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THE

NATIONAL MEDALS

UNITED STATES.

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THE

NATIONAL MEDALS

UNITED STATES.

\ Paper read before the Maryland Historical Society,

March 14, ISST,
BY

RICHAKD M. McSHERRY,

Op the Baltimore Bar.

JBfilliiiicirf. 1887.

PEABODY PUBLICATION FUND.

Committee on Publication.

1886-87.

HENRY STOCKBRID&E,
JOHN W. M. LEE,
BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.

Printed by John Murphy & Co.

Printers to the Maryland Historical Society.

Baltimore, 1887.

THE NATIONAL MEDALS

OF THE

UNITED STATES.

SO far as authentic history goes, the great deeds
of men have been commenriorated in some
conspicuous form, not only as a just recom-
j^ense for well accomplished duty, but as an incen-
tive to future generations to emulate the public
virtue of the hero.

As the Prince Ozias said to Judith, " He has so
magnified thy name this day that thy praise shall
not depart out of the mouth of men."

And beyond authentic history in that semi-twi-
light now being pierced by the keen eye of science,
Egyptian papyri, immemorial stones carved with
Assyrian and Persian cuneiform, with Scandina-
vian and Teutonic Runes, or with Aztec hiero-
glyphs, all give us in picture or in prose the story
of the public triumph.

2 ivi7'211Ki 5

6

Eut the natural fitness of things requires that
public reward for public services should be ex-
pressed not only in a conspicuous, but also in an
enduring form, and so all the resources of art and
labor and treasure have in each succeeding age
been utilized and exhausted, to produce gorgeous
edifices, temples and monuments to signalize the
victories of the great captains and the reigns of
the great kings and princes of the earth.

Many of these great monuments of the past do
survive, such as the Pyramids, and the later edi-
fices of Greece and Rome, and to an extent we
know their meaning and the name of the person
in whose honor they were built. But who shall
tell us of the number that have fallen into ruin
and disappeared, as the men whose names they
were built to perpetuate have disappeared and
been forgotten.

And of those that exist which one tells us that
which any coin dug from the old soil of the Troad
will tell us ; the name, the date, the very features
of the man in whose honor it was struck.

The two largest and most imposing monuments
on the Appian way, near Rome, are circular edi-
fices, one of which is so large that there is a house
and farm buildings and an olive grove upon its
summit, and no man knows in whose honor it was
built. The other, which is somewhat smaller, tra-
dition calls the tomb of Cecilia Metella, but tradi-

tion cannot tell us who was Cecilia, nor why this
sumptuous pile was erected to her memory and
tlie tomb itself is silent.

But medals, as memorials, are not silent. In a
year, or a hundred years, or a thousand years, or
ten thousand years, after the man has played his
part, this little metal disk is a witness who shall
tell him who reads, the name of the man and the
deed he did, and the time and the country, and
show his very features " in his habit as he lived."

Much as we are indebted to ancient coins for
exact and concise historical information, it would
appear that what we call a medal was practically
unknown to antiquity, which only struck pieces
destined for circulation and exchange as money.
The ancient engravers in the types of current
money infinitely varied, endeavored to multiply
and disseminate religious and historical ideas, but
these were technically coins not medals.

The exact definition of a medal according to the
science of numismatics is, " A piece of metal in the
form of a coin not issued or circulated as money,
but stamped with a figure or device to preserve the
portrait of some eminent person or the memory of
some illustrious action or event."

It may be fairly said that we owe the medal,
according to this definition, to that period to which
all arts are so much indebted. I mean the Italian
Renaissance of the fifteenth century, which broke

the old mould that imprisoned art in conventional
forms and brought her back to her mother nature.

Yittorio Pisano or Pisanello was indeed the
creator of the medal proper. He was a portrait
painter of Yerona, and the first technical medal
was designed by him in honor of John Paleologos,
next to the last Greek emperor of Constantinople.
This potentate, who wears in the medal a very
remarkable headdress copied from life, was at the
time, 1439, attending the great Oecumenical Coun-
cil held at Ferrara and Florence, consulting about
the union of the Greek and Latin churches, and
had this medal struck in honor of his visit.

So accomplished an artist was Pisano, that a very
late work on numismatics says that, " He marked
the limits of the art to which he gave birth, and his
successors have made variations on his style but
not improvements."

From his time onward Italy has been distin-
guished in this beautiful art — the long list of its
masters, either as designers, engravers or both,
including such great names as Raffaele and Bene-
venuto Cellini.

France followed quickly in the footsteps of Italy,
and a very beautiful medal was struck in 1451 to
commemorate the taking of Bordeaux and the final
expulsion of the English from France. Other
nations followed in the wake and adopted the idea,
so that every civilized country soon had issued

9

national medals of more or loss importance and
artistic merit.

" When in the course of human events it became
necessary for this people to assume among the
powers of the world the separate and equal station
to which the laws of Nature and of Nature's God
entitled them," the Continental Congress was met
at the outset with the question as to how the new
republic should honor its heroes. It could not give
them titles and peerages, but it could give them, as
General Scott once expressed it, " the highest
reward a free man can receive — the recorded appro-
bation of Ids country. ^^ N^^y? even before the tre-
mendous declaration of the 4th July, 1776, the
Congress had decided the point, for on the 26th
March, 1776, it was

" Resolved, diat the thanks of this Congress in theu' own
name and in the name of the thirteen united colonies Avhom
they represent be presented to His Excellency General Wash-
ington, and the officers and soldiers under his command for
their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of
Boston ; and that a medal of gold be struck in commemora-
tion of this great event, and presented to His Excellency, and
that a committee of three be appointed to prepare a letter of
thanks and a [)roper device for the medal."

Messrs. Jno. Adams, J no. Jay and Hopkins,
were the committee so appointed, and here over
three months before the Declaration of Independ-
ence begins the story of

10

The National Medals of the United States.

The letter of John Hancock, President of Con-
gress to General Washington, informing him of
this resolution, may well be taken as the best
expression of the meaning and extent of the honor
conferred on an American citizen by an act of Con-
gress presenting him with a medal.

"Philadelphia, 2d April, 1776.
" To General Washington.

"Sir: It gives me the most sensible pleasure to convey to
you by order of Congress the only tribute which a free people
will ever consent to pay — the tribute of thanks and gratitude to
their friends and benefactors. The disinterested and patriotic
principles which led you to the field have also led you to
glory ; and it affords no little consolation to your countrymen
to reflect that as a peculiar greatness of mind induced you to
decline any compensation for serving them except the pleasure
of promoting their happiness, they may without your permis-
sion bestow upon you the largest share of their affection and
esteem.

" Those pages in the annals of America will record your
title to a conspicuous place in the temple of fame, which shall
inform posterity that under your direction an undisciplined
band of husbandmen, in the course of a few months became
soldiers ; and that the desolation meditated against the country
by a brave army of veterans, commanded by the most experi-
enced generals, but employed by bad men in the worst of
causes, was, by the fortitude of your troops and the address of
their officers next to the kind interposition of Providence, con-

11

iiiunl lor near a year williin such narrow limits as scarcely to
admit more room tlmn was Decessary for the encampments and
fortifications they lately abandoned. Accept, therefore, Sir, the
thanks of the United colonies nnanimously declared by their
delegates to be dne to you and the brave officers and troops
under your command, and be pleased to communicate to them
this distinguished mark of the approbation of their country.
The Congress have ordered a goldeu medal adapted to the
occasion to be struck and when finished to be presented to you.
" I have the honor to be with every sentiment of esteem,
Sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,

"John Hanccx'K,

" President"

No country in the world has been as chary of
granting- this sort of public recognition to its citi-
zens as the United States. From the beginning
of our national history to this, the 112th year of
the republic, only eighty-three medals have been
granted by Congress, so that of all governmental
honors known to the world to-day, it is the rarest.

It is interesting to recall the various opinions
and suggestions made by the great men of that
time in treating of this subject.

The United States jNlint was not established
until 1792, and previous to that time the revolu-
tionary medals were struck in France generally
under the direction of the American minister near
that court. And it happened that there was in
Paris at that time a brilliant group of engravers

12

who have given us in all of these medals noble
specimens of their beautiful art.

It appears that the first medal actually struck
was that of Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, which
was executed under the direction of Dr. Franklin
about 1780.

The doctor shows his practical mind in a sugges-
tion which he makes in a letter to Mr. Jay, the
then Secretary of State, he says ;

"The man who is honored only by a single medal is obliged
to show it to enjoy the honor which can be done only to a few
and often awkwardly. I, therefore, wish the medals of Con-
gress were ordered to be money, and so continued as to be con-
venient money by being in value aliquot parts of a dollar."

Our government has never quite 'adopted that
idea (which was exactly the practice of the coiners
of antiquity), but it has come tolerably near it by
placing upon every revenue and postage stamp and
bank note the portrait of some of our public men.

In 1792 the Senate passed a bill for coining-
money with the head of the President upon it,
but General Washington himself opposed it, and
the House of Representativ^es amended the bill by
substituting the head of Liberty, the mother or per-
haps grandmother of the classic female who now
figures on that coin which is by law worth 100
cents, and of which we all try to be collectors.

Colonel Humphreys, who was entrusted by Mr.

13

Morris with the commission of procuring the other
medals which had been voted, immediately upon
his arrival in I'aris addressed himself to the French
Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres,
asking them to aid him " in having these medals
executed in a manner grateful to the illustrious
personages for whom they are designed, worthy
the dignity of the sovereign power by whom they
are presented, and calculated to perpetuate the
remembrance of those great events wdiich they are
intended to consecrate to immortality."

The Academy took a most active interest in the
work and immediately appointed a committee of
four of its members to suggest the designs.

Colonel Humphreys returned to America, leav-
ing the superintendence of the medals to Mr.
Jeiferson, who in writing about them to Mr.
John Jay, the then Secretary of State, made some
suiigestions which are thus commented on by Mr.
Jay in his report to Congress, dated 11th July,
1787. After reciting Mr. Jefferson's suggestions,
he says :

" In tlie judgment of your Secrctarv it would be proper to
instruct Mr. Jefferson to j)re.sent in the name of the United
States one silver medal of each denomination to every mon-
arch (except the King of England for that would not be deli-
cate) ; and to every sovereign and indej)endent State without
exception in Europe, and also to the Emperor of Morocco.
That he also be instructed to send fifteen silver medals of each

3

14

set to Congress to be by tliera presented to the thirteen United
States respectively, and also to the Emperor of China with
an explanation and a letter, and one to General Washington.
That he also be instructed to present a copper medal of each
denomination to each of the most distinguished Universities
(except the British) in Europe, and also to Cte de Rocliam-
beau, Cte d'Estaing and Cte de Grasse, and lastly that he be
instructed to send to Congress two hundred copper ones of
each set together with the dies.

"Your Secretary thinks that of these it would be proper
to present one to each of the American colleges, one to the
Marquis de la Fayette, and one to each of the other Major-
Generals who served in the late American army, and that the
residue with the dies be deposited in the Secretary's office of
the United States subject to such future order as Congress
may think proper to make respecting them.

" It might be more magnificent to give gold medals to
sovereigns, silver ones to distinguished persons and copper
ones to the colleges, but in his opinion the nature of the
American government as well as the state of their finance
will apologize for their declining this expense. AH of which
is submitted to the wisdom of Congress.

"Jno. Jay."

Congress does not seem to have adopted Mr.
Jay's report, at any rate the proposed action has
never been taken. But it would appear that Mr.
Jefferson fully expected that his suggestion would
be carried out, as we find him under date of 23rd
February, 1789, writing to Mr. Dupre, the en-
graver, asking him for a copy of Dr. Franklin's

15

medal, as lie is going to have a description of
all the medals printed in order to send them
with copies of the medals to the sovereigns of
Europe.

It is no doubt owing to the fact that the j)ro-
posed copies of the medals were never struck, that
the Bibliography of American National Medals
did not begin with Mr. Jefferson's description of
those given for the Revolutionary battles.

The first work on this especial subject known
to the writer of this paper was published in 1848,
by Carey & Hart, Philadelphia, and is called
" Memoirs of the Generals, Commodores and other
Commanders who were presented with medals by
Congress, by Thomas Wyatt.

The writer's attention was called to this work
by Mr. W. Elliot Woodward of Iloxbury, Mass., a
name well known to all American numismatists.
The only accessible copy was found in the Boston
public library, and up to its date it is a com-
plete work giving an engraving of the medals
issued up to that time with a memoir of each
c)f the reci})ients.

Mr. Wyatt seems to have been the first person
to collect a full set of our medals, and in a letter
from him to Mr. Woodward in 1861, he si)eaks of
the great difficulties he had in searching out and
borrowing every medal of the series. For the
medals of Major Lee and Major Stewart he was

16

obliiied to oo to France. He had a number of sets
struck oif for sale at the request, and partly at the
expense, of Jared Sparks, Abbott Lawrence, Daniel
Webster and other gentlemen interested in the
project, and he says that the Legislatures of Maine,
New Hampshire, New York, Virginia and Penn-
sylvania ordered each a set for the public libraries,
with a vote of thanks for his perseverance.

In 1861 Mr. James Ross Snowden, Director of
the Mint, published a volume called the " Medallic
Memorials of Washington." Philadelphia, J. B.
Lippincott & Co. — an interesting and valuable
work.

In 1878 Mr. J. F. Loubat, of New York, pub-
lished his " Medallic History of the United States
of America." This magnificent and exhaustive
work has become an absolute authority on the sub-
ject. All that learning and conscientious and
intelligent research can do, has been done to make
it perfect, and the writer of this paper cheerfully
acknowledsces his indebtedness to it for most of the
facts herein given. The work being, however, only
published as an " edition de luxe," in two large
quarto volumes, printed on especially prepared
paper and enriched with 170 etchings of the
medals by M. Jules Jacquemart, it is necessarily
too expensive a book for general circulation and
is, therefore, perhaj^s not as well known as it
ought to be.

Mr. Loubat gives descriptions of eiglity-six
medals which lie classifies as national, although
seven of them have not the sanction of a Congres-
sional vote.

The first, or Revolutionary group, is composed
of the following :

1. General Washington, for the occupation of
Boston, by Duvivier.

2. Major-General Gates, for the surrender at
Saratoga, by Gatteaux.

3. General Wayne, for Stony Point, by Gat-
teaux.

4. Major John Stewart, commanding the left
wing storming party same action, by Gatteaux.

T). Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, commanding
the right wing storming party same action, by
Duvivier.

6. Major Henry Lee, for surprise of Paulas
Hook, by J. Wright.

This was the famous " Light Horse Harry " — the
worthy sire of his noble son, General R. E. Lee.

7. John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac
A^an Wart, for the capture of Major Andre.

This is not a medal proper, but a piece of
repousse work made by a silversmith.

8. General Morgan, for the victory of the Cow-
pens, by Dupre.

9. Lieutenant-Colonel William A. Washington,
same action, bv Duvivier.

18

10. Lieutenant-Colonel John Eager Howard,
same action, by Duvivier.

11, Major-General Nathaniel Greene, for victory
at Eutaw Springs, by Dupre.

This completes the list of medals given to the
army during the Revolution. Two of the reci-
pients were Marylanders. The first. Major John
Stewart, was a son of Stephen Stewart, a merchant
of Baltimore. He commanded the left storming
party at Stony Point, which, in the words of Gen-
eral Wayne's official report, " with unloaded mus-
kets and strict orders not to fire, in the face of a
most incessant and tremendous fire of musketry
and from cannon loaded with grapeshot, forced
their way, at the point of the bayonet, through
every obstacle."

In this same report Mr. Archer is commended for
gallantry, and was in consequence brevetted cap-
tain by order of Congress, which looks as though
Harford County had a representative in that
action.

Colonel Stewart was a first lieutenant in 1776,
captain in 1777, served through the war with great
distinction, and commanded a regiment in the
Southern campaign. He went to South Carolina
directly after the war and died there in 1783, and
so was comparatively little known in Maryland
outside of his own kinsmen. Of the other Mary-
lander — Colonel John Eager Howard^ nothing

19

need be said liere; his life is a part of the history
of this city and known to us all.

The Maryland bayonet was as effective under
Colonel Howard in South Carolina as it had been
under Colonel Stewart on the Hudson, as will
appear from these words taken from General
Morgan's official report of the action at the Cow-
pens: "Lieutenant-Colonel Howard observing this,
gave orders for the line to charge bayonets, which
was done with such address that they fled with the
utmost preci})itation, leaving their field pieces in
our possession. We pushed our advantage so
eftoctually that they never had an opportunity of
rallying, had their intentions been ever so good."

It is a matter of history that the gallant Colonel,
during the battle of the Cowpens, held in his
hands at one time the swords of seven British
officers who had surrendered to him.

But one medal was given during the Revolution
to the young American navy — that of

12. Captain John Paul Jones for his various
naval exploits, particularly the capture of the
British frigate Serapis oif the coast of Scotland.

This great naval commander hoisted with his
own hands the first American naval flag on board
the Alfred on October 10, 1776, at Chestnut Street
AN'harf, Philadelpliia. He was the only American
officer decorated by the King of France, and has
the unique distinction of being the only American

20

citizen whose title of knight (chevalier), conveyed
by the decoration, has been officially recognized by
the United States Congress.

This medal is b}^ Dupre, and, with the exception
of the medal of Major Henry Lee, which is by
Joseph Wright, the first draughtsman and die
sinker of the United States Mint, and of the medal
to the captors of Major Andre, all of those men-
tioned were executed by the great French en-
gravers, mostly after designs and with inscriptions
furnished by a committee of the Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles Lettres in Paris.

Our forefathers evidently did not believe in pro-
tection to home art, perhaps being of the same
mind as a great American general, who, in writing
to the Secretary of War on this subject, said :
" But 1 hen leave a^'ain to suo-o-est that the honor
of the country requires that medals voted by Con-
gress should always exhibit the arts involved in
their highest state of perfection wherever found ;
for letters, science and the fine arts constitute but
one repuhlic emhracing the world.''^ General Wash-
ington seems to have been also imbued with that
idea, for while at Valley Forge, on finding some
valuable medical manuscripts — the property of a
British medical officer — among some other cap-
tured j)roperty, he directed them to be returned to
their owner, saying that the Americans did not
war against the sciences.

21

There are six other well-known medals of the
Revolutionary times, which are of very great his-
torical importance, but arc not national in the
sense of being ordered by Congress. These are

13. The Libertas Americana, in honor of the
surrender at Yorktown. This was ordered by Dr.
Franklin to be executed by Dupre. It represents
young America as the infant Hercules strangling
two serpents.

14 and 15. Two medals to Dr. Benjamin Frank-
lin, engraved and dedicated to him by his friend,
Augustin Dupre, both of which bear Turgot's cele-
brated Latin verse, composed in his honor : " Eri-
puit coelo falmen sceptrumque tyrannis " (He
wrenched the thunderbolt from heaven and the
sceptre from tyrants).

16 and 17. Two medals struck in Amsterdam —
one called "Libera Soror" in honor of the acknow-
ledgment of the United States by the United
Netherlands, the other in honor of the celebration
of the first treaty of amity and commerce between
those countries.

18. The so-called Diplomatic medal. It was
then the custom, and, to a great extent is now, for
a sovereign to give some token of his regard to a
retiring ambassador who has been a '' persona
grata" at his Court, and General Washington and
his Secretary of State — Mr. Jetferson — evidently
thought that the United States Government should
4

22

not allow itself to be outdone in generosity and
splendor by any king of them all, and so ordered
tliese medals, each with a gold chain, to cost
|1,000; but only two have ever been given — one
to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, Minister of the
Kino- of France in the United States from 1779 to
1784, and the other to the Marquis de Moustier,
likewise French Minister at Washington from 1787
to 1790.

A medal called the Japanese Embass}' Medal
was struck at the Philadelphia Mint on May 17,
1860, by order of the State Departmant, in honor
of the arrival of the first diplomatic rej)resentatives
of the Empire of Japan in this country. Three
gold medals were struck, one for each of the three
envoys, and copies in silver or copper were given
to the other members of the Embassy; but this
must not be confounded with the Diplomatic
medal, and, strictly speaking, is not a national
medal. It was simply to commemorate the inter-
esting fact that for the first time in history, the
Empire of Japan abandoned its traditional policy
of Oriental seclusion, and opened regular diplo-
matic communication with Western civilization.
Many gentlemen here present will doubtless re-
call the visit of these ambassadors to Balti-
more on the 8th June, 1860, where, as guests of
the Government of the United States, they were
formally received by the Mayor and City Council,

23

and tlioir swords were stolen from the Gilnior
I louse. A peculiar and nuicli-eriticized incident
in that connection was that the police authorities
advertised, offering a large reward — I believe
$1,000 — for tlie recovery of these swords, promis-
ing to the thieves immunity from all criminal
prosecution on the return of the stolen property.
This was done on the belief that the loss of the
swords would subject the envoys to the penalty of
death on their return to Japan.

19. The first medal given by Congress after the
Revolution was to Captain Thomas Truxton, com-
mander of the United States frigate Constellation,
which was built at Harris Creek, Baltimore, for
the capture of the French ship of war La Ven-
geance, near the island of Guadaloupe, on the 1st
February, 1800. This w^as at the time of the
unfortunate complication with France, which has
left us, among other disagreeable reminiscences,
the famous French spoliation claims.

President John Adams, in writing to Captain
Truxton in regard to this medal, exjiressed some
views about the navy which do not seem to have
been in accord with the policy of our Government
for the last twenty years. He says: "The counsels
which Themistocles gave to Athens, Pompey to
Rome, Cromwell to England, De Witt to Holland
and Colbert to France, I have always given, niid
shall continue to give, to mv countrvmcn — that as

24

the great questions of commerce and power between
nations and empires must be decided by a military
marine, and war and peace are decided at sea, all
reasonable encouragement should be given to the
navy. The trident of Neptune is the sceptre of
the world."

20. The next medal was granted March 3, 1805,
to Commodore Edward Preble, of the navy, for the
gallant action before Tripoli in 1804. We find in
the official report high commendation given to a
lieutenant with the Maryland name of Trippe, who
commanded one of the boats and was severely
wounded in that action.

21-42. Some reference should now be made to
the medals which are called by the United States
Mint Presidential Medals. Of these there are
twenty-two — two for General Washington and one
for each of the succeeding Presidents except Gen-
eral William Henry Harrison, who died one
month after his inauguration.

In 1786 Mr. Kean, member of Congress from
South Carolina, moved that medals be struck for
presentation to the Indian chiefs with whom the
United States should conclude treaties.

The first medal so struck was given to Red
Jacket, the great chief of the Six Nations, on his
visit to Philadelphia in 1792. It bore on its face
the figure of General Washington, with the legend,
George Washington, President, 1792, and all sub-

IM

sequent Iiulinn medals have, following tliis prece-
dent, borne the engraved i)()rtrait of the President
who approved of the treaty, with the date of his
administration, thus making a most valuable
and interesting addition to our national historical
medals.

More medals were Q-ranted during the war of
1812 than at any other period of our history.

The tirst three were voted January 29, 1813:

43. To Captain Isaac Hull, of the United States
frigate Constitution, for the capture of the British
frigate Guerriere.

4A. To Captain Stephen Decatur, of the frigate
United States, for the capture of the British frigate
Macedonian, and

45. To Captain Jacob Jones, of the United States
sloop of war Wasp, for the capture of the British
sloop of war Frolic.

Silver medals, copies of the golden ones voted to
these captains, were directed by Congress to be
given to the nearest male relatives of Lieutenants
Bush and Funk, killed in these actions.

The gallant Captain Decatur was born in Syne-
]>uxent, Worcester County, Maryland, and Captain
Hull, in his report, highly recommends Lieutenant
Contee, of the Marines, for coolness and gallantry.

Next come the medals of

46. Captain Bainbridge, for the capture of the
Java, December 29, 1812.

26

47. Lieutenant McCall, for the capture of the
Boxer, September 4, 1813, and

48. Lieutenant William Burrows, for the same
action. He was in command of the United States
brig of war Enterprise, was killed in the action
and was succeeded in command by Lieutenant
McCall. His medal was, therefore, voted by Con-
gress to his nearest male relative.

49. The famous victory of Captain Oliver Hazard
Perry on Lake Erie added two medals — one to
Perry himself and the other to the second in
command

50. Captain Jesse Duncan Elliott, of Maryland,
who was thirty-one years old at the date of that
action, but, young as he was, had already made his
mark by cutting out two British ships from under
Fort Erie, for which Congress had voted him a
sword of honor. Commodore Perry's old battle
flag, with the legend " Don't give up the ship," is
still preserved at the Naval School at Annapolis.

The victory of Lake Champlain was rewarded by
three medals — one to

5L Captain Thomas McDonogh, one to

52. Captain Robert Henley, and one to

53. Lieutenant Stephen Cassin.
Then followed the medals of

54. Captain Lewis Warrington, of the sloop of
war. Peacock, for the capture of the British brig
Epcrvier, April 29, 1814, and of

27

55. Captain Johnson Blakeley, of the sUk)P of
war Peacock, for the capture of the British shx)])
of war Reindeer, July 8, 1814.

56. The medals of Captain Charles Stewart, of
the United States frigate Constitution, for the
cajiture of the British frigate Cyane, and of

57. Captain James Biddle, of the United States
slooj) of war Hornet, for the capture of the British
sloop of war Penguin, complete the list of naval
medals granted during the war of 1812.

Captain Charles Stewart was the maternal grand-
father of the present famous Irish patriot, Charles
Stewart Parnell.

During the same war the actions of Chippewa,
Niagara and Erie, in Upper Canada, were rewarded
by medals to

58. Major-General Jacob Brown.

59. Major-General Peter Buel Porter.

60. Brigadier-General Eleazar Wheelock Ri]dey.

61. Brigadier-General James Miller.

62. ]Major-General Win field Scott.

63. Major-General Edmund Pendleton Gaines,
and the victory of Plattsburgh, by the medal of

64. Major-General Alexander Macomb.

In the official reports of these battles special
mention is made of Captain Towson's artillery. I
suppose that he is the same gallant officer whose
fame has been immortalized by the naming of the
capital of a neighboring county.

28

The next of the army medals of the war was
granted for the battle of New Orleans, January 8,
1815, to

65. Major-General Andrew Jackson, " Old Hick-
ory " — " a great democratic victory."

And Congress in 1818 voted medals to

66. Major-General William Henry Jackson, and

67. Isaac Shelby, a Governor of Kentucky, for
the battle of the Thames, in Upper Canada, October
5, 1813.

General Harrison was, as has been already
stated, the only President of the United States for
whom no Presidential Medal was struck.

Governor Shelby was born in Hagerstown,
Maryland, September 14, 1750. He distinguished
himself in the Southern battles in the Revolution-
ary war, and was voted a sword of honor with the
thanks of the Legislature of North Carolina. He
was Governor of Kentucky from 1812 to 1816, and
joined General Harrison at the head of 4,000 Ken-
tucky volunteers and rendered gallant service at
the battle of the Thames. He declined to be Secre-
tary of War in 1817 and died in Kentucky, July
18, 1826.

The last medal for this war was not voted until
February 13, 1835. It was to

68. Colonel George Croghan, for the defense of
Fort Stephenson, August 3, 1813.

Cono-ress does not seem to have found it neces-

29

sary to commemorate tlie battle of Bladensbiirgli
by the granting- of a medal to any of the partici-
pants in that brilliant strategic movement.

69. From the end of the war of 1812-15 to the
time of the Mexican war, no medals were voted by
Congress, as the war with the Florida Indians did
not apparently call for any such especial honor;
but dm'ing this period a medal was struck in
France in honor of the treaty of commerce con-
cUided Avith that country, June 24, 1822. This is
in no sense an official medal, but Mr. J^oubat clas-
sifies it as national by reason of its great historic
interest.

70, 71, 72. During the Mexican war Major-
General Zachary Taylor received no less than
three medals, with the corresponding vote of
thanks of the Congress — one July 16, 1846, for the
battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma ; one
March 2, 1847, for Monterey; one May 9, 1848,
for Buena Yista, and

73. General Scott, the hero of 1812, received his
second medal for the actions of Vera Cruz, Cerro
Gordo, Contreras. Cliurubusco, Molino del Key and
Chapultepec.

All through the reports of these actions we find
honorable mention of the ^laryland names of Wat-
son, Ringgold, May, Ramsey, Randolph Ridgely,
and others of the gallant sons of this old State.

On the lOth December, 1846, the riiited States

30

brig Somers, one of the squadron blockading Vera
Cruz under the command of Captain Raphael
Semmes, was struck by a sudden squall, and sunk
within ten minutes from the time the squall struck
her. The British, French and Spanish men-of-war,
who witnessed the disaster, immediately lowered
boats manned by brave men, who, at the peril of
their own lives, in a raging sea, rescued all but two
officers and forty men.

74. Congress passed an act, March 3, 1847,
directing that a suitable medal be struck and pre-
sented to the officers and men of these various
foreign vessels, in recognition of their gallant and
humane conduct.

75. The Martin Costa incident in the harbor of
Smyrna, July 3, 1853, resulted in the voting of a
medal to Commander Duncan IS". Ingraham, of the
United States ship St. Louis. This gallant officer,
evidently a firm believer in " a vigorous foreign
policy," was informed that Martin Costa, a citizen
of the United States, had been claimed as an
Austrian subject, was taken as a prisoner and con-
fined on board the Austrian brig Hussar. After
polite request for his surrender and a refusal
from the Austrians, Capt. Ingraham shotted his
guns, anchored within half a cable's length of the
bris:, which had been bv this time reinforced by a
ten-2:nn schooner and three Austrian mail steam-
ers, and sent the following note:

31

" To the Commander of the Atistr'um brig Hitssar:

"Sir, — I have been directed by the American char<;c at
Constantinople to demand the person of Martin Costa, a
citizen of the United States taken by force from Turkish soil
and now confined on board the brig Hussar, and if a refusal
is given, to take him by force.

An answer to the demand must be returned by 4 p. m.
" Very respectfully,

" Your obedient servant,

'' D. N. Ingraham, Commander."

Costa was then surrendered and sent on shore to
the custody of the French consul.

76. A medal was voted on May 11, 1858, to Sur-
geon Frederick Henry Rose, of the British navy,
for volunteering to act as medical officer of the
United States ship Siis(i[uehanna, nearly all of
whose crew were disabled and dying from yellow
fever, and on July 26, 1866, a medal was voted to

77. Captains Creighton, Low and Stouifer, for
saving the ship's company of the wrecked steamer
San Francisco, with the Third United States Artil-
lery on board, in December, 1853.

78. With a magnanimity and true patriotic feel-
ing which does honor to the American character,
the Congress gave no medal commemorating the
battles of the great civil war except the one given
to Major-General U. S. Grant by the act of Decem-
ber, 1863, for the victories of Fort Donelson, Yicks-
burg and Chattanooga.

" 32

79. On the 28th January, 1864, a medal was
also voted to "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt,
in recognition of his free gift to the Government of
the steamer which bore his name and which was
valued at $1,000,000. It was provided in the act
that a copy of this medal should be placed in the
Congressional Library. In his letter accepting the
medal, he gives the following good advice to his
descendants : " And it is my hope that those who
come after me, as they read the inscription of the
medal and are reminded of the event in their
father's life which caused it to be struck, will
inflexibly resolve that, should our Government be
again imperilled, no pecuniary sacrifice is too large
to make in its behalf, and no inducement suffici-
ently great to attempt to i^rofit by its necessities."

80. On the 1st March, 1871, Congress voted to
George Foster Robinson, late a private of Maine
Volunteers, |o,000 in money and a gold medal in
recognition of his heroic conduct in saving the life
of Mr. Seward from the attack of Payne, the
accomplice of John Wilkes Booth, on April 14,
1865; but it seems unfortunate that this gentleman
could not have been suitably rewarded in some
other way than by a perpetual record of an act
which Americans of all political creeds can now
only remember with shame and sorrow.

These three medals are the only ones in any wise
connected with that unfortunate war period.

33

81. On March 2, 1867, Congress voted a medal
to yiv. Cvrns West Field, of New York, "for his
foresiglit, conrnge and determination in establish-
ing- teleuTa])hic communication bv means of the

0 0 1 •'

Atlantic cable traversins; mid-ocean and connectincr
the Old World with the New."

Mr. Field founded the New York, Newfoundland
and London Telegraph Company in 1854, organized
the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1856, and was
the active mover in that great project until its
final real success in 1867. "Peace has its victories
as well as war," and this was assuredly one of the
greatest.

82. On the 16th March, 1867, a medal was voted
to George Peabody, " for his great and peculiar
beneticence in giving a large sum of money,
amounting to $2,000,000, for promotion of educa-
tion in the more destitute portions of the Southern
and SoutliAvestern States."

Before a Baltimore audience it would be super-
fluous to make any eulogy upon the character and
good deeds of that great philanthropist.

It may be of interest, however, to give an extract
from liis letter to Mr. W. H. Seward, Secretary of
State, acknowledging the receipt of the medal :

"Ciicrishing, as I do, the warmest affection for my countrv,
it is not possible for me to feel more grateful than I do for
this profious memorial of its regard, coming, as it does, from
thirty millions of American citizens through their representa-

34

tives ill Congress, with the full accord and cooperation of the
President.

" The medal, together with the rich illuminated transcript
of the Congressional resolution, I shall shortly deposit at the
Peabody Institution, at the place of my birth, in apartments
specially constructed for their safe keeping, along with other
public testimonials with which I have been honored. There,
I trust, it will remain for generations, to attest the generous
munificence of the American jieople in recognizing the efforts,
however inadequate, of one of the humblest of their fellow-
countrymen to promote the enlightenment and prosperity of
his native land."

This feeling acknowledgment by this great and
good man of the honor conferred upon him be-
comes all the more striking when we recall the fact
that he respectfully declined a baronetcy and the
Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, tendered
him by Queen Victoria in recognition of his munifi-
cent charity to the London poor.

83. The loss of the steamer Metis, 31st August,
1872, was commemorated by a medal granted to
the crews of a lifeboat and fishing-boat, who saved
the lives of thirty-two persons from the wreck.

84. John Horn, Jr., of Detroit, by vote of June
20, 1874, received a medal in recognition of his
extraordinary record of having, at different times,
saved the lives of more than 100 persons from
drowning.

85. 86. Congress, by the act of June 16, 1874,

3^1

authorized the striking of medals in commemora-
tion of the Centennial celebration at Philadelphia
in 187C), and two were struck at the expense of the
Centennial Board of Finance for sale and distri-
bution.

We come now to a class of medals distinctly
national in their character, but so multiplied in
number that it is impossible here to do more than
refer to them.

87, 88. On the same day, June 20, 1874, that the
medal was voted to John Horn, Jr., Congress
passed the following act :

"Resolved, That tlie Secretary of tlie Treasury is hereby
directed to cause to be prepared medals of lionor with suitable
devices, to be distinguished as life-saving medals of the first
and second class, which shall be bestowed upon any persons
Avho shall iiereafter endanger their own lives in saving lives
from perils of the sea, within the United States or upon any
American vessels.

"Provided, That the medal of the first class shall be eon-
fined to cases of extreme and heroic daring, and that the
menial of the second class shall be given to cases not snifi-
cientlv distino-uished to deserve the medals of the first class.

"Provided, That no award of either medal shall be made to
any person until sufficient evidence of his deserving shall be
filed with the Secretary of the Treasury and entered uj)on the
records of the DeiJartment."

Many brave men have earned and received this
medal since the passage of tliis act.

36

It is a fact scarcely known outside of tlie army
and navy that our Government gives a medal or
decoration exactly equivalent to the Iron Cross of
Germany, the Victoria Cross of England or the
Le2'ion of Honor of France for distino-uished mili-
tary valor, and it is a singular and remarkable
tribute to the modesty of tlie recipients that the
country at large has heard so little on the subject.

The necessity and fitness of such rewards for
valor has been recognized by all nations, and
no reward is more highl}^ esteemed by military
men than a personal decoration for distinguished
bravery.

General Washington by a general order at
JSTewburg, August 7, 1782, provided, that for any
singularly meritorious action reported by a board
of officers, men should have their names enrolled
in the book of merit, and should wear a heart in
purple cloth or silk, edged with narrow lace or
binding, and when so decorated should be per-
mitted to pass all guards and sentinels which
officers are permitted to do.

During the Mexican war officers were rewarded
by brevets, and deserving privates b}^ certificates
of merit and $2 additional monthly pay.

89. But during the Civil war these makeshifts
were abandoned, and the Acts of July 12, 1862,
and March 3, 1863, provided that medals of honor
should be given to such officers, non-commissioned

3:

officers and privates wlio have most distinguished
or may hereafter most distinguish themselves by
galhintry in action. Up to the end of the war in
I860, 330 of these medals had been given and some
300 more have been given since that time.

90. The acts of December 21, 1861, and July 16,
1862, made similar provisions for the navy, but
excluded commissioned officers.

The -writer was informed by a distinguished
naval officer that 338 of these medals were given
during tlie war and 113 since.

This concludes the list of National Medals prop-
erly so-called ; but there is another one that ought
to be in existence, voted as far back as 1857 to the
celebrated Arctic explorer. Dr. Elisha Kent Kane.
Tliis distinguished naval officer died at the early
age of tliirty-seven years, and it was only after his
death that the medal was voted.

The Superintendent of the Mint in a letter under,
date March 5, 1887, says, " The Dr. E. K. Kane
jNIedal was not struck at the ^lint, but I am
informed that it was manufactured in IVew York."
The writer has not as yet, however, been able to
obtain any reliable information about it.

A large number of other medals have been
struck at the ^lint. Some of them by order of
State Legislatures, called sub-national medals ;
some of them for private individuals. Many of
tliese are of great historical interest, but not being
6

38

iintional in tlie sense of being voted by Congress,
they do not come within the scope of this paper.^

Bnt there is a chiss of medals, badges or orders
PTOwino- out of our various wars which should be
briefly mentioned. The oldest of these is the
Order of the Cincinnati.

This society was formed by the officers of the
Revolutionary army at the cantonments in New-
burg on the Hudson in May, 1773. The original
institution adopted at that time thus describes the
purpose of its formation :

" To jierpetiiate therefore as well the remembrance of this
vast event (the Revolution) as the mutual friendships which
have been formed under the pressure of common danger and
in many instances cemented by the jjlood of the parties, the
officers of the American army do hereby in the most solemn
manner associate, constitute and combine themselves into one
society of friends, to endure as long as they shall endure or
any of their eldest male posterity ; and in failure thereof the
collateral branches who may be judged worthy of becoming
its supporters and members."

' Congress lias In various instances, in granting a gold medal to snceessfiil
commanders, ordered that a silver medal should be given to each of the
subordinate commissioned officers engaged in the action. But as these sil-
ver medals are simply copies of the ones in gold given to the commanding
officers, they are not here separately enumerated, all being of the same
design, and therefore to be considered as but one medal, exactly as the
numerous life saving and Army and Navy Medals of honor are all repro-
ductions of one original.

In the cases of Colonel .John Stewart and Colonel de Fleury, subordinate
officers at Stony Point, the resolution of Congress thanked them by name,
and two distinct medals were struck, one by Duvivier and the other by
Gatteaux, each having its separate and original design, and neither bearing
anv resemblance to the gold medal of Gen. Wayne.

39

Tlie principles which are dechired to be immu-
table are: to inculcate to the latest ages the duty
of laying down in peace arms assumed for the
public defence in war; to perpetuate the mutual
friendships commenced under the pressure of
common danger ; and to etfectuate the acts of
benevolence dictated by the spirit of brotherly
kindness towards those officers and their families
who unfortunately may be under the necessity of
receiving them.

The society declared to be eligible all commis-
sioned officers of the army and navy of the United
States who left the service with reputation, and
foreign officers not lower in rank than colonels or
captains in the navy ranking as colonels. The
original membership Wcxs about 2,000, with Gen-
eral Washington as President as long as he lived ;
the present membership is however not over 500.
The Hon. Hamilton Fish is the present President-
General, and the Hon. Robert M, McLane Presi-
dent of the Maryland State branch.

The bald eagle carrying the emblems on his
breast was chosen as the insignia of the order,
and the medal was made in Paris by M. Duval,
after designs prepared by Major L'Enfant. Dr.
Franklin who was later elected an honorary mem-
ber of the society for life did not approve of this
selection for the following reasons, expressed in a
letter to one of his family :

40

" For my own part I wish the bald eagle had not been
chosen as the representative of our country ; he is a bird of
bad moral character, he does not get his living honestly.
You may have seen him perched on some, dead tree where,
too lazy to tisli for himself, he watches the labor of the iishing-
hawk, and when that diligent bird has at length taken a fish
and is bearing it to his nest for the support of his mate and
young ones, the bald eagle pursues him and takes it from
him. AVlth all this injustice he is never in good case, but
like those among men who live by sharping and robbing, he
is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank
coward ; the little king bird, not bigger than a sjiarrow,
attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. He
is, therefore, by no means a proper emblem for the brave and
honest Cincinnati, who have driven all the king birds from
our country, tho' exactly fit for that order of knights which
the French call Chevaliers d'Industrie."

The medal is, however, a very handsome piece,
and was the only foreign order allowed to be worn
by French officers at the French Court. Many-
members settled on the land granted to them in
the West for their services in the war, and General
St. Clair and Colonel Sargent, two original mem-
bers, named their three pioneer log-cabins, at the
junction of the Licking and the Ohio, after their
society, and so gave it a flourishing godchild in the
city of Cincinnati.

The civil war produced the military order of the
Loyal Legion, which is, I am informed, founded on
exactly the principles of the Cincinnati, including

41

tlie hereditary feature wliicli lias been so iniicli
criticized. It is coiitiiied to connnissioned officers
and numbers over 5,U00. (ieneral Sheridan is the
present Commander, succeeding the late General
Hancock. Their medal also represents the bald
eaiile on a six-pointed star.

The Grand Army of the Republic, also an out-
come of the civil war, is intended to be a charitable
organization for officers and men. They are very
important in numbers and have a handsome bronze
badge.

The Mexican war originated the Aztec Club and
the Association of the Mexican Veterans, and 1
understand that a badge has been adopted called
the Order of the Cadi; but this 1 have never seen,
nor any description of it.

But none of these can be considered as national
medals, inasmuch as none of them have ever
received any direct Governmental recognition.
Congress, however, by the act of July 25, 1868,
authorized the wearing of army corps badges on
occasions of ceremony.

The really national medals may, therefore, prop-
erly be limited to the eighty-three already enu-
merated' granted by order of Congress, and, extra-
ordinary as it may seem, there does not exist in

' I'nloss the Iiistorical importance of numbers 13, 1-1, 15, 10, 17, IS and
Git gives them the national character whicii they luck hs reason of not
havin}' the sanction of a Coni'ressional resolution.

42

any public department of our Government — not
even in the Mint itself — any complete collection of
them.

In 1855 the Mint was authorized to strike copies
for sale, and it was then discovered that nearly all
those of the Revolutionary epoch were missing.
Most of these were, however, obtained from Paris
by the courtesy of the French Government, which,
more zealous than our own authorities, had pre-
served them, and new dies were struck at our
Mint.

There are, however, three not yet at the Mint —
those of General Wayne, Lieutenant-Colonel Stew-
art and Major-General JS'athaniel Greene ; but,
after a three years' search, authentic copies have
been procured and are now the property of Mr. T.
Harrison Garrett, of this city — a member of this
society.

The city of Baltimore earned the name of the
Monumental City because of her taking the initia-
tive in honoring the memory of Washington by
the beautiful marble shaft which is to-day one of
her greatest ornaments, and the erection of other
historic memorials, and it would seem to be especi-
ally fitting that from the city of Baltimore should
beuin the action which will cause these medals to
be properly preserved and placed on record in all
the public departments, and in every State and
Territory in the Union.

43

Tlic Inr^or projects of Dr. Franklin, Thomas
Jefferson and John Jay, already mentioned in this
])apcr. did not, it is trne, meet with the approval of
C'ongress so far as we know ; but the modiiied
scheme embodied in the joint resolution prepared
by your committee and already read to you, if it
fails now, can be tried asiain in the next Congress.

For these are the heirlooms of the Republic.
They were given by a grateful country " in per-
pefuam rei memoriam'' and they record men and
things which this people must not allow to pass
into oblivion.

Here in these fourscore little pieces of metal is
an epitome of the history of the United States.
Her victories in war and in peace, the achieve-
ments of her sons in the arts and sciences, and the
muniticence and patriotism of her citizens in the
hour of their country's need all are recorded here.

And although they may be but the dry bones of
history, they are the visible material object lessons
which every American child, learning his country's
history should be familiar with.

And when some Dr. Schliemann of the future in
taking an arch{TCological tour in company with
^Nfacaulay's New Zealander, may commence his
excavations on the site of the ruined capital of
some State to-day the newest of western territories,
ho shall exhume, stamped on imperishable metal,
ill this collection of national medals, the history of

44

the United States. He will not know tlie fact, nor
perhaps will we, but none the less its existence
there will be due to the efforts of the Maryland
Historical Society, if it succeeds in accomplishing
even partially the work that was left unfinished
by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and
John Jay.

APPENDIX.

At the regular meeting of the Maryhind Historical Society in
April, 1885, the attention of the Society was called to the fact that
no complete collection of the National Medals voted by Congress
was known to exist in any of the departments of the government,
although a number of them were preserved in some form at the
United States Mint in Philadelphia.

Considering that in the interest of education and for historical
reference the preservation and publication of these medals is an
important national matter, the Society then passed a resolution
constituting a committee for the purpose of investigating the
subject and taking such steps as they might deem projjer to bring
it to the notice of the general government.

This committee Avas composed of Messrs. T. Harrison Garrett,
Lennox Birckhead, and Richard M. McSherry, the latter being
the chairman.

After some correspondence Avith the officials at the Mint, the
committee concluded that the first practical step was to obtain
the originals or authentic copies of those medals which are not
and never have been at the ^lint.

Tliese arc but four in number, namely, those of General AVayne,
Colonel Stewart, and General Greene, all originally struck in
France, and that of Doctor Elisha Kent Kane, which has never
been struck at all, so far as the committee can discover.

7 45

46

After a two years' search, involving much correspondence, one
of the committee got intelligence of the existence of authentic
copies of the Wayne, Stewart and Greene medals, and these copies
are now in Baltimore, the property of another member of the
committee, Mr. Garrett.

Immediately after procuring these copies the committee pre-
pared the following resolution, which was offered in the House
of Representatives January 30, 1887, by the Hon. Jno. V. L.
Findlay.

Joint Resolution authorizing and requiring the Secretary of
the Treasury to have struck copies of certain medals and to
deliver the same to certain departments and to the various
States and Territories.

Whereas, at various times by order of the Congress of the
United States, National Medals have been issued in commemora-
tion of great national events, deeds of valor of our naval and
military heroes, important public services by citizens and the
administration of our Presidents.

And whereas, it is believed that no complete set of these medals
is in the possession of the United States Government in the Mint
or elsewhere.

And whereas, in the interest of education and for historical
reference their careful preservation in some form accessible to
all citizens is most important as exact memorials of events and
personages notable in our national history and to be remembered
with patriotic pride.

Now therefore be it resolved by the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

That the Secretary of the Treasury be and is hereby required
to have struck off at the United States Mint complete sets of all
the National Medals of the classes above named.

And in case a die or copy of any of such medals is not in the
possession of the Mint, then the Secretary of the Treasury is

47

licrebv required to procure the original medal or an authentic
copy thereof, and to prepare a new die making an exact repro-
duction of the original.

And the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and
required to distribute these complete sets when made as follows:

One set in the original metal as hrst issued to all the executive
departments of the United States Government at AVashington.

One set in bronze to each of the States of the Union and the
Territories, to be by them preserved accessible to the public in
such form as the various Legislatures may prescribe.

And the cost of dies, material and distribution shall be defrayed
by the United States Mint at Philadelphia out of its contingent
fund.

This resolution was submitted to the Director of the Mint who
approved of it, and was referred to the committee on coinage,
weights and measures, and the only member of that committee
who was referred to on the subject expressed himself as strongly
in favor of it.

Time, however, did not allow the resolution to be reported by
the committee on coinage, &c., and voted on by Congress, but
there was no reason to apprehend any opposition to the measure,
especially as the Director of the Mint estimated that the expense
would be very small and could be defrayed by the Mint out of
its contingent fund.

It is the intention of the committee to have the resolution again
presented in the next Congress. And the object of the chairman
of the committee in preparing this paper was to put clearly before
the Society the purpose and scope of the resolution, and to set
forth what seems to him its great historical and educational im-
I)()rtance, in the hope that every person who reads the paper may
lend his influence and assistance towards the accomplishment of
so worthy a project.

Q^>

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY

Return to desk from which borrowed.
This book is DUE on the last.date stamped below.

REC-P LP ^_

JUL 9 1953 Lll
JAN 2 1958

JUL 1 8 1962

MAR 1 0 1968 3

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