
Col. Morgan.
Gen. Gillam . .
Confed.
Gen. Lee
Gen. Leo
Gens Lomax i
Wickham ....
Gen. Ross Fer-
guson ....
Gen. Pickett. ..
Gen. Lee
Gen. Early
Gen. Wheeler. .
Gen. Lee
Gen. Hood
John Morgan. .
Gen. Hampton,
Gen. Early. ..
Gen. Early. . . .
Gen. Price. . .
Gen. Lee ....
Gen. Echols. . . .
Gen. Anderson
Gen. Rosser. . .
Gen. French ....
Gen. —
Gn. Breckinridgt
Gen. Early.. .
Gen. Price ...
Gen. Price
Gen. Lee .
Rhoddy .
Vaughn .
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
417
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Ccnfed.
Union.
Total loss 1100.
Total loss 4000.
ro
300.
314 k. and w
3000
600
900
30
lOOok. &w. 3000p.
50 k. 439 w. 50 m.
300
110 k., w., and m.
3000 k. and w
600 k. and w
9 k. 60 w
5000 k., w., and m.
500 k. &w., 1500 p,
350
500
60
600 k., w., and m
414
'220
4000 k.&w. 1300 p
1 000 k. & w. 2000 p
400 k. 1500 w
800 m
100
10.
50 p.
2500 .
1000 k., w., and m.
1500 p
2000
150
1500 k. and w . . .
5000 k., w., and m
70 p
100 k. 15 p
90 k. and w
500 k. 4000 w.
2500 p
400 k. & w. HOOp
1500 k. and w
50 p
18 k. 71 w. 21 m.
1000
330 p
275 k. & w., 500 p,
200
2800 k. & w. 1300 p
900 k., 1000 p... .
1600 k., w., and m
400 p., manyk.&w
200 p
120,
Remarks.
Confed. k. and w. not given.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates defeated.
Confederate loss not reported.
Confederates defeated.
Confederates repulsed.
Confederates repulsed.
Morgan's staff taken prisoners.
Morgan killed.
Confed. Gens. Rhodes and Gor-
don killed.
16 confed. guns captured.
Confederates defeated.
Confed. loss about 2400.
Confed. k. and w. not given.
Confederates defeated.
Federals retreated.
Confederate loss not given.
Blunt defeated.
Gens. Marmaduke and Cabell,
2800 wounded Confeds., and
1500 stand of arms captured.
8 pieces of artillery captured
from the Confederates.
Confederates defeated.
448
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Date.
Names and Places of Battles, En-
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Grahamsville and Pocotaligo,
S. C
Franklin, Tenn
1864.
Nov. 1 2 |Near Nineveh, Ya.
Nov 29
to Dec. 7
Nov. 30
Dec. 1
.. 7
«« 13
" 14
15-21
Dec. 15
D. 15-16
" 17
23-25
1865.
Jan. 15
Feb. 5-7
" 11
17-19
20-22
Feb. 27
toMhlO
March 2
" 10
44 11
■ 16
4 19
' 29
27-25
April 1
Nashville, Tenn ...
Near Murfreesboro.
Kings port, E. Tenn.
Bristol, Tenn
Savannah, Ga
Near Murfreesboro.
Nashville
Ashbyville, Ky. . .
Fort Fisher, N. C.
Fort Fisher. N. C.
Dabney Mills and Hatcher's
Run, Va
Near Wilmington, N. C. . . .
Fort Anderson, N. C
Wilmington, N. C.
Waynesboro, James River, and
Virginia Central Railroad..
Between Charlottesville and
Staunton.
Kingston, N. C
Kingston, N. C. .
Averasboro, N. C.
Bentonville, N. C,
Quake- Roa<i
Petersburg, Va.
Five Forks
Commanders.
Union.
Powell
Gen. Foster. . .
Gen. Schofield . ,
Gen. Thomas. . .
Rosseau
Gen. Burbridge.
Gen. Burbridge,
Gen. Sherman. ,
Gen. Thomas. . .
Gen. McCook. . .
Gen. Butler and
Rear Ad. Porter
Gen. Terry
Gen. Grant and
Meade
Gen. Terry
Gen. Schofield &
Rear Ad. Porter
Gen. Schofield &
Rear Ad. Porter
Gen. Sheridan. .
Sheridan
Gen. Schofield.
Cox and Couch
Gen. Sherman.
Gen. Sherman . ,
Sheridan ,
Gens. Grant and
Meade
Sheridan and
Warren,
Confed.
Gen. Lomax
Gen. Hood.
Gen. Hood.
Forrest
"Basil Duke
Gen. Hardee,
Forrest
Hood
Gen. Lyon . . .
Gen. Whiting.
Gen. Lee.
Gen. Hoke. .
Gen. Bragg.
Gen. Early.
Early
Bragg
Hill and Hoke. .
Gen. Johnson. . .
Gen. Johnson.. .
Bushrod Johnson
Gen. Lee.
Gen. Lee.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAIf
449
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Prom 1200 to 1500
189 k. 1033 w
1104 m
Loss about 6500 . .
400
6500 loss.
195,
110 k. 536 w
147 k. 1038 w
800 w
60
100.
200.
69.,
1000 loss. .
800
74 k. 477 w.
1646 .. ,.,
Confed.
150 p.
1750 k. 3800 W
702p
Loss over 23,000..
207 p
150
300 p
600 k. & w. 1000 p
1500 k. and w..
23,000 loss.. ..
100 k. & w., 280 p.
440 k. & w. 2500 p.
1500 k., w., andm
100
60 p
1072 p....
5k. 1352 p.
1800 p
1200 k. & w., 400 p.
2000
"27 k. 373 p.. .
167 k. 1625 p..
180 k. 124C w,
990 m
3000.
2200 k. & w. 2800
P
5000 p,
Kemailf
2 Confed. guns captured.
Confed. loss not reported.
Confederates defeated.
Forrest routed, losing 14 cannon
Confederates routed.
Forrest defeated.
Ed. Johnson captured, also 47
guns and 7000 small arms.
Lyon defeated.
The fort and 72 guns captured.
Killed and wounded not reported.
Killed and wounded not reported.
11 guns, which was nearly the
whole of Early's force captured
2000 Confeds. captured from the
8th to the 10th.
Confederates repulsed.
Confederates repulsed.
Confederates retire. Loss on
each side 500.
All the Confederate artillery cap-
tured. Davis flies by night
from Richmond.
450
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Data.
1866.
April 1
" 2
" 2-3
" 3
" 6
(>
12
tl
12
"
14
it
16
tl
26
»7
1
4
H
10
tl
10
10
Names and Haces of Battles,
gagements, and Skirmishes.
Ebenezer Church, Ala.
Selma, Ala
Petersburg and Richmond. . ..
Richmond entered by General
Near Farmville and Sailors'
Creek
Surrender of Lee's army to
Fort Blakly, Mobile '
Surrender of Montgomery, Ala.,
Near Salisbury, N. C
Assassination of President Lin
Columbus Sc West Point, Ala..
Surrender of Gen. Johnson and
Surrender of Morgan's old com
Surrender of Gen. Dick Taylor
Tallahassee, Fla
Near Boco Chico. Texas
Capture of Jeff Davis, Irwins
Surrender of General Kirby
Commanders.
Union.
Confed.
Gen. Wilson.
Gen. Wilson.
Forrest.
Forrest.
Gen. Grant Gen. Lee.
Weitzel's colored troops.
Sheridan Lee
General Grant at
Gen. Canby and
Adm. Thatcher
to Gen. Wilson
Gen. Ston'->man.
coin, Ford's The
Gen. Wilson. . . .
his army, num
raand to General
of all the forces
Gen. McCook . . .
Col. Barrett. . . .
ville, Ga
Smith and his
Appomattox
Gen. Taylor
Gen Forrest. . .
Gardner
atre, by J. Wilkes
bering 27,500
Hobson, 1 200
of W. Mississippi
Gen. Sam. Jonea
Gen. Slaughter
army of about
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE WAR.
451
Killed, Wounded, and Prisoners.
Union.
Confed.
300 p
3 Confederate guns captured.
Forrest and Rhoddy taken pris
oners. Selma captured and
all stores.
3000 p
8000
9000k., w, and ra.
6000 p
Confed. Gens. Ewell, Kershaw,
Corse, & Curtis Lee captured,
also 16 guns and 400 wagons.
All were paroled.
32 Conf d cannon captured, 4000 p
C. H , Va
26,115 p
2000
500 k & w., 300 p.
2700 p
100 Confed. guns captured.
1800 p
14 Confed. cannon captured.
1500 p
100,000 bales of cotton taken.
men, at Mt. Ster
to Gen. Canby.
ling, Ky.
10,000
8000 p
None killed.
70
80,000.
This was the last engagement ol
the war.
1
Statement of Vessels captured and destroyed for Violation of
the Blockade, or in Battle, from May, 1861, to May 1885,
from the Official Report of the Secretary of the Navy.
Schooner. ..
Ship
Schooner .
Schooner.
Schooner.
Ship
Brig
Sloop
Schooner. ..
Schooner...
Brig
Schooner . . .
Schooner.. .
Schooner...
Schooner ...
Schooner. ..
Brig
Brig
Schooner . . .
Schooner...
Schooner .. .
Bhip
Steamer....
A. J. Russell
Argo.
Areola .
Almira Ai
Aid
Amelia,
Amy Warwick. .
Alena
Achilles
Ann Ryan
Alvarado
Abbie Bradford.
A lbion
Aigburth
Aristides
Alert
Ariel
Ariel
Argonaut
Adeline
Albion
Admiral
Anna
Schooner..
Sloop
Schooner. .
Schooner . .
Sloop
Yacht
Steamer...
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner. ,
Schooner..
Schooner.,
Steamer.. ,
Ship
Schooner .
Sloop
Steamer..
Schooner .
Schooner .
Schooner.
Schooner.
3choon# '
1861
May
May
May
May
June
June
June
June
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Sept.
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
A. J. View.
Advocate . . ,
Anna Smith....
Arrow
Atlanta
America
Albemarle...
A. H. Partridge.
Alphonsina..
Anna Belle. .
Alert
Active
Alfred Robb.
Alliance.. . ..
Albert.
Annie.
Alice - .
Actor
Andromedi
Agnes H. W ard
Amer'n Coaster
' Vnes
Mob
Charleston
i Hampton roads
ll'otom :ic river...
iChandeleur island.
Galveston
St. Mary's river ...
Mississippi river.
Niagara
Wabash and Union
Minnesota
Mount Vernon
Massachusetts
South Carolina
J-itr.cstown
Powhatan
13
16i Charleston 'Roanoke & Seminol*
31
tLat. 30% long. &0 C
jKey West
Charleston
Jamestown
Roanoke and Flag
Vandalia
Gcmsbok
Susquehanna
Off Cape Carnaveralj Connecticut
Coast of S. Carolina. Penguin & Alabama
20 Wilmington, N. C
13
17
25
12
Nov. 22
Dec.
Jan. 10
Feb. 25
March
Mar. 14
Tybee
Mississippi sound.
Alabama
New London & R. R
Cuyler
New London A, R. R
Cuyler
New London, &o
Cedar Keys.
St. John's, Florida..
West cc Ast of Florida
East coast of Florida Ottawa, &c-
Newbarn, N . C Rowan's expedition
Hatteras
Bienville <fc Mohica*
Ethan Allen
March.. | Cap* Biass Pursuit
Feb. 26 St. lohn's, Florida.. Bienvilla
April 26 St'.no, S. Carolina.. Flambeau
April 19i Florence, Alabama. Tyler
Capt-ure< 1 at Fort Daylight anJ Chip
Macon pewa
Charleston Huron
Gulf of Mexico Kanawha
, Perry, Lcckwood &
May Ujitoanotre nver Cerea
Mar. tiramlioo river, N. CJCeres
May 2t!j»urn.'.. Cuba I Pursuit
June HUoanfc -~ S Carolina I Northern Light
June j uriufcun**v river Currituck
July 1 iHunravilU
April 26
May 1
April 2!
454
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Schooner . ,
Steamer . . .
8teamer...
Schooner..
Sloop
•Schooner.,
Schooner.,
Schooner.,
Sloop
Tag ,
Ram ,
Schooner.
Steamer..,
Schooner. ,
8choouer.
Steamer..,
Schoouer.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
SIood
Name.
Aquilla.
kaela..
Ann
Albemarle
America
Anna Sophia . , .
Arctic. *.
Agnes
Ann Squires....
Anglo American
Arkansas . .
Adventure
A. B
When
cap-
tured.
1862
Aug. 4
July 7
Where captured.
Charleston.
Bahamas...
June 19 Mobile
By what vosmL
Mar. 25 Pungo river, N. C. . .
April 10 Newtogan c'k, N. C.
Aug. 27 Gulf of Mexico
Potomac river
o ^+ or. St. Andrew's sound,
oepi. j,o Ga...
Oct. 1 Wicomico bay...
Aug. 2 Mississippi river.
fluron
Quaker City a&a
lluntsville
Susquehanna 4. .Kan-
j awha
Delaware
jCom. Perry, &c
R. R. Cuyler
Freeborn
Florida
William
Essex
Sloop ,
Steamer...
Schooner
Schooner.,
Schooner.,
Brig ,
Bteamer..,
Schooner.,
Schooner.,
Sloop
Schooner.
Schooner.,
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Bchooner.
Sloop
Schooner.
Ram
Annie Dees....,
Adelaide
Anglia
Ariel
Agnes
Alicia
Ariel ,
n Maria....
Ann
Avenger
Antona
A. W. Baker . . .
A.W.Thompson
Alligator
Avon
Annie
Atlantic
Aries
Antelope
Agnes
Aurelia
Anna
Ascension
Annie B
Alabama
Oct. 1 Pensacola (Kensington, &c.
Aug. 15 Corpus Christi. 'Arthur
Nov. 7 Charleston Seneca
Oct. 21 Sounds of N. Oar. . . Ellis
Oct. 24 Bull's bay Flag & Restless
Nov. 15 Lat. 24°, long. 83° . . 'lluntsville
Nov. 24 Indian river Sagamore
Dec. 10 ! .... „
Nov. 18 Shallotte inlet, >'. C.Monticello
Dec'.' 30 Jupiter inlet.
18G3. I
Jan.
Jan.
Fob.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb. 25
Mar. 15
Mar. 28
Mar. 31
Steamer..
Iron-clad,
rebel . . .
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Brig
A. Carson
Alma
Amelia
Angelina
\. J. Hodge...
Arkansas
Mar. 23
Feb. 26
April 14
April 17
April 18
April 24
May
5.... „
6 Cape St. Bias
3 Mississippi river
28 Tinev Point
8 Caloosahatchie river
14 Abaco...
Wilmington
Havana
Bull's Bay, S. Car..
Charleston
Tortugas
Mosquito inlet
Suwanee river
Havana
Lat. 27°, long. 83° . .
Lat. 29°, long. — "...
Chesapeake bay
Argo
Atlanta
Vnna Maria....
Arctic
Ann
Artist
Atlantic
May
May
May
Charleston.
At sea.
Lat. 28
June 17
June 28
May 28
July 6
Aug. 15
Aug. 10
long. 86°
Yazoo city
Savannah
Steinhathee river. . .
Great Yiocomico —
Charlotte Harbor,
Florida
Lat. 28% long. 95° . .
Rio Grande.
Gem of the Sea
Sagamore
Pocahontas
Queen of the We*
"Wyandank
Julia
Tioga
State of Georgia
Sonoma
Stettin
Memphis
Two Sisters
Arizona
Fort Henry
lluntsville
Wanderer
■Susquehanna
W. World and 8-
Rotan
Perry
Flag, Canandaigua,
Wamsutta
Courier
Huntsville
Yazoo Pass erpedl*
tion
ti
Weehawken ana
Nahant
Fort Henry
Satellite
Restless
Bermuda
Princess Roy»«
FOR VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
455
Class.
Bteamer. . . .
Schooner...
Steamer...,
Steamer...
Brig
Steamer —
Steamer
Boat
Schooner..
Schooner..
English sch
Schooner..
British sch.
Steamer —
Name.
Alice Vivian...
Ann
Alonzo Childs .
Arabian
Atlantic ,
Alabama
Argus ,
Alice
Arctic ,
Anita
Amelia Ann...,
Albert, or "We
nona ,
Antoinette ....
Antonica ,
Sloop
Schooner. .
Steamer...
Mexican sch
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner. ..
Steamer. . . .
Steamer
Steamer
Schooner...
Steamer. . . .
Schooner...
Rebel ram..
Rebel steam
Schooner. . .
Steamer....
Schooner...
Bchoonei . . .
Steamer....
Schooner. . .
Rebel sch. . .
Sloop
Annie Thorn ps'n
Arietta, or Mar-
tha
Alliance
Alma
Amanda
When
cap-
tured.
1863
Aug. 16
Aug. 8
Where captured.
Gulf of Mexico
Gilbert's bar . .
Schooner.
Schooner.
8chooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sokooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Agnes
Ann C. Daven
port ,
Arrow
A. D. Vance....
Annie
Annie Virden...
Annie ,
Ann Louisa...
Albemarle
Alabama
Albert Edward
Armstrong
Alabama
Augusta..
Amazon
Annie Sophia..
Anna Dale
Annie
Belle Conway.
Brilliante
Basilde
Brunette
Baltimore
Beverly
Bachelor
Brena Vista...
Beauregard....
Sept. 15
Aug. 14
Sept. 12
Oct. 7
July 13
Nov. 15
Oct. 27
Nov. —
Nov. 30
Dec.
Dec. 20
1864.
Jan. 16
Mar. 3
April 12
April 19
May 14
May 3
May 12
July 2S
Sept. 10 1
Oct. 31
Oct. 5
Oct. 7
Sept. 6
June 19
Oct. 31
Dsc. 4
Dec. 7
1865.
Jan. 17
Mar. 2
Feb. 7
Feb. 18
April 11
1861.
May 15
June 23
July 16
Sept. 29
Oct. o
July n
Nov. 13
New inlet. N. Car..
Off the Rio Grande,
Chandeleur island . ,
At sea
At sea
Brazos Santiago.
Off Mobile
Cumberland beach.
Off Wilmington...
St. Cath.'s sound..
Off Tybee island...
Off Savannah
Coast of Texas
Off Espiritu Santo
Pass
On' Velasco, Texas . .
Alligator river
By what vessel
De Soto
Sagamore
Mississippi squaarom
Shenandoah
Eugenie
Black Hawk
Fort Henry
Ladona
Granite City
Gatesvillc, N. C...
At sea
Off New inlet
Off Valasco
Near Cape Fear
Lat. 26° 30' N.; long.
89° 30' W
Roanoke river
Off Cherbourg, Fr..
Lat. 27° N.; long. 94°
W
Lat. 32° N; long. 77°
W
Off St. Louis Pass...
Suwanee river, Fla
Savannah river.
Galveston Bay .
Pass Cavallo
Crystal river, Fla..
Hampton roads.
Mississippi sound. .
Coast of Maryland .
Hatteras inlet
Potomac river
Bahama channel...
Kanawha
Braziliera
Gov. Buckingha
Fernandina
S. Car., T. A. Ward
Virginia
Kanawha
Chocura
Ceres and Rockland
Naval and army cap-
ture
Santiago de Cuba
Kansas, &c.
Mobile
Aster
Proteus
Torpedo boat (Lieut.
Cushing)
Kearsarge
Katahdin
R R. Cuyler and
others
L'rincess Royal and
Chocura
Honeysuckle
Pontiac
Bienville and Prin-
cess Royal
Panola
Sea Bird
Minnesota
Massachusetts
it
Potomac flotilla
Susquehanna
Gemsbok
Potomac flotilla
Resolute
"W. G. Anderson
456
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Brig..
Sloop.
B. F. Martin
Blooming
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Sloop
Scliooner.
Sloop
Stoop
Schooner.
Schooner.
Elack "Warrior.
British Queen..
Bermuda
Belle
British Empire.
Baigorry
Beauregard....
Blossom
Breaker
Bellefont
Belle Iialia....
Brilliant
By George
1861
July 28
Youth) Dec. 18
1862.
Feb. —
Mar. 1
April 27
April 26
Hatteras
Alexandria, Va.
Steamer.... Bloomer
Schooner... Brave ..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Sloop ....
Ship
Schooner.
Sloop
Boat
Steamer..
8chooner...
Steamer...
Sloop
Steamer...
Steamer...
Steamer...
Schooner..
iteamer...
Schooner..
Steamer...
Schooner...
Gunboat. .
Rebel st'r-.
Rebel st'r.
Schooner . .
8chooner..
Burton
Berwick Bay..
Belle
Broth rs
Bangor
Bright
B azi t
Britannia
Banshee
Bettie Cratzer.
Blue Belle
Buckshot
, . Banshee
. . Biprelow..
Bendigo...
Buffalo....
Bombshell.
Boston....
Bat
Badger...,
Beatrice..
Belle
Blenheim...
Ben Willis.
Beaufort.
Jun<:
Feb. —
July 10
Nov. 3
Dec. 1
1863.
Jan. 1
Jan. 15
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Mar.
April
May
June
July
June
July
Aug.
Nov. 21
Dec. 16
1864.
Jan. 3
Feb. 1
Elizabeth City...
Wilmington
Hole-in- Wall
Charleston
Maratanzas inlet..
Lat. 23°, long. 83°
Coast of Te a~
Potomac river . . .
Coast of Texas....
New Topsail inlet
Indian river
Pensacola
New Orleans, La. . .
Mississippi river . .
23 Sapelo sound ,
22 Abaco ,
24 Gulf of Mexico
27 Lat, 26°, long. 96°,
25 j Lat. 25°, long. 74°.
29:New Inlet
23 Coast of N. Car..,
2 Sabine Pass
7
Bear Inlet.
May
July
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
1865
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Off "Wilmington....
St. Andrew's sound
Ga
5 1 Off Plymouth, N. C.
8 Off Wilmii gton
10|
c St. George's Sound.
6 ! Fla
27 Off Charleston, S. C.
27 Galveston, Texas...
24 Carte Fear river
Lat. 28° N., long, 92°
W
Richmond, Va
Baltic
Black Diamond
Cecilia...
Cambria.
May 10
»
1861.
Sept. 24
April 23
Tombigbee river. . .
Hampton roads.
Union
Perry
Rowan's expeditioB
Mount Vernon
Mercedita
Uncas
Isaac Smith
Bainbridge.
Rachel
Reliance
Arthur
Daylight
Sagamore
Naval and army oap-
ture
Octorara
Admiral Farragutfi
fleet
Queen of the West
Potomska
Tioga
Fort Henry
'De Soto
Brooklyn
| Santiago de Cuba
[Niphon
Fkimbeau
Cayuga
San Jacinto
j Grand Gulf and FuV
ton
Not known
'Blockading squadron
IBraziliera
JMattabesett and oth-
ers
Fort Jackson
Montgomery, &c
Adela
Picket boats
Virginia
N. Atlantic squadro*
Panola
Part of N. Atlantic
squadron
Part of West GulJ
squadron
Dart
Cumberland
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
457
Class.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
1861
May 2
May 17
May 27
July 5
Aug. 8
April 7
Sept. 4
Dec 6
Dec. 15
Dec. 31
1862.
Jan. 23
Feb. —
Mar. —
Mar. 14
April 3
April 2
April 5
April 10
May 4
May 22
May 26
May' 31
May 13
Hampton roads ....
)! ....
Schooner...
Schooner. . .
Crenshaw
Catherine
Caroline
C. P. Knapp
Charles Henry.
Col. Long
Cheshire
Charity
Capt. Spedden..
Calhoun
Minnesota
>»
Sloop
Chandeleur island . .
Massachusetts
Flag, Seneca, Poca.
hontas, Augusta,
and Savai nah
Stars and Stripes
Harry Lewis, Water-
Schooner....
Hatteras inlet
Steamer
Southwest Pass
Roanoke island
West coast of Fla . . .
Lat. 26°, long. 84°..
Lor don
Colorado, Bachel
Seaman, and tend-
er of Samuel Bo-
tan
Rowan's expedition
Sloop
Schooner.. . .
Caroline
Cora
Ethan Allen
Panola
Sloop
Coquette
Charleston bar
Apalachicola
Coast of Texas
Susquehanna
Mercedita and Saga
Schooner.. . .
Columbia
Charlotte.
Montgomery
Steamer....
Steamer....
Circassian
Constitution....
Cambria
Coast of Cuba
Lockwood's Folly in-
let
Somerset
Mount Vernon, Vic-
toria, and State of
Steamer....
Georgia
At Sea
Charleston
Bayou Bonfouca....
Keystone State
Calhoun
Mound City
Gunboat. . . .
Corypheus
Catalina
June 20
June 16
June 28
Mar. 14
April 10
Alabama and Flam-
Cedar Keys
Warsaw Sound
Sounds of N, Car....
beau
Somerset
Braziliera
Schooner...
Caroline Virginia
Comet
Naval expedition
Bo wan' s expedition
Newtogan c'k N. C. .
Commodore Perry
and others
Arthur
Santiago de Cuba
James S. Chamber*
Propeller . . .
Columbia
July 9 Coast of Texas
Aug. 3,Lat. 28', long. 76°...
Aug. 23!Lat. 23% long. 84°..
1 pi g : : « «
«8tf) cd SSio cc on
Chapel Point...
Conchita
Carolina
Capitola
Caperton
Sept. 20
Oct. —
Oct. 28
Nov. 8
ii
Nov. 11
Dec. 22
Potomac river
Coast of Texas
Lat 29°, long. 87°...
Glymont, Md
Jacob Bell
Crocker's expedition
Montgomery
Resolute
Sabine Pass
Lat. ^4°, long. 83° . . .
Velocity, Dan Ken-
sington, and Ka-
1 Courier
chel Seaman
Iluntsville
458
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Brig
8chooner..
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
Comet...
Carmita.
BWf-
Steamer..
Schooner..
Steamer . .
Schooner.
8chooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Steamer..
Steamer...
Brigantiae.
Boat
81oop
Schooner...
Cuba
Comet
Crazy Jane
f!. Ronterean. . . .
Farwell...
1862
Dec. 2&:Abaco.
Dec. 27 Marquesas keys
1863.
Jan. 19
Ceres
Chatham
Curlew
Charm
C. "W. Worrell.
Clara
Clyde....
Crotilda..
Cherokee.
Clarita..
Calypso.
Charleston .
Cassandra.,
Clara Ann .
Clotilda...
Cronstadt.
Feb. 27 Alexandria, Va.
Feb. 28|
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Mar.
April
April
May
April 20 Apalachicola .
May 17 Tat. 28°, long 87°.,
May 15 Fort Morgan ,
May 8|Tampa bay, Florid:
May 16 Charleston
New Orleans, La...
23 Indian river
24
25 Mobile
30jDeer creek
HJCarnpeachy bank.
16 Lat. 28°, long. 80°
7 i Charleston bar
April 26|Lat. 26°, long. 83°
June 11 Wilmington
June 1: Crystal river
June 3j ,,
June 21 At sea.
June 19
July 26
July 11
Aug. 7
July 29
April 20
July —
July -
July —
Dec. —
Bee. —
July 11
Steamer...
Schooner.
Sloop
Sloop
Steamer...
Schooner.. ..[Carmita I^ug,
Sloop
Schooner.
8teamer..
Aug.
July
Julv
do. 19
Aug.
Clara Louisa.... (Aug.
Charmer July
Cornubia I Nov.
Near Apalachicola .
Santiago de Cuba
Magnolia
Admiral Farragut'l
fleet
Adolf Ilugel
New Era
(Jem of the Sea
Wyandank
Kanawha
Mississippi squadxos
Sonoma
McClellan
Canandaigua and
Flag
By what v
St. Joseph's bay.....
Mississippi squadron
Wilmington
Rappahannock river
Cone river
Mosquito inlet...
"Wacassassa river.
Cape San Bias
Lat. 27°, long. 76°
Lat. 26°, long. 95.
81 Indian River inlet. .
26 Mosquito inlet. . .
8! Off New Inlet....
Port Royal
De Soto
Kanawha
Tahoma
S. Atlantic block-
ad'g squadron.
De Soto
Florida
Fort Henry and
Beauregard
Fort Henry and
Beauregard
Octorara and Tioga
Fort Henry
Hendrick Hudson
De Soto
San Jacinto
Port Royal
Port Royal
J. L. Davia
Osage
Seminole
Yankee.
Sagamore, &o
Fort Henry
Hendrick Hu<
Rhode Island.
Bermuda
Sagamore
'Sagamore, &c.
Jas. AdgerandNip
hon
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
459
Class.
Steamer
Eng. stem'r,
Schooner....
Schooner....
Name.
Chatham.
Ceres
Caroline..
Concordia.
Sloop.
Steamer..
Schooner..
81oop
Steamer..
Sloop
Sloop
Schooner..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Schooner.
Sohooner.
Caroline.
Cumberland.
Camilla
Cassie Holt..
Caledonia ...
Potev sound
Cape Fear river
Dec. 28lOclockney river, Fla.
Oct. 5 Calcasieu Pass ....
1864.
Jan. 18 Jupiter inlet
Jan. 6 At sea
Feb. 26 Suwai.ee river, Fla
Caroline
Cyclops
Coquette
Condor
Constance
Cora Smyser...
Carrie Mair . . .
When
cap-
tured.
1803
Dec If
Dec fi
Where captured.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
May 30
June
June
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct
Nov.
Dec
Fort Pembert'ii
At sea
San Luis Pass.
At :
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
H. brig.
Dorothy names
1 Delaware Far-
mer
I Dart ,
Delta ,
Sohooner. . . . , Delight .
10 Jupiter inlet
12 ! Off Charleston
26 1 rotomac river
lj
5, Off Charleston
28 Off Velasco. Texas..
30 Pass Caballo, Texas.
5 Lat. 32° N., long.
77° W.
19. Off Galveston island
By what vessel.
lul;;j
Lat. 33° N
75° W.
Cape Fear river,
Combahee river, S.
Carolina
Stranded on Sulli-
van's island
Lat. 23° N., long.
83° W.
Yorktown, Va
Near Brazos de St.
Iago.
Mississippi river....
Off Galveston, Texas
Huron
Conn, and others
Stars and Strip**
Granite City
Roebuck
Vanderbilt
Clyde
Mississippi squadron
Expedition up Yazoo
De Soto
Virginia
Massachusetts and
Keystone State
Union
Flag
Adolph Ilugel
Sciota and Chocura
Itasca
Gettysburg and oth
ers
I Mackinaw
Princess Royal
Horace Beals
Malvern and others
Dai-Ching and Clo-
ver
Roanoke river,
Charleston,
C...
Hampton roads....
May 14
July 4 1 Galveston
Oct. 27
Dec. 9|Mississippi sound..
Iuka
Crusader
Quaker City
Huntress
Gertrude
Cornubia
Cornubia and Qei
trude
Boat expedition
Cumberland
South Carolina
Santee
New London
460
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Name.
Bloop
Steamer..
Schooner. ,
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Sohooner.
Steamer..
Propeller.
Steamer..
Schooner..
Steamer..
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Brig
Dudley or Pink'
ney
Darlington.
Dixie
Deer Island
Director
Director ,
Defiance
David Crockett
Dart ,
Dan.
Diana
Dove
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
Jan. 10 Cedai keys....
Mar. 3 Feruandina. . .
April 15 Georgetown...
May
May 4
July -
Sept. 7
Oct. 13
Oct. 6
Oct. —
Nov. 26
Steamer..
Schooner.
8teamer..
Steamer . .
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Bark
Schooner.
Sloop....
81oop.
Sloop....
Schooner.
Schooner
Diana
Douro
Dolphin
D. Sargent
Dart
Dew Drop
Don Jose
Director
Duoro
Diamond
Dashing Wave.
Dare
Defy
Dee
Don
Donegal, or Aus
tin.
Delia
Delphina.
Deer
Dolly....
Denbigh.
Elite.
Emily Ann....
Elizabeth Ann.
Enchantress...
Extra
Eagle
Edwin
Eziida
P^wd. Barnard..
Empress ....
E. J. Waterman
Express
Ellen Jane
Eugenia Smith.
Emma
Eugenia Smith.
Mississippi sound.
York river
Sapello eound.
Charleston
Coast of Texas.
Pass Cavalo.
Jan. 19
Mar. 9
Mar. 25
Mar. 12
May 1
May —
July 2
Sept. 30
Oct. 11
Sept. 23
Nov. 5
1864.
Jan. 9
Feb. 3
Feb. 6
Mar. 4
June 6
1865.
Feb. 17
Jan. 22
Feb. 18
New Orleans
Lat. 33°, long. 77°.
Lat. 19°, long, 65°
Galveston
Mobile
At sea
Point Bossa
New inlet
St. Simon's sound.
Off Rio Grande...
Off Doboy light, Ga.
Near Masonb< >ro' . . .
Off Beaufort, N. C...
Off Mobile bay
Mav 25
1861
May
May 14
July 22
Aug. 29
Aug. 12
Sept'.' 30
Oct 16
Nov. 26
Nov. 30
Dec.
Dec. 18
Dec.
1862
Jan. 17
Feb.
By what vesML
Near Bayport, Fla.
Calcasieu river. ...
Charlestons. C...
Roanoke river, N. C.
Hampton roads
Coast ot Virginia...,
Rappahannock river
Beaufort, N. C...
Barrataria bay...
Pass h l'Outre...
Northeast Pass, Miss
Ty bee light
Mississippi sound
Alexandria, Va..
Off Bio Grande..
Coast of Florida.
Lat. 28°, long. 91°
ITatteras
Naval expedition
Keystone State
Bonio
Corwin and Cum
tuck
Brazil i era
America and Flag
Kensington, &o
Kittatinny
Magnolia
Admiral Farragut
Quaker City
Wachusett
Kittatinny
Kanawha
Yazoo expedition
Juniata
Gem of the Sea
Nansemond
Stettin
Owasco, Virginia.
Aries
Midnight
Cambridge
Pequot
Metacomet
Mahaska
Chocura
Monad nock and ott)
Naval expedition
Cumberland
Albatross
Daylight
Resolute
Cambridge
South Carolina
Vincennea and Mis*
Savannah
New London
Perry
Santiago de Cub»
Connecticut
Bohio
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
461
ClMS.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel
Steamer....
Sloop
Ellis
Edisto
Elizabeth
Eva Bell
Eulhen
Eugenie
Emily St. Pierre
1862
Feb. —
Feb. 14
Mar. 14
Mar. 16
Mar. 18
April —
April 25
May 20
May 22
May 29
June 26
July 7
July 23
July 5
Aug. 21
Oct. 11
Roanoke island
Bull's Bay
Rowan's expedition
Rowan's expedition
Schooner...
Ship
Propeller...
Steamer....
Schooner. . .
Off the Mississippi..
Owasco
Blockadi'g squadron
Potomac river
Lat. 28°, long. 97°...
North Carolina
Ella Warley
Eugenia
EllaD
Santiago ie Cuba
I lunch back and
Whitehead
Steamer. . . .
Elizabeth
Keybtoie State and
Jas. Adger
Mt. Vernon, Penob-
scot, Mystic, and
Victoria
Restless and Flag
Bull's bay
Lat. 27°, long. 75°...
Schooner. . .
Elizabeth
Schooner...
Sloop
Elmira C'rnelius
Flag and Restless.
Crocker's expedition
Aug. 12
Nov. 5
Sept. 26
Nov. 3
Nov. 24
Dec. 28
1863.
Jan. 27
Feb. 9
June 28
Feb. 12
Mar. 8
May 4
May 2
April 23
May 6
May 16
May 21
May 31
Coast of Texas
Lat. 26°, long. 77°...
Velasco, Texas
Schooner...
Elias Reed
Octorara
Kittatinny
Mt. Vernon and
Schooner. . .
Sloop
Schooner. . .
Schooner. . .
Schooner...
Sloop
Steamer....
Sloop
Sloop
Schooner...
Emma Tuttle. ..
Ellen
Exchange
Emma Tuttle...
Emily Murray..
Elizabeth
Evansville
Enterprise
Express
Emma Amelia. .
Elias Beckwith..
Eugenie
Emeline
Indian river
Rappahannock river
Cambridge
Sagamore
Anacostia
Hope
Cujur de Lion
Sagamore
Concstoga & Duch-
ess.
Sagamore
Chocura and Mar*-
tanza. *
Roebuck
Jupiter inlet
Carson's landing.. . .
Coast of S. Carolina
St. Andrew's bay,
Fla
Sloop
Steamer....
Sloop
R. R. Cuyler
Echo
Lat. 25°. lone. 83°..
Sunflower
Eagle
May 18 Lat. 25°. Ions:. 77°..
Octorara
Emma Bett
Evening Star . . .
Elizabeth
May —
May 29
'June 14
June 19
July 3
July 2
July 24
July -
July 13
Oct. —
Nov. 9
Yazoo expedition
Cimarron
Juniata
Para
Sloop
Schooner...
"Warsaw sound. Ga..
Lat. 23°, long. 83°..
Mosquito inlet
Sloop
Fort Henry
Eureka
Covington
Arago, army trans-
Lat. 33°, long. 76°..
Red River expedite'
Excelsior
Elizabeth
Ella and Anna.
Steamer....
Lockwood's Folly in-
let
Steamer....
Niphon
462
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Claes.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Steamer....
Steamer....
Schooner.. .
British sch.
British sch.
Schooner..,
British sch.
Steamer
Schooner.. ,
Steamer
Steamer...,
Schooner..,
Steamer
Steamer...,
Schooner..,
Brig
Steamer —
Steamer...
Schooner. .
Brig
Schooner. .
Schooner . .
Schooner. .
Ship
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner . .
Schooner..
Sloop.^....
Ella. . . .
Eureka.
Ella....
Edward. . . ,
Exchange.
Ellen
Eliza.
Emily
Experiment.
Emma
Steamer..
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner .
Schooner .
Steamer..
Schooner.
8ehooner.
Steamer . .
Bark
Schooner.
Schooner.
8\oop
v, oop
1863
Nov. 10 Off Fort Fisher
Nov. 22At8ea
Mason'>oro' inlet, N
Carolina
Nov. 26
Dec. 24
1864.
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
May
June
Elsie
Emily
Emma Henry.
Ella
Elvira
Eco
Emma No. 2..
Egypt Mills...
F. W. Johnson.
Forest King...
Fanny
Falcon
Favorite
Finland
Falcon
Fanny Lee....
Fairwind
Fashion
Florida
Forrest
Fanny
Florida
Fairplay
Floyd
F. J. Capron..
Falcon
Florida
Farre7i
Flash
Fashion
Fannie Laurie.
Fanny
Frances
Flying Cloud.,
(Flying Fish....
Near Suwanee river
Coast of Texas ,
16 Off Mobile.
19 Jupiter inlet, Fia.
10 Masonboro' inlet..
3 Coast of Texas . . .
9 Near Charlotte har.
Sept. 4
Oct. 19
Dec. 8
Dec. 3
1865.
Feb. 25
Feb. 19
Mar. 20
1861.
June 1
June 13
June 23
July 5
July 16
Aug. 26
Nov. 6
Aug. 29
Nov. 29
Dec. 11
1862.
Feb. —
Mar. 10
Mar. 12
April 2
April 29
April
April
May
May
Sept.
Aug.
Oct.
Dec.
Dec.
At sea
Off San Luis Pass...
Lat. 33°N., long. 77°
Off Wilmington, N,
Carolina
Bull War sound....
Off Galveston, Tex,
Rodney, Miss
Roanoke river, N. C,
Chesapeake bay.
Key West
Mississippi sound..
Galveston
Eastern Shore, Md.
Apalachicoia bay. . .
Howquah
Aroostook
James Adger
Fox, tender to Ska
Jacinto
Antona
Gertrude
Roebuck
Florida
Virginia
Rosalie, tender to
Gem of the Sea
Keystone State,
Quaker City
Mobile
Cherokee
Emma
Chenango
Gertrude
Naval expedition
Union
Mississippi
Massachusetts
South Carolina
Potomac flotilla
R. R. Cuyler
St. Simon's island.
Tumbalin
house...
light
Roanoke island.
Lat, 27° N., long. 84
W
Georgetown, S. C
Apalachicoia
Potomac river.
St. Andrew's..
Charleston
South Edisto
St. Simon's
Coast of Florida.
St. Lawrence
Quaker City
Ethan Allen
South Carolina
Rowan's expeditfcji
>»
J. L. Davis
Gem of the Sea
Mereedita and Sft&»
more
Potomac flotilla
Pursuit
Ethan Allen
Restless
Hatteras
Shepherd Kn&pp
Keystone State
Sagamore
Magnolia.
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
463
Olass.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Sloop
8chooner.
Boat
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Steamer . .
Schooner .
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
.Five Brothers..,
Florida ,
Florence Night'
ingale ,
Fashion
Flying Cloud..
Frolic
Florida
Fashion ,
Flving Scud...,
Fulton
Fanny
Florrie ,
Friendship
Friendship
F. U. Johnson.
1863
Mar. 16
Jan. 11
Jan. 13
May 23
Lat.27°N.,long. 7;
W
Lat,25°N.,long.
W
Apalachicola
English sch ,
Steamer... .
Sloop
English sch.
Schooner . . .
Sloop
Rebel steam.
Rebel arm'd
6teamer . .
Steamer....
Schooner...
Schooner.
Sloop
Rebel
Iron-clad.
Steamer..
Crystal river, Fla...
St. Mark's light
Lat.23°N., long. 83'
W
Near Matamoras. . . ,
Red river ,
Near Pascagoula —
Near Matagorda. . . ,
Off Rio BrazoS ,
it sea ,
Off Alexandria, Va
Fly
Fanny & Jenny
Florida ,
Fanny
Fred, the Second
Fortunate...
Fort Gaines.
Florida.
Flora. . .
Flash...
Fannie McRae.
Florida
Fredericksburg
Fisher
Schooner .
Bark
Ship
Schooner .
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner .
Steamer..
Schooner .
Schooner .
Schooner .
Schooner..
Schooner . .
Ship..
Bark iGlenn.
June 2iPotomac river.
June 25
June 3
June 13
Aug. 12
Oct. 7
Sept. 12
Oct. 2
Oct. 10?
Oct. —
Dec. 1
1864.
Jan. 11
Feb. 10
Mar. 20
April 19
May 3
May 30
Aug. 5
Oct. —
Oct. 22
Nov. 27
1865.
Jan. 23
April 11
April —
George M.Smith
General Green
General Parkhill
General Knox
George G. Baker
Georgia n a...
George B. Sloat.
Gipsey ,
Good Egg . . .
Gypsey
Garonne ....
Grace E. Baker.
G. H. Smoot.
Guide
Gondar
1861.
April 21
June 4
May 12
June 25
July 6
June 25
June 5
June 24
Aug. 29
Dec. 28
Dec. 30
1862
Mar. 29
Mar. 1
April 19
April 2C
Jupiter inlet, Fla..
Off New inlet......
At sea
Off Velasco
Off Brazos river
Near Indian river.
Mobile Bay . .
Bahia, Brazil.
Off Charleston, S. C
Lat. 23° N., long. 97'
Off St. Mark's, Fla.,
Crystal river, Fla. ,
Richmond, Va....,
Roanoke river, N.C
Hampton roads.
Cape Henry
Charleston
Galvestou.
St. Mark's. Fla
Potomac river
Rappahannock rivei
Pascagoula
Galveston
Coast of Cuba
Potecay creek, N. C.
Charleston
Capture of Fort
Macon
Octorara
Tioga and Octonur»
Port Royal
Primrose
Sagamore and Twq
Sisters
Stars and Stripes
Juniata
Princess Royal
Black Hawk
Genesee
Bermuda
Tennessee
A. Hugel
Honeysuckle
Florida
Honeysuckle
Owasco
Chocura
Bermuda
"W. Gulf blockadj Of
squadron
Wachusett
Picket launches
Princess Royal
Fox
Sea Bird
Naval expeditio:
Cumberland
Quaker City
Niagara
Dawn
Soulh Carolina
Dawn
Mohawk
Daylight
New London
Santee
R. R. Cuyler
Hui chbaek, ko,
Huron
Gemsbok
464
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Oli
8chooner. ,
Steamer...
Steamer...
Steamer.. .
Steamer. . ,
Steamer...
Sloop, . . .
Sloop...,
Sloop....
Steamer.
Sloop
Schooner.,
Schooner.,
Bark
Steamer. . .
Schooner.,
Schooner. ,
Schooner..
Steamer..,
Steamer..,
Steamer..,
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner..
Steamer..,
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Name.
Gen.C. C. Pink-
ney
Gov. A. Moulton
General Lovell
Gen. Beauregard
General Price..
General Bragg..
G. L. Brocken-
borough...
Grapeshot...
G. W. Green
Gov. Morton
When
cap-
tured.
1862
May
May 1
June
Oct. 1ft
Nov.
Nov.
1863,
Tan. G
Where captured.
At sea
Berwick's bay
Memphis
Apalachicola river
Chesa] eake bay...,
St. John's liver...,
Cape Florida
New Orleans
Goodluck..
Galena....
George "W. Grice Jan. 11
George Alban... Jan. —
Gov. Mouton... Jan.
Georgia. Jan. 11
General Taylor. [Feb. 20 Chesapeake bay.
Glide 'Feb. 23 Tybee creek
Granite City... Mar. 22 At sea
IGeorgiana Mar. 19 Charleston
, ' Gertrude April 16 Eleuthera
, Gipsey
, i Golden Liner..
, General Trim. .
By what
Mar. 20 St. Joseph's bay
April 27 Morrell's inlet, S. C.
April 24 Gulf of Mexico
jGolden Age May 24
L, -„„ Lat. 35°N., long. 73°
Glen June — j w
'George July 29 Caloosehatchee river
|.__ Lat. 24° N., long. 82°
i W
23
Bloop
Steamer.
General Worth Aug.
Gold Leaf. |Aug.
Dec.
General Beaure-
gard
Grey Jacket....
G. Garibaldi..
Gen. Sumter.
12 Off Wilmington..
Dec. 31 Off Mobile.-..
1864. |
Feb. 4 Jupiter inlet..
12 Lake George.
|Mar.
Schooner,
Steamer.... | Grey hound
Sloop....
Steamer
Steamer
Brig....
Good ilope April 18 At sea
May 10 At sea
Gen. Finnegan.May 28 Chashcowitzka river
Sohooner.
Bark
Schooner.
Me-
Georgiana
Caw
Georgia
Geziena liilli-
gouda
I
June
I
Aug.
Dec.
1865.
Mar. 1
2 OffWilm., N. Car.
15 Coast of Portugal..
Off Brazos, St. Iago,
Texas
Gen. Burkhart
Geo. Douthwaite Mav 8
1861.
II. M. Johnson. 'May 31
Lat. 26°N., long. 90°
W
Coast of Florida
Near Cape Lookout.
Ottawa
Hatteras
Western flotilla
Fort Henry
Teazer
T. A. Ward
Joii.t expedition
Ariel
Admiral FarragutfB
fleet
Crusader and Ma-
haska
Marblehead an«J
Passaic
Tioga
Wissahickon
Vanderbilt
Ethan Allen
Monticello
De Soto
Yazoo Pass expedi-
tion
Cambria
Gem of the Sea
Sunflower
Jacob Bell
Kennebeo
Beauregard
Daffodil and others
Fox, tender to San
Jacinto
Connecticut
Ariel, tender to Si*
Jacinto
Maratanza
Niagara
Pembina
Quaker City
Isonomia
Perry
FOE VIOLATION OP THE BLOCKADE.
465
Claw.
8chooner...
Bark
Schooner...
Brig
Schooner...
Brig
Sloop
Brigantine.
Schooner.. .
Schooner...
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner.. .
Schooner. . .
Steamer...
Schooner. . .
Schooner....
Schooner..
Steamer..
Armed sloop
8chooner..
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner....
Steamer. . . .
Sloop.......
Sloop
Rebel armed
steamer. . .
Schooner . . .
Schooner. ..
Schooner.. .
Schooner.. . .
Sloop
Schooner....
Schooner...
Bark
Steamer....
Steamer....
Steamer
Schooner. .
Sloop
Bloop
Bloop
Schooner....
Steamer....
Steamer. . . .
Sloop
Steamer....
Name.
Haxall
Hiawatha
H. E. Spearing.
Hallie Jackson.
Herbert
Herald
H.Day
Hannah Balch..
H. Middleton...
H. C. Brooks...
Henry Nutt....
Harriet P. Ryan
Harmony
Harford
Henry Lewis.
Havelock
Henrietta
When
cap-
tured.
1861
May 20
May 29
June 10
July 16
Aug. 21
Sept. "
April 24
Sept. 18
Nov. 22
Dec. 15
Nov. 13
1862
May 14
Mar. 8
Harriet & Sarah
Henry Travers.
Havana 'june 5
Hannah JAug. 12
Hermosa lOct. 30
1863,
Hampton Jan. 13
Harriet Jan. 22
Hettiwan Jan. 21
Home
Hortense Feb. 18
Helen Mar. 24
Hart..
Handv.
Harvest
Hunter
Helena ,
Henry Wolcott,
Hattie
Harriet.
H. McGuin....
Havelock (?)...
Herald
Hebe
Herald
Hancock ,
Hope
Hannah
Henry Colthurst
Hattie
Hard Times....
Hope
Hope
April —
April 22
April 30
May 17
June 30
June 22
June 21
June 18
July 18
June 10
Sept. —
Aug. 18
Oct. 23
Dec. 24
1864.
Feb. 4
Mar. 11
Feb. 20
Mar. 14
Mar. —
July 10
Oet. 22
Where captured.
Hampton roads.
Mouth Miss, river,
Savannah
Coast N. Car...
Potomac river.
Charleston. ...
Hatteras inlet.
Hatteras
Pope's creek, Md...
Mississippi sound. . .
Cape Fear
Chincoteague
Newbern, N. Car.
Lat. 28°N., long. 91<
W ,
Dead Man's bay...,
Corpus Christi ,
Sabine river
Dividing creek, Va,
Chuckatuck creek.,
Charleston ,
Lat. 29°N., long. 84<
W ,
Berwick's bay
Lat. 26°N., long. 76*
Lat, 28°N., long. 75'
W
Mobile
Coast of N. Car. .
Lat. 28°N., long.
W
Bay St. Louis. . . ,
Charleston
At sea
Off New inlet, N. C.
Off Fryingpan shoals
Tampa bay
By what vessel.
Minnesota
Brooklyn
Union
Si. Lawrence
Thomas Freebcw
Wabash
Vandalia
Naval expedition
it
Pawnee
G^msbok
Resolute
New London and 3.
R. Cuylei
Jamestown
Louisiana
Rowan's expedition
Bohio
Isilda
Arthur
Connecticut
Currituck
Commodore Morrig
Ottowa
Somerset, &c.
Naval expedition
Estrella
Octorara
Juniata
Kanawha, &c
Jupiter inlet
Off Mosquito inlet..
San Luis Pass
Near St. John's Fla.
St. Mary's river....
Sapelo sound
on Wilmington
Satellite
Florida
Tahoma
Vincennes & Clifton
S. Atlantic blockad'f
squadron
Tioga
Niphon and others
Calypso
Sunflower
Beauregard
_. .".
Virginia.
Daffodil and oth«n
Para
La dona
Eolus
466
VESSELS OAPTUEED AND DESTROYED
Ciasi.
Name.
When
cap-
tared.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Rebel st'r. . ,
Gunboat un
finished .
Bohooner...,
Schooner...
Schooner...,
Schooner...,
Brig.
Schooner...,
Schooner...,
Schooner...
Schooner..,
Brig
Hampton.
Halifax...
1864
Industry
Iris
Island Belle
1861.
May 15
May 27
Dec. 31
1861
Isabel or W. R.
King.
Intended.
Ida
Sloop.
Ida
Inez
Isabel
Isabella Thomp
sou
Isabella
English sch
Steamer...
Steamer...
Steamer...
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner. .
Bark
Schooner . . .
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
8chooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
8teamer..
Sloop....
Schooner.
Indian.
Isabel . .
Ivanhoe.
Ida
J. H. Etheridge
John Hamilton
Jane Wright...
Julia
Joseph H.Toone
Judith
Jorgen Lorent
zen
Jane Campbell.
J. W. Wilder..
Julia
Joanna Ward..
J. J. McNeil...
Julia Worden . .
Jesse J. Cox.
Julia
Jane
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop....
Schooner.
Jeff. Thompson
Jeff. Davis
John
J. J. Crittenden
James Norcon
Josephine
John Gilpin..
John Thompson
J. C. Rozer..
Richmond, Va
Roanoke river, N. C
Feb.
May
July 12
1863.
Mar. 4
April 18
May 18
June 19
May 22
1864.
April 10
May 28
July
July
1861.
May 15
5
2
Hampton roads
Bull's Island light..
Atchafalaya bay
New inlet, N. Car. . .
Lat. 26°N., long. 76°
W.
Charlotte harb'r Fla
Indian River inlet..
Mobile ,
Lat. 41° N., long
67° W
Wacas.sassa bay
At sea
Off Galveston.
Off Mobile....
Sapelo sound.
July
Aug.
Oct.
Sept.
Dec.
14
Dec.
1862,
Jan. 2(
Jan
Feb
Hampton roads ....
Potomac river
Beaufort, N. Car...
Barrataria bay
Pensacola navy vard
Lat. 6° N., Long
37°W ".
Beaufort, N. Car...
Jan.
Mar.
Mar. 25
May 11
May 3
June 6
Mar. 14
April 8
April 10
Mobile bar
24|New Orleans
24 Lat. 30° N. long.
| 80° W
25 Corpus Christi
Cape Roman pas-
sage
Mobile
Naval expedition
Minnesota
»>
Augusta
Montgomery
Jamestown
Mercedita
J. S. Chambers
Gem of the Sea
R. R. Cuyler
United States
Fort Henry
Vicksburg
Admiral
Fleet off Mobile
Sonoma
Minnesota
Daylight, &c.
Thomas Freebon.
Cambridge
South Carolina
Beat expedition fro
Colorado
Morning Light
State of Georgia
R R. Cuyler
Mercedita, &0.
Harriet '.
•21
long.
Mar.
July
Pept.
Dec.
Lat. 26° N.,
83° W
\ Memphis
Newbern
Pasquotank river,
N. Carolina
Newtogan creek, N
Carolina
Little River, N. C . .
Ship Island, Miss. . .
Mississippi sound. . .
3 Wilmington.
Arthur
Restless
Cayuga.
Kittatinny
R. R. Cuyler.
Western flotilla
Vessels in sound* ol
North Carolina
Commodore Perry
Shawsheen, &o.
Hatteras
Katahdin
Restless
Cambridge
FOB VIOLATIOK OF THE BLOCKADE.
407
Class.
Name.
When
cap-
ture d.
Where < 'ptured.
By -what vessel.
Sloop
Sloop
Schoouer.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Sloop
Tulia
JohnC. Calhoun
J. C. MeUabe...
John Williams..
Steamer .
Sloop.. .
J. D Cark...
Joe Flanner.,
Juniper
Jane Adelie . .
Justlna
John Walsh..
John Wesley.
1803
Jau.
Jan.
Jan.
Mar.
April
April
May-
April
April
May
June
8 Jupiter inlet
22 Chuckatuck creek .
IS 'James river
h' I ,■•♦. 20° N., lono
| 70° W
8 Red river
8chooner..
Steamer...
Schooner..
Steamer. ..
Schoonei . .
Schooner...
Julia
James Batik
J. T. Davis..
Jui.o
July
Aug.
Sept.
Jenny.
Jupitei
Schooner...
Schooner...
lei ny
John Scott.
Schooner. .
Sloop
Mexican sch
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer . .
Sloop
Schooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Schooner.
John Douglass..
Josephine
Juanita
Julia A. Hodges
Judson
Jupiter
Julia
James Williams
John
James Sandy. . .
John A. Hazard
Schooner. ..
Steamer....
Schooner. .
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner.
Sloop
Sloop.....
Steamer..
Julia.
Julia.
Josephine .
John Hale.
Kate.
Kate.
Kate.
Kate.
Kate.
Kate-
Oct. 6
Sept. 13
Oct. —
Oct. 6
1864.
Jan. 7
Feb. 29
Mar . 24
April 11
April 6
April 30
June 27
July 12
Sept. 11
Oct. 28
Nov. 5
Dec .'
Dec. 23
18G5.
Jan. 1
Feb.
1862.
April 2
Dec. 27
1863.
Feb. 25
May 28
June 23
An- 1
Mobile.
Gulf of Mexico
Lat, 28° N., long.
78° W
Lat. 28° N., long.
83° W
Lat. 2. r )° N,
76° W
long.
R o Grande
Off Wilmington, N
Car
Off Rio Grande
Off Rio Brazos.
Coast of Texas.
Sagamore
Commodore Morm
Zouave
Octorara
Hartford
Pembina
Kanawha
De Soto
Tioga
Yazoo Pass expedi-
tion
Circassian
Tioga
De Soto, &o.
Cayuga
Connecticut
Virginia
& Nan-
Off Mo! e.
Off Velasco, Texas..
Savcrsota sound....
Off San Luis Pass...
Matagorda bay
Off Mobile bar
At sea
Off Sapelo sound
Off Galveston
Off Velasco
Off Alexandria, Va.
Lat. 26° N., long.
96° W
Near Velasco, Texas
Alligator creek, S. C.
Off Brazos, St. Iago,
Texas
Coast of Florida
Wilmington
St. Mark's river....
Point Isabel light. .
Indian river ,
New Inlet, N. C...
Cimarron
tucket
Tennessee
Virginia
Kennebec and oth-
ers
Penobscot
Sunflower
Virginia
P>strella
IConemaugh
[Proteus
Nipsie
Penobscot
Augusta Dinsmow
Adolph Hugel
Fort Morgan
Cbocura
Acacia
Seminole
Matthew Vassar
Mount Vernon
Roebuck
Potomac flotilla
Brooklyn
Pursuit
James Adger, fte
4G8
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTBOYEL
Cl&M.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what veueU
Steamer...
Steamer...
Kate Dale.
Kaskaskia.
July 141
Sloop
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner..
Sloop
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Propeller.,
8chooner.,
Schooner.
Schooner.,
8chooner.
Schooner.
Sloop
Schooner .
Steamer.. ,
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schoo er.
Steamer.. ,
Schooner.
Schooner .
Brig
Sloop
Sloop
Steamer..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Kate Dale.
Laurie
Lynchburg...
Louisa
Leon
Louisa
Louisa Agnes.
Lida
Lizzie Weston .
Labu.m
Lynnhaven.
Iiion
Lizzie Taylor...
Lydia and Mary.
Lookout
Lafayette
Liverpool
Lews White-
more
Lucy C. Holmes.
Lion
LaCriolla
Little Rebel ....
Louise
Lucy
Lilla
L. Rebecca.
Lizzie
Lodona
Lonely Bell.
Louisa
Bark.
Schooner..
ichooner..
Schooner..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Schooner.
81oop
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Steamix..
La Manche.
Lavinia
Lilly
Levi Rowe,
Oct. 16 , Tampa bay
1861.
May 4
May 30
July 4
July 25
Aug. 11
Sept. 9
Dec. 1
1862.
Jan. 19
Feb. 1 Boca Chica
Landis
Little Ma cruder.
Lightning
Laura Dudley.,
Ladies' Delight.
Linnet
Lady Wilton. .,
Lizzie ,
Hampton roads. .
Chesapeake bay.
Galveston
Potomac river.. .
Cape Fear river .
Beaufort, N. Car,
Off St. Simonds..
R. R. Cuyler
Mississippi squad
ron.
Tahoma and .A del;
Cumberland
Quaker City
South Carolina
Thomas Freebova
Penguin
Cambridge
Seminole
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Mar.
April
April
April
May
May
Mar..
May
June
June
Elizabeth City, N. C.
Lat,26° K.long. 93°
W
Newbern
Cape Roman passage
Potomac river
June 20
July
June
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
21
2
4
21
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Nov. 30
1863
Jan. 19
Georgetown
At sea
Pantago creek, N. C
Charleston
Memphis
Lat. 29° X., lone. S3°
W
Hole in the Wall....
Coast of North Caro-
lina
Ossabaw sound
Powell's Point
Charleston
Lat. 38° N., long. 69°
Lat. 27° N., long. 76'
W
At sea ,
New inlet
New Orleans, La...
White House
Jan
Mar. 15| w ,
April 27; T -v"°.*:^f.?f
Mav 14 T'rbana. Ya
May 2l| La ^ 26 ;N;^ ; 84'
June — ; White river
Itasca
Portsmouth
Delaware
Kingfisher
Rowan's expedition
Restless
Potomac flotilla
Pursuit.
Keystone State
Colorado
Santiago de Cuba
Delaware
Bienville
Western flotilla
Albatros
Beauregard
Quaker City
Bohio
Penobscot
TJnadilla
General Putnam
Bienville and Pem-
bina
Ino
Santiago dc Cuba
W. G. Anderson
Mount Vernon
Admiral Farragut'l
fleet.
Mahaska, &c.
Bienville
Mc Cell an
Cnriitnck, &c
Union
Naval boat exp*m
Snnt.iaeo de Ciiha
FOE VIOLATION OP THE BLOCKADE.
469
Class.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Schooner. . .
Lady Maria
1863
July 6
Bay Fort, Fla
De Soto and othem
Red river expedite
Beauregard
San Jacinto
Sloop
Steamer. . . .
Last Trial
Lizzie Davis....
Leviathan
Oct. —
Sept. 16
Sept. 22
1864.
Jan. 18
Lat. 25° 58' N., long.
85° 11' W
Steamer....
Off Southwest Pass..
De Soto
Stars and Stripe*
Boat
Schooner. . .
Louisa
Feb. 4
Feb. 11
Mar. 11
Feb. 28
Mar. 1
April 17
April 21
June 30
July 9
Aug. 24
Sept 25
Nov. 2
Oct. 15
j upiter uiiet
Off Brazos River
Beauregard
Queen
Schooner . . .
Schooner. . .
Schooner...
English sol i.
Linda
Lilly
Lauretta
Lilly
Off Mosquito inlet. .
Off Velasco, Texas..
Off Indian River. . . .
Off Velasco
Beauregard and No»-
folk packet
Penobscot
Roebuck
Jupiter inlet
Sloop
Last Resort
Little Ada
Roebuck
Gettysburg
Keystone State and
Off New inlet, N. C.
Lat. 32° 40' N., long.
77° 48' W
Off Ran Luis Pass...
others
Niphon and others
Santiago de Cuba
8teamer....
Schooner....
Lady Sterling...
Louisa
Oct. 31
Oct. 12
Oct. 21
Nov. 9
Nov. 6
Nov. 24
Dec. 4
Dec. 6
1865.
Off Wilmington
Off Aransas Pass,
Calypso, Eolus, Fori
Jackson
Chocura
OffBayport, Fla....
Mobjack bay, Va...
Lat. 28° N., long. 95°
Sea Bird
Sloop
Schooner....
Little Elmere...
Lone
Stepping Stones
Fort Morgan
Bar of St. Bernard . .
Near Velasco, Texas
Off Velasco, Texas..
OflFOalvestrm. To-Jtfls
Schooner....
Lady Hurley...
Lilly
Schooner...
Lecompte
May 25
Galveston, Texas...
Charleston, S. C...
Hampton Roads
,, ....
Mouth of Mississippi
Cornubia
Schooner...
Schooner...
Mary & Virginia
Mary Willis....
1861.
May 4
May 14
May 15
May 30
July 4
July 13
July 26
Cumberland
Minnesota
Schooner...
Mary Clinton...
McCanfield
Mary
Monticello
Powhatan
Schooner...
Schooner...
Longboat...
Schooner...
Bark
Schooner...
North Carolina ....
Rappahannock river
Roanoke
Daylight
Mary A. ice
Macao
Mary Wood
Mary E. Pindar
Mab»l
Aug. 3
Sept. 5
Sept. 9
Sept. 22
Nov. 15
Mouth of Mississippi
Hatteras inl. t ..
Wabash
Brooklyn & StLouii
Pawnee
Gemsbok
Dale
Sohooaer...
Lat. 31°N., long. 80°
W
470
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Schooner..
Schooner..
Sloop
Sloop
Steamer...
Pilot boat.
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Sloop
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Steamer...
Steamer...
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Sloop
Schooner..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Ship
Ship
Sloop
Sloop
Schooner.
Schooner.
Steamer..
Schooner.
Brig
Brig
Schooner .
Schooner.
Schooner,
Schooner,
Brig ,
Schooner.
Schooner.
Name.
Major Barbour. .
Mars
I Mary Lewis....
Margaret, alias
Win. Henry..
! Magnolia
I Mary Olivia....
[Monterey
Mersey
I Maria
Magnet
Mary Teresa....
Magnolia
Monitor
Mary Stewart...
Morning Star...
Modern Greece..
Memphis
Mail
'Mary Elizabeth,
i Monte Christo..
Mary Ann
Mustang
Maria
When
cap-
tured.
1862.
Jan. 28
Feb. 5
Jan. 25
Feb. 6
Feb.
April
April
April
April
Where captured.
Racoon Point, La..
Fernandina
By what vtm&L
De Soto
Keystone State
Mantle river, Fla. . . [Kingfisher & other*
Isle au Briton Sciota
May
May
June
June
June
!July
Aug.
Aug.
July
19 Pass a l'Outre
2 1 Apalachicola
— Potomac river
nJLat. 31° N., long. 7
M \ W
30 ; Charleston
..I Fernandina
10 Charleston
l! Berwick bay
— jPiankatank river.
3 Santee river
27! Frying Pan shoals
Near Fort Fisher .
31 At sea
lj
24 i Wilmington
10 Coast of Texas....
1 Brooklyn and other*
jMercedita, &c.
Potomac river
[Santiago de Cuba
Mary Grey
Mont Blanc
Schooner..
Schooner.,
Schooner..
Metropolis..
Milan.
Music ,
Mercury. ...
Matilda
Margaret .
Moro
Mail
Minna....
Feb.
Nov.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
1863. I
Jan. 19 New Orleans, La. . . ,
Jan. 22
Jan. 4
Magicienne.
Mary Jane.
Minnie
Mattie
Maggie Fulton
Minnie
Major E. Willis
Martha Ann.
Maria Bishop...
Mignionette....
MJssissippian . . .
— Coast of Texas.
12, Sabine Pass....
3 Baton Rouge..
19| •
25 1 Bahamas
Feb. 1
Feb. 3
Feb. 23
Feb. 18
Jan. 28
Mar. 24
April 6
April 13
April 8
April 20
April 1'.)
April 24
Mav 13-
14
May 17
May 19
June 1
May 19
Chuckatuck creek...
Charleston.
Matagorda bay
Lat. 27° N., long. 83°
W
Mississippi river....
Shallot inlet
Lat. 22° N., long. 28*
W
Wilmington
Lat. 26* N, long. 82°
\V
Lat. 23° N, long 83°
W
Indian river inlet...
Bull's bay
Charleston
Chesapeake bay
Urbana, Va
At sea
1'iney Point
Lawson's bay, Va.
Gulf of Mexico...
'Dupont's expedition
Unadllla.
Hatteras
Anacostia
Gem of the Sea
Bienville
Cambridge, Stars A
' Stripes
Magnolia
Freeborn
Stars & Stripes, &o.
Arthur
'Kensington, <fce.
Arthur
Kensington, &c.
Essex
JT. A. Ward
lOctorara
Admiral Farragut'i
fleet
«»
Commodore Morris
Quaker City
Henry Janes, &c.
Tahoma, &c.
Queen of the West
Potomac flotilla
"V ictoria
Onward
State of Georgia, Ac
Hunts ville.
Annie
Gem of the Sea
Ladona
Powhatan
Western World, *«.
Cuirituck, &c.
Courier
Sophronia
Primrose, &e.
De Soto
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
471
UlftM.
Steamer...
Steamer —
Schooner.. .
Schooner . .
Steamer
Steamer —
Sloop ,
Steamer —
Schooner.. . .
Schooner
British stmr
British stmr
Schooner....
Schooner.. . .
Schooner....
Sloop
Schooner. . .
Steamer....
Schooner...
Schooner...
Sloop
Sloop
Schooner...
British sch..
Name.
Mobile
Magnolia
Mary Jane
Miriam
Merrimack
Massachusetts.
Music
Montgomery. . .
Mack Canfield.
May
Mail
Martha Jane.
Margaret and
Jessie
Matamoras
Marshal J.Smith
Maria Alberta..
Magnolia..
Mary Ann,
Minna
Schooner . . .
Schooner. . .
Schooner. . .
British sch. .
Eng.steamer
English sch.
Schooner...
Steamer....
Steamer....
Bchooner....
Schooner.. . .
Schooner....
Mary Camphell,
Mayflower
Minnie
Maria Louise . .
Mary
Mary Ann
M. P. Burton..
Marion ,
Mary Sorley
Maudoline ,
Maria Alfred..
Minnie.,
Sloop
Schooner...
Schooner
Miriam. . . .
M. O'Neill.
Matagorda. .
Matagorda..
Mary Bowers..
Medera ,
Mary
Mary Ann.
Morris
Mary Ellen
When
cap-
tured.
1863
June 18
July 24
July 2
Sept. 17
Sept. 13
Aug. 25
Oct. 15
Oct. 20
Nov. 5
Nov. 4
Dec. 9
Nov. 27
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
1864
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Mar.
Mar.
Max.
April
April
May
April,
May
July
Sept.
Oct.
Where captured.
Yazoo City,
Clearwater harbor.
Brazos Santiago.
New inlet, N. C...
Baltimore, Aid
Potomac river
Lat. 28° 32' N.. long
89°12'W ,
Rio Grande
At sea
Near Cedar Keys.. .
Off Wilmington...
Off Rio Grande
Off Mobile
Bayport, Florida. . . .
Lat. 26° 15' N., long,
82° "W
Lat. 26° 22' N., long
97° W
Lat 23° 48' N., long
78° 3' W
Near Pensacola
Sarasope Pass, Fla .
Mosquito inlet
Jupiter inlet
Off "Wilmington
Lat 28° 50' N., long.
95° 5' "W
Gulf of Mexico
Off Galveston
Atchafalaya bay. . . .
Lat. 28° 50' N., long.
95' 5' W
Lat 34° N„ long. 75°
28' "W
Lat. 25° 25' N., long.
84° 30' W
Off Washington, N.
Carolina.
Off coast of Texas..
10 Lat. 22° 50' N., long.
85* 47' W.
29 Off Charleston, S. C.
Dec. 8
Dec. 3
Deo. 8
Dec. 19
1865.
Jan. 3
Pascagoular bar. ....
Lat. 32' N„ long. 78°
W.
Off Pass Cabello, Tex
Gulf of Mexico
Off V-Jlasco, Texas-
By what vessel.
Yazoo Pass exped'n
Tahoma
Itasca
Iroquois
Yankee
Adolph Hugel
De Soto
"W. G. Anderson
Cceur de Lion, &c.
Honduras & others
Anne, tender to Fort
Henry
Keystone State and
others
Owasco and Virginia
Kennebec
Two Sisters, tender
to San Jacinto
Ariel, tender to San
Jacinto
Antona
Circassian
Bermuda
Union
Beauregard
Roebuck
Grand* Gulf
Aroostook
Scioto
Nyanza
Rachel Si
Connecticut
Honeysuckle
Valley City
Kanawha and others
Magnolia
S. Atlantio Block.
Squadron
J. P. Jackson «&4
Stockdale
Mackinaw
Itasca
Pocahontae
Kanawhn
472
VESSELS C APT USED AND DESTROYED
Clans.
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner.
Steamer..
Steamer..
Iron-clad
(rebel)
Steamer..
Ship.
Brig.
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Sloop
Steamer..
Brig
Schooner. .
Schooner. .
Schooner.
Steamer..
Steamer . .
Steamer . .
Steamer..
Sloop
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner..
Steamer..
Schooner.,
Steamer . .
Steam i r..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Sloop
Sloop
Steamer. •
Schooner
Matilda.
Mary Agnes... .
Matilde
Malta
Mary....
Morgan. .
Mab
Missouri.
Mary T. Cotton.
North Carolina.
Nahum Stetson.
Napoleon...
New Island.
Newcastle...
New Eag'e
Nassau
Napier
Nathan' I Taylor
Nellie
Nonsuch
Neustra Souora
de Regla.
Naniope
Nashville..
Nicolai 1st.
Neptune...
Nellie
New Year.
Nymph. . . .
Natchez...
Nanjemoy.
Nita
Neptune. . .
1865
Feb. 11
Feb. 18
Feb. 11
Mar. 3
Mar. 16
June
1861.
May 14
June 19
Mar. 14
April 2
May 11
May 15
May 28
July 29
April 8
Sept. 23
Dec. 1
1863.
Feb. 28
Mar. 21
April 19
Mar. 2!
April 26
April 22
May —
July 15
Aug. 17
June 14
Off Pass Cabello, Tex
Aransas Pass, Texas
Near Pass Cabello,
Texas.
Bayou Vermillion,
Louisiana.
Indian river, Fla...
Penobscot
Glide
Pursuit
Charleston,
PumI river..
C.
Hampton roads
Mouth of MiSbissippi
river.
Newborn ,
Apalachicola
Lat.23° N., long.83'
W.
Coast of Cuba
Wilmington ,
Pasquotank river, N
Carolina.
Ossabnw Sound, Ga
Bahama Banks
Port Royal
Minnesota
Brooklyn, &c.
Rowan's expedition
Mercedita, &c.
liainbridge
Sea Fo-im
State of Georgia, &o.
Mount Vernon, &c
Commodore Perry,
&c.
Alabama
Tioga
General
&c.
Diana
Sherman,
Fort McAllister..
Cape Fear rivei
Charleston.
Port Royal....
Tortugas
Coast of Texa
Cone river
Gulf of Mexico
Lat. 25° N., long. 85°
W.
Steamer..
Iron-clad
(rebel)..
Bark
Schooner..
1864.
Nutfield Feb. 4
Nan-Nan I Feb. 24
Nina [Feb. 27
Neptune May 6
Night Hawk.... Sept. 29
Neptune Nov. 19
1865.
April —
May 10
Nansemond.
Nashville
Oetavia
Olive Branch. . .
New river inlet.
Suwannee river.
Indian river....
Tampa bay
Off Brazos de Santi-
ago, Texas.
Kiclimond, Va.
1861.
May 16 Hampton road*..
June 23 1 Mississippi sound.
Montauk
Victoria, &c
S. Atlantic Block.
Squadron
South Carolina
Sagamore
Rachel Seaman
Yazoo Pass exped*fe
Yankee
De Soto
Lackawanna
Sassacua
Nita
Ivoebuok
Sunflower
Niphon
Princess Royal
Star
Massachusette
FOR 7I0LATI0N OF THE BLOCKADE.
473
Class.
Name.
Schooner. .
Pungy
Schooner...
Sloop
| Ocean Wave....
Ocean Wave....
Olive
Osceola
SchoonT. .
Schooner...
Sloop
Steamer.. . ,
Sloop
Schooner...
Olive Branch. ..
Oci la
0. K.....
Old North State.
Octavia
Orion
Schooner....
Barkantine.
Schooner...
Schooner.
Steamer
-British sch.,
'loop
Eng. schn'r.
Schooner...
Ouachita.
iOrion
Bark
Ship
Bark
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner..
Sloop
Schooner..
Steamer...
61 on]'
Steamer...
Selwmer..
Schooner..
Schooner..
St earner . . .
Schooner. .
Sloop
Boat
Sloop
Schooner..
Steamer...
Steamer...
Steamer...
Sloop,
Oci an Eagle
Odd Fellow.
Oliver S. Breeze
Oconee
Ocean B.rd
O. K
Oramoneti
Oregon
Pioneer
Perthshire
Pilgrim
Petrel
Prince Leopold
Prince Alfred. .
Prince of Wales
P. A. Sanders. .
Palma
Pioneer
President
P. C. Wallis...
Poody
Patras
Providence
Princeton
Planter
When
cap-
tured.
1861
Sept. 9
July 18
Nov. 22
Dec. 9
1862.
Jan. 21
Jan. 10
Feb. —
Mar. 14
April 2
July 24
Oct. 14
Dec. —
1863.
Jan. l'J
April 15
May 1G
Aug. —
Oct. 23
1864.
May 1
April 27
April 18
Aug. 24
1861.
May 25
J une 9
June 7
July 28
Aug. 2_
Sept. 28
Dec. 24
1862.
Mar. 14
I Post Boy.
Pathfinder.
Pointer . . .
Prize
Potter
Pride ,
Pearl
Princess Royal
Peterhotl
Petee
Where captured.
Hatteras inlet
Potomac river
Mississippi sound. . .
Coast of Florida....
Cedar Keys
Newbern
Appalachicola
Lat. 22° N., long. 87°
W.
Coast c 1" Carolina. ,.
New Orleans
Little River inlet, N.
Carolina.
Anclote Key
New Savannah
Off St. Augustine in-
let.
Lat. 26° 5' N., long.
83° 20' W.
Coast of Florida.. ..
Off St. Augustine,
Florida.
Biloxi bay
By what vepeel.
Hampton roads
Gulf of Mexico.
Pass a l'Outre ,
Charleston
New York
Hatteras inlet
Georgetown
Newbern
Itio Grande
Mississippi river.
Piss Christiana..
Vermillion bay..
Charleston
i'ortngas banks..
I'amunkev river
Feb. 20
Mar. 16
April 4
May 17
May 26
May 29
June —
May 7
Mar. 14
Nov. 2
Oct. 31!
Dec. 20
1863. |
June 3 Potomac river
June 21 Frying Pan shoa It
June 20]
June 29 Charleston
Feb. 25 St. Thomas
Mar. 10
Pawnee
Resolute
New London, &c
Kingfisher, &c.
Hatteras
Santiago de Cuba
Rowan's expedition
Mercedita
Quaker City
Memphis
Calhoun
Admiral Farragut'i
fleet
Monticello
Two Sisters
Norfolk packet
Fox, tender
Jacinto
Union
Beauregard
Narcissus
Minnesota.
Massachusetts.
Brooklyn.
St. Lawrence.
' ollector of the port
Susquehanna
Gem of the Sea
Rowan's expedition
Portsmouth
Uwasco
! Hatteras, &c.
Hatteras
Bienville
i>
Susquehanna
Currituck
Vessels in sounds ol
N. Carolina
Penobscot
| Reliance
Octorara
I Currituck
Chocura
Tioga
Unadilla, dec.
[Vanderbilt
Gem of the Sea
474
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Name.
Schooner. . . Pacifique
Schooner. . . Pushmataha..
Steamer. ... Planter
Steamer.... Powerful.
j
Steamer.... Phantom.
1863
Mar. 27 St. Mark's
June 13 Tortugas
June l*n^:^*
Dec.
Presto .
I
Pet....
Steamer.
Sloop , Per sis....
8teamer . . . . Pe vensey .
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner...
Small boat..
Steamer
Sloop
Pocahontas.
Prince Albert. .
Pancha Larispa
Peep O'Day...,
Petrel
Pickwick
Schooner... Pet
Sloop I Phantom
Steamer.
Rebel steam,
Ram
Philadelphia. . .
Patrick Henry
Qu'noftheWest
Schooner . . .
Sloop
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner...
Axmed rebel
schooner. .
Ring Dove....
Richard Lacey.
Remittance....
Revere
Reindeer
Royal Yacht...
Sloop
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner . . .
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner.. .
Schooner...
Schooner...
Steamer....
Schooner...
8chooner...
8chooner...
Brig
Schooner
Schooner...
8chooner..
Sloop
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
20 Suwannee river....
Near Rich inlet, N
Carolina
Sept. 23
1864.
Feb. 2 Su
Feb. 16
van's island... .
Off Lock wood's Fol-
ly inlet
Off Was-aw sound,
Qa
Mar. 12
June 9!
July 8
Oct. 29JOff Charleston, 8. C.
Oct. 27 Off Ve'asoo, Texas..
Near Indian river,
Fla
New inlet, N. C
Coast of Florida....
Dec. 15
Dec. 6
1865.
Feb. 7 Galveston bay . .
Mar. 3 Suwannee rivt-r
Jan. —
April —
1863.
April —
1861.
July 16
Sounds of N. Car...
Richmond, Va
Red river, Ark.
Eastern Shore, Md.
Potomac river
Aug.
Sept.
Rattler
Rose
Reindeer
R. C. Files
Rebecca
Rowena
Rich'd 0. Bryan June 4
Resolution April 4
Reindeer July 9
Reliance July 21
Rambler
Rising Sun...,
Revere
Robert Bruce
Reindeer
Racer
Rising Dawn.
Richards
Nov. 7
1862.
Jan. 10
April 2
April 20
May
June
April
Julv
July
Sept.
Sept.
Oct. :
Oct. 5
Sept.
Oct. :
1863.
Jan. 10
Feb 1
Beaufort, N. C
Galveston.
Stars and Stripes
Sunflower
Lackawanna
Fox, tender to 8. J*
cinto
Connecticut
Lehigh and others
Montgomery
Massachusetts and
others
New hern
Azalia and Sweet
Brier
8. Atlantic Blockad-
ing squadron
Sciota
Pursuit
Sunflower
Boat expedition
Honeysuckle
Eetrella, &c.
Potomac flotilla
Thomas Freeborn
Yankee
Cambridge
Dart
Expedition
Santee
Cedar Keys
Appalachicola . . .
Potomac river...
Mobile
Charleston
Stono inlet
Coast of Texas...
Pass Christian...
Coast of Texas...
Lat. 28° N., long. 94'
W
Cape Fear river.
Shallot inlet, N. C.
New inlet, N. C.
Bocos Grande
froB
Hatteras
Mercedita, &c.
Potomac flotilla
Kanawha
Bienville
Pawnee and other*
Rhode Island
Hatteras
Arthur
Huntsville
Connecticut
Wyandank
Monticello, &c.
Penobscot
W. G. Andereon
Daylight
Octorara
Two Sisters
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
475
OUrtM.
8chooner.
81oop
Sloop
Sloop
Schooner. ,
Schooner.,
Schooner.,
Schooner..
Steamer . . .
Sloop
Schooner..
Sloop
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Sloop .....
Schooner. .
Steamer...
British sch.
Mexican sch
Steamer...
Schooner . .
Steamer...
Sloop
Schooner. .
Sloop
Sloop
Steamer...
British ech.
British st'r
Sloop
Sloop
Steamer...
Schooner..
Iron- clad,
rebel.
Iron-clad,
rebel.
Brig
Schooner . .
Schooner..
Bark
Schooner..
Bark........
Schooner..
Name.
Rowena
Rose Hamilton
Relanpagi
Rosalie
Ranger
Rising Dawn. .
Royal Yacht...
Ripple.
Rapid
R. J. Lockland
Republic
Richard Vaux.
Rebekah
When
cap-
tured.
1863
Feb. 12
Mar. 4
Mar. 16
Mar. 25
April 15
May 18
April 24
May 24
Relempago
Revenge
Renshaw
Richard
Robert Knowles
R. E. Lee, for-
merly Giraffe.
Ring Dove
Raton del Nilo.
Rosita...
Roebuck.
Rangei
Racer
Rebel
Rosina
Resolute
Rose
R. S. Hood.
RolU
Racer . .
Rehanei
Ruby....
Rob Roy
Richmond.
Roanoke
R. H. Vermilyea
Soledad Cos
Sarah and Mary
Star
Savannah
Sallie Magee
Sally Mears....
June 20
June 18
July 14
July 21
July —
Aug. 31
Sept. 15
Nov. 9
Dec. 17
Dec. 3
1864.
Jan. 28
Jan. 7
Jan. 11
Jan. 31
Feb. 29
April 13
May 12
June 2
June 9
July 2
Aug. 2
Nov. 9
1865.
Feb. 27
Mar. 2
April —
April —
Mar. 12
Where captured.
Carson's landing....
Charlotte harbor,Fla
Lat. 26° N., long. 76°
W
Crystal river
New inlet
Galveston
Mobile
Gulf of Mexico
Yazoo City
Potomac river ,
Lat. 27°N.,]oiig.83<
W
Lat. 25° N., long. 82'
"W
Calcasieu
"Washington, N. C.
Charlotte harbor . . .
By what vessel.
New Era
Conestoga, &c.
J. S. Chambers
Octorara
Fort Henry, &c
Mount Vernon, 4tt,
W. G. Anderson
Kanawha
De Soto
Yazoo Pass exped'n.
ii
Primrose
J. S. Chamber*
Jai-mine
Owasco
Louisiana
Gem of the Sea
Cceur de Leon
James Adger
Oil' Wilmington...
Off Indian river, FlaRoebuck
East of Padre island, New London
Texas .
Gulf
Lat. 26° 23' N.; long.
83° 59" W.
Near Lock wood's
Folly inlet.
Off Cape Canaveral.
Indian river
San Luis Pass
Cape Canaveral. . . .
Oft Georgetown
Lat. i.'8° 2' >'. : long.
77° W.
Lat. 32° 50' N. ; long.
75° 40' W.
Off Bull's Bay......
Mobjack bay, Va...
At sea
Steinhntchis river,
Fla.
Richmond, Ti
1861,
Sept.
May
May
June
June
July
Lat. 27° N.
long. 96 c
"Western Metropolis
San Jacinto
Minnesota and oth-
ers
Beauregard
Roebuck
Virginia
Beauregard
"Wamsutta
Proteus
Keystone state
Hope
Stepping Stcraj?
Proteus
Fox
Quaker Olty
South Carolina
11 Galveston
1 Hampton roads jCumberland
17.... ,, Minnesota
3 Charleston Perry
26 Hampton roads Quaker City
1 . . . . „ Minnesota
476
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Schooner..
Schooner..
Bark
Schooner. .
Schooner.,
Schooner..
Schooner..
Steamer...
Schooner..
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.,
Schooner..
Schooner.
Steamer..,
Schooner. .
Schooner. .
Schooner. .
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner..
Schooner. .
Steamer..
Where captured.
By what v«
Sam Ilouston
Shark
Solferino
Sarah Stan-
Susan Jane,
San Juan
Specie
Salvor
Somerset
S. T. Garrison
Sarah & CuroPe
Galveston South Carolina
Stephen Hart
Stag
Star ,
s-'ea Bird
Spitfire
Sarah A. Fal
coner.
Sarah Ann
, I Sidney C. Jones
,|Sea Foam
, 'Southern Inde-
I . pendence.
. I Sarah
.iStettin
Rattlesnake shoals.. Vandalia, &c.
"Wilmington "Wabash
10 Hatteras inlet Pawnee
.... ,, Susquehanna
Lat. 31° N., long. 80° Dale
W.
Tortugas Keystone State
Man land Resolute
Louisiana
lliSt. John's river Bienville
29 Lat. 24* N., long. 82° Supply
W.
Jan. 10 1 Cedar keys Hatteras
Feb. 8| Bayou Lafourche . . . De Soto
—.Roanoke island Rowan's expedition
— "West coast of Fla. . . Ethan Allen
14 Newborn Rowan's expedition
| I
— Potomac river Potomac flotilla
Steamer.... Swan.
Sloop
Steamer..
Steamer..
Schooner.
Steamer..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Steamer..
Sloop
Steamer..
Bark
Sloop
Steamer..
Steamer..
8t«amer..
Schooner..
Bark
Schooner.
Si>rah
Sovereign
Sumter
Sereta
Sarah
Sarah
Susan Ann How-
ard.
Scupper nong. . ,
Sabine
S. C. Jones ,
Southerner
Sunbeam
Swan
Scotia
Sophia
S. W. Green . .
Southern Mer
chant.
St. Charles.
8chooner.
Schooner.
Sallie Robinson.
Silas Henry.
Stonewall
Springbok...
Sue
Surprise .
April lOjOff Mobile IKanawha
May
May
May
June
June
Juno
June
June
Mar.
June
April
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Feb.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
1 Bull's bay..
24 Charleston.
Onward
Bienville
Lat. 23° N., long. 82° Bain bridge, &c.
15 Coast of Cuba
5 Memphis
6i.... „
14 Shallow inlet, N. C.
20 Charleston
3 Berwick bay
14 Newborn
9 HidianTown, N. C.
191
Ill
22,Cone river
28 New inlet, N. C
— I Coast of Texas
24! Bull's bay
4' Mason borough iulet
16
1863.
Jan. 19;New Orleans, La.,
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Max.
20 Point Rosa, Florida
3|Lat. 25° N., long. 73'
W.
30 Little River inlet...
13 Lat. 26° N., long. 83'
Sea Foam
Western flotilla
Penobscot
Keystone State, &c
Hatteras
Vessels in sounds 01
N. Carolina
General Putnam
Wyandank
State of Georgia, &o
Arthur
Restless
Daylight, &c.
T. A. Ward
Diana
Admiral Farragaf 1
fleet
Tahoma
Julia, &c.
Sonoma ^
Monticello
fluntsville
FOR VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
477
Close.
Steamer....
Schooner...
Schooner.. .
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner...
Sloop
Steamer....
Steamer.. . .
Schooner —
Schooner....
Schooner
Schooner....
Sloop
Schooner —
Schooner
Steamer
Steamer... .
Steamer....
Steamer. . . .
British bark
British sch..
Bark
Name.
St. John's
St. George
Samuel First. . .
Sarah Lavinia.
Sea Bird
Sea Lion
Secesh
Scotland
Star of the West
Star
Sea Drift
Statesman
Sarah
Southern Star..
Southern Bights
Shot
Sir William Peel
St. Mary's
Spauld Eg
Scottish Chief.
Saxon
Sallie
Science
British sch.
Enp. sch'ner
Schooner....
Steamer... .
Steamer....
Schooner...
Steamer....
Schooner...
Schooner.. .
Sloop
Schooner....
Steamer
Sloop
Steamer
Schooner....
Schooner...
Steamer
Schooner...
Steamer.. ..
Steamer....
Schooner.. .
Bchooner. . .
Brig
Rebel stm'r
Rebel stm'r
Schooner. . . .
Schooner....
flchooner.. . .
Silvan us...
Susan
Swift
St. Mary's.
Spunky....
stingray...
Scotia
Sophia...
Sylphide
Swallow.
Spunky..
Siren ....
Sarah Mary.
Selma
Sea Witch
Sybil
Susanna.
Sorts
Stag
Syren
Salvador
Sort
Sar. M. Newhall
Shrapnell....
Spray
Theresa C...
Tropic Wind.
I Xros Freres...
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
18(11
April 18; Cape Romain inlet.
April 22jFort Fisher, N. C.
May
May
May
6! Potomac river
8 Curritoman river. .
May
May
May
Lat.29°N.,l
W.
Mobile
Charleston..
May 30 Brazos Santiago. . . .
June 22 Matagorda island..
June 6 Tampa, Florida...
May 28 Great Wicomico...
Aug. 6 St. Martin's reel
Aug. 8 Gilbert's bar.
Aug.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct
Dec.
Nov.
1864
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Mar.
Mar.
Mar.
Mar.
April
June
June
Aug.
— Off Rio Grande
.. Yazoo City
8 Lat. 31° N., long
80° W.
16 1 Tampa bay
30| Coast of Africa
20jOfT Wilmington....
5. Off Rio Grande
2 Doboy sound, Ga...
11 Off Jupiter inlet....
9,Wassa\v sound
St. John's river
Fort Caswell, 1ST. C.
29 Off Velasco. Texas..
1 Lat. 32° 34' W., long.
77° 18' W.
31 Altamaha sound, Ga.
9|Off Coast of Texas.
20 Off Elbow Light....
7jOff Cape Canaveral,
South of Cape Look-
out.
Mosquito inlet
Mobile bay
By what vessel.
Stettin
Mount Vernon, Ae.
Dragon
Primrose
De Soto
Aroostook, &c
Canandaigua
Yazoo Pass exped'n
Brooklyn
Itasca.
Takutna
Satellite
Fort Henry
Sagamore
Seminole
Mississippi squadr'n
Union
Dec. 31
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
1865
Jan.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
April —
1861.
May 4
May 20
June 23
Lat. 27° N., long. 93°
W.
Off Campeachy b'l
Anclote keys
Cape Fear river.
Charleston, S. C.
At sea
Cedar keys, Fla..
S. A. squadron..
Richmond, Va...
Tahoma and Adela
Vanderbilt
Connecticut
Owasco & Virginia
Huron
Roebuck
Patapsco
Norwich and others
Penobscot
Connecticut
Dan Smith & others
Virginia
Tioga
Beauregard
Keystone State
Norfolk packet
W. Gulf blockading
I squadron
Metacomet
I Iosco
Metacomet
,0. II. Lee
Malvern & others
Gladiolus & others
Marigold
Honeysuckle
Hampton roads Cumberland
.... ,. 'Minnesota
M iisissippi sound . . . i M a;~sachusetta
478
VESSELS CAPTDKED AJSD DESTROYED
Class.
Schooner..,
Schooner . . ,
Schooner..,
Sloop
Ship ,
Sloop ,
Span, bark.,
Schooner...
Steamer
Schooner...
Tug
Schooner.. .
Sloop ,
Schooner...
Schooner...
Schooner. .
Steamer...
Schooner
Schooner... .
Schooner. .
Schooner. .
Steamer
Steamer....
Spaa. bark..
British sl< >op
Schooner. ..
Steamer....
Steamer.. . .
Eng. sch'ner
Rebel ram..
•chooner....
Sloop
Rebel rain . .
Steamer
Schooner...
Schooner . . .
Steamer
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Tom Hicks
T. J. Chambers.
Teaser
T. J. Evans
Thomas Watson
T. W. Riley....
Teresita
Theo. Stoney..
Tubal Cain ....
1861
July 9
July 5
Sept. 1
Oct. 15
Nov. 6
1SG2.
Jan. 30
Feb. 14
July 24
Telegraph
Teaser
Troy
Thomas Reilly.
Two Sisters. ...
Theresa
Trier
Tobacco, 4 boxes
Tennessee
Time...
T heresu
Tampion
Three Brothers.
Turpentine, 11
barrels.
Tom Sugg
Three Brothers.
Teresita
Two Brothers. ..
Three Brothers.
Tristr'in Shandy
Thistle
Terrapin..
T«
Tuly 4
Aug. 13
Oct. —
Sept. 21
Sept. 4
Oct. 28
Where captured.
Galveston.
Totomae river
Chesapeake bay
Charleston
Rappahannock river
Yucatan bank
Bull's bav
Lat, 31° N., long. 7S C
W.
James river
Sabine Pass
Quantico Creek
liio Grande
Lat, 28° N., long. 93 {
W.
By what vessel.
South Carolina
Dana
Roanoke, tco.
Cambridge
Triumph.
Telemico.
Texas....,
Torpedo..,
Transport
Union.
1863.
Jan. 19
Jan. 23
Mar. 16
Mar. 3
Aug. 1
July 24
July
Oct. 2
Nov.
1864,
Feb. 25
April 11
May 15
June 4
July 10
Aug. 5
1865.
Jan. —
!Mar. 16
Mar. —
Mar.
Mobjack bay ,
New Orleans, La. ,
Kingfisher
Restless
Octorara
Maratanza
Kensington
Freeborn
Albatross
W. G. Anderson
Sagamore
Crusader
Admiral Farragut'i
fleet
Cambridge
ill. Hudson
Cayuea, &c.
Satellite
Sa
New inlet
Lat, 27° N., long. 83 c
"W.
Sabine Pass
Great Wicomico
Cape Canaveral
Tensas river Mississippi squadr'n
Potomac river Currituck A: Fuchsia
Near Rio Grande. . . (Granite City
Off Indian river Roebuck
Homasassa river Nita
Lat. 34° 6' N., long 'Kansas
77° 27' "W.
Lat. 32° 38' N., long. 'Fort Jackson
75° 55' W.
Off Indian riv. inlet. Roebuck
Mobile bay IW. Gulf blockading
squadron
Uncle Mose.
Union......
1861.
June 5
1862.
July 7
Aug. 2o
Perquimon's river, Wyalusing
N, Carolina.
Lat. 25° N. ; long. 96° I Quaker City
W.
Richmond, Va.
Richmond, Va..
Charleston, S. C.
Part of N.
squadron
A. B
Harriet Lane
Tahoma
Coast of Yucatan. . . ,
Lat. 23° N. ; long. 8S C J. S. Chambers
W
FOR VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
4V9
Name.
Union.
1863,
May 19
1861.
Venus July 4
Velasco July 18
Venus Dec. 26
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel
Victoria .
Victoria.
Venus . . .
Volante.
Victoria.
Venture.
Velocity.
Virginia .
Victoria.
Victoria.
Victory. .
Venus . . .
Volante .
Volante.
Vesta
Vixen .
Virginia.
William & John
William Henry.
Winifred
Wanderer
William H. Nor-
throp.
Wyfe or Nye. . . .
William H. Mid-
dleton.
Wave
Wandoo
William MulLn-y
Wave
W. C. Bee
Winter Shrub. . .
Whlteman
Will o' the Wisp
Water Witch...
Wave
Wilson
William
Dec. 3
1862,
April 10
May 15
July
July 1
June 19
Sept. 30
1863,
Jan.
Feb. 28
May 28
May 30
June 21
Oct. 21
Nov. 5
1864.
Jan. 12
Dec. 1
1865.
Mar. —
1861.
May 15
May 25
May 14
Dec. 25
1862.
Jan. 10
Lnt. 27° N.; long, 85° Huntsville
W.
Galveston
Coast of N. Carolina
Lat.28° N.; long. 93°
W.
Point Isabel
Mobile
Lake Ponchartrain.
Georgetown, S. C . . .
Lat. 26° N.; long. 76°
W.
Mobile bay
Mugue's island
Piney Point
Havana
Point Isabel .,
Lat. 25° N.; long. 75'
W.
New inlet, N. C...
Off Rio Grande
Off Cape Canaveral
Between Tubb's riv-
er and Little inlet,
N. Carolina.
Lat. 32° N.; long. 78°
W.
Richmond, Va
Feb. 1
Feb. 14
May 5
April 19
April 23
May 21
May 6
June 3
May 5
June 27
July 9
July 1
Hampton roads.
Cape Henry.
Key West."..
Cape Fear. . .
Cedar keys.
Boca Chico
BullV bay
St. Andrew's bay.,
Georgetown
South Carolina
Albatross
Rhode Island
Santiago de Cuba
Kanawha
Calhoun
Gem of the Sea, &o.
Mercedita
Morning Light
Crocker's expedition
Wachusett
Wyandank
Juniata
Brooklyn
Santiago de Cuba
Nansemond
Owasco & Virginia
Beauregard
Rhode Island
Keel's creek, N. C . .
Lake Pontchartrain.
Rio Grande
Mississippi sound.. .
Hamilton, N. C
Sabine lake, La
Quaker City
Crusader
Fernandin*
Portsmouth
Restless
Water Witch
G. W. Blunt
Santiago de Cuhn
Hunchback, Ac.
Calhoun.
Montgomery
Currituck, &c
Bohio.
Com' dor e Perry, 6
De Soto
480
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Class.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner.
Schooner
Sloop
Name.
When
cap-
tured.
Schooner . . .
8teamer
Steamer....
Schooner...
Schooner...,
Schooner...
Steamer
Schooner..,
British sch,
Steamer
British sch.
Schooner. . .
Steamer
Schooner....
Schooner....
Steamer....
Schooner....
Steamer....
Steamer....
Tug
Rebel priv'r
schooner.
British 6lo'p
West Florida...
Water Witch...
Wave
Water Witch...
Wm E. Chester
Wm. 11. Harrison
Wm. A. Knapp.
White Cloud...
Wave Queen. . . .
Wanderer
W. Y. Leitch...
Sloop.
Schooner
Schooner.. .
Schooner...
Steamer....
! Kensington, i
Sept. 27 Corpus Christi I Arthur
Nov. 4 E. B. Hale
Aug. 24 Arizona Pass jCorypheus
Nov. 20 Montgomery
Jan. 24
Wonder ,
Wm. Bagley...
Wave.
William.
Warrior.
William.
Wm. A. Kain.,
WildPayrell..
Wm. Douglass
Wild Pigeon....
Wando
Watchful.
Will o' the Wisp
Winona
Young America
York
Young Racer.
Young Republic
Yankee Doodle.
Sloop.
Zeland
Zavala
Zulima
Zouave
Zion.
18fi£!
Where captured.
By what
Feb. 25
May 2
April 20
May 13
•Tilly 18
Aug. 22
Oct. 28
Aug. 16
1864
Jan. 13
Jan. 22
Feb. 1
Feb. 15
Mar. 21
Oct. 21
Sept. 27
1865.
Feb. 9
Jan. 21
1861.
April 24
Aug. -
1864.
Jan. 14
May 6
June 10
1861
Nov. 21
Oct.
North Santee.
1864
Not. 2
Lat. 26° N.; long. 76'
W.
Port Royal, S. C...
Lat. 26° N.; long. 96°
W.
Lat. 26° N.; long. 86°
W.
Off Suwannee river.
St. Andrew's bay...
Stump inlet, N. C...
San Luis Pass
Florida coast
Lat. 33° 5' N. ; long.
76° 40' W.
Lat. 28° 46' N.; long.
90° 53' W.
Off Galveston, Texas
Mississippi Squadr'n
Hampton Roads.
Cape Hatteras...
Near Jupiter's inlet.
Lat. 32° 10' N.; long.
78° 49' W.
Entrance to Pearl
river, Miss.
Off Tampico bay
Vermillion bay
New Era
Conemaugh
Sacramento
Octorara
Wabash, &c.
De Soto, &c.
Cayuga
Mercedita
Gertrude
Two Sisters, tender
to San Jacinto
Restless
Norwich, &c.
Virginia
Hendrick Hudson
Fort JacksoD
Arkansas
Cumberland
Union
Roebuck
Grand Gulf
Elk
Connecticut
Huntsville
New London
M ississippi squadr' a
Ailolph llugel
FOB VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
481
MISCELLANEOUS CAPTURES.
Description.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
1861
Dec. 11
May 28
Oct. 5
Oct. 11
Aug. 16
Nov. 15
Off St. John's river, Fla..
Chincoteague inlet
Quant ico creek
Dec. 15
1862.
Jan. 24
Jan. 23
Jan. 10
Mar. 14
Bark
"
1 iron windlass
Roanoke, N. C
Naval expedition
Feb. 10
Jan. 22
Feb. —
Feb. 12
Commodore Perry
New gunboat
Rowan's expedition
Edenton, N. C
"
"
Lieut. Jeffer's expedition
Mar. 3
"
Sullivan's island
Rappahannock river
S. Atlantic Blookadini
Squadron
April —
>»
»)
"
April 12
April 26
Coast of South Carolina.
Light-house inlet
Santiago de Oubn
April 24
June 6
»»
Mar. —
June 17
June —
May —
May 4
July —
"
Near Sabine river
Table land of Mariel
Santiago Cut*
Bark
Schooner, (supposed
to be Monticello.)
West Point, Virginia. . . .
1,200 bars railroad
iron.
St. Simon's sound, Ga. . .
Newbera, N. C . . .
Naval expedition
Steamer
Mar. 21
Delaware
482
VESSELS CAPTURED ANT> DESTROYED
Description.
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Sloop
Schooner
Sloop
Sloop
A wharf boat
Schooner
Vn old launch
Tkree boats
One seven-oared boat
Metali c life-boat.. . .
Two canoes
Three boats
One seine boat
Schooner
Brig
Schooner
Bark
Pilot schooner
Schooner
Schooner
"Vessel on stncks....
Schooner
Schooner
Schooner
Scows and boats
Two sloops
Schooner
Flat-bottomed boat.
Launch
Two sloops
Sloop
Nine boats
Fifteen boats
Five boats
Sloop
Eight boats
Scow
Lighter
Boat
1862
Aug. 11
Aug. 12
July
July
Sept.
Oct.
Oct. :
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Oct.
Nov.
Potomac river..
Sturgeon creek.
Eunice
New inlet, N. C.
Quant ico creek...
24 .Totcmac river.
If.
Nov. 23
Sloop
Sloop
Bark
Bark
Scow
Sloop
Rebel vessel, (bldg.)
Rebel vessel, (bldg.)
Rebel vessel, (bldg.)
Rebel vessel, (bldg.)
Rebel vessel, (bldg.)
Canoe
Sloop
Four clinker-built
boats.
Two small boats.
Two canoes
Nine canoes
Three boats
17 Masonborough inlet.
Shallow inlet
Masonborough inlet.
Nassau river
North river
East river.
New inlet..,
Floro creek
Bell river..
Nov. 3
Nov. 30
Nov. 26
Dec. 5j
Dec. 19 York rivei
Dec. 20
Dec. —
Dec. 20
1863.
Jan. 8
Jan.
Jan.
Indian river, Fla.
White House
18 Newport News, Va
19 Capture of New Orleans,
Jan. 13 Dividing creek, Va.
Jan. 20 Chuckatuck creek..
Jan. 23 .... „
Arthur
Pittsburg
State of GeoTfU
Eui-eka.
T. A. Ward
Jacob Bell
Matthew Vasaar
Freeborn
T. A. Ward
Cambridge
Daylight
Cliocura
E. B Hale
General Putnam,
Crusader
Mt. Vernon, <S
Dan Smith
Calhoun
Sagamore
Mahaska, &c
Diana
Octorara
Mahaska
Minnesota, &c.
Admiral Farragut'g fleet
Currituck
Commodore Morris
Jan. 20 Indian creek Currituck
Jan. 25 Tabb's creek '■ „
Jan. 24- Potomac river George Maugham
25. '
FOR VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE.
483
D«seriptic
When
cap-
tured.
Where captured.
By what vessel.
Schooner.
Vessel. . . .
81oop
Two boats
Schooner
Canoe
Schooner
Schooner...
Schooner
Brig
Sloop
Wharf boat
Sloop
Schooner
Schooner
Steamer
Six vessels, «Src
Steamer " 35th Par
allel"
Schooner
Two transports....
Monster ram
Horses and Wagons
Fishing scow ,
Schooner
Flat-boat
Sloop boat
Scow boat
Skiff and flat
Barge
Flat
Sloop boat
Schooner
Sloop
Sloop
Canoe
Flat-boat
Lot of Merchandise
Dry-goods and shoe
Four canoes
1863
Jan. 21 i Topsail inlet I Daylight
Feb. 121 George Mangham
Jan. 20 'Commodore Morria
Feb. 9 Dan Smith
Feb. 2 Topsail inlet Mt. Vernon
Mar. 13 Coenr de Leon
Mar. 2 Mosquito inlet Sagamore
Mar. 24 Boat expedition
April 19 Charleston |
April 10 Sabine Pass New London
April 8 Warrenton Hartford
April 24 Wassaw sound, Ga Cimmaron
May 2 Rich inlet Perry.
May 14 Urbana, Va Currituck, &c.
May 20 Charleston
May 1-8 Western World, &c.
Yazoo Pass expedition
4 schooners
11 bbs. of turpentine
Schooner
Schooner
Schooner
Schooner and launch
Row-boat
8 rolls bagging
Scow
Scow
Sloop
Schooner
Steamer
Schooner
Schooner
Schooner
Sloop
Steamer
I
May 10 Morrell's inlet Conemaugh, &c.
May — Yazoo Pass expedition
May 20 Yazoo City Naval expedition
Mississippi squadron
Brooklyn
May 30
June 24 Mantau river, Fla
June 9 Wilhlacoochee river, Fla
June ll
June 10 'Withlacoochce river, Fla
June 2 Crystal river, Fla
Wacassassa bay
May
May
July
July
July
July
July 17
July 20-
21.
July 8-9
July 24
July 8
July 9
»»
June 22
July 14
White House
Cumberland
Charlotte harbor, Fla
Rappahannock river
June 24
July 19
July 8
Sept. 28
June 30
Oct -
Oct'.' 7
Dec. 31
Charles county, Md.
Dividing creek, Va..
Coast of Texas
Coast of Texas
Neuse river
Old Haven creek.
Coast of Louisiana.
Off Sabine Pass.
Matagorda bay
Tahoma
Fort Henry
Shokokon
Commodore Morrti
Restless
Yankee, &c.
Cceur de Leon
Currituck
Sciota
De Soto
Sciota
Boat expedite
Annie
Tahoma
Fort Henry
Restless
Currituck
Cayuga
Granite City, *c
484
VESSELS CAPTURED AND DESTROYED
Description.
When
cap-
tured.
Sloop Doat.
Schooner
Twelve oyster boats.
Boat
31oop
Bkitf
Schooner
Scliooner
Schooner
Two canoes
Schooner
Twenty-two boats..
Twenty-six small
boats.
Large barge
Seven boats (bldg.).
Three boats
1863
Dec. 14
1864.
Jan. 1
Feb. 1
Feb. 13
Mar. 11 Lat. 24° N. ; long 83° W.
Feb. 8 Caney creek, Texas
Feb. 23 Running from Va. to Md.
Mar. 28JMatagorda bay
April 18;Up the Rappahannock...
May 15 Turkey creek
Steamer
Sail-boat
Twenty-two boat:
Nine boats
Rosin
Turpentine
Sugar
Railroad iron
Sugar
Bacon
Horses
Wheat
Tobacco
Schooner
Four scows
Rifles— 9
Rifles, &c
Schooner
Sloop boat
Sloop
Schooner .
Steamer..
Steamer..
Boat
8teamer
Cargo of sloop, name
unknown.
Rebel torpedo boat
3 rebel torpedo boats
One lighter
Iron, cables, anch'rs,
&c
Flat-boat
Machinery, &c...
Where captured.
Indian river, Fla.
Morrell's inlet, S. C.
York river
July 4
Aug. 9
Sept. 2
Oct. 4
Mar. 11
Mar. 11
Mar 16
Mar. 21
April 18
July
June
Aug.
Aug.
Nov.
Oct.
it
Nov.
Lat. 27* 41' N. ; long. 78 c
54' W.
Off Charleston
Potomac river
Piankatank river. . .
Up St. John's river.
Up Rappahannock.
Gatesville, N. C . . . .
30|Mobile
5 Mobile bay
24!Masonboro' inlet...
21
24
Nov. 29
Dec. 3
Dec. 27
1865.
Jan. 27
Feb. 4
Feb. 27
Bruinsburg, Miss.....
Tampa bay, Fla
Off Little Malco, Fla .
Off Charleston, S. C.
Decross's Point, Tex:
Off Cape Fear river. . .
"Western bar
By what vessel.
Manitee river
Beach inlet, S. C...
Wando river, S. C...
Columbus........
Charleston, S. C.
Wilmington, N. C...
Windmill Point, Va .
Richmond, Va
Roebuck
Nipsic
Morse
San Jacinto
Queen
Dragon
Estrella
Potomac flotilla
Commodore Perry
Magnolia
Katskill
Primrose
Potomac flotilla
Pawnee's launch
Pawnee and otheri
Potomac flotilla
Whitehead
Glasgow
W. G. B. squadron
Niphon
A veneer
Nita
I Rosalie
Patapsco
Itasca
Emma and other*
Monticello
Ino and Ariel
Wamsutta, &o.
Jonquil and other*
Mercury
N. A. B. squadron
The number of the prizes adjudicated to this date (Jan. 27,
1867), is seven hundred and thirty. The total amount of money
FOR VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKADE. 485
Involved — including that for distribution to the captors, and
that which is passed to the credit of the United States — is about
$25,000,000.
Payment has already been made to nearly ten thousand
different claimants, in sums varying from twenty-five ceuts to
thirty -eight thousand dollars. There still remain to be adjudi-
cated about six hundred prizes, the most of which will probably
);o condemned and the proceeds paid to the captors.
ONION VESSELS CAPTUKED OR DESTROl ED
BY TffE
DIFFERENT CONFEDERATE PRIVATEERS.
BY THE ALABAMA.
Name of Vessels. Where from. Date of Capture. Ton*
Alertbark. New London Sept 9,1862.. 391
Altamaha, brig Sippican Sept. 13, 1862. . 306
Amanda, bark Manilla Oct. 6, 18^3 . . 595
Amazonian, bark New York June 2, 1863 . . . 481
A. F. Schmidt, ship ... St. Thomas July 2, 1 863 . . . 784
Ariel, steamer New York . .Dec. 7, 1862. . . 1295
Avon, ship Howland's Island Mar. 29, 1864. . . 930
B'n de Castine, brig. . .Castine Oct. 29, 1862. . . 267
Benj. Tucker, ship New Bedford Sept. 14, 1862 .. . 800
B. Thayer, ship Callao Mar. 1, 1863 ... 896
Brilliant, ship New York Oct. 3, 1862 .. . 839
Charles Hill, ship. . . Liverpool Nov. 25, 1863. . . 699
Chastelain, brig Guadaloupe Jan. 27, 1863... 240
Conrad, bark Montevideo June 20, 1863 ... 347
Contest, ship Yokohama Nov. 1 1, 1863. . .1098
Corsair, schr. Provincetown . . . Sept. 13, 1862. . . 200
Crenshaw, schr New York Oct. 23, 1 862 . . . 278
Dorcas Prince, ship . . . New York April 26, 1863... 699
Dunkirk, brig New York Oct. — , 1863 . . . 298
E. Dunbar, bark New Bedford Sept. 18, 1*62. . . 300
E. Farnham, ship Portsmouth Oct. 8, 1862. . .1119
Emma Jane, ship Bombay Jan. 14, 1864. . .1096
Express, ship Callao July 6, 1863 .. . 1072
Golden Eagle, ship Howland's Island Feb. 21, 1863. . .1278
Golden Rule, bark New York Jan. 26, 1863. . . 250
Har't Spaulding, bark . New York. Nov. 1 8, 1863 ... 299
Hatteraa, gunboat . . . .Galveston Jan. 13, 1863 . . . 800
Henrietta, bark Baltimore . 1863 . . 438
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK. 487
flame of Vessels. Where from. Date of Capture. Tons.
Highlander, ship Singapore Dec 26, 1863 ... 1149
Jabez Snow, ship New York Mar. 25, 1863. . .1070
John A. Park, ship. . . .New York Mar. 2, 1863 ... J 050
Justina, bark Rio Janeiro May 25, 1863. . . 400
Kate Cory, brig Westport April 15, 1863. . . 125
Kingfisher, sehr Fairhaven Mar. 23, 1863. . . 125
Lafayette, ship New York Oct. 23, 1862... 945
Lafayette, bark New Bedford April 15, 1863. . . 300
Lamplighter, bark New York Oct. 15, 1862... 279
Lorefcta, bark New York Oct. 28, 1862 ... 284
Levi Starbuck, ship. . .New Bedford Nov. 2, 1862 ... 376
Louisa Hatch, ship.. . .Cardiff , 1863. . . 835
Manchester, ship New York Oct. 11, 1862 . . . 1075
Martha Wenzell, bark . Akyab Aug. 9, 1863 ... 578
Martaban, ship Maulmain Dec. 24, 1863 ... 807
Morning Star, ship. . . .Calcutta Mar. 23, 1863 ... 1 105
Nora, ship Liverpool Mar. 25, 1863. . . 800
Nye, bark New Bedford April 24, 1 863 . . . 300
Ocean Rover, bark .... Mattapoisett Sept. 8, 1862 .. . 766
Ocmulgee. ship Edgartown Sept. 6, 1862..- 300
Olive Jane, bark Bordeaux Feb. 21, 1863 .. . 300
Oneida, ship . Shanghae April 24, 1863 . . . 420
Palmetto, schr New York Feb. 3, 1863... 172
Parker Cook, bark Boston Nov. 30, 1862 ... 130
Punjaub, ship Calcutta Mar. 15, 1863. . . 760
Rockingham, ship Callao April 28, 1864. . . 976
Sea Bride, bark New York Aug. 5, 1863. .. 4:4.1
Sea Lark, ship Boston May 3, 1863. . . 974
S. Gildersleeve, ship. . .Sunderland May 25, 1863 : . 847
Sonora, ship Singapore Dec. 26, 1863. . . 707
Starlight, schr Fayal Sept. 7, 1862. . . 205
Talisman, ship New York June 5, 1863 ... 1239
T. R. Wood, ship Calcutta .Nov. 8, 1863 .. . 599
Tonawanda, ship Philadelphia Oct. 9, 1862... 1300
Tycoon, bark New York , 735
Union Jack, bark New York May 3, 1863 ... 300
Virginia, bark New Bedford Sept. 1 7, 1 863 . . . 300
Washington, ship Callao Feb. 27, 1863. . .1655
Wave Crest, bark New York Oct. 7, 1862. . . 40!)
Weather Gauge, schr . .Provincetown Sept. 4, 1862. . . 2n0
Winged Racer, ship . . . Manilla Nov. 1 0, 1863 ... 1767
BY THE SHENANDOAH.
376
Abigail, bark New Bedford May 25, 1865 .
Adelaide, bark Boston Oct. 13, 1864. . . 431
AJina, bark Newport, Eng Oct. — , 1864. . . 41C
488 THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Name of Vessels. Where from. Date of Capture. Tom
Brunswick, bark New Bedford June — , 1 865 . . 226
Catharine, bark New Bedford June 26, 1865. . . 226
Charter Oak, schr Boston Oct. — , 1864 . . . 140
Congress 2d, bark New Bedford June 28, 1865 ... 375
Covington, bark Warren, B. I June 28, 1865 , 300
Delphine, bark London Jan. 13, 1865 . 698
D. Godfrey, bark Boston Dec. — , 1864. . 29S
Edward, bark New Bedford Dec. 4, 1864. . . 420
Edward Cary, bark . . .San Francisco April 1, 1865. . . 370
Euphrates, ship New Bedford June 21, 1865. . . 597
Favorite, bark Fairhaven June 28, 1865. . . 36<J
Gen. Pike, bark New Bedford June 22, 1865. . . 425
Gen. Williams, ship... .New London June 25, 1865. . . 469
Gipsy, bark New Bedford June 26, 1865 .. . 390
Harvest, bark Honolulu April 1, 1865. . . 350
Hector, ship New Bedford April 1, 1865 .. .
Hillman, ship New Bedford June 27, 1 865 . . . 600
Isabella, bark New Bedford June 27, 1865 . . 394
T. Howland, ship New Bedford June 28, 1 865 . . . 900
James Maury, bark. . .New Bedford June 28, 1865. . . 400
Jireh Swift, bark New Bedford June 23, 1865. . . 360
Kate Prince, ship . . . .Cardiff Nov. 12, 1 864. . . 997
Lizzie M. Stacy, schr.. .Boston Nov. 13, 1864. . . 14u
Martha 2d, bark New Bedford June 28, 1865 .. . 298
Milo, ship New Bedford June 28, 1S65. . . 50o
Nassau, ship New Bedford June 28, 1865. . . 450
Nile, bark New London June 22, 1 865 . . . 380
Nimrod, bark New Bedford June 25, 1 865 . . . 340
Pearl, bark New London April 1, 1865... 275
Sophia Thornton, ship. New Bedford June 23, 1865. . . 400
Susan Abigail, bark. . .San Francisco June 23, 1865. . . 159
Susan, brig San Francisco June 4, 1865 . . .
Waverley, bark New Bedford June 28, 1865. . . 450
W. Thompson, ship . . . New Bedford June 22, 1865... 600
Win. C. Nye, bark San Francisco June 26, 1865. . . 388
BY THE FLORIDA-
Aldebaran, schr New York Mar. 13, 1863. . . 187
Anglo Saxon, ship Liverpool Aug. 21, 1863. . . 868
Arabella, brig Aspinwall Jan. 12, 1863... 291
B. F. Hoxie, ship Mazatlan June 16, 1863. . .1387
Clarence, brig Bahia , 1863. . . 253
Commonwealth, ship . .New York .April 17, 1863. . . 1245
Corris Ann, brig Philadelphia Jan. 22, 1863. . . 235
David Lapsley, bark. . .Sombrero , • • • 289
Electric Spark, str. . . .New York July 10, 1864 .. . 1400
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
489
Name of Vessels. Where from. Date of Car
Estella, brig Manzanilla Jan. 1 7,
P. B Cutting, ship Liverpool Aug. 6,
Geo. Latimer, schr Baltimore May 18,
Gen. Berry, bark . . . .New York July 10,
Golconda, bark Talcahuana July 8,
Greenland,' bark Philadelphia July 9,
Har't Stephens, bark . .Portland ,
J. Jacob Bell, ship Foochow Feb. 12,
Kate Stewart, schr Philadelphia June — ,
Lapwing, bark Boston Mar. 27,
Mary Alvina, brig Boston June — ,
M. I. Schinler, schr. . .Port Royal June 12,
Mary Y. Davis, schr. . . Port Royal July 9,
M. J. Colcord, bark . . . New York Mar. 30,
Mondamin, bark Rio Janeiro Sept. — ,
Red Gauntlet, ship Buena Vista May 26,
Rienzi, schr Provincetown , .July 7,
Southern Rights, ship . Rangoon Aug. 22,
Southern Gross. Boston June 6,
Star of Peace, ship Calcutta Mar. 6,
Sunrise, ship New York July — ,
Tacony, bark Port Royal June 12,
Varnum H. Hill, schr .Provincetown June 27,
Wm. B. Nash, brig New York July 8,
Wm. C. Clark, brig Machias, Me June 17,
Windward, brig Matanzas Jan. 22,
Zealand, bark New Orleans June 10,
turo.
Tons
1 863 . .
. 300
1863
. 796
.
. 198
.
. 469
1864.
. 331
1864.
. 549
.
. 500
1863.
.1382
1863.
. 387
1863.
590
1863.
. 266
1863.
. 299
1864.
. 270
1863.
374
1864.
. 386
1863.
.1038
1863.
. 95
1863.
. 830
1863.
. 938
1863.
. 941
1863.
.1174
1863.
. 296
1852.
. 90
1863.
. 299
.
. 338
1863.
. 199
1864.
. 380
BY THE SUMTER.
Abbie Bradford, schr. . July
Albert Adams, brig. . . . Cuba July
Alvarado, lark Cape Town June
Arcade, schr Portland Nov.
Benj Dunning, brig . . . Cuba July
B. F. Martin, brig Philadelphia June
California, bark St. Thomas
Cuba, brig New York July
D. Trowbridge, schr. . . New York Oct.
Eben Dodge, bark. New Bedford Dec.
Glen, bark Philadelphia July
Golden Rocket, ship. . .Havana : -July
Henry Nutt, schr Key West Aug.
Jos. Maxwell, bark Philadelphia July
Joseph Parks, brig Pernambuco Dec.
J. S. Harris, ship Cuba
Louisa KOham. bark . .Cienfuegos July
25,
1861
.. 180
5,
1861
.. 192
1861
.. 299
20,
1861
.. 122
Ot
1861
.. 284
16,
1861
. . 293
1861
.. 299
4,
1861
.. 199
21,
1861
... 200
8,
1861
..1222
1861
.. 287
13,
1861
.. 608
1861
.. 235
27.
1861
.. 295
25,
1861
300
1861
.. 800
6,
1861
. 468
490
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Name of Vessels.
Machias, brig . .
Naiad, brig.
Where from.
Date of Capture.
. July
. July
N. Chase, schr New York Sept.
Neapolitan, bark Messina Feb.
Ocean Eagle Rockland Feb.
Santa Clara, brig Porto Rico. ... Feb.
Sebasticook, 3hip Liverpool Feb.
Vigilant, ship New York Dec.
West Wind, bark New York July
W. S. Robins, bark Arroya June
1862
1861
1861
1862
1861
1861
1861
1861
1861
1861
BY THE TALLAHASSEE.
Adriatic, ship London Aug. 12
A. Richards, brig Glace Bay, C. B Aug. 11
Arcole, ship New Orleans Nov. 3
Atlantic, schr Addison, Me
Bay State, bark Alexandria, Va Aug. 1 1
Billow, brig Calais, Me Aug. 10
Carrie Estelle, brig Machias, Me Aug. 11
Castine, ship Callao Jan. 25,
Coral Wreath, brig Aug. 1 1
Etta Caroline, str Aug. 10
Flora Reed, schr Aug. 15
Glenhaven, bark Glasgow Aug. 13
Goodspeed, schr Boston Nov.
Howard, bark Aug. 15
Jas. Littlefield, ship.. .. Cardiff Aug. 14
J. H. Ho wen, schr Gloucester Aug. 14
L. Dupont, schr "Wilmington, Del Aug. 13
Magnolia, schr Aug. 15
Mercy Howe, schr Chatham Aug. 15
N. America, schr Connecticut
P. C. Alexander, bark.. New York
Pearl, schr Aug. 16
Rasselas, schr Boothbay, Me Aug. 23
Roan, brig Salisbury Aug. 20,
S. A. Boyce, schr Boston Aug. 11
Sarah Louisa, schr. . . .
schr Calais, Me Aug. 12
1863.
1863.
1863.
1863."
1863.
1864.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1863.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1863.
1864.
1864.
1864.
1864.
BY THE TACONY.
Ada, schr Gloucester June 23, 1863 . . 90
Arabella, brig Gloucester June 12, 1863. . 200
Archer, schr Gloucester June 24, 1863 . . . 100
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
491
BTomc of Vessels.
ftysantium, ship
Elizabeth Ann, schr. .
Florence, schr
Goodspeed, bark
Isaac Webb, ship. . . .
L. A. Macomber, schr.
Where from.
Date of Capture. Tons.
London June 16, 1863... 1048
Gloucester June 22, 1863... 100
.Gloucester June 22, 1863... 200
.Londonderry June 23, 1863. . . 629
Liverpool June 20, 1863... 1300
.Noank June 20, 1863... 100
Ma'eago, schr Gloucester June 22, 1863. . . 200
Ripple, schr Gloucester June 22, 1863. . . 150
Ruius Ohoate Gloucester June 22, 1863... 100
Shattemuc, ship Liverpool June 24, 1863. . . 849
Umpire, brig Laguna June 15, 1863... 196
Wanderer, schr Gloucester June 22, 1863. . . 125
BY THE CLARENCE.
A. H. Partridge, schr. .Gloucester June 7, 1863. . . 100
C. Cushing, cutter Portland June 24, 1863... 150
Whistling Wind, bark . . Philadelphia June 6, 1863 .. . 349
BY THE.SALLIE.
Betsey Ames, brig.
Grenada, brig
..Cuba Oct. — , 1861
..Neuvitas Oct. 13, 1861
265
255
BY THE GEORGIA.
Bold Hunter, ship Dundee Dec. 9, 1863.
City of Bath, ship Callao June 28, 1863.
Constitution, ship Philadelphia June 25, 1863 .
Crown Point, ship New York May 15, 1863.
Dictator, ship Liverpool April 25, 1863.
Geo. Griswold, ship. . .Cardiff June 18, 1863.
Good Hope, bark Boston June 22, 1 863 .
John Watt,' ship Maulmain Oct. — , 1863.
J. W. Seaver, bark. . .Boston June 22, 1863.
Prince of Wales, ship. .Callao July 16, 1863.
. 797
79
97
1053
1293
,1280
436
, 947
340
, 960
BY THE JEFF DAVIS.
D. C. Pierce, bark Remedios June — ,
Ella, schr Tampico
Enchantress, schr Boston July 16,
Jno. Crawford, ship. . . .Philadelphia Aug. — ,
John Welsh, brig Trinidad July 16,
-, 1861.
. . 306
-, 1861.
. . 92
, 1861.
. . 200
-, 1861.
. .
, 1861
.. 275
492 THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Name »»f Vessels. Where from. Date of Capture. Ton*
Rowena, bark Laguayra June — , 1861. . . 340
S. J. Waring, schr. ..New York July 16, 1861... 372
W. McGilvery, brig ..Cardenas July — 1861... 198
BY THE WINSLOW.
Herbert, schr June 18, 1861 ... 100
Itasca, brig Neuvitas Aug. 4, 1861... 300
Mary Alice, schr Porto Rico July — , 1861. . 181
Priscilla, schr Curafoa. July — , 1861 . . . 144
Transit, schr New London July 15, 1861 ... 195
BY THE CHICKAMAUGA.
Albion Lincoln, bark. .Portland Oct. 29, 1864. . . 237
Emma L. Hall, bark.. .Cardenas Oct. 31, 1864. . . 492
Mark L. Potter, bark. . .Bangor Oct. 30, 1864. . . 400
Shooting Star, ship New York Oct. 31, 1864... 957
BY THE OLUSTEE.
A. J. Bird, schr Rockland Nov. 3, 1864... 178
Empress Teresa, bark. . Rio Janeiro Nov. 1, 1864. . . 316
E. P. Lewis, schr Portland Nov. 3, 1864. . . 197
T. D. Wagner, brig.. . .Fort Monroe Nov. 3, 1864. . . 390
BY THE RETRIBUTION.
Emily Fisher, brig St. Jago Mar. — , 1863. . . 230
Hanover, schr Boston Jan. 81, 1863... 200
J. P. Ellicott, brig Boston Jan. 10, 1863. . . 231
BY THE ST. NICHOLAS.
Mary Pierce, schr Boston
Margaret, schr. . . ,
Monticello, brig. Rio Janeiro.
July 1, 1862..
. 192
July 29, 1862..
. 206
July 1, 1862..
. 300
BY THE CALHOUN.
John Adams, schr Provincetown May — , 1861. . . 100
Mermaid, schr Provincetown May — , 1861 . . . 200
Panama, brig Provincetown. ....... May 29, 1861 ... l&S
THE NATION AL HAND-BOOK. 493
BY THE NASHVILLE.
Same of Vessels. Where from. Date of Capture. Tom.
Harvey Birch, ship Havre Nov. 19, 1862. . . 800
R. Gilfillan, schr Philadelphia .Feb. 26, 1862. . . 240
BY THE BOSTON.
Lenxx, bark New York June 12, 1863... 37o
Texana, bark New York June 12, 1863. . . 588
BY THE SAVANNAH.
Joseph, brig Cardenas June 15, 1861... Ill
BY THE LAPWING.
K»te Dywer, ship Callao June 17, 1863 . . 1278
BY THE ECHO.
M. E. Thompson, brig.. July 9, 1862. . . 210
Mary Goodell, schr July 9, 1862... 200
BY THE YORK.
G. V. Boker, schr Galveston Aug. 9, 1861 .. . 100
BY THE CONRAD.
Santee,ship Akyab Aug. 5, 1863. . 898
BY THE TUSCARORA
Living Age, ship Akyab . .Sept. 13, 186-3 . . X 93
MISCELLANEOUS.
A. B. Thompson, ship.. Savannah May 19, 1861... 800
Alleghanian, ship. ...Baltimore Oct. 21, 1862... 1142
Alliance, schr Philadelphia Sept. — , 1863. . . 190
Boston, tug June 9 1863 . lOf
494
THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Name of Vessels.
Where from.
Date of Capture.
Chesapeake, steamer. .New York Dec. 7
Golden Rod, schr Holmes' Hole Sept. — ,
Hannah Balch, brig. . .Cardenas July 6
Harriet Lane, uunbt. . .Galveston Jan. 11
James L. Gerity Matamoros Oct. —
J. R. Watson, schr New York July 13
Lydia Francis, brig. . . . July 15
Pearl, schr Moriches
Protector, schr Cuba June —
Sea Bird, sch Philadelphia
Boa Witch, schr Baracoa
Union, schr Baltimore Dec. 5
1863.
1863.
1862.
1863.
1863.
1861.
1862.
1862.
1861.
1863.
1861.
1862.
Touik
. . 460
. 130
. 149
. . 325
. . 90
. . 200
. . 262
. . 183
. . 200
. . 200
.. 95
.. llfi
— Prom the Coi mi uncial and Financial ChronieU.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
405
Ratio of Representation in the House of Representatives.
1789 to 1792, according to Constitution 30,000
1792 to 1803, based on 1st census, 1790
1803 to 1813, "
2d "
1813 to 1823, "
3d
1823 to 1833, '«
4th "
1S?3 to 1843, "
5th "
1843 to 1853, "
6th "
1853 to 1863, "
7th "
1863 to 1873, ■'
8th "
1873 to 1883, "
9th "
1883 to.... "
10th "
1800 .
1810..
1820..
1830..
1840
1850.
1860.
1870..
1880 .
No. of
States.
Elec.
Vote.*
30,000...
10 ..
73
33,000...
15...
135
33,000...
16...
138
35,000 ..
18...
218
40,000...
24...
... .235
47,700...
24...
288
70,680...
26...
294
93,423...
31...
296
127,381 .
33...
303
131,425...
37...
366
151,912 ..
38...
. .. 401
* The Electoral Vote of a State consists of one for each Representative
and United States Senator.
Centres of Population at different decades.*
1790 Kent Co. (East Shore), Md.
1800 Between Baltimore and Washington, Howard Co., Md.
1810 Near Leesburgh, Loudoun Co., Va.
1820 Shenandoah Co., Va.
1830 Randolph Co., W. Va.
1840 Weston,Lewis Co., W. Va.
18i0 Wirt Co. W. Va.
1860 Pike Co., Ohio.
1870 Near Hillsboro, Highland Co., Ohio.
1880 Covington, Ky., opposite Cincinnati.
* In regard to North and South it has adhered closely to latitude 39°,
on the line of Baltimore, Parkersburg and Cincinnati and moved westward
at each decade 50 to 75 miles.
496 THE NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
POPULAR AND ELECTORAL
STATES.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts. . .
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina. .
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina . ,
Teunessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia . .
Wisconsin
Total.
1860.
Rep
Lincoln.
39,173
43,792
3,815
172,161
139,033
70,409
1,364
62,811
2,294
106,533
88,480
22,069
17,028
37,519
58,324
362,646
231,610
5,270
268,030
12,244
Electors
33,808
1,929
86,110
Dem.
Douglas.
Dem.
.Breckenridge
1,866,452
13,651
5,227
38,516
15,522
1,023
367
11,590
160,215
115,509
55,111
25,651
7,625
26,693
5,966
34,372
65,057
11,920
3,283
58,801
25,881
62,801
312,510
2,701
187,232
3,951
16,765
7,707
chosen by
11,350
6,849
16,290
65.021
^,375,157
48,831
28,732
34,334
14,641
7.337
8.543
51,889
2,404
12,295
1,048
53,143
22,681
6,368
42,482
5,939
805
748
40,797
31,317
2,112
48,539
11,405
5,006
178,871
the Legis-
64,709
47,548
218
74,323
847,953
Lincoln's Plurality, 491,195. Electoral vote, Lincoln, 180;
Breckenridge, 72; Bell, 39; Douglas, 12.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
497
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT.
STATES.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts. . . .
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire. .
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina. . .
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina. . .
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West .Virginia. . .
"Wisconsin
Total
1804.
McCll'n Lincoln.
Bern. J?ep.
43,841
42,285
8,767
158,730
130,233
40,596
3,691
64,301
42,211
32,739
48,745
74,604
17,375
31,678
6,594
32,871
68,024
361,986
8,457
276,316
8,470
13,321
10,438
65,884
62,134
44,691
8,155
189,496
150,422
89,075
16,441
27,766
61,803
40,153
126,742
91,521
25,060
72,750
9,826
36,400
60,723
368,735
265,154
9,888
296,391
13,692
42,419
23,152
83,458
1868.
Seymr.
Dan.
72,088
19,078
54,077
47,952
10,980
102,722
199,143
166,980
74,040
13,990
115,890
80,225
42,460
62,357
59,408
97,069
28,075
65,628
5,439
5,218
31,224
83,001
429,883
84,601
238,606
11,125
313,382
6,548
45,237
26,129
12,045
20,306
84,707
Grant.
Rep.
76,266
22,112
54,583
50.995
7,623
57,134
250,303
176,548
120, 39P
31,048
39,586
33,263
70,493
30,438
136,477
128,550
43,545
86,860
9,729
6,480
38,191
80,131
419,883
96,769
280,223
10,961
342,280
12,993
62,301
56,328
44,167
29,175
108,857
1,80^,725 2,216,067 2,907,613 3,015,071
States marked — did not vote. Lincoln over McClellan,
407,342. Electoral votes, Lincoln, 212; McClellan, 21; Vacan-
cies, 81. Grant over Seymour, 305,458. Electoral votes, Grant,
314; Seymour, 80; Vacancies, 23.
498
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT.
STATES.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida. . , ,
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts . . .
Michigan.
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire .
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina. .
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island. . .
South Carolina. . .
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia. . .
Wisconsin
T«»tal
1872.
Grant. Greeley
* 90,272
41,296
* 54,044
* 50,638
* 11,116
* 17,765
62,715
* 241,248
* 186,144
* 131,233
* 66,942
88,970
71,663
* 61,422
66,760
* 133,472
* 138,455
* 54,558
* 82,406
119,196
* 18,245
* 8,413
* 37,184
* 91,611
* 440,746
* 94,304
* 281,852
* 11,818
* 349,689
* 13,665
* 72,290
83,655
47,406
* 41,480
* 92,953
* 104,942
3,597,070
79,441
38,448
43,347
45,780
10,208
15.428
76,278
184,770
163,637
71,119
32,970
100,208
57,029
29,087
67,687
59,260
78,355
34,327
47,287
151,433
7,745
6,236
31,421
76,801
387,279
62,494
244,321
7,745
211,961
5,329
22,703
94,391
66,500
10,926
93,424
29,533
86,477
2,834.079
1876.
Hayes.
[6]
68,230
38,669
79,269
59,034
10,752
23,849
50,416
278,232
208,011
171,327
78,322
97,156
75,135
66,300
71,981
[13] 150,063
[11] 166,534
72,962
52, 605
145,029
31,916
10,383
41,539
103,517
489,207
108,417
[22] 330,698
[3] 15,206
1291 384,122
15,787
91,870
89,506
44,800
44,092
95,558
42,698
[10] 130,668
[4]
[21]
[11]
[5]
[8]
[7]
[5]"
[3]
[3]
[5]
[4]
[7]
[5]
4,033,950
Tilden.
[10] 102,002
[6] 58,071
76,465
[8]
[6] 61,934
[3] 13,381
22,923
[11] 130,088
258,601
[15] 213,526
112,099
37,902
L12] 159,690
70,503
49,823
[8] 91,780
108,777
141,095
48,799
112,173
[15] 203,077
17,554
9,308
38,509
[9] 115,902
[35] 521,949
[10] 125,427
323,182
14,149
366.158
10,712
90,906
[12] 133,166
104,755
20,254
[11]' 139,670
[5] 56,455
123,927
4,284,757
[8]
1872.— The total scattering vote of 83,293 was nearly all for Charles O'Conor. Grant
received 300 electoral votes, States marked *, Greeley would have received 6(3.
1876.— Cooper (Ind.) received 83,561 votes. Smith (Temperance and Scattering), 10.PS8.
The electoral votes of each State, see figures in [ ]. Total Hayes, 185 ; Tilden, 184.
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK 499
POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PRESIDENT,
1880.
GARFIELD.
STATES. Rep.
Alabama 56,221
Arkansas 42,436
California (1) 80,378
Colorado (3) 27,450
Connecticut (6) 67,071
Delaware 14, 133
Florida 23,632
Georgia 54,086
Illinois (21)318,037
Indiana (15) 232,164
Iowa (11) 183,927
Kansas (5) 121,549
Kentucky 106,306
Louisiana 38,016
Maine (7) 74,039
Maryland 78,515
Massachusetts (13) 165,205
Michigan (11) 185,341
Minnesota (5) 93,903
Mississippi 34,854
Missouri 153,567
Nebraska (3) 54,979
Nevada 10.445
New Hampshire. . . (5) 44,852
New Jersey 120.555
New York (35) 555,544
North Carolina. . . . 115.874
Ohio (22)375,048
Oregon (3) 20,619
Pennsylvania (29) 444. 704
Rhode Island (4) 18,195
South Carolina. . . . 58,071
Tennessee 107,677
Texas 53,298
Vermont (5) 45,567
Virginia 84,020
West Virginia .... 46,243
Wisconsin (10) 144,400
Total 4,450,921 4,447,888 307,740 10.305
The figures in parentheses ( ) indicate the Electoral Vote of each State and
Party.
Scattering, 1,696. Garfield's Plurality, 3,033. All, over Garfield, 316,708.
HANCOCK.
WEAVER.
DOW.
Dem.
Obk.
Pro.
(10) 91,185
4,642
(6) 60,775
4,079
(5) 80,417
3,376
24,647
1,435
64,415
868
409
(3) 15,275
120
(4) 27,922
(11) 102,470
969
277,321
26,358
443
225,522
12,986
105,845
32,701
592
59,801
19,851
25
(12) 149,068
11,499
258
(8) 65,067
439
65,171
4,408
93
(8) 93,706
111,960
4,548
682
131,597
34,895
942
53,315
3,267
236
(8) 75,750
5,797
(15) 208,609
35,135
28,523
3,950
(3) 11,215
40,794
528
180
(9) 122,565
2,617
191
534,511
12,373
1,517
(10) 124,208
1,126
340.821
6,456
2,6i6
19,855
245
407,428
20,668
1,939
10,779
236
20
(7) 112,312
566
(12) 129,509
5,917
43
(8) 156,528
27.405
18,316
1,215
(11) 128,586
(5) 57,391
9,079
114,649
7,986
69
500 NATIONAL HAND BOOK.
Popular and Electoral Vote for President.
STATES.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts . .
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina.
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania.. .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina.
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia. .
Wisconsin
Popular Vote— 1884.
Cleveland,
Bern.
Blaine,
Rep.
(10)
(7)
(6)
(3)
(4)
(12)
Total .
92,973
72,927
89,288
27,603
67,182
16,976
31,769
94,653
312,584
(15) 244,992
177,316
90,132
(13) 152,961
(8) 62,546
51,656
(8) 96,866
122,352
189,361
70,065
(9) 76,510
(16)235,988
54,391
5,578
39,187
(9) 127,778
(36) 563,048
(11) 142,952
368,286
24,604
392,785
12,391
(9) 69.764
(12) 133.270
(13)223,679
17.331
(12) 145,497
(6) 67,317
146,459
4.911 01
Butler,
Orb.
59,144
50,895
(8) 102,416
(3) 36,166
65,898
13,053
28,031
47,692
(22) 337,411
238,480
(13) 197,089
(9) 154,406
118,122
46,347
(6) 71,716
" 85.748
(14) 146,724
(13) 192,669
(7) 111,685
43,509
202,929
76,903
7,193
43,250
123,366
562,001
125,068
(23) 400,082
(5)
(3)
(4)
26,860
473,804
19,030
21,733
124,090
91,701
39,514
139,356
63,096
(11) 161,157
(3)
(30)
(4)
(4)
St. John,
Pro.
762
1,847
2,017
2,961
1,685
10
135
10,849
8,293
16,341
1,693
120
3,994
578
24,382
753
3,583
26
552
3,456
17,002
5,170
726
17,002
422
957
3,321
785
805
4,598
4 848.334 133,8251 151,899
The figures in parent h^ses ( ) indicate the Electoral Vote of each State
and Party. Scatt»ri"g, 11,362.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
501
Progress of American Railroads.
Year.
1830
1831
1832,
1833.
1834.
1835,
1836
1837.
1838.
1839.
1840.
1841.
1842.
1843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
1847.
1848.
1849..
1850.
1851
1852.
1853
1854.
1855.
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
Miles in operation.
23
95
229
380
633
1,098
1,273
1,497
1,913
2,302
2,818
3,535
4,026
4,185
4,377
, .... 4,633
4,930
5,598
5,996
7,365
9,021
10,982
12,908
15,360
16,720
18,374
22,016
24,503
26,968
28,789
Year.
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874 .
1875 .
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
Miles in
operation.
30,635
31,286
32,120
33,170
33,908
35,085
36,801
39,250
42,229
46,844
52,914
60,293
66,171
70,268
72,385
74,096
76,808
79,088
81,717
86,463
93,340
103,145
114,713
121,454
125,379
128,967
137,987
148,987
American Shipping — Toiiage, Sail and Steam.
1830,
1840
1850.
1860.
1870
1883.
Sail, Tons.
1,127,304
1,978,445
3,010,120
4,485,931
4,171,412
2,386,587
64,472
202,309
525,434
867,937
1,075,095
1,413,194
Total, Tons.
1,191,770
2,180,764
3,535.454
5,353,866
4,266,507
3,799,751
1886. No. of vessels over 100 tons— Steam, 548; Sail, 5,958.
UNITED STATES CENSUS FOE 1880.
Population of Cities containing upwards of 10,000.
[official.]
New York, N. Y 1
Philadelphia, Pa
Brooklyn, N. Y
Chicago, 111
Boston, Mass
St. Louis, Mo
Baltimore, Md
Cincinnati,* O
San Francisco, Cal
New Orleans, La
Cleveland, O
Pittsburg, Pa
Buffalo, N. Y
Washington, D. C
Newark, N. J
Louisville, Ky
Jersey City, N. J
Detroit, Mich
Milwaukee, Wis
Providence, R. I
Albany, N. Y
Rochester, N. Y
Allegheny, Pa
Indianapolis, Ind
Richmond, Va
New Haven, Conn
Lowell, Mass
Worcester, Mass
Troy, N. Y
Kansas City. Mo
Cambridge* Mass
Syracuse, N. Y
Columbus, O
Paterson, N. J
Toledo, O
Charleston, S. C
Fall River. Mass
Minneapolis, Minn
Scranton, Pa
Nashville, Tenn
Reading, Pa
Hart ford, Conn
Wilmington, Del
Camden, N. J
St. Paul, Minn
Lawrence, Mass
Dayton, O
Lynn, Mass
Denver, Col
Oakland, Cal
Atlanta, Ga
Utica, N. Y
Portland, Me
Memphis, Tenn
Springfield, Mass
,206,590
846,984
566,689
503,304
362,535
350,522
332.190
255,708
233,956
216,140
160,142
156,381
155,137
147,307
136,400
123,645
120,728
116,342
115,578
104,850
90,903
89,363
78,681
75,074
63,803
62,882
59,485
58,295
56,747
55,813
52.740
51,791
51,665
50,887
50,143
49,999
49,006
46,887
45,850
43,461
43,280
42,553
42.499
41,658
41,498
39,178
38,677
38,284
35.630
34,556
34,398
33,913
33,810
£3,593
33,340
78.
79.
so.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
(il.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
!I7.
98.
99.
10(1.
101.
102.
103.
101.
lid.
106.
107.
108.
Hi', i.
110.
Manchester, N. H 32.
St. Joseph, Mo 32.
Grand Rapids, Mich 32,
Wheeling, W. Va
Mobile, Ala 31.
Hoboken, N. J 30
Harrisburg, Pa 30
Savannah, Ga 30.
Omaha, Neb 30.
Trenton, N. J 29.
Covington, Ky 29.
Peoria", 111 29.
Evansville, Ind 29
Bridgeport, Conn 29
Elizabeth, N. J.
Erie, Pa 27
Salem, Mass 27
Quincy, 111 27
FortWavne, Ind 26
New Bedford, Mass 26
Terre Haute, Ind 20
Lancaster, Pa 25
Somerville, Mass 24
Wilkesbarre, Pa 23
Augusta, Ga .. 23
Des Moines, Iowa.
22
Dubuque. Iowa 22,
Galveston, Tex 22
Watervliet, N. Y 22
Norfolk, Va 21
Auburn, N. Y 21
Holyoke, Mass 21
Davenport, Iowa 21
Chelsea, Mass 21
Petersburgb, Va 21
Sacramento, Cal 21
Taunton, Mass 21
Norwich, Conn 21
Oswego, N.Y 21
Salt Lake City, Utah 20
Springfield, O 20
Bay City. Mich 20
San \ntonio, Tex 20
Elmira, NY 20
Newport, Ky 20
Waterburv, Conn 20
Poughkeepsie. N. Y 20.
Springfield, 111 19,
Altoona, Pa 19,
Burlington, Iowa
Cohoes, X. Y
Gloucester, Mass
Lewiston, Me
Pawtucket, R. I. . . .
East Saginaw, Mich.
630
484
015
266
205
999
762
681
518
910
720
315
280
148
229
730
598
275
880
875
040
769
985
339
023
408
2.54
253
220
966
924
851
834
786
655
420
213
141
117
768
729
693
561
541
433
269
207
746
716
450
417
329
083
030
016
* Several populous suburbs in the census of 1870 are excluded in 1880.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
i7a
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
Williamsport, Pa 18,934
Ycrokers, N.Y 18,892
Houston, Texas 18,646
Haverhill, Mass 18,475
Lake Township, 111 18,396
Kingston, N. Y 18,342
Meriden, Conn 18,340
Hempstead, N. Y 18,160
Zanesville, Ohio 18,120
Allentown, Pa 18,063
Council Bluffs, Iowa 18,059
Newburgh, N. Y 18,050
Wilmington, N. C 17,361
Binghamton, N. Y 17,315
Bloomington, 111 17,184
New Brunswick, N.J 17,167
Long Island City, N. Y . . . 17,117
Newton, Mass 16,995
Bangor, Me 16,857
Montgomery, Ala 16,714
Lexington, Ky „ ... 16,656
Johnstown, N. Y 16.020
Leavenworth, Kan 16,550
Akron, O 16,512
New Albany, Ind 16,422
Joliet, 111 16,145
Jackson, Mich 16,105
Woonsocket, R.I 16,053
Racine, Wis 16,031
Lynchburg, Va 15,959
Flushing, N. Y 15.919
Sandusky, O 15,838
Oshkosh, Wis 15,749
Hyde Park, 111 15,716
Newport, R. 1 15.603
Topeka, Kan 15,451
Youngstown, O 15,431
Atchison, Kan 15,106
Chester, Pa 14,996
Lafayette, Ind 14,860
Leadville, Col 14.820
La Crosse, Wis 14,505
New Britain, Conn 13.978
Norwalk, Conn 13,956
York, Pa 13,940
Concord, N. H 13,838
Lincoln tp. , R. I . . . 13,765
Virginia City, Nev 13,705
New Lots tp., N. Y 13.681
Schenectady, N. Y 13,675
Alexandria, Va 13,058
Brockton, Mass 13.608
Newburvport, Mass 13,537
Lockport, N.Y 13.522
Nashua, N. H 13.307
Pittsfield, Mass 13,367
South Bend, Ind 13,279
Pottsville, Pa 13,253
Orange,N. J 13,206
Little Rock, Ark 13,185
Rockford, 111..., 13,136
Fond-du-Lac, Wis 13,091
Norristown, pa, 13,064
Lincoln, Neb 13,004
Chattanooga, Tenn 12,892
Macon, Ga 12,748
Richmond, Ind 12,743
Castleton tp. , N. Y 12,679
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187-
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
200.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
220.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232
2*33"*
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
Cortlandt, N. Y 12,064
Biddef ord, Me 12,652
Georgetown , D. C 12,578
San Jose", Cal 12,507
Fitchburg, Mass 12.405
Canton, O 12,258
Northampton, Mass 12.172
Warwick, R. 1 12,163
Rutland, Vt 12,149
Hamilton, O 12,122
Keokuk, Iowa 12,117
Steubenville, O 12,093
Rome, N.Y 12,045
Maiden, Mass 12,017
Kalamazoo, Mich 11,937
Easton, Pa 11,924
Oyster Bay tp., N. Y 11,923
Aurora, 111 11,825
Vicksburg, Miss 11,814
Middletown, Conn 11.731
Amsterdam, N. Y 11,711
Waltham, Mass 11,711
Dover, N. H 11,687
Danbury, Conn 11,669
Rock Island, 111 11,660
Derby, Conn 11,649
Brookhaven,N.Y 11,544
Wallkill, N. Y 11,483
Galesburg, 111 1 1.446
Portsmouth, Va 11.388
Burlington, Vt 11,364
Chicopee, Mass 11,325
Portsmouth, O 11,314
Los Angeles, Cal 11,311
Stamford, Conn 11,292
Muskegon , Mich 1 1 ,262
Logansport, Ind 11,191
Attleborough, Mass 11,111
Hannibal , Mo 11,074
Shreveport, La 11,017
Austin, Texas 10,960
Chilicothe, O 10,938
Woburn, Mass 10.938
Jacksonville, 111 10,927
Saratoga Springs, N. Y . . . 10,822
Fishkill.N. Y 10,732
Watertown, N. Y 10,697
Belleville, 111 10,682
Weymouth, Mass 10.571
Quincy, Mass 10.529
New London, Conn 10,529
Saginaw, Mich 10,525
Jeffersonville, Ind 10,422
Saugerties, N.Y 10.375
Dallas, Texas 10,358
Oedensbunrh, N. Y 10.340
Madison, Wis 10,325
Stockton, Cal 10,287
Lenox, N.Y 10,249
Winona, Minn 10,208
North Adams, Mass 10,192
Shenandoah, Pa 10,1-48
Marlborough, Mass 10,126
Eau Claire, Wis 10,118
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 10,104
Jamaica, N.Y 10.0S9
Columbia, S. C 10,040
504
NATIONAL HAND BOOK.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Their organizations and statistics for 1887.
Denomination.
Adventist or Millerites
Baptist, Regular
" Anti-Mission
" Free- Will
" Seventh Day
Church of God, Winebrennarians.
Congregational
Disciples of Christ or Campbellites
Dankards or Brethren
Friends, " Orthodox "
Friends, " Hicksites "
Jews
Lutheran
Mennonites
Methodist Episcopal
Epis'l, South
Epis'l, African
Epis'l, African Zion..
Epis'l, Colored
Evangelical
Free
Primitive
Protestant
Congregational
Wesleyan
Moravian .
Mormons. . . .
Presbyterian,
Associate Reformed
Cumberland
North
" South
United
Protestant Episcopal
Reformed Episcopal
Reformed Church in America. . . .
Reformed Church in United States
Roman Catholic
United Brethren
Universalists
1833
1639
1780
1671
1830
1620
1827
1719
1672
1828
1742
1683
1784
1845
1816
1816
1874
1800
1860
1843
1830
1852
1843
1736
1830
1743
1810
1684
1861
1858
1785
1873
1619
1727
1634
1784
1779
600
28,953
900
1,414
93
475
2,277
4,552
800
700
250
269
7,045
400
20,263
10,951
2,800
2,200
2,016
1,808
358
125
1,799
70
495
83
654
49
2,494
6,437
2,159
868
4,565
79
520
1,467
6,755
4,335
891
a
700
16,191
400
1,258
85
450
4,090
3,330
1,853
720,
100J
202
3,804
250
11,676
4,319
1,882
2,000
638
953
263
27
1,500
23
267
97
3,900
40
1,538
5,654
1,072
737
3,799
68
549
780
7,370
2,253
2,253
80,000
2,572,238
45,000
77,929
8,591
45,000
436,379
850,000
100,000
75,000
25,000
18,000
911,267
50,000
1,659,816
931,150
391,044
300,000
125,000
119,758
12,719
3,716
130,000
20,000
23,590
10,181
140,000
6,500
126,911
696,827
135,201
88,871
397,192
7,877
81,880
172,949
6,830,000
173,000
33,223
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
507
RATE OF MORTALITY IN AMERICAN CITIES.
Number of deaths per annum in one thousand inhabitants.
CITIES.
Atlanta, Ga
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass
Brooklyn, N. Y...
Buffalo, N. Y
Charleston, S. C . .
Chicago, III
Cincinnati, Ohio. .
Cleveland, Ohio. . .
Dayton, Ohio
Denver, Col
Detroit, Mich
Galveston, Texas . .
Jacksonville, Fla. .
Louisville, Ky . .
Los Angeles. Cal ..
Lowell, Mass
Memphis, Tenn. . .
Milwaukee, Wis. .
Minneapolis, Minn
Mobile, Ala
Nashville, Tenn...
Newark, N. J
New Haven, Conn.
New Orleans, La. .
New York
Omaha, Neb
Paterson, N. J. . .
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Pittsburg, Pa
Portland, Me
Portland, Oregon .
Providence, R. I. .
Reading, Pa
Richmond, Va
Rochester, N. Y...
San Francisco, Cal
St. Paul, Minn . . .
St. Louis, Mo
Toledo, Ohio
Washington, D. C.
Yonkers, N. Y . . . ,
1875
1878.
1880.
19.3
21.23
17.26
24.7
25 00
21.66
23.5
25 91
19.72
24.0
34.60
27.18
31.9
20.29
15.70
20.8
20.39
18.33
20.9
20.4
14.22
15.00
15.3
28.4
21.2
22.4
27.79
31.0
14. G4
13.37
21.5
22.00
15.93
24.4
43.17
20.00
23.3
20. J 9
21.4
20.79
17.90
18.5
27.80
30.10
24.2
29.79
25.24
26.7
30.94
19.29
24.35
18.03
20.9
21.69
19.49
22.1
18.94
19.75
20. 1
19.55
18.8
21.97
17.37
27.6
24.39
15.65
19 28
30.81
26.8
23.88
21.66
19.2
24.1)0
12.32
29.03
24.20
22.29
19.29
12.60
14.3
1887.
14.86
19.98
24.90
21.30
18.42
36.02
19.43
18.98
16.78
15.53
15.60
20.6,5
17.45
14.50
15.50
10.00
23.40
22.86
18.00
13.40
31.20
17.92
23.44
17.40
25.10
25.96
11.06
22.33
20.59
20.01
17.98
10 00
19.62
17.87
17.06
17.86
12.98
21.61
18.89
22.21
508 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
HISTORY OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES OF
THE UNITED STATES.
[See each administration for popular vote of each.]
1776-1789. The Whigs (Liberty Men or
Particularists) were in power during the war for inde-
pendence, and under the confederation, and advocated
separation from Great Britain. Upon the adoption of
the Constitution, 1787, they were divided on the powers
of the government, the strong government men favored
a federal government under the Constitution, and were
called The Federals led by Jay, Hamilton and
Madison ; the other opposed any change in the articles
of confederation, and were called The Anti-Feder-
als 9 led by Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Samuel
Adams and George Clinton. THE OPPOSITION
were the Tories, who favored the Crown.
1789-1801. The Federals were in power
under Presidents Washington and Adams, and effected
an amicable adjustment of the many intricate ques-
tions involved in the formation of the government.
The Church and State Party was composed of
Federals who favored such a union. THE OPPOSI-
TION were The Anti-Federals, or Democratic Repub-
licans.
1801-1841. The Democratic Repub-
licans or Democrats were in power under Jeffer-
Bon and Burr, 1800 ; Jefferson and Clinton, 1804 ;
HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 509
Madison and Clinton, 1808 ; Madison and Gerry, 1812 ;
Monroe and Tompkins, 1810 ; J. Q. Adams and Cal-
houn, 1824 ; Jackson and Calhoun, 1828 , Jackson and
Van Buren, 1832 ; and Van Buren and Johnson, 1836.
They favored the Non-intercourse Act, 1809 ; the
second war with England, 1812 ; the purchase of
Florida, 1819 ; the Missouri Compromise, 1820 ; the
Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ; a Protective Tariff, 1828 ;
vetoed nullification, 1832 ; the annexation of Texas,
1836 ; free trade, 1840. The ClhltOfliutlS were a
faction led by Governor Clinton of New York, grow-
ing out of the issues of the war of 1812. The opposi-
tion to national interference of State rights in South
Carolina , 1831 under Jackson's administration gave
rise to The Nullification Party, led by J. C.
Calhoun. The ISuvrites, followers of Aaron Burr,
occasioned by a division in the Democratic-Repub-
lican ranks at the election of Jefferson, 1800. The
People's Party was the result of a division of the
Democrats of the State of New York in the campaign
of 1823. One favored the choice of Presidential elec-
tors by the people, the other by the State legislators.
In 1835-7 a faction of the Democrats in New York
city organized The Equal Rights Party. They
opposed the regular Democrats in Convention at
Tammany Hall, and during great confusion the lights
were put out. The Equal Rights Men at once re-
lighted the room with candles and loco-foco matches.
From this date and incident they were designated
510 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
Loco-Foco Party, and for a time it was applied
to the whole Democratic party by the opposition.
THE OPPOSING parties during this term of forty
years were the federals, led by Adams and Pinckney,
1800,Pinckney and King, 1804-8; Clinton and Ingersol,
1812 ; King and Howard, 1816; J. Q. Adams andStock-
ton, 1820, [In the campaign of 1824, the three factions
of Democrats were led by J. Q. Adams and — , Jackson
and Calhoun and Crawford and Sanford, the Whigs led
by Clay and Macon. There being no choice by the peo-
ple, J. Q. Adams was declared President by the House
of Representatives] by Adams and Rush, 1828, Clay
and Sergeant, 1832, Harrison and Granger, 1836. The
Secessionists : — The federals opposed the purchase
of Louisiana, 1819, upon the plea that it would give
the balance of power to the South. Here started the
first Secession movement, led in the North by Aaron
Burr, candidate for Governor of New York. His elec-
tion was defeated by the efforts of Alex. Hamilton,
which resulted in a duel, fatal to Hamilton. They
hoped to join issues with the disaffected Democrats or
Burrites, and thus carry the next Presidential election;
The Peace Party was a faction of the Federals
opposed to the second war with England, 1812. The
Hartford Convention, 1814, composed of Federal
delegates from New England, in session three weeks
with closed doors, advocated peace with Great Britain s
this proved the death of the Federal Party. The
Anti-JHasonic Party sought to exclude Masons
HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 511
from office. It grew out of the excitement following
the disappearance of William Morgan, 1826, at Niagara,
for threatening to expose the secrets of Masonry. In
the campaign of 1828 they nominated William
Wirt, Maryland, and H. Lee, Massachusetts. The
National Republican Party were the advo-
cates of J. Q. Adams for a second term. After their
defeat in the campaign of 1828 took this name pre-
fixing "National" to the term Republican, in 1832,
nominated Henry Clay, Kentucky, and J. Ser-
geant, Pennsylvania. They were close constructionists,
and claimed to represent the national policy ; while
the Jackson party adhered to the term Democrat, drop-
ping the appendage Republican : Democratic Repub-
lican being the party name of the previous administra-
tion of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and J. Q. Adams.
The Whig Party (Second), 1834, were composed
of National Republicans, Anti-Masons, most of the
Nullifiers and many Democrats disaffected on account
of the high-handed measures of President Jackson
regarding the National Bank and Deposits. In the
campaign of 1836 they were divided ; one faction
nominated W. II. Harrison, Ohio, and F. Granger,
New York. The other nominated D. Webster, Mas-
sachusetts, and William Smith, Alabama. The In-
dependents, disaffected members of othet parties
in the campaign of 1832 nominated ,1. Floyd, Vir-
ginia, and W. Wilkins, Pennsylvania ; 1836 nominated
H. L. White, Tennessee, and J. Tyler, Virginia. The
512 NATIONAL IIAND-BOOK.
Abolition Party organized at Warsaw, New York,
1839, opposed slavery, and changed their name to the
Liberty Party in 1840, nominating J. G. Birney, New
York, and Thomas Earle.
1841-1845. The Whig Tarty was in
power under Harrison and Tyler. The canvass was
known as the "Log Cabin" and " Hard Cider" Cam-
paign. The Native American Tarty was an
off-shoot of the Whig, 1843, and favored "Natives"
for office, and opposed foreigners. The Liberty
League was a division of the Liberty Party, 1845,
and maintained that slavery was unconstitutional.
Garrett Smith, of New York, and C. C. Foot,
of Michigan, were their Presidential candidates.
THE OPPOSITION were the Democratic Party, with
Van Buren and Johnson as candidates. The Sunk'
ers and Barnburners were names applied to the
Democrats that were divided on minor topics in the
State of New York. The Liberals called Barnburners
favored Van Buren, and returned to the Democratic
Party in 1848. The Hunkers favored John L. Dicken-
son, joined the Abolition Party.
1845-1849. The Democratic Tarty
was in power under Polk and Dallas. They advocated
and carried to a successful issue the Mexican War.
THE OPPOSITION were the Whig Party, led by II
Clay, Kentucky, and T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey,
as candidates for the Presidency and the Liberty Party,
led by Birney and Morris.
HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 513
1849-1853. The Whigs were in power
under Taylor and Filraore and favored the compromise
measures of 1850. The Free Soil Party was a
fusion of the Liberty Party and Hunkers, taking
its name from a term in their platform of principles,
1848, and opposed the extension of slavery ; led by
Martin Van Buren, New York, and B. M. Johnson
Kentucky. The Silver Grey Party was a divis-
ion of the Whig Party on the compromise question.
The American or ILnow -Nothing Party
sought to exclude foreigners from office. Its principles
were embodied in a speech of Senator Wright: " We
do not object to foreigners riding in our carriage, but
we propose to hold the reins." THE OPPOSITION
was the Democratic Party with L. Cass, Michigan, and
W. 0. Butler, Kentucky, as candidates.
1853-1861. The Democrats were in power
under Pierce and King, 1853 ; Buchanan and Brecken-
ridge, 1857 ; pledged to support the Missouri Compro-
mise of 1850, favored the fugative slave law, the Dred
Scott decision, State Rights, Kansas and Nebraska Bill
1854, admission of new States without restriction as to
slavery. THE OPPOSITION were the Whig, Free
Soil, Silver Grey, American, Anti-Nebraska or Fusion
Party, and Republicans. The Whigs, led Scott and
Graham as candidates, their defeat disintegrated the
party ; those favoring pro-slavery joined the Demo-
crats ; the Free Soilers nominated Hale and Julian ; the
Anti-Nebraska or Fusion Party opposed the
514 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
extension of slavery. It was started upon the repeal of
the Missouri Compromise, 1854, and was composed of
Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers and Republicans ;
they merged with the Republican Party in 1856.
The Republican Party was composed of "all the
opponents of slavery extension." Several states perfect-
ed organizations in 1855. In the campaign of 1856 they
led as candidates J. C. Freemont, California, and W.L.
Dayton, New Jersey. The American Party nominated
M. Filmore, New York, and A. J. Donaldson, Tennes-
see, the minority in the convention opposed the plat-
form and nominated N. P. Banks and W. F. Johnson.
1861-1885. The Republican Party
were in power under Lincoln and Hamlin, 1861 ; Lin-
coln and Johnson, 1865 ; Grant and Colfax, 1869 ;
Grant and Wilson, 1873 ; Hayes and Wheeler, 1877 ;
Garfield and Arthur, 1881. It opposed the extension
of slavery, and secession by force of arms, repealed
the Fugitive Slave Law, emancipated the slaves, by
Constitutional Amendments, secured suffrage to the
colored race, put down the four years' rebellion, recon-
structed the South, etc. The Liberal Repub-
licans, 1871, grew out of the dissatisfaction with
Grant's administration, and were opposed to a presi-
dential third term, and in the campaign, 1872, nomi-
nated H. Greeley, New York, and B. G. Brown, Mis-
souri. The Labor Reform Party, 1870, was
composed chiefly of " Trade Unions." Their Candi-
dates David Davis and Joel Parker declined the nomi-
HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 515
nation. The Grangers or Patrons of Husbandry,
1872, encouraged co-operation and economy among
farmers and the improvement of their material and
moral condition. Primarily non-partisan. Politics and
designing men led to its abandonment. The Tem-
perance Party, 1872, was a national combination
of local temperance organizations with James Black,
Pennsylvania, and A. II. Colquitt, Georgia, as candi-
dates. In 1876 it changed its name to The "Pro-
hibition Party," and nominated G. C. Smith,
Kentucky, and G. T. Stuart, Ohio. In 1880 they
nominated Neil Dow, Maine, and A. H. Thompson,
Ohio. The National {Greenback) Party
grew out of the panic of 1873, and favored the increase
of paper money, and making it legal tender for all
debts including customs, and, in the campaign of 1876
were led by Peter Cooper, New York, and S. F. Cary,
Ohio, and in 1880 by J. B. Weaver, Iowa, and B. J.
Chambers, Texas. The National Christian
Association opposed secret societies, the liquor
traffic, Sabbath desecration, etc. Met at Columbus,
Ohio, and nominated, 1872, James Black, Pennsylvania,
and John Russell, Michigan ; at Pittsburgh, 1876, J.
B. Walker, Illinois, and D. K. Patrick, New York ;
at Chicago, 1880, J. W. Phelps, Vermont, and S. C.
Pomroy, District Columbia. THE OPPOSITION
were the Democrats ; a lack of harmony in their
National Convention at Charleston, April 23d 1860,
led to an adjournment at Richmond, June 11th ; they
516 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
failed to agree on a platform ; most of the southern
delegates withdrew and met in Baltimore, June 28th,
and nominated J. C. Breckenridge, Kentucky, and J.
Lane, Oregon. Upon their defeat at the election they
advocated secession and their followers in the South
supported the Southern Confederacy. The Consti-
tutional Union Tarty, I860, favored State
Rights and put in nomination John Bell, Tennessee,
and Edward Everett, Massachusetts. The Regulars
or Union Democrats nominated S. A. Douglass, Illinois,
H. V. Johnson, Georgia, 1860 ; G. B. McClellan, New
Jersey, and G. H. Pendleton, Ohio, 1864 ; H. Seymour,
New York, and F. P. Blair, Missouri, 1868 ; H. Greeley,
New York, and B. G. Brown, Missouri, 1872 (Uniting
with the Liberal Republicans); S. Tilden, New York,
and T. H. Hendricks, Indiana, 1876. [Although the
Democratic Ticket received 250,970 more votes than
the Republicans, the election was contested in Louis-
iana, South Carolina, Florida and Oregon, and an
Electoral Commission decided in favor of Hayes and
Wheeler.] W. S. Hancock, Pennsylvania, and W. H.
English, Indiana, 1880.- The Straight Out
Democrats, 1872, opposed the fusion of the Demo-
crats with the Liberal Republicans and met in Louis-
ville and nominated Charles O'Conor, New York, and
C. F. Adams, Massachusetts.
1885 , The Democrats in power
under Cleveland and Hendricks, pledged to Civil Ser-
vice Reform and reduction of the Tariff. THE OPPO-
SITION were the Republicans, led by Blaine and
Logan; the Prohibition and Labor parties each
polled a large vote.
THE TARIFF.
HISTOEICAL AND EXPLANATORY.
The name is derived from the Moorish town of
Tarifa, north of the Strait of Gibraltar, where duties
were collected upon articles of African commerce.
It is in general a table or list of duties, drawbacks and
bounties charged or allowed on the importation or ex-
portation of goods from one country, or state, to
another, and is a plan for raising money for the ex-
penses of government, by which it is collected in the
custom-houses, from duties on imports, and not taken
directly from the people by excise or internal revenue
taxes. This is the cheapest way to get the necessary
revenue, and it saves the people from the annoying vis-
itations of the tax gatherers. A law of Congress fixes
the amount of duties on imports in the United States.
The first United States tariff law on imported goods
was approved July 4, 1789. Its preamble recited :
"Whereas, it is necessary for the support of the government,
the discharge of the debts of the United States, and the en-
couragement of manufacturers, that duties be laid on goods,
wares and merchandise imported."
A small tax was then imposed at the suggestion of
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, upon
sugar, coffee, tea, salt, manufactured iron, glass, wool,
silk goods and several articles of minor importance. In
the Congress of 1823-4 it became a party question, with
ups and downs ever since. While the rate of duty has
fluctuated, the general tendency has been toward in-
crease, but since the war toward decrease. In 1882 the
President appointed a Tariff Commission ; their report
520 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
in the main was adopted in 1883. The average of duty
on all imported merchandise, free and dutiable, was, in
1868, 46.55 per cent.; the average rate in 1888 is 31.03
per cent. With the exception of a few years when An-
drew Jackson was President, and the national debt
paid off (1835) the different Congresses, Democratic
as well as Republican, have maintained the duties upon
the imports of the country. Republicans are mainly
responsible for the present tariff (1888) laws, but Dem-
ocratic Representatives from manufacturing districts
have of late years given cheerful aid to the maintenance
of a protective tariff.
The Free List are articles exempt from duty.
A Tariff for Revenue is a duty, or tax imposed (direct
or indirect) to aid in the support of the government.
A direct tax is one which is levied upon the very persons
who it is intended should pay it as a poll-tax and a tax
on articles manufactured by a person or company. An
indirect tax is one which it is intended should be paid by
another than the person levied upon, as customs duties.
Duties are of three kinds — ad valorem^Qcifto, and com-
bined. An ad valorem duty is a tax assessed at a certain
percent, on the dutiable or market value of the merchan-
dise at the port of export. A specific duty is. a tax
assessed at a certain sum per ton, foot, etc., without
reference to value. Combined duty is a specific and ad
valorem duty on certain goods.
A Protective Tariff is a tax on foreign goods brought
into this country, so levied as to collect the larger part
of the revenue necessary to operate the general govern-
ment from articles which can be made or raised in this
country (which it is claimed has the effect to protect
THE TARIFF. 521
and encourage American industries), while it encour-
ages the importation of necessary foreign products
such as tea, coffee, &e., that we cannot produce, by
admitting them free of duty.
The different opinions held concerning the tariff may
be classified under two topics — that of
Protection and Free Trade.
Protectionists have generally demanded that no
duties should be laid on tea, coffee, spices, tropical
fruits, woods, roots and barks, ivory, cochineal, and
products not producible in the United States, owing to
lack of climate, soil, or other natural facilities for their
production.
Free Traders have asked that duties be laid upon
these things only, and maintain that the prosperity of
a state or nation can best be promoted by freeing the
exchange of all commodities and services between its
own people, and between its own people and the people
of other nations, to the greatest possible extent from
all interferences and obstructions. But Free Trade is
not antagonistic to the imposition of equitable duties
on imports, provided the end sought to be obtained is
simply revenue, and the circumstances of the state
render such form of taxation expedient.
The Free Traders assert that the general result for
which all men labor is to increase the abundance or to
diminish the scarcity of those things which are essen-
tial to their subsistence and happiness. Different
countries exhibit great diversity as to soil, climate,
natural products and opportunity, and therefore every
individual and every country should follow the trade or
produce the fruit or material for which it is best calcula-
522 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
ted; and for the mutual benefit of all, the greatest possible
facility should be afforded to producers for the inter-
change of their several products and services. This
Free Trade between man and man, it is maintained, is
in accordance with the teachings of nature, and by
rendering commodities cheap, tends to promote abun-
dance and to increase consumption.
Free Traders claim that the first effect of the tariff
may be to give an impulse and activity to business, but
in a short time the increased cost of production, and
the advance in the price of labor and the products of
labor, will be greater than the profits arising from a
tariff, and that a nation or a community can attain the
greatest prosperity and secure to its people the greatest
degree of material abundance only when it utilizes its
natural resources and labor to the best advantage and
with the least waste and loss, whatever may be the
nominal rate of wages paid to its laborers.
Protectionists wish all duties placed on those arti-
cles of foreign production which compete with our
own products in our own markets, and to the extent of
their importation suspend the profitable employment of
our capital engaged in such production and discharge
our laborers from employment.
Free Traders desire, on the other hand, that for-
eign articles which compete with our own products,
viz.: iron and steel manufactures, wool, woolens, cot-
ton goods, silks, crockery, salt, lumber, coal, sugar, &c,
be either placed on the free list, or admitted under the
lowest possible duties.
Free Traders put their free list exactly where Protec-
tionists desire to put the duties, and vice versa — Pro-
THE TARIFF. 523
tectionists put the duties exactly where Free Traders put
their free list. As to articles in whose production
we cannot compete, Protectionists are the party of
free trade and the so-called Free Traders are the
Protectionists.
Protectionists also generally desire specific duties,
i.e., duties levied on the article according to its weight,
bulk, length, per yard, per ton, or per dozen, as afford-
ing less room for fraudulent evasions of the revenue.
Free Traders generally desire duties laid ad valorem,
i.e., according to the estimated value of the article,
but not necessarily the same ad valorem rate on all
articles. No nation in the world practises free trade
in its absolute sense. In all there is some form of
tariff on imports, thus producing a revenue for support-
ing the government. Turkey, Portugal, Greece and
England are technically Free Traders, but with unprom-
ising results. England was the first nation to practise the
protective system, and her tariff still is protective in
some respects.
Other countries having protective tariffs are France,
Russia, Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Nor-
way, Denmark, Australia, the United States, Canada
and Mexico.
The United States has never removed the tariff from
all imported articles ; various articles have been dutiable
and then admitted free — but the free articles have been
always few in comparison with the number dutiable.
All cargoes must be entered and duties paid before
permission is given to discharge.
A bonded warehouse is a place for the storage of
merchandise on which duties have not been paid.
524
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES.
From the Official Report of Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the year ending June 30th, 1887.*
Free List.
Animals, n.e.e:f Cattle, horses, sheep,
etc., for breeding purposes
Art Works, n.e.e:
Paintings, statuary, production of
American artists etc
Asphaltum or bitumen, crude lbs.
Bark, hemlock cwts.
Bolting Cloths
Books, maps, &c, 20 years old n. e. e.
Cabinets of coins, medals, etc
Chemicals, dbugs and dyes, n.e.e. :
Alizarine, natural or artificial. lbs.
Argal, or crude tartar lbs.
Barks: Cinchona (quinia) . . ..lbs.
Cochineal lbs.
Dye- woods — Logwood, etc. . .tons
Gums — Arabic lbs.
Camphor, crude lbs.
Catechu, terra japonica, or gambia
Shellac lbs.
Gums and resins, n.e.e lbs.
Indigo lbs.
Lime, chloride of lbs.
Licorice root lbs.
Mineral waters, all not artificial . g.
Potash, miniate of lbs.
Quinia, sulphate of oz.
Sarsaparilla lbs.
Soda, nitrate of lbs.
Sulphur, or brimstone, crude. . . .tons
Vanilla beans lbs.
Cocoa, crude, leaves and shells of.. lbs.
Coffee lbs.
Coir (cocoa) yarn lbs.
Cork wood, or bark, unmanuf'd
Cotton, unmanufactured. lbs.
Diamonds, rough or uncut, also dust..
Eggs doz.
Farinaceous substances, n.e.e
Fertilizers : — Guano tons
Phosphates, crude or native
All other
Quantities.
55,105,035
60,587
2,095,212
22,024,768
4,788,044
492,304
59 265
467,782
2,857,222
25,598,212
4,722,538
16,582,619
3,469,182
103,087,827
79,603,835
1,834,411
38,569,614
2,753,962
919.695
172,174.889
97,383
137,479
12,271,558
526,109,170
4,605,529
3,924,531
13,936,054
12,804
26,552
Values.
3,136,081
495,562
100,697
272,956
271,693
968,466
231,370
356,748
3,412.987
741,830
139,146
1,044,219
160,740
350.529
1,211,257
564,251
2,251,139
2,734,117
1,573,167
1.670,041
379,149
574,097
1,143,630
119,313
2,614.161
1,688,360
755,413
1,670,012
56,347,600
141,091
1,239.247
533,928
295,856
1,960,396
721,404
338 467
247,911
1,182,187
•Items of minor importance are not specified for want of space.
tNot elsewhere enumerated.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 525
IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES— Continued.
Fbee List.
Fish, n.e.e.: —Fresh— Salmon lbs.
Fish — fresh. All other
Lobsters, canned or preserved . . .
All other
Fkuits, including nuts, n.e.e.:
Bananas
Cocoanuts
Pine Apples
Furs and fur skins, undressed
Hair, n e.e
Hides and skins, other than fur
skins: — Goat skins
All other •
Household effects, wearing apparel and
tools of trade of persons from for-
eign countries, and of citizens of
the U. S. dying abroad
India rubber and gutta percha, crude.
Ivory: — Animal lbs.
Vegetable lbs.
Oils, n.e.e.:— Fixed or expressed
Volatile or essential lbs.
Paper stock, crude:— Rags lbs
All other than woolen
Plaster of Paris, or sulphate of lime. .
Platinum, unmanufactured lbs.
Plumbago °wts.
Seeds, not medicinal, n.e.e
Silk, unmanufactured: — Cocoons.lbs
Eggs (silk worms)
Raw, from the cocoon. . .
Waste
Spices, unground: — Cloves lbs
Nutmegs lbs
Pepper lbs
All other
lbs
lbs
lbs
Tea.
.lbs.
Tin, bars, blocks, or pigs..
Wood, unmanufactured, n.e.e
Articles free by treaty with Hawai
ian Islands: — Rice lbs.
Molasses gals.
Sugar, brown lbs.
Other free articles
Total imports free of duty.
Quantities.
1,104,090
27,420,847
28,649,446
164,284
5,776 515
18,268,778
1,492,041
120,571,949
146 533
3,863
169,021
540,192
4,599,574
888,325
1,288,559
13,255,161
15,769,381
89,831,221
29,645,511
9,263,700
113.574
218,290,835
Values.
119,361
646,298
337.047
68,961
2,682,143
819,271
437,009
2,476,285
2,405,110
5,848,128
18,370,973
2,643.999
13,756.783
485.508
144,063
850,277
884,945
2,111,422
2,429,176
169 492
433,516
331,621
595,737
407,517
4,712
18,687,245
543,323
258 420
539,291
1,819.609
953,752
16,771 802
6,927,696
3,548,191
383,985
14.712
9,255,351
8,336,268
234.221,131
526
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
IMPORTS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION.
[From the Official Report of the United States for 1887.]
NOTE.— The staple or more important articles only are enumerated in
this list; with the specific duty on each.
Dutiable Articles.
Animals, n. e. e*
Antimony
Art works, paintings, statuary, etc. .
Barley
Books, maps, engravings, etc., n. e. e.
Brass, manufactures of, n. e. e
Bristles
Brooms and brushes
Buttons, n. e. e
Cement, Portland and all others. . .
Chemicals, Drugs, Dyes, etc.:
Alkalies and Salts
Coal-tar colors or dyes, n. e. e. . . .
Gelatine
Glycerine, crude
Logwood and dye-woods
Opium, crude
do. prepared, n. e. e
Potash, nitrate of, or saltpetre. . . .
Soda, hydrate or caustic
Soda, ash
Sumac, extract, 20 pr. ct. ground
Proprietary preparations
Total chemicals, drugs, etc. . . .
Chicory root
Clocks and watches: clocks
Watches, and parts of
Coal, bituminous
Copper ores
Corsets . . . „
Cotton Mfs : Thread, yarn, etc
Cloth, at 10c. or less sq. yd
do. dyed, col'd or printed, 13c.
or less sq. yd
do. value 13c. or over pq. yd. . .
do. value 15c. or less sq. yd. . . .
do. value over 15c. sq. yd
Damask and velvet (cotton)
Values.
Rate of Duty.
$4,665,066
192,902
1,925,906
6,152,825
2 736,138
405,756
1,156,435
557,347
3,772,0-27
1,101,994
386,140
1,540 813
219,357
826,745
245,036
1,069,918
549,040
298,070
1,608,490
2,857,930
466,378
235,475
20 per cent.
10 per cent.
30 per cent.
10c. bushel.
25 per cent.
35 & 45 pr. ct.
15c. per lb.
30 per cent.
25 per cent.
20 per cent.
25 -per cent,
35 percent.
30 per cent.
5c. per lb.
10 per cent.
$1 per lb.
.$10 per lb.
lc. per lb.
lc. per lb.
\c. per lb.
^c. per lb.
50 per cent.
13,285,226
163,682
378,079
1,503.023
2,692 087
209,005
1,058,793
919,702
314,930
2c. per lb.
30 per cent.
25 per cent.
|75c. per ton.
2ic. per lb.
35 per cent.
10 @, 48c. lb.
4c. per. sq. yd.
460,800 5c. per sq. yd.
1,036,606^40 percent.
270,767 6c. per sq. yd.
677,546|40 per cent.
2,833,126!40 per cent.
*Not elsewhere enumerated.
OF AMERICAN" PROGRESS.
527
Dutiable Articles.
Clothing, n. e. e
Cords, braids, gimps, etc
Embroideries
Handkerchiefs, hemmed
Stockings, hose, knit goods
All other cotton mfs., n. e. e
Total cotton manufactures .
Earthenware : Plain white china
ware
Decorated ,
All other crockeryware, n. e. e. . . .
Total earthen and chinaware . .
Fancy Articles :
Beads and bead-ornaments
Dolls and toys
Fans, except palm-leaf
Feathers, ostrich, crude
do. colored and dressed
do. & flowers, artificial, n. e. e
Perfumery and cologne — gallons .
Pipes, n. e. e
Total fancy articles
Firecrackers
Fish — Sardines
Herring
Mackerel
Total fish
Flax — Hemp
Manilla, etc, n. e. e
Jute
Jute butts ,
Sisal-grass
Thread and twine, flax
Yarns, jute
Bags and bagging, n. e. e
Linen, brown, bleached, etc
Burlaps not over 60 in. wide.
do. over 60 in. wide
Oil-cloths, printed, n. e. e
Laces and insertings, linen
Other mfs. of flax or hemp
Total flax, hemp, jute, etc
Values.
Rate of Duty-
$456,750J35 per cent.
605,478 135 per cent.
5,668,124|40 per cent.
826,360|40 per cent.
5,947,478 40 per cent.
546,141 35 per cent.
29,1507059
955,837
3,608,464
938,780
5,545,883
1,849,764
1,646,597
499,791
1,030,540
374 888
444,490
236,467
146^960
7,185,999
332,941
739,256
748,321
563,855
55 per cent.
60 per cent.
55 per cent.
50 per cent.
35 per cent.
35 per cent.
25 per cent.
50 per cent.
50 per cent.
$2 gal. 50 p.
70 per cent.
100 per cent.
24c. per box.
$1 per bbl.
$2 per bbl.
2,817,352
847.449
2,773,150
862 926
1,802,162
3,372,619
638,551
531,108
936 041
13 589,418
3,260,117
496,678
308,337
1,070,432
410,856
$25 per ton.
$25 per ton.
20 per cent.
$5 per ton.
$15 per ton.
40 per cent.
35 per cent.
40 per cent.
35 per cent.
30 per cent.
40 pe* cent.
40 per cent.
30 per cent.
35 per cent.
33,807,282]
528
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Dutiable Articles.
Fkuits and Nuts:
Currants
Figs
Lemons
Oranges
Plums and Prunes
Preserved fruits, jellies, etc
Raisins
Almonds, not shelled
do. shelled
Filberts and walnuts
Values. Rate of Duty.
Total fruits and nuts
Furs, dressed on the skin
do. hatters, not on the skin
Glass and Glassware :
Bottles containing liquors
do. empty
do. filled, exc. of contents .
Glass, cut, engraved or colored.
Window-glass, not over 10x15..
do. over 10x15, under 16x21
do. over 16x21, under 24x30
do. all above 21x30 in
Plate-glass, over 21x30 in., and
not over 21x60 in
do. all above 21x60 in
do. silvered, over 16x24, and not
over 21x30 in
Other glass manufactures, n. e. e.
Total glass aud glassware
Gold and silver, manufactures of..
Hats, straw, palm, etc., n. e. e. . . .
do. braids, plaits, etc., n. e. e. . .
Hay
Hops
Iron & Steel Mfs. — iron ore, n.e.e
Spiegek-is:u
All other pig-iron
Scrap iron
Bar-iron, blooms, etc
Steel railroad bars
Beams, girders, joists, etc
Bars of steel under 4c. lb
do. 7 to 10c. per pound
1,062
488
3 797
1.717
2,298
541
2 29/
286
266
613
,326 lc. per lb.
632 2c. per lb.
,735 30c. per box.
r ,888 25c. per box.
1,227 lc. per lb.
576 35 per cent.
,469 2c. per lb.
,501 5c. per lb.
,612 7^0. per lb.
,711 3c. per lb.
~074
15,088, _.
3,000,605 20 per cent.
1,373 014 20 per cent.
3c. each.
253,0251c. each.
421,754 30 per cent.
1 172 747 45 per cent.
319,729 If c. per lb.
271,485 lfc. per lb.
367,146 2|c. per lb.
466,603 2|c. per lb.
I
413 363 25c. sq. ft.
557,968 50c. sq. ft.
1,112,065 10c. sq. ft.
901.52015 per cent.
7,301 310
440. 70S Various.
631.146 30 per cent.
4 113 522 20 per cent.
791 687 $2 per ton.
3 117,66 ; 8c. per lb.
2,041 655 75c. per ton.
3,327.128 $6 7'2 per ton.
3,182,998 $6 72 per ton.
3,723,471 $6.72 per ton.
1 281,809 $22 per ton.
998,096 *17 per ton.
164,403 ;i±c. per lb.
2,712,058 45 per cent.
559,562|2|c. per lb.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
529
Dutiable Articles.
Ingots, blooms, etc., under 4c. lb.
Cotton ties or hoops lb.
Sheets and plates of steel, 4c. or
less
Tin plates, iron or steel
Wire rods, iron, 3|c. lb
do. steel
do. steel, n. e. e
Cutlery — knives and razors. .....
Cutlery, n. e. e
Fire-arms, pistols, etc
Machinery, n.e.e
Wheels and tires of steel. ... ...
All other iron mf s
All other steel mf s
Total iron and steel
Jewelry of all kinds, n.e.e
Precious stones
Lead, pigs and bars
Leather Mfs. Calf- skins, tanned. .
Morocco skins, tanned
Upper leather and dressed skins . .
Gloves, kid or leather
Other leather mfs, n.e.e.. ,
Total leather mfs
Liquors, Spirituous and Malt:
Ale, beer and porter in bottles. . .
do. not in bottles
Brandy
Cordials, liquors, n.e.e
Spirits distilled from grain
do. from other materials
Wines, champagne, ^ pt. to 1 pt . .
do. do. 1 pt. to 1 qt. .
Still wines in casks
do. in bottles
Total liquors of all kinds
Marble, in blocks, rough
Other marble and stone mfs
Matting and mats, not vegetable . . .
Metals, compositions, etc., n.e.e. . . .
Musical instruments
Oil, Olive
Total oils, fixed or expressed. ..
Values. I Rate of Duty.
,077,009 45 per cent.
345,997,35 per cent.
,595,45 per cent.
,8141c. per lb.
,826 6-10c. per lb.
,743 6 10c. per lb.
,042 45 per cent.
,86l| 50 per cent.
984 35 per cent.
,816 35 per cent.
023 45 per cent.
,112 2£c. per lb.
,089 45 per cent.
,712 45 per cent.
lo,"985
57 874 25 per cent.
'* 998 10 per cent
256 2c. per lb.
,207 20 per cent.
,991 10 per cent.
,926^20 per cent.
877 50 per cent.
293
16,883
1,027
538
2,657,
1,419
454,
985,
1,904
274
315,
592,
50,618
42.
10,526 998 10 per cent.
323 ::
1 484,207 20 per cent.
1,910
2,342
4,184
422 989 30 per cent.
10,933,570
863
403
1,197
262
325
118
1,414
1,850
2,378
1,277
10 190
415
960
885
2,998
1,613
654
1,067
490 35c. per gall.
578120c. per gall.
,911 $2 per gall.
,249 $2 per gall.
,846 f 2 per gall.
,715 $2 per gall.
,727 §3.50 per doz.
447i$7 per doz.
697 1 50,-,. per gall.
,6011$ 1.60 per doz.
946 ..............
615 65c. cubic ft.
981!
,969 20 per cent.
,882 10 to 45 per ct.
884 25 per cent.
,592, 25 per cent.
,146'
530
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Dutiable Articles.
Paints and colors
Paper, writing, n.e.e
Provisions: Cheese
Total meats, &c
Rice, cleaned
Granulated or rice meal
Salt, in bags, sacks, or bbls
do in bulk
Seeds
Silk, Manufactures of:
Spun silk, threads or yarns
Braids, fringes, and galloons
Dress and piece goods
Handkerchiefs
Hosiery
Laces
Ready-made clothing
Ribbons
Velvets
All other silk manufs., n.e.e
Total silk manufactures
Soap, Castile and fancy
Sugar and Molasses:
Sugar of all kinds
Molasses
Tobacco and Cigars:
Leaf, not stemmed, unmf'd
Cigars
Total tobacco and manufs
Vegetables:
Potatoes
Pickles and sauces, n.e.e
Wood and Manufactures:
Lumber, not planed, n.e.e
Cabinet ware and furniture
Other wood manufactures, n.e.e. .
Total wood and manufactures . .
Wool and Manufactures of:
Class 2. Combing wools, 30c. or
less per lb
Class 1. Clothing wools, 30c. or
less per lb
Class 3. Carpet wools, 12c. or
less per lb
Values.
Rate of Duty.
$1,220 806
2,954.129
870,328
1,759 K',3
671,462
762,302
999.505
356.442
846 580
Various.
25 per cent.
4c per lb.
2{c. per lb.
20 per cent.
12c. 100 lbs.
8c. 100 lbs.
Various.
441
431
13,961
61i
969
2,383
634
1970
6,343
3 412
31,264
436
300 30 per cent.
881 50 per cent.
,886 50 per cent.
.877 50 per cent.
,618 50 per cent.
205 50 per cent.
,100 50 percent.
,95350 per cent.
.086 50 per cent.
.744 50 per cent.
"276
224 Various.
68,882.884 1 4 10-3^ c.
5,336,730 4c. per gall.
7,493,662 35c. per lb.
3,301,177 $2-50 lb., 25 p.
10,955,125
542 234 15c. bushel.
382,496 35 per cent.
5,480,506 $2 per 1,000 ft.
376,788 35 per cent.
482,349 35 per cent.
8.223,504
2,213,331 10c. per lb.
4,127,026 10c. per lb.
6,185,733J2^c. per lb.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
531
Dutiable Article?.
do. value over 12c. per lb
Total unmanufactured wools . . .
Carpets, Axminster, etc
do. Brussels
Mats, screens, and rugs
Cloaks and ladies' garments
Clothing, skirts, etc., n.e.e
Cloths, not over 80c. lb
do. over 80c. lb
Dress goods, part wool, not over
20c. sq. yard
do. over 20c. sq. yard
do. all wool, 4 oz. or less, per
sq. yard
do. over 4 oz. sq. yard
Flannels
Knit goods
Rags, shoddy, waste, etc
Shawls, wool, above 80c. lb
do. worsted or part worsted ....
Webbiugs, braids, gimps, etc
Yarns, over 30 and under 40c. lb .
do. over 40 and not over GOc. . . .
do. over 60 and not over 80c. . . .
do. valued over 80c. lb
All manufactures
Worsted, over 40, under 60c
do. over 60 and not over 80c . .
do. valued over 80c. lb
Values. Rate of Duty.
5c. per lb.
Total manufactures of wool . .
Zinc, spelter, etc
Total dutiable imports
Total free of duty
Total imports for consump.
$3,554,823
16,351.370
425,924 45c. yd. 30 pc.
196,465 30c. yd. 30 pc.
502 889 J40 per cent.
772 240 45c. lb., 40 pc.
689.002 40c. lb., 35 pc.
713 316 35c. lb., 35 pc.
9 309 055 35c. lb., 40 pc.
i
4 094 403 5c. lb., 35 pc.
3 562,96817c. lb., 40 pc.
40 pc.
, 40 pc.
,35 40pc
, 40 pc.
, 40 pc.
, 35 pc.
, 50 pc.
, 35 pc.
, 35 pc.
, 35 pc.
., 40 pc.
, 40 pc.
,, 35 pc.
,, 35 pc.
., 40 pc.
44235243!
240,535 lie. per lb.
6.522,568
9c. lb.,
3 019,201 35c. lb.
185,203 10 351b.
1,918,868 35c. lb.
1,855,618
10c.
327,461
35c. lb.
674,634
40c. lb.
443,809
30c. lb.
241.074
12c. lb.
410,264
18c. lb.
875,280
24c. lb.
191,912
35c. lb.
1,421,735
35c. lb.
859 030
18c. lb.
2,740.630
24c. lb.
1,469 662
35c. lb.
450,325,339
233 093,651
I 683 418,890
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, IMPORTS FOR 1885-6-7.
1885.
1886.
1887.
Total Value Mdse. Imp. .
Total value Coin and Bul-
lion
#577,527,329
43.242,323
1635,436,136
38 593,656
$692,319,768
60.170,792
Aggregate Imports. .
$620,769,652
$ 674,029,792
$ 752,490,560
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS.
535
HON. GEOYEE CLEVELAND.
BY THOMAS E. WILLSON.
Editorial Staff of the New York World.
In May, 1844, the First Presbyterian Church of
Caldwell, N. J., called to its pastorate the Eeverend
Stephen Falling Cleveland from a charge at Had-
dam, Conn. He brought with him a wife and two
children, and during his six years residence in the
quaint, old-fashioned parsonage shaded by noble trees
and covered with ivy, six more children were born
to him, — one each year. The third of these and the
fifth of the family was Stephen Grover Cleveland —
536 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
born March 18th, 1837 — the Democratic Candidate
for President.
The family had been known for generations for
its uprightness, inflexibility of purpose, and deter-
mination to follow the right, regardless of personal
loss or disadvantage. This latter trait, so strongly
marked in the subject of this sketch, is the common
inheritance of the descendants of the Rev. Aaron
Cleveland, the pioneer Abolitionist of New England.
Born in East Haddam, Conn., in 1744, he began his
crusade against slavery as early as 1760. He was the
Whittier of his day, and in verse and prose he de-
nounced it as immoral and denied its legality. He
was no mere sentimentalist, for his essays and
speeches are models of clear, logical reasoning and
shrewd, far seeing common sense. In 1779 this ear-
nest Congregational preacher was elected to the
Connecticut legislature, and he introduced in that
body a bill carrying out the ideas he had so eloquent-
ly advocated in the press, in the pulpit, and on the
platform. He died in 1815, at New Haven, leaving
two sons : Charles, the grandfather of Bishop A.
Cleveland Coxe, of the diocese of Western New
York, and William, the grandfather of Governor
Cleveland. The latter was a silversmith, who settled
in Buffalo and prospered well enough to send his son
Stephen to Yale College and educate him for the
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 537
ministry at Princeton Theological Seminary ; but an
education was all the patrimony he had to give him,
and when Stephen, rugged and plain of face and
speech, married the beautiful Miss Keal of Balti-
more and began his ministry among a poor and
struggling people, it was with the full knowledge
that his life was to be one of poverty and privation —
a voluntary sacrifice to principle. Wordly success
to a man of his ability, education, inflexible will, and
impressive force of character was certain in any other
pursuit or calling.
This knowledge of his ancestry furnishes the key
to every act of Grover Cleveland's life. From his
father he inherited an intense desire for learning: for
learning's sake, but the former, with nine children
to feed and clothe on a country preacher's salary,
could not gratify it. He had pinched and saved to
send his eldest son to Hamilton College, and he could
do no more. When Grover had mastered the rudi-
ments taught in the village school, he was put to
work in the village store at a salary of $i per week.
There he remained for two years, until his father's
removal to Clinton, his salary being increased to $2.
At Clinton his long cherished hope of attending a
high school was gratified. In 1853 the family re-
moved to the Holland Patent, and three weeks after,
his father died. Grover, then a stout lad of sixteen,
538 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
went to New York as under teacher in the Asylum
for the Blind, where his brother William had been
for some time employed. There he remained two
years, working hard and faithfully yet finding time
to continue his studies.
Teaching was not his mission. At eighteen he
started West to seek his fortune, intending to go to
Cleveland, Ohio. At Buffalo, his uncle Lewis F.
Allen, a noted stockbreeder, asked what he intended
to do. " To study law," was the prompt reply. " I'll
give you $50 for a year's work on my herd-book."
The offer was accepted ; but in a short time the
young man obtained work in the day-time as office
boy, with the use of the library in the law offices of
Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, while the work on the
herd-book was pursued evenings. The walk to and
from his uncle's was a long, and at that time a rugged
one. The first winter was a memorably severe one ;
his shoes were broken, and he had no overcoat.
But he never intermitted a day. It began to be no-
ticed that he was the most punctual and regular of
the lads in the office. Often at night he was com-
pelled to stand by the warm chimney in the loft
where he slept and dry his feet after tramping the
two miles through the snow.
"See here," said his uncle to him one bitter
December night, when the lad had walked out to
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 539
Black Kock, through the sleet and snow : " this is
pretty cold weather for you to be traveling without
an overcoat."
" Oh," said the young man, " I'm going to buy
one when I earn the money."
" Why, look at your feet ; they must be sopping,
eh !"
" Oh, that's nothing. I'm getting some copying
to do now and I'll have a pair of boots by and by."
" You just go right over there to the tailor's and
get the stoutest overcoat he's got. D'ye hear."
In those days boys had to demonstrate what was
in them before they received many favors.
At the end of four years he became managing
clerk for the firm. Why is told by one of his
associates : " Grover won our admiration by his three
traits of indomitable industry, unpretentious courage,
and unswerving honesty. I never saw a more
thorough man at anything he undertook. Whatever
the subject was, he was reticent until he had mas-
tered all its bearings and made up his own mind —
and then nothing could swerve him from his convic-
tion. It was this quality of intellectual integrity
more than anything else perhaps that made him
afterwards listened to and respected when more
brilliant men who were opposed to him were ap-
plauded and forgotten."
540
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Four years more passed and the reputation of the
managing clerk for solidity and breadth of character
had become so widely known that the appointment
as Assistant District Attorney, came to him unsought
although there were many candidates for the place.
Then in 1863, began a public record of conscientious,
upright service for the people which has been fit-
tingly rewarded by a nomination for the highest
office on their gift.
During the three years of his service as Assistant
District Attorney the great bulk of the duties of the
office fell upon his broad shoulders, taxing even his
enormous vital strength and tireless industry. It was
at this time that he was drafted. Duty to the public
interests showed but one course of action. There
were a large number of important cases on the dock-
et, with which lie alone was familiar, and against his
wishes he supplied a substitute. So well and faith-
fully were his duties performed that in 1865 he was
nominated by the Democrats for District Attorney.
He did not solicit the nomination, made no effort to
secure his election, and was beaten by Lyman K.
Bass, in a close vote.
In 1866 he formed a law partnership with the late
J. K. Yanderpoel, and after with the late A. P.
Lansing. In 1869 he was elected sheriff of Erie
county, and earned an additional meed of public re-
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 541
spect for his courageous disregard of partisan inter-
ests and his conscientious regard for the public wel-
fare. At the close of his term he formed a partner-
ship with his former antagonist, Lyman K. Bass and
Wilson S. Bissell. Mr. Bass's health not long after-
wards proving precarious, he went to Colorado, and
the firm became Cleveland & Bissell.
It was while thus associated that Grover Cleveland
achieved his distinction as a lawyer, second to none
in the western part of the State for legal acumen and
intellectual honesty, His jury and bench trials were
distinguished by clear views, direct, simple logic and
a thorough mastery of all the intricacies of the cases.
His invariable avoidance of extrinsic issues and
purely technical devices, secured for him the respect
of his own profession and the admiration of the pub-
lic. These qualities, combined with the fidelity and
independence of his official action while in office,
brought him prominently before the public of Buffa-
lo, in 1881, when that city, unable to extricate itself
from a municipal Republican ring, was casting about
for a stanch reform leader. The city is usually Re-
publican by from 2,000 to 5,000 majority in a total
vote of 20,000 ; but his nomination by the Democrats
was followed by his election by a majority of 5,000 —
an almost unprecedented reversion — which was sole-
ly a tribute from all classes to his personal integrity.
542 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
Public expectation was more than met. With no
additional power to that possessed by his predeces-
sors, he faced the ring, fought it, and in nine months
had given Buffalo a clear, pure, honest city govern-
ment in all its departments. His veto messages were
marvels of directness and clear logic, classic in their*
simplicity, and unanswerable. They soon attracted
attention, not only in this State but all over the
Union, wherever municipal reform was needed ; and
his magnificent work was commented upon by the
press and people. Two practical examples out of
dozens will show how his work was done. The Com-
mon Council had determined to build an intercepting
sewer. The lowest bid for the work was $1,568,000.
Mr. Cleveland thought the sewer could be built
cheaper. Through his efforts, though opposed in the
Council, a law was passed allowing a commission to
be appointed. This commission, composed of repre-
sentative citizens, conferred with the most eminent
sewer engineers of the country, and on their advice
adopted a plan that will meet all requirements at an
estimated cost of $764,370. The plan has been ac-
cepted, and the sewer will be constructed accordingly.
The saving to the city on this item alone is $803,630.
On June 19, the Council voted to award the street
cleaning contract, for five years, to George Talbot, at
his bid of $122,500. There were several lower bids.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 543
by thoroughly responsible men. Mayor Cleveland
vetoed the award, severely condemning the attempt-
ed waste of the people's money. The contract was
subsequently awarded to the lowest bidder — Capt.
Thomas Maytham— at $313,500. The saving to the
city by this veto was $109,000. The amount saved
on these two items was nearly $1,000,000.
In 1882, while the friends of reform and honest
government were calling attention to what one
honest man had done in Buffalo, the Democratic
State Convention met. There were many candidates
for the nomination for Governor all trusted party
leaders, but Mayor Cleveland was not among them.
The demand for reform was stronger than party
claims, however ; and when his name was presented
to the Convention he was nominated, not because he
was a politician or an " available " candidate, for he
was neither, in a party sense ; but because the people,
stronger than party leaders, demanded it. His
nomination came unsought ; his unprecedented
majority of 192,000 votes showed why. The people
of the great Empire State knew him, trusted him,
and wanted such a man as their Chief Magistrate.
It was not a choice between a good man and a bad
man. Judge Folger, his opponent, was a great jurist ;
honest, upright, esteemed of all men, whom under
other circumstances the people of New York would
544 NATIONAL HAND BOOK
have delighted to honor. But Mayor Cleveland was
not satisfied with being honest himself ; his associates
in office must be honest also. He did not hate
wrong-doing in the abstract ; he hated it in the con-
crete. He did not pass Evil by on the other side ;
he crossed over and took it by the throat. He could
not keep from so doing if he wished. He did not
ask himself if it were wise or politic; whether he
would be injured or benefited. The right thing to
do he did ; the consequences were a matter of indif-
ference.
This has been shown in his administration as
Governor — an administration that has fulfilled and
gone beyond all the expectations of those who voted
for him. From the standpoint of the practical
politician, he lias made many grave mistakes. He
approved the bill depriving the Board of Aldermen
of New York of the confirming power, and made
the powerful Tammany organization his political
enemy. The bill was proper. He approved another
bill which deprived his friends of important city
offices, and gave them to these very enemies. The
bill was proper. He vetoed the bill reducing all
fares on elevated roads to five cents, giving his
enemies an opportunity to appeal to the passions of
unreasoning men. The bill was unconstitutional.
He vetoed a bill ostensibly to relieve car-drivers
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 545
from long hours of labor, giving demagogues an op-
portunity to denounce him as an enemy of the
working man. As a clear-headed lawyer he saw that
it would reduce their wages, and not their hours of
work. Pie vetoed a bill ostensibly giving mechanics
a prior lien, and angered many workmen not versed
in law. As a clear-headed lawyer, he saw that the
bill was drawn in the interest of employers, and de-
prived mechanics of even their present safeguards.
He removed a Democratic district attorney, charged
with malfeasance in office, on the eve of an election
instead of waiting until it was over, although his
action gave the office to the Republicans, alienating
his party leaders in Queens county. His action was
right. In short, time and again he made bitter
enemies because he did his duty without fear and
without favor.
From the beginning of his administration as
Governor— from his boyhood to the present time —
he has done what was right, whether it was or was
not opposed to his interests. He has compromised
with no opponent ; placated no enemy ; said no
word, and done no public act to advance his private
fortunes.
" Honesty is sometimes the best policy," says the
modern iEsop, and in Grover Cleveland's life it has
been conspicuously so. " We love him most for the
546 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
enemies he has made," said General Bragg in seconding
his nomination for President before the Democratic
Convention, and these words not only expressed the
sentiment of the delegates, but of the people they
represented.
At the Convention held in Chicago July 11th, 1884,
for nominating a candidate for the Presidency, Mr.
Cleveland received on the second ballot 684 votes of the
total number, 820, cast, and at the Presidential election
in November carried the States of Alabama, Arkansas,
Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri,
New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia— giving
him 219 electoral votes. He was accordingly declared
elected President, and inaugurated on the 4th of March
1885, when in his address he announced his policy,
which was more fully developed in his first message to
Congress, and chiefly dwelt upon a revision of the tariff
so as to make the taxes more equitable to all, and to
so reduce the income of the government as to bring it
within its absolute needs. His administration has been
considered fair to all sections of the country with a
marked independence of party control and with such
a determination to avoid special legislation that his vetoes
have been so numerous (278) as to earn for him the so-
briquet of "The great veto President." His admin-
istration has given such satisfaction to his constituents
that at the Democratic Convention held in St. Louis
June, 1888, his course was unqualifiedly endorsed and
he was nominated by acclamation for a second term,
as the candidate for the Presidency and the standard-
bearer of Democracy.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 547
ALLEN G. THURMAN.
Allen G. Thurman was born in Lynchburg, Va., Nov.
13, 1813. In 1820, when young Allen was six years of
age, the family removed to Ohio, locating in the little
city of Chillicothe. Here Allen's father, who had been
intended for the ministry, secured employment as a
teacher, and under his father's instruction Allen re-
ceived his early education. Later he attended the
Chillicothe High School, and in 1825 entered the
Chillicothe Academy, an educational institution equal
in standard to many modern colleges. While at school
Allen acquired those sterling habits of industry which
have characterized his life. His mother set him an
example of application and studiousness, and when
hardly in his teens the boy and his mother were ac-
customed to work together over his lessons until mid-
night. Naturally, he became a proficient scholar and
made rapid advancement at school.
When the time arrived for him to decide definitely
upon his future career many and varied influences were
exerted upon him but having confidence in his mother's
wisdom, he yielded to her desires and entered the law
office of his uncle, William Allen, with whom he re-
mained three years. Then twenty-one years of age, he
accepted an offer from Gov. Lucas to become his private
secretary, removing to the capital and entering also the
law office of Judge Swayne, a distinguished jurist.
His duties to the State were arduous and his hours
were long. Gov. Lucas was accustomed to reach his
office at 8 o'clock in the morning, and remain there
until 8 o'clock in the evening. During these twelve
hours the young secretary's time was fully occupied,
548 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
performing the duties which nowadays require the at-
tention of numerous clerks, and yet, with all this labor,
he found time, inclination and ability to prosecute his
law studies. In due time his hard work was rewarded,
and he was admitted to the Bar, when he returned to
Chillicothe and again entered his uncle's office, but this
time as a full partner in the very lucrative business which
William Allen, who was then a prominent figure in the
State, had acquired. Thus, through his family connec-
tions, Allen Thurman escaped the usual struggles of
the friendless young attorney for recognition and
practice, although it was but a just reward of hard and
earnest labor.
William Allen's interest and prominence in State
politics increased to such an extent that shortly after
Thurman became associated with his uncle he soon
found himself in full control of the large practice of the
office. Although young and lacking practical experience
at the bar, the young lawyer, with his firmly rooted
habits of industry, set himself to wcrk to win the confi-
dence and esteem of his uncle's clientage and succeeded
to such a degree that he soon became the most prominent
figure at the Ohio bar. The people looked upon him
as a brilliant, able and honest man, and it was not long
before his sterling characteristics recommended him as
an eminently proper representative of his district in the
State Legislature. Thurman had always felt more than
a passing interest in the politics of the country and was
from belief and association a Democrat from his young-
est days. A number of times he was urged to be a candi-
date for the Legislature, but each time refused, although
he always took a prominent part in all campaigns, but
in behalf of another. His refusal to run for public office
was for the reason, as he honestly stated, that it was his
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 549
belief that a poor man should not accept honors
which he did not have the means to support. And so,
always doing his duty politically and giving valuable aid
to the Democratic candidates for office whenever oppor-
tunity presented, he confined himself to his law practice
until, in 1844, the Democratic Convention of his Con-
gressional District nominated him for Congress without
his knowledge. His first intention on learning of the
action was to decline, but he was finally persuaded to
accept the nomination. Having once entered the contest
he carried it on to triumphant victory with indomitable
energy. Once a member of Congress he became a notable
legislator, his noble characteristics winning the respect
and admiration of both political friends and enemies.
In 1851 he was elected to the Supreme Bench of the
State, where he remained four years, the last two being
as Chief- Justice, and his opinions are now cited as
authority. He declined re-election to the Bench as the
salary was too small to support him, and went back to the
practice of the law, which he continued with the result
of amassing a competency, until 1867 when he was
unanimously nominated for Governor of Ohio. The
campaign was an exciting one, his opponent being ex-
President Hayes, and for sixty- five successive days they
stumped the State. Thurman was defeated, but he cut
down the Republican majority from 43,000 to 30,000.
The Legislature elected with Hayes was Democratic,
and without delay in 1869 it made Thurman United
States Senator to succeed "Ben "Wade. He soon oc-
cupied a prominent place among the Democratic mem-
bers, and in 1869 his speech on the so-called Georgia
bill attracted general attention. His speeches on the
Geneva Award bill and the Pacific Railway Funding
bill are also well remembered.
550 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
After serving two terms in the Senate Mr. Thurman
retired to private life and continued his law practice.
Since that time he has had no political office, nor has
he practised in his profession except in large cases such
as that of the Bell Telephone, but has occupied himself
in general reading. In 1881 being appointed by President
Garfield as one of the United States Commissioners to
the International Monetary Conference at Paris, he
went to Europe. In 1884 his name was brought into
prominence again in connection with the Presidential
nomination. In November, 1887, he was tendered a
place on the Interstate Commerce Commission, but de-
clined to accept, claiming that he was too old and feeble.
His private life and his relations with his colleagues in
Washington are both records of a beautiful character.
He never passed an angry word with any of the Con-
gressmen, and came out of public life a poor man. His
life has indeed been a busy one from the time he burned
the midnight oil with his mother over his school studies.
Not a moment of his existence has been wasted. He is
a fine French scholar, and among his favorite books are
the works of the earlier French dramatists, which he
reads in the original. He has a large and well selected
library. His genius for mathematics is peculiar, and
he frequently occupies himself working out difficult
problems.
Judge Thurman is by no means wealthy, his fortune
hardly reaching $60,000. His home is unostentatious
but comfortable. In manners Mr. Thurman is a
polished gentleman of the old school, and in taste and
education more of a scholar than a politician. While
in the Senate he was noted for a wonderful snuff-box
and a red bandanna.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 551
THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY.
PLATFORM OP 1888.
The Democratic party of the United States in National Con-
vention assembled, renews the pledge of its fidelity to the
Democratic faith, and reaffirms the platform adopted by its
representatives in the convention of 1884, and indorses the
views expressed by President Cleveland in his last earnest
message to Congress as the correct interpretation of that plat-
form upon the question of tariff reduction ; and also indorses
the efforts of our Democratic representatives in Congress to
secure a reduction of excessive taxation.
Chief among its principles of party faith are the maintenance
of an indissoluble union of free and indestructible States, now
about to enter upon its second century of unexampled progress
and renown, devotion to a plan of government regulated by a
written constitution strictly specifying every granted power,
and expressly reserving to the States or people the entire un-
granted residue of power; the encouragement of a jealous
popular vigilance, directed to all who have been chosen for
brief terms to enact and execute the laws, and are charged
with the duty of preserving peace, insuring equality and
establishing justice.
The Democratic party welcomes an exacting scrutiny of the
administration of the executive power, which four years ago
was committed to its trust in the election of Grover Cleveland,
President of the United States, but it challenges the most
searching inquiry concerning its fidelity and devotion to the
pledges which then invited the suffrages of the people during
a most critical period of our financial affairs, resulting from
over-taxation, the anomalous condition of our currency, and a
public debt unmatured, it has by the adoption of a wise and
conservative course not only averted disaster, but greatly
promoted the prosperity of the people.
It has reversed the improvident and unwise policy of the
Republican party touching the public domain, and has re-
claimed from corporations and syndicates alien and domestic,
and restored to the people nearly one hundred millions of acres
of valuable land to be sacredly held as homesteads for our
citizens.
552 X ATI ON A L HAND-BOOK
While carefully guarding the interest to the principles of
justice and equity, it has paid out more for pensions and
bounties to the soldiers and sailors of the Republic than was
ever paid before during the same period. It has adopted,
consistently pursued a firm and prudent foreign policy, pre-
serving peace with all nations while scrupulously maintaining
all the rights and interests of our own government and people
at home and abroad.
The exclusion from our shores of Chinese laborers has been
effectually secured under the provision of a treaty, the opera-
tion of which has heen postponed by the action of a Republican
majority in the Senate.
Honest reform in the civil service has been inaugurated and
maintained by President Cleveland, and he has brought the
public service to the highest standard of efficiency, not only
by rule and precept, but by the example of his own untiring
and unselfish administration of public affairs.
In every branch and department of the government under
Democratic control the rights and the welfare of all the people
have been guarded and defended : every public interest has
been protected, and the equality of all our citizens before the
law, without regard to race or color, has been steadfastly
maintained.
Upon its record thus exhibited and upon a pledge of a con-
tinuance to the people of the benefits of Democracy it invokes
a renewal of popular trust by the re-election of a chief magis-
trate who has been faithful, able and prudent, and invokes in
addition to that trust the transfer also to the Democracy of the
entire legislative power.
The Republican party, controlling the Senate and resisting
in both houses of Congress a reformation of unjust and unequal
tax laws, which have outlasted the necessities of war and are
now undermining the abundance of a long peace, deny to the
people equality before the law, and the fairness and the justice
which are their right. Then the cry of American labor for a
better share in the rewards of industry is stifled with false
pretences, enterprise is fettered and bound down to home
markets; capital is discouraged with doubt, and unequal,
unjust laws can neither be properly amended or repealed.
The Democratic party will continue, with all the power con-
fided in it, the struggle to reform these laws in accordance with
the pledges of its last platform, indorsed at the ballot-box by
the suffrages of the people. Of all the industrious freemen of
our land, the immense majority, including every tiller of the
soil, gain no advantage from excessive tax laws, but the price
of nearly everything they buy is increased by the favoritism of
an unequal system of tax legislation.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 553
All unnecessary taxation is unjust taxation. It is repugnant
to the creed of Democracy that by such taxation the cost of
the necessaries of life should be unjustifiably increased to all
our people. Judged by Democratic principles, the interests of
the people are betrayed when, by unnecessary taxation, trusts
and combinations are permitted to exist, which, while unduly
enriching the few that combine, rob the body of our citizens by
depriving them of the benefits of natural competition. Every
rule of governmental action is violated when through un-
necessary taxation a vast sum of money far beyond the needs
of an economical administration is drawn from the people, the
channels of trade, and accumulated as a demoralizing surplus
in the National Treasury.
The money now lying idle in the Federal Treasury resulting
from superflous taxation amounts to more than $125,000,000,
and the surplus collected is reaching the sum of more than
$60,000,000 annually. Debauched by the immense temptation
the remedy of the Republican party is to meet and exhaust by
extravagant appropriations and expenses, whether constitu-
tional or not, the accumulation of extravagant taxation. The
Democratic policy is to enforce frugality in public expense and
abolish unnecessary taxation.
Our established domestic industries and enterprises should not
and need not be endangered by the reduction and correction
of the burdens of taxation. On the contrary, a fair and careful
revision of our tax laws, with due allowance for the difference
between the wages of American and foreign labor, must pro-
mote and encourage every branch of such industries and enter-
prises by giving them assurance of an extended market and
steady and continuous operations. In the interests of Ameri-
can labor, which should in no event be neglected, the revision
of our tax laws contemplated by the Democratic party should
promote the advantage of such labor by cheapening the cost of
necessaries of life in the home of every workingman, and at the
same time securing to him steady and remunerative employment.
Upon this question of tariff reform, so closely concerning
every phase of our National life, and upon every question in-
volved in the problem of good government, the Democratic
party submits its principles and professions to the intelligent
suffrages of the American people.
554
NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
ISP
<*•«*£&. II, &
BENJAMIN HARRISON.
Benjamin Harrison comes of a historic line. One
of his English ancestors was Major General Thomas
Harrison, who bore arms with Oliver Cromwell, and it
fell to his lot to sign the death warrant of Charles L, and
after the Restoration he paid the penalty for this act by-
being "hanged, drawn and quartered " at Charing Cross,
London, on the 13th of October, 1G60. The descendants
of Thomas Harrison then emigrated to Virginia, and
furnished a member to the Virginia House of Burgesses,
also a delegate to the Colonial Congress, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence, in the person of Benjamin
Harrison, who was twice a Representative and thrice
Governor of the State, dying in 1791. His son, William
Henry Harrison, fought the battle of Tippecanoe, and
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 555
was Representative, Senator, Foreign Minister, and
was finally elected President of the United States in
1840. John Scott Harrison the son of President
Harrison, was the father of the subject of this sketch.
John Scott Harrison was a farmer, but was several
times elected County Clerk.
Benjamin Harrison, was born at North Bend, Ohio,
August, 20, 1833. When sixteen years of age he entered
the Miami University, from which, two years later, he
was graduated. On leaving college he began the study
of law in the office of Hon. B. Storer, Cincinnati. He
was married at twenty and entered upon the practice
of his profession in Indianapolis in 1854. He was then
twenty-one years of age, practically without resources
and with a wife dependent upon him for support. He
soon succeeded in gaining a reputation for diligence,
and became a leading speaker in the Fremont campaign
of 1856. He was then elected reporter of the Supreme
Court of Indiana, which position he held at the break-
ing out of the civil war. In the memorable Lincoln
campaign of 1860 he and the late Thomas A. Hendricks
happened to have appointments in the same town on
the same day. It was arranged that they should divide
the time and the friends of Hendricks expected to see
him only amuse himself with the young, light-haired
man who was to speak against him. They were sur-
prised. The young man was not so easily vanquished,
and Democrats admitted that Mr. Hendricks had met
his match, while, Republicans thought he had been
badly worsted. The chairman of the meeting after-
ward said : " I have heard a good many political debates
in my time, but I never heard a man skin an opponent
as quickly as Ben Harrison did Hendricks that day."
In July 1862, Governor Morton met him on the
556 NATIONAL HAN*D-BOOK
street one day and said to him: "Ben, I want you to
raise a regiment." He accepted this assignment, raised
a company, was commissioned a second lieutenant, then
a captain and then colonel of the Seventeenth Indiana.
As colonel of this regiment he went to the front and for
a while performed garrison duty in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee up to January, 1864, when his regiment was as-
signed to the First brigade of the Third division of the
Twentieth Army Corps.
In the charge at Resaca May 15, 1864, his regiment
led the assault. In this charge many of Harrison's men
were killed and wounded. Colonel Harrison led his
men gallantly in that action, his command rushing
irresistibly over the enemy's terrible lines and capturing
both lines and guns. At Peach Tree Creek, while com-
manding his brigade, his soldierly qualities drew from
his commanding officer, General ''Joe" Hooker, the
most enthusiastic praise. On the battle-field he de-
clared that he would make Colonel Harrison brigadier
general for his part in the fight. And he wrote a des-
patch to Secretary of War Stanton, in which he recom-
mended his promotion, complimented his brigade for
its discipline, praised him for his wisdom, foresight and
valor, and advised his promotion as a just recognition
of his services and martial accomplishments. He took
part in the siege and battle of Nashville, was at the sur-
render of Johnston, and with his command partici-
pated in the final review of the Union forces at Wash-
ington before the great army became once more a part
of the common body of citizens. He served with credit
till the end of the war and escaped without injury.
After the close of the war he was again re-elected
Reporter of the Supreme Court, and declined a re-elec-
tion in 1868, and devoted himself to the practice of law.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 557
In 1876 he was made the candidate for Governor,
after he had declined to run and after another candi-
date had been nominated and had declined. He finally
accepted the nomination, but was defeated at the polls.
He emerged from that campaign with such increased
popularity that his friends had but little difficulty in
electing him to the United States Senate in 1880, to fill
the seat to be vacated by Joseph E. McDonald on March
4, 1881.
He took his seat in the United States Senate on the
day upon which President Garfield was inaugurated
and served his full term of six years in that body.
He did not force himself forward as a speaker. When
he did speak he commanded attention. He was the
warm friend of the soldier, and he spoke cordially in
his behalf. Upon Chinese immigration argued for a
faithful regard of treaty obligations in enforcing ex-
clusion. He contended that as the treaty used the
word " laborers," it was not in the power of Congress to
enlarge the meaning of that word by legislation; that
whatever the word "laborers" implied in the treaty,
the same word would be held to have the same meaning in
any law that Congress might pass. Service on the Missis-
sippi Kiver Commission prepared him to discuss familiar
ly all propositions brought forward for the improvement
of the navigation of that stream. In the second session
of the Forty-seventh Congress Senator Harrison's prin-
cipal speches were made upon the civil service, the Blair
Educational bill and on the Mississippi Kiver scheme of
improvement. While he favored the general purpose of
the civil service law then under consideration, and after-
ward voted for it, he contended for the perfect freedom
of the government employe to contribute for political
purposes.
558 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
HOME LIFE AND CHARACTERISTICS.
While in the Seriate he gained a wide reputation as a
good lawyer and a strong debater. He is of a cold tem-
perament and has a strong dislike to shaking hands.
Application, concentration of mind, thoroughness and
fondness for work are said to be his predominating
characteristics. He is not regarded as a very rich man,
but is in the enjoyment of a very large law practice.
He owns a handsome home in Indianapolis, where his
wife, who was a daughter of Professor Scott, of Oxford,
receives much company. They have a married daughter,
and a son who is becoming prominent in the politics of
Montana Territory. General Harrison is a member of
the Indianapolis Literary Club and occasionally takes
part in its debates and exercises. He is also an active
member of the First Presbyterian Church and some years
ago taught a Bible class in the Sunday school. Person-
ally Governor Harrison is somewhat under the average
height, being five feet seven inches in height and
weighing one hundred and ninety pounds, but his
straight, strong figure, soldierly bearing and easy dignity
of manner make him a noticeable person among men.
His hair is very fair, and his face is clothed with a blond
beard in which there are no streaks of gray. One term
of service in the Senate did not encrust him with the
veneering of Senatorial reserve. He is one of the most
approachable of men, ready to talk upon all public sub-
jects freely. In a word, General Harrison has exhibited
rare qualities and attained marked success, as a lawyer,
as an orator, as a soldier and as a statesman. In every
position and calling he has displayed sound judgment, a
well-balanced mind, and a character of the highest
merit. Devoted to the cause of the Union he has
been no less devoted to the protection of American
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 559
rights and industries and it was his strong plea for
Dakota which first roused the country to realize the in-
justice done to a great body of settlers by the exclusion
of that Territory from Statehood. As a pure, strong
man and devoted patriot, he has strong claims on the
confidence of the nation. On the eighth ballot of the
Republican Convention he received 541 votes of the 832
delegates and his election as the Republican nominee
for President of the United States was made unanimous.
LEVI P. MORTON.
Levi Parsons Morton was born at Shoreham, Vt.,
May 16, 1824, being a son of the late Rev. Daniel 0.
Morton. While his early educational advantages were
limited to those of the common schools, his home train-
ing and the healthful moral atmosphere in which his
youth was passed particularly fitted him for years oi
future usefulness and for winning for himself a success-
ful and commanding position among men. His earliest
experience of business was in a country store at Han-
over, N. H. After five years he sought a wider field of
activity in Boston, where unaided by money or influence,
he worked his way to a membership in the firm of Beebe,
Morgan & Co., and in 1854 he came to New York and
established the dry goods firm of Morton & Grinnell.
In 18G3 he gave up trade and entered the banking busi-
ness. About the same time he established a partnership
in London with Sir Johu Rose, former Minister of
Finance in Canada, the house being known as Morton,
Rose & Co. The latter were the fiscal agents of the
United States from 1873 to 1884. The firms of which
he was the head were active in the syndicates which
negotiated United States bonds, and in the payment of
560 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
the Geneva award of $15,000,000 and the Halifax award
of $5,000,000. Mr. Morton was appointed Honorary
Commissioner to the Paris Exposition in 1878.
In 1876 he was nominated for Congress by the Repub-
licans of the Eleventh New York district and although
not elected he very materially reduced the majority ol
his Democratic opponent. In 1878 he again received
the nomination, and this time was successful by a large
majority, and he was re-elected in 1880. His course in
Congress was such as to command the admiration of his
friends and the respect of those holding opposite politi-
cal views. He gave strict attention to public business,
and faithfully subserved not only the interest of his im-
mediate constituents but of the country at large. In
the larger field of public life he was no less progressive
and successful than in the admirable administration of
his private business affairs.
Mr. Morton declined the nomination of Vice-President
on the republican ticket in 1880. President Garfield
tendered him the positions of Secretary of the Navy or
Minister to France. He chose the latter and filled the
post with great acceptance from 1881 to 1885. Through
his efforts the restrictions upon the importation of
American pork into France were removed and American
corporations obtained a legal status in the sister Repub-
lic. He was the American Commissioner to the Paris
Electrical Commission, the Representative of this coun-
try at the Submarine Cable Convention, and publicly
received, in the name of the people of the United States,
the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World.
After Mr. Conkling's resignation as United States
Senator in 1881 Mr. Morton was prominently mentioned
by his friends for that position and was a candidate for
the same place in the election of 1887.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 501
Mr. Morton has been for many years conspicuously
connected with many benevolent movements, notably
that of sending, in 1880, a cargo of provisions in the
naval ship Constitution for the famine-stricken people
of Ireland.
Mr. Morton is regarded as a sound Republican,
whose zeal for honest money and protection of home
industry has been amply shown, and the fact that all
elements of his party heartily unite upon him is an
evidence of his honorable position. On the first ballot
for the nominee of the Republican Convention held in
Chicago for the Vice- Presidency Mr. Morton received
591 votes of the 832 delegates and his nomination
was then made unanimous.
562 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PARTY.
PLATFORM OF 1888.
The Republicans of the United States, assembled by their
delegates in National Convention, pause on the threshold of
their proceedings to honor the memory of their first great
leader, the immortal champion of liberty and the rights of
the people — Abraham Lincoln; and to cover also with wreaths
of imperishable remembrance arid gratitude the heroic names
of later leaders, who have been more recently called away
from our councils — Grant, Garfield, Arthur, Logan, Conkling.
May their memories be faithfully cherished.
We also recall with our greetings and with prayer for his
recovery the name of one of our living heroes whose memory
will be treasured in the history both of Republicans and of the
Republic— the name of that noble soldier and favorite child of
victory, Philip H. Sheridan.
In the spirit of those great leaders, and of our own devotion
to human liberty, and with that hostility to all forms of des-
potism and oppression which is the fundamental idea of the
Republican party, we send fraternal congratulations to our
fellow Americans of Brazil upon their great act of emancipa-
tion, which completed the abolition of slavery throughout the
two American continents. We earnestly hope that we may
soon congratulate our fellow-citizens of Irish birth upon the
peaceful recovery of home rule for Ireland.
We affirm our unswerving devotion to the National Consti-
tution and to the indissoluble Union of the States; to the
autonomy reserved to the States under the Constitution; to the
personal rights and liberties of citizens in all the States and
Territories in the Union, and especially to the supreme and
sovereign right of every lawful citizen, rich or poor, native or
foreign born, white or black, to cast one free ballot in public
elections, and to have that ballot duly counted. We hold the
free and honest popular ballot, and the just and equal repre-
sentation of all the people, to be the foundation of our Repub-
lican government, and we demand effective legislation to
secure the integrity and purity of elections, which are the
fountains of all public authority. We charge that the present
administration and the Democratic majority in Congress owe
their existence to the suppression of the ballot by a criminal
nullification of the Constitution and laws of the United States.
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 563
We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system
of protection. We protest against its destruction proposed by the
President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe : we
will support the interests of America. We accept the issue
and confidently appeal to the people for their judgment. The
protective system must be maintained. Its abandonment has
always been followed by general disaster to all interests, except
those of the usurer and the sheriff. We denounce the Mills
bill as destructive to the general business, the labor and the
farming interests of the country, and we heartily indorse the
consistent and patriotic actions of the Republican Representa-
tives in Congress in opposing its passage.
We condemn the proposition of the Democratic party to
place wool on the free list, and we insist that the duties
thereon shall be adjusted and maintained so as to furnish full
and adequate protection to that industry.
The Republican party would effect all needed reduction of
the national revenue by repealing the taxes on tobacco, which
are an annoyance and burden to agriculture, and the tax upon
spirits used in the arts and for mechanical purposes; and by
such revision of the tariff laws as will tend to check imports of
such articles as are produced by our people, the production of
which gives employment to our labor, and release from import
duties those articles of foreign production (except luxuries) the
like of which can not be produced at home. If there shall
still remain a larger revenue than is requisite for the wants of
the government, we favor the entire repeal of internal taxes,
rather than the surrender of any part of our protective system
at the joint behests of the whisky trusts and the agents of for-
eign manufacturers.
We declare our hostility to the introduction into this coun-
try of foreign contract labor, and of Chinese labor, alien to our
civilization and our Constitution, and we demand the rigid
enforcement of the existing laws against it, and favor such
immediate legislation as will exclude such labor from our shores.
We declare our opposition to all combinations of capital or-
ganized in trusts or otherwise, to control arbitrarily the condi-
tion of trade among our citizens; and we recommend to Con-
gress, and the State legislatures in their respective jurisdic-
tions, such legislation as will prevent the execution of all
schemes to oppress the people by undue charges on their sup-
plies, or by unjust rates for the transportation of their products
to market. We approve the legislation by Congress to prevent
alike unjust burdens and unfair discriminations between the
States.
We reaffirm the policy of appropriating the public lands of
the United States to be homesteads for American citizens and
5(34 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK.
settlers, not aliens, which the Republican party established in
1862, against the persistent opposition of the Demrcrats in
Congress, and which has brought our great Western domain
into such magnificent development. The restoration of un-
earned land grants to the public domain for the use of actual
settlers, which was begun under the administration of President
Arthur, should be continued. We deny that the Democratic
party has ever restored one acre to the people, but declare that
by the joint action of Republicans and Democrats about fifty
millions of acres of unearned lands originally granted for the
construction of railroads have been restored to the public do-
main, in pursuance of the conditions inserted by the Repub-
lican party in the original grants. We charge the Democratic
administration with failure to execute the laws securing to set-
tlers titles to their homesteads, and with using appropriations
made for that purpose to harass innocent settlers with spies
and prosecutions Under false pretence of exposing frauds and
vindicating the law.
The government by Congress of the Territories is based upon
necessity only, to the end that they may become States in the
Union; therefore, whenever the conditions of population, ma-
terial resources, public intelligence and morality are such as to
secure a stable local government therein, the people of such
Territories should be permitted, as a right inherent in them,
to form for themselves constitutions and State governments
and be admitted into the Union. Pending the preparation for
Statehood, all officers thereof should be selected from the bona
tide residents and citizens of the Territory wherein they are to
serve. South Dakota should of right be immediately admitted
as a State in the Union, under the constitution framed and
adopted by the people, and we heartily indorse the action of
the Republican Senate in twice passing bills for her admis-
sion. The refusal of the Democratic House of Representa-
tives, for partisan purposes, to favorably consider these bills,
is a wilful violation of the sacred American principle of local
self-government, and merits the condemnation of all just men.
The pending bills in the Senate for acts to enable the people of
Washington, North Dakota, and Montana Territories to form
constitutions and establish State governments should be passed
without unnecessary delay. The Republican party pledges
itself to do all in its power to facilitate the admission of the
Territories of New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho and Arizona to
the enjoyment of self-government as States, such of them as
are now qualified, as soon as possible, and the others as soon
as they may become so.
The political power of the Mormon Church in the Terri-
tories, as exercised in the past, is a menace to free institutions
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 565
too dangerous to be long suffered. Therefore, we pledge
the Republican party to appropriate legislation asserting the
sovereignty of the Nation in all Territories where the same is
questioned, and in furtherance of that end to place upon the
statute books legislation stringent enough to divorce the
political from the ecclesiastical power, and thus stamp out the
attendant wickedness of polygamy.
The Republican party is in favor of the use of both gold
and silver as money, and condemns the policy of the Demo-
cratic administration in its efforts to demonetize silver.
We demand the reduction of letter postage to 1 cent per
ounce.
In a Republic like ours, where the citizen is the sovereign
and the official the servant, where no power is exercised except
by the will of the people, it is important that the sovereign —
the people —should possess intelligence. The free school is
the promoter of that intelligence which is to preserve us a free
Nation; therefore, the State or Nation, or both combined,
should support free institutions of learning, sufficient to af-
ford to every child growing up in the land the opportunity
of a good common school education.
We earnestly recommend that prompt action be taken by
Congress in the enactment of such legislation as will best se-
cure the rehabilitation of our American merchant marine, and
we protest against the passage by Congress of a free ship
bill, as calculated to work injustice to labor by lessening the
wages of those engaged in preparing materials, as well as those
directly employed in our ship-yards. We demand appropria-
tions for the early rebuilding of our navy; for the construction
of coast fortifications and modern ordnance, and other approved
modern means of defence for the protection of our defenceless
harbors and cities; for the payment of just pensions to our sol-
diers; for the necessary works of national importance in the
improvement of harbors and the channels of internal, coastwise,
and foreign commerce; for the encouragement of the shipping
interests of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific States, as well as for
the payment of the maturing public debt. This policy
will give employment to our labor, activity to our various in-
dustries, increase the security of our country, promote trade,
open new and direct markets for our produce, and cheapen
the cost of transportation. We affirm this to be far better for
our country than the Democratic policy of loaning the govern-
ment money without interest to " pet banks."
The conduct of foreign affairs by the present administration
has been distinguished by its inefficiency and its cowardice.
Having withdrawn from the Senate all pending treaties effected
by Republican administration for the removal of foreign burdens
566 NATIONAL HAKD-BOOK
and restrictions upon our commerce and for its extension into
better markets, it has neither effected nor proposed any others
in their stead. Professing adherence to the Monroe doctrine,
it has seen with idle complacency the extension of foreign in-
fluence in Central America, and of foreign trade everywhere
among our neighbors. It has refused to charter, sanction, or
encourage any American organization for Constructing the
Nicaragua Canal, a work of vital importance to the maintenance
of the Monroe doctrine, and of our national influence in Central
and South America, and necessary for the development of trade
with our Pacific territory, with South America, and with the
Islands and further coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
We arraign the present Democratic administration for its weak
and unpatriotic treatment of the fisheries question, and its
pusillanimous surrender of the essential privileges to which
our fishing vessels are entitled in Canadian ports under the
treaty of 1818, the reciprocal maritime legislation of 1830, and
the comity of nations, and which Canadian fishing vessels
receive in the ports of the United States. We condemn the
policy of the present administration and the Democratic
majority in Congress toward our fisheries as unfriendly, and
conspicuously unpatriotic, and as tending to destroy a valuable
National industry, and an indispensable resources of defence
against a foreign enemy.
The name of American applies alike to all citizens of the
Republic, and imposes upon all alike the same obligations of
obedience to the laws. At the same time that citizenship is and
must be the panoply and safeguard of him who wears it, and
protect him, whether high or low, rich or poor, in his civil
rights. It should and must afford him protection at home, and
follow and protect him abroad in whatever land he may be on
a lawful errand.
The men who abandoned the Republican party in 1884, and
continue to adhere to the Democratic party, have deserted not
only the cause of honest government, of sound finances, of
freedom and purity of the ballot, but especially have deserted
the cause of reform in the civil service. We will not fail to
keep our pledges because they have broken theirs, or because
their candidate has broken his. We, therefore, repeat our
declaration of 1884, to-wit: " The reform of the civil service,
auspiciously begun under the Republican administration, should
be completed by the further extension of the reform system
already established by law, to all the grades of the service to
which it is applicable. The spirit and purpose of the reform
should be observed in all Executive appointments, and all laws
at variance with the object of existing reform legislation should
be repealed, to the end that the danger to free institutions
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 567
which lurks in the power of official patronage may be wisely
and effectively avoided."
The gratitude of the Nation to the defenders of the Union
can not be measured by laws. The legislation of Congress
should conform to the pledges made by a loyal people, and be
so enlarged and extended as to provide against the possibility
that any man who honorably wore the Federal uniform shall
become an inmate of an almshouse, or dependent upon private
charity. In the presence of an overflowing treasury it would
be a public scandal to do less for those whose valorous service
preserved the government. We denounce the hostile spirit
shown by President Cleveland in his numerous vetoes of
measures for pension relief and the action of the Democratic
House of Representatives in refusing even a consideration of
general pension legislation.
In support of the principles herewith enunciated we invite
the co-operation of patriotic men of all parties, and especially
of all workingmen whose prosperity is seriously threatened by
the free-trade policy of the present administration.
568
KATIOKAL HAND-BOOK
THE TWO POLICIES CONTRASTED.
A DISPASSIONATE COMPARISON BY THE ''CHRISTIAN UNION."
Two policies are proposed. The Democratic party proposes
to confine appropriations of public money to such sums as are
necessary to an economical administration of the Government;
to retain the tax on alcohol ; to modify the tax on tobacco ; and
to reduce the tax on imports by admitting raw materials free
of duty and by reducing taxes on all articles of necessity. If
this involves some manufacturers in commercial distress, the
party will regard the individual injury as counterbalanced by
the general good. The Republican party proposes to abolish
the tax on tobacco; to abolish also the tax on alcohol used in
the arts and manufactures; if necessary, to do away with the
national tax on alcohol altogether; to retain the present tax on
imports substantially unchanged; to retain it, not because it is
necessary for revenue, but because it will foster and promote
American manufactures and keep up wages; and it proposes to
accompany this policy of taxation with one of liberal appro-
priations, not only for immediate governmental necessities, but
for the construction of a navy and of coast fortifications, for
river and harbor improvements, for national aid to public edu-
cation, and for pensions. With this explanation we put the
policies of the two parties in parallel columns, to make appre-
hension of the difference between the two easier and clearer:
Rep.
Dem.
Tax on tobacco.
Abolish.
Modify.
Tax on alcohol.
Reduce or abolish.
Retain.
Tax on raw materials.
Retain.
Abolish.
Tax on necessaries.
Retain.
Reduce.
Tax on luxuries.
Retain.
Retain.
Object of tax.
Protection.
Revenue.
Expenditures.
Liberal.
Economical.
OF \ME1UCAK PROGRESS.
569
'\ jj.&
CLINTON BOWEN FISK.
General Fisk, as he is now generally called, was born in
Griggsville, Livingston Co., N. Y., December 8, 1828. His
father and mother were both of Puritan stock from Rhode
Island. His father, Benjamin Fisk, was captain of militia, and
his grandfather had been Major-General under Washington.
Captain Fisk was a blacksmith, wagonmaker and manufacturer
generally for a large district of country. When Clinton B.
was two years old, his father removed to the County of
Lenawee in Michigan and located on the river Raisin where he
established a new place which he called Clinton in honor of
the governor of the State he had left behind, and of the child
he had brought along. Here after two years his father died
leaving a family of six boys, who as soon as possible were
obliged to earn their own support. Clinton's turn came when
he was nine years of age, when he was bound until he was
twenty-one to Farmer Wright for three months' schooling every
year and a horse, saddle and bridle, two suits of clothes and
570 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
two hundred dollars at the close of his term. He lived between
two and three years with this farmer, during which time
he read all the books he could obtain, learned to write, using
the hearthstone for his copybook and on the same slate worked
out problems in arithmetic. His younger brother having died,
and his mother having secured his release from the farmer,
Clinton returned home where in varied struggles for an edu-
cation he studied Latin. His mother married again when he
was 13 years of age but was again soon widowed and the family
afterwards removed to Albion, where Clinton studied, labored,
taught and acquired an excellent knowledge of Latin and
Greek. But intense study had so injured his eyes that he was
obliged to abandon his favorite studies and with them hopes
of a collegiate education. He now engaged in mercantile
business with Mr. L. D. Crippen, of Coldwater, whose
daughter, Miss Jeannette A., he married in 1850.
Mr. Crippen was the leading merchant and banker of that
region, and the firm of Crippen & Fisk kept and increased the
commercial standing and enterprise of the firm. The young
partner's adaptability, goodfellowship and sagacity rapidly in-
creased the business, and success seemed to attend his every step.
He took a leading part in all social and religious movements
and prospered in every way. But the financial crisis of 1857
came, and though the bank met all its obligations promptly,
the strain upon his nervous resources was too great. With
but little money left he retired, and in 1858 removed to St.
Louis and became the Western financial agent of the Etna
Insurance Co. For a year he travelled over the Mississippi
Valley and contiguous country, made many valuable acquaint-
ances, one of them Abraham Lincoln, and among many busi-
ness men of St. Louis and also among many in Church circles.
When war broke out in 1860 his knowledge of both North and
South was very extensive. He enlisted for three months as a
private and assisted in capturing a rebel camp secretly formed
outside of St. Louis city. When the Merchants' Exchange
of that city was likely to cast its influence on the disunion side
he called a meeting of Union men in the Exchange and formed
a Union Rival Exchange which absorbed the old one.
OF AMERICA K0GRESS - 571
la July, 18G2, at Preside ^ mcoln,s request, he recruited a
regiment, beino- assisted J mone y °y the Union Merchants'
Exchange and sent i f tae ^ ron ^ 1Q September. He then
recruited a brigade ^ was commissioned Brigadier-General
Nov. 24, 18G2. e month later he proceeded with his full
command to F^ aa , Arkansas, and untiljune, 1863, he was on
duty in thf-cpartment of the Tennessee where Grant was
seeking capture Vicksburg.
Afteiaat his service was continuously in Missouri till the
war.osed. He was some months in command of all South-east
M ; ouri, with headquarters at Pilot Knob, and for a time had
*arge of certain very lawless north-western counties, which he
made orderly and inhabitable. Later he commanded the Dis-
trict of St. Louis, comprising all the territory before in separate
districts. When Sterling Price attacked the State capital,
General Fisk was ordered to protect it, and met the emergency
with cool tact and judgment. The forces of Price were led by
Marmaduke and Shelby, and commanded in person by Price.
General Fisk had only a handful of troops, but the first assault
was met gallantly, and Price retreated with his large force.
Fisk ordered a pursuit, and Shelby and Marmaduke were cap-
tured ; the capital was saved.
In February, 1865, he was made Major-General of the Mis-
souri militia, and one month later Andrew Johnson commis-
sioned him Major- General by brevet "for faithful and
meritorious services during the war." In May that year he was
assigned to special duty as Assistant Commissioner of the
Freedmen's Bureau, in which important and delicate capacity
he served till September, 1866. The entire States of Kentucky
and Tennessee, and parts of Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas
were under his jurisdiction. Through all that once rich terri-
tory devastation reigned. The negroes, freed, were largely
unwilling to work, and their notions of what they should have
aud should do, were extravagant, often absurd. To restore
confidence between white and black, to re-adjust the relations
of society, and to bring about that industrial status which was
imperative, was the task General Fisk took up. He gave it
the best work in his power. Mild in his methods, calm always
572 NATIONAL HAXD-BOOK
in judgment, decisive as to conclusions, judicial in mental
habit, he was at once in his own pei^-ion a court of just appeal,
and a commission to execute. He won g 'eneral respect. Going
up and down the region under his commas ?d, he invited before
him the former master and slave, set forth to>\ their mutual un-
derstanding the law governing both, and the wirhole facts relat-
ing to their mutual interest. He made each his friend. More
than any other one man, it is safe to say, he made possible the
rehabilitation of Southern fields, and the sure beginning of a
better future. V
Out of this work grew, naturally, the institution of learning
for colored youth, known now as Fisk University, at Nashville^.
General Fisk early saw the need of such liberal helps for the
Freedmen, and. his influence has been constant in their behalf.
General Fisk resigned from the army in the fall of 1866, after
over four years' unremitting service, and since then has been
busily occupied with railroad, banking and ecclesiastical affairs.
For eight years he was treasurer of the Missouri Pacific Rail-
road; since 1879 he has resided in New Jersey, with headquar-
ters in New York. In Missouri he declined all political honors
when urged upon him.
In 1884 he came out from the Republican party, whose great
leaders — Lincoln, Grant, Greeley, and others— had been his in-
timate friends, and supported St. John. Two years ago he
consented, as a matter of duty and sacrifice, to lead the Pro-
hibition campaign in New Jersey, and as candidate for Gov-
ernor polled about 20,000 votes — a three-fold increase of the
vote previously cast. In that campaign he made one hundred
and twenty-five engagements to speak, filled them all, and was
never five minutes late. To meet these he travelled five thou-
sand miles.
General Fisk is of portly build, with rather short gray beard,
partly veiling a face roundish in outline, rising to a forehead
high and intellectual. The rather rotund figure and the genial
countenance are suggestive of comfortable living, little care and
happy temperament.
His wonderful aptness of extempore address, his choice
command of language, his unfailing good humor, and his
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 573
Hiaguetic charm, have made him a general favorite in ecclesias-
tical bodies, in party gatherings, and in commercial assemblies,
whenever speech-making came in order. There is no man in
all our country more popular as an off-hand talker than Gen.
Fisk; no man, it may be added, whose talking gifts have been
tested in more various ways, or on wider fields. He could
speak to his newly-recruited regiment of soldiers in St. Louis
with such persuasiveness that they agTeed he should do all
their swearing, well aware he would not swear a word. In
camp, at the front, he could lead a prayer meeting with tender
exhortation and fervent appeal. When Reconstruction days
came on he could gather thousands, white and black, upon
some Southern plantation, and win them to ready acceptance
of the great change from slavery to freedom. And in these
later years, South and North, at the General Conference of his
church, as a fraternal delegate with Southern brethern, in the
great Convention at Pittsburgh which nominated St. John, at
some great business banquet where capital massed itself, or
where old army comrades met in annual reunion — oftener than
almost any other American he has been called to say the word
most fitting, to lend the final grace of flowing rhetoric and
felicitous quotation.
Scrupulous of his every duty, considerate of all men, the
soul of personal honor, sensitive as a woman, Clinton B. Fisk
shrinks from political warfare, and protests against all prefer-
ment as a political leader. The most conspicuous layman in
the Methodist Church, to which, as a boy of ten, he gave him-
self, he gives to religious and denominational progress his chief
concern; but he sees how closely the Church of God is related
to this question of the ages, and his whole heart is alive, his
entire nature consecrated to the moral issue now up for settle-
ment along political lines. He will refuse no clear call of duty,
whatever to him the cost.
Such is the briefest outline of the life of him who attained
by acclamation the nomination of candidate for the Presidency
by the National Convention of the Prohibition Party held at
Indianapolis in May, 1888.
574 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK
JOHN A. BROOKS, D.D.
John A. Brooks, the nominee of the Prohibition party for
the Vice-Presidency, was born in Mason County, Ky., June 3,
1836. His father and mother were both Virginians. His
mother was related to the Cooks and Andersons of Virginia,
many of whom have figured in political life. His father was a
prominent preacher in the Church to which the Doctor belongs.
Young Brooks was brought up on a farm ; was educated at
Bethany College, Va., then under the charge of Alexander
Campbell; graduated from there in 1856, receiving afterwards
from his Alma Mater the degree of A.M.; was for two years
President of Flemingsburg College, in Kentucky, and, resign-
ing that position, entered the ministry. He is a leading man
in his denomination, both as an evangelist and a pastor.
When 15 years old he became a public advocate of temper-
ance under the direction of Elijah Currans, G. W. P. of Ken-
tucky. He was among the early supporters of Prohibition,
hoping, with the great mass of temperance people in the South,
to gain it through the Democratic party. He has been the life
and soul of one of the most notable struggles for State Pro-
hibition made in the nation.
In 1880 Dr. Brooks and 35 others, at a meeting at Sedalia,
organized the Prohibition Alliance of Missouri. Dr. Brooks
was chosen President, and for four years, at his own risk and
without salary, he canvassed 100 counties of the State in the
interest of submission. The first year's canvass (1880) resulted
in the election of a Legislature pledged to submit, but political
machinations caused the defeat of the amendment by two or
three votes in the Senate. The Downing High License law
was enacted as a compromise measure.
But the liquor interests were greatly alarmed, and in 1882
the brewers employed United States Senator Geo. G. Vest, the
foremost Democratic leader and orator of Missouri, to canvass
the State in their interest. Dr. Brooks's friends challenged
Senator Vest to a joint discussion, but he had already made a
list of appointments and could not change them. Despite
Senator Vest's exertions, another Legislature pledged to sub-
OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 575
mission, was chosen. Again the amendment failed by down-
right betrayal of the promises made.
Disgusted with the Democratic party, Dr. Brooks now looked
with favor upon the Prohibition party, and when the canvass
of 1884 opened he declared himself a member of it. In that
year he was unanimously nominated for Governor, both by
the Alliance and the party Prohibitionists. It was hoped that
the Republicans would make no nomination and leave the field
to Dr. Brooks and Gen. Marmaduke, the Democratic candidate.
But the Republican party preferred defeat under the leader-
ship of a liquor man to success under a Prohibitionist.
The campaign was very exciting. Senator Vest gave his
whole time to combating Prohibition. Dr. Brooks, almost
alone on the other side, canvassed the State as best he could
with the limited resources at his command. Although Mr.
Cleveland carried Missouri by over 30,000 majority, Marma-
duke's majority was only 420. Dr. Brooks polled five times as
many votes as were cast at the same election for St. John.
The agitation of 1880-4 gave an impetus to Prohibition in
Missouri that has been followed by phenomenal progress. In
1886 the W. C. T. U. took up the Constitutional Prohibition
struggle, another Legislature supposed to be in favor of sub-
mission was elected, the Amendment was defeated by a few
votes, and the Wood Local Option law, under which 65
counties and 14 cities have been carried for Prohibition, was
passed as a compromise.
Since 1884 Dr. Brooks has been actively engaged in the
lecture field, speaking from Maine to Texas, and from Wiscon-
sin to Alabama. As the General Agent of the National Prohi-
bition Bureau for the Southwest, he has done splendid service,
and much of the rapid advance made by the Prohibition party
in the States of Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi and Alabama, as
well as Missouri, is the result of his personal influence.
THE NATIONAL HAND BOOK OP
AMERICAN PROGRESS,
A Reference Manual — 1492 to the present time.
Edited by Bishop E. 0. HAVEN, D.D., LLD.
Revised and Enlarged by T. E. WILLSON,
Editorial Staff of the New York World,
SIX VOLUMES IIV ONE
HISTORICAL, FINANCIAL,
BIOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL,
DOCUMENTARY, POLITICAL, Etc.
Including the 1880 Census, Population of States and Cities.
The Most Complete and Eeliable non-partisan record of our Nation's Progress.
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Introduction by Rev. THEO. Ii. CUTLER, ».».
This volume contains the ripest thoughts and utterances of the best and
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BY A NEW YORK SUNDAY
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WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
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This collection of treasures, new and old, is the
grand summary of a large experience in devising
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those of older growth in Bible study. It contains
only such questions or exercises as are founded
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To secure these, a vast range of Biblical literature
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In one large 12mo volume, 306 pa^es. Price, $2. 00.
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Tie Foot-Prints of Satan,
OR,
THE DEVIL IN HISTORY.
By Rev. MOLLIS READ, A.M.,
Late Missionary of the American Board
to India ; author of " God in History ;"
" India and its People," etc.
REVISED EDITION.
The author has here given the character, influence,
and power of Satan, with historical outlines of his work
in the abuse and perversion of every good, as shown in
the ruinous effects of the apostacy in the affairs of the
world, from Adam's fall, through Bible times, the early
Church, the Middle Ages, to the present day.
Here are illustrated the misuse and abuse of Learning,
Science, Wealth, Honors, Civil and Social Positions,
the Press, Ambition, Poetry, and Song; Customs and
Fashions, and all the vast resources of Nature and
Art, contributing, when rightly used, to man's highest
and best interest.
These are substantiated by facts and figures and
thrilling incidents the more awful because true, making
up a volume of unusual interest to the scholar and gen-
eral reader, " not fictitious, vet stranger than fiction."
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The chapter on the ravages and ruin of strong drink is
alone worth the price of the book. A vast deal of
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Crown Octavo Volume, 510 Pages, Reduced
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Introduction by Rev. Joseph Cook, of Boston.
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WOMAN'S HAP-BOOK
HEALTH AND DISEASE ,.•
A Popular Treatise on the Functions and Diseases ofW-omam
with the most Approved Hygienic and Medical Treatment.
By LUCIEN C, WARNER, A.M., M.D.,
•■'■' Member of the New York County Medical Society, &c.
Revised and Enlarged
BY, A MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL STAFF OF THE N. Y.
STATE WOMAN'S HOSPITAL, .N. Y. CITY:
".My people are destroyed for lack of ' knowledge T >- Hbsea iw, 6.
.•'Its Object is to give information pertaining to the
different phases ofwoman': life, as girl, maiden, wife, and
mother by correcting evils and abuses and indicating in
p&m common-sense language what to do and how to do it
footnoting health, prolonging life, and treating disease,
by suggesting remedies adapted to their home treatment.
. '".it is the privilege of every woman to know these
•thmgs and'not depend on others or grope in darkness and
mys^j:y:> t -to be ■followed by its attendant sorrows and
^is'e'rjesU ;••"' : i.'- r '. .,'-.■£ ■ i
••-:•■• . The- most • delicate topics are discussed, with such
"ch^steness-of language that it cannot .offend • the most
fastidious.- -Nd information has-been given.or illustration,
introduced; for the. purpose of pandering to. a. perverted-,
taite- or corrupt imagination. . ' . : ;^- •-- /, -.
■'••':'• This book is offered to the public. in the-.<5onfictent
feivef- 'that' it will be found much superior to afty. similar
woffe yet published. . ■*;■' .-. "; .'-V;
• Dr* J. G. Holland, Author, and toM Editor of Cen-
tury Mu\azhie, wrote the A uthor concerning the first edition:
—Your, popular treatise, "Woman's Hand-Bookan Health
^dB^a$e" is remarkably well adapted to popular use'
anttWulhess. Such a book, I am sure, cannot be too
Widely #se-miriated among those for whom. l^is- designed.
•''"' ' aoo pa^es, 65 illustrations in a supplementary packet.,
'V 1 ; • [Price, $2.00.
•. AGENTS- WANTED. Copies sent by mail on receipt of price.
EvBrfREAT, Publisher, 771 Broadway, New York,
'V.' . .;''>;,;. ■■•-'•■ ".*••'* 'r.
WEARING OF THE GRAY.
Comprising Personal
Portraits. Adventures
and Incidents of the
Late War, with Thril-
ling Narratives of the
Daring Deeds, Dash-
ing Charges and Toil-
some Marches, Will-
ing Sacrifices, Inci-
dents of Life in Camp
and Hosiptal, and Pa-
tient Sufferings of the
Boys in Gray,
By JOHN ESTEN COOKE, of Va.
Formerly of Gen. Stuart's Staff, Author of " Surry, of Eagle's
Nest," " Life of Stonewall Jackson," Life of" Gen. Lee," &c.
The design of this work is to present a graphic and pictur-
esque viewof some of thestriking scenes and personages of the
late war in the South— adventures of the writer, narratives of
scouts, elaborate personal portraits of STUART, HAMPTON,
ASHBY, MOSBY and other Confederate celebrities, with
anecdotes and details. The author's position on the staff of
Gen. Stuart gave him an opportunity of seeing and knowing
personally the men of whom he writes ; of witnessing some of
the most striking scenes of the war—and of these he speaks as
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from books.
In one handsome octavo volume of 600 pages, illus-
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Substantial Cloth Binding, $4, Price' Reduced to $2.75.
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THE BOYS IN BLUE;
HEROES
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SOLDIERS OF THE REPUBLIC.
BY MRS. A. H. HOGE, ,
Of the North-Western Sanitary Commission, Chicago.
With an introduction by Thomas M. Eddy, D.D.
Able writers have described the campaigns which resulted
in the overthrow of the Rebellion, and the lives of the
generals who led our armies to victory have been written,
but as yet poor justice has been done to the Soldiers who
fought the battles and were largely instrumental in gaining
the victories.
The story Mrs. Hoge narrates is one of the most thril-
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under her own observation, and these she weaves together
with wonderful skill and effect. The private soldier who
survived the war will find his own experiences reproduced
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mourn a son, brother or father as among the victims of the
strife will equally welcome the work, not only as a souvenir
of the struggle so full of tender memories ff -r them, but as a
record, which, by commemorating the services of the "Boys
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THE NEW CYCLOPEDIA OF FAMILY MEDICINE,
A NEW AND POPULAR GUIDE TO THE
Art of Preserving Health and Treating Disease ; with
Plain Advice for all the Medical and Surgical
Emergencies of the Family. Based on the
most Recent and the Highest Authorities,
and brought down to the Latest Dates.
By GEO. M. BEARD, A.M., M.D.
• ormerly Lecturer on Nervous Diseases in the University
of New York ; Fellow of the New York Academy of
Medicine ; Member of the New York County Medical
Society, etc.
Assisted in its Several Departments, as follows :
Diseases of the Eye and Ear, by D. B. St. JOHN ROOSA, M.D.,
President New York Post Graduate Medical School.
Diseases Of the Skin, by GEO. HENRY FOX, M.D., Professor of
Skin Diseases, College of Physicians and Surgeons* New York.
Diseases of Women and Children, by J. B. HUNTER, M.D., Surgeon
to the New York State Woman s Hospital.
Surgery, by BENJAMIN HOWARD, M.D., formerly Professor in
the L. I. College Hospital, Brooklyn.
Dental Surgery, by N. W. KINGSLEY, M.D., Dean of New York
College or Dentistry.
Materia Medica, by LAURENCE JOHNSON, M,D., President of the
New York County Medical Society.
General Eevision, by A. D. ROCKWELL, M.D., Electro-Therapeu-
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And upwards of 170 other widely known American and European authorities,
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It is written for the people, in plain, common-sense language, giv-
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